;-"ffi''l-i:;'''??'t5lH-y iSsi ■^'5*'^:=^fcty-H'4l#% iiiliilfiliiiliifiiiiiiisiil^^ p i#liSiilililiiiiiilitt^ i 1 P!!''''**««\MeM 1 - Tim^^^SjFmTm 1 §B^^I^S^^9l°^Si^^SSl^^H^^^H 1 iP^^ •^fnall il^iS^ 11 "*--*<'-- o o o (f) < o >- o o o < UJ QC CD 24 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES The bark yields a stout bast fiber. The fruit of Gnetum gnemon is red, ovoid or ellipsoid, pointed, variable in size, but usually not exceeding 2.5 centimeters in length. According to Heyne,* the young leaves, flowers, and fruits are favorites for stev^s. He says that in Java the ripe fruits are roasted and pounded while hot into thin, round cakes which are cooked in boiling oil, when they puff up into a porous, crisp cake called krupuk. GNETUM INDICUM (Lour.) Merr. (Fig. 6). A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on fibers. The kernels of the fruit are eaten either boiled or roasted. When freshly cut the stems yield a good quality of drinking water; and the plant is commonly utilized for this purpose by people in the forest, when other drinking water is not available. The bast is very tough and is used in making cordage. Family ALISMACEAE Genus SAGITTARIA SAGITTARIA SAGITTIFOLIA L. Local names: Gauai-gduai (Samar) ; tikog (Camarines). This plant produces edible tubers. Sagittaria sagittifolia is a coarse herb with arrow-shaped leaves. The flowers are white with a yellow center. This species is distributed in swamps and muddy places from Luzon to Mindanao. Family HYDROCHARITACEAE Genus EN H ALUS ENHALUS ACOROIDES Steud. Lamon. Local names: Lamon (Tagalog, Bikol) ; mariii-hdriu (Bikol) ; pallaipat- baibai (Union). In some parts of the Malayan region the seeds of this plant are eaten either raw or cooked, but this use is not recorded from the Philippines. The fruits are about the size of a large walnut and contain eight or nine green seeds. Enhalus acoroides has ribbon-like leaves which rise from the base of the plant. The flowers are borne singly on long, rather slender stalks. * Heyne, K., De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indie, Volume 1, page 20. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 25 m ^^ FIGURE 6. GNETUM INDICUM. Xi. 26 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES This plant grows submerged in salt water, and in some parts of the Philippines is abundant in the shallow waters of sheltered bays. It is distributed from Luzon to Mindanao. Genus OTTELIA OTTELIA ALISMOIDES Pers. ^ KalabOA. Local names: Espdda (Spanish-Filipino); kalaboa or kalabua (Bulacan, Rizal) ; lanten-sdpa (Bataan) ; lanting (Camarines) ; tarabang (Ilocos Norte) . Filipino children eat the fruit of this plant, and in some parts of the Archipelago the petioles and leaves are used as a vege- table. Ottelia alismoides is an herb growing in fresh water. The leaves are extremely variable and have short or long petioles according to the depth of the water. The blades of the sub- merged leaves are often narrow; of the floating ones, ovate or somewhat rounded, with a rounded or heart-shaped base. They are 5 to 20 centimeters long and wide. The flowers are white and about 2 centimeters in length, the fruit oblong and from 2.5 to 4 centimeters long. This species is distributed throughout the Philippines in shallow lakes and slowly running streams. Genus VALLISNERIA VALLISNERIA GIGANTEA Graebn. Sabutan-buaia. Local names: BaUliba (Pangasinan) ; sabutdn-budia (Rizal). The younger leaves of this species are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. Vallisneria gigantea grows submerged in fresh water and is characterized by long, ribbon-like leaves. The length of the leaves varies from a few centimeters to 2 meters or more, accord- ing to the depth of the water. They are thin and 1 centimeter or less in width. This species is comm^on and widely distributed throughout the Philippines in shallow lakes and slowly running streams. Family GRAMINEAE The young shoots of many of the bamboos are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. The bamboos are discussed in a separate bulletin. Genus CO IX COIX LACHRYMA-JOBI L. var. MA-YUEN (Roman.) Staff. Ilas. This variety of Coix lachryma-jobi is characterized by the covering around the seed being thin and rather soft in texture. It is cultivated to a very limited extent in the Philippines where, DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 27 FIGURE 7. PANICUM PALMAEFOLIUM (AGUSAHIS). Xh 28 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES as in India, the cultivation appears to be confined to the hill people. The seeds are prepared in various ways, and used for food and in the manufacture of fermented drinks. Blanco (1837) states that the Chinese gathered the fruits in large quantities in the provinces of Laguna and Pangasinan, and prepared from them a kind of flour which was reputed to be ex- cellent for people in delicate health. This use of the seeds now appears to be obsolete, or at most must be local and limited. Genus PANICUM PANICUM PALMAEFOLIUM Koen. (Fig. 7). Agusahis. Local names: Agusdis^ agusahis or hagusdhis (Camarines) ; yas (Ben- guet) . During times of scarcity the grains of this grass are used in Camarines and by the Ilokos as a substitute for rice. The grain is harvested and then roasted in a large pot. After roast- ing it is husked by pounding. The glumes are then removed and the seeds are cooked with sugar. Panicum palmaefolium is a grass 1 to 3 meters in height. The leaves are 2 to 8 centimeters in width and longitudinally folded. The seeds are about 3 millimeters long and are borne in large numbers on terminal shoots. This species is common and widely distributed from Luzon to Mindanao. Family CYPERACEAE Genus ELEOCHARIS ELEOCHARIS DULCIS (Burm. f.) Trin. (Fig. 8). Apulid. Local name: Apulid (Tagalog, Bikol). The tubers of this species are dark colored, 2 to 2.5 centimeters in diameter, and are boiled and eaten as a vegetable. They are sold in large numbers in the Manila markets during the months of October to December. Eleocharis dulcis is a tufted sedge with round, green stems, the bases of which are usually pale and covered with dry, brown sheaths. The stems are about a meter in height, about a centi- meter in diameter, and are bluntly terminated by an erect spike, which is 2 to 3 centimeters in length. The bracts of the spike are rounded, smooth, and overlapping. This species is of local occurrence in the Philippines and is found in open, wet places and in shallow water. Family PALMAE The palms are discussed in a separate bulletin. The young seeds of Nipa, Corypha elata (buri), and Arenga pinnata (sugar palm) are employed as food, chiefly in the form DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 29 FIGURE 8. ELEOCHARIS DULCIS (APULID). Xh 30 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES of sweetmeats. The stems of some species of Calamus have a swollen, basal portion containing starch. This is eaten by woods- men. The bud (locally called libud) of most palms is edible. In the Philippines the buds of the following are known to be used for foods: Areca catechu (betel nut), Arenga ambong, Arenga pinnata (sugar palm), some species of Calamus (rat- tans), Cocos nucifera (coconut), Corypha elata (buri), Heter- ospathe elata, and probably all other species of Heterospathe, Metroxylon sagu (sago palm), the different species of Livistona (anahau), and Oncosperma (anibong). The buds of many other palms are certainly edible. The most valuable palm from the standpoint of food is the coconut {Cocos nucifera). Alcoholic drinks are manufactured from the sap of Nipa fru- ticans, Cocos nucifera^ Corypha elata, Arenga tremula, and Me- troxylon sagu, while an inferior product is made from Areca caliso and some species of Caryota. Vinegar is produced from the sap of Nipa fruticans, Arenga pinnata, Cocos nucifera, and Corypha elata. Starch is obtained from the stems of Corypha elata, Arenga pinnata, and Metroxylon rumphii, and sometimes from species of Caryota, Sugar is produced from the sap of Arenga pinnata and Cory- pha elata. The Nipa palm is a very promising commercial source of sugar, while the juice of Corypha, used in connection with that of sugar cane, might also be a commercial possibility. Syrup is manufactured from the sap of Corypha elata. Some of the species of Calamus (rattan) contain water uti- lized for drinking purposes. The nut of Areca catechu, sprinkled with lime and wrapped with the leaf of Piper betle (ikmo), is called buyo and is used for chewing. Various other palm nuts are sometimes substi- tuted for those of Areca catechu. These include Adonidia mer- rillii, Areca caliso, Areca ipot, Heterospathe elata, Oncosperma and Pinanga, Family ARACEAE Genus ACORUS ACORUS CALAMUS L. LuBlGAN. A description^ of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums, and oils. This species is used as a condiment. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 31 Genus ALOCASIA ALOCASIA MACRORRHIZA (L.) Schott. BiGA. Local names: Badidng (Occidental Negros, Cuyos) ; hagidng (Bisaya) ; biga or bigd (Bulacan, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Manila, Laguna, Cama- rines, Samar, Leyte, Mindoro, Romblon, Oriental and Occidental Negros, Capiz, Iloilo) ; biga-biga (Manila) ; bira (Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Panga- sinan) ; gdbi (Manila, Camarines, Cavite, Tayabas, Batangas) ; galidng (Bisaya) ; gandus (Pampanga) ; malabiga (Bataan) ; palaudn (Occidental Negros); ragidng (Bisaya); sinin-dba (Ilocos Norte); talidng (Bisaya). The stems and corms of this plant are utilized to some extent in the Philippines as food. They contain numerous, needle-like crystals, which are destroyed by roasting or boiling. However, they are little used as food, except when better kinds are scarce. The food value is due to the starch content, which is apparently small. Quisumbing,* who studied the corms of a two-year old plant, reported that the percentage of sta.rch when the stems were fresh was 2.75, and when dry 18.80. The leaves and petioles of this plant also contain minute, stinging crystals. As the plant is common in towns, being fre- quently planted for ornamental purposes, children sometimes take portions of the leaves or petioles into their mouths with rather painful results. The remedy indicated in such cases is vinegar or lemon juice. Alocasia macrorrhiza has large, arrow-shaped leaves and a rather large trunk. It is exceedingly variable in size, depend- ing on its habitat and the age of the plant. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines. It occurs in open, wet lands, along streams, and in some types of humid forests. Genus AMORPHOPHALLUS AMORPHOPHALLUS CAM PANULATUS (Roxb.) Blume. (Figs. 9, 10). PUNGAPUNG. Local names: Anto, oroi, pamangkilon (Bisaya); bdgang (Cagayan); bagong (Camarines, Jolo) ; pungdpung, dpong, tukud-ldngit (Tagalog) ; tige nga nagmanto (Pangasinan) ; tokod^bdnua (Pampanga). The petioles of this plant are frequently boiled for feeding hogs. The corms, cut into slices and boiled, are also used for hog food. The leaves and corms contain very numerous, stinging crystals, which are destroyed by boiling. In some districts, * Quisumbing, F. A., The cultivated root-producing aroids. Philippine Agriculturist and Forester, Volume 3 (1914), pages 85 to 98. 32 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES in times of scarcity, this plant is utilized to a slight extent as human food. The petioles of Amorphopallus campanulatus are rough and mottled. The blades are divided into numerous lobes. The "flower'' is dull purple and up to 30 centimeters in diameter. It emits a very offensive odor, similar to that of putrid meat. This odor attracts flies, which pollinate the plant. This species is widely distributed at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas of the Philippines. Genus CYRTOSPERMA CYRTOSPERMA MERKUSII Schott. PalauAn. Local name: Palaudn (Bisaya) ; galidng (Bikol). The large, starchy rootstocks are eaten when food is scarce, and in some regions are a staple vegetable. Cyrtosperma merkusii is an herbaceous plant with very large leaves and large, purplish **flowers'\ The petioles are up to 2.5 meters in length and 10 centimeters in diameter. The leaves are up to 1.5 meters in length. This species is found in the central and southern Philippines, in wet ravines. It is also grown to a limited extent in the Visa- yan Islands and is quite commonly cultivated in Camarines. Genus PI ST I A PISTIA STRATIOTES L. KlAPO. Local names: Aluluan (Cagayan) ; dagailo (Agusan) ; darahiroy daraido, darairo (Bikol); kaydpo (Bisaya); loloan (Iloko) ; kidpo (Tagalog). This plant is sometimes used for feeding hogs. For this pur- pose it is boiled, to destroy the minute, stinging crystals which are very abundant in the leaves. It is never cultivated in the Philippines. Ridley states that in Singapore it is commonly grown in small ponds by the Chinese, who use it for feeding hogs. Mercado states that it can be used with soap for removing stains from clothing ; and that vessels which have contained oil can be cleaned and purified by filling them with water and kiapo plants, allowing this mixture to remain in the vessel a few days, and then scrubbing the interior with the plant. Pistia stratiotes occurs in great abundance on the surfaces of stagnant water and slowly moving streams. The leaves are produced in a rosette, which gives the plant an appearance some- thing like that of ordinary lettuce. This species is common and widely distributed at low and medium altitudes in the Philippines. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 33 169443 3 34 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Genus SPATHIPHYLLUM SPATHIPHYLLUM COM M UTATUM Schott. Koorders states that in Celebes the young leaves of this plant are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. This use is not reported from the Philippines. Spathiphyllum commutatum is an herb about 1 meter in height. It has large leaves and large, white ^'flowers.'' Family BROMELIACEAE Genus ANANAS ANANAS COMOSUS (Linn.) Merr. Pineapple. In some parts of the Philippines, particularly in parts of Palawan, the pineapple has become thoroughly naturalized. Family TACCACEAE Genus TACCA TACCA PINNATIFIDA Forst. Yabyaban. Local name: Yabyaban (Manila vicinity). This plant has somewhat rounded or oval tubers up to 8 centi- meters in diameter, perhaps larger in rich soil. Bacon * found that the tubers yielded 22.3 per cent of starch and commented on the great ease with which the starch could be obtained in a pure state. It is known in commerce as Polynesian or East Indian arrowroot starch. The plant is, however, apparently little utilized in the Philippines at the present time, and is . never cultivated. Blanco states that formerly very white Tacca flour or starch was brought to Manila in considerable quantity, and formed an agreeable food when eaten with sugar and that, mixed with white flour, it was used in making bread. In preparing the flour, the Filipinos rub the tubers under water with a rough stone, allow the starch to settle, pour out the water, and then dry the product. The starch must be washed several times to eliminate the bitter principle found in the fresh tubers. In some parts of Polynesia, India, and in parts of tropical Africa, Tacca pinnatifida is an important food plant and considerable attention is given to its culture. Tacca pinnatifida is a large, coarse herb. The petioles are 1.5 to 2 centimeters in diameter and often nearly a meter in length. The leaves are 1 to 1.5 meters in diameter and divided * Bacon, R. F., Starch production of the Philippine Islands. Philippine Journal of Science, Volume 3 (1908), page 96. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 35 into three parts, which are again divided. The flowers are green and purplish. The fruit is ellipsoid or ovoid, smooth, yellowish, six-ribbed, and 3 to 4 millimeters in length. This species is widely distributed near the seashore in the Philippines. Family DIOSCOREACEAE Genus DIOSCOREA DIOSCOREA DIVARICATA Blco. Kir6i. Local names: Biiloi (Bataan) ; duyan (Pangasinan) ; A:iVoi (Tagalog) ; iihog (Rizal). The underground tubers are fleshy, slender, and attain a length of over 2 meters. They are of a fair quality either baked or boiled. Dioscorea divancata is a vine with slender stems armed with scattered, short spines. The leaves are somewhat spear- shaped and usually 10 to 18 centimeters in length. The flowers are very small, yellowish green, and are borne on axillary in- florescences. The fruit is divided into three narrow, semi-cir- cular lobes, which are about 2 centimeters wide and long, and contain flat, winged seeds. This species has been reported from Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal, and Laguna. It is not cultivated. DIOSCOREA ESCULENTA (Lour.) Burkill. Yam or Tungo. Local names: Aneg (Cagayan) ; boga (Union); kamiging (Camarines) ; tugi (Tayabas) ; tongo or tungo (Bulacan, Manila, Rizal). The tubers of this species are prepared like potatoes. There are apparently several varieties, and the best of them are consid- ered excellent. Dioscorea esculenta is a thorny, climbing vine. The leaves are somewhat kidney-shaped at the base, pointed at the tip, and somewhat hairy, the young ones densely so beneath. The roots are protected by thorny, subterranean branches. The flowers are green, about 4 millimeters in diameter, and are borne on long, slender spikes, which usually occur singly in the axils of the leaves. This species is generally distributed throughout Luzon and is found in the Batanes Islands. It is also cultivated to some ex- tent, and the yield of tubers is said to be very satisfactory. DIOSCOREA H ISP I DA Dennst. NAMt Local names: Kalut, kulot, korot (Zambales) ; karote (Zamboanga) ; ka- yos (Tayabas) ; korot (Samar, Leyte) ; nami (Mindoro, Rizal) ; namo (Camarines). 36 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES The tubers are poisonous, but are rendered edible by being sliced and kept in running water from 36 to 48 hours. Dioscorea hispida is a climbing vine and is characterized by compound leaves with three very large leaflets. The young stems, petioles, and leaflets are hairy. The flowers are small, pale yellow, and are borne on compound inflorescences, which are usually large. The fruits are about 5 centimeters long and divided into three thin lobes, which are more than twice as long as wide. This species is distributed from the Mountain Province of Luzon to Basilan. It is common in the central provinces of Luzon and also in the northern part of Mindanao. It is rarely cultivated. DIOSCOREA LUZON ENSIS Schauer. Pakit. Local names: Aribu-bu, kamdngog (Union); kirini, mayatbang (Rizal) ; paket or pakit (La^na) ; ubag (Bulacan). The long, slender, underground tubers are collected and pre- pared in the same manner as potatoes. Dioscorea luzonensis is a twining vine with somewhat arrow- shaped leaves. The flowers are small, and occur on spikes which grow in clusters from the axils of the leaves. The fruits are divided into three thin, somewhat semi-circular lobes, and con- tain thin, winged seeds. Thi^ species has been reported only from the island of Luzon and is found in the following provinces: Ilocos Norte, Bontoc, Lepanto, Union, Bulacan, Zambales, Rizal, Laguna, and Ba- tangas. It is not cultivated. DIOSCOREA PENTAPHYLLA L. LiMA-LIMA. Local name: Lima-limd (Rizal, Manila vicinity); sapang (Bisaya). The large, starchy tubers are eaten like potatoes. Dioscorea pentaphylla is a vine growing from stout, under- ground tubers. The stems bear scattered, small spines. Small tubers are found in the axils of the leaves, which are compound, with usually five to seven leaflets. These are pointed at the tip, smooth or nearly so, and 8 to 15 centimeters long. The flowers are small, yellowish white, somewhat fragrant, and borne in large numbers on compound, axillary inflorescences. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, but is not extensively cultivated. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 37 Family MUSACEAE Genus MUSA MUSA spp. Wild banana. A number of wild bananas are eaten in the Philippines. The fruits are, however, full of seeds and much inferior to the cul- tivated varieties. The flowering bud of some varieties is also used as a vegetable. Family ZINGIBERACEAE Genus ALPINIA ALPINIA PYRAMIDATA Bl. LangkaUAS. Local names: Langkauds (Rizal, Camarines) ; langkuds (Bisaya, Ma- nobo, Banuaon, Mang^angan) ; pal-la (Mandaya, Lanao). The root is used as a condiment. Its flavor is similar to ginger, but much less pungent. It is also cooked with the sap of sugar cane or with honey and water to produce an intoxicat- ing beverage. Alpinia pyramidata is a coarse herb. The leaves are about 45 centimeters long, 8 centimeters wide, pointed at both ends, the upper surface smooth, and the lower hairy. The flowers are white, about 3 centimeters long, and borne on rather large, com- pound inflorescences. This species is distributed from central Luzon to southern Mindanao, and is occasionally cultivated on a very small scale. Genus CURCUMA CURCUMA LONGA L. DiLAU. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums and oils. The roots are commonly sold in the Manila markets, and are used as a condiment and for coloring food and other materials. The root of Curcuma longa is a stimulative aromatic, bearing some resemblance to ginger in its operation. In India it is much employed as an ingredient of curry powder. According to Heyne,* in Java a flour is made from this plant in the same way as from cassava and arrowroot. It is used for all kinds of dainties. Genus VANOVERBERGHIA VANOVERBERGHIA SEPULCHREI Merr. The fruit is sub-ellipsoid, 2 to 2.5 centimeters long, and edible. It contains numerous seeds, which are about 3 millimeters long. * Heyne, K., De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indie, Volume 1, page 209. 38 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Vanoverherghia sepulchrei is an erect, coarse, smooth plant reaching a height of 4 meters. It has a strong anise-like odor. The rhizome is 5 centimeters in diameter, with a red exterior. The stems are up to 5 centimeters in diameter. The leaves are alternate and two-ranked. The lower are rather short, and increase in length toward the tip of the stem. The upper leaves are up to 40 centimeters in length and 10 centimeters in width. The inflorescence is terminal, with a flower-bearing portion up to 20 centimeters in length. The flowers are very numerous, about 4.5 centimeters long, pink outside and white within. This species has been reported only from Bontoc and Capiz. Family PIPERACEAE Genus PIPER The leaves of several species of Piper are used as substitutes for those of Pipe}' hetle for chewing with the seeds of Areca catechu. PIPER UMBELLATUM var. SUBPELTATUM CDC. KuBAMBA. Local names: Bal-lai (Bontoc); kamdmba (Tayabas) ; kubdmba (Bula- can, Rizal, Laguna, Capiz); kuyo (Davao) ; pugapong (Bukidnon). The young leaves and spikes are boiled as a condiment with fish. Piper umhellatum is a vine with large, alternate, thin, heart- shaped leaves. The flowers are very small, and are densely crowded on spikes which are about 10 centimeters in length. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to the south- ern part of the Sulu Archipelago. Family FAGACEAE Genus CASTANOPSIS CASTANOPSIS PHILIPPENSIS Vid. (Fig. 11). Local names: Bating, bayuktuan (Rizal) ; talakdtak (Camarines) ; uld- yan (Samar). The fruit grows on spikes, and contains an edible, oblong nut up to 3.5 centimeters in length. The flavor resembles that of a chestnut. Castanopsis philippensis is a tree which is usually 15 to 25 meters in height and reaches a diameter of 50 centimeters. The leaves are alternate, smooth, pointed at both ends, and from 4 to 15 centimeters long. This species has been reported from Rizal, Camarines, Min- doro, Samar, and Leyte. It is apparently not abundant. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 39 FIGURE 11. CASTANOPSIS PHILIPPENSIS. Xh 40 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES There are several other species of this genus having edible nuts, but they are of little importance as a source of food. Family MORACEAE Genus ALLAEANTHUS ALLAEANTHUS GLABER Warb. (Fig. 12). Malambingan. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on fibers. The young leaves and flowers are cooked and used for food. ALLAEANTHUS LUZONICUS F. VilL HiMBABA-6. Local names: Anabo (Masbate) ; bahdyan (Zambales, Bataan) ; bagli (Moro) ; hungon (Union) ; himbaba-6 (Pampanga, Rizal, Bataan, Manila, Cavite, Batangas) ; lanete (Laguna, Tayabas). The flov^ers and leaves v^hen cooked are eaten as a vegetable. Allaeanthtis luzonicus is a tree reaching a height of 15 meters and a diameter of 30 centimeters. The leaves are alternate, pointed at the tip, and rounded at the base. The lov^er sur- face is very hairy. The flowers are very small, and are borne on very long, slender, spike-like, flowering branches. Genus ARTOCARPUS ARTOCARPUS COMMUNIS Forst. (Figs. 13, 14). BREADFRUIT or Ka- MANSI. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on flbers. This species has a large, ellipsoid fruit up to 20 centimeters in diameter, which contains ovoid or somewhat rounded seeds that are about 2.5 centimeters in diameter and edible. Artocarpus communis is distributed throughout the Philip- pines, both cultivated and wild. There is a cultivated, seed- less variety called rimas. The wild kind, known as antipolo, is inferior to the large seeded variety known as ugiib or kamansi. ARTOCARPUS ELASTICA Reinw. GuMIHAN. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on fibers. The fruit contains a sweet, edible pulp of fair or good quality, embedded in which are numerous seeds which are roasted and eaten like peanuts. ARTOCARPUS INTEGRA (Thunb.) Merr. (Figs. 15, 16). Nangka. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on fibers. The fruit is green, oblong, fleshy, and 25 to 60 centimeters in length. It is the largest known tree-fruit in the world, some- DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 41 FIGURE 12. ALLAEANTHUS GLABER (MALAMBINGAN). Xh 42 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES FIGURE 13. ARTOCARPUS COMMUNIS (BREADFRUIT OR KAMANSI). DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 43 10 cm. FIGURE 14. ARTOCARPUS COMMUNIS (BREADFRUIT OR KAMANSI). EH 10 cm. FIGURE 15. ARTOCARPUS INTEGRA (NANGKA). 44 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES times exceeding 35 kilos in weight. The flesh is rich yellow in color, sweet, and very aromatic. It makes good preserves and other sweets. ARTOCARPUS ODORATISSI MA Blanco. (Fig. 17). Marang. Local names: Marang (Basilan, Davao, Zamboanga) ; oloi (Mindoro). The fruit of this species is very large ; the flesh white, sweet, very rich, juicy, and aromatic. Artocarpus odoratissima is a tree reaching a height of 12 to 25 meters and a diameter of 40 centimeters. The leaves are very rough, large, and entire or lobed. This species has been reported only from Mindoro, Mindanao, and Basilan; but it is apparently fairly common in Mindoro, Cotabato, Lanao, Davao, Zamboanga, and Basilan. Genus CONOCEPHALUS CONOCEPHALUS VIOLACEUS (Blanco) Merr. Hanopol. Local names: Anopol (Albay) ; anupol (Tayabas) ; hagauak^ hanopol (Rizal, Laguna, Camarines, Polillo) ; kanupul (Tayabas) ; tagimi (Basilan). When this vine is cut, water exudes in such copious quanti- ties that it is used for drinking purposes and for cooking rice. Conocephalus violaceus is a large vine with alternate leaves, which are pointed at the tip and usually rounded at the base. They are about 12 to 15 centimeters wide and 15 to 20 centi- meters in length. The flowers are purple or white, and are borne in dense heads. Genus FICUS FICUS ULMIFOLIA Lam. (Fig. 18). ISIS. Local names: Apas, kuplds (Benguet) ; apulds (Bontoc) ; asis (Nueva Ecija, Batangas) ; hagupit (Laguna) ; isis (Bataan, Laguna) ; kikkig (Ca- gayan) ; pakiling (Pampanga) ; upling-guhat (Polillo) ; upplds (Benguet, Union, Babuyanes); tabu (Mindoro); yayasi (Batanes Islands). The fruits are edible and have a good flavor, especially when eaten with sugar and cream. They are soft and fleshy when mature, orange red to purple, somewhat rounded, and about 1.5 centimeters long. The leaves of this species are very hard and rough, and are used for cleaning cooking utensils and scouring hardwood floors, stairs, windowsills, etc.; and also in place of sandpaper for polishing wood, when sandpaper is not available. Ficus ulmifolia is a shrub or small tree from 3 to 5 meters in height. The leaves are alternate, variable in shape, subentire, undulately lobed or coarsely toothed, sometimes deeply or nar- rowly lobed. The base is rounded and three-nerved. The DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 45 FIGURE 16. ARTOCARPUS INTEGRA (NANGKA). Xh 46 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES FIGURE 17. ARTOCARPUS ODORATISSIMA (MARANG). DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 47 FIGURE 18. FICUS ULMIFOLIA (ISIS). X^. 48 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES leaves are 9 to 17 centimeters long, and 4 to 8 centimeters wide. The fruits are axillary and solitary or in pairs. This species is common in thickets and open places through- out the Philippines. Genus GYMNARTOCARPUS GYMNARTOCARPUS WOODII Merr. (Fig. 19). Malanangka. Local names: Anubing-kadios, anubing na nangkd (Laguna) ; bayuko (Camarines) ; biga (Samar) ; buratu (Cagayan) ; malabokbok (Zambales) ; malanangka (Bataan, Laguna) ; pdngi (Zambales) ; sulipa (Bataan) ; ta- buli (Camarines). The fruit of this species is somewhat rounded, 6 to 9 centi- meters in diameter, and contains 6 to 12 chestnut-like seeds, 2 or 3 centimeters long. The seeds are eaten either roasted or boiled. Gymnartocarpits woodii is a tree reaching a height of about 20 meters and a diameter of about 40 centimeters. The leaves are alternate, oblong, pointed at the tip, rounded or pointed at the base, 8 to 15 centimeters long, and 5 to 7 centimeters wide. The fruit, when dry, is irregularly and obscurely lobed. This species occurs in central and southern Luzon, Mindoro, Samar, and Leyte. Family URTICACEAE Genus ELATOSTEMA ELATOSTEMA Spp. Some of the more fleshy members of this genus are cooked and eaten as greens. Elatostema is a genus of small herbaceous plants which usually have soft, somewhat fleshy leaves. The leaves are three-nerved, alternate or with a minute leaf opposite each normal one. They occur on the stem in two rows and are almost or entirely without individual stems. The flowers are very small, and are crowded in dense, axillary heads. Species of Elatostema are very common ir moist forests throughout the Archipelago. Family OLACACEAE Genus ANACOLOSA ANACOLOSA LUZONIENSIS Merr. (Figs. 20-22). Galo. Local names: Alluloi, malabigndi (Bataan); galo (Cavite) ; castanas (Span, in Mindoro) ; matobato (Masbate) ; yu-pa (Nueva Vizcaya). This plant produces a nut which is of good quality and flavor. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 49 FIGURE 19. GYiVINARTOCARPUS WOODII (MALANANGKA). Xi. 169443 4 50 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES FIGURE 20. ANACOLOSA LUZONIENSIS (GALO). X^. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 51 5^1 rr.w^' o < CD z Ui z o N D -J < O -I o o < o < <0 CO o N D < CO o -J o o < z < liJ u. 52 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Anacolosa luzoniensis is a tree reaching a height of 15 meters or more, and a diameter of 50 centimeters. The leaves are alter- nate, and somewhat pointed at both ends. The flowers are small, yellow, and occur in small clusters. This species has been reported only from Cagayan, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Bataan, Cavite, Batangas, Mindoro, and Mas- bate. It is apparently rare and is never cultivated. Genus XI MEN I A XIMENIA AMERICANA L. (Fig. 23). Local names: Bo-o (Samal Island); pangungan (Basilan Island). The fruits of this species taste like sour apples, and are eaten either fresh or pickled. The nuts are purgative. According to Heyne,* when cooked and powdered they are mixed with sago to make bread. The fruits are yellow, egg-shaped, and about 2 centimeters in diameter. Ximenia americana is a spiny shrub about 3 meters in height. The leaves are alternate, elliptical, and about 5 centimeters in length. The flowers are less than a centimeter long, greenish white, and fragrant. This species is distributed along the coast from Luzon to Min- danao and Palawan. Family AMARANTHACEAE Genus AMARANTHUS AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS L. (Fig. 24). KuLfTIS. Local names: Bauan (Bontoc) ; kulitis (Tagalog) ; kadiapd (Agusan) ; kalunai (Camguin Island, Iloko, Pangasinan) ; kilitis (Bikol). The leaves and young stems are boiled and eaten as a vegetable. Amaranthus viridis is an erect, smooth, branched, unarmed annual, 30 to 60 centimeters in height. The leaves are broad at the base and narrow at the apex, which is usually notched. They are from 4 to 10 centimeters in length and have long pet- ioles. The inflorescences occur in the axils of the leaves or at the ends of branches. The' flowers are very small, densely crowded, green, and about 1 millimeter long. The seeds are small, and brown or black. This species is common in open waste places throughout the Philippines. * Heyne, K., De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indie, Volume 2, page 92. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 53 FIGURE 23. XIMENIA AMERICANA. Xg. 54 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Family AIZOACEAE Genus SESUVIUM SESUVIUM PORTULACASTRUM L. Dampalit. The stems and leaves when boiled are eaten as a vegetable. Sesuvium portulacastrum is a fleshy, prostrate, spreading, branched herb. The stems root at the nodes, are often reddish, 20 to 50 centimeters in length, and have short, ascending bran- ches. The leaves are narrow, very thick, fleshy, and 2 to 4 centimeters long. The flowers are small, and pink or red. The capsules are about 5 millimeters in length. This species grows along the seashore throughout the Phil- ippines. Family PORTULACACEAE Genus PORTULACA PORTULACA OLERACEA L. GULASfMAN. Local names: Gulasiman, sahikan (Tagalog, Mindoro) ; olasiman (Leyte) ; ausiman, gulasiman^ ulasiman (Camarines). This plant is eaten as a vegetable. It is also used in many regions as food for hogs. Portulaca oleracea is an annual, prostrate or spreading, smooth, branched herb, 10 to 50 centimeters in length. The stems are often purplish. The leaves are fleshy, flat, wedge- shaped at the base, and 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters long. The flowers are yellow and occur in few-flowered heads. This species is very common in waste places throughout the Philippines. Genus TRIANTHEMA TRIANTHEMA PORTULACASTRUM L. Local name: Ulisuman (Negros Occidental). This plant is eaten as a vegetable. Trianthema portulacastrum is a prostrate, smooth or slightly hairy, succulent, branched herb. The branches are up to 60 centimeters or more in length. The leaves are opposite, rounded at the tip, wedge-shaped at the base, and 1 to 5 centimeters long. The flowers are pink and 4 to 5 millimeters in length. The capsule is 5 to 6 millimeters long and contains about 10 small seeds. This species is a common weed in and about towns, especially in recently disturbed soil. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 55 FIGURE 24. AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS (KULITIS). NATURAL SIZE. 56 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Family BASELLACEAE Genus BASELLA BASELLA RUBRA L. LiBATO Local names: Libdto (Tagalog) ; alogbdti (Bisaya) ; arogbdti (Bikol). The leaves of this species make a very good substitute for spinach. Basella rubra is a juicy, branched, smooth, twining, herba- ceous vine which reaches a length of about 10 meters. The stems are green or purplish. The leaves are somewhat fleshy, pointed at the tip, and 5 to 12 centimeters long. The flowers are pink, about 4 millimeters long, and are borne on spikes which grow in the axils of the leaves and are 5 to 20 centimeters long. The fruit is 5 to 6 millimeters long. This species is found throughout the Philippines in waste places. Family NYMPHAEACEAE Genus NELUMBIUM NELUMBIUM NELUMBO Druce. Baino or Lotus. Local names: Bdino' (Tagalog) ; beno' (Laguna) ; linga-ling (Cagayan) ; Sana (Cotabato). The large seeds are contained in a cone-shaped structure, and when nearly mature are eaten either raw or roasted. According to Crevost and Lemarie,* in Indo-China, the roots of this species are commonly sliced and eaten raw with meats. Nelumbium nelumbo is a perennial, aquatic herb with large, rounded leaves and large, attractive, pink, red, or white flowers, which stand out of the water. This species has been reported from Cagayan, Laguna, Albay, Camarines, Mindoro, Cotabato, and Davao. It is very common in some parts of Laguna de Bay. The flowers are sold in Manila. Genus NYMPHAEA NYMPHAEA PUBESCENS WUld. PuLAU. Local names: Lduas, puldu (Laguna). The fleshy rhizomes of this plant are eaten as a vegetable. The seeds are also used as food. Nymphaea pubescens is a perennial, aquatic herb about 1.5 meters in height. The leaves arise from the base of the plant * Cat. Prod, de rindo-Chine, page 174. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 57 FIGURE 25. CYATHOCALYX GLOBOSUS (DALINAS). XJ. 58 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES and are very large and prominently toothed. The flowers are very large. The petals are white, tinged with pink or yellow. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, being very abundant in some lakes. Family ANNONACEAE Genus CYATHOCALYX CYATHOCALYX GLOBOSUS Merr. (Fig. 25). Dalinas. Local names: Alinau (Ilocos Norte); baniakdu (Ilocos Sur) ; bohokan (Catanduanes) ; dalinas (Bataan) ; damarau (Negros) ; ilang-ilang-gubat (Tayabas) ; kutipi (Union) ; lanutan (Bataan, Tayabas) ; lataudn (Ba- taan) ; malatapdi (Negros); tapulau (Rizal). The seeds of this tree are used by the Negritos as a substitute for areca nuts for chewing. Cyathocalyx globosus is a tree reaching a height of about 30 meters and a diameter of about 40 centimeters. The fruits are somewhat rounded, and about 4 centimeters in length. The leaves are smooth, pointed at the apex, and rounded or some- what pointed at the base. Genus UVARIA UVARIA PURPUREA Bl. The fruits are aromatic and edible. They are borne in a cluster from a disk-shaped structure. Uvaria purpurea is a woody vine. The leaves are alternate, hairy, pointed at the tip, somewhat rounded at the base, and 12 to 25 centimeters in length. The flowers are large and red. This species is distributed from Luzon to Palawan, but is apparently rare. UVARIA RUFA Blanco. (Fig. 26). Susung-kalabau. Local names: Al-ldgat (Pangasinan) ; hinlaldgak (Rizal); iniu (Zam- bales) ; susung-kalabdu (Bataan, Rizal, Batangas) ; susung-damulag (Pam- panga) ; susung-kabdyo (Marinduque Island) . The fruit is edible, and has an agreeable flavor. Uvaria i-ufa is a climbing shrub, the younger parts of which are densely hairy. The leaves are alternate, hairy, pointed at the tip, somewhat heart-shaped at the base, and from 8 to 16 centimeters in length. The fruits are borne in rounded clusters, are oval, hairy, red, and usually about 1.5 to 2 centimeters in diameter. The fruit contains two rows of flat, semi-circular seeds. This species is distributed from central Luzon to southern Mindanao. It is cultivated only at the Lamao Experiment Station. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 59 FIGURE 26. UVARIA RUFA (SUSUNG-KALABAU). X§. 60 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES UVARIA SORSOGONENSIS Presl. Local names: Alla-alldgat, mamogen (Cagayan) ; balongsdging (Pala- wan) ; baluganos (Negros) ; huldgak (Camarines) ; butoan-puld (Surigao) ; hilaldgat-sdging (Rizal) ; hinaldgak-sdging (Laguna, Rizal, Zambales) ; malakakdo (Zambales); susung-kalabdu (Bataan, Palawan). The fruits are aromatic and edible. They are oval, about 1.5 centimeters in length, and marked with prominent, transverse grooves. Uvaria sorsogonensis is a large, woody vine with large leaves The flowers are yellow, and about 3 centimeters in diameter. The fruits are borne in rounded clusters. This species is common and widely distributed from northern Luzon to Basilan, but is not cultivated. Family LAURACEAE Genus CINNAMOMUM CINNAMOMUM INERS Reinw. CINNAMON. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums and oils. The bark of this tree is used locally as a substitute for cinna- mon, to which it is inferior. CINNAMOMUM MINDANAENSE Elm. MINDANAO CINNAMON. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums, and oils. The bark is sold in commerce as cinnamon, and is the best cinnamon bark produced in the Philippines by a wild species. Family CAPPARIDACEAE Genus CAPPARIS CAPPARIS HORRIDA L. HaLUBAGAT-BAGING. Local names: Baralauik (Cagayan); dduag (Bataan, Rizal); habdgat- bdging, halubdgat-bdging (Rizal); tarabtdb, tarabtdb-udk (Union). The fruits are rounded, about 3 centimeters in diameter, with an edible pulp which has a poor flavor. Capparis horrida is a thorny, woody vine. The leaves are alternate, hairy, pointed at the tip, rounded or somewhat pointed at the base, and from 6 to 12 centimeters in length. The flowers are fairly large, and white turning to pink. This species has been reported only from Luzon and neighbor- ing islands, and Zamboanga. CAPPARIS MICRACANTHA DC. HalubaGAT-KAHOI. Local names: Balituk (Bukidnon) ; baydbas-udk (Bataan); dduag, halu- bdgat-kdhoi (Rizal) ; halubdgat (Nueva Ecija) ; kasuit (Pampanga) ; ma- DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 61 FIGURE 27. MORINGA OLEIFERA (MALUNGGAI). X*. 62 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES laddyap (Tayabas) ; salua-sua, (Laguna) ; tarabtdb (Pangasinan), Ilocos Sur, Union); tarabtdb-uak, taraptdp (Union); tinikan (Bataan). The pulp of the fruit of this species is edible. The fruit is ovoid or globose, and about 5 centimeters in diameter. Capparis micracantha is a vine or a half-erect shrub with drooping branches. It is 2 to 4 meters high, with short, sharp, nearly straight spines at the bases of the petioles. The leaves are alternate, somewhat elliptical in shape, leathery, shiny; the apex rounded, slightly pointed or notched; the base usually rounded. The flowers occur on the stem above the axils of the leaves. The petals are about a centimeter long, and white, the lower ones yellowish or reddish. This species is common and widely distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Family MORINGACEAE Genus MORINGA MORINGA OLEIFERA Lam. (Fig. 27). Malunggai. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums, and oils. The root of this species has a taste like that of horse-radish and is eaten in India by Europeans as a substitute for horse-radish. The wood has a similar taste. The leaves and flowers of this tree are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. According to Heyne,* the half -ripe fruits are also used as a vegetable. Family ROSACEAE Genus RUBUS The species of this genus which are found in the Philippines are characterized by the English name raspberry. The fruits of some of them are of very good flavor, while others are insipid. RUBUS COPELANDII Merr. The berries are nearly 2 centimeters in diameter, orange red, fairly juicy, and edible, but not well flavored. Ruhus copelandii is a scrambling shrub which may exceed 3 meters in height, but is usually smaller. The leaves and stems are armed with very numerous, medium-sized spines. The leaves are either simple or compound with 2 to 3 leaflets, which have toothed margins and are pointed at the tip and rounded at the base. The flowers are white and occur singly or in clusters. * Heyne, K., De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indie, Volume 2, page 187. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 63 This species has been reported only from Benguet. It is not cultivated. RUBUS ELLIPTICUS Sm. TiTAU. The berries are pale yellow, fleshy, and of fairly good flavor. Rubus ellipticus is a scrambling shrub reaching a height of 3 meters. The stems and petioles are densely covered with long, stiff hairs and armed with rather large spines. The leaves are usually compound with three leaflets which are somewhat rounded or elliptical and frequently flattened at the apex. The lower surfaces are velvety. The flowers are white, and borne in large clusters. This species is reported only from Bontoc and Benguet. It is not cultivated. RUBUS ELMERI Focke. BuNUT. The berry is up to 1.5 centimeters in breadth, orange yellow, and well flavored. Rubus elmeri is a scrambling shrub reaching a height of about 2 meters. This species is armed with a few small spines. The young stems, flower buds, petioles, and lower surfaces of the leaves are velvety. The leaves have toothed margins, are heart- shaped, and vary from being entire to three- to five-lobed. The flowers are white and are either solitary or borne in clusters. This species is reported only from the Mountain Province of Luzon, where it is common but not cultivated. RUBUS FRAXINIFOLIUS Poir. Palanau. Local names: Barini (Apayao) ; lagukanata (Lanao) ; lutinr/, palanau, halaungan (Benguet) ; pinit (Bontoc) ; pupugan (Lepanto) ; sampinit (Su- rigao) ; sapinit (Tayabas, Bukidnon) ; tugas-tugas (Negros). The berries are borne in clusters; they are 10 to 15 milli- meters in diameter, bright red, fairly juicy, edible, but rather tasteless. Rubus fraxinifolius is a scrambling shrub reaching a height of from 2 to 4 meters. The stems and leaves are armed with fair-sized, sharp spines. The leaves are pinnate, with three to eleven leaflets, which have toothed margins, are sharply pointed at the tip, and usually somewhat oblique at the base. The flowers are white, and about 2 centimeters in diameter. This species is very common in the mountains from Luzon to Mindanao. It is not in cultivation. RUBUS MOLUCCANUS L. KiNUBOT. The berries are about a centimeter in diameter, red, and edible, but with an insipid flavor. 64 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Rubies moluccanus is a scrambling shrub reaching a height of 2 to 3 meters. The stems and leaves are armed with medium- sized spines. The stems, buds, petioles, and the lower surfaces of the leaves are velvety. The upper surfaces of the leaves are somewhat hairy. The leaves are rather large, and usually some- what three- to five-lobed. The flowers are about 2 centimeters in diameter, white, and usually borne in clusters. This species is found in the mountains, from Bontoc to the southern limits of the Archipelago. It is not cultivated. RUBUS NIVEUS Thumb. PiLAl. The fruits occur in terminal clusters, are about a centimeter in diameter, and have a good flavor. Rubus niveus is a very spiny, scrambling shrub which may reach a height of 3 meters, but is usually less than a meter in height. The leaves are compound with five to nine leaflets which are usually less than 3 centimeters in length. The mar- gins of the leaflets are prominently toothed; the lower surfaces have a whitish appearance. This species is reported only from Bontoc and Benguet. It is not cultivated. RUBUS PECTINELLUS Max. (Fig. 28). Atibulnak. The fruits are 1.5 centimeters in diameter, bright red, juicy, subacid, and of good quality and flavor. This is considered to be one of the choicest species of the genus in the Philippines. Rubles pectinelltts is a trailing plant with heart-shaped leaves. The stems, leaves, and calyx are armed with small spines. The leaves are very rough, hairy, heart-shaped, have toothed mar- gins, and are usually from 3 to 6 centimeters in diameter. The flowers are white, and upwards of 2 centimeters in diameter. This species has been reported only from Abra, Lepanto, Bon- toc, Benguet, Laguna, Tayabas and Davao. It is not cultivated. RUBUS ROLFEI Vid. The berries are yellowish, fleshy, and well flavored. Rubus rolfei is a scrambling shrub 2 to 3 meters in height. The stems and lower surfaces of the leaves are covered with fine, soft hairs, while the stem and the larger veins of the leaves are armed with small spines. The leaves are very rough, three- to five-lobed, up to 12 centimeters in length, dark green above, brownish beneath, and have toothed margins. The flowers are white, about 3 centimeters in diameter, and are usually borne in groups. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 65 m < 3 m DC 66 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES This species is very common in the mountains of Benguet, Laguna, and Negros Occidental. It is not cultivated. RUBUS ROSAEFOLIUS Sm. iNfi. Local names: Init (Bontoc) ; lagiauat (Bukidnon) ; ragini (Albay) ; sapinit (Laguna). The fruits are red, about 1.5 centimeters in diameter, and oc- cur singly or in clusters. They are juicy, but rather insipid. According to Heyne * the leaves are somewhat astringent, and are eaten both rav^ and cooked. Rubiis rosaefolius is a spiny shrub rarely exceeding a meter in height. The leaves are pinnate v^ith three to seven leaflets. The leaflets are smooth or hairy, have lobed margins, and are from 2 to 7 centimeters in length. The flov^ers are white. This plant is common in the mountains of Luzon, the Bisaya Islands, and Mindanao. It is not cultivated. Family LEGUMINOSAE Genus ALBIZZIA ALBIZZIA LEBBEKOIDES (DC.) Benth. (Fig. 29). Kariski's. Local names: Kariskis (Pangasinan, llocos Norte, Union, Abra, Zam- bales, Nueva Ecija) ; maganhop sa hukid (Sibuyan) ; malagdnit (Nueva Ecija, Rizal) ; malaghdnip (Rizal) ; inalaghdnit (Laguna) ; malasampdlok (Bataan). The bark is frequently used in the manufacture of a fermented drink known as basi. For a discussion of this use, see Maca- ranga tanarius. Albizzia lebbekoides is a tree reaching a height of about 12 meters and a diameter of about 30 centimeters. The leaves are twice pinnate, with narrow leaflets which are about a centimeter in length. The flowers are small, greenish yellow, and occur in rounded clusters on compound inflorescences. The fruit is a thin pod, about 12 centimeters long and 2 centimeters wide. This species is very common and distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Genus BAUHINIA BAUHINIA MALABARICA Roxb. (Fig. 30). AUBANGBANG. . Local names: Albangbdng (Tarlac) ; alibdng (Rizal) ; alibangbdng (Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna) ; kalibambdng (Pam- panga, Laguna). * Heyne, K., De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indie, Volume 2, page 199. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 67 FIGURE 29. ALBIZZIA LEBBEKOIDES (KARISKIS). X*. 68 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES The leaves of this species are sour, and are used considerably by the Filipinos for flavoring meats and fish. Bauhinia malabarica is a small tree reaching a height of about 8 to 10 meters. The leaves are alternate, heart-shaped at the base, deeply notched at the apex, 5 to 10 centimeters long, and usually wider than long. The flowers are white and rather large. The pods are long, narrow, and flattened. This species is common in open places and second-growth forests in the Philippines, and is particularly abundant in the early stages of the invasion of grassland by second-growth forests. Genus LEUCAENA LEUCAENA GLAUCA (L.) Benth. (Fig. 31). IPIL-IPIL. Local names: Agho (Hollo); cipres (S. Tayabas) ; ddtiles or bidtiles (Cebu) ; ipil (Rizal, Manila, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan) ; ipil-ipil (Laguna) ; Jerusalem (Batangas) ; kahahero or kabaero (Cebu) ; kariskis (Ilocos Sur) ; komkompitis (Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan) ; loiloi (Leyte) ; malagdnit (Nueva Ecija) ; palomaria (Camarines) ; San Pedro (Capiz) ; Santa Elena (Pangasinan, Launa, Rizal, Batangas, Tayabas). In some provinces the seeds of this species are roasted and ground, and then used as a substitute for coffee. These seeds have been analyzed by Brill.* The Bureau of Forestry has found ipil-ipil to be a very valua- ble firewood crop, and also exceedingly useful in reforestation work. It has been planted with great success in grass areas as a nurse crop for forest trees.f Leucaena glauca is a shrub or small tree 2 to 6 meters high. The leaves are 15 to 25 centimeters long and compound with numerous leaflets which are narrow and 7 to 12 millimeters in length. The flowers are white, and occur in dense, solitary, rounded heads which are 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter. The pods are thin, flat, 12 to 18 centimeters long, 1.4 to 2 centimeters wide, and contain from 15 to 25 elliptical, shiny, brown seeds. This species is a native of tropical America, but is now found throughout the tropics. It is thoroughly naturalized in the Phil- ippines and very common and widely distributed. * Brill, H. C, Ipil, a coffee substitute: Leucaena glauca (Linnaeus) Bentham. Philippine Journal of Science, Volume 11 (1916), pages 101 to 104. t Matthews, D. M., Ipil-ipil — A firewood and reforestation crop. Bureau of Forestry Bulletin No. 13 (1914). DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 69 FIGURE 30. BAUHINIA MALABARICA (ALIBANGBANG). XJ. 70 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Genus PACHYRRHIZUS PACHYRRHIZUS EROSUS (L.) Urb. SiNGKAMAS. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums, and oils. The roots are large, fleshy, and turnip-shaped. They are eaten either raw or prepared in a variety of ways. The fruit is some- times used as a vegetable. Genus PHASEOLUS PHASEOLUS LUNATUS L. LIMA BEAN OR PaTANI. Local names: Bulai patdni (Manila vicinity) ; katakiit (Bontoc) ; parda (Ilocos Norte) ; patdni (Ilocos Norte, Bontoc, Pampanga, Rizal, Batangas, Camarines). A form of the ordinary patani or lima bean with dark-colored seeds is common in thickets in some parts of the Philippines. The seeds are sometimes edible, but may be poisonous, deaths having occured from eating them. Phaseolus lunatus is a slender, smooth, annual, herbaceous vine reaching a length of 4 meters or more. The leaves are somewhat rounded at the base and pointed at the tip. The flowers are greenish or pale yellow, and borne on long stalks. The pods are oblong, somewhat curved, 6 to 12 centimeters long, about 2 centimeters wide, and contain 1 to 4 large seeds. Genus PITHECOLOBIUM PITHECOLOBIUM DULCE (Roxb.) Benth. (Fig. 32). KAMACHfLE. Local names: Damortis (Bontoc, Union, Pangasinan) ; kamachile (Ma- nila, Camarines) ; kamanchile (Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Manila, Tayabas) ; komontres (Abra). The pods are often twisted spirally, red when ripe, 10 to 18 centimeters long, and about a centimeter wide. They contain six to eight seeds surrounded by whitish, sweet, edible pulp of good flavor. Large quantities of the bark of this species are gathered for tanning purposes. Pithecolobium dulce is a tree 5 to 8 meters in height. The branches are armed with short, sharp spines found at the bases of the leaves. The leaves are twice compound with four leaflets, which are 1 to 4 centimeters in length. The flowers are white, and in dense heads which are about a centimeter in diameter. This species is a native of tropical America, but is now thor- DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 71 FIGURE 31. LEUCAENA GLAUCA (IPIL-IPIL). xh 72 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES oughly naturalized in the Philippines. It is common and widely distributed. Genus SESBANIA SESBANIA GRAN Dl FLORA Benth. Katurai. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums, and oils. The flowers are cooked as a vegetable. The young fruits are eaten in the same manner as are string beans. Genus TAMARINDUS TAMARINDUS INDICA L. (Fig. 33). Sampalok. Local names: Salomdgi (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte); samhdg, sanbdg (Ilo- ilo, Guimaras Island) ; salumdgi (Abra) ; sampalok (Union, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Pampanga, Zambales, Bulacan, Manila, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines). The pods are 6 to 15 centimeters long, 2 to 3 centimeters wide, and constricted between the seeds, which are surrounded by an acid pulp of good flavor. The young leaves are boiled as a flavor- ing with meat. Tamarinduis indica is a large tree from 12 to 25 meters in height. The leaves are 6 to 10 centimeters long, unevenly pin- nate with 20 to 40 leaflets which are 1 to 2 centimeters long. The petals are yellowish with pink stripes, and less than a centi- meter in length. This species is probably a native of tropical Africa, but is now cultivated in all tropical countries. It is grown extensively in the Philippines for its fruit and as a shade tree, but also occurs spontaneously. It is apparently more abundant in Luzon than in the Bisaya Islands or Mindanao. Family OXALIDACEAE Genus AVERRHOA AVERRHOA BILIMBI L. (Fig. 34). Kamias. Local names: Iba (Camarines, Mindoro, Masbate, Iloilo, Negros, Davao, Basilan) ; kalamids (Mindoro) ; kolonanas (Tayabas) ; kamias (Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Manila, Rizal, Laguna); puis (Amburayan subprovince). The fruit is somewhat cylindrical or with five obscure, broad, rounded, longitudinal lobes. It is about 4 centimeters long, green, acid, and edible. Averrhoa bilimbi is a small tree 5 to 12 meters high. The leaves are pinnate, and from 20 to 60 centimeters in length. The leaflets are opposite, with 10 to 17 pairs, pointed at the tip, rather narrow, and 5 to 10 centimeters long. The flowering branches grow from the trunk and larger branches. They are hairy and 15 centimeters or less in length. The flowers are DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 78 FIGURE 32. PITHECOLOBIUM DULCE (KAMACHILE). X*. 74 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES fragrant and about 1.5 centimeters long. The corolla is purple, often marked with white. This species is common and widely distributed from northern Luzon to the Sulu Archipelago. It is frequently cultivated. AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA L. (Fig. 35). Balimbing. Local names: Balimbing (Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Tarlac, Manila, Laguna, Pampanga, Bulacan, Bataan, Camarines) ; daligan (Lepanto) ; dalihan (Cagayan) ; garulan, galluran (Cagayan) ; sirindte (Abra). The fruit is fleshy, acid, green or greenish-yellow, usually about 6 centimeters long, with five (very rarely six), longitud- inal, angular lobes, and is edible. Averrhoa carambola is a shrub or small tree reaching a height of about 6 meters. The leaves are pinnate and about 15 centi- meters long. There are usually about 5 pairs of leaflets which are opposite, smooth, pointed at the tip, the upper one about 5 centimeters long and the lower ones smaller. The flowering branches are small, occur in the axils of the leaves, and are usually about 3 centimeters long. The flowers are 5 to 6 milli- meters in length, and purple, the petals often having a white margin. This species is a native of tropical America, but is com- mon and widely distributed in the Philippines. It is usually cultivated. Genus OXALIS OXALIS REPENS Thunb. Local names: Marasiksik (Union); pichik (Batanes) ; susokoyiliy tai- ngang-dagd (Tagalog). This species is eaten as an ingredient of salads. Oxalis repens is a small, prostrate herb. The stems are creep- ing, up to 50 centimeters in length, usually root at the nodes, and have long, scattered hairs. The leaves are trifoliate. The petioles are 5 centimeters long, and the leaflets are 0.5 to 1.5 centimeters in length. The flowers are yellow, 1 to 3 on each stalk, and nearly a centimeter in length. The fruit is a hairy, somewhat cylindrical capsule 1 to 1.8 centimeters in length. This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in waste places. Family RUTACEAE Genus CITRUS CITRUS HYSTRIX DC. Kabuyau. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums, and oils. The fruits are about 8 centimeters in diameter and very sour. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 75 5 cm. FIGURE 33. TAMARINDUS INDICA (SAMPALOK). 76 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES « :^**(^?r^^r,"*;j^1 . ■■ "' ", I 5 cm. FIGURE 34. AVERRHOA BILIMBI (KAMIAS). ^^.,«^. ',• . >■ - . .-sw-^^Vf,;... -||-ff mmjiiii^-i ''^^^■m^-m #/%|^v>:-' 5 cm. FIGURE 35. AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA (BALIMBING) DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 77 FIGURE 36. TODDALIA ASIATICA. Xi 78 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Genus TODDALIA TODDALIA ASIATICA (L.) Kurz. (Fig. 36). A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums, and oils. In the Philippines the fruits are used to flavor many dishes, and also as a tonic for the stomach, and to prevent fevers. Ac- cording to Heyne * all parts of the plant are used in the manner described above. Genus TRIPHASIA TRIPHASIA TRIFOLIATA (Burm.) P. Wils. Local names: Ddyap (Bataan) ; kalamansito (Union); kamalitos (La- guna) ; limoncito f (Cagayan, Zambales, Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna, Cama- rines, Albay, Iloilo, Antique, Surigao, Lanao, Zamboanga) ; limoncitong- kastila (Camarines) ; sua'-sua' (Camarines) ; tagimunau (Cagayan). The fruits are ovoid, fleshy, red, and about 12 millimeters long. They are eaten either raw or cooked as a sweet. Triphasia trifoliata is a shrub reaching a height of 3 to 7 meters. At the base of each leaf there are two sharp spines. The leaves are alternate with three leaflets which have slightly toothed margins. The flowers are white, fragrant, and about 1 centimeter long. This species is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines and is sometimes cultivated. Family BURSERACEAE Genus CANARIUM The genus Canarium contains several species having edible nuts. The most important of these is Canarium ovatum, which has a large nut known as pili. CANARIUM LUZON ICUM (Bl.) A. Gray. PiLI. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums and oils. This species is more valuable for the resin, Manila elemi, than for its nuts. The nut is similar to that of Canarium ovatum, but smaller. CANARIUM OVATUM Engl. PiLI. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums, and oils. * Heyne, K., De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indie, Volume 3, page 10. t This name, a diminutive of Spanish limon, belongs rather to the limes (Citrus mitis Blanco, and perhaps other species of Citrus). DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 79 FIGURE 37. CANARIUM WILLIAMSII (GISAU). Xi. 80 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES The nut, after the outer covering is removed, is about 5 centi- meters long, very hard, triangular, and pointed at both ends. It contains a large kernel very rich in oil which v^hen roasted has a delicious flavor. This is served in the same manner as the almond, and by many is considered to be superior to the latter. The nuts are also used considerably in the making of confections. Uncooked they have a purgative effect. In 1913, 1,186,173 kilograms of pili nuts were exported from Manila. CANARIUM WILLIAMSII C. B. Rob. (Fig. 37). GiSAU. Local name: Gisau (Mindanao). This species produces a nut similar to the pili nut. Canarium williamsii is a tree reaching a height of about 18 meters and a diameter of 20 centimeters. The leaves are pin- nate, with opposite pinnae, and about 80 centimeters in length. The flower, which has three white petals, is about 7 millimeters long. This species has been reported only from Mindanao and neigh- boring islands. Family MELIACEAE Genus AG LA I A AGLAIA EVERETTII Merr. (Fig. 38). Bul6g. Local names: Bagasantol (Leyte) ; hubua (Negros Occidental) ; bubunau (Bisaya) ; bulog (Tablas Island) ; bungudSf malasantol (Cebu) ; lumbdnau (Surigao). The fruits are oval, 4 or 5 centimeters in length or longer, red, and contain an edible pulp. Aglaia everettii is a tree reaching a height of 20 meters and a diameter of 70 centimeters. The leaves are compound with rather large, smooth, usually opposite leaflets. The flowers are small, yellow, and borne on rather large, compound inflorescences. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao and is very common in the Visayan Islands. It is not in cultivation. AGLAIA GLOMERATA Merr. Karamiras. Local names: Bulog (Negros) ; kardiap (Buikdnon) ; karamiras (Min- doro) ; kuling -mano k (haguna) ; kaniuing-puti, baydnti (Rizal) ; saplungan, matamatd (Basilan) ; tibungau (Isabela). The fruits are about 2 centimeters in diameter, red, velvety, fairly juicy, and edible, though lacking in flavor. Aglaia glomerata is a tree reaching a height of 20 meters and DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 81 FIGURE 38. AGLAIA EVERETTII (BULOG). Xj. 169443 6 82 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES a diameter of 40 centimeters. The leaves are compound with 5 to 7 leaflets which are hairy. The flowers are small, and borne on compound, axillary inflorescences. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. It is not cultivated. AGLAIA HARMSIANA Perk. (Fig. 39). Malatumbaga. Local names: Balinsiagdu (Pangasinan) ; baydnti (Laguna, Batangas) ; bayog (Guimaras Island) ; daiamiras (Mindoro) ; hagdson (Leyte) ; kaga- tongan, sulmin (Rizal) ; kaniatamatd (Lanao) ; kaniui-puti (Rizal, La- guna) ; malasdging (Tayabas, Leyte) ; malatumbaga, matang-uldng (Ba- taan) ; mam,ondk, saplungan (Zamboanga) ; matamatd (Sorsogon) ; odling (Capiz) ; paiatdngan, sallapugud, batukandg (Ilocos Sur) ; pilipili (Ca- marines) ; salamungai (Batangas) ; tadidng-kalabdu (Laguna) ; tangiling- bangohan (Bulacan) ; tibungau, palatdngen (Cagayan). The fruits are about 2 to 2.5 centimeters in diameter, rounded, and red to russet colored. They have a hard outer covering, and contain a single seed. The pulp around the seed has a good flavor, somewhat resembling that of the cranberry. Aglaia harmsiana is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of about 50 centimeters. The leaves are alternate and compound, usually with five to seven pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are smooth, pointed at both ends, and from 6 to 20 centimeters in length. The flowers are small, yellow, and borne on rather large, compound inflorescences. This species is common and widely distributed throughout the Philippines. It is not in cultivation. Genus LANSIUM LANSIUM DUBIUM Merr. (Fig. 40). Mamata-BABAE. Local names: Bisik (Zamboanga); bubahan (Negros Occidental); mala- ddyap (Tayabas) ; mamatd-babde (Masbate) ; tamauhan (Ticao Island) ; tul-dnan (Samar) ; uban-uban, malakanasi (Camarines). The fruits are about 2.5 centimeters in diameter, rounded, brownish yellow, and edible. They are surrounded by a hard outer covering, and contain a single seed. Lansium dubium is a tree reaching a height of about 15 meters and a diameter of 25 centimeters. The leaves are op- posite, smooth, pointed at both ends, and 6 to 15 centimeters in length. The flowers are small, yellow, and borne on slender spikes. This species is distributed from central Luzon to southern Mindanao. It is not in cultivation. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 83 FIGURE 39. AGLAIA HARMSIANA (MALATUMBAGA). Xi. 84 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES FIGURE 40. LANSIUM DUBIUM (MAMATA-BABAE). Xi. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 85 FIGURE 41. SANDORICUM KOETJAPE (SANTOL). 86 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Genus SANDORICUM SANDORICUM KOETJAPE Merr. {S. indicum Caw.) (Fig. 41). Santol. Local names: Santol (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Abra, Lepanto, Zambales, Tarlac, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Bataan, Manila, Tayabas, Ca- marines, Albay, Sorsogon, Mindoro, Polillo, Leyte, Palawan, Basilan) ; santor (Zamboanga). The fruit is rounded or somewhat flattened, 4 to 6 centimeters in diameter, and yellowish. The outer covering is very thick. The seeds are large, and surrounded by translucent or pale, acid, edible pulp of good flavor. Peeled, quartered and cooked in syrup, they make a delicious preserve. Sandoricum koetjape is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of about 80 centimeters. The leaves are alternate and trifoliate. The leaflets are hairy, somewhat el- liptical in shape, pointed at the tip, rounded or slightly pointed at the base, and 10 to 25 centimeters long. The flowers are greenish yellow or straw colored, about 1 centimeter in length, and occur in considerable numbers on compound inflorescences. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao and is very common in Luzon. It is both cultivated and wild. Family EUPHORBIACEAE Genus ANTIDESMA ANTIDESMA BUNIUS Spreng. (Figs. 42, 43). BiGNAl. Local names: Bigndi (Zambales, Manila, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas) ; higndi-kalahdu (Manila vicinity) ; bugndi (Ilocos Sur, Abra, Cagayan, Union, Nueva Ecija, Camarines, Mindoro, Iloilo, Cebu) ; bugnei (Bontoc) ; bunndi (Isabela) ; isip (Pampanga); pagiruga (Cagayan). The fruit is ovoid, red, about 8 millimeters long, fleshy, acid, and edible. It contains a single seed. Antidesma bunius is a small tree 4 to 10 meters in height. The leaves are small, shiny, somewhat oval in shape, pointed at the tip, rounded or pointed at the base, and 8 to 20 centimeters long. The flowers are small and green. The male flowers are borne on spikes and the female ones on racemes. This species is common and widely distributed in open places and second-growth forests throughout the Philippines. It is rarely cultivated. It is one of the commonest trees in the first stages of the invasion of grassland by second-growth forests. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 87 < z g m ffl < CO UJ Q 111 o Lt. 88 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Genus CICCA CICCA ACIDA (L.) Merr. (Fig. 44). IBA. Local names: Iba (Tayabas, Manila) ; karamdi (Ilocos Sur, Abra) ; kar- mdi (Mindoro) ; laiodn (Camarines). The fruit is rounded, greenish- white, 1 to 1.5 centimeters in diameter, fleshy, acid, edible, and contains a hard, bony, 6- to 8-grooved stone. Cicca acida is a small deciduous tree 4 to 9 meters in height. The branches bear nodules in the axils of the fallen leaves. The leaves are smooth, 20 to 40 centimeters long, pinnate with alternate pinnae, which are rounded at the base, pointed at the tip, and from 2 to 7 centimeters long. The flowers are small, pink, and crowded in clusters on racemes which grow from the nodules on the branches. Male and female flowers are usually on separate plants. This species is widely distributed in and about towns in the Philippines and is occasionally cultivated for its edible fruits. Genus MACARANGA MACARANGA TANARIUS Muell-Arg. (Fig. 45). Binunga. Local names: Alangabun, anabun (Bagobo) ; bagambdng, ma-dsim (Ri- zal) ; bilua (Pampanga) ; biludn, binungan, malabunga, biluan-lalaki (Ba- taan) ; bilunga (Tayabas) ; bing-ua (Nueva Vizcaya) ; binunga (Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines, Polillo, Mindoro, Guimaras Island, Negros, Palawan) ; binugaj lungakan (Davao) ; gamu, samuk (Cagayan) ; ginabang (Benguet) ; labanel (Lepanto) ; lagan (Bisayan) ; lagaon, liga- bon (Manobo) ; malabunga (Mindanao) ; minddng (Camarines) ; minunga (Agusan) ; samdk (Ilocos Norte, Abra, Camiguin Island). The bark and leaves of this tree are extensively utilized in the manufacture of a popular fermented drink known as basi. The fruits are sometimes used for the same purpose. The bark is removed in large sheets and then cut into strips about 1.5 meters in length and about 20 centimeters in width. The strips are dried in the sun, sorted, and packed in bundles of from twenty to fifty pieces. These bundles sell at from 20 to 50 centavos or more. The dried leaves are gathered after they have fallen from the tree. The petioles and larger veins are removed and the remain- ing part crushed. Basi is made from sugar-cane juice to which binunga bark and leaves, and sometimes other ingredients, are added. There are two quantities of basi: basi-miang (carabao basi), which is harsh to the taste, strong, astringent, and not sweet; and basi- DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 89 FIGURE 43. ANTIDESMA BUNIUS (BIGNAI). 5 cm. FIGURE 44. CICCA ACIDA (I3A). 90 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES babae, which has a soft, sweet taste. The latter is made from the more concentrated syrup. The process of manufacture is in general as follows: First, sugar-cane juice is collected in large jars at a mill. This juice is heated in open pans until it reaches a certain degree of concen- tration, which varies according to the quality of basi desired. When boiling begins, crushed leaves or powdered bark of binunga is added to the juice. The scum is removed while the mixture boils. When a desired concentration has been reached, the syrup is poured into large jars (tinajas) and allowed to cool. On the following day, a considerable quantity of crushed binunga leaves is put into the jars, which are then tightly covered. After two or three months, the crushed leaves are replaced by pow- dered bark, which is supposed to improve the flavor of the basi. The amount of bark used influences the quality very greatly, as increasing the quantity makes the basi more piquant and intoxicating. Aging is said to improve the quality. This is frequently done in jars, which are buried underground. Other ingredients are sometimes added to the basi. The ad- dition of the husks of cacao fruit or coffee beans makes the drink slightly bitter, powdered pepper gives it a pungent taste, while the bark of Eugenia cumini (duhat) is said to make it more astringent. When binuilga bark is not available, the bark of kariskis, Albizzia lebbekoides, can be substituted. The leaves of kariskis are, however, not used, so other ingredients must be added. Macaranga tanarius is a small tree reaching a height of 4 to 8 meters. The leaves are alternate, 10 to 25 centimeters long, shield-shaped, with the petiole attached to the lower surface within the margin. This species is very common and widely distributed in open places and second-growth forests throughout the Philippines. Family ANACARDIACEAE Genus DRACONTOMELUM DRACONTOMELUM DAO (Blanco.) Merr. & Rolfe. (Figs. 46, 47). Da6. Local names: Dad (Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, Masbate, Samar, Negros, Leyte, Palawan, Mindoro, Cotabato, Zamboanga) ; habds (Butuan) ; kamdrak or kamdrag (N. Luzon) ; lupigi (Cagayan) ; makaddeg (Ilocos Norte) ; mamdkau (Agusan, Davao) ; mdkau (Agusan, Cotabato); malaiyau (Tayabas). The fruits are yellow, rounded, about 2 centimeters in diam- eter, and have an edible pulp around the seed. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 91 FIGURE 45. MACARANGA TANARIUS (BINUr^A). X§. 92 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES FIGURE 46. DRACONTOMELUM DAO (DAO). DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 93 O < Q O < O 3 o H Z o o < CD U. 94 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Dracontomelum dao is a tree reaching a height of 35 to 40 meters and a diameter of 100 centimeters or more. The leaves are alternate and compound, usually with 5 to 7 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are smooth, pointed at the apex, abruptly pointed at the base, 5 to 15 centimeters long, and from 3 to 4.5 centimeters wide. The flowers are small, white, odorless, and are borne on compound inflorescences. This species is common and widely distributed throughout the Philippines. DRACONTOMELUM EDULE (Blanco) Skeels. (Fig. 48). Lamio. Local names: Aduds (Rizal) ; alauihau (Samar, Leyte) ; amugis (Cota- hato) ; andngging-puti (Tayabas) ; balibali (Tablas Island); halauihan (Camarines) ; laTnio (Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna). The fruits are rounded, yellow, and have an edible pulp around the seed. Dracontomelum edule is a tree reaching a height of about 20 meters and a diameter of about 60 centimeters. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, and hairy ; the leaflets are pointed at the apex, rounded at the base, and from 10 to 20 centimeters in length. The flowers are small, and occur on rather large, compound in- florescences. This species is common and distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. denus MANGIFERA MANGIFERA ALTISSIMA Blanco. (Fig. 49). PahutaN. Local names: Banitan, humitan (Cagayan) ; malapdho (Zambales, Sibu- yan) ; manggapole (Olutanga Island, Zamboanga) ; pahuhutan (Tayabas) ; pdho (Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal, Camarines, Mindoro, Si- buyan, Samar) ; pahutan, pahuhutan (Tayabas, Camarines, Bataan, Zam- bales, Mindoro, Masbate) ; pangahutan (Tayabas) ; pangmanggden (Ilocos Sur). The fruit is 5 to 8 centimeters long and 4 to 6 centimeters wide, shaped like a mango, smooth, green to yellowish, and resinous. It is used for making pickles. Mangifera altissima is a tree reaching a height of 35 meters and a diameter of 80 centimeters. The leaves are rather long, narrow, and pointed at both ends. The flowers are small, white, fragrant, and occur in large number on branched inflorescences. This species is rather common and is distributed in the forests from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao, but is not cultivated. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 95 FIGURE 48. DRACONTOMELUM EDULE (LAMIO). 96 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES < DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 97 169443 7 98 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES MANGIFERA CAESIA Jack. (Fig. 50). Baluno. Local names: Baluno (Zamboanga) ; bauno (Basilan). The fruit resembles the commonly cultivated mango and is sold in the markets of Zamboanga. The tree is sometimes cul- tivated for the fruits. According to Heyne,* the seed kernels are pounded with leaves of Solarium nigrum, and used as a condiment with rice. Mangifera caesia is a tree reaching a height of about 25 me- ters and a diameter of about 120 centimeters. The leaves are smooth, and pointed at both ends. This species is found in Mindanao and neighboring islands, and in the Sulu Archipelago. MANGIFERA ODORATA Griif. HuANf. Local names: Huani (Zamboanga); uani (Basilan). The fruit of this species is similar to that of the cultivated mango. Mangifera odorata is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of about 40 centimeters. The leaves are alternate, leathery, pointed at both ends, and about 25 centi- meters in length. The flowers are small and borne on rather large, compound inflorescences. This species has been reported from Balabac, Zamboanga, and Basilan. It is cultivated at the Lamao Experiment Station. Genus SEMECARPUS SEMECARPUS CUNEIFORMIS Blanco. (Fig. 51). LiGAS. Local names: Agds (Guimaras Island); anagds (Negros Occidental); kamiing (Zambales, Pampanga, Bataan) ; kamiring (Ilocos Sur, Abra, Ca- gayan, Union, Pangasinan) ; ligds (Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Manila, Rizal, Mindoro) ; pakan (Bontoc). The fruit resembles the cashew in form, but is smaller. The drupe is ovoid, oblique, a centimeter long, and is borne on a fleshy, purple receptacle, which is about as long as the drupe. Semecarpus cuneiformis is a tree reaching a height of about 12 meters and a diameter of about 25 centimeters. The leaves are somewhat crowded at the ends of the branches, hairy beneath, rounded or somewhat pointed at the tip, usually pointed at the base, and from 10 to 20 centimeters in length. The flowers are * Heyne, K., De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indie, Volume 3, page 125. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 99 FIGURE 51. SEMECARPUS CUNEIFORMIS (LIGAS). Xi. 100 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES whitish, 2 to 2.5 centimeters long, and borne on compound in- florescences which are usually longer than the leaves. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip- pines, but has not been reported from Mindanao. It is not in cultivation. SEMECARPUS GIGANTI FOLIA F. Vill. (Fig. 52). Manalu. Local names: Anagds, (Mindoro) ; ligds (Laguna) ; manalu (Bisaya) ; niog-niogan (Tayabas) ; topo (Camarines) ; tukud-langit (Bataan). The fruits are 3 to 4 centimeters long, deep purple, fleshy, juicy, edible, but somewhat astringent. They are produced in great abundance on the trunk, in panicles which are 10 to 40 centimeters long or longer. Semecarpus gigantifolia is a tree reaching a height of 15 me- ters and a diameter of 50 centimeters. The leaves are very large. The flowers are small, and borne in large numbers on compound inflorescences. This species is common and distributed in the forests from Luzon to Mindanao. Genus SPONDIAS SPONDIAS PINNATA (L. f.) Kurz. (Fig. 53). LiBAS. Local names: Lannu, land (Cagayan) ; lihds (Bataan, Tayabas, Capiz, Cotabato, Zamboanga) ; luhds (Bikol). The fruit is rounded, yellow, with a finely flavored, edible pulp. The leaves and fruits are sour, and are used in stews. Spondias pinnata is a tree reaching a height of about 25 me- ters and a diameter of about 60 centimeters. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, 20 centimeters or more in length ; the leaflets pointed at the apex, rounded or abruptly pointed at the base, and 7 to 14 centimeters in length. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao, but apparently is not common. Family SAPINDACEAE Genus CUBILIA CUBILIA BLANCO I Blume. KuBlLf. Local names: Atilang (Nueva Vizcaya) ; kamatatalina, lubilubi (Rizal) ; kubili (Bulacan, Rizal); malasdging (Bulacan) ; ta6as (Samar). The fruit is oval, about 5 centimeters long, and covered with very numerous, pointed projections. It contains a nut of good quality. Cubilia blancoi is a tree reaching a height of 15 meters and a diameter of 50 centimeters. The leaves are compound with rather large leaflets which are smooth and pointed at both ends. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 101 FIGURE 52. SEMECARPUS GIGANTIFOLIA (MANALU). Xi. 102 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES FIGURE 53. SPONDIAS PINNATA (LIBAS). Xf. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 103 FIGURE 54. EUPHORIA DIDYMA (ALUPAG). Xl. 104 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES The flowers are small and are borne on rather large inflorescences. This species is distributed from Luzon to Mindanao. Genus EUPHORIA EUPHORIA DIDYMA Blanco. (Fig. 54). Alupag. Local names: Alupag (Mindoro, Bataan, Tayabas, Lanao, Laguna, Ma- rinduque Island, Cavite, Batangas, Basilan, Malani Island) ; alupdg-amo, hayyet, bait (Tayabas) ; ahipdi (Bulacan, Mindoro, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal) ; alupdk (Zamboanga, Bataan, Rizal) ; aningudi, balinkangin, bakeles (Pangasinan) ; apalung, marutong, demopa (Cagayan) ; arupdg, ayiipdq (Mindoro) ; arupdi (Rizal, Laguna, Mindoro) ; bakkaldu or bakaldu (Pan- gasinan, Ilocos Norte and Sur, Zambales) ; balit (Negros) ; buk-kaldu (Ilo- cos Sur, Abra, Cagayan, Isabela) ; dagingdingan (Samar) ; gisihan (Cavite, Batangas) ; halupdg (Polillo, Laguna, Tayabas) ; kalupdi (Zambales) ; kandongisol, panuto (Masbate) ; kiikuris (Palawan) ; lupdk (Camarines) ; Ivpdk (Cotabato) ; mamatd (Olutanga Island) ; matamatd (Zamboanga) ; usdu, uldyan (Leyte). The fruits are greenish, very rough, and occur in loose clus- ters. They are similar in appearance to the Chinese litchi. The flesh is whitish, sweet, juicy, and of good flavor. Euphoria didyma is a tree reaching a height of 25 meters and a diameter of 55 centimeters. The leaves are alternate and com- pound. The flowers are small, whitish or yellowish, and borne on simple or compound inflorescences. This species is very common and widely distributed through- out the Archipelago. It is rarely cultivated. EUPHORIA NEPHELIOIDES Radlk. The pulp around the seed is edible. Euphoria nephelioides is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of about 40 centimeters. The leaves are alternate and compound, with leathery leaflets, which are pointed at both ends. This species has been reported only from Basilan. Genus HEDYACHRAS HEDYACHRAS PH ILIPPIN ENSIS Radlk. The fruit of this species is 5 to 6 centimeters in diameter, shaped somewhat like a peach, yellow, smooth, thin-skinned, fleshy, subacid, and edible though a trifle astringent, and con- tains two large seeds. Hedyachras philippinensis is a tree about 15 meters in height. The leaves are alternate and compound with 4 to 5 pairs of op- posite leaflets which are pointed at the apex, rounded or pointed at the base, and 10 to 12 centimeters in length. The flowers are DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 105 FIGURE 55. NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM (USAU OR RAMBUTAN). Xg. 106 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES small, greenish, with a disagreeable odor, and occur in con- siderable numbers on compound flowering shoots. This species is known from only one specimen which was found growing wild on what is now the campus of the College of Agriculture at Los Banos, Laguna. Genus NEPHELIUM NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM L. (Fig. 55). UsAU or Rambutan. Local name: Usdu (Jolo). The pulp of the fruit has an excellent flavor. Nephelium lappaceum is a tree. The leaves are smooth, pointed at the tip, and somewhat rounded at the base. The flowers are very numerous on compound inflorescences. In the Philippines, this species is found only in Palawan and Jolo. It is the well known Rambutan of the Malay region. NEPHELIUM MUTABILE Blanco. (Fig. 56). BuLALA. Local names: Alpdi (Laguna) ; bakaldu (Pangasinan) ; balimbingan (Lanao) ; buldla (Camarines, Tayabas, Laguna, Rizal) ; kakao-kakao (Su- rigao) ; karayo (Mindoro) ; laguan (Tayabas) ; malamputian (Samar) ; marangis (Cagayan) ; pangydu (Rizal). The fruits are red, about 4 centimeters in length, and com- pletely covered with numerous, rather soft projections. The flesh is white, abundant, juicy, and of very good flavor. It surrounds a single, rather large seed. Nephelium mutabile is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of 45 centimeters. The leaves are al- ternate and compound with rather large, smooth, alternate leaf- lets, which are pointed at both ends. The flowers are small, and occur in considerable numbers on simple or compound in- florescences. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao and is very common in Luzon. Family VITACEAE Genus AMPELOCISSUS AMPELOCISSUS MARTINI Planch. The fruits of this species are borne in grape-like clusters, are somewhat less than a centimeter in diameter, greenish salmon in color, fleshy, acid, and of fairly good flavor. Ampelocissits martini is a large woody vine with conspicuous tendrils. The leaves are somewhat hairy, three-lobed, with toothed margins, and a russet, velvety lower surface. The DESCRIPTIONS OP SPECIES 107 m < I- D 108 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES flowers are small, reddish purple, and crowded on compound flowering branches. This species is distributed from Luzon to Palawan, but is apparently not abundant. Genus TETRASTIGMA TETRASTIGMA HARMANDII PL Ayo. Local names: Ayo (Bataan, Bulacan) ; ariuat (La Union, Pangasinan, Abra) ; kalit (Tayabas) ; iyo (Bataan). The fruits are edible. The sour leaves and fruits are used for flavoring. Tetrastigma harmandii is a woody vine reaching 10 meters in length. The stems are somewhat compressed, rough, and 1 to 2.5 centimeters in diameter. It climbs by means of simple tendrils. The leaves are alternate and compound with usually 3 or 5, but sometimes 7 leaflets. The leaflets are pointed at the tip, coarsely toothed, smooth, shiny, and 5 to 12 centimeters in length. The flowering shoots are 4 to 10 centimeters long and wide. The flowers are pale green, fragrant, and numerous. The petals are about 3.5 millimeters long. The fruit is rounded, smooth, fleshy, and more than a centimeter and a half in diameter. This species is common in Luzon and is also found in Mindoro and Leyte. In Manila it is occasionally cultivated for orna- mental purposes. TETRASTIGMA LOHERI Gagnep. Bariuatuat. Local name: Bariuatuat (Ilocos Norte). The sour leaves are used as flavoring. The fruits are edible. Tetrastigma loheri is a woody vine. It climbs by means of simple tendrils. The leaves are alternate and compound with 3 leaflets which are pointed at the tip, rounded or pointed at the base, coarsely toothed, and from 7 to 20 centimeters in length. The flowers are small, pale yellow, and occur in rounded clusters. The fruits are round, fleshy, and about a centimeter in diameter. This species is found in Luzon. Family ELAEOCARPACEAE Genus ELAEOCARPUS ELAEOCARPUS CALOMALA (Blanco) Merr. Kalomala. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on fibers. The fruit is oval, red, about 2.5 to 3 centimeters long, contains a single, large, rough stone, and is edible. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 109 FIGURE 57. DIRLODISCUS PANICULATUS (BALOBO). XL 110 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Genus MUNTINGIA MUNTINGIA CALABURA L. Datiles. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on fibers. The fruits are round, smooth, red, about 1.5 centimeters in diameter, sweet, fleshy, and contain numerous, small seeds. The fruits are very commonly eaten by children. Family TILIACEAE Genus CORCHORUS CORCHORUS OLITORIUS Linn. Pasau or JuTE. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on fibeis. The leaves of this species are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. Genus DIPLODISCUS DIPLODISCUS PANICULATUS Turcz. (Fig. 57). Balob6. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on fibers. The starchy seeds when boiled have a good flavor. When the fruits are mature they can frequently be gathered in very large quantities with little labor. Genus GREWIA GREWIA EDULIS Merr. (Fig. 53). Baluk6k. Local names: Anakseng (Pangasinan) ; bagiod (Ilocos Sur) ; balukok (Tagalog). The fruits are about 2 centimeters in diameter, yellowish, and of good flavor. Grewia edulis is a small tree with alternate leaves which are pointed at both ends. The leaves are somewhat hairy, partic- ularly on the lower surfaces. This species has been reported from Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, and Batcngas. GREWIA ERIOCARPA Juss. (G. negrosensis) (Fig. 59). Bariuan. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on fibers. The fruit is small, round, bluish, and edible. GREWIA STYLOCARPA Warb. (Fig. 60). Kamuling. Local names: Agdang, susumhig (Laguna) ; apung, balopo, kamuling Camarines) ; balobo (Rizal) ; balebagun-gubat, sosong-daldga, patling (Zambales) ; balU (Negros) ; balobo (Lanao) ; barobo (Samar) ; basilalag (Isabela) ; balsakan (Tayabas) ; kalumpit-putl (Batangas) ; lanutan-puti (Ticao) ; lapnisan (Leyte) ; makaya (Palawan) ; moling-moling (Tayabas, DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 111 FIGURE 58. GREWIA EDULIS (BALUKOK). Xg. 112 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES FIGURE 59. GREWIA ERIOCARPA (BARIUAN). Xh DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 113 FIGURE 60. GREWIA STYLOCARPA (KAMULING). Xh 169443 8 114 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Camarines) ; namut (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte) ; ngano (Apayao) ; paoli, puled, pulit (Cagayan) ; porong (Mindoro, Negros) ; susumbiik, susumbik, susungbiig (Bataan). The fruits have an edible pulp of good flavor. Grewia stylocarpa is a tree reaching a height of 15 meters and a diameter of 30 centimeters. The leaves are alternate, pointed at both ends, and up to about 25 centimeters in length. The flov^ers are small, yellow, and borne on compound in- florescences. This species is very common and widely distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Family MALVACEAE Genus HIBISCUS HIBISCUS SURATTENSIS Linn. Labuag. Local names: Kalitoitoi (Palawan); labuag (Capiz) ; sabnit, sapinit (Rizal). The acid leaves are cooked as a condiment with meat or fish. Hibisctts surattensis is a spiny vine. The leaves are alternate, deeply lobed, somewhat hairy, have toothed margins, and are up to about 7 centimters in diameter. The flowers are large, yel- lowish or whitish, and tinged with red. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Family STERCULIACEAE Genus STERCULIA STERCULIA FOETIDA L. KalumpanG. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums, and oils. The seeds are edible and have a purgative effect. They are flavored like cacao, but are not bitter, and are used to adulterate cacao. STERCULIA OBLONGATA R. Br. (Fig. 61). Malaboho. Local names: Bakau (Mindoro) ; banilad (Rizal, Mindoro) ; bong a (Ta- yabas) ; bunglds (Rizal) ; jantdk (Batanes Islands) ; lapnit (Calayan Is- land) ; malaboho (Bataan) ; malanbanilad (Samar) ; malakakdo (Bataan, Laguna) ; 60s or uos (Camarines) ; pangan (Mountain Prov.) ; saripong- pong (Sorsogon). The fruits are red, inflated, hairy, with a thick leathery covering, and contain a number of nuts which are eaten by the people of the Mountain Province. Sterculia oblongata is a tree usually 12 meters or less in height. The leaves are smooth or nearly so, oblong, somewhat pointed DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 115 FIGURE 61. STERCULIA OBLONGATA (MALABOHO). Xh 116 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES at the tip, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, and 10 to 20 centimeters long. The flowers are 5 to 6 millimeters long, some- what hairy, and are borne in large numbers in narrow panicles in the axils of the upper leaves. This species is common and widely distributed from the Ba- tanes Islands to southern Mindanao. It is cultivated only at the Lamao Experiment Station. Family DILLENIACEAE Genus DILLENIA DILLENIA MEGALANTHA Merr. Katmon-BAYANI. Local names: Katmon (Leyte, Sorsogon, Samar, Camarines) ; katmon- baydni (Tayabas). The fruits are large and rounded. The edible part is green, fleshy, and juicy, with an acid taste. It is suitable for preserves. Dillenia megalantha is a tree reaching a height of about 30 meters and a diameter of about a meter. The leaves are very large, and prominently toothed. The flowers are yellow, and about 10 centimeters in diameter. This species has been reported only from Tayabas, Camarines, Sorsogon, Samar, and Leyte. DILLENIA PHILIPPINENSIS Rolfe. (Figs. 62, 63). . Katmon. Local names: Balobayduak (Negros) ; biskdn (Benguet) ; dingin (Zam- bales) ; kalambugi (Lanao) ; kambug (Port Banga) ; katmon (Cagayan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Batangas, Ta- yabas, Polillo, Camarines, Mindoro^ Sorsogon, Guimaras Island, Masbate, Cebu, Samar, Agusan, Cotabato, Lanao, Zamboanga, Basilan) ; palali (Camiguin Island); pamamalien (Pangasinan). The fruit is rounded and contains a soft, fleshy, green pulp which is edible, with a flavor somewhat like that of an apple. The fresh fruit is not particularly good, but owing to its acid, juicy character, it is refreshing when eaten in the woods. It makes an excellent sauce or jam. It is also used for flavoring fish. A red dye is obtained from the bark of this tree. Dillenia philippinensis is a tree reaching a height of about 17 meters and a diameter of about 55 centimeters. The leaves are leathery, shiny, somewhat oval in shape, and coarsely toothed. The flowers are showy, about 15 centimeters in diameter, with large, white petals. This species is very common and widely distributed in the Philippine Islands. It is a very ornamental tree, but is seldom cultivated. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 117 FIGURE 62. DILLENIA PHIUPPINENSIS (KATMON). Xh 118 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES DILLENIA REIFFERSCHEIDIA F. Vill. KatMON-KALABAU. Local names: Baldli or paldli (Camarines) ; katmon (Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Mindoro, Negros) ; katmon-kalahdu (Tayabas, Laguna) ; katmon- kadlagdn ( Sorsogon ) . The fruit is green, fleshy, and about the size of a small apple. The edible portion is green, juicy, acid, with something of the flavor of an apple. The taste of the fruit is not particularly good, but owing to its acid, juicy character, it is refreshing when eaten in the woods. It makes an excellent sauce or jam. Dillenia reifferscheidia is a tree reaching a height of about 15 meters and a diameter of 45 centimeters. The leaves are alternate, smooth, and very large. The flowers are very large, white, and showy. This species is distributed from central Luzon to southern Mindanao. It occurs most abundantly at medium elevations and in some places is very common. Family GUTTIFERAE Genus CALOPHYLLUM CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM L. BiTAOG or Palomaria. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums, and oils. The thin, rounded shells of the seeds of Calophyllum inophy- Hum are used as containers for buri sugar sold as a confection. For a description of this sugar see the bulletin on palms. Genus GARCINIA GARCINIA BINUCAO Choicy. (Fig. 64). BiNUKAU. Local names: Ballok (Benguet) ; balukut (Ilocos Norte) ; bangkok (Zam- bales) ; batuan (Negros, Guimaras Island, Burias Island) ; bilukau (Rizal, Bataan, Batangas, Camarines) ; binukau (Laguna, Bataan) ; buragris (Camarines) ; kamangsi (Tayabas) ; hards (Capiz) ; kandis (Palawan) ; kanumai, kulilem (Cagayan) ; maninild (Albay). The fruits are yellowish, somewhat rounded, and 4 centimeters or more in diameter. They have a firm outer covering and con- tain a very acid pulp and several seeds. The fruit is eaten by the Filipinos with fish. Garcinia binucao is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of about 40 centimeters. The leaves are opposite, smooth, leathery, and from 5 to 12 centimeters or more in length. The flowers are small, red, and borne in small clusters. This species is common and widely distributed throughout Luzon and the Visayan Islands. It is cultivated only at the Lamao Experiment Station. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 119 ^W'-^^^^WM^ 5 cm. FIGURE 63. DILLENIA PHILIPPINENSIS (KATMON). 120 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES FIGURE 64. GARCINIA BINUCAO (BINUKAU). Xh DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 121 FIGURE 65. GARCINIA DULCIS (TAKLANG-ANAK). Xi. 122 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES GARCINIA DULCIS Kurz. (Fig. 65). Taklang-ANAK Local names: Aloko (Isabela) ; baniti (Zambales) ; buneg (Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan) ; gatdsan (Palawan, Camarines, Negros) ; takldng- andk (Rizal, Bataan). The fruit is yellow, smooth, and about 5 to 7 centimeters in diameter. It has a firm outer covering, and a very acid, soft, juicy pulp. It is suitable for preserves. According to Heyne,* the fruits are rarely seen in the markets of Batavia, but then in great quantities. Garcinia dulcis is a tree reaching a height of about 15 meters and a diameter of about 30 centimeters. The leaves are op- posite, smooth, leathery, somev^hat oval in shape, and 12 to 20 centimeters or more in length. The flowers are white, over a centimeter in diameter, and borne in small rounded clusters. This species is common and widely distributed from northern Luzon to the southern limits of the Philippines. It is not cul- tivated except at the Lamao Experiment Station. GARCINIA MINDANAENSIS Merr. Kariis. Local names: Gatdsan, kari-is (Bukidnon). The fruit is edible. Garcinia mindanaensis is a tree reaching a height of about 10 meters and a diameter of about 15 centimeters. The leaves are opposite, pointed at both ends, 13 to 18 centimeters long, and 4 to 8 centimeters wide. The male flowers are red, and occur in axillary fascicles. The petals are four in number, and about 7 millimeters long. This species has been reported only from Mindanao and Basilan. GARCINIA RUBRA Merr. (Fig. QQ) . Kamandiis. Local names: Kamandiis (Laguna, Mindoro) ; kamanitiis (Mindoro) ; kandiis ( Zamboanga ) . The fruits are about 3 centimeters in diameter, somewhat rounded but flattened, yellowish to red, fleshy, and edible. Garcinia rubra is a tree reaching a height of 10 meters and a diameter of 15 centimeters. The leaves are opposite, thin, pointed at both ends, and 6 to 12 centimeters in length. The flowers are small, borne in small, axillary clusters and are bright red. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to northern Mindanao. It is not in cultivation. * Heyne, K., De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indie, Volume 3, page 264. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 123 FIGURE 66". GARCINIA RUBRA (KAMANDIIS). Xh 124 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES GARCINIA V EN U LOS A Choisy. (Fig. 67). Gatasan. Local names: Bilukau (Camarines, Bataan) ; binukau (Laguna) ; bunog (Palawan) ; bundg (Cagayan) ; buneg (Pangasinan) ; gatasan (Laguna, Tayabas) ; kalokog (Tayabas) ; katuri (Cagayan, Isabela) ; mangala (Zam- boanga) ; pedis (Pampanga) ; peris (Cavite, Batanes) ; takldng-andk (La- guna, Bataan, Mindoro). The fruits are about 4 to 6 centimeters in diameter, somewhat rounded but flattened, and sour. The edible portion is sur- rounded by a rather hard rind and contains several flat seeds. The fruit is eaten with fish by Filipinos. Garcinia venulosa is a tree reaching a height of about 15 meters and a diameter of about 40 centimeters. The leaves are opposite, leathery, smooth, and up to 20 centimeters or more in length. The flowers are fairly small, and borne in rather small, rounded clusters. This species is very common and widely distributed through- out the Philippines. It is not cultivated. GARCINIA VI DAL II Merr. PiRlS. Local names: Antol (Mountain Prov.) ; bilis (Benguet) ; bitanhol^ bugalot (Sibuyan) ; bunug (Pangasinan) ; katdpang (Butuan) ; paldnge (Leyte) ; paldngi (Samar) ; peres or piris (Rizal). The fruit is about 6 centimeters in diameter. It has a firm outer covering, several seeds, and a firm, acid, fleshy pulp with a pleasant flavor. Garcinia vidalii is a tree reaching a height of 25 meters and a diameter of 90 centimeters. The leaves are opposite, smooth, leathery, oval, usually notched at the tip, and from 10 to 20 centimeters or more in length. The flowers are white, of medium size, and occur in clusters. This species is distributed from the Mountain Province of Luzon to Mindanao. It is rarely cultivated. Family FLACOURTIACEAE Genus FLACOURTIA FLACOURTIA RUKAM Zoll. et M. (Fig. 68). Local names: Agas-ds (Dinagat Island) ; amai-it (Polillo) ; bitongol (La- guna) ; kalamansdnaif lalamasali (Zambales) ; kalunga (Benguet) ; obieng (Pangasinan); salabdgin (Cebu). The fruits are small, violet colored, fleshy, subacid, and of good flavor. According to Crevost and Lemarie,* in Indo-China this species * Cat. Prod, de Tlndo-Chine, page 195. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 125 FIGURE 67. GARCINIA VENULOSA (GATASAN). Xh 126 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES is cultivated for its berries, which are the size of large cherries, very sour, and good for pies. Flacourtia rukam is a tree reaching a height of about 20 meters and a diameter of about 30 centimeters. The leaves are from 5 to 15 centimeters in length, the apex pointed, the base rounded or pointed. The young stems are very rough. The flowers are very small and occur in clusters in the axils of the leaves. This species is distributed from Benguet to the southern limits of the Archipelago. FLACOURTIA INDICA (Burm. f.) Merr. (Fig. 69). Local names: Bitongol (Tarlac, Rizal) ; bolong (Mindoro) ; palutan (Cagayan). I he fruit is rounded, fleshy, purple or nearly black, smooth, and 1 centimeter in diameter. The pulp is fleshy, edible, and has an agreeable flavor. Flacourtia indica is a shrub or small tree reaching a height of 8 meters and a diameter of about 15 centimeters. This tree is armed with scattered, slender spines which are often 2 cen- timeters in length. The leaves are alternate, pointed at the base, and rounded at the tip. The edges of the leaves are toothed with rounded lobes. The flowers are white, occur singly or in pairs in the axils of the leaves or terminate short branchlets. They are about 5 millimeters in diameter. This species has been reported from the following provinces: Cagayan, Isabela, Tarlac, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, and Mindoro. FLACOURTIA EUPHLEBIA Merr. Lanagon. Local name: Lanagon (Mindanao). Ihe fruits occur singly or in small clusters in the leaf axils, are 1 to 1.25 centimeters in diameter, and edible. Flacourtia euphlebia is a tree-like shrub, about 5 meters in height, with a trunk about 10 centimeters in diameter. The leaves are alternate, the larger ones about 25 centimeters long by 10 centimeters wide. The margins aie finely or coarsely toothed. This species is reported only from Mindanao and is apparently rare. Genus PANGIUM PANGIUM EDULE Reinw. (Fig. 70). Pangi. Local names: Pdngi (Negros, Samar, Iloilo, Camarines, Albay, Sorso- gon, Cebu, Palawan); inalapangi (Davao). The fruit is large, brown, and contains several seeds embedded in a yellowish, edible pulp. The fresh seeds are poisonous, but are rendered edible by steeping in water. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 127 FIGURE 68. FLACOURTIA RUKAM. X^. 128 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES FIGURE 69. FLACOURTIA SEPIARIA. Xh DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 129 FIGURE 70. PANGIUM EDULE (PAlfltll). XL 169443 9 130 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Fangium edule is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of about 50 centimeters. The leaves are very large, smooth, entire or lobed, pointed at the apex, and rounded or heart-shaped at the base. The flowers are yellowish green, have a faint odor, and are borne on compound inflorescences. This species is distributed from southern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Family BEGONIACEAE Genus BEGONIA BEGONIA Spp. The acid stems of various species of Begonia are eaten as a flavoring with meat and fish. Family ELAEAGNACEAE Genus ELAEAGNUS ELAEAGNUS PHILIPPENSIS Perr, AlingaRO. Local names: Alingdro (Rizal, Cavite, Batangas, La^na) ; hanaken (Batangas) ; kamagsd (Laguna) ; lingaro (Rizal); mala-imus (Negros). The fruit of this plant when ripe is sweet and edible. Elaeagnus philippensis is a shrubby vine with small, alter- nate leaves, which are pointed at both ends. The lower surfaces are thickly dotted with scales. The flowers are small and in- conspicuous. This species is distributed throughout the Philippines and is common in the northern provinces. Family SONNERATIACEAE Genus SONNERATIA SONNE RATI A ALBA Sm. Pedada. A description of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on mangrove swamps. The fruit is slightly acid, is used as an article of food, and also for making vinegar. Family COMBRETACEAE Genus TERMINALIA TERMINALIA CATAPPA L. TALfSAI. A description and figure of this species and its local names are given in the bulletin on resins, gums, and oils. The fruit is 3 to 6 centimeters long, somewhat flattened, ellip- soid in outline, prominently keeled along the sides, and contains an edible seed of good flavor. It is, however, difficult to extract the seed from the fruit. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 131 J.ViUn del. FIGURE 71. TERMINALIA EDULIS (KALUMPIT). 132 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES TERMINALIA EDULIS Blanco. (Fig. 71). KALUMPfx. Local names: Alupi, kalupe, kalupi, kalusit (Cagayan) ; anagep (Ilocos Sur) ; bdgu (Butuan) ; bdho (Palawan) ; balisdyiriy malagdbi (Mindoro) ; baraies (Palawan) ; basi (Nueva Ecija) ; bisal (Bulacan) ; dalinsi (Taya- bas, Laguna) ; disi (Nueva Vizcaya) ; gayumdhin (Zambales) ; gisit (Nueva VJzcaya) ; kalamansdnai (Rizal) ; kalautit (Nueva Vizcaya, Ilocos Sur, Benguet, Pangasinan, Cagayan) ; kalomdgon, kalomdnog or kalumdngon (Masbate, Samar, Camarines, Sorsogon) ; kalumpit (Mindoro, Zambales, Tarlac, Bulacan, Laguna, Masbate, Zamboanga, Bataan, Tayabas, Rizal, Cagayan, Camarines) ; kalupi, kalurig (Cagayan) ; kalusi, kalusit (Ilocos Sur, Cagayan) ; kamaris (Palawan) ; kayumayen (Zamboanga) ; kotmok (Camarines) ; magtalisai (Sorsogon, Masbate, Bisayas) ; sdkat (Laguna) ; sdket (Pangasinan) ; tako (Northern Luzon) ; talisai (Sulu) ; tangdl (Ca- marines) ; taya-tdya (Guimaras Island). The fruits are about 3 centimeters wide, smooth, dark red, fleshy, and acid, and should make a good preserve. Terminalia edulis is a tree reaching a height of about 35 meters and a diameter of about a meter. The leaves are from 6 to 15 centimeters in length, smooth, and pointed at both ends. The flowers are small, yellowish white, and are borne on slender spikes which grow from the axils of the leaves. This species is very common and widely distributed in the forests from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. It is not known to be cultivated except at the Lamao Experiment Station. Family MYRTACEAE Genus EUGENIA EUGENIA AHERNIANA C. B. Rob. TuL-ANAN. Local names: Hangos (Surigao) ; lusunan (Zamboanga); lakkdngan (Cagayan) ; magkono, sambonotan, tul-dnan (Samar) ; malabaydbas (La- guna) ; rukrukso (Cagayan). The fruits are rounded, about 2.5 centimeters in diameter, yellow, and edible. Eugenia aherniana is a tree reaching a height of about 20 meters and a diameter of about 45 centimeters. The leaves are opposite, smooth, oval, somewhat pointed at both ends, and from 6 to 12 centimeters in length. The flowers occur singly in clus- ters in the axils of the leaves, including those of the terminal and fallen leaves. They are white, fragrant, and about 1.5 cen- timeters in breadth. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. It is not in cultivation. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 133 FIGURE 72. EUGENIA CALUBCOB (KALUBKUB). X^. 134 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES EUGENIA AQUEA Burm. f. Tambis. Local names: MarabaydbaSy tambis (Samar). The fruits are edible. Eugenia aquea is a tree reaching a height of 30 meters and a diameter of about 70 centimeters. The leaves are smooth, pointed at both ends, and from 5 to 15 centimeters in length. This species is found in Samar. EUGENIA CALUBCOB C. B. Rob. (Fig. 72). Kalubkub. Local names: AddnQf andang (Isabela) ; balanga, kaupkup, tuoi (Min- doro) ; barabdk (Ilocos Sur, Union) ; kalogkog (Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Ta- yabas, Samar) ; kalubkub (Laguna, Rizal, Batangas, Tayabas) ; karokob (Camarines) ; kayokog, tampoi (Tayabas); kupkup (Pampanga) ; lambug (Agusan) ; makopa (Laguna) ; malaigangy tambis (Negros Occidental) ; malakopa (Laguna, Negros Occidental) ; malaruhat (Nueva Ecija, Min- doro) ; panglumboien (Isabela, Tarlac) ; tampoi, tamputi (Bulacan, Taya- bas). The fruits are 4 to 5 centimeters long, greenish, and edible, with a good flavor. Eugenia calubcob is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of about 90 centimeters. The leaves are oppo- site, smooth, pointed at the apex, and rounded or heart-shaped at the base. The petioles are short. The flowers are white, 3 to 4 centimeters in diameter, and! borne on compound inflores- cences with few to many flowers. This species is very common and widely distributed in the forests of the Philippines from the Batanes Islands to northern Mindanao. It is rarely cultivated. EUGENIA CUMINI (Linn.) Merr. (E. jambolana Lam.) DtJHAT. Local names: Duhat (Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga, Zambales, Ba- taan, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas, Mindoro, Negros, Cebu, Palawan) ; longboi (Cagayan, Abra, Ilocos Sur, Union) ; lumboi (Ilocos Norte, Bataan, Tarlac, Rizal, Pampanga, Camarines, Guimaras Island, Cebu). The fruit is oval or elliptical, dark purple or nearly black, 1.5 to 2 centimeters long, fleshy, and contains a single large seed. When fully ripe the flavor is very agreeable, somewhat like that of a cherry, but more astringent. Duhat makes a delicious fruit ice. This fruit is a favorite with the Filipinos. Eugenia cumini is a tree 4 to 15 meters in height. The leaves are opposite, smooth, shiny, leathery, and somewhat oval in shape. The flowers are pink or nearly white, and occur in con- DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 135 FIGURE 73. EUGENIA CURRANII (LIPOTE). Xi. 136 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES siderable numbers on compound inflorescences which are mostly below the leaves. This species is apparently introduced in the Philippines, but is common and widely distributed in open places and second- growth forests. It is one of the most numerous trees in the early stages of the invasion of grass areas by second-growth forests. EUGENIA CURRANII C. B. Rob. (Fig. 73). LiPOTE. Local name: Egot or igot (Samar) ; lipote (Laguna). The fruit is rather small, but edible. Eugenia curranii is a tree reaching a height of about 15 me- ters and a diameter of about 30 centimeters. The small branches are distinctly four-angled and more or less swollen at the nodes. The leaves are opposite, smooth, pointed at the apex, somewhat heart-shaped at the base, 20 to 25 centimeters in length, and 6 to 8 centimeters wide. The flowers are white, over 1.5 centimeters in width, and occur in clusters on the trunks and branches. This species has been reported only from Laguna and Samar. It is not cultivated. EUGENIA MANANQUIL Blanco. (Fig. 74). Manangkil. Local names: Ansa (Pangasinan) ; babd (Bontoc) ; bagabag (Pam- panga) ; bua.-bua, mungilkil (Mindoro) ; biingkulan, malaruhat ('Laguna); dambohdla (Cavite, Batangas) ; gorong-gong (Isabela) ; kagoko (Lanao, Leyte) ; kaguku, tambis, tartibi, lugis, kagukug (Cotabato) ; malahdgis (Sorsogon) ; malaigang (Negros) ; marabaydbas (Cagayan) ; midbidy yna- kadsim (Tayabas) ; modbod, mitbid (Camarines) ; mitbit (Davao) ; pang- longboien, kopakopa (Ilocos Sur) ; pasoso (Rizal) ; tangus (Agusan). The fruits are borne in large numbers, are about 4 centimeters long, ovoid, red, fleshy, acid, and of good flavor. Eugenia mananquil is a tree reaching a height of about 30 meters and a diameter of about 120 centimeters. The leaves are opposite, smooth, pointed at both ends, and from 6 to 12 cen- timeters in length or longer. The flowers are pink and yellowish white, fragrant, about 1.5 centimeters in diameter, and grow in clusters on the trunks and large branches. This species is very common and widely distributed in the forests of the Philippines from the northern part of Luzon to the Sulu Archipelago. EUGENIA POLYCEPHALOIDES C. B. Rob. Maigang. Local names: Bali'gdng (Camarines, Albay) ; balasugan, magialulong (Cagayan) ; igot (Samar) ; lipote (Laguna) ; lipute, pilduai ^Tayabas) ; maigdng (Leyte). The fruit is rounded, a little more than a centimeter in diam- eter, and has a color and flavor similar to that of the common DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 137 FIGURE 74. EUGENIA MANANQUIL (MANANGKIL). Xh 138 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES duhat {Eugenia cumini) , but is less sweet and juicy. It makes a delicious, tart jelly. Eugenia polycephaloides is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of about 90 centimeters. The small branches are four-angled. The leaves are opposite, smooth, pointed at the apex, somewhat heart-shaped at the base, and 12 to 20 centimeters or more in length. The flowers are white, fragrant, and borne in rather large clusters on compound in- florescences which occur below the leaves. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. It is not cultivated. EUGENIA XANTHOPHYLLA C. B. Rob. (Fig. 75). Malatampui. Local names: Apnig, lapinig (Sorsogon) ; balakbak, baloklok (Zambales) ; barakbdk (Ilocos Sur, Nueva Ecija) ; bislot, tampoi-gubat (Rizal) ; kayog- pog, kayokos, kayugkok, malayambo (Tayabas) ; malatampui (Negros Occi- dental) ; panglumbuyen (Pangasinan) ; tampoi or tampui (Mindoro). The fruits are about 2 or 2.5 centimeters in diameter, and edible. Eugenia xanthophylla is a tree reaching a height of about 20 meters and a diameter of about 50 centimeters. The leaves are opposite, smooth, pointed at both ends, and from 7 to 15 centi- meters or more in length. The flowers are white. This species is widely distributed in the forests of Luzon and the Visayan Islands. Genus PSIDIUM PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L. (Fig. 76). GuAVA OR Bayabas. Local names; Bayabas (Manila, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Cagayan, Abra, Bulacan, Union, Benguet, Bataan, Polillo, Mindoro, Cebu, Tayabas, Tarlac, Pampanga, Leyte) ; bay anas (Camarines) ; guava (Cagayan) ; guaydbas (Laguna, Bataan); guy abas (Bontoc). The fruit is rounded, 4 to 5 centimeters long, and is green, turning yellow when ripe. The outer covering is firm and en- closes a pink or nearly white, aromatic, edible pulp in which very numerous seeds are embedded. The fruit is a favorite with the Filipinos and is extensively used in the manufacture of jellies. Psidium guajava is a small tree reaching a height of about 8 meters. The branches are four-angled. The leaves are opposite, somewhat hairy, oval, and usually pointed at both ends. The flowers are white, showy, and borne in panicles of from one to three flowers. The petals are 1.5 to 2 centimeters in length. This species is very common and widely distributed in open places and second-growth forests in the lowlands throughout the Archipelago, and is also cultivated. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 139 FIGURE 75. EUGENIA XANTHOPHYLLA (MALATAMPUI). Xh 140 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Genus RHODOMYRTUS RHODOMYRTUS TOMENTOSA Hassk. The fruit is surrounded by a small pulp which is edible. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a shrub. The leaves are opposite, 3 to 7 centimeters in length, leathery, pointed at the base, rounded or slightly pointed at the tip, and with the under surfaces hairy. This species is found only in northern Luzon and the Babu- yanes Islands. Family ERICACEAE Genus VACCINIUM VACCINIUM MYRTOIDES (Blume) Miq. (Fig. 77). Local name: Gatmo (Benguet). The fruit is a blueberry very similar to the blueberries of America. It has an excellent taste and makes fine preserves and pies. VacciiiiMm myrtoides is a shrub. The leaves are alternate, leathery, 2 to 2.5 centimeters in length, pointed at the tip, and rounded or pointed at the base. The flowers are small, and whitish or purplish. This species is distributed from Luzon to Mindanao and is common in Benguet, Luzon. VACCINIUM WHITFORDII Merr. Katmo. Local names: Faf along (Bontoc) ; katmo (Benguet); lusong (Lepanto) ; parukapol (Neva Ecija). The fruits are produced singly in the axils of the leaves. They are small, black, juicy, subacid, sweet, and of good quality. Vaccinium whitfordii is a shrub or small tree 1 to 5 meters in height or taller. The leaves are about 1.5 centimeters in length and 5 millimeters wide. The flowers are small and red. This species is found in the northern part of Luzon, particu- larly in the Mountain Province, and also in Mindoro, Leyte, and Occidental Negros. It is not cultivated. Family MYRSINACEAE Genus ARDISIA ARDISIA BOISSIERI A. DC. Tagpo. Local names: Apiot (Agusan) ; kanai (Palawan); katagpo (Batangas) ; katatbum, pataktol (Pampanga) ; kolagpung-puld (Zambales) ; liputing- DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 141 FIGURE 76. PSIDIUM GUAJAVA (GUAVA OR BAYABAS). Xi. 142 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES guhaty vmlayambo, pingit (Tayabas) ; malaranum (Nueva Ecija) ; mulang (Cagayan) ; oksor (Ilocos Norte) ; tagpung-puld (Rizal) ; tagpo (Bulacan, Laguna) ; tukdl (Laguna). The flowers and fruits are cooked as a flavoring with fish. Ardisia boissieri is a small tree reaching a height of about 10 meters and a diameter of 15 centimeters. The leaves are alternate, rather slender, and pointed at both ends. The flowers are borne on compound, terminal or lateral inflorescences and are about a centimeter in length. They are white or pink, and fragrant. The stalks are about 3 centimeters long. The fruits are dark blue or purple, rounded, and less than a centimeter in diameter. This species is very common and is distributed from Luzon to Mindanao. Genus EMBELIA EMBELIA PHILIPPINENSIS A. DC. Local names: Binurok (Iloko) ; bisalak, bisudak (Igorot in Benguet) ; dekai-dekaiang (Bukidnon) ; palongpong (Iloko) ; pongpong (Igorot in Bontoc). The acid leaves are eaten with fish. Embelia philippinensis is a woody vine, the old stems of which are spiny. The leaves are alternate, leathery, smooth, and from 7 to 14 centimeters in length. The flowers are small, whitish, and occur in considerable numbers on compound inflorescences. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Family SAPOTACEAE Genus BASSIA BASSIA OBOVATI FOLIA Merr. Local name: Maniknik (Camarines). The fruit of this species resembles the chico {Achras sapota L.) but it is about twice as large, and has a light-colored skin, which is thin and rough. The flesh is like that of the chico in color, consistency and flavor ; while the seeds are also similar. Bassia obovatifolia is a tree about 20 meters in height. The leaves are leathery, rounded at the tip, pointed at the base, larger near the tip than near the base, 7 to 12 centimeters long, and 4 to 6.5 centimeters wide. This species has been reported only from Camarines. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 143 FIGURE 77. VACCINIUM MYRTOIDES. X§ 144 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Genus MIMUSOPS MIMUSOPS PARVI FOLIA R. Br. (Fig. 78). Bansalagin. Local names: Bansalagin (Tayabas, Masbate, Palawan, Mindoro, Cavite, Batangas, Camarines, Union, Ticao Island, Bataan, Cotabato, Zamboanga) ; bansaldgon (Sibuyan, Masbate, Negros) ; gatdsan (Nueva Ecija) ; gasdtan- muldto (Ilocos Sur) ; lingo-lingo, ligaydn, bansaldgin-mujer, uldyan (Zam- boanga) ; pagpdgan (Cagayan, Palaui Island) ; pappdgan (Cagayan) ; pd- sak (Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga) ; tagdtoi (Bulacan) ; talipopo (Culion). The fruit is oval, about 3 centimeters long, and reddish or yellowish. It has a firm outer covering, and contains a single seed surrounded by a fleshy, aromatic, edible pulp. Mimusops parvifolia is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of about 90 centimeters. The leavQ^s are alternate, smooth, pointed at both ends, and from 4 to 10 centi- meters in length. The flowers are rather small, white, and fragrant. The inner bark is red and contains a sticky, milky sap. This species is very common and widely distributed in the forests from^ northern Luzon to the southern limits of the Ar- chipelago. It is rarely cultivated. Genus PALAQUIUM PALAQUIUM PHILIPPENSE C. B. Rob. (Fig. 79). Malakmalak. Local names: Agds, alakd, manimparog (Mindoro) ; alakdak (Cavite, Rizal, Batangas, Laguna, Bataan, Tayabas, Mindoro, Pampanga) ; apaka- pokd, bitok (Isabela) ; arakd (Cagayan) ; baniti (Bataan) ; dulitan-taklo- ban, malaputat (Tayabas) ; malakmdlak (Zambales) ; malasaputi (Pam- panga) ; manogtalisai (Cagayan) ; ndto-puld (Albay) ; pakdran, palak-pdlak (Bataan, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Tarlac, Zambales). The fruit is oval, about 3 or 4 centimeters or more in length, contains a single seed, and is edible. Palaquium philippense is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of about 80 centimeters. The leaves are usually 16 centimeters or more in length. The lower surfaces are very striking, being velvety and russet colored. The flowers are about 1.5 centimeters in length, and are borne on long stalks in small clusters. The corolla is white, the calyx brown and velvety. This species is very common and widely distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. It is cultivated only at the Lamao Experiment Station. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 145 FIGURE 78. MIMUSOPS PARVIFOLIA (BANSALAGIN). Xh 169443 10 146 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES FIGURE 79. PALAQUIUM PHILIPPENSE (MALAKMALAK) . DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 147 FIGURE 80. DIOSPYROS DISCOLOR (KAMAGONG). Xh. 148 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Family EBENACEAE Genus DIOSPYROS DIOSPYROS DISCOLOR Willd. (Figs. 80, 81). Camagon * or Kamagong. Local names: Baling-agta (Cagayan) ; kamagong (Pangasinan, Zamba- les, Nueva Ecija, Manila, Cavite, Batangas, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay, Laguna, Sorsogon, Mindoro, Leyte, Dinagat Island, Surigao, Agusan) ; iiom-itdm, malasantol (Butuan) ; Human (Leyte) ; kamdya (Batanes Island) ; mabulo (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Union, Zambales, Pampanga, Ri- zal, Bataan, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Manila, Guimaras Island) ; tdlang (Rizal, Bataan, Pampanga). The fruits are large, rounded, fleshy, densely covered with brown hairs, and have a disagreeable odor. They contain a few rather large seeds. The fruits are edible and have a good flavor. Diospyros discolor is a tree reaching a height of about 25 to 32 meters and a diameter of 60 to 80 centimeters. The leaves are alternate, leathery, pointed at the apex, round or pointed at the base. The upper surface is green and shiny; the lower covered with soft, pale hairs. This species is common and widely distributed in the forests of the Philippines from Luzon to the southern limits of the Sulu Archipelago. It is frequently cultivated for its edible fruit, which is widely known as mabolo or mabulo. Family APOCYNACEAE Genus OCHROSIA OCHROSIA LITTORALIS Merr. Local names: Labusei (Sibutu Island); pakoidan (Cagayan). The fruits are united at the base, 2.5 to 4 centimeters long, and 1 to 1.5 centimeters in diameter. The outer part is fleshy and covers a stone containing edible seeds. Ochrosia littoralis is a tree 2 to 10 meters in height. The leaves occur in whorls of three or four, and are smooth, pointed at both ends, 6 to 8 centimeters long, and 2 to 2.5 centimeters wide ; the petioles 4 to 5 millimeters long or shorter. The flowers are yellow and have a slender, cylindrical corolla-tube, which is about 6 millimeters long. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to the southern part of the Sulu Archipelago. * The Spanish pronunciation and spelling of the native Kamagong. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 149 1 m ^ *'^^ I^H ^^^^^^.1 a'^^^^^H i^^^^^^^l^l ^^^^^^r7 Kiir^' -1 ■ij^^^^^^l^ '■■'^ ; ■■rS:^^S*fef!'r^^^"'"''^ ~ '" ., '*. . ^;^„:::v:' FIGURE 81. DIOSPYROS DISCOLOR (KAMAGONG). 150 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES OCHROSIA OPPOSITI FOLIA (Lam.) K. Sch. GiNLfN. Local name: Ginlin (Basilan). The fruit contains an edible seed. Ochrosia oppositifolia is a fairly large tree. The leaves are thick, pointed at the base, and abruptly pointed at the tip. This species has been reported only from Mindanao and Basilan. Family ASCLEPIADACEAE Genus T ELDS MA TELOSMA PROCUMBENS (Blanco) Merr. Local names: Dukep (Union); latok (Bataan). The immature fruits are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. Telosma procumbens is a somewhat woody vine with slender, rounded, slightly hairy branches. The leaves are 8 to 13 cen- timeters long and 3 to 8 centimeters wide, thin, slightly hairy on the lower veins, pointed at the tip ; the base rounded, straight or slightly heart-shaped. The flowers are greenish yellow, odor- less, and about 1.5 centimeters in length. The fruits are about 15 centimeters long and contain flat seeds which have many soft, white hairs. This species is widely distributed in thickets at low altitudes from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Family CONVOLVULACEAE Genus I PC MCE A IPOMOEA REPTANS Poir. Kangkong. Local names: Baldngbg (Abra, Ilocos Sur) ; galatgdt (Ilocos Norte) ; kangkong (Pangasinan, Bulacan, Pampanga, Bataan, Rizal, Manila, La- guna, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay, N. Mindoro) ; tangkong (Cagayan, S. Mindoro, Leyte, Cuyo Islands, Cotabato) ; tangkung (Zamboanga). The young leaves and stems are boiled and eaten as a vegetable. They have a slightly purgative effect. Ipomoea reptans is a smooth vine trailing on mud or floating on stagnant pools. The leaves have long petioles, are 7 to 14 centimeters in length, with a pointed tip, and a heart- or arrow- shaped base. The corolla is purple and white, about 5 centi- meters long, and about 5 centimeters in diameter. The capsules are ovoid and about 5 centimeters in length. This species is common and widely distributed throughout the Philippines. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 151 Family BORAGINACEAE Genus EHRETIA EHRETIA MICROPHYLLA Lam. KalamogA. Local names: Buntatai (Negros) ; cha (Cagayan, Bataan) ; chang-gubat (Laguna, Batangas) ; echd-ti-bdkir (Ilocos Sur) ; itsd (Ilocos Norte) ; kala- mogd (Tayabas) ; kalimumug (Cotabato) ; mara-mara (Ticao Island) ; maratid (Cagayan). The leaves of this plant are sometimes used locally as a sub- stitute for tea. Ehretia microphylla is an erect, much-branched shrub, 1 to 4 meters in height. The leaves occur in clusters on short branches. They are rough, 1 to 6 centimeters long, entire or somewhat toothed or lobed near the apex, v^ith a narrow base, and a short petiole. The corolla is white, and 5 millimeters long. The fruit is yellow, rounded, the outer part somewhat fleshy, the inner part stony. It contains four seeds. This species is common and widely distributed in thickets in the Philippines. Family VERBENACEAE Genus PREMNA PREMNA NAUSEOSA Blanco. Alagau-DAGAT. Local names: AlagdUy alagdu-ddgat (Tagalog) ; alagdu-blanco (Zam- boanga) ; aragdu (Davao) ; argdu (Negros). The leaves of this species are sometimes used as a substitute for those of Piper betle for chewing with the seeds of Areca catechu, Premna nauseosa is a shrub 1 to 4 meters in height. The leaves are opposite, smooth, somewhat oval, pointed at the tip, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, 7 to 14 centi- meters long, and 5 to 7 centimeters wide. The flowers are small, and greenish or greenish white. The fruit is rounded, dark purple, fleshy, and about 4 millimeters in diameter. This species is distributed along the seacoast throughout the Philippines. Family SOLANACEAE Genus CAPSICUM CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS L. SiLI OR CHILE PEPPER. Local names: Kasira (Cotabato) ; katumbal (Culion) ; ladd (Camarines) ; lard (Davao) ; sileng-botones (Cagayan) ; sileng-labuyo (Rizal, Cavite) ; 152 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES sili (Union, Bontoc, Mindoro, Batanes Islands, Batangas, Nueva Vizcaya, Balabak Island, Palawan). The fruit of the common form is red, oblong, and from 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters in length. It has a very sharp taste and is used as a condiment. Capsicum frutescens is an erect, branched, shrub-like herb 0.8 to 1.5 meters high. The leaves are pointed at the tip and 3 to 10 centimeters in length. The flov^ers occur singly or in clusters of a fev^ in the axils of the leaves. They are pale green or yellov^ish green, and from 8 to 9 millimeters in diameter. This species is a native of tropical America, but is now found in all tropical countries. It is occasionally found in waste places throughout the Philippines and is also commonly cultivated. Genus LYCOPERSICUM LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM Mill. ToMATO. Local names: Kamdtes (Bontoc, Benguet, Rizal, Camarines) ; kamdtes- bondok (Balabac Island). In the Philippines there is a naturalized form of the common tomato with fruits about 1 to 1.5 centimeters in diameter. Lycopersiciim esculentum is a coarse, hairy, annual herb, with alternate, compound leaves. The flowers are yellow, and 1 to 1.5 centimeters in length. The fruit is rounded, red, contains many seeds, and is edible. Genus SOLAN UM SOLANUM CUMINGII Dun. Talongt ALONG AN. Local names: Balbalosa (Camiguin Island) ; bal-bal-lusa (Union, Pan- gasinan) ; malvalusa (Cagayan) ; tabulak (Pangasinan) ; t along t along aii (Polillo, Marinduque) ; talungtalungan (Negros) ; talingtaling (Basilan) ; tarambolo (Bulacan). The fruit of this species is rounded, smooth, about 2.5 centi- meters in diameter, and green mottled with white, or yellow. The unripe fruit is cooked and eaten as a vegetable. Solamim cumingii is a spreading or ascending, somewhat branched, hairy herb 30 to 60 centimeters in height. The stems, petioles and leaves are armed with scattered, sharp, rather stout spines, which are 3 to 6 millimeters long. The leaves are alter- nate, somewhat pointed at the tip, inequilateral at the base, irreg- ularly lobed on the margins, and 4 to 12 centimeters in length. The flowers are violet or purplish, nearly 2 centimeters in diam- eter, and are borne in small numbers on small flowering branches which are in the axils of the leaves. This species is widely distributed in open, waste places in the Philippines. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 153 Family SCROPHULARIACEAE Genus LIMNOPHILA LIMNOPHILA ROXBURGHII G. Don. Kalaoo. Local name: Kalaoo (Camarines). This plant is aromatic and is used in cooking. It is also utilized to perfume the hair. Limnophila roxburghii is an herb reaching a height of about 50 centimeters. The leaves are opposite, pointed at both ends, usually widest near the base, have toothed margins, and are from 3 to 12 centimeters in length. The flowers are about a centimeter long, purplish, and occur in clusters on stems which are found in the axils of the leaves or terminate the leafy branches. This species is distributed from Luzon to Palawan. Family BIGNONIACEAE Genus OROXYLUM OROXYLUM INDICUM (L.) Vent. PiNGKAPiNGKAHAN. Local names: Ahang-dhang (Guimaras Island) ; balai-udk (Zamboanga) ; halilang-udk (Tagalog) ; barangdu (Abra, Ilocos Sur) ; kampilan, kakam- pilan, kamkampilan (Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Pangasinan) ; maidbaid (Cama- rines) ; ping gaping gdhan or pingkapingkdhan (Tagalog) ; tagbildu (Ta- galog). The unripe fruits of this species are cooked in a variety of ways and eaten as a vegetable. Oroxylum indicum is a small tree 4 to 12 meters in height. It has few or no branches. The leaves are 1.5 meters in length and 3- or 4-pinnate. The leaflets are numerous, pointed at the tip, and 5 to 15 centimeters long. The corolla is about 6 to 7 centimeters long, dark purple, and bell-shaped. The fruit is a capsule, up to 1 meter in length, about 8 centimeters wide, and 1 centimeter or less in thickness. The seeds, including the very thin wings, are up to 6 centimeters wide. This species is common and widely distributed from northern Luzon to Basilan. Family CUCURBITACEAF Genus MOMORDICA MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L. Ampalaya. Local names: Amargoso (Spanish-Filipino); saligum (Basilan); ampa- laya (Manila, Tayabas, Balabac Island) ; ampaleyd (Bataan) ; apalyd (Marinduque) ; maragoso (Surigao) ; parid (Camarines) ; pariam (Bontoc). The fruit is oblong, cylindrical, pointed at both ends, ribbed and wrinkled. The wild forms are from 2 to 3 centimeters in 154 WILD FOOD PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES length and the cultivated ones up to at least 25 centimeters in length. The fruits and young growth are boiled and eaten by the Filipinos with meat and other vegetables. Momordica charantia is an herbaceous, annual vine, climbing by tendrils which are up to 20 centimeters in length. It is nearly or quite smooth. The leaves are heart-shaped at the base, 2.5 to 10 centimeters in diameter, and cut nearly to the base into five or seven variously toothed and divided lobes. The flowers occur in the axils of the leaves on long stalks. They are yellow and about 12 millimeters long. This species grows in thickets and waste places throughout the Philippines, and is also extensively cultivated for its edible fruits. MOMORDICA COCHINCHINENSIS Spreng. Tabog-6k. Local names: Bayok-hayok (Mindoro) ; libds (Ilocos Sur) ; parog-pdrog- ti-nodng, parog-pdrog-ti-tdwo (Union) ; parug-pdrug (Cagayan) ; tabog-6k (Camarines). The young leafy shoots are cooked as a vegetable. The pulp of the fruit is also edible. Momordica cochinchinensis is a coarse vine reaching a length of 15 meters and climbing by means of tendrils. It is slightly hairy or nearly smooth. The leaves are 8 to 18 centimeters long, deeply three-lobed, or sometimes entire, the base heart-shaped. The petals are pale yellow, and from 3.5 to 4 centimeters long. The fruits are ovoid or somewhat rounded, 8 to 12 centimeters in diameter, yellow, and roughened with scattered tubercle-like spines. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Family COMPOSITAE Genus BIDENS BIDENS CHINENSIS Willd. Angguat. Local names: Anguar (Nueva Vizcaya) ; anggudt (Benguet) ; purpurikit (Ilocos Norte); tagob (Mindoro). The Igorots of Benguet mix this plant with half-boiled grains of rice in making rice wine, or tafei. Bidens chinensis is an herb about a meter in height, with yellow flowers and lobed, toothed leaves. This species is distributed from northern Luzon to Mindanao. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES 155 BIDENS PI LOS A L. PURIKET. Local names: Ang-ngudd (Benguet) ; dadayem (Batanes Islands); pu- riket (Bontoc, Union). This plant is used in making an Igorot wine called sinitsit. Bidens pilosa is an erect, branched, more or less hairy herb 0.2 to 1.5 meters in height. The leaves are up to 15 centimeters in length, the upper ones usually much smaller. They are once or twice pinnately divided. The flowering heads are about 8 millimeters long, the disc flowers brown or yellowish, the ray ones yellow or nearly white. The seeds are black, 1 to 1.5 cen- timeters long, with four projections at the apex. This species is very common and widely distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Genus EMILIA EMILIA SONCHIFOLIA (L.) DC. Tagulinau. Local names: Kipot-kipot (Sorsogon) ; marcilanana (Laguna) ; mulu- mustasa (Negros) ; tagulinas (Tayabas) ; tagulinau (Polillo, Manila) ; yayod-no-kangkdng (Batanes ) . This species is cooked and eaten as a vegetable. Emilia sonchifolia is an erect, smooth or slightly hairy plant, which is 10 to 40 centimeters in height. The leaves are some- what fleshy; the lower ones are lobed and 5 to 10 centimeters in length. The flowering heads are purple and 12 to 14 milli- meters long. This species is found from northern Luzon to Basilan in open grasslands and waste places. Genus SONCMUS SONCHUS OLERACEUS L. GagALANG. Local name: Gagalang (Benguet). This species is used as greens. According to Heyne,* it is cultivated in some parts of Java. Sonchus oleraceiis is an erect, annual, hairy or slightly glan- dular herb, 40 to 60 centimeters in height. The leaves are alternate, 10 to 20 centimeters long, and very coarsely lobed. The flower heads are about 1 centimeter long, and yellow. This species is found occasionally in disturbed or cultivated soil, especially in the Mountain Province. * Heyne, K., De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indie, Volume 4, page 254. INDEX. A Page. Abang-abang 153 Acorus calamus 30 Adang 134 Adonidia merrillii 30 Aduas 94 Agas 98, 144 Agas-as , 124 Agdang 110 Agho 68 Aglaia everettii 80, 81 Aglaia glomerata 80 Aglaia harmsiana 82, 83 Agusahis 27, 28 Agusais ,... 28 Aizoaceae 54 Alagau 151 Alagau-blanco 151 Alagau-dagat 151 Alaka 144 Alakaak ^... 144 Alangabun 88 Alauihau 94 Albangbang ^... 66 Albizzia lebbekoides 66, 67, 90 Alibang 66 Alibangbang 66, 69 Alinau 58 Alingaro 130 Alismaceae 24 Alla-allagat , 60 Allaeanthus glaber 40, 41 Allaeanthus luzonicus 40 Al-lagat 58 Alluloi 48 Almond 17 Alocasia macrorrhiza 31 Alogbati 56 Aloko 122 Alpai 106 Alpinia pyramidata ^ 37 Aluluan 32 Alupag 103, 104 Alupag-amo 104 Alupai ^ 104 Alupak 104 Alupi 132 Amai-it , 124 Amaranthaceae 52 Amaranthus viridis 52, 55 Amargoso 153 Amorphophallus campanulatus 31, 32, 33 Ampalaya ,... 153 Ampaleya 153 Ampelocissus martini.,.. 106 Amiigis , 94 Anabo 40 Anabun 88 Page. Anacardiaceae 90 Anacolosa luzoniensis 48, 50, 51, 52 Anagas 98, 100 Anagep , , 132 Anahau 30 Anakseng 110 Ananas comosus 34 Anangging-puti 94 Andang 134 Aneg 35 Angguat 154 Ang-nguad 155 Anguar 154 Anibong , 30 Aninguai 104 Annonaceae 58 Anopol 44 Ansa ^ - 136 Antidesma bunius 17, 86, 87, 89 Anto 31 Antol 124 Anubing-kadios 48 Anubing na nangka 48 Anupol 44 Apakapaka 144 Apalung 104 Apalya 153 Apas 44 Apiot 140 Apnig 138 Apocynaceae 148 Apong 31 Apulas 44 Apulid 28, 29 Apung r 110 Araceae 30 Aragau 151 Araka 144 Ardisia boissieri 140, 142 Areca caliso 30 Areca catechu 30. 38, 151 Areca ipot 30 Arenga ambong 30 Arenga pinnata 28, 30 Arenga tremula ,... 30 Argau 151 Aribu-bu 36 Ariuat 108 Arogbati 56 Artocarpus communis 40, 42, 43 Artocarpus elastica 40 Artocarpus integra 40, 43, 45 Artocarpus odoratissima 44, 46 Arupai 104 Arupog 104 Asclepiadaceae 150 Asis - - 44 Athyrium esculentum 19, 20, 21 157 158 INDEX Page. Atibulnak 64, 65 Atilang 100 Ausiman 54 Averrhoa bilimbi 72, 76 Averrhoa carambola 74, 76 Ayo 108 Ayupa^ 104 Baba Babayan Badiang Bagabag Bagambang Bagang Bagasantol Bagauak Bagiang Bagiod Bagli Bago Bagong Bagu Baho B^ino 136 40 ., — . 31 136 88 31 80 44 31 110 40 22 31 132 132 56 Bait 19, 104 Bakalau 104, 106 Bakau 114 Bakeles 104 Bakkalau 104 Balai-uak , 153 Balakbak 138 Balali ^ 118 Balanga 134 Balangog 150 Balasugan 136 Balaungan 63 Bal-bal-lusa 152 Balbalosa 152 Balebagun-gubat 110 Balibali 94 Bali'gang 136 Balilang-uak 153 Balimbing 74, 76 Balinibingan 106 Baling-agta 148 Balinkangin 104 i Balinsiagau 82 , Balisayin 132 ' Bah't 104, 110 Balituk 60 Bal-lai 38 Bal-liba 26 Ballok n^^ Balobayauak 116 i Balobo 109, 110 ! Baloklok , 138 Balongsaging 60 Balopo 110 Balsakan 110 Baluganos 60 Balukok ^ 110, 111 Balukut 118 Baluno 97, 98 Banaken 130 Banana, wild ,... 37 I Page. Bangkok 118 Baniakau 58 Banilad 114 Banitan 94 Baniti 122, 124 Bansalagin 144, 145 Bansalagin-mujer 144 Bansalagon , 144 Bauan 52 Baraies 132 Barakbak 138 Baralauik 60 Barafigau , 153 Barini 63 Bariuan 110, 112 Bariuatuat 108 Barobo 110 Basellaceae 56 Basella rubra... 56 Basi 88, 132 Basilalag , 110 Bassia obovalifolia 142 Bating 38 Batuan 118 Batukanag 82 Bauhinia malabarica 66, 68, 69 Baiino 98 Bayabas 138, 141 Bayabas-uak 60 Bayanti 80, 82 Bayauas 138 Bayit 19 Bayog 82 Bayok-bayok 154 Bayuko , 48 Bayuktuan 38 Bayyet 104 Begoniaceae 130 Begonia spp 130 Beno 56 Betel nut , 30 Biatiles 68 Bidens chinensis 154 Bidens pilosa r 155 Biga 31, 48 Biga-biga 31 Bignai 17, 86, 87, 89 Bignai-kalabau 86 Bignoniaceae 153 Bilis 124 Bilua 88 Biluan 88 Biluan-lalaki 88 Bilukau -- 118, 124 Bilunga r.- 88 Bing-ua 88 Binuga 88 Binukau •, 118, 120, 124 Binunga 88, 90, 91 Binungan 88 Binurok 142 Bira 31 Bisal 132 Bisalak 142 Bisik 82 Biskan H^ INDEX 159 Bislot .... Bisudak Bitanhol Bitaog Bitok Page. 138 142 124 118 144 Bitongol 124, 126 Boga 35 Bohokan 58 Belong 126 Bonga 114 Bo-o ^ 52 Boraginaceae 151 Breadfruit 40, 42, 43 Bromeliaceae 34 Bua-biia 136 Bubahan 82 Bubua 80 Bubunau 80 Bugalot 124 Bugnai 86 Bugnei 86 Buk-kalau 104 Bulagak 60 Bulala 106, 107 Bulog 80, 81 Buloi 35 Bumitan 94 Bunag 124 Buneg 122, 124 Bungkulan 136 Bunglas 114 Bungon 40 Bunguas 80 Bunnai 86 Bunog 124 Buntatai 151 Buniig , 124 Bunut 63 Buragris _.. 118 Buratu 48 Buri 28, 30 Burseraceae 78 Butoan-pula 60 Buyo 30 C Calamus 30 Calophyllum inophyllum 118 Camagon 148 Canarium luzonicum 17, 78 Canarium ovatum 78 Canarium williamsii 79, 80 Capparidaceae 60 Capparis horrida 60 Capparis micracantha 60, 62 Capsicum frutescens 151, 152 Caryota 30 Castafias „ 48 Castanopsis philippensis 38, 39 Cha 151 Chang-gubat 151 Chile pepper 151 Cicca acida 88, 89 Cinnamomum iners 60 Cinnamomum mindanaense 60 Cinnamon 60 Cinnamon, Mindanao ^ 60 Cipres Citrus hystrix Coconut Cocos nucifera Coix lachryma-jobi Compositae Conocephalus violaceue Convolvulaceae Corchorus olitorius Corypha elata Cubilia blancoi Cucurbitaceae Curcuma longa Cyathocalyx g'obosus Cycas circinalis 19, Cyperaceae Cyrtosperma merkusii 1) Dadayem Dagailo Dagingdingan Daiamiras Daligan Dalihan Page. 68 74 30 30 26 154 44 150 110 28, 30 100 153 37 57, 58 22,23 28 32 155 32 104 82 74 74 Dalinas 57, 58 Dalinsi 132 Damarau ,... 58 Dambohala 136 Damortis 70 Dampalit 54 Dao 90, 92, 93 Darahiro 32 Daraido 32 Darairo 32 Datiles 68, 110 Dauag 60 Dayap 78 Dekai-dekaiang 142 Demopa 104 Dilau 37 Dilleniaceae 116 Dillenia megalantha 116 Dillenia philippinensis 116, 117, 119 Dillenia reifferscheidia 118 Dingin 116 Dioscoreaceae ^ 35 Dioscorea divaricala 35, 36 Dioscorea esculenta 35 Dioscorea hispida 35 Dioscorea luzonensis 36 Dioscorea pentaphylla 36 Diospyros discolor 17, 147, 148, 149 Diplodiscus paniculatus 109, 110 Disi 132 Dracontomelum dao , 90, 92, 93, 94 Dracontomelum edule 94, 95 Duhat 17, 90, 134 Dukep 150 Dulitan-takloban 144 Duyan 35 E Echa-ti-bakir ^got Ehretia microphylla Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus philippensis . 151 136 151 130 130 160 INDEX Page. Elaeocarpaceae 108 Elaeocarpus calomala 108 Elatostema spp 48 Eleocharis dulcis 28, 29 Embelia philippinensis 142 Emilia sonchifolia 155 Enhalus acoroides 24 Ericaceae 140 Espada 26 Eugenia aherniana 132 Eugenia aquea 134 Eugenia calubcob , 133, 134 Eugenia cumini 17, 90, 134, 138 Eugenia curranii 135, 136 Eugenia mananquil 136, 137 Eugenia polycephaloides 136, 138 Eugenia xanthophylla 138, 139 Euphorbiaceae 86 Euphoria didyma 103, 104 Euphoria nephelioides 104 F Fafalong 140 Fagaceae 38 Ficus ulmifolia 44, 47 Flacourtiaceae 124 Flacourtia euphlebia 126 Flacourtia indica 126, 128 Flacourtia rukam 124, 126, 127 G Gabi 31 Gagalang I55 Galatgat 150 Galiang 31^ 32 Galluran , 74 Galo 48, 50, 51 Gamu 88 Gandus , 31 Garcinia binucao 118, 120 Garcinia dulcis 121, 122 Garcinia mindanaensis 122 Garcinia rubra 122, 123 Garcinia venulosa 124, 125 Garcinia vidalii ^... 124 Garulan 74 Gasatan-mulato 144 Gatasan , 122, 124, 125, 144 Gatmo 140 Gauai-gauai 24 Gayumahin 132 Ginabang 88 Ginlin 150 Gisau , 79, 80 Gisihan 104 Gisit 132 Gnetum gnemon 22, 24 Gnetum indicum „ ^ 24, 25 Gorong-gong 136 Gramineae 26 Grewia edulis 110, 111 Grewia eriocarpa , 110, 112 Grewia negrosensis 110 Grewia stylocarpa 110, 113, 114 Guava 17, 138, 141 Gulasiman 54 Page. Gumihan 40 Guttiferae 118 Guyabas 138 Gymnartocarpus woodii 48, 49 H Habas 90 Hagason 82 Hagupit 44 Hagusahis 28 Halauihau 94 Halubagat 60 Halubagat-baging , 60 Halubagat-kahoi 60 Halupag 104 Hanopol 44 Hangos 132 Haras 118 Hedyachras philippinensis 104 Helminthostachys zeylanica 19 Heterospathe elata 30 Hibiscus surattensis , 114 Hilalagat-saging 60 Himbaba-6 40 Hinalagak-saging 60 Hinlalagak 58 Huani 98 I fba 72, 88, 89 fgot 136 Ikmo 30 Ilang-ilang-gubat 58 lias 26 Init 66 Iniu 58 fpil 68 Ipil-ipil ,... 68, 71 Ipomoea reptans 150 Isip 86 Isis , 44, 47 Itom-itom 148 Itsa 151 Ituman 148 lyo 108 J Jantak ,... 114 Jerusalem 68 Jute 110 K Kabaero 68 Kabahero 68 Kabuyau 74 Kadiapa , 52 Kagatongan 82 Kagoko 136 Kaguku 136 Kagukug 136 Kakampilan 153 Kakao-kakao 106 Kalaboa 26 Kalabua ,... 26 Kalamansanai 124, 132 Kalamansito 78 INDEX 161 Page. Kalambugi 116 Kalamias 72 Kalamoga , 151 Kalaoo 153 Kalautit 132 Kalibambang 66 Kalimumug 151 Kalit 108 Kaliti 19 Kalitoitoi 114 Kalogkoj? 134 Kalokog , 124 Kalomagon 132 Kalomala 108 Kalomanog , 132 Kalubkub 133, 134 Kalumangon 132 Kalumpang ,. 114 Kalumpit 131, 132 Kalumpit-puli 110 Kalunai 52 Kalunga 124 Kalupai 104 Kalupe 132 Kalupi 132 Kalurig 132 Kalusi 132 Kalusit 132 Kalut 35 Kamachile 17, 70, 73 Kamagong 147, 148, 149 Kamagsa 130 Kamalitos 78 Kamamba 38 Kamandiis 122, 123 Kamangog 36 Kamangsi 118 Kamanitiis 122 Kamansi 40, 42, 43 Kamarag 90 Kamarak 90 Kamaris 132 Kamatamata 82 Kamatatalina 100 Kamates 152 Kamates-bondok 152 Kamaya , 148 Kambug 116 Kamias 72, 76 Kamlging 35 Kamiing 98 Kamiring 98 Kamkampilan ,... 153 Kampilan 153 Kamuling 110, 113 Kanai 140 Kandiis 122 Kandis 118 Kandongrisol 104 Kangkong 150 Kaniuing-puti 80 Kaniui-puti 82 Kanumai 118 Kaniipul , 44 Karaiap 80 169443 11 Page. Karamai 88 Karamiras 80 Karayo 106 Kariis ,... 122 Kariskis 66, 67, 68, 90 Karmai , 88 Karokob 134 Karote 35 Kasira 151 Kabuit 60 Katagpo 140 Katakut ,... 70 Kalapang 124 Kalatbum 140 Katmo 140 Katmon 116, 117, 118. 119 ICatmon-bayani 116 Katmon-kadlagan , 118 Katmon-kalabau 118 Katumbal 151 Katiirai 72 Katuri 124 Kaupkup 134 Kayapo 32 Kayog-pog 138 Kayokog 134 Kayokos 138 Kayos 35 Kayugkok , 138 Kayumayen 132 Kiapo 32 Kikkig 44 Kilitis 52 Kinubot 63 Kipot-kipot 155 Kirini 36 Kiroi 35 Kolagpung-pula 140 Kolonanas 72 Komkompilis r--- 68 Komontres 70 Kopakopa 136 Korot - 35 Kotmok 132 Krupuk 24 Kubamba 38 Kubili 100 Kukuris - 104 Kulilem 118 Kuling-manok — - 80 Kulitis 52, 55 Kulot 35 Kupkup --•• 134 Kuplas 44 Kutipi 58 Kuyo 38 L Labauel 88 Labuag 114 Labusei - 148 Lada 151 Lagaon 88 Lagau 88 162 INDEX Page. Lagiauat 66 Laguan ,... 106 Lagukanata 63 Laioan 88 Lakkangan 132 Lalamasali 124 Lambug 134 Lamio 94, 95 Lamon 24 Lanagon 126 Lanete 40 Langkauas 37 Langkuas 37 Lannu , 100 Lano 100 Lansium dubium 82, 84 Lanten-sapa 26 Lanting 26 Laniitan 58 Lanutan-puti 110 Lapinig 138 Lapnisan 110 Lapnit 114 Lara 151 Latauan , 58 Latok 150 Lauas ^ 56 Lauraceae 60 Leguminosae 66 Leucaena glauca , 68, 71 Libas 100, 102, 154 Libato , 56 Ligabon 88 Ligas 98, 99, 100 Ligayan ,... 144 Lima bean 70 Lima-lima 36 Limnophila roxburghii 153 Limoncito 78 Limoncitong-kastila 78 Linga-ling 56 Lingaro 130 Lingo-lingo 144 Lipote 135, 136 Lipute 136 Liputing-gubat 140 Livistona 30 Loiloi , 68 Loloan ^ 32 Longboi 134 Lotus 56 Lubas 100 Lubigan 30 Lubilubi 100 Lugis ,... 136 Lumbanau 80 Lumboi 134 Luiigakan , 88 Lupak 104 Lupigi 90 Lusong ,... 140 Lusunan 132 Luting 63 Lycopersicum esculentum , 152 M Page. Ma-asim 88 Mabolo 17 Mabulo 148 Macaranga tanarius 66, 88, 90, 91 Maganhop sa bukid 66 Magkono 132 Magtalisai 132 Magtalulong , 136 Maidbaid 153 Maigang 136 Makaasim , 136 Makadaeg 90 Makau 90 Makaya 110 Makopa ^ 134 Malabayabas 132 Malabiga 31 Malabignai , 48 Malaboho 114, 115 Malabokbok 48 Malabunga 88 Maladayap 60, 82 Malagabi 132 Malaganit ,... 66, 68 Malaghanip 66 Malaghanit 66 Malahagis 136 Malaigang 134, 136 Mala-imus 130 Malaiyau 90 Malakakao 60, 114 Malakanasi 82 Malakmalak 144, 146 Malakopa 134 Malambingan 40, 41 Malamputian 106 Malanangka 48, 49 Malanbanilad 114 Malapaho , 94 Malapangi 126 Malaranum 142 Malaruhat 184, 136 Malasaging 82, 100 Malasampalok 66 Malasantol 80, 148 Malasapiiti ,... 144 iMalatampui 138, 139 Malatapai 58 Malatumbaga 82, 83 Malayambo 138, 142 Malunggai 61, 62 Malvaceae 114 Malvaliisa 152 Mamakau 90 Mamata 104 Mamata-babae 82, 84 Mamogen , 60 Mamonak 82 Manalu 100, 101 Manangkil 136, 137 Mangala 124 Manggapole 94 Mangifera altissima 94, 96 Mangifera caesia 17,97,98 INDEX 163 Page. Mangifera odorata 98 Mango , 17 Maniknik 142 Manimparog 144 Maninila ^... 118 Manogtalisai 144 Marabayabas 134, 136 Maragoso , 153 Mara-mara 151 Marang 44, 46 Marangis 106 Marasiksik ,... 74 Maratia 151 Marcilanana 155 Mariu-bariu 24 Marutong 104 Matamata 80, 82, 104 Matang-ulang ,... 82 Matobato 48 Mayatbang 36 Meliaceae 80 Metroxylon rumphii 30 Metroxylon sagu 30 Mimusops parvifolia 144, 145 Mindang ,... 88 Minunga 88 Mitbid 136 Mitbit 136 Modbod 136 Moling-moling 110 Momordica charantia 153, 154 Moniordica cochinchinensis 154 Moraceae 40 Moringaceae 62 Moringa oleifera 61, 62 Mulumustasa 155 Muiigilkil 136 Muntingia calabura 110 Musaceae 37 Musa spp 37 Myrsinaceae 140 Myrtaceae 132 N Nami 35 Namo ^ 35 Namut 114 Nangka 40, 43. 45 Nato-pula 144 Nelumbium nelumbo 56 Nephelium lappaceum 105, 106 Nephelium mutabile 106, 107 Ngano ^... 114 Niog-niogan 100 Nipa 28 Nipa fruticans 30 Nymphaeaceae 56 Nymphaea pubescens 56 O Obieng Ochrosia littoralis Ochrosia oppositifolia.. Odling Oksor 124 148 150 82 142 Olacaceae Olasiman Oliva Olivo Oloi Oncosperma 60s Oroi Oroxylum indicum.. Ottelia alismoides.... Oxalidaceae Oxalis repens Page. 48 54 19 19 44 30 114 31 153 26 72 74 Pachyrrhizus erosus.. Pagiruga Pagpagan Paho Pahuhutan 70 86 144 94 , 94 Pahutan 94, 96 Pakan 98 Pakaran 144 Paket 36 Pakiling 44 Pakit 36 Pako 19, 20, 21 Pakoidan 148 Palak-palak 144 Palali 116, 118 Palanau 63 Palange 124 Palangi , 124 Palaquium philippense 144, 146 Palatangan 82 Palatangen 82 Palauan 31, 32 Pal-la 37 Pallaipat-baibai 24 Palmae 28 Palomaria 68, 118 Palongpong 142 Palutan 126 Pamamalien 116 Pamangkilon 31 Pangahutan 94 PaiTgan 114 Pangi 48, 126, 129 Pangium edule 126, 129, 130 Panglongboien 136 Panglumboien ^... 134 Panglumbuyen 138 Pangmanggaen 94 Pangungan 52 Pangyau ,.., 106 Panicum palmaefolium 27, 28 Panuto 104 Paoli 114 Pappagan -^144 Parda 70 Paria 153 Pariam 153 Parog-parog-ti-noang 154 Parog-parog-ti-tawo 154 Parug-parug 154 Parukapol 140 164 INDEX Page. Pasak 144 Pasau 110 Pasoso 136 Pataktol 140 Patani 70 PatliriK 110 Patugo 19 Pedada 130 Pedis 124 Peres 124 Peris 124 Phaseolus luna::us 70 Pichik 74 Pilai 64 , Pilauai 136 Pili 17, 78 Pilipili 82 Pinanga 30 Pineapple 34 Pinggapinggahan 153 Pingit 142 Pingkapingkahan 153 Pinit 63 Piperaceae 38 Piper betle 30, 38, 151 Piper umbellatum var. subpeltatum 38 Pins 124 Pistia stratiotes 32 Pithecolobium dulce 17, 70, 73 Pitogo 19, 23 Polypodiaceae 19 Pongpong 142 Porong 114 Portulacaceae 54 Portulaca oleracea ,... 54 Premna nauseosa 151 Psidium guajava 17, 138, 141 Pugapong 38 Puis 72 Pulau 56 Puled , 114 Pulit 114 Pungapung 31, 33 Pupugan 63 Puriket 155 Purpurikit 154 R Ragiang 31 Ragini 66 Rambutan 105, 106 Rattan 30 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa 140 Rosaceae 62 Rubus copelandii 62 Rubus ellipticus 63 Rubus elmeri 63 Rubus fraxinifolius 63 Rubus moluccanus 63, 64 Rubus niveus 64 Rubus pectinellus 64, 65 Rubus rolfei 64 Rubus rosaefolius 66 Rukrukso 132 Rutaceae 74 S Page. Sabnit 114 Sabutan-buaia 26 Sagittaria sagittifolia 24 Sago palm 30 Sahikan 54 Sakat 132 Saket 132 Salabagin 124 Salamungai 82 Saligum 153 Sallapugud 82 Salomagi 72 Salua-sua 62 Salumagi 72 Samak 88 Sambag , 72 Sambonotan 132 Sampalok 72. 75 Sampinit 63 Samuk , 88 Sana 56 Sanbag ,... 72 Sandoricum indicum 86 Sandoricum koetjape 17, 85, 86 San Pedro 68 Santa Elena 68 Santol 17, 85, 86 Santor 86 Sapang 36 Sapindaceae 100 Sapinit 63, 66, 114 Saplungan , 80, 82 Sapotaceae 142 Saripongpong 114 Sauang 19 Scrophulariaceae 153 Semecarpus cuneiformis 98, 99 Semecarpus gigantifolia 100, 101 Sesbania grandiflora 72 Sesuvium portulaoastrum 54 Sileng-botones 151 Sileng-labuyo 151 Sili 151, 152 Singkamas 70 Sinin-aba 31 Sirinate , 74 Solanaceae 151 Solanum cumingii 152 Solanum nigrum 98 Sonchus oleraceus 155 Sonneratia alba 130 Sonneratiaceae 130 Sosong-dalaga 110 Spathiphyllum commutatum 34 Spondias pinnata 100, 102 Sterculiaceae , 114 Sterculia foetida 114 Sterculia oblongata 114, 115 Sua*-sua' 78 Sugar palm 28, 30 Sulipa 48 Sulmin 82 Susukoyili 74 Susumbig 110 INDEX 165 Page. Susumbiik 114 Susumbik 114 Susung-biig , 114 Susung-damulag 58 Susung-kabayo 58 Susung-kalabau 58, 59, 60 T Tabas 100 Tabog-6k 154 Tabu 44 Tabulak 152 Tabuli , 48 Taccacoae 34 Tacca pinnatifida 34 Tadiang-kalabau 82 Tagatoi 144 Tagbilau 153 Tagimi , 44 Tagimunau 78 Tagob 154 Tagpo 140, 142 Tagpung-pula 142 Tagulinas 155 Tagulinau 155 Taingang-daga , 74 Taklang-anak 121, 122, 124 Tako 132 Talakatak 38 Talang 148 Taliang , 31 Talingtaling 152 Talipopo 144 Talisai , 130, 132 Talongtalongan 152 Talungtalungan 152 Tamarindus indica 72, 75 Tamauhan 82 Tambi 136 T^mbis 134, 136 Tampoi 134, 138 Tampoi-giibat 138 Tampui 138 Tamputi 134 Tangal , 132 Tangiling-bangohan 82 Tangkong 150 Tangkiing 150 Tangus ^ 136 Tapulau 58 Tarabang 26 Tarabtab 60, 62 Tarabtab-uak 60, 62 Tarambolo 152 Taraptap 62 Taya-taya 132 Telosma procumbens 150 Terminalia catappa 130 Terminalia edulis 131, 132 Tetrastigma harmandii 108 Tetrastigma loheri 108 Tibungau , 82 Page. Tige nga nagmanto 31 Tikog 24 Tiliaceae 110 Tinikan 62 Titau 63 Toddalia asiatica 77, 78 Tokod-banua 31 Tomato 152 Tongo 35 Topo 100 Trianthema poilu.acastrum 54 Triphasia trifoliata 78 Tugas-tugas 63 Tugi 35 Tukal 142 Tukod 19 Tukod-banuwa 19 Tukud-langit 31, 100 Tul-anan 82, 182 Tumatanud ,-•• 19 Tungkut-langit 19 Tungo 35 Tuoi , 134 II Uani 98 Ubag '. 36 Uban-iiban 82 Ubog , 35 tJbud 30 Ulasiman 54 Ulayan ,... 38, 104, 144 Ulisuman 54 tJos 114 Upling-giibat . - ,— 44 Upplas 44 Urticaceae 48 Usau 104, 105, 106 Uvaria purpurea 58 Uvaria rufa 58, 59 v Vaccinium myrtoides 140, 143 Vaccinium whitfordii 140 Vallisneria gigantea 26 Vanoverberghia sepulchrei 37, 38 Verbenaceae 151 Vitaceae 106 X Ximenia americana ^ 52, 53 Y Yabyaban 34 Yam 35 Yas , 28 Yayasi 44 Yayod-no-kangkang 155 Yu-pa , 48 Z Zingiberaceae 87 O D&TE DUE TO RENEW PHONE 764-1494 W^Y 1 5 1978 MAR 28 1930 UN: .^H. LidnARY "■HP 3 9015 05068 6800 Forestry SD 93 .A3 c. 2 '•lid food plants of the Phillipines. Bulletin n. 21