HARVARD UNIVERSITY Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 'i* f L ♦ ■.ü' t j . ! * k.. A k 4 » ' iH. ■‘ . I' ” ; / j 4 XVII CONCRESSUS INTERNATIONALB ORNITHOLOCICUS Berlin (V\fest)Germany,4-11 June1978 ACTA ACTA XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICI BERLIN 5.— 11. VI. 1978 HERAUSGEGEBEN VON ROLF NÖHRING BAND I VERLAG DER DEUTSCHEN ORNITHOLOGEN-GESELLSCHAET BERLIN 1980 Die Vignette, die auch als Kongreßabzeichen diente, stellt einen Hahn der Großtrappe Otis tarda zu Beginn der Balzhandlungen dar. Die Großtrappe ist ein seltener Brutvogel in der weiteren Umgebung Berlins. © 1980 Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Zoologischer Garten Alle Rechte Vorbehalten Printed in Germany ISBN 3-9800511-0-2 5 DIE INTERNATIONALEN ORNITHOLOGEN-KONGRESSE 1884-1978 Ort Jahr I Vienna 1884 II Budapest 1891 III Paris 1900 IV London 1905 V Berlin 1910 VI Copenhagen 1926 VII Amsterdam 1930 VIII Oxford 1934 IX Rouen 1938 X Uppsala 1950 XI Basel 1954 XII Helsinki 1958 XIII Ithaca 1962 XIV Oxford 1966 XV Den Haag 1970 XVI Canberra 1974 ^VII Berlin 1978 Präsident Dr. G. F. R. Radde Prof. Victor Fatio und Otto Herman Dr. Emile Oustalet R. Bowdler Sharpe Prof. Dr. Anton Reichenow Dr. E. J. O. Hartert Prof. Dr. A. J. E. Lönnberg Prof. Dr. Erwin Stresemann Prof. Alessandro Ghigi Dr. Alexander Wetmore Sir Landsborough Thomson Prof. J. Berlioz Dr. Ernst Mayr Dr. David Lack Prof. Dr. Nikolaas Tinbergen, 1966—1969 Prof. Dr. Finn Salomonsen, 1969-1970 Prof. Dr. Jean Dorst Prof. Dr. D. S. Farner Generalsekretär Dr. Gustav von Hayek Jean de Claybrooke Dr. E. J. O. Hartert J. Lewis Bonhote Herman Schalow E. Lehn Schioler Prof. Dr. L. F. de Beaufort Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain Jean Delacour Prof. Dr. Sven Hörstadius Prof. Dr. Adolf Portmann Dr. Lars von Haartman Dr. Charles G. Sibley Prof. Dr. N. Tinbergen Prof. Dr. Karel H. Voous Dr. H. J. Frith Rolf Nöhring 6 VERZEICHNIS DER ERÜHEREN KONGRESSBERICHTE I. Sitzungs-Protokolle des ersten Internationalen Ornithologen-Congresses, der vom 7. bis 11. April 1884 in Wien abgehalten wurde. Wien, Verlag des Ornithologischen Ver¬ eines in Wien, 1884. vi-|-[90] p. Mitteilungen des Ornithologischen Vereins Wien, Band viii-x, 1884 — 86. II. Bericht... Zweiter Internationaler Ornithologischer Congress, Budapest, 1892. (Blasius) [n.p.; 1891] 58 p. III. IIP Congres Ornithologique international, Paris/26 — 30 juin 1900. Compte rendu des seances publie par E. Oustalet ... et J. de Claybrooke . . . Masson et Cie, Paris, xii -f- 503 p. 1901. [ = Ornis, vol. 1 1] IV. Proceedings of the Fourth International Ornithological Congress, London/June 1905. Edited by R. B. Sharpe, E. J. O. Hartert, and J. L. Bonhote. Dulau & Co., London. 696 p. 1907. [= Ornis, vol. 14] V. Verhandlungen des V. Internationaler Ornithologen-Kongresses, Berlin 30. Mai bis 4. Juni 1910. Herausgegeben von Herman Schalow . . . Deutsche Ornithologische Gesellschaft, Berlin. x-|-1186p. 1911. VI. Verhandlungen des VI. Internationalen Ornithologen-Kongresses in Kopenhagen, 1926. Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Steinbacher. Berlin, vi-t-641 p. 1929. VII. Proceedings of the Vllth International Ornithological Congress at Amsterdam. Amsterdam, vii-f-527 p. 1931. VIII. Proceedings of the Eighth International Ornithological Congress/Oxford/July 1934. Edited by F. C. R. Jourdain. Oxford University Press, Oxford, x-f-761 p. 1938. IX. IX^ Congres Ornithologique International/Rouen — 9 Au 13 Mai 1938. Compte Rendu publie par Jean Delacour . . . Rouen. 543 p. 1938. X. Proceedings of the Xth International Ornithological Congress/Uppsala/June 1950. Edited by Sven Hörstadius. Almqvist & Wiksells, Uppsala. 662 p. 1951. XI. Acta XI Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici/Basel 29. V. — 5. VI. 1954. Heraus¬ gegeben von Adolf Portmann und Ernst Sutter. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel und Stuttgart 680 p. 1955. XII. Proceedings/XII International Ornithological Congress/Helsinki. 5.— 12. VI. 1958. Edited by G. Bergman, K. O. Donner, L. v. Haartman. Tilgmannin Kirjapaino, Helsinki. 2 vol. 820 p. 1960. XIII. Proceedings XIII International Ornithological Congress/Ithaca 17 — 24 June 1962, Editor; Charles G. Sibley. Published by The Ornithologist’s Union, Baton Rouge, Lousiana. 2 vol. xvi -f 1246 p. 1963. XIV. Proceedings of the XIV International Ornithological Congress/Oxford 24 — 30July 1966. Edited by D. W. Snow. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford and Edinburgh, xxiv 4-405 p. 1967. XV. Proceedings of the XVth International Ornithological Congress/The Hague 30 August— 5 September 1970. Edited by K. H. Voous. E. J. Brill, Leiden viii -p 745 p 1972. XVI. Proceedings of the 16th International Ornithological Congress/Canberra 12-17 August 1974. Edited by H. J. Erith and J. H. Calaby. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, xviii 4- 765 p. 1976. 7 Zu diesem Bande Die beiden Bände über die Verhandlungen des Ornithologenkongresses, die ich hier vorlege, tragen einen lateinischen Titel, mit dem der internationale Charakter dieser Veröffentlichung unterstrichen werden soll. Gemäß dem Sprachgebrauch der Gastge¬ ber ist der Bericht über die Vorbereitungen und den Verlauf des Kongresses deutsch abgefaßt. Der allgemeine Teil ist, wo notwendig, mit englischen Untertiteln versehen, die Vorträge und Kurzfassungen sind in der Sprache wiedergegeben, die der jeweilige Autor gewählt hat. Der Umfang der Veröffentlichung ergab sich aus dem Zugeständnis beliebigen Druckraumes an die Plenarvortragenden und von fünf Druckseiten für jeden Sympo¬ sionsbeitrag. 183 Symposionsbeiträge erforderten dann doch 1100 Seiten. Die Kurzfas¬ sungen der Tafelvorträge sind aus Kostengründen unverändert in der während des Kongresses vorgelegten Form und mit den darin enthaltenen Mängeln übernommen. Die Kurzfassungen der Gruppengespräche sind mit unverändertem Text neu gesetzt. Die Titel und die Inhaltsangaben der Filme entsprechen dem Filmprogramm. Die übersichtliche Anordnung von Beiträgen der verschiedensten Richtungen bedingt Kompromisse. Themenverwandte Symposia sind hintereinandergestellt (siehe auch Seite 176). Ein ausführliches Inhaltsverzeichnis steht hinter diesem Vorwort. Mit einem alphabetischen Verzeichnis aller Autoren (ohne die Titel ihrer Beiträge) und einem Index der wissenschaftlichen Vogelnamen am Schluß des zweiten Bandes habe ich versucht, den Stoff zugänglicher zu machen. Der Übersichtlichkeit nicht dienlich ist die Zerlegung der Verhandlungen in zwei Bände, doch wäre ein Band mit fast 1500 Seiten unhandlich und wenig haltbar gewesen. Die Manuskripte der Beiträge zu den einzelnen Symposia sind von den jeweiligen Symposionsleitern gelesen und gegebenenfalls bearbeitet worden — so wurde mir jedenfalls versichert. Den größeren Teil der Manuskripte und die betreffenden Korrek¬ turfahnen haben Dr. George A. Clark und Dr. David Snow gelesen, die deutschspra¬ chigen Dr. Dieter Peters. Weitere Korrekturen englischsprachiger Fahnen haben Prof. H.-R. Duncker, Prof. Klaus Immelmann und Dr. Peters vorgenommen. Ihnen allen schulde ich Dank für ihre Hilfe, außerdem Dr. Snow für seine liebenswürdigen und stets wohlbegründeten Ratschläge und meiner Sekretärin, Fräulein Regine Damm, für ihre vielseitige Mitarbeit. Die Umbruchkorrekturen habe ich sämtlich selbst vorge¬ nommen und mich dabei zuweilen gefragt: quis leget haec? Die Herausgabe der Verhandlungen war nur möglich durch die finanzielle Hilfe der Stiftung Deutsche Klassenlotterie Berlin. Für diese großzügige Förderung einer inter¬ nationalen Publikation sind wir dem Stiftungsrat und Herrn Direktor Franz Ehrke zu großem Dank verpflichtet. Ein Wechsel der Druckerei während des Absetzens der Manuskripte, aber auch andere sachliche und persönliche Schwierigkeiten haben das Erscheinen der Verhand¬ lungen über Gebühr verzögert. Soweit ich dafür verantwortlich bin, bitte ich um die Nachsicht der Autoren und Leser. Berljn, im Oktober 1980 Rolf Nöhring Generalsekretär 9 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Table of Contents Die Internationalen Ornithologen-Kongresse 1 884— 1978 . 5 Verzeichnis der früheren Kongreßberichte . 6 Zu diesem Bande . 7 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Komitees . 18 Mitglieder des Kongresses . 19 Bericht des Generalsekretärs . 40 Decisions of the International Ornithological Committee . 49 The Permanent Executive Committee 1978 — 1982 . 50 The International Ornithological Committee 1978 — 1982 50 Statutes and By-Laws of the International Ornithological Committee . 55 Report of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature . 61 Report of the Standing Committee for the Coordination of Seabird Research . 63 Plenarvorträge / Plenary Lectures . 69 Symposia . 175 Gruppengespräche / Special Interest Groups . 1337 Tafelvorträge / Poster Presentations . 1345 Eilme . 1417 Programmübersichten / Program OverView . 1437 Index der Autoren / Index of Authors . 1443 Index der Vogelnamen / Index of Genera and Species . 1449 PLENARVORTRÄGE Plenary Lectures PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS Farner, D. S.: The Regulation of the Annual Cycle of the White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii . 71 MEMORIAL LECTURES Lorenz, K.: In memoriam Oskar Heinroth . 83 Mayr, E.: Problems of the Classification of Birds, a Progress Report. Erwin Stresemann Memorial Lecture . 95 PLENARY LECTURES Aschoff, J. : Biological Clocks in Birds . 113 Keeton, W. T.: Avian Orientation and Navigation: New Developments in an Old Mystery . 137 Perrins, C. M.: Survival of Young Great Tits, Parus major. . 159 10 Inhaltsverzeichnis SYMPOSIA FUNCTIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGY - THE ANALYTIC ANALYSIS OL AVIAN ADAPTATIONS Bock, W. J. : How are Morphological Features Judged Adaptive . 181 Bühler, P.; Zur Methodik funktionsmorphologischer Untersuchungen . 185 Burton, P. J. K.: Studies of Functional Anatomy in Birds Utilising Museum Specimens . . 190 ZwEERS, G.: Experimental Functional Analysis and Formulation of Causal Models . 195 Leisler, B.: Ökomorphologische Freiland- und Laboratoriumsuntersuchungen . 202 ZiswiLER, V. : Uses of Adaptational Analysis in Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Study . . . . 209 NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY - GENERAL ASPECTS AND THE CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION Oksche, A. : The Neuroanatomical Basis of Avian Neuroendocrine Systems . 217 Calas, A. & O. Bosler: Monoaminergic and Peptidergic Systems of the Avian Hypothala¬ mus (with Special Reference to the Median Eminence and the Organum Vasculosum Laminae Terminalis) . 223 Kobayashi, H.; Morphology and Function of the Subfornical Organ of the Circumventri- cular System in Relation to Drinking Behavior . 228 Bayle, J. D.: Photoreception and the Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Involved in the Photo¬ sexual Reflex in Birds . 233 Follett, B. K. : Gonadotrophin Secretion in Seasonally Breeding Birds and its Control by Daylength . 239 Sharp, P. J.: The Endocrine Control of Ovulation in Birds . 245 OSMOREGULATION IN BIRDS Simon, E., H. T. Hammel & Ch. Simon-Oppermann: Central Components and Input Fac¬ tors in the Control of Salt Gland Activity . 251 Dantzler, W. H.; Renal Glomerular and Tubulär Contributions to Osmoregulation .... 257 McNabb, F. M. A. & R. A. McNabb: Nitrogen Excretion by the Avian Kidney . 263 Skadhauge, E.: Quantitative Interaction of Kidney and Cloaca in Bird Osmoregulation . . 268 Thomas, D. H.: Hormonal Control of Water and Electrolyte Transport by the Avian Intestine . 275 AVIAN ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS Weathers, W. W.: Seasonal and Geographie Variation in Avian Standard Metabolie Rate 283 Hainsworth, F. R. : Patterns of Energy Use in Birds . 287 Bryant, D. M. & K. R. Westerterp: Energetics of Foraging and Free Existence in Birds 292 Walsberg, G. E.: Energy Expenditure in Free-living Birds: Patterns and Diversity . 300 O’CoNNOR, R. J. : Energetics of Reproduction in Birds . 306 King, J. R.: Energetics of Avian Moult . 312 TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN BIRDS Rautenberg, W.: Temperature Regulation in Cold Environment . 321 Richards, S. A.: Physiology of Heat Dissipation . 326 Graf, R. : Diurnal Cycles of Thermoregulation and Hypotherrnia . 331 Hammel, H. T.: The Controlling System for Temperature Regulation . 336 GIRCULATION AND RESPIRATION Johansen, K. : Aspects of Cardiovascular Function in Birds . 345 Duncker, H. R.: Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System . 350 Scheid, P.: Ventilation and Gas Exchange in the Lung . 355 Fedde, M. R., J. P. Kiley & W. D. Kuhlmann: Are Avian Intrapulmonary Chemorecep- tors Involved in the Control of Breathing? . 360 Inhaltsverzeichnis 11 Berger, M.: Aspects of Bird Flight Respiration . . 365 Lomholt, J. P.: Ontogenetic Development of Respiration in Birds . 370 FLIGHT: AERODYNAMICS AND ENERGETICS Nachtigall, W.: Bird Flight: Kinematics of Wing Movement and Aspects of Aero- dynamics . 377 Dathe, Fi. H. & H. Oehme: Kinematik und Energetik des Rüttelfluges mittelgroßer Vögel 384 FiuMMEL, D.: The Aerodynamic Characteristics of Slotted Wing-tips in Soaring Birds ... 391 Kokshaysky, N. V.: On the Structure of the Wake of a Flying Bird . 397 Rothe, H.-J. & W. Nachtigall: Physiological and Energetic Adaptations of Flying Birds, Measured by the Wind Tunnel Technique. A Survey . 400 PHYSIOLOGY OF GIRGADIAN RHYTHMS Gwinner, E.: Relationship between Circadian Activity Patterns and Gonadal Eunction: Evidence for Internal Coincidence? . 409 Hartwig, H. G.: Hypothalamic and Extrahypothalamic Brain Centers Involved in the Control of Circadian and Circannual Photoneuroendocrine Mechanisms . 417 Takahashi, J. S. & M. Menaker: On the Organization of Avian Circadian Systems: The Role of the Pineal and Suprachiasmatic Nuclei . 425 Simpson, S. M. & B. K. Follett: Investigations on the Possible Roles of the Pineal and the Anterior Hypothalamus in Regulation Circadian Activity Rhythms in Japanese Quail 435 Yokoyama, K. : The Possible Role of the Pineal in Photoperiodic Time Measurement in Two Species of Passerine Birds . 439 GONTROL OF ANNUAL RHYTHMS Jallageas, M. & I. Assenmacher: Annual Endocrine Cycles in male Teal (Anas crecca) and Peking Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) . 447 Haase, E.: The Control of the Annual Gonadal Cycle of Wild Mallard Drakes; Some Endocrinological Aspects . 453 Meier, A. H., B. R. Ferrell & L. J. Miller: Circadian Components of the Circannual Mechanism in the White-throated Sparrow . 458 Wingfield, J. C. & D. S. Farner: Temporal Aspects of the Secretion of Luteinizing Hor¬ mone and Androgen in the White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys . 463 Sharp, P. J. : The Role of the Testes in the Initiation and Maintenance of Photorefractori- ness . 468 Berthold, P.: Die endogene Steuerung der Jahresperiodik: Eine kurze Übersicht . 473 Turek, E. W.: The Role of the Pineal Cland in the Regulation of Annual Reproductive Cycles in Birds and Mammals; A Comparative Approach . 479 EGOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BIORHYTHMS Wyndham, E.: Aspects of Biorhythms in the Budgerigar Me/opsittacus undulatus (Shaw), a Parrot of Inland Australia . 485 SossiNKA, R.: Reproductive Strategies of Estrildid Finches in Different Climate Zones of the Tropics: Gonadal Maturation . 493 PATTERNS OF BIRD MIGRATION - THE GEOGRAPHICAL, METEOROLOGICAL, AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASPECTS Richardson, W. J.; Autumn Landbird Migration over the Western Atlantic Ocean as Evi¬ dent from Radar . 501 Prater, A. J.: Migration Patterns of Waders (Charadrii) in Europe . 507 Zink, G.: Räumliche Zugmuster europäischer Singvögel . 512 Gauthreaux Jr., S. A.: The Influence of Global Climatological Factors on the Evolution of Bird Migratory Pathways . 517 12 Inhaltsverzeichnis ORIENTATION IN MIGRATORY BIRDS Klein, H.: Modifying Influences of Environmental Factors on a Time-Distance-Program in Bird Migration . 529 R-VBOl, J.: Is Bicoordinate Navigation i^cluded in the Inherited Programme of the Migra- tory Route? . 535 Able, K. P. : Evidence on Migratory Orientation from Radar and Visual Observations: North America . 540 Bruderer, B.: Radar Data on the Orientation of Migratory Birds in Europe . 547 Emlen, St. T.: Decision Making by Nocturnal Bird Migrants: The Integration of Multiple Cues . 553 WiLTSCHKO, W. : The Relative Importance and Integration of Different Directional Cues Düring Ontogeny . 561 MECHANISMS OF GOAL ORIENTATION Papi, F., P. Ioale, V. Fiaschi, S. Benvenuti & N. E. Baldaccini: Olfactory and Magnetic Cues in Pigeon Navigation . 569 Benvenuti, S., N. E. Baldaccini, V. Fiaschi, P. Ioale & F. Papi: Pigeon Homing: A Com- parison Between Recent Results Obtained in Different Countries . 574 Schmidt-Koenig, K. : On the Role of Olfactory Cues in Pigeon Homing . 579 Kreithen, M. L. : New Sensory Cues for Bird Navigation . 582 Walcott, Ch.: Effects of Magnetic Fields on Pigeon Orientation . 588 Kiepenheuer, J.: The Importance of Outward Journey Information in the Process of Pigeon Homing . 593 WiLTSCHKO, R. : The Development of Sun Compass Orientation in Young Homing Pigeons . 599 Wallraff, H. G.; Homing Strategy of Pigeons and Implications for the Analyse of their Initial Orientation . 604 ECOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF HEARING Iljitschew, W.: Oekologische Ansätze zur Klassifikation der Adaptationen des Hörsy¬ stems . 611 Saunders, J. C.: Frequency Selectivity in Parakeet Hearing: Behavioral and Physiological Evidence . 615 Feduccia, A. : Morphology of the Bony Stapes (Columella) in Birds: Evolutionary Implica¬ tions . 620 Clark, R. J., D. J. Myers, B. L. Stanley & L. H. Kelso: The Relationship between the Microanatomical Development of Auricular/Conch Feathers (limbus facialis) of Owls and their Foraging Ecology . 625 Saiff, E.: Middle Ear Anatomy of the Struthioniformes . 631 NEUROETHOLOGY OF BIRDSONG Marler, P.: Song Learning, Dialects and Auditory Templates: An Ethological Viewpoint . 637 Nottebohm, F. : Neutral Pathways for Song Control: A Good Place to Study Sexual Dimorphism, Hormonal Influences, Hemispheric Dominance and Learning . 642 Arnold, A. P.: Anatomical and Electrophysiological Studies of Sexual Dimorphism in a Passerine Vocal Control System . 648 Rogers, L. J.: Functional Lateralisation in the Chicken Fore-Brain Revealed by Cyclo- heximide Treatment . 653 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BIRD SONG Todt, D. & H. Hultsch: Functional Aspects of Sequence and Hierarchy in Song Struc- ture . 663 WoLFFGRAMM, J.: The Role of Periodicities in Avian Vocal Communication . 671 Thimm, F.: The Function of Feedback-Mechanism in Bird Song . . 677 Helversen, D. V.: Structure and Function of Antiphonal Duets . 682 Krebs, J. R. & M. L. Hunter: Structure and Function in Great Tit Song . 689 Inhaltsverzeichnis NEUROANATOMY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE AUDITORY SYSTEM Manley, G. A.: Response Characteristics of Auditory Neurons in ihe Cochlear Ganglion of the Starling . 697 Rubel, E. W.: Experiential Afferent Influences and Development in the Avian N. Magno- cellularis and N. Laminaris . 701 Sachs, M. B., N. K. Woolf & J. M. Sinnott: Response Properties of Avian Auditory- Nerve Fibers and Medullary Neurons . 710 CoLES, R. B.: Functional Organization of Auditory Centres in the Midbrain of Birds .... 714 Knudsen, E. L: Sound Localization on the Neuronal Level . 718 Scheich, H.: Auditory Midbrain and Forebrain Units in the Guinea Fowl (Numida melea- gris): Degrees of Specialization for Focal Properties of Calls . 724 Leppelsack, H. J.; Response Selectivity of Auditory Forebrain Neurons in a Songbird . . . 728 ECOLOGY OF VOCALIZATIONS Morton, E. S.: The Ecological Background for the Evolution of Vocal Sounds Used at Close Range . 737 Brown, R. N. & R. E. Lemon: The Effect of Sympatric Relatives on the Evolution of Song 742 Volume II DYNAMICS OF SPECIES COMMUNITIES Fritz, R. S.: Consequences of Insular Population Structure: Distribution and Extinction of Spruce Grouse Populations in the Adirondack Mountains . 757 Karr, J. R. : Turnover Dynamics in a Tropical Continental Avifauna . 764 Järvinen, O.: Dynamics of North European Bird Communities . 770 Diamond, J. M.: Species Turnover in Island Birds Communities . 777 Willis, E. O.: Species Reduction in Remanescent Woodlots in Southern Brazil . 783 Dowsett, R. J. : Post-pleistocene Changes in the Distributions of African Montane Forest Birds . 787 FLOCKING BEHAVIOUR Krebs, J. R. & C. J. Barnard: Comments on the Function of Flocking in Birds . 795 Drent, R.: Goose Flocks and Food Exploitation: How to Have your Cake and Eat It . . . 800 Caraco, Th.: Time Budgets and Flocking Dynamics . 807 PowELL, G. V. N.: Mixed Species Flocking as a Strategy for Neotropical Residents . 813 BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PAIR-BOND CouLSON, J. C.: A Study of the Factors Influencing the Duration of the Pair-Bond in the Kittiwake Gull Rissa tridactyla . 823 IMPRINTING Landsberg, J.-W.: Hormones and Filial Imprinting . 837 Miller, D. B. : Beyond Sexual Imprinting . 842 SjöLANDER, S.: A Methodological Critique of Imprinting . 847 Berndt, R. & W. Winkel: Field Experiments on Problems of Imprinting to the Birthplace in the Pied ¥\yCcLtcher Ficedula hypoleuca . 851 ALTRUISM IN BIRDS Ligon, J. D.: Communal Breeding in Birds: An Assessment of Kinship Theory . 857 Dyer, M. & C. H. Ery: The Origin and Role of Helpers in Bee-Eaters . 862 Vehrencamp, S. L.: To Skew or not to Skew? . 869 Dow, D. D.: Systems and Strategies of Communal Breeding in Australian Birds . 875 14 Inhaltsverzeichnis Gaston, A. J.: Pair Territories and Group Territories — The Nature of the Adaptive Landscape . 882 WooLFENDEN, G. E. : The Selfish Behavior of Avian Altruists . 886 Bertram, B. C. R.: Breeding System and Strategies of Ostriches . 890 Emlen, St. T. & N. J. Demong: Bee-Eaters: An Alternative Route to Cooperative Breeding? . 895 SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF CONSERVATION King, W. B.: Ecological Basis of Extinction in Birds . 905 CoocH, F. G. & Fi. Boyd: Waterfowl Conservation in North America . 912 SwANSON, G. A.: Techniques to Improve Nesting Success in Birds . 918 Ripley, S. D.: The Potential of Captive Breeding to Save Endangered Bird Species . 923 PESTICIDES AND WILDLIFE IN THE THIRD WORLD Risebrough, R. W.: Organochlorine Contamination of the Peruvian Coastal Ecosystem: Baseline Levels in 1969 . 929 Peakall, D. B.; Pollutant Levels and their Effects on Raptoral and Eish-Eating Birds .... 935 Smies, M.: The Effects of Tsetse Ely Control Measures on Birds in West Africa . 942 Kiff, L. E. & D. B. Peakall: Eggshell Thinning and Organochlorine Residues in the Bat and Aplomado Falcons in Mexico . 949 TROPICAL ECOLOGY Terborgh, J. : Causes of Tropical Species Diversity . 955 Kikkawa, J., T. E. Lovejoy & P. S. FFumphrey: Structural Complexity and Species Cluster- ing of Birds in Tropical Rainforests . 962 Diamond, J. M.: Why are Many Tropical Bird Species Distributed Patchily with Respect to Available Fiabitat? . 968 Pearson, D. L.: Patterns of Foraging Ecology for Common and Rarer Bird Species in Tropical Lowland Forest Communities . 974 Faaborg, J.: Patterns in the Nonpasserine Component of Tropical Avifaunas . 979 FduLSMAN, K.: Feeding and Breeding Strategies of Sympatric Terns on Tropical Islands . . 984 EVOLUTION OE HABITAT UTILIZATION Karr, J. R. : Flistory of the Fiabitat Concept in Birds and the Measurement of Avian Fiabi- tats . . 991 CooKE, F. & K. F. Abraham: Habitat and Locality Selection in Lesser Snow Geese: the Role of Previous Experience . 998 Terborgh, J.: Vertical Stratification of a Neotropical Forest Bird Community . 1005 CoDY, M. L.: Evolution of Habitat Use: Geographie Perspectives . 1013 Liversidge, R. : Seasonal Changes in the Use of Avian Habitat in Southern Africa . 1019 Keast, A.: The Evolution of Habitat Specializations in Space and Time . 1025 Leisler, B.: Morphologie und Habitatnutzung europäischer Hcrocep/i^t/wi-Arten . 1031 RESOURCE UTILIZATION, COMPETITION, AND AVIAN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE PiTELKA, F. A., J. P. Myers & P. G. CoNNORS: Spatial and Resource-Use Patterns in Win- tering Shorebirds: The Sanderling in Central Coastal California . 1041 ZwARTS, L. : Intra- and Interspecific Competition for Space in Estuarine Bird Species in a One-prey Situation . 1045 Cousins, St.: On some Relationships Between Energy and Diversity Models of Eco¬ systems . 1051 Holmes, R. T. : Resource Exploitation Patterns and the Structure of a Forest Bird Com¬ munity . 1056 Wiens, J. A. & J. T. Rotenberry: Bird Community Structure in Cold Shrub Deserts: Competition or Chaos? . 1063 Inhaltsverzeichnis 15 CoDY, M. L.; Species Packing in Insectivorous Bird Communities: Density, Diversity, and Productivity . 1071 Ulfstrand, St.: Avifaunistic Enrichment and Bird Community Saturation . 1078 Herrera, C. M.: Seasonal Patterns in Bird Community Organization. Local and Global approaches . 1082 Wiens, J. A.: Concluding Comments: Are Bird Communities Real? . 1088 BIOLOGY OF NECTAR FEEDING BIRDS Ewald, P. W. : Energetics of Resource Defense: An Experimental Approach . 1093 Carpenter, F. L. & R. E. MacMillen: Resource Limitation, Foraging Strategies, and Community Structure in Hawaiian Honeycreepers . 1100 Wolf, L. L. & F. B. Gill: Resource Gradients and Gommunity Organization of Nectari- vorous Birds . 1105 EGOLOGY AND SYSTEMATIGS OF THE GENUS PASSER Barnard, C. J.: Flock Organization and Feeding Budgets in a Field Population of House S^diVrows (Passer domesticus) . 1117 North, C. A. : Attentiveness and Nesting Behavior of the Male and Female House Spar- vo'w (Passer domesticus)'\n'^'\scons\n . 1122 ScHiFFERLi, L. : Changes in the Fat Reserves in Female House Sparrows Passer domesticus during Egg Laying . 1129 Blem, Gh. R. : Multiple Regression Analyses of Mid-Winter Lipid Levels in the House , Passer domesticus . 1136 Barlow, J. C.: Adaptive Responses in Skeletal Characters of the New World Population of Passer montanus . 1143 Morel, G. J. & M.-Y. Morel: Has the Golden Sparrow replaced the Black-faced Dioch in WestAfrica? . 1150 Murphy, E. C. : Body Size of House Sparrows: Reproductive and Survival Correlates ... 1155 Anderson, T. R. : Comparison of Nestling Diets of Sparrows, Passer spp., Within and Between Habitats . 1162 GO-EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMS IN BIRDS Stiles, F. G.: Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects of Bird-Flower Coadaptations . 1173 Frost, P. G. H.: Fruit-Frugivore Interactions in a South African Coastal Dune Forest ... 1179 Balda, R. P. : Are Seed Caching Systems Co-Evolved? . 1185 Snow, D. W.: Regional Differences Between Tropical Floras and the Evolution of Frugi- vory . 1192 Smith, N. G.: Some Evolutionary, Ecological, and Behavioural Correlates of Communal Nesting by Birds with Wasps or Bees . 1199 DYNAMICS OF SPECIES COMMUNITIES - NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN SYSTEMATIGS Prager, E. M. & A. C. Wilson: Phylogenetic Relationships and Rates of Evolution in Birds . 1209 SiBLEY, Ch. G. & J. E. Ahlquist: The Relationship of the “Primitive Insect Eaters” (Aves: Passeriformes) as Indicated by DNA x DNA Hybridization . 1215 Jacob, J. : The Pattern of Uropygial Gland Secretions as a Ghemotaxonomic Parameter in Avian Systematics . 1221 Shields, G. F.: Avian Cytogenetics: New Methodology and Gomparative Results . 1226 Voous, K. H.: New Developments in Avian Systematics: A Summary of Results . 1232 REGENT ADVANCES IN AVIAN PALEONTOLOGY Martin, L. D.: Foot-Propelled Diving Birds of the Mesozoic . 1237 Feduccia, A. : Evolution von Enten und Flamingos . 1243 16 Inhaltsverzeichnis SPECIATION IN SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS Haffer, J.: Avian Speciation Patterns in Upper Amazonia . 1251 VuiLLEUMiER, F. : Speciation in Birds of the High Andes . 1256 Olrog, C. Ch.: A Comparison of Suboscine and Oscine Radiation . 1262 Short, L. L.; Speciation in South American Woodpeckers . 1268 Fitzpatrick, J. W.: Some Aspects of Speciation in South American Flycatchers . 1273 REGENT TRENDS IN BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Ball, I. : The Status of Historical Biogeography . 1283 SiMBERLOFF, D.: Dynamic Equilibrium Island Biogeography: The Second Stage . 1289 VuiLLEUMiER, F. : Reconstructing the Curse of Speciation . 1296 Cracraft, J.: Avian Phylogeny and Intercontinental Biogeographic Patterns . 1302 URBANI2ATION Tomialojc, L.: Breeding Success and Production of Young in Urban and Rural Wood- pigeons in Silesia . 1311 Cramp, St. : Changes in the Breeding birds of Inner London since 1900 . 1316 Erskine, A. J. : Urban Birds in the Context of Canadian Climate and Settlement . 1321 Batten, L. A. : Some Problems of Conserving Birds in an Urban Area . 1327 Feare, Ch. J.; Local Movements of Starlings in Winter . 1331 GRUPPENGESPRÄCHE Special Interest Groups Kurzfassungen / Abstracts . 1337 TAFELVORTRÄGE Poster Presentations Kurzfassungen / Abstracts . 1345 FILME Kurzfassungen / Abstracts . 1417 INDICES Programmübersichten / Program Overview . 1437 Index der Autoren / Index of Authors . 1443 Index der Vogelnamen / Index of Genera and Species . 1449 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOEOGICUS 18 PERMANENT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1974-1978 Prof. Dr. Walter Bock Dr. Harry J. Frith Prof. Dr. Urs Glutz von Blotzheim Prof. Dr. Klaus Immelmann Christian Jouanin William H. Phelps Dr. David W. Snow Prof. Dr. Karel H. Voous PRÄSIDENT DES XVII. KONGRESSES President Prof. Dr. Donald S. Farner VIZEPRÄSIDENTEN Vice-Presidents Prof. Dr. Lars Baron von Haartman Dr. D. L. Serventy GENERALSEKRETÄR Secretary-General Rolf Nöhring AUSSCHUSS EÜR DAS WISSENSCHAFTLICHE PROGRAMM Scientific Program Committee Prof. Dr. Klaus Immelmann (Vorsitz/Chairman) Dr. Peter Berthold Prof. Dr. Vladimir D. Ilyichev Prof. Dr. Walter Bock Dr. David W. Snow Prof. Dr. Jean Dorst Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wiltschko Dr. Eberhard Gwinner FILME Films Prof. Dr. Georg Rüppell DEUTSGHER BERATENDER AUSSCHUSS German Advisory Committee Rolf Nöhring (Vorsitz/Chairman) Prof. Dr. Heinz-Georg Klös (stellv. Vorsitz/Vice-Chairman) Dr. Hans Frädrich (stellv. Vorsitz/Vice-Chairman) Prof. Dr. Jürgen Aschoff Vesta Stresemann Dr. Katharina Heinroth Prof. Dr. Dietmar Todt Dr. Jürgen Nicolai Dr. Klaus Witt SCHATZMEISTER Treasurer Rolf Nöhring Ingeborg Bujök (Assistentin/Assistant) SEKRETÄRIN DES GENERALSEKRETÄRS Secretary of the Secretary-General Regine Damm 19 Mitglieder des Kongresses Members of the Congress Außerordentliche Mitglieder — Extraordinary Members ° Angemeldet, aber nicht anwesend — Registered but not in attendance Abdusaljamov, Dr. I., Institute of Zoology and Parasitology of Acad. Tadjik Republic, 734025 Duschanbe, General Post-Office, P.O.B. 70, USSR Able, Dr. K. P., Department of Biology, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, USA Abs, Dr. M., Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Zoologie, Postfach 102148, 4630 Bochum, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Abs-Wurmbach, Frau Dr. I. Adkisson, Dr. C.S., Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univer¬ sity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA Ahlquist, Dr. J., Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 06520, USA Ajdukiewicz, Mrs. J., Merton College, Oxford OXI 4JD, United Kingdom Aloen, Dr. P. C., Tour Dir., Natural History Services, Mass. Audubon Society, Lincoln, Mass. 01773, USA Alerstam, Dr. T., Department of Animal Ecology, 22362 Lund, Sweden Alleva, Dr. E., Via Belluno 78, 00101 Rome, Italy Allison, R., 5 Riverside Drive, Mosman Park 6012, Perth, West Australia Anders, K., Düsseldorfer Str. 4, 1000 Berlin 15, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Anderson, T. R., Division of Science and Mathematics, McKendree College, Lebanon, Illi¬ nois 62254, USA Andrade, Mrs. G., chez Dubail, 35 rue de la Tour, 75016 Paris, France Archibald, Miss N., 30 A Victoria Pk., Toronto M4E 3R9, Ontario, Canada Arnold, Dr. A. P., Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Califor¬ nia 90024, USA Aschoff, Prof. Dr. J., Von der Tannstr. 3, 8131 Andechs, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Assenmacher, Prof. I., 419 Avenue d’Occitanie, 34100 Montpellier, France Aubrecht, G., Maria Theresien-Ring 3 A, 2700 WR Neustadt, Österreich Auzinger, Dr. H., Hirschweg 6 A, 8100 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bundesrepublik Deutsch¬ land Aveledo, R., Coleccion Ornitologica Phelps, Apartado 2009, Caracas 101, Venezuela Baird, J., Director of Natural History Services, Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, Mass. 01773, USA Bairlein, F., Max-Planck-Insitut f. Verhaltensphysiologie, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Schloß Möggingen, 7760 Radolfzell 16, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Balät, Dr. F., Uvo Csav, Kvetnä 8, 60365 Brno, Czechoslovakia, Balda, R. P., Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Morgenbreede 45, Postfach 8640, 4800 Bielefeld 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Balda, Mrs. J. L. VAN Balen, Dr. J. H., Institute for Ecological Research, Kemperbergerweg 67, Arnhem, Netherlands Ball, Dr. I. R., Zoologisch Museum, P.O.B. 20125, 1000 HC Amsterdam, Netherlands Balthazart, Dr. J., Laboratoire de Biochimie, 17, Place Delcar, 4020 Liege, Belgium Barlow, Dr. J. C., Department of Ornithology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada Barlow, Miss M. B. Barnard, C., Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford 0X1 3PS, United Kingdom Batten, Dr. L. A., Nature Conservancy Council, 19/20 Beigrave Square, London SWl X8PY, United Kingdom XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Bauer, Dr. K., Direktor, 1. Zool. Abteilung, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Postfach 417, 1014 Wien, Österreich Baumel, Dr. J. J., Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA Bayle, Prof. Dr. J. O., Laboratoire Physiologie Generale, Universite Montpellier II — Place E. Bataillon, 34060 Montpellier, France Bech, C., Department of Zoophysiology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Beck-Peccoz, F. Frhr. von, Fudwigstr. 39, 8890 Aichach, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Beck, P., Zoologisches Institut, Röntgenring 10, 8700 Würzburg, Bundesrepublik Deutsch¬ land Becker, Dr. P. H., Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Am Obstberg, 7760 Radolfzell 16, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Beigel, Frau U., Zoologisches Institut der Universität, Hindenburgplatz 55, 4400 Münster, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Beintema, Dr. A. J., Research Institute for Nature Management, Kasteei Broekhuizen, Feer- sum, Netherlands Belstler-Glück, Frau I., Beim Kupferhammer 8, 74 Tübingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Belterman, Dr. T., Zoologisch Faboratorium, Plantage Doklaan 44, 1018 GN Amsterdam, Netherlands Belton, W., C. P. 119, Gramado, RS. 95670, Brazil Belton, Mrs. J. Benson, C. W., Department of Zoology, Downine Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United King¬ dom Benson, Mrs. Benvenuti, S., Istituto di Biologia Generale, Via A. Volta 6, 56100 Pisa, Italy Berger, Dr. M., Westf. Fandesmuseum, Himmelreichallee 50, 4400 Münster, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Berger, R., Hochgasse 55-57, 1 180 Wien XVIII, Österreich Berger, Frau M. Berg.mann, Dr. H.-H., Fachbereich Biologie-Zoologie, Fahnberge, Postfach 1929, 3550 Mar¬ burg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Berkhoudt, Dr. H., Zoologisch Laboratorium, Kaiserstraat 63, Leiden, 2300 RA, Nether¬ lands Berndt, Dr. R., Bauernstr. 13, 3302 Cremlingen 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Berthold, Dr. P., Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Schloß, 7760 Radolfzell 16, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Berthold, Frau H. Bertram, Dr. B., Research Centre, King’s College, Cambridge CB2 IST, United Kingdom Bhargava, A., B4 Officers’ Colony, Delhi Road, Saharanpur 247001, India Biebach, Dr. H., Am Obstberg, 7760 Radolfzell 16, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Bilcke, G., Department of Biology UIA, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilryk, Belgium Biswas, Dr. B., Zoological Survey of India, Indian Museum, Calcutta 700016, India Blem, Dr. C. R., Associate Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Biology, Academic Div., Richmond Va. 23284, USA Blem, Mrs. L. B. Blondel, J., 24 Chemin de Truchet, 13200 Arles, France Boag, Prof. D. A., I.T.E. Blackhall, Banchory AB3 3PS, Scotland, United Kingdom Bock, Prof. W. J., Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. 10027, USA Bocxstaele, R. van, Curator of Birds, Koninklijke Maatschappij voor Dierkunde van Antwer¬ pen, Koningin Astridplein 26, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium Böhner, J., Mühlenweg 43, 483 Gütersloh 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Boenigk, Dr. G., Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum, Am Maschpark 5, 3000 Hannover 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Boettcher, Frau W., Trabener Str. 43, 1000 Berlin 33, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Bogoslowskaja, Dr. L. S., USSR Academy of Sciences, Severtzov Institute of Fvolutionary Animal Morphology and Fcology, Moscow, Leninsky prospekt, 33, USSR Mitglieder des Kongresses 21 DE Bont, Prof. Dr. A. F., Walenpotstraai 1 A, 3060 Bertem, Belgium DE BoNT-FiERS, MrS. Boswall, J., Birdswell, Wraxall, Bristol, BS19 1J2, United Kingdom Bottjer, P. D., Peabody Museum Nat. Fiist., Yale University, New Fdaven, Conn. 06520, USA Bourne, A., Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd., 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX, Uni¬ ted Kingdom Bourne, Dr. W. R. P., Zoology Department, Tillydrone Ave., Aberdeen, United Kingdom Bowman, Prof. R. L, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, Calif. 94132, USA Bracht, Dr. P., Urfarnstraße 9, 8203 Reisach/Oberaudorf, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Bracht, Frau M. Brauen, A., Ermitage 28, CFI-2000 Neuchatel, Schweiz VON Brö.mssen, A., Zoologiska Institutionen Fack, 400 33 Göteborg 33, Sweden Bröndum, J., Roarsvej 31,1 sal, 2000 Kobenhavn V, Denmark Brown, Dr. R. N., Dept. of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K95 7B8, Canada Bruderer, Dr. B., Schweiz. Vogelwarte, 6204 Sempach, Schweiz Brüser, Frl. E., Seelerweg 31, 1000 Berlin 41, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Bruns, Prof. Fi., Schloßallee 10a, 6229 Schlangenbad 5, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Bryant, Dr. D. M., Department of Biology, University of Stirling, Stirhng FK9 4LA, Scot¬ land, United Kingdom Bub, Fi., Institut für Vogelforschung „Vogelwarte Fielgoland“, 2940 Wilhelmshaven, Bundes¬ republik Deutschland Bühler, Dr. P., Institut für Zoologie, Universität Fiohenheim, 7000 Stuttgart 70, Bundesrepu¬ blik Deutschland Bull, J., Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural Fiistory, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, N.Y. 10024, USA Burton, Dr. P. T. K., British Museum (Natural Fiistory), Sub-Department of Ornithology, Park Street, Tring, Fierts. FiP23 6AP, United Kingdom Buurma, Dr. L. S., Lisserweg 493, 2165 AS Lisserbroek, Netherlands Calas, Dr. A., INP08. C.N.R.S., Chemin Joseph-Aiguier 31, 13274, Marseille Cedex 2, France Cali, G., 2 Allee du Rouergue, Epernay 51200, France Carpenter, Dr. F. L., Department Eco. Evol. Biology, University of California, Irvine, Ca. 92717, USA Catchpole, Dr. C. K., Bedford College, Regents Park, London NWl 4NS, United Kingdom Cederholm, G., Tahult 765, 43800 Landuetter, Sweden Chandola, Dr. A., Department of Zoology, Banaras Fiindu University, Varanasi — 221005, India Chappuis, C., 24 Rue de Carville, F-76000 Rouen, France Clark, Dr. R. J., York College of Pennsylvania, Country Club Road, York, Pennsylvania 17405, USA Clark, Mrs. J. S. Clark, J. P. Clark, Dr. G. A., Jr., Biological Sciences Group, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA Clifforth, Miss C. J., Roarsvej 31,1 sal, 2000 Kobenhavn V, Denmark CoDY, Prof. M. L., Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA CoLES, Dr. R. B., Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Zoologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 463 Bochum-Querenburg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland CoLLETTE, P., Rue de Jupille 257, 4620 Fleron, Belgium CoLLiAS, Prof. N. E., Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Cal. 90024, USA XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS CoLLiNS, Dr. C. T., Department of Biology, California State University, Long Beach, Califor¬ nia 90840, USA O’CoNNOR, Dr. R. J., Zoology Department, University College of North Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom Conrad, Dr. B., Papenweg 5, 4700 Hamm 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland CoocH, Dr. F. G., Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa KlA OE7, Canada CooKE, Dr. F., Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada CooPER, Dr. R. A., 75 Dobie Ave., Montreal, Quebec H3P ISI, Canada COOPER, E. S. CouLSON, Dr. J. C., Department of Zoology, University of Durham, Durham City, United Kingdom Cousins, S. H., Technology Faculty, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom CowLiNG, S. J., Fisheries and Wildlife Division, P.O.B. 41, East Melbourne 3002, Australia CowLiNG, Mrs. G. R. Cracraft, Dr. J., Department of Anatomy, University of Illinois at Medical Center, P.O.B. 6998, Chicago, Illinois 60680, USA Craig, A., 5 Esserton Elats, 64 College Road, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa Craig, Mrs. C. Cramp, S., 32 Queen’s Court, London WCl N 3BB, United Kingdom Creutz, Dr. G., Altes Schloss, 8601 Meschwitz, Deutsche Demokratische Republik Crombie, P.T., 57 Kitenui Avenue, Mt Albert, Auckland 3, New Zealand Growe, T. M., Fitzpatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, P/Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa Crowe, Mrs. A. Croxall, Dr. J. P., British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, United Kingdom CsicsÄKY, Dr. M., Zentrum für Anatomie und Cytobiologie, Aulweg 123, 6300 Giessen, Bun¬ desrepublik Deutschland CuRio, Prof. Dr. E., Markstraße 260, 4630 Bochum, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Gurry-Lindahl, Prof. Dr. K., Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Box 16121, 10323 Stockholm 16, Sweden Gzarnecki, Dr. Z., Zool. Syst. Inst. d. Universität, Fredry 10, 61-701 Poszän, Poland Gzeschlik, Dr. D., Springer Verlag, Neuenheimer Landstraße 28 — 30, 6900 Heidelberg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Dantzler, Prof. W., Department of Physiology, Col. of Med., University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA Darsono, C. L., P.O.B. 272/kby., Kebayoran, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia Das, S., B-4 Officers’ Colony, Delhi Road, Saharanpur 247001, India Das, Dr. M. Das, Mrs. G. Dathe, Prof. Dr. Dr. H., Am Tierpark 93, 1 136 Berlin, Deutsche Demokratische Republik Dathe, Dr. H. H., Forschungsstelle für Wirbeltierforschung (im Tierpark Berlin), Am Tier¬ park 125, 1136 Berlin, Deutsche Demokratische Republik Delacour, J., Amer. Museum-Natural History, Gentral Park West at 79th St., New York 24, N.Y. 10024, USA Demong, Miss N. J., Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, USA Despin, B., Laboratoire de Thermoregulation, CNRS Faculte de Medicine, 8 av. Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 2, France Deusser-Schuler, Dr. E., 11. Zoolog. Institut und Museum der Universität, Berliner Str. 28, 3400 Göttingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Deutsch, H., MPI f. Physiol. u. Klin. Forschung, W. G. Kerckhoff-Institut, 6350 Bad Nau¬ heim, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Deviche, P., Laboratoire de Biochimie, Gen. et Comp., Place Delcour 17, 4020 Liege, Bel- gium Mitglieder des Kongresses 23 Devillers, Dr. P., Institut royal des Sciences naturelles, rue Vautier 31, 1040 Bruxelles, Bel- gium Diamond, Dr. J. M., University of California, School of Medicine, Physiology Department, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA Dittami, J., Max Planck Institut, 8131 Andechs, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Dixor, Mrs. J. D., Coleccion Ornitologica Phelps, Apartado 2009, Caracas 101, Venezuela Dohmann, Frau M., Wahlhau 19, 74 Tübingen 7, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Dorka, Dr. V., Zool. Institut der Universität, Biologie III, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 74 Tübin¬ gen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Dornberger, W., Rathausgasse 8, 6994 Niederstetten, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Dornfeldt, Dr. K., 1. Zoologisches Institut, Berliner Str. 28, 3400 Göttingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Dorst, Prof. J., Museum, 57 rueCuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France Dow, Dr. D. D., Department of Zoology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD., 4067, Australia Dowsett, R.J., Nyiko National Park, Private Bog Chilinda, PO Rumphi, Malawi Drent, Dr. R. H., Zoologisch Lab., Kerklaan 30, Haren (Gron) Netherlands VON Düring, Dr. M., Anatomisches Institut II, Universitätsstr. 150, MA, 6. O.G., 4630 Bochum 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Duncker, Prof. Dr. Dr. H.-R., Zentrum für Anatomie und Cytobiologie der Justus Liebig- Universität, 6300 Gießen, Aulweg 123, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Dutton, Miss D. A., c/o Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Cali¬ fornia 90024, USA Duval, F., Argentinische Allee 3, 1000 Berlin 37, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Dyck, J., Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark Dyer, Dr. M. L, Professor, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA Dyrcz, Dr. A., Zoological Institute Wroclaw University, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland Dzerzhinski, F. Y., Faculty of Biology Moscow, Lomonosow State University, 117234 Mos- cow, USSR Ebenhöh, Dr. H., Wiesenstr. 32, 7830 Emmendingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ebenhöh, Frau G. Ehrhardt, D., Berliner Str. 80, 1 Berlin 37, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Eisenmann, Dr. E., American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street and Central Park West, New York, N.Y. 10024, USA Ekman, J., University of Gothenburg, Department of Zoology, Pack. 40033 Gothenburg 33, Sweden Elliott, Sir H., 173 Woodstock Road, Oxford 0X2 7NB, United Kingdom Elliott, Dr. C., Fao Project Quelea, P.O.B. 21, N’Djamena, Tchad Elfis, B. A., 44 Braithwaite Street, Wellington 5, New Zealand Elfis, Mrs. B. A. Elvers, J.-H., Fischerhüttenstr. 40, 1000 Berlin 37, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Elzer, Mrs. E., 4689 Westmount Avenue, Westmount, Quebec H3Y 1X2, Canada Emlen, Dr. S. T., Professor of Animal Behavior, Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cor- nell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, USA Engel, A., Alpenblickstr. 15, 7827 Löffingen-Göschweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Engel, E., Otawistraße 21, 1000 Berlin 65, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Erard, C., Zoologie (Mammiferes et Oiseaux), 55 rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Erdelen, M., Zoologisches Institut der Universität Köln, 1. Lehrstuhl, Weyertal 119, 5000 Köln 41, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Erdelen, Frau B. Erickson, Dr. M. M., Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Bar¬ bara, California 93106, USA 24 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Erskine, Dr. A. J., P.O.B. 1327 Sackville, N.B., EOA 3C0, Canada Escher-Grälb, D., Obere Bachgasse 8, 84 Regensburg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Esser, P., Menglinghauserstr. 35, 4600 Dortmund 50, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ewald, P., Department of Zoology, NJ-15, University of Washington, Seattle WA. 98198, USA Faaborg, Dr. J., 106 Tucker Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA Fabricius, Prof. E., Zoologiska Inst., Stockholms Univ., Box 6801, 1 13 86 Stockholm, Swe- den Fabricius, Mrs. H. Falls, Dr. J. B., Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S lAI Farner, Prof. D. S., Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Farner, Mrs. D. C. Faust, Frau Dr. I., Pfarrer-Hebererstr. 46, 653 Bingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Feare, Dr. C. J., Pest Infestation Contral. Lab., Trangley Place, Worplesdon, Surrey, United Kingdom Fedde, Dr. M. R., Department Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA Feduccia, Dr. J. A., Department of Zoology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA Feduccia, Mrs. O. T. Fergenbauer, Frau A., Universität Frankfurt, Siesmayerstr. 70, 6000 Frankfurt, Bundesrepu¬ blik Deutschland Ferry, Dr. C., Faculte de Medecine, 21000 Dijon, France Finn, Miss N. E., 78 B St. Andrews Hill Road, Christchurch 8, New Zealand Fischer-Nagel, A., Dipl. Biol., Ahrenshooper Zeile 63, 1000 Berlin 38, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Fischer-Nagel, Frau H. Fitzpatrick, Dr. J. W., Bird Division, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Rd. at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA Fiuczynski, Dr. D., Klingsorstr. 27, 1000 Berlin 41, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Follett, Prof. B. K., Department of Zoology, University College, Bangor, N. Wales, United Kingdom Forbes-Watson, Dr. A. D., Animal Ecology Research Group, Zoology Dept., Oxford Uni¬ versity, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom Forshaw, J. M., Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, P.O.B. 636, Canberra City, ACT 2601, Australia Fiuynke, Frau E., Große Köhlergasse 1, 6360 Friedberg 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Frädrich, Dr. H., Budapester Str. 32, 1000 Berlin 30, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Frädrich, Frau Dr. J. Frith, Dr. H. J., Csiro Wildlife Division, P.O.B. 84, Lyneham, 2602, Australia Frith, Mrs. D. M. Fritsche, Frau G., Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 8640, 4800 Bielefeld, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Fritz, R. S., Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA Frochot, Prof. B., Laboratoire d’Ecologie, Universite de Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France Frost, P.G.H., P.O.B. 106, 3867 Mtunzini, Natal, South Africa Frost, Mrs. S. K. Frugis, Prof. S., Director of Italian Center of Ornithological Studies, Zool. Institute, Parma, Italy Frugis, Mr. Fry, Dr. C. H., Aberdeen University Zoology Department, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB9 2TN, Scotland, United Kingdom Mitglieder des Kongresses 25 Fry, Mrs. K. Fuchs, Dr. E., Leiter der Schweiz. Vogelwarte, 6204 Sempach, Schweiz Führer, Dr. R. K., Schweiz. Vogelwarte, 6204 Sempach, Schweiz Gänshirt, Frau G., Max Planck-Institut, 8131 Erling-Andechs, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Galushin, Dr. V. M., Zoology Department, Moscow State Pedagogical Institute, Kibalchicha 6, Moscow, 1-243, USSR Garson, P. J., Department of Zoology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NEl 7RU, United Kingdom Gaston, Dr. A. J., Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom Gatter, W., Forsthaus, 7318 Lenningen-Schopfloch, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Gauthreaux, Jr., Dr. S. A., Department of Zoology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA McGeer-Redpath, Mrs., Hahn-Meitner-Institut für Kernforschung, Glienicker Str. 100, 1000 Berlin 37, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Gehlbach, Prof. F. R., Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76703, USA Gehlbach, Mrs. N. Y., Geinitz, C., Institut für Biologie I (Zoologie), Albertstraße 21 A, 7800 Freiburg, Bundesrepu¬ blik Deutschland Geroudet, Dr. P., 37 Av. de Champel, 1206 Geneve, Schweiz Geroudet, Mrs. C. Gibbs, Dr. M., School of Biology, the University of Sussex, Brighton, BNl 9QG, United Kingdom Gill, Dr. F. B., Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th St. and Parkway, Philadelphia, PA. 19103, USA Glück, E., Beim Kupferhammer 8, 7400 Tübingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Glutz von Blotzheim, Prof. Dr. U., „Eichhölzli“, Mattweid 20, 6240 Sempach, Schweiz Glutz von Blotzheim, Frau A. M. Goethe, Dr. F., Kirchreihe 19 B, 2940 Wilhelmshaven, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Goethe, Frau E. Goldstein, H., 3/224 Longueville Rd., Lane Ceve 2066, Australia Goldstein, Mrs. B. Gonzalez, D. J. A., Morales, Ruamayor 4, Santander, Spain Gove, C. N., 6 Henley Street, Balwyn Victoria 3103, Australia Gove, Mrs. J. Graczyk, Prof. Dr. R., Institute of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Academy, u. Wojska Pol¬ skiego 71 C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland Graf, R., Inst. Tierphysiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 4630 Bochum, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Greenwell, G. A., Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20009, USA Grillet, L., Docteur Veterinaire, 85620 Rocheserviere, France Grosskopf, G., Asternweg 7, 2160 Stade-Schölisch, Bundesrepublik Deutschland GrCter, G., Weberstr. 25, 6000 Frankfurt 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Güntert, M., Zoologisches Museum der Universität, Künstlergasse 16, 8006 Zürich, Schweiz Güttinger, H. R., FB Biologie der Universität, 675 Kaiserslautern, Bundesrepublik Deutsch¬ land Guillet, Dr. A., Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa Gulledge, J. L., Laboratory of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, N. Y. 14853, USA Gunn, Dr. W. W. H., P.O.Box 1229, Spruce Grove, Alberta TOE 2C0, Canada Gwinner, Dr. E., Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, 8131 Erling-Andechs, Bun¬ desrepublik Deutschlandl Gwinner, Frau H. 26 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Haartman, Freiherr von, Prof. Dr. L., Department of Zoology, University of Helsinki, P. Rautatieck. 13, SF-00100 Helsinki 10, Finland Ha.^rtman, Freifrau von, B. Haas, V., Spezialberatung für Pflanzenschutz, Gartenstr. 2, 7770 Überlingen a. B., Bundesre¬ publik Deutschland Haase, Prof. Dr. E., Institut für Haustierkunde, Neue Universität, 2300 Kiel, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Haffer, Dr. J., Tommesweg 60, 4300 Essen 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Hainsworth, Dr. F. R., Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y. 13210, USA Haller, H., Museumstr. 13, 7260 Davos, Schweiz ' Hallmann, Frau, Fernkorngasse 43/ 1 , 1100 Wien X, Österreich Hammel, Prof. H. T., A-004, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Hand, Mrs. J. L., Biology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA Hartmann, Frau B., Kaiser-Friedrich-Ring 69, 6200 Wiesbaden, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Hartmann-Müller, Frau B., Am Roßgang 3, 3504 Kaufungen 1, Bundesrepublik Deutsch¬ land Härtner, Dr. L., Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Zoophysiologie, Garbenstr. 30, 7000 Stuttgart 70, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Hartwig, Dr. H.-G., Zentrum für Anatomie und Cytobiologie, Aulweg 123, 6300 Giessen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Hauschildt, Dr. E., Kreuzfurth 12, 2000 Hamburg 62, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Hauschildt, Frau 1. Heike, D., Monumentenstr. 36, 1000 Berlin 62, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Heinrich, Dr. W., 1. Zoologisches Institut, Berliner Straße 28, 3400 Göttingen, Bundesrepu¬ blik Deutschland Heinroth, Dr. K., Händel-Allee 7, 1000 Berlin 21, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Helb, Dr. H. W., Fachbereich Biologie der Universität, Postfach 3049, 6750 Kaiserslautern, Bundesrepublik Deutschland VON Helversen, Dr. D., Biologisches Institut I (Zoologie) der Universität, Albertstr. 21, 7800 Freiburg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Herrera, Dr. C. M., Virgen de la Presentacion 2, Sevilla 1, Spain Heuwinkel, H., Zoologisches Institut der Universität, Hindenburgplatz 55, 4400 Münster, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Hölzinger, Dr. J., Am Obstberg, 7760 Radolfzell 16, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Hoffmann, Dr. L., Tour du Valat, 13200 Le Sambuc, France Hofstetter, F. B., Königsberger Allee 26, 2210 Itzehoe, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Hofstetter, Frau D. Holgersen, Dr. H., Stavanger Museum, 4000 Stavanger, Norway Holgersen, Mrs. B. Holmes, Dr. R. T., Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA Holyoak, D. T., Geography Department, University of Reading 2, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading RG6 2AU, United Kingdom Homberger, Dr. D. G., Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. 10027, USA Horne, Mrs. J. F. M., Ornithology, American Museum of Nat. History, 79 St. and Central Park West, New York, N.Y. 10024, USA ° Horväth, Dr. L., Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1088 Budapest, Baross u. 13, Hun- gary Houston, Dr. D. C., Zoology Department, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom Howell, T. R., Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA Hudec Dr. K., CSAV, Institute of Vert. Zoology, 60365 Brno, Kvetnä 8, Czechoslovakia Hulsman, Dr. K., c/o Dr. S. Daan, Skyligerwei 4, 9135 PH Morra (Fr.), Netherlands Mitglieder des Kongresses 27 Hl'LTSch, Frl. H., Muthesiussir. 38, 1000 Berlin 41, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Hummel, Prof. Dr. D., Institut für Strömungsmechanik, TU Braunschweig, Bienroder Weg 3, 3300 Braunschweig, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Hunter, M. L., Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, Oxford, United Kingdom Hunter, Dr. M., P.O.Box 311, Albury NSW, Australia 2640 Ilyichev, Prof. Dr. V., Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of Animais, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Leninski Prospekt 33, USSR Immelmann, Prof. Dr. K., Fakultät für Biologie, Postfach 8640, 4800 Bielefeld 1, Bundesrepu¬ blik Deutschland Immelmann, Frau G. Ingels, Dr. J., Galgenberglaan 9, 9120 Destelbergen, Belgium IsAKOv, Prof. Dr. Y., 109017, Institute of Geography, USSR Academy of Sciences, Staromo- netny 29, Moscow, USSR Jacob, Dr. J., Biochem. Inst. f. Umweltcarcinogene, Sieker Landstr. 19, 2070 Ahrensburg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Jacoby, Dr. V., Inst. Evol. Animal Morph, and Ecology, Leninski Prospekt 33, A. N. Severt- zov, 117071 Moscow, USSR J.^.MCKE, B., Regensburger Str. 39, 1000 Berlin 30, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Järvinen, O., Department of Genetics, University of Helsinki, P. Rautatiekatu 13, Helsinki 10, Finland d’Jamous, R., c/o I.W.P.E., Section France, 52 av. Duquesne, Paris, France Jansson, C., Zoologiska Institutionen Fack, 40033 Göteborg 33, Sweden Jarry, G., Societe Ornithologique de France, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Jellis, Miss R. E., Woodway, Pinner Hill, Pinner, Middx. HA5 3XU, United Kingdom JoHANSEN, Prof. K., Department of Zoophysiology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark JoHNSGARD, Prof. P. A., School of Life Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA Johnson, A. R., Station Biologique, La Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France JoHNSTONE, Dr. G. W., Antarctic Division, 568 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia JoiRis, Dr. C., Laboratorium Ekologie en Systm., Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium JouANiN, Dr. C., 42 rue Charles Laffitte, 92200 Neuilly sur Seine, France JouANTN, Mme C. Kaiser, H., Kierlingerstraße 75, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Österreich Kalaber, L., 4225 Reghin, Eminescu 26, Rumania Kalaber, Mme R. M. Kalchreuter, Dr. H., Arbeitsstelle für Wildforschung, 7823 Bonndorf-Glashütte, Bundesre¬ publik Deutschland Kalisch, H.-J., Böcklinstr. 53, 318 Wolfsburg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Karcher, M., Hirtenstr. 31, 8057 Eching, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Karcher, Erau H. Karlsson, J., Department of Animal Ecology, Ecology Building, Helgonavägen 5, 223 62 Lund, Sweden Karr, Dr. J. R., Department of Ecology, Ethology and Evolution, iVivarium Building, Uni¬ versity of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA Kasche, C., Haus 1 1 A, 3133 Leisten, Post Schnega, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Kasparek, M., Bettinaweg 7, 8300 Landshut, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Kaur, Miss G., B-4 Officers’ Colony, Delhi Road, Saharanpur 247001, India Kear, Dr. J., The Wildfowl Trust, Martin Mere, Burscough, Nr. Ormskirk, Lancs., United Kingdom Keast, Prof. A., Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Keeton, Prof. W. T., Liberty Hyde Bailey, Prof, of Biology, Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, 143 Langmuir Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA Kelsall, Dr. J. P., 22 Deerfield Drive, Delta, British Columbia V4M 2'W9, Canada Kelsall, Mrs. J. I. Kelsall, Miss P. J. Kettle, R., British Institute of Recorded Sound, 29 Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AS, Uni¬ ted Kingdom Kiepenheuer, Dr. J., Abt. für Verhaltensphysiologie, Beim Kupferhammer 8, 7400 Tübingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Kiff, L. F., Curator, Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, 1100 Glendon Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA Kiff, Mrs. J. L. Kikkawa, Dr. J., c/o Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, United Kingdom King, Dr. J. R., Department of Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA King, Miss J. M. King, W. B., 871 Dolley Madison Blvd., McLean, VA 22101, USA Klein, Dr. H., Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, Hörndlweg 14, 8131 Andechs, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Klös, Prof. Dr. H.-G., Budapester Str. 32, 1000 Berlin 30, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Klös, Frau U. Knox, Dr. A., Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB9 2TN, Scotland, United Kingdom Knudsen, Dr. E. L, 2034 Gienview, Altadena, CA 91001, USA Kobayashi, Prof. H., Misaki Marine Biological Station, University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura- shi, Kanagawa-Ken, 238-02, Japan König, Dr. C., Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Schloß Rosenstein, 7000 Stuttgart 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Kokshaysky, Dr. N. V., Severtzov Institute of Evolutionary Animal Morphology and Eco- logy, USSR Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 33, Moscow W-7 1 , USSR Kortstock, K., Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, Universität Bielfeld, Postfach 8640, 4800 Bielefeld 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Kowalski, H., Centre d'Ecologie de Camargue, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France Krebs, Dr. J. R., Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3 PS, United Kingdom Kreithen, Dr. M. L., Research Associate Lecturer, Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, 154 Langmuir Laboratory, Gornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850, USA Kuhk, Dr. R., Schloß Möggingen, 7760 Radolfzell 16, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Kumerloeve, Dr. H., Hubert-Reissner-Str. 7, 8032 Gräfelfing, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Kumerloeve, Frau G. Kurochkin, E. N., Paleontological Museum of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 16, Moscow 1 17071, USSR Lammers, F., Mozartweg 1 1, 4837 Verl 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Lammers, Dr. R., Kettelerstr. 5, 4837 Verl 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Landolt, Frau R., Schachenstr. 6, 8907 Wettswil, Schweiz Landsberg, J.-W., Knesebeckstr. 2, 1000 Berlin 45, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Lane, J. A. K., W. A. Wildlife Research Centre, P.O.B. 51, Wanneroo, Western Australia Lederer, Dr. R. J., Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA, USA Lees-Smith, D. T., 134 The Avenue, Starbeck, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HGl 4QF, Uni¬ ted Kingdom Leisler, Dr. B., Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Am Obstberg, 7760 Radolfzell, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Mitglieder des Kongresses 29 Lemaire, Mlle F., Rue de Bois de Breux 194, 4500 Jupille, Belgium Lennon, Mrs. E. S., 5179 Oasis Road, Redding, CA 96001, USA Leppelsack, Dr. H.-J., Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Zoologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 463 Bochum-Querenburg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Leveque, R., Schweizerische Vogelwarte, 6204 Sempach, Schweiz Ligon, Dr. J. D., Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, N.M. 87191, USA Ligon, Mrs. S. H. Ling, Mrs. Assist. -Prof. R., 202400 Tartu, Mitchurini 19-4, Estonian SSR, USSR Liversidge, Dr. R., McGregor Museum, Box 316, Kimberley 8300, South Africa Löhrl, Dr. H., Edelweiler 73, 7293 Pfalzgrafenweiler 2, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Löppenthin, B., Torvevej 14, 2740 Skovlunde, Denmark Löppenthin, Mrs. G. Loetzke, W.-D., Eislebener Str. 6, c/o Wagner, 1000 Berlin 30, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Lomholt, Dr. J. P., Department of Zoophysiology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark Lorenz, Prof. Dr. K., Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Institut für Vergl. Ver¬ haltensforschung, Adolf-Lorenz-Gasse 2, 3422 Altenberg, Österreich Louette, Dr. M., Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika, 1980 Tervuren, Belgium Lovejoy, T., World Wildlife Fund, 1601 Connecticut Ave. N. W. F., Washington, D.C. 20009, USA Luniak, Dr. M., Institute of Zoology, Wilcza 64, P.Ö.B. 1007, 00-950 Warszawa, Poland Lyster, I. H. J., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh EHl IJF, Scotland, United Kingdom Mache, R., Moenchstraße 3, 7000 Stuttgart 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Mäher, Dr. W. J., Bangor Research Station, Penrhos Road, Bangor Gwynedd, United King¬ dom Le Maho, Dr. Y., Laboratoire de Thermoregulation, CNRS Faculte de Medicine, 8 av. Rok- kefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 2, France Mak.vtsch, Dr. W., Martin-Fioop-Straße 43, 86 Bautzen 1, Deutsche Demokratische Repu¬ blik Makatsch, Frau 1. Malmberg, Dr. T., Plommonvägen 1, 22355 Lund, Sweden Manikowski, S., Laboratory of Animal Ethology, Jaqiellonian University, Krupnicza 50, 30-060 Krakow, Poland Manley, Prof. Dr. G., c/o Lehrstuhl für Elektroakustik der Technischen Universität Mün¬ chen, Arcisstr. 21, 8000 München 2, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Marler, P., Professor and Director, Rockefeller University Field Research Center, Tyrrel Road, Millbrook, N.Y. 12545, USA Martin, Dr. L. D., Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA M.4TTES, H., Institut für Ökologie, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 4, 1000 Berlin 33, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Matvejev, Dr. S., ul. Milcinskega 14, 6100 Ljubljana, Yugoslavia Maxse, Miss V., Hatchett Westburton, Pulborough, Sussex RH20 IFID, United Kingdom Mayr, Prof. E., 1 1 Chauncy Str., Cambridge, Ma. 02138, USA Mayr, Mrs. G. Mebes, H.-D., Fachbereich Biologie der Universität, Postfach 3049, 6750 Kaiserslautern, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Mees, G. F., Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, P.O.B. 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Nether- lands Meier, Prof. A. H., Department of Zoology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Loui¬ siana 70803, USA Meier, Mrs. A. M. Meise, Prof. Dr. W., Am Weiher 23, 2000 Hamburg 19, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Meise, Frau E. 30 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Menaker, M., Department of Zoology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA Mendelssohn, Prof. H., Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 155 Herzl St., Tel Aviv, Israel Mendelssohn, Mrs. T. Merkel, Prof. F. W., Karlsbader Str. 19, 6370 Oberursel/Ts., Bundesrepublik Deutschland Merkel, Frau I. Merne, O. J., Forest and Wildlife Service, Sidmonton PL, Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland Mertens, Dr. J. A. L., c/o Institute for Ecological Research, Kemperbergerweg 67, Arnhem, Netherlands Metzmacher, Dr. L., Rimpaustr. 8, 3000 Fiannover 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Meyburg, B.-U., Fierbertstr. 14, 1000 Berlin 33, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Meyburg, Frau C. Middleton, Dr. A. L. A., Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada Miller, Dr. D. B., Box 7595, Dorothea Dix Flospital, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611, USA Miller, Mrs. L. L. Mocci Demartis, Dr. A., c/o Istituto di Zoologica (Univ.) Viale Poetto 1, 09100 Cagliari, Italy Möller, FF. S., Skovfogedhuset, Snaptun, 8700 FForsens, Denmark Möller, Prof. Dr. W., Zentrum für Anatomie und Cytobiologie, Aulweg 123, 6300 Gießen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Möller, Frau G. Monaghan, Dr. P., Department of Zoology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Gl 2 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom Montgomery, G. Fi., 4689 Westmount Avenue, Westmount, Quebec H3Y 1X2, Canada Montgomery, Mrs. M. Morel, Dr. G. J., O.R.S.T.O.M., Station d’Ecologie, P.O.B. 20, Richard Toll, Senegal Morel, Mme J. Y. Morgan, P. J., B.Sc., M.I.Biol., A.M.A., M.B.O.U., Keeper of Vertebrate Zoology, Mersey- side County Museums, William Brown Street, Liverpool L3 8EN, United Kingdom Moritz, Dr. D., Postfach 1220, 2192 Fielgoland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Morlion, Dr. M., Fiouthulststraat 13, 8000 Brügge, Belgium Morton, Dr. E. S., National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA Mougin, Dr. J.-L., Museum National d’Fiistoire Naturelle, 55 Rue de Buffon, 75000 Paris 5 e, France Müller, W., Kleinalbis 74, 8045 Zürich, Schweiz Mueller, Fi. C., Department Zoology, Univ. N.C., Chapel Füll, N.C. 27514, USA Mueller, Mrs. N. S. Munn, C. A., Merton College, Oxford OXI 4JD, United Kingdom Murphy, E. C., Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, USA Murphy, Dr. J. R., Department of Zoology, 167 WIDB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA Myers, Miss D. J., York College of Pennsylvania, Country Club Road, York, Pennsylvania 17405, USA McNabb, Dr. R. A., Biology Department, Va. Polytech. Inst, and State University, Blacksburg VA 24061, USA McNabb, Dr. F. M. A. Nachtigall, Prof. W., Zoologisches Institut der Universität, 6600 Saarbrücken, Bundesrepu¬ blik Deutschland Nakamura, Prof. T., Department of Biology, Yamanashi University, Kofu 400, Japan ° Navasaitis, Dr. A., Kaunas Akademija, LZUA, Miskininkystes kat., Lithuania 233000, USSR Nebelsiek, Dr. U., Münchhausenweg 11,2 Hamburg 6 1 , Bundesrepublik Deutschland Necker, Dr. R., Institut für Tierphysiologie, Postfach 102148, 4630 Bochum 1, Bundesrepu¬ blik Deutschland Mitglieder des Kongresses 31 Nehls, Dr. H. W., Zoologischer Garten Rostock, Tiergartenallee 10, 25 Rostock, Deutsche Demokratische Republik Newton, Dr. I., 12 Hope Terrace, Edinburgh EH9 2AS, Scotland, United Kingdom Nicholson, Dr. E. M., 13 Upper Cheyne Row, London SW3 5JW, United Kingdom Nicolai, Dr. J., Institut für Vogelforschung „Vogelwarte Helgoland“, 2940 Wilhelmshaven- Rüstersiel, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Nicolai, Frau A. Nieboer, Dr. E., Biological Laboratories, Free University, De Boele Laan 1087, Amsterdam, Netherlands Nöhring, R., Zoologischer Garten, Hardenbergplatz 8, 1000 Berlin 30, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Nöhring, Frau 1. Nolan Jr., V., Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, USA Nolte, Frau B., Falkengrund 11, 2085 Quickborn, Bundesrepublik Deutschland North, Dr. C. A., Department of Biology, UW-W, Whitewater, Wis. 53190, USA Nottebohm, Dr. F., Field Research Center, Rockefeller University, Millbrook, N.Y. 12545, USA Nowak, Dr. E., Institut für Naturschutz und Tierökologie (BFANL), Konstantinstr. HO, 5300 Bonn 2, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Novikov, Prof. B. G., Kiev State University, Faculty of Biology, Vladmirskaya 60, 25017 Kiev-17,USSR Oeckinghaus, H., Hünxerstr. 347, 4220 Dinslaken, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Öhman, Mr. C. G., P.O.B. 98, 56023 Bankeryd, Sweden Öhman, Mrs. E. Oehme, Dr. H., Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Forschungsstelle für Wirbeltierfor¬ schung (im Tierpark Berlin), Am Tierpark 125, 1136 Berlin, Deutsche Demokratische Republik Oelke, Prof. Dr. H., Kastanienallee 13, 315 Peine, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Oesman, Dr. H. M. K., P.O.B. 272/Kby., Kebayoran, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia Oesman, Mrs. K. ÖsTERLöE, S., Bird-Ringing Office, Swedish Museum of Natural History, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden Ogasawara, Dr. K., Department of Biology Education, Akita University, 010 Tegata Akita, Japan Ogden, J. C., National Audubon Research, 115 Indian Mound Trail. Tavernier, Florida 33070, USA Ogden, Mrs. M. B. Ohm, Prof. Dr. D., Technische Universität Berlin, Lehrgebiet f. Zoologie, Holbeinstraße 5, 1000 Berlin 45, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ohm, Dr. I.-D. OjANEN, M., Oulu University, LTK/Biology, Kajaanintie 52 A, 90220 Oulu 22, Finland Oka, Miss N., c/o Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, 8-20 Nampeidai-machi, Shibuja-ku, Tokyo, 150 Japan Oksche, Prof. Dr. A., Zentrum für Anatomie und Cytobiologie, Justus Liebig-Universität, Aulweg 123, 6300 Gießen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Olech, Dr. B., Danilowskiego 1/20, 01-833 Warszawa, Poland Oliveira, N. G., Rua da Boa Hora, 85, r/c, E, Porto 1, Portugal Olney, P.J. S., Zoological Society, Regents Park, London NWl 4RY, United Kingdom Olrog, Prof. C. C., Instituto Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000 Tucuman, Argentine de Olrog, Mrs. S. G. M. B. Olson, Dr. S. L., NHB E612, MRC 116, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DG 20560, USA Opdam, Dr. P., Research Institute for Nature Management, Kasteei Broekhuizen, Leersum, Netherlands Oppermann, Dr. H., Fündlingsweg 8, 4600 Dortmund 50, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Orth, Mrs. G. XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS OuELLET, Dr. H., National Museunt of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KlA OM8, Canada Paakspuu, V., Jaamastreet 3-14, 203190 Lihula, Estonia, USSR Papi, F., Istituto di Biologia Generale, Via A. Volta 6, 56100 Pisa, Italy Paran, Y., 19 Barak Street, Tel Aviv 69933, Israel Paran, Mrs. E. Par.melee, Dr. D. F., Chairman, Field Biology Program, University of Minnesota, 349 James Ford Bell Museum of Nat. History, 10 Church Street S. E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Parmelee, Mrs. J. M. Pauly, Frau T., Schussenrieder Str. 72, 7952 Bad Buchau, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Pauwels, B., 42 rue Emile Collard, 4030 Grivegnee (Eiege), Belgium Peakall, D. B., Wildlife Toxicology Division, National Wildlife Research Gentre, Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0E7, Canada Pearson, D. E., 208 Life Sciences-Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Pelle, L, Pancevacka 28, 23000 Zrenjanin, Yugoslavia Penev, Dr. D., Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Sofia Gische 15, Bulgaria Pernoll, Prof. Dr. I., Pfeddersheimer Weg 2 a, 1000 Berlin 38, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Perrins, Dr. C. M., Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom Perutz, Erl. K., ZiF, Universität Bielefeld, Wellenberg 1, 4800 Bielefeld, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Peters, Dr. D. S., Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage 25, 6000 Frankfurt, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Peters, Frau Dr. M. Petersen, B. D., Skovfogedhuset, Snaptun, 8700 Horsens, Denmark Petersen, P. C., 235 McClellan Boulevard, Davenport, Iowa 52803, USA Petersen, Mrs. M. L. Peterson, Dr. R. T., 125 Neck Road, Old Lyme, Conn. 06371, USA Peterson, Mrs. R. T. Pettke, H., Feldstr. 173, 2300 Kiel, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Pettke, Frau I. Pe\ton, L. J., Zoophysiologist, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, USA Phelps, W. H., Coleccion Ornitologica Phelps, Apartado 2009 Garacas 101, Venezuela Phelps, Mrs. K. D. Phipps, G. R., 40 Hebe Street, Greenacre NSW 2190, Australia PiTELKA, Dr. F. A., Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Pohl, Dr. H., Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, 8131 Andechs, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Pohl-Apel, Frau G., Universität Bielfeld, Lehrstuhl für Verhaltensphysiologie, Morgenbreede 45, 4800 Bielefeld 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Poss,\T, Dr. J., Fernkorngasse 43/1, 1 100 Wien X, Österreich PowELL, G., Patuyent Wildlife Res. Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Seiwice, Laurel, Md. 20811, USA Prater, A. J., B.T.O., Beech Grove, Tring, Herts. HP23 5NR, United Kingdom Prigogine, Dr. A., Av. des Volontaires 243, BT E 27, 1150 Bruxelles, Belgium Priklonski, Dr. S. G., Oka State Reserve, P.O. Lakash, Spasski R., Ryazan District, USSR Procope, N., M. Sc., Ehrensvärdsvägen 24-26 A 3, 00150 Helsingfors 15, Finland Pröve, Dr. E., Lehrstuhl für Verhaltensphysiologie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 8640, 4800 Bielefeld 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Pröve, Frau R. PuLLiAM, Dr. H. R., Tile Barn Gottage, Seaford Road, Alfriston near Polegate, East Sussex BN26 5TT, United Kingdom Mitglieder des Kongresses 33 PuLLIAM, Mrs. J. Rab0L, J., Zoological Laboratory, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Raethel, Dr. H. S., Xantener Straße 7, 1000 Berlin 15, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Raiss, Frau R., Fachbereich Biologie (Zoologie) der Universität, AG P.Ö.V., Siesmayerstr. 70, 6000 Frankfurt, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Rautenberg, Prof. Dr. W., Lehrstuhl für Tierphysiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Post¬ fach 102148, 4630 Bochum 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Redpath, Dr. T., Hahn-Meitner-Institut für Kernforschung, Bereich Strahlenchemie, Glienik- ker Str. 100, 1000 Berlin 37, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Reed, Mrs. S. M., 4 Mamaku Street, Meadowbank, Auckland 5, New Zealand Reid, J. B., Department of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, United Kingdom Rheinwald, Dr. G., Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut, Adenauerallee 150—164, 5300 Bonn 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Richards, Dr. S. A., Wye College, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, United Kingdom Richardson, Dr. W. J., LGL Ltd., 44 Eglinton Ave. West, Toronto M4R lAI, Canada Richardson, Mrs. D. M. Riggert, Dr. T. L., „Stonewall“, Gien Road, 6070, Darlington, Western Australia Riggert, Mrs. C. Ripley, S. D., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560, USA Ripley, Mrs. M. L. Risebrough, R., 142 Vicente Rd., Berkeley, Calif. 94705, USA Robbins, C. S., Migratory Bird and Habitat Research Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser¬ vice, Laurel, Maryland 20811, USA Robertson, Dr. R. J., Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada Roche, J.-C., Aubenas-les-Alpes, 04110 Reillanne, France Rödiger, K. S., Weislingen Str. 6 — 8, 1000 Berlin 28, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Rogers, Dr. L., Pharmacology Department, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Rogge, E.M.H., B. Sc., B.A., Bergvägen 46/48, 55280 Jönköping, Sweden Ronchi, Mlle E., Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 8640, 48 Bielefeld, Bundesrepublik Deutsch¬ land DE Roos, Dr. G. T., Dorpsstraat 198, Vlieland, Netherlands Rooth, Dr. J., R.I.N. — Broekhuizen, Leersum, Netherlands Rosenthal, Mrs. E. S., 1212 Pine Ave. W-803, Montreal H3G IA9, P.Q., Canada Rosner, Dr. G., Postf. 102148, Ruhr-Universität, Lehrstuhl für Tierphysiologie, 4630 Bochum-Querenburg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Rothe, H. J., Zoologisches Institut FB 16.4, Universität des Saarlandes, 6600 Saarbrücken, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Roux, Dr. F., C.R.B.P.O., 55 rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Rowley, L, C.S.I.R.O., Division of Wildlife Research, Clayton Road, Helena Valley W.A. 6056, Australia Rowley, Dr. E. Rubel, Dr. E.W., Department of Otolaryngology, Box 430, University of Virginia, Medical Centre, Charlottesville, Va 22901, USA Rüppell, Prof. Dr. G., Zoologisches Institut der Technischen Universität, Pockelsstr. 10 a, 3300 Braunschweig, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Runnerström, B. G., Poststyrelsen, EK, 105 00 Stockholm, Sweden Rustamov, Prof. A., Academ. of AS TSSR, Turkmen. SSR, Pervomayskaya Str. 62, 744012 Ashkhabad 12, USSR Rutschke, Prof., Dr. E., Rosenstr. 12, 1502 Potsdam-Babelsberg, Deutsche Demokratische Republik Sachs, Dr. M. B., John Hopkins University, Sch. of Medicine, 506 Traylor Research Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Saiff, Dr. E., Ramapo College — Biology, 505 Ramapo Valley Rd., Mahwah, NJ. 07430, USA VON Saint Paul, Dr. U., Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, 8131 Andechs, Bun¬ desrepublik Deutschland Salomonsen, Prof. Dr. F., Zoologisches Museum, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Kopenhagen 0, Denmark Sanft, Dr. K., Reinickendorfer Str. 74, 1000 Berlin 65, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Saroso, M., P.O.B. 272/Kby., Kebayoran, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia Sauer, Prof. Dr. E. G. F., Adenauerallee 162, 5300 Bonn 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Saunders, J. C., Ph. D., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Str., Philadelphia, PA. 19104, USA Saurola, P., Zoological Museum, Ringing Centre, P. Rautatiek. 13, 00100 Helsinki 10, Fin- land Saurola, Mrs. H.-I. Scheich, Prof. Dr. H., Zoologisches Institut der Technischen Hochschule Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, 6100 Darmstadt, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Scheid, Dr. P., Max-Planck-Institut für experimentelle Medizin, Abt. Physiologie, 3400 Göt¬ tingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Schenker, A., c/o Beck, Wenkenhaldenweg 26, 4125 Riehen, Schweiz ScHERNER, Dr. E. R., Plauener Str. 7, 3400 Göttingen 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland ScHERZiNGER, Dr. W., Guldensteig 7, 8351 Waldhäuser, Bundesrepublik Deutschland ScHiFFERLi, Dr. A., Vogelwarte, 6204 Sempach, Schweiz SCHIFFERLI, Dr. L. Schifter, Dr. H., Naturhistorisches Museum, Postfach 417, 1014 Wien, Österreich Schifter, Frau T. Schmersow, K., Carmer Str. 10, 1 Berlin 12, Bundesrepublik Deutschland ScHMiD, C. R., Jr., P.O.B. 71, North Truro, Mass. 02652, USA Schmidt, B., Institut für Vogelforschung „Vogelwarte Helgoland“, 2940 Wilhelmshaven- Rüstersiel, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Schmidt, Dr. I., MPI f. Physiol. und Klinische Forschung, W. G. Kerckhoff-Institut, 6350 Bad Nauheim, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Schmidt, Dr. W., Apostelweg 9 B, 2000 Hamburg 73, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Schmidt-Koenig, Prof. Dr. K., Abt. Verhaltensphysiologie, Beim Kupferhammer 8, 7400 Tübingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Schneider, W., August-Bebel-Str. 45 I, 703 Leipzig S 3, Deutsche Demokratische Republik ScHÖLZEL, Frau H., Thurgauer Str. 12, 1000 Berlin 51, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Schoennagel, Dr. E., Meisenbrink 14, 3250 Hameln, Bundesrepublik Deutschland ScHOENNAGEL, Frau S. Schreiber, Dr. R. W., Curator of Ornithology, Natural History Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA Schreiber, Mrs. E. A. Schröder-Bonhof, Frl. S., Argentinische Allee 3, 1000 Berlin 37, Bundesrepublik Deutsch¬ land Schuchmann, K.-L., Fachbereich Biologie (Zoologie), Siesmayerstr. 70, 6000 Frankfurt, Bun¬ desrepublik Deutschland ScHüz, Prof. Dr. E., Elmar-Doch-Str. 39, 7140 Ludwigsburg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland ScHüz, Frau H. Schüler, Dr. W., 11. Zoologisches Institut und Museum der Universität, Berliner Straße 28, 3400 Göttingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Schuster, Mrs. A., Aloys-Schneider-Str. 14, 5530 Gerolstein, Bundesrepublik Deutschland ScHWABL, H., Vogelwarte Radolfzell/Obstberg, 7760 Radolfzell Möggingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland ScHWARTZKOPFF, Prof. Dr. J., Ruhr-Universität, Postfach 102148, 4630 Bochum 1, Bundesre¬ publik Deutschland Schwarz,)., Sophie-Charlotten-Str. 112, 1000 Berlin 19, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Schwarz, Dr. M., Elisabethenstr. 24, 4051 Basel, Schweiz Mitglieder des Kongresses 35 Seel, Dr. D. C., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Penrhos Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2LQ, United Kingdom Seite, Dr. A., Jochensteinstr. 8, 8500 Nürnberg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Sengupta, Dr. S., 15/1 Ramkali Mukherjee Lane, Calcutta 700050, India Senila-Vasiliu, Mme M., Aleea Teilor, Bloc 2 C, Sc. B. 1/4, 0300 Pitesti, Rumania Serventy, Dr. D. L., 27 Everett Street, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia Sharp, Dr. P. J., ARC Poultry Research Centre, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JS, United Kingdom Sharrock, Dr. J. T. R., Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ, United King¬ dom Sheppard, J. M., Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C. 20240, USA Shields, G. F., Assist. Prof. ZooL, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, USA Shields, Mrs. G. F. Short, Prof. Dr. L. L., Ornithology, American Museum Nat. History, 79 St. and Central Park West, New York N.Y. 10024, USA SiBLEY, Prof. C. G., Peabody Museum of Nat. History, Yale University, New Haven, Gönn. 06520, USA SiBLEY, Mrs. C. G. Sick, Dr. H., Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Caixa Postal 229, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Siegfried, W. R., Fitzpatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa Sielmann, H., Am Gänsebühel 13, 8 München-Obermenzing, Bundesrepublik Deutschland SiMBERLOFF, Dr. D., Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA Simon, Prof. Dr. E., MPI für Physiol. u. Klin. Forschung, W. G. Kerckhoff-Institut, 6350 Bad Nauheim, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Simon-Oppermann, Dr. C., MPI f. Physiol. u. Klin. Forschung, W. G. Kerckhoff-Institut, 6350 Bad Nauheim, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Simpson, S. M., Department of Zoology, University College, Bangor, Gwynedd, United King¬ dom Singer, D., Institut für Vogelforschung, „Vogelwarte Helgoland“, 2540 Wilhelmshaven- Rüstersiel, Bundesrepublik Deutschland SjöLANDER, Dr. S., Biologie I, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 8640, 4800 Bielefeld, Bundesre¬ publik Deutschland Skadhauge, E., Panum Institute, 3 C Blegdamsvej, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark DA Camara Smeets, M., Laboratoire Ecologie Animale, 5, Place de la Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain La Neuve, Belgium Smies, M., Shell-Research, Sittingwourne, Kent ME9 8AG, United Kingdom Smith, Dr. N. G., Box 2072, Balboa, Canal Zone Snow, Dr. D. W., Zoological Museum, Tring, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom Snow, Mrs. B. K. SoMADiKARTA, Dr. S., Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Sossinka, Dr. R., Verhaltensphysiologie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 8640, 4800 Bielefeld 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Spanö, Dr. S., Istituto di Zoologia, Via Balbi 5, 16126 Genova, Italy Spencer, R., c/o British Trust for Ornithology, Beech Grove, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 5NR, United Kingdom Spitzer, Dr. G., II. Zoologisches Institut der Universität, Dr. Karl Lueger- Ring 1, 1010 Wien, Österreich Stanley, B. L., York College of Pennsylvania, Country Club Rd., York, Pennsylvania 17405, USA Stark, D. M., 2 Harland Road, Castletown, Thurso KWH 8UB, Caithness, Scotland, United Kingdom Stein, Dr. R. C., Department of Biology, State University College, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, N.Y. 14222, USA XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Stein-von Spiess, Frau S., Auf dem Greite 18, 3400 Göttingen-Grone, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Steinbacher, Prof. Dr. G., Siebentischstr. 60 a, 8900 Augsburg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Steinbacher, Frau G. Steinbacher, Dr. J., Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberg Anlage 25, 6000 Frank¬ furt, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Steinbacher, Frau E. Sternberg, Fi., Im Schapenkampe 11, 3300 Braunschweig, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Stettenheim, Dr. P., Meriden Road, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766, USA Stiles, Dr. F. G., Escuela de Biologla, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica, C. A. Stokkan, K. A., Institute of Medical Biology, Physiological Section, University of Tromso, 9001 Tromso, Norway Stork, Dr. H. J., Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie der Ereien Universität Berlin, Königin- Luise-Str. 1 — 3, 1000 Berlin 33, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Stresemann, Frau V., Kamillenstr. 28, 1000 Berlin 45, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Sunkel, Frau M., Am Galgenberg 15, 6413 Tann/Rhön, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Suter, W., Else Züblin-Str. 3, 8047 Zürich, Schweiz SuTTER, Dr. E., Naturhistorisches Museum, Augustinergasse 2, 4051 Basel, Schweiz SuTTER, Frau G. SvEHLiK, Dr. J., Vojenskä 4, 04001 Kosice, Czechoslovakia SwENNEN, C., Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O.B. 59, Den Burg-Texel, Nether- lands Sykes, Dr. A. H., Wye College, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, United Kingdom Sykes, Mrs. M. Szijj, Dr. L. J., Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA Taapken, Dr. H. J., Utrechtseweg 43, 1213 TL Hilversum, Netherlands Tahon, I. J., Station de Zoologie Appliquee, Chemin de Liroux 8, 5800 Gembloux, Belgium Takahashi, J., Department of Zoology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA Temple Lang, J., Legal Service, EEG Commission, 200 Wetstraat, 1049 Brussels, Belgium Temple Lang, Mrs. L. Terborgh, Prof. J. W., Department of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. 08540, USA Tersghuren, Mrs. J. A., av. de la Charmille 8, Bte. 2, 1200 Brussels, Belgium Thaler, Dr. E., Institut für Zoologie der Universität, Universitätsstr. 4, 6020 Innsbruck, Österreich Thapliyal, Prof. J. P., Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India Thiede, Dr. W., Eliederstr. 2, 4280 Borken, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Thiede, Frau Dr. U. Thielcke, Dr. G., Storchenweg 1, 7760 Radolfzell-Möggingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Thimm, Dr. F., Physiologisches Institut der Sporthochschule, Carl-Diem-Weg, 5000 Köln 41, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Thiollay, Dr. J. M., 59 rue des Capucines, 92370 Chaville, France Thomas, Dr. D. H., Department of Zoology, University College, Cardiff CF 1 XL, United Kingdom Tiainen, J., University of Helsinki, Lammi Biological Station, 16900 Lammi, Finland Titman, Dr. R. D., P.O.B. 40, Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec HOA ICO, Canada Titman, Mrs. E. Todd, F. S., Senior Research Fellow, Hubbs/Sea World Research Institute, 1700 South Sho¬ res Road, San Diego, CA 92109, USA Todt, Prof. Dr. D., Haderslebenerstr. 9, 1000 Berlin 41, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Mitglieder des Kongresses 37 Tomialojc, Dr. L., Museum Nat. History, Wroclaw University, u. Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland Tousey, Miss K., 18 Western Ave., Essex, Mass. 01929, USA Traylor, M. A., Jr., Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Rd. at Lake Shore Dr., Chi¬ cago, Illinois 60605, USA Traylor, Mrs. M. Trent Thomas, Miss B., Partado 80844, Caracas 108, Venezuela Turek, F. W., Department of Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA Tu-ton, Mme J., Aubenas-les-Alpes, 04110 Reillanne, France Tutman, Prof. L, Iva Vojnovica 72, 50000 Dubrovnik 3, Yugoslavia Ulfstrand, Prof. S., Department of Animal Ecology, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden Ulfstrand, Mrs. A. Vasic, V. F., Institute for Biological Research, 29. Novembra 142, 1060 Beograd, Yugoslavia Vasiliu, Prof. Dr. D. G., Aleea Teilor, Bloc 2 C, Sc. B. 1/4, 0300 Pitesti, Rumania Vehrencamp, Dr. S. L., Department of Biology C-016, University of Calif. San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA ° Verheyen, Prof. Dr. R. F., Universitaire Instelling Antw., Departement Biologie, Universi- teitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium Veselovsky, Prof. Dr. Z., Zoological Garden-Troja 120, 17100, Czechoslovakia ° Viehmann, W., Dipl. Biol., Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Siesmayerstr., 6000 Frank¬ furt 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland ° ViHT, E., Eesti Metseinstituut Roömu tee 2, 202400 Tartu, Estonian SSR, USSR Vinokurov, Mr. A., Gentral Laboratorium für Naturschutz, 142790 Moskau reg. P.O. Vilar, USSR VioLANi, Dr. C., Istituto di Ecologia Animale ed Etologia, Universitä (Pal. Botta), 27100 Pavia, Italy VioLANi, Mrs. G. VlOLANI, G. VisALBERGHi, Dr. E., Via Spalato 11, 00198 Roma, Italy Voous, Prof. Dr. K. H., v. d. D. van Maasdamlaan 28, Huizen, N.H., Netherlands Voous-Luiting, Mrs. H. G. VuiLLEUMiER, Dr. F., American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, N.Y. 10024, USA Walcott, C., Department of Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, N.Y. 11794, USA Wallraff, Dr. H. G., Max-Planck-Institut, 8131 Seewiesen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Walmsley, J. G., Station Biologique, La Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France Walsberg, Dr. G. E., Department of Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash¬ ington 99164, USA Walter, Prof. Dr. H., Department of Geography, University of Galifornia, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA Warham, Dr. J., Zoology Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch I, New Zealand Wartmann, Dipl. -Nat. B. A., Paradiesstr. 24, 8802 Kilchberg, Schweiz Watson, Dr. G. W., Curator, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wahington, D. C. 20560, USA Wattel, Dr. J., Zoologisch Museum, Postbus 20125, 1000 HC Amsterdam, Netherlands Weathers, Dr. W. W., Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Weber, Dr. A., Hospitalstr. 1 1, 625 Limburg/Lahn, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Weise, Prof. Dr. H.-J., Händelweg 3, 1000 Berlin 21, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Weiss-Kreis, Dr. W., Mostackerstr. 11, 4051 Basel, Schweiz XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Weiss-Kreis, Frau R. Welty, Prof. J. C., Route 1, Beloit, Wisconsin 5351 1, USA Wendland, Dr. V., Ringbahnstr. 79, 1 Berlin 42, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Wendland, Frau R. Westerskov, Prof. Dr. K. E., Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Westerterp, Dr. K. R., Department of Biology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom Weston, Mrs. L L., P.O.B. 249, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Weston, T. M. White, Prof. Dr. C. M., Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA Whitmore, Mrs. M., 6034 Hall Street, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA Wickler, Dr. W., Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphys., 8131 Seewiesen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Wiens, Dr. J. A., Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Gorvallis, Oregon 97331, USA Williams, Mrs. G. M., 2 Jean St., Nelly Bay, Magnetic Island, Queensland 4816, Australia Willis, E. O., Avenida Modesto Fernandes 5/n, Baräo Geraldo, 13100 Campinas, SP, Brazil Willis, Mrs. Y. O. Wilson, Prof. A. C., Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Wilson, H. I., Forest and Wildlife Service, Sidmonton PI., Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland WiLTSCHKO, W., FB Biologie der Universität, Zoologie, Siesmayerstr. 70, 6000 Frankfurt, Bundesrepublik Deutschland WiLTSCHKO, Frau R. WiNGFiELD, Dr. J. C., Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washing¬ ton 98195, USA Wink, M., Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie der Technischen Universität, Pockelsstr. 4, 3300 Braunschweig, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Wink, Frau C. Winkel, Dr. W., Außenstation Braunschweig für Populationsökologie beim Institut für Vogelforschung „Vogelwarte Helgoland“, Bauernstr. 14, 3302 Cremlingen 1, Bundes¬ republik Deutschland Winkel, Frau D. Winkler, Dr. H. C., Oberweiden 37, A-2295 Oberweiden, Österreich Winkler, Frau WiNTERBorroM, Dr. J., 9 Alexandra Avenue, Oranjezicht, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa WiNTERBOTTOM, MrS. M. C. Witt, Dr. K., Tietzenweg 81, 1000 Berlin 45, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Witt, Frau Dr. J. Wittenberg, Dr. J., Maienstr. 13, 3300 Braunschweig, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Wolf, Dr. L. L., Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y. 13210, USA WoLFFGRAMM, Dr. J., Physiologisches Institut des Universitätsklinikums, Hufelandstr. 55, 4300 Essen 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Wolters, Dr. H. E., Zool. Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 150—164, 5300 Bonn 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland WooLFENDEN, G. E., Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fl 33620 USA WooLLER, Dr. R., School of Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6153 WoTHE, C., Institut für Vogelforschung, Vogelwarte Helgoland, 2940 Wilhelmshaven- Rüstersiel, Bundesrepublik Deutschland WüRDi.NGER, Dr. I., Pädagogische Hochschule, 3200 Hildesheim, Bundesrepublik Deutsch¬ land Wüst, Dr. W., Hohenlohestr. 61, 8000 München 19, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Wüst, Frau I. Wunderlich, Dr. K., Karolinenhofweg 6, 1187 Berlin, Deutsche Demokratische Republik Mitglieder des Kongresses 39 Wyndham, E., A. E.S., Griffith University, Nathan, Qld. 4111, Australia Yokoyama, Dr. K., Department of Zoology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA Yoshii, M., Bird Migration Research Center, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, 8-20 Nampeidai-n^achi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan Zhordania, Dr. R. G., State University, Tbilisi 28, Georgia, USSR ZiMDAHL, Dr. W., Otto-Nuschke-Str. 28, 1 10 Berlin, Deutsche Demokratische Republik Zink, Dr. G., Dürrenhofstr. 16, 7760 Möggingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland ZiswiLER, Prof. Dr. V., Universität, Zoologie, Künstlergasse 16, 8006 Zürich, Schweiz ZwARTS, L., Achterwei 23, EE (ERL), Netherlands ZwEERS, Dr. G. A., Department of Morphology, Zoolog. Lab., Kaiserstr. 63, Leiden, Nether¬ lands ZwEERS, Mrs. T. 40 Der XVII. Internationale Ornithologen-Kongreß in Berlin Rolf Nöhring Vorbereitungen Weit über ein halbes Jahrhundert sei verstrichen, seit ein Internationaler Ornitholo¬ gen-Kongreß in Deutschland abgehalten wurde, und die Deutsche Ornithologen- Gesellschaft befinde sich tief in der Schuld aller früheren Gastgeber — damit empfahl Günther Niethammer beim Ausscheiden aus dem Präsidentenamt der DO-G seinem Nachfolger, in Canberra eine Einladung auszusprechen. Dort nahm das Internationale Ornithologische Komitee die Einladung nach Deutschland an und wählte Herrn Prof. Dr. Donald S. Earner aus Seattle, Washing¬ ton, U.S.A., zum Präsidenten. Die deutschen Mitglieder dieses Komitees ernannten mich zum General-Sekretär, und ich bestimmte Berlin zum Tagungsort, auf die Hilfe der Stadtväter und des Zoologischen Gartens vertrauend, der schon 1910 den V. Inter¬ nationalen Ornithologen-Kongreß beherbergt und nachhaltig gefördert hatte. Der Präsident berief einen Ausschuß für das Wissenschaftliche Programm, der — die neuen Statuten vorwegnehmend — je zur Hälfte aus Vertretern des Gastlandes und aus Ornithologen anderer Länder bestand. Herr Prof. Dr. Klaus Immelmann über¬ nahm dessen Vorsitz und wurde bald zum Spiritus rector des Wissenschaftlichen Pro¬ grammes. Eür das Film-Programm stellte sich Herr Prof. Dr. Georg Rüppell zur Ver¬ fügung. Der Generalsekretär arbeitete die Exkursionen aus. Ein international zusammengesetzter Ausschuß mußte weniger beweglich sein als ein örtliches Gremium. Er trat darum nur dreimal zusammen und stets unvollständig. Im Oktober 1975 wurden in Berlin der allgemeine Programmablauf festgelegt, die The¬ mata der Symposia bestimmt und die um ihre Mitwirkung zu bittenden Plenarredner ausgewählt. Im September 1976 in Kiel ergänzte der Ausschuß das Programm und legte Ende Februar 1978 in Berlin den endgültigen zeitlichen und räumlichen Ablauf fest. Im ersten Quartal 1976 erschien in fast allen bedeutenden ornithologischen Zeit¬ schriften eine Erste Ankündigung des Kongresses. Die daraufhin eingehenden Inter¬ essebekundungen wurden im Dezember 1976 mit einer ausführlichen Zweiten Ankün¬ digung beantwortet, der eine Karte für eine vorläufige Anmeldung beilag. Hiermit meldeten sich 1 093 Personen zum Kongreß und 525 Personen für die Exkursionen vor (259) und nach (266) dem Kongreß an. Im November 1977 wurde, zusammen mit den Unterlagen für eine endgültige Anmeldung, die Dritte und Letzte Ankündigung verschickt. Der Generalsekretär bot darin seine Hilfe an bei der Reservierung von Unterkünften während des Kongresses in Berlin. Verkehrsämter pflegen Kongreßteilnehmer über die ganze Stadt zu verstreuen; wir wollten aber unsere Gäste auch außerhalb der Veranstaltungen möglichst nahe beieinander sein lassen, um so persönliche Verbindungen knüpfen oder festigen zu können. Es meldeten sich 780 Teilnehmer endgültig an, 633 Ordentliche und 147 Außeror¬ dentliche Mitglieder. Davon waren 73 Mitglieder am Erscheinen verhindert. Nach Bericht des Generalsekretärs 41 ihrer Herkunft verteilten sich die anwesenden 707 Mitglieder auf die folgenden 38 (43) Länder (in Klammern die vorläufig angemeldeten Teilnehmer): Argentinien 2 (4), Australien 23 (35), Belgien 20 (24), Bulgarien 0 (5), Brasilien 4 (4), Canal Zone 1 (1), Costa Rica 1 (0), Dänemark 12 (26), Bundesrepublik Deutschland 235 (358), Deutsche Demokratische Republik 9 (6), England 64 (74), Finnland 6 (16), Frankreich 22 (22), Holland 22 (35), Hongkong 0 (1), Indien 0 (7), Indonesien 1 (6), Iran 0 (1), Irland 2 (2), Island 0 (1), Israel 4 (5), Italien 12 (16), Japan 5 (4), Jugoslawien 4 (3), Kanada 26 (40), Kenia 0 (1), Mexiko 0 (1), Neuseeland 5 (20), Norwegen 3 (4), Österreich 11 (19), Papua-Neuguinea 2 (4), Polen 4 (8), Portugal 1 (1), Rhodesien 0 (2), Rumänien 2 (0), Sambia 1 (1), Schweden 16 (28), Schweiz 25 (37), Senegal 2 (2), Spanien 2 (8), Sowjetunion 4 (20), Südafrika 11 (17), Südwestafrika 0 (2), Tschad 1 (2), Tschecho¬ slowakei 4 (6), Ungarn 0 (2), Venezuela 5 (4), Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika 136 (212). Ein wesentlicher Grund für den großen Unterschied zwischen der angekündigten und der tatsächlichen Teilnahme am Kongreß lag sicherlich in dem stetig sinkenden Wechselkurs des US-Dollars von etwa DM 2,50 im Jahre 1976 auf knapp DM 2,00 bei Anmeldeschluß am 1. März 1978; dadurch waren die Kosten für Dollarbesitzer um ein Viertel gestiegen. Unabhängig hiervon mag auch mancher Interessierte die erhofften Genehmigungen oder Kostenzuschüsse nicht erhalten haben. Die in Berlin eintreffenden Teilnehmer wurden vom Kongreßbüro empfangen. Heute ist die Meinung weit verbreitet, Studenten ließen sich nur noch gegen hohe Ver¬ gütung für die sogenannten Hilfsdienste gewinnen, wie sie solch ein Büro verlangt. Herr Prof. Dietmar Todt degradierte diese Meinung zum Gerücht: er wußte seine Schüler für diese mühsame und für die Atmosphäre einer Zusammenkunft so wichtige Aufgabe zu begeistern. Den Damen Elke Brüser, Henrike Hultsch, Elettra Ron- CHi, Sophie Schröder-Bonhoff und Ute von Wendenburg und den Herren Fern Duvall, Daniel Escher-Gräub, Dietmar Heike und Bernd Jänicke danke ich für ihre umsichtige und liebenswürdige Betreuung der Teilnehmer. Meine Assistentin Frau Ingeborg Bujok war nicht nur für finanzielle Belange verantwortlich; sie hatte auch für 360 Teilnehmer wunschgemäß Unterkunft bereitgestellt, davon für über 200 in vier nahe beieinander gelegenen Hotels, in die die Gäste vom Kongreßbüro weitergeleitet wurden. Die Finanzierung des Kongresses konnte dank der großzügigen Hilfe des Senates von Berlin, vertreten durch den Senator für Wissenschaft und Forschung, gesichert werden. Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft trug auch etwas zu den Kongreßkosten bei, verhinderte aber jede Simultanübersetzung (die Eröffnungssitzung konnte den¬ noch zweisprachig gehört werden). Von den Ordentlichen Mitgliedern wurde eine Kongreßgebühr von DM 300 erhoben, die Außerordentlichen Mitglieder bezahlten DM 80. Einigen Referenten wurde ein Beitrag zu ihren Reisekosten gewährt. Entschei¬ dende materielle und personelle Unterstützung erfuhr der Kongreß vom Zoologischen Garten Berlin; dem Aufsichtsrat und dessen Vorsitzendem, Herrn Dietrich von Gru- NELius, und meinen Kollegen im Vorstand, Prof. Dr. Heinz-Georg Klös und Dr. Hans Frädrich, sei dafür warmer Dank gesagt. Der Kongreß fand in der Berliner Kongreßhalle statt, einem 1957/58 nach den Plä¬ nen des amerikanischen Architekten Hugh A. Stubbins errichteten Bau, in dem sich 42 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Kühnheit der Konstruktion mit Anmut der Erscheinung auf das Glücklichste verbin¬ den. Neben dem großen Saal für die Plenarsitzungen und Filmvorführungen standen vier Räume für die gleichzeitig abzuhaltenden Symposia und ausreichend Zimmer für Gruppengespräche und Konferenzen zur Verfügung. Die 141 Tafelvorträge konnten geschlossen in einer Halle dargeboten werden. Die Eingangshalle, das (nicht von allen Teilnehmern gelobte) Restaurant und vielerlei Nebenräume boten Gelegenheit zu pri¬ vaten Gesprächen. Die Kongreßhalle ist eingebettet in einen großen Park, und manche fachliche Auseinandersetzung fand ihren Ausklang auf Spaziergängen durch diese Anlagen. Mindestens der auf biologischem Gebiet tätige Wissenschaftler möchte kei¬ neswegs tagelang künstlich belüftet und belichtet werden; er weiß Sonnenschein und den Blick auf Wiesen und Bäume auch während der Kongreßarbeit sehr wohl zu schät¬ zen. Das wissenschaftliche Programm Die Eröffnungssitzung begann am Montag, dem 5. Juni, 10.00 Uhr, im Großen Saal der Kongreßhalle, der geschmückt war mit den Portraitbildnissen der beiden bedeu¬ tendsten Berliner Ornithologen; Oskar Heinroth und Erwin Stresemann. Die Deut¬ sche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft begrüßte ihre Gäste durch ihren Präsidenten, Herrn Prof. Immelmann. Herr Senatsdirektor Prof. Hartmut Jäckel überbrachte Willkom¬ men und Grüße des Senates von Berlin. Der Generalsekretär erzählte von dem Beginn der Internationalen Ornithologen-Kongresse 1884 in Wien und 1891 in Budapest. Dann erklärte der Präsident des Kongresses, Herr Prof. Donald S. Farner, mit einer kurzen Adresse die Verhandlungen für eröffnet und bat Herrn Prof. Konrad Lorenz zu seiner Gedächtnisrede auf Oskar Heinroth, die in diesem Bande auf Seite 83 nach¬ zulesen ist. Am Montagnachmittag setzte die vielfältige Arbeit des Kongresses ein mit acht gleichzeitig ablaufenden Veranstaltungen: vier Symposia und zwei Gruppengespräche wurden abgehalten, das Filmprogramm und die Tafelvorträge dargeboten. Dabei war Bedacht darauf gelegt, verwandte Themata nicht gleichzeitig zu behandeln. Die dadurch bedingte Vielfalt macht einen chronologischen Bericht über den Ablauf des Kongresses unsinnig. Wer sich aus historischen oder persönlichen Gründen für das Neben- und Nacheinander der Veranstaltungen interessiert, findet auf den Seiten 1437—1442 dieses Bandes die aus dem Programm übernommenen Tagesübersichten nachgedruckt. Ich beschränke mich auf wenige zusammenfassende Bemerkungen. Jeder Arbeitstag begann mit einem etwa einstündigen Plenarvortrag, in dem der Wissensstand eines Fachgebietes zusammengefaßt oder Entwicklungslinien nachge¬ zeichnet wurden. Die Plenarvorträge wurden nicht diskutiert. Von den insgesamt 36 Symposia mußten je vier gleichzeitig abgehalten werden. Über den Inhalt der Vorträge unterrichtete eine Broschüre mit 198 Kurzfassungen. Der Prä¬ sident und der Ausschuß für das wissenschaftliche Programm hatten die Symposions¬ leiter ausgewählt; diese Leiter luden ihrerseits die Redner ihres Symposions ein. Im Durchschnitt trugen etwa fünf Redner pro Symposion vor. Kein Redner konnte aus eigener Initiative, also ohne Einladung, auf einem Symposion vortragen. Es ist gegen dieses System eingewandt worden, der einladende Leiter könne Vortragende mit kon¬ troversen Ansichten (zur Auffassung des Leiters oder zur herrschenden Meinung) vor¬ sätzlich ausschließen. Selbst wenn in Einzelfällen solch ein Verdacht gegeben sein mag. Bericht des Generalsekretärs 43 so Stehen dem doch unübersehbare Vorteile gegenüber: Von der Unbill durch jene Redner, die mit vielen Worten nichts oder nur sattsam Bekanntes zu sagen haben, bleibt das Auditorium verschont. Und; Unter engen Fachkollegen erreicht die Diskus¬ sion ein höheres und zuweilen höchstes Niveau. Leider kann sich von den Diskussionen in diesem Bande kein Niederschlag finden. In noch höherem Ausmaß gilt das für die Gruppengespräche, in denen Detailfragen, während der Symposia nur flüchtig berührt, im gleichen oder kleineren Kreis vertieft wurden. Diese Gespräche leben von der spontanen Äußerung, die sich nicht schriftlich festhalten läßt. So steht in diesem Bande als programmatische Kurzfassung nur, was die Initiatoren gewollt haben, nicht aber, was geschehen ist. Vor nicht geringere Schwierigkeiten sieht sich der Ghronist gestellt, wenn er über das Filmprogramm berichten möchte. So wie sich akustisches Geschehen kaum einem anderen Sinnesorgan als dem Ohr eindeutig vermitteln läßt — was in den Symposia zur Bioakustik immer wieder, wenn auch zuweilen bewußt bagatellisiert, zum Aus¬ druck kam — , so läßt sich die optische Darbietung nur unzureichend beschreiben. Jene Filme, die in schönen Bildern die Eingriffe des Menschen in die Natur bewegt beklagen und auch keinen Ausweg zeigen, waren erfreulich gering vertreten. Meistens verband sich saubere, zuweilen künstlerische Kameraführung mit klarer wissenschaftlicher Aus¬ sage. Die mühevolle Auslese aus einem sehr umfangreichen Material hat sich gelohnt. Herrn Prof. Georg Rüppell, der Auswahl, Programm und Darbietung allein verant¬ wortete und bewältigte, gebührt Dank und Anerkennung. Neu für die Internationalen Ornithologen-Kongresse waren die Tafelvorträge, die sich als wertvoller Teil des wissenschaftlichen Programms erwiesen haben. Hier scheint sich ein eleganter und nutzbringender Ausweg aufzutun aus einigen Schwierigkeiten, die große Kongresse zunehmend belasten. Es könnte ein Weg sein zurück aus dem Massenbetrieb und hin zu intensiven Gesprächen unter wenigen wirklich Interessierten. Sehr spezielle Themata können hier uneingeschränkt besprochen werden. Der in der Diskussion vor einem hundertköpfigen Auditorium mit seiner Frage zögernde Teilneh¬ mer verliert im kleinen Kreis seine — zuweilen auch sprachlichen — Hemmungen. Aber auch der Vortragende ohne Rednergabe ist seiner Schwierigkeiten enthoben. Und schließlich: Es ist begreiflich, daß Institute und Behörden Urlaub und Zuschüsse zum Kongreßbesuch ihren Mitarbeitern nur gewähren wollen, wenn diese die Institutsarbeit in einem Vortrag dem Kongreß vorstellen. Dieser Zwang zum Reden kann in Form des Tafelvortrages ungünstigstenfalles unschädlich für die Zeit und Aufmerksamkeit der Teilnehmer abgeleitet werden, bei kluger Themenwahl und Beschränkung auf Kern¬ fragen sich aber zu einem wertvollen Beitrag entwickeln. Voraussetzung ist allerdings, daß die Institute das mancherorts anzutreffende törichte Vorurteil fahren lassen, ein Tafelvortrag sei kein ernsthafter Kongreßbeitrag. Als weitere Voraussetzung müssen die Kongreßleiter ausreichend große, gut beleuchtete und vor allem ruhige Räume zur Verfügung stellen. Tafelvorträge gehören nicht in abgelegene Flure und auch nicht wie Reklameplakate zwischen Fenster und Türen einer Durchgangshalle. Das hier kurz skizzierte wissenschaftliche Programm hat, zusammen mit dem Präsi¬ denten und dem zuständigen Ausschuß, Herr Prof. Immelmann entworfen und durch¬ geführt. Für seine geistige und organisatorische Leistung und für seine nie erlahmende Umsicht schuldet der Kongreß ihm großen Dank. 44 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Exkursionen während des Kongresses An fünf Arbeitstagen des Kongresses führten wissenschaftliche Zoomitarbeiter mor¬ gens vor Beginn der Verhandlungen durch die Vogelsammlung des Zoologischen Gar¬ tens. Diese Führungen fanden ebenso regen Zuspruch wie die von Herrn Hinrich Elvers geleiteten Morgenspaziergänge durch den Tiergarten, die vor allem den Teil¬ nehmern aus Übersee Gelegenheit geben sollten zum ersten Beobachten der häufigeren Parkvögel. Der Donnerstag (8. Juni) war frei von wissenschaftlichen Veranstaltungen. Dieser Tag sollte zum Atemholen dienen nach und vor jeweils drei Kongreßtagen mit dichtge¬ drängtem Programm, zum persönlichen Gespräch und zum Kennenlernen der Stadt. Er sollte aber auch ein wenig einführen in Berlin-typische biologische Fragen. Am frühen Donnerstagmorgen um 3.30 Uhr trafen sich die Teilnehmer auf dem Wittenbergplatz und wurden mit Autobussen zu den Zielen ihrer Morgenexkursionen gebracht: in den Volkspark Glienicke unter der Leitung von Dr. Hartmut Ebenhöh, m den Botanischen Garten und an die Grunewaldseen (Dr. Siegfried Kanowski), in den Tegeler Forst (Jürgen Hindemith und Hans-Günter Wille), an das Tegeler Fließ (Dr. Hans-Jürgen Stork und Hans-Ulrich Hoffmann), zum Teufelsberg (Hinrich Elvers), nach Tiefwerder und Picheiswerder (Dr. Klaus Witt und Dr. Horst Kowalsky), auf die Rieselfelder in Gatow Qochen Schwarz) und in den Spandauer Forst (Dr. Dieter Westphal). Die Gesamtleitung lag in den Händen von Herrn Dr. Witt. Neben einem mehr kursorischen Blick auf die hiesige Ornis wurden den Teil¬ nehmern die oekologischen Gegebenheiten in einer von ihrer Umgebung radikal abge¬ schnittenen Stadt vorgestellt. Am Donnerstagvormittag ließen sich etwa 300 Kongreßmitglieder von Herrn Prof. Klös, Herrn Dr. Frädrich und ihren Assistenten ausgiebig durch den Zoologischen Garten führen. Außer den allmorgendlich vorgestellten Vogelsammlungen fanden die in den letzten Jahren errichteten Gebäude und Gehege für Säugetiere lebhaften Anklang. Die in der seenartig erweiterten Havel gelegene Pfaueninsel war am Donnerstag¬ nachmittag das Ziel eines Ausfluges, der mehr als 200 Mitglieder vereinte. Eine so zahl¬ reich besuchte Unternehmung fördert naturgemäß mehr den persönlichen Kontakt. Dennoch gelang es der geschickten Führung der Herren Jürgen Klawitter, Dr. Vic¬ tor Wendland und Thomas Gregor, auch ornithologische Leckerbissen vorzuzeigen, so den Zwergschnäpper Ficedula parva. Gesellige Veranstaltungen Zu einer Vorführung historischer Tänze hatte der Generalsekretär am Freitagabend (9. Juni) in die Kongreßhalle eingeladen. Das Ensemble Historischer Tanz Berlin, Hochschule der Künste, stellte in einer begeisternd schönen Aufführung — unter der Leitung von Herrn Prof. Taubert und zusammen mit dem Collegium Instrumentale Berlin — Tänze des 16. bis 19. Jahrhunderts in Originalkostümen vor. Die stark besuchte und mit lebhaftem Beifall aufgenommene Veranstaltung leitete der Generalse¬ kretär ein mit Betrachtungen über den Zusammenhang von Kultur und Wissenschaft. Er definierte Kultur als einen zum Überleben nicht notwendigen Überschuß, der auf Bericht des Generalsekretärs 45 bewußten oder unbewußten Spielregeln (Konvention) beruhe. Wo diese Spielregeln mißachtet oder vergessen werden, sterbe auch alle Kultur — überlebt werde nur noch biologisch. Der Abschlußabend vereinte etwa 150 Gäste im Hotel Schweizerhof. Nun aller Ver¬ pflichtungen ledig, entspannten sich die Kongreßteilnehmer an einem berolinensischen Buffet und zeitgenössischem Tanz. Baron von Haartman dankte am Schlüsse dem Senat von Berlin und der Stadt für die Gastfreundschaft und den Ausrichtern für die wissenschaftliche und organisatorische Vorbereitung und Durchführung des Kongres¬ ses. Berlin kennt keine Polizeistunde, und so wurde es spät, bis sich die letzten Gäste in angeregter und fröhlicher Stimmung voneinander trennten. Auswärtige Exkursionen vor und nach dem Kongreß Einer kritischen Betrachtung bedürfen die so umfangreich angebotenen auswärtigen Exkursionen vor und nach dem Kongreß. An den ursprünglich 18 (später nur noch 13) vorbereiteten mehrtätigen Exkursionen vor dem Kongreß, zu denen sich 259 Teilneh¬ mer vorläufig angemeldet hatten, wollten nur 71 Personen endgültig teilnehmen, so daß 8 Exkursionen gestrichen werden mußten. Für die 20 (14) Exkursionen nach dem Kongreß lagen 266 vorläufige, aber nur 57 endgültige Anmeldungen vor; hier fielen 9 Exkursionen aus. Der mancherseits erhobene Vorwurf, die hier aufgewendete Mühe — vor allem für die dann nicht durchgeführten Unternehmungen — sei viel zu groß gewesen, trifft zweifellos zu. Für künftige Kongresse mag ein Blick auf die möglichen Gründe nütz¬ lich sein. Der Unterschied zwischen vorläufigen und endgültigen Anmeldungen dürfte zum Teil in dem bereits erwähnten Wechselkursverfall des Dollars liegen. Meine leicht¬ fertige Gutgläubigkeit an den Wert einstweiliger Interessebekundungen kommt wohl hinzu. Ein amerikanisches Reisebüro stiftete mit unautorisierten und überdies falschen Ankündigungen etliche Verwirrung unter den Interessenten aus den Vereinigten Staa¬ ten. Ein weiterer Grund könnte in der Ausweitung der Exkursionsziele über die Gren¬ zen des gastgebenden Landes hinaus auf ganz Europa liegen: die weiten Anreisewege erhöhen die Kosten. Andererseits liegen die meistinteressierenden und dann auch meistbesuchten Ziele extrem peripher: Südspanien, Donaudelta, Lappland; in Deutsch¬ land fanden sich ausreichend Teilnehmer nur für eine Exkursion in Bayern. So bleiben mir die letzten Gründe für die verhältnismäßig geringe Teilnahme undeutlich. Einige Laborforscher, aber auch manche bedeutenden älteren Ornithologen haben vorgeschlagen, künftig auf Exkursionen ganz zu verzichten. Dies hieße aber, scheint mir, das Kind mit dem Bade auszuschütten. Die Namen der letzteren finden sich viel¬ fach in den Exkursionsberichten früherer Kongresse; so scheint deren jetzige Meinung keine grundsätzliche zu sein. Den ersteren mag für ihre besonderen Fragestellungen die Anschauung des oekologischen Gefüges fremder Gebiete entbehrlich scheinen. Den Ornithologen sensu stricto fesselt auch heute noch der Vogel nicht als Objekt, sondern als Problem. Manche Seiten dieses Problems sind ohne Anschauung der spezifischen Umwelt nicht zu begreifen, und zu solcher Anschauung tragen Exkursionen bei. Die Herren Dr. Peter Berthold (Württemberg-Baden), Prof. Dr. Urs Glutz von Blotzheim (Berner Oberland), Dr. Claus König (Pyrenäen), Dr. Dietrich König (Schleswig-Holstein), Kalevi K. Malmström (Südfinnland), Dr. Alfred Schifferli 46 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS (Südalpen), Dr. Seppo Sulkava (Mittel-Finnland) und Dr. Gottfried Vauk (Nieder¬ sachsen) haben (die jeweils in Klammern genannten) Exkursionen geplant und vorberei¬ tet, die nicht durchgeführt werden konnten. Ihnen gilt mein Dank nicht nur für ihre Mühe, sondern ebenso für die ausnahmslos klaglose Einsicht in die ökonomischen Gründe für den Ausfall. Durchgeführt wurden vor dem Kongreß 3 parallele Exkursionen in das Gu.ndalquivir- Delta und die Serrania de Ronda mit insgesamt 38 Teilnehmern, geleitet von den Fierren Dr. Javier Castroviejo, Dr. Fernando Alvarez und Pedro Weickert. In das Rhone- Delta fuhren 16 Personen, die Herr Dr. Lücas Hoffmann durch die Camargue und die Grau begleitete. Prof. Dr. Philippe Lebreton und Prof. Dr. Michel Bournaud hat¬ ten für 7 Teilnehmer eine Exkursion ausgerichtet, die die Mittlere Rhone vom Teich¬ gebiet Les Dombes bis in die Südausläufer des Schweizer Jura besuchte. Durch die Österreichischen Alpen führte Herr Dr. Gerhard Spitzer 8 Teilnehmer und anschlie¬ ßend 10 Teilnehmer an den Neusiedler See und in den Seewinkel. Nach dem Kongreß leitete Herr Dr. Spitzer Exkursionen mit 10 Personen in das Donau-Delta und mit 9 Teilnehmern zunächst nach Ungarn und dann ins Donau- Delta. Herr Prof. Walter Wüst zeigte 10 Mitgliedern das nordöstliche Bayern vom Fränkischen Weihergebiet über den Jura bis zum Ries. 15 Personen fuhren unter der Leitung von Herrn Kent Forssgren nach Abisko am Torneträsk in Schwedisch-Lapp- land. In Finnisch-Lappland besuchten 13 Teilnehmer, geführt von Herrn Olavi Sten- man, das Gebiet um Kavigasniemi und den Kevo Nationalpark. Allen Exkursionsleitern danke ich für Planung, die sorgfältige Durchführung und für die Betreuung der Teilnehmer. Da ich den Sinn einer jeden Exkursion in dem Zuwachs an Anschauung und Einsicht für den einzelnen Teilnehmer erblicke, scheinen mir Berichte über den Verlauf der Exkursionen an dieser Stelle überflüssig. Nicht überflüssig — um es noch einmal zu sagen — finde ich die Veranstaltung von sorgfältig vorbereiteten und wissenschaftlich gut geleiteten Exkursionen auch auf den künftigen Internationalen Ornithologen-Kon- gressen. Sitzungen und Beschlüsse des Permanenten Exekutivkomitees und des Internationalen Ornithologischen Komitees Am 11. und 12. März 1978 hielt das Permanente Exekutivkomitee eine Sitzung in Frankfurt am Main ab, bei der die Herren Dr. Frith und Phelps nicht anwesend waren. Es billigte die Berichte über die wissenschaftlichen und organisatorischen Vor¬ bereitungen und beauftragte den Generalsekretär mit der Herausgabe der Proceedings und der Beschaffung der dafür nötigen finanziellen Mittel. Der Generalsekretär wurde ferner gebeten, in seinem Bericht ausführlicher als bisher auf die Arbeit des Permanen¬ ten Exekutivkomitees (PEG) und des Internationalen Ornithologischen Komitees (IOC) einzugehen. Der vom Präsidenten hergestellte Entwurf einer neuen Satzung für das IOC wurde in einigen Punkten abgeändert und Vorschläge für neue Mitglieder des PEG und IOC sowie für einen Präsidenten des nächsten Kongresses vorbereitet. Über¬ legungen für den Austragungsort des nächsten Kongresses schlossen sich an. Bericht des Generalsekretärs 47 Eine zweite Sitzung während des Kongresses in Berlin am 5. Juni, bei der alle Mit¬ glieder anwesend waren, beschäftigte sich vorwiegend mit den Modalitäten eines näch¬ sten Kongresses in Moskau. Eine weitere Einladung nach Belgien war soeben einge¬ gangen. Auf einer dritten Sitzung am 7. Juni wurden die Einzelheiten der Einladung nach Belgien besprochen und beide Einladungen gegeneinander abgewogen. Das PEC sprach sich mit 6 zu 4 Stimmen für die Annahme der Einladung nach Belgien aus. Vor¬ schläge für ca. 50 neue Mitglieder des erweiterten IOC, für den Ersatz der 4 ausschei¬ denden Mitglieder des PEC und für den Präsidenten des nächsten Kongresses wurden diskutiert. Das IOC hat in zwei Sitzungen am 6. und 10. Juni eine Reihe wichtiger Entschei¬ dungen getroffen. In der ersten Sitzung, an der 51 Mitglieder teilnahmen, wurde die neue Satzung des Komitees nach einigen redaktionellen Änderungen ohne Gegen¬ stimme angenommen und mit sofortiger Wirkung in Kraft gesetzt. Der Wortlaut ist auf den Seiten 55 bis 62 dieses Bandes abgedruckt. Die neuen Statuten setzen sich aus der eigentlichen Satzung und aus Ausführungsbestimmungen zusammen. Sie ersetzen die Statuten von Rouen 1938, die die letzten 8 Kongresse regiert haben. Nach der neuen Satzung kann das IOC, bisher auch „Hunderterkomitee“ genannt, nun erheblich erweitert werden, denn die Mitglieder, die älter sind als 65 Jahre, werden bei der Begrenzung auf 100 Personen nicht mehr mitgezählt, haben aber volles Stimm¬ recht. Die Zusammensetzung des Komitees soll die internationale Ausbreitung der Ornithologie widerspiegeln, und die Zahl der Vertreter der einzelnen Länder soll der ornithologischen Aktivität dieser Länder entsprechen. Die Aufgaben des Komitees bestehen in der Wahl des Landes, in dem der nächste Kongreß stattfinden soll; in der Wahl neuer Komitee-Mitglieder, des Präsidenten des nächsten Kongresses, der Mit¬ glieder des PEC; und in der Förderung internationaler Zusammenarbeit. Das PEC soll nach der neuen Satzung in dem Zeitraum zwischen den Kongressen im Namen des IOC arbeiten und trägt die allgemeine Verantwortung für dessen wis¬ senschaftliche Politik. Es ist bei der Zusammensetzung des jeweiligen Komitees für das Wissenschaftliche Programm anzuhören. Die bisherige bewährte Übung, die Mitglie¬ der des PEC de facto für 8 Jahre arbeiten zu lassen, auf jedem Kongreß nur 4 auszu¬ wechseln, und so die Erfahrungen weiterzureichen, ist nicht in die neue Satzung aufge¬ nommen. Auf einer zweiten Sitzung des IOC am 10. Juni waren 46 Mitglieder anwesend. Sie wählten einstimmig Prof. Dr. Lars Freiherr von Haartman zum Präsidenten des nächsten Kongresses. Herr Dr. Devillers überbrachte und erläuterte eine Einladung für den nächsten Kongress nach Belgien, Prof. Dr. Iljitschew nach Moskau. In Belgien würde der Kon¬ greß im August 1982 stattfinden, vermutlich in Brüssel; etwa 250 Teilnehmer könnten im Universitätsgelände untergebracht werden, die übrigen in Hotels. Es werde keine Simultan-Übersetzung geben. Die Herausgabe der Proceedings sei gesichert. In Moskau würde der Kongreß zwischen Juni und August 1982 stattfinden können. Für die Plenarvorträge werde es eine Simultan-Übersetzung ins Englische geben, für die übrigen Vorträge ausführliche Kurzfassungen in der Sprache der Autoren mit rus¬ sischer Übersetzung. Die Zahl der Teilnehmer aus der Sowjetunion werde man aus 48 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS räumlichen Gründen auf ein Viertel der Gesamtzahl beschränken, für die Teilnehmer aus dem Ausland gäbe es keinerlei Beschränkungen; jeder Ornithologe werde einreisen können, gleichgültig, aus welchem Land er komme. Die Proceedings sollen auf Eng¬ lisch und Russisch beschränkt werden: pro Vortrag 5 Seiten Englisch und 1 Seite russi¬ sche Zusammenfassung bzw. umgekehrt. In der folgenden Abstimmung sprachen sich 19 Mitglieder des lOG für Moskau, 17 für Brüssel aus, 10 enthielten sich der Stimme. Damit war der Kongreß 1982 nach Moskau vergeben. Nach dieser Entscheidung erklärte der Generalsekretär seinen Rücktritt als Mitglied des PEG: er wolle nicht Mitverantwortung übernehmen für die Durchführung eines Kongresses, bei dem ihm die uneingeschränkte Tätigkeit des PEG und die ungehin¬ derte Teilnahme eines jeden Ornithologen nicht gesichert erscheine. Das IOC wählte dann 47 neue Mitglieder (die in der Liste auf den Seiten 50 — 54 dieses Bandes mit einem Stern vor dem Namen gekennzeichnet sind). Es beauftragte das PEG, ein Komitee zu bilden, das rechtzeitig in den nächsten vier Jah¬ ren die Zusammensetzung des IOC in Übereinstimmung bringen möge mit der derzei¬ tigen ornithologischen Aktivität der einzelnen Länder. Es bestätigte die Herren Prof. Glutz von Blotzheim, Prof. Bock, Dr. Frith und Dr. Snow als Mitglieder des PEG und wählte hinzu die Herren Prof. Aschoff, Dr. Brosset, Prof. Iljitschew und Prof. Sick. Für den Fall, daß der Präsident an seiner Amtsausübung verhindert sein sollte, wurde Prof. Aschoff zum Vertreter gewählt. Das Standing Committee for the Cooperation of Seabird Research und das Interna¬ tional Committee for Bird Ringing wurden zu offiziellen Organen des IOC erklärt mit der Maßgabe, daß ihnen Raum und Zeit für Veranstaltungen auf dem nächsten Kon¬ greß einzuräumen sei. 49 Decisions of the International Ornithological Committee The International Ornithological Committee came to some important decisions during two meetings, held on June 6th, 1978, when 51 members were present, and on June lOth with 46 members present. Prof. Donald S. Farner presided over both meet¬ ings. 1. )The revised Statutes and By-Laws were adopted (printed on pp. 55 — 60 in this volume). It was decided that the International Ornithological Committee shall designate a member of the Permanent Executive Committee to act as President in case the lauer is incapacitated. 2. ) Prof. Lars Freiherr von FiAARTMAN was elected by acclamation to fill the Presiden- tial Chair of the XVIIIth Congress. 3. ) Invitations to host the XVIIIth Congress were offered by the Soviet Union, repre- sented by Prof. Ilyichev, and by Belgium, represented by Dr. Devillers. It has been decided to hold the XVIIIth International Ornithological Congress in Moskow in 1982. Due to this decision the Secretary-General retired as a member of the PEC. Prof. Ilyichev gave assurance that each foreign ornithologist, coming from what- ever country he may, will be allowed to enter the Soviet Union for the Congress and for the excursions. There will be simultaneous translations of the plenary ses- sions, and there will be a publication of extensive abstracts of the papers in the lan- guage of the author with Russian translation. Qualified ornithologists will accom- pany each excursion. The Proceedings will contain English papers with Russian summaries and Russian papers with English summaries respectively. 4. ) The Executive Committee’s recommendations for new members of the Interna¬ tional Ornithological Committee were adopted after one Substitution. The list of members (see below) was approved. The Executive Committee shall nominate a sub-committee for reviewing the composition of the International Ornithological Committee and to bring it in line with present ornithological activities. 5. ) The Permanent Executive Committee was reconstituted by the election of Prof. Aschoff, Dr. Brosset, Prof. Ilyichev and Prof. Sick and by the re-election of Prof. Bock, Dr. Frith, Prof. Glutz von Blotzheim and Dr. Snow. 6. ) Prof. Aschoff was designated to act as President in case Baron von Haartman should be incapacitated. 7. ) The Standing Committee for the Cooperation of Seabird Research and the Interna¬ tional Committee for Bird Ringing were declared official committees of the Inter¬ national Ornithological Committee. The President 1978 — 1982 Prof. Dr. Lars Freiherr von Haartman The Permanent Executive Committee 1978 — 1982 Prof. Dr. Jürgen Aschoff Prof. Dr. Walter Bock Dr. A. Brosset Dr. Harry J. Frith Prof. Dr. Urs Glutz von Blotzheim Prof. Dr. Vladimir Ilyichev Prof. Dr. Helmut Sick Dr. David Snow The International Ornithological Committee 1978—1982 ('■■ = newly elected members) ARGENTINA Olrog, C. Chr., Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumän, Tucumän AUSTRALIA Davies, S. J. J. F., CSIRO, Division of Wildlife Research, Clayton Road, Helena Valley, W.A. Frith, H. I., CSIRO, Division of Wildlife Research, P.O.Box 84, Lyneham A.C.T. Rowley, J. C. R., CSIRO, Division of Wildlife Research, Clayton Road, Helena Valley, W. A. Serventy, D. L., 27 Everett Street, Nedlands, W.A. AUSTRIA Bauer, K., Naturhistorisches Museum, Burgring, P.O.Box 417, A-1014 Wien Schifter, H., Naturhistorisches Museum, P.O. Box 417, A-1014 Wien BELGIUM Devillers, P., Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Rue Vautier 31, B-1040 Bruxelles BRA2IL Sick, H., Museu Nacional, Quina da Boa Vista, Guanabara ZC.08, Rio de Janeiro CANADA Erskine, A. J., P.O.Box 1327, Sackville, N. B. EOA 3CO Falls, J. B., Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S lAI CuNN, W. W. Fl., P.O.Box 1229, Spruce Grove, Alberta TOE 2CO Keast, A., Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Richardson, W. J., ege Ltd, Environmental Research Ass., 214 Merton Street, Suite 303, Toronto, Ont. M45 1A6 CHILE Johnson, A. W., c/o Katz Johnson & Co. Ltd., Casilla 327, Santiago CHINA, P. R. Tso-Hsin-Cheng, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Haken, Peking(53) The International Ornithological Committee 1978 — 1982 51 COLOMBIA Borreiro, J. I., Dept. de Biologia, Universidad del Valle, Cali CZECHOSLOVAKIA Hudec, K., CSAV, Institute of Vert. Zoology, 60365 Brno, Kvetna 8 DENMARK Dyck, J., Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0 Löppenthin, P., Torvevej 14, DK-2740 Skovlunde Salomonsen, F., Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0 EIRE O’CoNNOR, R. J., Zoology Department, University College of North Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW FINLAND Frhr. von Fi.AARTMAN, L., Department of Zoology, University of Helsinki, P. Rautatieck. 13, SF-00100 Helsinki 10 FRANCE Blondel, J., Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, 13 Sambuc, B.d.Rh. Brosset, A., Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Brunoy 91 Dorst, J., Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue de Buffon, F-75005 Paris 5 Erard, C., C.R.M.M.O., Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue de Buffon, F-75005 Paris 5 Etchecopar, R. D., C.R.M.M.O., Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue de Buffon, F-75005 Paris 5 Ferry, C., Faculte de Medecine, F-21000 Dijon Frochot, B., Laboratoire d’Ecologie, Universite de Dijon, F-21000 Dijon JouANiN, C., 42 rue Charles Laffitte, F-92200 Neuilly sur Seine Mougin, J. L., Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue de Buffon, F-75005 Paris 5 Thiollay, J. M., 59 rue des Capucines, F-92370 Chaville FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Aschoff, J., Max-Planck-Institut f. Verhaltensphysiologie, 8131 Andechs Berthold, P., Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Schloß, 7760 Radolfzell 16 Bezzel, E., Gsteigstraße 43, 81 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Goethe, F., Institut für Vogelforschung, Kirchreihe 19 b, 2940 Wilhelmshaven Gwinner, E., Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, 8131 Andechs Immelmann, K., Abteilung für Verhaltensforschung, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 8640, 48 Bielefeld Kühk, R., Schloß Möggingen, 7760 Radolfzell 16 Löhrl, H., Edelweiler 73, 7293 Pfalzgrafenweiler 2 Meise, W., Zoologisches Museum, Papendamm 3, 2 Hamburg 13 Nicolai, J., Institut für Vogelforschung, An der Vogelwarte 21, 2940 Wilhelmshaven-Rüster¬ siel Sauer, E. G. F., Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauer¬ allee 162, 53 Bonn 1 ScHüz, E., Elmar-Doch-Str. 39, 7140 Ludwigsburg Zink, G., Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Schloß, 7760 Radolfzell 16 GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Oehme, H., Forschungsstelle für Wirbeltierforschung (im Tierpark Berlin) Am Tierpark 125, DDR- 1 136 Berlin Rutschke, E., Rosenstr. 12, DDR- 1502 Potsdam-Babelsberg XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS HUNGARY Keve, A., Madartani Intezet, Költö Utca 21, Budapest XII ICELAND Gardarsson, A., Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Grensasvegur 12, 108 Reykjavik INDIA Abdulali, H., 75 Abdul Rehman Street, Bombay 3 Ali, S., 33 Pali Hill Bandra, Bombay 50 Biswas, B., Zoological Survey of India, Indian Museum, Calcutta 700016 INDONESIA SoMADiKARTA, S., Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, Java IRAN Mor-Avej-Hamadani, H., P.O.Box 1044, Ahwaz ISRAEL Zahavi, A., Zoological Institute, University of Tel Aviv, 155 Herzei Street, Tel Aviv ITALY Frugis, S., Italian Center of Ornithological Studies, Zool. Institute, Parma Moltoni, E., Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Corso Venezia 55, Milano JAPAN Morioka, H., Dept. of Zoology, National Science Museum, Hyakunin-Cho 3-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160 Nakamura, T., Department of Biology, Yamanashi University, Kofu 400 Yamashina, Y., Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, 8-14 Nampeidai-machi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo Yoshii, M., Bird Migration Research Center, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, 8-20 Nampeidai-machi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150 JUGOSLAVIA Matvejev, S., ul. Milcinskega 14, 6100 Ljubljana KENYA Forbes-Watson, A. D., c/o Animal Ecology Research Group, Dept. of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, United Kingdom MEXICO Phillips, A. R., Apartado Postal 370, San Nicolas de Garza, Nuevo Leon THE NETHERLANDS Drent, R. H., Zoologisch Laboratorium, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, Haren (Gron.) Mees, G. F., Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, P.O.Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden Perdeck, A. C., Institut voor Oecologisch Onderzoek, Vogeltrekstation, Kemperbergerweg 1 1, Arnhem Voous, K. H., Maasdamlaan 28, Huizen N.H. NEW ZEALAND Falla, R. A., 41 Katari Road, Days Bay, Eastbourne Kinsky, F. C., c/o National Museum, Private Bag, Wellington Westerskov, K. E., Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin The International Ornithological Committee 1978 — 1982 53 NORWAY Holgersen, H., Stavanger Museum, N-4000 Stavanger Haftorn, S., Zoologisk Avdeling, DKNVS, Museet, Erling Skakkes gt. 47 b, 7000 Trond- heim PERU Koepcke, H. W., Zoologisches Institut u. Zool. Museum der Universität Hamburg, Papen- damm 3, D-2 Hamburg 13, Bundesrepublik Deutschland PHILIPPINES Rabor, D. S., Museum of Natural Science, Mindanao State University, Marawi City POLAND ToMiAirojc, L., Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, U. Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroclaw RUMANIA Vasiliu, D. G., Aleea Teilor, Bloc 2 C, sc. B 1/4, 0300 Pitesti, 1 SENEGAL Dupuy, A., Parcs Nationaux du Senegal, B.P. 37, Tambacounda SOUTH AFRICA Liversidge, R., McGregor Museum, Box 316, Kimberley 8300 Siegfried, W. R., Percy Fitzpatrick Institute for African Ornithology, University of Gape Town, Rondebosch WiNTERBOTTOM, J. M., 9 Alexandra Avenue, Oranjezicht, Gape Town 8001 SOUTH KOREA Won, Pyong-Oh, Ornithology Institute, Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul SPAIN Castroviejo, J., Estacion Biologica de Donana, Paraguay 1, Sevilla Herrera, G. M., Virgen de la Presentacion 2, Sevilla 1 SWEBEN Gurry-Lindahl, K., Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Box 16121, 10323 Stockholm 16 Enemar, A, Zoological Institute, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SvENSSON, S. E., Ecology Building, Helgonavägen 5, S-22362 Lund SWITZERLAND Bruderer, B., Schweizerische Vogelwarte, GH-6204 Sempach Geroudet, P., 37 Avenue de Ghampel, CH- 1206 Geneve iGlutz von Blotzheim, U., „Eichhölzli“, GH-6204 Sempach ScHiFFERLi, A., Wygart, GH-6204 Sempach SuTTER, E., Naturhistorisches Museum, Augustinergasse 2, CH-4051 Basel UNITED KINGDOM Burton, P. T. K., British Museum (Natural History), Park Street, Tring, Herts. HP23 6AP Gramp, S., 32 Queen Gourt, London WGIN 3BB Ery, G. H., Aberdeen University, Zoology Department, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB9 2TN Matthews, G. V. T., The Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire Mountfort, G., Plovers Meadow, Blackboys, Sussex Newton, E, 12 Hope Terrace, Edinburgh EH9 2AS, Scotland Nicholson, E. M., 13 Upper Gheyn Row, London SW3 5JW Olney, P. J. S., Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW 1 4RY Perrins, C. M., Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Snow, D. W., British Museum (Natural History), Tring, Berts. HP23 6AP Tinbergen, N., Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford U. S. A. Bartholomew, G. A., Department of Zoology, University of Galifornia, Los Angeles, Galif. 90024 Bock, W. J., Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. 10027 Eisenmann, E., American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street and Central Park West, New York, N.Y. 10024 Farner, D. S., Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98 1 05 Gill, F.B., Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th Street and Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103 Howell, Th., Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Galif. 90024 King, J. R., Department of Zoology, Wahington State University, Pullman, Wash. 99164 Marler, P., Rockefeiler University Field Research Center, Tyrrel Road, Millbrook, N.Y. 12545 Mayr, E., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 02138 Peterson, R. T., 125 Neck Road, Old Lyme, Gönn. 06371 Ripley, S. D., Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 20560 Short, L. L., American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street and Central Park West, New York, N.Y. 10024 SiBLEY, C. G., Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Gönn. 06520 Störer, R.W., Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 Traylor, M., Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 111. 60605 Wetmore, A., Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 20560 Woolfenden, G. E., Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fl. 33620 U.S.S.R. Dolnik, V. R., Zoological Institute Leningrad and Biological Research Station (Rybatchy), Leningrad Flint, W. E., Central Laboratory for Nature Conservation, Znamenskoye-Sadki, 142790. P.O. Vilar, Moscow Region Ilyichev, V. D., Ringing Center, Fersman Street 13, 117312 Moscow IsAKOv, Y. A., Institute of Geography, Academy of Sciences of U.S.S.R., Staromonetny 29, Moscow Kumari, E., Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Estonian S.S.R., Vanemuise 21, Tartu, Estonian S.S.R. Kurochkin, E. N., Paleontological Museum of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 16, Moscow 117071 VENEZUELA Phelps, W. H., Coleccion Ornitolögica Phelps, Apartado 2009, Caracas 101 ZAIRE De Bont, A. F., Walenpotstraat 1 A, B-3060 Bertem, Belgium ZAMBIA Dowsett, R.J., Nyiko National Park, Private Bog Chilinda, PO Rumphi, Malawi 55 The International Ornithological Committee STATUTES Article I Objectives and Purposes The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) (1) promotes international col- laboration and Cooperation in ornithology and (2) as it deems desirable and useful, it encourages international collaboration and Cooperation between ornithology and other biological Sciences. To effect these objectives and purposes the IOC Sponsors and promotes the Interna¬ tional Ornithological Congresses; establishes and Sponsors commissions and commit- tees as it deems appropriate and desirable; establishes or Sponsors other international ornithological activities as it deems appropriate; and functions as the Section of Orni¬ thology in the International Union of Biological Sciences. Article II Membership and Functions 1. Size. The size of the membership of the IOC is determined by the Committee, but not to exceed the number specified in the By-Laws (Art. I). 2. Representation. The membership shall be representative of the international dis- tribution of ornithologists, and the number of members from each country shall be proportional to its ornithological activity. 3. Election. New members are elected by the IOC at a regulär meeting at the Inter¬ national Ornithological Congress from a list of nominations prepared and presented by the Permanent Executive Committee. Additional nominations may be made by any member at the time of the meeting. If seconded, such nominations are added to the list presented by the Permanent Executive Committee. Election to the Committee requires a simple majority vote of the members present and voting. 4. Term. The term of membership is indefinite unless the member resigns voluntarily or is absent from regulär meetings of the IOC at two consecutive Congresses which constitutes automatic resignation. Resigned members may be re-elected. 5. Meetings. The IOC meets at least twice during each International Ornithological Congress. The quorum for transaction of business at a regulär meeting consists of the members present at the meeting. A member must be in attendance at a meeting in Order to cast his vote. 6. Duties. The duties of the IOC are (a) to select the site of the next Congress; (b) to elect new members; (c) to elect the President of the next Congress; (d) to elect mem¬ bers of the Permanent Executive Committee; and (e) to take actions appropriate and necessary to carry out its stated objectives and functions (Art. I). 7. Special meetings. The President, under extraordinary circumstances, may call a special meeting of the IOC. He is obligated to do so on receipt of a petition signed by one-quarter of the members. The date set for a special meeting must permit reasonable 56 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS time for consideration of the agenda and for travel arrangements. A quorum for a spe¬ cial meeting is one-third of the members of the IOC. Failure to attend a special meeting shall not count toward automatic resignation (Art. II: 4). 8. Presiding officer. The President presides at the meetings of the IOC. 9. Communications. Actions of the IOC are communicated to the Congress and published either in the Proceedings of the Congress or in some other publication, as approved by the Permanent Executive Committee. Article III Officers A. The President 1. Election. The President is elected by a simple majority vote of the members pres¬ ent and voting at a regulär meeting of the IOC at the International Ornithological Congress. He is not eligible for election to the same office in two successive congresses. 2. Succession. After election of the President and of the PEC, the IOC will desig- nate, by election, one of the members of the PEC to serve as President in case of the inability of the elected President to continue in his office. 3. Term. The President holds office from the conclusion of the Congress at which he is elected until the conclusion of the following congress. 4. Duties. The President of the IOC also serves as chairman of its Permanent Execu¬ tive Committee (PEC), as President of the International Ornithological Congress, and (or designates a representative) as a member of the Board of the Division of Zoology of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He presides at meetings of the IOC, of its Permanent Executive Committee and of the International Ornithological Con¬ gress, and appoints committees and commissions (with the exception of the IOC and the PEC) of the IOC and of the Congress. After consultation with the host Organiza¬ tion of the forthcoming congress, the President shall appoint the Secretary-General. 5. Membership in the IOC. Past Presidents are permanent members of the IOC. B. The Secretary-General The Secretary-General serves as Secretary-General and Treasurer of the Congress, as Secretary and Treasurer of the International Ornithological Committee, as Secretary of its Permanent Executive Committee and as Secretary of the Section of Ornithology of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He has the over-all responsibility for all local and financial arrangements for the International Ornithological Congress for which he has been appointed. He serves until the Secretary-General of the following International Ornithological Congress is designated. He serves ex-officio as a member of the Permanent Executive Committee until the end of the following Congress. Article IV The Permanent Executive Committee (PEC) 1. Membership. a. The President of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) as in Art. III: A,4. Statutes and By-Laws 57 b. An even number of elected members, as specified by the By-Laws. No more than one of these members may be from a single country. These members shall be elected with proper attention to an adequate international distribution in the Permanent Executive Committee. c. The Secretary-General is an ex-officio member of the PEC until the end of the following Congress as in Art. III: B. 2. Election . Nomination and election of members of the PEC shall follow election of the President. Nomination shall be proposed by the existing PEC. Any member of the IOC present at the meeting may make nominations. If seconded these are added to the nominations proposed by the PEC. Election of members of the PEC is by simple majority vote of the members of the IOC present and voting. Elected members are eli- gible for re-election as an elected member of the PEC for one additional term. 3. Term. The PEC shall serve from the conclusion of the Congress at which it is elec¬ ted to the conclusion of the following Congress. 4. Duties. a. Düring the Inter-Congress period, the PEC acts on behalf of the IOC. b. Düring the Inter-Congress period, the PEC has general responsibility for the scien¬ tific policy of the IOC including the program of the Congress, as specified in the By- Laws (Art. IV: 4). c. At a meeting of the IOC at the International Ornithological Congress, it provides: (1) Nominations for the office of President, for the elected members of the PEC, and for the designated presidential successor (Art. III: A, 2); (2) A recommendation concerning the host country and Organization for the ensu- ing congress after due consideration of all invitations; (3) Nominations for new members of the IOC with due consideration of Art. II: 2; (4) Recommendations for re-election of members considered to have resigned because of absence from two consecutive meetings, as specified in Art. II: 4; (5) Advice and counsel concerning any other matters deemed to be of interest, within the purvue, or among the responsibilities of the IOC. Article V Amendment of the Statutes 1. Proposal of amendment. Proposals to amend the Statutes require the signa- tures of at least five members of the IOC from at least three countries, and must be transmitted to the Secretary-General at least twelve months before the next Interna¬ tional Ornithological Congress. The Secretary-General will distribute the proposed amendments to all members of the IOC at least four month prior to the Congress. At the meeting of the IOC at the Congress the PEC will present its recommendation on each proposed amendment. 2. Adoption. Adoption of an amendment by the IOC requires two-thirds majority vote of the members present and voting. Adopted amendments become effective at the dose of the Congress. 58 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS Article VI Enabling Clause Adoption of these Statutes requires a two-thirds majority vote of the members of the existing IOC present and voting at a regulär meeting of the IOC at the International Ornithological Congress at which they are presented, having been distributed to the members prior to that meeting. Adoption of these Statutes shall replace the Reglement des Congres Ornithologiques Internationaux adopted in Rouen in 1938 and all amend- ments passed thereafter. If adopted, these Statutes become effective immediately. BY-LAWS Article I The size of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) The membership of the Committee be not more than 100. Members over 65 years of age and Fast Presidents are not counted in this limit. Article II Meetings of the International Ornithological Committee 1. Sufficiently prior to the regulär meeting of the IOC at the International Ornithological Congress the Secretary-General shall distribute to all members an agenda of the meeting. 2. Members are requested to inform the Secretary-General of their Intention to attend the meeting, and/or to resign from the Gommittee. 3. An agenda and information on matters to be covered shall be sent to members with the notice of any special meeting called by the President. Article III Membership of the Permanent Executive Committee (PEC) In addition to the officers specified in Art. IV of the Statutes, the International Orni¬ thological Committee elects eight members in accordance with Art. IV: 1, b of the Stat¬ utes. Article IV The International Ornithological Congresses 1. The frequency of the Congress. Congresses will be held at four-year intervals unless, for compelling reasons, the IOC, or the PEC acting on its behalf, deems other- wise. Statutes and By-Laws 59 2. The site and time of the Congress. After consultation with the PEC and the host Organization, and due consideration of the interests and convenience of the mem- bers, the site in the host country and time of the Congress are fixed by the Secretary- General. 3. Membership of the Congress. Membership in an International Ornithological Congress shall be open to all ornithologists and students of avian biology without dis- tinction as to country of origin upon payment of the stated congress fee, if any. Mem¬ bership and attendance at a Congress shall be in accordance with the general policies of the lUBS. Any limitation on the number of active members of the congress may be made by the Secretary-General only after consultation with and agreement by the PEC. Such limitation must be clearly stated in Congress announcements. In the case of limitation in the number of active members, provision must be made for associate mem¬ bers which may not be limited in number. Members of the IOC may not be denied a place as an active member upon payment of the congress fee. 4. The Scientific Program of the Congress. After consultation with the PEC and the host Organization the President appoints the Scientific Program Committee. This Committee consists of three or more members from the host country and mem¬ bers from at least three other countries. The Secretary-General is a member ex-officio of the Scientific Program Committee. This committee is responsible to PEC for the scientific program of the Congress. 5. The Organization of the Congress. The general Organization of, and the arrangements for, the Congress are the responsibilities of the Secretary-General. 6. The Proceedings of the Congress. The Secretary-General is responsible for the publication of the Proceedings of the Congress. If he does not serve as editor of the Proceedings, he appoints the editor after obtaining concurrence from the President. 7. Finances of the Congress. The Secretary-General is the treasurer and principal finance officer of the Congress and as such is responsible for all financial matters of the Congress. In consultation with the President he develops the budget and fixes the Con¬ gress fee. After all fiscal obligations have been absolved, any surplus funds, including any from the Proceedings, are made available for Inter-Congress activities, including arrangements for the ensuing Congress. Article V Amendment of the By-Laws 1. Proposal of amendment. Proposals to amend the By-Laws require the signature of at least three members from at least three countries and must be transmitted to the Secretary-General at least twelve months in advance of the next International Ornitho¬ logical Congress. The Secretary-General will distribute at least four month prior to the Congress the proposed amendments to the members of the International Ornithologi¬ cal Committee. At the meeting of the IOC at the Congress, the PEC will present its recommendation on each proposed amendment. 2. Adoption. Adoption of proposed amendments to the By-Laws by the IOC re- quires a simple majority vote of the members present and voting. Adopted amendments become effective at the dose of the Congress. 60 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS 3. Conflict with the Statutes. No amendment of the By-Laws can have the effect of modification of the Statutes. Article VI Enabling Clause Adoption of these By-Laws requires prior adoption of the proposed Statutes, and requires a simple majority vote of the members of the existing Committee present and voting at a regulär meeting of the IOC at the Congress at which they are presented, having been distributed to the members prior to that meeting. Adoption of these By- Laws shall replace any existing By-Laws and regulations (formal and informal) of the IOC and of the International Ornithological Congresses. If adopted, these By-Laws become effective immediately. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC), the so-called Committee of 100 and the International Ornithological Congresses operated under the Reglement adopted at the Rouen (IX) Congress in 1938 (see Proceedings IXth Congress, pp. 661—662) and subsequent modifica- tions. The decision was reached at the Hague (XV) Congress to revise these rules (see Procee¬ dings XVth Congress, p. 12). Unfortunately no action was taken prior to the Canberra (XVI) Congress. President Donald S. Farner assumed the task of drafting Statutes and By-Laws which were circulated to members of the PEC, recent past-presidents and secretaries-general. A revised draft was discussed and further revised at the meeting of the PEC in Frankfurt a. M., March 1978. This draft was submitted to all members of the IOC prior to the Berlin (XVII) Congress. It was discussed, amended slightly and adopted at the first meeting (6 June 1978) of the IOC at the Ber¬ lin Congress. The new Statutes and By-Laws became effective immediately and governed the actions taken at the second meeting of the IOC. Final wording of the Statutes and By-Laws was checked by an Editorial Committee appointed by President Farner, consisting of W. J. Bock (Chairman), H. J. Frith, and K. FI. Voous. 61 Report of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature Dr. Eugene Eisenmann (USA), Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornitho¬ logical Nomenclature, submitted the following repori. The Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature of the International Ornithological Congresses is an international body appointed by the president of the Congress. It serves until the dose of that Congress. Its functions are advisory on mat- ters of avian nomenclature. Members of the Committee are consulted on nomencla- tural questions by ornithologists; recommendations are made by the Committee on ornithological matters that come before the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and sometimes on proposals for changes in the Code of Nomenclature that may have special impact on bird names; and occasionally the Committee offers recommendations on avian nomenclature to ornithologists. Usually a public session on nomenclature is held during the International Ornithological Congress at which the chairman of the Committee reports on the actions of the groups, solicits comments and recommendations and presides on discussions of nomenclatural problems of general interests. Meetings of the Committee may also be held. No meeting of the Standing Committee was held at the XVI International Ornitho¬ logical Congress, Canberra, Australia and no report of the Committee was published in the proceedings. President Donald S. Farner of the XVII Congress appointed the fol¬ lowing as members of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature for that Congress: Eugene Eisenmann (USA), Chairman; Pierre Devillers (Belgium); Jean Dorst (France); David Snow (United Kingdom); Finn Salomonsen (Denmark); Karel Voous (Netherlands); George Watson (USA). A public Session of the Committee was held in the evening of 9 June during the Ber¬ lin Ornithological Congress. The chairman, Dr. E. Eisenmann, reported on the activi- ties of the Committee which included several written recommendations to the Interna¬ tional Commission on applications involving avian scientific names, and help or partici- pation in applications to the Commission. In all cases of ornithological names on which the International Commission had acted, the recommendations of the Committee had been accepted. The chief problem is that the International Commission takes a long time before an application is brought to a vote and the decision is published. To some extent this difficulty is reduced by provisions in the Code that after an application is filed with the Commission and notice of the application is published by the Commis¬ sion, zoologists are supposed to follow prevailing, that is to say, majority, usage until a decision is reached and published. Deferring to the wishes of invertebrate zoologists and contrary to those of ornithologists and many other vertebrate zoologists, the pro¬ visions in the code for automatic action of the 50-year stature of limitations invalidating unused senior Synonyms was repealed and replaced by provisions requiring formal application and action by the Commission to invalidate such names. The problem of family-group names, which under the Code are now subject to the rule of priority although there is provision by which the International Commission may validate usage, is a very troublesome one in ornithology. Family-group names are those for tribes, subfamilies, families and superfamilies; names for suborders, Orders and Superorders are not included in this provision and are not subject to the rule of priority. 62 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS The Problem is that most family-group names that have been long and consistently used in avian Classification may not be the oldest name and adequate published synony- mies of avian family-group names are lacking. The Secretariat of the Commission bas taken the position that to invalidate senior family-group names requires exercise of Plenary Powers of the Commission, and that validation of the generally used family- group name would not give it precedence over an earlier name unless that name had been expressly mentioned in the application. This means that in order to validate effec- tively currently used family-group names, a check of the synonymy for each name is required which entails an extensive and burdensome bibliographic research. Otherwise a second application will have to be made if an earlier competitive name is brought to light. At the public session during the Berlin Congress, the question of an “official” list of bird names was raised. It was pointed out that scientific names depend not merely on nomenclatural rules and decisions, but even more on varying and changing opinions as to taxonomic relationships. The Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature has not, and should not have, any jurisdiction over matters of taxonomy. Moreover, most avian systematists consider any attempt to freeze taxonomic opinion into an offi- cial World list of birds to be undesirable — as was evident from the full discussion at the XIV Ornithological Congress, Oxford 1966 (see pp. 365 — 367 of those Proceedings). There was a consensus that at the species level there exists a carefully prepared “Refer¬ ence List of Birds of the World” by Morony, Bock & Farrand (1975) published by the American Museum of Natural History which, although in no sense official and although it admittedly contained some errors and was being revised, could conven- iently be used by those ornithologists requiring a list of avian species but unable to undertake their own taxonomic studies. 63 Report of the Standing Committee for the Coordination of Seabird Research A Standing Committee was set up at the XIV International Ornithological Congress in 1966 to improve liaison in research on seabirds, and has regularly organised a dis- cussion at the Congresses since then, summarised in the Proceedings of the XV and XVI Congresses (p. 15 — 18 and 7 — 11 respectively). Another meeting was convened at the XVII Congress on the morning of 7 June and subsequently adjourned until the afternoon of 9 June. Professor K. H. Voous took the chair, and 31 people from twelve countries participated. The Chairman welcomed the participants and explained that the main function of the Committee so far had proved to be the Organisation of this open meeting, which provided a forum for the members of the growing number of regional Seabird Groups in the world, now located in Europe, the (northern) Pacific, South Africa and Austral- asia, to consult together. On this occasion it proposed that the discussion should include the position of the Committee and the Seabird Groups; their publications; techniques of investigation of the biology of the birds, especially at sea, breeding cen- suses, and mortality, notably that due to toxic Chemicals and disease. There were also proposals for regional censuses of European breeding seabirds and wintering gulls. In the first place it was noted that while there had been a proposal for a plenary Ses¬ sion devoted to seabirds at this Congress, the Committee had not been consulted and it had been allowed to lapse. Mr. Sianle'» Cramp described this as a tragedy, and pro¬ posed that the Committee should offer to organise one in future. This was agreed unani- mously. It was noted that alternatively two members of the Committee who were unable to attend, Dr. Kees Vermeer of Canada and Dr. Jerry van Tets of Australia, had written apologising and suggesting in the first case that it might be better to organ¬ ise an independant International Marine Bird Congress, and in the second that a more cosmopolitan approach should be adopted than was originally suggested for the ple¬ nary Session devoted to the North Atlantic proposed for this Congress. Dr. Vermeer offered to organise a first meeting in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1982. It was con- sidered that this was a matter for consideration by the regional Seabird Groups. Dr. John Croxall of the British Antarctic Survey also reported that the Bird Biology Subcommittee of the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (S.C.A.R.) had also recently met at the Committee’s fifteenth international meeting in France to discuss a number of research proposals, including the general use of a card for recording birds at sea derived from that used by the Australians for eight years, and plans for colour-band- ing, research on Larus dominicanus in South America, and the use of satellites for tracking, for development during the multinational biomass research programme for the next decade. Its objectives would include an estimate of the biomass of Antarctic seabirds and the selection of species for monitoring. It was notable that in the first case Antarctic birds (90 % penguins) equal the current whale Stocks and half the seal Stocks in biomass, and a joint two-year survey is required to give a better understanding of their stock-levels, population dynamics, and especially the non-breeding population. In the second case certain species and localities require more detailed study, especially to detect changes in their marine prey Stocks. S.C.A.R. should be establishing an interim Committee to review sites and species within the next year, which would require funds. 64 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS The Chairman proposed that the Secretaiy should be informed of all similar devel- opments. Prof. G. M. Winterbottom added that the Cape Bird Club proposed to hold a Symposium on seabirds in South Africa in 1979, and the Secretary remarked that the (North American) Colonial Waterbird Group would be holding one in the autumn of 1978 as well. Dr. Gavin Johnston remarked that the Australasian Seabird Group was also organising a meeting for the Royal Australasian Ornithologists’ Union on Norfolk Island. Dr. Ralph Schreiber said that the Pacific Seabird Group had already held three annual meetings of 200 people and proposed to have another in California in January. Dr. George Watson remarked that there was a need to circulate news of such events, including the activities of the Colonial Waterbird Group, which had begun to take an interest in the behaviour of birds at sea off eastern North America. The Secretary remarked that each group already had a newsletter which reported the activities of the others, and that the original British group which has some funds derived from royalties for the book reporting its national census also intermittently produces a printed report. Dr. Schreiber remarked that many of the activities of members of the Pacific Group had depended upon United States government finance, and were now running into economic difficulties. The Secretary reported that the British group had similar diffi- culties, made worse by a shortage of people prepared to undertake the administration. Dr. Watson remarked that there was room for more rationalisation, for example by combining the Pacific and Colonial Waterbird Groups in North America, though their members failed to agree. Dr. Finn Salomonsen commented that it might be useful if the North Americans would also interest themselves in Greenland, but Dr. Watson said that the American Ornithologists’ Union specifically excludes Greenland from their sphere of interest. The Secretary remarked that there is a great need for more work in Iceland and Spitsbergen as well, not to mention the Mediterranean, before we begin to consider remoter areas. There is a need to organise more distant exploration. It was agreed that there was a need to coordinate policy over publications, including news of meetings, research programmes and funds, and abstracts of talks and publica¬ tions. Several periodicals such as the Auk would be prepared to take abstracts, and indeed the Emu now also deals with Australasian regional ones. Dr. John Coulson observed that marine mammalogists also have similar problems and their own informa- tion Service. Dr. Watson was requested to confer with the Ghairman and Secretary and report back to the Standing Committee with a policy for publications. It was noted that a growing number of regional groups are now studying birds at sea, on both sides of the North Atlantic, in the eastern North Pacific, and different parts of the Southern Ocean. Dr. Watson remarked that recording methods became exhausting when every bird had to be recorded and processed manually, while compu- tors are expensive. The original U.S. Pacific Program had lapsed when funds were withdrawn, but Moncton University and subsequently the Wrldlife Service had subse- quently secured them in Canada. There was a need to standardise techniques. Dr. Coulson observed that not only the methods but their use in different situations and the way in which the results are reported need standardising as well. Sir Hugh Elliott said that it is necessary that people should always record their methods. The Secretary said that he regretted that this was not included in the report of the British national breeding census, but that he had since been collecting figures for the whole of north- western Europe and would place them on record when reporting the results. Committee on Seabird Research 65 It was remarked that in addition to breeding censuses there is a particular need to assess and standardise methods used for surveys of mortality. In Europa they are now usually expressed in terms of birds per kilometre and the percentage oiled, and compa- rable figures are needed for other parts of the world. Dr. Watson observed that there is a need for more repeat surveys to assess how many bodies are really coming ashore. Dr. John Warham remarked that the more detailed surveys tend to be self-limiting because nobody wishes to deal with large numbers of decaying bodies. Their investiga- tion tends to present difficult pathological problems as well; in addition to pollution, considered later, they may also die naturally in a variety of ways, as a result of the weather, or poisoning by various micro-organisms such as dinoflagellates at sea and botulism inland, or epizootic disease. Dr. C. M. Perrins reported that there is now a virologist working on seabirds at the Edward Grey Institute and appealed for material, especially relating to puffinosis; he can supply details. The meeting on Friday afternoon, which was chaired by Dr. George Watson, began with a special discussion of observations at sea. The Secretary pointed out that the basic techniques were defined by Poul Jesperson in the 1920s, and that a vast mass of uncrit- ical notes have been amassed since the 1950s by the Royal Naval Bird-watching Society which unfortunately while of some distributional interest defy quantitative ana- lysis; and the Society now appears to be giving up any attempt to record them methodi- cally. Dr. Watson reported that the Smithsonian Institution workers recorded the number of birds seen per nautical mile and multiplied this by a factor for the visibility to obtain densities, though he had doubts about the distance to which different species can be seen. It was reported that the Guter Gontinental Shelf Environmental Assess¬ ment Program which is conducting lavish emergency surveys in Alaska is determining the distance with range-finders, but is was postulated that only radar might prove relia- ble. The Secretary said that the British scheme merely recorded birds detected with the naked eye, as this was less fatiguing and they could all normally be identified with binoculars if necessary. Dr. Pierre Devillers remarked that there are many other fac- tors besides the visibility that need to be considered, such as the speed of the bird rela¬ tive to the boat, the state of the sea, and whether the birds are uniformly distributed or gathered in flocks. On further discussion Dr. Watson agreed that possibly the most useful basic record- ing unit is a short period of time such as ten minutes, which is used on opposite sides of the North Atlantic by first the Canadians and then the British. This is short enough to allow a good deal of flexibility over observation periods while providing a sensitive indication of local variations in distribution, and can easily be combined to give larger units. It was noted however that in Alaska a period of fifteen minutes is being used instead, which does not facilitate easy conversions and comparisons. Difficulties are also encountered in dealing with birds dispersed in different ways, for example uni¬ formly, in flocks, or following in the wake. It was considered that space should be allowed on recording cards to indicate the different types of observation, which may have to be analysed separately. It was considered desirable to establish a subcommittee to consider recording techniques. When the full meeting was reconvened it returned to the consideration of the need for surveys of breeding birds. A number in north-west Europe have led to increasing emphasis on the need for better census techniques, and Dr. John Warham said that 66 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS even worse problems are encountered where there are more burrowing species which nest together in Australasia. Dr. John Coulson observed that once a crude baseline is established there is usually a need to answer specific questions; for example with the Black-legged Kittiwake which interests him there is now increasing evidence for adult mortality leading to local declines complicating the sustained general increase. The secretary observed that current policy in Britain is to carry out general surveys at long intervals, keeping a check on the Situation between them with sample censuses, and investigating specific problems as they arise. Dr. Croxall said that S.C.A.R. is pursuing the same policy in the Southern Ocean, and Dr. Devillers that only special surveys are possible in South America, where it would be particularly worth-while to pay more attention to Patagonia. Sir Hugh Elliott observed that there is also a need for further surveys of the Tristan da Cunha group, where the number of Puffinus gravis on Nightingale Island has apparently doubled from two to four million, but the first oil pollution has been reported. Dr. Chris Feare reported that there are other problems in the Indian Ocean, where pollution is not evident yet, but the boobies in particular are being killed by man and the numbers of species which breed throughout the year are particularly hard to assess. Dr. Devillers enquired about the Pacific, and Dr. Warren King said that as far as is known there are only occasional specific threats at the moment; the Secretary observed that there is a particular need for more news from the Western North Pacific from New Guinea north-west to China. It was observed that there are intermittent wrecks of migrating shearwaters in Japan, where more is now being learnt about bird movements from a banding programme. Dr. King then commented on some other places requiring attention, such as the coast of Venezuela, and Dr. Bourne added the Gulf of Guinea and Bay of Bengal, remarking that there are also political difficulties in such areas. Dr. Devillers pointed out that the guano birds of Peru are also reduced by 90 %, and casual investigations from the north are insufficient. It was concluded the most important subjects for con- cern at the moment are the Situation in western South America and where birds are being caught in nylon nets in the Arctic. Dr. Glaude Joiris remarked that it is a pity that there are so few opportunities for investigation, but was assured that there are now research vessels of a number of nations available. Dr. King reported that U.S. observers are now also accompanying the Japanes fishing vessels reported to be killing half a mil¬ lion birds a year in the North Pacific. Dr. Schreiber observed that human visits to breeding stations are becoming an increasing problem. Whole colonies of pelicans and Heermans Gulls Larus heermanni have been wiped out in the Sea of Cortez. There is a need to control tourism. Dr. Bourne observed that if the movements of tourists are regulated the birds often become adapted to their presence. Dr. Watson commented on the particular problem presented for the Least Tern Sterna albifrons by recreational activities on its breeding beaches all round the western world. In the eastern USA it is starting to nest on roof-tops. Dr. Jan Wattel said that if we wish to retain seabird colonies in populated areas this is only possible if they have wardens. Further problems are presented by introduced mammals. The Secretary said he had spent a good deal of the previous winter on a campaign to prevent the establishment of a mink farm in the Orkneys next to the second-largest seabird colony in Britain. Dr. Feare remarked on the problems presented by rats in the Seychelles, and Dr. Wattel Committee on Seabird Research 67 on the attempts being made to remove introductions from the Galapagos, though Dr. Devillers said that there had been local administrative difficulties. Sir Hugh Elliott remarked how goats had been removed from Tristan da Cunha and reduced to two of the same sex on Round Island, Mauritius, by shooting. Dr. Warham said that even rab- bits which survive on Round Island had been eliminated from an Island off Southern New Zealand, but the birds now suffered from another introduction, becoming hooked on African Boxthorn. On Macquarie Island the introduced cats, rabbits and rats pre- sented a complex problem because they interact on each other; the cats possibly do most damage but the rabbits and rats may be hardest to eliminate. It was resolved that there is an urgent need for much more research in different parts of the world to find ways to eliminate introductions. There was a discussion of the damage caused by 200,000 tons of crude oil from the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz in northern France the previous spring. It was a compara- tively light, toxic oil and most of the birds and other marine life which encountered it had died rapidly. It was carried high on the shore by the spring tides, and penetrated it for several metres, though the superficial deposits had now been washed away. It had killed a number of birds banded in Britain, but arrived five weeks earlier than the oil from the Torrey Canyon in 1967 and had less effect on the breeding population. The Puffins Fratercula arctica on the Sept lies sanctuary which were reduced from 2000 to 500 pairs then and had increased to 800 pairs were down to 400 pairs again, and the Razorbills Alca torda to 30 pairs. Dr. Coulson observed that we need to know more about the ability of birds to respond to such impacts, especially the non-breeding popu¬ lation. Dr. F. CoETHE reported that birds are also sometimes vulnerable outside the breeding season, for example where most north European Shelduck Tadorna tadorna moult on the Knechtsand in the late summer, and where a large part of the sea-duck population winter in the Baltic. No new problems had been noticed with toxic Chemicals. Following the control of DDT discharges the Brown Pelicans Pelecanus occidentalis are now laying eggs with thicker shells in California. The Sandwich and Eittle Terns Sterna sandvicensis and S. albifrons are beginning to recover in Holland, where there have also been problems with effluents, though the former are still only a fifth of their former numbers. The Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo have increased from 1200 to 2000, but the number of Eiders Somateria mollissima remains the same. It was reported that little trouble from pollution has been noticed in Japan, where the recent bird protection treaty is resulting in more research into Conservation. Concern was expressed about the increasing number of plastic pellets being ingested by seabirds. Dr. Warham reported that it is even evident in New Zealand, where many are picked up by White-faced Storm-petrels Peiagodroma marina. The prions Pachyptila sp. also pick up pumice from volcanic eruptions, and young albatrosses Diomedea sp. may be fed a variety of materials. It was reported that pelicans are proving particularly vulnerable to plastic fishing line and the plastic rings used to link the tops of beer cans, in which they become entangled. It emerged during the discussion that there were really too few European ornithol- ogists present for a useful discussion of Continental surveys, but that there was little general enthusiasm for either further breeding surveys at the present time, or a census of wintering gulls proposed by Dr. P. Isenmann. The lauer presents considerably more 68 XVII CONGRESSUS INTERNATIONALIS ORNITHOLOGICUS difficulties in the north of Europe, where the number of birds is much larger and they are much more widely distributed than in the south, and it was feit that considerably more preparatory work with local surveys and the development of census techniques is required before they are adopted more widely. W. R. P. Bourne, Secretary. Members of the Committee Prof. Dr. K. H. Voous (Chairman), Maasdamlaan 28, 1272 EM Huizen, Netherlands. Dr. W. R. P. Bourne (Secretary) Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB9 2TN, Scotland, U.K. Dr. R. G. B. Brown, Canadian Wildlife Service, Bedford Institute, P.O.Box 1006, Darmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2 Canada. Dr. J. P. Croxall, S.C.A.R., British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, England, U.K. Dr. P. Devillers, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 13 rue Vautier, 1040 Bruxel¬ les, Belgium. Dr. F. Goethe, Kirchreihe 19 B, 2940 Wilhelmshaven, West-Germany. Dr. J. H. Jehl, Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, 1700 South Shores Road, Mission Bay, San Diego, California, 92109 U.S.A. Dr. G. Johnstone, Antarctic Division, 568 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004 Australia. Mr. C. Jouanin, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue de Buffon, 75 Paris V, France. Dr. J. L. Mougin, Museum National d’EIistoire Naturelle, 55 rue de Buffon, 75 Paris V, France. Mr. C. J. R. Robertson, New Zealand Wildlife Service, Department of Internal Affairs, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand. Prof. Dr. W. R. Siegfried, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, C.P., 7700 South Africa. Dr. K. Vermeer, Canadian Wildlife Service, Westham Island, P.O.Box 340, Delta, British Colum¬ bia, V4K 3Y3 Canada. Dr. G. E. Watson, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560 U.S.A. PLENARVORTRAGE PLENARY LECTURES 70 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS Farner, D. S.: The Regulation of the Annual Cycle of the White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii . 71 MEMORIAL LECTURES Lorenz, K.: In memoriam Oskar Heinroth . 83 Mayr, E.: Problems of the Classification of Birds, a Progress Report. Erwin Stresemann Memorial Lecture . 95 PLENARY LECTURES Aschoff, J.: Biological Clocks in Birds . 113 Keeton, W. T.: Avian Orientation and Navigation: New Developments in an Old Mysteiy . 137 Perrins, C. M. : Survival of Young Great Tits, . 159 71 The Regulation of the Annual Cycle of the White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii Donald S. Farner Introduction The White-crowned Sparrow is one of the five species of the widespread New World fringillid genus Zonotrichia. Among the five races of Zonotrichia leucophrys, gambelii is a typical middistance migrant. Its principal breeding ränge is in western Canada and Alaska. Its principal wintenng ränge extends widely through southwestern United States and northern Mexico with isolated wintering populations occurring as far north as the state of Washington. (Banks, 1964; Cortopassi & Mewaldt, 1965; Lewis et ah, 1968; Mewaldt & Farner, 1953). Because of its abundance and adaptability to captivity this race has been the subject of extensive investigations in both field and laboratory (for selected reviews, see Blanchard & Erickson, 1949; Farner, 1964, 1966, 1970, 1975; Farner & Follett 1966, 1978; Farner & Lewis, 1971, 1973; King & Farner, 1966; Mewaldt et ah, 1968; Oksche & Farner, 1974). The White-crowned Sparrow, like other species that inhabit periodic environments of mid and high latitudes, has evolved a control System that generates an annual cycle in which the reproductive effort occurs at a time when environmental conditions are optimal for survival of young and adults. Since the reproductive effort is certainly a most important feature of the annual cycle, it follows that the components and functions of the control System that fix the time of reproduction are continuous targets of natural selection. However, the fitness of the individual White-crowned Sparrow depends also, to varying degrees, on the precision of the timing of other events and functions in the annual cycle. To consider a single event or phase out of the context of the entire cycle can result in misleading conclusions. It is both useful and meaningful to examine the annual cycle from the aspect of the temporal Separation of ergonically expensive functions, such as reproduction, molt and migration; available trophic resources; and day-light hours available for their exploitation. A precise synthesis of these aspects with respect to the nature and adaptiveness of the control System has not been achieved for any species. This presentation is, in a sense, an assessment of progress toward this goal with the White-crowned Sparrow. The assessment is directed primarily towards the race gambelii although we have used cautiously other races of 2. leucophrys and other species as well. The reference above to 2. /. gambelii as a “typical” middistance migrant is almost certainly semantically misleading. Species have doubtless invaded mid and high latitudes many times independently. Relationships among the neural and endocrine components of the control Systems were altered by selection with an enhancement of fitness with respect to the new environments. Thus it seems highly probable that the control Systems for similar annual cycles may differ substantially from a physiologic aspect (Farner, 1964, 1970, 1975; Farner et al. 1977; Sansum & King, 1976). Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. 72 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS The annual cycle As noted above, it is informative to examine the annual cycle from the aspect of rates of expenditure of energy. For this purpose the following somewhat arbitrary phases can be delineated (Fig. 1): (1) Winter, relatively high mean daily caloric expenditure for thermoregulation, here estimated for a no-longer existing wintering population in the Snake River Canyon in eastern Washington (Mahoney, 1976). (2) Prenuptial molt. (3) Vernal migration. Hyperphagia, and pre- and intramigratory fat deposition that provide energy for nocturnal migratory flight. (4) B reeding. The rate of energy expenditure in Figure 1 is from the estimates of Maloney (1976) for an Alaskan breeding population. (5) Postnuptial molt. (6) Autumnal migration. Similar to (3) but somewhat less intense. Winter Solstice increased thermoregulation Autumnal Equinox — ioor migration molt migration reproduction I Summer Solstice Figure 1. The annual cycle of Zonotrichia leucophrys gamhelii. The peripheral numbers are estimates of mean daily expenditures of energy in kJ per day for the indicated phases of the cycle. See text for sources of Information and bases for estimates. Modified from Farner (1964) by Miss D. Vaihinger. It must be emphasized that all estimates in Figure 1 are relatively crude approximations. The estimates for the mean daily energy costs for migration require explanation. Since we have no directly pertinent data i or Zonotrichia the estimates rest on several assumptions and calculations. Although some populations may have longer routes, the estimates in Figure 1 are based on a total migratory flight of 3500 km spread over a period of 60 days for vernal migration and 70 days for fall migration. The estimated cost of flight has been Donald S. Farner: The Regulation of the Annual Cycle 73 added to the estimated non-flight energy expenditure for the period and the sum divided by 60 and 70 for the vernal and autumnal periods, respectively. With additional assumptions the costs of migratory flight have been estimated (1) from the measurements of Tucker (1968) on flight by Melopsittacus undulatus in a wind tunnel; (2) on indirect measurement of energy cost of flight hy Fnngilla coelebs and Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Dolnik, 1970, 1975a; Dolnik & Gavrilov, 1971a; Dolnik et ah, 1963); the equation of Tucker (1971) for the cost of flight at optimal air speed and his equation (1973) for energy required at minimum cost of transport; (4) from the equation of Pennycuick (1969) that relates energy cost of flight to body weight and lift-drag ratio; (5) the equation of Kendeigh et al. (1977) for energy cost of flight; (6) the equation of Berger & Hart (1974) for maximum power in flight; and (7) from calculations for Zonotnchia albicollis by Helms (1968) based on data on weight loss by Nisbet et al. (1963). For the vernal migratory period these calculations yield estimates ranging from 95 to 140 kJ per day. The daily expenditure varies, of course, with respect to migratory activity. The total expenditure for a day that includes a migratory flight of 200 km may exceed 135 kJ somewhat as compared with 80 kJ for a day with no migratory flight. In terms of energy intake the bird spreads the cost of migratory flight by the use of previously stored fat. In vernal migration the White- crowned Sparrow begins a migratory flight with a reserve of 5—6 grams of fat; in autumnal migration this reserve is about three grams (King, 1961a, 1963, 1967; King et ah, 1963). A gram of fat yields energy sufficient for a flight of about 140 kilometers for a bird of the size of the White-crowned Sparrow (Pennycuick, 1969). The estimate of the rate of energy expenditure during postnuptial molt is expecially tenuous because of a lack of sufficient information directly pertinent to the White-crowned Sparrow. The estimate is based on the energy cost of molting in Passer domesticus (Blackmore, 1969; Kendeigh et ah, 1977), Fnngilla coelebs (Gavrilov & Dolnik, 1974; Kendeigh et ah, 1977) and Zonotrichia albicollis (Helms, 1968). Although the cost of the growth of new feathers can be estimated reasonably well, the estimation of the daily rates of expenditure through the molting period is confounded by changing thermoregula- tory requirements, reduced motor activity (e.g. Dolnik, 1976b) and possibly by an increased food intake to provide cystein and cystine for new feathers (Blackmore, 1969; Gavrilov & Dolnik, 1974; Kendeigh et ah, 1977). The estimate for the molting period in Figure 1 is doubtless the least certain of the estimates. A few comments concerning the rate of energy expenditure during the reproductive period are desirable. The estimates of Mahoney (1976) do not specifically include the costs of development of the gonads and the production of eggs. The energetic costs of testicular development, which actually occur before and during migration, are trivial when prorated over the entire period of development (King, 1973). Most of the development of the ovary and oviduct occurs after the female arrives in the breeding territory but probably does not exceed 3 kJ per day (King, 1973). The cost of a five-egg clutch is 70-80 kJ (King, 1973; personal communication). Because the phase of rapid deposition of yolk is of the Order of 5-6 days the maximum energy per day used for the synthesis of yolk is about 18.6 kJ (King, personal communication), some fraction of which is probably drawn from fat reserves (Wingfield & Farner, 1978 a,b). A recent sophisticated Investigation of the cost of incubation by female 2. /. oriantha (Walsberg & King, 1978) shows convincingly, and quite contrary to frequently expressed beliefs, that the metabolic rate of the incubating 74 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS female is actually somewhat lower than that of a perching bird under the same ambient conditions. Caution must be exercised, however, in extendmg this conclusion to other species. By direct measurement of oxygen uptake and carbon-dioxide release Biebach (1977) has shown that the rate of energy expenditure by an mcubatmg female Sturnus vulgaris is about 20% greater than that of a non-mcubatmg female at the same temperature. Indeed, in the White-crowned Sparrow, the lower level of fat reserves and the intensity of motor activity during the feeding of the young suggest that this is the time of the greatest expenditure of energy during the reproductive period. Dolnik (Kendeigh et ah, 1977) has estimated that Chaffinches cxpend slightly more than 8 kJ per day in the feeding of young. For the White-crowned Sparrow one can, nevertheless, cautiously conclude that deviations from the estimated daily expenditure of 100 kJ per day are probably not very great. Because of the abundance of trophic resources and the very long days in which they can be exploited, it can be surmized that accomodation to surges in daily energy requirement is relatively easy. An important feature of the annual cycle is the role of fat reserves m ergonically intense functions in which the rate of energy expenditure may temporarily exceed the rate of energy intake, or in which intake of energy is not possible. The conspicuous examples, of course, are the vernal and autumnal periods of migratory fat deposition (King, 1961a, 1963, 1972; King & Farner, 1976). White-crowned Sparrows also deposit fat in winter as a reserv'e against temporary increases in thermoregulatory requirements, especially in long winter nights (King & Farner, 1966). Although the deposition of fat is affected by a number of factors, it is clear that extensive deposition invariably involves an active, programmed hyperphagia in which an appestat is set to maintam or restore a higher level of fat reserves (King, 1961b, 1972). Although the adaptiveness of the annual cycle in fat reserves is clear, the physiology of its control and regulation remains relatively unsatisfac- tory (King, 1972). Despite the crude nature of the estimates of daily rates of energy expenditure in Figure 1, two significant facets become clearly apparent: (1) There is rigid temporal Separation of ergonically expensive functions, a principle that holds extensively, but not completely, for small birds. (2) The differences in mean rates of daily energy expenditure among the phases of the annual cycle, perhaps somewhat exaggerated in Figure 1, are relatively small. This is accomplished by a control System that separates ergonically expensive functions and that regulates the geographic position of the bird through the course of the cycle towards a minimization of costs of thermoregulation. This principle also appears to hold for non-migratory species as is illustrated well for Passer domesticus by Kendeigh et al. (1977). Information used in the control of the annual cycle Because the Initiation of gonadal development occurs while White-crowned Sparrows are still in the wintering areas and because the onset and course of migration must be controlled for a temporally appropriate arrival in the breeding area, the control System must use Information of a reliable predictive nature (Farner, 1964, 1970, 1975). The basic information used by the control System is day length. Long days, either natural or artificial, induce directly gonadal development, complete in the male but only partial in the Donald S. Farner: The Regulation of the Annual Cycle 75 female; prenuptial molt; vernal migratory fattening and migratory behavior. None of these functions occur m birds held on short days for more than two years. Long days induce indirectly the development of photorefractoriness, and hence the termination of gonadal function; of post-nuptial molt; and of autumnal migratory fattening and migratory behavior. These events also fail to occur in White-crowned Sparrows held on short days. In Fringilla coelehs there is a very precise temporal relationship between the rate of testicular development, which is a function of day length, and the onset of photorefracto¬ riness, postnutial molt, and autumnal migration (Dolnik, 1975a, b; 1976a; Dolnik & Gavrilov, 1972; Gavrilov & Dolnik, 1974). Our less extensive information on the White-crowned Sparrow (D. S. Farner, R. S. Donham and R. A. Lewis, unpublished) mdicates similarly precise relationships. The relationship between regression of the gonads and the post-nuptial molt, however, requires additional comment. Field observations (Morton et ah, 1969; Wingfield & Farner, 1977, 1978a, b) and the results of some laboratory experiments (Farner, 1964; D. S. Farner, R. S. Donham, unpublished results) suggest a dose functional relationship between regression of the gonads and the onset of molt. Fiowever, White-crowned Sparrows held on 12L 12D failed to molt following regression of the testes, and photorefractory birds held for six years on 20-hour days molted somewhat irregularly in the absence of testicular cycles. The adaptiveness of the photorefractory state in the discontinuation of gonadal function and consequently in the avoidance of unseasonal reproductive effort is clear. Fiowever, its Physiologie basis remains unknown (Farner, 1964, 1975; Farner & Follett, 1966, 1968). Photorefractory males held as long as six years on long days fail to undergo testicular development (D. S. Farner, R. S. Donham, R. A. Lewis, unpublished; see also Sansum & King, 1976). The short days of late autumn thus constitute essential information in the control of the annual cycle. The phenological schedule of the breeding area varies somewhat from year to year and White-crowned Sparrows adjust the onset of reproductive activity accordingly. This means that, in addition to day length, the control System must use additional sources of information to effect a fine adjustment of the onset of reproductive activity. Examined in detail, the control of the annual cycle involves an interplay of external and internal information that is translated into neural and hormonal information (Farner, 1970, 1978; Farner & Lewis 1971): External information Primary external information: As emphasized above day length is the essential and most important external source of information. Theoretically, there are at least three ways in which the annual photocycle can be used as a source of information: (1) As a Zeitgeber for an endogenous circannual cycle (See Internal information below). (2) As a direct driver, via the hypothalamus, of the functions that cause gonadal growth, hyperphagia, migratory behavior, etc. (3) As activator of the first in a chain of events that follow each other automatically through the completion of autumnal migration. 2. and 3. are not necessarily mutually exclusive. And, indeed, a combination of 2. and 3. seems to provide the best rationalization for our present knowledge of System. 76 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS Secondary external information; These sources of information are designated as secondary since they are effective in the control of the annual cycle only after the cycle has been induced by long days. (1) Modifying information alters the temporal course of the cycle, especially during the latter part of vernal migration and after arrival in the breeding area, but also in autumnal migration. Included in this category are environmental temperature, trophic conditions, the physical structure of the environment, for example, the depth of snow on the breeding territories (Morton, 1976; Oakeson, 1954; D. S. Farner, unpublished observations). Other modifying information associated with the breeding territory, perhaps interaction with the female, extends the time during which the testes are fully functional and increases the rate of secretion of gonadotropins and testosterone. (2) Essential supplemental information is of special importance with respect to the female since long days alone can induce development of the ovary only to the begmning of the yolk-deposition phase (Farner et al. 1966; Farner & Lewis, 1971; King et al. 1966; Kern, 1972). This final phase in the development of the ovary, which occurs in upwards of 10 days, requires essential supplemental information derived apparently from the breeding territory and interaction with the territory-holding male. However, the Situation is apparently complex since long-day treatment of eyeless females leads to an apparently normal deposition of yolk and development of the oviduct (Yokoyama & Farner, 1976). Thus it may be that inhibitory external information normally counteracts partially the effect of long days so that the final stage of development of the ovary is not attained until the inhibitory information is no longer received. Internal information Although the distinction is not alway clear, it is useful to recognize two general categories of intrinsic information, both of which are often modified or synchronized by external information. Endogenous, self-sustaining rhythms: It is increasingly clear that the temporal Organization of life involves numerous or many self-sustained endogenous oscillating functions. In birds extensive attention has been given to circadian and circannual rhythms. But others may also prove to be of importance. (1) Circadian rhythms. These rhythms, which have natural periods of approximately 24 hours, are entrained into precise daily cycles by the daily environmental photocycle (Zeitgeber). They are of fundamental importance in the basic temporal Organization of organisms. (For a review of circadian functions in birds, see Gwinner, 1975). In the White-crowned Sparrow, it is clear for example, that the mechanism that measures day length contains a circadian component (Farner, 1975; Sansum & King 1975; Turek, 1972). (2) Circannual rhythms. There is an abundance of evidence from a number of passerine species concerning the existence of such rhythms in birds held on constant day lengths, often 12 hours (e.g., Berthold, 1974, 1977; Gwinner, 1975, 1977a, b). This is supportive of a hypothesis that annual cycles, including that of reproduction, of photoperiodic species of birds are endogenous circannual cycles for which the role of the environmental Donald S. Farner: The Regulation of the Annual Cycle 77 photocycle is that of a Zeitgeber (Aschoff, 1955; Dolnik 1974, 1976a; Gwinnfr 1977 a, b; Immelmann, 1967). Although the physiologic basis of the circannual rhythms thus far described is entirely unknown, the hypothesis is nevertheless attractive. However, at least in its simplest form it appears to be inconsistent with several of the physiologic properties of the control System of the White-crowned Sparrow (Farner & Lewis, 1973; Farner & Follett, 1978; King & Farner, 1974; Sansum & King, 1976). The Information used by the female requires additional comment since the time span of the fully functional ovary is consicferably briefer but more adjustable than that of the testes (Kern, 1972; King et ah, 1966; Wingfield & Farner, 1978b). It is therefore the female that ultimately provides the fine adjustment of the time of onset of the reproductive effort. This is, of course, adaptive in the sense of the relatively greater cost of the clutch in comparison with cost of production spermatozoa (King, 1973). The role of day length in the development of the functional ovary is dual: long days are essential for development up to the onset of the phase of yolk deposition. By induction of the functional testis and consequent sexual behavior of the male they provide indirectly one of the sources of essential supplemental Information for the femal. Still undefmed with respect to sources of information, is the phenomenon of renesting when a clutch or nest is lost early in the breeding season. In males there is a recrudescense of the testes, doubtless due to an increase in secretion of FSH, and increases in the plasma levels of LH and testosterone. In females the ovary quickly returns to full functional state, doubtless because of increased secretion of gonadotropins (Wingfield & Farner, 1978b, 1979). The control of the annual reproductive cycle When male White-crowned Sparrows that have been held under short days, either under natural winter conditions or artificially in the laboratory, are exposed artificially to long days of constant duration, the testes grow as a logarithmic function of time until they approach half of maximum size after which the growth rate becomes progressively lower (Farner & Wilson, 1957). Since LH is apparently solely steroidogenic (Brown et ah, 1975), at least the logarithmic phase of development may be assumed to be caused by FSH. A similar pattem of ovarian growth occurs in artificially photostimulated females but, as noted above, it ceases before the onset of deposition of yolk (Farner et ah, 1966). The logarithmic growth rate is a positive function of the duration of the long days to which the bird is exposed (Farner & Wilson, 1957). This indicates that the control System must somehow measure day length. In the White-crowned Sparrow, as in at least some other photoperiodic species (Farner, 1975; Farner & Lewis, 1971; Farner & Follett, 1978), the mechanism contains a circadian oscillator. Results from a number of experiments (Follett et ah, 1974; Farner, 1975) are consistent with a so-called internal coincidence model, first proposed by Bünning (1936) and subsequently refined by Pittendrigh & Minis (1964). This model, as applied to the White-crowned Sparrow, assumes the involvement of an entrained circadian oscillation in photosensitivity, normally entrained so that its photosen¬ sitive phase occurs approximately between hours 8 and 22 after dawn. When the day is sufficiently long to extend into the photosensitive phase the photoperiodic responses, e.g. increased secretion of gonadotropins, gonadal growth, migratory hyperphagia and fatten- 78 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS mg, and migratory behavior are induced. It is firmly emphasized, however, that this is only a model and that there is no direct evidence for an oscillation in photosensitivity. Other models may be applicable. Dolnik ( 1976a), for example has proposed an internal coincidence model ior Passer domestiCMS and ior Fringilla coelebs. However, at least in its present form, it makes predictions that are mconsistent with results that we have obtamed with experiments on the White-throated Sparrow and with the House Sparrow. Meier and bis colleagues (e.g. Meier, 1976) have developed a sophisticated internal coincidence model for the photopenodic control System of the White-crowned Sparrow. The model is complex in that it mvolves separate photoinducible phases, one for LH and another for FSH and prolactin, and rests further on phase relationships between daily cycle m plasma concentrations of corticosterone and prolactin. Because we still lack microassays for plasma levels of FSH and prolactin in Zonotnchia we have been unable to test the model m the White-crowned Sparrow. Nevertheless, it seems highly probable that prolactin is somehow mvolved in the mduction and control of migratory fattenmg and migratory behavior (Meier et ah, 1965). The photoreceptors of the photopenodic control System of the White-crowned Sparrow are encephahc. Such encephahc receptors, first descnbed functionally by Benoit (1935a, b) more than four decades ago, may well be general among birds. In the White-crowned Sparrow they are probably morphologically unspecialized neurones that lie extensively, although probably not exclusively, in the ventral hypothalamus (Yokoyama et ah, 1978). Since light from the tip of a single fine light-conducting fiber can induce testicular growth (Yokoyama et ah, 1978) and migratory behavior (Yokoyama & Farner, 1978) compa- rable to that of an intact bird held on long days, it must be assumed that the System has a very substantial capability for amplification. Results of investigations by Menaker and his associates (McMillan et ah, 1975) make it extremely unlikely that retinal receptors have any stimulatory role whatsoever in the photoperiodic control System. On the contrary, as noted above, Information from the retina may have an inhibitory function (Yokoyama & Farner, 1976). It appears that elements of two nuclear regions of the hypothalamus are essential for the control of gonadotropic function in photoperiodic species of birds, including the White-crowned Sparrow; (1) Tuberal region, including the infundibular-nucleus complex with which, in addition to others, the photoreceptor System is probably associated (Oksche & Farner, 1974; Stetson, 1969; Wilson, 1967; Yokoyama, 1976). (2) The preoptic region (Assenmacher, 1958; Follett, 1973; Novikov & Rudneva, 1964; Oksche, 1978; Oksche & Farner, 1974). Under photoperiodic Stimulation neuronal elements of these two regions interact in a manner that is not yet understood. The result of this interaction, however, is the transfer of gonadotropin-releasing neurohormones from the endings of axions of the tuberohyphophysial tract in the median eminence into blood capillaries of the portal System of the anterior pituitary gland. These neurohormones then induce the synthesis and release of the gonadotropic hormones. The elevated plasma levels of gonadotropic hormones in the photostimulated bird are limited by negative feedback effects of sex hormones and adjusted by the effects of modifying and essential supplemen- tal Information in the hypothalamus, both mediated through the hypophysis (Fig. 2). It is clear that our knowledge of the above described conversion of day length as external information, first into neural Information, and finally into altered plasma levels of pituitary Donald S. Farner: The Regulation of the Annual Cycle 79 C and entrainment to the ‘slow’ results in a phase-lead (positive 4 )• To study the systematic changes of 4 as a result of changes in Zeitgeber period has become a useful tool in analyzing features of oscillating Systems. Exainples are discussed in the following section. A) drivmg force (Zeitgeber) fast oscitlator slow freerunning -r entramed B) driving force (Zeitgeber) oscitlator freerunning Figure 2. Schematic Illustration of principles of entrainment. A) Left: two oscillations (dashed curves) freerun in constant conditions with different frequencies. Right: when entrained to the same Zeitgeber of medium frequency (solid curve), the fast oscillation phase leads, and the slow one phase lags the Zeitgeber. B) An oscillation of medium frequency (left), when entrained phase lags a Zeitgeber of higher frequency (middle), and phase leads one of lower frequency (right). 4- phase-angle difference between entrained oscillation and Zeitgeber. Range of entrainment and change of phase-angle difference The ränge of periods within which entrainment can be achieved is limited. Its width depends of the ‘strength’ of the Zeitgeber for a particular organism. ‘Strength’ as used here comprises the physical characteristics of the Zeitgeber, especially its ‘amplitude’ (e.g. the difference in intensity of illumination between L and D), as well as the sensitivity of the organism to the Stimuli of the Zeitgeber (Aschoff, 1960). The stronger the Zeitgeber, the larger a ränge of entrainment, and the smaller variations in 4 , can be expected. To illustrate this, original records of locomotor activity of threee Canaries (Serinus canaria) are reproduced in Fig. 3. For the first ten days, the birds have been kept in conditions of constant dim illumination, thereafter in LD-cycles with 50% L in each cycle for days 1 1 to 31, followed by cycles with 25% L. The middle record shows entrainment to a Zeitgeber period T of 24 hours, the left one to 22 h, and the right one to 26 hours. ln constant conditions prior to entrainment, all three birds exhibit freerunning rhythms with periods dose to or slightly shorter than 24 h. Düring entrainment to the Zeitgebers with 50% L and 50% D, the three records differ with regard to the phase- relationship between rhythm and Zeitgeber. In accordance with the rule illustrated in diagram B of Fig. 2, the phase-angle difference between onset of activity and light-on ( 4 onset) is dose to zero in T = 22, slightly positive in T = 24 h, and more positive in T = 26 h. After the shortening of L to 116 PLENARY LECTURE 25% (without a change in period), ihe differences in 4^-values become larger due to further ad vances of onsets in the middle and the right record. In the left record, there is no change 4^onsei but activity Stretches into D by several hours. The increase in phase-angle difference between rhythm and Zeitgeber after the reduction of L from 50% to 25% (in the middle and right record) indicates that a LD-cycle with 25% L provides a less strong Zeitgeber than a cycle with 50% L. T=22h T=2ih T = 26 h rrt I I I I 1 I I MTI I I I I I I MT-p rn l i i i ii i i M n i li l 1 1 l l n ri 11 1 1 l 1 1 l l l l l M M l I I 1 1 11 0 6 12 18 2i 0 6 12 18 2C 0 6 12 18 2i, Time (hours) Figure 3. Original records of locomotor activity of three Canaries, Serinus canaria, kept for ten days in constant dim illumination (LL), thereafter in light-dark cycles (LD) with 50% L, followed by cycles with 25% L. T; period of the LD-zeitgeber. Shaded area: 1 lux. White area: 200 lux. Activity indicated by black marks or bars. Apart from effects on phase, entrainment of an activity rhythm by Zeitgebers of various periods and of different L : D-ratios influences the amount of activity and its pattem. This is demonstrated in Fig. 4 the diagrams of which represent the mean pattem of activity of 9 Canaries averaged over 10 cycles for each individual. For both types of Zeitgebers, middle of dark-time is used as a reference phase (= zero at the abscissa). Comparison of the three rows of Fig. 4 indicates that the amount of activity decreases from T = 26 h to T = 22 h. Comparison of the two columns shows on the other hand, that the ‘amplitude’ of the activity rhythm is generally larger during entrainment to a Zeitgeber with 50% L as compared to a Zeitgeber with only 25%. Entrainment to the latter type of Zeitgeber further illustrates especially well ‘masking effects’, i.e. the depression of activity in D after its “too early” onset, and its “re-boosting” when the lights are turned on (cf. the records in T = 26 h and T = 24 h). Finally, the changes in phase-angle difference due to changes in T are indicated by connecting a) onsets of activity (dashed lines) and b) midpoints of activity- time (bold closed circles). The difference in slope between these lines - larger inclination for L = 25% than for L = 50% reflects the difference in strength between the two types of Zeitgebers. Jürgen Aschoff: Biological Clocks in Birds 117 L: D 50 % : 50 % 25 % 75 % Time (hours) Zeitgeber penod ( hours ) 26 0 2Ü.0 22.0 Figure 4. Hourly values of locomotor activity of caged Canaries, Serinus canaria, kept in light-dark cycles (LD) of three different periods (right margin) with either 50% L (left) or 25% L (right). Mean pattem from 10 cycles each. Onsets of activity connected by dashed lines, midpoints of activity time (Bold closed circles) by solid lines. The dependence of phase-angle difference on Zeitgeber period has been tested in a variety of avian species. Most of the results are summarized in Fig. 5 (The way in which the two diagrams are drawn can be understood if the System of Coordinates used for Fig. 4 is rotated clockwise by 90°). The abscissa represents Zeitgeber period, and the Ordinate time before or after a reference phase of the Zeitgeber. However, time is now expressed in degrees, instead of in hours, with each Zeitgeber period corresponding to 360°. Hence the Ordinate represents the phase-angle difference between a phase of the circadian rhythm - usually onset of activity or middle activity-time - and middle of dark-time of the Zeitgeber (= zero degree). In both diagrams the “phase curves” which describe changes in as a function of changing Zeitgeber period, obey the rule that an increase in Zeitgeber period is correlated with an increase in 4^ (decrease of negative values or even change into positive values). It is also obvious that, in the left diagram, the curves encompass a smaller ränge of periods than in the right diagram, and that their slopes are steeper. This is because data from experiments with relatively weak Zeitgebers are summarized in the left diagram, and data from eyperiments with relatively strong Zeitgebers in the right diagram (cf. the figures for light intensities given in parentheses after the species names). Hence, small ranges of entrainment are to be seen in the left, and larger ranges in the right diagram. According to a recent analysis (Aschoff & Pohl, 1978), circadian rhythms change their phase-angle difference to the Zeitgeber within the complete ränge of entrainment by a similar amount of degrees, irrespective of the width of the ränge. Therefore, slopes of phase curves as shown in Fig. 5 and widths of ranges of entrainment are inversely related. 118 PLENARY LECTURE Zeitgeber period (hours) Figure 5. Phase-angle difference between the entrained circadian rhythm and the entrainmg lighi-dark cycle, drawn as a function of Zeitgeber period T. White area: light; shaded area: darkness. Intensities of illumination during L and D given in parentheses. Data sources: O, •, □ Aschoff & Pohl (1978); A, A Pohl (unpubl.); 1 Farner et al. (1977); 2 Eskin (1971); 3 Morris (1973). It should be noted that in several of the experiments used to draw the phase curves of Fig. 5, the full ranges of entrainment have probably not been exploited; the difference in mean ränge, however, as well as the difference in mean slope between the two diagrams is representative of a variety of organisms includmg plants and unicellular organisms (cf. Aschoff & Pohl, 1978). This relationship permits a quantitative estimate of the ränge of entrainment if the slope of the phase curve is known. Furthermore, different slopes of phase curves found in the same organism when entrained to Zeitgebers of different properties indicate a difference in the strength of the Zeitgeber used. An example is provided by the two phase curves for Canaries in the right diagram of Fig. 5: steeper slope of the curve obtained with the weaker Zeitgeber (25% L) as compared to the curve obtained with the stronger Zeitgeber (50%). Multi-oscillator System So far, we have treated circadian rhythms as representing (or as being driven by) one single ‘master-clock’. There is, however, increasing evidence that the circadian system consists of a multiplicity of oscillators which are coupled to each other, which change their mutual phase-relationship depending on conditions, and which may become uncoupled under certain circumstances. Strong support for the hypothesis of a multi-oscillator system comes from observations of ‘internal desynchronization’ a state of the system in which two overt rhythms freerun with different frequencies. Internal desynchronization has been described in man (Aschoff et ah, 1967), in the squirrel vaovikQy Saimiri sciureus (Sulzman et ah, 1977), and in the ground beetle Blaps gigas (Köhler & Fleissner, 1978). Less Jürgen Aschoff: Biological Clocks in Birds 119 stringent but still suggestive for a multi-oscillator systeni are transitory States of internal ciissociation ainong various overt rhythnis that occur during reehtrainment of circadian Systems after phase shifts of the Zeitgeber (Aschoff, 1978b; Aschoff et ab, 1975). There IS furthermore the phenomenon of ‘Splitting’, i.e. the Separation of an overt rhythm such as locomotor activity into two components which after transitory dissociation lock on to each other with an about 180± phase-angle difference (Hoffmann, 1971). in birds, Splitting has been observed in Starhngs oecurring either spontaneously or due to injections of testosterone (Gwinner, 1974). LD IT=t=2i h) LL li lux 22.5 hl Time(hours) LL 13 lux (Z = 25 ! h ) Figure 6. Oxygen uptake and locomotor activity in chaffinches, Fringilla coelebs, kept in light-dark cycles (LD) or in constant Illumination (LL). In each of the three diagrams, five consecutive periods recorded in a single bird are superimposed with reference to onset of activity (= zero at the abscissa; indicated also by vertical arrows). T: Zeitgeber period; t: circadian period. Consistent with the concept of coupied oscillators are systematic changes in the phase-relationship between rhythmic variables due to changes in the circadian period. An example of such changes in the relationship between oxygen uptake and locomotor activity is given in Fig. 6. In each diagram, 5 consecutive periods from the record of a single Chaffinch are superimposed. For entrained (left) and for freerunning rhythms (middle and right) onsets of activity are used as reference phases (= hour zero at the abscissa, indicated also by vertical arrows). In LD, oxygen uptake Starts to increase about 1.5 hours prior to the onset of activity; that means the phase-angle difference 'b intern between activity and oxygen uptake is -22.5°. In LL, ^^intem becomes zero or slightly positive when t is shorter than 24 hours (middle column), and it becomes more negative when t is longer than 24 hours (right column). 120 PLENARY LECTURE Similar results have been obtained with Common Redpolls Carduelis flammea entrained to different Zeitgeber periods. It would be premature to draw strong conclusions from measurements made in two avian species only. However, in view of similar observations made in other organisms, e.g. in mice (Haus et ab, 1967) and especially to a large extent in man (Wever, 1972, 1973), it seems likely that changes in 'k intern as a function of r or T, respectively, are common in circadian Systems. The phenomenon is mentioned m the context of this paper because similar changes occur in circannual Systems (cf. Fig. 14A and B). Apart from demonstrating changes in 4* intern > Fig- b is of interest with regard to the often made assumption that oxygen consumption and activity are closely hnked with each other, and that the rhythm of oxygen uptake is mainly, if not exclusively, the result of the rhythm of locomotor activity. Such conclusions do not take into account the fact that the rhythm of oxygen uptake can phase lead the rhythm of activity by several hours (Fig. 6), and they are incompatible with the observation that there is a rhythm of oxygen uptake in birds when they are at absolute rest because of being kept in continuous darkness. This has been shown in the Brambling montifringilla (Aschoff & Pohl, 1970a) and in the Blackbird Turdus merula (Biebach, 1974). In summary, these findings strongly contradict a simple ‘cause-and-effect’ relationship between the two rhythmic variables (cf. more detailed discussion in Aschoff, 1970; Aschoff & Pohl, 1970b). Properties of circannual clocks Historical remarks At the outset of this section, we should give credit to a few of those who, at an early Stage of the game, stressed the significance of endogenous components in seasonal rhythmicity and who partly anticipated the existence of circannual rhythms. The concept has a long history, with its roots, like that of circadian rhythms, in botanical studies. (For reviews, cf. Baker & Baker, 1934-36; Bünning, 1956). In mammals and birds, the phenomena of hibernation (Berthold, 1837) and migration (Naumann, 1822) first gave rise to speculations on internal factors governing these events. However, it was not until 100 years later that more explicit hypotheses about endogenous annual rhythms were developed. It was the pioneer in photoperiodic control of avian reproductive cycles and migration, Rowan, who himself advocated the idea of an internal physiological rhythm that is modified by external factors such as the varying day lengths (Rowan, 1926). Also to be mentioned is Baker who, in summarizing his remarkable 7 publications on seasons in a tropical rain-forest, made the distinction between ‘ultimate’ and ‘proximate causes’ for the evolution and actual timing of seasonal events (Baker 1940-1950) - the two subjects of ‘evolutionary’ and ‘functionaP biology, respectively (Mayr, 1961). Baker (1938) States that “there is also an internal rhythm in reproduction which may be so strong as to cause specimens of Southern hemisphere birds, imported into the northern hemisphere, to continue breeding at the same time as the others of their species in the south”. Later authors on the subject generally failed to notice that Baker gave the internal rhythm enough weight to list it, in addition to light, temperature and rain, as one of the ‘proximate causes’. But he also made it quite clear, with an intuitive conception of “free running” Jürgen Aschoff: Biological Clocks in Birds 121 rhythms, that other factors were indispensable to explain the temporal Organization of seasonal rhythms: „Internal rhythm can never account wholly for the timing of breeding seasons, for it would get out of Step with the sun in the course of the ages, but it is likely that it plays its part in making many species quick to respond to the external factors” (Baker, 1938). More explicitely, these ideas have been developed by Baker already in his second report from the New Hebrides (Baker & Baker, 1934-36), in which he discusses the analogy with a ‘clock’. Although less convinced than Baker of an internal rhythm, Landsborough Thomson (1950) changed the term ‘proximate (ultimate) causes’ into ‘proximate factors’, a termino- logy that avoids the implication of a direct cause-and-effect relationship and allows the inclusion of Zeitgebers in the dass of proximate factors (Immelmann, 1972). At the same time, A. J. Marshall (1951) expressed his strong belief “that the internal gonad rhythm is the most important single factor in the timing of breeding seasons and the migration that is part of them”. Ten years earlier, Blanchard (1941) had drawn a similar (and probably better justified) conclusion from her extensive studies of the gonadal cycle in White- crowned Sparrows Zonotrichia leucophrys: “It seems nearest to the truth, then, to think of the gonad cycle as the expression of an inherent annual rhythm. . . . which may be modified in part by environmental conditions but is by no means entirely dependent upon them for its beginning or its general subsequent course”. (For a review of the earlier hterature concerning this problem, cf. Aschoff, 1955). Freerunning circannual rhythms Truly circannual rhythms, persisting under seasonally constant conditions with periods different from 12 months, have first been described by Pengelley & Fischer (1963) for Golden-mantled Ground Squirrels Citellus lateralis. For birds, circannual rhythms Time (years) Figure 7. Rhythms of testicular width (curves) and moult (bars) in four selected European Starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, kept for 3.5 years under constant photoperiodic conditions (upper three rows: LD 11 : 11; fourth row: LD 12 : 12). (From Gwinner, 1977a). 122 PLENARY LECTURE / /// / VII IX XI I - ■' C / I I I I I I I T I I I in / III V VII IX XI Time of yeor (months) Figure 8. Rhythms of summer moult (black bars) and winter moult (white bars) in a Garden Warbler, Sylvia bonn, (left) and in a Blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla, (right) kept for 8 years under constant photoperiodic conditions (LD 10 : 14). (From Berthold, 1978). freerunning over more than two cycles were demonstrated in Willow Warblers PhyLosco pHstrochilus by Gwinner (1967, 1968), in Garden Warblers Sylvia borin and Blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla by Berthold et al. (1971, 1972 a, b), and in European Sturnus vulgaris by Schwab (1971). These birds had been kept in LD-cycles with T = 24 h but with various photoperiods (LD 12 : 12, 10 : 14, 14 : 10 and 16 : 8 respectively). The data shown in Fig. 7 are from an experiment in which European Starlings were kept in constant conditions of temperature and photoperiod for 3.5 years (Gwinner, 1977 a). The undamped oscillations in testicular width and the intervals between successive moults deviate from 12 months. The deviation of the circannual period is more conspicuous in Fig. 8 which presents data on moult from two warblers kept in LD 10 : 14 for 8 years (Berthold 1978). In consecutive years, summer moult (black bars) and winter moult (white bars) occur progressively earlier; the resulting freerunning rhythms, indicated by dashed lines, have mean periods of about ten months. In the meantime, circannual rhythms freerunning in LD for at least two cycles have been demonstrated in at least 10 species of birds; results from some 10 others are suggestive (Gwinner, 1975; Berthold, 1979). Most of these experiments have been carried out in conditions of constant light-dark cycles. However, circannual rhythms have also been demonstrated under conditions of continuous light or darkness (cf. the review in Gwinner, 1979). The longest records, showing regularily recurring cycles of testicular growth and regression are those obtained from Pekin ducks kept in DD for 70 months (Benoit et ab, 1956, 1970). It has been argued that animals that are kept under conditions of constant photoperiod, e.g. in LD 12 : 12, are not exposed to truly ‘constant’ conditions, and hence that those experiments are not apt to solve “the problem of separating, experimentally, any endogenous contribution to the timing of cycles from strong, and perhaps overriding Jürgen Aschoff: Biological Clocks in Birds 123 physiological reactions to the photoperiod itself” (Sansum & King, 1976). ln the opinion of these authors, experiments are to be made in LL or DI) to really prove an ‘endogenous’ annual rhythm (King 1968, Hamner, 1971). ln discussing these criticisms one has to distinguish among several hypotheses that are not always clearly separater! m the publications of those arguing against the endogenous nature of ‘circannual’ rhythins. (1) The LD-cycle might represent a periodic input (a 24-h input) into the System generating (via frequency transformation) an output with a period of about 365 days. Sensu stricto, such a model of a 1 : 365 ratio in frequencies implies that the circannual t is positively correlated with (and proportional to) the period T of the LD-cycle. Unpubhsh- ed data from Gwinner disagree with this prediction from the model m so far as European Starlings, kept in LD-cycles with T = 22 h (LD 11 : 11) tended to have circannual rhythms with T-values similar to or even slightly longer (instead of shorter) than those of conspecifics kept in T = 24 h (LD 12 : 12) Apart from this direct experimental evidence against it, several phenomena are extremely difficult to reconcile with this model. For instance, it is hard to see how this model copes with the facts that individual birds exposed to the same LD conditions can produce quite different circannual r-values, and that during exposure to a constant photoperiod, e.g. LD 10 : 14, the period of the freerunning circannual rhythm may be longer than 12 months at the beginning and shorter than 12 months later on (cf. Fig. 8, left diagram). Still stronger arguments against this hypothesis come from experiments demonstrating the entrainability of circannual rhythms by photoperiodic cycles differing from 12 months (cf. the following section). (2) Instead of being a causal Stimulus generating circannual rhythms, the 24-h light-dark cycle might represent a Zeitgeber that entrains an annual rhythm by frequency-demulti- plication - similar to the entrainment of a circadian rhythm by a high frequency LD-cycle, e.g. LD 2 : 2 (Bruce, 1960). This model presupposes the existence of an endogenous rhythm that can be entrained, and hence cannot be used as an argument against self-sustaining circannual rhythms. (3) Besides hypothesis (1) and (2), circannual rhythmicity might be based on a mechanism that counts about 365 revolutions of the circadian clock. Again, this model is not an alternative to the ‘endogenous’ circannual concept but rather proposes a specific process generating circannual rhythms. It predicts a positive correlation between the circadian and the circannual t. To test the hypothesis, and to separate it from the generating process discussed above as hypothesis 1 (counting external days), organisms must be kept in LL or in DD. Such experiments have been performed by Gwinner (1973) with European Starlings, kept for 15 months in LL with an intensity of illumination of 0.7 lux. In the 9 birds tested, the circadian periods varied from 22.5 to 24.2 hours, and the circannual periods form 10.6 to 13.8 months. There was a weak positive correlation between the two sets of data (significant at the 5% level), but the regression line was 2.4 times steeper than the (model predicted) 1 : 1 ratio between circadian and circannual periods. Gwinner (1973) concludes from these results that “circadian and circannual rhythms are apparently not entirely independent of each other. Whether the positive correlation between the periods of the two rhythms reflects a causal relationship between the two periodicities or rather a common dependence of both rhythms on other factors remains to be seen”. The results from experiments with entrainment of the circadian 124 PLENARY LECTURE System to different T-values, mentioned under (1), clearly contradict the hypothesis that circannual rhythms are the product of ‘countmg’ 365 circadian revolutions. (4) The LD-cycie has been considered a constant Stimulus to which the biological System responds alternatively in two opposite ways. According to this concept, a photo-regime of LD 12 : 12 (a photoperiod dose to the photoperiodic response-threshold of many species) “appears to be short enough to allow the ‘breaking’ or dissipation of refractoriness, yet it is long enough to provide photostimulation once the birds become photosensitive” (Sansum & King, 1976). Whereas this model, once again, proposes a theoretically feasible mechanism underlymg circannual rhythms, it cannot be regarded an alternative of circannual rhythms. Such an Interpretation would neglect the fact that the necessary alternations in responsiveness to one and the same, all year round unchanged Stimulus occur spontaneously (i.e. without a change m environmental conditions) within the organism. Regular switches between two States during which the System responds differently to a constant Stimulus, represent an ‘oscillation’ that is ‘endogenous’ by definition because it is not triggered by periodic changes m the environment. In fact, a changing responsiveness to a constant environmental Stimulus is a characteristic of all circa rhythms (Aschoff, 1960). To conclude from the changing interaction between Stimulus and System that the rhythm is driven ‘exogenously’, is a reasoning similar to the concept of ‘autophasing’ (in its first version) as it was developed by Brown (1959, p. 1542) for the circadian System to explain the freerunning circadian rhythm in LL as a repetition of ‘responses’ to the light Stimulus (cf. the discussion in Aschoff, 1963). While rejecting hypotheses 1 to 4, as well as the demand for experiments in LL or DD, we fully agree that the permissive conditions, including photoperiods, under which circannual rhythms can be observed, need exploitation. As for circadian rhythms, we have to expect circannual rhythms to operate within certain limits of conditions only. It is puzzling but not too surprising that some species seem to exhibit circannual rhythms in LD 12 : 12 but not in longer and shorter photoperiods (Schwab, 1971) while others show circannual rhythms either in long or in short days but not under LD 12 : 12 conditions (Goss, 1969a). To find out when and how the System oscillates, and under what conditions the System fails to oscillate, will be one of the tools to disentangle the physiological mechanisms underlying annual periodicity and its control by photoperiod, including concepts such as external versus internal coincidence (Pittendrigh, 1972, 1974). Under this point of view, the search for inductive external factors (as in most photoperiodic studies) is turned into a search for ‘inhibitors’ (Marshall, 1960) that depress and hence delay the spontaneous course of the internal rhythm. Entrainment by Zeitgebers If freerunning circannual rhythms represent, in analogy to circadian rhythms, self- sustaining oscillations, it is to be expected that entrainment of these rhythms by Zeitgebers follows the rules outlined in the first section (cf. especially Fig. 2). In view of the drastic effects of photoperiod on seasonal phenomena (Farner & Lewis, 1971; Farner & Follett, 1979), a periodically varying photoperiod is the obvious candidate for a Zeitgeber. In the following discussion we mainly concentrate on a set of data obtained by Gwinner (1977 b, c, and unpublished) from European Starlings. Five groups of 8 to 12 birds each were exposed to artificial LD-cycles with sinusoidal changes in photoperiod Jürgen Aschoff: Biological Clocks in Birds 125 (longest day: 15 h L, shortest day: 9 h L; no twilights). Amplitude and general shape of these photoperiodic cycles were the same for all groups, but their duration varied from 1 cycle per year to 4 cycles per year, representing Zeitgeber periods of 12, 8, 6, 4 and 3 months respectively. In each bird, testicular width was established at 2- to 4-week intervals by laparotomy, and body weight was measured at the same times to the nearest 0.1g; onset and end of moult were determined by frequent inspection with a possible error of ± 2 days. The results on testicular cyles are summarized in Fig. 9. In analogy with the presentation of circadian entrainment data, the Zeitgeber is indicated by an alternation of shaded areas (photoperiod below 12 hours) and white areas (photopenod above 12 hours). Testicular cycles are clearly expressed under all five conditions, and the cycles are in synchrony with all 5 Zeitgeber frequencies. In = 91 Zeitgeber period : ( months) 12 •c ■D i i- D 3 U V) ;0-n 5- 0- I n =8 ) 4 /d = Photoperiod ^ below 12 h ln =12) 3 V IX I V IX I Time of year (months ) Figure 9. Rhythms of testicular width in five groups of European Starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, kept in light-dark cycles with periodi- cally varying photoperiods. Du¬ ration of the photoperiodic cycle indicated at the right margin. Each curve represents the mean of n animals. Shaded area: Photo¬ period below 12 h, white area: photoperiod above 12 h. (After Gwinner 1977b). In Fig. 10, consecutive cycles in testicular widths have been superimposed on each other for each of the five Zeitgeber periods (upper row). In addition, the figure shows the cycles in body weight (lower row) and the duration of moult (black bars in the middle row). In all diagrams, the shortest day (= zero at the abscissa; vertical dashed line) is used as a reference phase of the Zeitgeber. Again, the shaded areas represent the ‘winter half year’ (photoperiod below 12 h) and the white areas the ‘summer half year’ (photoperiod above 12 h). The following conclusions can be drawn: a) testicular cycles and moult follow all Zeitgeber periods, but changes in body weight become rather irregulär in T = 3 months; b) 126 PLENARY LECTURE T= 3 m Testicutar width T=6m -3 0 3 6 Time (months ) T=12m -3 0 3 6 Figure 10. Rhythms of testicular width (above) and of body weight (below) together with times of moult (bars) in five groups of European Starhngs, Sturnus vulgaris, kept in hght-dark cycles with periodically varying photoperiods (Zeitgeber period T = duration of the photoperiodic cycle in months). Curves represent mean values from 8 to 12 animals of each of the 5 groups: consecutive periods are superimposed with reference to the shortest day (vertical dashed hne). Shaded area. photoperiod below 12h; white area: photoperiod above 12h. (After Gwinner 1977b, and unpublish- ed). the phase-angle difference between cycles and Zeitgeber as well as among various cyclic variables change as the Zeitgeber period is shortened. To demonstrate this latter effect more clearly, mean patterns of all three variables are drawn in Fig. 11 as a function of the Zeitgeber period expressed now in degrees instead of in hours. Zero degree at the abscissa represents the shortest day (vertical dashed line). As reference phases for testicular width (closed circles) and body weight (open circles) w'e have computed ‘centers of gravity , using the maximal value in each curve and its two neighbouring values. These centers are indicated in Fig. 11 by black arrows (testicular width) and white arrows (body weight). From the top to the bottom of Fig. 11, i.e. from long to short Zeitgeber periods, the arrows as well as the black bars indicating moult move progressively to the right, i.e. to later phases of the Zeitgeber. With regard to the phase-relationship between rhythm and Zeitgeber, this means a steady decrease in external phase-angle differences from long to short Zeitgeber periods. In addition, the interval between either arrow and black bar increases, on the average, from top to bottom, indicating an increase in internal phase-angle difference between moult and the two other variables (cf. Fig. 14). In Fig. 11, the presentation of data in reference to degrees of a full Zeitgeber period is useful in demonstrating phase relationships, but it obscures the relations in absolute time, especially the ‘compression’ of the biological cycles or parts of them due to the shortening of the Zeitgeber period. This is shown in diagram A of Fig. 12 for moult and for that part of the gonadal cycle during which the testes are wider than 4 mm (‘large testes’)- When entrained to a Zeitgeber period of 12 months testes are large for nearly 4 months, and moult lasts for 3 months, i.e. for 32% and 25% of the full cycle, respectively (cf. diagram B in Jürgen Aschoff: Biological Clocks in Birds 127 Sturnus vulgaris Zeitgeber penod I — I — r f80 270 n — I — r — T — T — 90 180 270 360 Phase of Zeitgeber (degrees) Figure 11. Rhythms of testicu- lar width (closed circles), body weight (open circles) and moult (bars) in five groups of European Starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, kept in light-dark cycles with periodi- cally varying photoperiods. Du- ration of the photoperiodic cycle indicated on the right side of each diagram. Mean pattem of several cycles drawn with reference to the phase of the Zeitgeber (zero degree = shortest day). Shaded area: photoperiod below 12 h; white area: photoperiod above 12 h. Arrows: Centers of gravity around the maxima of testicular width (black) and body weight (white) (After Gwinner 1977b, and unpublished). Fig. 12). With T = 3 months, these two time spans are reduced to 1.5 and 1.7 months, respectively. Despite this drastic ‘compression’, the times of large tesies and of moult now encompass more than 50% of the full cycle (diagram B). In other words, the times allocated for the less ‘active’ States (i.e. times of small testes and non-moult) which occupy more than 8 months in T = 12 months, are reduced to about 1.5 months in T = 3 months. Hence, the average reduction is 58% for the more ‘active’ States, but 82% for the less ‘active’ States. Another interesting aspect concerns the time during which testes are still large while moult is already in progress. This ‘overlap’ (diagram C in Fig. 12) amounts to 1 month in T = 12 months and decreases to 0.3 month in T = 3 months; in percent of the full cycle, the overlap remains nearly constant in all Zeitgeber periods (diagram D in Fig. 12). In summary, these data demonstrate the entrainabihty of circannual rhythms by photoperiodic Zeitgebers and further changes in external phase-angle difference that agree with expectations made on the basis of oscillation theory, and that correspond to the Situation in circadian rhythms. Moreover, there seems to be less ‘compressibility’ for ‘active’ States as compared to ‘inactive’ States of the cycles, and less compressibility for moult than for the time of large testes (cf. the two lines in diagram A of Fig. 12). Finally, cycles of moult and testicular width are still clearly entrained to T = 3 months while entrainment of the body weight rhythm is questionable. This latter observation might suggest different ranges of entrainment for different variables, a problem that is discussed in more detail in the following section. 128 PLENARY LECTURE 4^ months 3- 2- 1- Durafion of : Overlap between 20^ % of penod 10- 0-^ D. f — ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ I 0 2 6 8 10 12 Zeitgeber penod (months ) Figure 12. Circannual rhythms of testicular width and moult in European Starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, entrained by photoperiodic Zeitgebers. Dura- tion of moult and of the time during which testes are large (AjB)? and duration of the over¬ lap between these two time spans (C), drawn as function of Zeit¬ geber period. (After Gwinner 1977b). Ranges of entrainment As has been shown earlier, avian circadian rhythms have ranges of entrainment that are relatively small. Even with strong Zeitgebers, they rarely encompass more than 10 h, i.e. about 40% of the ‘natural’ period. For circannual rhythms, the ränge seems to be surprisingly large. Most certainly, the 9 months indicated by the Starling data do not represent the full ränge. For the testicular cycle, we have data suggesting entrainment even Jürgen Aschoff: Biological Clocks in Birds 129 to a Zeitgeber period of 2.4 and 2 months. These results have not been included here because at very short periods the determination of phase-angles becomes difficult because not enough values can be obtamed within one cycle. In addition, as changes in phase become less distinct, it also becomes more difficult to separate masking effects from true entramment. Hence, there is uncertainty about the lower limit of the ränge of entrainment. The same is true for the upper limit, because no experiments have been made so far with Zeitgeber periods longer than 12 months. In conclusion, the full ränge of entrainment for Starlings may very well extend over 20 or even more months, i.e. to twice the ‘natural’ periods. Is such a ränge too large to be considered compatible with the characteristics of a self-sustaining oscillation? ln trying to answer this question, we first note that there are circadian Systems that have quite large ranges of entrainment. A few examples are provided in diagram B of Fig. 13 which are presented in the same manner as the two diagrams in Fig. 5. The phase curve No. 1 is the same as that shown by open circles in the left diagram of Fig. 5 (Besser 90 A) Circannual ranges of entrainment -90 - Qj Öl -270 d CD ^ -360 ö (j C CD c, Ql 1 — r 2 1 — r~r 4 6 n — r 8 _ Shortest day Cervus nip )on o Antier iheMing Sylvia bar in Sturnus vulgaris X Wmter moult * * Summer moun * reslicular widlh A Moult ■a — 1 — I — I — r 10 12 K 16 18 20 Zeitgeber period (months) ~~\ — I — I 22 24 öl c ö I Qj Ö 180 -| 90 - B) Circadian ranges of entrainment ■90 - 180 - -270 - -360 Carduelis flammea cabaret Passer domesticus Carabus cancellatus Pliobolus sphaerosporus Middle of dark time »»TI! 12 18 24 30 36 Zeitgeber period (hours) Figure 13. Phase-angle differences between circannual (A) and circadian (B) rhythms, respectively, and the entraining Zeitgeber (periodically varying photoperiod for A, constant light-dark cycle for B). Data sources: O sika deer (Goss, 1969b); 0, A, ■ European Starling (Gwinner, 1977c); X, + Garden Warbler (Berthold, unpubl.); 1, Besser Redpoll; 2, House Sparrow; 3, ground beetle; 4, mold (from Aschoff & Pohl, 1978). 130 PLENARY LECTURE Redpoll), and curve No. 2 the same as curve No. 2 in the right diagram of Fig. 5 (sparrow). Phase curve No. 3 (ground beetle) is typical for several insect species, and curve No. 4 (mold) typical for serveral plant species (cf. Fig. 2 in Aschoff & Pohl, 1978). The diagram mdicates, first, large differences in the widths of ranges of entrainment, and, secondly, demonstrates again the inverse relationship between the width of the ränge of entrainment and the slope of the phase curve. The curve for the Flouse Sparrow (No. 2) represents a change in phase-angle difference of 27® per 1 h change in period; the ränge is 10 h. The curve for the mold (No. 4) represents a change of 9° per 1 h change of period, and the ränge is 30 h. In other words: with a slope one third as steep the ränge of entrainment is three times as large. On the assumption that similar principles apply to the entrainment of circannual rhythms as to the entrainment of circadian rhythms, it seems justified to predict a ränge of entrainment for circannual rhythms from the slope of their phase curves. Such phase curves are presented in diagram A of Fig. 13. Curves connectmg closed Symbols will be considered first. They represent data from experiments made with birds, and they all have more or less the same slope of about 12° change in phase-angle difference per 1 month change in Zeitgeber period. This corresponds to 6° change per 15° in period. The circadian phase curve of the House Sparrow (No. 2 in diagram B) has a slope of 27° per 15° change in Zeitgeber period, that means the slope of the circadian phase curve is 4.5 times steeper than the slope of the circannual phase curve. From this we predict that the ränge of entrainment for the circannual rhythm will be 4.5 times larger than the circadian ränge. The circadian ränge is 10 hours, i.e. 41.5% of 24 h. The circannual ränge is expected to be 4.5 times larger, that is 4.5 x 41.5% = 187% of 12 months. The prediction then is that circannual rhythms of birds whose phase curves have a slope of 12° per 1 month change in period, may have ranges of entrainment not too far from 22.5 months. If a Zeitgeber period of 2 months represents the lower limit of this ränge, the upper limit can be expected to be dose to 24 months. The only species in which the full ränge of entrainment for circannual rhythms has been exploited is the Sika Deer Cervus nippon. Goss (1969b) was successful in synchronizing the rhythm of ander shedding to periodically changing photoperiods with T-values varying from 3 to 24 months. A Zeitgeber period of two months was clearly below the ränge of entrainment because all animals tested became entrained via frequency demultipli- cation mal : 6 ratio. With T = 24 months, only 2 out of the 5 animals were entrained in a 1 : 1 ratio, whereas the other 3 went through two cycles in 24 months (=2:1 ratio), indicating that they were beyond their ränge of entrainment. The phase curves derived from the data of Goss are shown in Fig. 13 (diagram A, open circles). In discussing ranges of entrainment, one must bear in mind that the circannual System may represent a System of several coupled oscillators as does the circadian System. There is good evidence, for the circadian System, that ranges of entrainment differ among variables, indicating differences in the ‘degree of persistence’ among oscillators (Aschoff, 1978a). It is likely that such differences in entrainability apply to circannual rhythms as well. Support for this hypothesis comes from the observation in Starlings that the rhythm in body weight becomes irregulär in T = 3 months when the testicular cycle is still clearly expressed (cf. Fig. 10 and 11). It has been shown further that, under some seasonally constant conditions, some variables may and others may not show freerunning circannual rhythms Jürgen Aschoff: Biological Clocks in Birds 131 Oj u c 0) ■Ö