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ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE PARASITES
OF MAN AND Oe Be

BY A. E. “VERRILL.

In the following pages some species of parasites are added
to those enumerated in the last report, as found in the domes-
tic animals. Many additional facts have also been ascertained
concerning the habits and history of several of the species
previously described, and some of the more important of these
discoveries will be noticed here.

INTERNAL PARASITES OF MAN.

The name of the following species in the list, (Report for
1870, p. 170,) should be changed to the earlier one given by
Diesing. Bilharzia hematobia Cobbold, 1864, should be
Gyncecophorus hematobius Diesing, 1858.*

INTERNAL PARASITES OF CATTLE.

Ascaris lumbricoides Linn. Small intestine. This species,
which was accidentally omitted from the list (page 176) of the
last report, but mentioned on page 235, should be added. It
is regarded as perfectly identical with the common “ round-
worm” of man.

INTERNAL PARASITES OF THE HORSE.

The following species should be added to the list, (p. 177.)

Onchocerca reticulata Diesing. A small nematode worm,
resembling Zrichina, found in the muscles and tunics of the
arteries.

Pentastoma Settenit Diesing. edi in the eye.

INTERNAL PARASITES OF THE Hoe.
The names of the two following species should be changed.
Strongylus dentatus should be Sclerostomum dentatum Rud.
Sclerostomum pinguicola should be Stephanurus dentatus
Diesing.
* Revision der Myzhelminthen; Trematoden: Sitz. Akad. der Wissenschaf-

ten, 1858, p. 356.
21

322 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

INTERNAL PARASITES OF POULTRY.

The following species should be added to the list on page
179, Report for 1870.

CESTODES.

Tenia megalops Nitzsch. Intestine of ducks.

T. gracilis Rud. &“ “ee
T. trilineata Batsch. “ “« «
T. coronula Dujardin. “ “« &

T. echinococcus? A species allied to or identical with the com-
mon echinococcus has been found in the encysted state in the lungs of
the turkey.

TREMATODES.

Monostomum attenuatum Rud. Intestines and czecum of geese.
Distoma cuneatum Rud. In the oviduct of a pea-hen.

D. echiniferum La Val. Intestines of ducks, pigeons, &c.

D. armatum Molin. Intestines and cecum of hens.

NEMATODES.

Ascaris gibbosa Rud. Intestines of hens.

A. dispar Schrank. Intestines of geese.

A. vesicularis Frolich. Large intestines and cecum of hens, pea-
cock, and turkey. &

Filaria anatis Rud. Heart of ducks.

Sptroptera nasuta Rud. Crop of hens.

S. tricolor Diesing. Tubercles in crop of ducks.

Tricosomum brevicolle Rud. Intestines and cecum of geese and
ducks. :

T. longicolle Rud. Large intestine and cecum of hens, geese, &e.

TL. tenuisstmum Dies. Large intestine of pigeons.

Eustrongylus tubifexc. CXsophagus and crop, often in tubercles, in
ducks and various other aquatic birds.

Of those previously enumerated as found in ducks and geese, the
following have also been found in hens: Yenta malleus Goeze, WVoto-
cotyle triserialis Diesing (same as Monostomum triseriale), Distoma
ovatum Rud. Ascaris inflexa Rud. is found in the intestines of
‘ducks as well as hens.

PARASITES OF ANIMALS. 323

The Broad Tape-worm of Man, (Bothriocephalus latus Brem-
ser.) Report for 1870, p. 212.

It has been ascertained by Dr. Koch that this species lives
while in the young or larval state in running streams, attached
to stones, instead of being parasitic in some fish, as had been ~
previously supposed. Therefore we may expect that it will,
sooner or later, be introduced into the streams of our own
country, in regions settled by emigrants from those parts of
Europe infested by it; for the mature worm has often been
found in such emigrants in various parts of the United States.

Echinorhynchus gigas Goeze, (See Report for 1870, p. 220.)

This common intestinal worm of the hog, has attracted much
attention recently, on account of its remarkable structure
and mode of growth.

It has been ascertained by Mr. E. G. Balbiani,* that
although the development of the eggs commences before they
are laid, it soon ceases and can proceed only after the eggs
are discharged and fall to the moist earth or water; that
several months elapse in winter before the embryos hatch,
and the hatching may be delayed a year without destroying
the vitality of the embryo; and that the eggs will not hatch
in the intestine of the animal in which the adult worm re-
sides, but pass into the body of some other animal, where the
embryo passes through its first stages of growth.

Professor A. Schneiderf has traced its development and
history quite satisfactorily. According to his observations
the history is as follows: The ova of this worm are scattered
upon the ground by the pigs harboring the adult worms in
their intestines. They are then devoured by the larve of the
cockchafer beetle, (Melolontha vulgaris, allied to our “ May-
bugs,”) in which they develop. The ova burst in the

* Comptes-rendus, Vol. lxix, p. 1091, 1869.

t Sitzungsbericht der Oberhessischen Gesellschaft fiir Natur- und Heilkunde,
March, 1871. Also, translated in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
Vol. 7, p. 441. 1871.

324 : BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

stomachs of the beetle-larve, and the embryos thus liberated
penetrate by means of their boring spines through the intes-
tines into the body cavity of the larve; here they become
more developed, and finally reach the intestines of the pigs
when the latter devour the beetle-larve containing them, and
there grow to maturity. When the embryos have arrived
in the body cavity of the larve of Melolontha, they remain
for some days unaltered and capable of motion; they then
become rigid, acquire an oval form, and envelope themselves
in a finely cellular cyst, which is formed of the connective
tissue of the larva. The skin of the embryo, with its circlet
of spines at the anterior end, continues at first to be the skin
of the growing larva, and it is only at a later period, when
the formation of the hooks commences, that it is thrown off,
when it forms a second cystic envelope.

The beetle-larve infested with the young Hchinorhynchi live
on until their metamorphosis into cockchafers. As the thorax
of the cockchafer is sometimes eaten by man, we can under-
stand that the Hehinorhynchus gigas may also get into the
intestines of man. It has once been found in that situation
by Lambl. Professor Schneider also describes the develop-
ment and metamorphosis of the larva of the Hchinorhynchus,
with reference to its internal organization.

It is probable that in this country the eggs of this parasite
hatch in the larve of the May-bugs (Lachnosterna), and
goldsmith-beetles ( Catalpa lanigera), which are allied to the
cockchafer of Europe and have similar habits. These larve
are large, plump, whitish or yellowish grubs, usually darker
posteriorly, and furnished with three pairs of legs. They are
always abundant in manure heaps and in the soils of yards
and gardens, but are also found in fields and pastures, so that
there are abundant opportunities for them to get at the eggs
of the Hchinorhynchus, dropped by the pigs, and for them to
be devoured in their turn by the pigs.

PARASITES OF ANIMALS. ays,

The bronchial Strongylus of Horses and Cattle. (Strongylus
micrurus Mehlis.) See page 240, Report for 1870.

During the past year a serious outbreak of the disease
caused by this parasite occurred in Alleghany County, New
York, which caused the death of many calves and the serious
disease of all the cattle on the farm. Some of the worms
were sent to me for examination, by Thomas L. Harison, Esq.,
secretary of the New York State Agricultural Society. They
proved to be identical with this species, long known and
dreaded by the farmers of Kurope. Professor James Law,
who investigated this case, as well as two others of less im-
portance which occurred previously, has published a full and
interesting acount of them, in the Journal of the New York
State Agricultural Society, for July and August, 1871, from
which the following extracts have been made:

‘‘ T have been able to find no proof of the existence of this
disease among our sheep, and the only evidence of its exis-
tence in calves is derived from the particulars of three out-
breaks in different parts of New York, and about which I was
consulted.

The first of these took place in the autumn of 1869, among
the calves of Mr. Wood, Woodville, N. Y., and though one
or two had already died, the malady was easily controlled by
putting in practice the measures advised in this paper.

The second outbreak, which was only reported to me re-
cently, occurred on the farm of Mr. Sutton, Ovid, Seneca
county, N. Y. In this case four yearlings, fed during the
previous autumn on a sloping dry orchard, and watered from
a stream in a ravine close by, were attacked in March, 1870,
while confined to the yards and fed on clover hay, with water
from the stream. Two died in from six to ten days after the
seizure, a third remained in low condition and perished in
July, and the fourth recovered. On this same farnethe chick-
ens and turkeys perished last summer in great numbers from
the gapes, and squirrels have furnished specimens of bronchial

326 | BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

parasites. The third outbreak took place in July last, on the
farm of Mr. 8. P. Swift, Cuba, Alleghany county, N. Y. Nine-
teen calves were attacked, eleven of which had died at the time
of my visit, and all the cows on the farm coughed and looked
badly. The cows with which the malady probably originated,
erazed on a partially cleared field, full of stumps and brush,
and abounding in springs and marshy places. They were
driven home to milk along a road between the fields occupied
by the two lots of calves, and could easily interchange courte-
sies with them over the fences. Seventeen of the calves kept
in one field got water from a deep, enclosed well in the centre
of the field, while the remaining two never had water but
only milk. The calves lived, on an average, from nine to
fifteen days after they were attacked. Treatment, as recom-
mended, thoroughly destroyed the adult worms, as I failed to
find one in the bronchial ramifications of a calf examined
and which had been but twice fumigated, while in those that
died before the treatment I had prescribed had been put in
practice an abundance of worms were found. The yearlings
on the same farm, kept on a separate field and without any
means of communication with the cows or calves, escaped the
disease.

An incident which occurred while one of Mr. Swift’s calves
was being skinned, throws some doubt on the fatality being
due to the worms alone. A cat which licked some of the blood
died on the spot, and before the skin was separated from the
body; the body of this calf—the only one skinned—is
further said to have appeared much infiltrated with black
blood, which points to bloody murrain—charbon—as the imme-
diate cause of death in this case at least. A cow, too, had
suffered some time previously from an equivocal swelling on
the jaw, which burst and discharged an unhealthy sanious
liquid.

This complaint is probably much more frequent in calves in
this countgy than has been yet recognized, and with our con-
stant importations of English long-wooled sheep it will be a
marvel if we fail to import their pulmonary parasite.

In describing the disease it will be convenient to consider

PARASITES OF ANIMALS, 327

it under different heads, grouping together those animals
which harbor the same species of worm.

Verminous bronchitis in the ox, horse, ass, and mule.—The
same parasite attacks one and all of these animals. This is
the Strongylus micurus of Mehlis, a small, thread-like worm,
the male one and a half inches long, the female three inches.
The head is rounded, with no constriction or neck, the mouth
furnished with three chitinous papille, the cesophagus club-
shaped, the genital orifice of the female situated in the ante-
rior half of the body, and the tail pointed: the male has a
caudal pouch with five rays standing well apart. They were
noticed by Camper to be viviparous, but this must be qualified
by the statement that the female, after becoming imbedded in
the lung substance, or after being expelled by coughing, per-
ishes often with its oviducts still full of ova, and these gradu-
ally hatch out amidst the decomposing debris of the parent.

Development.—The development of the parasites has to be
considered as it takes place im and out of the body. Within
the body in the earlier stages of their life—that of ova and
embryos—the parasites are found imbedded in the substance
of the lung-tissue, mostly toward the margins of the lobules,
where they may live for indefinite but often long periods.
Baillet killed a lamb thirty-two days after he had administered
the embryos of a Strongylus filaria taken from the oviducts of
a female worm, and found the parasites rolled up into pellets
in minute semivitreous nodules in the posterior part of the
lungs, and varying in length from one-third to aline. It is prob-
able, therefore, that these lung-infesting strongyli may live for
many months encysted in the pulmonary tissue in this imperfect
condition. The appearance of the lung so affected is redder
than natural, and its surface feels rough and uneven by rea-
son of the numerous exudations around the embryo worms.
These nodules, which were long mistaken for miliary tuber-
cles, vary in size from that of a pin’s head to that of a barley
corn, while at certain points many will become accumulated
so as to cause uniform consolidation of lung-tissue to a con-
siderable extent. They vary, too, in consistency from a sim- ~°
ple semifluid mass to a hard calcareous shell. The soft and

328 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

semitransparent spherical nodules contain the younger worms,
often microscopic, and without sexual development, while
the larger and dark colored cysts contain worms of nearly
their full size, and furnished with sexual organs. Some of
the larger cysts are not spherical, but irregular in outline,
and these, on being opened, are found to contain the debris of
the parent worm with numerous ova and microscopic embryos,
mixed up with an abundance of pus cells, granular masses
and granules. At times, more or less of the worms approach-
ing maturity may be seen making their way through
the mucous membrane from the pulmonary cysts to the
bronchial tubes.

The second stage of their existence, and that in which they
are most injurious to their hosts, is that of the sexually ma-
ture parasite in the bronchial tubes. They may be found at
all points from the throat down the windpipe and through the
smallest ramifications of the air tubes, either singly imbed-
ded in the frothy mucous, or in large numbers rolled into
pellets, and it may be, completely obstructing the bronchial
tubes. The mucous membrane of these tubes is reddened,
softened, and inflamed, and the smaller tubes that have har-
bored the worms for some time are usually dilated much be-
yond their natural size. Many thousands of these worms of-
ten exist in the lungs of a single animal, and as one worm
will produce its thousands of eggs, capable of contaminating
a large herd, their presence in any particular stock ought not
to be lightly passed over.

Colin, who has investigated this subject very thoroughly,
says: ‘The strongyli of the calf remain in the vesicular tu-
mors a much shorter time than those of the sheep. They
are encysted and quiescent but for a short period and spend
most of their life in the bronchia, where they accumulate in
masses which intercept the passage of air through many of
these tubes and produce an intense dyspnoea, or even slow but
fatal asphyxia, the lung tissue meanwhile containing marked
traces of the passage of the parasite. There are cases where
the bronchia in the lungs of the calf are so invaded that the
lobules furthest from the larger bronchial tubes are denied

PARASITES OF ANIMALS. 329

the entrance of air. The strongyli accumulate in hundreds
in inextricable pellets which the air cannot traverse. Thus
these lobules appear to be hepatized.”’

“< The strongyli fill the bronchia of the calves’ lungs during
the first year, but they do not long obstr tet them; they die
and are eliminated at the end of a season.’

“‘ This is the mode of reproduction of these worms: The
females, twice as large as the males, have a long resistant ovi-
duct, sinuous and folded upon itself, containing, from its
depth to its terminal orifice, eggs in all phases of incubation.
At first they are scarcely recognizable ; afterwards are others
of which the yolk is divided into 2, 4, 8, or 16 spheres, and
whose surfaces are irregular, like that of a raspberry ; fur-
ther on, the eggs contain a curved immovable embryo; at
last an embryo in the form of the figure 8, in a loop, or in a
spiral, like the Trichina in its muscular cyst.”

“‘ Tt is not necessary that the female should remain alive
in order to the laying of the eggs; even when she dies the
expulsion of her progeny is assured. If she lays them in the
bronchia, the young ones are developed or expelled. If her
progeny must be preserved for a more propitious season, or
for another age of the animals which harbors them, she en-
closes herself in a tubercle in one of the air sacs, afterwards
dies and is transformed into a veritable bag of eggs, destined
to furnish, insensibly and for a long period, the contingent
which the living worm would have been able, in other cir-
cumstances, to render at one laying.”

“‘The two habitats of these worms thus coincide each with
one period of their life and with certain circumstances of their
reproduction. In the cyst they hatch successively with a cer-
tain slowness, remain small, asexual, and live surrounded
by the debris of their mother. Later, they develop in the
bronchia, become sexual, adult, copulate, and prepare, it may
be, for emigration externally, it may for a new (internal) re-
production in the lungs, during which they constitute numer-
ous reserves for all the period of the life of the mammifer, as
is a possible case, not for the calf, but for the sheep.”

¢ Out of the body of their host the life of these worms in water

830 ; BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

is thus described by Colin: ‘After the death of the mother its
body swells, its skin is torn off, and the oviducts float free, and
masses of eggs and myriads of embryos escaping disperse
themselves at the bottom of the water. I have watched for
eight days in succession the continuance of this hatching, the
little ones always showing the same vivacity alike in the
clearer parts of the water and in the vicinity of the detritus
from which they have sprung. Whilst a certain number died,
there still remained a prodigious quautity, soon, however, be-
coming mingled with infusoria developed in the liquid.”
“There are here two facts: the birth of the worms in the
dead body of their mother, and the external life of the little
ones, the cause and condition of the contagion. In effect,
the animals, of which the bronchia conceal the strongyli, re-
ject them under the influence of cough and the expectoration
of mucous charged with worms, which fall on the food, the
litter, upon the soil, or in the water drunk ; the mothers die,
but the eggs are-hatched, and the living brood wait till they
have the opportunity of entering the bodies of the animals.
It is, above all, in water that they are long preserved outside
the animal economy. I have watched them in pools of fresh
and stagnant water, the one destitute of vegetation, the
other penetrated with conferve or covered with lentiles, dead
leaves and divers debris. The adult worms died at the end
of some days. From their carcases the oviducts escaped,
carrying with them eggs in all stages of development. In-
cubation, already well advanced during life, is continued with-
out interruption. The embryos are expelled from the shell
and dispersed in the water during one, two, three, four, five,
or six weeks, according to the temperature and other condi-
tions of the liquid. The development takes place more
regularly in fresh water than in salt; in river than in spring
water ; in pools with lentiles and conferve than in pools ex-
posed and slimy. It was notably retarded, but not suspended,
in fetid water charged with carburetted and sulphuretted
hydrogen. These worms are so tenacious of life that their
evolution takes place in the customary manner, even in water
in which portions of the infested lungs have been macerated.

PARASITES OF ANIMALS. : ash

The septic element disengaged from these putrid fragments
retarded the development of the strongyli, but failed to arrest
it. And even if the experimental troughs contained a very
large amount of water, the strongyli disengaged themselves
in great numbers from the morsels of putrid lungs; and,
though reduced to a putrid pulp, the eggs could be seen
amidst this ready to open, and the young worms escaping
from their envelopes.”

“Tt is in fresh water that the worms are most readily devel-
oped, and live longest after leaving their natural habitat.
Water is a transition medium in which the worm which has
abandoned one animal can survive, waiting a favorable oppor-
tunity to enter another. In this medium the strongyli are
hatched and live for entire weeks and months without percep-
tible growth, that is to say, they preserve their primary mi-
croscopic proportions. They can there resist sudden changes
of temperature and the deleterious influence of putrid matters,
whilst they wait an occasion of entering with the aliments into
the body of a new host, in whose air passages they find the
conditions necessary to their assuming the attributes of sexu-
ality and reproducing their kind.

Causes.—These are, of course, primarily and mainly the
introduction of the embryo strongyli into the system, but
many other conditions may combine as accessory to the pres-
ervation and propagation of the worms. Thus, wet seasons,
by providing moisture or pools for the preservation of the em-
bryos, contribute to their wider diffusion. In keeping with
this we find the first record of the disease as existing in the
low wet grounds of Holland, and the two by Despallens as
occurring in the wet summers of 1795 and 1811. The same
holds good in England alike as regards the prevalence of the
‘disease in the low fenny counties, and in rainy seasons; and
these remarks apply to other animals as well as calves and
lambs. A donkey, from the low meadows at Hammersmith,
. London, rarely failed to yield a supply of the strongyli. And
in the present year, which has proved unusually cold and wet
in the British Isles, we are not surprised at the serious com-
plaints of the extraordinary death of pheasants from gapes.

332 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

The cows on Mr. Swift’s farm at Cuba, with which the dis-
ease probably originated, were pastured in a new field full of
stumps and brush, and abounding in springs and marshy
places. A second accessory is to be found in the youth of the
animals, the weakness of which and the abundance of secre-
tions from their mucous membranes predispose to this as to
other parasitic affections. | Weakness from ill health or old
age may be classed along with this. But, perhaps, the most
important of these accessory causes is feeding on contaminated
fields or fodder, or drinking from troughs or streams contain-
ing the worms. In the affected counties of England calves
and lambs are especially liable to suffer, if pastured on fields
previously eaten down with older stock. Overstocking has
also its evil influence, partly by reason of its weakening the
constitution of the animals, and partly by causing an extraor-
dinary accumulation of embryo strongyli in the pastures
and drink.

Symptoms.—The symptoms are esentially those of bron-
chitis, with this difference: that the examination of the mu-
cous coughed up shows the presence of the worms either soli-
tarily or rolled together into bundles. The symptoms, howev-
er, vary a good deal in different cases. There is, at first, only
a slight cough, rather hoarse and hacking, and repeated at
irregular intervals. The coat stares, the skin feels dry, ine-
lastic and unhealthy, and emaciation perceptibly advances
day by day. Sometimes the cough is not observed at first,
and these symptoms alone,or with some slight embarrassment
of breathing when exercised, are the sole manifestations.
Soon, however, the cough becomes more frequent and occurs
in paroxysms which threaten suffocation, and sometimes induce
it. The matters expelled by the nose and mouth are found,
on examination, to contain more or less of the worms, appear-
ing like pieces of stout white thread, one to three inches
long.

Often when the cough is less frequent, it is at the same
time soft and loose, or even wheezing rather than hoarse ;
the patient becomes daily weaker and more hide-bound, the
visible mucous membranes get pale, the eyes sunken, the ap-

PARASITES OF ANIMALS. 339

petite fails, the animal leaves its fellows and may be found in
a corner of the pasturage or under a tree, its skin covered
with vermin and flies, which it no longer has the vigor to
brush off. The patient finally dies in a state of extreme
weakness.

Worms in the bowels often form a serious complication,
though one too much overlooked. From the presence of
these arise indigestions, tympany (bloating), and above all,
diarrhoea, which rapidly exhaust the strength and hasten
death. .

The parasites found in the intestines of oxen in such cases
are chiefly: the Strongylus radiatus, in the small intestines,
and the Tricocephalus affinis and occasionally the Sclerosto-
mum hypostomum in the larger intestines. These are merely
the common parasites of the ox, which increase in direct ratio
with the debility and the improper condition of the aliments.
The same holds good in the horse and ass. In similar condi-
tions their small intestines contain the Ascaris megalocephala,
and their large intestines the Sclerostomum equinum, the 8.
tetracanthum and the Oxyuris curvula. To describe these
worms at length would unnecessarily extend this paper, and
serve no good purpose.

Duration.—In ordinary cases, calves will live two or three
months after being attacked, although the blocking up of the
windpipe or principal bronchial tubes by pellets of worms, —
or the accumulation in the lungs of ova and embryos to the
extent of causing a general inflammation, may at any time pre-
cipitate death. Mr. Swift’s calves died at periods of from
nine to fifteen days after they were noticed to be ill.’ * *

‘¢ Prevention—T wo indications present themselves as calcu-
lated to prevent this disease:—I1st. To prevent the worms
from gaining access to the system; and 2d. To bring the an-
- imal into a condition unfavorable to the development and
destructive work of the worms.

Under the first head might be mentioned many specific pre-
cautions: 1st. In localities where the parasite is known to
exist, lambs or calves should not be depastured on land recently

334 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

_ occupied by sheep or by older cattle or horses. Lambs may be
safely grazed after horses or cattle, or foals and calves after
sheep, but no young animal in such place should be allowed
to graze after any creature liable to harbor the specific para-
site, to whose attack its lungs are obnoxious. 2d. Overstock-
ing should be avoided. If the parasite is introduced on any
pasture, the facilities for its increase will be in exact propor-
tion to the number of animals present in whose lungs it can
attain full sexual development and reproduce its kind.
3d. Thorough drainage will go far to prevent wt. As the young
worms must live in water or in moist earth, the. facilities for
their preservation will be increased according to the springy
or marshy nature of the soil. 4th. Young stock must not be
allowed access to water coming from a field containing beasts
infested with itsown pulmonary parasite. Sth. Pastures or water
in which any particular pulmonary parasite has gained a footing
should be denied to all animals known to harbor that particu-
lar parasite, or still better, the soil may be torn up with the
plough and subjected to a rotation of other crops until time
has been allowed for the destruction of the germs. 6th. No
affected or suspected animal should be placed with others, nor
in their pastures, until time has been allowed and measures
taken to rid it of the unwelcome visitant. 7th. Feeding young
animals on grass wet with dew, or on clover or other such
fodder as affords by its abundant moisture a suitable nidus for
the young worms, is to be avoided. 8th. Carcases of those
dying of the affection should be deeply buried.

The testimony of English farmers is strongly against second
crop grass, and above all, clover which has been fed off with
sheep or beef cattle, as the case may be, in the spring; and
that eminent Prussian breeder, Baron Von Nathunsius, Hun-
disburg, Magdeburg, asserts that though the /ilarza in lambs
was formerly very frequent and pernicious in his neighbor-
hood, he has not observed it for twenty years, since they took
to feeding the lambs in sheds, on hay and roots, during the
wet season.

Under the second head, that of enabling the animal to resist
the worms and their effects, may be mentioned: Ist. The

PARASITES OF ANIMALS. 335

importance of good feeding; and, 2d. The value of a free
supply of salt. Most English flock-masters speak of the ne-
cessity of keeping the lambs in good condition, partly with
the view of enabling them to prevent the worms from effect-
ing a lodgment in their bodies, but mainly to enable them
to survive the depressing effects attendant on the presence of
the parasite. One man finds that the fatality of the disease
diminishes very materially where his lambs are fed roots; an-
other lauds oil-cake as being nearly a preventive, and a third
saves most of his lambs by feeding well after weaning. The
disease is found to be quite as prevalent in wet seasons as in
dry ones, if not more so, but the mortality always increases
with the dryness, and the lack of nutrient food. The use of
salt is based on the fact elucidated by Dr. Crisp and others,
that contact with a solution of this agent is promptly fatal to
the young worms.

Remedial Treatment.—This resolves itself into: 1st. Sup-
porting the strength of the animal; 2d. Destroying the in-
testinal and pulmonary parasites; and 3d. Combating pneu-
monia or any other complication which may supervene. At-
tention must, of course, be given to prevent the access of
more parasites to the system by partaking of contaminated
food, water, or mingling with diseased flocks or herds.

To support the strength, the patients must be liberally fed
on oil-cake, rape-cake, roots, corn, oats, beans, or other sound
nutritious diet, to which may be added a mixture, in equal
parts, of powdered sulphate of iron, gentian, and ginger, in
the proportion of four ounces of the mixture to every ten
calves, daily—lambs may take two ounces to the same num-
ber, daily, at three months old.

To destroy the intestinal parasites, common table salt may
be given to lambs in doses of a teaspoonful every other morn-
ing, dissolved in water, and to calves in doses of three tea-
spoonfuls. Oil of turpentine is perhaps, more efficient, and
may be given to strong three months lambs in doses of two
teaspoonfuls, or to calves of the same age in doses of a table-
spoonful, well shaken up in milk. These doses should be
given in the morning fasting, and repeated the third day.

3826 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

To dispose of the lung parasites is a more difficult matter,
not because the worm is less easily killed, but because the
young worms and, above all, the ova encysted in the substance
of the lungs cannot be reached. The worms living free in
the windpipe and bronchia may be readily destroyed by caus-
ing the affected animal to inhale sulphurous acid or chlorine
gas. The agent first named is preferable as being less irrita-
ting than chlorine, as exercising, indeed, when sufficiently
diluted in air, a soothing and antiphlogistic action on the in-
flamed bronchial mucous membrane. It is best administered
by burning flowers of sulphur in a close house, but into which
air can be readily and freely admitted in case of need, and in
which both the patient and administrator are enclosed. It is
commonly advised to throw sulphur on hot coals, but, as the
latter give off carbonic acid and render the air unwholesome, I
have adopted the plan of twisting up a small piece of soft
paper into a cone, putting into this a pinch of sulphur and
burning it, holding meanwhile by the twisted point of the cone.
The sulphur fumes are to be evolved in this way until the air
of the apartment is impregnated as strongly as the adminis-
trator and his patient can bear without violent coughing.
Breathing of the sulphur fumes should be kept up for half an
hour or as long as the air of the building remains impregna-
ted with it, and should be repeated at least three days in suc-
cession. At the end of a week, should the patient survive,
the smoking should be repeated to destroy the parasites which
have been hatched in the interval. The same process may
have to be repeated once more, though if the ova in the lungs
are so numerous as to endanger life after this, the inflamma-
tion caused by their presence will probably speedily cut. off
the patient.

Chlorine gas may be set free by mixing in a cup or saucer
common salt, peroxide of manganese, and sulphuric acid. It
is equally efficient with sulphur smoke, but much more irrita-
ting and to be used with greater care. Indeed, this matter
of smoking by either agent should only be trusted to the most
careful and intelligent persons, otherwise serious accidents
may ensue. |

PARASITES OF ANIMALS. 337

In the worst cases the accumulation of worms and ova in
the lung tissue produces an extensive inflammation of these
organs and renders all treatment unavailing. This has been
treated by blistering, wine, &c., but rarely with any measure
of success.”’

The Strongylus of the Hog’s Intestines, (Sclerostomum denta-
tum Rud.) See p. 241, Report for 1870.

In the last report this species was erroneously described as
a true Strongylus, owing to the probable occurrence of two
different but related species in the hog’s intestine, one of
which is probably a true Strongylus and the other a Selerosto-
mum. The original species described by Rudolphi appears
however to belong to the genus Sclerostomum. According to
Diesing, it had the following characteristics, some of which
differ from the description given in the report for 1869.

Head truncate ; border of the mouth with ten or twelve
small recurved teeth. Body straight, tapering to’ both ends.
Bursa of the male three-lobed, the intermediate lobe smaller;
rays three, undivided. Caudal extremity of the female
straight, subulate, the genital aperture above the apex of the
tail. Length of the male, 5 or 6 lines; of the female, 6 to 7
lines; diameter one-fourth of a line.

The ‘‘Kidney-worm” or “ Lard-worm” of the Hog. (Stephan-
urus dentatus Diesing, or Sclerostoma pinguicola V.
Report for 1870, p. 248.)

Since the publication of the last report much additional
information has been obtained concerning this destructive
parasite, which proves to be one of the most abundant and
widely diffused of all those infesting domestic animals. It is
also probable that it annually causes greater pecuniary loss
than any other parasite.

Soon after the publication of my description of this worm
in the last report, and also in the American Journal of Science,
my attention was called to several other cases in New England.
In one of these, numerous large specimens were found in the
leaflard of a pig raised in Litchfield county, in this state.

338 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

These occupied large irregular cavities or cysts, sometimes an
inch long, containing a considerable amount of dark colored
and disagreeable matter, like pus, in which niany eggs were
also found. In some of the cavities two or three worms oc-
curred together, in others but one. This pig had been dressed
and sold in New Haven as sound and healthy. By an exam-
ination of these fresh specimens and others I have been able to
determine the form and structure of the worm more precisely
than could be done with the badly preserved specimens origi-
nally described. Soon afterwards I received drawings and
specimens of the same parasite from Dr. Wm. B. Fletcher, of
Indianapolis, Ind., who had also sent specimens to Dr. Cob-
bold, with information concerning its habits. Dr. Cobbold
identified the worm with the species described by Diesing*
from specimens obtained by Natterer in Brazil in a Chinese
variety of the hog. He also published an article on the sub-
ject in the Britesh Medical Journal, and in “ Nature,” Jan.
26, 1871, calling attention to its importance. I have also
satisfied myself that this identification is correct, on examina-
tion of the perfect specimens referred to above, although
Diesing’s description does not apply in all respects to the
specimens which I have examined. Dr. Cobbold errs, how-
ever, in supposing that this species has been entirely over-
looked in this country up to this time, for in 1858, Dr. J. C.
White+ noticed the occurrence of the same worm (which
he referred doubtfully to Stephanurus dentatus,) in the leaf-
lard of a hog. It appears to have been well known to
pork producers for a long time under the name of “ kidney
worm.” Dr. Cobbold has published another more lengthy ar-
ticle on the same subject in Mature, Oct. 1871, p. 508, in
which he translates Diesing’s original description and gives
interesting facts received from Dr. Fletcher concerning its
habits and injurious effects in this country. He also records
its discovery in Australian hogs by Dr. Morris.

*Systema Helminthum, Vol. ii, p. 296, 1851. Also in Annalen des Wiener
Museums, ii, p. 232, Tab. xv. (anatomy), 1839.

+Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. vi, p. 428.
t Monthly Microscopic Journal, Noy. 1871, p. 248.

PARASITES OF ANIMALS. 339

Dr. Fletcher had, however, already published an interest-
ing and important article on the same parasite in the Ameri-
can Journal of Science, June, 1871, p. 485, from which the
following extract has been taken:

“This worm was brought to me in 1866, by a farmer whose
hogs were dying of cholera. He had removed the lungs of
several, and also cut out fragments of the liver, all of which
were spotted over with little cysts containing the worms; in
the bronchial tubes down to the minutest branches, they were
found in abundance and in situations where no one could have
placed them.

With these specimens my conclusion was that they were the
Filaria bronchialis of Owen, or Strongylus bronchialis of Cob-
bold, and not having at this time made microscropic exami-
nations of our well known kidney-worm, the relationship be-
tween them did not occur to me at that time.

In November, 1870, while demonstrating the portal circula-
tion in the liver of a pig, full grown, I observed a worm which
measured an inch and a half in length, and in all respects
resembled the kidney-worm, and also reminded me of the
worms | had examined five years before. Upon further dis-
section of the liver I found the worms not only free in the
portal veins, but in cysts in various portions of the organ ; also
some were found in freshly cut holes, directly across the he-
patic lobules. The gall-bladder was distended with a dirty
yellowish fluid, the consistency of soft boiled eggs, and although
no worms were found, yet the ova were abundant, as they also
were in the fluid of the cysts.

Being convinced that the worm formerly examined in the
lungs was the same as the worm now found in this new local-
ity, and finding it oviparous, I gave up my opinion as to its
being a Filaria bronchialis.

From the date of this discovery, I frequented the slaughter
houses and pork-packing establishments, and found the worm
in most instances in the pelvis of the kidney, or in cysts in
the fat around them. Four times I have found the worm in
the bronchial tubes, twice in the hepatic vein and the right

side of the heart; also in cysts throughout the fatty parts of
the animal.

340 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Frequently, when no worms were discovered, the eggs were
abundant in the thick mucus-looking fluid in the pelvis of
the kidney. This fluid contained, besides eggs, desquamated
renal tubules, or casts and oily granules.

In no instance have I found worms in an immature state,
which shows that the eggs, in all probability, go through some
other host before they enter the swine, to become sexually
mature.*

The symptoms in hogs, which are referred to the ‘‘ kidney-
worm,” are due to a paralysis of motion in the hind legs;
the hog draws the hind quarters along the ground from place
to place in search of his food, although it is by no means
proven that the worm is the real cause, unless we be able to
‘demonstrate its existence in some cerebro-spinal center, or
some point more likely to destroy the reflex power in the cord
itself.

Structure.—The head and oral cavity are alike in male and
female. The oral cavity is rather oval than round, and is
surrounded by a hexagonal frame, each corner having a pa-
pilla and hooklet, while each side is armed with six serrate —
teeth.

Looking into the oral cavity, it is funnel-shaped, having
three openings at the back, one of which connects directly
with the cesophagus, while the others appear to connect with
the water vessels.. |

The intestine is long and contains some pigment granules,
arranged in dentritic forms, throughout its length ; the whole
is thrown into convolutions, and gives an almost black ap-
pearance to the worm, except when the white oviducts dis-
tended with eggs, or the seminal vessels of the male are
folded over the intestine, when it has a white, mottled
appearance.

The caudal extremity of the female is spindle-shaped, but
has two little burse higher up. In the male it is formed by
three-lobed burs, above which are two well developed flexi-
ble spicula.”’

*It is quite as probable that they may hatch in water, and thus enter the hog’s
stomach with its drink.—y.

PARASITES OF ANIMALS. 341

I may add that in fresh or well preserved specimens the
caudal extremity of the male terminates in three conical,
obtuse papille, from the midst of which the slender, curved
male organ often projects ; these papilla are nearly enclosed by
the “‘ bursa,”’ which is close to the end of the body. When
spread out and seen from behind this has a somewhat rec-
tangular form, being broadest laterally, each of the lateral
expansions consisting of two small lobes united together to
near their ends, while the intermediate odd lobe is shorter
and scarcely prominent. Or the bursa, instead of being
called five-lobed, as described by Diesing, might, with equal
propriety, be described as consisting of two larger, bilobed
lateral lobes, and a smaller intermediate lobe which is closely
united to them. The caudal end of the female is blunt, sud-
denly narrowing to a small, obtuse papilla-like tip, which is
placed excentrically ; a short distance in advance of the end
are two small, rounded, vesicle-like, lateral prominences.
The dark, chitinous ring around the mouth is finely denticu-
lated along its edge, and usually bears six stronger teeth, two
of which, on opposite sides, are usually larger and stouter
than the others, but not invariably so ; sometimes, especially
in the larger females, they are more than twice as large as
the rest. In some specimens I also observed two opposite pa-
pille near the mouth, from each of which a minute, short,
slender spine projected. The anterior end of the female is
more obtuse than that of the male. The largest females
from the Litchfield county pig were 1.75 inches long and .08
to .10 of an inch in diameter. The largest males were 1.35
long and .06 thick.

Dr. Fletcher writes that he believes that this parasite causes
greater pecuniary loss than any other known. He has found
it in nine out of ten hogs examined. He also suspects that
it may be the cause of the hog cholera.

Some experiments undertaken by me to trace its history
and development have not as yet thrown any light upon the
subject. We are still in complete ignorance concerning the
circumstances under which the eggs hatch and the abode of
the young worms. Until such information can be obtained

342 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

no reliable advice can be given as to the modes in which the
spreading of the disease can be best prevented. It is most
probable, however, that the eggs are hatched in water or
moist earth,and that the young worms are swallowed directly
by the hogs while drinking.

Although this parasite probably does not live in the human
body in any stage of its growth, there can be no doubt but
that the pork and lard from hogs infested by them must be
unwholesome. That such diseased pork is constantly sold in
our markets is certain.

The Human Bot-fly (Dermatobia noxialis ?).

In the last report, (page 95), it was mentioned that a
species of bot-fly lives in the larval state beneath the human
skin, forming painful tumors. But such instances had been
observed only in the tropical parts of Central and South
America. It is, therefore, of interest to record a similar case
in the United States. In this instance, a young woman,
twenty-two years old, residing at Meridian, Mississippi, was
the victim of the insect. The larve, developed from eggs
deposited in the skin by the fly, caused great irritation and
pain in the sub-cutaneous tissues, resulting in large abscesses,
from which the mature larve ital escaped.

I am indebted to Dr. Wm. B. Fletcher, of Indianapolis,
Ind., for a specimen of the larve of the insect which was
taken from this patient and sent to him by Dr. Jas Hughes,
who treated the case. Whether it be identical with the South
American species cannot be determined from the larve alone.

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