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ADDRESS

ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

N.Y. SPATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

ALBANY, FEBRUARY 13, 1867.

By JOHN STANTON GOULD, Pres’t.

ALBANY :
. PRINTED BY VAN BENTHUYSEN & SONS.
1867.

my Uk

=
~-

Spee

ADDRESS.

Gentlemen of the State Agricultural Society:

The period has now arrived when I am to lay
down the cases and responsibilities of the presi-
dency, and to render to you an account of my
stewartship.

I do not know whether it is in compliance
with law or with custom, that the President of
the Society is expected to deliver an address on
leaving the chair. But I can see that there is
an inherent propriety, and I may even say there
is a necessity that he should do so. No man can
spend a year in the service of the Society, watch-
ing over all its manifold relations to the great
interests of agriculture, without learning many
things, which ought to be the common property
of his successors. He finds many of the plans
for the improvement of agriculture, which have

been adopted by his predecessors, are well adapt-

4

ed in their practical working to accomplish the
objects which their proposers had in view. Other
plans fail to accomplish the intentions of their
authors, and others, instead of promoting, actually
prevent the advance of agricultural improve-
ment. These observations should certainly be
communicated to his successors in office, and
there seems no time or place so well fitted for
the transmission of this information as when he

resigns the chair to his successor.

OBJECT OF THE ADDRESS.

It will then be my purpose, this evening, to
point out briefly those parts of the machinery of
the society which my experience has led me to
believe are beneficent in their action, and those

which can be usefully altered or improved.

NECESSITY FOR THE SOCIETY.

My convictions of the absolute necessity of such
an organization as the New York State Agricul-
tural Society, for the interest of the farmers of
the State, have always been very strong; but
strong as they were, they have been very greatly
intensified by the practical inlook which I have
been compelled to take of its relations to agri-

culture during the past year.

5

VALUATION OF FARMS, STOCK AND TOOLS.

T estimate, at the lowest valuation that I can
possibly make, the value of the farms, live stock
and agricultural implements in the State, at
seven hundred and twenty-five millions of dol-
lars; and if any one should estimate them at one
thousand millions of dollars, he would probably

be nearer to the mark than I am.

ANNAUL VALUE OF FARM PRODUCTS.

The annual value of the products of these
farms cannot, as I think, fail short of one hun-

dred and sixty-five millions of dollars.

PROFITS OF AGRICULTURE.

From the best information I can obtain from
different counties in the State, I believe that we
cannot assume a higher per centage of profit on
the agricultural investment of the State than
three per cent; very many of our most acute
and observing farmers believe that the average
profit of agriculture is only two per cent.

At the very highest estimate then, the annual
profits of the farmers of New York fall short of
twenty-two millions of dollars. The annual cost
of the production of crops in New York is about
$144,000,000. Without very greatly increasing

6

this amount which represents taxes, insurance,

wages, mechanics’ and merchants’ bills, the pro-

fits of the farmers ought to be at least doubled.
AVERAGE PRODUCTION, 1865.

The average production of wheat to the acre
in the State of New York is 7.07 bushels of
spring wheat, and 13.36 bushels of winter wheat ;
of rye, 10.17 bushels; of oats, 17.16 bushels; of
barley, 16.27 bushels; of corn, 28.44 bushels ;
of potatoes, 98.86 bushels; of hay, 0.91 tons.
That this rate of production is far below the
actual capacity of the soil—that the cause of the
failure is in the farmer himself—is made clear by

the actual results obtained by our best cultivators.

GEO. GEDDES’ AVERAGE PRODUCTION.

Hon. Gro. Guppxs, well known to this society
as one of its ex-presidents, has kindly furnished
me with the average crops for three years raised
by his son, James Grpprs, and six of his nearest
neighbors. The crop of winter wheat was about
26 bushels; of oats, 50 bushels; of barley, 38.12
bushels; of corn, 45 bushels; of hay, 2 tons to

the acre.
AVERAGE PRODUCTION, 1855.

Ten years ago the average yield of crops to

the acre, in this State, was—of spring wheat,

7

10.46 bushels; of winter wheat, 11.74 bushels;
of rye, 17.89 bushels; of oats, 20.01 bushels; of
barley, 16.76 bushels; of corn, 21.02 bushels; of
potatoes, 68.87 bushels; of hay, 0.96 tons.

These statements are well worthy of the most
serious consideration of the society. They show
that the average crops of the State are below
those obtained by Mr. Ggppzs and his neighbors,
by more than one-half.

INCREASE OF VALUE OF CROPS.

If the average production of the State had
been raised to the standard attained by Mr.
Geppes and his neighbors, 5,139,720 bushels of
wheat would have been added to the supply of
food, which, at $1.50 a bushel, would amount
in money value, to $7,709,580. The increase
in the crop of oats would be 18,221,334 bushels,
the value of which, at 50 cents a bushel, is $9,-
110,007. It would add 4,131,625 bushels of bar-
ley which, at $1.00 a bushel, would increase the
annual income of its producers by the same num-
ber of dollars. The amount of corn would be
increased 10,467,822 bushels, which, at 75 cents
a bushel, amounts to $7,850,866. The crop of
hay would be increased 4,696,526 tons, which, at
$10.00 a ton, would be worth $46,965,260.

8

In examining these statements, gentlemen,
you will perceive that if the average production
of the State should be raised to the measure of
increase attained to by Mr. Grppzs and his neigh-
bors, it would increase the annual value of our
crops by the enormous sum of $75,767,998! !

It must not be forgotten that this great addi-
tion to our revenues would accrue without any
increase of the sum which we already pay for
interest on the cost of the land; for fences, for
taxes, for insurances, for merchants’ bills, and
for tools and implements.

The extra cost of this increased revenue would
be chiefly composed of manure and labor; these
items, in English calculations, are generally as-
sumed at one-third of the gross expenses of the
farm; with us they. would probably amount to
one-half of the. gross expenses, but to keep very
far within bounds, let us assume that the cost of
this augmentation of our crops is $45,767,998 ;
we then have left to us $30,000,000 as clear gain ;
we have not only doubled our profits, which we
may spend for our own pleasure, but we still
have $8,000,000 left, which is sufficient to pay

the whole of our State tax.

9
AVERAGE CROPS DIMINISHING.

By comparing our average production ten
years ago with our present average, we find that
with the exceptions of the items of wheat, corn
and potatoes, we are actually raising less than
we did in 1855. Our averages are diminishing
rather than increasing.

Mr. Geppes and his neighbors expressly assert
that they are now, and have been for many years,
increasing their annual production and their aver-
age net profits; and this is also true of a great many
other farmers in different sections of the State.

The facts which I have stated show that the
farmers of this State may be divided into two
classes, viz.: those who study the laws of nature
applicable to agriculture, and obey them; and
those who, being ignorant of the laws, are unable

to obey them.
THE MISSION OF THE SOCIETY.

It is the mission of the society to be the medi-
ator between these two classes; it must learn
from the educated in order to teach the unedu-
cated farmer the true methods of successful and
remunerative husbandry. It must convince the

ignorant farmer that, in agriculture as well as in

2

10

religion, “wisdom is profitable to direct.” It
must draw this wisdom from the deep wells
where it lies hidden, and scatter it broadcast
until it lies within the reach of every husband-
man. It must apply stimulants to the careless,
restraints to the rash, and act in every way as
the vicegerent of a beneficent Providence to the
cultivators of the State.

FAIRS AND TRANSACTIONS.

The society has sought to fulfill its mission,
from its first establishment down to the present
day, through two distinct agencies. It has an-
nually, by its fairs, brought before the. farmers
the choicest specimens of its flocks and herds,
its best grains, roots and grasses, and its most
advanced mechanical contrivances for giving aid
to the operations of husbandry; and by the publi-
cation of its transactions it has sought to explain,
clearly and intelligibly, the processes by which
the successful results exhibited at its fairs were
obtained.

In addition to these two methods which it has
constantly and regularly pursued, it has, at differ-
ent times and as occasion offered, adopted other

methods of promoting the interests of the farmer.

I

SURVEYS OF COUNTIES.

It has procured accurate agricultural surveys
of the county of Seneca, by Mr. De artenp, of
Onondaga, by Mr. Gxeppss, of Essex, by Mr. Wart-
son, of Steuben, by Mr. Denniston, of Washing-
ton, by Dr. Fircu, of Madison, by Mr. Evans, of
Orange, and by Mr. Dennison. It is fearlessly
asserted that so large a body of exact agricultural
information, respecting the counties referred to,

was never brought together at so small a cost.

TRIAL OF PLOWS.

The society, in 1850, were desirous of ascer-
taining, by competent tests, which of the numer-
ous plows, competing for public favor, was best
adapted to the wants of the farmer. A careful
and elaborate examination was made, under their
direction, of all the plows presented, by a board
of competent judges at Albany.

TRIAL OF MOWERS AND REAPERS.

In 1852, when the manufacture of mowers and
reapers was in its infancy, the Society instituted
a very thorough trial of all the machines then in
use at Geneva. And again, in 1866, it instituted

another trial of mowers and reapers at Auburn.

12

RESULTS OF PLOW TRIALS APPROVED.

The plows which received the approval of the
Society, at the Albany trial, continued for many
years to be the favorites of the farmers; and one
of them, known as the Michigan plow, which was
first brought into public notice at the trial, has
continued to increase in public favor to the pres-
ent day. Iam happy to inform you that very
thorough preparations have been made for an-
other trial of plows in May of the present year.

The decisions, at the trial at Geneva, were also
very fully ratified by the agricultural public. It
is yet too early to ascertain whether the conclu-
sions arrived at, during the Auburn trials, will
equally commend themselves to the confidence
of the farmers, but there cannot be a doubt that
the very careful and elaborate experiments made
there will throw a great deal of light upon the
theory and practice of mowing and reaping by

machinery.

T. C. PETERS REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES
OF THE STATE.

In the year 1864 the society procured, from
my immediate predecessor, ex-President T. C.
Prrers, a very valuable report upon the agricul-

tural resources of the State. For the first time,

13

the area of the State was divided into groups
allied to each other by their adaptation to the
production of similar crops, by climate and by
geological structure; it abounds in facts not
easily accessible elsewhere which are of the
utmost importance to the student of the agricul-

tural resources of the State.

SORGHUM COMMISSION.

In the year 1863, when the excitement respect-
ing Sorghum sugar and syrup, and beet sugar,
was exceedingly active in the western States,
the society appointed a commissioner to visit
those States for the purpose of acquiring all the
information which could be obtained there, in
order to ascertain whether it would be desirable
to introduce the culture into this State. A report
upon the subject was accordingly made, contain-
ing full and ample details, which was widely cir-
culated through the State.

SALT EXPERIMENTS.

Various experiments have also been made
under its auspices, to test the comparative value
of our own and foreign salts, which resulted in
destroying the prejudice which, for a long time,

existed in the minds of our farmers against the

14

use of Onondaga salt for curing meats, and for

the preservation of butter.

EPIZOOTICS—PLEUROPNEUMONIA.

The Society has carefully watched over all the
epizootics which have made their appearance du-
ring its corporate existence. The pleuropneumonia
was promptly investigated on its first appear-
ance, and the most approved modes of guarding
against its ravages, were widely disseminated
through the State; in consequence of these pre-
cautions, the losses were confined within very
narrow limits.

_ RINDERPEST.

During the past year the Society has devoted
much of its attention to the study of the best
method of protecting our cattle owners from the
rinderpest which has destroyed so many cattle
in the various countries of Europe. It perfected
a law, having this object in view, which was
passed by the legislature. Under its provisions
a commission was appointed, composed of some
of our most experienced members, in whose judg-
ment we place the fullest confidence; and we
have reason to believe that the measures they

have adopted are such, that if the disease should

15

unfortunately break out here, it will be confined

to very narrow limits.

ABORTION OF COWS.

We have also devoted much time and labor,
during the past year, to perfecting a plan for the
thorough investigation of the causes of, and reme-
dies for the abortion among cows now so fearfully
prevalent in our dairy districts. We have sought
the counsel of some of the most eminent physi-
ologists in the country, and have succeeded in
perfecting a plan for the thorough investigation
of all the abstruse and occult questions which
have hitherto proved insoluble by unprofessional
observers. The accomplishment of this plan in-
volves the expenditure of more money than the
society can command, and we have, therefore,
appealed to the Legislature to supply the defi-
ciency from the State Treasury. If that body
responds favorably to our requests, the investiga-

tion will be entered upon immediately.

FLAX COTTON.
In the year 1861 a permanent committee was
appointed, whose duty it was to foster the growth
of flax, to supplement the growing deficiency of

cotton, and also to encourage the invention of

16

methods by which the fibre could be spun on
ordinary cotton machinery. This committee has
continued its labors from that time until the
present. Although no process has yet been dis-
covered by which flax has been thoroughly cot-
tonized without great injury to the fibre, yet
cotton machinery, by a very slight alteration,
has been made to spin the fibre prepared by
purely mechanical processes, with very great
success. We have no doubt that this process
will very greatly increase the cultivation of the
flax crop in the State, and render it more remu-
nerative.

The entomology of the State has been very
successfully studied, under its auspices, by Dr.
Fircu, whose annual reports have been of great
value, and are highly prized by the farmers of
other States, and by the scientific and practical
men of Europe. When Dr. Fitcn shall have
arranged the specimens, in his possession, in our
museum, where all the farmers of the State can
obtain access to them, the economical value of
his labors will be greatly increased.

From this rapid sketch of the methods by
which the society has hitherto sought to benefit

agriculture, I now pass on to mention some of

17

the new enterprises upon which I deem it

proper that the society should embark.

LAW BUREAU.

It seems to me desirable that a commission
should be appointed, charged with the duty of
examining and revising all the laws of this State
affecting the interests of agriculture.

Doubtless, many of the laws at present in force
bear hardly on the interests of the husbandman,
and might be greatly improved, with the hearty
assent of the legislature and the people.

Among these may be mentioned the laws rela-
ting to road and division fences, —to estrays, to
trespass, to the tenure of land and the right of
re-entry; to the protection of sheep from the
ravages of dogs. The reciprocal rights and duties
of employers and farm laborers; the relations of
incoming and outgoing tenants; the rights of com-
monsand of piscary ; the laying out and repairing
of public and private roads; the planting of trees,
and the provision of watering places along the
highway. For securing more accurate surveys
of farm lands, and to facilitate the straightening
of lines between co-terminous proprietors.

No one can doubt that our laws, in relation to

all these matters, are, in many respects, very

3

18

defective, or that a body of intelligent men
thoroughly conversant with the wants of agricul-
ture, considering them individually, and in their
relations with each other, could devise many im-
portant ameliorations of their provisions which

would enure greatly to the profit of the farmer.

EXAMPLE—ROAD LAWS,

The limits of this address will not permit me
to point out, in detail, all the mistakes, anomalies
and injurious workings of our existing laws, but
I may, perhaps, be pardoned if I cite our present
road laws as an example of the deficiency, and
even of the absurdity of our present system.

Whoever has had to travel over the common
roads of our State, will have had too much occa-
sion to see that they have been laid out without
any plan or system whatever. . The traveler is
perpetually compelled to clamber over high hills
which might be: avoided by going round them;
to go by a tortuous path, when a straight one was
easily attainable; to wade through a soft and
muddy road bed, when hard ground was within a
stone’s throw, and to grind through deep ruts,
when they might have been avoided altogether.

He is thus compelled to make his transit, from

one point to another, through a much longer

19

route, with a greater expenditure of animal
power, a greater loss of time, and with more
wear and tear of wagon and harness, than would
be required, if the roads were located and re-
paired, as they easily might be, without increas-

ing the tax now annually expended upon them.

TONNAGE TRANSPORTED ON COMMON ROADS.
I estimate the annual transportation, over the
common roads of this State, of agricultural pro-

ducts by farmers, as follows:

Hay and cereal grains,..........cecsseceres eseee 5,211,728 Tons,
Root crops,....+-esee- Sinwsin eo + oe siiitaled == cialsiv os 169,708
Milk and its’ products, 2.0... .. seem seu ecoee 296,864 <*
Mea eiiarayeare'& ais du wisieiateisia-s os + oo SetmMeIa atsia's\6 ss 147,601 <“
Apples and Cider,......s-sccesces aialstatelatareis 0 < 0.04 852,955 <*
Witelsae cere os Siftctioic f Ce eeneeec: 602 ~ (aaa ‘ 5,000 <*
Hops, seleietaveleisfelstels}eie see ee sccuumocseccvceens 4,000 <“
MUGEN fone) ale aleia cc's cicreleiecicne 0 oo cc MMMMEIC es e058 2,500 <<
Making an aggregate of .....+. Higle si a\e.6 ovis - 6,690,356 “

transported over an average distance of five

miles.
OTHER COMMODITIES TO BE TRANSPORTED.

I have omitted many articles which a farmer
is compelled to transport, because I have no
accessible data upon which to found a calcula-
tion. Large quantities of straw are transported
to the paper mills, and to our large cities, for
bedding and litter. The amount of plaster, lime

and other manures used by farmers, is very great.

20

The amount of lumber brought to tide-water by
our canals, and which must have passed over our
common roads to them and from them, amounts
to one and a half millions of tons annually. The
products of our orchards, besides apples, and of
our vineyards, is very considerable. The fruits
of our market gardens and field products, other
than those above enumerated, such as onions,
tobacco, broom corn, millett, peas, beans, &c.,
sum up in the aggregate to very large propor-
tions. The small fruits, such as cherries, cur-
rants, raspberries, strawberries, require an amount
of tonnage for their transportation to market
which would astonish those who have never
directed their attention to its magnitude.

In considering all these additions to the amount
of tonnage above estimated, I think I shall not
incur the charge of exaggeration when I assume
that ten millions of tons are annually hauled by

the farmers of this State over our common roads.

GAIN FROM IMPROVED LEGISLATION.

If the expenses of drawing this tonnage are
diminished, by the improvement in our laws,
twenty cents a ton, it will add two millions of

dollars annually to the profits of agriculture.

at

There is not only no general system of road
making in the State, but there is none in the
country, nor even in the town; the roads are
divided into short districts, each district being
directed by a path master, who regulates all
things according to the counsel of his own will,
and without the slightest attention to the rela-
tions of his district with any other. After the
corn is hoed he summons the persons assessed in
his district to work on the highway; they gener-
ally plow the ditch by the road side, and scrape
up the soft mud and the weeds which have col-
lected there, into the middle of the road, and
this is facetiously called repairing it. For this
miserable and useless work, the farmers of the
State pay an enormous sum annually, either in
cash or labor.

Now, if in each county a practical surveyor or
engineer was appointed, who should lay out the
lines of communication between different points
by the shortest lines and the most feasable routes;
who should apply the labor of the county with
a systematic aim to level the hills and fill up the
valleys, and improve the road bed; every year
would show an obvious and welcome improve-

ment; the most hills would be lowered, the most

22

crooked places would be straighter, the most slushy
places would be harder ; and before many years
had passed away, the present expense of teaming
would be reduced one-half of its present amount.

Of course the county engineer would select his
own district assistants who would direct the tax-
able labor of the county, under his direction, and
be responsible to him. Thus, ignorance would be
replaced by knowledge, disorder by a well regu-
lated system, and wastefulness by economy,
which would soon cause the crooked places to
become straight, and the rough places to become
smooth. It would probably -be necessary to pro-
vide by law, that all neck yokes of heavy wagons
should be lengthened so as to make the horses
walk in a direct line with the wheels, so as to
prevent the formation of ruts.

It would be easy to select the members of this
society, who are most familiar with the laws
relative to agriculture, and who, from their pre-
vious studies and acceptations, would be most
likely to suggest improvements on them. These
might be formed into a bureau, under the presi-
dency of one of the vice-presidents; and to the

oversight of this board all matters relating to

23

the laws affecting agriculture might safely and

usefully be committed.

NECESSITY FOR MORE RELIABLE EXPERIMENTS.

We have had theories of agriculture without
end, profounded for our consideration ; innumera-
ble guesses have been hazarded upon every con-
ceivable topic; inconclusive experiments, which
no man can number, have been made, and yet,
to our shame be it spoken, there is scarcely a
single question which has been mooted in Ameri-
can agriculture, that can be said to be settled on
the sure basis of reliable experiments.

Many of our indigenous grasses have never
been analyzed. There is a hopeless discrepancy
between the analysis which have been made in
Kurope and America. Thus, by the analysis of
Mr. Way, in England, the ash of timothy gives
11 per cent. of the phosphates and 24 per cent. of
potash. According to the analysis of the same
grass, made by Mr. Satussury, under the direction
of Prof. Emmons, at Albany, it contains 16 per ct.
of the phosphates and 30 per cent. of potash.
COMPARATIVE VALUES OF FOODS—ACTUAL TRIALS AT

THE MANGER.
The theoretical value assigned by BousstneauLtT

to rye straw, in comparison with English hay,

24

was 479 lbs. That is, 479 Ibs. was equivalent to
100 Ibs. of English hay. FRresentus, as the result
of his analysis, gave 527 lbs. of straw as equiva-
lent to 100 lbs. of hay. Bousstneautt makes
319: lbs. of potatoes, 70 Ibs. of India corn, and
60 lbs. of oats, each equivalent, in nutritive
principles, to 100 Ibs. of hay. Fresenius makes
330 lbs. of potatoes and 58 Ibs. of oats equiva-
lent to 100 lbs. of hay. If we compare the
equivalent values of different species of food,
deduced from actual feeding of animals, we find
the confusion even worse confounded. Buiock
makes 216 lbs. of potatoes equivalent to 100 lbs.
of hay; Perri, 200 lbs.; Meyer, 150 lbs. Brock
found 39 lbs. of oats equivalent to 100 lbs.
Perri, 71 lbs.; Tuarr, 86 lbs.; Papert, 60 lbs.;
ScuEVEITZER, 371 lbs. I have searched industri-
ously for chemical or experimental researches in
this country, with which to compare the discord-
ant results of Europe, but I am compelled to
confess that if such exist, I have been unable
to find them.

Chemical analysis indicate that timothy has
twice as much muscle making nutriment, and
twice and a half as much fat making nutriment,

as sweet scented vernal grass. It has 25 per

—

25

cent. more muscle making power than Kentucky
blue grass, or than Fescue grass; but I cannot
find that this has ever been verified experiment-

ally either in Europe or America.

CORN.

We learn from the analysis of Mr. Sauispury,
that 100 lbs. of the Ohio Deut corn contains
8.58 Ibs. of flesh forming principles, and 60.34
Ibs. of fat and heat forming principles. While
100 Ibs. of the small eight-rowed corn contains
13.80 Ibs. of flesh forming, and 44 lbs. of fat and
heat forming principles. Now, if such differ-
ences really exist in these varieties, farmers
may make a great deal of money by knowing it.
But they do not know it, or even suspect it;
with them a bushel of one corn is worth a bushel
of any other corn, just as much as one gold eagle
is worth another; and yet we see if Mr. Satis-
BuRY'S analysis is reliable, 100 lbs. of the eight-
rowed corn will lay 25 per cent. more muscle
upon a hog or a bullock than the Ohio Deut.

There is not a single experiment upon record
which has, for its object, the verification of this
chemical indication by actual feeding. If the

fact were once reliably proved, the knowledge
4

26

would be worth half a million dollars annually
to the farmers of the State.

MANURES.

If a load of horse manure, a load of cow man-
ure, and a load of hog manure, should be offered
to a farmer, each at a specified price, he could
not tell which would be the cheapest. There is
not a farmer in the State that knows exactly
what profit he can make upon a load of any kind

of manure. ;
DR. VOELEKER’S EXPERIMENTS.

Dr. VorLteKer weighed a known quantity of
manure, making a careful analysis of its compo-
sition; it was then spread out in the barn yard
just as our farmers are accustomed to spread out
their manure exposed to the weather. At the
end of a year he weighed and analyzed it
again. There was an absolute loss of weight,
amounting to 42 per cent., and this loss consisted
of the most valuable constituents of the manure.
When first spread out, it contained 41 Ibs. of
soluble organic matter; at the conclusion of the
experiment only 4 lbs. of soluble matter remained.
This 41 Ibs. contained, in the beginning, 3} lbs.
of nitrogen which is the most precious portion of

he manure, at the close of it only one-third of a

es

27

pound remained, showing an absolute loss of nine-
tenths of the ammonia. This experiment has
been for ten years before the farmers of Hurope
and America; not one of them, so far as I know,
has ever thought of weighing the crops raised
from equal areas of land, one of which was man-
ured with recent and one with manure which
had been long exposed to the weather; had they
done so they would have learned conclusively
whether they have been wasting their manure
as much as Dr. VortEKer says they have. If his
statements are true, more than one-half of the
fertilizing matters in this State are absolutely
lost; a reformation, in this respect, would more
than double our available manure, without per-
ceptibly increasing the labor of teaming.

I have by no means exhausted my list of ex-
amples of losses sustained by farmers, in conse-
quence of their ignorance, but I have, perhaps,
said enough to convince them that they are, at
present, grossly ignorant of the facts which he
at the very foundation of profitable and success-
ful farming, and that this ignorance is not hope-
less and necessary, but easily remediable if the

proper methods are resorted to.

28

It seems to me that the society should, at once,
deliberatély, resolutely and persistently set itself
to the task of replacing this ignorance by sub-
stantial, positive knowledge. We have many

members who are interested in these investiga-

tions, and who are abundantly qualified to con
duct them. Let such be organized into a Bure
of Experiment, under the presidency of one of
the vice-presidents. They should then sele
few of the most important questions for investi-
gation, devise all necessary precautions to 1
accuracy in the making and reporting the e s
ments, and secure their careful trial by members
of the bureau and others who may be willing to
participate in it; if possible, the trials should
be made simultaneously in every county in the
State. In this way, perfectly reliable knowledge
might be acquired of all disputed questions in
agriculture, in the course of a few years, and agri-
culture would be elevated to the rank of a science.
BREEDING.

It is because that there is no treatise upon the
breeding of animals founded on experimental data,
to be found in the English language, except that
of Mr. Goopats, of Maine. This work is a valu-

able addition to our literature, but the author, in

29

every chapter, complains of the want of reliable
facts upon which to base his conclusions. Such
knowledge is in existence, but as no reliable
record has been made of it to the public, and
those who desire to improve their animals have

no trustworthy guides to aid them.

PROF. AGASSIZ.

Prof. Acasstz has recently informed me that
he
do

first male that copalates with a virgin female

has experimented, for several years, with

‘s, Guinea pigs and rabbits, and finds that the

: nal all her subsequent offspring with his own
| characteristics ; he is anxious to know whether
the same is true in the case of horses, cows,
sheep and hogs. He does not know whether this
law holds good in the case of the first ineffective
copalation, and would be glad to be supplied with
any facts, by competent observers, which will
throw light upon this branch of the subject. He
has also ascertained that a breed of animals is
deteriorated by allowing the male, however per-

fect he may be, to serve too many females.

BUREAU OF REPRODUCTION.
A bureau should be organized in the same way

as has been recommended, in previously men-

30

tioned cases, which should be charged with the
duty of causing experiments to be made and
published, which will throw light upon all the
phenomena of reproduction.

Bureaus for veterinary medicine, entomology,
sheep and wool, orchard and garden products,
the testing and distribution of seeds, and for the
investigation of any other subjects which may,
from time to time, demand the special attention
of the society.

BUREAU FOR CODIFICATION.

Another bureau should be formed, consisting
of the President and the ex-presidents, whose
duty it would be to digest and methodically ar-
range the reports of the special bureaus into a
coherent body of agricultural science.

Hitherto the labors of the society have been
performed by the officers; for all practical pur-
poses the executive committee has been the
society. The planof organization that I propose
changes all this; if it should be adopted, all the
members will become workers; every man in it
will be working under a well considered plan for
the accomplishment of a specific and definite
object. Should they do so, and bring to their

task the same sagacity and zeal that they have

ee
.

31
carried into other fields of enterprise, I do not
doubt that they would accomplish results that
would redound to their own honor, and prove a
blessing to the world.

This plan would involve the expenditure of a
much larger sum of money than the society has
been accustomed to raise. The expenses of the
officers who have attended all the meetings
during the year, have not averaged less thar one
hundred dollars a year. I would not wish that
this should be altered, but it seems to me right
that when committees of the society travel in its
service, their expenses should be paid. The pre-
siding officers of the proposed bureau will neces-
sarily have a large correspondence on behalf of
the society, and the society ought to furnish the
postage for it.

Many analysis would be needed, and some of the
experiments that are needed would require the
expenditure of money. It has never been the
policy of the society to solicit much pecuniary
aid from the State for its ordinary operations.
I would not recommend that this policy should
be changed; but it seems to me that all the
needed funds could be raised without burthening

any one unduly.

32

The number of members, by the payment of
one dollar annually, does not much exceed one
hundred, and many of these only become so for
the purpose of exhibiting some article at the fair.

FINANCIAL IMPROVEMENT.

This statement shows that the farmers of the
State as a body, while they richly share in all
the benefits arising from the labors of the society,
contribute nothing either of their labor or their
money for its support. Ido not mean to blame
them for this; the necessity for it has never
occurred to them; it has never clearly presented
itself to their minds as a duty to be performed.
There are between three and four hundred thou-
sand owners of land in the State; if one in twenty
of these should join the society and pay their
annual dues, the revenue would be ample to sup-
ply its utmost needs. There are thirteen mil-
lions of acres under cultivation in the State; if
we had had one member for each 400 acres, the
revenue would be sufficient. There are over nine
hundred towns in the State; if fifteen farmers in
each town would become members, it would
enable the society to accomplish all that it
desires to do. Looking at the matter in any

light, there seems no substantial difficulty in the

33

way of raising all the necessary funds for ordi-
nary purposes without appealing to the legisla-

ture for assistance.
FAIRS.

My experience in the management of our
annual fairs convinces me that the time has
fully arrived when some important improvements

should be introduced into their management.

THOROUGH-BREDS.

They owe much of their attractiveness to the
exhibition of thorough bred animals; thousands
of farmers leave their homes and business solely
for the purpose of seeing them. If from any
cause the owners of the animals should refuse to
show them, the farmers of the State would lose
one of the very best means of education, and
the treasury of the society would be seriously
depleted.

These owners of choiceand valuable animals, it
is well known, expend a great deal of money as
well as labor and skill in bringing them to the
high state of perfection in which they now are.
If, through the ignorance, the carelessness, or the
prejudices of judges, an inferior animal is assigned

a prize over a superior one, we cannot wonder
fe
5)

34

that the owner of the latter should be deeply
chagrined and mortified.

While great care is taken to procure competent
committees, and while it is believed that the
awards have been, in the main, wisely and justly
made in all branches and departments of the
show, it is to be regretted that they have not
always been accompanied with the reasons upon
which they were founded, that the unsuccessful
competitors might feel satisfied that every means
had been adopted to secure correct decisions.

The society has deliberately established a scale
of points, which are printed on the judges’ books,
and they are directed to record their judgment
upon each point of the scale; this has rarely
been done. It has been alleged as an excuse for
this, that the scale is faulty. I am unable to
concur myself in this opinion; but if, on consid-
eration, this view should be held, it will be
eminently proper to amend it.

It has been alleged that it is too much trouble
to impose upon the judges. Iam sure that men
can be found who will take this trouble, especially
if their expenses are paid by the society ; and in

order to insure the result, I recommend that

39

hereafter the judges on thorough-bred stock shall

have their expenses borne by the society.

GRADES.

There was nothing more truly instructive
exhibited at the Saratoga fair, than Mr. Cuam-
BERLAIN S grade Merinos. The farmers saw before
their own eyes a Silesian Merino buck of unri-
valed beauty; the wool was fine, and well distri-
buted over the carcass; the proportions exqui-
sitely symmetrical, and having all the points well
known to shepherds, approximating very closely
to perfection. On the other hand, there was a
common ewe such as could be purchased for four
dollars; there was also a grade ewe, the offspring
of these two animals, with a noble carcass and
with very fine wool; the market value of the
ewe being at least three times as great as that
of her mother. There was also a descendant of
this grade ewe by the same ram, with a carcass
less in weight than its mother, but having greater
symmetry of form and greater fineness of wool.
Hundreds of farmers were at Saratoga who had
been earnestly asking the question, how much
they could afford to pay for a good ram? The

question was answered before their own eyes,

36

and in language which could not deceive them.
They saw the very thing itself, and they could
answer their own question as well as Mr. Cuam-
BERLAIN, or any other breeder in the world.

There were some grade cattle and hogs upon
the ground which were very instructive, but less
so than they would have been if their parents
had been shown in connection with them.

I would earnestly recommend to the society
to make the most earnest and systematic efforts
to bring out grades of all kinds at our ensuing
fairs in connection with their parents. We
should thus afford to the farmers of the State an
opportunity of seeing the effect of breeding our
common native ewes, cows and sows with the best
thorough-bred Durhams, Devons, Ayrshires and
Alderneys, with the best Southdowns, Leceister-
shires, Merinos, &c., and with the best Cheshires,
Essex, Yorkshires and Berkshires. If it could
be announced in the show bills that such an
exhibition would be given at our next fair, I
have no doubt that the receipts would be fully

doubled in consequence.

FAT CATTLE AND SHEEP.
I have observed, with great regret, that the

number of fat cattle and sheep are annually

a7

diminishing at our fairs. I recommend that the
attention of the society be given to find a remedy
for this difficulty. —

We are deficient in the art of fattening cattle.
We fall below our brethren in England in this
respect, as is plainly shown by a comparison of
the shows at Smithfield, and by the Royal Agri-
cultural Society with our own. Our inferiority
is also manifest by a comparison of the meats
exposed for sale in-the markets of Great Britain
with our own. It will never do for the farmers
of New York to be inferior in anything; they
should be contented with no position short of
the highest. We should, therefore, encourage
the exhibition of well fatted cattle by liberal
premiums; and the details, including the cost of
the fattening, should be printed on large cards,
on legible type, so that the spectators may receive
the full benefit of the exhibition.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

The display of agricultural implements at
Saratoga was never equaled before. I do not
believe that the world could have surpassed it in
really useful machines. The mechanics of our
State may well be proud of their unrivaled exhi-

bition; and the farmers are unfeignedly grateful

38

for the contributions by which their genius and
skill have alleviated their labors and smoothed
their pathway to success. |

I think these mechanical displays should be
cherished by every means in our power; but I
am reluctantly compelled to express the opinion
that it will, hereafter, be unwise to grant pre-
miums in medals, money or diplomas, to any
machines which have not been thoroughly tried
in the presence of the judges. Such articles as
cannot be tried may be noticed by the judges,
described and commended if they deem it neces-
sary, but every prize awarded should be earned
by thorough and satisfactory trials.

Much injury has been done heretofore to the
interests of meritorious inventors and makers of
agricultural machinery, by the careless way in
which the prizes and diplomas of the society
have been awarded by judges, without making
adequate tests of their value.

The diplomas of the society should always be
conclusive evidence of merit, and I see no way
of avoiding abuses without the adoption of the
rule I have recommended.

Mr. Henry Warerman, at the request of the

Vice-President in charge of the department, and

39

with my entire approval, acted as a professional
adviser to all the judges in the mechanical depart-
ment; his services were found to be so valuable
that the executive committee appointed him per-
manently the consulting engineer of the society.
He will attend all the fairs and give counsel and
advice to all the judges charged with the exami-
nation of any matters involving mechanical con-
trivances. It is worthy of consideration, whether
it would not be advisable to make him an actual
member of all these boards of judges.

The Vice-Presidents each took charge of one
of the classes this year; the system was found
to work admirably, and gave entire satisfaction
in all respects. I would recommend that in
future the Vice-Presidents be assigned to the
several classes, at the first meeting after the
elections, so as to give them time to form their
plans of management before the fair. I would
also recommend that the names of all persons
nominated as judges, be referred to the Vice-
President in charge of the class for consideration,
before they are finally appointed.

I cannot close this address without expressing
my most grateful and heartfelt thanks to my

excellent colleagues, for the generous support

40

which they have given me throughout my whole
term of office; wise in counsel and prompt in
action, they have lightened my responsibilities
and alleviated my cares.

Every retiring President has had occasion to
acknowledge the weight of his obligations to our
venerable Secretary; mine have not been less
than theirs; his knowledge and experience have
cast a clear and steady light over the darkness
that has environed my path. May he long sur-
vive to enlighten us by his counsels and cheer us
with his presence. |

It now only remains for me to introduce to
you my distinguished successor, Gen. M. R.
Patrick, who, to a thorough knowledge of the
usages and policy of the society, adds the most
patriotic services in the field, and is abundantly
qualified to discharge duties that devolve upon
him in a manner which will be honorable to him-
self and conducive to the best interests of the

society.

GENERAL PATRICK'S REMARKS.

Gen. Patrick commenced by alluding to the
long line of illustrious names that had occu-
pied the presidency, and his unworthiness to fill
this position. He deeply appreciated the high
honor which had been conferred upon him, and
pledged himself to work faithfully in promoting
the welfare and best interests of the society.
He said that the prosperity of the society
depended upon its working members ; he should
co-operate with them in carrying out the great
and worthy objects which had been inaugurated.
He paid a high compliment to the retiring Pres-
ident for his indefatigable labors in behalf of
the Society during the past year, and gave a just
and eloquent tribute to the venerable Secretary,
Col. Jounson, who had watched for so many years
over the interests of the society, and through
whose guidance and counsel the society had been
made worthy of the Empire State. He trusted
that many years would be spared him yet in the
labors of the society. Gen. Parrick’s address
was earnest and eloquent, and, though brief, was

exceedingly appropriate to the occasion.

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The following letter, written, at my request,
by Mr. GrppEs, conveys so much valuable infor-
mation, is so good an example of the true mode
of obtaining similar information, that I have

sought and obtained his permission to publish it :

Fairmount, Onondaga Co., N. Y.,

January Ith, 1867.
Hon. Jonn Stanton Goup:

My Dear Sir — Your letter, requesting me to give you some
account of crops raised here, has been received.

In order to enable me to reply to your inquiries in a satis-
factory manner, I called eight of our farmers the other evening
to my house, and we had a full consultation; the general
results of which I will give you. Premising that these eight ~
men own and cultivate farms that join each other, and that
extend along the road from a mile west of my house to a mile
and a half east of it. Six of the number were able to state
the results of their farming, with satisfactory certainty, for the
past three (3) years; and three of them could state, with abso-
lute accuracy, their crops for that time. Beyond the three
years it was thought not safe to go, as too much would have to
be trusted to memory to make it safe for me to depend upon;
but could the facts have been accurately determined for five or
six years, the results would have been at least as favorable as
those given.

Wheat, our leading crop, was found to have averaged, for the
three years. a little more than twenty-six bushels to the acre.
During the three years it appeared that only nine (9) acres of
wheat had been raised by the persons present on summer fal-
low, and thirty-six (36) on sod land once plowed; all the re-

44

mainder had been raised on barley and oat stubble. The three
gentlemen that could speak from the book, gave, for the aver-
age of their crops, 25.45 bushels to the acre. I asked all
present, how many more bushels should be expected from a
summer fallow than from stubble land (I mean land that had
barley or oats taken off it the same year the wheat was sown) ;
the average opinion was, the summer fallow should give from
8 to 10 more bushels to the acre, though some of the party
said no more; but 8 to 10 bushels zs about the difference.

Barley —The average was 38.12 bushels per acre.

Oats —The average was agreed to be about 50 bushels.

Corn— In consequence of the injury done this crop by grubs
and other insects, for some years past, we have been driven to
plant our corn on land not in the best condition to produce a
large crop. A two or three year old clover sod would give the
food for a large crop of corn; but three times in four such a
sod would have so many grubs in it that half or more of the
crop would be destroyed or very much injured by them. So
we must put wheat or barley or oats on the sod land for one
‘crop, and then corn. Or, we must plow for corn a clover sod
of one year’s standing. This is a good plan in one respect.
Less labor is necessary to cultivate the corn than where a crop
has been taken off the sod previous to the corn. But this plow-
ing up of a clover sod only one year old is bad, as the roots
have not, in so short a time, done as much in filling the soil as
they should, before being killed by the plow. One of our num-
ber has a field containing 33 acres, that was heavily seeded with
timothy and clover, and has now been mowed for four years.
Next season, but for grubs, he would put his corn in this land;
but as things are, it will go into barley and oats, to be followed
by wheat the same year.

These remarks will show you why our council of farmers put
the average of corn at from 40 to 45 bushels, saying, at the
same time, that before the grubs troubled us, the average was
fully fifty bushels to the acre.

Potatoes we only raise for home consumption, perhaps a few
to sell, as the crop has suffered so much from rot in the past,
that we cannot calculate on saving more than a hundred bushels
to the acre.

45

Hay — We insist that our hay crops will weigh fully two
tons per acre, weighed in the winter ; but as we feed out nearly
all we raise, we do not know but guess about this crop. But
we do get fully three (3) large loads from every acre we cut.

Pasture — You did not ask about this; but we farmers talked
the matter over, spending a long time on the subject and making
many figures. We took the land that each one gave to pasture,
and reduced all the stock to the equivalent of cows. The re-
sult was that about three (3) acres were set apart for the use of
four (4) cows as pasture land. To support so many animals
we must have newly seeded land. Old pastures would come
far short of this calculation in the guantzty of feed they would
produce. We do not turn on our pastures in the spring until
they are well started, and soon after our wheat is cut we have
the benefit of the feed that grows on the stubble. This feed is
considerable ; for timothy, at the rate of eight (8) quarts to
the acre, being sown with the wheat, and eight (8) quarts of
clover seed in the following spring, with a dressing of plaster
of Paris, in an ordinary season, will give much good feed in the
fall that had better be moderately pastured than allowed to fall
down and, in many cases, kill the plant during the winter by
smothering it.

Clover Seed— Having taken off a crop of hay as near the
first day of July as may be, and then sowing two bushels of
plaster to the acre, we get a crop of clover seed, that the coun-
cil agreed averaged three (5) bushels to the acre. If the season
should be poor for pasture, we should turn our cattle on this
second growth of the meadows, and thus have no crop of clover
seed. So you see our clover seed crop is somewhat uncertain
of being cut, for it sometimes is necessary to take it for pasture.

I believe I have said more than you asked for, but I am
inclined to go on yet a little. Fertility of the soil, is it less or
more than it was twenty years ago? We talked this matter
over fully, and each man gave his views. All agreed that our
farms produced much more now than they did twenty years
ago. No one put the increase at less than fifteen per cent. ;
two at twenty-five, three at twenty, and the average was a frac-
tion less than twenty per cent. The discussion then ran par-
ticularly on the wheat crop, and all agreed that twenty years

46

ago when we summer fallowed, plowing three times and har-
rowed as many, that we were then satisfied with twenty (20)
bushels to the acre. Now, on stubble land, we have, for a period
of some years, averaged from 25 to 26 bushels to the acre.
This is an increase in bushels of more than twenty-five per cent.
without taking into the account that, by summer fallowing now,
we could add to this considerably. But summer fallowing is
too costly a process unless weeds are so abundant that it has
become necessary to exterminate them. Just the same amount
of cultivation that is required for a summer fallow will give us
a crop of barley and a crop of wheat. The addition to the
cost is the seed barley and harvesting that crop. So summer
fallowing is rarely resorted to here.

I think the grass and hay crop has increased more than the
wheat. The corn, for reasons before given, has diminished.
_To sum up the matter, we agreed that the increase was not less
than twenty per cent., probably more.

The question was then asked: To what is this improvement
due? The answer was: Clover, plaster, sheep and thorough —
cultivation. Here ended the conference.

I regret that I did not ask these men what proportion of
their farms ever had barn yard manure put on them. I did
not think of this; but I have no hesitation in saying that they
would have answered, less than one-half, perhaps less than one-
third. Barn yard manure, in great quantities, is made by each
of these men, but it is not drawn far from the barns, unless to
be put on some hill top or side, or some other place that is not
as productive as the remainder of the field. The lands that do
get the barn yard manure, are more severely cropped than those
that do not get it. The back fields are pastured most. Clover
plastered, is the great fertilizer. A few weeks since one of
the participators in our council brought me a handful of clover
roots that he had taken from some sod land he was then plow-
ing. Some of these roots were three (3) feet long. They had
been pulled up by the plow, and so left that they could be
readily gathered by hand. Of course, but a small proportion
of the roots are pulled up from the depth of three feet ; most of
them are cut off by the plow; but you will probably be sur-
prised, as I was, that any should be pulled from such a depth.

AT

I meant to have put these roots in the agricultural rooms in
Albany, but carelessly I allowed them to become so dry they
broke up when I tried to put them ina bundle. Most of the
land hereabouts has been plowed as deep as 8 or 9 inches at
some times ; and it is hardly necessary for me to say, cultiva-
tion is as perfect here as in any district I am acquainted with.
‘I haye written for your information, not to appear before the
public, still with the utmost confidence that only the truth has
been stated, and as nearly as it can be arrived at by the method
adopted; and though the results are perhaps nothing extraor-
dinary, yet they have been quite satisfactory to our farmers,
and are such, that I am quite sure they are above any average
that can be reached in the State generally, by our system of
farming, or by any other, without the use of manures that would
cost too much. Our soil is a good one, and it has made good
farmers ; and these farmers have, in turn, improved the soil.
The land about Auburn where, last summer, you sweltered
in the grain and hay fields tryimg reapers and mowers, is as
good as ours, and the crops you saw there were as good as ours.
But you must not forget that but a small part of the State can
compare with the true grain soils of the salt group of rocks,
and with the belt along the southerly line of this group that
has been covered with the drift made up of ground and disin-
tegrated salt rock. The farm southwest of Auburn, where I
saw you trying the mowers, had on it the upper measures of
the lime rocks, and near the barn where we lunched, the black
rocks of the Marcellus shales appeared. This farm and the
land about it is covered with drift from the salt group that
outcrops some miles to the north. I call your attention to
these geological considerations, that you may the better under-
stand what I have said.
Respectfully yours,
GEORGE GEDDES.

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