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PROCEEDINGS | 40)

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

oF

PHILADELPHIA:

PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED FOR THE ACADEMY.
1870.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,

With reference to the several Articles contributed by each.

For Verbal Communications see General Index.

Bannister, H. M. Asketch of the classification of the American Anseringe. 130
Buckley, S. B. Remarks on Dr. Asa Gray's Notes on Buckley's New

ENNIO UF DUNNE cusouir barras hr sis i ças SP a aNndo dane dito dia Node «07 0m ORAR 135
Cope, E. D. Observations on some Fishes new to the American Fauna,
found at Newport, R. I., by Samuel Powell. ............cececcesesecaresom 118
Gill, Theo. On some New Species of Fishes obtained by Prof. Orton,
from the Maranon or Upper Amazon, and Napo Rivers................. 92
Meehan, Thos. Cross fertilization and the law of sex in Euphorbia........ 14
On the Flowers of Aralia spinosa, L., and Hedera helix, L.................. 107
On the Stipules of Magnolia and Liriodendron... .........cceceseeee essere 114
Notes on Silphium laciniatum, L............... sesesseresencos Ph a jab ISA A ÇÕÕS 117
NR AGRADO asas ensinos uA da donas coli AO EVANS AAA É A 09 ASAE HO Va CS dp RA a 128
Meek, F. B. Descriptions of Fossils collected by the U. S. Geological
Survey under the charge of Clarence King............cccscccesossceseses 56
Meek, F. B. and A. H. Worthen. Note on the Relations of Syncladia,
King, 1849, to the proposed genus Septopora, Prout, 1858 ..... RDI a
Descriptions of New Species and Genera of Fossils from the Palxozoic
rocks.of the Western States............cccc. Dep DEN dE NÃ DAP 22
Ridgway, Robt. A new classification of the North American Falconida,
with descriptions of three New Species......... ih eita pai aid miaa dd é PP 138
Streets, T. Hale. Remarks on Huxley's Classification of Birds............... 84
Notice of some Crustacea of the Genus Libinia, with descriptions of
four New Species........cescecersos E NORDUA ado sLenaUsça pecado da o» como curas 104

Thomas, Prof. Cyrus. Descriptions of Grasshoppers from California...... 74

Rea

pd
E

PROCEEDINGS

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
PHILADELPHIA.
1870.

Jan. 4th, 1870.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Thirty members present.

Pror. Leipy called the attention of the members to a curious fossil, which
had been sent to him for examination last fall by Prof. Hayden. It was found
in Colorado, and loaned to the latter by Dr. Gehrung, of Colorado City.
Prof. L. remarked that when first received, the specimen strongly recalled to
his mind the upper part of the face of the wonderful Sivatherium of the Sivalik
Hills of India. It, however, presents so many peculiarities, that among other
conjectures he thought it might have pertained to the pelvis of a chelonian,
but had finally concluded that his first suspicion was the correct one. The
specimen corresponds with that portion of the face of Sivatherium comprising
the upper part of the nose together with the forehead and anterior horn cores.
As is described to be the case in the corresponding portion of the skull of
Sivatherium, all the bones comprising the fossil are completely coôssified so as
to leave no trace of the original position of the sutures. The nasal and con-

tiguous bones are of great thickness, and as solid as those generally of the:

Sirenians. The animal to which the fossil belonged was nearly as large as
the Sivatherium.
"The horn cores are nearly like those of the latter in form, size, and relative
position to each other. They are conical knobs, slightly trilateral, and with
an obtusely rounded summit, which is more porous than the bone is else-
where. They are moderately divergent, and their summits project more over
their base externally than in Sivatherium. The space between the cores ex-
tending across the forehead forms a continuous concavity; and the surface
from the end of the nose to the broken border of the fossil posterior to the
cores forms a moderate convexity. In Sivatherium the corresponding surface-

from the slope of the forehead to the convex rise of the nasals forms a deep.

concavity.
The face, as formed by the nasals and their apparent conjunction with the

maxille in advance of the horn cores, is very short in comparison with that:

of Sivatherium. The coússified nasals are proportionately shorter, broader,

1870.)

4 60J

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

and stouter than in the latter animal. Their lateral borders are much more
obtuse, and they terminate in a broad, thick, notched point. The ends bor-
dering the notch are most thickened 'and porous, apparently indicating the
attachment of a long moveable snout. The nasals do not rise from the fore-
head in the vaulted manner so conspicuous in Sivatherium and Rhinoceros, but,
as previously indicated, simply continue the curvature of the forehead.

One of the most remarkable characters of the fossil is the greater extent
backward of the lateral nasal notch than in Sivatherium. In this it ceases far
forward of the position of the horn cores, situated above the orbits. In the
Colorado fossil the notch continues back and beneath the position of the horn
cores, where the nasals apparently become continuous with the maxillaries.
The relative position of the orbits cannot be ascertained, as all the contiguous
parts are broken away. They appear to have been situated behind the posi-
tion of the horn cores.

Several measurements of the fossil are as follows:

Distance from the centre of the summit of one horn core to the other...102 in.

Length of horn cores above level of the intervening space......... extpbespa e e
Length of lateral nasal notch............... ob IVA Res io od dios é ERR cds e g
Distance from end of nose to centre of space between the horn cores... 6 *
Breadth of nose midway between end and position of horn cores........ E Aire

Breadth of face, where narrowed, below horn cores...........ccsemereees TE “4
K is probable that the fossil may pertain to the same animal as ; the remains
from the Manvaises Terres of Nebraska, described under the name of Titano-
therium, but in the state of extreme uncertainty as to its collocation, it may
with equal probability be referred to other genera, perhaps to Megalomergyz,
or it may have been an American species of the Sivatherium. Under the cir-
cumstances it may be referred to a new genus, with the name of MEGACEROPS
CoLORADENSIS.

Pror. O. C. Marsg, of Yale College, exhibited a number of vertebre of a
new Dinosaurian from the cretaceous green sand near Barnsboro', N. J. He
observed that they indicated a reptile allied to Hadrosaurus Foulkii Leidy,
but only about one half the size of that species. The specimens, although
all found in the same immediate neighborhood, were apparently portions of
three different individuals, only one of which was fully adult. They con-
sisted of several dorsal and lumbar vertebra belonging to the Museum of Yale
College, and an anterior caudal vertebra recently presented to the collection
of the Academy by Dr. Leidy. These remains appear to be quite distinct from
those already described, and apparently belong to the same species, for which
Prof. Marsh proposed the name Hadrosaurus minor. Prof. Marsh also showed
the tooth of a new and very large Mosasaurus from the cretaceous of North
Carolina. It belonged to a very perfect right upper jaw, formerly in the col-
lection of the late Dr. Emmons, and now in the cabinet of Williams College.
The teerh of the specimen are remarkablf short and thick, nearly round at
the base and their surface entirely without facets. The remains preserved
indicate a species ofgreat size, probably sixty feet in length, but with a head
and muzzle comparatively short. It was named Mosasaurus crassidens.

A peculiar caudal vertebra of a somewhat similar reptile from the lower
cretaceous marl bed, near Hornerstown, N. J., was likewise exhibited. It is
one of a series in the museum of Yale College, and indicated a new Mosasaurus
of medium size, apparently belonging to the genus Leiodon. The articular
surfaces for the attachment of the chevron bones were in nearly the same
plane as the lower surface of the vertebra, and not impressed as in Macrosaurus
proriger and other allied species. The presence of well developed diapophyses
in this part of the caudal series was another peculiarity of these vertebra,
and indicated that the animal had a broad, muscular tail. The species was
therefore named Leiodon laticaudus.

Prof. Marsh stated in this connection thatin the November number of Silli-

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPIHA, 3

man's Journal he had proposed the name Halisaurus for a new genus of Mo-
sasauroid Reptiles, but as Hulosaurus, essentially the same word, had pre-
viously been given to a genus of fishes, he wished to substitute for the former
the name of Baptosaurus.

Prof. Marsh also showed a tooth of a rhinoceros from the miocene of Squan-
kum, N. J., which was the first authentic evidence of this animal east of the
Mississippi River. It was found in the pits of the Squankum Marl Company,
in the same layer with the remains of the Elotherium Leidyanum Marsh, and
was presented to the Yale Museum by Mr. O. B. Kinne. The tooth was the
last molar of the left under jaw, and indicated an animal about two-thirds
the size of the living Indian species. He proposed for it the name Rhinoceros
malutinus.

Jan, 11th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Twenty-five members present.

Pror. Lerpy directed attention to some fossils, on which he made the fol-
lowing remarks: |

1. A specimen consisting of less than the half of a vertebral body, was sub-
mitted to my examination by Prof. Hayden, who obtained it last summer
during his geological survey. Itis from Middle Park, Colorado, and Prof.
Hayilen thinks was derived from a cretaceous formation. Similar specimens
were reported to be not unfrequent, and were known under the appellative of
“petrified horse hoofs.” The fossil indicates an elongated form of caudal
vertebra of some large saurian. Much eonstricted towards the middle, such
specimens would be most liable to break in this position, and the halves from
their form might readily be taken, by the inexperienced in such matters, for
what they are called.

The vertebral body in its entire condition would resemble in form those of
Megalosaurus, but in form and other characters bears a near resemblance to
those of Poicilopleuron Bucklandi. This is an extinct reptile from the oolitic
formation of Caen, in Normandy, described by Deslonchamps; and remains
apparentiy of the same animal from the Wealden of Tilgate, England, have
also been described by Prof. Owen.

Poicilopleuron has generally been viewed as a crocodilian reptile with bi-
concave vertebra, but probably pertains to the dinosaurs. The P. Bucklandi
is estimated by Deslonchamps to have been about 25 feet long. The Colorado
fossil indicates a much larger animal, having been more than one-third
greater.

One of the most remarkable characters of the Poicilopleuron is the presence
of a large medullary cavity within the bodies of the vertebrz, paralleled
among living animals, so far as I know, only in the caudal vertebra of the ox.
The same character is presented by the Colorado fossil. Inthe former animal
the cavity appears simple or unobstructed by osseous trabecule. In the
Colorado fossil, as seen in the broken surface of the specimen, the medullary
cavity occupies the lower two thirds of the interior of the body and is crossed
by a few trabecule. The sides of the cavity, converging below, are consti-
tuted by a layer two lines thick and as compact as the walls of the medullary
cavity in the limb bones of most erdinary mammals. The upper third of the
interior of the body is occupied by the ordinary spongy substance which be-
comes more compacted ascending into the interior of the neural arch. The
cavernous structure of the Colorado fossil is occupied with crystalline calcite.

The estimated length of the vertebral body is sixinches or more. The sides
are much narrowed towards the middle, and they are concavely depressed just
below the sutural conjunction of the neural arch. A narrow groove occupies

1870.)

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

the lower border of the body, as is indicated to be the case in the Tilgate
specimens. The posterior articular surface of the body is moderately de-
pressed, but its lower fourth curves forward, producing a thick, convex ledge
for the accommodation of a chevron. The breadth of the articular surface is
scarcely four inches, and its depth is about the same measurement.

The species represented by the fossil may be named PoIciLOPLEURON VALENS.
Should the division of the medullary cavity of the vertebral body into smaller
recesses by trabecula be significant of other characters indicating the Colo-
rado saurian to be distinct from Poicilopleuron, it might be named ÂNTRO-
DEMUS.

2. A collection of fossils from the cretaceous formation of Pickens Co.,
Alabama, received from Dr. J. C. Nott, formerly of Mobile, indicates a mosa-
sauroid reptile apparently of the genus Clidastes, of Prof. Cope. The speci-
mens consist of an anterior portion of one ramus of the lower jaw, a portion
of the upper jaw, an axis and several dorsal vertebre. The species was of
intermediate size to O. iguanavus of the cretaceous of New Jersey and C.
propython of Uniontown, Alabama. It may be named Clidastes intermedius.
The jaw fragments indicate more robust proportions than in O. propython.
The tragment of the lower jaw is 5) inches long and contains a series of
nine teeth; the depth of the symphysis is one inch; the depth below the
seventh tooth almost an inch and a quarter.

The body of a dorsal vertebra is almost an inch and a half long; its ar-
ticular cup is à little over an inch wide and about three-fourths of an inch
vertically. The neural arch retains the zygosphene and zygantrum, indicat-
ing the iguanian character of the extinct reptile.

Since communicating the above I have received for examination some
remains apparently of the same species, from the cretaceous formation of
Kansas. Among them are two nearly entire dentary bones, the length of
which is abont eleven inches. They contain the bases of the teeth, indicating
the full series to be twelve. The more slender jaws of O. propython, with
the dentary bones about the same length, contain a series of about eighteen
teeth.

3. The caudal vertebra represented in figures 15, 16, plate II, of the “ Cre-
taceous Reptiles of the United States,” indicates a reptile apparently of the
genus Leiodon or Macrosaurus. The constitution of the vertebra is the same
as in the caudals of the known species of this genus. It probably belongs to
the species described by Prof. Cope under the name of 4. proriger.

4. The fine specimen of a fossil turtle exhibited to the Academy was loaned
by Mr. O. U. Smith, of Amherst, Mass., through Prof. Hayden, for my exami-
nation. It was obtained, as the latter informs us, from the Bridger Group of
tertiary rocks, probably of miocene age, in the vicinity of Fort Bridger,
Wyoming. It appears to represent an extinct genus, approaching in char-
acter the existing Dermatemys of Central America, and was nearly of the size
and shape of Dermatemys Muwii, Gray, of Vera Cruz and Tabasco, C. A.

The carapacein its general form and construction especially resembles that
of the latter. It has the same elongated vertebral plates and scutes. The
sternum is intermediate in its proportions and shape with those of Dermatemgys
and Staurotypus. The interspaces of the carapace and sternum are very much
larger than in the former, but proportionately less than in the latter. The
pedicles of the sternum are not so deep as in Lermatemys, but are much wider.
The back part of the sternum, intermediate in its proportious with what it is
in Dermatemys and Staurotypus, ends in a posterior narrowly rounded ex-
tremity, not acute as in the latter, nor emarginate as in the former. Derma-
temys has two large scutes intervening between the unusually large inguinal
and axillary scutes. In Staurotypus the axillary and inguinal scutes meet
across the sternal pedicles. In our fossil a single large hexagonal scute in-
tervenes to the axillary and inguinal scutes. The latter are much larger

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 5

than in Dermatemys, and extend in advance of the suture between the hyo-
and hypo-sternal plates.

The name of Bapremys WyoMINGENSIS is proposed for the turtle. When
complete the carapace has measured about one foot and a half in length by
one foot in breadth. The sternum has measured about one foot in length ;
the depth of its pedicles 4 inches, their breadth 3 inches; the length of the
posterior extremity 4 inches, its breadth at base 43 inches.

It is probable that the specimen, from the same locality. upon which was
characterized the Emys Wyomingensis (Pr. A. N. S., 1869, 66,) belongs to the
same animal.

5. Among a multitude of fragments of turtle shells obtained by Mr. J. Van
A. Carter from the same formation and locality in which the preceding speci-
men was found, there are many apparently of the Trionyx guttatus (Pr. A. N.
S., 1869, 66.) Some of the fragments pertain to an emydoid differing from
the preceding, but they are too imperfect to ascertain the exact generic char-
acters. In this species both the vertebral plates and scutes are proportion-
ately much wider in relation with their breadth than in Baptemys. The
scutes mentioned are deeply impressed, whereas in the latter their boundaries
are scarcely traceable. The series of vertebral plates from the first to the
eighth, inclusive, measure eight and a half inches. The fore part of the
“ sternum is truncate as in Dermatemys, but not so much produced. For the
species the name of Emys STEVENSONIANUS is proposed, in honor of James
Stevenson, the companion and able assistant of Prof. Hayden in his geological
explorations of the west.

Pror. O. C. Marsg, of Yale College, exhibited a series of PRA of the
remains of birds from the cretaceous and tertiary of the United States, which
showed that this class was well represented during these periods, although
no species have yet been described from these formations in this country, and
none indeed from older rocks, since it now appears to be well established
that the bird-like foot-prints in the Connecticut Valley were made by Dinosau-
rian reptiles. Among the species shown were the remains of at least five species
of cretaceous birds, although but one, or possibly two, species have hitherto
been described from strata of this age in Europe. The present cretaceous
specimens were all found in the green sand of New Jersey, and with one ex-
ception in the middle marl bed. They are all mineralized, and in the same
state of preservation as the bones of extinct reptiles found with them in these
deposits, and hence are readily distinguished from the remains of recent birds
which have occasionally been found near the surface in the marl excavations
of New Jersey.

The most interesting of the specimens exhibited was the distal portion of
a large and robust tibia, apparently of a swimming bird, about the size of a
goose; it was found in the green sand at Birmingham, New Jersey, in the pits
of the Pemberton Marl Company. For this new genus and species Prof.
Marsh proposed the name Laornis Edvardsianus. Two species of small wad-
ing birds, which appear to have been allied to the Curlews, were also repre-
sented, each by the distal end of a tibia, and probably by some other less
characteristic portions. The larger of these species, which was found in the
green sand of the middle marl bed at Hornerstown, New Jersey, was named
Paleotringa littoralis, the smaller species, which was called Paleotringa vetus, was
founded on the specimen mentioned by Dr. Morton in his Synopsis of cretaceous
fossils (p. 32), which has since, however, been generally regarded as a recent
species. The specimen was found in the lowest marl bed at Arneytown, N.
J., and is now in the collection of the Academy. Portions of the humeri of
two small and closely allied species, apparently related to the Rail family,
were part of the series shown. They were found deep in the green sand of
the middle marl bed, near Hornerstown, N. J., in the pits of the Cream Ridge
Marl Company. For 'the species thus represented the names Telmatornis REMCUA
and Telmatornis aflinis were proposed.

1870.]

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

The remains of several species of tertiary birds were also exhibited by Prof.
Marsh. Among these was the lower extremity of a tibia, closely resembling
that of some of the cranes. It was found in the miocene of the Niobrara
River, by Dr. F. V. Hayden, and is interesting as the only representative of a
fossil bird yet detected in the tertiary deposits west of the Mississippi. This
specimen, which belongs to the Academy, indicated a new species, which was
named Grus Haydeni. Another species of extinct birds was represented by
portions of a humerus and ulna, also in the collection of the Academy. They
were found many years since in the miocene of Maryland by Mr. T. A. Con-
rad. This species, which appears to be closely related to the Petrels, was
named Pujinus Conradii. Several other interesting specimens of bird remains
were shown, but most of them were not sufficiently characteristic to admit of
determination. With the exceptions already mentioned, the fossils exhibited
belonged to the museum of Yale College.

Jan. 18th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Nineteen members present.

Jan. 25th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Thirty members present.

Mr. WHARTON said that the ore of the nickel mine at Gap, Lancaster Co.,
Pa., consists substantially of a sulphide of iron, in which a small part of the
iron is replaced by nickel, copper and cobalt. This ore after washing is
smelted in a high furnace, and yields a matter about seven times as rich as the
ore in the valuable metals, that is, containing 10 to 15 per cent. of nickel and
cobalt and about one-third that quantity of copper. In this matter there are
found at rare intervals small lamellar crystalline bodies, having high metallic
lustre and pliability. In order to give a clearer idea of the nature of this
substance, or to discover perhaps something still more interesting, search
was made during several years of the mass remaining in each furnace bottom
after its extinguishment, in those instances where the matter had shown the
plates above named. Finally in such a bottom, definite crystals were found
in the cavities of the matter, which crystals, being subjected to analysis,

showed, Copper, 1:85 per cent.
Nickel and Cobalt, 25:22
Iron, 64-10 a
Sulphur, 800 +

100:07.

Supposing the copper to exist as CugS there would remain of nickel, cobalt
and iron (whose atomic weight are nearly similar) 89:32, and of sulphur 8:43,
thus indicating the formula R6S. As a crystallized compound of this com-
position has perhaps not yet been described there is a certain scientific in-
terest in the observation made.

The crystals are very highly magnetic, very readily taking and holding
polarity enough to cause a spicula to place itselfin the line of the magnetic
meridian when floated upon a surface of water. Their color is about that of
zinc.

The following Standing Committees were elected for 1870:
| É [Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 7

ANTHROPOLOGY.

J. ArrkEN MEIGS,
F. V. HAYDEN,
HEexRy 8. ScHELL.

BOTANY.
E. DURAND,
THos. MEEHAN,
Isaac BuRkK.

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY.

HARRISON ÁLLEN,

J. H. McQuILLAN,

Jos. LeIDY.
MAMMALOGY.

HARRISON ALLEN,

E. D. Core,

H. M. BeLLOWS.
ORNITHOLOGY.

B. Hoores,

W. P. TURNBULL,

E. SHEPPARD.
HERPETOLOGY.

E. D. Core,

HARRISON ALLEN,

S. B. HowELL.
ICHTHYOLOGY.

E. D. Core,

THaDDEUS NORRIS,

J. H. REDFIELD.
ARTICULATA.

G. H. Horn,

R. S. KENDERDINE,

H. M. BeLLOWS.

RADIATA.

G. H. Hoxs,

J. G. Hunr,

R. S. KENDERDINE.

Jos. LEIDY,

Jos. LEIDY,
E. D. Corr,
HARRISON ALLEN.

INVERTEBRATE PALMBONTOLY.

T. A. ConçaD,
W.M. GaBB,
H. C. Woop, Jr.

MINERALOGY.

Wm. S. VAUx,
E. GoLDscHMIDT,
Jos. WILLCOX.

STRATIGRAPHIC GEOLOGY.

J. P. LesLEY,
B. S. Lyman,
F.V. HaypDEN.

PHYSICS.
R. E. Rogers,
J. F. FrazER,
J. WARNER.

CHEMISTRY.

F. A. GeNntTH,
R. BriDGES,
E. GoLDSsCHMIDT.

INSTRUCTION AND LECTURES. .

R. S. KENDERDINE,
WMm. MAYBURRY,
H. M. BeLLOWS.

W. P. TuRNBULL,

Ropsr. BRIDGES.

Dr. Chas. T. Hunter was elected a member.

The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Twenty-five mem bers present.

The following paper was presented for publication :

1870.)

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

“ Note on the relations of Synocladia, King (1849) to the proposed
genus of Septopora, Prout (1858).” By F. B. Meek and A. H.
Worthen.

The death of Mrs. E. H. Vaux was announced.

Feb. 8th.

The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

The death of Caleb S. Hallowell was announced.
Notice was given of the publication of the third number of the
Proceedings for 1869.

Feb. 15th.
Dr. BriDGES in the Chair.
Eight members present.

Feb, 22d,
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGESR, in the Chair.

Eighteen members present.
The following gentlemen were elected Members :
Chas. D. Reed, Jas. S. Martin and Theo. Harrison.

March 1st.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

The following paper was presented for publication :

“ Descriptions of new species and genera of Fossils from the Palseo-
zoic Rocks of the Western States” By F. B. Meek and A. H.
Worthen.

Pror. Leipy directed attention to a specimen received from the Smithsonian
Institution for examination, which he said was the upper two-thirds of the
right humerus of one of the extinct giant sloths, and was obtained in Central
America by Capt. J. M. Dow. It agrees so nearly in form, proportions and
size with the corresponding portion of the arm-bone of the Mylodon robustus of
Buenos Ayres, as described and figured by Prof. Owen, as to render it probable
it may belong to the same species.

The specimen is unworn, black, not petrified, has no adherent rock ma-
trix, and looks as if it had been obtained from alluvial mud. The interior of
the shaft presents a long wide cavity, which might be viewed as the medullary
cavity were it not that all the known extinct giant sloths have the limb bones
solid. There would perhaps have been less hesitation in deciding as to the
character of the cavity, were it not that comparatively recently a reverse con-
dition was observed in a bone where it would not have been anticipated. A
short time ago Mr. James Orton, of Rochester, N. Y., submitted for examination
a collection of bones from the valley of Quito, Ecuador, S. A. The specimens
were obtained at an altitude of 10,000 feet, and from Mr. Orton's account, were
imbedded in a cliff of unstratified silt 400 feet in height. Among the bones, -
besides those of Horses, Lamas, etc., there was the femur apparently of a
Mastodon, but solid or devoid of a medullary cavity,

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9

If the hollow interior be the natural condition of the Mylodon-like humerus
under inspection, it would not belong to Mylodon robustus. Independently of
the cavity indicated, the bone is sufficiently different in size and form to indi-
cate a different species from the Mylodon Harlani of North America. The hu-
merus from Oregon, described by Perkins (Am. Jour. Sci. 1841, xlii, 136), and
referred to the latter by Prof. Owen, is not only much larger, but it is of
greater breadth in relation with its antero-posterior diameter. The fragment
of a humerus from Big-Bone-Lick, Ky., represented in fig. 3, plate xiv of my
“ Memoir on the Extinct Sloth Tribe,” is somewhat smaller than the corres-
ponding part of the Oregon specimen, and is more compressed or wider in
comparison with the antero-posterior diameter.

Prof. Leidy further observed that there appeared to be a point of some sig-
nificance in the anatomy of the mandible of Dromatherium silvestre worthy of
attention, though the appearance. may turn out to be a deceptive one. Prof.
Emmons had discovered three isolated rami of mandibles of this most ancient
of American mammals in the triassic coal of North Carolina. Of the speci-
mens, one is represented in fig. 66 of Emmons' American Geology, repeated in
outline in fig. 650 of Dana's Geology. Another specimen Prof. Emmons pre-
sented to the Academy, and is contained in our museum. The point of inter-
est to which reference is made is the apparent absence of a condyle. This
process may have been lost, but in the two specimens seen by Prof. L.—that
figured by Prof. Emmons, and that preserved in our museum—a separation of
the process is not obvious.

March 8th.
Dr. CArsox, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Twenty-five members present.

Pror. Leiny made the following remarks :—The reptilian remains from the
cretaceous formation near Fort Wallace, Kansas, presented to the Academy by
Dr. T. H. Turner, and described by Prof. Cope under the name of Elasmosaurus
platyurus, belong to an Enaliosaurian, as originally suggested by Prof. Cope.
The anatomical characters of the different regions of the vertebral column,
those of the shoulder and pelvic girdles, and of the preserved portions of the
skull and teeth, are decidedly Plesiosaurian.

Prof. Cope has described the skeleton in a reversed position to the true one,
and in that view has represented itin a restored condition in fig. 1, pl. ii. of
his “ Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia,” Pt. I, August, 1869,
published in advance for the fourteenth volume of the Transactions of the
American Philosophical Society. To explain the apparently anomalous and
reversed arrangement of the articular processes (zygapophyses) of the verte-
bra, he has supposed that those as ordinarily existing are substituted by the
second set of articular processes (zygophene and zygantrum), as found in
serpents and iguanians (Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii, 265; Syn. Ext. Bat.
and Rept. 42).

The finding of a portion of the jaws, as reported by Dr. Turner, in the vi-
cinity of what Prof.Cope has supposed to be the cervical portion of the
skeleton, and which he considers as confirmatory of the view he has taken
of its position, without further consideration, is more than compensated in the
opposite end of the column terminating in a coôssified axis and atlas, as is the
case also in the mature Plesiosaurus. The cup of the atlas still retains the
hemispherical occipital condyle.

The Kansas saurian was wonderful for the length of its neck, far exceeding
in this respect the Plesiosaurus. The vertebra in the specimen form a nearly
unbroken series to the seventy sixth inclusive. If we regard all as cervical
until the transverse processes begin to spring in part from the spinal arch, it

1870.)

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

will comprise the extraordinary number of seventy-two. In the different spe-
cies of Plesiosaurus, so far as known, the number ranges from twenty-four to
forty-one. Thelength of the neck, independent of the head, was about twenty-
two feet.

The cervical vertebra successively increase in length to about the forty-
fourth, then remain nearly the same to the sixtieth, and afterwards gradually
decrease. The atlo-axis is about 21 inches long; the third cervical is 15
inches; the tenth nearly 2 inches; the twentieth 2% inches; the thirtieth 33
inches; the fortieth 4 inches; the forty-fourth 41 inches, and so to the six-
tieth; and the sixty-cighth to the last one about 3$inches, which is also about
the length of the succeeding four dorsals.

The imperfections in the remainder of the vertebral column of the Kansas
saurian do not permit a positive estimate to be made of the comparative ex-
tent of the trunk and tail. !

A comparison cf the caudal vertebrse with isolated specimens from the cre-
taceous formations of Alabama, Mississippi and New Jersey, leaves but little
doubt that Elasmosaurus is identical with Discosaurus. Such also appears.
originally to have been the opinion held by Prof. Cope in regard to a portion
of the same skeleton, which he referred to a species with the name of Disco-
saurus carinatus (LeConte's Notes on the Geology of the Survey of the Union
Pacific Railroad, 1868, p. 68).

Specimens of vertebral bodies from the New Jersey green sand, referred to
Cimoliasaurus (Cret. Rept. of the United States, pls. v, vi), and supposed by
me to belong to the posterior part of the column, are seen by comparison with
the Kansas skeleton to be cervical and perhaps anterior dorsals. The differ-
ence in the proportions of the corresponding vertebrae appear to indicate the
genus to be distinct from Discosaurus.

The imperfect vertebral specimens from Arkansas, originally referred to
Brimosaurus (Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854, 72, pl. ii, figs. |—3), are probably Pos-
terior cervicals of Discosaurus.

In the true view of Discosaurus and its allies, the so-called order of Strepto-
sauria (Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1869, 265; Synopsis Ext. Batr. and Rept.,
40) fails to maintain its position.

The extensive shoulder and pelvic girdles of the Kansas saurian, so much
like those of Plesiosaurus, were most probably provided with limbs constructed
like those of the latter animal.

In its restored condition Discosaurus would appear to have resembled Plesio-
saurus in its form as ordinarily represented, excepting that it possessed a much
longer neck, —one indeed that exceeded that of all known animals. We may
imagine this extraordinary creature, with its turtle-like body, paddling about,
at one moment darting its head a distanee of upwards of twenty feet into the
depths of the sea after its fish prey, at another into the air after some feathered
or other winged reptile, or perhaps, when near shore, even reaching so far as
to seize by the throat some biped dinosaur.

Prof. Leidy subsequently exhibited fragments of a fossil mandible, upon
which he made the following remarks: The specimens were obtained by Prof.
F. V. Hayden from the tertiary rocks of the Bridger Group, near Fort Bridger,
Wyoming. They indicate a carnivorous animal, apparently of an extinct and
heretofore unknown genus. Unfortunately the teeth are lost, except portions
of some of the molars. The animal was larger than our Panther, and proba-
bly was a member of the same family, but with a relationship to the Hyaenas.
The portion of the jaw preserved nearly agrees in form with the corresponding
portion in the Cats, but its depth below the position of the teeth is propor-
tionately greater, resembling in this respect more the condition in the Striped
Hysena.

Remains of the canine alveolus indicate a tooth of more robust proportions
than in the latter animal. The symphysis pursues the course of the alveolus.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11

Of several mental foramina, the largest one is situated below the position of
the first premolar.

The condyle holds the same relative height as in Cats. The back portion
of the jaw, including the coronoid process, is proportionately not so broad as
in the latter. The masseteric fossa is shallower at its lower part, and is not
bounded by the everted base, but is defined a little above the later in a curva-
ture sweeping from the condyle downward and forward to an angle about half-
way below the position of the last molar tooth.

The molar teeth, of which there were five, completely occupied the space
back of the canine, as in some of the viverrine and musteline animals, there
being no hiatus in the series. All the molars were double-fanged, and none
appear to have been of the tubercular kind.

The first premolar was the smallest, and the third premolar appears to have
been the largest tooth of the molar series. The fourth premolar was interme-
diate in size to the third and the last molar, which appears to have but little
exceeded this and the second premolar.

The remains of the crown of the last molar indicate a bilobed tooth, appa-
rently like the sectorial molar of Felis, and without a heel. The crown of the
tooth in advance was provided with a well-developed heel, but the fore part
is too much broken to ascertain its form. The larger tooth in advance, the
third premolar, retains its heel, which has a subtrenchant fore and aft border,
and is bounded internally and externally by an oblique basal ridge.

For the animal indicated by the fossil jaw, the name of Patriofelis ulta is
proposed. The measurements of the specimen are as follow :

Estimated length of lower jaw when complete ..........ceceescereseseess 6 inches.
Breadth of coronoid process at base,,.....cessssereecrccsesssoseosas cssesconses 12 4
Height at condyle, and below last molar tooth..... .......ccseseeseses RR
Height below first premolar................ cosesescrseso led shtn idas o ira çó is E gn ie
Eanes o mm Gia SOLISS vii ums aet so os aah, Lesbian dado o Udo Cla op AE Guidão qu Bis»

Breadth of crown of first molar tooth, 44 lines; second do., 8 lines; third
do., 9 lines; fourth do., 74 lines; fifth do., 8 lines.

Pror. MaRsH exhibited specimens of the remains of a bird allied to the Tur-
key, which he considered as belonging to an extinct species. These remains
were said to have been found in the green sand of Monmouth Co., N. J., but
doubtless were from the post-tertiary above it. He proposed to name the
species Meleagris altus.

Prof. Marsh also called attention to the tooth of a Peccary from the miocene
of Shark River, New Jersey. Itis a second molar from the left side of the
lower jaw. He proposes to call the species to which it belonged Dicotylas
antiquus.

March 15th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Twenty members present.

The following paper was presented for publication :
di Cross Fertilization and Law of Sex in Euphorbia.” By Thomas
eehan.

March 22d,

Dr Carsox, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Thirty-six members present.

The following paper was presented for publication :
1870.]

TZ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF -

“ Descriptions of Fossils collected during the U. 8. Geol. Survey
under the charge of Clarence King.” By F. B. Meek.

Pror. Lerpy exhibited specimens of ichthyodorulites, upon which he made
the following zemarks :

XIPHACTINUS AUDAX. The genus and species are founded on an interesting
specimen belonging to the collection of the Smithsonian Institution, and ob-
tained from the cretaceous formation of Kansas by Dr. Sternberg. From the
want of symmetry in the base of the specimen, I suppose it to have been the
pectoral spine of some huge siluroid fish.

It is a broad sabre-shaped weapon, in its present condition sixteen inches
long, which is near its original length, if one may judge from the thinness and
rounding of the border at the broken end. At its middle it is nearly two inches
broad and almost seven and a half lines thick. It slightly narrows and be-
comes thinner towards the outer end, and becomes thicker and more narrow
approaching the base. An inch and a halffrom the latter it is thirteen and à
half lines thick and seventeen lines wide; and the same distance from the
outer end it is the fourth of an inch thick and twenty lines wide. The anterior
convex border is rounded at first, but becomes subacute at its outer part. The
posterior concave border is rather more obtuse.

A large groove commences back of the root, extending vutwardly, becoming
contracted and deeper, and opening to its bottom along the under part of the
spine to its outer extremity. The bottom of the groove is irregularly pitted, and
its upper surface formed by the overhanging posterior portion of the spine is
transversely corrugated or striated. A similar but shallower groove com-
mences in front of the root, and extending outwardly opens beneath the spine
at the anterior half of its surface. á

The upper surface of the spine is nearly flat and longitudinally striated, ex-
cept at the outer part of the anterior border, where the striation is finer and
curves forward.

The root of the spine turns up into a sort of hook-like process, broken at
the end. It has been about two and a half inches in height from a level with
the inferior surface of the spine. The inner part of the root forms a vertical
oblong convexity, the lower half of which is occupied by a raised facet, appa-
rently an articular surface, upon which the spine moved.

Prof. Agassiz, in his Poissons Fossiles, has described specimens of ichthyo-
dorulites from the chalk of Lewes, England, which he referred to placoid fishes
of the genus Ptychodus, “ from the circumstance of their constant occurrence
in the same localities” as teeth upon which the genus was first established.
These rays are especially remarkable for their segmented character. “ Instead”
of being composed of a single piece, as in other genera, they consist of flat
rods, or rather broad, thick plates intimately united, but rendered distinct on
the surface of the ray by longitudinal grooves.” Without question as to the
reference of these rays, I exhibit several similar specimens from the cretaceous
formation of Kansas, submitted to my examination by the Smithsonian Insti-
tution. The same collection of fossils, of which the rays were part, also con-
tained many teeth of Ptychodus Mortoni, but I am uninformed whether they
were found in association.

The specimens are probably two fragments of the same ray, but an interme-
diate piece is wanting, and they are imperfect at the opposite ends. They also
appear to be somewhat compressed from pressure. As a whole the ray is flat
at the sides, with a thickened, convex, posterior border, and an acute dentated
or festooned anterior border. The dentate processes are composed of a denser
tissue than the rest of the ray, and are thickened in a line from the point to
the base. The body of the ray is composed of longitudinally oblique bars as-
cending from the posterior border to the bases of the dentate processes in
which they are merged. The longer and broader fragment is four and three-

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. à 13

quarter inches long and three-quarters of an inch wide, gradually tapering to
seven lines, and is provided with about seven and a half dentate processes.
The other fragment is three and three-quarter inches long, seven lines wide
below, and four lines at the broken apex, and is provided with nine dentate
processes.

The segmented condition of the ray recalls to mind a singular fossil speci-
men formerly described by me as the portion of a jaw of a fish to which the
name of Kdestus voraz (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 159, pl. 15) was given, and
which also exhibits a segmented cundition. This fossil, notwithstanding its
jaw-like appearance furnished with shark-like teeth, I have always suspected
was an ichthyodorulite (Proc. 1856, 301), and this suspicion is increased by
an examination of the rays supposed to pertain to Ptychodus.

ASTERACANTHUS SIDERIUS. The species is founded on a fragment of an
ichthyodorulite, found on a stream near Glasgow, Tennessee. The specimen
was submitted to my examination by Prof. J. M. Safford, through Prof. Hayden.
It purports to be of subcarboniferous age, but perhaps this is an error, for all
the previous known fossils attributed to the genus are of much later age. It
looks as if in its complete condition it had approximated in size the dorsal
spine of Asteracanthus ornatissimus, which is a foot and a half long. The frag-
ment is from an intermediate position at the junction of the root and shaft, and
is a little over three inches in length. Broken at the extremities, and posteri-
orly, so as to leave no remains of a groove, it is composed of solid porous bone,
and is triangular in transverse section. The triangle of the shaft has a base
seven lines thick; the sides are about three-fourths of an inch wide, and the
apex is rounded. The root is compressed laterally to a greater degree than
the bottom of the shaft, and in the fragment is an inch and a half wide.

The lateral surfaces of the shaft are closely covered with large mammillary
tubercles, which have been worn off at the summits. These tubercles are of
enamel-like hardness, brown and lustrous. Their sides are closely and longi-
tudinally wrinkled; thg fewer wrinkles near the apex becoming branched and
more numerous approaching the base. The tubercles are situated in parallel
longitudinal rows, having a slight obliquity. The intervals formed by the
divergence of the longer rows near the root are occupied by shorter rows.
About thirteen rows, including the short ones, may be counted on one side of
the specimen at the verge of the root.

Pror. Lerpy further observed that the two fossils presented this evening by .
Henry Green, of Elizabeth, Jo Daviess Co., Illinois, through Dr. Edward D.
Kittoe, of Galena, were of considerable interest. They consist of a metacarpal
bone of the Giant Sloth of Jefferson (Megalonyx Jeffersoni), and a last lower
grinder of the extinct Ox, Bison antiquus. They were discovered, in the search
for lead, in a narrow crevice of the lead-bearing rocks, at the depth of 130
feet, in the vicinity of Galena. A number of other bones were found at the
same time, but, unfortunately for the interests of science, these are scattered
or lost.

The museum of the Academy contains fossils which were found in a similar
position in the same locality some years back. Of these, some were presented
by Dr. LeConte, who obtained them from Mr. Snyder of Galena; others were
presented by my friend Dr. Kittoe. They consist of remains of an extinct
Peccary, Platygonus compressus, larger than the existing species; an extinct
Raccoon, Procyon priscus, and a large insectivore, named in honor of Mr. Sny-
der, Anomodon Snyderi. These animals were probably cotemporaries of the
former,

Mr. THomas MEEHAN Said that no one who examined the prevailing theories
concerning the formation of bark and wood with numerous living specimens
before him, could be satisfied that these theories were in all respects correct.
He had made numerous observations during the past year, which satisfied him
that at any rate we had much to learn, He hoped to present these observa-

1870.]

14º "PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

tions to the members at some future time, but at present wished only to direct
their attention to a portion of a trunk of Pucca alefolia, which he exhibited,
the structure of which he suggested could not be accounted for on any theory
generally known. The generalidea was that the sap of plants ascended through
the system, and was elaboratedin the leaves, where the woody matter was
formed, and afterwards descended,—in exogenous plants forming a regular con-
centric layer over the last year's wood, and in endogenous structures returning
by the interior, pushing these descending columns of wood through the mass
of cellular matter without order or system.

It would be seen that in this endogenous Fucca the woody matter, if it ever
descended at all, as our present belief demanded it should do, had descended in
a very regular and beautiful manner, quite as systematic, in fact, as most exo-
gens would do. The wood was arranged in annual rings, not entirely con-
centric; but some tropical exogens did not have the woody annual layers al-
ways forming an entire circle any more than in this. In this case the annual
layers of wood extended about two-thirds of the distance round the axis, and
such layer was about the eighth of an inch thick. These annual layers were
made visible by the bundles of fibres being packed more closely together to-
wards the end of the season's growth, just as they are in exogens, from which,
indeed, there was very little to distinguish this structure on a cursory exami-
nation but the absence of the so-called medullary rays.

March 29th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Thirty members present.

A resolution to amend Art. XI, Chapter 10 of the By-Laws by
the omission of the word “ gratuitous,” was adopted after a third
reading. |

The following gentlemen were elected members:

Geo. Hewston, W. H. Eisenbrey and Alfred Tucker.

On favorable report of the committees the following papers were
ordered to be published :

Cross fertilization and the law of sex in EUPHORBIA-.
BY THOMAS MEEHAN.

Mr. Charles Darwin's interesting observations on cross fertilization have
opened a new world for original discovery. The list of plants which seem to
avoid self fertilization is already very large. I think Kuphorbia may be added
to the number. Certainly this is the case with Kuphorbia fulgens, Karw. (E.
jacquinafiora, Hook.) which I have watched very closely in my greenhouse
this winter. Several days before the stamens burst through the involucre,
which closely invests them, the pistil with its ovarium on the long pedicel
has protruded itself beyond, exposed its stigmatic surfaces, and received the
pollen from the neighboring flowers. The way in which the pollen scatters
itself is curious. In most flowers a slight jar or a breath of wind will waft
the pollen to the stigmas, but I have not been able to notice any to leave the ,.
flowers in this way; for as soon as the anther cells burst the whole stamen
falls from its filament like pedicel and either drops at once on the pistils of
other flowers or scatters its pollen grains by the force of the fall.

This Euphorbia also furnishes another contribution to the theory of sex
which I have advanced. The plan on which the male and female organs are
formed is evidently a commen one; and the only reason why some flower

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 15

heads have a pistil in the center, and others are wholly staminate, is, that
there is greater axial vigor when the female flower is formed. Whenever the com-
mon peduncle (below the scarlet involucre) is weak, a pistil never appears
in that head of flowers. A few which seem strong neither have them, but
the great majority of the strong peduncles are those which bear the female
blossoms. Another interesting factis that the number of male flowers is less
in those heads which also bear a female, than in those which are wholly
staminate. This seems to add to the point I made in my paper on Ambrosia,
that after the flowers have been partially formed in embryo, and before the
sex has been finally determined, the female ffower, being primordially the
stronger, has the power of absorbing the males or their partially formed ele-
ments into its system. It is certainly remarkable that in both these instances
the number of male flowers should decrease in proportion to the existence or
vigor of the central female one.

The male and female flowers of Euphorbia fulgens are formed much alike,
The female occupies the center, and seems really but a prolongation of the
main stem, on the top of which is an articulation from which the ovarium
springs. The capsula readily falls from this articulation when mature. From
the'base of the female central peduncle spring weaker peduncles, colorless,
appearing indeed almost like filaments, articulated at about the same height
as the female, only above the point bearing a short filament and anther—the
caduceous part before referred to. No onecan fail to see the correspondence
ef plan in these different parts, and I think that nothing but the favorable
position in the direct line ef axial vigor made the central flower a female one.

Cases occasionally eccur in which a tolerably strong head of wholly male
fiowers will develop the central axis into a pedicel almost as long and vigorous
as those which bear female flowers. But the flow of vital force—if 1 am correct
in using this term—not being quite sufficient, the final goal of natural per-
fection in the female ferm was not reached. These cases do not occur often,
but are well worth looking for, as they show so clearly the dividing line be-
tween the forces which govern the male or female sex.

Note on the Relations of SYNOCLADIA, King, 1849, to the Propesed Genus
SEPTOPORA, Prout, 1858.*

BY F. B. MEEK AND A. H. WORTHEN,
Of the Illinois State Geological Survey.

- Not haring studied the Polyzoa of our rocks, it was only recently that we
noticed the remarkable agreement between the fossil from the Chester division
ef the Lower Carboniferous, on which Dr. Prout proposed to found a genus
Septopora, and the common Western Coal-measure species, that has been by
some referred to the European Permian species, Synocladia virgulacea, the type
of Prof. King's genus Synocladia. In identifying this fessil, from beds in Kan-
sas referred by him to the lower Permian, with S. virgulacea, Prof. Swallow
noticed that it differs frone the foreign species in having only two, or, on some
parts, apparently three,f rows of cellules to each of the longitudinal branches,
instead of from three to five rows, as in the latter; and although he referred
the Western species doubtfully to S. virgulacea, he proposed for it the pro-
visional name, S. biserialis, in case the differences neted should be considered
of specific importance.t Prof. Geinitz, however, did not consider these differ-
ences of full specific value, and referred the species to 8. virgulacea.?

* Transac. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 448, pl. 18, fig. 2, 2a, b, c, 1858.
+ Itis only immediately below the bifurcations of the larger stems that the pores are so
arranged that they might be counted so as to appear to make three rows, the proper
number of rows being only two.
: Trans. Acad. St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 179, 1858.
Carbonf. und Dyas, in Nebraska, p. 70, 1866.

1870.)

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

After a careful comparison of a series of good specimens, showing clearly
both sides, of the fossil on which Dr. Prout proposed to found his genus Septopora
(S. Oestriensis, Prout), from the original locality in the Chester limestone of
the Lower Carboniferous, with an equally well preserved series of the Coal-
measure fossil mentioned above, that has been referred to S. virgulacea, we find
that they not only agree exactly in all generic characters, but that we have, up
to this time, been entirely unable to discover any specific differences. We ob-
serve, it is true, among the Coal-measure specimens, some differences in the
greater or less size, and irregularity of divergence of the branches, and conse-
quent differences in the sizes and forms of the fenestrules; but the same dif-
ferences are also observable among the specimens from the Chester beds, so
that if we were to regard these as specific differences, we would have to admit
several species to be common to the two horizons, instead of only one.

We have for a long time been aware of the fact that the form that has been
referred to S. virgulacea, from the Kansas and Nebraska rocks, not only ranges
through the beds included by some as lower Permian in Kansas, but that it
has an extensive vertical and geographical range in the admitted Coal-meas-
ures of these States and Iowa. We are also now prepared to show that it
not only ranges through the whole of the Coal-measures of Illinois, but that,
as above stated, specimens beyond all doubt belonging to the same genus, and,
as we believe, to the very same species, occur both in the: St. Louis and Chester
beds of the Lower Carboniferous limestone series. We were slow to adopt
the conclusion thut the specimens from these different horizons are really spe-
cifically identical, because we have so often, in such cases, on examining bet-
ter collections than those first obtained, succeeded in finding differences not
previously supposed to exist. In this instance, however, as well as occasion-
ally in others, we have, as already mentioned, found the specimens to agree
exactly in apparently all of their specific characters.

In regard to the generic relations of this fossil to the genus Synocladia, as
typified by the common European Permian true S. virgulacea, there may be differ
ences of opinion between some of those who draw very exact distinctions be-
tween genera, and others who give them greater latitude. That they really
belong to the same genus, however, we can scarcely entertain any doubts,
though it must be admitted that they are certainly distinguished on very
nearly the same kind and degree of differences that distinguish Fenestella from
Polypora.

It is a little remarkable that Dr. Prout, who made an especial study of the
paleozoic Polyzoa, should have failed to notice the very close relations be-
tween his Septopora and Synocladia, at the same time that he assigned to the
former almost exactly the same characters mentioned by Prof. King in describ-
ing his genus Synocladia. This identity of generic characters in these two
species will be better understood by comparing the original generic descrip-
tions of these forms as given by Prof. King and Dr. Prout, making, of course,
some allowance for differences of terminology. Prof. King's description of
Synocladia (see Brit. Permian Foss. p. 38) reads as follows :—

“A foliaceous or frondiferous infundibuliform Fenestellidia. Fronds con-
sisting of numerous connecting stems or ribs. Stems bifurcating; radiating
from a small root; running parallel to, and at short distances from each other,
on one plane; and giving off bilaterally numerous short, simple branches
[dissepiment], of which opposite pairs conjoin midway between its stems,
arcuately or at an ascending angle. Branches occasionally modified into
stems. Cellules on the inner or upper surface of the fronds; on both stems
and branches; imbricated, and distributed in jongitudinal series. Series of
cellules separated from each other by a dividing ridge. (?)Gemmuliferous
vesicles on the dividing ridge.”

He farther adds that this genus differs from the allied genera, in the arching
and celluliferous character of its connecting branches, or dissepiments, and the fact
that they are sometimes developed into intermediate radiating branches or stems. It

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17

will also be observed that he does not mention the number of rows of cellules
or pores in each radial branch or stem, in his generic description, though he
does so in describing the species; from which it is evident that he did not re-
gard that as a generic character, and that he would have considered the
American type as belonging to another species of the same genus.

For comparison with the above, we give below Dr. Prout's description of his
proposed genus Septopora, from the Transactions of the Acad. Sci. of St.
Louis, vol. 1. p. 448:—

“Bryozoum a fan-like expansion, with longitudinal ribs [stems of Prof.
King], irregular in size, radiating from a centre, branching and occasionally
anastomosing, having two lines of pores, one on each side of a tuberculated
midrib.* Dissepiments forming arches. or more or less angular, dividing the
Bryozoum into quadrangular, round, semi-lunar, or rhombic fenestrules ; each
dissepiment supporting from one to four irregular lines of cell-pores; reverse
smooth when worn, but more or less tubercled when perfect.”+

He adds that, “though in its general features it resembles Kenestella, it dif-
fers in a marked degree by its celluliferous dissepiments.” This, it will be
observed, together with the arched, or angulated character of its dissepiments, and
the fact that they sometimes give origin to intermediate branches, or sterms, as Prof.
King terms them, were exactly the characters mentioned by the latter author
as distinguishing Synocladia from other allied Fenesteltide. Although Dr.
Prout does not mention the character of the angulated dissepiments giving
off intermediate branches, his figure 2a, pl. 18, of the St. Louis transactions
cited, distinctly shows it, and it is even more strongly defined in specimens
now before us, from the original locality, and identified by Dr. Prout himself.
It is also worthy of note, that Dr. Prout's enlarged figures, 2b and 2c, of the
plate above cited, do not give a correct idea of this fossil, as may be seen by
comparison with his own description. Figure 2c, for instance, represents the
fenestrules proportionally much too small, and the dissepiments too thick
and not in the slightest degree “forming arches, or more or less angular.”
Figure 2 b also fails to show this arching or bending upward of the dissepi-
ments, and the “tubercles” or vesicles on the midrib, which characters are as
strongly defined in the Chester and Coal-measure specimens asin Prof. King's
figures of the typical S. virgulacea. Some portions of the celluliferous surface
near the base of the frond might be selected from some specimens that would
nearly agree with these figures given by Dr. Prout, but this is far from the
general character of the fossil farther up, where the branches are more diverg-
ing, so as to form larger fenestrules.

The question respecting the relations of these Western specimens, from the
several horizons mentioned, to each other, and to the European Permian Syno-
cladia virgulacea, is, for other reasons, one of more interest and importance
than the mere difference or identity of particular fossils, since it involves the
question of the duration in time, and the consequent geological range, of one
of the most important of the types that have been appealed to as evidence
that the Permian should be carried down in Kansas and Nebraska, so as to
include several hundred feet of rocks regarded by us and others as belonging
to the true Coal-measures. Whether we regard this fossil as being specifi-
cally identical with Synocladia virgulacea (which we do not admit), or view it”
as a distinct species of the same genus, it is now evident that it can no longer
be regarded as properly a Permian type; for, even if it could be shown to be
only a variety of S. virgulacea, it would still be a form unknown in the Permian
of Europe; while here it is, as above shown, not only one of our most abun-
dant Coal-measure types, but one that began its existence during the deposi-
tion of lower Carboniferous or Mountain limestone series.

* The midrib mentioned here is the “dividing ridge” of Prof. King, and the “tubercles”
on it are the “(?;gemmuliferous vesicles” of Prof. finge À

+ It is minntely striated in perfect specimens, as we know from examination of typical
examples from the original locality.

70.] 2

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Itis worthy of note in this connection, that there are various other fossils
in the upper members of our lower Carboniferous series that might with quite
as much propriety be referred to European Permian species as many of the
Western Coal-measure types that have. been so referred. For instance, Dr.
Prout long since (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sciences, vol. I. p. 450) identified a
Polypora, from the Chester beds, with the Russian Permian P. biarmica; while
several other species of Polyzoa found in the Chester group are scarcely dis-
tinguishable from forms found in western beds that have been by some in-
cluded in the Permian. We also now know that there are species of Schizodus,
Pleurophorus, etc., in the Chester beds very like Permian forms; while a Cri-
noid, found by Prof. Marcou in beds in Nebraska (referred by him to the Per-
mian), and thought by him to be “extremely near Encrinus moniliformis, Miller,
of the Muschelkalk of Europe,” is now known to range through the whole of
the Western Coal-measures, and to be represented in the Chester limestone
beneath the Millstone-grit by closely allied species. Indeed, a number of
Crinoids that have been recently discovered in the Chester beds and the Coal-
measúres of Illinois are remarkably similar representative forms. Even the
curious Zeacrinus mucrospinus of McChesney, from the Upper Coal-measures of
Ilinois, has its nearly allied representative in the Chester limestone below
the Millstone-grit.

-- Numerous facts like the foregoing (such, for instance, as the occurrence of

Tertiary types of plants in the Nebraska Cretaceous), might be cited to show
that in many instances particular forms of life, both animal and vegetable,
appeared here at earlier periods than in the old world. Hencee, great caution,
and some general xnowledge of the entire fauna and flora of our rocks, are
often required in order to arrive at sound conclusion with regard to their re-
lations to particular horizons of the series, as made out in Europe.

April 5th.
Dr. Carson, Vice-President, in the Chair.

“T'wenty-three members present.

Proressor Leipy made the following remarks ox DisCOSAURUS AND ITS AL-
LIES.

The body of the last vertebra in the series of caudals belonging to the Kan-
sas saurian, described by Prof. Cope under the name of Elasmosaurus, has the
length less than the depth or breadth, which latter is the greatest diameter.
It is moderately contracted towards the middle, the sides below the neural
arch and the surface below the costal articulations being fore and aft concave,
and bounded in front and behind by an acute margin from the articular ends.
A ridge extends fore and aft between the chevron articulations and the in-
cluded surface is concave, and exhibits a single lateral venous foramen. The
costal articular processes project from the middle of the side of the body,
reaching nearer the fore than the back end of the latter. They are transversely
oval, about three-fourths the length of the body, and the height about half.
They form a deep concavity, with acute margins expanding peripherally.
The articular ends of the body are transversely oval and defined from the
intermediate portion of the latter by an acute everted margin. A short dis-
tance within the position of the latter the surface is marked by a narrow
groove, and within the circle ofthis groove the surface projects in such a manner
as to appear like a distinct disk or epipbysial plate applied to and eoóssified
with the body. The surface of the disk is convex at the periphery and
moderately concave towards the centre. The articular surface beyond the
groove defining the disk appears as an everted ledge, and the triangular articu-
lar facets for the chevrons appear as deflections of the ledge. The extension
of the latter inferiorly is greater at the posterior extremity of the body than

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19

at the anterior extremity, thus producing a larger provision of surface in that
position for the articulation of the chevron. The neural arch in the specimen
has apparently been so much laterally compressed, that its original condition
cannot be ascertained.

It was upon several similar isolated vertebra to the one just described that the
genus Discosaurus was established, and I shall now proceed to examine them
comparatively with the object of determining their relationship with the Kan-
sas saurian,

The genus Discosaurus was originally indicated from a mutilated body of a
caudal vertebra from the cretaceous formation of Alabama (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. 1851, 326). In its imperfect condition, its peculiar character, and resem-
blance to a vertebra represented, by Prof. Owen, as a cervical of Plesioszurus
pachyomus (British Fossil Reptiles, pl. 28,) it was mistaken for a cervical,
The specimen, together with another from the same individual, were described
in their true position, as relates to the regions of the vertebral column, in the
“ Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States.” They are represented in figs. 4.
5, 6, pl. v, of that work. The two vertebral bodies bear a near resemblance
with that of the Kansas saurian above described. - They have nearly the same
proportions, and are slightly smaller and rather less contracted intermediately.
The interchevron ridges are comparatively less well developed. The discoid
arrangement of the articular ends is even more conspicuous. The disks are
more prominent, more decidedly defined from the ledge beyond by a deeper
constriction or groove. The periphery of the disks is rather more convex, and
the surface towards the centre slightly less concave. The ontside ledge is
comparatively narrow and is not everted. The chevron articular surfaces ap-
pear rather to be produced through deflections of the groove defining the disk,
than by an extension of the ledge, so that the chevrons would appear to have
articulated with the depressed margin of the disk itself instead of with the
ledge. The neural arch is broken away in both specimens, except part of an
abutment in one of them.

The slight difference in size of these vertebra from that of the Kansas
saurian, as well as the feebler production of the interchevron ridges, might
readily be due to their more posterior position in the column. The more de-
cided constriction of the disks at the articular extremeties from the rest of the
body, which led to the application of the name of Discosaurus, might be re-
garded as an individual peculiarity, or a variation in specific character; which
is often greater than real specific or even generic characters.

A similar vertebra, from the lower cretaceous of Mississippi, represented in
figs. 10—12, pl. v of the “ Cretaceous Reptiles of the United states,” likewise
referred to Discosaurus, has the same size and proportions as that above de-
scribed of the Kansas saurian. In its anatomical characters it is intermediate
to the latter, and those of the Alabama saurian. The interchevron ridges are
intermediate in degree of development. The most marked difference exists at
the articular ends of the body. The articular surface is comparatively flat,
being but feebly depressed towards the centre and as feebly rounded towards
the periphery, which extends to the acute margin defining it from the sides of
the body, almost without the intervention of a groove such as is described in
the preceding specimens. A slight deflection in the course of the acute
border defines the anterior chevron articulation. The posterior chevron ar-
ticulation is comparatively large and more distinctly defined than the corres-

“ponding one in the Kansas and Alabama specimens. The sides of the neural
arch ascend in a steep slope from the more concave sides of the body, sweep-
ing outwardly to the upper border of the costal pit. The diameter of the
spinal canal is about seven lines.

Another vertebral body, from the cretaceous formation of New Jersey, re-
ferred to Discosaurus, is represented in figs. 7—9 of the work above indicated..
It presents characters in common with the preceding specimens, but likewise
has peculiarities of a decided kind. It approaches most the Alabama speci-

1870.

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

mens, and has nearly the same size. Interchevron ridges are entirely obsolete,
The articular extremities of the body are very like those of the Alabama
specimens, but the groove defining them from the acute margin is very incon-
spicuous or nearly obsolete. The deflections of the acute margin for the ac-
commodation of chevrons are comparatively and remarkably deep, especially .
those anteriorly. The spinal canal at the orifices is about seven lines wide;
at the middle scarcely five lines.

In all the specimens above indicated, a single venous foramen is situated on
the under side of the body, to the right of the median line.

Comparative measurements of the specimens are as follow :

Caudal from Kansas, Mississippi, Alabama, New Jersey.

Length of body inferiorly......... 244 1. 243 d. 234 d. 234 d.
Breadth ant. artic surface........ 36 36 334 34
Depth Verse FE Ui eia DO 30 263 273
Breadth post. Ho o edido 34 34 31 313
Depth f$ sá 1. send duda 29 29 — 26
Breadth costal artic. cavity...... 18 17 15 15
Depth Há Ad 6 conparda 11 11 11
Width between inf. margins of

costal CAVities e esvesvesesensá 1.39 39 38 38
Distance fore and aft of chev-

Fon SUIÍaces......eeces vrepdos pe dá 16 16 16 123

We thus have the nearly corresponding caudal vertebra of four individuals,
from the cretaceous formation of as many different localities, agreeing nearly
in size, proportions, form, and construction, but exhibiting decided peculiari-
ties in every case. Are these peculiarities to be considered of generic and
specific value; of specific value alone; or are they to be regarded as varia-
tions in the characters of a single species? From the specimens alone 1
would incline to view them in the latter light, though I admit that each
variation may represent a different genus, or a different species of the same
genus. The reason for referring any one to a genus is equally good for all.
If the Alabama specimens be regarded as characteristic of Discosaurus, and
the Kansas one of Elasmosaurus, the caudal from Mississippi, with its nearly
flat ends, is quite as characteristic of a third genus, and the New Jersey caudal,
with its peculiarities, would form a fourth. The close correspondence in size
of the specimens rather favors the view that they all pertain to the same
species, though this may be as coincidental as the discovery of the nearly cor-
responding vertebra in the four cases. The one which, in my view, is most
distinctive from the others, is the specimen from Mississippi, with the nearly
flat articular extremities of its body. It may be well to consider it as repre-
senting a species, and for this one I propose the name of Discosaurus planior.

A vertebra, which accompanied the Discosauroid caudal from New. Jersey,
from its appearance was supposed to belong to the same individual. It was
regarded as a posterior cervical, and is represented in figs. 1-3, pl. v, and
described on page 24 of the “Cretaceous Reptiles.” It would appear by com-
parison rather to be an anterior caudal, and so far as I can judge in the im-
perfect condition of the specimens, resembles most nearly the fifth of the last
continuous series of twenty-two vertebrae of the Kansas skeleton. It appears
to agree nearly in form, constitution, and proportions with the corresponding
bone of the latter, but is rather smaller.

Some years since I had the opportunity of inspecting some vertebral speci-
mens of a huge saurian in the possession of Mr. W. F. Roberts, who obtained
them from near Greenville, Clark Co., Arkansas. They are supposed to be of
cretaceous age, as the formation of that period is the prevailing one in the
locality in which they were found. Two of the best preserved of the speei-
mens, generally very imperfect, were briefly noticed in the Proceedings for
“1854, page 72, and represented in figs. 1-3, pl. ii. The remains were observed

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPIHA. 91

to bear a resemblance to those of Cimoliasaurus, and were referred to an ani-
mal with the name of Brimosaurus grandis. Through comparison with the
skeleton of the Kansas saurian, they appear to be posterior cervicals, and
further appear sufficiently near in character to belong to the same, though
their larger size renders it probable that they pertained to a larger species.

A question arises as to the relationship of those remains originally referred
to Cimoliasaurus with Discosaurus in the present state of our knowledge of the
latter. In the first place, by comparison with the skeleton of the Kansas
saurian, we observe that the position in the column, assigned to the vertebral
bodies of Cimoliasaurus, was incorrect, and this probably contributed to mislead
Prof. Cope in his examination of the skeleton of the Kansas saurian.

The vertebral specimens referred to Cimoliasaurus consisted of two sets of
specimens, from two different individuals, both from the green sand of Bur-
lington Co., N. J. They are described in "“Cretaceous Reptiles,” page 25, and
characteristic ones represented in plates v. and vi.

The eleven vertebra considered as lumbar, and represented by figs. 17-19,
pl. v, and 16-18, pl. vi, are evidently cervicals. Those considered as dorsals
on page 26, and represented in figs. 13-16, pl. v, are at least in part posterior
cervicals. Ofthe fourteen vertebra referred to on page 27 as dorsals and lum-
bars, those described and represented in figs. 1-5, pl. vi, are alone dorsals, while
the others described and represented in figs. 6-9 are posterior, and those of
figs. 10-18 more anterior cervicals.

The cervicals of Cimoliasaurus are so different in their proportions from
those of the Kansas saurian that there can be no question as to the distinction
of the two animals, at least as species.

Do all the remains originally referred to Discosaurus belong to this genus as
distinct from Cimoliasaurus? I suspect that those from New Jersey belong to
the latter. The animals indicated by all the fossils which have been under
consideration are Plesiosauroid, and as in recognized species of Plesiosaurus
there is much variability in the number, proportions, and other characters of
the cervicals without a corresponding extent of variation in other parts of the
vertebral column, we would be prepared to find in Cimoliasaurus nearly the
same kind of caudals as in Discosaurus.

Prof. Cope, in his “Synopsis of the Ext. Batrachia and Reptilia,” pt. i, 1869,
p. 56, describes two vertebral specimens from the lower bed of the cretaceous
green sand of Gloucester and Monmouth counties, which he attributes to a
species with the name of Elasmosaurus orientalis. The specimens described
as caudals are seen, by comparison with the Kansas skeleton, to be cervicals.

The smaller of the two specimens is intermediate in its form, proportions,
and size with what appear to be the nearly corresponding vertebra of the Kan-
sas saurian, and the vertebra referred to Cimoliasaurus. The larger specimen
I have not seen, but from the description and measurements given it would
appear to have belonged to a species quite as large as the Kansas saurian.
The comparative measurements of the two specimens with that of the Kan-
sas saurian, which appears to be most like them, and with the largest of the
specimens which had been referred to Cimoliasaurus, are as follow :

New Jersey specimens. Kansas sp. Cimoliasaurus.
Length of body............ 3&in, 43 in. 4+ in. 3 in. 111
Brendth:. “cumes sesegeo | 40, 5% in. 4% in. 4 mm. 21.
Depth AMRS isecêve 3 in. 44 in. 34 in. 34+ in.

The various remains to which I have referred in this communication proba-
bly indicate a number of different species of a genus, presenting a like varia-
bility in the number and proportioas of the cervicals as has been observed
in the closely related genus Plesiosaurus. In the present condition of knowl-
edge of the remains, they appear to me to be referable to a series of species
as follow :

1. DiSCOSAURUS VETUSTUS.
ae Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1851, 326; Cret. Rept. United States, 1865, 22,
70.)

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Cimoliasaurus magnus. Cope: Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1869, 266.
Cimoliasaurus vetustus. Cope: Synopsis Ext. Bat. Rept., &c., 1869, 57.
Cretaceous of Alabama.

2. DiSCOSAURUS GRANDIS.
Brimosaurus grandis. Leidy: Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1854, 72, pl. i, figs. 1-3.
Cimoliasaurus grandis. Cope: Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1869, 266; Synopsis
Ext. Batrachia, Reptilia, &c. 1869, 57.
Cretaceous of Arkansas. . ”

3. DISCOSAURUS CARINATUS.
Elasmosaurus platyurus and Discosaurus carinatus. Cope: LeConte's Notes
on the Geology &c. Union Pacific Railway, 1868, 68.
Elasmosaurus platyurus. Cope: Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1868, 92; Pr. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. 1869, 266; Synopsis Ext. Batr. Rept. 1869, 46.
Cretaceous of Kansas.

4. DISCOSAURUS MAGNUS.
Cimoliasaurus magnus. Leidy: Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1851, 325; 1854, 72, pl. ii,
figs. 4-6; Cret. Rept. U. S. 1865, 25, pl. v, figs. 13-19, pl. vi. Cope:
Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1869, 266; Synopsis Ext. Batr. Rept. 1869, 57.
Discosaurus vetustus in part? Leidy: Cret. Rept. U. S. 1865, 24, pl. v, figs.
1-3, 7-9. ,
Uretaceous of New Jersey.

5. DISCOSAURUS PLANIOR.
Discosaurus vetustus in part. Leidy: Cret. Rept. U. S. 1865, 23, pl. v, figs.
10-12.
Lower cretaceous of Mississippi.

6. DISCOSAURUS ORIENTALIS.
Elasmosaurus orientalis. Cope: Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1869, 266; Synop-
sis Ext. Batr. Rept. 1869, 54.
Lower cretaceous of New Jersey.

In the cervicals of Discosaurus, so far as can be ascertained by the material
at command, there appears to be no subdivision of the articular process for
the riblets, as in Plesiosaurus. In the latter the chevron bones consist of
lateral halves, ununited by osseous tissue. In the skeleton of the Kansas sau-
rian, intervening between two of the caudals, there is a bone which looks as
if it might be an inverted Y-shaped chevron, with one arm broken off. The
spine broken at the end is about four inches long. The remaining arm, broken
away at the articular end, is about three inches long.

On favorable report of the Committees, the following papers were
ordered to be printed:
Descriptions of new Species and Genera of Fossils from the Palxeozoio rocks
of the Western States.
BY F. B. MEEK AND A. H. WORTHEN,
Of the Illinois State Geological Survey.
FORAMINIFERA ?
RECEPTACULITES FORMOSUS, M. and W.

Body obovate, the breadth being about three-fourths the height, and the
widest point a little above the middle; upper end rounded, and without any
umbilicoid concavity or opening, unless it may be a very small one; sides
gradually tapering with a slight convexity from a little above the middle, to
an apparently moderate sized base of attachment. Cell openings or depres-

[April,

do ia

A cn ds e A da:

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 23

sions shallow, quadrangular, or transversely rhombic (those on the upper part
being quadrangular, and those farther down becoming more rhombic, and
wider than high), arranged in spirally ascending rows, which make nearly
one turn in passing from the base to the centre of the top; each with a trans-
verse linear central furrow, from which a similar furrow passes to the lower
angle ; central perforations of the cell depressions minute, and generally closed
in the typical specimen.
Height, 1:75 inches; breadth, 1:22 inches.

* This species differs from all others known to us, smp tido from any Upper
Silurian horizon, in its elongated, obovate form, its outline being almost ex-
actly obovate, excepting the truncation of the lower (smaller) end. In general
appearance it perhaps most nearly agrees with a form found in the Galena
Limestone, and referred by us, doubtfully, to R. globularis, Hall, in the third
vol. Illinois Geol. Reports, pl. 2, fig. 2 a,b. It differs, however, from that
species in having the upper end more round, or less depressed, and without
any umbilicoid impression. Its cell impressions are also very different, not
being near so crowded, and instead of becoming more crowded and narrower
on the lower half, they are less so there than above; while the central per-
foration of each is much smaller.

Locality and position. Bridge Port, near Chicago, Illinois. Niagara Group
of Upper Silurian.

We are under obligations to the Rev. E. C. Bolls, of Portland, Me., for the
use of the only specimen of this species we have seen.

ECHINODERMATA.
BARYCRINUS SPECTABILIS, M. and W.

Body attaining a large size, rather deeply cup-shaped, though wider than -
high; truncated below, with sides moderately expanding upward. Base
basin-shaped. Basal pieces rather large, nearly twice as wide as high, penta-
gonal in form, with the mesial angle above deeply impressed, the impression
being also continued down the middle to the lower edge, with a broad promi-
nence or ridge on each side of it also extending to the lower edge, where
each of these prominences terminates in a little angular projection, while the
lateral margins are strongly and abruptly beveled, so as to form deep, wide
notches at the sutures. Subradial pieces large, hexagonal, excepting one on
the anal side, which is heptagonal; all very profoundly impressed at the cor-
ners, so as to form strong, radiating ridges, extending one to each of the sides,
to connect with those on the other contiguous plates ; sometimes these ridges
terminate in pinched-up nodes on the central region. First radial pieces
about twice as wide as high, being generally a little wider than the subradials,
pentagonal in form, with superior lateral angles more or less truncated, and
slightly projecting at the edge, each with its broad, very shallow sinus above,
for the reception of the second radials, more than three-fourths as wide as its
upper margin, while the deep impression at the lower angles form two broad,
very strong ridges, extending downward to connect with those on the sub-
radials; sometimes these terminate near the middle above, in sharp pinched-
up, diverging nodes, or short carina, while between these and the superior
lateral, truncated angles, one or two other sharp prominences are sometimes
seen. Second radial pieces extremely short, or almost transversely linear,
and not always entirely filling the broad shallow sinuses in which they rest.
Third radials triangular, a little higher in the middle than the first, but
wedging to a very thin edge on each side, or even sometimes thinning out. so as
to let the first brachial pieces rest, at the lateral ends partly upon the first and
partly on the second radials. Anal pieces of moderate size, quadrangular in
form, a little wider than high, and resting on the upper truncated edge of the
heptagonal subradial, while its own upper edge is truncated entirely across,
peritos a level with the superior lateral angles of no first radial on each
side of it.

1870.]

24 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Arms two from each ray, rather long, rounded, and tapering; very stout
below, where they are composed of thin (short) wide pieces, the first two of
which, in each pair of arms, are joined together at their inner ends; above
these the arms of each ray diverge more or less from each other, and throw
off alternately on each side stout armlets from every second piece. Arm
pieces above the wide ones at the base, somewhat longer in proportion to
breadth than the latter, and more or less wedge formed, with each a little
pinched or angular ridge or projection on each side, ranging transversely to
the arms. Armlets stout, about eight to nine on each side of each arm, near
half as thick as the arms just above the points where the two connect; com-
posed of pieces of nearly the same form as the arm pieces, but generally show-
ing a slight disposition to become a little zigzag, and, at least some of them,
throwing off alternately on each side a series of smaller secondary armlets,
exactly as they are themselves given off from the main arms. Secondary
armlets showing a slight zigzag appearance, from the greater thickness and
prominence of every second piece on opposite sides, so as to appear as if they
may give off a tertiary series of armlets, or pinnulz, though the specimen does
not show these if they exist.

Column very stout, nearly round, and composed, at least for about three
inches or more below the base, of alternately thin and somewhat thicker
pieces, the latter of which project outward a little beyond the others, and
show a slight disposition to become nodular, or irregularly thickened on the
edge. Internal cavity large, with an obtusely pentagonal section. Longitu-
dinal sutures, dividing the column into five sections, partly anchylosed, but
still visible.

Height of body, about 1 inch; breadth, about 1-70 inches; length of arms,
3:80 inches; thickness of do. at the base, 0:40 inch; thickness of column near
base, 0:60 inch.

This fine large species seems to be most nearly allied to B. Thom, (== Cya-
thocrinus Thomes, Hall), from the Warsaw Limestone, but differs in having the
impressions at the corners of its body plates, and the ridges between the same,
greatly more strongly defined, and its arms much stouter, and more rounded
below. Its column is also proportionally thicker, with a more obtusely pen-
tagonal internal cavity. The typical specimens of the B. Thome, which are
- now before us, are notin a condition to show much of the arms, but as far as
they can be seen, they seem to be proportionally: more slender, and we can
scarcely doubt that they will show other corresponding differences in the de-
tails of their structure, when better specimens can be compared. We have
ascertained, however, that the arm-pieces of the typical specimens of B.
Thomz have on their sides little pinched-up prominences, as in the species
here described, which character was not mentioned in the description of that
species.

“he peculiarity of having the corners of the body plates impressed so as to
form large ridges on the plates is very common in this group, but it differs in
degree, or otherwise, in the various species, presenting corresponding differ-
ences in other parts. It is more strongly defined in the species here described,
and the ridges more angular than in any other known tous. This species is
also the first of the group in which we have clearly seen secondary armlets
springing from the sides of the larger ones given off from each side of the
arms; but since seeing this character in this species, we think we have been
able to detect indications of it in others.

We hope those who may not be disposed to admit the genus Barycrinus as
distinct from Cyathocrinus, will at least write the name of this species Oyatho-
crinus (Baryerinus) spectabilis.

Locality and position. Otter Creek, Jersey County, Illinois; from the St.
Louis Group of the Lower Carboniferous. | e

CYATHOCRINITES ? POTERIUM, M. and W.
Body small, depressed-subglobose, somewhat flattened below and con-

| [April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 25

tracted above. Basal plates of moderate size, pentagonal in form. and spread
out horizontally so as to form a nearly flat pentagonal disc, excepting that the
salient angles are curved upward a little; facet for the attachment of the
column-small, compared with the size of the base, round and not impressed.
Subradial plates large, forming the widest part of the body, convex on the
outside, but not from thickening; about as wide as long, hexagonal, with
perhaps the exception of one on the anal side of heptagonal form ; all curving
under below to connect with the base. First radials somewhat smaller than
the subradials, wider than long, pentagonal in form, and provided above with
very small, shallow sinuses for the reception of the second, which are small,
but more than filling the shallow little sinuses. Third radials, in two of the
arms seen, small, and bearing on each of their superior sloping sides, a long,
very slender, subcarinated arm, which bifurcates on the second piece above;
while the divergent divisions subdivide two or three times again above, at in-
tervals of three or four pieces; the divisions and subdivisions all being very
slender, and composed of joints about twice as long as wide. In two of the
rays seen, however, the free arms are simple from their origin on the first
radials, at least as far up as to the sixth piece, inclusive, (which is as far as
they can be traced in the specimen), and present the remarkable character of
having the second, third and fourth pieces greatly dilated, or alate on each
side, so as to be nearly two-thirds as broad as the whole body below ; though
the first piece next the body (second radial), is narrow, and nearly twice as
long as wide, as are the fifth and sixth pieces. Surface smooth, or only finely
granular; sutures close fitting, or not channeled. Anal plate and column
unknown.

- Height of body, 0:20 inch ; breadth of do., 0:34 inch; breadth of the dilated
part of one of the simple arms, about 0:22 inch.

Itis possible that the dilated arms may bifurcate above the sixth piece,
though the specimen from which the description is made out is not in a con-
dition to enable us to settle this point. The fact that they become suddenly
narrow above the fourth piece, would seem to indicate that they may possibly
assume the character of the other arms farther up. As seen lying partly
imbedded in the matrix, with the long-jointed, slender arms and their branches
incurved, above the little globular body, the whole reminds one very much of
the Jurassic genus Saccosoma, Agassiz.

The very remarkable characters of the arms in this little crinoid, if not due
to abnormal development, would certainly seem to warrant its separation, at
least subgenerically, from the typical forms of Cyathocrinites. It also seems
very improbable that its ventral disc is constructed as in the typical forms of
that genus. Should other specimens show the peculiarities we have men-
tioned to be normal, we would propose for this type the generic or subgen-
eric name Saccosomopsis.

Specifically this form, at least so far as regards its body, seems to be exactly
like a species described by Prof. Hall, under the name Cyathocrinus parvibra-
- chiatus (Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.., Vol. vii, p. 395, 1861); and it is worthy
of note, that he describes its “ subrachial ? or free radial pieces as being
“two to each ray, broad and strong, but varying in the different rays.” As
these pieces “ vary in the different roys)” may not those he saw, that were broad
and strong, have belonged to dilated simple rays, as in our species, and these
rays been broken off above the second pieces, in the specimen described? If
so, his species would almost certainly belong to the same group as ours, but
differs specifically in having its bifurcating arms shorter, more rapidly dimin-
ishing in size, with shorter pieces between the bifurcations, so as to bring the
subdivisions closer together; also in having larger and deeper sinuses in its
first radials for the reception of the second.

We are much inclined to believe there is a little group of species having
essentially the form of body, and the peculiarities of the arms we have de-
scribed, and that it will probably include Cyathocrinites Saffordi, the arms of
which are unknown.

1870.)

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Locality and position. Crawfordsville, Indiana. Keokuk division of the
Lower Carboniferous series. The specimen from which our description was
made out belongs to the collection of Mr. Corey.

PoTERIOCRINITES (ZEACRINUS?) CONCINNUS, M. and W.

Body wider than high, rather rapidly expanding upward from the column.
Base small, basin-shaped, about three times as wide as high, and truncated
about three-fourths its breadth below by the facet for the attachment of the
column. Basal pieces wider than high, pentagonal in form, and expanding
upward from the column, which is rather stout, round, and composed near the
base of thin pieces. Subradials of moderate size, not thickened or tumid,
four hexagonal, and one on the anal side heptagonal. First radials as wide
as the subradials, but shorter, pentagonal, and truncated their entire breadth
above. Second radials as wide as the first, but scarcely more than half as
long, all transversely oblong in form. Third radials in the posterior and
anterior lateral rays, of nearly the same size and form as the first, but of
course with the sloping sides above. On these sloping sides they each sup-
port two unequal arms, the posterior one of which in one of the posterior
lateral rays is smaller than the other, and can be seen to bifurcate on the
fourth piece, while the other bifurcates on the second piece, and its subdi-
visions divide again at various distances above, several times, so as to make
altogether about thirteen or more subdivisions in this ray. The anterior main
division of one of the anterior lateral rays can also be seen to bifurcate on
the fifth piece above the third radial, and one of its branches subdivides at
different distances above into three subdivisions, and the other into four.
Anterior ray simple to the eighth piece, the pieces between the first and last
being short and somewhat wedge-form, while the last is pentagonal and sup-
ports two arms, each of which can be seen to bifurcate at least once some
distance above. Anal pieces with the usual double alternating arrangement,
the lowest piece being obliquely inserted between the upper sloping sides of
two of the subradials, and partly under one side of one of the first radials,
while a contiguous piece on the left above is supported on an upper truncated
side of one of the subradials, and the latter are succeeded by others that con-
nect with the base of the proboscis.

Arms long, slender, very straight, and gradually tapering; slightly convex
on the dorsal surface, and flattened so as to fit closely together on each side,
with all their divisions running up parallel, or showing scarcely any divergence
at the bifurcations, and all composed of short wedge-formed pieces; axillary
pieces not more protuberant than the others. Pinnula small, and arising one
from the upper part of the longer side of each arm piece, alternately on each
side, and rather closely approximated to each other.

Surface, in well preserved specimens, finely and obscurely granular, the
granules showing on the arms (as seen under a magnifier) a tendency to
arrange themselves in longitudinal rows, or to assume vermicular forms.
Sutures between all the pieces merely linear.

Entire length of arms and body, 2:80 inches; height of body to the top of
first radials, 0:27 inch; breadth about 0:43 inch. Thickness of column, at its
connection with the base, 0:17 inch.

This species seems to combine, to some extent, the characters of Poteriocri-
nites and Zeacrinus. In general habit, especially in the somewhat flattened
and closely contiguous characters of all the divisions of its arms, all around,
when folded together, as well as, to some extent, in their mode of division, it
reminds one of many species of Zeacrinus. In the form of its body, however,
and particularly in having three primary radials, instead of only two, in each
of the anterior lateral and posterior lateral rays, and about eight below the
first bifurcation in the anterior ray, as well as in the general form of its body,
it agrees more nearly with the typical forms of Poteriocrinites. We know of

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 27

no species liable to be confounded with this when specimens can be seen with
its arms well preserved.

Locality and position. Keokuk division of the Lower Carboniferous series,
at Crawfordsville, Indiana. The typical specimen belongs to Mr. Corey, of
Crawfordsyille, to whom we are indebted for the loan of it.

SCAPHIOCRINUS DEPRESSUS, M. and W.

Body small, somewhat basin-shaped, about twice as wide as high to the top
of the first radials, broadly truncated and concave below, with but slightly
expanded or nearly vertical sides. Base occupying the concavity of the under
side, and apparently flat or concave. First radial pieces about as high as
wide, a little convex, rising vertically, except below, where they curve ab-
ruptly inwards to connect with the base; all seen, presenting pentagonal gen-
eral outlines on their outer faces. First radial pieces nearly twice as wide as
high, pentagonal in form, and truncated their entire breadth above for the
reception of the second radials. Anal pieces unknown. Second radials
longer than wide, strongly constricted in the middle with steeply sloping sides
for the support of the arms above. Arms simple from their origin on the
second radials, slender, and composed of long, rounded, somewhat constricted
joints, which are obliquely truncated at the ends, with the upper end of all
projecting, alternately on opposite sides for the support of long, very slender
tentacles, composed of long joints.

Breadth of body, near 0:30 inch; height, 0:15 inch. Arms apparently
about 1:12 inches in length, and only 0:05 inch in thickness at the constricted
part of one of the lower joints; first four joints 0:32 in length.

In its depressed body, with nearly vertical sides, and broadly truncated,
concave lower part, this species seems to resemble S. unicus, of Hall, as near
as can be determined from a description alone. It differs, however, in having
the arms simple from their origin on the second radials, with long instead of
very short joints. Itis peculiar in the broadly truncated and concave char-
acter of its under side, as well as in the slenderness of its arms and pinnulz.
The latter are also remarkably distant from each other, owing to the length
of the arm joints.

Locality and position. Crawfordsville, Indiana. From the Keokuk division
of the Lower Carboniferous series.

!
ZEACRINUS? ARMIGER.

Body small and depressed, or nearly basin-shaped, but with the under side
rounded, and concave in the middle. Base very small and nearly or quite
hidden in the concavity of the under side. Subradial pieces comparatively
large and curving under below, but not tumid or convex; three with a general
pentagonal outline, but probably having a sixth obtuse angle at the middle of
each below; the other two, on the anal side, presenting a general hexagonal
form, but truncated by the anal pieces in such a manner as to present a hep-
tagonal form, exclusive of the very obtuse angle probably existing at the
middle of the under side of each. First radial pieces twice as wide as high,
pentagonal in form, and truncated across their entire breadth. Second radi-
als as high as wide, each bearing two arms on their superior sloping sides,
and developed into a long, slender, rounded, mucronate spine, which is
directed nearly horizontally outward. Anal pieces small, and arranged in a
double alternating series, the first on lowest piece being somewhat cuneiform
and wedged obliquely down between one of the subradials and the under side
of the first radial on the left, so as to touch, by a very short side, the next
ubradial on the left; second anal piece resting on the short truncated sum-
mit of one of the heptagonal subradials, and connecting on the right with
one of the first radial pieces, and on the left with one of the upper sides of
the first anal piece, and another piece resting on the latter. Above these,

1870.)

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

others continue on up to connect with the base of the ventral extension of
the body. Arms unknown; surface smooth; sutures not impressed.

Breadth of body, 0:39 inch; height of same to top of first radials, 0.17
inch; length of spines formed by the extension of the second radials, 0:40
inch.

In the peculiarity of having its second radial pieces developed into long
slender spines, this species agrees with Zeacrinus(?) mucrospinus of McChes-
ney, from the upper Coal-measures, and may be regarded as a representative
form of that curious Coal-measure species, in the upper part of the Lower
Carvboniferous. It differs, however, specifically, from Prof. McOhesney's
species, not only in being much smaller and more delicate, but in having its
subradial pieces much shorter in proportion to breadth and distinctly less
produced and pointed at the ends. Its anal pieces are also very differently
arranged, the first or lower one being wedged down obliquely under the first
radial on the left, instead of under that on the right of the anal series, as in
4. mucrospinus. Itis the first American species of the Cyathocrinide we have
ever seen with this reversed arrangement of the anal series, though Prof.
McCoy has represented a similar arrangement of these parts in an analogous
form from the Carboniferous rocks of Scotland. Until the arms: of this cri-
noid can be seen, it is not possible to determine whether or not it belongs
properly to the genus Zeacrinus.

Locality and position. Pope County, Illinois. Chester division of the Lower
Carboniferous.

ZEACRINUS (HYDREIONOCRINUS?) ACANTHOPHORUS, M. and W.

Body below the top of the first radial pieces much depressed, or nearly
saucer-shaped, but concave below. Base very small and almost entirely hid-
den in the concavity of the under-side when the column is attached. Sub-
radial pieces small, four of them included in the concavity of the under side
and projecting horizontally outward into rather acute angles between the first
radials, so as to present a subtrigonal general outline, though they are really
hexagonal, their lateral and inner edges being connected with each other and
to the base, so as to form four very short sides with five obscure angles; fifth
one larger than the others, proportionally longer, and curving upward at the
outer end, which is truncated so as to form a short side for the support of one
of the anal pieces. First radial pieces comparatively large, widening rapidly
from below to the top, which is truncated evenly the entire breadth, and
about twice as wide as the greatest height, all curving under to connect with
the subradials below in such a manner that the body rests upon them when
placed on a plane surface with the column removed. Second radials a little
smaller than the first, nearly twice as wide as long, pentagonal in form, with
lateral margins short and not constricted; each supporting two arms on its
superior sloping sides. Arms rather slender for a species of this genus, not
being wide enough to:be in contact laterally all around when raised verti-
cally; rounded on the dorsal side, rather rapidly tapering, and, so far as can
be seen in the typical specimen, all bifurcating on the second piece; below
the bifurcation the two pieces are each about as long as wide, the upper one
being sometimes slightly constricted around the middle; arm piece above the
bifurcation rather slender, longer than wide, rounded, and distinctly con-
stricted around the middle.

First anal piece about twice as long as wide, and wedged so far down under
one side of one of the first radials, by the side of the largest subradial, as to
come nearly or quite in contact with the very small base. Second anal small
and resting upon the short upper end of the larger subradial, between the

upper part of the first anal on the right and the first radial on the left; aboveg

these the alternating series continues up to connect with the ventral ex-
tension.
Ventral prolongation, or so-called proboscis, about equaling the apparent

[April,

a

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, MM

length of the arms, comparatively rather narrow and sub-cylindrical below,
but widening rather gradually upward above to'the summit, where it flares
suddenly out all around to about the breadth of the body below, its top being
nearly flat, or much depressed, and composed of small, unequal, convex pieces;
while each one of the marginal row of these top pieces, all around, extends
horizontally outward in the form of à sharp spine about two-thirds as long as
the entire transverse diameter of the flattened top itself.* Plates forming the
sides of the ventral portion, below its flattened spiniferous crown, probably
more or less costated, or sculptured, in perfect examples, but the specimen
seen is not in a condition to show this, though the usual pores can be seen
passing through the sutures between the plates. Surface of body and arms
apparently smooth.

Height of body to top of first radials, about 0:18 inch; breadth of do. 0:65
inch; height to top of ventral portion, including the body, 1:20 inches;
breadth of the flattened top of the ventral portion, exclusive of the free mar-
ginal spines, about 0:50 inch; whole breadth across same to the extremities
of the spines.

The form of the body ard the arrangement of the anal pieces of this species
are very similar to those of our Z. discus, from the Upper Coal-measures, but
its under side is more decidedly concave, its first radial pieces proportionally
higher, and separated by decidedly deeper sutures. Its subradials are also
proportionally smaller. From Z2? mucrospinus, of McChesney, it is at once
distinguished by not having its second radial pieces developed into spines,
and by the different structure of its arms.

Locality and position. Fulton County. Associated with the lowest coal bed of
the Illinois Coal-measures.

“

* On comparing this Crinoid with Prof. de Koninck's figure of the type of his genus
Hydreionocrinus (H. Woodianus; Bull. de PAcademy Royale de Belgique, 2me serie, tome
III, pl. ii), we have been much impressed by the remarkable resemblance of the large
ventral extension of its body with its depressed or flattened crown, surrounded by a se-
ries of marginal spines directed ey id outward, to the part in Prof. de Koninck's
type supposed by him to be formed by the lateral coslescence of the arms, in such a
manner as to form a kind of cylindrical extension of the body upward. In our species,
however, there are unquestionably well developed, free arms, independent of this part.
It would be such an anomalous structure for a Crinoid belonging to the Cyathocrinids, and
otherwise so similar to Zeacrinus and Poteriocrinites as Hydreionocrinus is, to have no traces
of free arms, that we are tempted to make the inquiry, whether Prof. de Koninck's speci-
men may not have had its arms broken away and the lower parts of the rays on which
they rested accidentally pressed in so as to appear to support the ventral extension; or,
in other words, so as to give this part the appearance of being actually composed of the
arms themselves united laterally and crowned by a vault? If this upward prolongation
of the body was really composed of the arms united laterally, and there were no free
arms, with the usual ambulacral openings at their bases, the whole visceral cavity would
seem to have been hermetically sealed, excepting perhaps the minute lateral pores we
have found to exist in the ventral extension of many analogous forms. Prof. de Koninck
-distinctly states that he was unable to find any traces of an anal or buccal opening in nis
type, and we have been easy unable to find any traces of such openings in any of the
numerous specimens of Poteriocrinus, Scaphiocrinus, Zeacrinus, Cclocrinus, and other analo-
Rae forms we have seen, that are provided with a similar large ventral extension of the

dy. But in all these t there are well developed free arms, with ambulacral openings at their
bases. It will be remembered that the genus Haplocrinus was supposed to have its arms
united to form a kind of conical'vault, until Múller discovered a species with true free
arms independent of this part.

If Hydreionocrinus really possessed free arms, it would otherwise agree so exactly with
Zeacrinus that it would seem to be impossible to separate them even subgenerically: in
which case Troost's name would nrobably become a synonym under Hydreionocrinus, as
Prof. de Koninck's name was, we believe, published a few months earlier than Dr.
Troost's. It is to be hoped that those who may have an o apo to examine other
specimens than those studied by Prof. de Koninck, of the typical species of Hydreionocri-
si om examine them very carefully to see if some remains of free arms cannot be
» found.

* Hydreionocrinus? globularis, de Kon., seems to usto belong to a distinct genus nearly al-
Jied to Agassizocrinus, which in some species has its base distinctly divided into five parts.

1870.)

30 "PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

EvpacaycriNUS Boypir, M. and W.

Body much depressed, or twice and a half as wide as high to the top of the
first radials, rounding inward above the second radials, and under to the very
profound central concavity below; composed of thick, strong, slightly convex
plates. Base very small, and deeply sunken in the concavity of the under
side. Subradials comparatively large, convex and curving upward above, and
under below, and then again upward into the concavity of the under side,
where each of them has a mesial indentation or notch; each presenting a
general pentagonal outline, excepting two on the anal side, which are modi-
fied for the reception of the anal pieces. First radial pieces about twice as
high, convex, and equaling the subradials in breadth; all pentagonal in form.
Second radial pieces convex, about half as large as the first, which they do not
quite equal in breadth, although they are in contact with each other laterally
all around, thus giving a contracted appearance to the body just above the
first radials; each about twice as wide as high, pentagonal in form, and bear-
ing on one superior sloping side an arm, while on the other there rests a
smaller secondary radial bearing two arms; thus making, as far as can be
seen, three arms to a ray, or if the same structure exists in all the rays, fifteen
to the entire series. First, or subanal, rather large, nearly quadrangular in
form, and resting between the sloping upper sides of two of the subradials,
under one side of the first radial on the right, and connecting with the second
radial on the left; but apparently notalways extending up far enough to have
its upper angle truncated by one of the succeeding anals above. Second anal
piece considerably smaller than the first, and resting upon the upper trun-
cated side of one of the subradials; above these two or three smaller pieces
appear between the arms. Surface smooth. Sutures between the body-plates
rather deep.

Arms slightly convex on the outer side, with lateral margins flattened and
straight, so as to fit closely together when raised up vertically ; each composed
below of a single range of wedge-formed pieces, but soon passing into a double
alternating series above.

Breadth of body across the middle, 0:90 inch ; do: across the second radials,
0:64 inch; height to top of first radial pieces, 0:40 inch.

This is a very neat, symmetrical crinoid, unlike any other known to us, and
remarkable for having its much depressed body rounding in above, at the top
of its first radial pieces, so as to be very distinctly narrower across above the
top of the first radials than below. Its sides also round very neatly under
below, and so far into the deep concavity of the under side that the lower
(inner) ends of the subradial pieces curve upward into the mesial' concavity
nearly as far up as their outer or uppper ends. It seems to be the same form
figured by Prof. Yandell and Dr. Shumard, in their “ Contributions to the
Geology of Kentucky,” (see fig. 4a, b), without a description or name, from
near Grayson Springs, Kentucky. The specific name is given in honor of Dr.
Boyd, of Chicago, to whom we are indebted for the use of the last specimen
seen.

Locality and position. Chester, Illinois. Chester division of the Lower Car-
boniferous limestone series. ?

HoMmoCRINUS ANGUSTATUS, M. and W.

Body below the first radial pieces more or less obconic, or somewhat con-
stricted below the middle. Base forming a narrow cup, sometimes nearly as
high as wide, with vertical sides; composed of convex pieces, once and a half
to nearly twice as wide as high. Subradial pieces as long as the basals, or
sometimes a little longer, and always wider; more or less convex, all hexa-
gonal excepting one on the anal side, which is heptagonal. First radial
pieces nearly one-third wider than high, being as wide as the subradials, but
shorter, and not so tumid; all pentagonal, with the upper side truncated their

[ April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81

entire breadth. Succeeding radials, of which there are three in each of the
rays seen,* as wide as the first, but much shorter, or only one-third to one-
fourth as long as wide, thus forming free arms so wide as to be nearly in
contact all around, excepting on the anal side; last or fourth radial support-
ing upon its superior slightly sloping sides, the first divisions of the arms,
which, at least in one of the posterior, and one of the lateral rays, bifurcate
on the third piece, while some of the divisions appear to divide again on the
fourth piece. which is as far as they can be traced in the specimens examined.
Column large, or nearly two-thirds as wide as the base, at its connection with
the latter; but suddenly tapering downward, and, at least in one of the ex-
amples, ending with the sixth piece in a rounded point, evidently showing
this individual to have been free at maturity. Connecting, or upper joint, of
the column in the only two examples seen, very thick, and in one quite tumid.

Height to summit of first radial pieces, 0:48 inch; breadth of do., 0:50 inch;
height of base, 0:20 inch; breadth of do., 0:24 inch; breadth of rays below
the first division, 0:17 inch. Ê

This species seems to be most nearly related to ZH. polydactylus of Shumard,
from which it differs in the remarkable narrowness of its base, and the pro-
portional greater thickness of its column. lt also differs in having only three
to four primary radials to each ray, instead of five to six.

Locality and position. Mount Carroll, Illinois. Cincinnati Group of Lower
Silurian.

Genus CODONITES, M. and W.

In the Proceedings for April of last year, page 84, we proposed, in a note,
to found a new genus under the above name, for the reception of Pentremites
stelliformis, of Owen and Shumard. This genus agrees with Pentremites in
structure, excepting that its openings corresponding to those usually called
the ovarian apertures (JHydrospires, of Mr. Billings), instead of forming with
the larger opening, usually called the anus, five round apertures, appear
at the surface as ten elongated slits, widest at the upper and inner ends, and
situated one on each side of each of the so-called pseudo-ambulacra.t Again
its aperture, corresponding to that usually considered the anusin Pentremites,
is proportionally larger, more remote from the center of radiation, and com-
pletely disconnected from the so-called ovarian opening on each side of it.
Asin Pentremites, the central hiatus is covered by small platesin perfect speci-
mens, and from this little disc of plates two rows of minute alternating pieces
are seen to extend out, so as to cover each of the little ambulacral furrows,
passing along the middle of each pseudo-ambulacral area and under the cen-
tral disc, into the covered central aperture. These little covering: plates of
the furrows probably extended the whole length of the pseudo-ambulacra,
but were doubtless movable, or capable of opening along the middle, being in
fact marginal ambulacral pieces.

. Asin the genus Pentremites, we also observe in this type three pieces an-
chylosed to the bottom of the busasal pieces, with the sutures between them
exactly coinciding with those separating the three busas pieces; these we pro-
pose to call supplementary basal pieces.t The internal folds, or compressed

*The right posterior ray seems to be an exception to this statement, as it appears to
have only three radials including the first, with the second one nearly as large as the
first. Its parts, however, are not well preserved. ii:

+ We regard these, as elsewhere stated, as really recumbent arms, similar to those of
some Cystoids. à

tMr.8.S. Lyon was the first author, so far as we are informed, who called attention to
these lower pieces in Pentremites; and he showed that mer are really separable from the
basal pieces, in some cases (See Owen's Geol. Report of the Kentucky Survey, vol. 3, p.
468). He, however, regarded these pieces as the true base, and those usually so consid-
ered, as subradials. At one time we were inclined to adopt this view, as has been recently
done by Mr. Billings, in an interesting paper on the structure of the Blastoids and other
types, published in the American Journal of Sciences and Arts, for July, 1869. The fact,
however, that these lower pieces do not alternate with the range above, that Mr. Lyon's view

1870.)

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
»

tubes of thin calcareous matter under the pseudo-ambulacra, and connecting
with the inner ends of the slits representing the so-called ovarian pores, are
also constructed as in Pentremites, excepting that here there are twelve of
these tubes under each pseudo-ambulacral area, while we have not seen more
than eight in any of the true Pentremites, nor more than four in Granatocrinus,
though we are not positively sure that these numbers will always be found
to hold good as generic distinctions.

Compared with Codaster, the type under consideration is found to differ in
having only two of the slits mentioned in each of the anal and interradial
areas, instead of about eight to sixteen ; while it has these slits equally in the
anal and interradial areas, instead of only in the latter, as in Codaster. It
also differs from that genus in having the internal folds or compressed tubers,
under the so-called pseudo-ambulacra, instead of extending under the whole
interradial areas.

Since proposing this new genus, we have received from Mr. Wachsmuth a
fine specimen of another species of this type, which, although widely different
specifically, from the typical species, still exhibits very clearly the same gen-
eric characters, as will be seen from the following specific description :

CopoNITES GRACILIS, D. and W.

Body comparatively small, pentagonal-suboval, longer than wide, the widest
part being at the lower extremities of the so-called pseudo-ambulacral fields,
which terminate a little below the middle. Supplementary base small, very
short, or only appearing to be composed of a single tripartite joint of the col-
umn. Base low,or near three times as wide as high, expanding rapidiy up-
ward, and pentagonal in outline, as seen from below; basal pieces of mode-
rate size, two pentagonal and one hexagonal. Radial pieces nearly twice as
long as wide, with a general oblong outline, though they are a little wider in
the middle than above or below; while the superior lateral angles are a little
truncated by the anal and interradial pieces, and the lower end is rounded, or
somewhat obtusely augular in outline at the middle; all rather distinctly
convex below the middle; so-called pseudo-ambulacral sinuses narrow, and
very slightly tapering,—extending down a little below the middle, where they
each terminate at a little pointed projection, which is directed horizontally
outward, so as to add to the pentagonal form of the body,as seen from above
or below. Anal piece of moderate size, wider and more obtuse below than
the interradials, and narrowed above, with a comparatively large anal opening,
nearly dividing it a little below the middle, where it is very contracted.* In-

would Anão should be considered subradials, would alone be an objection to this con-
clusion. Itis also worthy ofnote, that when these lower pieces are removed, we find the
next range of pras above closed together, so as to form the bottom of the visceral
cavity, as true basals. Again in those species of Granatocrinus, like G. Norwoodii, with a
deep concavity in the under side, we find the pieces corresponding to those Mr. Lyon
thinks are the subradials, as it were, pushed inward, and forming a little pyramid in the
bottom of the visceral cavity, prestam as we see the true basals in various types of
Crinoids with a sunken base. In addition to this, although adult specimens of the type
here under consideration have this lower part, supposed by Mr. L.to be the true base,
as solid as in the true Pentremites, young individuals show that it is actually composed of
five or sia of the upper joinis of the column enlarged and anchylosed together. Similar enlarge-
ments of the upper joints of the columns of various types of Crinoids are known to occur,

as, for instance, in Forbesiocrinus and its allies, in Poteriocrinites, Apiocrinites, etc. Tt is:

true, that in these the enlarged part is not divided longitudinally by sutures, as in Pen-
tremites, Codonttes, etc. This fact, however, will be seen to be of less importance when it
is remembered that there are examples of true Crinoids with the column longitudinally
divided; such, for instance, as in Barycrinus, where we see the whole column divided into
five sections longitudinally, through its whole length. And here the five sutures of the
column coincide with those between the five true basal pieces, exactly as the three sutures
between the supplementary basal pieces in Codonites and Pentremites coincide with those
between their three busal pieces.

* We have several times thought we could see indications of sutures dividing the anal
piece of Codonites stelliformis and Granatocrinus Norwocdii into three pieces. That is, a
transverse suture at the anal opening, and a longitudinal one dividing the upper or inner
half into two pieces. Some casts of the interior of G. Norwoodii seem to show this dis-

tinctly.
[April,

ENO RD = ci nata ai

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. ti)

terradials more than twice as long as wide, the widest part being below, while
the central region is much contracted, and the upper part, like that of the
anal piece, somewhat dart-shaped, and a little concave, with a smaller tuber-
cle occupying the middle of the little concavity.

So-called pseudo-ambulacral fields rather narrow, somewhat convex, with
mesial or ambulacral furrows rather wide and deep, particularly above the
middle; pore or arm-pieces, about twenty-two on each side of each area; lan-
cet pieces very narrow, but thick, and rather deeply furrowed along the mid-
dle above, where they form the bottom of the ambulacral furrows ; farther
down, the pore pieces close in so as nearly or quite to cover the lancet pieces
at the lower end. Etongated slits corresponding to the openings usually
called ovarian apertures in Pehtremites, widest at the upper end, and extending
down apparently three-fourths of the length of the pseudo- ambulacral areas,
so very close to the margins of the latter as scarcely to leave more than a
thin intervening space above, and apparently none below. Central hiatus
very small, and doubtless covered by minute plates in perfect specimens.

Surface distinctly ornamented with very regular, well-defined striz, run-
ning parallel to the upper margins of the basal pieces, and to the inferior and
lateral margins of the radials. Along the margins of the pseudo-ambulacral
areas, narrow flattened, or very slightly concave spaces are seen extending
along the surface of the radial pieces, and corresponding to the rather broad,
deep furrows seen occupying the same position in the typical species, 0.
stelliformis. (Column and pinnule unknown.)

Height, 0:60 inch; breadth, about 0:50 inch.

This species, although agreeing with O. stelliformis in the important charac-
ters distinguishing this genus from Pentremites and Codaster, differs so materi-
ally in form and other specific characters, as to render a comparison unneces-
sary. In general form it much more nearly resembles the true Pentremites
than the typical form of Codonites does. It must be very rare, as we are not
aware that more than the one specimen has ever been found.

Locality and position. Lower division of the Burlington group of the Lower
Carboniferous, at Burlington, Iowa. Mr. Wachsmuth's collection.

PENTREMITES BURLINGTONENSIS, M. and W.

Body attaining a medium size, ovoid, or ovoid-subglobose, depressed and
short below, and rounded and more produced above. Supplementary base
very small, or only one-fourth as wide as the base, rounded aud firmly anchy-
losed to the true base; short, or apparently composed of not more than three
anchylosed segments from the upper end of the column. Base of moderate
size, much depressed, or having the form of a pentagonal dish. Radial pieces
once and a half as long as wide, rather narrow below, and widening upward
to near the middle, above which they are very slightly contracted to the top ;
each divided three-fourths of its length by its rather wide pseudo-ambulacral
sinus. Anal and interradial pieces very small, exposed part presenting an
elongate rhombic outline, the upper part being more elongate and acute than
the lower. So-called pseudo-ambulacral areas* wide, moderately convex,
tapering rather gradually below the middle, and more abruptly above; so-
called pore pieces about 35 on each side of each area, less than half as long,
transversely, as the breadth of the exposed part of the lancet pieces at their
widest part, nearly transverse above, but becoming somewhat obliquetoward the
lower part of the area; supplementary pore pieces small. Lancet pieces ex-
posing a wide, lanceolate form, being widest above the middle, gradually ta-
pering below, and contracting abruptly above; each with its mesial or ambu-
lacral furrow rather wide and deep, and minutely crenate within; transverse

* Although we use here the usual term for these parts, we really regard them as recum-
bent arms, similar to those seen in some Cystoidea.

1870.) 3

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

furrows well defined, and also minutely crenate. Central hiatus small. So-
called ovarian openings small, and those distinct from the anal opening ap-
pearing at the surface as four pairs of closely approximated elongate-oval
pores. Anal opening comparatively large, and, as usual in the genus, inclu-
ding one of the pores on each side. Surface ornamented with five parallel
strize, running as usual in allied species.

Height of one of the smaller, less globose specimens, exclusive of the little
supplementary base, 0:50 inch; breadth, 0:49 inch. Height of a large, more
ventricose specimen, 0:87 inch; breadth of do,, 0:84 inch.

This species has much the form and general appearance of the common P.
Godoni—so mueh so, indeed, that those who give wide limits to species
would probably fail tc observe any well defined differences. On comparison,
it will be found to differ, however, in the following characters, viz.: In the
first place, its pseudo-ambulacral areas are more convex, and not bounded by
near such sharply elevated margins of the radial pieces. Its pore pieces are
also larger, and scarcely more than half as numerous as in P, Godoni. Its
anal and interradial pieces are likewise decidedly smaller than in that species,
while it also presents the well-marked difference of having its so-called
ovarian openings with each pair appearing at the surface, as two closely ap-
proximated, but distinct elongate-oval pores, instead of as a single round,
larger opening. It moreover holds a much lower geological position than P.
Godoni.

It is the first true, typical Pentremite we have seen with each pair of ovarian
pores (so-called) appearing as two distinct pores at the surface. It must be
quite rare, as only three specimens have come under our observation.

Locality and position. Upper division of the Burlington group of the Lower
Carboniferous, at Burlington, Iowa. No. 387 of Mr. Wachsmuth's collection.

Origororus CorEyI, M. and W.

Body small, subglobose, or apparently depressed-globose, and deeply sul-
cate; composed of moderately thick plates; apical region sunken. Inter-
ambulacral areas twice as wide as the ambulacral, very convex, and rounded
over ftom side to side; composed at the middle by six ranges of plates, which
decrease in numbers to apparently about three ranges, at the upper and lower
extremities of the areas. Ambulacral areas deeply furrowed along each side,
and rising into a rather prominent ridge along the middle; composed of
somewhat irregular plates, as to size and form, but clearly showing but two
rows on each side of the mesial zig-zag suture, the outer range being gener-
ally a little shorter in the transverse diameter than the inner ; the two pores
of each piece situated near its outer end. Apical disc unknown. Oral aper-
ture, as seen in the test, comparatively large. Surface unknown.

Height, as near as can be determined fiom a somewhat distorted specimen,
about 1:65 inches; breadth near 2 inches.

This species is most nearly allied to O. Dane, but differs not only in being
much smaller, and apparently more depressed in form, but in having much
more deeply furrowed ambulacral areas, and only six rows of interambulacral
pieces at the widest part of the areas, instead of eight, the plates being also
larger in proportion to the size of the body.

From our O. nobilis it will also be readily distinguished by its much smaller
size, and more deeply sulcate ambulacral areas, which are also proportionally
much wider. It also differs in having six rows of interambulacral pieces at
the sridest part of each area, instead of only five.

Locality and position. Crawfordsville, Indiana; from the Keokuk division
of the Lower Carboniferous series. The specimen from which the description
was made out belongs to Mr. Corey, of Crawfordsville, Ind., to whom we have
dedicated the species.

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 35

BRACHIOPODA.
CHONETES? ? MILLEPUNCTATA, M. and W.

Shell attaining a large size, very thin, transversely subsemicircular, or
more than twice as wide as long, with lateral extremities rounded. Dorsal
valve nearly flat, or but slightly and evenly concave; hinge line q little less
than the greatest transverse diameter; cardinal process rather stout,
with an obscure linear ridge (or sulcus) extending forward from its base
nearly to the front; cardinal edge slightly thickened within, so as to
form a faintly defined ridge extending about half-way from the cardi-
nal process toward each lateral margin, but apparently without any trace of
sockets for the reception of teeth in the other valve; muscular and other in-
ternal markings unknown; surface ornamented by numerous slender, exceed-
ingly regular, closely arranged concentric lines, exactly parallel with each
other and the front and lateral margins. (Ventral valve unknown.)

Length of a medium sized specimen, 1:30 inch; breadth, 2:95 inches.
Largest examples seen, 2:10 inches in length, and of nearly the same propor-
tional breadth as the others.

Of this very remarkable shell we have seen six or eight specimens, and
some fragments of others. All of the specimens yet found, however, are dor-
sal valves only, the ventral valve being entirely unknown to us. The slightly
worn, or more or less weathered condition of the specimens has obliterated
whatever muscular or other internal markings there may have been. In most
cases only patches of the shell itself remain, though, even in these cases, the
general outline and external surface markings are very distinctly defined in
the matrix. All of the specimens show a rather obscure, linear, internal sul-
cus extending from the base of the cardinal process nearly to the anterior
margin. This, however, is probably caused by the accidental removal of a
linear mesial ridge, because we also see it equally defined in impressions of
the external surface of the valve left in the matrix, just as would be the case
if a firm internal ridge had been, owing to the thinness of the shell, as it were,
pressed through. The concentric lines of the surface present an extraordinary
degree of regularity, both in size and arrangement. On a medium sized dor-
sal valve about sixty of these lines may be counted, while some of the largest
show twice as many. They are of exactly the same size and distance apart
on all the specimens, and of so nearly the same size on all parts of the same
individual as to appear to the eye to be exactly uniform throughout. By
measurement, however, we count fifteen of them in the space of 0:25 inch
near the margins of a medium sized specimen, and twenty in the same space
near the beak. In a few instances we have observed what seemed to be the
faintest possible traces of a few larger radiating lines or costa, near the mid-
dle of the anterior margin of the dorsal valve. None of the specimens show
the cardinal process entire, but as far as its characters can be made out it
seems to have been much as in Chonetes.

The most remarkable character of this shell, however, remains to be men-
tioned. That is, its extremely coarse punctate structure, and the unusually
close arrangement of the punctures, which are so large as to be nearly visible
to the unassisted eye. As seen by the aid of a common single pocket lens,
they present, on the inner surface of the dorsol valve, much the appearance
and arrangement of the cells of a delicate Chstetes, the spaces between them
being much less than the diameter of the pores themselves. They appear to
diminish rapidly in size, however, as they approach the external surface, near
which they seem to be a little less than the diameter of the spaces by which
they are separated. As we have never seen such a shell structure as this in
any species known to possess the characters of the genus Chonetes, nor indeed
in any other known Brachiopod, we are very strongly inclined to believe our
shell really belongs to an undescribed genus. The fact that there appear to
be no sockets in the cardinal margins of its dorsal valve, for the reception of

1870.]

36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

teeth in the other valve, would also favor the conclusion that it is not a true
Chonetes. Nevertheless, we prefer to place it provisionally in that genus, un-
til specimens can be obtained showing the dorsal valve, with the muscular
impressions and other generic characters. Should it be found, as we believe
it will, to be a new generic type, we would suggest for it the name Isogramma
(izoç, equal; ypxuuy, à line), in allusion to the remarkable equality of the con-
centric lines of the surface.

To whatever genus our shell may really belong, it is evidently very closely
allied, even specifically, to a form figured by Mr. Davidson from the Carbon-
iferous limestone of Scotland, in his valuable Monograph of the British Car-
boniferous Brachiopoda, vol. ii, part v, pl. lv, fig. 13. Mr. Davidson referred
his shell, with much doubt, on the authority of Dr. De Koninck, to Chonetes
concentrica, of the latter author. We fully concur with Mr. Davidson, how-
ever, in the opinion that it is distinct from Prof. De Koninck's* species, as it
is much longer, and instead of being marked with only 12 to 13 large concen-
tric ridges, has about 37 regular, more concentric lines. In our species there
are about twice the number of lines seen on that figured by Mr. Davidson, in
specimens of the same size; and as this character is remarkably uniform in
all our specimens, we cannot believe it otherwise than a specific difference.

Locality and position. Upper Coal Measures, Marion County, Illinois, where
it occurs associated with nearly all the fossils in the Upper Coal Measures of
Kansas and Iowa, and in those in Nebraska referred by Profs. Marcou and
Geinitz to the Permian.

SPIRIFER FASTIGATUS, M. and W.

Shell attaining a rather large size, moderately convex, very transverse, or
distinctly more than twice as wide as long; greatest breadth on the hinge
line; lateral extremities very attenuate and acutely pointed in young speci-
mens, but becoming more obtuse in larger individuals; front and anterior
lateral margins broadly and rather regularly rounded. Dorsal valve nearly
as convex as the ventral; beak depressed, somewhat incurved, and searcely
projecting beyond the hinge line; area of rather more than usual breadth for
that of a dorsal valve, and arched with the beak; mesial fold commencing at
the beak scarcely larger than one of the ribs on each side of it, but increasing
gradually in breadth and prominence to the front, where it is occupied by
about six to eight costa, which, however, coalesce into one or two at the
beak. Ventral valve regularly convex over the central region, and somewhat
compressed toward the lateral extremities; mesial sinus commencing narrow
aud very small near the beak, and widening and deepening gradually to the
front, where it is occupied by about eight depressed, rounded costz, which,
like those on the fold of the other valve, coalesce with those on each side
and with each other, so as to leave but one that extends quite to the beak ;
beak rather depressed and not projecting much beyond the hinge line, arched
or moderately incurved; area rather narrow, and extending with almost per-
fectly paralle»margins, quite out to the lateral extremities of the hinge, marked
by the usual transverse and vertical strie ; foramen wider than high, rather
large, and extending close up under the rather flattened apex of the beak.

Surface ornamented by depressed, rounded, bifurcating or trifid, more or
less fasciculated costa, about five of which, on each side of the mesial sinus and
fold, are larger than the others, and divide before reaching the front, so as to
form as many fasciculi of two or three ribs each, the furrows between which
are less strongly defined than those between the bundles. Toward the lateral
-extremities some eight or ten smaller, simple, obscure cost, that do not
reach the beaks, may also be counted, on each side of each valve, gradually
"becoming obsolete near the ends. Crossing the whole, fine obscure, undulat-

* Tt is due to Prof. De Koninck that we should state that it was only doubtfully he re-
-ferred the English specimen to his species. )
[April

ade A

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31

ing strize, and a few stronger marks of growth may be observed on well pre-
served specimens, the striz, however, excepting near the front and lateral
margins, not being readily seen without the aid of a magnifier.

Length, about 1:45 inches; breadth, 2:20 inches; convexity, about 1:50
inches; height of area at the beak, 0:26 inch.

We have had specimens of this fine Spirifer under consideration for a long
time, and after numerous careful comparisons, we have been unable to iden-
tify it with any of the described species. It seems to be most nearly allied to
our common Coal-Measure species 8. camerutus, of Morton, with which it agrees
in the fasciculated character of its costa, and in general appearance. It dif-
fers, however, in several characters by which it can be readily distinguished
on comparison. In the first place, its larger fasciculated costa are distinctly
broader, and rather more depressed on the anterior slope of its valves, and
proportionally less numerous. The incurved apex of the beak of its ventral
valves is always less abruptly curved, and much more flattened. The most
marked character, however, is to be observed in its cardinal area, which has
its margins almost perfectly parallel, instead of being always sloping from the
beak to the lateral extremities. The same characters and its narrow mesial
fold and sinus distinguish it from the variety of SS. striatus, with somewhat
fasciculated costa. It belongs to the subgenus Trigonotreta.

Locality and position. Keokuk division of the Lower Carboniferous series,
at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

STRICKLANDINIA DEFORMIS, M. and W.

Shell (internal casts) longitudinally subovate, oblong, or sometimes in
young examples nearly or quite as wide as long; valves very nearly equal,
and sometimes showing very faint traces of an obscure mesial prominence on
the dorsal valve, and of à corresponding depression near the front of the ven-
tral valve; hinge line straight, and less than the breadth of the valves; sur-
face apparently smooth, or only with concentric lines on the young shell,
while casts of the adult show some traces of a few obscure, irregular, radiat-
ing ridges. Beaks, area and finer surface markings unknown.

Length of a young internal cast, linch; breadth, 0:97 inch; convexity, 0:46
inch. Length of a large specimen, 1:93 inches; breadth, 1:58 inches ; con-
vexity, 1 inch.

This shell varied so greatly in form at different stages of its growth that it
is very difficult to give a description that will convey a correct idea of it.
Young examples from 0-70 to one inch in length approach a broad obovate
form, being truncated on the hinge line, and somewhat narrowly rounded
at the middle of the front; while their posterior lateral margins are more or
less straightened and inflected, as we often seen in Rensselaeria. After attain-
ing this size and form, the shell, judging from some four adult examples we
have seen, seems to have suddenly commenced a more vigorous growth,
mainly forward and antero-laterally, so as to attain a much larger size, leav-
ing the valves of the young shell, as it were, opened and spread upon the
beaks, thus completely destroying the symmetry of the entire shell. At this
stage of growth the shell has a curious constricted appearance at the con-
nection of the young and adult shell; while the whole breadth posteriorly
is only that of the young shell, and the widest part is then some distance in
advance of this, and the posterior margins are strongly flattened by their
sudden inflection towards each other there.

The casts show that the chamber in the beak of the ventral valve is of
moderate size, and supported upon a rather short mesial septum. The socket
processes are seen, by their impressions in the cast, to be small, not united,
and scarcely assuming the character of plates; while the crural processes ex-
tended from their inner lower sides forward nearly parallel, so as to leave twa
slender, deep perforations in the cast. The surface of the young shell appears

1870.]

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

to have bcen smooth, or only marked with the concentric striz, but internal
casts of large individuals sometimes show very faint traces of a few broad ir-
regular, radiating, flattened ridges.

It is probable that this species is most nearly allied to Stricklandinia David-
soni, of Billings (Geol. Mag. vol. v, pl. iv, fig. 1, 1 a), which, in some stages
of its growth, it resembled rather nearly in form. In all the large examples,
however, it differs extremely from that shell, in its remarkable narrowness
across the umbones, and its truncated or flattened posterior lateral margins.
Its front is also less produced and less narrowly rounded in the middle in
these larger specimens.

Locality and position. All the specimens of this species we have seen were
found loose in Carroll County, Illinois, near rocks of the age of the Niagara
group. They are all in the condition of white quartz casts of the interior.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
MONOTIS ? GREGARIA.

Shell very small, extremely thin, compressed, oblique, varying from trun-
cato-suboval to subcircular ; hinge line less than the breadth of the valves ;
auricles small, obtusely angular, undefined by any sinuosity of the margins;
posterior (?) margin rather regularly rounded in outline, and rounding into
the pallial margin; anter, (?) border prominent below and rounding into the
base, but straight and ascending with a backward slant to the hinge; beaks
located near the middle of the hinge line, above which they seem scarcely to
rise. Surface marked by extremely fine concentric strige, and a few some-
what larger furrows or wrinkles of growth, crossed on the anterior (?) half
of each valve by small radiating costa, generally not defined near the an-
terior (?) margin.

Antero-posterior diameter, 0:25 inch; height, or diameter at right angles
to the hinge, 0:20 inch; convexity unknown.

Of this little shell we have numerous specimens, all compressed to entire
flatness on the surfaces of the lamina of shale, many of them lying with the
two valves opened out and connected by their hinge margins. As thus seen,
their small size causes them to appear much like the valves of Posidonomia,
or those of some of the little phyllopod Crustacea. This form, however, is
found, on closer examination, to be different, while their radiating costa also
indicate different affinities. Some individuals are a little wider proportionally,
in their antero-posterior diameter, than that from which the above measure-
ments were taken, and these have much the outline of the left valve of some
forms of Aviculopecten, excepting that the auricles are not in the slightest de-
gree defined (in either valve) by any traces of a marginal sinus.

It is possible that this little shell may be a true Lima, as it has much the
form of some species of that genus, and there certainly are in the Western
Coal-measures, two or more species apparently agreeing in all respects with
that genus. If a Lima, of course the side we have described as the anterior
must be the posterior, and vice versa. The reasons for doubting its relations
to the genus Lima, however, are, (1), its extreme thinness; (2), the fact that
it seems to have a prismatic structure; and (3), its very small size. It is
possible, however, that the extremely thin fibrous shell, as we now see,
may consist only of the external lamina, left after the decomposition of the
inner layers. If so, and the fibrous appearance is really the original struc-
ture, it would more probably belong to some perhaps undescribed genas,
allied to Aviculopecten, of the family Aviculide. If a true Monotis, it would
be the only known species of that genus in our Carboniferous rocks, the
common Western Coal-measure shells usually referred to that genus, belong-
ing to a very distinct group, to which Beyrich has applied the name Pseudo-
monotis.

Lcality and position. Jacksonville Shaft, Illinois, from near the middle of
the Coal-measures.

[April,

RSRS ND,

-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39

AvVICULOPECTEN SPINULIFERUS, M. and W.

Shell of medium size, rather compressed, having a moderately oblique,
truncato-suboval, or suborbicular outline. Hinge apparently nearly equal-
ing the antero-posterior diameter of the shell; ventral margin forming a
broad semiovate outline, being more abruptly rounded up behind than in
front. Posterior wing rather pointed, apparently not quite as long as the
rounded margin of the valves below, from which it is separated by a rounded
ginus. Anterior wing compressed, narrow, as long as the anterior margin of
the valves; in the left valve pointed, and separated from the margin below by
a narrowly rounded, rather deep sinus. Beak of the left valve moderately
prominent, and placed a little in advance of the middle. Surface of same
valve ornamented with numerous, distinct, unequal, radiating costa, arranged
usually with one or two smaller ones between each two of a somewhat larger
series, the latter of which bear numerous little round, regularly arranged,
somewhat oblique spines; crossing the whole there are also numerous minute
concentric strie. (Right valve unknown.)

Height of left valve, about 1:50 inch; antero-posterior diameter, near 2
inches.

This is a delicate 'species, apparently with thin valves. Its costa seem to
be nearly equally developed over the whole of the left valve, including the
wings, or at any rate the posterior one. On the body of this valve, near the
ventral margin, about five of the larger spiniferous costa, and some six
or eight of the smaller non-spiniferous ones may be counted in the space
of half an inch. The spines of the larger costa were short, round and
pointed (not being formed by vaulted lamine of growth), and arranged
along these costa at regular intervals of about 0:10 inch apart, those at the
ventral margin being larger than the others, and projecting a little below the
border. An impression of a part of the anterior wing of the right valve shows
that it was distinctly costate, two or three of the costa running nearly paral-
lel to the hinge margin, and bearing short spinules.

In casts of this species without the spines, the costa present much the same

subnodose appearance as those seen on 4. fallaz (— Pecten fallar, McCoy,
Carb. Foss. Ireland, pl. 14, fig. 2), but that species seems to have had no
spines. It is also much less oblique, and higher in proportion to its antero-
posterior diameter.
“We place this species in the genus Aviculopecten only provisionally, as we
have not seen its hinge. Itis highly probable that there are a number of un-
described genera among the Palxozoic species usually included in the genus
Aviculopecten, or wrongly referred by some to the genus Pecten.

Locality and position. Crawfordsville, Indiana. Keokuk division of the
Lower Carboniferous series.

Genus CARBONARCA, Meek and Worthen.

Shell (as determined from internal casts) equivalve, inequilateral, very
convex, transversely oblong or oval; umbones gibbous, prominent, and
strongly incurved with subangular or prominent posterior slopes; valves
closed all around, with smooth margins; ligament external; cardinal margin
a little arched, with, at the anterior extremity in each valve, two rather ob-
lique, comparatively stout teeth, and extending along its entire length from
immediately behind these, a row of minute interlocking teeth or crenulations,
as in Arca.

This genus seems to belong to the Arcidzx, near Isoarca. It differs, how-
ever, very decidedly from that genus, in having, in addition to the small in-
terlocking crenulations along the whole length of the hinge, two well devel-
oped and independent larger teeth at the anterior end of the hinge. The
gpecimens seen are all internal casts, but an impression of the hinge of a
right valve, in the matrix, shows its characters very clearly. There is no

1870.]

.

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

gradation from the series of minute teeth into the two large ones at the ante-
rior end of the hinge, the first of the smaller series immediately behind the
two larger ones being as minute as any of those farther back, so that the con-
trast between the two sets of teeth is well marked and abrupt. The hinge
margin was doubtless provided with a cardinal area, but as we only have in-
ternal cast, it has not yet been seen.

CARBONARCA GIBBOSA, M. and W.

Shell transverse, short-oblong, very convex; posterior side wider than the
other, and vertically subtruncated; anterior margin rather narrowly rounded ;
ventral margin nearly straight along the middle, but sloping and rounding up
anteriorly, and more abruptly behind, cardinal edge equaling two thirds of
the whole length; larger anterior teeth inclined forward and upward, and
those of the small series ranging nearly vertically, or slightly inclined forward
anteriorly, and a little backward behind; umbones gibbous, but with their
outer and upper surfaces a little flattened, so as to impart a slightly suban-
gular or prominent character to the post-umbonal slopes; immediate apices
of the strongly incurved beaks placed about one-fourth the entire length of
the shell behind the anterior extremity. Surface markings unknown.

Length, 0:82 inch; height to top of cardinal margin (of cast) behind the
beaks, 0:56 inch; do. to top of umbones, 0:65; convexity of the two valves,
0:57 inch.

Locality and position. Springfield, Illinois; Upper Coal measures. Also
same horizon at Lasalle, Ill. Thespecimens from the laiter locality are, in
some examples, more depressed and oblique than the typical form from near
Springfield, and these may possibly belong to a distinct species, if the differ-
ences noted are not due to accidental distortion. Ifreally distinct, this form
might be called O. depressa.

* MACRODON DELICATUS, M. and W.

Shell small, about twice and a half as long as high, moderately convex,
elongate rhomboidal in outline; posterior margin obliquely truncated, so as
to be angular at the base; cardinal margin about three-fourths the entire
length, and nearly parallel with the base; anterior extremity very narrowly
rounded; basal margin nearly straight along the middle, but rounding very
gradually upward anteriorly; beaks depressed, and placed about one-fourth
the entire length of the valves behind the anterior extremity; posterior um-
bonal slopes subangular from the beaks obliquely backward and downward,
to the sharply rounded or subangular posterior basal extremity, while the
spaces behind and above these slopes are compressed or slightly concave.
Surface marked by small ridges and lines of growth, which are crossed by
raised radiating lines or linear costa, rather widely separated posteriorly, but
more closely arranged, and less strongly defined toward the front part of the
valves. (Cardinal area, hinge and muscular impressions unknown.)

Length, 0:45 inch; height, 0:19 inch; convexity, about 0:11 inch.

This little shell will be readily distinguished from its associate, formerly de-
scribed by us under the name M. tenuistriatus, by its much more oblique and less
gibbous form ; but more especially by having its linear radiating costa sepa-
rated by wide intervening spaces, instead of being closely crowded together.
Indeed, we know of no species with which it could be confounded.

Locality and position. Springfield, Illinois. Upper Coal Measures.

* In the Proceedings of the Chicago Academy of Sciences for March, 1866, p. 17, we
suggested that in case the name Macrodon, Lycett, could not be retained for this genus,
because it had been previously used by Muller for a genus of fishes, that it might be
called Parallelodon. In that case the name of this species would have to be written Paral-

lelodon delicatus. à
[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 41

MoDIOLOPSIS SUBNASUTA, M. and W.

Shell rather small, elongate, narrow and slightly arcuate, rather distinctly
“convex, the most gibbous part being along the posterior umbonal slopes,
above the middle; dorsal and ventral margins slightly diverging posteriorly,
so as to make the widest (highest) part of the valves nearest the posterior end,
while the most sinuous part of the ventral margin is a little in advance of the
middle; anterior end narrow, a little produced, with an oblique forward
slope of its upper margin, to its narrowly rounded extremity; posterior mar-
gin somewhat cuneate, with an oblique truncation more or less convex in
outline, to the posterior basal extremity, which is narrowly rounded; cardi-
nal margin long anda little arched; beaks much depressed, and placed rather
nearer the anterior edge than to the middle; posterior umbonal slopes promi-
nent, and forming an obtuse ridge, which extends obliquely backward to the
posterior basal edge of each valve; anterior muscular scar comparatively
large, round, shallow, and placed near the edge of the valves; small pedal
muscular scars distinct just above those of the anterior adductors; surface of
internal cast showing moderately distinct, irregular, concentric undulations,
which are most strongly defined below, and in front of the posterior umbonal
slopes, on the flattened or concave flanks.

Length, 1:31 inch; height, 0:50 inch; convexity, 0:40 inch.

This is a neat, symmetrical shell, resembling M. nasuta, Conrad (sp.), but
differs in having the narrowed anterior end less produced, the beaks being
placed farther forward; while its posterior end is broader, and obliquely
truncated, instead of being rounded. Its general outline is more like that of
Orthonota contracta, Hall (Palseont. N.Y., vol. i, pl. 32, fig. 8), though its lower
margin is less distinctly sinuous, its beaks more depressed, and its posterior
margin more oblique; while it wants the oblique dorsal wrinkles seen on
casts of that shell, being a true Modiolopsis.

Compared with foreign species, our shell is found to be very closely allied
to an English Upper Silurian species described by Mr. Salter under the name
M. platyphylla. Our shell, however, has the anterior end narrower and more
* produced, with more prominent posterior umbonal ridges.

Locality and position. Galena Limestone of the Lower Silurian, in Carroll
County, Illinois.

SCHIZODUS AMPLUS.

Shell attaining a large size, as determined from internal casts, moderately
convex, oblong-suboval in outline, or about one-fourth of its length longer
than high ; anterior side short, rounding from above the middleinto the base;
outline of ventral margin forming a broad semi-ovate curve; posterior margin
nearly vertically subtruncated, but rounding abruptly into the dorsal margin
above and into the base below; cardinal border nearly straight, and sloping
very slightly from the beaks posteriorly ; beaks much depressed, nearly ante-
rior, incurved, closely approximated, and directed forward and inward. Pos-
terior adductor muscular scar shallow, rather large, suboval, and located close
up under the posterior extremity of the hinge; anterior do., smaller, deeper,
subovate, and placed very near the anterior margin a little above the middle,
with rather distinct, nearly detached, pedal muscular scars at their upper
ends. Posterior umbonal slopes with each a distinct sulcus extending from
the beaks obliquely backward and downward, becoming wider and more
shallow as they descend, so as to die out before reaching the posterior basal
margin. (External surface unknown.) *

; ras of cast, 2:60 inches; height of do., 2:15 inches; convexity, 1:56
inches.

This is the largest species of Schizodus (if it belongs to that genus) we have
yet seen. Our only specimen is an internal cast, giving no idea of the nature
of the hinge. From its general appearance, however, and the nature of its

1870.)

492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

muscular and simple pallial scars, together with the remains of its external
ligament, we can have little doubt in regard to its being a Schizodus. In size
and general outline, its internal cast closely resembles Amphicolia Leidyi, de-
scribed by Prof. Hall from the Upper Silurian Limestone at Bridgeport, near
Chicago. It has, however, obviously no near relations to that shell. For a
Schizodus, its beaks are unusually depressed and oblique. We know of no
other species resembling it in general form,

Compared with Schizodus occidentalis (— Cypricardia 2 occidentalis, Swallow),
which seems to be a true Schizodvs, and agrees with our shell in size, it is at
once distinguished by its much more depressed beaks, less convex valves, and
broadly round posterior outline. Prof. Swallow's species also occurs in our
Coal Measures, but we have yet only seen it from a higher part of the series,
at Lasalle,

Locality and position. Seaville, Fulton County, Illinois, Coal No. 1, of Coal
Measures.

ScHIZODUS (PRISCONAIA) PERELEGANS, M., and W.

Shell attaining a moderately large size, ovate-subcordate in general form,
very gibbous, apparently closed all around, rather thin. Anterior and poste-
rior views presenting a neat cordate outline. Pallial margin semiovate, the
most prominent part being in front of the middle; anterior side very short,
and rounding up abruptily from below; posterior side narrowly rounded, or
subangular; hinge line apparently rather short. Beaks very gibbous, promi-
nent, pointed, and strongly incurved, so as to bring their points nearly or quite
in contact; located near the anterior margin; lunule excavated, but not dis-
tinctly defined. Surface appearing to the unassisted eye almost perfectly
smooth, excepting very regular, raised, concentric striae, or small costzx, on
the anterior part of the valves, with obscure traces of smaller strize crossing
the same. Under the highest power, however, that can be well used as a hand
magnifier, the whole surface is seen to be covered by an extremely minute,
perfectly regular, crowded sculpturing, as if made by crowded, microscopic
cross lines, entirely invisible even under a good common pocket magnifier.

Height of a small specimen, 0:90 inch; convexity of same, 0:80 inch;
length, about 1:18 inches. Other imperfect specimens show that the species
sometimes attained three or four times the size of that from which the above
measurements were taken.

The extremely minute ornamentation mentioned on this shell may be prop-
erly considered microscopic, being entirely invisible under a good common
pocket lens, by the aid of which it shows apparently an almost polished
surface. When examined in a strong light, however, with a sufficiently high
magnifier, the finer markings are seen to present a delicacy, fineness, regu-
larity, and beauty that art could scarcely attain, even by the aid of the most
accurate mathematical ruling machine. In some specimens this delicate
marking has been, in places, partly removed, as if by the abrasion of an ex-
tremely thin external layer, or epidermis, to which it appears to be, to some
extent, confined. When this layer has been in this way removed, however,
traces of the same marking can be seen on the surface of the layer beneath,
by the aid of a sufficiently strong magnifier.

The stronger concentric, raised sírise, or small cost, seen on the anterior
part of the valves, do not run exactly parallel to the very obscure marks of
growth, but cross them obliquely. On following these little costa back
toward the gibbous part of the valves, they all seem to become suddenly ob-
solete; but on examining them with a common pocket lens, they are seen to
be continued over the convex part of the valves, as minute, impressed hair
lines, very regularly disposed, so as to leave comparatively rather wide spaces
between. Here, too, they are seen not to be exactly parallel to the faint
marks of growth, and on following them back they are observed to terminate
suddenly at a similar impressed hair-line, descending with a slight curve from

[April,

Ed

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43

the posterior side of each beak, apparently to near the middle of the posterior
margin. Above and behind this oblique line, some three, four, or more simi-
lar parallel, regularly disposed lines also extend from the back part of each
beak to the posterior margin of the valves, thus marking off, as it were, a
kind of corselet, somewhat similar to what we see in Protocardia, excepting
that these radiating lines are scarcely visible to the unassisted eye and,sepa-
rated by spaces many times their own breadth. In the spaces between these
posterior radiating lines the magnifier also shows numerous minute, raised
granules, but these are much larger and more prominent than, and entirely
distinct from, the extremely minute, crowded sculpturing seen by the aid of
à higher magnifier over the whole of the surface. It is probably mainly due
to the fact that the specimens have had the whole substance of the shell re-
placed by brilliant iron pyrites, that the delicate ornamentation mentioned
has been preserved.

We know nothing of the nature of the hinge and interior of this beautiful
shell, and consequently only place it provisionally in the genus Schizodus. We
only know that other species found in our Coal-measures, agreeing apparently
in their internal characters with Schizodus, show the same kind of very minute
sculpturing seen on this. As some of these are very similar to the type on
which Mr. Conrad proposed to found his genus Prisconaia, from the Coal-
measures of Kansas, we requested him to examine his typical specimen to see
if any traces of such minute surface markings could be seen on it by the aid
of a strong magnifier, and he informed us that his shell shows the same
sculpturing. As this marking is very peculiar, and entirely unlike any orna-
mentation we have ever seen on any other fossil, even in examples of various
types in exactly the same state of preservation, it is not improbable that our
shell will be found to possess the internal character of Mr. Conrad's type.

Locality and position. From the shales over the fifth coal bed of the Illinois
Coal-measures, at Danville, of that State. For the use of the typical speci-
mens we are under obligations to Dr. J. C. Winslow, of Danville.

Genus CLINOPISTHA, M. and W.

Shell transversely oval, very thin, rather ventricose, equivalve, very inequi-
lateral; beaks near the posterior extremity and directed backward; that of
the right valve with its immediate apex curving under the beak of the left,
which seems to be a little excavated for the reception of the same; ligament
external, short, rather prominent, and occupying an oval, or lance-oval shal-
low cavity, formed by the slight infection of the margins of the valves imme-
diately behind the beaks; valves with their margins smooth within and closed
all around; hinge apparently edentulous; surface polished, and with merely
fine lines or marks of growth, sometimes crossed by very faint traces of radi-
ating lines, which are usually obsolete externally, but often seen on internal
casts; muscular impressions shallow, those of the anterior side larger than
the others and subquadrangular in form, with a faint oblique ridge along the
upper margin; posterior muscular impressions oval and occupying somewhat
flattened spaces near the truncated margin; pallial line faintly marked and
simple.

Although we have not seen very clearly the hinge of this shell, we have
been able, from impressions of it in the matrix, to be satisfied that it is not
crenated, as in the Nuculide and Arcide; and we believe it to be entirely
edentulous. In regard to the affinities of this type, however, we are left in
doubt. In its thinness, and the posterior position of its beaks, as well as in
the form and general appearance of its muscular and pallial impressions, and
its apparent edentulous hinge, it reminds one of Solenomya. It differs, how-
ever, from that genus, remarkably, in its short gibbous form, rather ventricose
beaks, and general physiognomy, as well as in wanting the internal ridge ex-
tending downward from the beaks, and apparently the partly internal liga-

1870.]

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ment. It likewise differs from the existing species of Solenomya in having the
valves neatly closed all around, and the beak of its right valve curving under
that of the left. In this latter character, however, it agrees with the carbo-
niferous species of the West that have been referred to Solenomya, all of which
have the point of the right beak passing under that of the left, and Prof.
McCoy has noticed this character in British carboniferous species. These
carboniferous species, however, agree almost exactly in all their other known
characters with recent typical species of Solenomya, even to the general form
and the presence of an internal ridge under each beak, and differ as widely
from our shell in all respects, excepting in the one character of the slight
inequality of the beaks, as the recent species of Solenomya do.

We are aware that Prof. King proposed to found a genus Janeia, for the
reception of the carboniferous and permian forms usually referred to Soleno-
mya, and afterwards abandoned it, after farther comparisons with recent
species. As he makes no allusion to the inequality of the beaks, it is proba-
ble he had no specimens of the fossil species with the two valves united.
From this character, and the greater excavation for the internal part of the
cartilage, under and extending a little in advance of the beaks, in the West-
ern carboniferous species referred to Solenomya, that we have had an oppor- .
tunity to examine, we think it not improbable that the name Janeia may yet
have to be retained for the carboniferous and permian species, at least in a
subgeneric sense. Even in this case, however, it would still be necessary to
establish a new genus for our shell, in consequence of the differences already
noted, which separate it nearly as widely from the forms for which Janeia
were proposed as from the recent Solenomgyee.

It is proper to remark here, that some able conchologists, to whom we
showed specimens of the form under consideration, did not think it related
to Solenomya, as typified by the recent species, but more nearly allied to the
Anatinide. As none of the numerous specimens of internal casts we have
had an opportunity to examine, however, showed any indications of a cavity
or process for the reception or attachment of an internal cartilage, as we see
in that family, and the pallial line has no traces of the sinus usually (though
not always) seen in the same, its relations to the Anatinide seem to us
doubtful.

CLINOPISTHA RADIATA, Var. LEVIS.

Edmondia ? radiata, Hall,(?) 1858. Iowa Geological Report, Vol. I, part 2,
Palsont., p. 716, pl. 29, fig. 3. »

Shell oval, approaching oblong, the height being from two-thirds to three-
fourths the length, moderately convex in young examples, and becoming ven-
tricose with age; anterior side much longer and wider than the other,
regularly rounded in outline; posterior side very short, rather narrow below
the beaks, and vertically truncated; ventral margin most convex a little in
advance of the middle, thence round upward into the front, while behind the
middle, or nearly under the beaks, it is slightly contracted, or sinuous; dorsal
outline subparallel to the base, the margins of the valves being erect anteri-
orly and rounding into the anterior margin; hinge line rather short; beaks
rather ventricose, rising above the hinge line and placed about half way be-
tween the middle and the posterior end; posterior umbonal slopes often ren-
dered somewhat prominently rounded by a eslight flattening of the valves
behind the beaks, near the truncated margin; ligament lance-oval in form,
rather short, and placed immediately behind the beaks, exactly in the position
we would expect to see the lunule if the shorter side of the valves were the
anterior; surface with a polished appearance, and generally only showing fine
lines of growth, but in some examples also having obscure radiating marks
near the ventral margin, which are nearly always defined on internal casts.

Length of a large specimen, 1 inch; height, 0:62 inch; convexity, 0:51

inch.
: | [April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45

A careful examination of the typical specimen (now before us) of Edmondia?
radiata, of the Iowa Report, cited above, has clearly satisfied us that it has
the ligament on the short side, and certainly belongs to the genus we have
here described, and we can scarcely doubt that it is really the same species as
our type. As none of our numerous specimens, however, show tbe radiating
markings so distinctly as that described by Prof. Hall, we have concluded to
view them as belonging to a smooth variety, which we propose to designate
under the name levis.

Locality and position. Near base of Coal-measures, Seaville county, Illinois.
Prof. Halls specimen came from the upper beds of the Coal-measures at
Grayville, Illinois.

GASTEROPODA.

DENTALIUM ANNULOSTRIATUM, M. and W.

Shell very small, rather distinctly tapering and slightly arched; aperture
and section circular; surface ornamented by regular, distinct, aonular costa,
which pass around a little obliquely and are separated by rounded furrows of
the same breadth as the costa themselves.

Length of a specimen incomplete at both ends, 0:28 inch; diam. at the
larger end, 0:06 inch; do. at the smaller end, 0:04 inch.

Of this delicate little shell we have seen but a single specimen, which is
imperfect at both ends. At a first glance, it might be mistaken for another
more common species, of near the same size, occurring at the same locality,
and which we are inclined to think is the D. Meekianum of Geinitz. On exam-
ining it under a magnifier, however, it can be at once distinguished by its
comparatively strong, regular costxe, instead of mere microscopic lines of
growth.

I is with some doubt that we have referred this little shell to the genus
Dentalium, because its small size and comparatively strong, regular costa give
it much the appearance of the non-spiral part of the shell of a Cxcum. It is
more arched, however, and more tapering than we generally see in the body
part of shells of that genus, which are likewise, we believe, unknown in any
of the Palxozoic rocks.

Locality and position. Shales over the Danville Coal, holding a position
about the horizon of the fifth Coal of the Illinois; or, near the upper part of
the lower Coal-measures.

STRAPAROLLUS (EUOMPHALUS) PERNODOSUS, M. and W.

Shell attaining a rather large size, subdiscoidal, or with the spire nearly on
a plane with the upper outer edge of the body volution ; umbilicus broad,
moderately deep, and showing all the inner turns; volntions about five and a
half, flattened-convex, and a little oblique on the broad periphery, but dis-
tinctly carinated near the outer side above (the carina being rugose), while a
little outside of the middle below, they are prominent and ornamented by a
row of moderately distinct nodes, of which about sixteen may be counted on
the last turn; those on the last half of the outer volution becoming nearly
or quite obsolete toward the aperture. Upper side of each whorl flattened
and sloping distinctly inward from the carina to the suture; lower side of
same sloping rapidly inward and slightly concave just within the prominent
nodose ridge, and then rounding rather abruptly into the umbilicus. Surface
marked by distinct lines, and at some places ridges, of growth; on the upper
side of the whorls these lines pass obliquely outward and forward from the
suture to the carina, thence obliquely backward in crossing the periphery;
while in crossing the under side they curve a little backward.

Greatest breadth of a specimen not quite complete at the aperture, 2:50
inches; height at the aperture, about 0:84 inch.

1870.]

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

This species is evidently closely allied to E. nodosus, of Sowerby, from the
Mountain Limestone of England. It may be distinguished, however, by its
much less convex periphery, and by having its carina on the upper side of the
outer whorl, nearer the outer side, as well as more rugose from an apparent
effort to form irregular nodes. The true nodes around the prominent portion
of its under side are more numerous than in E. nodosus (which has ten instead
of fourteen to each whorl), and differ in being more irregular and nearly
obsolete on the last half of the outer whorl.

Even if Montfort's name, Straparollus, must be adopted for this genus, we
think Sowerby's name, Huomphalus, should be retained in a subgeneric sense
for these planorbicular species with angular whorls, such as E. pentangulatus,
for which it was at first proposed.

Locality and position. Alton, Ill. Lower Coal-measures.

STRAPAROLLUS (EUOMPHALUS) SUBQUADRATUS, M. and W.

Shell attaining nearly a medium size, discoid or subplanorbicular, concave,
and showing all the whorls both above and below, though the concavity is
deeper below than above. Periphery nearly flat, rather broad, and generally
more or less oblique, with a distinct carina at the upper and lower edges, the
former of which is more acute than the other, and irregularly crenate, or sub-
nodose, and projecting nearly upward, while the lower one is a little rounded
and projects outward. Volutions five or six, not embracing, nor coiled ex-
actly in the same plane; on the upper surface, each sloping, with a slight
concavity, distinctly inward from the marginal carina to the suture, while the
flattened outer side usually has an obscure longitudinal sulcus near the upper
and lower angles, the upper one being a little deeper than the other. On the
under side the whorls slope gently inward from the marginal angle, so as to
form a broad, depressed-subconical umbilicus. Surface marked with rather
strongly defined lines of growth, which, at places, become subimbricating, or
form little irregular ridges. In crossing the upper side of the whorls, these
lines start, at first, nearly at right angles out from the suture, but curve a
little backward as they approach the marginal angle; and immediately after
crossing this angle, and passing downward upon the nearly vertically flattened
periphery, they are deflected a little forward, but soon after pass straight down
to, and over the lower marginal angle to the under side, where they extend
obliquely backward and inward, with a rather distinct curve, to the immediate
vicinity of the suture, and then curve a little forward. Aperture and sections
of interior of whorls subcircular, or transversely oval.

Greatest breadth of a specimen with apparently about one-third of the outer
volntion broken away, 1:25 inches; height, 0:50 inch. When entire, this spe
cimen was probably not less than 1:43 inches in breadth.

From the foregoing description, it will be seen that this shellis nearly allied
to the common western Coal Measure species figured and described by Prof.
Hall, in his Jour. Geological Report, under the name Euomphalus rugosus (not

E.rugosus, Sowerby*). Indeed, it is so nearly like that species that we atone.

time suspected that it might be only a gigantic and more ventricose variety of
the same. Yet on comparing our shell with an extensive series of good spe-
cimens of E. rugosus, Hall, it is found to be greatly larger than any known
authentic examples of that shell, its breadth being a little more than twice
and a half that of the usual mature examples of KB. rugosus. Its umbilicus,
and the concavity of its upper side, are also proportionally deeper, particularly
the former, while the flattened outer side of its whorls is broader, and gener-
ally less oblique. Its lines of growth also differ in being rather distinctly de-
flected backward at the marginal angle of the upper side, so as to indicate an
obscure sinus of the margin of the lip at the termination of this angle, though

* If Sowerby's species is really congeneric, the American form called E. rugosus by Prof.
Hall might be distinguished by the specific name subrugosus. /
[April,

AG pera d
in Rd STA

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 47

there are no traces of a band, as in Pleurotomaria. This character would pro-
bably place the species in the group for which the name Schizostoma was pro-
posed by Bronn, but paleontologists have generally regarded the type for
which that name was proposed, as not being sufficiently distinct from Buom-
phalus to be retained as a separate genus.

Associated with the above, a single specimen was found, of the same size,
and agreeing very closely with that from which the foregoing description was
drawn up, but differing in being proportionally wider, and not so oblique on
the periphery, which is also more convex in the middle. The angle of its
under side also differs in being a little farther in from the outer margin, and
directed downward, instead of outward, while its umbilicus is proportionally
deeper. This may be a distinct species, but without moré specimens for com-
parison we do not feel willing to regard it as being entitled to a separate
name.

These shells, including K. rugosus, Hall, and E. catilloides, Conrad (sp.), are
related to E. quadratus of McCoy, from the Mountain Limestone of Ireland,
though sufficiently distinct specifically. At one time we were inclined to think
that E. rugosus, Hall, and E. catilloides, Conrad, together with a few others,
should be separated from Euomphalus, under a distinct generic name; but
after seeing the large species we have here described, which so closely connect
these little shells with such forms as E. pentangulatus and E. catillus, upon
which the genus was originally founded, we can no longer doubt that all of
these shells really belong to one genus. This series of intermediate forms
connecting the small, nearly planorbicular species mentioned above with the
typical forms of Kuomphulus, shows clearly that none of the former belong to
the articulate genus Spirorbis, as has been thought by some, but that they are
really true mollusks.

Locality and position. Upper Coal Measures, Montgomery County, Illinois.
Collected by Mr. G. C. Broadhead, of the Illinois Geological Survey.

SUBULITES INFLATUS, M. and W.

Shell very ventricose, subfusiform ; volutions about five and a half to six,
those of the spire moderately convex in the (external?) cast; last one very
large, ventricose, and composing much the larger part of the whole, produced
and contracted below so as apparently to terminate in a short canal; aperture
narrow, rhombic and pointed, or angular above and below; suture well de-
fined in the cast; surface unknown.

Height of a specimen with apparently about two whorls at the apex, and
portions of the lower extremity of the produced body whorl broken away, 1:85
inches; breadth of body volution, about 1:15 inches.

It is barely possible that this may be a ventricose, fusiform Murchisonia, as
we only know it from rough casts, apparently of the exterior. As it shows
no traces, however, of any revolving band or line, and has much the general
phbysiognomy of Subulites, we have concluded to refer it provisionally to that
group.

Its most marked character is the large size and very ventricose form of its
body volution, in which it resembles some of the Carboniferous species of Ma-
crocheilus. It differs from these, however, in the produced and subcanaliculate
peculiarity of the lower part of its body whorl.

Locality and position. Galena beds of the Lower Silurian: Carrol County,

Illinois.
CEPHALOPODA.
Genus NAUTILUS, Auct.
Subgenus SOLENOCHILUS,* M. and W.
We propose the above name for a group of Nautili which we believe to be

* cwniy à channel; vejxoçs lip.

1870.]

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF ;
the same as Oryptoceras of D'Orbigny, published in 1850. This change of name
becomes necessary, however, because Dr. Barrande had used the name Crypto-
ceras for another widely distinct group of Cephalopoda in 1846. tis true he
has since changed the name of his genus to Ascoceras, for the reason that La-
treille had applied the name Cryptocerus to a genus of Hymenoptera in 1804.
But if Latreille's name Oryptocerus is not considered sufficiently distinct, on
account of its different termination, from Cryptoceras (which we should think
is the case), it would, for the same reason, of course, be equally necessary to
change the name of D'Orbigny's group. On the other hand, if we regard La-
treille's name as being distinct enough to permit D'Orbigny's name to stand
also, or if Latreille's genus is not a valid one, in either case Dr. Barrande's
original name Cryptoceras would have to be retained for his genus, and, as it
has priority of daie, it would still become necessary to find another name for
the group described by D'Orbigny.

The type of D'Orbigny's group was Nautilus dorsalis of Phillips, only known,
we believe, from a mere fragment, showing the siphuncle to be marginal, or
on the outer side of the curve, as in Ammonites.* In this country we already
know several Carboniferous species that agree with D'Orbigny's type in the
character or position of the siphuncle, and we find in all of these another re-
markable peculiarity of the lip on each side. That is, it is drawn so as to
form a kind of little canal, or spout-like channel, much as we see in Argonauta
gondola, Adams. A good example of one of these shells is figured and described
by Dr. White and Prof. St. John, under the name Nautilus (Cryptoceras) Sprin-
geri, in vol. i, p. 124, of the Transactions of the Chicago Academy of Sciences
for 1867; and this may be regarded as the type of the group. It also includes
our Y. (Crypioceras) Leidyi, N. (Crypt.) capaz, and the species described below,
with possibly our NY. (Crypt.) Rockfordensis.

The mere fact that these shells have the siphuncle marginal, as in Ammoni-
tes, would perhaps not alone be a sufficient reason for placing them in a sepa-
rate group from the typical Nautili, since the siphuncle occupies various po-
sitions in the different fossil species of the Jatter. But when we take into
consideration the additional fact that the marginal position of the siphuncle
in these shells is always accompanied by the peculiar character of the lip we
have described, it becomes of more importance.

NAUTILUS (SOLENOCHILUS) COLLECTUS, M. and W.

Shell thin, attaining a moderate size, slightly compressed or subglobose in
general form; umbilicus rather small, but deep, perforated, and provided
with very abrupt walls, particularly near the aperture. Volutions about one
and a half, increasing rapidly in size, and a little wider transversely than their
dorso-ventral diameter; moderately embracing, with a subquadrangular sec-
tion, the angles being rounded, and the lateral and outer or ventral surfaces
more or less flattened. Septa moderately concave, distant about one-fourth
the transverse diameter of the volutions at the point of measurement, and
showing a slight backward curve in crossing the sides and periphery; aper-
ture large, and, as near as can be determined from the specimens, with a sub-
quadrangular or subcircular outline, more or less sinuous on the inner side
for the reception of the small inner turn; siphuncle small. Surface smooth,
or only showing small lines of growth.

Greatest diameter of a small specimen, with body chamber broken away,
1:70 inch; transverse diameter of same, about 1:25 inch.

As in other species of this group, the small siphuncle is so very nearly in
contact with the ventral, or outer side, that in casts with the shell removed
it often gives the appearance of a very narrow, deep lobe along the middle of
that side. It is easy to see, however, that this appearance is merely produced

* M. Chenu figures on p. 72, vol. i, of his Manual of Concholog y, under the name Crypto-
ceras Bowerbankir, Sowerby, a shell certainly not belonging to D'Orbigny's group as he un-
derstood it, but, if correctly figured, belonging to the Ammonitide,

LApril,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49

by the breaking away of a thin part of the matrix between the siphuncle and
the outer shell. None of our specimens are in a condition to show the mar-
gins of the lip, but some of them show very clearly the commencement of the
protuberance, or pinching up of the margin on each side near the umbilicus,
evidently terminating at the aperture in the usual spout-like auricles. The
lines of growth also show the same, by their flexures on each side.

Specifically this shell is probably most nearly allied to our N. (Solenochilus)
Leidyi, from the Keokuk division of the Lower Carboniferous, though it differs
in having more rapidly expanding and subquadrangular whorls, which are
also slightly embracing at the aperture, instead of being merely in contact. .
Is volutions, however, are much less rapidly expanding than in our N. (Sol.)
capaz, or in N. Springeri ot White and St. John, as well as different from both
“in their subquadrangular form.

Locality and position. New Providence, Indiana, from a limestone of the age
of the St. Louis division of the Lower Carboniferous.

Subgenus TEMNOCHILUS, McCoy.
NAUTILUS (TEMNOCHILUS) LATUS, M. and W.

Comp. N. nodocarinatus, M'Chesney, 1865. Illustrations Palxeozoic Fossils,
pl. 3, fig. 6 (5 by error, in explanations of plate.) Not JN. nodocarinatus of
same author in text of same paper (1860) p. 66.

The only specimen of this fine species we have ever seen consists of about
half of one volution, which, being without septa, must belong to the part
composing the last or body chamber, originally occupied by the body of the-
animal. JItis broken at both ends, and measures around the curre of the.
outer side, 8:50 inches, with, at the larger end, a dorso-ventral diameter of
2:10 inches, and a transverse diameter (including the nodes) of 3:60 inches.
The dorso-ventral diameter at the smaller end is about 1:60 inches, and the
transverse about 2:40 inches. A section of the body volution is transversely
-Subelliptical, with a tendency to an oblong outline; the outer (often called
the dorsal) side of the whorl being very broad and flattened convex, and each.
lateral margin, exclusive of the nodes, being rather narrowly rounded;or a.
little flattened, while the inner side is à little concave. The broad flattened
outer side has two very obscure longitudinal ridges, with a distinctly flattened
space between. Along each (so-called) dorso-lateral margin there is a row
of prominent flattened nodes, arranged at intervals of about their own greater
(antero-posterior) diameter. About sixteen of these nodes occupied each
side of the outer or last volution. The inner side of the whorl rounds regu-
larly into the umbilicus, which appears to be wider than the dorso-ventral
diameter of the volution at the aperture. The surface is without longitudinal
lines, but the strice of growth are moderately distinct, especially on the broad
flattened outer side, where they make a deep backward curve in crossing, so
as to indicate the presence of a very deep sinus in the lip on that side of the
aperture of the shell.

In the specimen described, the substance of the shell is thin, and scarcely
mineralized, though it retains no pearly lustre.

This species resembles very closely the form figured by Prof. McChesney in
the memoir cited at the head of the foregoing description, and referred by
him (by mistake) in the explanations of his plates, to his JN. nodocarinatus.

“Our shell differs, however, in not having so many nodes, as well as in hbav-
ing a proportionally wider umbilicus, and particularly in having the sides of
its whorls rounding regularly into the umbilicus, instead of being subcarinate
“around its margins.

Locality and position. Carbon Cliff Mines, Rock Island County, Illinois.
Lower Coal-Measures.

1870. 4

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

NAauTILUS (TEeMNOCHILUS) WinsLoWwI, M. and W.

Shell attaining a moderately large size, subdiscoidal; periphery broad and
nearly flat, the middle third being rather distinctly flattened, while on each
side of this there is a very slight slope outward to the lateral margins. TUm-
bilicus broad, moderately deep, and showing nearly the full breadth of each
inner volution on each side. Volutions apparently about four and a half,
with transverse diametar nearly one-third greater than the dorso-ventral ;
each ornamented around the lateral margins of the broad periphery by about
sixteen very prominent, rounded nodes, which project obliquely outward, at
an angle about intermediate between the general plane of the shell and that
of the broad periphery, those on opposite sides being alternately arranged;
from these rows of nodes the sides slope abruptly inward, with a moderate
convexity, to their inner margins within the umbilicus. Surface marked by
rather well defined lines of growth, which curve gently backward in crossing
the sides of the whorls from the inner margin, and make a stronger backward
curve in crossing the periphery, so as to indicate the presence of a deep
rounded sinus in the outer margin of the lip. (Siphuncle and septa unknown.)

Greatest breadth of a specimen with a part of the outer volution broken
away, 4:60 inches; transverse diameter of outer turn, measuring across the
periphery without including the nodes, 2:46 inches; do. including the nodes,
2:95 inches ; dorso-ventral diameter of the outer volution, 1:66 inches.

This species is evidently closely allied to the last, in form and general ap-
pearance, but differs in having its volutions proportionally narrower, measur-
ing at right angles to the plane of the shell. Its most marked difference,

however, consists in the form of its nodes, which are round, instead of being

distinctly compressed. It seems to be also related to N. tuberculatus of Sow-
erby, but differs from the published figures of that species in having its peri-
phery proportionally broader, and distinctly more flattened; while its nodes
are placed nearer the outer margin of the whorls, as well as more prominent.
From N. Oceidentalis, Swallow, (== N. quadrangularis, McChesney), it will be
readily distinguished by the greater transverse diameter of its whorls, which
are also without the flattened sides of that species, and differ in wanting the
two mesial rows of nodes on the periphery.

This specific name of this fine Nautilus is given in honor of Dr. J. C. Wins-

low, of Danville, Illinois, to whom we are indebted for the use of the specimen.

from which the description was drawn up.

Locality and position. Danville, Illinois, ftom the shale over the fifth bed of
coal, of the corrected Illinois section; being near the horizon of the upper
part of the Lower Coal-Measures.

NaurTiLUS (TEMNOCHILUS) Coxanus, M. and W.

Shell rather small, subdiscoidal, broadly rounded, or depressed convex
over the periphery; umbilicus wide, rather deep, perforated, and showing
more than three-fourths of the dorso-ventral diameter of each inner turn.
Volutions about two and a half to three, increasing gradually in size, wider
transversely than dorso-ventrally, very slightly concave along the dorsal or
inner side for the reception of the periphery of each succeeding turn within,
more or less narrowly rounded (subangular in some small specimens) and
ornamented by about fifteen small nodes around the middle of each side,
from which point the inner side rounds very abruptly into the umbilicus.
Septa separated, on the outer or ventral side, by space about one-fifth or one-
sixth the transverse diameter of the volutions at the point of measurement ;
arching very slightly backward in crossing the periphery. Body chamber
composing about half of the outer volution. Siphuncle small, and situated
subcentrally, or somewhat nearer the outer side. Surface ornamented with
distinct, regular, longitudinal, raised lines, or small costa, narrower than the

a [April,

elis ii Asia Reais aa
ada Te A a a CN — a id ENS

NATURAL SCIENCÊS OF PHILADELPHIA. 1

rounded furrows between ; those along the middle of the ventral or outer side
being smaller and more crowded than those toward the lateral regions; cross-
ing these are numerous very fine, crowded strie of growth, which curve
strongly backward in passing over the periphery, parallel to the margin of
the very profound sinus in the lip on the ventral side.* Aperture trans-
versely oval.

Greatest diameter of a mature specimen, 2:23 inches; thickness, or trans-
verse diameter, about one inch; dorso-ventral diameter of last turn near
aperture, 0:86 inch.

Among the specimens before us there seem to be two varieties, which may
possibly prove to be specifically distinct. One of these, which we regard as
the typical form of the species, has the periphery very depressed-convex,
while in the other, this partis distinctly more convex or rounded. As they

agree, however, apparently almost exactly in all other characters, and both
forms vary somewhat i in the convexity of the periphery, we are inclined to
view this as merely a sexual difference. In the more convex forms the lateral
nodes seem to be generally a little more inclined to become slightly elongated
in the transverse direction of the whorls, though this character appears not
to be entirely constant. In both ferms the longitudinal or revolving surface
ridges and furrows become nearly or quite obsolete, toward the aperture, on
the outer volution.

Internal casts of this species seem to be almost exactly like specimens
figured by European authorities under the name N. tubrculatus, Sowerby. As
that species, however, attains a much larger size, and has, according to Prof.
McCoy's description, a very large siphuncle, while none of the figures or de-
scriptions of it we have seen either show or mention the distinct longitudinal,
or revolving costa, so well defined on the surface of our species, we can
entertain no doubt in regard to its being cleurly distinct. It is true the
figures of N. tuberculatus alluded to all represent only internal casts, while
the longitudinal markings mentioned on our shell are not seen on internal
casts; but it is scarcely possible that such markings would never have been
observed, as impressions in the matrix, if not otherwise, had they existed in
Sowerby's species.

A This species is named in honor of Prof. E. T. Cox, State Geologist of In-
iana.

Locality and position. Three miles west of New Providence, Indiana ; from
a light gray, brittle limestone, of the age of the St. Louis division of the Lower
Carboniferous.

Lrruites GRAFTONENSIS, M. and W.

Shell rather small, with isolated portion discoid, planorbicular, and slightly
concave on both sides; volutions four or more, slightly embracing, increas-
ing very gradually in size, with transverse section nearly or quite circular,
excepting the slight concavity on the inner side. Surface ornamented by
numerous distinct, very regularly arranged costa, which cross the sides of
the volutions very obliquely backward from the inner side, curving strongly
backward as they approach the periphery, and after crossing the middle of
the same, again deflected forward as on the opposite side, thus indicating a
profound sinus in the outer side of the lip; the sinus being very narrow, but
not exactly angular at its termination, and widening rapidly forward ; fine,
somewhat imbricating stria of growth also run parallel to the costa. Septa
apparently moderately distant and running nearly straight across the sides.
Siphuncle and free part of the body chamber unkuown.

Greatest diameter of the coiled part, 2:10 inches; transverse diameter, 0:54
inch ; dorso-ventral diameter of outer turn, about 0:52 inch.

* This would be the dorsal side according to the nomenclature in most general use.

1870.)

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

As we have not seen the siphuncle, or the free part of the body chamber of
this species it may, possibly, not be a true Lituite. Still, as there is not the
slightest appearance of any obliquity of the volutions, as in the genus Trocho-
ceras, we have scarcely any doubt in regard to its being a true Lituite. Com-
pared with Lituites Marshii, of Hall, (20th Ann. Rep. Regents Univ., N. Y., pl.
16, figs. 6 and 7,) from the same horizon, at Kankakee, in this State, our
species will be at once seen to differ in having its volutions more compactly
coiled together, much less rapidly increasing in size, and ornamented with
smaller and much more closely arranged coste. Its costa also make a stronger
or deeper backward curve in crossing the periphery, which is rounded instead
of being flattened, as in the Marshii. In general appearance it is more like
L. (Trocholites) ammonius, of Conrad, from the Lower Silurian, though its
cost are much more oblique, and differ in being separated by rounded fur-
rows quite as wide as the costa themselves; while its surface shows no traces
of the finer sculpturing seen on that shell.

Locality and position. Grafton, Illinois; from a very light drab magnesian
limestone of the age of the New York Niagara group. Upper Silurian.

CRUSTAÇCEA.
PHILLIPSIA TUBERCULATA, M. and W.

Attaining a large size. Head and thorax unknown. Pygidium semielliptic,
the length being very nearly four-fifths the breadth, very convex; posterior
margin obtusely rounded; lateral margins diverging rapidly forward, with
convex outlines. Axial lobe well defined, obtuse, and rather prominent behind,
and gradually widening forward, with nearly straight sides ; rather distinctly
more elevated than the lateral lobes, which it nearly equals in breadth at the
“anterior end, as seen in a direct view from above, but one-fourth narrower
“than the latter, measuring over the curve of each; showing sixteen or seven-
teen straight, well defined segment, each of which is provided with six small
tubercles, arranged so as to form six rows. Lateral lobes with about fourteen
segments each, the very short posterior ones being nearly on a line with the
axial lobe, while the others grow gradually more transverse anteriorly, so
“as to show only a moderate obliquity toward the front; all extending down
so as to leave only a very narrow, undefined, smooth marginal space, and
each ornamented by from two or three to about tweive tubercles, the number
increasing regularly with the length of the segments toward the anterior.
Surface between the segments and tubercles smooth,

Length of pygidium, 0:95 inch; breadth, 1:45 inches; convexity, 0:40 inch.

This fine species resembles P. ornatus, Portlock, perhaps more nearly than
any other, but itattains a larger size, and its pygidium is more broadly rounded
behind, with its mesial lobe less rapidly tapering posteriorly; while the rows
of tubercles on the segments of its lateral lobes are distinctly more numerous.
In general outline, its pygidium more nearly resembles a form figured by
Prof. de Koninck, under the name Phillipsia gemmulifera, Phillips, (Animaux
Foss., pl. liii, fig. 4), though its axial lobe is distinctly narrower, while its
lateral lobes are merely provided with tubercles, along the segments, instead
of short spines.

Locality and position. Kinderhook, Pike County, Ill. Burlington division
of the Lower Carboniferous.

Peiciipsia (GRIFFITHIDES) BUFO, M. and W.

Entire outline elliptical, the breadth being to the length as 75 to 130. Ce-
phalic shield forming more than a semi-circle, round in front and nearly
straight behind; posterior lateral angles terminating in short, abrupty pointed
spines extending back to the anterior edge of the third thoracic segment.

[April

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 53

Glabella rather depressed convex, wide anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly
to the neck furrow, just in front of which, and connected with the palpebral
lobes on each side, it- has a single small, obscure lateral lobe; neck furrow
broad, and well defined both across the glabella and across the posterior mar-
gins of the cheeks; neck segment rather wide, depressed below the level of
the highest part of the glabella in front of it. Eyes of moderate size, reniform,
nearly as prominent as the glabella, placed but little in front of the continua-
tion of the neck furrow across the cheeks, apparently smooth, but showing,
when the outer crust is removed, numerous very minute lenses beneath.
Cheek sloping off rather abruptly from the eyes to the thickened margin,
which does not continue around the front of the glabella; facial sutures cut-
ting the anterior margin in front of the eyes before, and a little outside of
them behind.

Thorax nearly twice as wide as long, distinctly trilobate; mesial lobe but
moderately prominent, nearly twice as wide as either of the lateral lobes, its
eight segments merely rounded and without furrows. Lateral lobes narrow ;
pleurae curving moderately downwards at less than half their length out from
the axial lobe, but not distinctly geniculated, each provided with a furrow ex-
tending nearly half-way out. Pygidium approaching semi-circular, with the
anterior lateral angles obliquely truncated ; mesial lobe but slightly wider an-
teriorly than the lateral; segments about eleven; lateral lobes with eight or
nine segments.

Surface finely granular, the granules being most distinct on the glabella,
and the segments of the mesial lobe of the thorax.

This species will be at once distinguished from our P. Portlockii, from the
same horizon, by its much broader and less ventricose glabella, and the pecu-
liar tuberculiform eyes of that species, as well as by the broader and less pro-
minent mesial lobe of the pygidium, in the form under consideration.

Locality and position. Crawfordsville, Indiana. Keokuk division of the.
lower Carboniferous series,

AsAaPHUS (ISOTELUS) VIGILANS, M. and W.

Body small, elliptic in general form, and moderately convex. Head rather
more than half as long as wide, approaching a subcrescentic outline, with the
posterior lateral angles abruptly rounded or subangular; anterior margin ap-
parently somewhat narrowly rounded ; posterior outline broadly and distinctly
concave, but rather straight along the middle, without any traces of marginal
or occipital furrows. Glabella not rising above the general convexity of the
head, and entirely undefined by any traces of dorsal furrows. Eyes situated
about their own antero-posterior diameter in advance of the posterior margin,
and apparently about half way between the latter and the front, rather widely
separated from each other, and very prominent, nearly round, and truncato-
sub-conic in form; visual surface elevated almost entirely above the general
convexity, and curved around so as to form about three-fourths of a circle,
presenting a smooth surface; palpebral lobes as elevated as the eyes, and much
contracted, or merely connected with the glabella on the inner side by a
narrowneck. Facial sutures extending obliquely outward and backward from
the eyes behind, so as to intersect the posterior margin about half-way be-
tween a line drawn longitudinally through the middle of each eye, and the
posterior lateral margins of the cheeks; and in front, at first curving slightly
outward a little in advance of each eye, beyond which point they converge
forward so as apparently to intersect the front margin in such a manner as to
leave a rather narrow anterior edge to the glabella.*

Thorax longer than the head or pygidium, as measured over the curve of a

* As the specimen is imperfect here, it is possible these sutures may not reach the an-
terior margin in front,

1870.]

Da. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

rolled-up specimen, showing scarcely any traces of trilobation, and composed
of eight segments. Mesial lobe, as indicated by very faint impression on each
side of the body segment, very wide and depressed, with segments nearly flat.
Lateral lobes very narrow, sloping off regularly from the mesial one on each
side; pleura without furrows, and with the exposed surfaces seen in a rolled-
up specimen, narrowing off laterally very rapidly, with a strong backward
curve; all more or less angular at the extremity, the posterior ones being
rather pointed; lapping surfaces apparently wide.

Pygidium subtrigonal and of near the same size as the head, entirely without
any indications of trilobation or segments.

Whole surface smooth, excepting a minute pitting, most distinct on the
movable cheeks.

Length (measuring over the curve of the specimen as rolled together), 2:75
inches; breadth, 1:30 inch; length of head at the middle, about 0:75 inch;
breadth between the eyes, 0:47 inch; height of eyes on the outer side, 0:20
inch. Breadth of axial lobe of thorax, 0:85 inch; antero-posterior diameter
of each of the first four or five segments of same near middle, 0:15 inch.

This species seems not to be nearly related to any of the described forms
with which we are acquainted. Its most marked characters are the promi-
nence of its eyes, and the almost entire absence of any traces of trilobation in
its thorax and pygidium, as well as the great breadth of the mesial lobe of the
same, as indicated by a very obscure depression, and a minute projection on
the anterior margin of each thoracic segment, on a line nearly behind the outer
edge ofeach eye. These little projections do not extend upward, but forward,
and fit into corresponding notches in the posterior margin of each succeeding
segment in front. As the anterior margin of its head and the posterior edge
of its pygidium are in the specimens more or less imperfect, we cannot deter-
mine exactly their outlines.

In some respects this species resembles young individuals of Isotelus megistos,
of Lock, though it differs in not having its cheeks produced into pointed ter-
minations behind, while its eyes are more prominent and situated farther for-
ward, and the mesial lobes of its thorax much less defined and distinctly
wider. Its pleure also differ in being angular, or a little pointed, instead of
rounded at the ends.

Locality and position. Carrol County and Osage County, Illinois. Cincin-
nati group of the Lower Silurian. i

ILLanus (BumastUS) GRAFTONENSIS, M. and W.

Attaining a rather large size. Head (as determined from internal cast)
transversely subelliptic, as seen from above, when placed with the under side
on a horizontal plane, its breadth being to its length very nearly as 50 to 30;
moderately convex, the height being rather distinctly less than half the
breadth, and the most prominent part a little behind the middle, while the
curve over the middle, from its posterior to its anterior margin, forms about a
quarter of a circle. Anterior margin, as seen from above, presenting a nearly
transversely semi-elliptic curve, and a subrectangular outline, as seen in a
side view; lateral margins rather narrowly and regularly rounded in outline,
into the posterior side. Axial furrows distinct, converging forward to a point
nearly opposite the miádle of each eye, where they terminate in little flattened
oval impressions. Eyes large, forming nearly semi-circular curves, with their
posterior ends as near the posterior as to the lateral margins of the head ;
each with a broad, very deep, rounded furrow around beneath its outer side,
so as to form a kind of obtuse shoulder below, from which the cheeks drop off
nearly vertically, with a slight convexity of outline, to the inferior margins ;
palpebral lobes less elevated than the middle of the glabella, and sloping a
little outward, with an even convexity over their whole surface; visual surface
forming rather narrow convex bands, and showing (in the internal cast) under

[April,

PE VIR

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 1535)

a magnifier numerous very minute reticulations. Facial sutures cutting the
anterior margin distinctly within a line drawn antero-posteriorly through the
inner ends of each eye, and intersecting the posterior margin nearly on a line
with the middle of each eye. Rostral shield flat, with a subfusiform outline
and obtuse lateral extremities; just three times as wide as its antero-posterior
diameter. Surface of the internal cast of the whole upper part of the head
without lines or furrows, but rather distinct transverse furrows are seen on
the rostral shield. (Body and other parts unknown.

Length of head, abont 1:20 inches; breadth of do., 2:47 inches; height or
convexity, 1:05 inch. Length of eyes, 0:55 inch; height of visual surface of
same, 0:10 inch; distance between the eyes at posterior and anterior ends, 1:65
inch.

This fine species is perhaps most nearly allied to the common and widely
distributed Z. Barriensis of Murchison. It may be readily distinguished, how-
ever, by several important differences in the head, which is the only part yet
known to us. In the first place, its head is much wider in proportion to its
length, and has its lateral margins, as seen from above, much more narrowly
and regularly rounded in outline, so that the cheeks do not project any farther
out from the eyes posteriorly than laterally, the outline of the lateral margins
having almost exactly the same curve as the eyes themselves. Its rostral
shield also has a very different form from that of Murchison's species, being
narrower in its antero-posterior diameter, and distinctly obtuse, instead of
pointed, at the lateral extremities. Our species likewise shows no traces of
the furrows on the cast of the upper side of the head, so strongly marked in 7.
Barriensis.

It is still more widely removed from T. insignis of Hall; and we know of no
desgribed species having the head so nearly elliptic in outline (transversely)
as seen from above, excepting possibly Z. Salteri of Barrande, which, however.
differs widely in other characters, belonging, as it does, to the small-eyed
section of the genus.

Locality and position. Grafton, Illinois, from the Niagara division of the
Upper Silurian.

DiTHYROCARIS CARBONARIUS, M. and W.

We only know this fossil from a specimen showing the caudal appendages.
—that is, the telson and stylets.* These are lanceolate in general outline, and
rather flattened. The telson seems to be a little shorter than the stylets, aud
more rapidly tapering toward the extremity. Below it is flat, and has a faint,
undefined, obtuse longitudinal ridge along the middle, with on each side an
equally undefined, shallow sulcus between this and the lateral margins, which
are sharp. On its upper side there is a well defined mesial carina, with a
slightly concave slope on each side to the lateral margins, thus presenting
much the form of a broad bayonet. The stylets have each, on the flattened
under side, about six or seven small longitudinal ridges, and on the upper side
a distinct longitudinal mesial carina, between which and the lateral margins
there is on each side a smooth rounded concavity or broad furrow ; along each
lateral margin there are two closely approximated carinz, oue above, and one
below, with a narrow rounded sulcus between.

Length of telson, about 0:75 inch; breadth of do., 0:12 inch; length of sty-
lets, about 0:80 inch ; breadth of same near the articulating end, 0:12 inch.

This species will be readily distinguished from D. Scouleri of McCoy, by its
proportionally broader and more lanceolate stylets and telson, the latter of
which is also smooth instead of being marked by oblique divaricating striz, as

* If the middle one of the three nearly equal caudal appendages in this genus is not
articulated at its base, it would only be properly an attenuated terminal part of the telson,
and not the whole of that segment,.

1870.)

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

in the Scouleri. Its stylets are also flattened and carinated, instead of being
rounded. From Portlock's C. Colei it will be distinguished by having the
carina of its stylets and telson smooth, instead of crenate.

So far as we are informed, this is the first species of this genus. found in.

America. It is another decidedly Carboniferous genus, found in our Coal
Measures, directly associated with numerous fossils that occur in the beds on
the Missouri, in Nebraska, that have been wrongly referred by some authors
to the Permian (Dyas).

Locality and position. Near the middle of the Coal Measures at Danville,
Illinois, associated with numerous Upper Coal Measure species.

Descriptions of FOSSILS collected by the U. S. Geological Survey under
the charge of Clerence King, Esq.
BY F. B. MEEK.
, WasuingTON Crry, March 21st, 1870,
Pror. JosePH LEIDY.

Dear Sir,—I send herewith, to be prada, for publication in the Proceedings of the
Academy, descriptions of a few of the fossils brought in by the United States Geological

Survey under the direction of Clerence gra Esq. You will please state, in presenting:
TO

the paper, that the Trilobites described in it from Eastern Nevada, are decidedly Primor-
dial types, and, so far as I know, the first fossils of that age yet brought in from any loca-
lity west of the Black Hills. Mr. King's collections also establish the fact that the rich
silver mines of the White Pine district occur in Devonian rocks, though the Carbonife-

rous is also well developed there. The Devonian beds of that district yet known by their:

fossils, seem mainly to belong to the se dna part of the system. Mr, King, however, has a
few fossils from Pinon Station, Central Nevada, that appear to belong to the horizon of
the ba ip Helderberg limestone of the New York series.

The Tertiary fossils described in this paper, from the region of Hot Spring Moryitagaa!
Idaho, came from an extensive and interesting fresh-water Lacustrine deposit, and ar all
distinct specifically. and some generically, from all the other Tertiary fossils yet nai “od
from the far west. Two of the species belong to the existing Califorma genus Carinifex,
or some closely allied group, while another beautifully sculptured. species was thought,
by Mr. Tryon, to whom I sent a specimen of it, to be possibly a true Melania, and allied to
existing ÁAsiatic forms.

Tt is an interesting fact, that among all of our fresh-water Tertiary shells from this dis-
tant internal part of the Continent, neither the beaks of the bivalves, nor the apices of the
spire in the univalves, is ever in the slightest degree eroded; even the most delicate
markings on these parts being perfectly preserved, if not broken by some accident. From
this fact it may be inferred that the waters of the lakes and streams of this region, dur-
ing the Tertiary epoch, were more or less alkaline, as is the case with many of those
there at the present day.

These descriptions, as well as others that I expect to send you soon, are merely prelim-
inary and will be re-written, and presented with full illustrations, now in course of prepa-
ration, in Mr. King's report of his survey. Si iii

ery respectfu OUrs,
pie va F. B. MEEK.

Tertiary Species.
SPHARERIUM RUGOSUM, Meek.

Shell of medium size, rather gibbous, moderately thick, quadrato-suborbic-: |

ular in outline, the length being a little greater than the height; greatest con-
vexity slightly above the middle; anterior margin more or less regularly

rounded; base semielliptic in outline; posterior margin generally a little

wider than the anterior, and faintly subtruncate with an anterior slope; dor-
sal outline rounding into the anterior and posterior margins, but more regu-
larly into the former. Beaks not eroded, nearly central, rather prominent and
incurved, but not oblique. Surface ornament-d by sharply defined, often ele-
vated, concentric striz, separated by rounded furrows, in which very minute
lines of growth may be seen under a magnifier; the elevated concentric striae
becoming more regular, coarser, more distantly separated, and more promi-
nent on the umbones. Cordinal margin and lateral teeth comparatively

stout,
LApril,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 57

Length of largest specimen, 0:34 inch; height, 0:30 inch; convexity, 28
inch.

The most marked characteristics of this species, are its quadrato-suborbic-
ular, rather gibbous form, very nearly central beaks, and particularly its
sharply elevated concentric striz, growing stronger, more prominent, and
more distantly separated on the umbones, until near the points of the same
they often assume the character of sharp, raised plications. In some of the
smaller specimens, these raised, rather distantly separated, stronger striz, ex-
tend over nearly the whole surface; wbile in others they pass gradually into
mere irregular lines of growth, on most of the surface, occasionally separated
by wider furrows,

In form this species is very similar to the existing S. Vermontanum, of Prime,
with which it also agrees nearly in size It is more regularly rounded in
front, however, and has stouter lateral teeth; while its concentric raised:
strie and sulcations are. generally larger and grow more distinct on the um-
bones than below, instead of the reverse. In this latter character of marking
it agrees more nearly with S. aureum, Prime, from which, however, it differs
entirely in form. ;

Locality and position. Hot Spring Mountains, at Fossil Hill, Idaho Terri-
tory.

SPHARIUM? IDAHOENSE, Meek.

Shell attaining a very large size, moderately convex, rather thick in propor-
tion to size; orbicular-subovate in outline, being wider in front than posteri-
orly; anterior margin regularly rounded; base semioval in outline; posterior
margin somewhat narrowly rounded below and sloping forward above; dorsal
margin short. Beaks placed in advance of the middle, a little compressed.
and directed obliquely forward and inward. Surface marked by concentric
estria and furrows. Later teeth stout.

Length, 0:98 inch; height, about 0 92 inch; convexity, about 0:54 inch.

The specimens of this shell are not in a very good state of preservation,
being, with one exception, internal casts, and this one only retains a part of
the shell. They certainly differ, however, from the last not only in their much
larger size, but in being less nearly equilateral, more produced, and rather
more narrowly rounded posteriorly, as well as proportionally less coirvex.
The internal casts have the umbonal region, from a little above the middle:
of the valves, compressed. Some of these casts show a few rather distinct,
broad, irregular concentric undulations, that were doubtless more strongly
defined on the exterior of the valves.

None of the specimens of this shell show the hinge very clearly, but from
its large size and thickness I was at first inclined to believe ita Cyrena or &
Corbicula. Impressionsih the matrix, however, show that its lateral teeth are
not striated, nor of the form seen in the latter genus. Possibly, I should call
.it Cyrena Idahoensis. As its pallial line is certainly simple, however, and not
ginuous, as in all the American living species, and, so far as known, in all the
fossil Cyrenas and Corbiculas of this continent, I have concluded to place it
provisionally in the genus Sphcerium, until better specimens can be obtained
for study.

Locality and position, Same as last, and from same formation at Castle
Creek, Idaho. ;

ÁNOYLUS UNDULATUS, Meek.

Shell thin, attaining a very large size, elliptic-oval in outline, being some-
times slightly widest a little in advance of the middle; apex much elevated,
pointed, curved backward and placed about half-way between the middle and
the posterior margin; posterior slope concave; lateral slopes nearly straight;
anterior slope distinctly convex. Surface marked with fine, rather obscure

1870.]

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

lines of growth, and strong, comparatively large concentric undulations, most
distinct and regular on the anterior slope, where there are sometimes very
obscure traces of about three radiating ridges.

Length of the largest specimen seen, 0:67 inch; breadth of do., 0:54 inch;
height, 0:35 inch.

The specimens show some variation in their proportions, as well as in the
regularity and distinctness of the undulations, the largest individual from
which the above measurements were taken being proportionally a little wider
and more elevated than some of the smaller ones, while its undulations are
less distinctly and regularly defined. As there are various gradations, how-
ever, in these characters, 1 am at present inclined to regard them as mere in-
dividual modifications of one species.

Owing to the thinness of the shell, the undulations are often quite well de-
fined on internal casts, particularly along the anterior slope.

The only N. American recent species, with which I am acquainted, that ap-
proaches this in size, is the 4. Newberryi, described by Dr. Lea, from Califor-
nia. From this the species under consideration differs in having its apex
nearer the posterior, and much more pointed and curved backward. The
undulations of its anterior slopes also give the shell quite a different appear-
ance.

Locality and position. Fossil Hill, Hot Spring Mountains, Idaho Territory.

MELANIA (GONIOBASIS ?) SCULPTILIS, Meek.

Shell of medium size, conoid-subovate; spire more or less elongate-coni-
cal, with convex slopes, the apical angle being greater in the young than in
the adult, not eroded at the apex; volutions six to seven, rather distinctly
convex; suture strongly channeled; aperture ovate, a little oblique, rather
narrowly rounded below; lip sharp, most prominent below the middle, and
slightly sinuous at the lower inner side. Surface elegantly ornamented by
numerous very regularly disposed, slightly flexuous or sigmoid vertical costze,
which are crossed by equally distinct and regular spiral ridges, about four of
which may be counted on each volution of the spire (excepting those near
the apex, wbich are smooth), and eight to ten on the last turn, on the under
half of which they are most strongly defined; minute lines of growth may
also be seen by the aid of a magnifier; costa slightly nodulous at the points
where they are crossed by the little revolving ridges.

Length, 0:63 inch; breadth, 0:33 in.

This is a neat species, remarkable for its sharply defined and very regular
cancellated sculpturing. The vertical costa are equally well defined on all
the volutions excepting those near the apex and on the under side of the last
one, while the revolving lines or ridges become a little more distinct on the
lower part of the body turn. Although there are nearly always four of these
revolving ridges on the volutions-above the last one, in a few examples as

many as six may be counted on these turns, but this is due to the intercala-

tion of a smaller one between two of the others, and the exposure of another
above the suture, that is usually hidden beneath it by each succeeding turn.

Locality and position. Hot Spring Mountains, Idaho.

MELANIA (GONIOBASIS) SUBSCULPTILIS, Meek.

Shell apparently not attaining a medium size; spire conical with convex
slopes; apex pointed, not eroded; volutions about seven and a half, flattened
convex; suture channeled; aperture ovate, slightly oblique, rather abruptly
rounded below; margin of lip most prominent below the middle, and faintly
gsinuous on the lower inner side. Surface ornamented with small, regular,
slightly sigmoid, vertical costa, with an obscure revolving ridge just below,
and a slight angle above, the suture, to which prominences the costa impart

[April,

- , cada pi cedia
cl! e de it cad

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59

a somewhat crenated appearance; lower half of last turn marked with a few
distinct revolving raised lines.

Length, 0:43 inch; breadth, 0:19 inch; length of aperture, 0:14 inch;
breadth of do., 0:10 inch.

This species may be at once distinguished from the last by its less convex
whorls, and the absence of revolving ridges or lines, excepting on the lower
part of the body volution, and the one just below and above the suture. As
in the last, its apical whorls are smooth. The only good specimen of it seen
is considerably smaller than the adult size of the last described species.

Locality and position. Same as last.

Carinirex Brnneyi, Meek.

Shell attaining a large size, depressed subglobose in form; spire scarcely
rising above the body whorl; umbilicus large, but rapidly contracting within.
Volutions about three and a half, increasing very rapidly in size; those of the
spire a little convex, last one forming more than nine-tenths the entire bulk
of the shell, widest above, and produced below so as to form a prominent
ridge or subangular margin around the widely excavated umbilical region;
all without revolving carine. Aperture large, obovate, being widest above
and narrowed abrubtly to a subangular termination below. Lip remarkably
oblique, apparently reflexed and strongly produced forward above. Surface
marked with extremely oblique lines of growth, which sometimes form little
regular costa. '

Height, 0:59 inch; breadth, 1 inch; height of aperture, about 0:50 inch;
breadth of do., 0:54 inch.

This species differs too widely in nearly all of its characters to require any
comparison with O. Newberryi, the typical and only known living species,
which it also exceeds in size.

All of the specimens of this species in the collection are incrusted by a
laminated, smooth calcareous deposit, that has to be removed before the sur-
face marking can be seen. This is continuous over the suture, and covers all
the volutions of the spire. At first I was inclined to think this might have
been secreted by the mantle of the animal enveloping the whole shell; but
farther examinations have led me to think it more probably merely an
inorganic incrustation, precipitated over the surface after the death of the
animal. Named in honor of W. G. Binney, Esq.

Locality and position. Fossil Hill, Hotspring Nona. Idaho Territory.
AnRo cana of Miocene or later age.

Carixirex (VorrTIFEX*) TryoxI, Meek.

Shell depressed subglobose, approaching subdiscoidal, the spire being much
depressed. Volutions four and a half to five, increasing rather rapidly in size;
those of the spire slightly convex; last one sometimes becoming a little con-
cave on the upper slope near the aperture, and more or less ventricose below,
the most prominent part being near the rather small, deep umbilicns, into
which it rounds abruptly; all rounded on the outer side, and without any
traces of carina or revolving markings. Suture well defined. Aperture
rather large, subcircular, its height being to its breadth about as 29 to 34; lip
sharp, oblique, and produced forward above, faintly sinuous at the middle of
the outer side as well as at the inner side of the base, where it is a little
thicker. Surface ornamented with small, distinct, regular ridges, and much
finer lines of growth running parallel to the very oblique outline of the lip.

Height, 0:35 inch; breadth, 0:64 inch; height of aperture, 0:29 inch;
breadth of do., 0:34 inch.

This shell differs from the last, not only in its smaller size, more rounded,
less rapidly enlarging whorls, and more prominent spire, but particularly in
its very much less excavated umbilical region. It evidently varies consider-

*I propose the subgeneric name Vortifex for these shells, which differ from the typical
forms of Carinifez.

1870.)

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ably in form and surface markings, some of the specimens being proportion-
ally more ventricose, or, in other words, have the body volution, and conse-
quently the aperture, higher in proportion to breadth than the others, while
more or less difference in the elevation or depression of the spire is observ-
able. The most marked differences, however, are to be observed in the char-
acter of the surface markings. Grenerally the little regular costa parallel to
the lines of growth are pretty well defined, but in some cases they fade away
so as to be scarcely distinguishable from the fine incremental lines; while in.
others they are strongly marked, regularly disposed coste. Sometimes, dif-
ferent parts of the surface of the same individual specimen present the varia-
tion of sculpturing mentioned. It may be found convenient to designate the
more ventricose form as variety ventricosa.

Named in honor of G. W. Tryon, Jr., of Philadelphia.

Locality and position. Same as last.

CarINIFEX (TRYONI, Var.) CONCAVA, Meek,

The only two specimens of this form obtained are considerably smaller than
the adult size of the last described. species, and differ in having the spire so

strongly depressed as to be really concave, and thus to give the entire shell a;

subplanorbicular outline. Its umbilicus is proportionally of about the same:
size, as in the 0, Tryoni, and its two or three volutions, as in that form, are
rounded and without caringe, Its aperture is more nearly circular, being:
about as wide as high, in consequence of the body volution being proportion-
ally less prominent below. Its coste are very strongly defined and regularly
disposed.

It seems improbable that this can be merely the young of €. Tryoni, because,
of some forty odd specimens now before me, not one has the apex or first
two volutions concave, though they vary somewhat in prominence in differ-
ent individuals.

Height, 0:18 inch.; breadth, 0:30 inch ; height of aperture, 0:18 inch ; breadth
“ of do., 0:17 inch,

Locality and position. Same as foregoing.

Devonian Species.
SPIRIFER (TRIGONOTRETA) PINONENSIS, Meek.

Shell attaining about a medium size, somewhat wider than long, varying
from transversely subovate to a nearly semicircular general outline; rather
gibbous in adult examples; cardinal margin nearly or quite equaling the
greatest breadth, and terminating in rectangular or rather more obtuse extre-
mities; lateral margins rounding to the front, which is sometimes rounded,
sometimes slightly sinuous, or in other examples more prominent and suban-
gular in the middle. Ventral valve generally rather more gibbous than the.
other, its greatest convexity being in the umbonal region, from which it rounds
off evenly toward the front and lateral margins, as well as to the beak, which
projects beyond that of the other valve, and is rather distinctly inçcurved ;
cardinal area of moderate height, narrowed to the lateral extremities, more or
less inclined backward, and strongly arched with the beak; foramen having
nearly the form of an equilateral triangle, and provided with slightly raised,
sharp lateral margins; mesial sinus shallow, rounded, smooth, and of mode-
rate breadth narrowed regularly, and well defined to the apex of the
beak. Dorsal valve generally more than semicircular, most convex in the
central and anterior regions; beak projecting little beyond the cardinal mar-
gin, and with the narrow area incurved; mesial ridge depressed, smooth,
and faintly furrowed along the middle, corresponding in outline to the form of
the sinus in the other valve. Surface of each valve ornamented by from
eleven to about fourteen simple, regular, rounded, radiating plications on each
side of the mesial fold and sinus, and also showing, under a magnifier, minute,
regular, crowded radiating striz, crossed near the front by stronger undulating

lines of growth.
[April,

a É Dc dic Ds JE aire da cê ie (pá dn a dt saida
À Ai Pç sa dd NOS fa

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61

Length of a medium sized specimen, 0:92 inch; breadth of do., 1:20 inch;
convexity, 0:72 inch.

As nearly as can be determined from a description only, this shell would
seem to be closely related to S. macrothyris, Hall, from the Upper Helderberg
Limestone of New York and Ohio (see 10th Report Regents, p. 133), but differs
in being always narrower in proportion to length, never being near “ twice as
broad às long.” Its area also differs in narrowing regularly to the lateral ex-
tremities of the hinge, instead of having parallel margins. On comparison,
with good specimens of S. Oweni, Hall, from the Upper Helderberg Limestone at
the falls of the Ohio, which species our shell nearly resembles, it is found to
differ in having the beak and area of its ventral valve always more strongly
arched. Its area is also proportionally narrower, and its plications larger and
less numerous. There are in the collection a large number of well preserved
specimens, showing the characters given to be very constant.

Locality and position. Pinon Station, Nevada. Devonian, probably of the
age of the Upper Helderberg Limestones of New York.

Lower Silurian Species.

EvomPHALUS (RaPHISTOMA ?) ROTULIFORMIS, Meek.

Shell small, sublenticular, or more than twice and a half as wide as high,
with the periphery sharply angular, and the much depressed spire a little
more prominent than the convexity of the last turn below the angular peri-
phery; umbilicus very wide, deep, and depressed conical; volutions six or
seven, exceedingly narrow, and increasing very gradually in size, all obliquely
flattened, or sometimes slightly concave on the upper slope, which is nearly
coincident with that of the spire, and with the under side sloping downward
and inward, and nearly one-third wider than the upper surface to the umbili-
cus, around which they are rather distinctly angular; aperture obliquely
rhombic. Surface unknown.

Breadth, 0:32 inch; height, 0:12 inch; breadth of last turn on the upper
slope, 0:15 inch; do. on the under slope, 0:18 inch; breadth of aperture, 0:09
inch; height of do., 0:07 inch.

This species is evidently nearly allied to Euomphalus polygyratus, Roemer,
from the Lower Silurian rocks of San Saba, Texas (see Kreid. Von Texas,
tab. xi, fig. 4a, b). It differs, however, in being much smaller, its greatest
diameter being less than one-fourth that of Roemer's species, although it
shows nearly the same number of volutions. Its volutions are also propor-
tionally more convex below, and slope more abruptly into the umbilicus.

Locality and position. Ridge south of Muddy Creek, Nevada Territory, from
a gray subcrystalline limestone of Lower Silurian age, probably of the same
horizon as the Calciferous sand rock of the New York series.

EuvompHALUS (RAPHISTOMA?) TROCHISCUS, Meek.

“Shell sublenticular, about twice and'a half as wide as high. spire much de-
pressed, or but little higher, measuring from the horizon of the sharply angu-
lar periphery, than the convexity of the last turn below the same; umbilicus
wide, deep and depressed conical; volutions four and a half to five, increas-
ing gradually in size, all obliquely flattened (or sometimes slightly concave)
above, nearly on a line with the slope of the spire, and sloping downward and
inward below to the umbilicus, into which the curve is so abrupt as to form
an obtuse angle around the same; aperture wider than high, and rhombic
subtrigonal in outline. Surface unknown.

Breadth, 0:40 inch; height, 0:15 inch; breadth of last turn, 0:12 inch ;
breadth of umbilicus, about 0:25 inch.

This is similar in general appearance to the last species, but may be read-
ily distinguished by its less numerous whorls, which increase more rapidly in

1870.]

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

size. Itis much more nearly allied to à form now before me in masses of
chert from the west side of Lake Pepin, in Minnesota, found in beds of about
the age of the Calciferous Sand rock of the New York series. The latter,
however, attains a much larger size, some of the specimens being an inch in
diameter, with about six volutions. The Minnesota form is also more sharply
angular on the periphery, and has the upper side of the volutions distinctly
more concave, and the spire more depressed.*
Locality and position, same as last.

PaRADOXIDES ? NEVADENSIS, Meek.

The only specimen of this Trilobite obtained, consists of a natural cast,
formed by a moderately thick crust of Arragonite, deposited in a mould or
impression of a part of the thorax and the pygidium, with the free borders of
the latter broken away. Its rather large size, much depressed form, spinife-
rous pleura, and general physiognomy, as far as seen, at once recall to the
mind the well known genus Paradoxides. A closer inspection, however, shows
its pygidium to be proportionally larger than we see in the known species of
that genus, with possibly the exception of P. Forchhameri, of Angelin.

Of the thorax, eight of the posterior segments are preserved. These show
the axial lobe to be much depressed, and about as wide as the lateral ones,
exclusive of the free recurved points of the pleura. The segments of the
axial lobe are defined by a broad rounded furrow or depression across the an-
terior side of each, and have much the general appearance of those of some
species of Paradoxides, being a little thickened, squarely truncated, and
slightly curved forward at the ends. But they differ in showing distinct re-
mains of a mesial spine or tubercle on each, and in having an obscure, oblique
furrow or depression on each side, passing outward and backward from the
broad anterior transverse furrow to the posterior lateral angles, so as partly to
isolate the slightly thickened and truncated extremities of each. The lateral
lobes are nearly flat, and composed of pleurax that extend straight outward at
right angles to the axis, to their free extremities, which are abruptly con-
tracted (almost entirely on the posterior side) into slender, rounded, very
sharp spines, which curve backward and outward. Each of the pleura is also
provided with a broad, rather deep, flattened furrow, which commences near
the inner end, and extends straight outward for some distance, with parallel
sides, but gradually tapers, mainly on the anterior side, to a lanceolate point,
“ before reaching the free extremities. These furrows have not the obliquity
usually seen in those of Paradoxides, but run parallel to the direction of the
pleura, so as to leave slender straight ridges, of equal size, along the anterior
and posterior margin of each rib.

The pygidium, exclusive of the portions of the free border broken away, has
a nearly semicircular outline, being about twice as wide as long, while it is as
much flattened as the thorax. The part remaining equals in length the five
thoracic segments next in advance of it. Its mesial lobe is much depressed,
and about three-fourths as wide, anteriorly, as the breadth of that of the tho-
rax at its widest part seen. Posteriorly it tapers very little, and extends
nearly the entire length of the pygidium, as seen with the free border
broken away. It is evident, however, that the flattened border projected more .
or less behind its termination. It shows distinctly five segments, with indica-
tions of about two others at the posterior end. The lateral lobes have each
three segments, the anterior one being extended out nearly parallel to those of
the thorax, while the others are directed more obliquely backward, and rap-
idly widen outward. Like the pleurz, they have each a broad flattened fur-
row, that of the anterior one being nearly parallel to those of the pleurz,

* This Minnesota shell probably belongs to an undescribed species, as it has more volu-
tions than the form described by Dr. Owen, under the name Stroparollus (Euomphalus) Min-
nesotensis. (See his large Geological Report of 1852, p. 581, pl. 11, fig. 12 and 13.) Ifso, it
might be called Euomphalus Pepinensis. ;

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63

while those of the other two are directed more obliquely backward, particu-
larly the posterior one, which is almost parallel to the longitudinal axis of
the body. These furrows are so deep and broad as to give the three segments
of each lateral lobe the appearance of six irregular ridges, the irregularity
being produced by the posterior two segments instead of passing along the
middle of each segment, being curved backward so as to divide these seg-
ments very unequally, leaving the anterior part much broadest. No fine sur-
face markings are preserved on the specimen.

Entire length of the imperfect specimen, 2:75 inches, of which remaining 8
thoracic segments form 1:70 inch; breadth of the thorax, exclusive of the
free spiniferous ends of the pleurz, 2:05 inches, and including the projecting
ends of the pleura, 2:40 inches; length of what remains of the pygidium, 1:03
inch; breadth of do., about 1:80 inch. Supposing it to be a true Paradoz-
ides, with not less than sixteen thoracic segments, the entire specimen, when
complete,-could not have been far from six inches in length.

It is possible I should call this species Olenus or Conocoryphe Nevadensis,
but its large size seems to be an objection to placing itin any section of either
of these genera. In the possession of a node or spine on each of the thoracic
segments, as well as in the direction of the posterior segments of the lateral
lobes of the pygidium, it agrees with the type of Parabolina, but unfortunately
the specimen is not in a condition to show whether or not these segments of
the pygidium terminated in produced marginal spines, while the furrows of
its pleura have not the obliquity of those seen in that type, but agree more
nearly with those of some species of Conocephalites. The comparatively large
size of its pygidium, and the nodes or spines on its thoracic segments, as well
as the nature of'the furrows of the pleura, are rather against its reference to
Paradoxides, and lead me to think that it may belong to an undescribed genus.

CoxocoryPHE (ConocEPHALITES) Kinxarr, Meek.

Entire form ovate, and much depressed, with breadth equaling about two-
thirds the whole length. Cephalic shield semicircular, or a little wider than
long, with the anterior and antero-lateral borders regularly rounded in out-
line, and provided with a narrow, slightly defined marginal rim; posterior
margin nearly straight, with the lateral angles terminating in abruptly pointed
extremities, so short as scarcely to project as far backward as the posterior
margin of the second thoracic segment. Gilabella depressed nearly even with
the cheeks, about two-thirds as long as the entire head, and between one-third
and one-fourth the breadth of the same behind, but narrowing forward to its
subtruncated anterior end, and separated from the cheeks on each side and in
front by a shallow furrow ; occipital furrow moderately well defined, and con-
tinued as rather deep broad furrows along the posterior margins of the cheeks
out nearly to the points where the facial sutures cut the margin ; lateral fur-
rows not clearly defined in the specimens, but apparently consisting of four
pairs. Facial sutures directed at first, for a short distance, forward from the
inner anterior end of each eye, then curving gracefully outward as they ex-
tend forward, until near the anterior margin of the head, where they are a
little wider apart than the distance between the eyes, but again curving rather
abruptly inward, so as to reach the anterior margin nearly on a line with each
eye; posteriorly these sutures extend at first outward, nearly at right angles
to the longitudinal axis, from the posterior end of each eye, and then curve
gracefully backward so as to intersect the posterior margin between one-
fourth and one-third the distance from the lateral angles, inward toward the
glabella. Eyes rather depressed, slightly arched outward, and separated from
each other by a space somewhat less than half the entire breadth of the head,
and placed less than their own length in advance of the posterior margin, and
about once and a half their length behind the front margin of the head; vis-
ual surfaces narrow, and not showing any lenses under a good magnifier.

Thorax with its length bearing the proportions to that of the head, of 79 to
1870. | |

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

52, and to its own breadth of 79 to 107, being very slightly wider near the
middle than in front, and narrowing posteriorly, with gently convex lateral
margins, from behind the middle to the pygidium. Axial lobe depressed, nar-
row, or only about two-thirds the breadth of each lateral lobe at its anterior
end, and narrowing regularly with straight sides posteriorly; segments thir-
teen, nearly or quite straight, and each with a small node or prominence at
each end.* Lateral lobes depressed or nearly flat; pleurae almost transverse
or arching slightly backward, to near the extremities, which are abruptly
pointed; each with a well defined furrow, which commences small near the
anterior inner end, and widens and deepens for about half-way out, and then
narrows and becomes more shallow, so as to die out before reaching the late-
ral extremities.

Pygidium subsemicircular, being rounded posteriorly, with a narrow,
slightly flattened border, and somewhat rounded anterior lateral extremities ;
length bearing to that of the thorax the proportions of 30 to 79, ànd to that
of the head of 30 to 52, with a breadth of not quite two-thirds of that of the
head; axial lobe more than two-thirds the length, narrow, depressed, and
showing more or less distinctly about five segments; lateral lobes much de-
pressed, nearly twice as wide at the anterior end as the middle one, each with
about three segments, which curve a little backward and become obsolete be-
fore passing upon the narrow smooth border; segments each provided with a
comparatively large longitudinal furrow, corresponding to those on the
pleure.

Entire surface apparently smooth, excepting fine radiating stris on the an-
terior and lateral portions of the cephalic shield that are scarcely visible with-
out the aid of a magnifier.

Whole length, 1:60 inch; breadth of thorax, 1:07 inch; do. of cephalic
shield (somewhat flattened by pressure), about 1:12 inch; length of thorax,
0:70 inch; do. of pygidium, 0:30 inch ; breadth of do., 0:60 inch.

Of this fine Trilobite three entire specimens and a part of another were ob-
tained. They are, however, all merely sharply defined natural casts, formed
by the deposition of a crust of arragonite in the origihtal moulds left by the
fossil in some kind of a matrix. The specimens were evidently somewhat
flattened by pressure before or at the time they left their impressions in the
rock. This compression has obscured the lateral furrows of the glabella, but
most of the other characters of the upper side of the fossil are clearly seen,
even to the facial sutures, and the faintly marked radiating stria seen around
the front and lateral margins of the cheeks.

The genus Conocephalites (or more properly Conocoryphe, for a strict applica-
tion of the rules of priority would, I should think, require that the latter name
should be adopted for the genusto which they were both applied) is so nearly
allied to Olenus that it may not be always easy to distinguish the two types
without seeing the hypostoma, and hence it is possible that the form under
consideration may be more properly an ÓOlenus. As it has more the regular
oval outline of the former, and less pointed and produced pleura than the lat-
ter, while it shows clearly the fine radiating stria around the anterior and
lateral margins of the head so often seen in Conocoryphe, it more probably be-
longs to that genus. Itis worthy of note, however, that all of the specimens
seem to be much more depressed or flattened than any of the species yet de-
scribed of that genus, while only one of them shows any traces of the slender
ridge usually seen passing from the anterior end of each eye to the front ex-
tremity of the glabella, and in this one the ridge is so faintly marked as to
leave doubts whether or not it is natural.

Locality and position. Antelope Springs, Dryont Mountains, Nevada. Lower
Silurian, and probably, judging from the known position of the genus Conoce-
phalites, in the rocks of this country and Europe, from the Primordial zone.

* In some specimens these nodes seem to be wanting, while in others they do not exist
on all of the segments,
[A pril,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65

Muy 8d.
Dr. KENDERDINE in the Chair.
Eleven members present. -

Pror. Lerpy exhibited the internal organs of generation of a Hog, which
were of an anomalous character, and had been sent to him for examination
by Dr. S. C. Thornton, of Moorestown, New Jersey. The animal, Dr. Thorn-
ton informed him, had been bought for breeding purposes, and from outward
appearances was considered as a good sow. The animal was frequently in
heat, and as often received the boar. At these periods it would froth at the
mouth, and champ in the manner usual under such circumstances in the male.
As the animal would not breed, it was fattened up for meat, and when killed,
the butcher, surprised at the peculiar appearance of the internal genital organs,
sent them to Dr. Thornton. The condition of the external organs the latter
did not ascertain, as they had not been preserved.

In the specimen exhibited, the uterus and vagina were about as well devel-
oped as ordinarily in the sow, but approaching the usual position of the
ovary, the uterine horns abruptly narrowed into an impervious cord extending
along the inner edge and included in the peritoneal fold enclosing an epididy-
mis.

A testicle with the epididymis occupied the usual position of an ovary in
relation with the uterus. The testicles were equally well] developed on both
sides, but no traces of ovaries were evident. The body of the testicle measured
about an inch and a half long, by one and a quarter broad, and one thick.
The interior exhibited the ordinary appearance. The well developed epididy-
mis terminated in a vas deferens extending along the course of the uterine
horns, enclosed in the fold of the broad ligament, to the anterior wall of the
vagina, in which it pursued its way to the incised extremity of the latter. The
vaginal portions of the vasa deferentia were enlarged and provided with late-
ral coca. The epididymis and vas deferens were distended with a milky
liquid, but this on examination was found to contain no spermatozoa, only
epithelial cells and granular matter.

May 10th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Twenty-four members present.

May 17th.
The President, Dr. RusCHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Thirty-five members present.

Pror. Lerpy directed attention to a few fossil bones lying on the table. One
of the specimens, a well preserved tibia, had been obtained by Prof. Hayden
from the pliocene formation of Little White River, a tributary of White River,
in the Mauvaises Terres of Dakota. A second specimen, a radius, looking as
if it might have belonged to the same skeleton as the former, together with
an astragalus, were found by Prof. Hayden in the pliocene deposit of the Nio-
brara River, Nebraska. These bones indicate a small robust species of Rhino-
ceros, not likely to have been the same as the Hyracodon Nebrascensis or the
Aceratherium occidentalis, which belong to the miocene formation of the Mau-
vaises Terres. They are too small to have belonged to the Rhinoceros crassus,
whose remains were found in association with two of the specimens. Their
relation to R. meridianus of Texas, R. hesperius of California, and R. matutinus
of New Jersey is uncertain.

1870.) 5

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

The tibia has an extreme length of 9) inches; the breadth of the head is 4
inches; of the lower end 34 inches.

The astragalus at its condyles is 24 inches wide; the width of the anterior
articulation is 24 inches.

The radius has an extreme length of 9 inches; the width of the upper ex-
tremity is 3 inches; of the lower extremity 31 inches.

The remaining specimen, obtained by Prof. Hayden on the Niobrara River,
is the lower portion of the humerus, having about the same size and construc-
tion as the corresponding portion in the Bengal Tiger. It probably pertains |
to Aelurodon feroz, which was established on a specimen of a superior sectorial
molar, from the same locality.

May 24th.

The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Twenty-eight members present.

May 31st. ;
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Fifty-three members present.

The report of the Microscopical and Biological Section for A pril
and May was read.

The following were elected members of the Academy :

Miss Grace Anna Lewis, Miss H. T. Smallwood, Miss E. Horner,
Messrs. G. Rice, D. B. Smith, D. D. Willard, Walter D. Comegys,
Wm. H. Gumbes, T. H. Speakman, John T. Morris and H. St. G.
Elliott.

The following were elected Correspondents :

Col. R. S. Playfair, of Algiers; Prof. Carl Wilhelm Bock, of
Christiania; Prof. Frank H. Bradley, of Knoxville, Tenn.; and
Prof. Rawson W. Rawson.

June Tth.

The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Sixteen members present.
The publication of the Proceedings for January, a March
and April was announced.

June 14th.

Dr. BrrpcEs in the Chair.

Twenty-four members present.

The following paper was presented for publication : : € Description
of New Species of Grasshopper from Colorado.” By Prof. Cyrus
Thomas.

Pror. Lerpy stated that he had recently received for examination several
small collections of mammalian remains, from three different localities, which
were especially interesting, as indicating fauna and formations similar to
those of the Mauvaises Terres of White River, Dakota, and of the Niobrara
River, Nebraska.

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 67

One of the collections, received from the Smithsonian Institution, and ob-
tained by Clarence King during the U. S. Geological "Exploration of the 40th
parallel, consists of specimens found on Sinker Creek, Idaho. These indicate
a later tertiary formation like that of the Niobrara River. Among them are
fragments of jaws and teeth of Mastodon mirificus and of Equus excelsus, both of
which belong to the Niobrara pliocene fauna.

A second collection, accompanying the former, consists of specimens ob-
tained by Mr. King in Utah. Among them are remains of Protohippus perditus,
Merychippus mirabilis, and Cosoryzx, allof which belong to the Niobrara pliocene.

A third collection, received from Prof. H. S. Osborn, of Lafayette College,
Easton, Pa., was obtained on John Day's River, Oregon. The fossils indicate
a miocene fauna and formation like that of the Mauvaises Terres of White
River, Dakota. Among them are remains of Oreodon Culbertsoni, and what is
suspected to be Stylemys Nebrascensis.

A fourth collection, received yesterday from the Smithsonian Institution,
was obtained by the Rev. Thomas Condon, of Dalles City, Oregon, from the
same locality as the latter. It consists of a few specimens, mostly uncharac-
teristic fragments, but among them are recognized several which pertain to
species of the miocene fauna of the Mauvaises Terres. Small fragments of
jaws with portions of molars belong to Oreodon Culbertsoni, though two exhibit
“ elight peculiarities. In an upper molar of one,a small accessory fold projects
from the outer concavity of the postero-internal lobe, as in the Deer. In an-
other specimen the inner surface of the outer lobe of part of a molar is longi-
tudinally rugose. Ina third specimen thereis no peculiarity. Another small
fragment of an upper jaw, with portion of a molar, apparently belongs to
Agriocherus latifrons. The specimens indicated are labelled “John Day's,
Oregon.”

Accompanying the last collection there is a portion of the head of a tibia,
about the size and form of the corresponding part in a Horse, thoroughly
petrified, and marked “ Alkali Flats, Oregon.” A few additional but un-
characteristic fragments are marked “ Crooked R. D.”

Pror. Lerny further made some remarks on Hadrosaurus and its allies, as
follows: In the “ Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia,” published
August, 1869, Prof. Cope has referred the supposed dinosaur Thespesius to
Hadrosaurus, apparently from my not having expressed the distinctive charac-
ters of the two genera with sufficient clearness.

Specimens of teeth of a herbivorous dinosaur, obtained by Dr. Hayden on
the Judith River, a tributary of the Upper ig go I referred to a relative of
the Iguanodon with the name of Trachodon iz A.N. S. 1856, 72; Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. 1859, xi, 140).

At the same time several vertebre, together with an ungual phalanx, col-
lected on Grand River, were referred to a geuus with the name of Thespesius
(Pr. 1856, 311; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1859, xi, 151).

Subsequently the great part of the skeleton of an Iguanodon-like animal was
discovered in the green sand formation of New Jersey, and described by me
under the name of Hadrosaurus (Pr. 1858, 215; Cret. Rept. U. S. 1865, 76).

The teeth of the latter animal are identical in form with the most “charac-
teristic specimen originally referred to Trachodon, but differ in having the en-
ameled border of the crown tuberculate.

Recently 1 have regarded Trachodon, as indicated by the teeth, as not dis-
tinctive from Hadrosaurus (Pr. 1868, 199).

From my remarks that “had the remains of Thespesius and Trachodon been
found in a deposit of the same age I should have unhesitatingly: referred them
to the same animal” (Cret. Rept. 84), Prof. Cope, from a misconception of the
meaning, has regarded Thespesius the same as Hadrosaurus.

The difference in character of the corresponding vertebra render the two
genera distinct, though, as in a multitude of other instances, they may have
possessed teeth nearly alike, or even identical in form and construction.

1870.)

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

The caudal vertebra of Hadrosaurus are biconcave or amphiccelian; those
of Thespesius, at least the larger, more characteristic ones, are convexo-concave
or opisthoccelian.

In the present condition of knowledge of the remains of Hadrosaurus and
its allies, the following appear as distinct:

HADROSAURUS.

Caudals biconcave or amphiccelian ; cervicals and dorsals convexo-concave
or opisthoceelian.

HADROSAURUS FoOULKII.

Leidy: Pr. A. N. S. 1858, 218; Cret. Rept. U.S. 1865, 76, ee ii, figs. 9—
11; viii, fig. 13; xii, xiii, figs. 1—19, 24-28; xiv—xvii, figs. 4 O:

Crowns of the teeth tuberculate at their enameled margins.

"* HADROSAURUS MIRABILIS.

Trachodon mirabilis, Leidy : Pr. 1856, 72; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1859, 140.

Crowns of teeth non-tuberculate at the enameled margins.

Remarks.—The non-tuberculate character of the borders of the teeth was
not unlikely associated with others in the skull, &c., which if known would
probably separate this species as a distinct genus from Hadrosaurus.

HADROSAURUS TRIPOS.

Cope: Pr. A. N.S. 1869, 192.

Founded on several caudals from the cretaceous formation of Sampson Co,,
North Carolina. The robust character of the vertebre, with their strongly.
developed articular processes for chevrons, recalls to mind the caudals of
Iguanodon, as represented in Tab. xxxvii of Owen's Monograph of the Reptilia
of the Cretaceous Formation, published by the Palxontographical Society.
The specimens probably represent a true Iguanodon.

HADROSAURUS MINOR.
Marsh: Pr. A.N.S. 1870, 2.
Indicated by several vertebra from the cretaceous green sand of New Jersey.

THESPESIUS.
Caudals convexo-concave or opisthoceelian.

THESPESIUS OCCIDENTALIS.

Leidy: Pr. A. N.S. 1856, 311; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1859, 151, pl. x, figs.
1—5.

Hadrosaurus (2) occidentalis. Gope: Syn. Ext. Batr. and Rept., Aug., 1869,
98.

It is not improbable that part or the whole of the teeth originally referred
to Trachodon mirabilis may belong to this animal. Even if such should prove
to be the case, the different character of the vertebra would render Thespesius
quite distinct from Hadrosaurus or Trachodon.

It is uncertain, nay improbable, that the small caudal, with the plano-con-
cave body, represented in figs. 6, 7, pl. 10, of the Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.
1859, should belong to Thespesius occidentalis.

Pror. LEIDY next made some remarks on the family of the Vinegar-eels, the
substance.of which was as follows: The number of species and genera of ne-
matoid worms, represented by the Vinegar-eels, and constituting the family
Anguillulide, is astonishingly great. They are found in multitudes frequently
in and about moist decaying and fermenting organic substances. Mr. Bas-
tian, of London, a few years since contributed to the 25th volume of the
Transactions of the Linnean Society a paper, in which he has given descrip-
tions, with characteristic figures, of most of the known species, including
about one hundred new ones, which he observes he discovered from a few

[June»

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 69

limited regions in England in the course of fifteen months. In seeking for
the source of the small thread-worm, or Oxyuris vermicularis, which infests
man, 1 have also been led to discover some new species, of which I propose
in due time to publish descriptions with drawings. As is commonly the case
in organic nature, we find the specific form changing with the change in
condition, but the species are often found to differ where difference in the con-
ditions are hardly appreciable.

Mr. Bastian, in a note to his description of the Vinegar-eel, Anguillula aceti,
says he was indebted to Dr. Davaine for the opportunity of examining the
animals, and adds that “they are much less frequent than is generally
imagined, at all events in England; and this may be due in great measure to
the adulteration of our vinegar with sulphuric acid.” It would thus appear
that the Anguillula aceti he examined was contained in a specimen of what
may be suspected to have been the wine vinegar of France. The cider vinegar
so commonly used in this country usually teems with Vinegar-eels. Our
cruets, when held up to the light, even to the sharp sight of a naked eye fre-
quently exhibit the worms swarming, especially at the border of the surface,
as if in search of both air and light. By comparison of our cider Vinegar-eel
— with Mr. Bastian's description and drawings of the true Anguillula aceti, which
Iinfer to be the wine Vinegar-eel, it appears to belong to a different species.
From the descriptions of previous authors of the European Vinegar-eel, I had
considered ours as the same. 1 shall not now give a description of the ani-
mal, proposing to do so in future, together with other species. I may say,
however, while it has nearly the size and form of the Anguillula aceti, it has the
cesophagus of the form in the genus Cephalobus of Bastian.

— June 21st.
Wu. S. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.
“Twenty members present.

Pror. Lerpy remarked that the two fossils presented this evening by Dr. W.
F. McAllister, of Burlington, Kansas, were obtained in that vicinity from
gravel,at a depth of thirty feet,in digging a well. One of the specimens con-
sists of a plate from a large molar of the American Elephant, Klephas Ameri-
canus. The other is the fore part of a ramus of a lower jaw of an Ox, perhaps
of a large individual of the Bison Americanus. In comparison with the corres-
ponding part of the jaw of the seia animal, the measurements are as
follow :

Fossil. Recent jaw.
Depth at fore part of first molar.............ce..es cos DA da dido 24 lines. 21 lines.
Depth at incisive foramen...... Ddeidess ssgrdo Vis dia di aaa 26.7: 24 “4
Depth at lowest part of hiatus ................c.ceese eéra Seddiis 2) 5% I8 “é

“Length of hiatus in advance of molar........... Cds Levada gas Z us M 52º
Thitckness below first molar:.isasiatisscisoss sos sesoniiesovapoois: )Á bh:

Pror. Lerpy further stated that he had Eae received for examination a
small collection of fossils, through the New York Lyceum of Natural History
and the aid of his friend Mr. George N. Lawrence, which belonged to Mr. Wm.
Newcomb, of New York. The collection is said to have been brought from
the Rocky Mountains, but the exact locality has not yet been ascertained.
Most of the fossiis consist of fresh-water shells, evidently of tertiary age, but
adherent matrix indicates them to have been derived from several different
strata. Accompanying them there are a few bones, of which one is the coro-
nary bone, apparently of Equus excelsus; the others mostly pertain to two
fishes, a large cyprinoid and a ray. As the living cyprinoids are fresh-water
fishes, the association of the remains of a ray may perhaps indicate that this
-was also a fresh-water species, though it is not unlikely that it may belong to

1870.]

TO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

a marine formation. The two fishes, apparently extinct species and genera,
not previously noticed, are indicated by the remains briefly described as
follows:

ONCoBATIS PENTAGONUS (Ovxos, à boss or tumor; Bari, à ray). —Founded on
a dermal boss, with a pentagonal outline, the sides of which are convex.
Under surface strongly convex. Upper surface with five planes sloping from
a central summit and defined by as many prominent borders. From the sum-
mit an oval enameloid areola occupies rather less than half the extent of the
upper surface. The areola is shining, nearly smooth, and exhibits concentric
lines of structure. The very summit of the boss appears composed of a
harder, more translucent substance protruding through the opaque white
areola. Greater diameter of the boss, 16 lines; shorter diameter, 15 lines;
thickness from summit, 8 lines; greater width of areola, 8 lines; shorter
width, 6 lines.

MYyLOCYPRINUS ROBUSTUS —Founded on specimens of pharyngeal bones with

teeth. “There are eight of them of different sizes, all imperfect. The largest
have been double the size of the smallest, and perhaps they may have per-
tained to several species. They are robust, and indicate a large and powerful
fish. They have the general form of the posterior pharyngeals in the carp and
other cyprinoids. The posterior ramus is prolonged above in a stout pedicle,
with an inner triangular articular surface for attachment to the cranium. Its
posterior surface, below the pedicle, is broad, nearly flat, with the outer bor-
der convex and acute, the inner border concave and sustaining a single row
of teeth.

The anterior ramns is thick, and abruptly narrows forward, but is broken
at its fore part in all the specimens. At the angle of conjunction of the rami
the bone is massive, thicker fore and aft than transversely. The outer border
of the bone forms two flexures. The antero-external surface is broad, verti-
cally concave, transversely convex, in some cases entire, in others excavated
into pits communicating with the bottoms of the teeth or extending through
the bone where the latter have been shed.

The teeth form a single vertical row of four, and are supported on theinner
side of the conjunction of the two rami of the pharyngeal bone, projecting a
short distance below the level of the inferior ramus, and extending rather
more than half.way up the superior ramus. They have stout bony bases, and
are of the true masticatory type. They bear a striking resemblance to human
premolar teeth—the largest in size as well as form. They are all of the same
character, or present no variety. They successively increase in size from be-
low upward. The crown of the teeth is transversely oval, with a broad tritu-
rating surface depressed at the centre. The enameloid structure is everywhere
smooth.

In all the specimens the uppermost tooth has been shed and not replaced,
its position being indicated by a large quadrate pit of the pharyngeal, in some
specimens extending through the bone. In most of the specimens the teeth
are but little or scarcely worn. In one specimen they are half worn away,
very obliquely from within, outward and forward. Measurements from several

specimens are as follow :
, Lines. Lin. Lin. Lin. Lin. Lin.
Length of posterior ramus to level of middle

pi mecond tooÊh si, xi guita REMO vibpde 22

Width on level of third tooth................ A pri 8: 8 73 6 54
Thickness on level of second tooth.............. 1 9 9 73 63
Length of series of four teeth......... ddaibopaddao 13:32 8
Transverse diam. of first tuoth............eu 23 2

Cera dutto :-Becond toda jisinia palied: ; gr ua 23
Vertical diam. K ico pune sos 24 21 1%
Transverse diam. of third Bh igios Aba licDendos 44 4) 41 35
Vertical ” = Dr Mes tio p das 33 3 3; 3

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. tm

No. 1 appears to be from an old individual; the teeth have all been shedor
broken away. No. 2 is the most robust specimen. The uppermost tooth has
been shed and not replaced. The bone is not excavated in pits beneath the
position of the contained teeth. No.3 has the upper tooth shed and the bone
perforated in its position. The lower three teeth are retained, but half worn
away. In No. 4 the bone is perforated in the position of the upper shed tooth.
In Nos. 5 and 6 the bone is perforated in the position of the upper shed tooth,
and deep pits exist beneath the position of the two teeth below.

Since communicating the above, Prof. Hayden presented a specimen of a
pharyngeal bone of the same fish from Castle Creek, Idaho.

June 28th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Thirteen members present.
E July 5th, 1870.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Fifteen members present.
The following papers were presented for publication :

“hRemarks on Huxley's Classification of Birds” By T. Hale
Streets.

“On the Stipules of Magnolia and Liriodendron.” By Thomas
Meehan.

The resignation of Mr. Gilbert Coombs as a member was read
and accepted.

Mr. MEEHAN exhibited some specimens of Rumezx oblongifolius, a naturalized
Dock from Europe. He said that so far as he could ascertain from European
specimens, and the descriptions of Babington, Bromfield and other English
botanists, the plant was there hermaphrodite; but here, as correctly stated by
Dr. Asa Gray, it was monceciously polygamous. He thought the fact that
plants hermaphrodite in one country becoming unisexual in another, was
worthy of more attention by those engaged in the study of the laws of sex
than had been given to it. This Rumez did not stand alone; R. crispus and
R. patienta exhibited the same thing. Fragaria was another instance well
known to horticulturists, although the fact scientifically had not received due
weight. The average tendency of the strawberry in Europe was to herma-
phrodism, —here to produce pistiliate forms.

He also called attention to the fact that in these American specimens uni-
sexuality was in proportion to axial vigor. This law he had already explained
in times past to the Academy, and new instances were scarcely necessary.
Here, however, the moderately weak plant had more hermaphrodite flowers
than the strong one; and in both classes of specimens the number of male
flowers gradually increased with the weakening of the axis, until the ends of
the raceme were almost wholly of male flowers. The first flowers on the
strong verticels were usually wholly pistillate.

Pror. Copz inquired whether the facts now noted by Mr. Meehan did not
conflict with those he had before brought to the notice of the Academy in
coniferous plants? He understood that in them the female flowers were at
the apex of the young shoots, and the male flowers in lower and more exterior
positions.

Mr. MegHaN replied that the facts were identical in both instances in this,

1870.)

72 N PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

that the female flowers in coniferous plants were borne only on the strong
vigorous shoots. These vigorous shoots would in time be crowded and weak-
ened by shade, when they would cease to bear female, and praia male
flowers only.

Pror. Core suggested that, without reference to the relative vigor of the
shoots, the male flower was below, and the female flower above; in these
Docks the female flower was below, and the male above.

Mr. MEEHAN said he had never placed any value on relative position, unless
relative vigor went with it. In the case of coniferous trees,— Pinus particu-
larly,—the male flowers were evidently partially formed the fall before ex-
pansion, and at the same time that bud scales were forming, and growth
forces nearly at rest for the season. They were stillin the weaker position,
although appearing at the base,

Pror. Lerpy remarked that the interesting communication of Mr. Meehan
had recalled to his mind a result of his experience, which he thought would
accord with that of others, —viz. : that species viewed as common to both
Europe and America frequently exhibit slight peculiarities, which are dis-
tinctive of those of the two countries. Itis what might be inferred even if
we admit the evolution of existing species from a common remote ancestry.
A wide separation, with a considerable lapse of time and a modification of
circumstances, are sufficient to account for the slight and acquired differences.
Even where differences are not observed in form and structure, they may exist
in the habit of the species. Thus the common wolf of Europe and America,
viewed by many naturalists as of the same species, differs strikingly in charac-
ter in the two countries. In the former it is a more fearless animal, not hesi-
tating to attack man ; in the latter, it is said never to attack man.

At an early period observers saw, or thought they saw, many of the same
species of plants and animals indigenous to America that occur in Europe,
and hence the common names of European species were applied to those of
America. Gradually the list of species common to the two countries was
much reduced, and now is comparatively small.

As might be anticipated, in descending in the scale the species common to
the two countries become more frequent; nevertheless many of these common
species exhibit geographical peculiarities, which by some naturalists would be
regarded às sufficient to consider them distinct. The singular rotifers Meli-
certa ringens and Limnias ceratophylli are described by European authors as
being most generally solitary. Here they frequently occur in compound
bunches, up to several dozen ina bunch. Agassiz observes: “In the Ameri-
can Hydra, as in the European, there are two types,—the brown and the
green. The American green Hydra, unlike the European, has the power of
extending its body in a remarkable degree. Our brown Hydra has very short
tentacles, while the European has long ones.” Agassiz views the differences
mentioned as characteristic of a difference of species, and names the American
green Hydra Z. gracilis, and the brown one JH. carnea. Ayres indicates a
brown Hydra, in California, which he says differs from the latter “in the same
point and to about the same degree as carnea differs from fusca.” He names
this one Z7. tenuis. Whilst ready to admit the existence of the peculiaritiesin
these different Hydra, I do not feel so ready to regard them as distinctive of
species, unless the principle is adopted of viewing each peculiarity in a plant
or animal as distinctive of species. I have long been familiar with both green
and brown Hydre in the vicinity of Philadelphia, but I have not been able to
satisfy myself that they are distinct from Hydra viridis and H. fusca, two of
the four species usually indicated as found in Europe. Our brown Hydra is
very common, and may be obtained on the under side of stones in the Dela-
ware and Schuylkill, or on the submerged stems of plants. Though ordinarily
its arms appear no longer or shorter than the body, I have seen them elongate
after some days of rest in a glass vessel of water to three or four times the

[July,

É ” sa sq ie

S NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3

length of the body, which is about five lines. In one instance I saw a brown
Hydra from the Schuylkill, the body of which was five lines in length, elongate
its arms to nearly three inches. The green Hydra is found more especially on
the under side of floating leaves in quiet ponds. It usually has five arms,
though I have observed six, and more rarely sevef&; and this is also the case
with the brown Hydra, which sometimes has but four arms. Asin H. viridis,
the arms of our green Hydra are shorter than the body.

July 12th.

The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Ten members present.

Poor. Lerpy exhibited a fossil, submitted to his examination by the Smith-
sonian Institution. It consisted of a much mutilated portion of a ramus of
the lower jaw of a large ruminant. The specimen, very friable and encrusted,
was found 22 feet below the surfacejin clay, on the “bench ” or “ second
bottom ”? of Boyer River, Harrison Co., Iowa, and was presented to the Smiths.
Inst. by D. R. Witter, of Woodbine, Iowa. Other bones were discovered in
association with the specimen, but crumbled to pieces.

The jaw fragment was especially interesting, as it is supposed to belong to
Ovibos cavifrons, and is the first specimen of a lower jaw yet discovered which
may be attributed to that animal. It contains the last molar tooth nearly en-
tire, but much worn. This tooth is constructed after the type of the corres-
ponding one in the Sheep, and exhibits no trace of the accessory fold between
the anterior and median pairs of lobes such as exists in the Ox, nor of à tuber-
cle such as is found in the same position in the Deer. The fore and aft
measurement of the crown of the tooth is full two inches; the width at the
fore part of the crown is nearly an inch.

An isolated tooth, a last lower molar which had not yet protruded from the
jaw, from Natchez, Mississippi, preserved in the Museum of the Academy, by
comparison with the tooth in the jaw fragment, would appear to belong to the
same animal. The specimen is two anda quarter inches long and three-
fourths of an inch wide at the fore part, and is two inches in its antero-pos-
terior measurement.

Ma. T. HaLp SrrEETS made the following remarks on the cranium of an
owl:

Among the Academy's collection of birds' crania there is one belonging to
a species of owl (supposed to be the Nyctale acadica), which presents a very
remarkable instance of the want of symmetry in corresponding parts of oppo-
site sides.

In this skull the squamous portion of the temporal bone is thin and scroll-
like, and joins the post-frontal plate. What is interesting about it is the man-
ner in which this union takes place. On the right side the lower end of the
scroll-like squamous bone turns upward and forward, and unites with the
post-frontal. On the left side the contrary to this is the case; the upper ex-
tremity of the bone GRE over and joins the post-frontal, while the lower ex-
tremity is free.

If there had been but a single specimen of this cranium I would have been
led to regard this instance ot symmetry as abnormal; but as the same pecu-
liarity of structure is presented by two (these being the only representatives
of the species in the collection), it would rather suggest itself as a normal
condition, although instances of coincidence of abnormality exist, especially
in the lower forms of life.

July 19th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in n the Chair.

Fourteen members present.
1870.]

74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Pror. Lerpy exhibited a fossil which had been submitted to his examination
by Prof. Hayden, who obtained it on the Moreau River, a tributary of the
Upper Missouri, and was probably derived from the cretaceous formation.
The specimen consists of the body of a vertebra of a saurian, devoid of the
neural arch, which was separated at the suture. It bears a resemblance to
the corresponding part. of Nothosaurus, a saurian of the triassic deposits of
Europe. The body is cylindroid, moderately narrowed towards the middle,
and has the articular ends slightly concave. The sutural connection of the
neural arch, including transverse processes, extends some distance down the
sides. The measurements of the specimen are as follow : Length of body in-
Retina 113 lines; superiorly, 1 inch; depth in front, 11 lines; width, 10
ines. ni

The specimen probahly indicates a marine saurian allied to Nothosaurus,

and from its resemblance, the animal to which it belonged may be named
Nothosaurops occiduus.

| July 26th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Ten members present.

On favorable report of the Committees, the following papers were
ordered to be printed : ,

Descriptions of GRASSHOPPERS, from Colorado.
| BY PROF. CYRUS THOMAS.

ANABRUS, Hald.

The characters of this genus were not fully given by Prof. Haldeman when
he established it, and those subsequently added by Girard are scarcely suffi-
cient to distinguish it from other closely allied genera. Having both sexes of
three species, I give the following as the principle characters that distinguish
Io és

Gen. Char. Head large, smooth, advanced in front between the antenna.
Pronotum selliform, extending over the base of the abdomen; rounded and
smooth; anterior portion of the sides reaching below the eyes; posterior
margin and angles rounded. Prosternum bidentate; posterior angles of the
meso-sternum elevated and acute. Elytra very short, having the form of
scales in the males; covered by the pronotum in the females. Antenna longer
than the body, sometimes extending beyond the ovipositor. Eyes ovate.
Labrum round. Masxillary palpi twice the length of the labial; three outer
joints nearly equal; terminal enlarged at the tip. Abdomen stout, moderate
length; the sub-anal plate of the male large, slightly notched at the tip,
furnished laterally with filiform appendages which appear to be articulated
at the base; the cerci (or subsituted appendages) sub-cylindrical, enlarged
and generally bifurcate at tho extremity. Ovipositor long, bent beyond the
middle. Cerci, in the female, small, generally hairy. Legs slender ; posterior
pair very long, femora enlarged next the body, but slender and straight be-
yond the middle, as long as the body (omitting the head); posterior tibia
long as the femora, slender; all the tibia provided with four rows of spines,
the anterior rows often scattered and apparently irregular. A stout denti-
culoid process above the anterior coxa. The tarsi broad, soles concave ;
third articulation cordate.

This genus differs so slightly, in description, from Thyreonotus, Serv., that
there is scarcely a necessity for its retention. But an examination of the

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. To

species is necessary to decide this point. A. purpurascens, Uhler, must be
excluded from this genus, as the prosternum is not spined ; it may belong to
Pteroleprs, Rambur, but I have seen no species of this genus, and therefore
cannot speak positively.

A. STEVENSONII, 0. Sp.

Female. Purple, mottled with yellow; form and coloring somewhat similar
to 4. purpurascens, Ubler, but smaller and slenderer in all its parts. Face
white, the transverse suture below the front fuscus; tips of the mandibles
piceous; palpi pale, the penultimate joints of the maxillary palpi striped with
purple above; antenna long and slender, reaching nearly to the extremity of
the ovipositor, dusky ; cranium cinereous, with the vertex, and a line extending
back from each eye, dull white. Pronotum short, not carinated, a slight
transverse incision near the front; the two oblique dorsal impressions very
narrow and dark; surface smooth, lurid; a large black spot occupying the
central portions of the sides behind the transverse incision; lateral margins
broadly and anterior margins narrowly bordered with pale yellow; posterior
angles tipped with piceous-black. Tegmina hid beneath the pronotum. Ab-
domen dull purple, somewhat darker along the sides. Ovipositor slightly
curved beyond the middle, piceous at the tip; cerci slender, hairy. Beneath,
dull white. Anterior and middle legs short, femora slender and straight;
posterior legs very long and slender, femora and tibia each the length of the .
body omitting the head; all pale, purplish-yellow ; femora smooth; tibia with
spines irregularly placed on the angles, also on the rounded portion, black
at the tips. The spine above the anterior coxa pale, slender, and bent
abruptly downward.

- Length 1:13 in.; pronotum -26 in. ; posterior femur -93 in.; ovipositor “75.

Hab. Southern Colorado, on elevated grassy terraces near the mountains;
and the parks. Collected by C. Thomas while accompanying Dr. Hayden's
Geological Expedition to Colorado and New Mexico.

I is named in honor of Mr. James Stevenson, a member of the expedition,
who has for years accompanied Dr. Hayden in his western explorations, and
has been a diligent collector of specimens in all departments of Natural
History.

À, MINUTUS, N. Sp.

Male. Similar in coloring and appearance to the 4. Stevensonii Face
mottled with purple; a dark spot below each eye; a narrow yellow line
running back from the upper corner of the eye; cranium cinereous, head
somewhat covered by the pronotum. Pronotum short, rounded, smooth ;
transverse incision almost obliterated ; oblique dorsal impressions irregular ;
the dorsal portion cinereous; sides with a triangular black spot, interrupted
by light spaces; broadly margined with dull white; lateral angles tipped with
piceous-black. Tegmina short, extending over the second abdominal seg-
ment; margins pale yellow, central portions brown. Abdomen cinereous, a
darker line along the sides; notch of the sub-anal plate very small; append-
ages small, hairy ; the tip ofthe last dorsal segment strongly bifid, denticulate.
The cerci (I use this term for those appendages supplying the place of cerci)
slightly bent, bifurcate. Legs same color as abdomen and cranium ; anterior
pair quite short; middle pair a little longer; the posterior pair very long,
the femur marked with a darx line along the upper angle; tibia slender,
spines tipped with brown. Antenna at least twice as long as the body.

Length -75 in.; posterior femur -62 in. ; tegmina beyond the pronotum “1 in.

Female similar to the male in appearance, coloring and size. Cerci small,
hairy. Ovipositor bent, somewhat narrowed in the middle; brown at the tip.

Length as in the male. Ovipositor :55 in.

Hab. Same as A. Stevensonii.. Some specimens in each of the species have,
on the under side of the posterior femur, about four or five abortive spines,

1870.)

76 ; PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

especially the older or more mature ones. This may be important in fixing
the position of the genus, which is evidently one of transition.

THAMNOTRIZON, Fischer.
T. PURPURASCENS, Uhler.

Found in the parks of the Rocky Mountains and on the more elevated
plains of Colorado and New Mexico. I have removed this from Anabrus, the
prosternum not being spined.

T. TRILINEATUS, NOV. Sp-

Female. Small, somewhat like 4. minutus, Thos., but presenting some
marked differences. Head moderate size, immersed in the pronotum nearly
to the eyes; occiput very short, convex ; vertex rounded between the antennee,
slightly advanced in front, this advanced portion triangular and deflexed ;
face short, broad, smooth, somewhat convex; labrum large, round. Palpi
rather longer than usual, slender, cylindrical; termthial joint of the maxillary
palpi the longest. Pronotum small, rounded, not carinated; advanced in
front over the back of the head, margin round, or sub-truncate; posterior
extremity extended over the base of the abdomen, round; sides narrowed
below, reach only about the lower border of the eyes; posterior margin of the
sides sloped quite obliquely, slightly sinuate. Antenna reach the tip of the
ovipositor. Ovipositor about the length of the body, slightly bent; cerci
short, stout, covered with minute depressed hairs; the plate between them
triangular. Prosternum not spined. Anterior tibia with two spines in front;
medial with two rows on the outside 4 (counting the one at the base) and 2.
(Posterior legs wanting in the only specimen obtained.)

Color. (Siccus) testaceous green striped and varied with pale yellow.
Face testaceous, palest below, with a brown spot at each lower corner. Three
pale, tolerably broad, yellow stripes reach from the head to the end of the
abdomen; one along the back and one along each side. Two oblique black
marks on the back of the pronotum about the middle; lower margins of the
sides yellow; beneath pale. Ovipositor fuscus. Antenna fuscus. Legs
purplish, tarsi piceous.

Dimensions. Length “75 in.; to the end of the pronotum “34 in.; ovipositor
“73 inch.

Hab. S. E. Colorado.
EPHIPPITYTHA, Serv.

This is given by Serville only as a subgenus of Phaneroptera, but the char-
acters which distinguish it from the rest of the Phaneropteres certainly justify
me in raising it to a genus. Prothorax selliform, more or less scooped trans-
versely, elevated posteriorly. Front tuberculate.

E. GRACILIPES, nOY. Sp.

Male. Small, slender, legs very long and delicate. Oceiput short, convex,
terminating in a triangular tubercle at the vertex, not raised above the first
joint of the antennze, nor passing between them; face vertical, straight, flat;
terminating upward just above the central ocellus in a sharp angle; ocellus
situated exactly between the lower borders of the folds around the base of
the. antenna. Pronotum selliform, sub-cylindrical in front, widened and
elevated posteriorly ; a slight transverse indenture each side a little behind
the middle; not carinated, surface smooth, with a very soft velvety appear-
ance. Elytra very narrow and straight, passing the abdomen one-third their
length; wings narrow, longer than the elytra. Abdomen sub-cylindrical ;
gub-anal plate notched and bi-spinose; cerci stout, hairy, curved and mu-
cronate; upper plate semicircular. Prosternum not spined; meso- and meta-
sternum have the posterior angles obliquely raised, obtuse.

[July,

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 77

Color (siccus) pale yellow. A roseate stripe on the frontal tubercle ; second
joint of the antenna orange yellow; a bright yellow curved line runs from
the upper canthus of each eye to the pronotum ; there they meet with broader
lines on the pronotum, which, converging posteriorly, fade near the middle
of the dorsum. Anterior portion of the pronotum dotted with red. Stridu-
lating organs very small, roseate. Elytra and wings pellucid. Abdomen
minutely dotted with reddish-brown. Tips of the cerci black.

Dimensions. Length -75in.; to tip of the wings 1:25 in.; wings pass the
elytra (about) -25 in.; femur 1: in.; tibia :95 in.

Hab. Southern Colorado. Unique specimen.

ORCHELIMUM, Serv.

O. vuLGARE, Harr.

The specimens 1 have marked as belonging to this species may prove to be
new, as they vary considerably from the type.

O. graciLE, Harr.
Hab. Found in Colorado.

UDEOPSYLLA, Scudd.

U. rosustTA, Hald.

I have marked my specimens by guess, as I have no description of this
species at hand; but think from allusions to itin the descriptions of other
species, that my specimens belong there. Found in the parks.

CENTHOPHILUS, Scudd.

C. DIVERGENS, Scudd.

My specimens vary in having the hind femora of the females spined, spines
very short. Yet [ am inclined to believe they belong to this species.

ACRIDIDAZ.
(Truxalides.)

OPOMOLA, Serv.
O. NEO-MEXICANA, NOV. Sp.

Female. Long, slender, truxaloid. Head conical; occiput convex, ascend-
ing to the somewhat elevated vertex ; vertex convex, ascending, sub-margined,
rotund, rather elongate before the eyes; face very oblique; frontal ridge dis-
tinct, sides parallel, slightly sulcate ; lateral carina distinct, obtuse, divergent,
reaching the lower corners of the face. Antenna strongly ensiform, trique-
trous, reaching to the tip of the pronotum; situated in deep foveola under
the front of the cone. Pronotum about as long as the head; sides parallel;
all its parts very regular ; tricarinate, carine not elevated but distinct, all
about equal; obtusely rounded anteriorly and posteriorly. Elytra a little
shorter than the abdomen ; wings a little shorter than the elytra. Posterior
“femora reach the extremity of the abdomen; very slender. Prosternal point
short and obtuse, scarcely more than a pointed tubercle.

Color (immediately after being taken out of alcohol, in which it had been
immersed for some months). Face yellow, dotted with red; lateral carinse
rosaceous; on the top of the head a faint roseate stripe runs from the end of
the cone to the pronotum, bordered each side by a yellow stripe; from the
lower part of each eye starts a bright red stripe which, running back across
the head, continues along the upper portion of the side of the pronotum to
its extremity and is lost on the elytra. Median carina of the pronotum red,
the dorsal spaces yellow; lower portions of the sides yellow. Elytra semi-
transparent; base and stripe along the dorsal margin roseate. Wings trans-

1870.)

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

parent, veins ochreous. Abdomen dirty yellow, reddish on the basal segments.
Legs rufous ; posterior femora have a pale stripe along the upper edge ; spines
of the posterior tibia tipped with black.

Dimensions. Female. Length 1:62 in.; to tip of elytra 1:50 in. ; to extremity
of pronotum “52 in.; femur -88 in.; tibia «86 in.

Hab. N. E. New Mexico, k

I have not seen the male. This species comes near O. mexicana, Sauss, but
differs from it in the following respects: The antenna are not rotundate,
but sharply triquetrous; the pronotum is carinate, although the carina are
but raised lines; and although the posterior lobe is minutely punctured, the
pronotum cannot be truly called densely punctate. This species approaches
closely to Truxalis,

(Mucronate.)
ACRIDIUM, Geof.
A. FLAVO-FASCIATUM, De Geer.

But one specimen obtained, near the line between Colorado and New Mexico.

CALOPTENUS, Serv.
C. spreTUS, Uhler.
O. BIVITTATUS, Say.

I have other Calopteni which approach very near these species, yet appear
to be distinct, but I will not attempt to name them until I have an opportunity
of further comparison.

PEZOTETTIX, Burm.
P. BoREALIS, Scudd.
In the cafions and parks of the mountains,

P. PICTA, NOV. Sp.

Medium size, body elongate, stout, sub-cylindrical. Occiput convex; vertex

sloped, flat and narrow between the eyes, suddenly widening in front, this
part transverse and triangular; the frontal ridge somewhat convex, with a
very slight depression at the central ocellus; eyes large, prominent, oval;
antenna filiform, nearly as long as head and thorax. Sides of the pronotum
parallel in the male, and very slightly divergent posteriorly in the female;
caringe obliterated by the sub-cylindrical form ; posterior margins of the sides
obliquely sloped but not sinuous ; posterior angle rounded ; a slight transverse
incision each side close to the front margin; the three usual transverse in-
cisions distinct, crossing the dorsum in the female, the posterior one only
crossing in the male; anterior margin and posterior lobe densely punctate,
remainder smoother, sparsely punctate. Elytra very small, oblong-ovate,
reaching tip of the second segment ; not meeting on the back; nerves reticu-
late prominent. Wings minute. Posterior femora stout, short, not reaching
the extremity of the abdomen. Subanal plate of the male recurved, with a
kind of tubercle on the convex surface; upper plate falcate; cerci small.
Prosternal spine stout, conical.

Color (siccus). Alternating rings of dark purple and white. The dark
stripes are placed as follows: Down the frontal ridge; on the occiput; down
each cheek; two interrupted broad stripes running obliquely upward and
backrward from the anterior margin and angle of the pronotum ; four spots on
the base of each dorsal, and two on each ventral segment of the abdomen ;
posterior femora crossed by three broad bands. The nerves of the elytra
white, the spaces black. Colors of the male and female the same.

Dimensions. Female. Length 1:30 in.; femur 6 in.; pronotum “28 in. Male.
Length -95 to 1: in.; femur *5 in.; pronotum -26 in.

Hab. Eastern Colorado, on the plains and foothills at the base of the

mountains,
[July,

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 79

When alive this is a very pretty insect, stripes of red, black and white al-
ternating: when immérsed in alcohol the red fades, and the black becomes
paler.

* (Mutici)
BRACHYPEPLUS, Charp.

As Charpentier, at the time he established this genus, failed to give its
characters, and the description of Girard is so short and deficient, I give, from
a large number of specimens, what I conceive to be the distinguishing char-
acters.

Gen. Char. Body very robust, acridoid. Occiput broad, convex, smooth ;
vertex margined ; frontal ridge broad, short, slightly sulcate, expanding below ;
lateral carina distinct, with a sulcus behind each ; antennal foveola deep,
oblong; cheeks prominent. Pronotum large, elongate, tricarinate; carina
distinct, continuous; widest below, expanding posteriorly, sides straight,
chagrined above, sides glabrous; no transverse incisions on the dorsum ;
anterior margin rounded, extending slightly on the head; posterior margin
round. Elytra and wings rudimentary (in the known species). Legs very
robust; posterior femora long as the abdomen, swollen ; tibia strongly spined
nearly the entire length. Antenna filiform, joints distinct; long as head and
thorax. Sub-anal plate of the male tumid ; cerci very short; female append-
ages stout, broad.

A well marked and distinct genus.

B. MaGNUSs, Girard.

This ponderous species is easily recognized by fig. 1, pl. xv, Marcy's Expl.
Red River La., but the description is quite deficient ; therefore, to aid future
investigations, I give it more minntely.

(Siccus). Yellow, spotted with brown. Occiput very slightly scabrous ; .
with fine shallow punctures ; elevated margins of the vertex meet in about a
right angle at the front; frontal ridge, although narrow above and gradually
expanding as it descends, is not narrowed opposite the antenne, margins dis-
tinct obtuse ; sulcus shallow, expanding and fading below, punctured. Pro-
notum with three distinct, continuous, piceous carina; dorsum strongly -
chagrined, yellowish, with aneous lustre; sometimes , especially i in the females,
there is a yellow line along each margin of the dorsum ; sides purplish at the
upper angles, yellowish below. Elytra ovate, reaching the third abdominal
segment ; nerves longitudinal, slightly branching near the extremity; light
brown spotted with black. Wings very small, yellow. Abdomen carinated
above; each segment with a brown spot each side, and andar marked with
a row of white dots.

Legs as described by Girard.

Dimensions. Length (female) 2 in.; pronotum '55 in.; elytra *3 in.; femur
1:25 in. Males about one fourth less; size varies considerably.

Hab. First observed near Arkansas River (going south) in the vicinity of
Canon City. From thence southward to Santa Fe, N. M.

(EDIPODA, Latr.
(E. coraLLIPES, Hald,

Dimensions. Female. Length 1:80 in.; femur 90 in.$ tibia «75 in.; to tip
of elytra 2 in. Male about two-thirds as large as the female.

Hab. Found at Cheyenne; along the Divide, and south of Raton Moun-
tains. - The bright vermillion tint of the posterior legs fades in alcohol. I
am inclined to believe the (E. pardalina, Sauss, is synonymous with this
species.

(E. CaroLINA, Linn.
Found occasionally throughout onr route.

1870.)

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

(E. AFQUALIS, Say.
Colorado. Appears to be replaced further south by (E. pruinosa, Thos., ?
very closely allied species.

(E. PRUINOSA, NOV. Sp.

About the size and somewhat similar in coloring and appearance to (E.
equalis, Say, but broader across the meso- and meta-thorax. Head oblong,
seen from the front or side; occiput convex, ascending; vertex strongly de-
clined, broad, flat, not foveolate, very slightly margined, slightly contracted
between the eyes; frontal ridge prominent and rounded anteriorly above,
somewhat sulcate below, expanding at the ocellus, and slightly contracted
immediately below it, divergent and fading near the clypeus; lateral carina
distinct, sinuous and divergent below (in the males these carina are more
distinct and extended than in the females). Pronotum short, sub-cylindrical
and somewhat coarctate in front, expanded and more angulate posteriorly ;
cross incisions 1 and 3 apparent, 2 very indistinct in the male, apparent on the
sides in the females, 1 arcuate above, 3 slightly sinuous and situated about
the middle of the pronotum ; central carina merely a raised line; the lateral
carina obliterated in front, obtuse on the posterior lobe; truncate in front,
posterior angle obtuse. Elytra and wings considerably longer than the ab-
domen. Posterior femora broad, not reaching the extremity of the abdomen.
Antenna stout, reaching the middle of the abdomen in the males, à little
shorter in the females, joints distinct.

Male. Color (siccus). Ash-colored varied with brown. Head pruinose,
except the vertex, which is mouse-colored. Pronotum lilac on the back, sides
pruinose. Elytra crossed by three broad fuscus bands, middle one the broadest
and darkest; apex transparent. Wings transparent yellow at the base;
crossed by a dusky band as in (E. «qualis; apex pellucid. Posterior femora
pruinose at the base, crossed by an oblique brown band beyond the middle ;
tip brown; basal half of the inside black; tibia orange yellow; tarsi pale.
Venter pale yellow. Antenna fuscus.

Female differs as follows: Seldom pruinose; occiput brown;' pronotum
reddish-brown, varied with dots and lines of yellow. The front part of the
pronotum more regular and smooth; the posterior lobe of each is densely
punctured, but that of the female is intersected by irregular, slightly raised
lines. The dark lines across the elytra narrower, paler and more irregular.

Dimensions. Male. Length 1:10 in.; to tip of elytra 1:42 in.; pronotum -26
in.; femur -60 in.; tibia 58 in. Female. Length 1:48 in.; to tip of elytra
1-70 in.; pronotum :34 in.; femur -76 in.; tibia “70 in.

Hab. Quite abundant in Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico.

(E. CINCTA, NOV. sp.

Female. Very similar in appearance and coloring to (E. squalis, but in the
carvings of the head approaching the Tomonoti (Sauss) of which (E sulphurea,
Burm., may be taken as the type. Vertex channeled; the margins strongly
and sharply elevated, waved, descending ; truncate squarely in front; a slight
median line visible. Frontal ridge vertical, straight, sulcate, narrowed im-
mediately below the antennze, expanding at the base, reaching the transverse
suture; lateral caringe distinct, divergent. Pronotum rugose, tricarinate,
truncate in front, argled at the tip; median carina only a raised line, cut by
incisions, 1 and 3; lateral carina distinct on the posterior lobe, obliterated in
front; coarctate in front, expanding posteriorly; incision 3 (posterior) situ-
ated before the middle. Elytra narrow, passing the abdomen one-third their
length; wings nearly as long. Posterior femora not passing the abdomen.
Antenna reaching beyond the pronotum slightly.

Color (siccus). Rusty-brown varied with lighter and darker shades. Face
and the sides of the pronotum yellow mottled with brown; two black bands
pass round the front, one immediately above and the other just below the

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81

antennz, (the lower a little broader than the upper) converging behind these
they pass through the eye (plainly to be seen in fresh specimen) and become
a single black stripe behind the eye which reaches to the posterior incision of
the pronotum, decreasing in width as it passes along the lateral angle. Pro-
notum ash-colored on the dorsum, posterior lobe palest, with minute brown
tubercles scattered over it, a dark brown spot on each side. Elytra brown,
darkest next the base, semi-transparent at the apex. Wings transparent yellow
next the base; apical half dusky ; this dark marginal band is broad in front,
but tapering toward the inner angle but does not reach it; reaches along the
front submargin nearly to the base; is somewhat darkest at the inner and
outer borders, reaching to the apex. Posterior femur reddish with two ob-
lique darker bands on the outer face, and three black bands inside.

Dimensions. Length 1 in.; to tip of elytra 1:26 in.; to the end of pronotum
(from the front of the head) “31 in.; femur “54 in.; tibia 44 in.

Hab. New Mexico.

CE. CARLINIANA, NOY. Sp.

Female. This species at first sight has much the appearance of (Z. Carolina,
but an examination of the head or thorax, or spreading the wings will soon
undeceive the observer. Although smaller than that species it is more robust,
compared with its length. Head carved much the same as (E. corallipes.
Occiput short, sub-convex, not ascending: vertex very broad, slightly de-
flexed; the broad shallow central foveola divided by a median carina
into two elongate pentagonal spaces, the median carina and margin next
the eye being the longest sides; the lateral shallow foveole triangular; at
the top of the frontal ridge is a lunate depression; frontal ridge somewhat
broad, obtusely margined, expanded at the ocellus, vertical, reaching the
cross suture; lateral carine distinct, reaching the corners of the face. An-
tennoe filiform, sub-planate. Pronotum sub-cylindrical in front, flat on the
lateral lobe, expanded posteriorly, not constricted; median carina a raised
line, cut by the cross incisions 1 and 3; posterior incision before the middle;
lateral caringe obliterated in front, distinct on the front of the posterior lobe;
posterior lobe densely punctate. Elytra and wings extend slightly beyond
the abdomen. Posterior femora short, not reaching the extremity of the ab-
domen ; inflated. |

Color (siccus). Ash-colored. Vertex and posterior lobe of the pronotum
tinged with reddish-brown. Elytra opaque and somewhat brownish at
the base, semi-transparent at the apex; dotted with pale brown. Wings
when fully expanded present a very broad fuscus band across the base
parallel with the body, the outer border reaching beyond the middle ; a large
triangular space at the apex transparent, with dark and white veins. Posterior
femora spotted with black inside; tibia yellow.

Male. The male differs only in size, and in having the elytra crossed by
irregular brownish bands, somewhat as in (HZ. cequalis.

Dimensions. Female. Length 1:38 in.; to tip of elytra 1:58 in.; to tip of
the pronotum (measuring from the vertex) «45 in.; femur “64 in. Male.
Length 1:16 in.; to tip of elytra 1:36 in.; to tip of pronotum “42 in.; femur
'58 inch.

-— Hab. Eastern Colorado.

Named in honor of Col. Carlin, for the assistance rendered the expedition

by him.

(B. NEGLECTA, NOY. sp.

Female. Much like (E. corallipes, about the size of the male of that species,
for which it has doubtless often been taken. In its carvings, as well as size,
it comes very near (B. Mexicana, Sauss. Vertex very broad, transverse, foveo-
late; the large central foveola divided, by the rechrving margins, into three
contiguous foveola, these margins, seen from the front, form a W, with a line

1870.) 6

82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

across the middle angle; lateral foveola obsolete; frontal ridge bisulcate
above the ocellus, sulcate below, expanded at the ocellus. Pronotum flat
above, rough; median carina an elevated line, very distinctly severed by
cross incision 3, before the middle; incisions 2 and 3 come together at the
carina; anterior portion rugose; posterior lobe covered with elongate tuber-
cles, its sides granulose, Wings and elytra extend beyond the abdomen.
Posterior femur about the length of the abdomen. Antenna filiform, reach-
ing the tip of the pronotum.

Color (siccus). Dirty-brown, with fuscus spots. Each elytrum has à
narrow yellow stripe near the dorsal border; the base brown, fading toward
the apex, which is semi-transparent; marked with groups of fuscus spots
which at two points form irregular bands somewhat as in (E. equalis. Wings
yellow at base; a dark band of moderate width crossing just beyond the
middle, curving inward to the posterior angle ; apex transparent, veins dusky.
Posterior femora crossed on the outside by two very indistinct oblique red-
dish bands ; inside, beneath and tibia orange yellow (probably bright red in
the fresh specimens); spines of the tibie tipped with black. Antenna pale
at base, apical portion dusky.

Dimensions. Female. Length 1:16 in.; to tip of elytra 1:38 in.; to end of
pronotum «44 ijn.; femur -63 in.

Hab. N. Mexico.

This species agrees so nearly with (E. Mezicana, of Saussure, that I would
have marked my unique specimen as such, but for the fact that its wings are
yellow at the base.

TOMONOTUS, Sauss.
T, NIETANUS, Sauss.

T. MEXICANUS, Sauss.

I have labelled my specimens with some hesitancy, especially those belong-
ing to the first species. T. nietanus, when living appears black, and may
easily be recognized when flying by its black body and bright red wings. It
is closely allied to (B. sulphurea, Burm., which belongs to this genus.

T. PSEUDO-NIETANUS, NOV. Sp.

Male. Size and appearance much like 7. nietanus, Sauss., from which it
differs only as follows : The facial costa is slightly broader and less excavated
below the ocellus; the occiput and pronotum less rugose ; the antenna nearer
cylindrical. The color is darker, the sides being deep black throughont to
the tips of the elytra; the posterior part of the occiput and dorsum of the
pronotum an ashy-yellow, the front lobe and lateral margins of the pronotum
dotted with black; the upper edge of the posterior femur has two yellow
spots, one next the base the larger. Beneath shining black. Wings as in
nictanus; base rosaceous, posterior border broadly margined with black, and
a fascia of the same running along the anterior margin nearly to the base.

Dimensions. Male. Length 1 in.; to tip of elytra 1:25 in.; femur :67 in.;
tibia “53 in.

Hab. Found near Caúon City, Colorado, in a mountain cafion.

I have not seen the female. It may possibly be a variety of 7. nictanus, but
its variations from that species added to the fact that it was found at but one
point, justify me in describing it as new.

STAURONOTUS, Fischer.
S. ELLIOTTI, NOV. Sp.

Medium size, robust, sub-angulate. Head large, widest below; face sub-
vertical, strongly deflexed below the transverse suture; occiput convex; ver-
tex slightly declined, foveolate; foveola shallow, the central broad, lateral
triangular, the points of the three meeting in a sharp angle midway between
the upper angle of the eye and the antennae ; frontal ridge not sulcate, nar.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 88

rowest above; lateral carins distinct, strongly divergent below ; eyes medium
size, ovate. Pronotum short, sub-truncate in front, posterior angle obtuse
and rounded; the three transverse incisions distinct and closely approximate,
anterior shortest, 2 and 3 connect at their termini on the side of the pro-
notum by an oblique depression ; incision 3 about the middle; median carina
distinct, not elevated; lateral carina distinct on the anterior lobe and front
part of the posterior lobe; the spaces on the anterior lobe between the median
and lateral carina depressed, basin-like. Elytra and wings about as long as
the abdomen. Posterior femora inflated at the base, attenuate near the tip.
Pectus not broader than the head. Antenna filiform, reaching the end of the
pronotum. . Er

Color (siccus). Yellow varied with brown. Head yellow, occiput dotted
with brown, forming imperfect waved lines; antenna pale at base, remainder
brown. Pronotum with a yellow cross on the back, beginning at the lateral
angles of the posterior lobe, converging anteriorly they cross about the middle
and fade on the anterior lobe; a triangular brown spot on the posterior lobe ;
sides brownish fading below. Elytra brown, a yellow stripe along the inner
margin; lower half dotted with dark brown. Wings transparent, the veins
white except at the apex where they are dusky. Posterior femora yellow with
two or three oblique brownish spots near the upper edge, which cross and
become distinct bands on the inside; knee brown ; tibia dusky above, and at
the tips, rest yellow (probably bluish in fresh specimens.)

Dimensions. Female. Length 1:07 in.; to tip of elytra 1:10 in. ; to end of
pronotum 34 in.; femur 62 in. Male. Length 88 in.; to tip of elytra same ;
femur :60 in.

Hab. Eastern Colorado.

Named in honor of Mr. Henry Elliot, artist of the expedition, who, in addi-
tion to his arduous duties, was constant in his efforts to collect specimens of
Nat. Hist., and who rendered me valuable assistance in collecting plants and
insects.

BOOPEDON, Thos., nov. gen.

Gen. Char. Body somewhat like Pezotettix, Burm. Head large, exceeding
the thorax in width, widest below; seen from the side presents a somewhat
semi-circular front; occiput convex; vertex sloping, broad, sometimes ex-
hibiting a shallow foveola, usually rhomboidal, with a slight median carina;
frontal ridge prominent, not sulcate, margins obtuse and nearly parallel.
Antenna nearly as long as head and thorax, inserted in deep oblong foveole.
Pronotum of medium length, sides parallel; sub-truncate in front; posterior
angle obtuse; three transverse incisions; posterior about the middle, cutting
the median carina ; median carina distinct, not elevated; lateral carina ob-
solete. Elytra shorter than the abdomen in the female, about the length of
the abdomen in the male; inflated near the base, narrowed at the apex; two
longitudinal veins dividing it into three nearly equal fields. Posterior femora
stout, narrowed at the tip, passing the abdomen ; tibia spined, enlarged at the
tip. Ultimate joint of the maxillary palpi' enlarged at the end, truncate.
Prosternum with the anterior half tumid ; latter half divided by a longitudinal
sulcus. Pectus sub-convex or flat. Anal, appendages of the female short
and obtuse ; sub-anal plate of the male keeled, trigonal and turned up.

B. NIGRUM, NOV. sp.

Black, medium size, female much larger than the male.

Female. Occiput smooth, a few punctures on the vertex, a faint median
line visible; eyes about midway between the front and back margins ; frontal
ridge convex, with a very slight indentation at the ocellus, punctured on the
margin, reaching nearly to the cross suture, where it suddenly expands ; lateral
carine distinct, obtuse, sinuate and divergent; a deep sulcus below each eye.
Pronotum nearly as broad as the head; median carina distinct, straight; pos-

1870.)

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

terior lobe punctate; central portions of the sides levigate; cross incisions 1
and 2 not reaching the median carina. Elytra narrow, covering about two-
thirds of the abdomen, lanceolate; the two longitudinal veins strong, ap-
proaching at the apex, along the borders, the reticulate veins coarse. Wings
shorter than the elytra.

Color (siccus). Dark ferrugineous. Lower angles of the face and sides of
theilip black. Tips of theelytra black. Apex of the wings dusky, rest trans-
parent. Two reddish spots inside the posterior femora ; tibia transparent
red.

Male. Similar in coloring only darker. Elytra black, somewhbat paler at
the base; wings transparent, cloudy at the apex (I think they are roseate
when living. )

Dimensions. Female. Length 1-5 in.; pronotum “32 in.; elytra *55 in.;
femur 95 in.; tibia -80 in. Male. Length -87 in.; pronotum «25 in.; elytra
'55 in.; femur “62 in.; tibia :56 in.

Hab. South Colorado and New-Mexico, from Cafion City south, near the
mountains ; mostly in the narrow valleys behind the first range of parallel.
hills called “ Hog-backs.”

B. FLAVO-FASCIATUM, NOV. Sp.

Very much like B. nigrun in size and carving.

Female, Central foveola of vertex very shallow, divided into two parts by
a median carina; frontal ridge convex, sparsely punctured. Pronotum differs .
from previous species only in having the transverse incisions less distinct.

Color (siccus). Yellow varied with brown. Head yellow; lower angles of
the face black ; a very distinct yellow line, starting from the upper corner of
each eye, reaches the posterior margin of the pronotum, bowing inward near
the middle; bordered on each side by an irregular dark brown. line; a dark
line borders each eye posteriorly. Median carina of the pronotum dark
brown or piceous-black; the transverse incision black ; rest of the pronotum
brownish, palest on the sides. Elytra formed as in B. nigrum, brown, a pale
yellow stripe near the upper and lower margins of each, the upper divided
near the base; three oblong yellow spots in a line along the middle, and a
few smaller spots near the apex; reach the third abdominal segment. Wings
transparent, dusky at the tips. A brown stripe along each side of the ab-
domen, near the dorsum ; a yellow spot in it on each segment near the neRAr
border. Venter yellow.

Male. Unknown.

Dimensions. Female. Length 15 in.;. pronotum -38 in.; elytra *50 in.;
femur “85 in.; tibia 76 in. o

Hab. Same as preceding, but a much rarer species.

Remarks on Huxley's Classification of Birds.
BY T. HALE STREETS.

In arranging and classifying the collection of birds” skeletons, crania, and
sterna in the possession of the Academy, 1 was induced to compare some
points in their osteology with the statements made by Prof. Huxley in an arti-
cle entitled “On the Classification of Birds,” which appeared in the Proceed-
ings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867, Part II.

In this article Prof. Huxley divides birds principally according to the mod-
ifications presented by the bones forming the roof of the mouth, namely, the
palatines, the maxillo-palatine processes, the pterygoids, the basi-pterygoid
processes, and the vomer,

After these the sternum, clavicles, coracoids, and occasionally other points
claim attention as affording a basis for the classification.

He makes three orders. The first contaius a single bird, the extinct Archee-

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85

opteryx. The second comprises the Struthious, or Ostrich family. The third
embraces all the remaining existing birds. To this last he gives the name
Carinata.

The Carinata he subdivides into four sub-orders, namely, the Dromaog-
natha, which have the Cassowaries as their type; the Schizognatha,
which are “characterized not only by the complete distinctness of the
maxillo-palatines from one another and from the vomer, but by the slender
and usually pointed form of the latter bone.” The third suborder are the
Desmognatha. In these the maxillo-palatines unite with one another in the
median line, thus filling up or bridging over the space which exists as a fis-
sure in the Schizognathae. The fourth suborder, the Bgithognatha, “have
a palatine structure, which is, in some respects, intermediate between that of
the Schizognathous and that of the Desmognathous groups, while in others it
is peculiar.”

This introduction was deemed necessary in order to render intelligible the
remarks which are to follow.

SCHIZOGNATHA.

This suborder is divided into six groups, named, respectively, the Charadri-
omorpha, or Plover-form ; the Geranomorpha, or Crane-form; the Cecomor-
pha, or Gull-form; the Spheniscomorphax, or Penguin-form; the Alectoro-
morpha, or Cock-form ; and the Peristeromorpha, or Dove-form.

In the group Cecomorphee, Mr. Huxley states that the “ Procellaria gigantea
alone has presented basipterygoid processes.” He had not been able to ob-
serve them in other Procellaride. Ihave come to the conclusion, from this
statement, that his observations must have been limited to Procellaria gigantea
and to the Diomedeina, else he could not have failed to observe them. The
following are the species belonging to the Procellarins which were examined
by me: Procellaria gigantea, P. glacialis, P. glacialoides, P. Lessonii, P. capensis,
P. mollis; Pufiinus tenuirostris, Puf. fuliginosus, Puf. Anglorum; Prion vittata,
and Thalassidroma Leachii. In all of these the basipterygoid processes were
present, and well developed (except in Thalassidroma, where they were rudi-
mentary), articulating with the pterygoid bones.

From the species examined it will be seen that the possession of these pro-
cesses is characteristic of the subfamily. Their presence is the rule rather
than the exception. Their absence is rather the exception. This fact is suffi-
cient I think to justify a separation of them from the other Cecomorpha, and
to make a separate group of them under the name of Nectriomorpha.

The Nectriomorpha may be looked upon as an intermediate group, con-
necting the Cecomorpha: (which contains the Larida, the Columbida, the Al-
cida, and the Diomedeina) and the Charadriomorpha (which contains the
Charadriada and Scolopacideae).

The presence of the basipterygoid processes allies it with the latter.* Its
lamellar and concavo-convex maxillo-palatines is a feature common to both,
but more characteristic of the Charadriomorpha. The absence of the recurved
process at the angle of the mandible connects it with the Cecomorphze.

The vomer in Nectriomorpha differs from that found in either of the two
groups mentioned above. In these latter it is forked posteriorly, and embraces
the basisphenoidal rostrum on each side. In most of the Cecomorpha a boat-
shaped fossa is left between the divergent posterior ends of the vomer. In
Diomedeina the sides are more or less pressed together, obliterating the fossa.
The vomer tapers to a point anteriorly. The upper portion of it is flattened

* In Glareola orientalis the basipterygoid processes are absent. The maxillo-palatines
are less lamellar than those found in the other Charadriomorphse. The vomer is cleft
posteriorly, but slender and rod-like anteriorly. The angle of the mandible presents the
recurved process which is characteristic of the group.

This genus is evidently an aberrant form, but in which direction it inclines I am not
prepared to say.

1870.)

!
1

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

out horizontally, while the lower portion is vertical in direction, and scythe-
shaped. This form of the bone may be more or less modified. Itis not con-
fined altogether to these groups.

In Nectriomorpha the sides of the scaphoid fossa are flattened down, and
the whole bone is compressed horizontally. Itissomewhat tongue-shaped.

The group Geranomorphae is not so well defined us the Charadriomerphae
and Cecomorpha. It is represented by the Rallide, by the Psophina and
Gruina of the family Ardeide, aud by Otidinz of the Struthionide.

The following are the characteristics of the group, as given by Huxley:

“The rostrum is relatively stronger than in the preceding group (Charadri-
omorphe), and may even be short and arched.

“The basipterygoid processes are absent (ex. Grus antigone).

“The maxillo-palatines are concavo-convex and lamellar.

“The angle of the mandible is truncated.

“In the typical groups the sternum is comparatively narrow and elongated,
and may be deeply notched or entire.”

In that portion of the article where he considered the cranial characters
alone, he states that the Rails are always devoid of basipterygoid processes.

I found them to exist only in Ortygometra porzana,* where they are well de-
veloped.

In addition to the sternal characters mentioned, I may state the following :
From the situation of the principal pncumatic foramen on the internal sur-
face of the sternum there rises a ridge which is produced upward to the ante-
rior border, where it becomes forked or branched, and may present either a
Y- or T-shaped appearance. In the former case it looks very much like the
bifurcated manubrium of the true Passerine birds. It was present in all the
representatives of this group examined,t except Fulica and Ótis.

In all of the Rails and in some of the others there is a small process pro-
duced upward from the symphysis between the clavícles. This is a character
which is constant in the Herons. Its presence in the Rails shows an inclina
tion towards the Ardeine.

,

In Alectoromorpha,t or Cock-form, “the rostrum may be slender and de-
pressed, or high and arched. Oval, flattened basipterygoid facets, sessile upon
the basisphenoidal rostrum and articulating with'corresponding surfaces upon
the pterygoids, are always present. The. maxillo-palatines are always lamel-
lar, but vary greatly in size, being sometimes very small.

“The palatine bones are relatively long and narrow, with obsolete internal
lamina and rounded-off postero-external angles.

“The angle of the mandible is produced into a strong upcurved process.”

In Peristeromorphe, or Dove-form, “the rostrum is swollen at the tip.

“The skull is provided with narrow, but prominent, basipterygoid facets.”

“The maxillo-palatines are elongated and spongy.

“The angle of the mandible is not produced and recurved.

“The sternum has two posterior notches, the inner pair of which may be
converted into foramina.”

Mr. Huxley states that “the Pteroclida in some respects, but not in cranial
characters, approaches the Pigeons.”

Pterocles arenarius I hold to be as much, if not more, Peristeromorpha as
Alectoromorphe, in cranial as well as sternal characters.

* The cranium was the only portion of this bird examined. It belonged to the Duc de
Rivoli collection purchased by Dr. T. B. Wilson, It was labelled by that French natura-
list Rallus porzana.

t Rallus crepitans, R. aquaticus, R. maximus; Porphyrio martinica, P. smaragdinus, P. hya-
cinthinus; Gallinula chloropus; Grus monachus, G. americana, and Balearica pavonina,

t The writer was not aware of the existence of Prof. Huxley's paper on the Alectoro-
morpheae until this article had passed through proof. [3 ]

dSuly,

“

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 817

The basipterygoid processes are situated, like those in Columbida, at the
juncture of the basisphenoidal rostrum with the body of the sphenoid. As
in the Doves, they are prominent and articulate with the pterygoids about
midway between their anterior and posterior ends; while in the Alectoromor-
pha they are flatiened facets, sessile upon the rostrum, and articulate with
the pterygoid bones near their anterior extremity. The other cranial charac-
ters resemble the Cocks.

The sternum is almost completely Peristeromorphic. The inner posterior
notch on each side is converted into a foramen; the outer is wide and deep;
both of which are Dove characters. The anterior inferior angle of the keelis
less produced forward. In this particular it is like the walking birds.

In all the Gallinaceous birds examined the clavicles presented a large, broad
process, which is developed downward from the summit of their symphysis.
In the Doves it is wanting, as it also is in Pterocles arenarius.

On the whole, 1 think that it approaches the Peristeromorpha more closely
than the Alectoromorphe.

DesmoGNATHA.

The third suborder, Desmognatha, is divided into seven groups. They are
named the Chenomorphzx, or Goose-form ; the Amphimorpha, a type inter-
vening between the Goose and Stork form; the Pelargomorpha, or Stork-
form; the Dysporomorphe, which have the Gannets as their type; Atomor-
phbx, or Eagle-form; the Psittacomorphz, or Parrot-form; the Coccygomor-
ph, or Cuckoo-form; and the Celeomorpha, or Woodpecker-form.

In the Chenomorphae “the lachrymal region of the skull is remarkably
long.

“The basisphenoidal rostrum has oval, sessile, basipterygoid facets.

“The flat and lamellar maxillo-palatines unite and form a bridge across the
palate.

“The angle of the mandible is greatly produced and recurved.

“The sternum has a single pair of notches at its truncated posterior mar-
gin.”

In this group Prof. Huxley places the Palamedea. The following are the pe-
culiarities presented by the bones situated at the roof of the mouth in Pala-
medea cornuta. The maxillo-palatines are inflated. They unite with one an-
other across the median line; but this union is not so extensive as that seen
in the Anatidae. The bridge across the fissure is very narrow. The maxillo-
palatines, anteriorly and posteriorly, are separated by a wide interval. The
septum is entirely wanting, as it is in the Gallinaceous birds. Like this
group, again, the anterior processes of thepalatines are long and slender, and
their posterior ends are rounded off. The posterior extremities of the pala-
tines and the anterior extremities of the pterygoids do not articulate directly
with the basisphenoidal rostrum, as stated by Huxley. A space, the tenth of
an inch, intervenes between the rostrum and theupper surface of the palatines.
The basipterygoid processes are long and prominent.

The lachrymal region of the skull is remarkably short. It presents the
same condition in the Gallina.

The angle of the mandible is produced and recurved. This character exists
as well in the Gallina as in the Anserine birds.

The sternum bears no resemblance either to the Gallinaceous birds or to
the Anatidae. The external angles of the posterior extremity are produced
more than the middle portion. A slight notch exists on one side. This back-
ward extension of the postero-external angles of the sternum is characteristic
also of the Albatrosses.

From the above description it will be seen that the Palamedea cornuta exhib-
its a decided resemblance to the Gallinaceous form. The closed palate should

1870.)

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

not exclude it from the Alectoromorpha; for the Cracidae show the same
structure in this respect. |

A bird may present characters which are analagous to those found in
another bird of a different family without there necessarily being any affinity
between them. This is doubtless the case between the Palamedea and Anatide.

The following two characters may be added to those already laid
down as belonging to the Ardea. They will be found to be highly charac-
teristic. ,

A rather long and well-developed process is produced upward from the
symphysis between the clavicles. The second peculiarity is in the internal
angles of the distal ends of the coracoids. They override one another.
This last peculiarity was first pointed out to me by Prof. O. C. Marsh, of
Yale College.

In Coceygomorphee, according to Prof. Huxley, “basipterygoid processes
are present only in one genus (Zrogon).

“The maxillo-palatines are usually more or less spongy. The palatines
are not developed into vertical plates, but are, as usual, horizontally flat-
tened.

“The sternum usually presents two notches on each side, and has no
bifurcated manubrial process (ex. Merops).

“The clavicles are convex forward, and without any process developed
backward from the summit of their symphysis. do

Basipterygoid processes were found in Priotelus temnurus, of the family
Trogonide. They are present in Turacus albocristatus, of the Musophagidas,
but here they are rudimentary. They do not articulate with the pterygoids.

Huxley states that in Merops the “palatines are devoid of any postero-exter-
nal elongations.” In Merops ceggpticus, M. Leschenaultii and M. amicta the pos-
tero-external elongations are quite prominent.

In Psilopogon pyrolophus and Megalaima chrysopogon, of the family Capito-
nide, the vomer presents an appearanee which is somewhat singular. It is
well developed. Its anterior extremity is bifurcated, and each prong of this
forked end is produced to the maxillo-palatine process of the correspond-
ing side, and becomes united with it. This form of the vomer is doubtless
a family characteristic.

It was chiefly in the sternal characters that the members of the group
Cocecygomorpha were found to differ from the statements laid down by
Mr. Huxley.

In all the members of the family Cuculida examined,* the clavicles pre-
sented a well.developed process at the summit of their symphysis. The
same process was also observed in Priotelus temnurus. In this bird the
manubrial process of the sternum presented a groove on its upper surface,
showing a tendency for it to become bifurcated.

The clavicles may or may not be convex forward. In the Musophagidae
(Turacus) and in Bubutus Duvaucelii, the anterior surfaces of the clavicles are
straight from above downward. This is an Owl character. The family
Musophagide is stated by Prof. Huxley as approaching the Atomorphee.

In Psilopogon and Megalaima, of the family Capitonide, and in Ramphastos,
the proximal extremities of the clavicles are expanded and T-shaped. This
character is common to the Celeomorpha and the true Passerine birds. Its
presence in Capitonide and Ramphastidae serves to connect them rather
with the Woodpecker than with the Passeres.

The two families under consideration present another character in common.
The distal ends of the clavicles are not anchylosed, but are separated by an
interval.

* Saurothera Merlini, Phonicophaus viridis, Bubutus Duvauceliis Cuculus canorus, O. lucidus,
Eudynamys orientalis, and Centropus gigas.
[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 89

— Aug. 2d, 1870.
Mr. Vavx, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Twelve members present.

Pror. Lripy exhibited in a vessel of water, numerous living specimens
of a leech, which he said was abundant in the vicinity of Philadelphia,
but appears to be an undescribed species. Hehad firstobserved it in a pond,
on the Delaware, near Beverly, Burlington Co., N. J., from which he obtained
the largest specimens. It was found especially beneath half-submerged dead
limbs of trees, sometimes between the bark and wood, and in crevices and
holes of the latter made by insects. It was also found in the Delaware and
Schuylkill rivers near shore, beneath stones. In ditehes below the city, and
communicating with the rivers mentioned, smaller leeches, apparently the
young of the same, were frequent between the leave sheaths of submerged
stems of aquatic plants, such as Zizania aquatica, Scirpus fluviatilis, Sagittaria,
Sparganium, &c. When disturbed, the animal receded from its position of
rest, and swam rapidly like the ordinary medicinal leech, Hirudo decora. It
appears to belong to a different genus from the latter, and approaches mostin
character Nephelis, though it even exhibits points of difference from this as
ordinarily described. The more mature animal from the Beverly pond may
thus be characterized :

Body elongated, flattened cylindroid, narrowing anteriorly, smooth, indis-
tinctly annulated, margin acute, above blackish olivaceous, below translucent
grayish, with a more or less reddish tinge due to the blood. No striz or
markings visible beneath, and the annuli in this position scarcely perceptible.
Annuli about 98, above minutely punctated with yellowish olivaceous or
dusky whitish, and narrowly defined by the same hue. Head continous with
the body, obtuse. Mouth large, obliquely terminal, subbilabiate; lower lip
crenulate. Jaws three rudimental folds without teeth. (Esophagus capacious,
with three longitudinal folds. Intestine simple. Anus dorsal, conspicuous,
in the penultimate annulus. Eyes six; anterior pair largest and approxima-
ted: second pair in second annulus corresponding with the lower lip; third
pair smallest, more deeply situated than the others, and placed slightly exter-
nal and posterior to the second pair. Acetabulum terminal, inferior, circular,
nearly as wide as the body. The larger male aperture conspicuous, and
situated about one-fifth of the length of the body from the head; the smaller
female aperture scarcely visible, and situated two or three annuli back of the
former. Length to 24 inches by two lines wide; by contraction becoming
shorter and wider.

Smaller specimens, from half an inch to an inch in length, from the ditches
communicating with the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, and from the latter,
agree in form and constitution with the preceding, having the same number
of annuli to the body, and the same number and disposition ofthe eyes. The
color is translucent paie indian-red, passing into darker shades and without
the colored punctse. Some young pale individuals exhibit a few scattered
minute black punctse down the back, due to single pigment cells, but mostly
these are absent. Intermediate sized individuals from the Delaware and,
Schuylkill exhibit a gradation of character between the two forms indicated.
Further, numerous young from the ditches, kept in an aquarium for the last
month, have gradually assaumed the appearance of the more mature animal as
first described.

Nephelis vulgaris of Europe has eight eyes; and the generative apertures are
included between the 34th and 38th annuli. In the species above described 1
could detect but six eyes, and the annuli at the fore part of the body are too
indistinctly defined to determine the exact relative position of the generative
apertures.

The new species of Nephelis I would propose to name N. PUNCTATA.

1870.]

90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

I take the present opportunity of observing that yesterday, during a stroll
in the meadows below the city, to procure specimens of the leech just de-
scribed, I observed that many of the ditches, and several ponds, were teeming
with the minute plant Wolfia, probably W. Columbiana, mingled with Lemna
polyrrhiza and L.minor. In several places I also observed Stentor polymorphus
swarming upon Ceratophyllum demersum, conspicuous by its bright pea-green
hue upon the darker hue of the latter plant. In similar positions I also ob-
served an abundance of Volvoz globator. This latter I have frequently seen in
the vicinity of our city, and, preserved in an aquarium, bave observed it pass
through the various stages representing what were formerly viewed as distinct
species under the names of V. aureus and V. stellatus.

In the course of my walk, Inoticed upon the margin ofa ditch a large mass
of jelly, about two feet in breadth and about two inches in thickness, the
character of which I at first did not recognize. It reminded me of the jelly-
fish or medusa (Cyanea arctica), so frequently seen stranded on the ocean shore
of New Jersey. A nearer inspection proved itto be a mass of the remarkable
compound ciliated fresh-water polyp, or polyzoon, formerly described by me
under.the name of Pectinatella magnifica, which had, by an unusual recedence:
of the tide, been left to die on shore. On examining the ditch in the vicinity,
I observed many masses of the same polyp, varying from the size of one's fist
to that of a boy's head, mostly attached to the pendent leaves of aquatic
plants growing at the margins of the ditch.

Pror. Corg called attention to a large specimen of a Trigonocephalus, of
which some fourteen inches was enclosed in the ossophagus and stomach of a.
larger Oxyrrhopus plumbeus. The specimens were from the island of St. Lucia,
W.I. He stated that a species not distantly related to the latter (Ophibolus
getulus) was said to have a similar babit of devouring our native Crotalida.
The islands of Martinique and Guadaloupe had become so infested with the
fer-de-lance, Trigonocephalus lanceolatus, as to be in parts almost uninhabitable,,
and that it was chiefly on account of the danger from this venomous reptile
that collecting naturalists had of late years so seldom visited them. The an-
nual number of deaths in Martinique from this cause was said to be very large.
Some means had been adopted to check the increase of this pest, but with
small results. Prof. Cope thought that as the Oxyrrhopus plumbeus was very -
numerous in Venezuela and Brazil, and since it was very barmless and easily
procured, that its introduction in large numbers into Martinique, etc., would
be a simple matter, and oné probably to be attended with goo& results in the
diminution, at least, of this enemy of agriculture.

Mr. THomas MEegHAN called attention to the arrangements of some plants.
for preventing fertilization through any other than insect agency. as dis-
covered by Darwin. The Salvia family of plants had the most elaborate
arrangements for insect agency, but it had been objected to Darwin's theory
that insects made no use of them. Bees bored holes through the tube from
the outside for the honey, and do not enter by the mouth of the flower, as
they ought. In the same way, in the Petunia, bees bore for honey from the
outside. He had discovered that in these cases, where day insects failed to
make use of these apparatuses, fertilization was carried on by night moths, so
that the objections to Darwinism wefe removed.

He also referred to the common sweet chestnut, as bearing two classes of
male flowers, only one of which probably aided in fertilization. The first
class appeared ten days before the other, and are those which give whiteness
to the trees. They appear in the axilsof the weak shoots. The female flowers
appear on the apices of strong shoots, according to his theory of the laws of
sex. “The second class of male flowers appear at the ends of the vigorous
shoots bearing the female flowers. Whatever affects the vigor of the tree in-
terferes with the production of female but not of male flowers, and this was
the reason why some seasons had short crops.

| [Aug.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 91

Mr. J. H. ReprigLD remarked that, on a recent visit to the northern part of
the State of New York, he had noted the Botrychium lunarioides and Botrychium
lanceolatum growing under circumstances that seemed to confirm the idea that
these species are really underground parasites, or epiphytic plants. More
than twenty plants were noticed scattered over a space of a mile in length,
and in every instance they were growing near the common blackberry (Rubus
villosus), and every plant that was lifted had its roots in contact with the root
of the blackberry. He referred to the peculiar character of the root of this
genus,—so different from that of other ferns, and so similar to that“of some
orchids,—and to the fact that these species, so widely distributed, seem no-
where abundant,—as favoring the idea of their epiphytic character. Mr. New-
man some years ago expressed the opinion that the British Botrychium lunaria
is an underground parasite, but Moore and others have doubted. Mr. R. de-
sired to call the attention of botanists to the conditions under which these and
other species of Botrychium may be found, with a view to determine the ques-
tion.

Aug. 9th.
Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Fifteen members present.

The following paper was presented for publication :

“On some new species of Fishes obtained by Prof. Orton from the
Maranon River, Upper Amazon and Napo Rivers.” By Theo. Gill.

Mr. THomas MEEHAN said very little had been written about the causes of
those bunches of branches often seen in trees, and called by the people
“crow's nests,” and by botanists fasciations. Dr. Masters, in Teratology, briefly
refers to them, and refers to “over-nutrition” the cause of their existence.
He had watched almost daily the past year one of Abies balsamea on his own
grounds. The branchlets were weak, the leaves were comparatively long and
slender, not distichously arranged, pale in color, deciduous, and many of the
branchlets died in the winter. All these were evidences of weak nutrition.

He had found two trees of sassafras, apparently of the same age, growing
within a few yards of each other, but one with numerous fasciculated bunches.
In addition to the characters in the other case, here the fasciculated tree was
not as large as the other one.

“That weakness, not strength, was the cause, was also proved by facts from
an opposite direction, —namely, the law of sex. He had already shown that a
low condition of vitality favored male, at the expense of the female organs.
He had found a large number of fasciculations in the common blackberry, and
in all instances, besides the yellowness and the other marks, there was a ten-
dency to abortion in the pistils, an increase in the number of petals, and à
development of foliaceous points to the usual calyx segments. So that his
law of sex, as well as the usual phenomena of weakened vitality, indicated
that it was this and not over-nutrition which caused fasciations in trees.

Aug. 16th.
- Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Seven members present.

Aug. 30th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Fifteen members present.
1870.)

92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

On favorable report of the Committee; the following paper was
ordered to be published:

On some New Species of FISHES obtained by Prof. Orton from the Maranon,
or Upper Amazon, and Napo Rivers.

BY THEODORE GILL, M. D, PH. D.

In an expedition to the Andes of Ecquador and Peru, and thence across
the continent of South America, under the command of Prof. James Orton, a
considerable zoological colleetion was formed, and the fishes being submitted
to the writer for determination, the following appeared to be undescribed. Of
previously known species, the most noteworthy were Chalcinus nematurus
Kner, Gasteropelecus stellatus Kner, Pimeletropis lateralis Gill, and Cyclopium
Humboldtii Swains.

Subfamily TETRAGONOPTERINA.
TETRAGONOPTERUS ORrTONII Gill.
|D. 11.4. 34 Llç9L

The height is contained about twice in the distance between the snout and
the median margin of the caudal, and the head about four times in the same,
or three and a half in the length, exclusive of the caudal. The profile is con-
cave at the parietal region; the interorbital area is transversely convex. The
diameter of the eye is contained two and a half times in the head's length.
The supramaxillary extends nearly to the vertical of the anterior margin of the
pupil. The dorsal is immediately behind the roots of the ventrals; its height
equals about % of that of the body. The pectoral equals $ the length of the
head; the ventrals extend to the anal.

The scapular spot is indistinct; that at the base of the caudal well defined.

Most nearly related to 7. orbicularis Val.

I dedicate this species to Prof. Orton.

AsTYANAX CAROLINA Gill.
6
D. 11. A. 26. V.9. L.lat. 37—38 Na
5

The height of the body enters 2% times in the length, exclusive of the cau-
dal; the length of the head 3%; the profile to the convex snout is rectilinear,
and the interorbital space scarcely arched; the latter is as wide or rather
wider than the diameter of the orbit, and about a third of the head's length.
The maxillary ceases in front of the vertical of the front of the pupil, and
the end of the first suborbital. The dorsal commences considerably behind
the origin of the ventrals. The pectorals extend beyond the same point, and
the ventrals to the anus. The usual silver tinged lateral band, and humeral
and caudal spots exist, but are very faint.

The species is represented by a single specimen, 41 inches long, taken in
the river Napo or Maranon and belongs to the same group as A. peruvianus
(Tetragonopterus peruvianus M. 7.), A. humilis (T. humilis Gthr.), A. scabri-
pinnis (T. scabripinnis Jen.), A. maculatus (T. maculatus M. 7. ex L.), A. Bre-
voortii (Poec. Brevoortii Gill), A. fasciatus (T. fasciatus Cuv.) A. microstoma (T.
microstoma G'thr.) and allies.

Subfamily HYDROCYONINA.
RaBorDes Myersil Gill.
Pl6: 4.9 7Do1d ADI
“The height enters two and a half times in the length, exclusive of the cau-

[Aug.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 93

dal; the head three and a half times. The eyes are large, the diameter being
contained only three and a half times in the length of the head. The supra-
maxillary ends under the posterior border of the pupil. The surface of the
intermaxillary has four larger equidistant conical teeth, directed forwards,
and a smaller one on each side and farther back, between the external and
internal; the surface of the mandible has also four conical processes. The
dorsal commences nearly over the anus; its height at least equals three fourths
of the head's length.* The anal commences nearly under the third dorsal
ray. The pectorals extend beyond the anus, and the ventrals, which are
inserted nearly midway between the axils of the pectorals and the origin of
| the anal, extend to about the third ray of the latter.

The scapular spot is very distinct; the caudal indistinct. The fins, espe-
cially the pectorals, minutely punctuated between the rays.

I dedicate this specimen to Mr. Philip V. Myers, a travelling companion of
Prof. Orton, in compliance with a request of the latter gentleman.

HyproLycus Corr, Gill.

Dot A. 43;

The height enters 2$ times in the length (exclusive of the caudal), the length
of the head 34: the profile between the nape and convex snout is moderately
incurved; the interorbital space is slightly arched, and about equal to the
orbit, the snout, and a quarter of the head's length. The maxillary passes
considerably behind the vertical of the posterior border of the orbit. The
dorsal fin commences above the anus. The pectorals pass for a third of their
own length beyond the axille of the ventrals, and the ventrals extend back-
wards to the third or fourth anal ray.

The lateral spot is faint, and above the lateral line, just in advance of the
vertical of the anus.

Four specimens, the largest of which is four and a quarter inches long,
were obtained in the Napo and Maranon rivers.

I dedicate this species to my esteemed friend, Prof. Cope, in recognition of
his important contributions to herpetology and ichthyology.

Subfamily SERRASALMONIN 2.
PygoceNTRUS ALTUS Gill.

FIL Veto Dedo ADO

The height of the body is contained about 3 4-5ths in the length, exclusive
of the caudal; the length of the head (measured from the prominent lower
jaw) about 2%. The back declines very slowly towards the nape of the neck,
and thence is boldly decurved downwards. Snont obtuse, less than the diam-
eter of the eye. The diameter of the eye equals a fifth of the head's length,
and the interorbital width enters 24 in the same distance. The second sub-
orbital bone is separated from the preoperculum by a lunate naked area.
There are fourteen teeth in each jaw. The origin of the dorsai fin is nearer
the eye than the root of the caudal; its height is less than half the head's
length. The origin of the anal is under the last dorsal rays. The pectorals
scarcely reach the bases of the ventrals; the latter are two thirds as long as the
former. Gill-rakers of the outer branchial arch short and pointed like those
of the other arches. Abdomen armed with about twenty-seven serratures.

The color is greyish, iridescent, and tinged with blueish; there is no well
defined scapular spot, but the region above the operculum i is darker.

Nearly related to P. scapularis (Serrasalmo scapularis Gthr. v. p. 368).

* The anterior dorsal rays are broken.

1870.)

“94 “PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

“Family SILURIDA.
Subfamily PIMELODIN 2.
RHAMDIA DORSALIS Gill.

Bs BPI e. Vo 6 DILOTAÇO:

The body is moderalely slender; the height rather exceeding a fifth of the
length (exclusive of the caudal), while the height of the caudal peduncle is
about an eleventh. The head forms rather more than a fourth of the length,
and is about three fourths as wide as long, or more than twice as wide as the
interocular area; the skin is moderately thick and smooth; and the supraoc-
cipital spine is pointed and extends beyond the vertical of the bony opercular
margin. The eyes enter about eight times in the head's length, are entirely
in the anterior half of the head, and are about equally distant from each other
and the middle of the upper jaw. The upper jaw projects but little beyond
the lower. The intermaxillary band of teeth is widest near the angles, where
it is truncated and obtusely angulated, and rather narrowest at the middle;
the greatest width exceeds a sixth of the length. The intramandibular flaps
are considerably wider than the dentigerous bands. The maxillary barbels
extend to or beyond the miádle of the ventrals; the external mandibular
extend beyond, and the internal nearly to, a line with the bases of the pec-
torals.

The dorsal fin is oblong, the longest rays equalling the distance from the
second to the axilla. The adipose fin is contained between three and four times in
the length. The pectorals terminate under the second or third dorsal ray, and
are not much larger than the ventrals. The porus axillaris is very minute.

The color is dark brown. The dorsal has the usual broad clear basal band.

SoruBIMICHTHYS OrTONI Gill.
B. 14,14 .D.1.6.. 4.13. O. iii, 1,1,8,L iv. PI. 10 V. 6.

The head forms rather more than a third of the length, exclusive of the
caudal fin; the outline above is oblong, convex in front; the width is less
than half its length, and the width between the orbits less than a third; the
hinder margin of the orbit is midway between the snout and opercular flap;
the profile is perfectly straight. The dentigerous area of the upper jaw pro- .
jects almost entirely beyond the lower jaw, and equals the chin or two diame-
ters of the orbit; it is uninterrupted, except behind at the middle, where
there is a broad but shallow triangular sinus; the palatal bands externally
describe half an ellipse, and are only interrupted at the middle by a linear
furrow widening backwards into a hastiform sinus; their antero-internal an- .
gles are, however, rounded. The maxillary barbels extend to the anal; the
external mandibular terminate at some distance from the pectoral fins, and
the internal are less than the width of the upper jaw.

The dorsal spine is unarmed, or scarcely rough behind; the adipose fin ob-
liquely truncated, shorter than the anal and nearly coterminal with it; the
pectorals terminate nearly under the last dorsal ray, and in advance of the
ventrals, than which they are considerably larger. The caudal is shorter than
the head, the lobes are acutely prolonged, and the upper lobe is somewhat
larger than the lower.

The color is ashy with a broad silvery band bounded above by a narrower
blackish one, which is bifurcated in front, and below by a still narrower one,
or rather a series of partly confluent spots; numerous spots, generally much
smaller than the eyes, cover the entire upper portions of the body and head,
as well as the dorsal, adipose, and pectoral fins.

This species is among those described most closely related to S. Artedii
(Platystoma Artedii Gthr. = Mystus No. 6 Artedi), but the length of the bar-
bels and coloration at onçe distinguish it, and still more decided differences

“Aug.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPIHA. — ED

may appear on re-examination of the latter, the dentition and other charac-
teristics not yet being known.

SciADES MARMORATUS Gill.
Bd PALIO e DU 10 da IO,

The head is little longer than broad. The diameter of the eye is contained
nine or ten times in the head's length. The vomerine teeth are in two oval
patches, nearly as large as the eye, and separated by a moderately narrow
interval; the palatine patches are transversely oval, and smaller than the
pupil of the eye. The maxillary barbels extend beyond the base of the cau-
dal; the external mandibular beyond the tips of the pectorals, and the inter-
nal beyond the bases of those fins. The dorsal fin is three fourths as high as
the head is long. The adipose fin is half as long again as the dorsal.

The ground color is greyish, and forms meandering lines between the large
blackish spots by which it is covered. All the fins are similarly colored, but
the spots at the base of the dorsal are fused into a band. The barbels are in-
distinctly annulated.

Closely allied to S. longibarbis (Arius? longibarbis Castlenau), but appears
to be distinguished by the longer adipose fin and the number of rays; it may,
however, prove to be only a form of that species. Castelnau has doubtless
overlooked the two small areas of teeth on the palate.

Subfamily CETOPSIN A.

CeroPsIS VENTRALIS Gill.
Po Voo. De A

The greatest height enters 41 times in the length exclusive of the caudal,
and 53 times inclusive thereof. The head enters 4% times in the length
exclusive of the caudal fin, and 54 inclusive of it; its breadth does not ex-
sceed half its length. The gape is continued under the entire eye. The teeth
are in a villiform band on the lower as well as upper jaw, and on the vomer.
The ventrals are inserted entirely behind the vertical of the dorsal, and are
connected together by a membrane which is, however, closely connected with
the abdomen along the middle, and is not free even at the margin; the extre-
mities of the fins extend to or beyond the anus. The barbels are nearly equal
and about two or three times as long as the diameter of the eye.

The color is greyish, darker above; the basal half of the dorsal is punctu-
lated with black.

This species is most closely related to Cetopsis gobivides Kner, but is distin-
guished hy the more compressed head, posterior ventrals, and longer anal.*

Subfamily TRACHELYOPTERIN A.

CENTROMOCHLUS STEINDACHNERI Gill.
Budd DodabiÃsd:

The greatest height equals two thirds of the length of the head, which itself
enters about 3% times in the total length, exclusive of the caudal. The eyes
are moderately large, the diameter equalling a quarter of the head's length.
The maxillary barbels are nearly coterminal with the elongated pectoral fins.
The dorsal buckler behind is cordate, and its branches expand inwards and
extend as far back as the third soft ray. The height of the dorsal is not much
less than the head's length; its spine is obsoletely serrateã behind. The pec-
torals equal nearly a third of the length, and do not reach the ventrals. The

*The number of anal rays is not given by Kner, but the figure represents twenty-two.

1870.]

96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ventrals are inserted midway between the branchial apertures and the base of
the caudal. The caudal is forked.

Color greyish, tinged with silvery on the sides.

The species is eminently distinguished from its congeners by the form of
the dorsal buckler ; it is most nearly related to O. megalops.

I dedicate this species to the meritorious ichthyologist and herpetologist
Dr. Franz Steindachner, as a slight recognition of his labors.

| Sept. 6th.
Mr. Vavux, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Seventeen members present.

The following paper was presented for publication :
“Notice of some Crustaceans of the Genus Libinia, with descrip-
tions of three new species.” By T. Hale Streets.

Pror. Lerpy stated that he had just returned from a short visit to Boston
and Cambridge, and that while there he had had the opportunity of examining
the collection of Mastodon remains of the Warren museum and the Cambridge
University museum, which had so much interested him, that he thought a brief
notice of them would be interesting to the members.

The private museum of the late Dr. Warren, now in possession of his heirs,
contains a magnificent skeleton of the American Mastodon (M. americanus),
the best preserved and most complete which has yet been found. It was dis-
covered in 1845, at Newburgh, N. Y. Itis that of a mature male. The jaws
contain the last two molars on both sides, besides the tusks above, and one of
those below, together with the alveolus of that of the opposite side. This
skeleton forms the basis of Warren's book on the Mastodon, published in
1852.

Besides the skeleton indicated, Dr. Warren's museum contains the skull of
another, a well preserved specimen, found in Orange Co., N. Y. It is even
larger than that of the skeleton, and also pertained to a mature male. The
jaws contain on both sides the last two molars; and on one side the fourth
molar is also retained. The specimen is described and figured in Warren's
book on the Mastodon. (Pls. xvi, xviii, xix.)

The Warren collection further contains a number of other remains of Mas-
todon, mainly fragments of jaws with teeth, isolated molars, and casts in
plaster of others. I may add it also contains a number of molars of the
American Elephant (Elephas americanus), together with many vertebra of the
Basilosaurus.

The museum of the University of Cambridge contains the most interesting
series of remains of the American Mastodon which I have yet seen collected
together in one place. The most important of these are as follow :

1. A skeleton, discovered, in 1844, in Warren Co., N. J. It pertains to a
mature female. The jaws contain the last two molars on both sides, and no
traces of inferior tusks remain.

2. A complete skull of what I take to have been a female approaching
maturity. The jaws contain the fourth and fifth molars in functional position.
The sixth molar had not protruded and is visible within the jaws. On one
side of the lower jaw the third molar is retained but is nearly worn out. On
the other side and in the upper jaw the alveoli of the corresponding teeth are
partially obliterated. The incisive sockets of the lower jaw are likewise ob-
* literated. (The specimen is represented in plates v, vi, of Warren's book on
the Mastodon.)

3. Another complete skull of an animal younger than that of the preceding

[Sept.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 97

specimen. The jaws contain the third and fourth molars in functional posi-
tion. The fifth molar had not protruded and is visible within the jaws. The
alveoli of the second molars are partially obliterated, and this is the case
also with the inferior incisive alveoli. (Represented in pls. iii, iv, xvii, of
Warren's book.)

4. A lower jaw of a quite young animal. It contains the first, second, and
third molars in functional position and but little worn. The crown of the
first molar has two transverse divisions; that of the second, two principal
transverse divisions and a less well developed or rudimental third division;
that of the third molar has three divisions. Large sockets for incisive tusks
occupy the sides of the symphysis. (The specimen is represented in plate ii
of Dr. Warren's work.)

An examination of many specimens of jaws and teeth of the American
Mastodon leads to a confirmation of the view that the dental series consists of
an incisive tusk and six molars on each side of both jaws. Whether the
usual upper tusks are preceded by a temporary pair has not been determined.
Small lower tusks appear to belong to the young of both sexes, but are lost
and their alveoli obliterated in the female, while one or both are frequently if
not usually retained permanently by the male.

The molar teeth in the order of protrusion successively follow one another
from behind, but none of the series of six appear to have vertical successors.

The young animal exhibits the anterior two and then three molars togetlier
with tusks in both jaws, in functional position. As the third and fourth mo-
lars assume a functional position the first and second are shed, and as the fifth
molar protrudes the third is shed. With the functional existence of the fifth
and sixth molars the fourth is shed. Finally, in the old animal the sixth or
last molar may alone remain, though usually the fifth and sixth appear to
have been retained to the last.

In the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard College, Prof. Shaler
exhibited some Mastodon and other vertebrate remains, the results of his ex-
plorations at Big-bone-lick, Ky. Prof. Shaler incidentally informed me that
he had detected no evidences of glacial action in the latter region. He sup-
poses that the specimens of teeth and tusks, the wearing off at the sides of
which I formerly attributed to glacial action, probably had been imbedded in
stiff clay in the pathway of Mastodons, to whose tread the wearing was due.

The collection contained a multitude of remains of the Bison, but these
Prof. Shaler found more superficially than those of the Mastodon and Ele-
phant, and not associated with them. With the remains of the latter two .
genera were also found those of Bootherium cavifrons, of which the collection
contains a skull without the face. There were also found with these some
remains of the Horse, and also the fragment of a lower jaw, which appeared
to me to belong to the existing Domestic Hog.

In referring to Bootherium | may add that I had the opportunity of examin-
ing a skull of the recent Musk Ox, preserved in the Museum of the Natural
History Society of Boston, the first complete skull of the animal I have ever
seen. In this skull I observed that the lachrymal fossa in advance of the or-
bit is a shallow depression even less distinct than in the Sheep. In Boothe-
rium it is a deep, well defined hemispherical depression, being as different
from that of the recent Musk Ox as is that of the Deer.

In the same museum, besides a few Mastodon remains, I remarked several
molars of the American Elephant, interesting from their size. One uf them,
apparently a last upper molar, is from Brazos R., Texas, and is of the coarse
plated variety, corresponding with the Elephas columbi of Falconer. The
triturating surface is flat, not terraced, ten inches by four and three quarter
inches in extent, including the enveloping cementum, and also fourteen and a
half worn lobes or double plates. Behind, are four additional unworn and
less well developed lobes. The breadth of the tooth sr ed is thirteen
inches; the depth posteriorly to the broken root, eight inches.

1870.)

98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Another molar is from St. Mark's River, Florida. Itis an inferior one, and:
of the coarse plated variety. The grinding surface is irregular or terraced,.
eight and a half inches long, four inches wide; and it includes eleven lobes
or double plates. Five additional unworn lobes succeed. The breadth of the
tooth is ten and one-half inches; its depth to the root, eight inches.

Taking advantage of my proximity, I went to Amherst, and spent a couple
of hours with Prof. C. N. Shepard in examining the Museum of Amherst'
College.

Prof. Shepard has recently collected together many interesting fossil remains:
of vertebrata. Among these are a multitude of specimens obtained by his
son from St. Helena Island, and the famous Ashley River deposits of South
Carolina. Those from the latter locality consist mainly of Zeuglodonts, Ceta-
ceans and Fishes, but also include remains of Mastodon, the Elephant, and of
Equus major and E. fraternus. The St. Helena Island fossils consist of bones,
fragments of jaws and teeth of the Mastodon. Among them were noticed two
inferior tusks, which measured about ten inches in length and two inches in
diameter at the base.

The same collection contained a large molar of the American Elephant, of
the coarse plated variety, from California. Some remains of Mastodon from
the latter place struck me from their peculiarity, and these Prof. Shepard was
so kind as to loan to me for examination and description.

One of the specimens, which lies on the table, is the fragment of a tusk

from “ Dry Creek,” Stanislaus Co., California. It indicates a species totally
differeut from the American Mastodon, and in its peculiarities exhibits a re-
lationship with the Mastodon angustidens of the middle tertiary period of Eu-
rope. The fragment is six inches in length, is slightly curved in two direc-
tions, and in transverse section is ovate with the anterior pole acute. The
pulp cavity, opening half the diameter at the broken base of the specimen,
extends about half its length to the end. The convex side of the tusk pos-
sesses, as in Mastodon angustidens, a broad band of enamel, which reaches from
the acute edge more than two-thirds the depth of the surface. The enamel is
somewhat rugose and is two-thirds of a line thick. At one spot, towards the
smaller end of the fragment, it has been irregularly worn through for the ex-
tent of about an inch and a half. The opposite side of the specimen, from
the acute edge, has been worn off to an extent about equal to two-fifths of the
surface. The broken ends of the fragment exhibit very conspicuously the
beautiful arrangement of decussating curved lines so characteristic of the
ivory in the tusks of the great proboscidians.

The vertical diameter of the base of the fragment is 28 lines, the transverse
diameter 19 lines; the vertical diameter at the opposite end is 22 lines, the
transverse diameter 16 lines. The entire length of the tusk appears to have
been less than two feet.

The question arises as to what species the tusk fragment shall be attributed.
It certainly does not belong to the common American Mastodon, nor is it pro-
bable that it belonged to the pliocene Mastodon mirificus. May it probably per-
tain to the hardly known Mastodon obscurus ? In the present uncertainty I would
look on the specimen as characteristic of a peculiar species, allied to the M.
angustidens of Europe. For the name of the species I would propose that of
MasrToDON SHEPARDI, in honor of Prof. C. N. Shepard, whose name has so long
been identified with the interests of natural history.

The second specimen, exhibited to the members, consists of a fragment of a
lower jaw containing the last molar tooth, and was discovered in Contra Costa
county, California. No information in regard to the age of the deposit, or
the character of the locality in which the fossil was found, accompanies it.
The bone is friable, and measures, below the position of the tooth, five and a
half inches in depth. Attached to the fossil there is a portion of soft gray
rock, part of the matrix in which it has been imbedded, The tooth is per-
fect and well preserved. It has the same general form and constitution as

[Sept.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 99

the corresponding: tooth of the American Mastodon, but is. considerably
smaller, Itbears sufficient resemblance to the plaster cast (represented in
fig. 14, pl. xxvii., of “The Extinct Mammalian: Fauna. of Dakota and; Ne-
braska, &c,”) of h tooth, the original of which is lost, from a miocene forma-
tion of Maryland, to be viewed as. pertaining to the same species. This Ihad,
named Mastodon obscurus.

The crown of the tooth consists of four transverse divisions together with
the merest trace of a heel. Asin the cast of the Maryland tooth, the inner
lobes of the crown of the California tooth are more mammillary, and less.
angular than in M. Americanus. The outer lobes, likewise as in the Maryland,
tooth, have better developed ofísets fore and aft internally than in the latter,
giving rise to a greater degree of obstruction of the transverse vallies of the
crown than in the American Mastodon, The fourth division of the crown is
proportionately less well developed, in comparison with those in advance,
than in the latter, agreeing also in this respect with the Maryland tooth. The.
outer lobe of this division is formed of a pair of connate mammillary tuber-
cles, as in the latter, but the tubercles are more equally developed. The in-
ner lobe is a single mammillary eminence not more than half the elevation
of the outer lobe. In the Maryland tooth, the corresponding lobe resembles
the outer one, consisting of a connate pair of tubercles as well developed as
in the outer lobe. The heel in the California tooth, as in the Maryland tooth,
is formed by a short mammillary eminence occupying the angular space pos-
teriorly of the lobes of the fourth division of the crown. A basal ridge
is better developed externally in the California than in the Maryland tooth. —

Comparative measurements of the California tooth, with the cast of the
Maryland tooth, and one of the Mastodon americanus are as follows :

| California Maryland Mastodon
tooth. tooth. americanus.

Fore and aft diameter of the
crown of the last molar tooth'6 in. 4 lines.'6 in. 4 lines.*| Tin. 3 lines.
Transverse diameter of do..... 2 in. 9 lines.|2 in. 9 lines. 3 in. 4 lines.
Depth of do. internally......... 2 in. 2 lines.|2 in. 2 lines. 3 in. O lines.

I is not improbable that the California tooth may have pertained to the
same species as the fragment of tusk previously moticed, and, perhaps these,
together with the Maryland tooth, and others previously referred to Mastodon
obscurus may likewise belong to the same animal. The positive determina-
tion of this question must be left for the discovery of additional material to
throw light on the relationship of the different specimens which have been
thus far presented to our notice.

Sept. 13th.

The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Twelve members present.

The following paper was presented for publication :

“On the flowers of Aralia spinosa and Hedera helix.” By Thos,
Meehan.

Sept. 20th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Twenty-three members present.

* Partially estimated, as the specimen is imperfect at its fore part.

1870.)

100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Pror. Lerpy, exhibited the fragment of a jaw of a Crocodile, recently sent
to him for examination by Prof. F. V. Hayden, now engaged in geological ex-
ploration of part of our western territories. The specimen, together with a
multitude of small fragments of bones, scales, and teeth of ganoid and other
fishes, was found at the junction of the Big Sandy and Green River.

The fragment from the fore part of the jaw indicates an animal about the
size of the Alligator of the Mississippi, and apparently a head of nearly the
same form. The external surface of the jaw is exceedingly rough and pitted.
Two entire teeth, and the remains of two others are retained in the specimen.
The larger of the perfect teeth, apparently, holding the position correspond-
ing with a canine, has a blunt conical crown strongly carinated fore and aft,
and with the enamel finely rugose. The length of the crown is 8 lines; its diame-
ter antero-posteriorly 73 lines; and transversely 64 lines. The specimen per-
tains to an extinct species, probably different from any heretofore indicated.
The character of the formation from which it was obtained and its geological
age I have not learned.

I propose to dedicate the species to Mr. Henry W. Elliott, a young and able
artist, attendant on Prof. Hayden's expedition, with the name of CrocoDILUS

ELLIOTTI.

Pror. Lerpy stated that during the last summer he had made some further
observations on Urnatella, a genus of ciliated polyps of the family Pedicelli-
nide, discovered by him some years ago (Pr, Ac. Nat. Sc. 1851,321; 1854, 191)
io the Schuylkill River. It is found abundantly below the dam at Fairmount,
adhering to stones and rocks, on the sides and under part notin contact with
the ground. Occasionally it is observed attached to the shell of the living
Unio complanatus, and Melania virginica, and less frequently to the stem of
Schollera graminea and the leaves of Vallisneria spiralis. In the locality named,
on the rocks, there may be observed, in association with Urnatella, the follow-
ing animals: Spongilla fragilis; Limnias ceratophylli, usually abundant and in
compound bunches; Cothurnia pusilla, parasitic on Urnatella and Limnias ;
Hydra carnea, Ag., Paludicella elongata, Plumatella vesicularis; and the worm
Manayunkia speciosa, etc.

Unlike the marine genera of Pedicellinida, the polyp stocks of Urnatella
are erect or semi-erect, and not prostrate or creeping attached along the sur-
face of bodies. Urnatella starts by a thin membranous disk or expansion
tightly adherent to the point of support. Usually two stems or stocks (occa-
sionally three or only one,) start from the same disk, and diverge from each
other in a gentle curve. The stems may be seen from a simple pedicle with-
out division, to a series of eleven divisions or segments, exclusive of the
polyp head. A colony of Urnatella recalls to mind a miniature patch of
plants in a flower garden. The smallest polyps are translucent whitish or
nearly colorless; the largest are less than two lines long, and alternately
white and blackish or brownish. When disturbed the polyps retract their
arms, hang their heads, and bend downward, so that the heads touch the basis
of support, or the stems even become somewhat involute. Voluntarily the
polyps are often observed abruptly to move from one side to the other in the
most singular manner, as if wearied of remaining too long in the same*posi-
tion. In these movements the stems bend the entire length, but there is no
contraction or shortening. In attempting to detach a polyp, the heads sud-
denly bend downward in such a manner as if the violence elicited a feeling of
pain in the animal.

The terminal two or three segments of the parent stems usually give off a
branch on each side, and this branch sometimes gives off a second. The
branches always consist of a pedicle or single joint supporting'a polyp head.

In a polyp stock of more than two divisions, independent of the polyp head,
the additional segments are urn shaped. The penultimate segment is barrel
shaped; the last one cylindrical, or clavate.

The polyp heads are provided with from a dozen to sixteen ciliated arms.

[Sept.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 101

The internal structure of the polyps including that of the stems, bears a re-
semblance to that of Pedicellina, and will be more particularly described in a
memoir preparing on the animal.

The youngest independent polyp stems of Urnatella consist of a simple
cylindrical pedicle starting from the disk of attachment to the rock, and sup-
porting a single polyp head. The pedicle elongates and divides into two seg-
ments. The ultimate segment grows in length and again divides; and in this
manner all the segments are produced. After the production of three seg-
ments, the antepenultimate segment assumes the urn form. - Budding com-
mences from the second and third segments after their production, and from
the succeeding segments, but not usually from the first segment. The buds
originate from opposite sides of the base of the segments, and form branches
of a single segment with a polyp head. The pedicle of these branches also
frequently gives off a bud, which forms a secondary branch of the same kind
as the primary ones.

In the longer Urnatella stocks, branches are usually observed only from the
one two or three terminal segments. In the posterior urn-shaped segments,
in the position in which branches emanate in the terminal segments, cup-
shaped processes are observed. These were formerly mistaken for buds, but
evidently result from the dehiscence or separation of branches, which leave

the parent stock to establish colonies elsewhere. Though Ihave not observed .

this sepuration take place in Urnatella, yet all the points of structure appear
to indicate that it actually takes place in the manner intimated.

It thus appears that the first step towards the multiplication of Urnatella
is the segmentation of its sem. The segments put forth buds which develop
polyps, and these then separate from the parent stock to settle elsewhere, and
become the source of other series of polyps.

The ultimate history of the segmented polyp stock of Urnatella I have not
ascertained. The stocks which I have preserved in an aquarium for several
months finally lose their terminal polyps. Late in the season, also, all the
polyp stocks which I could obtain on the river shore within the reach of my
arm, at low tide, were deprived of their terminal polyps. The destruction of
these, however, I have suspected to have been due to their having been un-
covered in lower tides earlier in the season. I hope yet to be able to deter-
mine this question in the course of the next few weeks.

It has occurred to me that the segmented stems of Urnatella after the decay
of the polyps, remained through the winter with little obvious change, and
that in the following season, the segments served as reproductive bodies, in
the same manner as the statoblasts in Plumatellida and their allies. This
view is, however, not confirmed by specimens retained in the aquarium, and
those collected on the edge of the river which had lost their polyps.

In relation to the production of ova, or the reproduction of Urnatella
through sexual agency 1 have yet learned nothing.

Among the animals mentioned, as found in association with Urnatella, is
the singular Annelide, Manayunkia speciosa, discovered by me some years ago,
(Proc. A. N. S., 1858, 90.) The worm is closely allied to the marine genus
Fabricia, and like it, lives in tubes constructed of mud. tis abundant in the
locality indicated. Individuals of about two lines in length, are usually seen in
a state of division near the middle into two. The anterior division of the body
consists of five bristle-bearing annuli in addition to the head. The posterior
division consists of six bristle-bearing annuli in addition to the partially de-
veloped head. The anterior head is provided with about thirty-six ciliated
tentaculi supported on four lobes. It is also furnished with a pair of eyes;
besides which the tentacle-bearing lobes exhibit a number of pigmentary
spots, apparently of the nature of eyes. No eyes existin the tail of Mana-
yunkia as they do in Fabricia. The blood is green and is pumped intermit-
tently into a large vessel occupying one tentacle on each side of the middle
of the head.

1870.

102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

I have studied the development of Manayunkia, which will be fully de-
described in a future memoir on the animal. Curiously enough the develop-
ment of the young takes place within the tube of the parent, and the young
remain in this position for a considerable time after their development. Thus
I have obtained the young from the tube of the parent, after it was one-third
of a line in length, and consisted of ten annuli, including the head, from
which projected ten tentacles.

Mr. THomas MEEHAN said that last year he had called the attention of the
Academy to the fact that Gymnocladus and some other plants had a series of
buds, not in the usual order of Phyllotaxis, accordant with the leaves, as we
have believed axillary buds ought to be; but in a direct line, one above an-
other; and that in these cases the upper bud, the one the farthest removed
from the axil, was the strongest bud. He had overlooked the fact long known
to botanists, until pointed out by Dr. Engelman, that Lonicera had this longi-
tudinal string of buds; but in this case the largest bud was the one nearest
the axil. He had since noted that these buds all followed the same law in
this, that it was the large buds which had a fower-producing character, while
the small ones were those which continued the axial growth.

By the help of this last observation he was now able to explain some facts
in Solanaceous plants which he believed had not hitherto been understood. Tt
was well known that many of these had a habit of producing their flower
scapes at varying positions between the nodes, and not at the nodes, as is usual
with most fowering plants. He exhibited specimens of the common Cherry
Tomato, in which a few of the flower clusters sprang apparently opposite to
a node, but the majority were at least one-fourth of the way down to the node
below ; also other species of the genus, in which the flower peduncle pushed
out almost down to the lower axil. This was especially the case in some Egg
plants, wherein the leaf axil, the axillary bud, and the bud producing the
flower peduncle, were closely together in a direct line, as in Gymnocladus, be-
fore noted. The point to which he wished the particular attention of the
members was that this internodular flower bud really belonged to the system
of buds apparently originating at the node below.

He then showed that the flowering character of Solanum had a numerical
law of its own. Every third node produced a flower spike or cluster.
The node next following: the flower had barely the rudiment of an axillary
bud; the second one bad a stronger bud; the third had a bud which in the
Tomato and Eggplant pushed again into axillary growth, and had the extra
bud beyond, before noted—the flowering one. Other Solanaceous plants had
similar characters, which, unless we remembered what we had learned in
these common Solanums, we might not understand. For instance, in Nycte-
rium violaceum the two nodes between the flowering one approached very close
together, so as to appear nearly opposite, but still one axillary bud stronger
than the other. In Datura all three nodes approached and formed a sort of
fascicle with the flower proceeding from the irregular centre of the mass.

He now exhibited some specimens of the common Poke weed, Phytolacca
decandra, and showed that the inflorescence was exactly on the same law.
The flower raceme only appeared at every third node, and sometimes was as
much as a quarter of an inch above the node. It was directly in a line with
the lower bud,as in the cases of Gymnocladus, Lonicera, Solanum, &c., and there
was no difficulty in assuming that the flower spike had really belonged to the
lower system, just as in the other cases. The ratio of vigor in the axillary
buds was just the same. The leaf opposite or near by the raceme had scarcely
any axillary bud; the next stronger; the next strong enough to push into a
secondary axillary growth; and then the flower above this. Jn this we saw
Phytolacca to have the same characters as Solanaceous plants. The seeds of
Phytolacca were of very similar structure to Solanum, and it had many other
characters in common. He was not prepared to speak positively without fur-

[Sept.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 103

ther investigation, but. thought it quite likely, in spite of the hypogynous
flower, Phytolacca would be found more nearly related to Solanacece than to
Chenopodiaces, near which it was now placed.

He then exhibited some shoots of Grape Vine, and said that Dr. Engelman
had pointed out, when at the Academy last year, that there was some numeri-
cal order in the tendrils of grape vines. In the specimen he exhibited every
third node had no tendril; but he had seen some grape vines in which as
many as eight nodes with tendrils had followed one another. In the mature
wood, however, those without tendrils perfected the strongest buds. But he
had found in the allied genus Ampelopsis a nearly regular system of buds and
tendrils. In A. hederacea, the common Virginia or five-fingered creeper, the
strong shoots running up a wall or tree had at every third node a strong axil-
lary bud, without any tendril; while the two intervening nodes had tendrils
without axillary buds. Occasionally, but very rarely, two successive nodes
would have axillary buds, in which case the lower one would be smaller, and
have also a small tendril on the opposite side. Ampelopsis Vietchii had the
same character. He had attempted to propagate this by using nodes from
which the tendrils pushed, as single bud cuttings, but failed to get any devel-
opment from the axils. He believed they had not a trace of a bud in even
the most rudimentary state. It had been said in Darwin's paper on motion in
tendrils that the gland on the end of the tendril did not develop itself until it
approached the object it was to cling to. In Ampelopsis Vietchii, they developed
before this, in the shape of small globes, looking like rudiments of the same
flower which ultimately appeared. In fact tendrils here were incipient flower
branches, as any one could see by tracing the common Ampelopsis hederacea up
to its final flowering condition, when, the axial growth ending in a terminal
bud, instead of the usual lateral tendril, it seemed.to erect itself and bear
flowers. It would seem as if it was only by the elongation of the axis, demand-
ing and drawing to itself nutriment which would otherwise go into the ten-
dril, which made it a tendril, and not a flower shoot.

He did not, however, intend at this time to attempt any explanation of these
series of observations. He thought there was nothing in any known law of
“ Phyllotaxis which would explain them; and that by following them up mat-

ters of much interest to botany might be evolved. But, as he might have
more to say about it some day, and winter was approaching, he thought to *
call the attention of the Academy to the facts, so that those interested might
examine them for themselves before the frost destroyed the specimens.

The death of Mr. Wm. P. Wilstach was announced.

Sept. 27th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Twenty-one members present.

The report of a Committee appointed to draft resolutions regard-
ing the death of the late Wm. P. Wilstach was received, and the
following Resolutions adopted :

The death of WiLLIAM P. WiLsTACH, at Saratoga, Sept. 17, 1870, has been
announced to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Mr. WiLsTAcH during his connection of ten years with this institution has
been distinguished among its members by his liberal, intelligent and prompt
encouragement of every enterprise calculated to increase and diffuse knowl-
edge of the Natural Sciences. Besides many donations at different times, he
gave a thousand dollars towards the publication of the last volume of the
Academy's Journal; a thousand dollars to the building fund, and in addition
he made a conditional subscription of five thousand dollars to the same fund.
These facts are cited in evidence of Mr. WiLSTACH'S interest in the progress of

1870.]

104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Science and culture ;—they are among the reasons why the Academy recog-
nizes in his death the loss of a liberal patron, a judicious counsellor and an
agreeable associate.

Resolved, That this expression of the Academy's appreciation of Mr. WiL-
STACH'S worth be communicated to his widow and family, in token of its sym-
pathy with their bereavement.

W. S. W. RuscHENBERGER,
Jos. LEIDY,
(Signed) Wm. S. Vaux.
S. B. Howezt, Rec. Sec.

The following gentlemen were elected members of the Academy :
Green Smith, Thos. Stewardson, H. Weir Workman, W. B. Rogers,
Thos. G. Gentry, Wm. H. Pancoast, M. D.

The following were elected correspondents: Prof. Igino Cocchi, of
Ts Italy; Prof. John Jas. Stevenson, Ph. D., of Morgantown,

eo

On favorable report of the Committees, the following papers were
orderded to be published :

Notice of some Crustacea of the Genus LIBINIA, with descriptions of four
new Species.
BY T, HALE STREETS.

Much uncertainty has existed with regard to the identity of certain species
belonging to the genus Libinia. Libinia dubia, ever since it was first estab-
lished by Milne Edwards, has been regarded as a doubtful species. In the
description of it by Edwards, he states that it resembles L. canaliculata very
much, and that it is not improbable that it is the young of that species. * Nat-
uralists in this branch of science down to the present time appear to have
accepted this statement as the truth. NU)

De Kay, in his Natural History of New York, states that the “younger indi-
viduals,1 —4in. in length, are more pyriform in shape, are entirely covered with
a dense, downy hair, and the spines are not so prominent as in the adult. In
this state I suppose it to be the L. dubia of Edwards.”

Gibbes in an article in the Proceedings of the American Association for
1850, regards the two species as distinct, but says that no absolute characters
can be indicated by which they may be separated.

I do not know how to account for this prevailing ignorance, as the charac-
ters existing, separating the two species, are so plain.

Lrsinia DUBIA, Edwards. His. Nat. des Orust. vol. 1, p. 300, pl. 14, fig. 2.
L. distincta, Guerin.

Besides the characters usually given as distinguishing this species, the fol-
lowing may be observed, and they will be found to be highly characteristic.

In the median line of the body, counting backward from the depression sep-
arating the gastric and genital regions, there is a row of four spines; one on
the genital region, two on the cardiac and one on the intestinal. One small
spine on the posterior part of the gastric region in the median line, and five
arranged transversely on the anterior part of the same region. Three prom-
inent spines on the branchial region independently of those on the lateral
margin. The hepatic region is usually devoid of spines or tubercles; sometimes
there is a very small, sharp one on each side, or, again, it may be present on
one side and absent on the other. There is never more than one on a side.
The regions are very distinctly marked out. À

Rostrum prominent. ts bifurcated extremity diverging, and directed near-
ly horizontally. The cleft deep.

[Sept.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 105

Habitat. Common species of the Southern Atlantic coast. Very common
in the Delaware Bay. In the Academy's collection are four specimens from
the coast of Long Island; and one from West Africa, by Duchaillu.

LíBINIA CANALICULATA, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. vol. 1, p. 77, pl. 4, fig. 1.

L. emarginata, Leach.

In the median line of the body, counting backward from the depression sep-
arating the stomach from the genital region, there is a row of five spines; one
in the genital region, two in the cardiac and two in the intestinal, On the
gastric region there is a longitudinal row of four spines. The second one
counting from behind forward is generally double. The anterior one is situ-
ated in front of the transverse row, which contains four spines or tubercles,
two on each side. - The hepatic region always presents more than one spine,
usually three, sometimes more; sometimes three on one side and two on the
other. One large spine situated on the posterior part of the branchial region,
on a line with the lower spine on the intestinal region, another smaller one
intervening between. The whole surface of the carapax studded over with
numerous spines and tubercles arranged more or less regularly. The spines
on the lateral margin not as prominent as in L. dubia, but of the same num-
ber.

The cleft of the bifurcated extremity of the rostrum is very shallow. The
teeth of the rostrum not on the same plane as in L. dubia, they present a di-
rection downward. In the largest specimens the anterior extremity is consid-
erably hooked.

The characters here enumerated as distinguishing L. canaliculata will be
found to hold good through all variations of size—in those that are no more
than an inch in length, as well as in those that are from four to five inches
long, the latter being the largest of the kind that I have ever segn.

Habitat. Common to the North Atlantic coast, but extends down to the West
Indies.

LiBinia AFFINIS, Randell. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. vol. VII, p. 107.

Gibbes says of this species that it “so closely resembles L. dubia, that if
from the Atlantic coast, I should not regard it as different, but as it comes
from Upper California I cannot venture to pronounce it the same.”

The author here quoted undoubtedly made a mistake when hesaid that L.afinis
closely resembles L. dubia. Stimpson approached the truth more nearly when
he stated that “it is very closely allied to L. canaliculata.” | Itis undoubtedly
nothing more than the young of canaliculata. That it is so will be evident to
any one who will take the trouble to compare them closely.. It agrees with
L. canaliculata in every respect excepting size.

LrBiNIA SUBSPINOSA, Streets, n. s.

Carapax pyriform. Regions distinct. Spines and tubercles few. Three
small tubercles arranged transversely on the anterior portion of the gastric
region, one on the median line and one on each side. On the posterior part
of the stomach, in the usual situation of a spine or tubercle, there is a slight
elevation. Genital region compressed from before backward. Two spines on
the cardiac region, and one, rather large, on the intestinal region. Five
spines on the lateral margin of the branchial region ; the posterior one large.
On the upper portion of the same region, near the superior border, are two
more, arranged in a line from before backward. Hepatic region devoid of
spines, smooth. Just beneath this region, on the antero-lateral border, are
two spines, the anterior one large.

Rostrum prominent; teeth short and their apices directed forward and
toward each other. A short obtuse spine projecting over the inner canthus
of the eye. On the inferior border of the orbit are two small tubercles. Ex-
ternal antennae cylindrical.

Anterior pair of feet shorter than the second. The fingers come in contact

EA

“1870)] |

106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
along half the extent of their denticulated margins. The second pair of feet
about the same length as the carapax, rostrum included.

The surface covered with close, short hair. Length of the body to the tip
of the rostrum one inch and a half.

Habitat. —Chili.

(Cabinet Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.)

LiBiNIA RHOMBOIDEA, Streets, n. s.

Carapax nearly circular. Regions distinct; those in the median line of
the body flattened. Six small but sharp spines on the gastric region; five ar-
ranged transversely on the anterior part. The two outer ones and the middle
are larger, and are placed in a direct line with one another; the two inter-
vening ones are smaller, and are situated a little in front of the others. One
spine situated on the posterior part of the stomach. All the spines on the
central regions small. Genital region quadrilateral and bearing a small spine.
One on the cardiac region and one on the intestinal. On the posterior part of
the cardiac region is an elevation which presents a depression in its summit.
Four large and sharp spines on the branchial region independently of those
on the lateral margin. These are placed so as to inclose a rhomboidal-shaped
figure between them. A prominent spine on the hepatic region; five on the
lateral margin. These with the one on the hepatic region form nearly half a
circle. Below the lateral row anteriorly are two prominent spines.

A prominent spine above the inner canthus of the eye; a small one at the
external canthus. External antenng cylindrical. A spine situated to the
outer side of them, and one beneath directed downward.

Rostrum not so broad as in L. dubia, and its bifurcation less divergent, the
teeth being directed nearly horizontally forward. Anterior pair of feet short
and granular; a short spine on the lower portion of the arm. Second pair of
feet nearly one and a half times as long as the body. Length of the body
three inches and a half.

Habitat. —East Indies.

(Cabinet Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.)

In the Academy's collection is a single specimen, which very much resem-
bles the preceding, and in the absence of any others of the same kind to con-
firm the characters, I will not venture to call it a new species. The following
are the chief points of difference. The regions in the median line of the body
less depréssed. The transverse row of spines on the anterior portion of the
gastric region are arranged somewhat differently. The two lateral ones on
each side are placed in a direct line, while the middle one is situated a little
posteriorly. The bifurcation of the rostrum is more divergent and the teeth
are inflated to their tips. Second pair of feet but little longer than the body.
Length of the body two inches and four-fifths.

Habitat. —West Indies.

If this should prove a new species, I propose for it the name of Libinia in- .

Rata.

CHroNoECETES CHILENSIS, Streets, n. 8.

Body very much depressed, flattened on top; doado as broad as long. Pos-
terior border rounded; broad anteriorly. Anterior and middle portions of
the carapax covered with small wart-like prominences, which are depressed.
These terminate in a more or less well-defined line drawn transversely through
the centre of the cardiac region. All that portion of the surface not covered
with prominences, granular. Regions not very distinct; gastric region some-
what triangular. External angle of the orbit projecting. Rostrum very
short, and flattened. Eyes large, of a brown color with black spots.

Anterior pair of feet but little longer than the body. Internal and external
borders of the under surface of the arm minutely spinous. These as well as
the other feet granular. Fingers long and it more than half the length

[Sept.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 107

of the whole hand; denticulated along the whole length of their approximated
margins. The third article of the second pair of feet flattened; that of the
third pair less so. The same article of the fourth pair nearly cylindrical ;
that of the fifth pair cylindrical. This article is long, straight and inflated ;
largest diameter in the middle, gradually tapering anteriorly ; no enlargement
at the nodes. Hair on the body very short, scarcely discernable. Length of
body about one inch.

This species can very readily be distinguished from Peloplastus (Chionoecetes)
Pallasii, Gerstaecker. Unlike this the upper surfaces of the tibia are not cov-
ered with short spines, and the double row of granules is wanting on the
tarsi.

O. Chilensis may be distinguished from O. Behringianus, Stimpson, by the
wart-like prominences not increasing in acuteness anteriorly and at the sides,
except at the inferior antero-lateral margin. Here, instead of there being
fourteen small bifid spines as in 0. Behringianus, there are but eleven or twelve ;
the first five or six only being of any size. The third articles granular below
as well as above. Only the inferior angles of the arms of the first pair of
feet are muricated.

Habitat. —Chili.

(Cabinet Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.)

HUENIA BIFURCATA, Streets, n. s.

Carapax smooth, elongated, narrowing in front. Antero-lateral margins
acute. On the gastric region three low tubercles arranged in a triangular
form with the base of the triangle directed forward. A low tubercle on the
cardiac region. The antero-lateral borders produced into sharp processes, di-
rected forward, outward and slightly upward from the base of the rostrum.
Rather broad lateral projections at the junction of the antero-lateral and pos-
tero-lateral borders, directed somewhat upward. These projections present
two teeth at their extremities, separated by a concave interval. Postero-lat-
eral borders rounded. Posterior border projecting backward lip-like, slightly
everted on each side.

Rostrum about two-tenths of an inch in length; bifurcated at its point;
flattened horizontally at the anterior extremity, which is on a lower plane
than the base. Upper surface covered with hooked hairs. Under surface of
the rostrum concave.

Eyes small, slightly projecting from under the lateral borders of the cara-
pax. External antenna slender and completely concealed under the anterior
prolongation. Basal article cylindrical, slightly clubbed at its anterior ex-
tremity; the second article more than half the length of the first; the third
very delicate.

Anterior pair of feet about the same length as the carapax. On the distal
extremity of the upper surface of the third article is a small tooth directed
forward. Second pair of feet longer than the first pair, —about one inch in
length. The following feet considerably shorter, and each presents a spine at
about the middle of the under surface of the fifth article. Carapax, rostrum
included, nine-tenths of an inch in length.

Hubitat.—New Zealand.

(Cabinet Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.)

On tho Flowers of ARALIA SPINOSA, L., and HEDERA HELIX, L.
BY THOMAS MEEHAN,

The study of Aralia spinosa, L., affords some interesting facts which do not
seem to have attracted the attention of other observers.s

In Dr. Gray's indispensable Manual of Botany, it is said to be “more or
less polygamous.” I have had many specimens under my daily observation

18707]

108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

this season, from the earliest opening till the last blossom appeared, and find
that it is much more nearly moncecious than the above quotation would imply.

There are three different sets of flowers corresponding to the thrice com-
pounded branchlets ofthe large panicle. When the flower scape elongates, it
seems suddenly arrested at a given point, and a very strong umbel of female
flowers appears at the apex. A great number of secondary branches appear
along this main one; and they also suddenly terminate each with an umbel
of female flowers. From these secondary branches a third series appear, and
these flowers are well filled with anthers that are abundantly polleniferous.
The female organs of these flowers of the third class, are, however, defective,
as only a few bear capsules, and in these, a large portion of the seeds have no
ovules. The polygamous character is confined to this third series of flower,
the first two having purely pistillate blossoms. In these there do not seem
to be the rudiments of stamens.

The most remarkable part of this process of development is, that the whole
of this first series of female flowers should open so long before the male
ones come, that they fall unfertilized. Most part of the second series also
fall, and the crop of seeds is mainly made up of a few of the last opening ones
of the section, and the comparatively few hermaphrodite ones which are
found in those of the third class. Itisa matter for curious speculation what
special benefit it can be to the plant to spend so much force on the produc-
tion of female flowers too early to mature, and then producing such an im-
mense mass of pollen to go utterly to waste.

It may not be amis to note, that in the common carrot the earlier strong
umbels have often a male flower in the center; and that while the usual
flowers are of a pure white, this one is of a crimson color. In the central
umbels of Aralia spinosa, and at times on spurs along the branchlets of the
panicle are similar colored processes, so small that their form cannot be made
out by a common pocket lens. Our fellow member, Dr. J. Gibbons Hunt,
makes them out, under the dissecting microscope, to be vase-like forms with
five minute reflexed segments, and with a small solid disk in the centre. It
is interesting as evidently being a successful attempt of an abortive flower
to simulate in some respects a real one of another character.

Examining, also, the flowers of the allied European Evergreen Ivy, Hedera
Heliz, L., 1 find similar laws of distribution of the sexes as in Aralia spinosa,
with the addition of a somewhat different structure in the male from the
female flowers.

In Europe the plant is described as often baving a single.umbel as a
flower spike. Itis quite likely in these cases the flowers are hermaphrodite.
In all the cases I have met here, the inflorescence is a compound of several
umbels,—a terminal one—female, and the lateral ones male, as in Aralia,
But there are rudiments of stamens in the flower, and in occasional instances
I find a filament developed; but never, so far, with any polleniferous anthers.
The flowers of the central female umbel have rather longer and stronger
pedicels than the lateral male ones. The calyx is united with the ovarium
for one-half its length, and the latter much developed in the unopened flower.
In the male the segments of the calyx are two-thirds free, and the petals are
much longer than in the female flowers.

As in Aralia spinosa, the male flowers do not open until some time after the
female ones; and not before some of the latter, impatient of delay, have fallen
unfertilized.

I have so often and in so many varied ways demonstrated to the Academy -
that in plants the male element is a later and inferior creation, that it
seems almost superogatory to point out that these plants illustrate the same
principle. But it ig part of the record of what I believe to be unobserved
facts in relation to these species, therefore I briefly allude to them. é

| [Sept.

Issued November 1st, 1870.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 109

Oct. 4th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Twenty-nine members present.

Pror. Lerpy direcied attention to a small collection of fossils recently re-
ceived from Prof. F. V. Hayden, now engaged in a geological exploration of
part of our western territories.

Most of the fossils were collected on the Sweet Water R., eighteen miles
west of Devil's Gate, Wyoming Territory.

The most numerous and characteristic remains in the collection are those
of a species of Merycochoerus, the skull of which was little more than two-
thirds the diameter of that of Merycocheerus proprius from the head waters of
the Niobrara River. The species is particularly indicated by a number of
fragments of jaws, with teeth of half a dozen individuals. The anatomical
characters are the same as in M. proprius. The infra-orbital arch is of great
proportionate depth, as in the latter when compared with its condition in the
different species of Oreodon. The face has the same abruptly contracted char-
acter in advance of the orbits, and the infra-orbital foramen occupies a cor-
responding position as in M. proprius. In Oreodon the face narrows more grad-
ually forward, and has a more triangular outline when viewed from above;
and the infra-orbital foramen is situated farther forward. There may be other
important anatomical points distinguishing Merycochoerus from Oreodon, in
portions of the skull of the former, which we have not yet had the opportu-
nity of examining.

The inspection of these specimens leads me to suspect that the remains from
the pliocene sands of the Niobrara River, which I referred to another genus
under the name of Merychyus medius, perhaps belong to the same animal, and
those from the same locality referred to Merychyus major, perhaps belong to
Merycocherus proprius. The material at command is insufficient for me to de-
termine whether this is the case, and under the circumstances T am disposed
to refer the remains in question, from the Sweet Water R., to a distinct species
with the name of MERYCOCHGRUS RUSTICUS.

A series of lower molars of this species measures ....... ...c «ccose.-4 inches.
A series in another individual........ Eneas de PRE, RR RAR Re Mitby Ego quis day «41 inches.
Ea GUEiga TN DO, orais Ms cs sds lusa dias) idida adia 06 cisplatina css cnsanio 54 inches.

It has occurred to me that the remains thus referred to a smaller species of
Merycocherus, may have pertained to the female of M.proprius. The speci-
mens, however, of all the individuals, indicate a smaller animal than those
upon which the latter was founded.

In association with the remains are a few fragments indicating a small
equine animal, perhaps a Hipparion. There are also several small fragments
of jaws indicating the presence of Canis vafer and Merycodus necatus, origi»
nally based on specimens from the pliocene sands of the Niobrara River, Ne-
braska.

The remaining fossils consist of two interesting specimens, from near Fort
Bridger. One of them is an upper back molar, apparently of a small
species of Lophiodon. The crown of the tooth is perfect and but slightly worn
at the acute summits of the lobes. The tooth has nearly the form, size, and
constitution as the corresponding ones in Anchitherium Bairdi, but the ridges
extending forward and outward from the inner lobes in advance of the outer
lobes exhibit no trace of a disposition to form intervening lobes to the four
principal ones. The fore and aft diameter of the specimen is a little over
seven lines; the transverse diameter a little under that measurement. For
the name of the species 1 would propose that of LoPHIODON MODESTUS.

The other specimen consists of a portion of the right ramus of a lower jaw
of a small pachydermous animal, containing the true molars, much worn

1870.] 8

110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

together with the mutilated remains of the preceding premolar. The teeth
are too much worn to enable me to determine the original anatomical charac-
ters, but nevertheless are sufficiently perfect to indicate an animal probably
allied to the suilline family. The specimen belongs to a genus and species
distinct from any heretofore met with by me from the North American geolo-
gical formations, and, so far as I can make the comparison, appears different
from any obtained elsewhere. I propose at present to refer it to a species with
the name of HyopsoDus PAULUS, and in future will give a more detailed de-
scription of it accompanied with a drawing.

The length of the true molar series in the specimen is half an inch. The
last molar is a little over two lines in its fore and aft diameter. The depth of
the jaw below the second true molar is three and a half lines.

Oct. 11th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Twenty-six members present.

The following papers were presented for publication : |

“ Observations on some fishes new to the American Fauna, found
at Newport, R. I., by Samuel Powell.” By Edward D. Cope.

“ Note on Silphium laciniatum.” By Thos. Meehan.

Mr. THomas MEEgHAN said he had noticed a singular habit in the common
“Stink bug” of gardens, Reduvius novenarius, Say, which might lead to some
important physiological discoveries by those more closely devoted to entomo-
logical studies. Wondering what made some abrasion on the bark of a Pinus
cembra on his grounds, he was attracted by a female insect of this species
near it; and noticed that on the thigh of the middle leg the usual gray color
was of a polished black. Supposing that possibly the insect may have had
something to do with the injury to the bark, through which the turpentine
was oozing, he waited a few minutes to re-assure the insect—usually timid
under observation—that there was no danger. It then went to work to take
the turpentine with the heel of the tarsus of the fore leg, and place it on the
thigh of the second leg. It took several dozen “ heelsful,” winding it round
the gathering ball on the leg, as one would wind a ball of string. After it had
collected together a ball of turpentine about the size of à pin's head, it gently
“wiped it off with the femora of the hind leg, and applied it to the anus, where
it was very rapidly absorbed. It then walked very leisurely to the top of the
nearest branch, when it few away. This was in the end of September. He
saw no more of these insects till a week afterwards, when he cut off a small
branch on which was another female, and carried it to the pine tree, applying
the branch to the stem so that the insect could walk on to it, without much
suspicion of human agency in the matter. As soon as it got to the turpentine,
it went through the same operation as the other one, taking two doses of it
before it walked away; which it did leisurely, and with much apparent satis-
faction.

Up to this time he had not been able to find a male, so as to ascertain if it .
also had any similar use for turpentine.

THADDEUS NORRIS, after making some observations on a project now on foot
for stocking the Delaware river with the black bass of the Potomac (Grystes
salmoides), brought originally from the Ohio, mentioned in the same connec-
nection an experiment about to be tried of introducing Salmon by artificial
culture. He thought that the Delaware had many characteristics of rivers
producing large salmon in Canada, while its summer temperature was scarcely
higher; that it was unobstructed by impassable dams on some of its fine trib-

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11

utaries and on both of its principal branches to their sources. Mr. Norris
also remarked that the experiment was of much importance in ascertaining if
this valuable fish—the salmon—may not be gradually acclimated in rivers
further south than those they now frequent.

Oct. 18th.
o The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Twenty-one members present.

Pror. Lerpy directed attention to a collection of fossils, recently received
for examination, through the Smithsonian Institution, from Rev. Thomas
Condon, of Dalles City, Oregon. The fossils consist of remains of mamma-
lia, obtained by Mr. Condon from the valley of Bridge Creek, a tributary of
John Day's River, Oregon. They appear petrified in the same manner as the
similar remains from the Mauvaises Terres of White River, Dakota, but gene-
rally are less well preserved.

The greater number and more striking specimens belong apparently to a
species of Oreodon, larger than any previously discovered and equaling in size
Merycochorus proprius. Indeed, so far as we are familiar with the skull of both,
the two are so nearly alike that one may be regarded as only a variety of the
other, or at most both may be viewed as distinct species of the same genus.
I am, however, disposed to view one as the ofíspring, by selection, of the
other, and regard them as corresponding species of two genera which existed
probably in different times or localities.

The species, which I propose to distinguish under the name of OREODON
SUPERBUS, is indicated by a much mutilated skull, together with mutilated
crania, and portions of jaws with and without teeth, of half a dozen or more
individuals. The specimens indicate a little variation in the size of the ani-
mal, but it appears to have been on the average about the same as Meryco-
chorus proprius. É

The form and constitution of the cranium are the same as in Oreodon Cul-
bertsoni, but large inflated ear capsules or tympanic bones exist as in Oreodon
major and O. bullatus. Ê

The face is intermediate in character to that of Oreodon major and Meryco-
chorus proprius. Itis rather more abruptly narrowed in advance of the orbits
than in the former, but not to the same degree as in the latter. The infra-

“orbital arches are proportionately of much greater depth than in Oreodon ma-
Jor, and the other species of the Mauvaises Terres of Dakota, but are not so
deep as in Merycocherus proprius. Thus in Oreodon major it measures 9 lines
in depth, in O. superbus 18 lines, in Merycocherus proprius 23 lines.

The orbits are comparatively small, as in all the family of the Oreodonts.
The lachrymal fossa is proportionately shallower than in O. Culbertsoni and
O. major, and in this respect is more like that of O. gracilis.

The infra-orbital foramen in Oreodon superbus holds an intermediate posi-
tion to that of Merycochorus proprius and that of the Mauvaises Terres
Oreodons.

The jaws of O. superbus appear not quite so robust proportionately as in
Merycochorus proprius, and the bone of the lower jaw is of less thickness.

The teeth of O. superbus and Merycocherus proprius agree in size and consti-
tution, but the premolars and canines of the former appear more compressed
laterally, or they are of less thickness from within outwardly, and are some-
what wider fore and aft.

Iam prepared to admit that all the characters by which I have attempted
to discriminate different species of Oreodon and Merycocherus are not fixed,
but I nevertheless view them as suflicient to eliminate animals which would
be generally recognised as distinct.

1870.]

112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

The estimated length of the skull of Oreodon superbus is about fourteen
inches. The length of the skull of O. major is about nine inches and one-
third.

In a fragment of a lower jaw of O. superbus, imbedded in the matrix, the
crown of the canine is an inch in width fore and aft. The three premolars
behind occupy a space of two inches and a third. In Merycochaerus proprius
the crown of the lower canine is little more than three-fourths of an inch
fore and aft, and the premolars behind occupy a space of less than two
inches.

Of other remains in the Oregon collection there are a few fragments of jaws
of Oreodon Culbertsoni, one of which contains a series of the upper last pre-
molar and the true molars. There also occur a few small fragments of molar
teeth, which are recognizable as pertaining to Agriocherus antiquus. There is
also here an inferior true molar of Leptomeryx Evansi, and likewise there are
several mutilated molars of Anchitherium Bairdi. These specimens are all
marked as having been obtained from the “Big-bottom of the John
Day.”

An interesting specimen from Bridge Creek consists of a small fragment of
an upper jaw, containing two teeth, apparently of a tapiroid animal, and pro-
bably the same as that indicated by a tooth from the Mauvaises Terres, and
referred to a species with the name of Lophiodon occidentalis. The teeth appear
to be the hinder two premolars, or perhaps are the last of these and the next
true molar. They are much worn, and the second tooth has its back part
broken off. They may belong to a different genus from Lophiodon, and they
do exhibit slight peculiarity, but their condition renders a positive determina-
tion uncertain. The specimen indicates an animal about the size of the living
Tapirus terrestris.

At least two species of Rhinoceros are indicated by remains from Bridge
Creek valley. One of these T think to be the Rhinoceros occidentalis, originally
founded on remains from the Mauvaises Terres of White River, Dakota. Sev-
eral well preserved upper molars, and a fragment of the lower jaw with an
entire molar, marked “John Day's,” neither differ in constitution, form or size
from those of the last named species.

An isolated upper molar, marked “ Alkali Flat,” clearly belongs to a differ-
ent species from the former, and may perhaps pertain to the species Rhinoceros
hesperius, founded on the ramus of a lower jaw from California. From the
outer wall of the crown there project into the median valley three folds, and
a small fold projects in the vicinity of the latter from the postero-internal
lobe. The arrangement of these folds resembles that of a temporary molar
from the Niobrara River, of Nebraska (fig. 5, pl. xxiii, Ext. Mam. Fauna of
Dakota and Nebraska) referred to Rhinoceros crassus. It is not improbable that
the tooth may belong to a peculiar species, but the material thus far brought
to our notice is insufficient to determine the question positively.

Fragments of a canine tooth in the collection indicate apparently a huge
species of Elotherium, perhaps the E. superbum. Another mutilated canine
apparently belongs to a smaller species, perhaps the E. ingens.

Two inferior molars apparently indicate a Peccary about the size of the
living Dicotyles torquatus.

A small fragment of an upper jaw contains a mutilated molar tooth, indi-
cating a species of Anchitherium, larger than A. Bairdi, of the Mauvaises
Terres of White River. It may perhaps indicate a different though closely
allied genus, as the median lobes are proportionately better developed in rela-
tion with the inner and outer ones than in the true Anchitherium. The animal
would appear to hold a position intermediate to 4. Bairdi and Anchippus texa-
nus. Awaiting the opportunity of examining additional material, 1 would
propose for the species the name of AxcHITHERIUM ConDox1, in honor of the
Rev. Thomas Condon, the discoverer of these and the preceding fossils which
have been the subjects of examination. The fore and aft diameter of the tooth

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPIHA, 113

has measured about eight lines, the transverse diameter about three-fourths of
an inch.

Pror. Lerpy further stated that in a recent visit to the Schuylkill river at
Fairmount, to seek for specimens of Urnatella, though he had been unsuccess-
ful in obtaining living ones within reach from the shore, he had found in the
same positions occupied by the former, an abundance of Cordylophora. This
is the first time that he had noticed this interesting compound hydroid polyp
in the vicinity of Philadelphia, and be was surprised that until now it had
escaped his notice. Cordylophora was first detected by him in this country at
Newport, R. I. He had not been able to satisfy himself that it was a different
species from the European Cordylophora lacustris, first described by Prof. All-
man of Edinburgh. It appears, however, to be much smaller. Prof. Allman
represents the O. lacustris several inches in length, with the polyps a line in
length. Ours is not more than half the size. As a variety it might be named
Cordylophora americana.

Oct. 25th
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.

Twenty-four members present.

Pror. Lerpy stated that he had recently received from Prof. Hayden, at the
latest date, at Fort Bridger, several boxes of fossils, most of them remains of
Crocodiles and Turtles from Church Buttes, the junction of the Big Sandy and
Green Rivers, &c. Of these he proposed to give a notice at another period.
Among the mammalian remains there were some of special interest, and to
these he wished to direct attention at the present time. The first exhibited
consisted of the crowns of teeth and fragments of others, of a pachydermous
animal, approaching in size the common Ox. Thecrown of a lower true molar
resembles in its constitution those of Paleotherium, Chalicotherium and Tita-
notherium, being composed of à pair of fore and aft conjoined pyramidal lobes
with crescentic summits. It measures 16 lines antero-posteriorly and 10 lines
transversely. Fragments of upper true molars exhibit the outer part of the
crown composed of a pair of lobes exactly as in Hyopotamus. The inner
portion of the crown is composed of a pair of simple cones, broad and low,
the front one considerably larger than the back one. One of the specimens
in the entire condition of the crown measured about 22 lines fore and aft
and 18 lines transversely. The crown of an upper premolar has its outer
part composed of a pair of conjoined cones with acute summits and sides.
The inner portion of the crown consists of a single broad simple cone em-
braced in front and behind by a basal ridge. The antero-posterior diameter
of the crown externally measures 9% lines; the transverse diameter is an
inch.

The teeth indicate an animal apparently allied to Chalicotherium and Titanos
therium, but different from either. The name of PaLMOSYOPS PALUDOSUS was
proposed for it. The remains were obtained at Church Buttes, and belong,
as Prof. Hayden reports, to the tertiary formation of the Bridger Group.

Another fossil exhibited was discovered by Prof. Hayden at Black's Fork.

It consists of a fragment of the lower jaw, containing two teeth, of an ani-
mal about as big as a Rabbit. The teeth, consisting of the two last molars,
resemble in their construction those of the Peccary, but the constituent lobes
of the crown are more pointed and smoother. The second true molar has four
lobes; the last, an additional lobe. The two teeth together occupy a space of
less than 5 lines; the depth of the jaw beneath the penultimate molar is three
lines. For the animal, the name of MiCROSUS CUSPIDATUS Was proposed.

Another fossil consists of the greater part of the right ramus of a lower jaw
partially imbedded in sandstone, and was also obtained by Prof. Hayden at

1870.) |

114: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Black's Fork. The specimen apparently indicates an animal allied to the
Raccoon, than which it was nearly a third smaller in size. The ramus con-
tained a series of seven molars, immediately succeeding the canine, without
hiatus. All the molars remain except the first, and this like the succeeding
one was inserted by a pair of fangs.

The teeth in the specimen are much worn, so that their original character
is obscure. The crowns of the premolars appear to have been nearly like
those of the Raccoon. In the true molars the postero-internal cusp of the
crown existing in the latter, appears to have been but feebly developed in the
extinct animal.

The body of the jaw, though much shorter, is absolutely deeper than in the
Raccoon. The coronoid process has been comparatively narrow ; the exter-
nal masseteric fossa feeble, and the condyle is remarkably small, not being
more than a third in size of that of the Raccoon.

The measurements of the specimen are as follow : length from symphysis
to back of condyle, 23 inches; space occupied by the series of seven molars,
16 lines; depth of lower jaw below the first true molar, 6 lines.

For the animal the name of NOTHARCTUS TENEBROSUS was proposed.

Remains of Paleosyops paludosus, have since been received from Henry's
Fork of Green River, Wyoming.

The following gentlemen were elected members: Chas. K.
Mills, M. D.; J. Solis Cohen, M. D.; Bushrod H. James, M. D,,
and Mr. J. Blodget Britton.

On favorable report of the Committees, the following papers were
ordered to be published :

On the Stipules of Magnolia and Liriodendron.
BY THOMAS MEEHAN,

An examination of the stipules of Magnolia afford some highly interesting
facts; most, or perhaps all of which are known to leading botanists, but
which do not appear to be as generally known as they deserve to be; and
which facts may have a more intimate bearing on many of the questions con-
nected with the laws of development than is suspected.

In most species of Magnolia a scar peculiar to the genus exists on the petiole.
This scar is elevated somewhat above the surrounding tissue, as if the matter
forming it had been laid on the surface after the rest of the petiole had been
formed. Thetint of green is pot the same as the rest of the petiole, but it is
always of the same tint as that of the leaf blade. In Magnolia macrophylla the
petiole and under surface of the leaf is gray; the leaf blade is pale green on
the upper surface. The surface of the scar is pale green, corresponding to the
surface of the leaf blade. The whole appearance of the scar is such as if a
portion of a leaf blade had been grafted by its under surface on the petiole.

On the upper point of the scar next the leaf blade are two small articulation
points, where the membranaceous stipules finally parted from the leaf. Exam-
ining a leaf before these stipules have fallen, the main veins forming the ske-
leton'of the stipules are found connecting with these articuli, and, spreading
out, diverge downward toward the base of the leaf. In separating at maturity
from the petiole, they part first from the base, and last from their place of ar-
ticulation. Their weakest hold is the point farthest away from what thus ap-
pears to be their source at the apex of the scar.

Magnolia Frazeri elongates its petiole beyond the stipule several inches gen-
erally. The leaf blade then exhibits the auricle so well known in this species.
The structure of this auricle is similar to the stipules in M. macrophylla or M.
tripetela. The veins start out in nearly as close a fascicle as in these stipules,

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 115

and they diverge and curve downwards just as these stipules do. Abóke these
strong veins of the auricle are very weak veins, necessitating a very narrow
blade portion there, until another set of strong veins push out and make the
main part of the lamina.

If we press these auricles back against the petiole, and imagine an union
with it, then a separation from the main leaf blade, and an union of the edges
of the separated auricle, both above and below, we have a sheathed stipule
exactly as we find them, and we see how easily Magnolia Frazeri might be a
pinnate leaf of five leaflets on the supposition that the stipular portions really
have taken the course we suppose these auricles might take,

I suppose no one of experience in living plants doubts the possibility of the
adhesion of some parts and the separation of others, so as to make new parts
or organs. If such is desired, I would refer to the adhesion of the carpellary
leaves by their backs in the capsules of Staphylea trifolia; and for separation
to the pinnate leaf often formed out of an entire blade in Hraxinus excelsior,
heterophylla, and many other plants with entire leaves which often have pin-
nate ones amongst them.

It is scarcely possible, with these facts before us, to avoid the suspicion that
the stipules of Magnolia are not formed like the stipules of most plants, which
are perhaps leaf portions which have never been well developed, but rather are
the tolerably well developed side pinnules of a trifoliate or deeply auricled
leaf, which in an early stage had adnated with the petiole, and by their edges,
and thus formed the stipular sheath we see. The suppositious case I have
drawn from the auricles of M. Frazeri is still better illustrated by leaves of
some Ranunculaceous plants. For instance, Anemone Pennsylvanica. Lay the
lower lobes flat against the petiole, imagine the adnation by their backs, and
cohesion of the edges, and we have the idea clearly.

It is dificult to conceive that these stipular sheathes could have been formed
in harmony with all the appearances we have detailed, in any other way; but
ideas and possibilities are not as good as direct facts. These are furnished
in good partin other ways.

In the East Indian species, M. fuscata, the flowers are axillary, not terminal
as in most other species. Three of the leaf axils on the growth of last year pro-
duce flowers. The lowest flower is the weakest, the upper the strongest. The
bracts which enfold the flower buds are of course transformed leaves; and
here, in these weak flowers, where the tendency of the vital course is almost
as near to foliar organs as to floral parts, we find these leafy-looking bracts
are trifoliate. The central lobe is composed of a short petiole, and a small
oval leaf blade. Sometimes this attempt of the lower axil to produce a flower
proves abortive. The already formed petals die away. In such cases the two
lateral leaflets die away also, and the little miniature central leaf goes on and
developes into one as large as the average on any part of the plant. But in
the stronger flowers we find, just in proportion to their strength, the two lat-
eral leaflets enlarge, and the central one diminish until at length it disappears,
petiole and all. The laterals then adhere by their edges, become fleshy, and
end in being petals. These are clearly seen to be formed out of the adnated
lateral leaflets, which form the stipular sheaths in other cases, with the cen-
tral of the trifoliate leaf type absorbed. This observation, in addition to the
use 1 wish to make of it, confirms the views of some botanists, as I have
learned from Professor Asa Gray, that it is by metamorphosis of the petiolar
and stipular parts, rather than by modifications of the leaf blade, that petals
are formed.

From these facts we gather the certainty of a trilobate type of leaf, and see
the adnation of the edges; and only the dorsal adhesion to the petiole
which I have shown so probable as almost to amount to a certainty, is left to
be established by actual fact.

This ternate division of the leaf is a marked character in Ranunculaçcez,
and with this exposition of a ternate type in Magnoliacez, its claim to a place

1870.]

116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

in the Ranal alliance, strong as it always has been acknowledged to be, is
still more strengthened.

It is impossible to suppose that a so closely allied genus as Liriodendron
should be founded on a different type from Magnolia. We shall see that only
very slight causes, which we can well understand, have made some of the
chief foliar distinctions, and the few which we cannot prove from actual facts,
can be made almost certainties from parallel observations. The identity of
type will in this way be manifest.

First, as to the premorse or cut off appearance of the end of the leaf blade.
This all results from the stipular portions being adnate with the stem axis,
instead of being wholly on the petiole as in Magnolia. In the latter the stip-
ules are carried along as the petiole advances, the leaf blade cannot grow be- .
yond, and so in vernation has to lie flat up against them. In Liriodendron, the
stipules being fast to the main stem, the petiole carries the leaf blade beyond
them, over which it is bent until its apex is brought down in contact with the
straight line formed by the union of stipule and stem. Here itis pressed as into
a mould by the elongating petiole, and the form of the leaf which we see is the
necessary result. These processes in Magnolia and Liriodendron can readily be
seen on an examination of the buds at any time during the growing season ; and
to those who have no specimens the figure of the latter in Gray's Genera will
easily give the idea. It may be here noted that those who look only to Mr.
Darwin's principle of natural selection to account for the laws of form, might
be troubled by such cases as these. It is scarcely conceivable that a square-
edged leaf blade, as we find itin Liriodendron, is of any special benefit to the
species; yet if this form is the consequence of some other act, which is a ben-
efit, the selection principle may still hold.

If the ternate type of leaf is probable in Liriodendron, as in Magnolia, the
lower portion of the petiole, and lateral or stipular portions, must have ad-
nated with the stem prior to the full development of the leaf. This view ne-
cessitates the idea that the leaf does not always originate at the node from
which it seems to spring. Ido not believe it does; but I am well aware that
in this I have opposed to me the weight of our best botanical authorities, from
whom I would not yet dare to positively differ until I shall have the weight of
more facts. 1 would only say that in the case of Liriodendron the appearances
are much in favor of the belief thatin an early stage the petiole clasped the stem,
and for a considerable length ultimately became an integral part of its cortical
system. The vessels which are seen connected in direct lines with the peti-
oles below and above the node, as they are in existence before the leaf bud
has opened, and the leaf blade has had any chance to elaborate sap from the
light or air, supposed to be necessary just above before they could be formed,
do not seem to originate at the node ; while the fact that these vessels suddenly

“curve from the opposite side towards the supposed petiolar base is much more

characteristic of an unfolding sheath than of a descending current of matter
which would most naturally go down in a straightish line. But that the peti-
ole has really adnated with the stem in this way in Liriodendron seems moBt
probable from the fact that on the opposite side from the leaf is often seen a
ridge which could hardiy be formed except by the meeting of two edges en-
closing a stem, with a little to spare ; and at other times there is a slight de-
pression, as if the two opposite edges barely met. There seems to be every
evidence short of an actual witnessing of the fact, that the petiole in Lirio-
dendron became adnate with the stem, and in this way the two lateral sections
(stipules) were brought in contact with the stem with which they united. This
would bring them nearer the sources of nutrition, and enable them to assume
a more leaf-like and permanent character than if on the petiole. They become
rather primary than secondary leaf organs, and this is just what we see them
to be.

Thus we may assume that Magnolia has typically a ternate leaf structure;
that the stipules are the two lateral lobes which by a peculiar process of ad-

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 117

nation became stipular sheaths after having been partially organized as leaf
blade; and that Liriodendron differs from Magnolia only in possessing a greater
power of adnation.

Notes on SILPHIUM LACINIATUM; L.—The Compass Plant.
BY THOMAS MEEHAN.

It is at once the strength and the weakness of science that it takes little on
trust. One would suppose that, after the positive facts given by President
Hill in his paper before the recent meeting of the American Association, there
was no room for doubt that the edges of the leaves of Silphium laciniatum had
an average bearing north. But I find men—excellent, acute observers—who
doubt the facts. They say “ We took the trouble to examine the plants on
the spot, and found not the slightest trace of any such tendency; we want no
better evidence than that of our own senses.”

As before suggested, it is an excellent habit to verify, for ourselves, the
facts reported by others—there is far too little of this habit,—but when the
observations conflict, it is safer to assume that both are right, and that there
is something yet undiscovered which would harmonize the opposition, than
that either one is wrong.

In this matter of the Silphium or “ compass plant” I was able to find this
missing link, and to see that both parties were right.

When T first saw the Silphium, to any great extent, in its natural localities,
there was not the slightest indication of this northern tendency. It was a
great surprise, as a limited knowledge of it before had taught the reverse. 1
determined to watch a plant carefully on my own grounds the next year. The
result was just as described by President Hill. There was the unmistakable
northern tendency in the leaves when they first came up, and until they were
large and heavy, when winds and rains bore them in different directions, and
they evidently had not the power of regaining the points lost. This often
took place by their own weight alone, especially in luxuriant specimens. Mr.
Hill says it was in June when he saw them on the prairies, all bearing north ;
when 1 saw them, and not doing so, it was early in September, and then no
doubt the mechanical causes I have referred to, had been in operation.

The plant I have had in my garden now for some years affords much in-
terest in many respects. I learned an useful lesson from it this year, in refer-
ence to the relative rates of growth in the different parts of the inflorescence.
Noticing that there appeared to be no growth in the disk florets in the day,
I determined to note accurately one morning during the last week in August,
exactly when growth did commence. The ray fowers close over the disk
during night, and at 4 A. M., with day just dawning in the east, I found the
ray petals just commencing to open back. In the disk there are about fifteen
coils of floretsin the spiral. There appeared no motion until 4.40, although
no doubt growth commenced at 4, when the ray petals were in motion, but
too slow to be perceptible. At 4.40, however, the five outer circles were evi-
dently slightly elevated above the others in the disk. Then follows the fol-
lowing record in my diary :

4.45. The five divisions of the corolla split open.

4.50. Corollas grown three thirty-seconds of an inch.

4.55. Divisions of corolla fully expanded.

5. Florets two-eighthbs above the rest of the disk. It might be well to say
here that there was no growth in any this morning but in the five outside
rows we are speaking of.

5.5, 5.10. No apparent change except that some which were not so perfectly
opened as the others seemed to become so.

5.15. Pistil and mass of stamens slightly elevate above the level of the
corolla,

1870.]

118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

5.20. Corollas now about five-sixteenths of an inch above the others in
disk. Pistils and stamens about two lines above the corollas. Long yellow
ray petals half open, with no appearance of pollen on their pistils.

From this time forward there was no further growth of the corolla, so that
ig of the daily labor was accomplished in about three-quarters of
an hour.

5.25. Pistils and stamens beyond the corolla . É - 1-32d inch.

5.30. “ “ “ ep o
5.35. “ “ E RR Se SO
5.40, “ “ “ AR RR CORRE,

5.45, 5.50. No change.

5.55. Pistils begin to project beyond the stamens. The first insect, a sand
wasp appears. He inserts his proboscis down between the clavate pistil and
the stamens, carrying away the pollen, which is all over his head.

6, 6.5. Pistils one line; stamens no longer lengthen.

6.10. Anthers are falling away from the pistils, which are two lines beyond.

6.15. No change.

6.20. The ray petals now fully open, that is horizontal.

No change was noticed after this, except the free visits of sand wasps; none
of these, however, carried any pollen to the pistils in the ray florets.

About 9 o'clock (there had not been the slightest indications of any growth
since 6.20) heavier insects began to arrive, and then the slightest touch broke
off the florets, which fell on the ray pistils which happened to be below them,
and in this way they were fertilized. These pistils died very soon afterwards.
Those pistils on the upper side (the flower leaning a little) were quite fresh
the next morning, awaiting some chance to be fertilized, insects, evidently,
not performing that office.

We here see that there were three phases of growth, with a slight rest be-
tween each, the pistil taking the most time, then the stamens, and the corolla
the least; hut the whole growth of the day included within two hours.

I have used the term pistil for the clavate process which occupies the place
of the true organ in the ray florets. Of course only the ray floret of Silphium
have perfect pistils. This clavate false pistil, or ovary, has hitherto been sup-
posed to be a necessary production for the fertilization of the plant. It was
supposed to push out the pollen, which was thereby scattered to the ray florets
about it. But these observations show that this is probably an error, and
that fertilization is chiefly carried on by the easy falling away of the mass of
stamens, as I have shown in a paper on Buphorbia Jacquinefora, in last years
Proceedings, is the case with that species.

I am anxious to call particular attention to the different ratios of growth
in connection with the appearance of different floral organs in this plant, be-
cause I think I see traces of a general law in plants that there are vibrations
or varying intensities during each season's growth, and that the production of
various organs depends on degrees of these vibrations.

Observations on some Fishes now to the American Fauna, found at Newport,
BR. I. By Samuel Powell.

BY E. D. COPE.

A number of interesting additions to the ichthyological fauna of the United
States having been sent to the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences
by our fellow-member Samuel Powell, I place them on record for the conve-
nience of ichthyologists. Several of the species, it will be observed, were new
to science at the time they were received; some of these have been described
by Prof. Gill. Most of these are of West Indian affinity, some being simply
well known species of that region, which have wandered, as has been sug-
gested by Gill, along the Gulf Stream, and turned aside on the southern coast
of the New England States.

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 119.

ACANTHOPTERYGII.

ÁPOGON AMERICANUS Apogonichthys Castelnau, Voyage é Merid. Tab. 1.
Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1866, 400.

PrIACANTHUS ALTUS Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 132.
HyrorTHODUS FLAVICAUDA Gill, 1. c. 1861, 98; 1862, 133.
PRrOMICROPTERUS DECORATUS Gill, Proc. A. N. Sci., 1863, 164.

D. II. 26. A. 16 scales 119846, counted from base of second dorsal spine.
Dorsal fins connected by membrane as elevated as that of the first dorsal.
Head (from premaxilla to end of spine) more than four times in length includ-
ing caudal fin. Pectorals not narrowed. Eye 5.33 times in length of head.
Otherwise as in P. maculatus Hol.

Color dark brown, covered with large round pale spots as large as the orbit,
each with a brown central spot. They extend on the dorsal and proximal
caudal fins. Second dorsal, anal, and caudal fin broadly blackish edged.

Another character in which this species differs from P. maculatus is the
gentle and gradual rise of the lateral line from the suprascapula. In the
latter, it forms a weak sigmoid with abrupt upward curvature. From New-
port, Rhode Island; discovered by my friend Samuel Powell of that place,
among many other highly interesting fishes. Asno one else has detected the
Promicropterus decoratus on any other part of the coast of the United States, it
must be a rare species. Prof. Gill originally described it as coming from
Panama.

Vomer curTUS Cope, sp. nov.

This species is intermediate in form between Vomer setipinnis Mitch., and
Selene argentea Lace. Tt is, therefore, shorter and deeper than the former, and
with dorsal and ventral outline more convex. The pectoral fin is also longer,
and the eye larger. The prominence of the front is anterior in position to
that which it occupies in the latter, hence the fish has a less rhomboid, and
more regular form. The first anal ray is further in advance of the first of the
second dorsal than in V. brownii, and not so far as in S. argentea.

Radii D. III with membrane, II without,—22. A 19. The pectoral reaches
the ventral outline at the tenth soft anal ray. The greatest depth of the head
measured along the anterior limb of the orbit enters the total to the caudal
emargination 1-8 times—in V. setipinnis 25 times; depth at first anal ray, in
the same, 1:66 times; in V. setipinnis nearly twice. Eye into length of head,
horizontally through orbit, 2:75 times; into length along front, 4:6 times.
Muzzle projecting enclosing a strong concavity with front line much stronger
than in V. brownii or S. argentea. Total length Om. 165. Length of head from
muzzle along lower margin of orbit Om. 046. Color silvery, without spots.

À second specimen from the North American Atlantic coast, the precise
locality not recorded. Bonaparte collection in Mus. Academy Natural
Sciences.

The structure of the fins in this species is precisely similar to that seen in
V. setipinnis, and in general it resembles that species very closely. The dif-
ferences are readily observed on comparison with specimens of the latter of
the same size.

SAROTHRODUS MACULOCINCTUS Gill, Pr. A. N. Sci., 1861, 99. Only found at
Newport.

GLYPHIDODON SAXATILIS Linn.
An abundant West Indian species.

MALACOPTERYGII.

HemIiRHAMPHUS UNIFASCIATUS Ranzani.
A West Indian fish.

1870.)

120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

PLECTOGNATHI.

BALISTES POWELLII Cope, sp. nov.

This is a species allied in form and color to the B. moribundus, but ap-
parently nearer to the species of Hollard's group II. A.*

Radii 2 D. 26, A. 22, preanals 9 or 10 on each side; P.13—4, C. 12, rounded.
Form elevated, pelvic depth 1:75 times in total length. Front convex from
basis of dorsal fin to spines of premaxillaries. Orbit 3:65 times in muzzle ;
jaws equal. Scales without prominent spines, those of the cheek in oblique
series. Two or three scapular plates. First dorsal spine 1:25 times in length
of muzzle, rugose. Third dorsal spine well developed. Anterior rays of
second dorsal and anal not much longer than the median rays. Length of
head (to opercular slit) 3.5 times in-total; anal depth 2:25 in the same.

Color above, ashy, below white. Numerous longitudinally oval azure spots
extend in series on the sides everywhere except between the chin, pectoral fin
and pelvic bone. The dorsal and anal fins are marked with smaller spots of
the same.

This species was discovered by my friend Samuel Powell, at Newport,
Rhode Island, Sept., 1867. It must be a very rare species, as it has not been
met with elsewhere, so far as [am aware. I have pleasure in dedicating it
to the discoverer, whose attention to ichthyology has been so often attended
with interesting results.

TETRAODON TRICHOCEPHALUS Cope, sp. nov.

Belly spinous to near vent; dorsal region from a little behind the nares to
above the ends of the pectoral fins spinous, those on the head long, close set,
like seal bristles. Profile suddenly descending from the prefrontal region to
the premaxillary region, arched from the former point backwards. Eye 3:5
times in head, 2:66 times in muzzle ; length of head 3:5 times in total includ-
ing caudal fin. Radii, D.8, A. 7. Caudal fin even with prominent points,
concave when closed. Anal fin behind opposite the dorsal. Frontal width
1:25 times in orbit. Length four inches.

Color, below to a line from the chin to the inferior third of the caudal fin,
white; above yellowish passing into brown on the dorsal region. The latter
color is faintly verniculated with the paler color, as it descends on the sides.
Fins uniform straw colored; a brown spot at the base of the pectoral fin.

This species differs in color from 7. turgidus Mitch., and in the less extent
and longer form of the spines, as well as in the declive front. The young of
7. turgidus of one-fifth the length have a more slender muzzle and other char-
acters of the adult. The numerous dorsal bristles and form of the cranium
distinguish it from 7. lxvigatus. It was found by Samuel Powell at Newport,
R. I., with the following species:

TETRAODON GEOMETRICUS L. Anechisoma Kaup, Voy. Sulphur, plate.

A West Indian species not before detected on the coasts of the United States.
We have it from the Mexican coasts and from Panama.

Supplementary note on two new fishes from the Southern Coast.

CENTROPRISTIS SUBLIGARIUS Cope,

Radii, D. X. 14; A. III. 8. Scales, counted transversely to vent, 5]-—48-—18.
Median dorsal spmes subequal, median anal appressed extending beyond basis
of anal fin. Caudal fin truncate behind. Form elongate oval, the head narrow
conical, its profile continuous with that of the anterior back, together de-
scending regularly from D. Ito the end of the acute muzzle. Mandible pro-
jecting a ltttle beyond upper lip. Maxillary bone extending to opposite pos-
terior margin of pupil. Operculum with three points, the superior very

*(B. capriscus type); the description is taken from a specimen only 3:5 inches in length-

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 121

short. Maxillary smooth; cheeks and operculum scaly, the cheek minutely.
Scales ceasing on vertex ata point behind a vertical drawn from the posterior
margin of the pupil. Interorbital width -70 of the diameter of the orbit.
Latter a little less than length of muzzle, four times in length of head to base
of longest spine. Depth at ventral fins 2:75 times in length without caudal
fin. Length of head (without opercular flap) 2:66 times in same.

The coloration is handsome. Ground chocolate brown, the cheeks interoper-
culum, mandible and maxillary region with a coarse net-work of white lines.
Pectoral region paler, and fading on the belly to a white and then metallic
citron yellow, which is bounded abruptly by the ground color behind, at a
point a little in advance of the anal fin. The posterior outline rises irregu-
larly half way to the lateral line and then turns forward and descends a short
distance behind the pectoral fin. From this patch backwards to the basis of
the caudal fin thereare five vertical cross-bands, two on the peduncle and two
rising from the anal fin. The latter diverge above and another band rises,
expanding to the point of junction of the dorsal fins, and spreads in a rounded
black spot to their margin. The pectoral and caudal fins are white, with
rows of small brown spots, the second dorsal and anal brown with rows of
small white spots.

Length 0m.075; to basis DI. -026, to basis of anal «044; longest dorsal
spine -010; depth caudal peduncle -0095; length do. above :0055.

The habitat of this sea perch is the southern coast near Pensacola. It was
contained in a bottle with Abastor erythrogrammus, Elaps fulvius, etc. ts
zoological affinities are to the C. phoebe of Poey, and other West Indian
species; it is one of the most elegant of the genus.

GoBrEsox STRUMOSUS Cope, sp. nov.

Radii, D. XI; O. 16; A. 10; P.21. Head exceedingly wide, width 2 5-6ths
times in total including caudal fin. This width is partly produced by a large
fleshy mass which extends from the end of the prominent extremity of the
maxillary bone to the end of the interoperculum. Subopercular spine short,
stout. Eyes small, diameter 2:5 times in interorbital width, over seven times
in head, more than twice in muzzle. Superior dental series twelve on each
side externally, but the three median conceal some series of which the second
three external are a continuation. Inferior teeth eleven on each side; four
median incisors, horizontal and subequal; no marked canine. Vertex flat,
profile deseending abruptly from posterior line of the orbits to labial margin.
Anterior basis of dorsal in front of last fourth of length exclusive of caudal
fin. é
Length two and a half inches. Color in spirits bluish lead-color; fins
blackish.

From Hilton Head, S. Carolina. Presented to the Academy of Natural
Sciences by Thos. J. Craven.

Note on Fishes from Atlantic City, N, J.

A small and interesting collection of fishes, made at the above locality, was
placed in my hands for determination by Edward S. Keed. He has added two
species to the marine fauna of New Jersey, which I here note:

PRIACANTHUS ALTUS Gill, supra.

HEMIRHAMPHUS MACRORHYNCHUS O. V. Putnam, Proceed. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
1870, p. 236.

This West Indian species was not known from the Eastern coast of the
United States prior to the notice of Prof. Putnam, above cited, who procured
it from the coast of Massachusetts.

1870.)

122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

November 1st.
Wm. 8. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Twenty-nine members present.

Pror. Leipy exhibited the tooth of a reptile which had been submitted to
his examination from the Smithsonian Institution. The specimen, he ob-
served, was especially interesting, as it apparently pertained to a mosasau-
roid, and was obtained from the miocene tertiary deposit of Gay Head, Mar-
tha's Vineyard.

The crown of the tooth is curved conical, and is without divisional planes.
The inner surface is only feebly defined from the outer, by a single imper-
fectly developed ridge postero-internally.

The enamel is singularly roughened, due to short vermicular, somewhat
ramifying and more or less interrupted ridges, giving it a fretted or lettered
appearance. The transverse section of the crown is circular.

The fang of the tooth, broken below and on the inner side so as to expose
the interior pulp cavity, is longer than the crown and very gibbous. It is
curved in the directioa of the crown and is ovoidal in shape. The texture of
the fang appears as dense as ivory. No impress exists on the exterior of the
fang, resulting from contact with a successional tooth, but a deep groove oc-
cupies its inner side at the terminal extremity.

The crown is broken at its apex, but when perfect has been about 16
lines long, measured on the outer side. The diameter at base is a little over
half the length. The fang has been about two inches long; its diameter is
17 lines.

The tooth evidently indicates an animal heretofore unknown to us, and I
therefore propose for it the name of (GRAPHIODON VINEARIUS; the generic term
having allusion to the lettered appearance of the enamel of the tooth.

Pror. Lerpy further remarked that he had recently received from Prof.
Hayden's expedition a collection of fossils, mostly consisting of remains of
turtles and crocodiles. He formerly had expressed surprise at the absence of
remains of the latter among the great profusion of remains of mammals and
turtles in the Mauvaises Terres deposits of White River and the sands of the
valley of the Niobrara River. He now felt some wonder at seeing so many
crocodilian remains, apparently of cotemporaneous age with some of the
latter. The reptilian remains are generally in a very fragmentary condition,
and have been picked up from the surface of the country. Several unde-
scribed species of turtles were recognizable, but these would be characterized
at a later period.

From among the crocodilian remains he had been able to obtain a large
portion of those of a skull of CrocopiLUS ELLIOTTI, indicated a few evenings
ago from a jaw fragment. The skull appears to have nearly the form of that
of O. vulgaris and OC. biporcatus. It is about a foot and a half in length.
Teeth appear to have been absent at the extreme fore part of the jaw. Im-
mediately behind their usual position the palate presents a deep pit at each
side of the naso-palatine orifice. The jaw is deeply indented laterally, just
back of the position of the fourth tooth, and a less indentation is situated

back of the ninth tooth.

Prcr. Legs called attention to a crystalline specimen of the variety of
Apatite called Staffelite, which he had not previously noticed in that condi-
tion.

Mr. WILLARD made some-remarks on a deposit of clay, of which a specimen
was presented this evening. The deposit, at White Hall, Bordentown, N. J.,
had been found to be too hard and tough for digging, and required blasting

to be removed.
[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 123

November 8th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Twenty-two members present.

À paper was presented for publication entitled, “ Bud Varieties,”
by Thomas Meehan.

Pror. Leipy directed attention to some remains of reptiles on the table,
which were part of the collection of fossils recently sent to him from Wyo-
ming by Prof. Hayden. They consist of the remains of three species of tur-
tles and a lacertian, which were briefly characterized and named as follows:

“Emys JeaNEsI.— The species is founded upon a shell consisting of the nearly
complete carapace and sternum, the former much crushed and distorted late-
rally. The carapace has been prominently convex, with the margins acute
and without conspicuous indentations. The sternum is as well developed as
in our common living emydes and of the same shape. The fore part of the
sternum forms a semicircle slightly truncate; the back part is moderately
notched, the notch being about half an inch in depth.

The intermediate vertebral scutes are longer than broad, and their anterior
margin is transversely bow-like, with a deep median angle forward. The sides
of the second vertebrai scute, joining the first pair of costal scutes, are con-
vex outwardly ; joining the second of the latter, are convex inwardly.

The axillary and inguinal scutes are broader than long. The abdominal
and femoral scutes are of nearly equal depth, about 24 inches; the humeral
are half an inch less; and the pectoral and caudal an inch less.

The sternum is a foot in length; its anterior portion is 31 inches deep and
5 inches wide; its posterior portion 34 inches deep and 54 inches wide.

The length of the carapace in the curve has been about fifteen inches; the
width about nine and a half inches.

The species I have dedicated to my friend Joseph Jeanes, through whose aid
we have been enabled to make many additions to the store of palxontological
knowledge.

Emys HaypenI.— This species is founded upon an imperfect carapace of an
animal probably about the size of the last, but which had not yet reached
maturity. It may be distinguished from it by the form of the scute impres-
sions. The intermediate vertebral scutes are longer than broad, as in the for-
mer. The anterior border of the second vertebral scute is straight, as are
also the sides of junction with the first pair of costal seutes, the three lines
together forming three sides of a square. The anterior border of the third
vertebral scute is nearly straight; and that of the fourth is deeply bow-like
and convex backward.

Notwithstanding I have already dedicated several extinct species of animals
to my friend Prof. Hayden, I still add another to the list in commemoration of
the very many discoveries he has made in vertebrate paleontology.

BAENA ARENOSA.— The genus and species are founded on the greater part of
the shell of a turtle, with the carapace broken away in front and fractured in
other positions. The sternum, more perfect, has lost its fore extremity. The
shell belonged to a mature animal, as indicated by the obliteration of the su-
tures of the plates composing the carapace. The surface of the latter, but
more especially that of the sternum, presents a finely fretted appearance.

The carapace is moderately convex and bears a resemblance to that of our
common Snapper (Chelydra serpentina). It is; however, not depressed along
the middle, which is the most elevated portion of the fossil. The lateral mar-
ginal plates are comparatively large and broad, and are abruptly bent. The
posterior portion of the carapace, both laterally and at the extremity, ig

1870.]

124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

notched much in the same manner as in the Snapper. The intermediate ver-
tebral scute impressions have nearly the form and proportions as in the latter,
but are not carinated in the median line, and the posterior line of the fourth
vertebral scute impression is deeply and widely notched forward.

The sternum is very unlike that of the Snapper, aud rather approaches that
of the emydes in its form and proportions. The interspaces of the carapace
and sternum are, however, intermediate in capacity to those in the former
and latter. The sternal pedicels are deep and wide, and are impressed by a
pair of large scutes, separating the large axillary and inguinal scute, as in the
existing Dermatemys. The posterior extremity of the sternum in outline is
half oval and feebly notched.

When complete the shell has measured between a foot and fourteen inches
in length and about ten inches in breadth. The sternum has been about ten
and a half inches long; its pedicels are 51 inches deep; and its posterior ex-
tremity is 3 inches long by 41 inches wide at base.

For the genus I have adopted a name which, according to Prof. Hayden, is
used by one of the Indian tribes of the Upper Missouri as that of a turtle.
The species I propose to name BAENA ARENOSA.

SANIWA ENSIDENS.— Among the fossils obtained in Prof. Hayden's expedi-
tion are the remains of a lacertian, labeled as having been discovered near
“ Granger.” The bones consist of those of most parts of the skeleton, but are
all in a fragmentary condition, and are imbedded in freshly broken pieces of
an ash-colored rock. Before. disturbance they appear to have been mostly
entire and preserved nearly in conjunetion. They are black, and their inte-
rior is occupied with crystalline calcite.

Fragments of bones exhibit well developed limbs, with long toes, strong
ribs, and a long tail, altogether indicating a form like that of ordinary living
lacertians. The long bones, even to those of the toes, are hollow. The ver-
tebras exhibit the ball and socket articulation of their bodies, but only a sin-
gle pair of zygapophyses in front and behind. No zygantral and zygosphenal
articulation appears to have existed.

The articular ball of the vertebral body is much wider than high, and is
directed upward, with an inclination backward.

The body of several dorsals is quite straight inferiorly, fore and aft, and
measures half an inch in length. The ballis four lines wide, and about half
as thick. The breadth at the anterior zygapophyses is eight lines, and at the
articulations for the ribs, just exterior to the latter, three-fourths of an
inch.

An anterior caudal has its body the same length as in the preceding. Its
ball is 34 lines by 23 thick. The width at the anterior zygapophyses is half
an inch.

Hypapophyses for the articulation of chevrons are situated one-fourth the
length of the body from the posterior extremity.

A tooth was found, after careful search, in proximity to what appear to be
traces of the skull. It consisted of the crown, broken from its connection,
the character of which therefore cannot be ascertained.

The crown of the tooth is compressed conical, slightly curved inwardly and
backward, sharp-pointed, with abruptly impressed trenchant borders; is
smooth and shining. Itis hollow and has thick walls. The transverse sec-
tion is rhomboidally oval, with acute poles. The length is about 14 lines; the
breadth 2 of a line; the thickness ja line.

The remains would indicate an animal as large as the largest of our living
iguanians. o

For the generic name of the animal I would propose to use the euphonious
one of SANIWA, Which, according to Prof. Hayden, is that used by one of the
Indian tribes of the Upper Missouri for a rock lizard. The species may be
named SANIWA ENSIDENS.

[Nov.

Issued November 29th, 1870.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 125

Mr. THomas MEEgHAN referred to a potato presented to the Academy some
months ago by Mr. Henszey, a member, which had the appearance of one po-
tato growing out of the centre of another. The opinion of all who saw it
was that it was really a case of this kind. It had been handed to him by the
curators, and on dissection, though no exact place of origin could be traced,
there seemed nothing to indicate any other theory of origin than that one po-
tato had really grown out of the centre of the other.

But there were serious physiological reasons in the way of such a theory.
À potato tuber is really but a thickened axis, in which the greater part of the
interior structure would be incapable of developing a bud which would pro-
duce a tuber such as this one had done. The origin of a new tuber from an
old one would be nearer the old ones surface. He had been looking for some
further explanatory facts, and believed he had them here this evening, in the
potato tubers he now handed to the members. They were about the size of
hen eggs, and were pierced in every dircetion by stolons of the common couch
grass, Triticum repens. They had gone completely through, as if they were so
much wire, and in one instance two tubers had become strung together by
the same stolon, as if they were two beads on a string. One would suppose
that the apex of the stolon, when it came in contact with the hard surface of
the tuber, would turn aside and rather follow the softer line of the earth ; but
there was no appearance of any inclination to depart from their direct course.
They had gone apparently straight through. He had no doubt the potato be-
fore referred to was a similar case, a potato stolon had penetrated another potato,
and instead of going through as these grass spears had done, terminated in
the centre, and formed the new potato there.

It was worthy of thought whether so much attention had been given to this
direct force in plants as the subject deserved. It was well known that a
mushroom would lift a paving stone many times it own weight, rather than
turn over and grow sideways, which it would appear so much easier for it to
do; and tree roots growing against walls would throw immensely strong ones
over, though one would think the pressure against the softer soil would give
room for their development, without the necessity of their expending so much
force against the wall.

November 1óth.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Twenty-seven members present.

A paper was presented for publication entitled “ A Sketch of the
Classification of the American Anserinzx,” by B. H. Bannister.

Pror. Lerpy directed attention to some fossil bones which had been sub-
mitted to his examination by Prof. J. D. Whitney. According to the accom-
panying label, they were found under Table Mountain, near Shaw Flat, Tuo-
lumne Co., California.

The bones are friable, and have attached portions of a light ash colored
gravel. Several masses of the latter substance, accompanying the bones,
contain casts of some fruit.

The bones are as follow :

1. A metacarpal bone of a ruminant of large size. In form and construc-
tion it bears more resemblance to that of the Lama and Camel, than of other
ruminants with which I have the means of comparing it. As in the Lama
and Camel the lower articular extremities are divergent, and the articular
surfaces are provided with a median ridge only at the back part. In ordinary
ruminants, as in the Ox, Deer, Sheep, etc., the median ridge is produced the
entire extent fore and aft of the articular surfaces. The peculiar arrangement

1870.) 9

126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

in the extinct animal, as in the Lama and Camel, allowed a greater spread or
divergence of the toes in the extended condition. The fossil bone is 19 inches
long; the breath of its proximal end is 34 inches, of its distal end 4 inches.
In the skeleton of a Camel in our museum, the corresponding bone is 13
inches long.

2. The distal extremity of another metacarpal of the same animal.

3. The proximal end of a femur, probably of the same animal, with the
head of the bone 3 inches in diameter. An acetabulum of corresponding size
appears to have belonged to the same individual.

4. Two fragments of a tibia probably of the same animal.

The bones mentioned probably represent a large extinct species of Lama,
which may be distinguished with the name of AucHENIA CALIFORNICA. Perhaps
the fossils represent a distinct genus, allied to the Lama, but this is a ques-
tion only to be determined by the discovery of other and more characteristic
remains of the animal.

5. A first phalanx, in the collection, resembles in form that of a represent-
ation of the same bone in the Lama, and is about the size of that in the
Camel. Perhaps it belongs to a small individual of the preceding extinct
form; probably to a smaller species. It is 34 inches long, 14 inch wide at
the proximal end, and 11 inch wide at the distal end. The articulation of
the latter is not expanded beneath, as in the Camel, for the apposition of the
sesamoid bones.

6. The proximal three-fourths of a metacarpal, probably of a Deer. tis
of rather more robust proportions than the corresponding bone of the Virgi-
nia Deer.

7. An incisor tooth of a small Horse, partially imbedded in a coherent
mass of gravel, which also contains the impress of a nut-like fruit.

8. Portion of a tibia of a small Horse, probably pertaining to the same
individual as the tooth just mentioned.

9. The lower extremity of a metacarpal, probably of the same Horse. It
is proportionately thicker and less wide than in the corresponding bone of
the Domestic Horse. The articulation is 14 inch wide, and 16 lines fore and
aft at the median ridge.

The equine remains perhaps belong to a Hipparion.

10. A few fragments of undetermined bones of other animals.

Pror. Lerpy further directed attention to a fossil fragment of the lower jaw
of a small pachyderm, which Prof. Hayden had obtained from Henry's Fork
of Green River, Wyoming. The specimen contained the fourth, the sixth and
the seventh molars. The teeth resemble in form and constitution those of
the Lophiotherium cervulum, a small pachyderm, described by Prof. Gervais,
from an eocene formation of France. The crowns of the fourth to the sixth
molars have four lobes; that of the seventh molar has an additional lobe,
The crescentic summit of the postero-external lobe joins, by its anterior horn,
the antero-internal lobe. A proportionately well developed basal ridge em-
braces the crowns, except internally, where it is entirely absent. The series
of the hack four molars occupies a space of 16 lines. The last molar is 54
lines fore and aft. The base of the jaw is nearly straight the length of the
fragment, which is an inch and a half. The depth of the jaw below the fifth
molar is half an inch. The species may be named LoPHIOTHERIUM SYLVA-
TICUM.

Pror. Leipy also remarked that the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London, Pt. II, 1869, presented this evening, contained a paper by
Prof. Owen, on the fossil remains of Equines from Central and South Ame-
rica. It was of special interest to him on account of its being accompanied
with excellent illustrations of the dentition of the various species of existing

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 127

horses, which, in the absence of original specimens, afforded him the oppor-
tunity of making comparisons with the many equine teeth discovered in the
tertiary and quaternary deposits of North America.

Prof. Owen describes a new species of Equus from South America, which
he names E. arcidens. From peculiarities of the teeth, he refers this species,
together with two others, also ffom South America, and named by Dr. Lund
E. principalis and E. neogaeus, to a genus with the name of Hippidion. From
some of the more important distinctive characters, viz., the extension back-
ward alone of the internal peninsular folds on the triturating surface of the
upper molars, a dozen years ago was established the genus Protohippus (Pr. A.
N.S. 1858, 26, with reference to fig. 1, pl, 7 of Gervais' Rech. s. 1. Mammiferes
Fossiles de ' Amérique meridionale). On the same grounds were also included
in this genus the E. principalis and E. neogaeus of Lund, together with E. macro-
gnathus of Gervais, so far as the remains of the latter appeared to me to be
the equivalent of E. principalis, (Extinct Mammalia of Dakota and Nebraska,
&c., 1869, 276).*

The species of equine animals referable to the genus thus far indicated are
as follow:

PROTOHIPPUS, Leidy, 1858.
Hippidion, Owen, 1869.
1. ProTOHIPPUS PERDITUS.

Equus (Protohippus) perditus, Leidy: Pr. A. N. 8. 1858, 26; Ext. Mam. Fauna
of Dakota, &c. 1869, 275, 327, 401.

2. PrOTOHIPPUS ARCIDENS.
Equus arcidens, Owen: Phil. Tr. Roy. Soc. London, 1870, 559.
Equus (Hippidion) arcidens, Owen: Ibidem, 572.
3. PRrOTOHIPPUS PRINCIPALIS.
Equus principalis, Lund: K. Danske Vidensk. Selskab. 93, pl. xlix, fig. 1.
Equus neogaeus, Gervais: Recb. Mammif. Fos. de VAmer. Merid. 1855, 33, pl.
vii, fig. 1.
Equus macrognathus, Gervais: Ibidem, pl. vii, fig. 1.
Equus (Hippidion) principalis, Owen: Phil. Tr. 572, 573.
4, PROTOHIPPUS NEOGAEUS.
Equus neogaeus, Lund: K. Danske Vid. Sels. 93, xlix, fig. 3.
Equus (Hippidion) neogaeus, Owen: Phil. Tr. 572, 573.
5. PRroTOHIPPUS PLACIDUS.
Leidy: Ext. Mam. Fauna of Dakota, &c. 277, 328, 401.
6. ProTOHIPPUS SUPREMUS.
Leidy: Ext. Mam. Fauna of Dakota, &c. 328, 401.

In the same Transactions appears a paper, by Prof. W. Thomson, “on Hol-
tenia, a genus of vitreous sponges,” accompanied with beautiful illustrations.
The genus, however, appears to me to be synonymous with Pheronema (Pr. A.
N. S. 1868, Biolog. and Micros. Dep. 9). A comparison of the figures of Hol-
tenia Carpenteri, with those of Pheronema Anna (Am. Naturalist, 1870, 21, 22),
leads me to suspect that the two are probably the same.

November 22d.
Me. J. D. SERGEANT in the Chair,
Six members present.

* On page 261 of the Ext. Mam. Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska, figs. 2,83, have been
Ena dog - Oeaga instead of fig. 1 of Gervais, pl. vii, of the Rech. sur les Mammif. Fos.
e "Amer. Merid

1870.

128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

November 29th.

The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGESR, in the Chair.
Thirty-three members present.

The report of the Microscopical and Biological Section for Sep-
tember, October and November was read, and referred to the Pub-
lication Committee.

The publication of pages 109 to 124 inclusive, of the Proceedings
for 1870 was announced.

The following gentlemen were elected members :

E. Wildman, M. D., David L. Collier, William H. Dougherty,
W.H. Wahl, M. D., Chas. Schaffner, M. D.,J. Ewing Mears, M. D.

On favorable report of the Committees the following papers were
ordered to be printed.

BUD VARIETIES.
BY THOMAS MEEHAN.

A few years ago, Mr. Isaac Burk, of the Academy, called my attention to a
form of Rubus villosus, L., in which the terminal leaflet was very large, cor-
date, and on very long petioles. It is a very striking variety, the leaflets
appearing at first glance like large linden leaves. He found them in Dela-
ware County. I have since gathered the same form near the intersection in
Chester County, near Port Clinton on the Reading Railroad, and along the
west bank of the Susquehanna, between Harrisburg and the mouth of the
Juniata.

The general forms of Rubus villosus are found uniformly in all parts of the
State, and, of course, without any break in their appearance between the
localities named above. The plant so easily maintains its existence by pieces
of roots, and grows as well in sunshine as in shade, in dry and poor as well
as in rich and damp places, that it is not easily eradicated when once it obtainsg
possession of the soil. On the idea that varieties originated from one common
centre, it is not easy to account for the existence of the same forms so many
miles apart,as we find in the above, except by the accidêntal carrying of seeds.

But I have reason to believe that seeds of Rubus rarely germinate in a wild
state. In experiments which I have made in raising the seed artificially, none
of the seedlings come exactly like the parent. There is a certain general
resemblance, but some distinction, more or less, can be traced in each indi-
vidual But, in native places, one exact form will be found to occupy exten-
sive tracts. Sometimes several forms will be together, but only a very few.
If the seeds made plants readily, there would be innumerable forms, instead
of the very few we see. 1 found, in my experiments, that it took a long time
for a blackberry seed to germinate; sometimes a whole year. Such seedlings
have a poor chance to vegetate in a state of nature. Other more rapidly-
growing vegetation would crowd it out. The only distributing agency I can
think of is that of birds. But I find no birds eat blackberry seeds; and, if
they did, when we consider that of the millions of seeds which fall about the
place of their origin, few, if any grow; the chance of those growing which
birds may carry, even if there be some to eat them, which I have failed to
find, is extremely small. Hence, we find great difficulty in believing that
identical forms of Rubus, widely separated, can have originated from a com-
mon centre.

Something like this exists in some forms of Rubus occidentalis. There is à
form with a fruit having soft pulp, of a light purplish red, and comparatively
few seeds. This is known amongst botanists, though I do not know that a

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 129

description has been published, as R. neglectus, Peck. This form is found in
isolated places in New York, Northern Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Iowa, and per-
haps elsewhere. As in the case of the form of R. villosus referred to, there
does not seem to be any connection between the localities, as a common cen-
tre spreading by roots would imply, while there is the same difficulties in the
way of spreading by seeds as in the other. How, then, does this form origi-
nate in these widely separated places.

Horticulture may help us to answer this question. Itis well known that
fruits, after being grown for some time in one locality, will change their char-
acters to such an extent that a person acquainted with one will fail to recog-
nize it elsewhere, and all this without the intervention of any seminal power.
Thus, the nectarine is believed to be a bud evolution from a peach; the Penn
apple is a similar creation from Baldwin, and the Reading from the common
Isabella grape. Though apparently originating in this way from external or
local causes, the characters peculiar in this change are retained when, by
grafts or cuttings, the plants are removed to other localities, It has also been
noted that the pears grown at Rochester, New York, have longer stems than
the same varieties grown further south; but I do not know whether this pecu-
liarity, once originated, would follow the grafts or cuttings taken from them.
The curled-leaved willow, Salix babylonica annularis, was a branch from the
common weeping willow, which character it usually retains, though sometimes
a branch, resembling the common weeping, will push out from the tree. Of
like character is the well-known instance of purple-flowered laburnums some-
times pushing out from the common yellow-flowered one. But perhaps the
best known instances are those of the common potato. Itis not at all unfre-
quent to find some of quite another character and color in the same hill.
Those who contend for seed agency as the sole originator of varieties will
rather believe that there was some other variety of potato accidentally planted
with the other than that a new variety sprung from the bud alone. But the |
evidence of origin from the same original potato-set has, in many instances,
been too direct to be doubted; but, even here, rather than admit the doctrine
of development through buds, [ have heard it assumed, by intelligent botanists,
that the flowers in such cases must have ben impregnated with other pollen,
and, in some way, the descending sap brought about a sort of hybridism or
bud change in these tubers. I have also heard excellent and leading botan-
ists (two of them authors of some of our leading works) suggest that many
of the varieties of Rubus in existence must be “ hybrids.” Of course, this is all
assumption, founded on extensive observation, no doubt; but yeton probably
no better foundation than my own idea with which I set out in this paper—
that often, at least in the cases I have referred to, hybridization is highly im-
probable.

I have here, however, and exhibit with this paper, evidence of bud varias
tion, in which there is no possibility of hybridism. A root of the common
sweet potato, Convolvulus batatas, in which some of the tubers are of the red
Bermuda, and the others of the white Brazilian variety.

The sweet potato never flowers in this part of the country, so that seminal
power could have had no influence whatever on the phenomenon. Even in
the south, and I believe elsewhere, where this plant is cultivated for its roots,
it rarely flowers, and I think there is little doubt but that the whole ten or
twelve varieties under culture have originated without seed, and in the way
we see them here.

The points I wish to make in this paper are :—

Ist. That identical varieties sometimes appear in localities unfavorable to
the idea of a common centre of origin.

2d. Varieties have originated in which probably no hybridism or any seminal
agency operated.

3d. Varieties have certainly originated in the sweet potato by evolution,

1870.) |

130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

without seminal agency, and that the same variety in this way has appeared
in widely-separated districts.

4th, As the discoveries of Darwin have shown in many cases, varieties to be
the parents of species, species may originate in widely-separated localities
by bud variation.

A Sketch of the Classification of the Americau ANSERINA.
BY B. H. BANNISTER.

- The following remarks are based upon an examination of the specimens of
American geese in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.

The subfamily Anserina by many recent authors is made to include the
genera Dendrocygna and Chenalopex, and doubtless correctly. In the present
paper, bowever, we shall not consider these genera, leaving them provision-
ally out of the subfamily; if included, they would form at least one well
marked section, following those we are about to describe.

The distinguishing characters of the Anserins, as thus limited to the true
geese, are, the lengthened tarsus, covered with hexagonal or subquadrate
scales; the neck more elongated than in the ducks and less so than in the
swans; the short, high bill gradually narrowing toward the tip, which is
altogether composed of the large recurved nail; together with the more or
less terrestrial habit of life, and the usually similar plumage of the two
sexes.

The geese of the North American continent have been long known, and
being for the most part closely allied to, and in many cases identical with,
well known European forms, they fall readily into the systematic subdivisions
based upon the latter. In the temperate regions of South America, however,
the Anserina are of a rather aberrant type, and have been less completely
studied. They differ chiefly from the North American and European species
in possessing metallic tints on the plumage, and in having in two of the
genera the coloration of the two sexes widely different. These differences
appear to be exclusively regional, none of the aberrant forms being found in
North America, and vice versa.

Another basis of division of the American Ansering is found in the
presence, in two species—one North American and the other a Southern form
— of deep rough superorbital depressions and reversed relative proportions of
the tarsus and middle toe, together with an exclusively sea-coast habitat, and
a carnivorous diet, corresponding in some of these respects to the Oidemia
and Somateria amongst the ducks.

These latter characters we have taken as the basis of the two sections into
wbich we divide the subfamily, as at present considered, since they correspond
with equivalent characters in one of the subdivisions of the Fuligulinse. The
presence of the deep superorbital depressions is a very general character
amongst the carnivorous natatores, though not universal.

The following is offered as an outline of the divisions and genera of the
subfamily, noting briefly the principal generic characters, the American spe-
cies and their geographical distribution. The principal characters of the
subfamily have been already given at suflicient length.

Subfamily ANSERINZ.
Section A. Anserex. Habits terrestrial; tarsi longer than middle toe with
claw, skull without superorbital depressions.
“a. Typical. Plumage without metallic reflections, color of sexes invariably
similar.
k 1. ANSER, Vieill.
Gen. Char. Bill as short as head or shorter, gaping at the sides, the lamel-
[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 131

le appearing prominently below the edge of the upper mandible. Bill and
feet light colored; colors of plumage generally sober, the shades of brown
and gray predominating.
Species Anser hyperboreus, Pall. N. America and West Indies.
“ rossi, Baird. Central regions H. B. Terr.; Cala.
“ corulescens, L. Central U. S.; Hudson's Bay.
“W- Tferus. ? Pr. William's Land.
“ segetum, Gm. ? Hudson's Bay.
“ gambelli, Hartl. N. America.

2. BRANTA SCOPOLI.*

Gen. Char. Bill short, lamellz not projecting below upper mandible. Bill
and feet black; neck always black.
Species Branta canadensis, L. N. America.
“ hutchinsi, Rich. & Sw. N. America.
“ bernicla, L. Eestern and central N. America,
“ migricans, Lawr. West coast of N. America.
« leucopsis, Bechst. N. E. of N. America. Rare.
b. Aberrant. Plumage with metallic reflections onl speculum; colors of
sexes not invariably similar. Membrane of toes somewhat scolloped out in
front.

3. ORESSOCHEN, n. g.

Gen. Char. Bill very robust, light colored, lamell» not projecting. Feet
robust, light colored, hallux well developed. Plumage of sexes similar;
colors simple.

Species Oressochen melunopterus, Gay. Highland regions of Chili.

4. CHLGETROPHUS, n. g.

Gen. Char. Bill moderate, black. Feet particolored, black and orange.
Colors of sexes similar. Plumage rather brilliant for this subfamily.
Species Chletrophus poliocephalus, Gray. Coasts of Patagonia and adjacent
islands.
» rubidiceps, Sclater. Falkland Islands.

5. CHLCGPHAGA, Eyton.

Gen. Char. Billasin the last genus. Feet varying in color with the sex—
black in the male, yellow in the female. Plumage of the two sexes quite dif-
ferent, and generally less bright colored than in Chletrophus.

Species Chlephaga magellanica, Gm, Chili and Patagonia.

” picta, Gm. a "

Section B. Philactee. Skull with well marked rough superorbital depres-
sions. Tarsus as short as or shorter than the middle toe with its claw. Hab-
its littoral.

6. PHILAGTE, n. g.

Bill short, moderately robust, light colored, nail of both upper and lower
mancdibles quite prominent, lamelle appearing as pointed processes in the
posterior part of the commissure. Feet moderate, light colored. General
tint of plumage light, no metallic reflections.

Species Philacte canagica, Lewast. N.W. coast of N. America; ? Caspian.

* The genus Brante was adopted from Klein by Scopoli in 1769, the first species being
Anas bernicla, L. This, according to usage, will have to be substituted for Bernicla of Boie
(Isis, 1822), and also antedates his genus Branta, established at the same time, the type of
which is Anasrufina, Pall.

1870.)

132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

7. TXENIDIESTES, Reich.

Gen. Char. Bill robust, varying in color with the sex, as also does the
plumage; lower mandible deep, nail prominent, lamella not projecting. Feet
robust, varying in color with the sex, tarsus shorter than middle toe with
claw. Colors of female with metallic reflections on the speculum.

Species Tenidiestes antarctica, Gm. Southern extremity of S. America, and
adjacent islands; Chili.

December 6th.
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Thirty-three members present.

Pror. Cope made some observations on a number of species of reptiles from
the Cretaceous beds of Kansas, which he had recently studied. He stated
that the specimens included parts of Klasmosaurus platyurus Cope, Polycotylus
latipinnis Cope, Liodon proriger Cope, and two new Liodons, which he named
L.ictericus and L. mudgei respectively. They both belonged to the division
with depressed vertebral centra, and the L. ictericus was near L. validus Cope,
of New Jersey, but exhibited a less anterior, and less prominent proximal
external angle of the quadratum. which Prof. Cope stated indicated a less
*extensive lateral flexibility of the ramus of the mandible.

In L. Mudgei the angle was still more posterior, and the pterygoid teeth
were not pleurodont, as in Platecarpus tympaniticus. Remains of the cranium
indicated a reptile of 30 feet in length, while those of the L. ictericus be-
longed to two individuals of 40 and 50 feet in length. A third new Mosa-
sauroid of the size of the L. Mudgei was described under the name of Clidastes
cineriorum, It was stated to be much the largest species of the genus, and to
differ from the three now known in having the plane of the articular extrem-
ities at right angles to the long axis of the centra, and not oblique to it.
From near Sheridan, Kansas; described by Prof. B. F. Mudge. He described
a third new Liodon, of gigantic size, stating it to exceed by very much the
Meestricht reptile, and even the Mosasaurus brumbzi Gibbes, which was till
now the largest known species. He pointed out the characters of the verte-
bre, which were very much depressed as to the centrum, which measured 5%
inches in diameter. It was allied to the M. brumbzi, but differed in having a
strong emargination of the articular faces to accommodate the neural canal.
He named it Liodon dyspelor.

Pror. Cope also exhibited the humeri and femora of Polycotylus, which
were like those of Plesiosaurus, and measured 18 inches in length.

Mr. THomas MEEHAN exhibited several specimens of the Maclura aurantiaca,
the common osage orange, in which the plants were inarched together in
pairs in a remarkable way. He said the osage orange was extensively grown
as a hedge plant, and in digging up the one year plants, these united twins
were usually found in the proportion of about one score in ten thousand.
Double kernels were common occurrences in many seeds. There were double
peaches, almonds, and double yolks in eggs. But these all had their separate
seed coverings or membranes, and the yolks their own albuminous envelopes,
consequently the separate embryos produced distinct plants. But these indi-
cated that there had been two separate embryos under one seminal covering,
and that the radicular portions of this double embryo, having no membrane
to separate them, had inarched themselves together while passing to the
ground. Ifthis was the true explanation, he thought there was no such case
recorded. Thatit was true seemed probable, from the fact that all the speci-
mens were united in exactly the same manner, showing that time, place, and
the circumstances of the union were uniformly the same. The scars showed

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 133

that there were four cotyledons and two germs, and that the place of union
was midway between the pairs of cotyledons. From the base of the cotyledons
extending the whole length of the radicle, the union existed. The length of
this united part was from half an inch to one inch, according to the vigor
of the plant.

Another lesson he thought was afforded by these specimens. Dr. Asa Gray
had recently remarked, in Silliman's Journal, that European botanists still be-
lieved what American botanists had learned to doubt, that the radicle was a
true root, rather than a morphologized joint of stem. Here was, he believed,
an illustration of the American view. These radicles, which had evidently
united together under the seed coat, had elongated after protrusion, just as a
Young shoot with all its parts formed in the bud elongates after the bursting
of the bud scales. They comprised the halfinch, or inch united portions be-
fore referred to. If these radicular portions of the seed were of the nature of
root rather than of stem, we might expect to see lateral fibres push from them,
as we do see from the true roots, which start out below the union. But these
parts are as free from rootlets as any portion of the true stems above the coty-
ledon points, indicating, as had been suggested, that their properties were
rather of stem than of root.

December 13th.

The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Thirty-five members present.

The following paper was presented for publication :
“Remarkson Dr. Asa Gray's Notes on Buckley's Rare Plants of
Texas” By Prof. S. B. Buckley.

Pror Lerpy exhibited a lower jaw of an aged man, recently obtained in his
dissecting room. The teeth had all been lost except one, and the alveolar
border had been absorbed so that the body of the bone was reduced as usual
to half its original depth. The remaining tooth is a completely developed
and full grown third molar of large size, which lies imbedded in the jaw hori-
zontally, with the unworn triturating surface directed towards the position
Which had been occupied by the teeth in advance. The tooth is perfectly
sound, and in this old jaw, in which all the other teeth had been lost and the
alveoli obliterated, favors the view that the teeth are liable to caries only
when exposed to exterior influences. Similar specimens of teeth remaining
imbedded in the jaw are not unfrequent, but the one exhibited is the oldest
which Prof. Leidy had seen. ;

Pror. Lerpy also exhibited a wood carving from St. Paul de Loando, West-
ern Africa, presented to him by Dr. Charles L. Cassin, U. S. N. Thecarving,
by a native African, represents two adult human figures, apparently of the two,
united by an intervening plate, so as to remind one of the famous Siamese
twins. The connection may have been merely intended for support, though
Prof. Leidy thought the carving may have been intended to represent a pair
of united twins, similar to those just named, and which existed in the locality
in which the carving was made.

December 20th.
Me. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Twenty-two members present.
1870.]

134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

The following paper was presented for publication :
“ A new classification of the North American Falconida, with de-

scriptions of three new species.” By Robert Ridgway.

Pror. Lerpy directed attention to a preparation of the trunk of an adult
male subject, from the dissecting room of the University, in which all the vis-
cera were reversed in the order of their usual position. The heart is reversed
in position with its apex directed to the right. The aorta descends on the
right side ; and the cave are placed on the left of the vertebral column.
The liver is placed in the left, the spleen in the right side. The stomach is
reversed, and the large intestine commencing in the left iliac region termi-
nates in the rectum from the right side.

THeo. D. Ranp called the attention of the Academy to a remarkable expo-
sure of rock on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, between Abingdon and Edge
Hill stations, about eleven miles from Philadelphia. The rock is Potsdam
sandstone, highly micaceous, in strata nearly vertical, and divided by frequent
joints. Its strike is about N. by E. At the point mentioned a quarry has
been opened following the crest of the hill, the northern end of the quarry
giving therefore a section. At the bottom of the excavation the layers seem
undisturbed and perfectly vertical, but above they are thrown to the south-
west and crushed and broken in a remarkable manner, the layers nearest the
surface being horizontal or even dipping to the S. W., but still retaining their
relative positions. The breaks in the rocks are fresh and sharp, and the
spaces between them empty, and the whole appearance is as if a very recent
force acting near the surface had thrown them from a vertical into their
present positions. Some of these spaces were two or three inches in width
and apparently of great depth.

It is probable, however, that it is due to a folding of the strata, as in the
cut of the Railroad immediately west of this exposure. The rocks of the quar-
ry appear perfectly vertical while south of them, probably fifty feet, is a well
defined anticlinal axis or fold. Still the broken, not bent condition of the
rocks, their very marked and sudden change from the vertical, the freshness
and sharpness of the fractures seem almost irreconcilable with a fold taking
place as long ago as this anticlinal axis, and it is well worthy of examinatio
by geologists.

December 2Tth,
The President, Dr. RuscHENBERGER, in the Chair.
Thirty-four members present.

On motion, the election of members was postponed until the next
meeting for business.

Pror. Leeps called attention to an interesting geological phenomenon in
the vicinity of Wayne station on the Germantown Railroad, about three miles
from Philadelphia. At the point where Wayne street cuts through a fold in
the micaceous schists of this district, there occur huge imbedded boulders of
very hard compact hornblende rock. The matrix of mica schist has the ap-
pearance of an altered argillaceous slate, and rapidly decays on exposure.
The hornblende rocks are thus left protruding above the soil, aud would be
difficult to account for if attention had not previously been called to them in
place. As occurring in the schist, they are rounded upon their corners and
edges and smooth upon the sides. Ii does not appear an improbable con-
jecture to suppose that they constituted a part of a primitive surface forma-
tion—perhaps the original earth crust—which was broken up before the de-

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 135

position of the metamorphic rocks which make up the azoic rocks of unde-
termined geological age, overlying the southeastern angle of Pennsylvania.
And that by stream and current actions, perhaps in part by glacial, they were
brought into the shape of boulders at a time anterior to the deposition of the
sedimentary mica schists.

And itis a fact of interest in this connection that the highly garnetiferous
mica schists of this district, are charged with dodecahedral garnets, which
probably have belonged to pre-existent rocks, inasmuch as their angles and
edges are rounded off, and the crystals reduced to an almost globular form.
This is true of the garnets while still firmly imbedded in the mica schists, and
applies to the garnetiferous mica schists extending over a wide area.

On favorable report of the Committees, the following papers were
ordered to be printed. .

Remarks on Dr. Asa Gray's notes on Buckley's new Plants of Texas.
BY PROF. S. B. BUCKLEY.

In the spring of 1862 Dr. Asa Gray had two papers in the Proceedings of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, both of which were reviews
of some new plants described by me in the same publication a few months
previous. 1 left Philadelphia prior to the appearance of Dr. Gray's papers,
being employed by the Sanitary Commission at Washington to make scientific
examinations and measurements of Soldiers for anthropological purposes. —
See Anthropological Investigations of American Soldiers, by Dr. Gould, lately pub-
lished by the Sanitary Commission. At the end of the war I returned to
Texas, where I have been ever since. Idid not see Dr. Gray's notes till Au-
gust, 1867. I have few Botanical works here, and no Herbarium, and have
delayed to notice some points in which I think Dr. Gray has not done me jus-
tice, in hopes to be able to have a better chance than I have here, but as
time is passing 1 will offer what facts I have now, leaving others for another
opportunity.

During 1859, '60 and '61, I made a large collection of rare plants, in Geor-
gia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas, which I had boxed and started
with for the North prior to the war. These were stopped and destroyed at
Lavaca, Texas. They were intended for, and directed to, the Academy of Na-
tural Sciences of Philadelphia.

The few I saved I brought with me, but I found the Herbarium of the
Academy not as complete as I supposed. I expected to find all the plants
which Nuttall had described, as well as full collections of Wright and other
botanists who had explored Texas and other southwestern parts of our coun-
try. But these were not as full as I imagined, and the Library was deficient
in some works which would have aided me in my investigations. I appreci-
ate these facts more fully now, than I did then, and can understand how very
likely it is that I have made some mistakes. There are very few botanists
who have not had to regret similar errors under similar Circumstances. In-
deed the object of this paper is to show that Dr. Gray himself has fallen into
error in many particulars in the papers in which he criticises mine. For in-
stance, Clematis Texensis, Buckley, Dr. Gray says is his “ O. viorna var. cocci-
nea, Pl. Wr. 2 p. 7, O. coccinea, Engelman.” It is referred to €. viorna with
the remark that its “leaves are more glaucous, and the thick sepals of a pure
carmine red, very rarely purplish.” I do not know that Engelman has ever
published his name of O. coccinea. I believe all that has been published is in
the extract quoted. If, therefore, it is, as I have no doubt the majority of
botanists will agree with me that it is,a distinct species from 0. viorna, my
name has the right by priority of publication. It grows in the vicinity of
Austin.

1870.)

186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Zanthoxylum hirsutum Dr. Gray thinks but a variety of Z. carolinianum.
There is a variety I know, and I suppose this is to what Dr. Gray refers. 1
am very familiar with it. Itis abundant in the vicinity of Austin. But this
is always small, the largest specimens with a trunk rarely exceeding three
inches in diameter. This was a small tree, one foot at least in diameter, and
attracted my particular attention by its very peculiar appearance, as I rode
horseback in the vicinity of Corpus Christi. Its hairy leaves are a constant
and distinctive character. 1 expect to get specimens again.

Ampelopsis heptaphylla Dr. Gray says is “a small leaved state of 4, quinque-
folia, with some of the leaves 6-7 foliate.” They are all, or nearly all, 7 foli-
ate. If 4. quinquefolia were known to be variable in respect of the number of
leaflets on the same plant, there might be room to look for a variety with
another number of leaflets. But this species is noted for the regularity with
which it bears five leaflets only, both in the north and in the south. It grows
in the same locality with my A. heptaphylla, constantly with five leaflets only.
But this is not all; my plant not only has 7 leaflets almost constantly, but
they are smaller than 4. quinquefolia, and it flowers in cymose panicles at the end
of April; while A. quinquefolia has compound racemes 3-4 inches in length,
and does not open its flowers till the middle or end of June.

Vitis monticola, he says, is V. rupestris of Schule. In Plante Lindh. 2, p. 166,
Dr. Gray himself says of V. rupestris, “ It does not climb, but the stems are
upright, and only two or three feet in height.” This is right. Iam familiar
with it. But my V. monticola does climb, sometimes to the height of 15 feet.
But in addition to this there is nearly two months difference in the time of ripen-
ing ofthe fruit. Al the innabitants of this region readily distinguish them
as different things.

Vitis Lincecumii he refers to V. labrusca, and says that “the Louisiana
specimen (of Dr. Hale) exactly agrees with what we formerly cultivated in
Cambridge Bot. Garden as the Isabella grape.” The Isabella grape is well
known here, yet this is readily distinguished by the people of Texas, who
call it the “ Postoak grape.” It has larger and less lobed leaves than the
Isabella. The Isabella has naturally but one short bunch—this is shoul-
dered or branching; the berries drop easily from the stems—these are strong-
ly adherent; the skin is rather thick and the berries comparatively large, —
while these are thin-skinned and smaller. The V. labrusca is a rampant spe-
cies, this rarely grows 15 feet, and often bears fruit on bush-like specimens,
3-4 feet high. I have studied both species very closely, both before and
gince Dr. Gray's criticisms, and can have no doubt of their distinctness.

Vitis mustangensis Dr. Gray says “is not the mustang grape of Florida, but
is the well known V. candicans of Engelman.” He asserts further that V. coria-
cea, of Shuttleworth, is a thick-leaved form of it, the V. caribsa of Chapman,
whether of DeCandolle I am still uncertain.” I believe the only description
of V. candicans published, before my description of V. mustangensis, is the fol-
lowing from Plant. Lindh. 2, p: 166, where Dr. Gray says, “Under the name

"of V. candicans (N. S.) Engel. ined., 1 have from Lindheimer, as also from Mr,
Wright, Texan specimens of what appears to be a variety of V. californica,
Benth., with the leaves somewhat less dentate, and more densely tomentose
underneath.” Again, in Plante Wrightiana, p 32, in a note at the bottom of
the page, he states, “ Vitis candicans, Engel. ined., which is also the V. coriacea
of Shuttleworth, Pl. Rugel. ex. sic. from southern Florida, is not the same as
Vitis californica, Benth., to which I was disposed to refer itin PL. Lindh, 2, p.
166. Perhaps it may be V. caribea of D. C.” Ifthis is, as I believe, the only
description of V. candicans ever published, is Dr. Gray justified in terming it
“well known?” Surely Dr. Gray does not own to much acquaintance with
it, and makes no allusion whatever to its native name “ mustang.”

Dr. Gray “warns the reader that mustang is not the name of a town or

[Dec:

/

E id

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 137

country, as the termination ensis would imply, but of a wild horse.” 1 may
add that it is also the name of a stream along which this grape grows in
great abundance.

I.saw Lindheimer at New Braunfels in Texas in 1860. He told me that Gray
and Engelman, with whom he was in close correspondence, were both uncer-
tain about this grape, and that it was still undescribed. He regarded it as
“ scientifically unnamed.” Under the rules of priority of description, 1 claim
my name.

It is unlikely that my mustang grape is the V. coriacea of Shuttleworth,
for be it remembered I had travelled extensively in Florida, and should have
seen this grape there if they had been the same, but I never sawit in Florida;
but the greater probability of this is tbat Chapman, who had resided in Flo-
rida 25 years, describes no such grape as mine, but refers the V. coriacea of
Shuttleworth to V. caribea, D. O., and further says the mustang of Florida is
.caformof V. vulpina. See Flora of Southern States, p. T1.

Vitis bipinnata, with which name the authority of “ Torr. & Gray” is asso-
ciated, belongs really to Wildenow.

Astragalus Brazoensis, Dr. Gray has, on a second examination, done me the
justice to declare a good species.

Hoopesia arborea I am charged with “making up from a flowering speci-
men of Cercidium texanum, Gray, a fruiting one of Acacia jflexicaulis, Benth, and
a sterile branchlet of Ácacia rigidula, Benth.” Of course, no one would sup-
pose I would mix plants purposely with the object of making a new genus or
species. That no such a mixture was possible, I claim from the following
facts. I was careful to select a large number of specimens with both flowers
and fruit on the same branches. I also cut from sprouts which grew up from
the base of the tree, so that I might have all its characteristics, for 1 felt then
that it would prove to be undescribed. I spent a long timein getting these
specimens. Iwas then engaged with Dr. Shumard in the geological survey
of the state. Drs. Shumard and Riddell were then with me, — they in a
buggy, Ion horseback--at Corpus Christi together, and we started next day
for Austin, my press and plants in the buggy. They went on hurriedly, agree-
ing to change my plants, I arrived in Austin three days after them, and
found my plants mostly spoiled.. 1 saved only a few damaged specimens of
Hoopesia. Familiar as I was with them in cutting, and again in my anxiety
so few days after to select from the damaged specimens the best left, 1 do not
see the possibility of any mistake; but intend to take the first opportunity to
visit again the locality, and get specimens for the Academy and other public
institutions. Trees of the Hoopesia grow on the banks of the Gulf, from one to
two miles below Corpus Christi.

Drejera parvifiora and Morus microphylla are admitted to be good species.

Juncus filipendulus has also, since Dr. Gray's criticisms, been decided by
Dr. Engelman to be a good species. But he has changed the name, on the
ground that my name is “inappropriate.” My name was suggested by the
thread-like hanging stems of its fruit and flowers. Even were the name less
appropriate than it manifestly is, if botanists had a right to change names to
accord with each compiler's sense of fitness, how many synonyms should we
not have ?

Juncus diffusissimus Dr. Gray says is J. debilis. Dr. Engelman has since de-
cided Dr. Gray to be wrong in this, but I have not Dr. Engelman's monograph
by me to refer to what he decides it to be.

Cyperus Heermanii is not referred to any other species, and

Eleocharis microformis, though said to be “near intermedia,” is probably a
good species also.

1870.) 10

138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

For want of books and material, as I have before remarked, I am unable to
follow up these corrections further; but finding myself rightin so many which
I have been able to reconsider, I hope to be able to clear myself from some of
the other charges in future.

Dr. Gray was particularly severe in his preliminary remarks. He accuses
me of a ''gross appropriation and suppression of the names of Nuttall and
others, as recorded in a public herbarium.” The laws of botanical nomencla-
ture say “a name which has never been clearly defined in some public journal
or work, shall be changed for the earliest name by which the object shall have
thus been defined.” See Edinburg Philosophical Jour., 1863--4. Indeed, in the
language of science, a plant has not been named until it has been described in
some “journal or work.” One may by courtesy adopt a name he finds on a
label attached to a herbarium specimen ; butif in his opinion, from the small-
ness or imperfection of the specimen, or from other reasons, he believes the
interest of science would be served by the use of another name in his de-
scription it is his duty to do so.

I feel that I have been wronged by Dr. Gray's personal remarks in his re-
view of my papers. Considering such a course out of place in a scientific dis-
cussion, I have*avoided anything like retaliation. But I have thought it due
to me as the author, and the Academy as the publisher, of the papers criti-
cized by Dr. Gray, that no more errors should be laid to their charge than
they legitimately deserve.

A New Classification of the North American FALCONIDXK, with Descriptions of
Three Now Bpecies.*

BY ROBERT RIDGWAY.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

Having been engaged for a considerable time upon an investigation of the
North American Falconida, I have found it necessary to arrange the sub-
families with their sections, the genera and their subgeneric divisions, in a
manner somewhat different from the classification usually adopted. The fol-
lowing scheme is intended to express the arrangement that I have been led to
make, as the result of the study alluded to.

Of course, the classification presented is based entirely upon the external
anatomy, and may, very probably, be found to differ from one founded upon
the internal structure. As, however, the former is more convenient for prac-
tical purposes, and, moreover, there being no sufficient material at my com-
mand for a classification of the second kind, 1 trust that I may be excused for
offering one based upon comparatively artificial characters. In the descrip-
tions, every available character has been used, it having first been traced
through the group to test its importance.

The present paper is intended as a preliminary to a “Monograph of the
North American Raptores,” now completed, and soon to be published, in a
volume of the series of reports of the “U. S. Geological Exploration of the
40th parallel,” under the direction of Mr. Clarence King. This work is in-
tended to embrace full descriptions of all the species of the order belonging
to the fauna of North America,t their differences from any analogue of South
America or Europe being expressed by a diagnostic table; in which manner
are also distinguished all the closely-allied species. The different stages of
plumage of each species are elucidated in detail, and all doubtful questions
as to the relationship of allied forms or the validity of others are fully dis-
cussed, and the complete synonymy given in full.

* Qne, however, belonging only to West Indies. 1 As defined by Prof. Baird.

[Dec.

nd cadée bo ca ai E

A

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 139

Family FALCONIDA.
I. Eye shaded by a projecting superciliary shield,* covered with naked skin.

A. Nostril circular, with a conspicuous central bony tubercle.
a. Prominent tooth on commissure; lower mandible truncated, and with a
deep notch corresponding with the tooth on the upper.
1. A web or membrane uniting the outer and middle toes at their bases.
Faleoninae.
B. Nostril not circular, and without bony tubercle.
a. A “ruff” or circle of short stiff feathers around the face, as in the Stri-

gide. :
1. Membrane between toes well developed.................. Rodas ipa de «Circing.
db. No ruff.
1 Membrane well developed................e.s Wc a nad UT ama do AD Accipitrins.
2. Membrane rudimentary...... o AA OVAs das Av cb alo dá Rs Halisetine.
IH. No superciliary shield.
C. Middle toe longer than bare portion of tarsus in à front.. en siaDá ARS Milvinee.
D. Middle toe shorter than tarsus in front...........isceesesseses. «e Polyborins.f

1. Eye shaded by a projecting superciliary ata covered with bare skin.
A. Nostril circular, with a central bony tubercle.

Subfamily FALCONINE,

Bill strong, its breadth at base equalling or exceeding its height; upper
outline of cere rather lower than base of the culmen; gonys much arched,
the chord of the arch equalling about half that of the culmen. Near the tip
of the upper mandible is a prominent tooth on the commissure, and near the
end of the lower mandible, which is truneated, is a deep notch correspond-
ing; the end of the upper mandible is compressed, giving the situation of the
tooth an inflated appearance when viewed from above. Nostrils circular, with
a conspicuous central tudercle. Orbital region bare; projecting superciliary
shield conspicuous, arched, but not very prominent. Tail shorter than wing,
the feathers hard and stiff. Primaries very strong, elongated, tapering rapidly
toward their points; only the first or first and second with their inner webs
emarginated. Tarsus never with a single series of transverse scutella either
in front or behind; middle toe very long.

Diagnoses of generic and subgeneric divisions.

A. Tarsus with no transverse scuteliz, but, instead, covered with numerous'irre-
gular small scales ; second quill longest; first always longer than fourth ;
only first emarginated on inner web.

a. Middle toe longer than tarsus—the latter scarcely feathered below the
knee. First quill equal to or longer than third.

Genus FALCO, Auct.

1. First and second quills equal; outer web of second only sinuated;
inner web of first emarginated ; of second, sinuated.
Sp. peregrinus, Gmel., and “anatum,” Bonap., (== peregrinus var. anatum.

* This “shield” is formed by the bony process of the lachrymatl projecting backward
over the orbit. In Fulconine (only) it consists of a single narrow process; in the other
subfamilies, it is broader, and composed of two separate pieces, with cartilaginous junc-
tion. the posterior part or “ hinged ” plate forming the “shield.”

ft Tne only other American Fulconide, having a similar nostril, are Milvago, Phalcobenas,
and perhaps a few other genera, gg dr to, or generally placed with, the Polyborins ;
they also have the tooth, notch, etc the bill decidedly indicated; other charaoters,
however, separate them very widely from the Falconine.
sa added alone forms an exception; but the other characters of this genus are eminently

y

1870.]

140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

2. Second quill longest, but difference between first and second less than
half that between second and third. Outer web of first and second
sinuated; inner web of first emarginated ; of none, sinuated.

; aurantius,* rufigularis.+
b. Middle toe shorter than tarsus, the latter closely feathered on upper por-
tion; first quill shorter than third.

3. (Subgenus Hierofalco, Cuvier.) Outer webs of second, third and fourth
quills sinuated (the last only perceptibly :;) inner web of first emar-
ginated,—of second sinuated. More than the upper half of tarsus
feathered, the feathering interrupted behind only by a narrow (almost
concealed) strip from the knee downward.

candicans,t islandicus,Q sacer,|| labradorus.

4. (Subgenus Gennaia, Kaup.) Outer webs of second and third quills
sinuated ; inner web of first emarginated, of second sinuated. Only the
upper third of the tarsus feathered; its posterior face and the whole
knee bare....... en aronso isosseass cosenens es sos desti haben cava ncdntvoo nro ums NETLC AND,

B. Front of Tarsus with a double series of transverse scutelle, these alter-
nately joining; second and third quills equal and longest—or, third
longest; first and second with inner webs emarginated. Tarsus scarcely
feathered below the knee.

a. (Subgenus Hypotriorchis, Boie.) Basal joint of toes with irregular scales.
5. Third quill longest; second and third with outer webs sinuated,
columbariustt, richardsonit.jf
b. Basal joint of toes with transverse scutelle.
6. Third quill longest; second, third and fourth with outer webs sinu-
ated; scutells of tarsus and toes large and well defined, uninterrupted
from KHGes to CIAWE.cosaurraas é decusa apo Min tao dantas can Radi” bossa srs é RR END

7. (Subgenus Tinnunculus, Vieill.) Second and third quills equal and
longest; second and third with outer webs sinuated.
sparverius,|||| (with all its varieties) ; sparveroides, NT leucophrys.(1)
B. Nostril not circular, and without bony tubercle: Bill variable in form, but
its breadth never equal to its height at the base; gonys oniy mode-
rately convex, No “'tooth”on the commissure, but, in its stead, a more
or less prominent “lobe” or “festoon;” lower mandible neither trun-
cated nor notched. Nostril variable in form, but never circular, and
never with a central bony tubercle; though there is sometimes a carti-
laginous projection, to be distinguished by its different appearance and
situation. Tarsus, when bare, with a frontal and posterior series of
transverse scutella.

* Falco aurantius, Gmel., Syst. Nat., 1789, 283. Falco deiroleucus, Temm., Pl. Co1. 348, 1836.
+ Falco rufigularis, Daud., Tr. Orn. ii. 131, 1800. (FP. aurantius, Temm., PI. Col., and Cassin,
B.N.A

F, islandicus, Sab., Linn., Trans. xii., 1818, 528.

F. sacer, Forster, Phil. Trans. Ixii., 1772,383 and 427; Baird Trans.
Chicago Ac. Nat. Sc., 1. ii. 271. (Hab. —lInterior regions ofp AU races of one species.
Arctic Aminriaaa. : :

q F. labradora, Aud. B. Am., pl. 161, 1831. (Hab. —Littoral regions
of Arctic America.
ee 7 mexicanus, “ Licht. Mus. Berol;” Schleg. Abh. Geb. Zool. Vergl., 1841, p. 15=F. polya-
grus, Cassin, B. Cal. and Tex.. 1853, 88; B. N. Am., 1858, 12. É
tt PF. columbarius, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1766, 128; Pypotriorchis columbarius, Gray, List., 1844,
55; Cass. B. N. Am., 1858, 9: k E :
tt Hypotriorchis richardsonii, nobis. See page 145. (Hab —Interior of Arctic Am.; U. 8.
between Rocky Mts. and Mississippi River.) : | ;
F. femoralis, Temm., Pl. Col. 121, 1834, 343. Hypotriorchis femoralis, Gray Gen. B.
F. sparverius, Linn, Syst. Nat. B; 128, 1766. Tinnunculus sparverius, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept.
q F. sparveroides, Vigors, Zool. Journ. III. 436, 1827. Tinnunculus sparveroides, Gray, Gen.
B. (Hab.--Cuba. Ê
a Prado 5 DON nobis. See page/147. (Hab. —Cuba and Hayti.)

. Am.
F. candicans, Gmel., Syst. Nat., 1789, 275.

[Dec.

Sr =.

f

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 141

Subfamily CIRCINA.
A ruff of short, stiff, close feathers around the face, as in the owls. (Strigide.)

Genus CIRCUS, Lacépede.

Fine bristly feathers of the lores extending upwards above the cere. Bill
rather weak, much compressed; upper outline of the cere forming an ascend-
ing plane, somewhat arched at posterior end. Nostril oval, horizontal; super-
ciliary shield inconspicuous, though prominent. Tarsus more than twice the
length of middle toe; very slender, the scutella distinct. Wing long.

1. Third and fourth quill equal and longest; second equals fifth; first
shorter than sixth; second, third, fourth and fifth sinuated on outer
webs; inner webs of outer four emarginated.

C. hudsonicus, (Linn.,) Vieill.

Subfamily ACCIPITRINA.

No ruff.

A. Accipitres. Bill much as in last; but less compressed and higher through
the base; height at base exceeding chord of the culmen, the cere on top much
ascending basally ; commissure anterior to the festoon deeply scolloped.
Nostril broadly ovate, obliquely horizontal. Toes very long. Wing
short ; fourth quill longest; second shorter than sixth; first equal to
or shorter than the tenth; outer quill bowed; second to sixth (inclu-
sive) sinuated on outer webs; inner webs of outer five emarginated.
Tail long, but not equal to wing.

a. 4stur, Lacépede. Upper half of tarsus feathered, the feathering scarcely
interrupted behind, where the bare space is covered with small circular
scales; base of toes and lower part of tarsus with only irregular small
BORCS osceseno pessornao sessuda copesipas is tdasenedça 4. atricapillus, (Wils.,) Bonap.

b. Accipiter, Brisson. Less than one-third of the tarsus feathered below the
knee; transverse scutellg continuous all along the toes, and tarsus

in front.
1. Middle toe longer than bare portion of tarsus in front; scutella of
trans VOrp dIstinÕÊ., idosas cars nen sido bias 2 A. Cooperi, (Bonap.,) Gray.

2. Middle toe shorter than bare portion of tarsus in front; in adult birds,
scutella of tarsus fused into an RRPRISAE so plate, but in the
CONDE GUGUINCE.cssncacpentsicyonannno dep dedés 6606 Cada da À. fuscus, (Gmel.,) Bonap.

4 Bill stouter and less compressed than in preceding ; feet robust; third to
fourth quill longest.

A. Tarsus closely featheredto the toes.
a. Aqguilse. Toes (except terminal joint) with only small scales.

Genus AQUILA, Moehring.

Feathering of tarsus not interrupted behind; middle toe more than half as
long as tarsus. Upper outline of cere parallel with lower Nostrils narrow,
oval, obliquely vertical; fourtb quill longest; first shorter than seventh or
eighth ; five to seven quills sinuated on outer webs; five or six emarginated
on inner. Feathers of the occiput and nape lanceolate.*

Genus ARCHIBUTEO, Brehm.

Feathering of the tarsus interrupted behind by a narrow bare strip, expos-
ing the knee; midale toe less than half as long as the tarsus. Upper outline
of cere ascending basally. Nostril broadly oval, obliquely horizontal; fourth,
or third and fourth quills longest ; first shorter than seventh; second to sixth
(inclusive) quills sinnated on outer webs; four or five emarginated on inner
webs. Feathers of occiput and nape normal. (Chin with a slight tuft of
bristly feathers projecting forward.

* Including all the European, as well as the Americaa species.

1870.]

142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

1. Five primaries emarginated on inner webs. Bill small, compressed.
A. sanctijohannis,* (Penn.,) Gray.
2. Four primaries emarginated on inner webs. Bill more robust, very
broad at DANO... pisos das tenis acusa co Á. ferrugineus, (Licht.,) Gray.

B. Tarsus naked, with an anterior and posterior series of transverse scutella ;

feathered only on the upper portion in front.

a. Buteones. (Genus Buteo, Cuvier.) Only four outer primaries emargi-
nated on inner webs; 3d or 4th longest, Ist equal Tth to 9th. Wing
long, primaries pointed. Outstretched feet falling far short of end of
tail.

1. Four outer quills emarginated on inner webs.
Cooperi, Cass. harlani,f borealis, (Gmel.) Vieill., lineatus, (Gmel.)
Jard., zonocercus 1
2. Three outer quills emarginated on inner webs.
Swainsoni,) fuliginosus,| albifrons, pennsylvanicus, (Wils.) Bonap.**

b. Urubitinge. Generally five quilis emarginated on inner webs; 3d and
4th, 4th, or 4th and 5th quills longest. Wing short, primaries obtuse.
Outstretched feet reaching to or beyond end of tail.

&. Feet buteonine, but tarsus more robust compared with the toes than in
that group. Bill very strong, the tip well developed and rather abruptly
hooked; lobe on the commissure very conspicuous, cere ascending basally,
arched.

Genus CRAXIREX, Gould.

Nostril horizontal, oval, with a cartilaginous (not central) tubercle. Five outer

primaries, emarginated on inner webstff........cceeeesececenerecemees O, harrisii;t

Genus ASTURINA, Vieillot.

Nostril horizontal, upper outline straight, the lower semicircular; without
tubercle. Four outer primaries emarginated om inner webs. 4. plagiata.44(||ll)

4. Feet almost milvine, the tarsus slender, the claws very long and sharp.

Bill small, hardly at all compressed, the tip rather obtuse; cere ascending

basally, very broad and full on top.

Genus ONYCHOTES, Ridgway.1TT

Nostril nearly eircular, with a conspicuous (not central) tubercle. Tarsus very
long and slender; toes moderate; claws very long, strong and sharp, but only
slightly curved. Tibiul feathers short, cluse, not reaching below the joint. Wing
very short, much rounded and very concave beneath; 4th quill longest, lst
shorter than 9th. Tail moderate, rounded..... os sos ressoonne Ganoo O PE NDUNE T

e

* A. sanctijohannis, is the name for all the N. Am. specimens, whether light or dark; there
is but one American species or race; the very black-birds being merely melanistic indi-
viduals. The difference between the American and European forms is hardly enough to
separate them as species, but sufficient to warrant our calling the former A. lagopus var.
sanctijohannis. :

Falco harlani, Aud., B. Am. pl. 36, 1831. Buteo harlani, (Bonap.) Cassin, B. N. Am.

Buteo zonocercus, Bclater, Trans. Zo0ol. Soc. IV, ii, 263, 1858.

B. swainsonii, Bonap., Leish, 3, 1848. Cassin, B.N.Am. B. insignatus, Cassin (mela-
nistic), B. bairdii (Hoy), Cassin (juvenilus). ;

| B. fuliginosus, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 356. (Hab., Mexico.) E

T Astur albifrons, Kaup, Isis, 1847. /? Buteo brachyura, Vieill., Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. IV,
477, 1816.

*% Also polyosoma, and erythronotus of S. Am, '

tt Urubitinga zonura, Shaw, U. anthracina, Leicht, U. schistacra, Sund.; Buteogallius nigri-
collis, Larh, and “ Buteo” gheisbreghtii, Dub. South Am. species belonging to this section
of the Buteones, also have, each, five primaries sinuated on inner webs; Spizigeranus
meridionalis, Lath, has rix; while “ Leucopternis” semiplumbeus, Lawr., has only four. The
last is, in every respect, almost a typical example ofthe Urubitinges.

Falco harrisii, Aud., B. Am. pl. 392, 1831. Oraxirex unicincius, var. harrisit, Ridgway.
A. ruficauda, Scl. and Salv. (and the allied 8. Am. species), have the five outer prima-
ries emarginated.

|| Asturina plagiata, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Sept., 1862, p. 1.

q Onychotes, Ridgway, Nov. Gen. (Type O. gruberi, see page 149).

[Dee.

ENAP PRE MM op de
ad q E ab DO An aà A

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 143

Subfamily HALLEBETINA.
No membrane between the toes, which are instead cleft to the base.

Genus HALLZETUS, Savigny.

Bill very large, inflated; chord of the culmen more than twice the length of the
cere on top: commissure only slightly sinuated. Nostril elongate-oval, ob-
liquely vertical. Toes and posterior face of tarsus with transverse scutella ;
posterior face of tarsus with circular plates. st quill shorter than Tth; 2d
to 6th (inclusive) sinuated on outer webs; inner webs of outer six deeply
emarginated.

1. 4th quill longest; tail slightly rounded.
H. leucocephalus, (Briss.) Savig.

2. 3d quill longest; tail very much graduated, or cuneate.
H. pelagicus.*
IH. No dare, projecting, superciliary shield.
Middle toe longer than naked portion of tarsus in front.

Subfamily MIL VINZ.

Closely feathered above, and generally all round, the eye. Feet very robust
and strong; tarsus usually short; the nnked portion in front less than
length of the middle toe; toes cleft to the base, or else the membrane between
outer and middle toe not well developed. Wing very long. Tail variable,
being slightly rounded, square, emarginated or excessively forked. Bill black
or dusky.7

A. Tarsus without transverse scutelle.

a. Olaws not grooved beneath, the lower surface being rounded, or just per-
ceptibly flattened.

Genus PANDION, Savigny.

Bill inflated, the cere depressed below the arched culmen ; end of bill much
developed, forming a strong, pendant hook. Anterior edge of nostril touching
edge of the cere. Whole of tarsus and toes (except terminal joint) covered with
rough, somewhat imbricated, projecting scales Outer toe versatile; all the
elaws of equal length;f in their shape also they are peculiar; they contract
in thickness to their lower side, where they are much narrower than on top,
as well as perfectly smooth and rounded; the middle claw has the usual
sharp lateral ridge, but it is not very distinct. All the toes perfectly free.
Tibia not plumed, but covered compactly with short feathers, these reaching
down the front of the tarsus below the knee, and terminating in an angle.
Primary coverts hard, stiff and acuminate, almost as much so as the quills them-
selves; 3d quill longest; Ist longer than Dth; 2d, 3d and 4th sinuated on
outer webs; outer three deeply emarginated, the feurth sinuated, on inner
webs.

P. haliaétus, (Linn.) Less., and P. Carolinensis, (Gmel ) Bonap. (= ha-
liaetus var. carolinensis).

* Aquila pelagica, Pallas, Zoog. Ross. As. I, 343, 1811. Halixtus pelagicus, Zeit., Ueb.
Falk. Mus. Senck. 261. (Does not belong to North American fauna.)

ft The light bia or yellowish bill in all the Polyborinx, induces me to use this ap-
parently trivial character, as a diagnostic one. The distinction between “Milving” and
“Polyborins” is by no means well marked, and there are intermediate forms (as Milvago
and Tbycter) which almost induce me to designate them as sections of one subfamily. I
find it difficult, if possible, to diagnose them separately by anything more than merely
comparative characters.

1 No other Raptorial bird that I have seen shares with Pandion in this curious feature.
Indeed, most of the characters of this genusare so unique, that it 18 almost entitled to
the rank of a separate subfamily.

1870.)

144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Genus ELANUS, Savigny.

Bill rather small and narrow, the tip normal; commissure moderately sinu-
ated; upper outline of lower mandible greatly arched, the height at base less
than half that through middle; gonys almost straight, declining downward
toward tip. Nostril circular, in middle of cere. Tarsus and toes (except ter-
minal joint) covered with small roundish scales; under surface of claws just
perceptibly flattened; sharp lateral ridge on middle claw very prominent; a very
slight membrane between outer and middle toes. 2d quill longest, 3d very
- slightly shorter; Ist just exceeding 4th; 2d and 3d with outer webs slightly
sinuated; inner web of Ist emarginated, of 2d sinuated. Tail peculiar—
emarginated—but the lateral feather much shorter than the middle, the one
nextto it being the londesLiscineeeses copacnasas cosnasnos E. leucurus, (Vieill.) Bonap.

b. Claws flattened, or slightly grooved, beneath.

Genus NAUCLERUS, Vigors.

Bill as im preceding, but less deep and less compressed; gonys straighter.
Nostrils oval, obliquely vertical. Toes with transverse scutella to their base;
scales of tarsus large; lower edges of claws sharp; middle claw bent laterally,
the inner side much arched, the edge sharp; a just distinguishable membrane
between outer and middle toes. 3d quill longest, 2d scarcely shorter; 1st
slightly exceeding 4th; 2d and 3d with outer webs just perceptibly sinuated,
the cuttings near the end. Tail excessively forked, the latter feather more than
twice as long as the middle..i... se sessssiereso cóusuomo NM. forficatus,* (Linn.) Ridgw.

B. Front of tarsus with transverse scutells.

Genus ICTINIA, Vieillot.

Bill peculiar, being very short and deep, the commissure with a heavy fes-
toon, behind and in front of wkich is a more or less perceptible indentation ;
gonys convex, ascending toward tip. Nostril very small, circular. Membrane
between outer and middle toes well developed. Claws short, robust, flattened
beneath, the edges sharp, particularly that on the inner side of the middle
claw, which is somewhat bent. 3d quill longest.

1. 2d quill much longer than 4th; outer webs of quills not sinuated;
inner web of Ist emarginated, of 2d sinuated.

T. mississippiensis, (Wils.) Gray.

2. 2d quill much shorter than 4th; outer web of 2d and 3d sinuated

(near bases); inner web of outer three emarginated,
7 1. plumbea, (Gmel.) Vieill.

Genus ROSTRHAMUS, Lesson.

Bill very narrow, upper mandible much elongated and bent, the tip pro-
duced downward in a strong hook; lower mandible dropping terminally, the
gonys perfectly straight, the upper outline much arched, to correspond with
the convavity of the commissure. Nostril elongate-oval, horizontal. Mem-
brane between outer and middle toes easily distinguishable. Claws extremely
long, and very sharp, though but gently curved. 3d and 4th quills equal, and
longest; Ist==Tth; 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th deeply sinuated on outer webs (near
base); inner webs of outer five emarginated. Tail emarginated.

R. sociabilis, (Vieill.) D'Orb.

Middle toe shorter than bare portion of tarsus in front.
Subfamily (2?) POLYBORINA.
Nostril with a bony tubercle, but of rather various form. Bill generally

* Falco forficatus, Linn., Syst. Nat. I, 89, 1758. Falco furcatus, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 129,
1766. Nauclerus furcatus, Vig. Zool. Journ. II, 387. Cassin, B. N. Am. 1858, 36, et Auct.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. - 45

variable, but with the tip only slightly developed, and the commissure very
regular. Color of the bill greenish, or yellowish, white. 3d or 3d and 4th
quills longest; ouier four to six sinuated on outer webs; inner webs of outer
four or five sinuated.

Genus POLYBORUS, Vieillot.

Nostril in the upper anterior angle of the cere, very small, linear, obliquely
vertical, the' posterior end being the upper one. Cere very narrow, its anterior
outline vertical and straight; commissure nearly straight; bill very high
“and much compressed. Occipital feathers elongated.

1, 3d quill longest; 1st shorter tban Tth; outer webs of 2d to 5th (inclu-
give) emarginated at bases; inner webs of outer four emarginated.
P. auduboni, Cass., and P. tharus, Mol.*

FaLco (HyPOTRIORCHIS) RICHARDSONII.

Falco (Hypotriorchis) richardsonii, Ridgway.
Falco sesalon, Rich. and Swains., Faun. Bor. Am. ii, pl. 25, 1831. ic Prod.
Orn. Ariz. Ter. (Pr. A. N. S. Phil.) 1866, p. 6 (in text).

Hab. Interior region of N. Am., from Arctic America southward, betwédá
Rocky Mts. and Mississippi valley, to Texas.

Adult Male. (Smithsonian No. 5171, Mouth of-the Vermilion River, near
the Missouri, Oct. 25th, 1856, Lt. G. K. Warren—Dr. F. V. Hayden). Upper
plumage dull earth brown, each feather grayish umber centrally, and with a
conspicuous black shaft line. Head above approaching ashy white anteriorly,
the black shaft-streaks being very conspicuous. Secondaries, primary-coverts
and primaries margined terminally with dull white; the primary-coverts with
two transverse series of pale ochraceous spots; primaries with spots of the
same, corresponding with those on the inner webs. Upper tail-coverts tipped,
and spotted beneath the surface, with white. Tail clear drab, much lighter
than the primaries, but growing darker terminally, having basally a slightly
ashy cast; crossed with six sharply defined, perfectly continuous bands (the
last terminal) of ashy white. Head, frontally, laterally and beneath—a col-
lar around the nape (interrupting the brown above)—and the entire lower
parts, white, somewhat ochraceous, this most perceptible on the tibia; cheeks
and ear-coverts with sparse, fine hair-like streaks of black; nuchal collar,
Jugulum, breast, abdomen, sides and flanks with a medial linear stripe of
clear ochre brown on each feather; these stripes broadest on the flanks; each
stripe with a conspicuously black shaft-streak; tibia and lower tail- coverts
with fine shaft-streaks of brown, like the broader stripes of the other por-
tions. Chin and throat, only, immaculate. Lining of the wing spotted with
ochraceous-white and brown, in about equal amount, the former in spots ap-
proaching the shaft. Inner webs of primaries with transverse broad bars of
pale ochraceous—eight on the longest. Wing-formula, 2, 34,1. Wing,
T70; tail, 5:09; culmen, “50; tarsus, 130; middle toe, 1:25; outer, :85; in-
ner, “70; posterior, :50.

Adult Female. (58983, Berthoud's Pass, Rocky Mts., Colorado Ter., Dr. F.YV.
Hayden—Jas. Stevenson.) Differing in coloration from the male only in the
points of detail. (Ground color of the upper parts clear grayish drab, the fea-
thers with conspicuously black shafts; all the feathers with pairs of rather
indistinct rounded ochraceous spots, these most conspicuous on the wings
and scapulars. Secondaries crossed with three bands of deeper, more red-
dish ochraceous. Bands of the tail pure white. In other respects exactly
as in the male.

Wing formula, 3, 241. Wing, 9:00; tail, 6:10; culmen, :55; tarsus,
1:40; middle toe, 1:51.

Young Male. (40516, Fort Rice, Dacota, July 20, 1865, Brig.-Gen. Alfred

* South Am. Analogue of P. auduboni.

1870.)

146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Sully, U. S. A., S. M. Rothammer.) Differing from the adult only in degree.
Upper surface with the rusty borders of the feathers more washed over the
general surface; the rusty ochraceous forms the ground color of the head—
paler anteriorly, where the black shaft-streaks are very conspicuous; spots on
the primary coverts and primaries deep reddish ochraceous; tail bands
broader than in the adult, and more reddish; the terminal one twice as broad
as the rest (40 of an inch) and almost cream color in tint.

Beneath, pale ochraceous, this deepest on the breast and sides; markings
as in the adult, but anal region and lower tail-coverts immaculate ; the shaft-
gtreaks on the tibia, also, scarcely discernible. Wing, 7:00; tail, 4:60.

K is to this perfectly distinct species, that the various citations of “csalon”
from North America are to be referred. It is the bird noticed under that
name in the “Fauna Boreali Americana,” to the author of which (by whom
its distinctness from columbarius was first recognized) we take pleasure in
dedicating the species. This bird appears to inhabit exclusively the interior
regions of North America, especially that portion between the Mississippi
Valley and the Rocky Mountains; whether it extends into the Middle Province
we cannot at present tell. Numerous specimens are in the collection from
various points between Texas and the northern boundary of the U. S.—its
habitat extending into the interior of British America, as we know from
Richardson's aecount. The very numerous specimens of the H. columbarius
from the same region as that inhabited by the present species, are of the
usual style of that bird, and the slight degree of variation manifested in an
exceedingly large series of the common species, as noted in its account, *
will, we trust, illustrate the wide separation of the two species, even in the
most similar stages of plumage.

Comparative Characters of HypOTRIORCHIS COLUMBARIUS, (Linn.) Gray,
ZSALON, (Gmel.) Gray, and RICHARDSONII, Ridgway.

A. Adult males ashy blue above.
1. coLumBARIUS. (Hab. Whole of N. Am.; West Indies.)

Male. Inner webs of primaries with eight transverse spots of white. Tail
tipped with white, and with three, more or less continuous, black bands, ante-
rior to the subterminal zone; lateral feather approaching to white on inner
webs, on which there are altogether five sharply defined transverse spots of
black, these crossing the shaft nearly to edge of outer web. Streaks on
cheeks fine and sparse; pectoral markings broad, clear brown, with black shaft-
lines. Beneath, only slightly tinged with ochraceous, except on the tibia,
which are deeply of this color, and streaked with dusky.

Female. Above, plumbeous-umber, all the feathers with darker shaft-lin es.
Tail with five (one concealed), more or less continuous, narrow bands of whit-
ish. Outer webs of primaries plain; inner web of longest with eight trans-
verse spots of pale ochraceous. Streaks of cheeks uniformly distributed.

Measurements of 2. Wing, 8:25; tail, 5:25; tarsus, 1:00; middle toe,
1:25. (1716, Carlisle, Penn.)

2. msaLON. (Hab. Europe.)

Male. Inner webs of primaries with ten spots. Tail tipped with ash, and
with six transverse series (anterior to the subterminal zone) of concealed
black spots, these only on inner webs, and not touching the shaft; lateral
feather uniformly ash, with only small transversely oval black spots on inner
webs, these not touchiug either the edge or shaft. Streaks on cheeks enlarged
and blended, forming a conspicuous “ moustache;” pectoral markings linear, pure
black; those of sides and flanks broader and more brownish, but not con-
nected in chain-like series as in columbarius. An ochraceous tinge prevalent
across the nape, and all lower parts except the throat of this color, deepest on
breast and sides; tibia paler and scarcely streaked.

* See forthcoming Monograph.

[ Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 147

Female. Above, brownish plumbeous, lighter and more bluish than in colum-
barius, feathers becoming rusty toward margins, and with more conspicuous
black shaft-lines. Tail with eight narrow bands of fulvous-ashy, the first
three concealed. Primaries with ten transverse oval spots of pinkish-ochre
on inner webs, and indications of corresponding light spots on outer webs of
inner quills. Conspicuous “ moustache,” as in the male.

Measurements of 2. (Germany.) Wing, 9:00; tail, 5:70; tarsus, 95; middle
toe, 1:15.

B, Adult male brown like the female.
3. RICHARDSONII. (Hab. Interior of N. Am.

Male. Much lighter, more earthy brown than females of two preceding.
Head very light colored, above, approaching white anteriorly; cheeks with the
streaks exceedingly fine and scattered. Tail crossed with six sharply defined,
perfectly continuous bands of ashy white. Inner webs of primaries with
eight whitish spots. Pectoral markings broad, sharply defined, clear light
ochraceous-brown, with black shaft-lines, stripes broadest on the flanks.

Female, Generally similar to the male. All the feathers above with pairs
of rounded ochraceous spots on opposite webs; secondaries crossed with three
bands of ochraceous; bands of the tail pure white, siz in number.

Measurements of 2. (58983, Colorado Ter.) Wing, 9:00; tail, 6:10; tarsus,
1-40; middle toe, 1:51.

FaLco (TINNUNCULUS) LEUCOPHRYAS.

Tinnunculus leucophrys, Ridgway.
Tinnunculus sparveroides (not of Vigors!), Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1860, p.
1. (In part; light individuals.)
Falco sparverius (not of Linn.!), D'Orb., R. Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 25 (pro-
bably). Vig., Zool. Journ. I, 339; III, 435.
Hab. Cuba and Santo Domingo.

Adult Male. (34244, Remedios Cuba, Dec. 14, 1863, N. H. Bishop.) Head
above pure, fine bluish ash, becoming (broadly) white on forehead; the
feathers with delicate shaft-lines of black. Nape, back, scapulars, rump, up-
per tail-coverts and tail rich purplish rufous (almost exactly as in sparverius);
no bars on dorsal region, except a very few across ends of larger posterior
scapulars. Terminal band of tail light rufous, 30 in width; subterminal zone
of black, very regular, 55 in width; lateral feather, with outer web and end
of inner, reddish white, the black subterminal band crossing the inner web
only; inner web anterior to this, continuous rufous; shafts of tail feathers
rufous.

Wings fine bluish ash, like the crown; middle and lower coverts with a very
few elliptical, longitudinal specks or touches of black on the shafts; seconda-
ries passing terminally into white, their exposed basal half pure black; pri-
maries pure black, exposed edges of inner webs paler.

Whole under surface of wings immaculate pure white, with a faint delicate
reddish tinge; inner webs of primaries serrated along the shaft with dusky.

Forehead and superciliary stripe (broadly and sharply defined against the
bluish of the crown,) whole side of the head (including lores and ear-coverts)
and entire lower parts, continuous, immaculate, pure white, with a delicate
orange tinge, except anteriorly.

The “ moustache”' is but just indicated by some blackish touches, and in
some individuals it is wanting entirely, while in all it is very restricted in
width; the other black pictures of the head are, however, as in sparverius.

Wing formula 2, 3—4, 1. Wing, 7:00; tail, 5:00; tarsus, 1:30; middle toe,
“90; culmen, :46.

A specimen in Mr. Lawrence's collection, which with others he has kindly
lent me for examination, is in beautifully high plumage. It differs from the

1870.)

148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

type in having the white of the lower parts tinged, or rather stained, with a
beautiful, delicate rufous or almost a salmon-orange. The terminal band of
the tail also inclines decidedly to this color, while the white of the under
surface of the wing (particularly towards ends of secondaries and primaries)
is tinged with a more pinkish shade of the same.

Another of Mr. Lawrence's specimens differs in the clearer white beneath
(that is, with less reddish tinge—the pureness and continuity does not vary)—
which extends entirely around the neck, giving a sharper definition to the
black picture. The “moustache,” however, is almost entirely absent; the
black transverse spots on larger posterior scapulars are rather more conspie-
uous, and the terminal band of the tail is more purely white.

Adult Female. (31984, Cuba, J. Ackhurst.) Generally similar to sparve-
rius, but rufous brighter, the bars narrower and less numerous, the nape or
upper part of back, and rump being almost immaculate. Tail with ten black
bars, these scarcely touching the shaft; the last is about -36 wide, the others
about 16; tip of tail scarcely paler than base; lateral feather with outer web
edged broadly with paler or ochraceous white, rufous next the shaft; immacu-
late; inner web with only 3 or 4 very narrow bars on terminal half. Head as
in the male, but vertex considerably tinged with rufous.

Whole lower parts, including frontal and lateral regions of the head, contin-
uous, pure white; breast with a very faint yellowish tinge; side of the breast
and sides with a few scattered minute elliptical, longitudinal flakes of rusty—
more black on the shaft. Whole under surface of the wing white, as in the
male.

Wing formula, 2,3—4, 1. Wing, 7:00; tail, 4:70; tarsus, 1:40; middle toe,
“90; culmen, 51.

A Cuban female belonging to Mr. Lawrence is exactly similar. One in the
S. I. Collection, from Hayti (42420, Port au Prince, June 5th, 1860, A. €.
Younglove), differs only in less purely black bars, and in utter absence of the
moustache. A male from the same locality (43418) is like it in the last
respect.

After having carefully examined quite a large series of Tinnuncules from
Cuba and San Domingo, I feel compelled to recognize two distinct species,
of which the present is presented as new, although it has frequently been no-
ticed; but only, however, in connection with the sparveroides, with which it has
been confounded. The diagnosis will I hope sufficiently explain my reasons
for separating these two birds. ;

; Difrerential Characters of American Species of TINNUNCULUS.

A. Breast, sides and lining of the wing spotted with black; under surface of
primaries transversely barred with white and dusky. No conspicuous
white superciliary stripe. (1. Sparverius.)

a. Head above and wings fine bluish ash; one (outer) tail-feather only va-
riegated.

la, Vertex with a conspicuous patch of rufous. Male —Black zone of tail
one inch in width; breast strongly tinged with reddish ochraceous ;
spots of black on breast circular. Female. —Above, fulvous-rufous ;
whole breast and sides with longitudinal dashes of a lighter tint of the
same. var. sparverius.*

lb. Vertex without more than a trace of rufous. Male.—Black zone of tail
'60 of an inch in width; beneath, continuous dull white, with elliptical

* Falco sparverius, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, 128. Tinn. sparverius, Vieill. Tinnunculus pha-
lena, Less., Mam. et d'Ois. 1847, 178. (Hab. Whole of N. America from Isthmus of Pan-
ama northward; not in W. Ind.nor S. Am.)

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 149

pure black spots on side. Female.—Rufous more vinaceous than in pre-

ceding; markings beneath deeper brown......... cce cce Var. australis. *

b. Head above, and wings, dark bluish plumbeous; several outer tail-feathers
variegated.

le. Vertex without rufous. Male. — Anterior portions beneath, deep, soft

ochraceous; black spots very sparse; black zone of tail one inch wide;

black bars above confined to larger scapulars. Female —Black bars

above broader, and purer black, than in either of preceding, upon a

more ferruginous ground...... ERR Caa DEDO vob 10/46 4 DN RADAR cce Var. isabellinus.t

la, Vertex with a rufous patch. Male. —Black spots beneath numerous,
large, circular; black bars above covering whole rufous surface. Tail
with indications or more or less complete narrow black bands nearly
to the base. Female. —Similar to that of preceding, but markings be-
neath more numerous, and pure black instead of brownish.
var. dominicensis.t
c. Head above dark slaty plumbeous ; outer tail-feather unvariegated.

le? (possibly 2). No rufous on vertex. Male — Tail continuous rufous to its
extreme tip; crossed with a broken black zone narrower than the terminal
rufous ; outer featbers without black............. «Var. ? cinnamominus.?

B. Whole lower parts and under surface of wings continuous immaculate white; in-
ner webs of primaries with merely serrations of dusky along the shaft.
A very sharply defined, broad, superciliary stripe of white.
2. Male resembling sparverius, except as above mentioned; ““moustache”
obsolete. Female differing from that of sparverius as does the male.
leucophrys.||
CO. Whole lower parts deep dark rufous; inner webs of primaries slaty, with
transverse dusky cloudings.

3. Male —Whole upper surface plumbeous; tail deep chestnut, with a
broad black subterminal, and narrower slate-colored terminal bar.
Female.—The upper plumage considerably resembling that of the fore-
going species, the lower parts, however, deep rusty rufous.

sparveroides.
OnvycHOTES GRUBERI, Ridgway.
Hab. —California ?
Sp. Ch. Immature? (41,703 “California,” F. Gruber.) ** Qutstretched feet

* Falco gracilis (not of Lesson !), Swains., An. Menag. p. 281, 1838. Falco sparverius (not
of Linn.), Tschudi, Faun. Per. An. p. 110. Tinn. sparv. (not of Vieill.!), Darw., Zool. Beag.

t.3, 29. Bidens dominicensis (not F. dom. of Gmel. !), Spix, Av. Bras. I, 16. Tinn. dom,,
Strickl., Orn. Syn. I, 100 (in part). Tinnunculus sparverius var. Australis, Ridgway. (Hab.
Whole of Continental South Am. except the north Atlantic coast, where replaced by the
var. isabellinus ; in Chili and western Brazil mixed with var. (?) o na Rs

+ Falco isabellinus, Swains. An. Menag. p. 281, 1853. Tinnunculus dominicensis (not of
Gmel.!), Strikl., Orn. ir I, 100 (in part only). Tinnunculus sparverius var. isabellinus, Ridg-
way. (Hab. North Atlantic coast region of S. Am.; Caribbean and Gulf coasts of Middle
Am., and Gulf coast of U.S. through Texas and Louisiana to Florida.)

Aceepiter sesalon dominicensis, Briss., Orn I, 399, pl. 32, f. 2, 1760. Falco 'dominicensis,
Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 285, 1789. Tinn. dom., Strickl., Orn. Syn. I, 100, 1855 (in part only).
Tinnunculus sparverius var. dominicensis, Ridgway. (Hab. Lesser Antilles, north to Porto
Rico and St. Thomas.)

& Falco cinnamominus, Swains., An. Menag. p. 281, 1838. Pecilornis cinnam., Kaup, Mo-
nog, Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 53. Tinnunculus cinnamomeus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 11, 1844.
List B. Brit Mus. p. 62. Bonap., Consp. Av.p. 27. Strickl., Orn. Syn. I, 100, 1855. (Hab.
Chile avd (western?) Brazil.) ;

| Tinnunculus leucophrys, nobis, page 147. (Hab. Cuba and Hayti.)

q Fulco sparveroides, Vigors, Zool. Journ. III, 436, 1827. Tinn. sparv., Lawrence, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y. 1860, p. 1 (in part only; dark specimens). Tinnunculus dominicensis (not of
Gmel. !), Gundlach, Rept. Cuba, I, 225, 1865. ? Hypotriorchis ferrugineus, Sauss., Rev. et Mag.
Zool. 1859, p. 117, pl. 3. (Hab. Cuba-—only?)

** For generie characters, see page 142.

1870.)

150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

reaching beyond tail. General plumage dull dark bistre, darkest on the head
above and back; the posterior lower parts paler and more reddish; throat
and neck much tinged with pale rusty; this obsoletely bordering the feathers,
which here have fine whitish filaments attached to the shafts; primaries uni-
form black. Tail like the rump, but with a more hoary tinge, (not paler at the
tip,) and crossed with seven or eight very narrow obscure bars of darker, the
last of which is distant an inch or more from the end. Lining of wing dark
bistre, much tinged with rusty, this prevalent toward the edge; under sur-
face of primaries white anterior'to their emargination, beyond which they are
ashy, approaching black at ends; ashy portion with distant, very obsolete
dusky bars. No white anywhere about the head or neck.

Wing, 10.00; tail, 5.80; tarsus, 2.70; middle toe, 1.40; inner, 90; outer,
1.10; posterior, 80; hind claw, 1:00 (chord); inner claw, 91; on front of
tarsus, 12 exposed, large transverse scutellz ; only 1:70 of the tarsus exposed.

This very peculiar hawk is, in all respects, utterly unlike any other Ameri-
can species. So much does it differ in structure, that we do not feel sure that
it is not from some portion of the Old World, instead of from California.

However, we have searched in vain for descriptions which might apply to
it, and have also examined, but without success, the large collection of exotic,
as well as American, species in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy.

We take pleasure in dedicating this apparentiy-new species to Mr. Gruber,
the collector and donor of the specimen, this gentleman, who is a zealous
naturalist and accomplished taxidermist of San Francisco, having added much
to our knowledge of the birds of California, tarough the frequent contribu-
tion of valuable specimens.

The following reports were read and referred to the Publication
Committee:

LIBRARIAN'S REPORT.

The Librarian respectfully reports that the number of additions to the
Library from Jan. to Dec. 1870, inclusive, amounts to 1225.

Of these 128 were volumes, 970 pamphlets and 127 newspapers, maps and
photographs. They were derived from the following sources :

Societies, 497; Editors, 319; Wilson Fund, 122; Authors, 101; Norwegian
Government, 19; Geological Survey of Sweden, 11; Chilian Government, 11;
Publishers, 8; Elias Durand, 7; Geological Survey of India, 6; Thos.
Meehan, 5; Minister of Public Works in France, 5; Geological Survey of
Italy, 5; Publication Committee, 4; Messrs. Townsend & Adams, 4; Smith-
sonian Inst., 3; Wm. S. Vaux, 2; Col. Jas. Greer, 2; U. S. Coast Survey, 2;
Treasury Department, 3; O. C. Marsh, 1; Jos. Leidy, 1; Chas. G. Atkins, 1;
Jos. Jeanes, 1; D.F. Boyd, 1; Secretary of State for India, 1; 69 books and
continuations were purchased, and a valuable suite of Blume's Botanical
Works, comprising 14 volumes, was presented by the following gentlemen :
Jos. Jeanes, A. J. Brasier, G. W. Tryon, Jr., J. H. Redfield, Isaac Lea, Wm. S.
Vaux, Thos. Meehan, E. Durand and Chas. Schaffer, M. D.

These additions were distributed to the different departments of the Library
as follows:

Journals, 948; Geology, 65; General Natural History, 48; History, 36;
Conchology, 26; Botany, 24; Physical Science, 22; Ornithology, 18; Anatomy,
14; Entomology, 7; Bibliography, 4; Helminthology, 3; Herpetology, 3; Ich-
thyology, 2; Voyages and Travels, 2; Mineralogy, 2; Chemistry, 1.

In addition 3 volumes and 104 pamphlets were received through the Con-
chological Section.

During the year some of the duplicate books and pamphlets which had from
time to time accumulated on our shelves were exchanged for a copy of

[Dee.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 151

Elliott's Birds of North America, and the remainder were disposed of at auc-
tion in New York for $100.00.

I take this opportunity of again calling your attention to the expediency of
selling the valuable Fine Art and literary works now in the Library. If this
plan be adopted the means at the disposal of the Library Committee for pro-
curing books absolutely neeessary to the working members of the Academy
will be greatly increased.

Blank forms, for the use of those wishing to apply for new books, have
been prepared by order of the Council, and will be ready for use by the
beginning of the year.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

EpwarD J. NoLAN, Librarian.

REPORT OF THE CURATORS.

The Museum of the Academy, in charge of the Curators, is in about the
same condition that was indicated in the last annual report. The Concho-
logical Section continues actively to arrange in order the large cabinet in its
care. Other departments remain with but little progress towards arrangement.

The Curators regret to add that nothing further has been done, during the
last year, towards completing the suggested plan ef providing a new building
for the accommodation of the Academy.

The Curators take pleasure in stating that the proposition, in their last
annual report, to make a small charge of admission to the Museum, with the
special view of moderating excessive crowds, having, with the authority of
the Academy, been put into effect, has been found to meet all requirements.
The charge of ten cents for each person, which was commenced the first of
May, is so small as to be an inconvenience to no one really desirous of ex-
amining the Museum, while it is sufficient to prevent the crowds, which for-
merly were so great an annoyance. At the same time, the income derived
from the fees is found to be sufficient to keep the Museum in a proper condi-
tion of cleanliness and repair. a

The donations during the year to the different departments of the Museum
are as follows :

Mammals.—A mounted specimen of the Grizzly Bear, one of the Fisher, of
California, and one of the Howling Monkey, from Honduras, presented by Dr.
George Hewston, of San Francisco, Cal. Skin and skeleton of the Sea Lion,
(Bumetopias Stelleri) from Cape Arenas, Cal., and several skins of smaller
mammals from Alaska, presented by Dr. Geo. Davidson, U. S. Coast Survey.

Birds.—One hundred and fifty bird-skins from the West Indies, being types
of the principal birds of the Antilles; and nineteen other skins, presented by
the Smithsonian Institution. A collection of bird skins from California and
Alaska, presented by Dr. George Davidson.

Reptiles and Fishes—A small collection of lizards and serpents from near
Pensacola and Perdido R., presented by Dr. John M. Kollock: A collection
of reptiles and fishes from California and Alaska, presented by Dr. George
Davidson. À serpent from Kansas, presented by S. R. Roberts. A Trigono-
cephalus half swallowed by Oxyrrhopus plumbeus, from St. Lucia, W. I.,
presented by Mrs. Capt. James 8. Endicott, of Somer's Point, N.J. A small
collection of reptiles, presented by A. O. Craig.

Mollusks.-—For donations see Conservator's Report of the Conchological
Section.

Articulates. —A collection of Myriapods from Missouri, presented by Charles
Veatch; of Spiders in alcohol, by A. O. Craig; a Ceutiped, from the Apure

1870.] |

152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

R., S. A., by Crawford Coates; and nests of the Trap-Door Spider, by Dr..
George Davidson.

Fossils.—A choice collection of fossils, consisting of cetacean vertebra,
ghark teeth, &c., from the Ashley River deposit, S. C., presented by Philip.
Wineman, through Messrs. Powers & Weightman. Two cetacean vertebra
and several shark teeth and a vertebra, from the same locality, presented by
Col. D. W. Hagler, U. S. Arsenal, Georgia. A metacarpal of Megalonyx and
a tooth of an extinct Ox, from Illinois, presented by Henry Greene and Dr.
E. D. Kittoe. Two fossil bones from Kansas, presented by Dr. W.F. McAl-
lister; fragments of a fossil reptile bone, from Clarksville, N. J., by S. R.
Roberts; and a large log of silicified wood, from Greenwich, N. J., presented
by Dr. Geoge B. Wood. A collection of fossil plants was also received from
France, in exchange.

Comparative Anatomy.—Cranium of an Indian, from Greenwich, N.J., pre-
sented by Dr. George B. Wood; another specimen from near Woodbury, N.J.,
presented by George M. Tatum. Skull of a rat with distorted growth of an
incisor tooth, presented by Richard L. Nicholson. Tusk of a Walrus, from
Sitka, presented by Capt. George Wright, U. S. A.

Botany.—The herbarium of the late Thomas G. Lea, of Cincinnati, Ohio,
presented by James M. Lea, with the condition that it chall be preserved
separately as the “ Lea Herbarium.” A collection of upwards of one hundred
species of plants from Alameda, Cal., presented by Dr. W. P. Gibbons. A
collection of cones of forty-four species of conifera, presented by Josiah
Hoopes, Thomas Meehan and I. M. Thorburn. Six species of ferns, from
Venezuela, presented by Thomas Guckert. A small collection of marine alga,
from Washington Ter., presented by Mrs. Samuel Stork, and another, from
Ceylon, presented by Dr. A. C. Hamlin.

Minerals.—Two remarkably fine crystallized specimens of Epidote, from
Untersnlzbach, Tyrol, presented by Wm. P. Wilstach; a large crystal of
Beryl, from Chester Co., Pa., presented by W.S. Vaux; and a fine mass of
Graphite, from Ceylon, presented by T. Guilford Smith. The following
specimens were also presented :—Calamine, Sussex Co., N. J., by Thomas S..
Wiegand; Magnetic Iron, Essex Co., N. Y., by J. Blodget Britton; Margarite,
Emery and Diaspore, Chester, Mass., by J. B. Taft; Zincite and Jeffersonite,
Sussex Co., N. J., by Garret Kemble; Corundum in Lesleyite, Tourmaline,
Muscovite and Oligocluse, Chester Co., and Phlogopite, Burgess, Canada, by
Dr. Isaac Lea ; Gold in slate, Montgomery, N.C., by Dr. F. A. Genth; Graphic
Granite, Del. Co., Pa., by Joseph Wilcox and Dr. S. B. Howell; Kieserite,
Stassfurth, Magdeburg, by E. Goldsmith ; Galena, Crawford Co., Ill., by John
Levering; Apatite, Burgess, Canada, by Clarence L. Bement. A number of
minerals were also received in exchange.

Miscellaneous. —A collection of Indian stone relics, from Catawba R., N. C.,
presented by Adm. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N.; and another small collection of
Indian relics from Manatee R., Florida, presented by Dr. C. J. Clebourne,
U.S.N.

Respectfully submitted by JosEPH LEIDY,
Chairman of the Curators..

REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL COMMITTEE.

To the President and Members of the Academy:

The Botanical Committee of the Academy respectfully reports that during
the past year the collections made during the war by Dr. Hayden in South
Carolina, and in 1569 in Western Nebraska by the same gentleman, have been
named. Almost all of the species were already in the Academy, but many of

[Dec..

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 153

them were in other conditions than those which we already have, and have
been added to the collection.

A collection from California, presented by Dr. Gibbons, has also been
named, and added to the collection. Many of these we did not possess before.

The collection of Australian plants presented by Dr. Mueller a few years
ago, besides scattering collections from Alaska and other parts, have been
all gathered together in their respective natural orders. The cases containing
the general Herbarium of the Academy are full, and numbered consecutively.
No additions can be made until the whole is re-arranged. The collections
above referred to are, therefore, for the present preserved separate, as à sup-
plemental herbarium.

In the beginning of the year it was found that the plants in the magnificent
Shortian Herbarium were being badly injured by insects. By authority of
the Curators, Mr. Burk was engaged to poison them. He has since been
steadily engaged on the work, which is about two-thirds completed.

All the plants in'the collections before alluded to were poisoned before
putting away by the labors of Mr. Burk. Faomas MEEHAN,

For Committee.

REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY.

The Recording Secretary wouid”respectfully report that, during the year
ending November 30th, 1870, there have been elected thirty-seven members
and five correspondents.

The death of the following members has been announced, namely:

Benj. D. Walsh, Mrs. E. H. Vaux, Caleb S. Hallowell, Wm. P. Wilstach,
Richard Wood.

Four members have resigned.

The number of papers contributed and ordered to be printed in the Proceed-
ings of the Academy and Medical Journals during the year has been nineteen,
as follows:

Elliott Cones, M. D...c.scessecrersoos 2.1 Prof. Cyrus Thomas. boorcessosmams ]
ED UNR usas pesa a nodes quensdavs 1-1 T, Halo Streots..esçesco cocoscrsscosesanoo 2
F. B. Meek & A. H. Worthen......... 2 | Theodoro QU usas penscem iris srseddos 1
PROL R$, MOBDBDN, asscccndasiobsca áohca PEER DOS: sides ii arenitos gonna disso sd 1
Thomas Mochban aco icesssõers scsroe 6 | H. M. Bannister......c.ocr ecos deep tus ad 1
RD. Mook. sor saiossrecos na sd ea 1
In the Medical Journals two, namely:
B. W: Michel), M. Di...ss.ssosso.... - 1 | James Tyson......... cs... e obss estereo sk

All of which is respectfully submitted,
S. B. HoweLL, Recording Secretary.

The Treasurer's report was read and referred to the Committee on
Finance.

The Report of the Recorder of the Microscopical and Biological
Section was received and referred to the Publication Committee.
The following is an extract from the same :

The great event in our history as an association, during the year which has
just elapsed, was unquestionably the first Annual Conversazione held in the
Hall of the College of Physicians, on the 12th of May, with a degree of suc-
cess amd satisfaction, not only to ourselves, as hosts, but also to our invited

1870.] 11

154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

guests, that has. rarely, if ever, been equaled by any similar scientific reuniom
before held in this city.

It was followed early in June by an exhibition of microscopes and micro-
scopical apparatus, given to the members of the State Medical Society, with
almost equal eclat, and which probably aided largely to diffuse among the
rural practitioners of our State an accurate knowledge of the immense strides
made during the past few years in the various departments of Microscopical
Science.

The new plan of constituting every alternate meeting a conversational one,
determined upon in accordance with suggestions contained in the resolutions
brought forward by Dr. R. S. Kenderdine, in June last, has now been on trial
for about three months, and, although its practical operation does not yet
prove entirely without difficulties, it is to be hoped that-greater care and fur-
ther experience will enable us to derive from this novel feature the marked
advantages which it seems capable of affording us.

Before concluding my report I may advert to the new and agreeable field of
usefulness, which has beer opened to us throngh the relations of our parent
Academy, with the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington, to wit : the refer-
ence of subjects requiring microscopical investigation to our department for
examination and report ; indeed, it appears to me that few opportunities of con-
ducing towards a wide spread, enduring reputation, usefulness and influence
for the Biological and Microscopical Section of the Academy, are more promis-
ing than those which invite our researches to matters of national interest and
importance, such, for example, as the dust showers which occasionally visit
our country. In fact, although in one respect, that of electing honorary and
corresponding members, we may labor under certain restrictions on account
of our connection with the Academy, so great and counterbalancing advan-
tages are derived from this association that, to quote the words of our late
Recorder, Dr. Tyson, in his last annual report, “ We believe that any attempt
to weigh them would result decidedly in favor of such union.”

All of which is respectfully submitted,

Jos. G. RicHaRrDSsON, Recorder.

REPORTS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION.

RECORDER'S REPORT.

HaLL or THE AcaDEMY, December 1st, 1870.

The Recorder would report that, during the year ending this date, there
have been accepted, for publication in the Journal, thirty-three papers by the
following authors :—

Wma. BL Dall, css agebto a oprasá Mo TA. CONTRA, estado ver sutada nando 4
Goo. W.-Lryon, dE; .casesssshcagaga oo À Jno. H. Redfield, ..cesaseusmeco atos 2
PrOI. A. DIOL so rressa quarasanuhtião 1 Theo. GUI Moscas apa Essdtro dão 1
James Lewis, M, D.,.........sereso 2 W. H. Pease,...,-ccceresscompreseroos 2
Binney and Bland,.......c.ccu 1 J. G. Cooper, M. D.,...sseseao 4
John Wolf, ...se seres uso savcaranço od Nm. O. Bione... crssersoconsnete ads À
EE de dis NODDY retire rneado pro a W. D. Hartmán,.ccssicensoss vossos E

One member has resigned, and one has died.
He regrets to report that no members or correspondents have been elected
during the year.
Respectfully submitted,
S. R. RoBeRTS, Recorder.

[ Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 155

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY'S REPORT.

To the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia :

The Corresponding Secretary would respectfully report that letters have
been written as follows, viz.:
Jan. 10.—To Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College, New Haven. .
Feb. 4—To Dr. P. P. Carpenter, Montreal, O. W.
dec. 1.—To Dr. Frederick Stoliczka, Calcutta.
Ralph Tate, London.
Albany Hancock, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Dr. Jno. Rômer, Marbourg, Hesse,
Prof. Wm. H. Dall, Smithsonian.
The following letters have been received:

Feb. 3-—From Prof. H. Cross, Paris.
Dr. P. P. Carpenter, Montreal, C. W.
Dec. 1.—Jules Collieau, Brussels.
Respectfully submitted,

E. R. BEADLE, Corres. Sec'y.

LIBRARIAN'S REPORT.

The Librarian respectfully reports that there have been presented, da
the past year, to the library of the Conchological Sectian, 104 pamphlets, 3
volumes and an almost complete suite of the publications of the pç
Of these, 27 were received from Societies, 32 from Editors, 32 from Authors, 6
from Publication Committee, 6 from Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., 2 from Isaac Lea, 1
from Prof. Marsh, and 1 from P. P. Carpenter.

The Proceedings and Journal of the Academy were received from J. Ss.
Phillips.

In addition, 26 pamphlets and continuations of Conchological works have
been received through the Academy.

The work of transcribing the revised Catalogue of the Library has been
carried on during the year as rapidly as circumstances would permit.

All of which is respeéctfully submitted.
EpwarD J. NoLAN, Librarian.

CONSERVATOR'S REPORT.

The Conservator of the Conchological Section respectfully reports that the
donations to the Cabinet, during the year, have been as follows :

From Rev. E. R. BeapLkE. Ten species of Mollusca, principally from St.
Martin's, W. 1. 4
H. F. CarpenTER. Limnea columella, Say, from Providence, R. 1.

J. C. Cox. One hundred and thirty-four species of Australian and Polynesian
land, fresh-water and marine shells.

A. O. Currigr. À collection of land and fresh-water shells from Nicaragua,
including types of several new species forming part of the collections of
the MacNiel Expedition to Central America. A collection of Limnsids and
Viviparide from Kent County, Mich.

W.H. Darc. Two species of Physa from Arizona and Nicaragua. Gadinia
reticulata, Say, from Monterey, Cal., and one unknown species of Gadinia. x,

H. A. Gruiiar. Fifty-seven species of Australian marine shells.

F. A. HassLer, M. D. Model of animal of Strombus gigas, Linn. Suite of spe-
cimens of Helix sphracita, Hartm., from Syria.

1870.)

156 "PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

F. V. Haypenx, M. D. Six species of fresh-water shells, from Ancient Lake
margins, Salt Lake, Utah.
G. A. Larmrop. Five species of Helices from Tennessee.

Isaac Lea. Types of Physa Carltoni and eight species of Unio from Big Black
River, Mis.

M. L. Leacm. Pomatiopsis lapidaria, Say, from St. Louis, Mich.

J. A. McNeic. Unio Macneilii and a species of Melania.

M. McDoxaLp. Leucocheila fallax, Say, and Triodopsis introferens, Bland, from
Lexington.
F. B. Merkx. Tiara humerosa, Meek, from Utah—fossil.

C. W. PeaLe. Specimens of Glandina.

W. H. Prasz. Melania Kanaiensis, Limnea rubella, Lea, L. turgidula, L. ambiguay
and L. compacta.

J. S. Purciips. Two species of Marginella; Áricia Scottii, Brod.; Porcellana
erythrscensis, Beck.

J. H. ReprrgLD. Cyclophorus Nilagiricus, Benson; fourteen species of Auricu-
lide, eight species of Ringicula, and nine species of Oylindrella.

S. R. Roserrs. Melix alternata, Say, from Niagara Falls.

Rev. J. RowELL. Goniobasis circumliniata, Tryon, and a species of Physa.

W. S. W. RuscnenserGEr. Two specimens of Spondylus Delessertii, Chemn.
from Navigator's Island.

Mes. Lucy W. Say. A unique rayed specimen of Unio cylindricus, Say, from
the Wabash river.

Joun Wozr. Pleurocera Lewisii, and P. subulare, Lea, from Illinois River, Can-
ton, Ill.; two species of Physa; two species of Limneide; Amnicola parva,
Lea, A. rustica, Say, and 4. decisa, Hald., from Illinois; eleven species of
Unionids and one of Sphserium from Canton, III.

The following were purchased with funds received from the sale of dupli-
cates: Cataulus haemastoma, from India; Heliz Skinneri, Reeve, from Ceylon;
twenty-eight species operrulate land shells from West Inuies, new to collec- .
tion, named by Thos. Bland, and six species of Cylindrella.

A collection of one hundred and fifty-two species was sent to Sylvanus Han-
ley for shells received from him in 1869. A similar collection was sent in ex-
change to Dr. J. €. Cox, of Sydney, N. S. W.

Selections from the publications of the Section were sent in exchange to E.
A. Bielz, of Hermannstadt, F. de Malzine, of Bruxelles, E. von Martens, of Ber-
lin, M. Petit de la Saussaye, of Paris, W. H. Pease, of Honolulu, Paul Terver,
of Lyons, and Ralph Tate.

In consequence of the comparative completeness of our collection in many
of the families, we have been forced to decline exchanging with foreign natu-
ralists, except when they are able to furnish us with specified desiderata.

Through the liberality of Messrs. Jos. Jeanes, J. H. Redfield, Wm. L. Mac-
tier and W. 5. Vaux, we have been enabled to place sixty-four drawers under
the horizontal cases. These drawers afford accommodations for the arrange-
ment of the following families: the Porcellanide, Cylindrellide, Cyclostomacea,
Auriculacea, the Helices, except the North American species, the Slugs, Vitring,
Succines, and part of the Corbiculide. |

During the year, 10,060 shells have been cleansed, oiled, labelled and placed
in 3771 trays. Fifty beautiful sections, illustrating the genera arranged, have
been prepared by Dr. F. A. Hassler.

Your Committee on the Arrangement of the Collection have met frequently
and devoted much time to the performance of the duty assigned them. They
have reason to refer with satisfaction to the above summary of the results of
their labors. é

All of which is respectfully submitted,
EpwarD J. NoLAN, Conservator.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 157

The election of Officers for the ensuing year was held, in accord-
ance with the By-Laws, with the following result:

President, ; ; Ê : W. S. W. Ruschenberger, M. D.

Vice Presidents, Wm. 8, Vaux,
Jos. Carson, MID.

Recording Secretary, Samuel B. Howell, M. D.
Corresponding Secretary, Edward D. Cope.
Labrarian, Edw. J. Nolan, M. D.
Treasurer, Wm.-C. Henszey.
Curators, E Joseph Leidy, M. D,,
William 8. Vaux,
Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.,
Edw. D. Cope.
Council, * '. à ; ; Isaac Lea,

Robert Bridges, M. D.,
Edw. S. Whelen,
Isaac Hays, M. D.

Publication Committee, - Jos. Leidy, M. D.
Robert Bridges, M. D.,
Wm. 8. Vaux,

Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.,
Edw. J. Nolan, M. D.

Committee on Finance, . Wm. S. Vaux,
Aubrey H. Smith,
Robert Bridges, M. D.

1870.]

158 ELECTIONS.

ELECTIONS FOR 1870.

Members and Correspondents of the Academy of Natural Sciences have been
elected as follows for the year 1870:

MEMBERS.

Jan. 25.—Charles T. Hunter, M, D.

Feb. 22.-——Theodore L. Harrison, Jas. S. Martin, Chas. D. Reed.

March 29.—Geo. Hewston, of San Francisco, Cal., Alfred Tucker, W. Harrison
Eisenbrey.

April 26.—John T. Morris, Dwight D. Willard, Daniel B. Smith.

May 31.—Thos. H. Speakman, H. St. G. Elliott, M. D., George Rice, Wm. H.

Gumbes, Walter B. Comegys, Miss Grace Anna Lewis, Miss Hannah T. Small-
wood, Miss Ella Hornor.

Sept. 27.—Wm. B. Rogers, Jr., Wm. H. Pancoast, M. D., Green Smith, of
Cornell University, Thos. G. Gentry, Thos. Stewardson, H. Wier Workman.

Oct. 25.— J. Blodget Britton, J. Solis Cohen, M, D., Bushrod W. James, M.D.,
Chas. K. Mills, M. D.

Nov. 29. —J. Ewing Mears, M. D., Chas. Shaffner, M. D., E. Wildman, M. D.,
David L. Collier, Wm. H. Dougherty, W. H. Wahl, M. D.

CORRESPONDENTS,

April 26. — Prof. Frank H. Bradley, Knoxville, Tenn.

May 31.—Prof. Carl Wilhelm Boeck, of Christiania, Norway, Col. R. L.
Playfair, of Algiers.

Sept. 27.—John Jas, Stevenson, of Morgantown, W. Va., Prof. Igino Cocchi,
of Florence, Italy.

CORRESPONDENCE. 159

CORRESPONDENCE OF THE ACADEMY,

For 1870.

January. —Madame Charlotte Erdmann, announcing the death of Axel Joa-
chim Erdmann.

Antonio Stoppani, announcing the death of Giuseppe Stabile.

J. F. Peck, in regard to white fish.

F. W. Putnam, in regard to the McNiel collection of reptiles.

P. E. Gibbons, in regard to a snake sent.

Geo. Davidson, with specimens sent.

H. E. van Rijgersma, in regard to specimens sent.

J. Hauxwell, in regard to arrival of boxes sent by the Academy.

Geo. Davidson, in regard to specimens sent.

Smithsonian Institution ;

Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien; each acknowledging
receipt of Journal.

Linnean Society;

British Museum ;

Athengum, Pall Mall; !

Nassauischen Vereins fiir Naturkunde;

Naturforschende Gesellschaft des Osterlandes zu Altenburg; severally ac-
knowledging receipt of Proceedings.

Kôniglich Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften ;

Academie Royale des Sciences à Amsterdam ;

Det Kongelige Danske Videnskavernes Selskab i Kjobenhavn ;

Geological Museum of Calcutta; severally acknowledging receipt of Journ.
and Proceedings.

Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt-am-Main; ac-.
knowledging receipt of Jour. and Proc. and sending Pub. in return.

Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien ;

Académie Royale à Amsterdam ;

Société des Sciences de Finlande;

Universidad de Chile;

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Emden;

Mannheimer Verein fiir Naturkunde;

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt-am-Main ;

Societê des Sciences Naturelles ;

Aerztlichen Vereins in Frankfurt-am-Main ;

Museets Naturhistoriske Afdeling Bergen, Norway ;

Observatoire Physique Central; severally with publications.

February. — Daniel Turner, announcing the death of Dr. T. H. Turner.
Smithsonian Institution; acknowledging receipt of parcels for distribution.
James Orton, in regard to the purchase of books.

-Wm. Smith, offering to collect for Academy.

W. E. Webb, in regard to footprints.

Smithsonian Institution, with birds from Henry Bryant's collection.

Wm. Smith, in regard to a suake.

J. E. Carey, in regard to a whale ashore.

Dr. W. Dunker, acknowledging receipt of books.

Legation Impériale de Russie aux Estats Unis, with Geological map.

160 CORRESPONDENCE.

Academy of Sciences of Chicago;

Essex Inst.;

N. Y. State Library; severally acknowledging receipt of Proceedings.
Essex Inst. ;

Smithsonian Inst.;

American Antiquarian Society ;

Lyceum of Natural History ;

N. Y. State Library; severally acknowledging receipt of Journal.
Library of Congress, acknowledging receipt of Jour. and Proc.
K. K. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft in Wien ;

Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien;

Société Hollandaise à Harlem ; severally with publication.

March. — Smithsonian Inst., with rules for sending packages.

James M. Lea, presenting the herbarium of Thomas G. Lea.

Chas. F. Hall, in regard to Arctic voyage.

Naturforschende Verein in Briinn;

Academy of Sciences of Chicago;

Smithsonian Inst.; severally acknowledging receipt of Proc.
Smithsonian Inst; acknowledging receipt of Journal.

American Antiquarian Society, acknowledging receipt of Jour. and Proc.
Akademie der Wissenschaften Miinchen ;

Société Royale Hongroise des Sciences Naturelles ;

Institution Royale Meteorologique Pays-Bas; severally with publications.

April. — Smithsonian Inst. ;

Lyceum of Natural History; each acknowledging receipt of Proc.
British Museum, acknowledging receipt of Jour. and Proc.

Geological Museum of Calcutta ;

Société Entomologique de France ;

Naturwissenschaftliche Verein zu Bremen; severally with publications.

May. — Smithsonian Inst., presenting birds.

R. Instituto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti in Venezia, acknowledging receipt of
Proceedings.

Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Prag, acknowledging receipt of Journal.

Zoological Society of London ;

Royal Society of London; each acknowledging receipt of Jour. and Proc.

Société Royale de Zoologie à Amsterdam ;

Société des Sciences Naturelles de Milan ;

Bureau de la Recherche Geologique de la Suêde ;

Academie Royale de Belgique; severally with publications.

June.—Frank H. Bradley, acknowledging electión as Correspondent.
Essex Institution ;

Academy of Sciences of Chicago ; each acknowledging receipt of Proc.
Natiirwissenschaftliche Verein fiir das Fiirstenthum Luneburg ;

Museo Público de Buenos Aires ;

Royal Geological Society of London ; severally with publications.

July. —R. L. Playfair, acknowledging election as Corresponden t.

Smithsonian Inst., acknowledging receipt of Proc.

Acadêmie Royale de Belgique, acknowledging receipt of Journal.

Linnean Society, acknowledging receipt of Jour. and Proc., and sending
publications.

Société Hollandaise des Sciences à Harlem, with publications.

August. —R. Rawson, acknowledging election as Correspondent.

Geo. Davidson, in regard to sea-lion sent.

W. A. Gordon, in regard to exchange of fossils.
Kôniglich Sachsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, with pub-
ications. |

a

E pa DA =

CORRESPONDENCE. 161

September —W. Webster Butterfield, M. D., asking for copies of By-laws and

list of Members. /
Magyar Tudományos Akademia Pest, acknowledging receipt of Proc.

October. —H. Weir Workman ;

Wm. B. Rogers, Jr.;

“Greene Smith; severally acknowledging election as membersof the A. N.5S.
A. E. Buck, in regard to a lamprey eel.

Smithsonian Inst., acknowledging receipt of box.

American Geographical and Statistical Society ;

Museum at Bergen, Norway ;

California Academy of Sciences ;

Athenaeum Pall Mall;

Lyceum Natural History; severally acknowledging receipt of Proceedings.
Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Emden, with publications.

November. —Temple C. Harrison, asking fer copy of By-laws.

British Museum; .

Anthropological Society ef London; each acknowledging receipt of Proc.

Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indie à Batavia;

Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Copenhague; each with
publications.
; Number of letters received 1870, 127.
Da % & | written bad 1
Number of members elected, 37.

“ |“ correspondents, 5.

EDWARD D. COPE
Corresponding Secretary.

162 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

DONATIONS TU THE LIBRA

1370.

JOURNALS AND PERIODICALS.

SWEDEN.

Christiania. Forhandlingar i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania. Aar, 1868.
From the Society.

Forhandlingar ved de Skandinaviske Naturforskeres Tiende Môde i Chris-
tiania fra den 4de til den 10de Juli, 1868. From the Society.

Det K. Norske Frederiks Universitets Aarsberetning for Aaret, 1868. «From
the Society.

Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskabernes udgives af den physiographiske
Forening i Christiania. Gde Binds, 1, 2, 3 and 4 Hefte. From the
Society.

Norske Meteorologisk Aarbog for 1868. 2den Aargang. From the Ob-
servatory.

DENMARK.

Copenhagen. Mémoires de la Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord. Nou-
velle Série. 1868 and 1869. From the Society.
Oversigt over det K. danske Videnskabernes Selskabs. 1868, Nos. 5 and
6; 1869, Nos. 2,3 and 4; 1870, No. 1. From the Society.
Tilleg til Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie. Aargang, 1869.
Udgivet af det K. Nordiske Oldskrift-Selskab, 1870. From the Society.
Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjóben-
havn for Aarets, 1868-1870. From the Society.
Videnskabernes Selskabs-Skrifter VII Band, 6 and 7; VIII Band, 1.
1870. From the Copenhagen Academy.
Drontheim. Det K. Norske Videnskabernes-Selskabs Skrifter i det 19de Aar-
hundrede. Femte Band, Iste and 2e Heft. 1868. From the Society.

RUSSIA.

N
Dorpat. Archiv fiir die Naturkunde Liv-Ehst und Kurlands. Herausgegeben
von der Dorpater Naturforscher-Gesellschaft. Ist Serie. 4er Band.
1868. From the Society.
Helsingfors. Ofversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten Forhandlingar. XII.
1869—1870. From the Society.

Bidrag till kânnedom af Finlands Natur och Folk, utgifna af Finska
Vetenskaps Societeten. Femtonde und Sextonde Hãftet. 1870. From
the Society.

Moscow. Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou. Année, 1868,
No. 4, to 1870, No. 1. From the Society.

St. Petersburg. Hora Societatis Entomologicoe Rossice. Tome VI. 1868.
From the Society.

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 163

Annales de PObservatoire Physique Central de Russie publiées par H.
Wild. Année, 1865. From the author.

Jahresbericht des Physikalische Central-Observatoriums fiir 1869. Von
H. Wild, 1870. From the Editor.

Mémoires de 1' Academie Imperiale des Sciences. "e Série. Tome XIII,
No. 8, to Tome XV, No. 3. From the Society.

Bulletin de 1' Académie Impériale des Sciences. Tome XIV, No. 1, to
Tome XV, No. 2. From the Society.

HOLLAND.

Amsterdam. Jaarboek van de K. Akademie van Wetenschappen, gevestigd te
Amsterdam. 1868. From the Society.

Hague. Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles. Tome
IV and Tome V, Nos. 1,2 and 3. 1870. From the Publishing Society.

Utrecht. Nederlandsch Meteorologisch Jaarboek voor 1869. 2l1er Jahrg.
Iste Deel. 1869. From the Meteorological Institute.

1

GERMANY.

Altenburg. Mittheilungen aus dem Osterlande. 19er Band, les und 2es Heft
1869. From the Publishing Societies.

Berlin. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. 35er Jahrg., No. 2, to 36er Jabrg., No.
2. 1869. From the Editor.

Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift. Herausgegeben von dem Entomo-
logischer Vereine. 13er Jahrg., 1869, 3es and 4es Vierteljahresheft.
1870, les and 2es Heft. From the Society.

Monatsbericht der K. P. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nov., 1869, to
Juli, 1870. From the Society.

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. XXI Band, 4 Heft,
to XXII Band, 3 Heft From the Society.

Zeitschrift fir die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften. Herausgegeben von
dem Naturw. Vereine fiir Sachsen und Thiiringen in Halle. Jahrg.,
1869. 33er und 34er Band. Neue Folge, 1870. Band 1. From the
Society.

Sitzungs-Bericht der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde. Jahre,
1869. From the Society.

Wochenschrift des Vereines zur Befôrderung des Gartenbanes in den K.
P. Staaten fiir Gartnerei und Pfianzenkunde. XII Jabrg., 1869. From
the Editor.

Bonn. Verhandlungen des Naturhistori-chen Vereines der Preussischen Rhein-
lande und Westphalens. 26er Jahrg., 3e Folge. 6 Jahrg., 1 and 2
Hafte. 1869. From the Society.

Braunschweig. Archiv fir Anthropologie. 4er Band, 1870, les und 2es Vier-
teljabrsheft. From the Wilson Fund.

Bremen. Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Ver-
eine. 2 Bd., 2 Heft. 1870. From the Society. |

Briinn. Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereines in Brúnn. VII Baná.
1868. From the Society.

Cassel. Journal fir Ornithologie. XVII Jahrg., Heft VI., XVIII Jabrg., Heft
I, Il and II. 18691870. Purchased.

Dresden. Sitzungsberichte der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis in
Dresden. Jahrg., 1869, No. 7, to 1870, Juni. From the Society.
Emden. Vierundfiinfzigster und 25er Jahresbericht der Naturforschenden

Gesellschaft. 1868-1869. From the Society.

Frankfurt, A. M. Der,Zoologische Garten. X Jahrg., 1869, No. 7, to XI
Jahrg., 1870, No. 6. From the Editor.

Jahresbericht uveber die Verwalting des Medicinalwesens der Stadt Frank-
furt, A. M. X Jabrg. 1866. From the Publishing Society.

164 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY,

Abhandlungen, herausgegeben der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden
Gesellschaft. Ten Bandes, les and 2es Heft. 1869. From the Society.

Berichte úber die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft von
Juni, 1868, bis Juni, 1869. From the Society.

Freiburg. Berichte iiber die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gresell-
schaft. Band V, Heft II. 1869. From the Society.

Góttingen. Nachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der
Georg-Augusts Universitãt aus dem Jahre, 1869. From the Society.

Astronomische Mittheilungen von K. Sternwarte zu Góttingen. Heraus-
gegeben von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Góttingen. ler
Theil. 1869. From the Society.

Giistrow. Archiv des Vereins der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in Meklen-
burg. 23 Jahr. From the Society.

Hannover. Achtzehnter und 19er Jahresbericht der Naturhistorischen Gesell-
schaft. 1869. From the Society.

Kônigsberg. Schriften der K. Physikalisch- Okonomischen Gesellschaft. 18er
Jahrg., und 19er Jahrg., Iste and 2e Abth., 1868. 20er Jahrg., 1 and 2
Abth. From the Society.

Leipzig. Bericht iúúber die Verhandlungen der K. Sachsischen Gesellschaft
der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Mathematisch-Physische Classe, 1867,
HI. IV; 1868, 1, III; 1869, 1. From the Society.

Abhandlungen of the same. IX, I, and IL 1869. From the Society.

Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 19er Band, 4es Heft, to 20er
Band, 3es Heft. Purchased.

Jahrbiicher fiir Wissenschaftlichen Botanik. er Band, 3es Heft. 1869.
Purchased.

Liineburg. Jahresbericht des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins fiir das Fiir-
stenthum Liineburg. Ill und IV. From the Society.

Mannheim. Funfunddreissigster Jahresbericht des Mannheimer Vereins fiir
Naturkunde. 1869. From the Society.

Marburg. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Befôrderung der gesammten
Naturwissenschaften in Marburg. Jahrg. 1866-—1867--1868. From
the Society.

Schriften der Gesellschaft zur beforderung der gesammten Naturwissen-
schaften zu Marburg. Supplement Heft, III, IV, und V. From the
Society.

Munich. Annalen der K. Sternwarte bei Miinchen. XVII Band und IX Sup-
plementband. 1869. rom the Observatory.

Verzeichniss von 6323 telescopischen Sternen. VIII Supplementband.
1869. From the Munich Observatory.

Abhandlungen der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-
Philologischen Classe. X Band,3e Abth.; XI Bandes, 3e Abtheilung;
XII Band, Iste Abth. Historischen Classe. XI Bandes, Iste Abth.;
l0en Bandes, 2e Abth. Miinchen. 1868. From the Society.

Sitzungberichte der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1869, I, Heft I,
to 1870, T, Heft IV. From the Society.

Offenbach, A. M. Zehnter Bericht des Offenbacher Vereins fiir Naturkiinde.
1868— 1869. From the Society.

Passau. Siebenter und Achter Jahres-Bericht des Naturhistorischen Vereines
in Passau. 1865 bis 1868. From the Society.

Pesth. A. Kiralyi Magyar Termeszettudomanyi Tarsulat Kózlônye. 1865-—
1866— 1867. From the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

A. Kiralyi Magyar Termeszettudomanyi Tarsulat Torténete Alapittata-
satol Fogva. Maig, 1868. From the same.

Termeszettudomanyi Kôózlôny. Elso Kotet, |—9. Fiizet. 1869. From
the same.

Prag. Repertorium Simmtlichen Schriften der K. Bôhmischen Gesellschaft
der Wissenschaften vom Jahre. 1769 bis 1868. From the Society.

Sitzungsberichte of the same. 1869. From the Society.

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 165

Abhandlungen of the same. Sechste Folge, 3er Band. From the Society.
Regensburg. Correspondenz-Blatt des Zoologisch-Mineralogischen Vereines
in Regensburg. 23er Jahrg. 1869. From the Society.

Flora oder Allgemeine Botanische Zeitung herausgegeben von der K. B.
Botanischen Gesellschaft. Neue Reihe, XXVII, Jahrg. 1869. From
the Society.

Stuttgart. Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, Geologie und Palxontologie.
Jahrgang, 1869, 6es Heft, to 1870, Ses Heft. From the Editor.

Vienna. Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 1 Band,
Probenummer, Nos. 2 and 3. From the Society.

Sitzungsberichte der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-
Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe. 58 Band, Ist Abth., to 60er Band, 1,
2 Abth., I and II Heft. From the Society.

Denkschriften der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Math.-Naturw.
Classe 29er Band. 1869. From the Society.

Verhandlungen der K. K. Geologischen Reichsanstalt. No. 10, 1869, to No.
9, 1870. From the Bureau.

Jahrbuch of the same. Jahrg., 1869, XIX Band, No. 3, to 1870, XX Band,
No. 1. From the Bureau.

Verhandlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
Jahrg., 1869. XIX Band. From the Society.

Schriften des Vereints zur Verbreitung Naturwissenschaftlichen Kennt-
nisse in Wien. Bands IL—VIII. From the Society.

Wiirzburg. Verzeichniss der Bibliothek der Physikalisch-Medicinischen Ge
sellschaft. 1869. From the Society.

Verhandlungen of the same. Neue Folge, 1 Band, 4 Heft, 1869. From
the Society.

SWITZERLAND.

' Bern. Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft aus dem Jahre. 1869.
No. 684711. 1870. From the Society.

Geneva. Bibliothêque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences
Physiques et Naturelles. Nouvelle Periode. Tome 36me, No. 143, to
Tome 38, No. 152. From the Editor.

Lausanne. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Vol.
X, No. 62. 1869. From the Society.

Neuchatel. Bulletin de la Sociétê des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel.
Tome VIII, 2me Cahier. 1869. From the Society.

Solothurn. Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gresell-
schaft. 53 Jahresversammlung. 1869. From the Society.

St. Gallen. Bericht iúúber die Thátigkeit der St. Gallischen Naturwissen-
schaftlichen Geselischaft wahrend des Vereinsjahres 18671868. From
the Society.

Zurich. Vierteljahresschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. 14er Jabrg.,
I—4es Heft. 1869. From the Society.

BELGIUM. -

Bruxelles. Annuaire de ]' Academie Royale des Sciences, des Belles-Lettres
et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. 1870. 36me Année. From the
Society.

Bulletin of the same. 38me Année, 2me Ser. Tomes 27 and 28, 1869.
From the Society.

Memoires Couronnés of the same. Col.in 8vo Tome XXI, Col. in 4to
Tome XXXIV. From the Society.

Leuvain. Annuaire de "Université Catholique. 1870. 34me Année. From
the University.

Mons. Mémoires et Publications de la Société des Sciences, des Arts et des
Lettres du Hainaut. 1869-1870. From the Society.

166 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

FRANCE.

Angers. Mémoires de la Société Academique de Maine et Loire. Tomes XXI—
XXIV. From the Society.

Bordeaux. Société des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles de Bordeaux. Tomes
V—VII. 18671869. Extrait des Procês-Verbaux des Séances, pp.
1—32. From the Society.

Actes de "'Academie Imperiale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts. 3e
Série, 300 Année, 3me et 4me Trimestre, 1868. 31e Année, ler Tri-
mestre, 1869. From the Society.

Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bourdeaux. Tome XXIV, 5e et 6e Livr.
Tome XXVII, lre Partie. 1870. From the Society.

Lyon. Mémoires de 1 Academie Impériale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et
Arts. Classe des Sciences. Tome lime. 18691870. From the
Society.

Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon. Année, 1869. Tome l7me.
From the Society.

Metz. Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle du Departement de la Mo-
selle. 12me Cahier, 1870. From the Society.

Orleans. Mémoires de la Société d' Agriculture, Sciences, Belle-Lettres et Arts
d'Orleans. Seconde Série. Tome VIII, Nos. 1 et 2. 1870. From the
Society.

Cherbourg. Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Sciences Naturelles de
Cherbourg. Tomes XIllet XIV. 1869. From the Society.

Paris. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 4me Serie. Tome
9me. 1869. From the Society.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Botanique, Tome X, Nos. 3-6: Tomes
XI, XII, et XIII; Tome XIV, No. 1. Purchased.

Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Tome lôme. 1869. Comp.
Rendu, 4—5. 1870. 1 Rev. Bibl. A-E. From the Society.

Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Impériale Zoologique d'Acclimatation.
2me Serie. Tome VII, Nos. 1I—7. From the Society.

Annales des Mines. Gme Série. Tome XVI, 5e et 6e Livr.; Tome XVII,
Livr. I—3. From the Minister of Public Works in France.

“Journal de Conchyliologie. 3e Serie. Tome IX, No. 4; Tome X, Nos.
2et3. Paris. 1869. From the Editors.

Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'histoire Naturelle de Paris. 1869. 3me
et 4me Fasc. Purchased.

Nouvelles Météorologiques, publiées sous les auspices de la Société Mé-
téorologique de France. 1869, Nos. 11 et 12; 1870, Nos. let 2. From
the Society.

Revue et Magazin de Zoologie. 1869, No. 9, to 1870, No. 6. From the
Editor.

Strasbourg. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Strasbourg.
Tome 6me, 2me Livr. 1870. From the Society.

Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles. No. 1, Ire Année, to No.
10, 2e Année. 1868-1869. From the Society.

Toulouse. Mémoires de "'Academie Impériale des Sciences, Inscriptions et
Belles-Lettres de Toulouse. “me Série. Tome I. 1869. From the
Society.

ITALY.

Bologna. Rendiconto della Sessioni dell” Accademia delle Scienze dell Isti-

tuto di Bologna. Anno 1868-1869. From the Society.
Memorie of the same. Serie II. Tome VIII. Fase. 1,2,3 and 4. From

the Society.

Cagnola. Atti della Fondazione Scientifica Cagnola. Vol. V, No. 1. From
the Society.

Catania. Atti dell' Accademia Givenia di Scienze Naturali di Vatania. Série
Terza. Tomo Il et Tomo XLIII. 1868-1869. From the Society.

e

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 167 -

Genoa. Effemeridi della Societã di Letture e Conversazioni Scientifichi.
Anno 1, Fasc. 1. 1870. From the Society.

Milan. Memorie del R. Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. Classe di
Scienze, Mathematiche e Naturali. Vol. X, Fasc. IV and V; Vol. XI,
Fase. I and II. From the Society.

- Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. Rendiconti. Classe di
Scienze, Mathematiche e Naturali. Vol. IV, Pts. IL—X, Serie II; Vol.
I and II, Nos. I-XVI. From the Society.

Programma del R. Istituto Technico Superiore in Milano per "'anno Sco-
lastico 1864-1869. From the Institute.

Annuario del Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. 1868. From
the Society.

Palermo. Giornale di Scienze Naturali et Economiche publicato per cura del
Consiglio di Perfezionamento annesso al R. Istituto Technico di Paler-
mo. Parte I. Scienze Naturali. 1869. From the Society.

Turin. Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Vol. IV, Disp. 1—
7. 1869. From the Society.

Sunti dei Lavori Scientifici Letti e Discussi di Scienze Morali, Storiche e
Filologiche delle Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino dal 1859
al 1865. Torino. 1868. From the Society.

Venice. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Tomo 130,
Disp. 1—10; Tomo 140, Disp. 1—6, 8 and 9. Venezia. 1867-1869.
From the Society.

Memoria del Regio Istituto Veneto. di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Vol. XIV,
Part II. From the Society.

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Dublin. The Journal of the Royal Dublin Society. Nos. 38 and 39. From
the Society.
The: Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. XXIV. Polite Lit-
erature, Part IV ; Antiquities, Part VIII; Science, Parts IX to XV.
1867. From the Society.
Edinburgh. Transactions of the Royal Society. Vol. XXV, Part 11. From
the Society.
Proceedings of the same. Vol. VI, No. 77. From the Society.
Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society. Vol. 1, Part II. 1870.
From the Society.
Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society. Vol. X, Part 1.
1869. From the Society.
Leeds. Philosophical and Literary Society. The Annual Report for 1869—
70. From the Society.
Report of the Proceedings of the Geological and Polytechnic Society of
" the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1869. From the Society.
London. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4th Series. Vol. 3,
No. 18, to Vol. 4, No 34. From the Library Fund.
The Athengum Journal, Nos. 2189 to 2235. From the Wilson Fund.
The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal
of Science. Vol. 37, 4th Series, No. 251 to Vol. 39, Nos. 261 and 263 to
267. 1869. Purchased.
Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britian. Vol. V, Parts 5,
6 and 7, Vol. VI, Parts 1 and 2. List of Members, etc. From the
Society.
The Food Journal, Nos. 1—10, Vol. 1. 1870. From the Editor.
The Ibis. New Series. Vol. V, No. 20, to Vol. VI, No. 23. From the
Wilson Fund. |
Notes and Queries. Part XVII, 4th Series, to XXXIII. From the Editor.
“The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
New Series. Vol. IV, Part 2. 1870. From the Society.

168 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. XXXII, Part IV, Dec.,
1869. From the Society.

The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. Vol. XXVI, Parts 1 and
2. From the Society.

The Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 2d Series. Nos. 4, 5 and 6.
Purchased.

Nature. Nos. 15, 2225, 37, 40, 42-48 and 51. From the Editor.

The Journal of the Chemical Society. From July, 1869, to Oct., 1870.
From the Society.

Trúbner's American and Oriental Literary Record. Nos. 52-60. From
the Publishers.

The" Student and Intellectual Observer. No. 24, Jan., 1870, to No. 4,
New Series. From the Editor.

English Mechanic and Mirror of Science. Vol. XI, Nos. 276283. From
the Editor.

Report of the thirty-ninth meeting of the British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science. 1869. Purchased.

Paleontological Society's Publications. Vol. XXIII. Issued for 1869.
From the Wilson Fund.

The Journal of the Society of Arts and of the Institution in Union. Vol.
XXII, 1869. From the Society.

Proceedings of the Royal Society. Vol. XVII, No. 110, to Vol. XVIII,
No. 118. From the Society.

Philosophical Transactions of the same, 1869. Vol. 159, Parts 1 and 2.
From the Society.

Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XIII, No. 1, to Vol.
XIV, No. 1, 1868. From the Society.

Journal of the same. Vol. 39. From the Society. |

Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 1865, Part III. 1867, Part I.
1869, Parts II and III. From the Society.

Transactions of the same. Vol. VII, Parts 1 and 2. From the Society.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society. Sessions 186869, 186970.

Journal of the same. Botany, Vol. X, No. 48; Vol. XI, Nos. 49-53, and
Vol. XII. Zoology. Vol. X, Nos. 43—48, 1869.

The Transactions of the Linnean Society. Vol. XXV, Part 1, 1865. From
Wm. S. Vaux.

The same. Vol. XXVI, Parts 2, 3 and 4, Vol. XXVII, Parts 1 and 2,
186869. From the Society.

New-Castle-upon-Tyne. Natural History Transactions of Northumberland

and Durham. Vol. III, Part 2,1870. From the Publishing Society.

UNITED STATES.

Albany. Manual of the Albany Institute, 1870. From the Society.
Transactions of the Albany Institute. Vol. VI. From the Society.
Forty-second Annual Report of the Trustees of the New York State

Library, 1870. From the Trustees.

Baltimore. Peabody Institute. 3d Annual Report of the Provonk 1870. From

the Institute.

Boston. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. XIII,

Pp. 161288. From the Society.

Seventeenth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Public Library, 1869.
From the Trustees.

The Literary World. Vol. 1, Nos. 1—7, 1870. From the Editor.

Cambridge. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Col-

lege. Nos. 8—15. Vol. II,No. 1. From the Director.

Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. VII
Pp. 1—136, 1870. From the Society.

Chicago. The Pharmacist. Vol. HI, Jan., 1870, Nos. 1-4 From the Editor.
The Arts. Vol. I, Nos. 1—3, 1870. From the Editor.

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 169

Transactions of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Vol. I, Part 2, 1869.
From the Society.
Indianapolis. The Indiana Journal of Medicine. Vol. I, No. 8. Frôm the

Editor.
Louisville. The Journal of Science, Nov., 1870. From the Editor.
New Haven. The American Journal of Sciencc and Arts. 2d Series. Vol.
49, Nos. 145150, 1870. From the Editor.
New York. New York Medical Journal. Vol. X, No. 4 to Vol. XII, No. 4.
From the Editor.
The Medical Record. Nos. 92 and 93.. From the Editor.
The Journal of Applied Science. No. 5, Vol. I, May, 1870. From the
Editor.
The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Sciences. Vol. VI, Nos. 2—6,
1870. From Messrs. Townsend & Adams.
The American Chemist. Vol. I, Nos. 2—6, 1870. From the Editor.
Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Vol. IX, No.
7—10, 1869. From the Society.
Proceedings of the Lyceum of Natural History in the City of New York.
Vol. 1, Pp. 1—44, From the Society.
First Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History. From
the Trustees. k
The American Gas-Light Journal. Vol. XII, No. 7, to Vol. XIII, No. 10.
From the Editor.
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Nos. 1—10. From Thomas
Meehan.
Philadelphia. American Journal of Pharmacy. Vol. 42, Nos. 1-6. 3d-
Series, Jan., 1870. From the Editor.
Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association.
The Gardener's Monthly. Vol. XII, No 2. From the Editor.
The American Journal of Medical Sciences, Nos. 117120. New Series,
Jan., 1870. From the Editor.
The Medical News and Library. Vol. 28, Nos. 328336. From the
Editor.
The Dental Cosmos. New Series. Vol. XII, Nos. 112, 1870. From
the Editors. :
The Gardener's Monthly. Vol. XII, Nos. 1—12. From the Editor.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences. No. 3, 1869, to No. 1,
1870. From the Publication Committee,
Scientific Journal. New Series. Vol. I, No. 1, to Vol. IH, No. 3. From
the Editor.
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. XI, Nos. 82-84,
1870. From the Society. :
Transactions of the same. Vol. XIV. New Series, Part 2, 1870. From
the Society.
The Penn Monthly Magazine. Nos. 412, 1870. From the Editor.
Salem. The American Naturalist. Vol. III, No. 11, to Vol. IV, No. 2. From
the Library Fund.
Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Vol. I, No. 5, to Vol. II, No. 8. From the
Society.
Essex Institute Historical Collections. Vol. X, Part 1, 1869. ' From the
Society.
Proceedings and Communications of the Essex Institute. Vol. VI, Part
1, 1868. From the Society.
San Francisco. The California Farmer for 1870. From the Editor.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Vol. IV, Part 2,
1870. From the Society.
St. Louis. The American Entomologist and Botanist. Vol. II, Nos. 3—11,
1870. Purchased.

1870.] 12

Ed

+

170 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

Mrsshington. Monthly Report of the Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Depart-
ment. Nos.2 to 11, 1869—70. From the Department.
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. XVI. From the Institn-
tion.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vols. VII and IX. From the
Institution.
Annual Report of the Surgeon General, U. S. A., 1870 From the Author.
Worcester. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. Oct. 21, 1869,
April 27, 1870. From the Society. |

CANADA.

Halifax. Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotia Institute of
Natural Science of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Vol. II, Part 3. From the
Society.

Montreal. The Canadian Naturalist. New Series. Vol. IV, Nos. 3 and 4;
Vol.YV, No. 1, Sept., 1869. From the Editors.

Quebec. The Canadian Journal of Science, Literature and History Vol. XI,
Nos. 3, 6and 10. From the Editors.

Transactions of the Literary and Historical Society. Sessions of 1869—70.
New Series, Part 7. From the Society.

Toronto. The Canadian Entomologist. Vol. Il, Nos. 4-9, 1870. From the

Editor.

SOUTH AMERICA.

Buenos Aires. Anales del Museo publico de Buenos Aires. Entregas Sexta
et Septima, 1860. From the Museum.

Santiago de Chile. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 1867 and 1868. From
the University.

ASIA.

Batavia. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, uitgegeven door
de K. Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie. Deel 30,
Zesde Serie. Deel V, Afl. 3-6, 1868. From the Society. :

OTHER SCIENTIFIC WORKS.

Abbott, C. C. Notes on Fresh-water Fishes of New Jersey. From the
Author.

Allen, J. A. Notes on some of the Rarer Birds of Massachusetts. Salem,
1869. From the Author.

Andrews, Dr. E. The North American Lakes, considered as Chronometers of
Post-Glacial Time. Chicago, 1870. From the Author.

Annual Report of the Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State Seminary of
Learning. Topograghical and Botanical Reports. Session 1870. New
Orleans, 1870. From D.F. Boyd.

Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1869. From the
Author.

Annual Report of the Geological Survey of India and of the Museum of Geo-
logy, Calcutta. Twelfth year, 1867. From the Survey.

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tania, 1869. From the Author.

Blanford, W. T. Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia.
London, 1870. Purchased.

Blume, OC. L. Complete Works of C. L. Blume, consisting of Flora Java,
Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, Collection des Orchidées and
Rumphia, sive Commentatione Botanice. 12 folio and 2 octavo vol-
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Notice sur des debris de Cheloniens faisent partie des Collections du
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Bradley, F. H. Geology of Vermilion County. From the Author.

Brinton, D. G. Contributions to a Grammar of the Muskokee Language.
1870. From the Author.

Bronn, Dr. H. G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. 5er Band, 11,
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Byington, Rev. Cyrus. (Grammar of the Choctaw Language. Edited by D.
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Fossili Infraliassici dei Intorni del Golfo della Spezia. Bologna, 1866.
From the Author.

Les Phyllites Crétacées du Nebraska. From the Author.

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Catalogue of books added to the Library of Congress from Dec. 1, 1868, to
Dec. 1, 1869. Washington. From the Librarian.

Catalogue of the Maps of the British Possessions in India and other parts of
Asia. London, 1870. From the Secretary of State for India.

Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 18001863. Compiled and published by the
Royal Society of London. Vol. II, 1869. From the Society.

Conrad, T. A. Descriptions of new fossil shells of the Upper Amazon. From
the Author.

Cope, E. D. Second addition to the history of the Fishes of the Cretaceous
of the U.S. From the Author.

Fourth Contribution to the History of the Fauna of the Miocene and Eo-
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On the Hypothesis of Evolution. From the Author.

Cotteau et Triger Echinides du Département de la Sarthe. Paris, 1855-1869.
From the Wilson Fund.

Credner, Dr. H. Geognostische Aphorismen aus Nord-Amerika. Taf.I. From
the Author.

Die vorsilurischen Gebilde der Oberen Halbinsel von Michigan in Nord-
Amerika. From the Author. :

Dall, W. H. and H.M. Bannister. List of the Birds of Alaska, with Biogra-
phical Notes. From W.H. Dall.

Dana, Jas. D. Un the Geology of the New Haven Region. 1870. From the
Author.

Davidson, Geo. United States Coast Survey. Pacific Coast Pilot of Alaska
(Part First). Coast Pilot of California, Oregon and Washington Terri-
tory. 2 vols. Washington, 1869. From the Coast Survey.

Davidson, Hunter. Report upon the Oyster Resources of Maryland. Anna-
polis, 1870. From the Author.

Decandolle, A. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis es Vegetabilis. Pars 16.
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Rapport a V Académie de Bordeaux sur deux Memoires de MM, Linder et
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Dubois, Ch. F. Oiseaux de "Europe. 238me, 239241 Livr. 1869. From
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Dunker, Dr. W. Palacontographica. 17 Band, 4e Lief. 19 Band, 2e Lief.
se Lief. From the Wilson Fund. ;
Edwards, Arthur Mead. Notes on Diatomacesx. Boston, 1870. From the

Author. ;

Egerton, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey. Alphabetical Catalogue of type speci-
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Author.

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Author.

Frauenfeld, G. Ritter von. Beitrige zur Fauna der Nicobaren. III. From
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Fryer, G. E. A Contribution to our Knowledge of Pelagic Mollusca. From
the Author.

Garcia, Dr. D. Jose Garcia y. Relaciones de los Vireyes del Nuevo Reino de
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Gould, John. The Birds of Asia. Parts XXI, XXII.

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1870. From the Author.

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don, 1870. Purchased.

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Second Annual Report upon the Geology and Mineralogy of the State of
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Hoffman, Dr. C. K. and H. Wyenbergh. Die Osteologie und Myologie von
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faces, Transparent and Metallic. From the Author.
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How, Prof. Contributions to the Mineralogy of Nova Scotia. From the
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Description of a new species of Protichnites, from the Potsdam Sandstone of
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Mayer, Charles. Catalogue Systematique et descriptif des Fossiles des Ter-
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Meigs, J. A. Valedictory Address to the graduating class of the Jefferson
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Milne-Edward H. Legons sur la Physiologie. Tome 9me, 2me Partie. Paris,
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Packard, A. S. Guide to the Study of Insects. Salem, 1869. From Jos.
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PR a eat pa LA À pads mag!
Aa o = dr

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176

INDEX TO GENERA.

INDEX TO GENERA.

ADastor Sica gua st oa sudo nro 121
A bios is perl sides rasos Euicenião 91
ANOS cdi aeabis rosa pe sis RAN RSA Dad 137
AorALAA Sosa rivais pi 78
Melurodoni ssa o A 66
Agriochorns..i..ccsiisvesisiso trave 67, 112
AM PelOnaiS, creio e cora res pues da 103, 136
ABA bras vii assa Lostês 74
ATOMOAORS. sz es sideçiiia dono so codtrts 13
Anchitheriam...........0../0.000. 109, 112
ADOPIOE Seo) das da cada EA pera dd pa 57
Anoinond:s cesar 115
Anpaninlas cen seaão aredasac bt orere 69
AUBO coscvilsseipesdndtandeo sus bçho sn Pois 130
ADODOR cossirses sosthiia ua asi doar PRO 119
PRO Led O SRS Op A sa GAR EA AS 141
A ralia Seia e A 107
Arobibatod. sis animes 141
APONA ris si sas piso sta CAVE POPA VU pi 88
ABADRUB Sos ssarecaniso ans ndr isa dvAça 53
Astoradantbus . e. ssssppicio cecessa is 13
ABLEARAIAR quis o si cano ds Snes ter ora 137
ASTUNENS EUSiL sas corar rata apra senti 142
ABLVANA E espesso rarersds PARTE o 92
Auchenia....... PERO ae DE Eds DS 126
Aviculopecten............ SRS REI 39
Baena suis ria cuco session Ursa GRATA 123
Baliatos .ciessairessa poco sub Rida iE 120
Baptema pis cessdsass ar sse nanda ao) am Sie õ
Baptosanrus.-.vississasaçesdo cnsossdas 3
Baryorinds s.s0sl osesssis rose nu cast O
DIBOM unos: Urais UNE aRa Naga N d and 13, 69
Boopedon....cseseousucersiccsrsacu tidas 83
Bootherium.....pos.cssassasorotosivenho 97
Botrychium......... TP PODE ea 91
dg dr ria divs Gov inA CUL aaa 79
Branta... EA pungoL bad o 131
Brimosaurus . RE DOAR = E 10
Bubutus........ ganso pra vucás povo e deatoa 88
Calópteninii atos sessao ss elo 78
Canil, cs seccaiaha nao sue Es ÍA Juca 109

CatboMArUA ii 39
Carinifex ....... Pecea Piada di RES 59
Conthophias sms ossadas q
Contrómóohiua «assis srara 95
Centrópridtis Seco Vis res 120
Cophalóbta sis fss ias 69
Ceratopbyllum...................ess es. 90
Votopnaih o soco irbs go sic aia 95
Clustotos. cias sa do so Escada 3º
Chalicotherium....................... 113
Chelyãra Ga E 123
CRONOIODER.iiss serio speed Rs 130
Chionoecetes.....s.ccsesrecsssseseras 106
CERTO DUS Cissa soda ci baisi ças 131
Chephaga .......... RR PERDA RSS VA 131
CRONELés cciissds sys do ana dio dire a e PaadR O RD
Cimoliasatras. Ss: ais css ditos adis 21
UIoatia. Sec cego ade dobra 135
UENANLOR Sos ss ia AND 3
ClinopisthS. ssicssss rsss aveia an 43
ora Paio PGS RR SAD AD pa ee NR 1 31
DOROOOTYDHO css ace sor raro ces dpi 63
Convolvalas ...secsecasis- soe criraaaço 128
Gordylophora..ss.. ecqunanponpipintina 113
CONOR. Sor aasi ano pad cant anna e DR 67
Cothnrnia iccuscaissodsinas sds Niro 100
DEREIPOR.. cas bras corri crcige msi AO 142
DI POUOCILTIS, sscleso si ron pras na AO 100, 122
PT DLODOrAS:. ccssccscasaresi casa ano pé 48
Cryptoderns. sccsss esa sMsantar ME rise 48
O VERÓM. sois sos cr rvr damas rt RREO 90
Cyathoocrinitos........cassareneseresênoa 24
DV DOROA ecsssnsis is ssninl o os Dea eia 137
Dendrooy gua... usas aa sesaaiano LOU
TIS RERATATO. ossos cr nro son masa nraS da AR 45
Dermatemys ....... prol o AE 4, 124
DHGOLDIOS . crimes cxpoudas ouve se anti ooo 11
DHNOSONUTS Sc ocsca sa ngpas evs-umo “se 10, 19
TASNVEDONTÃA, sis gerar coviis finor as ma 55
DEDO DORA So Tso no ocoa RENDA ED nebca qnd RASA 137
Dromathorinin.i ss asssvo sos ansiosa 9

INDEX TO
MOSCAS... cscss canguru civrimesyrágunia des 13
EBD .ccapco rt iro cdi quot uduid dona ada 144
DUENDES. essas sanciçes não ciutio curilhers o TOA 121
Elasmosaurus........cc.cessese 9, 18, 132
BISOOhATIO ;.0so esmecsrantiteçãs q uiqua dent 137
Miothoriuni.. ess cu asar sobe docas 3
BIBpRAS. cesso coerente goals no 69, 96
Mad, cos une ss cursores as cosedgasiia 5, 123
EB OTIA GO, coont! coespsasinhabrasa bo llvódoçé 18
Ephippitytha........... PRE EPPOS MENS ie O 76
MAUS espaco sereias maca 67, 69, 98, 127
Euomiphalas:.. sd sipisasaçiitas 61
Hupachyerinus..scsecer cce sssisisasta 30
Euphorbia.............. wocoso.. ... 14, 118
DNBRUNAS essas isso essa sa cta srta OL
DA O site pilsare some inarb didi iii 139, 145
DEDOS sissss resp rciscicss das 16
TA seas é cpusicaas preços doviis il
ETANOOIR ec besiio ensino det aras dé 85
Glyphidodon..... ...... RERNES ENSAIO 119
Boblasok avisos rias drdas irei 121
Craphiodoa .sso ssa deseo iss sstráião 122
pj Renee ns ENE E SSNUDE DES DEN 6
OUPULAS asas poesaserarac assi D sita do 110
Gyminocladus.................csseee... 102
HAdEgêNUNHA,: cispaassises sims ses 2, 67
Ati tn cs ssa ano re ss Maraba dos 143
DANTES, acesas Sigea esa 3
Sato O RM IE EMITE RADBIADON e Frias 2 108
Hemirhamphus.................. 119, 121
Hippation ssa ces ces. eis RUA 109
Hippidion...... RT SERA BRARE SE CT 127
DT ES a saida do Deo ES SS 89
DELA o ma mus indorges /oraandabo dis 127
Capeto Cen APRECIANDO UR ET O PEEADREADE 30
DEDO, Eid spnrisso Declara di 137
DER ae pica cre indaris Gia PRE Did fogao 107
Hydra ares audt sia aad Sb sr nad dida 72, 100
EyabolroUssiiicco iaansonbisanpatios 93
Eropotimus. SL sis sms sidos io 113
Hyporthodus......... cs... Rise 119
Hypotriorobhia.. «sc cmese sas cssnissso cias 146
Hyracodon.-sassissnsesees ciditedito dios 65
EDNA siso qico nasais aaa Fed 144
TRATA iss as pas autos ão DA
DELAS oi ss lr asia ssa primado pligaiss 137
LaQRnia:..oc.oss sas dh esbobave wuniebnado co 5
a o PERSRRBRESRABNNRER E SRS 1d indie dy 1 4
LG cocos meversareveca amis) Nbevões 90
Leptomeryx ......... PERES PENSE 112
LANEMEM Ss qsuscin inss co csairo CERA io Eta 104
Limnias.............. A PER PP ORA 72, 100
TAGONML Ei easa saiu o vastos a ng senna bios tdo 132

GENERA, 177
Limodendron.. ss carisisarsieesadisis 116
Liturites........ Done vaai id e de nos Ao an VOS 51
LONICONR ce cute nianegêrs pusdsssssbisids 102
Lophiodon....sssssestessenenesoo anitos 109
Lophiotherium ..............eccereecte 126
MEnCIaTA ossos Sort asno t ções sos 138
Maorodoni iscseremiastariám o dotidia 40
MaDFOSAUIOS ss ccssasavo cosssevádsio 24
Magnolia: . is. descem aidssasastimt oo ccatea N4
Manayunkia.......... Enteosposras 100, 102
Mistodol ss pis musids use madii? 67, 96
Megalaimid cistos Asas qua aa 88
Megalomery E... seaseneivcieo sodechsnico 2
Megalony x .aadóssts ssbiga densos ia 13
Megalosaurus..........ccsereesses ERRO 3
Melania- cscssireeiyiaso po sera DS
Meleagris. sssscccravracstoses bus tstvicadna 11
Melicorta iso pende eae 72
Merops.......... pe Pap o pen o SEERRNE DAR 88
Merychippus a ssisesmótss cassada) 7
Merycocheerus .........cccccseeses 109, 111
Meryodda seccesscatasies homens rires 109
Moryohyus sis ires ceciiiidisos 109
MiorosUB: asc sgers inicie ciganos tada 113
Modiolo pais. cs ess sreece roses ria 41
Monótis .ccsnapeeerasho Coral bediindádas 38
Morus...... ARDOR ONDA PARADA O SRRS LA 137
Mosasaurus.....eccesees 2, 132
Mylooyprinas:, escassos posses io 70
DEy iodo sonia nricini pacas isasrtdedo 8
Nitdlerds Stssrs ca tiarine osso rindo tas
Nittas. Savpetas vi adia dus nad SP DADSS 47
Efe) rir RERABÃo PÇA PORN Pa ORAS pan 89
Notharotas.;; cias bri oec sui 114
Nothosaurops: sioessmescusiiitisiisai 74
NothoBaurnds.sssisiscscinssó das iiSaa 74
Nyotalo «cesieiii pitas nbs pidédoo 73
Otdipoda.ijisaniidassesvess sra e isã 79
Olénus:ssi si cdica irradia ea 64
Oligoporus......... pocarauéri asibserao sis 34
OQhcobatis«ssiissseseincuesca aj ars ad 70
Onychotel asim nara é niugado 142, 149
Ophibolns, cdi encare csquanis o TIS 90
Dpomola. suas iri cas psy ”
Orohelim um! segs. casiensopa atas farda 7
Orcodon: saca iucrenesessesas 67, 109, 111
Oressochen ........ REAGE NCESP PRATA SR 131
Ortygotnotra so siso exis siaaiato ria 86
Ovibos e iprino sasanacads cv poda Tu prada 73
Oxyrrhopus. scsce siireso casi Susruio 90
PalmoOsyonl issisisesevico curcasr add 113
Palsotringhiisisscsi sessssncos aco cniçáa 5
Palzxotherium..... ... dra b ec caia 113
Palnidioa. Los quiri oies servarrio opel 100
ENE adONa S.s00 ss Desss pubs copo nnasiA 87

178 INDEX TO GENERA.

PERGION. rsss eciteosser cos era A CA
PRENQE RITA eo o cdi o Ao ANS

RREO TALID rom ieerno sido ro O
Dodtinatolla.. so scossirza cas de pdiana e A

Pedicellina .......ssescer DRE PASSA 101
Pentremites ..;..vcam cocsouaiqesadorm 31
POCUDAS, snes con anreeo se vs Aa ER 90
BOLOLOMLIK coa ressverearre soares dia 78
Bhergmema. aca apr ratata cueaeiiidindraa ai 127
Enacta: ss snai ss coviaP en praga ala 131
PhiLigala...sosporrasnio rise 52
PRVtOIDOOS eso minatais rim odio e Nierá SA 102
PÂNUS so srta eps sad paia vt dp va 72
PlatacarDas,.sessrrro que nro ia 132
Platygonus......... e. RNPARPARÇO = ep 13
PlesiQAQhITA »e cce nhio ash ad 0
Pleuronhorua aqes» ercensrannço o cginaé 18
Pina LARS sis encore rand roca Na 100
Paicilopianran ..smsssasp env im neiuratoo 3

Poly Dornas; .sapsansa nana dr fe veio engine AD
Polycotrins. aaqmmasas mei veto mito do boi

Poly DONE... ensinos resp es ent iedi Cid aa 16
Poterinorinitas «quasicao aaretmadda 26
Prinoanthns,...ssovserropsasacorad 119, 121
PriOLOLIA. cos centro Per RR RAS pras e CU 88
Procellatifa unas cerist dec ves eine 85
DEDO, civiido = nosero cri dar PR na SS 13
PROMICTONLOTTA «crer» casienistrrasinado 119
Protohippus.... cce sorre oro in psve bla MAM
PRilODOGON, sos» espsmesaasuiso amaon qua quinto 88
DENT OOLON: cream ares REDE EUR Dr q nd A 86
PLIOHOQUS cesto sintcapao sr sos Encraaa do 12
Pufinus..... SUP GIO PRU O JO RR? 20 AREA 6
Pygooentrua-. canina eanarscatostêreo 93
BIDOIdOS cssceroramesair io ita ce caipaiics 92
Receptaculites.... cc paso noeresobos ess 22
REAR VÍNA quais ousa caderas dn A ig 110
ERADAGIA ris srrerico cassa ra dai 94
Rhamphastos .............e oa ida a 88
Rhinoceros....cesuscunenaanao aquosas 2, 65
Rostrhamusessesemsenas ruensana es perêno 144
RADOS aeieesteasatenros tapado rudisitaia 128
RAMO. acavado nn ORE tu AS dE ql
Saccosoma.......esereses é RAR aan In 25
Saccosomopsis. «cc...» CEL AA nad 25
Sagittaria....cossrsoparacass opoan ssa Woo 89
EU b quErO + pq NARRA PR a 128
DNA come pirrari: CAN ÃA AS ANE 90
BANÍVS concurne ir sopér o are ido a 124
BRPOLDEGAUO iererred entansasas paras riido 119
Scaphiocrinus.....c.cseces PERO 27
Schizodus...... cce cesessos na ad 18, 41
EGINdOS, pusprinsaatos PRP RE a np E 95

BOITDUS errpacecorantresa rooms pasar bia 89

[PESA RAR RENNES PAPA AN Sm 119
Septopora........ ndo died Me A 15
ATO IR ssa arado Cqaçãa da 117
SEVILLA. ooo ramo ana as ásis LES SS 1
po AEE E RPA RD A MANN PS 4a 102
SolonOCHALUM.-xccncsvondos ri éra died Cn dà 47
Sorubimichthys.....sc.scocsesesreosãos DA
DOSE ei cacis sro Discs spa 69
SER aos io BRPRDA PAREDE POR PDAS 7, 21 56
MRLEO ss oes Qeria ass ps soa 36, 60
SOQUGUIA Sana odores sure pro bencao 100
StADphRIoa cara ar cnbiua se etibptaçeph 115
BANTPONOÃUS oicsisco ss sr rsd ssuinciindoi 82
METODO, o csasessse crer ARG a 4
SAGntai NS secos das sovi é va vei CS
SAE DATOS said Sa pa pe ut AE 45
Strichkiandinia qo senscaro ans are du caaad 37
ty LA esse dar e dn dg e A 67
E qui É DEI ERRA SN RE A 47
Synola dias icureraas spp eçtor siiavão 15
DOI LNLE sas nais Cao ra PRE e 132
TalanntonÃd: scans ro ra inn did ora A 5
Demo Chibas envase sedan dade ANO
Tetragonopterinze.........e.csermeeses 92
TURN. smsnenans os unia sa cia
Thálascidrom as a sieros aeb pesa dona “85
ThRAMmBOtriSoOn ss crsnniorh aeiirapad RR
Thespesius ...... ARARAS qo cet 67
Tui nanina isasnairs co nandc sas Rica 148
Titanotherium.......» cor sescnconsass 2, 113
PODIA Soa an and demand sida A SN 82
TRIO DIR Gs 0 cio deros dose nas afinnia gata 5
DIOGO dscrnsesrrarorrdo rir ronra do maiennido 88
OG eus Cu aDda DS ni atado CLA AO 125
Trachodon........cccocs RP TERÇA SUA > 67
EDTA Ui din o DD da A 115
Trigonocephalus........ccceecereneres 90
RM RE a sicodoranras + ERR RR 88
Tdeopsylla sas corcneas casaro conse ash pi
Canatolla crer aa aeanior ada A A 100
DONDE ia io a arise TOO A da UR 136
à NÃO APDO PARRA Se 90
ET PP PR ADA RES 119
po PAPER NRO E Ride Pça 90
Xiphactinus.......... RENAN 12
EN mica cada o sabé ss SRS 6 Ee na SRS 14
DANCA esaueaseasaspaás vovo or sand ED
Zeacrinus.......cese PRP 18, 27
Rianidsóscos ses REP PRE np isa

E EN

GENERAL INDEX.

179

GENERAL INDEX.

Amendment of the By-laws, 14,

Bannister, A sketch of the classifica-
tion ofthe American Anseringe, 130.

Buckley, S. B., Remarks on Dr. Asa
Gray's notes on Buckley's rare
Plants of Texas, 133, 135,

Coombs, Gilbert, Resignation as mem-
ber, 71.

Cop& E. D., Remarks on a specimen
of Trigonocephalus, 90; Observa-
tions on some Fishes new to the
American Fauna, found at Newport,
R. I., 118; Remarks on fossil rep-
tiles from the cretaceous of Kansas,
132.

Correspondence, 159.

Donations to Library, 162.
Elections during 1870, 158.

Gill, Theo., On some new species of
Fishes obtained by Prof. Orton from
the Maranon River, Upper Amazon
and Napo Rivers, 91, 92.

Hallowell, Caleb S., Announcement of
death of, 8.

Leeds, Prof., Exhibition of crystalline
Staffelite, 122; On an interesting
geological phenomenon, 134.

Leidy, Jos., Remarks on Megacerops
Coloradensis, 1: Remarks on Poi-
cilopleuron valens and other fossils,
3; On the humerus of a sloth re-
sembling Mylodon robustus and on
Dromotherium silvestre, 8; On rep-
tilian remains from the cretaceous
formation near Fort Wallace, Kan-
sas, 9; On specimens of vertebral
bodies from the New Jersey green
sand, 10; On a fossil mandible from
near Fort Bridger, Wyoming, 10;
On Ichthyodorulites, 12; On fossil
remains from Illinois, 13; On Dis-
cosaurus and its Allies, 18; On the
internal organs of generation of a

Hog, 65; On fossil bones from Da-
kota and Nebraska, 65; On fossil
remains from Idaho, Utah and Ore-
gon, 67; On Hadrosaurus and its
Allies, 67; On Anguillulide, 68;
On fossils from the vicinity of Bur-
lington, Kansas, and from the
Rocky Mts., 69; On the relations of
European and American Fauna, 72;
On a jaw fragment of Ovibos cavi-
frons, 73; On Nothosaurops occidu-
us, 74; On Leeches, 89; On Masto-
don remains, 96; On fossil remains
in the Museum of Amherst College,
98; On Crocodilus Elliotti, 100; On
ciliated Polyps, 100; On fossils
from Sweet Water River, Wyoming
Ter., 109; On fossils from Bridge
Creek, Oregon, 111; On Cordy-
lophora, 113; On fossils from
Church Buttes, Wyoming Ter., 113;
On Graphiodon vinearius, 122; On
fossil remains of reptiles, 122, 123 ;.
On fossils found under Table Moun-
tain, Cal., 125; Exhibition of the
lower jaw of an aged man, and a
wood carving from St. Paul de
Loando, 133; On the reversed vis-
cera of a human subject, 134.

-

Marsh, Prof. O. C., Remarks on fossil
vertebree from the cretaceous green
sand near Barnesboro, N. J., 2; On
fossil birds from the cretaceous and
tertiary of the United States, 5; On
Meleagris altus, 11; On Dicotyles
antiquus, 11.

Meek, F. B., Description of fossils col-
lected' during the U. S. Geological
Survey under the charge of Clar-
ence King, 12, 56.

Meek, F. B. and A. H. Worthen, Note
on the relations of Syncladia, King
(1849) to the proposed genus of
Septopora, Prout (1858), 8, 15;
Description of new species and
genera of fossils from the Palxozoic
rocks of the Western States, 8, 22.

Meehan, T., Cross fertilization and
law of sex in Euphorbia, 11, 14;

180

On the formation of bark and wood,
13; On the Stipules of Magnolia and
Liriodendron, 71, 114; On Rumex
“oblongifolius, 71; On Fertilization
of plants, 90; On Fasciations, 91;
On the flowers of Aralia spinosa
and Hedera helix, 99, 107; On
Phyllotaxis, 102; On a singular
habit in Reduvius novenarius, Say,
110; Notes on Silphium “lancinia-
tum, L. 117; On the exercise of
direct force by plants, 125; Bud
Varieties, 128; On Maclura auran-
tiaca, 132.

Norris, Thaddeus, Remarks on fish
culture, 110.

Officers for 1871, 157.

Rand, Theo, D., On a remarkable ex-
posure of rocks, 134.

Redfield, Remarks on Botrychium
lunarioides and B. lanceolatum, 91.

Ridgway, Robt., A new classification
of the North “American Falconide,
134, 138.

“Wilstach,

ERRATA,

Report of the Librarian, 150.

Report of the Curators, 151.

Report of the Botanical Committee,
152.

Report of Recording Secretary, 153.

Report of Biological Section, 153.

Reports of the Conchological Section,
154.

Standing Committees fer 1870.

Streets, T. Hale, Remarks on Huxley's:
rn ef do of Birds, 71, 84; On
the cranium of an Owl, 3: Notice
of some Crustaceans of the genus.
Libinia with descriptions of three
new species, 96, 104.

Thomas, Cyrus, Description of new
species of Grasshoppers from det
rado, 66, 74.

Wharton, Jos., Remarks on Nickel ore:
at Gap, Lancaster Co., Pa.

Willard, Prof., Remarks on a deposit
of Clay, 122.

Wm. P., Announcement of

death of, and resolutions in regard

to, 103.

ERBATA:

fourteenth line from bottom, for “subrachial,” read subbrachial.

and sixteenth:

tenth line from bottom, insert it before “my ;” and tw enty-fifth line

io da 25,
31, fifteenth line from bottom, for “basas,” read basal;
line from bottom, fór “ basasal, ad read basal.
“as,
from bottom, for “this,” read their.
& 45, twenty-first line from bottom, insert section after “ Illinois.”
“ 46, fourteenth line from bottom, for “ Jour.,” read Zowa.
“ 51, sixteenth line from bottom, for “isolated,” read involuted.

twelfth and eighteenth lines from top, for “ Clerence,” read Clarence ;

second and twentieth lines from bottom, for “ Vortifex,” read Vor-

twenty-fourth line from bottom, for “ principle,” read principal.
after “ (E. pruinosa, nov. SP.; de insert = = Gr. trifasciatus, (Say).

té 56,
and thirty-sixth line, for “is,” read are.
“ 59,
ticifez.
“ 60, erase the parenthetic marks in the fifteenth line from top.
ã 74,
“a 80,
“ 83, after “B. nigrum, nov. sp.,;” insert = Gr. nubilus, (Say).
ai Re

for “B. H. BannisreR,” read H. M. BAanNISTER; On twelfth line of

article, for “recurved,” read decurved,
“las ScopoLr” should be in “small type, except the initial letter, so as to
read as the authority for the generic name; on the last line, for

“Lewast,” read (Sewast).

In the first line of the note at foot of

page, for “ Brante,” read Branta.
The authorities for all the specific names, except those for Anser-
hyperboreus, A. rossi, and A. gambelli, should be in brackets,

Cm

“ "a j
e

NAN Ny

NI

AN aros ada

o

97/2777 Ti

AN
E

0 o ruiSS

y ita

dssivo

irifisadeadaa

Dibiziscátiariaii

E Wd da.

BIOLOGICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL DEPARTMENT

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES.

Jan. 8d, 1870.
Director S. W. MrrcHErL, M.D., in the Chair.
Eighteen members present.

Dr. McQuiLLEN exhibited the skull of a hedge-hog, in which, owing to
fracture of the left lower incisor, the superior ineisor of that side, failing to
meet with its antagonist, had formed a complete circle, the apex of the
tooth penetrating the right upper maxilla just in front of the molars. The
right upper incisor also had been fractured, and the inferior incisor of that
side had grown to more than twice the usual length, and assumed the form
of a tusk. The skull of a squirrel was also shown, in which, owing to a
similar aecident, the superior incisors had formed a complete circle and
penetrated the upper maxilla.

Jan. 1Tth. |
Director S. W. MrrcHEeLL, M.D., im the Chair.

Fourteen members present.

Dr. McQuiLLEN exhibited the pulp of a lower molar, with the vessels natu-
rally injected. The principal points of interest connected with the specimen
were the dentinal fibrili, which were quite evident under the microscope,
projecting from a fragment of dentine. In commenting on the specimen, the
speaker stated that these fibrili, which are located in the dentinal tubuli, were
first observed some eight or ten years ago in the human teeth by John Tomes,
F.R.S., of London, who regards them as the continuation of the nerves of the
dental pulp, and accounts for the exquisite sensibility of the dentine in exca-
vating decay from the cavity of a tooth, by impressions made upon these fila-
ments. The speaker would not pretend to assert that this was an untenable
position, but he inclined to the opinion that the dentinal fibrili are to be re-
garded as post mortem results occurring after the extraction of a tooth, and
due to the coagulation of the fibrine of the liquor sanguinis circulating in the
dentinal tubuli during life. In the removal of pulps from the teeth when de-
vitalized by arsenical application, or breaking up a tooth after extraction, he
had found no difficulty in separating the pulp from the dentine, which would
hardly be possible if the nerve fibres passed into the millions of tubuli in the
dentine, or under such circumstances an attachment would be formed ex-
ceedingly difficult of separation.

A large plaster model of an incisor tooth, with a vertical section showing
the arrangement of the enamel, cementum, dentine, pop. cavity and pulp, was
used in illustration of the remarks.

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Feb. Tth.
Vice-Director W. PepPER, M.D., in the Chair,
Fourteen members present.

Mr. W. H. WAaLNMSLEY exhibited mounted sections of a testicle
removed from a so-called hermaphrodite, who otherwise presented
the external configuration of a woman. and who was looked upon
in society as a female. The testicle exhibited tubular structure,
and was removed at the patient's request.

Mr. T. W. SrarR exhibited a slide showing malformation in a
spider, which had eight legs and nine feet.

Feb. 24th,
Director S. W. MrrcHEeLL, M.D., in the Chair.

Eleven members present.

March Tth.
Vice-Director W. PerrER, M.D,, in the Chair.

Six members present.

Dr. McQuiLLEN stated that during certain experiments with the hydrate of
chloral, he had reason to doubt the correctness of the view of Leibrech and
B. W. Richardson, that it was decomposed in the blood and converted into
chloroform.

March 21st.
Director S. W. MrrcHeLL, M.D,, in the Chair.

Thirteen members present.

Dr. Tysox read a paper on Class or Clinical Microscopes (see Den-
tal Times for April, 1870).

Dr. Keex had had considerable experience with class-microscopes, and
had used them with much satisfaction, even with higher powers than those
named by Dr. Tyson. He had shown to his class the amocboid movements of
the white blood corpuscle. He was disposed to look more hopefully than Dr.
Tyson upon the results to be derived from the use of the gas-microscope in
medical teaching.

Dr. McQuiLLEN had also used the class microscope largely in teaching, and
with satisfaction. He was disposed to think with Dr. Tyson, that the gas-mi-
croscope could never be substituted with advantage for the class-microscope
in demonstrative teaching, but simply became a further aid, assuming the re-
lation of the enlarged diagram, and this not always with satisfaction.

Me. WALMSLEY exhibited a four-inch lens made by Tolles, which
possessed a working distance of but two inches.

He also showed some brilliant fresh-water algo, which had been
mounted for a year in carbolic acid water, still retaining their color
completely.

BIOLOGICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL DEPARTMENT. 3

April 4th.
Director S. W. MrrcHELL, M.D., in the Chair.
Eleven members present.

The Corresponding Secretary reported the presentation of a copy
of Lieut.-Col. J. J. Woodward's Report on the Magnesium and
Electric Lights as applied to Photo-Micrography ; illustrated by a
number of large photographs.

Dr. S. W. MircweLL exhibited a slide showing the ova of Bil-
harzia hematobia, believed to cause the intermittent Hoematuria of
the Cape of Good Hope and Natal, the specimen having been for-
warded to him by his friend Dr. Harley, of London; and made
some remarks upon the parasite.

Dr. James Tyson resigned the position of Recorder, and Dr. J. G.
Richardson was elected to the vacancy.

April 18th.
J. GrsBons Huxr, M.D., in the Chair.
Eighteen members present.

- Dr. Wu. F. Norris made a verbal communication in regard to
the use of weak solution of nitrate of silver and chloride of gold in
the preparation of tissues for microscopic examination, which he
illustrated by numerous mounted specimens, dc.

Dr. Huxr inquired what strength of the solution of the nitrate of silver
was employed.

Dx. Noxxis replied that his ordinary solution was one-half of one per cent.,
and in answer to a question from Dr. 'Iruman, stated that the chloride of gold
liquid was of the same strength. Several members having mentioned that
they met with nothing but failures in attempting to employ these processes,
Dr. Norris remarked that he was at a loss to account for this want ef success,
and believed that if the half per cent. solutions were used in a dark room,
and the specimens allowed to soak in glycerine slightly acidulated with .
acetic acid, afterwards exposing them to the light until sufficiently colored, no
difficulty would be experienced.

Dr. J. G. Hunr exhibited some mounted slides of Saxafraga sarmentosa, and
observed that in regard to the stomata in plants the general rule is that they
are distributed all over the under surface of the leaves. We find exceptions
to this law, however, in some species of Saxafraga, and in 8. sarmentosa the
stomata are grouped in clusters only, and are not found in the cells between
the clusters. In other species of the genus the same peculiarity occurs, but
this arrangement of the stomata cannot be regarded as a generic feature, be-
cause some of the Saxafrages have these organs distributed all over the under
surfaces of their leaves.

Dr. Hunt further remarked that the singular amesboid movement so often
noticed in the white blood corpuscle seems to be a phenomenon not confined
to the animal kingdom. A movement apparently similar may be distinctly
observed in the nucleus of the cell of Anacharis alsinastrum, and in the plant
the movement appears to be more active than that seen in the blood.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Mwy 2d.
Director S. W. MrrcHeLL, M.D,, in the Chair.
Thirteen members present.

May 16th.
Director S. W. MrrcHeLL, M.D.,, in the Chair.

Eighteen members present.

Dr. J. GrBsons Hunr exhibited a species of the frondose Hepaticse,—the
Grimaldia barbifrons. Its sporangia are borne on the ends of pedicels, and they
contain spores and elaters of great beauty. The stomata in the heads of a
plant open into chimney-like canals built up of cells, and these canals dip
down into the tissues of the plant. This family of cryptogams offers to the
microscopist many objects of beauty, as well as of physiological interest, when
properly studied.

June 6th.
Director:S. W. MrrcHeLL, M.D., in the Chair.
Sixteen members present.

Pror. J. H. McQurLLEN, Corresponding Secretary, read a com-
munication from the American Microscopical Society of New York
City, requesting an interchange of specimens, and of published
transactions as far as possible.

June 21st.
Director S. W. MrrcHEeLL, M.D., in the Chair.

Ten members present.

- À letter was read by the Secretary from Prof. Joseph Henry, of
the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, submitting.a specimen of
the Myiarchus cinerascens with a remarkable fungous growth upon
its feet, and requesting the opinion of the Department as to the
nature of this abnormal formation, to investigate which Drs. Rich-
ardson, Allen, and Wood were appointed a committee.

In the subsequent session for private business, it was resolved, in
accordance with resolutions offered in the report of a Committee on
Modification of the By-Laws, R. S. Kenderdine, M.D., Chairman,
and adopted after discussion, somewhat amended :

lst. That the second meeting in each month be purely conversational, with-
out order of business.

2d. That the Director appoint a committee of five, who shall canvass and
arrange the members, so as to bring to the Section at least three instruments
at each conversational meeting, in addition to those belonging to the Section,
with a few objects of interest for each microscope. They shall also canvass
the members, and endeavor to have some subject presented at each meeting,
in a short paper, relating to the construction or working of the instrument, or
its use in scientific study.

BIOLOGICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL DEPARTMENT. õ

3d. That the Janitor be requested to place the microscopes of the Section
on the table at every meeting.

4th. That arrangements be made with the new Medical Journal to publish a
synopsis of the procéedings, and, if possible, to announce the subject for dis-
cussion before the meetings.

The following paper was ordered to be published :

Is Atropia an antidote to Hydrocyanic Acid *
BY DR. W. W. KEEN.

Having been recently called upon, as a member of a committee of the
Pathological Society, to investigate the blood of Geo. S. Twitchell, Jr., the
murderer (who poisoned himself by prussic acid), my attention was called to
the lately asserted antidotal powers of atropia, and I made a number of ex-
periments on the subject, the result of which I now report to the Department.

In the Glasgow Med. Jour., Nov., 1868, p. 70 et seq., will be found an ex-
tended analysis of Preyer's recent work on prussic acid (Die Blausaiire, Bonn,
1868), which I must quote as authority,as | had not access to the original
work. The questions as to action of the poison on the spectrum analysis of the
blood, on its coagulation, on the heart, &c., are foreign to my present purpose,
and will be found discussed both in the paper just alluded to and in our re-
port to the Pathological Society. (Amer. Jour. Med. Sci. vol. 58, p. 432.)

Preyer's conclusions, from numerous experiments, are that HOy kills by
suffocation induced by three means:

1º, it stimulates or tetanizes the pulmonary branches of the vagus, so that
the respiration ceases.

2º, it stimulates or tetanizes the cardiac branches of the vagus (and also the
sympathetic ganglia of the heart in some cases), and thus arrests the circula-
tion.

3º, it acts on the respiratory nervous centre, so that the breathing on being
re-established is retarded more and more, till death follows.

Atropia, he states, has precisely an antagonistic action, and therefore
should be and is an antidote. That atropia does have such an action as he
has asserted on the circulation, is the conclusion to which Drs. Mitchell,
Morehouse and myself came in studying the antagonism of opium and bella-
donna, and published in the Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., July, 1865; but that it
affects the respiration is contrary to our experiments at that time, and that it
aets as an antidote to prussic acid my present experiments, so far as they go,
certainly disprove.

Preyer states that if the 0:015 of a grain—i. e., one millegramme-—of sulphate
of atropia be injected under the skin of a rabbit, a lethal dose of HCy may be
given without producing death ; or if the HCy be first administered, that then
the atropia will arrest its poisonous action if it is given quickly enough.

Exp. I. May 12, 1869. Injected 0:017 gr. of sulph. atropia under the skin of
the back of a rabbit, followed in half a minute by 3 M of officinal dilute hy-
drocyanic acid.

In 13 minutes after the last injection he fell over convulsed; opisthotonos.

In 24 minutes pupils began to contract.

In 54 minutes respiration had ceased; heart still beating.

In 64 minutes, dead.

On the post mortem examination, made immediately, the heart was found to
present the slight rythmical twitching usually noticed in the right auricle
after poisoning by HCy, but here observed in the walls of all the cavities save
the right ventricle.

Exp. II. Injected as before under the skin of a rabbit gr. 0:010 atrop. sulph,,
followed in half a minute by 2 M HOCy.
In 21 minutes respiration arrested.

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

In 31 minutes re-established, 16 in the minute; spasms; cry; heart beating.
In 44 minutes, respiration ceased.

In 5% minutes, pupils contracting.

In 7+ minutes, heart ceased ; dead.

Heart twitching as in Exp. 1.

Exp. III. Injected as before 0:015 gr. atrop. sulph., followed in half a
minute by 2 minims HOy.

In à minute, respiration rapid.

In 1 minute, pupil contracting.

In 1) minute, opisthotonos very severe.

In 2 minutes, respiration 32, and labored.

In 3 minutes, respiration stopped.

In 5 minutes, dead.

Exp. IV. Injected the HCy first, 3 minims.

In 13 minutes fell over in convulsions.

In 2 minutes gave 0:015 gr. atrop. sulph.

In 23 minutes, gasping very slowly.

In 33 minutes, dead. ;

Besides these, 1 also performed four other experiments, in which larger
doses were used with the like result, as follows:

Exp. V. Injected gr. 0:2 atrop. sulph., followed in half a minute by 10
minims HCy. Death in 41 minutes. ;

Exp. VI. Injected gr. 0:2 atrop. sulph., and in half a minute 5 minims
HCy. Death in 4 minutes.

Exp. VI. Injected gr. 0:1 atrop. sulph., followed in half a minute by 2
minims HOy. Death in 6) minutes.

Exp. VIII. Injected 0:063 gr. atrop. sulph., followed in half a minute by
1 minim HCy. Death in 10 minutes.

That the rabbits did not die as the result of atropia poisoning, I take for
granted, inasmuch as very many experiments on all sides prove them to be
unaffected by belladonna in any form, as much as 2 grains of atropia not hav-
ing produced death. Their peculiar insusceptibility to atropia therefore
eliminates a difficulty often felt in similar experiments, —viz., to test which of
the poisons killed. It may be objected, then, that as atropia does not act on
the rabbit, it cannot be expected to act as an antidote here. Preyer, however,
asserts that it does act as an antidote in the case of rabbits, and if provem
here, it must a fortiori hold good in other animals who are more susceptible
to its influence. But in order to test this question, I performed the following
experiments on dogs:

Exp. IX. Injected gr. 1-10 atrop. sulph. under the skin of a small dog, fol-
lowed in half a minute by 10 minims HCy. In 2 minutes he fell over with
marked opisthotonos, slow and labored respiration, and was dead in 83 min-
utes.

Exp. X. Injected 1-10 gr. atrop. sulph. under the skin of another dog of
the same size, followed in half a minute by 73 minims HCy. Fell over with
opisthotonos, as in the former experiment, in 34 minutes, and was dead in half
an hour.

Exp. XI. Injected 1-10 gr. atrop. sulph. under the skin of a similar-sized
dog, followed in half a minute by 5 minims HCy. Death with the same symp-
toms in half an hour.

Exp. XII. 2.314 P.M. Injected under skin of back of moderate-sized dog 1-20
gr. atropise sulphatis. 2.374. No effect appearing, injected 1-10 gr. atrop. sulph.
2.40. Pupils dilated. 2.41. Injected minims y acid. hydrocyan. dil. (U.S.P.)
2.45. Seems uneasy; licks his chaps constantly from the dryness of the mouth.
2.46. Can scarcely stand. 2.47. Felldown; howls; bladder emptied ; breath-

BIOLOGICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL DEPARTMENT. 7

ing laborious; opisthotonos. 2.48. General convulsions. 2.50. :Breathing
rapid and laborious. 3.40. Died.

That the dogs did not die from the atropia is evident, especially by reference
to Dr. Harley's experiments (On the old Vegetable Neurotics, pp. 198202),
where as much as one-fourth of a grain was given without producing more
than slight poisonous action.

I do not regard my experiments as sufficiently extended to be conclusive,
but as disproving a positive assertion they are of a certain importance.

On favorable report of the Committee, the following paper was
ordered to be published :

Case of Hypospadias—Male Hermaphrodism.
By Prof. CHrisTOPHER JoHNsTON, M.D., Baltimore.

“Tt is with Hermaphrodisms,” says Isidore Geof. St. Hilaire, “as with all
other anomalies: as we approach them the marvellous disappears; but their
scientific interest increases, and all particular facts, bound together by the-
ory, explained by simple considerations, present themselves to the observer as
the diverse but concordant consequences of a small number of principles
which govern the whole domain of teratology.

“Thus it is, whether we examine the reproductive apparatus of a male
hermaphrodite, or consider the totality of his physical constitution, or study
him in a moral point of view, we reach the same conclusion, namely, an
analogy more or less apparent with the conditions of femininity, but at bot-
tom an essentially masculine organization as well as tastes and proclivities.”

These reflections serve very appropriately to introduce the short history of
a case of so-called male hermaphrodism, in which, at the age of nineteen
years, the subject of it, having been previously looked upon as a girl, was
suddenly transformed into a boy by the decision of experts.

The case is as follows: X. Y., aged nineteen years, is of medium height,
fair complexion, blue eyes, brown hair, face feminine, voice puerile and beard
sprouting rather thickly for his age and slight figure. His general appear-
ance indicates health. It may be added that his gait and deportment are
decidedly girlish, for he drops his garments when stripping for examination ;
and he assures us that he assumed the position of the Venus accroupie when,
as in Father Tom's case, “ vesica sua simul erat rumpere”

He gives of himself the history we reproduce, and which is corroborated
by his mother and brother.

At birth he was looked upon as a girl normally developed, wherefore the
áge of seven years saw him still in frocks. At this period of his life he was
struck by a piece of falling timber upon the abdomen, and, his body under-
going investigation in consequence, a peculiarity in the conformation of his
outer genital parts was observed, but its nature was not ascertained nor, of
course, understood. As he was but slightly injured no connection was alleged be-
tween the accident and the abnormal development; and as no importance was
attached to his “peculiarity,” he was recommitted to frocks and the matter
forgotten. He continued to be regarded as a girl, wore the attire of a female,
and associated very intimately with girls of the period. Asa child he had a
remarkably fine voice, a boy's soprano, and was accustomed to sing at public
concerts; but at the age of fourteen his voice suddenly changed in quality,
became piping, and lost much of its original compass.

A few months ago—as he tells us—his beard began to grow, and this cir-
cumstance occasioned him great annoyance, by reason of the remark it excited.
Failing in his attempts to suppress the growth of hair upon his face, and stung
by the ill-natured remarks its presence evoked, he lopped off his long braids,
assumed the habiliments of a man, and fled from his maternal roof. It would
also appear that this conclusion was assisted by the opinion of a medical

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

gentleman, to whom, suspecting his proper sex, he had had recourse in order
to satisfy his doubts as to his sexual status.

Far from his home, chance now led him to our doer, and upon his request
we made a satisfactory examination.

His framework is that of a male. The mamma are undeveloped, the thorax
and limbs quite hairy, and the pubis and genitals unusually hirsute. A me-
dian fissure separated two apparent labia, and, as hair conceals all else, the
impression is decidedly womanly; nor is that impression altogether effaced
by drawing apart the labia, for the cleft extends deeply, seems to merge into
a small vagina, above which a mentus urinarius lies under the arch of the
pubis. But higher up a penis appears, one inch and three quarters in length,
by three-fourths in diameter, surrounded by an imperforate glans uncovered
by prepuce. A groove extends along the under surface of the penis, and runs
back to within one inch of the anus, being about three inches in length.
This groove, lined by mucous membrane, is the roof of the urethra, which
deepens posteriorly, and is finally concealed by overhanging scrotal pouches.
Traction upon these shows its termination in a deeply imbedded meatus,
which lies about half an inch anteriorly to a blind fossa about the size of a
crow quill in capacity and half an inch in depth. The meatus and cul de sac
are comprised in an oval space about an inch in length, bounded laterally by
an elevated ridge of mucous membrane, and posteriorly limited by a four-
chette.

The prepuce, dividing on the under surface of the penis, is continuous with
bands of mucous membrane, which simulate the labia minora of the female,
and are lost upon the inner sides of the scrota. The proximate surfaces of the
scrotal pouches have the character of mucous membrane, are red, vascular
and moist, and are traceable into the urethra and vaginoid cul de sac.

A careful examination with the finger in the rectum and a catheter in the
bladder, recognizes no trace of uterus, and the blind fossa which simulates a
rudimentary vagina appears to be independent of all other parts but the mu-
cous membrane which forms its walls. The indications of the existence of a
prostate are uncertain.

A small oval glandular body occupies each inguinal canal, has the form of
a testicle, but is softer to the touch. These bodies, lying just within the ex-
ternal abdominal ring, are the testicles, which have not descended beyond
that opening.

The sexual feeling is as feebly developed as the external parts of generation
— indeed it is somewhat doubtful if that feeling exist at all, as the statements
of X. Y.on this point are vague and unsatisfactory. He asserts that erection
of the penis sometimes takes place, accompanied with pain, but the organ
follows an unnatural bent—downwards.

We have evidently presented to us in this case an instance of arrest of
development dating from an early period of foetal life. The cleft is the origi-
nal sexual fissure; the corpora cavernosa have united above, leaving the
shallow groove beneath; the glans is imperforate, and the rest of the spongy
body is wanting; and the bladder and rectum are partitioned off from the
great inferior or genito-urinary and intestinal cloaca, the fundus of which
puts on the appearance of a little vagina. The sex of the individual is mani-
festly masculine; but X. Y. must be regarded as a very imperfectly sketched
male, and as affected with hypospadias of a remarkably decided as well as
interesting character.

September Bth.
Vice-Director, Wm. PepPER, M.D., in the Chair.
Eleven members present.

BIOLOGICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL DEPARTMENT. 9

October 8d, 1870.
Director S. W. MrrcHELL, M. D., in the Chair.

Thirteen members present.
The report of the Committee upon the Myiarchus cinerascens was
presented, as follows :

The Committee to which was referred the specimen of Myiarchus cineras-
cens vel Mexicanus, with * fungous growth of its feet, forwarded for investiga-
tion from the Smithsonian Institution of Washington, report that, although
the great changes which have taken place in the abnormal, formation by
drying render it impossible to determine with certainty its nature during the
life of the bird, they have been able to recognize the following characteris-
tics: Examined with a hand magnifying glass, the adventitious structure
was found to be porous, and to present a cellular appearance closely resem-
bling that of a section of mammalian lung which had been inflated and dried.
A thin slice immersed in liquor potassa or glycerin and examined with a
power of 200 diameters, was seen to be composed of bands of material resem-
bling fibrous tissue, arranged so as to form alveoli, each about 1-150th of an
inch in diameter with a wall of 1-600th of an inch in thickness. These alve-
oli frequently contained mycelial threads, apparenily of some fungus of the
Leptothrix type, and occasionally portions of Acari, resembling the 4. Sca-
becii, with their ova and excrement. It seemed improbable that this patholo-
gical product was the result of the integument covering the legs and feet, and
bearing even a fanciful analogy to the Llephantiasis of human beings ; first,
because a transverse section of one of the toes showed the black scaly skin
apparently unaltered beneath the fungous growth, which was readily peeled
off; second. because it covered the rather elongated claws of the bird with as
thick and firm a coating as that found upon the adjacent portion of the toes
supplied with its modified cuticle; and thirdly, from the absence of epithelial
or other similar cells in the sections examined, even with a high power (1200
diam.) Any hypothesis of its being a malignant growth springing from the
connective tissue beneath the integument was likewise deemed untenable,
not only on account of the circumstances just enumerated, but also because
the disease was so symmetrically developed upon both lower extremities ;
and your Committee was therefore, with some hesitation, led to assume that
the growth was really of a fungous nature, and perhaps bore some slight re-
semblance to those comparatively rare affections of our race, Favus and Tinea
tonsurans of the nails. The only fact which militated strongly against this
view was that, on burning a small fragment of the abnormal structure in the
flame of a spirit lamp, a decided animal odor was evolved, and a faint cloud
of ammonic-nitrate appeared when the smoking particle was brought in con-
tact with the vapor of nitric acid. Even this might be readily explained by
the existence in the mass of the various animal excretions with which such a
dense covering would probably be charged.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

(Signed) Jos. G. RICHARDSON,

Sept. 23d, 1870. HARRISON ALLEN.

On motion, the report was accepted, the Committee discharged,
and the Corresponding Secretary directed to transmit the document
- to the Smithsonian Institution.

À communication was presented from Prof. Baird, of the Smith-
sonian Institution, accompanied by a specimen of finely pulverized
material stated to have fallen in a dust shower over portions of
Vermont; to examine which Drs. J. G. Hunt and William Corbit
were appointed. |

Bo PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Sundry photographs, specimens of skin and some animal organ-
isms, dredged from the harbor of Newport, R. I., received from Mr.
Powell for distribution among the members, was presented.

November Tth, 1870.
Vice-Director, Wm. PEPPER, M.D., in the Chair.
Nine members present.

Dr. J. G. Hunt presented the following report in regard to the
dust shower, which was accepted, the Committee discharged, and
the Corresponding Secretary requested to forward the same to the
authorities at the Smithsonian Institution.

The Committee to whom the dust, sent by H. A. Cutting, and said to have |
fallen from the air in Vermont Feb. 12, 1870, was referred for examination,
make the following report:

The dust effervesced under the action of an acid. .

On microscopical examination we find'as follows :

Ist. Much granular amorphous matter.

2d. Many round or oval granules, perfectly transparent. These disappear
when treated with nitric acid. Itis probable that silica forms no part of
their composition.

3d. Spores of fungi or gonidia of some lichen.

4th. Diatoms.

5th. Fragments of vegetable cells, too imperfect for identification.

6th. Cells of coniferous wood—the genus Pinus—having the peculiar de-
posit characteristic of these cells absent in spots.

Tth. Other cells of coniferous wood with smaller markings than those of the
pine; five dots in a row and two parallel rows in each cell, and the cells ter-
minating transversely and not obliquely as in the pine.

8th. Many cells of an Alga, resembling red snow, or Protococus nivalis, or
Palmella eruenta, or Porphrydium, as the unfortuhate plant is now called,
These cells were in the stage of binary subdivision, well known in that Alga.

We see no reason to doubt that this dust is the ashes of some burning for-
est, which has been sifting the higher regions of the atmosphere with its mi-
croscopical fingers, gathering in its transit some recognized organisms and
many we could not identify. The distance it may have travelled we cannot
measure, nor is it important.

To the action of the winds Linnxus ascribes the importation into Europe
of the Conyza cerulea of Canada, which now infests the north of France.

Certain lichens from the mountains of Asia, taken up by whirlwinds,
travel âmong the clouds and, imbibing watery vapor upon the journey, grow
during their peregrinations, until they fall at vast distances from where they
started. “This rain of plants sometimes forms on those places a layer five
or six inches deep. Men feed upon them, and what they cannot consume is
given to the cattle.” We have been told by aronauts that they have seen
thistle seeds floating above the clouãs. If those heavierfbodies have been
carried vast distances, it is not improbable that this fine dust may have fol-
lowed a devious and far distant path.

Your Committee would request Mr. Cutting to send to this Section a copy
of his paper on Dust Storms, when completed.

AN of which is respectfully submitted.

(Signed) Dr. J. G. Hunt,
Dr. Wu. B. CorBiT.

=

BIOLOGICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL DEPARTMENT. 1

Dr. Tyson inquired of Dr. Hunt whether the effervescence with
acid did not indicate that the dust was composed of carbonates, to
which question Dr. Hunt replied in the affirmative.

November 21st, 1870.
(Conversational Meeting.)
“Director S. W. MrrcHELL, M. D., in the Chair.
Twelve members present.

Dr. Mitchell read an interesting account of a case of supposed
Guinea worm in a patient from South Carolina, showing the worm
itself, presumed to be allied to the Dracunculus, which he intended
to present at the approaching business meeting, and make applica-
tion for permission to publish the paper in the next number of the
American Journal of the Medical Sciences.

In the course of the conversational discussion to which this gave rise, Dr.
MircHELL stated that a similar case had occurred at the Wills' Hospital some
years since.

Dr. Coares remarked that not very long ago a horse was on exhibition,
and had been seen by many medical gentlemen, in which a worm was dis-
tinctly visible within the aqueous humor. He further inquired whether it
was known what mode of travelling through the tissues was adopted by the
ova in these cases.

Dr. Hozr thought there was little doubt that they made their first entrance
into the system in the water used for drinking.

Dr. Tysox considered that their mode of progress among the structures of
the body might be somewhat analogous to the remarkable amceboid move-
ments of the white blood corpuscles.

Dr. MiTcHELL mentioned in this connection a case where a piece of blunt-
pointed iron wire was removed at the instep of à patient whose leg it had en-
tered above the knee some time before.

Dr. Coares finally wished to know how the ovum of this parasite could
have made its way through the patient's flesh, been swallowed in the water
which she drank, or even existed at all in her neighborhood, when no other
specimen of its kind had ever been known to occur in the State of South Ca-

rolina.
e

=. ses maes

December 5th, 1870.
(Annual Meeting.)
Director S. W. MrrcmeLL, M. D., in the Chair.
Fourteen members present.

Dr. Mitchell requested that the paper of Dr. Priolieu, read at the
last conversational meeting, should be referred to a committee for
publication, if approved. On motion of Dr. Kenderdine, it was
voted that Dr. Leidy be appointed a Committee of one, to whom the
specimen and communication be referred.

Reports of the Recorder, the Corresponding Secretary and the
Treasurer, each giving abstracts of the affairs and transactions of

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the Section in their several departments during the year, were read
and accepted.

Dr. Isaac Norris and Mr. Warner were appointed to examine the
Treasurer's account, and, after investigation, reported that it was

found to be correct.

The annual elections being next in order, Dr. J. H. McQuillen
and Mr. T. W. Starr were requested to act as tellers, and the De-
partment proceeded to elect officers for the ensuing year, as follows :

Director, À À : S. W. Mitchell, M. D.
Vice-Director, ; ? Wm. Pepper, M. D.
Recorder, |. , : Jos. G. Richardson, M. D.
Corresponding Secretary, Prof. J. H. MceQuillen, M. D.
Treasurer, . ) . L. 8. Bolles, M. D.

Curator, |. é ; W. H. Walmsley.

Publication Committee.

Recorder, ex o7., Chairman, L. S. Bolles, M. D,,
F. W. Lewis, M. D., M. W. McAllister,
W. Pepper, M. D,, J. G. Hunt, M. D.

Committee of Curators.
Wm. H. Walmsley, ex 07., Chairman,

T. W. Starr, Wm. F. Norris, M. D,,

F. W. Lewis, M. D,, J. G. Richardson, M. D.
Committee of Auditors.

H. M. Bellows, M. D,, J. W. Queen,

W. McFadden.

" December 19th, 1870.
(Conversational Meeting.)
Dr. J. G. Huxr in the Chair.
Seven membersºpresent.

Mr. T. W. Starr exhibited a slide containing a specimen of a spe-
cies of Chelifer, a parasite of the common house fly, strongly resem-
bling a scorpion, also one showing scales of the Platessa plana or
Flounder, mounted in carbolic acid water.

In answer to a question from Dr. McQuillen, Mr. Starr stated
that his experience in the use of glycerin jelly had been by no
means satisfactory.

Prof. J. H. McQuillen exhibited a remarkable specimen of so-
called exostosis at the root of an upper molar tooth from the human
subject, the growth being more than an inch in diameter. Dr. Me-
Quillen gave some account of this curious case, and also showed
some specimens of teeth with calcified dentine, and under the mi-
croscope some thin sections of the same.

BIOLOGICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL DEPARTMENT. 13

INDEX.

on ERR ao cab onedoa so sró oco sounesor o cuantanço cone ane ana anna np Rad PR,
Amceboid movement in nuclei of vegetable cells...... ..ccemeenees cocercernneno 3
Atropia and hydrocyanic acid.................. cerese RPOPU REDE RAND RM dê ERRA gates 5
DGE NL aca co uns seno pon irros cos ssario te sines nen val dgas Sana ade na di fica una Ah 3
Calcified dentine............. nn aid Cond dd E 12
Case of Hypospadias, male hermaphrodism...............cecceeceneseresencocrereraco 7
RE DE GO OS PED, ses ceros can itro cescas gos vo avi ce nana» E Ran cp ug 12
CASE OF SUDDOSEA DESQUNENMS Suscasiosoco ceorcorcas once ceeiantsao cenmánca Pad ql
Class microscopes............ RO ss duo gua so nu ve cveo ço aa pn vA é dai ERRAR SE A Sa 2
Oheiiter SL ces csromocerscnds RORRRNR E A AI Ca A 12
CONTOS, Desses: Us ni sa vo sb un ao acer a condis NASA NOO DEN A Sd din UR 11
DR NR aos soc ce nvesaa capa co deieao rev saNpacs ETA Rar SRA DER 9
Dentinal ROM DR mncrmine ne cesocuecos coerio sdenni UA Ce RE NdE RS q 1
DOM RO NE R e cesssr sorria co trad benca Sind CONGO RR ADO 9, 10
rim Ada BAPEIRUNSO ooo unas noneo pone vasco vo PRPIRANNE LARES CE cdi ut AREA je 4
told and niver sininins GL CESDOB.......ss... sesccsrss cos sencs sos cnstuêniaro cnistenias 3
RR as rssrntecirecea soar amoo ia nia nado 3, 4,9, 10
Naa PEGE CUTLO NR O raso iso es cursores cacacor eo iris ave dh impas tea pia 7
DR RL ss iamecoceness versos castrta DRA ROMEO Pena 2, b
de oi RE RR o PPA AÇO AO ip O ES RR RR MPL ME 4
MENGRI POE NS heeótes o asse pan Niionda Supaço 1, 2,4, 12
MILCHON E: Miscessn cuecas DR bag bars sonnne sento banévo: pera canis q epa Sd; 11
MTINPONDE CHORA seems o cerosráso cout torre pantera vam dna 4, 9
a AR RR PRP PERO ge SO TD ONDAS RR RPA A RO 3
PRM DE DR e ce cecrraies viro st cs Door ana da aU EUA CU VANS 11
RR DADO ao an o seres eos Los cavior cvpenidavo a o done Ho 10
Mrchardson, d: Os iam ssa sic ani iu coo sab aci os eCaNtd! PERALTA E RAN 9
Saxafraga sarmentosa...........cese RSS EO só Cola dm boda RU di a DEAN 3
RARE, DO NV o cena RR RNA CA ORE Do eia a o 0 0 cú cao é int io ico praond av Mah pc RAS 2, 12
menticio Of maio RERDnrOnia ros ..ssosioo emo cacononiavenme morvepranboas dsebdio 2
E A TE RE o PAP E NE O REA PRA E CU RA SN 2, 10
RAD MR a o nrise rn seco erorancorcoserormatanai ion iianda ontas renda 2

Woodward, Col. J. J., report of on photo-micrography .....s... PARE 3

QH Academy of natural scienes
1 of Philadelphia
A2 Proceedings

V.22

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& Medical
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