Am meee A ee msiv on oT peiatete’ ¢ aes : eer erk ots Space tgs LIBRARY OF “U.S. FISH AND WT7T TRE SERVICE BCF BIOWAG! JA. LASORATORY OXFORD, MD. i * 7 sk 7K sk * we * a *% * Be % & ~ *K Shs National Shellfisheries Association Annual Meetings Convention Papers Hotel Chelsea Atlantic City, N. J. June 6 - 8, 1944 * x * * x * ae ee a a we bs . . cere i my la ea Ee oom makondat Lit ge, Iomohten 5 : agattecit Lear ‘ () ‘geutelt) Letoh ce 1 OED obtnetea., ' \ Mer 6 ~ O anal A ARERR NRT MR ae RT RM at National Shellfisheries Association Atlantic City, New Jersey, Meeting, June 1944 OYSTER CONSERViTIGN PROPLEMS ON THE POTOMAC RIVER oy David G. Frey Fish and Wildlife Service, College Park, Maryland The Compact of 1785 between Maryland and Virginia contains two sections which have greatly restricted the regulation and management of the oyster industry of the Potomac River: (1) any licensed oysterman of sither state may work in the central portion of the river, and (2) laws regulating tite fishery must be acted upon con- currently by both states before they are effective. The fact that the Meryland le- gislature meets only in odd-numbered years and the Virginia legislature in even- numbered years makes the problem especially difficult. The result is that there has been very little management of the Potomac River oyster resources except for re- gulating length of season and size of oysters which may be taken. The fishery has been essentially an exploitation of a natural resource with no serious attempt to increase the supply by means of recognized oyster management practices. No figures are available for the annual catch of oysters in the Potomac River, but the annual production has certainly declined from the 1,600,000 bushels estima- ted by Stevensen for the late 1800's. During the period 1870-1900 the entire Bay dredging flect of 400 to 600 boats was reported to work the river each fall. Not until 1912 were the first concurrent laws enacted regulating the oyster fishery in the river. These included a 23 inch cull law and establishment of a seed area in the upper part of the river. In 1928 at the request of both states, the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries surveyed the principal bars of the river and found them ali greatly depleted. As a result the river was closed to dredging in 1931 and has remained closed ever since. Illesal scraping and dredging, however, have been practiced on both sides of the river in spite of law enforcement attempts. One has only to examine the winter issues ci wishing Gazette and Atlantic Fisherman to learn how open and flagrant this violet ou nas been. Several good setting years in the early thirties produced some improvement and led to agitation to have the bars reopened to Gredging. In 1934 Virginia passed a bill permitting scraping in the Potomac River but Maryland has never concurred, »be- lieving that the improvement has not been sufficient to warrant the more efficient type of oystering. Early in 1942, the Maryland Department of Tidewater Fisheries requested the ‘U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service to resurvey the oyster bars in the river to deter- mine if the amount of improvement since 1928 were sufficient to support dredging. This survey was begun in November 1942 and completed in July 1943. The Department of Tidewater Fisheries provided a 52 foot boat equipped with power winders and 3 dredges for use on different types of bottom. Each oyster bar was sounded out with a lead line and buoyed off. An approximate topographical sur- vey was then made using a taffrail log and the ship's compass. On a map of the bar constructed from these data, each credge haul was subsequently located in its proper position draw to scale. Per acre figures for numbers of marketable oysters, small oysters and spat, and volume of shells for each dredge haul were calculated from the dredging data and located on cutlines of the bars in the position of the correspond- ing dredge hauls. Areas of concentration were immediately apparent, permitting the by e Ss x + geobde toon ash petsakerilions Ensskboe acco oat, ,RaldeeM , yeR'rot wok eget passa NR -Duato en say HD: 3 aT ee 3 2 rie visaenos aitero- ort 49 Reva. pee eae "nad “cai ist egelios doi FERS wUECKER tite ues Sarl Peek B. Saget bana coum oe oore te 30 meorrsd ey £0 “panabokt on : Battaliges mest (EF bas. te eee Bs Fg ils ers yet awh sedeie (tnd a a Pne awaioy bored bho Vino ufomay o Vilsiseges adtiaty edd sedan 9a iad0% Teme Fests ; mars Sususs Ste ") “Slew - wit gatdelsnex bednans ewel Srowwsacs sett att tee cfer ita - 8 Yo @eemdinzicnice bas wat ila don) gS sa hebvleat see weve off qearade Clot Jo Suuimes eff Sn BSPL al «. sevkt atif lo. Pee egqy = nd si Biggie? bre; govit odf: to ated Lagtoni yldoesth abea 23eee tc werd - ‘qhootat:. dtie ylesety. of Sedan sabeth edt Ye wht Win asen.erme agewave Ede rO0 3 PL ett ited sole ot meoudss! bokter ed? yalawl .s tsguee ote ehivoe® “ott. + Tipoe: Spon base soitosboa Launas od? ‘hedoe'tte-svaii yoda | SeeL SSP l—eidaliava ort aboot dolde gi etry. £ tie Rit te ddgyce ait a0 Jeedeorm sasd aad ssa haps Fepib-eiisas wi goitiea 2 meta sedew-oit to dint! eget ate aitemak vileeewy 3 towy, Guevo deomla dea wo goviczet soins nefeys oft 90.3 . wee Lf: '? ce OFAN Hasiore i : as Geaaq fuc .yare ; WSEINGGES suf 7 fiwpet aequd-okdg ad eur ae: mys tuarco Alnigii¥ bos Aeahyul gett hedtin i Soke Sedgkea ap fsted odd - » a Be - v National Sheilfishcrics Association Atlantic City, Now Jersey, Meeting, June 1944 ALABAMA PROCRAN OF REHAPILTTATION By vames B. Engle i) Biologist, J. 5. Mish and “uldlife Service Annapolis, Maryiand The fine oysters produced on the natural reefs of Alabama leave nothing to be desired but more of the same product. A recent survey of the reefs suggested a need for a program to increase production to an amount adequate to supply the oyster de- mands of Alabama, as well as the market furnished by nearby states for the same oys- ter. The reefs of Alabama have sufficient area and potential productivity to support a stepped up program part of which would be rehabilitation, and another part, of much more importance than the first, of cultivation. At present there is a low ,ield of oysters from all but a few reefs. The reefs that are maintaining a good supply of oysters both large and small are loca- ted mainly in the pass between Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound. The large reef called White House, north of the pass and in Mobile Bay proper and another called Sand Reef also in the Bay, but south of the pass are two other sources of good yielding reefs. White House reef, however, is subject to freshet damage when the two large rivers that feed into the northern part of Mobile Bay reach excessive flood stages. Most of the above reefs grow oysters in thick clusters. The density of the growth is in itself an inhibiting factor in the process of producing quality oysters. On the other hand, this same oyster if transplanted or thinned out will improve in shape and market value by a margin that would more than compensate for the additional work involved. The seafoods section of Alabama Department of Conservation has recognized this and has provided for the removal of unculled oysters for transplanting during a por- tion of the winter and early spring. This, of course, is to encourage private en- terprise, and its indirect effect would be to thin out the overcrowded conditions. There is ample bottom within riparian jurisdiction for private interests to make use of part of this seed supply. The State, which controls all the bottom outside the riparian ownership, also provides for leasing of suitable areas for the development of private planting grounds in the public domain. From the evidence supplied by the State report for 1942-43 the area leased was sixty-four acres. In time and with enough encouragement more individuals will realize the advantages in oyster farming over wild fishing and participate in the cultivation of oysters. Of equal importance is a part of this same seed supply that could be used by the State to rehabilitate the low yield reefs situated in other parts of the Alabama public oyster growing region. In the past such a program has been promoted but not in a sustained way that would stabilize the supply. With the seed supply available it is now possible to look at another side of the Alabama oyster picture that showed up with startling clearness during the survey just completed. The reefs of the eastern portion of Mobile Bay also known as Bon Secours Bay were producing oysters in very limited numbers in proportion to the size of the area. The figures showing the actual population of the eastern reefs appear in the official report of the survey. It is sufficient here to say that the residue after the 1943-44 crop is removed will practically deplete the reefs. Furthermore, the number of replacement spat and oysters is also very small and entirely inadequate ‘petdatoored ni? iene oe wire «han it > tat 782, Rit Bas Pore ass OUTST EE 7D AOR? aa: Aor tol are. ye of Be eS . ot at wine banter! ioc ecueh i F eas rt, . fi a 4 fa % » Vee PF emt © Otte ~~. | ~ » ‘ ta sae: MA 20.9 2O6T samanme ens co bor Libis “ atadevo ‘onl a uss as A pao hei in) (aye Pace, A ods pin CDS eit YW orton OtAsif OOS PONGRe ie Os MH SloeaeRg ‘weaer tons of as ud hit BASS sHAIOR ert Pa x ist DO, De ROLE Ar . peptic nO ladert3d bts eOLoay bas ¢9 ita aot? 21e2ny9. To 4 »: Geog eaedeve. 7 Viggee : heater iocLe ba afidet ox 7 Yd ni Dies ema wit 1 S 4 a7 o4) 3 ij ¢ if b ths “ik rs eget Wwe Cc yy _ inst , (pttetvets “onee yet atidot bo-dasq mcodtten od oon) ce eine ost totals totcd st aredarc wows _s tee? weed i Wb Gutnhoe te akepotg wilt di-amnsos) giienitdnl mo si ihe po banal wo Hedagtqnased: Ti sevavo omen nist ie Yor, ond DE on paw? of Bio Jar iste » 1 alley Yous ‘ ueotad Seow 1.000 ales wenol to énommrenat agedafA lo acti a oe pitaniquirath wht ereroye bulisone Yo fepeqen ait eu Linas Ghaviud opaamecne of Gt ,eedico to .oteh getaee & hy Seis ple: 1 eigdd stato. Foewmerees ais fio mide ot of Aww Gowkte Mertihe we bee, We otis oF adeozote! epeevitn sot worgoibanenrt wed may Dal u9i0 amntsed o — Bar ah Les moieos ef Lis elowinos Acide ,otad eo we beww: okey. dtinmaona i oS > eve%s eeetlia ) posesel th4 setohivs orlt mov intone olidon -eAle rey ebex pines ne io Dp if «cl .aeton wot-wiaia sew bonasl cote add EA-SiCT et 2 Rake ‘aa oe ‘2 -gogednevhs esd eatiaax Litw elanbivithwi eter tnecomee -wisdeva te mpdveridiue edt ni chagkeiterd tes setae | Dre Sgt Seas od time gad? 3 nee Ee ' 2 . wert 3.4 4 ada > ateng teiléo “ut Dedeubin atoer Risly wol wit rer onne itodet of OB “yA yi Pe. el boon need. cad cimmgowy © dove dan cod nf wae tgert privom code as ll as “tigdve odd Licade ictal Sauriy ae batts —- Py ti r aclouwe bang ‘odd asin io emte de: bite % bite veigona 74. deel at efifeecy. won et 21 eiteiien Whaadiede ony yoattub soamriseds unitraumts Ady - DORON ome 4 oaks ay OF MelPmapiiG. wt woertave Bydte2l yeov ede digteve geatowhos | ortwn oe TOAO .iget intaketo ail? » wutetinnny Lenton ete gatos Seaug?? ed? ps ; ‘ebhices aid beets yee Of ‘oted dently. - ek 22 ‘ Roi: sane bare van RY Engde's Address--Page 2 to supply the quantity of oysters n°". “> equa’. what was taken off the Eastern Bay reefs. The oystermen fishing t!> — Secours Bay reefs did manage to tong oysters in quantities enough to get a finaneial reiveu sufficient to equel a day's pay even du- ring these times, only because of the ign, abroimaily high, prices paid for their oysters. Next year will be diffe2rent unless some steps are taken to replenish the marketable oyster population now gone, but by no mears forgotten. The above statement, while in part pessimistic, is made only as an opening for a suggested plan of State management and maintenance that should prove in my opinion advantageous to the parties involved from the State to the consumer. The State at present is doing a fine job of protecting, and within the means at its disposal, in- ereasing the public oyster heritage. A11 the shells of the present shucking season (1943-44) now belong to the State whc plans to return them to the public beds and bottoms. Many of these shells are already replanted and at the present time, we hope, are cotching spat so much needed. The beneficial results of this operation will be felt in subsequent years, for shell planting has proven its value in all oyster grow- ing regions, (a statement hardly necessary here however) and should also bring the same results to Alabama. Shell planting is insurance for the future but the need in Alabama is present. The depleted Bon Secours reefs need a transfusion which could be best accomplished by a seed planting program. The Bon Secours Bay area has no reef or reefs with enough young oysters to furnish the replanting stock, but there is ample seed on many of the reefs on the western side of Mobile Bay which actually needs removal for the good of the overstocked reef. With the State having full jurisdiction over the reefs, the task of replanting the seed becomes one of labor and timing. The earlier the work is done the less chance there is of seed mortality because of the heat. On the basis of my recent survey I feel that eventually the Bon Secours reefs could be restored by shelling and the judicious use of spawmers. The urgency of the ‘situation, however, requires other treatment which might be called a compromise. The larger reefs should be divided and one portion shelled. Shelling, however, must be well timed to prevent fouling. A mud and fouling organism coating covers most of the shells and oysters on these reefs. It appeared from the few of 1943 oyster spat that were present, that the set occurred early in the summer during late May and June. The time could best be established by an oyster culturist on the beds and his calculations could make more certain a successful set by assuring the coordination of the shell planting with the approaching maturity of the swimming oyster larvae. I am convinced that a replacement supply of seed or setting oysters can be caught on the Bon Secours Reefs. The other portion of the reef can be seeded with unculled oysters from the wes- tern reefs and these oysters brought in will form the spawners needed. The thickness to plant the seed will depend on the supply but it is safe to put up to 150 barrels per acre on the reefs. The planting will be much less than the good oyster bottom can stand but ample to make oystering profitable during the next two years. The above suggestion, of course, is an initial operation in a program to make the reefs self-sustaining. After the seeded areas have been marketed within one and two years that area should be reshelled and the originally shelled area after two years would be ready to yield some market stock. The State would probably have to stagger the use of some of the reefs to permit an extra year's growth to accumulate. The Alabama oyster on some reefs reaches market size in less than eighteen months so it is perfectly feasible to expect some marketable return in two years from the planted shells. In my opinion, however, one more year of growth would make a more rentne oid Te ‘ease ib aren & Spot aha tt’ More ; end Hakwalgoy 6 WN SUIE oR ity a $i 7 atoot erirseek wod (nd wi Sprint sit. hy eR ¥ ee) 7) # %; 2 aie oad snort? in Ett wn? eetine ba mashes mt that ‘, Wein cmt Jer pak yn Dy og akan pire goo-oya Wr rie grin fogae won vl — , dsrorn’s + Aare vakk » oak oof sapmeiend. al yes Srredy aTaat ROD Ry , eit'l sa gOS naleers eis. dotorath on} als Te) wnt a chery! snd aaTh - toot. cateedacd ral ud 3 ‘ fo. ek onedd. so! Are aa cove gaaeot. ia Te sind it bap, piiifase ror i a bo ee Lido BATS Ge hg hI Sg a7 ed Sok Ss od Eleni a ve oases A Bed ne sd ow NE OM | : Aes mies it aroda (eae poueE ten ott dat » se wd becatidodes. a Fhod DAH ME) BLOT WISN ine paldoaso eget w hare 45 hes -ad neo torr eld Bo agit ered y tedeyo @neckt bes dt qo hemigeh fe See, r patenniG oct . epee bgt SSAC U UE |G eka < erate. 36.20 Sepiborng mycu a? -eobdin idveb ~yideupies dy Papen on aes et ethan brayetale < to gosee aia reey Bk plas: tectabtedoo Sucditin. pal Od ‘ UL i eae netod 4 : oe) wi Poabou: ‘yn a wii Esok ote Fy 2 sluent Ges og 2: Sauls Soom 4 = pers $i::" ri sO 3 eed | 3s arose a. OFS80— 5 ~ coe a ae Wt thie viek=iheac! 5 ‘ new ; > Viek: “oOo Je? Pe Re hs ent na a > is eee v é < “ * \ S . < - . . 5 ae ‘ > eGietematiroim Seid HOLS OS Wein rE : ens sheds Be 4 . . 3 * J ~ 4 cad tonto fe wre izbterodad | o18 smaliaypte Inacktined YS shew of book odd 4 sodebhh wie Brive? : titod > sorte! bas 8y99 ,abooaedeO ,aedniiag hin ieee Soumaigy LG teoata goatee as ifews Peal Pagle ‘edhmerat aod ry. okeasao on a: stn MAGIC DANG, tongesite at frare% ea dunitinb ane f manors s goat 4 to OG cuits orn qu phaw nei eared ak pm ore weds Ss. ot ‘ baa eoaoe eens ole olden’) ® ethos Progr te Morse's Addr+ ss--Page 2 the middie Jf November. With the approach of cold weather there was a steady decline in the amount cf food ingested, until the oysters Pave eo a ee f hibernation by the middie of December, The last sample which showed 2 f feeding was collected on De- eember “4, when the surfece water tempers .). Following this, "there wis a sudden decline in the water temperature, which fell below 500, (ile ae) and oysters taken en december 22 had empty stomachs. Inactivity continued through- out the winter until shere was a rise in tue water temperature in March. The first sample which indicated re aE EON of feeding was taken on March 17, when the water temper: ture on the bottom was 5. 2°C. since oysters showed no signs of feeding below this temperature, but resumed feeding when the weter temperature rose above 5°C. This agreeg closely with the findings of other investigators who have recorded 4°, 5°, and 7 C. es critical temperatures for feeding and muscular ; mie Ns Pp ul movement. With the resump.ion of feeding activity, the oysters partake of different food than in the fall, because of the different composition of the plankton. In the early spring, Gauen. constitute the bulk of the food, with Cerataulina Bergonii and Nitzschia seriat:. forming as much as 90%. By the middle of April ;1 and iater the composition of the stomach samples changes. At this time, at least 50% of the or- ganisms ingested are Cyclotella striata, the same diatom that contributed most to the food in the fall. When oysters resume feeding, it is not a sudden change, but a gradual transi- tion. As the temperature rises, iore and more food organisms are found in the sto- machs, and simulatneously the oysters are improving. Below 10-12°C. very few or- ganisms were found in the stomachs, though feeding was in process since crystalline styles were found in some of the oysters. At these low temperatures the oysters were poor. However, when the bottom temperature increased toward 20°C., the oysters showed evidence of eating more and their condition improved, till they were fat and full of diatoms when the bottom temperature rose above 20°C. By comparing the food of the Patuxent River oysters with plankton collected over the bars, we get further indications concerning the feeding habits. The na- ture of the food taken by the oyster is, of necessity, determined by the composi- tion of the plankton; however, the same organisms are not always found in samples from these two sources. For one reason, the oysters do not ingest the large spiny diatoms, such as Rhizosolenia and large species of Chaetoceras, the larger Dino- flagellates such as Ceratium, or copepods. These organisms are seldom found intact in the oyster stomach, regardless of their abundance in the plankton. However, it is not uncommon to find that oysters have taken parts of these large organisms, such as copepod appendages and parts of the shell of a Rhizosolenia or a Ceratium. Appa- rently the size and awkward shape of these forms make them unsuitable as cyster food. There is still another way in which the oyster food differs from the net plank- ton. Oysters are able to collect nannoplankton, small organisms which ordinarily escape through the meshes: of a plankton net. This source of food is important du- ring some seasons, as last fall and this spring when oysters ate mostly Cyclotella, many of which are too small to be retained by a plankton net. For this reason it seems advisable to obtain a water sample for centrifugation rather than to rely on net plankton. yi my ora TY seas Lande. + ie ie el. y bre | a — lo noOfay ners 3 Qa seousiee tne » @ Mo peelge a DOOR wi to sls sat odedigence m9 oir eet i om 2 i)ie.@2@ gated Wabwoe gi iis ta togamin selqune doemota edf Iai b obun aay yedeipts elledoloyS up Rode ‘dom a.'9E -.y0bbeo? anveet aged e ner Sata: esta ,.seaks wt eda 3 a e% seve woLod gotvougm ove eretevo of? viscnosndeds S Ontlisiarts somts esnoot: al now nath af. Baliqe Ylise baa ff, eee book % sag: Ne wats od a add: al vif ase, awit HS 2 STF apitelands drcsixine bra ee wate} tor ob tain 4 Be exis saa ——s ‘Se basiacg 10 eid gnome aows Jats atagthnt -oF eoroliivé at eaedt . ‘yorhast at “hiv tdieise ia® works “ya preys vsenele f wren B rlsddo. of Seonivnoo sd ftw bap os saeTZ07Ty wk L6toe Se “no Ldagete BS MS 2 whtdlad getheg? af snoldsirev fsuans bes Lasoases. eat toe waa cioaoned 8 2 National Shelifisheries Association Atlantic City; New Jersey, Meeting, June 1944 OBSERVATIONS ON THE FATTENING OF OYSTERS IN GREAT SOUTH BAY, NEW YORK. By Joseph B. Glancy General Seafoods Corp. I. INTRODUCTORY: Fatness, in oysters, is a term used by oyster farmers to denote a condi- tion of plumpness of the meats, which at times, fill the shell cavities and attain solidity to such a degree, tnat the yield on shucking approaches 8 to 10 pints per bushel. Galtsoff (1) has stated the yield in various localities varies from 2.53 to 9.89 pounds per bushel. Studies have been made which indicate that fatness is closely related to the glycogen, accumulation which reaches about 8 per cent in fat oysters as compared with 1 per cent in thin oysters. The variation in the yield of meats, oftentimes results in a grower in one oyster producing area with well~meated shellfish, having a great advantage over another in a region where oysters are poor. Furthermore, this variation may be emphasized because: Seal. Bat oysters are usually sssociated with increased shell growth which results in the volume of oysters taken from the beds being far greater. 2. The cost of opening is less with fat oysters than with emaciated ones. 3. Plump oysters are sortable inte higher proportions of "selects," “Nextras," and "counts," which command better prices. It is obvious that an oyster farmer may fail unless his crop fattens. Two remedies are available. First, he can allow the oyster to Lay until they im- prove, assuming his financial and business structure permits; or second, he can transplant to another locality where the water conditions are conducive to fatten- ing. While the oyster is perhaps the most studied scientifically of all the in- vertebrate animals, there is but little worthwhile knowledge of the water condi- tions which cause oysters to remain thin, or on the other hand, to grow well and fatten. The purpose of this study is to describe observations made for over ten years in Great South Bay, New York, correlating the conditions of oyster meats with varicus water factors. II. METHODS: Beginning in 1933 and continuing to the present, a record has been maintained of the meats of the oysters in Great South Buy, New York, at West Sayville. These are expressed in pints per bushel of drained meats. Medium sized oysters, in seventy-five pound bushels, were used for the determinations. Every few days, a sample of water, taken cff the breakwater of the Bluepoints Company at West Sayville, was examined for: : 1. Salinity 2. Temperature Bly esl - { ‘. 7 B : ; nS ve a ie ce us roy re ce i } aon aper ee y 7 4 Rte rreery i iN¢ dy ESS igh ee fs hte or Peete) en Bek ets Glancy's Address--Page 2 4. Diatoms 5. Microscopic swimming forms 6. Small forms The term "small forms" is used to denote very tiny algae from about one to eight microns, components of the nannoplankton, and most of which encountered in this study, perhaps unclassified scientifically. These have an extremely im- portant significance to the problem of oyster fattening. The microscopic examination simply consisted of making counts at two magni- fications, 60X with a binocular, 120X with a compound microscope, of one cubic centimeter (c.c.) of straight sea water, contained in a Sedgwick-Rafter cell. A e.c. is about twenty drops. The Sedgwick-Rafter cell is a glass slide which holds the one c.c. within an area of 1000 square millimeters and a thickness, or rather hee of one millimeter. At first, various methods of concentration of the sea water were used, such as the plankton net, the centrifuge, filtration through pa- er, sand, or Berkefeld filter, but later, it was und at_concentration was in- onventon » scarcely necessary? Bee Leper aA Be is bP alt Phe Conca aen means, however, the Berkefeld filter was considered the best. The chief difficul- ties with concentrating sea water for microscopic examination is that the forms be- come massed in the detritus, and in case of swimming forms, such as many of the na- ked dinoflagellates, completely disintegrated. The advantage of the Sedgwick- Rafter cell is that it permits counts to be made on the swimning forms; e.g., dino- flagellates, zoospores, and protozoa by focussing through the ohe millimeter thick- ness of sea water, and also estimations of the small form, which stay suspended for several hours within the cell, and which easily pass through filters and centri- fuges. The crustacea, chiefly copepods, were counted directly by naked eye in one hundred c.c. of gnmple. The tiny nauplii larvae were not included. The diatoms, including the important filamentous types, were reported as the number of individual cells, which is perhaps not as significant as stating the re- sult in volumetric units to encompass the factor of size of the cells. Salinity 4s expressed as parts per thousand, and determined by titration with silver nitrate solution made up with 27.25 grams per liter. These observations are lacking in that rio measurements of turbidity of the water were made, but as the work progressed, it was realized that turbidity in sea water is of great significance in oyster feeding. No chemical studies were made as, for example, determination of nitrate, phos-~ phate, or potassium content of the water. These should be of value in future stu- dies. In order to summarize the mass of data, the results have been graphically stated on Keuffel and Esser One Year by Days graph paper No. 358-143L for contin- uous records of the various factors; e.g., temperature, salinity, pH, crustacea, swimming forms, diatoms, small forms, and meats. To condense the graphs into two charts per year for conveniently correlative purposes, it was necessary to assign for the ordinates, somewhat arbitrary units, obtained by doubling the value of each ascending division. Perhaps some basis exists naturally for this procedure, since most of these organisms, increase by cleavage of one cell to two individual cells. Thus, the graphs, for the microscopic water life are necessarily distorted, and it must be borne in mind that differences on the upper parts of the curves represent far greater number's than those on the lower. eee saiaien sioaes: Bye cae Baaiacd cise so sg hat oc Ye, : $c , SED ot, Yo. Bess we LEELY g Geckos W. yjor" ct at SOULS JiTi He of 6 a: 32 cha. over qothoge f Taser wit to seedmoo- Pet ag Fee a re y¥too mat vot shogtied eee lite- a Stbds giev ieee x fecal eat gk? So cen aS? per )- th -gioetie tas owe testo aviteuhery ete env. yi “hee taste atagde : et or ets .okaaste se ght rent itso TS seobsim, iP e-Lt. of 2enit + Soeet, 4 2 Lia J p foc 3 12t od- add of gaiitieaa ors ode may Tes PASE i htt torr aa oy pose i Es hus vad ith “him iie:- Hoe et a Be: Me ; A e pes Tae os = vol aa bas ee ne > Pie 7 , - tts te 2 s a a a3 es gest oboe ‘git cetie Patucmio aa coo doae ~40 vainiles opens aire aaa & . j - qurt ied) 28 F itis to, , dans 2 i ae 4 > ~ : s 4 ¥ _ ~ i & ’ os a - ee - Wet eheos ceutatetanatsncr capa hel in CEL a im anicinapmianreaniael tice Le Seep ere ~ te i gm me _- - “ alae & 2 TRwriavs a = 3 ‘ vi hae $24 i. = 8 $3 aS 225 ‘ ans » oe i Tee + FS , re a Fy ¥ o he 33 AT . : i we" 2 - ss A “BROT / Putas = - ‘ : -— = uA anes ype Sect ‘eooé "Listaahes. # oy Be . bes ,xeaee ed@ pode Listeet }: Sdneg.- 3 inewol: baal of ydiai ies oth. Soo go? ~ saidt hea lanes. we ne 4 Rone’ yabes yabd. ee er a SE pot snow: ees ae ot oa Sa ee ee sa seen: be Beet) od Glancy's Address--Page 7 but many determinations were 9.0 and above, while the lowest was 7.4, following the 1938 hurricane. .The pH of sea water is affected mainly by sunlight, wind, and tem- perature. It runs lower in the winter. Cloudiness and wind depress pH. High pil values are fair indicators of excessive plant growth in the water due to photosyn-— thesis. In these studies, nigh pH correlates well with thinness in oysters, which is very likely due to the presence of small farm, which oftentimes keeps the pH at 8.8 to 9.0 for weeks, and which shows little effect with high winds and clou- diness. IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS: Perhaps the most important observation made in these studies is to point out not so much what makes oysters fat, as to show what makes them thin. The effect of the small form is almost devastating. One wonders whether the occurrence is con- fined only to South Bay, or is it widespread and common in occurrence in other oys- ter producing areas. Due to its small size, it may be that it has been overlooked as a cause of oysters not growing weli and fattening, or even undergoing mortali- ties. Not enough systematic and sustained research has been done on water condi- tions as related to oyster growth and fatness to venture an opinion on the matter. The general picture obtained in this work is that oysters are very effi- cient feeders, and are satisfied with optimum conditions when the water is rela- tively clear with only scant, organic microscopic life, but not too clear as in '40. Respiration and feeding, closely allied in the oyster, function best under such conditions. The presence of the filamentous diatoms, particularly skeletonema and chaetoceras, even in abundance, does not seem to disturb this picture. By ser- ving directly as food, or perhaps as an aid to the feeding mechanism, they are con- ducive to good oyster growth and fattening. These studies seem to show that the microscopic, viable organic content of the water provides the dominating influence. Turbidities, caused by small form, have an extremely adverse effect on the gilli feeding shellfish. In a very interes- ting work on the feeding mechanism of the oyster, T. C. Nelson (4) discusses the ef- fect of turbid water on oysters, concluding that those species with a promyal cham- ber, should be classified separately into a genus called Gryphaea. Turbidities may be due to rile by hard winds, resulting in considerable detritus, (microscopic, broken-up, organic matter and fine silt). Appreciable quan- tities are constantly found in the oyster's gut. The amount of wind action from year.to year is quite constant. Therefore, it would seem that detritus is not an important factor in oyster fattening, except that in excessive amounts, it would tend to inhibit the oyster's ability to feed temporarily. From time to time, unexplained mortalities of shellfish have occurred on oyster beds, such as that in the English oyster (Ostrea Edulis) just after the first world war. This species, without a promyal chamber, may have been quite vulnerable to small form growth, just as the sussels seemed to have been destroyed by it in Great South Bay in '42. Great South Bay, occasionally produces oyster sets. In the years under observation, this occurred three times,— '34, '37, and '4l. All good oyster fatten- ing years. There are indications that water conditions, satisfactory for adult fat- tening, are also those necessary for larval survivel end setting. $6 te it mah a ‘. cM Se = * oo err ; HE OTRT Glancy's Address—-Pege 8 It has often been advocated by oyster farmers, and even scientists en- gaged in shellfish research, that sea water be enriched ly the addition of ferti- lizers, in order to secure luxuriart growths upon which the oysters would feed and fatten. Based on the above observations, this does not appear to be a promising line of research, unless possibly the microscopic growth obtained, be composed of moderate amounts of certuin, fiismentous diatoms. In this connection, it is of interest to note that Wells (5) was able to grow various shellfish larvae in sur- prising cencentration, in straight centrifuged sea water. VY. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The history of oyster growth and fattening in Great South Bay shows wide variations from year to year. In the eleven years under observation, oysters were satisfactory for marketing in seven of the years, and so thin in four that an oyster farmer, unless weil established, would face failure. 2. Correlation between good oyster fattening and certain water conditions was always observed when: (a) The water wes relatively clear, but not too clear. (b) The water contained moderate growths of the filamentous diatoms, particularly skeletonema and chaetoceras. 3. Oysterswere always thin when heavy growths of small form, an element of the nannoplenkton, was present, even though the diatom picture appeared favor- able. 4A. Spring and early summer growths of chaetoceras augured for good fall oyster growth and fattening. 5. Likewise, high numbers of copepods dur ing the spring and summer au- pured for successful, fall fattening. é 6. With suitable water conditicns, it took abcut one month, during the fall feeding season, for thin oysters to become fat. 7. The viable, organic content of the water was by far, the determining factor in fatness or thinness of the shellfish, and not the organic detritus. 8. The bottom diatoms were not found to be cf importance in fattening. VI. FUTURE WORK: It is hoped that these observations in Great South Bay will stimulate somewhat similar work in other cyster preducing areas, perticularly, to observe on the occurrence of small form. Such studies should be refined, and if possible, sup- plemented with chemical determinations. From the ‘ncowledge gained in the cutside water, controlled laboratory experiments covld be intelligently and fruitfully car- ried on. It is felt, such researches would be of great aid to the oyster industry. Literature cited: 1. Prceblems of Productivity of Oyster Bottoms, by Paul S. Galtsoff. National Shellfish Association. 1942 Annual Sessions, Philadelphia, Pa. 2. The Role of Diatoms in the Fa'tening of Oysters, hy T. C. Nelson. National Sab S Se ee CE ee Shellfish Association. 1942 A fmnual Sessions, Philadelphia, ieee sanovbe ‘god atte. oo told (oSegere sekth Pray Dteiay aE: Fhe oF teitEo 3 : é evoda edt ao bole vistones eceinw” tg neat? i ais to atau ow. {2} aifel daut eitmy Sy ase ne pares = : . > sae ateiaeios nena had ,evomreds ‘ode’ kote t Qo WoTRMAG HF yl bodeiite. a ‘biee. bot eh SOT. 2g et Bo fe weit 3 tpeleieong ao 9c. Oe + S = Re hegoqns AO ey Et # ee esl ane ae ee . Raw SoA Des sQMOTeRS. tact) ai gnine?dot bos dtwoxg getuyn. 16 yotaid edt ‘obru duney sevede odf nil. ..teoy o¢ Ta0y mond BAe ton bee .eta0% afd be Bored nyt ie To? Vat “telisa ocak Bisow -hodedix +See ijes eaclan « amot? mmo. todow nictteo bas yatnesdel tsdnyo) Bor 4 mexted mol fe loriod — sone ro ton Jud .saelo yLewltiales esr xpi 60T (8) jqony bur asada, a nlaaioot foamy .esodpib guosnem Pie ods to 8) domo, asrigban Dail opade % tot ie 2a te2odsalls bos, ilies to addwo1y yreed aoa aind syevis etew aredeO demaets me ymot it neve .Joeestg. 2a" modes wtovet béwecngae esudotg notaib edd cigu tire tooR 46% heruraus eesovodeedy Ie atissoty ieee ape ieee guage. > palaelae Se ih M2 aan gore bas yakigh ode yeiteh sbogugqes Ig sissaum ¢ agen atoms coe ; : | ae patnatapt oh, Letessoas SAS P ent gp teed ,fdnom ano tuods yoo? 32 ,erortibaso tedew sic pees daw ; -J02 asooe! oF ateveye nlsit ‘tol .soenes” ‘ + gnintemsob . woh Amok dtl .aLieW deckt madsle vd wospeti) sad pie “sateY wo e-edasG. peste Lad ane. National Shellfisheries Association Atlantic City, New Jersey, Meeting, June 1944 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE TRANSPLANTATION OF TWO WEEKS OLD SET AND OF OLDER OYSTERS By Thurlow C. Nelson, Ph.D., D.Sc. Professor of Zoology, Rutgers University Biologist and A. F. Chestnut, Assistant Biologist New Jersey Oyster Research Laboratory Transplantation of "corn on the cob" set has always been a problem. The sub- sequent yield from planting of such thickly bunched seed has nearly always been dis-— appointing. Excessive crowding results in the death of the majority, while the sur- viving oysters are usually long and narrow and show poor meats. On the Cape Mey shores of Delaware Bay setting of oysters may continue night and day as long as six weeks. Every object in sight is plastered with oyster spat, which in less than a month cover the surface with a solid sheet of oysters. Competition ic very keen; our studies show that on the average only one out of each 630 spat attache: per square inch of surface is able to reach the age of one year. The other 629 are crowded out and smothered by their fellows, not killed by enemies. The first slide shows the initial stages of this competition with the fastest growing oysters extending their shells over their younger or weaker neighbors. By the first of September baskets of shells put out on the flats are covered with a continuous sheet of young oysters. All oysters within the bag have been destroyed by cutting off of circulation by the oysters at the surface. The only shells which yield a return to the planter are those at the surface of the bag, all those within the bag are wasted. The increasing weight of the bag likewise causes it te sink slowly into the bottom destroying as much as one-quarter of the young oysters on the surface of the bag. When planted there is much injury to the delicate shells of the rapidly growing young oysters. Many of the spat have grown around the wire; hence, the bag is usually destreyed in emptying and freeing it of the seed. Crabs and other enemies are drawn to the bed by the dead and injured oysters. Once they have eaten the oysters with bro- ken shells, the enemies remain to work cn the uninjured oysters. Repeated experiments in shifting these densely set shells in the early fall have failed to yield any return. The young thin-shelled oysters have been destroyed practically one hundred percent. If the set, however, is protected by a cage of wire fine enough to exclude blue crabs and oyster drills, the only mortality which occurs is that resulting from crowding or from accumulated mud. Clusters of fine rapidly growing oysters are obtained. To avoid the injury resulting from moving "corn on the cob" set, and to secure the maximum yield from the shells, the following experiment was conducted during the summer of 1943. Small baskets made of two foot, one-inch chicken wire such as have been used for oyster drill traps were employed. Into these wire bags were placed only enough shells to form a mass not more than six or seven shells deep from side to side in the center. Thus every shell in the bag was not more than three or four shells away from the surface of the bag at some point. The bags were set in pairs or in sets of three along the edges of the bars on the Cape May Shore on July 1 & 2, 1943. Heavy setting began at once and was still in progress July 16th when the bags were removed and the shells planted within the next four hours on the Parker Grounds in Maurice River Cove. This ground had previously been drill dredged to remove as many borers as possible. When examined from time to time during the late summer and early fall, it was found that considerable scaling off of the young oysters occurred. This permitted 7) vata molsainoaka BA cueventehRTOMe ‘tamohten” ie ; Se Raa MOI sant ~gaidool ,qoutol woll Cato or LO TOP YO an TR do GaN OT To LOKHIMAOMMT wT WD 6% .G «bet eaten . walemnt?, a. tekgototi. Wieserind sy «ll eeoloo’ te msiivebnt Salgotora Snedaiosa unseen? eS ‘ik eanecingune, downedell teateyo wooret wot Ee molto 8 cnad eyewle ean-deo “dos ont om cron to nelondvad “eth seed evente yircson eat: boon bedor! yiilotdt dete to yaldmalg aot t , wuin at alin ~lrolan edd to steab eft nt. adisoor gatherorto | ovhunesadl a -uteest toog wods bae wore ical geol yliaves om @ “a trigte euniiaos yer osoduve Yo grit? tes att oraistog’ Yo'segode: yall sn0 of at Molde: .deqa rsdeyo délw hetodunt et Style at’ Ioelso ‘yrovil -Si0ow xia ag: ak moteideqmoD .eteduyo Yo: toeds bifog s déiv wor'tnin edd tevos atom e “2 vodoatée gaqu.Of2 dome ‘to duc ano vino epeters ef io dnt? wode * @te O60. cadto off tay ond to.ene elt Anaet of olde al ovat mig. tc ebiie dwskt. aT : .eoimerro: yd bellidt Jon cawoife?. tied? vd peste ) gntbandxe wioteyo gecbnog feotuot add dttw aoltigogmes elhd Yo vegase reyy? fiewaad sedmeIge2. to detit oy yA .etcdilgten tekset to tegaucy sheds 90" <@tedeyo giwoy ‘to. teade euvuatdnoo # déiw betevoo ots edalt: od ao duo ott yw aoidalvosio to Yo gaiitim of beyotdned coed eved god off abdtie # eke B00 twtnale edt of wunter « Blok, doldw ellede clao od? .costave off 3 ) @ijiev aoheteton!t eff .beduow otn god of? abdtiw onaid [Le .pad off? To @ ae doke as Babyo tdéaeh aodtod eds otnt yiwole anfs of #2 aseuae oak . «ned add Io soettwn eff? no etesteyo yamoy edd we acho yittees odt to allats ofeclfob edt 6% yuwtat dew ef yaad & oe PAowen at god oid ,eoned jotkw ed? bavots aworg ever deqn edit ‘do ye 8 od \), metb ow vebmese todto hae ger) .beoe eff to tt gatoott bas gatyique, ah Be ORS GRA erodey: oct sodas eval yedd oon ,etodeyo bow) al’ bas beeb odd ot Be | tent teqxe : bodaequl .aretiyo howwhatay odd o> wow ot miamet salvens odt'y \ ides. ge blab, oF ‘boficl ovad List ylase ond at offeda dea yloemed ened? 5 (AT. .dreoneg berate! eno yllasiteetq betotéeeh need oval etoteyo beltere-akde | One adem avid sbuioxe of dgsone ent? extw to egso o yd botostong af jueve a heated ‘0 yutionot wort gaitivees todd of omoso dotdw yiiledron ' old ol Paap sbonlatd: ot etedayo galwory vibiqot ent? to: ertedaslD o beam 5h bts ‘wanes ot bra ,ten “doo eit mo Moo” geivon inorrt patsiccor yurhal ade Site one ent goitub bedowbtoo sow dmembteqxy gotwolict edt ,ellern ont moth hfe! i Bony teed ovad-as Sou -o¢he aedotdn doakt-eno.,doo? owd to ebam ddadead Llama 1 Sgwone vino boonlg onomeged oxtw esede ofal .beyolqne etew eqand Litah a add at ebta of ebte movt wook alleda moves to xe sed? orton don seam ® ot a noeh yawn adfeeie mm't to eends aadd etait Jom naw ged oft mi tieda rove cad gent? lo ades at to wxiog af fer’ otew oped orf statoq smoe de ged | gaitioa yoo .tpei .$ 84 vel ao e2odG yo ognd ed? no’ ' o | > etd Roe bowomes ener agad odd sedw Gael ylot soermmeny at Litto ey agen’ tow bi eureees al ahaso tedsel ald mo Lavgar mot Sxen edd dar at Lin ysnoo he rommust odie ott yum ontd oF emia wort parents Saini! ake? herrtara00 vanes gauoy, wld ‘to Ye — olds Nelson's Address--Page 2 very rapid growth so that by November 5, less than four months after transplanting, the oysters had reached a length of approximately two inches and width of one inch. The only mortality seen was due to mud on the softer portions of the bed, together with a small death rate from drills. There was no evidence of destruction due to crabs. Examination of the spat at the time of transplanting shows very little crowding; hence, no delicate edges of shell to be broken. Of great interest is the heavy set on shells even in the center of the bag. Also because of the light weight of the bag and the short time, two weeks, it was left on the shore, there was almost no sinking into the bottom. In other words every shell in the bag bore some spat, most of the shells, a very heavy set. In actual figures this » ranged from 108 spat per square inch on the lightly set shells to 450 spat per square inch on the more heavily set shells. Just what yield per square inch of shell surface can be obtained by such early transplanting is not yet knom. It must be very much higher than the one per square inch which survives under our old plan of leaving the shells on the flats until fall. Scaling off begins within a month after the shells have been transplanted and at a time when there may be several dozen young oysters per square inch. Every biologist will naturally ask; is it wise to save a high percent of a heavy set? Would it not be better to allow competition to kill off the more slowly growing spat, and to plant only the fastest growing survivors. Theoretically, this position is sound and the very rapid growth of coon oysters supports this conclusion. Oysters grown from densely set seed should mature for market at least a year earlier than do oysters from spat set widely apart and in which there is no crowding during growth. Practically however, we find in Maurice River Cove a poorer yield from a dense set than from a light one. On several occasions the natural beds have been cloSed for a year tc allow the seed to thicken up their shells so as to better withstand dredging. In spite of the selection of faster growing oysters which cccurs during this extra year on the natural beds, the resulting plantings have been disappointing. In part, this is due to the high percentage of oysters injured in transplanting. In addition, the very thin shells resulting from rapid growth, have made easier attacks by drills. The problem is complicated by the fact that the faster an oyster grows, in general, the thinner its shell and the more vulnerable it is to-enemies. Dense set grown in cages clearly de- monstrates faster growth, but the practical oyster grower cannot use cages; he must have oyster seed which can survive under the conditions which obtain upon an open oys- ter bed. There is an additional advantage in moving dense set before any crowding has commenced. All evidence shows that individual oysters differ as much among themselves as do other animals. If conditions on the ground to which the seed is moved differ markedly from the conditions at the place of attachment, then when the transplanted seed begins to grow and crowd, those cysters best adapted to the new surroundings will be the ones which survive. Under our old system of allowing the crowding and elimina- tion to occur at the place of set, we obtain a crep of seed oysters which are best adap- ted to meet conditions at that place. They may net be the ones best adapted to the conditions on the new ground to which *).. spat are transplanted. During the first two or three days after they set, oyster spat are becoming ad- justed to a iife of attachment, and are easily killed by Low oxygen or other unfavor- able conditions. By 4a week to ten days they are fully adjusted to their new mode of life; hence, there is no danger in moving them after two weeks, provided they are kept moist and are protected from the sun. (yy. selena tier Hoy owe ‘a to awit ‘ nana bes Mestont ot tot ct iconags, to ddgat., ry ; bbe er 99. alto Lirvoy ‘tavtea, ett ng bun of aul gam foes any thats Oe pis em ome fo epaebiiw oe gam. ated? |: Ohba: oe yarn odibpLt vi omnie yltnalierrnt Yo ante odd da. lene of oF Llods Bo: ee ate a we LF ' A rs oa ORLA ‘ipa’ ais te totaen, cad at weve oflonte ite Gas vend ott ek sooroont | FM ROE: Gate te aeaiae ine okt duode old balk god act Ye ‘dtigtow Seigkt e Veove siecaw wilde ak jmedd tot mit oft guises on dnomls ‘naw om Sertery }% Kouta al tee vac ‘vier & ,Giteta edt Yo Peto Feqe emom: “Maan mee Page ORS 4 ) aLiod “Buel * Vl daig td “tect” sacs Ae ut othupe bs Saga 80g yi. ; : v oud forls soe a: hvaedl a Bars. ule io fons ww benltaddo of neo gonrie ffets To dont WIANS “tery bieky anita 7% ci ond Mods sutlyld dow view of deile OT: «wows dey ton ut Reet Shere eta29 ods no olleviea wt qutvaet to epiq Blo ‘tio teh sev ira at’ Pet & Sotqalqunnss vod ovat oLLucie eid henna 5 citaom e abidtn en igod i? : ad \ U toi WLS, :. THe} wade x % LIM (9 jad can PCR od ba “qvees & to itso 7r6y gtd #2 ovaa of otlw ff at gee vllowion wee Jas solid ec ee GwWols eton edd Tis L124 oF Bolstioomos vAl 2 pr tes jud.ed Jon a ’ + tint Soe elds . wits midotow: orice yolnow duetenl add yin d Pe wtsseys Hotemlonoo aids wdroyque ote Woon to idee & bot Toy gal airs Sarl arady ‘tab iiss wey -4 reed: do dostten tot oirdes bloods Sage ton yleun et wom Gibit weliwero on af oreadt dolite ai boa ditage YTobiw: doe sega: ang asd woaee i a'r’ Rely tetyod O owed. devlR os healt of bn} Ow . tevewon - w pee eeee 8 2 Hetolo neod coved ebed Leteten edd ghole: A d 500 .L0 even 0 O70 aml cankybets Sradnishe aside! of as. a8 elfodo: ates a nedaiaé ot § aid Wh They Htixe alsd yrited eawoos doldw evedave go ciwoty seduat Yo nab ye at ads ePteq al ieidas pee th eo avon B yi tdaoky gatdiurer mld» 7 be tov od. wmolethis al yedtasiqgnoigt al bewinat srodexe Yo uyedmons Oy it Mb idony ONT .ULIPb wi sdoddin sotang tu be wad iver bigest oot) pebt pi et on erly « Lertertoyy 2% 22 ,0eom TeteCO as Tedeat od, wits feet old ry bei a ‘ab wetvalo ecneao at ae a vet oope™d ,"otmere-od of 92 oldatentov esom att | ey Sein: Spat reanse e6u Jonnas ‘twwo'm “ty yaya £y od son Ty ond dil aihtworny totes? g , ob ies ma mogu ahatico doltw easisihros scz “tobtulf ovivue neo doidw been | Oo! Balad pat bwore Ys. eSetod Jen eameh ariven mi pet aovba honosdit nm ak re ; ewndantrads yioms tiem as veTLib eet £ wbivthel gold enbein egnoblve. SIA) ian Fie TRORELD Loven st beau ew tetra of bac ome odd we Lsihrea ZI Sao sclandao ae + Beitent; pnatt od tasw marty e dar bitdig ao. vEmia oly 28 ano tetirs: 99 OEP) mon Lite. agntbnivs rime wen ofd of Detgubn dea! otstuy> ododd Suet Ahe wom od arr hae i wii tnt Le, few gnkbworw oad 4 piste Ls Fait hei Lo the weber). .ovlesie ei Litton av pes x! one cate ipsa boay lo gate a aletth ew pte ‘te ek Co pts te ‘LINO i ‘aici fac bodgaba Fee! Bea wid OF “So eh yedT ve ot ( Sad de ano d.thor 30. ae whe oan ft oad aC uy iw, og Pare om wh wld 4 : me alle tcloded atch dona TIRYO hoe Yay: teste aya eannits 5 cs pe $e4kY wnt pan mora ries TOUSo MK aeRO wold if bel £2¥ (Adee. ove. bag 0 Pane ITD my Ry som aS Na “phony wey ek ari ot badanl Br y es ut ok Kod? feeb Wes oF! Momma: a Ts fda Daa cade betsiver:) , caldw on ToHta nets gelven ogee of 3) orert. goer Aud oid: ord bedoadony | | Nelson's Address--Page 3 Finally, where wire baskets are used to hold the shells, there is much in favor of early transplanting. First, the shells have gained but little in weight from the growing spat. Second, there are no sharp bills to injure those handling the shells. Third, the baskets are overboard for only two weeks. They acquire no growths and if washed at once in fresh water can be used year after year, thus amortizing their cosi over a considerable period. The far greater yield per shell planted will soon pay the cost of the basket. Details of the operation can be seen at the exhibit show at this meeting. Seal mnt ‘dune ey pane ta Mgeet: Sale Live yt ata drew bon a8 ever Bits da ett at ee ra PB ersesen ES. Qoit Lait endl dows nif illlcasan it queda hsidiideadl otters booties | am Ch Died eitortyion octipoe yadt .exoom ond often tot Wreodmeve oes aepdem tne meat: qZh sede aarchd “mes ie: peer osetia Sahay, cl ono Sacew Geert ins pee ‘ed Ri: Mn eg badentg ilo req Inieky ahaa ey:. 121 was ho hte aidone ble abs oA eslusion B fidinxe off 36 ofa ot ced neo Lterasego ‘edt Yo effeied tesla s be National Shellfisheries Association Atlantic City, New Jersey, Meeting, June 1944 POLLUTION AND THE SHELLFISH INDUSTRY By Charles G. Hammann Senior Sanitary Engineer, Division of Sanitary Engineering Rhode Igland Department of Health It has_been my good fortune to have attended the last five annual conferences of the organizations represented here today. My usual role has been that of liste- ner but when invited to present a paper on this occasion, the invitation was accep- ted enthusiastically. My enthusiasm was diminished, bo.cvey, when it was revealed that the theme of this portion of the program was =< center upon the contributions of bacteriology to the shellfish industry. The presence of several famous and a few infamous bacterio- logists, together with my limited knowledge of this profound science, would make my efforts to discuss the subject embarrassing. To add to my discomfort, I learned that one of the gentlemen referred to above was to present a paper on the laboratory aspects of shellfish production. The preliminary program further disclosed that an eminent contemporary was to discourse upon the Manual of Recommended Practice for the Sanitary Control of the Shellfish Industry. Being familiar with both speakers and having read the manual several times, it was reasonable to expect that all phases of shellfish bacteriology would receive thorough attention. Dr. Galtsoff was generous in the matter of latitude, however, and permitted me to digress. It occurred to me, as I sought a suitable subject, that the pollution problem is one in which most of those present have a common interest. The industry is deeply concerned with the economic effects of pollution, technologists are in- terested in the scientific phases of the problem, and regulatory people are respon- sible for preventing human illmess caused directly or indirectly by the contamina-— tion of waterways. It was decided, therefore, to select pollution in its relation to the shellfish industry as a subject for discussion. To consider this controver- sial matter exhaustively would require unlimited time but let us review briefly those economic and hygienic aspects of the matter which bear directly upon shellfish production. The early colonists of America were forced to obtain the essentials of life; food, clothing, and shelter in their most readily available forms. Crudely con- verted natural resources supplied these needs in most instances. Caves, hide tents, and log cabins served as shelters. Tanned hides, furs, homespun fibers, and hand- woven fabrics furnished clothing. Berries, fruits, vegetables, game, and fish pro- vided sustenance. Historic records reveal that shellfish were a principal food re- source and that mussels, oysters, end clams contributed substantially to the larders of coastal families. This situation has changed to the extent that not only are shellfish consumed as a staple item of food in localities where they are produced, _ but are transported long distances to markets where they are considered a delicacy. The consumption of tremendous quantities of all species of shellfish creates a pro- blem of great magnitude in sanitation. America was destined to become the most highly industrialized nation in history and it was not long before family functions of building cabins, spinning yarn, wea- ving cloth, hunting game, cultivating gardens, and fishing in streams and seas be- came highly specialized crafts. Colonists who formerly provided all the needs of their families gradually disappeared. In their places appeared craftsmen who ex- ae ! (ae “ey ia acide sank podiotgl lf ids Fook Ba Sl dae! BATE yulidtoos VOR ISY “TT wee okra “a YaTOUUs. : HEY eae (Sar Cee. ao SOAR Stra sere! .o deluat) Pete ; ae ; ee LaPhoolens pRastasg So notetyvaKl. Be mB Lee, 2. Weteet Docc 0 Tae itt itieat lo tees regeS baslst shows Oe h = 4 ie, “ . = ery . $ , aa a ay 7 os sis > +n = | ae jim m SABITURES 3 ri i FE WP OE id not yg oN Dao: feed. Pe FBS. ROC BAF A209 . See Ve «Vabor. Peon £ bodesdenge% i wilh Se « eoisalivak of} ,nolencos aiid ao togeq- 2 Jrecesq- sd inesb Somes: » Vi deods 4 $i wete .0.vo cu. -botlaieint> gee aeehoul % > “ealt: epee. Redes ot mivig¢tc add te rae Z to sydelwors timtl yo dftiw seahegel By. Via az POD = a | SSL HTICORS J an pee ent: cevoeth eur ot ae eveda. of aie weeds ag3 hem re F fasar a2 soo. ee tre: sibs og eae wa ieny Bea fier! hiiw a0 ST -prlos vifeplol detdifed? ett te toxiaed-ae Sie tats soeqx Jdanosas* w ist opomhe [eueves Lagnen ett Bee ituodss. dguowedt eslecet kigow. yolodintoad sl is Hs has Ficriag fan. sevmtod:,sdytijel to séfem. sfit.oi eaon ws caw Stout nodduiiog ond Jadd. .ddezime ofcudi (-o dtienoe Jaa , cn oe bergneas ai om erdeativ:. att open Touma .2 #y a. aura 8 wih. ‘to- Jaom doidw yas 9889"; a y f m aveinolcadve? rece ts efoette. 3 se ota og revised sal etods-fsues fers. ,oeidong o7 Io esandy. oF34 poken: ‘eld, Si = ES. Bake MORTALS: Bs 5 c2h Degen. enact it anes! 4 -gneie wisi! .bebisab oawe. 2: -.»af ijga 6 aa yadeeped. : ed de iezio etivpet binow eleritenedae ; (OS2iiees aca VAFeeksh toot toluene. «oldu mit-To edsagqua cliaeig¢i tas oY 4 Bis ae 4 ‘garth. “io sisisseens.. ons aici oF beste? cise 60 Te to edeinolen a ee —Mee YLebind. .tatct oidaltoes vikkcet tacm siedd af -ebtiods Sac me anGeed ofic: .waysd ...sosavtan! I weren ened? DolLiegan. aaeotoeet: : jek t ¢ ‘i saghhd. Gent. .etedtede Se Serked aaiaee hee ee eo , datdasener ‘ , sdascach _paaaoke Eaiatoey’ # POe HUG, Jicions s wren jntiltode- Jedd Lmoves sbusogs-ehaedetl wena ermbiat « 4 a Hituitgion emsio bat .sedey ~ateuae aediay (Om of a : os adit wei eiat Boil inet: b Penh. "ko "aoa sigaade-& cé heme 4 . 6 .04e wad wrote groltea ot apometet® gaed Parone ::3e. aad 4S Lis Te asttizasyp. apobrenwst te ole eeebsahiave a iesaatettierertis entir' a: eeatese Re tion how Lee beedandeet efi ‘deieve per panee, ot ‘benidab: one Mero “te phase goin at ge Ba nbs tna’ to sqoddnan? yi tweet. etoled: gered; fon-2a0 : mod naga: Tau. somes at geliakt bee ..gonkeey ‘soidorition wth “gridit | git ; a adh iks. hekbeos -yhsowm. whe adelaoiod .etiwio, dee see ort ceceTicto beraeqge, sage ky, whetd at ences anaes cone Hammann's Address——Page 2 changed spesific abilities in particular trades for comfortable modern homes, cus- tom tailored clothing, and highly refined foods. Later many of these craftsmen were gradually supplanted with the introduction and wide-spread adoption of mass production. Of g-eat significance in this transition was the part played by the rivers, lakes and tidal waters of tic o*ijon. It followed iraturally for manuvactories to be established on waterways for many reasons; porter was needed to operate mechanical equipment, water was required for processing raw materials, and navigable waters provided inexpensive and con- venient transpo ‘tation, to mention a few. Many social and economic disturbances occurred durin: this period. Several critical problems in sanitation ensued. Among the latter was the serious one of waste disposal. Domestic wastes from re- distributed ropulaticns and refuse from industrial processes were discharged un- treated inte nearby waters. Both practices were and continue to be responsible for pollution as the term is used with reference to water sanitation. Each differs somewhat is: character. The term "domestic wastes" is commonly construed to mean sewage in the form of liquid and solid refuse emanating from plumbing fixtures of residential structures. These include human excreta; wash water from bath, laundry, and kitchen,the last frequently containing food particles and sometimes ground garbage; and diverted roof or surface water. "Industrial wastes" are composed of refuse resulting from manufacturing pro- cesses and include effluents from fiber, yarn, cloth, metal, and canning factories as well as animal offal and wash water from slaughterhouses, and a variety of other materials. Sedgwick includes in this category "almost anything capable of carriage by water and small enough to find entrance into sewers." Unrestrained continuance of these practices resulted in unhealthful and obnoxi- ous conditions which increased proportionately with the expansion of concentrated populations and industrial production. Certain of these conditions were responsible for devastating injury to the shellfish consuming public and to the shellfish in- dustry. Of greatest significance wero illness and death attributed to ingestion of shellfish taken from waters contaminated with organisms of enteric diseases. These occurrences caused people to refrain from eating shellfish to a degree that threa- tened the industry with economic disaster. They also caused the imperative imposi- tion of minimum sanitary standards for shellfish producing waters, which created additional financial and industrial problems. Among these were condemnation of ex- tensive areas theretofore regarded as excellent for oyster conditioning purposes, loss of appreciable quantities of oysters planted in areas too grossly polluted to permit removal for self-cleansing, relocation of shellfish plants or longer hauls necessitated by the development of new beds in more remote locations, and other attendant losses. These events led progressive planters to combine efforts with other groups in the stimulation of a movement for pollution control that had been started several years earlier following outbreaks of illness through the medium of contaminc«ted drinking water. The objectives of the program were to reduce cr eliminate dangerous and undesirable conditions and to prevent their recurrence. Many legislatures created agencies or empowered existing agencies to investigate the matter of pollu- tion and to enforce laws enacted to control the problem. Treatment processes were developed and applied separately or in combinaticn with varying degrees cf success. Great advancement was made during the years that followed and it was established that domestic wastes, and to some extent industrial wastes, could be rendered inno- can Gare, tees | Sok pat aii ature it A eae: eames is ay Bene 3S nie ez Wie x Prats i 28 * bebseg a Meee > hee Soe tenn att 3 O01 ast . : a DERISH LL RPO Ty fearemeal. dntaw of toudeng -Labarnaiendl” (PET Gods wht os. emake Suey wtbeortingzs Riches onion. wiebor sigat a alaciet of sigoed: >see _ aviinant » inte ae “04 “sehiSe myer wey. ins a wet on ; Ba Lebtager ae tess ee eet kana font re 8 tgaielow Lice aes | id a3 pei disrn ox petwnkaed ; i sh is iB: eawddnebdo act ated Sener: ee feng So: Rabe eestor y he Tes pan Mh ae ae welbroga iki: ovey sheettoett Kod one ysl Raggio ot fadun ewad: eganiue “to"ouewyeb grt esaveddiw acitastdiscs a ve bela hicatas cow # baie. BawdLicd joss e208 scht geeireab, absent ete ape ed blows cea: eguincaiow ae tate esate ei Hammann's Address-~Page 3 cuous with modern methods at reasonable costs. Construction of treatment plants followed, offensive conditions were ; “ty reduced, and prospects for success ap- peared encouraging. Regulatory -*icials, consulting sanitary engineers, research workers, and many others were active during this period, and to them belongs credit for the rapid and commendable progress in this phase of environmental sanitation. Many factors prohibited complete achievement of objectives, however, and un- desirable situations continued or recurred usually in modified form. These fac- tors, many of which still exist, included insufficient legislative authority, in- adequate funds for research and regulatory activities, luck of public interest, failure of offending communities and industries to accept their responsibilities, and inability to treat certain wastes satisfactorily. Responsible governmental agencies are constantly striving to overcome these obstacles. Their efforts are frequently supplemented and encouraged by private groups. Activities of this kind can be of inestimable value and should be encou- raged. Unfortunately, however, the assistance of shellfishermen, resort operators, wildlife enthusiasts and civic associations have frequently been observed to be so disorganized us to be valueless or even harmful. The first consideration of -pri- vate groups desiring to participate in pollution abatement programs, therefore, should be the establishment of fundamentally sound organizations. The next logical step would appear tc be the determination of satisfactory objectives. Those defined earlier are felt to be reasonable and commendable and are repeated here in slightly different form; complete elimination of conditions dangerous to public health or offensive to the community. This can be done most effectively in my opinion through the coordinated effort of all. related groups utilizing factual information, carefully executed plans, and willingness to compro- mise. Unfounded allegations, mass agitation, misdirected energy, and selfish atti- tudes will detract from any program and will usually have harmful effects. Remaining impediments will resolve intc less complex problems and their re- moval will be found more easily attainable when scund organizational structures and feasible objectives have been provided. Legislatures will be more respcensive to recommendations for enactment of statutes and requests for regulatory and research funds. The public, which when aroused becomes a potent influence, will he more sympathetic and helpful. Offending communities and industries will be more recep- tive tc demands that are sensible and economically feasible and will be more likely to accept their responsibilities. Enlightenment created I these procedures will reduce pressure exerted by private interests which frequently causes solitical tole- rance. The discovery of satisfactory treatment processes for wastes not amenable to known methods depends entirely upon applied research, and progress is continually being made in that direction. In closing, I reiterate that the practice of discharging untreated or partially treated domestic and industrial sewage into streams, lakes, and tidal waters con- tinues to be responsible for illness, discomfort, and economic loss. This period of post war planning seems to be an excellent time to take inventory, organize, de- cide upon a course of action, and engage energetically in a coordinated program to attain the proper objectives. It remains to be seen whether or not the shellfish industry, the existence of which depends upon the execution of adequate pollution control measures, will respond te the limits of its ability and resources. eben Ley vapor ed Brae : Poeun? OES CAGE “p53 mere |. eee Si ceerrgorey 7 = « 20 Syeanteders wah EEO preci. tote 4: pee iihestw . .iwtgled a bee el Lareg ese des Pein se tam ann ae 129 rte 4 ae Seis, adatst. Sort i- tar = terse bara ° sian eft Bp er is: te ees s “;- ie * povtssatls. : i ) intde te be reagpetie ; ont ee sone tee Lite National Shellfisheries Association Atlantic City, New Jersey, Meeting, June 1944 THE BACTERIOLOGY LABORATO™. .. A TOOL OF THE PROGRESSIVE OYSTERMAN By Leslie A. Sandholzer Bacteriologist, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fishery Technological Laboratory College Park, Maryland In the course of my experience with the oyster over the past 5 years, I have become impressed with the psychological reaction which accompanies the mere men- tion of "bacteriology" or "laboratory tests" in regard to shellfish. Awe, fear and defense reactions appear simultaneously and with suddenness. The reasons for these emotional displays are perfectly understandable. They have their origins in simple but real experiences. The dramatic effect of infec- tious disease, the regulation of the industry by wublic health officials and the continual awareness of the industry of its responsibilities in maintaining a high degree of wholesomeness and safety in its product, lays a burden upon the oyster- man which is heavy, hence his allergy to any mention of this phase of his work. Furthermore, it is difficult for him to understand some of the technical aspects of bacteriological control and he becomes wary of the laboratory workers. It is my purpose tcday to attempt to dispel this wariness by briefly indica- ting how you, as cystermen, can employ the bactericlogical laboratory as a tool for your own advantage. I want to point out how bacteriologists generally are equipped to assist you in the development of your industry and to indicate how the facilities now at your disposal can be used to your advantage. I shall try to do this by discussing 2 fields of investigation which are of interest to the oyster industry. The ‘Siret, and the one with which you have lad the greatest concern, is sanitation. The second is, in a sense, a new field be- cause it has been’ almost completely neglected. This is the role of bacteria in the nutrition of the oyster and their influence on the quality of the oyster as food. There undoubtedly are other bacteriological problems which should be looked into. Technological advances will lead to the necessity of making new types of investiga- tions but it is impossible to review all of these possibilities at this time. Any outbreak of infectious disease due to shellfish is doubly embarrassing: to the shellfisheries because it leads to a temporary loss of public confidence in the oyster as safe food, and to the public health bacteriologist because he knows thet such incidents are preventable by the adoption of proper sanitation practices. The current sanitary regulation of the shellfish industry is aimed at the mainte- nance of consumer confidence in shellfish as food. The necessary control measures upon which the industry frequently frowns are directed not at the producer but pri- marily at the development of a food industry upon which the public can rely with safety. Since the shellfish industry differs in many respects from other food in- dustries, its problems are unique and require special treatment, but the work should be done with the consumer in mind, thus enhancing the industry through increased oyster consumption. While it is true that the development of consumer confidence is an initial motive, this goal frequently has been obscured. Each oyster-producing state has se- parate control measures for the industry and this leads to confusion which is exag- gerated by the unfamiliarity of certain of the enforcement officials with the oyster ; A poddnbosben’ sad tadie ltt hade asf ei i hg ovr eidook ,yoatel wu yeh? Shenae) aed an 7 aman is o. avr ON SE EO “ye” (Whe “Ore cid obuoisman Ce Foley j is? Ht i iC} 6 (\ it 4 1, in a H Pale 4 oe \ . : a. iV Yew TAA sean anaes mee Coit bees it). tab de ee, | Uy a ea ; ! re gf ce ries iy Denar ivan cilia (0% ai Renna. aR Y Doan Hae eG. at: ORES fos sedi at ; Gee eiodetort ad ee fomtou Ty wba kt if . 0). ae a ee oth: alk ust ognttod Ars odd ddbe eonedseqee’ yt! to. wv ten fang daoyeq det Sthy bows Siatrocet” te Syyotalve rationis pacman anokiie rt “ora 7 CQanery Ain cr) La i ae it ‘okie ds FL SA a ‘alealh Langidomey Saou? wii anoag time elomte te, esky tte. Hor es me) weanis ty, doo t ts mor aia ‘ote ban edetal a He Ae both to aod ta lsmot of ,okae | A, 8 yonbaroil me get waka gojeet ett Bo Tape met oft 2 CO ; taleahad We Mes bee ihe cuba: r wl fiers teey's $ : ion baw ewatraanemden abet enn . Re vid i Ast eth ee Oey qf Bree ripe Saotye Pi cknbht witela wi noecntton 2idt Tageth of Sometde oF Yebot ay rqtea. we be : i % Seat a 08 YRote roel bs yp Rerucy Es hat oft qolate neo ,feErres ey Fate f ‘ . ‘ , vs bn % nie t ber weitere: atalanicitatosd wot jun Saceg of RAY # we Wat deotbnl of Recs RG, SP" to ddeuge level. ond 1 CY pogo rah : - deeper “EOy Ge DORN. GG 2 f - Rasch: oy ‘oat: ‘4 . ha: eRe Nive “een. ng to cern ghtat? % netrannt “yt aki ee: ali haa. if iN to Lite Hote rio ote Bao «it te AS At : ial SM eg) bc ed & ap Of ME en OoWwa “Oo . wok adtiane a reg : + a Toon wipteignes oat ati? wf f. Hal oy a suet Bs 1. i tt M ABO} ld dote'y: to yationp mid io soney int ‘tedd Bess bist boa ’ * ’ ‘ \ ke " i « ptoas site br) bat tang oy, We! ee Pg os i way FS Rie saaiee 3 Pron Omid & a woreat oF off! descent at a fh agattow had “be ie Saad te ean pd aotruntye tite . oft ed hae Boo? ohare? oinndnererny wie odnebhotd, eA ss | OP Satan Te Roy ale ae ‘4s dics ot ee hs = | Pee saad \ 12.50ei sok Sloe hed: eatpae de Mh Ea, wuz to sekiqgo: Oana has tht LL weisdiak deliitevs wdt to-acltalages: yada ee W gomuitiiok Loxdion ytehhdoes oof? Boe, oe Mert Lads (. oot uaiebi lone semernor: imathct aa Bln. ! ihe fused iedowt Yaa treet /so2% hoamat tore . > i sities ‘ Re a é shesit pony inc ‘oth 7. aekw. ann oe bese he Fiat o MS mM hy Ab dei Pt oie: Hil Baby 13 pM ui file’ Ean 4 | ears t ) yee vuln h ELLIE Niet aN GieReN et Pete ober’ nt “AORN Gane: : jh eT Sek AIR Aer 6008 eid Laoe, Yaaenion, %o. Image Larnnyb “age th “red i FA ts mat its ee a wilh manned’ kek al bie ad po drw Hote a hy 8) yd eatin aii wd AB ALARA a 80 nindaey “~~ i Was WG ‘hale Sandholzer's Address--Page 2 industry. This occasionally results in bureeucratic control which creates a chasm between the industry and scientific advancement. Thus it is necessary to restrict sanitation control to practical essentials, keeping an open mind for the considera- tion of future developments. In order to accomplish this, a control program, coordinated with regard to the best consumer and production interests must be developed. To accomplish this, the shellfish industry should be assisted in understanding and adequately complying with the sanitation regulations. An effort should be made to eliminate as far as possi- ble the inconsistencies which may arise from time to time in the regulatory codes and an agency should be set up to act as a liaison between the industry and enforce- ment groups. But the public health orogram cannot stop here. If the best interests of the shellfisheries are to be served, the oysterman must initiate some of the meesures, since he alone lmows the industry intimately. To do this, he must work in close cooperation with the bacteriologist, bringing his ideas and problems to the labora- tory. Here new control measures may be developed which are aimed at the improve- ment of the product. The stimulating impulse will be the development of an attrac- tive food. It is this type of research which will pay the greatest dividends. It is unfortunate that the emphasis on disease-producing bacteria should have led the everage person to the belief that all bacteria ure harmful. As a matter of fact, the great majority of them are harmless and some even valuable. By exploit- ing these forms, we can greatly enrich our lives. The activities of certain of these minute organisms give us cheese, becr, solvents, increased soil fertility and a myriad of other things. To date we have done very little with such organisms to enhance the shellfisheries. That bacteria may serve as sources of food for mollusks has been known for some time. The nourishment may be obtained either by ingesting the bacteria direct- ly or the oyster may feed upon planktonic forms which in turn feed upon bacteria. The question of which bacterial types are best suited for either the direct or in- direct nutrition of the oyster has never been given serious consideration. Recent studies in the U. S. Department of Agriculture and elsewhere have shown that bacteria may be very efficient vitamin producers. Can the vitamin content of the oyster be increased by having it feed on these forms? Does an increased vitamin intake serve to improve the physiological condition of the oyster so that it gets "fatter" or more palatable? Does the maintenance of reproduction depend upon the types of bacteria available to the oyster? Here is an opportunity for the shellfish producer to work hand in hand with the bacteriologist in producing a better food through micro-biological control. It is a chance to use this tool, bacteriology, in developing a superior product. Whether or not this work is done depends chiefly upon the oyster industry. The facilities and trained personnel are available but the work cannot be done without cooperation. Little is known concerning the bacteriology of shellfish subjected to various technological processes. How can the bacterial content of oysters be controlled under present methods of shipping, handling and storage? What should be known about frozen oysters? Will dehydration maintain the quality of oysters shipped to distant places? At present we have either no answer to these questions or our answers are inadequate. Again the shellfish industry can use the laboratory to assist in obtain- ing the proper answers. : oS aneeie: 8 andin: rd dndster iondae , etdoreueenal as phe yh insta Seiasaet of -puse ons a. et 92 cuit -ldmemconevha oftttasioa: ira Sicicconatel ad ao% fale Boge. 7 palqend apart eget ss Lorton st Pee ee meme oust te + & ohne ‘daiiguoods od afseantnt psidorber baa. hufesa od -Edmods -itexim to ad « pontpbs £8. sien. YR Bee Palbpecth “aksetond oft peidsagai ys. reiteh. prec é — af yeq deemisievor wabteload sao bec? xno at dolctw arse? olootingly soge hes? ‘woe, Ore beak 6 de wot hedine food ox: ae Letiedos!” doldw toe a) J = SarK Pabd) pit -,aothesehdvime ehotten mex Pm gapet Teva aad: “ieteyw edd 20 Got - SisratigA to doowtisgel «2. .0 ot at eabbete 4 vey ioidiy Soielts yor od yam ~~. “wy eo ammoddts ave evefvesio bro emt eS) Sesdeoo wuimitiy att aso «a ~ abandive oe yionl sa to0d “therm't $ 2m. bed? 32 savant yi bes2etont ot 2eiee FL Suid of peeve edify Jo apttibess Jealjololeyia esd ovetges oF @ arr noay tregeh mc ifouhospes $5" vonagodakan .ede sty _Sattateiag o7on 8 ; ~ a ne? x: asawy edid- 6é alantives “glue ~ fi Fs alts Bitad | st bane 4 srow of tecwiete delDicde od? so? Pleura eden: 52. 8s. 27... .fczdnos mai cored “winks iuercsit boot tested a galembong at 3 Sr he org | lente Shivers s gaigeiered at Deep iaend- 2 seod eid | 9. bem eobtitioe: eff 3x roghnl sade GF aoue.y 1 nfereqad enwb Me oe : Atte bdeteaqoo> suotese gab od tomas | Joe eat A ol dgliavs ets Lanner res -igokren oe batonkd ie de. Yreka Meat nad unit peaeet aece as a. Pebiortics of aietays 36 OF ERP4AIOSI eid HFO : wal - ec riers eed 9? bhaoxin tect ‘tain tote: bee Batibonst. sgatqa tee rt sbodtow 4 . _daetat: oF -beextite caetey hee etiioup: pe ha dar vipers aes a SO Mie is DOWARS “ER). 20 - Bits. LYmacigs- ee? oF “taweme on fia: ove we: ; Nieto: hci takses ait veogenuea “anit eee ay eeruadeok se2i Fede — Sandholzer's Address--Page 3 By citing problems where the need for further information is obvious, I have attempted to show how the laboratory can be of service tc the shellfish industry. But have I sold you the idea to a degree where you, as oystermen, will demand and depend upon the services of the bacteriologist and his laboratory? I am-not so stupid as to believe that I have. I am certain that I have not convinced those of you who have never seen a bacterium that these organisms really exist. I have not taken you into the laboratory and demonstrated their multifold activities. Bacterio- logists have seen your plant, your methods and know your operations but have not re- turned your hospitality. My colleagues and I come to your meetings annually, speak a tongue which is foreign to you and talk about things with which you are not fami- liar. At best we have been dull guests. Therefore, I suggest that you drop in on us sometime. Stay a few days and let us show you around. I believe that you'd enjoy the visit and get a much clearer idea of what we do and why we do it. You would find, for example, that a laboratory is no mystic temple; it is li- terally a work shop - a place of manual labor. The age of the alchemist is passed; our object is to learn facts, not make magic. It would soon become apparent that you need not be ashamed to ask questions because we, the laboratory workers, spend our lives asking them. You would see that we possess three virtues as far as your industry is concerned,- we can prevent some of your difficulties; we can solve some _of your current problems; we can guide you upon new roads of endeavor. If we can convince you of this, we shall soon be working in complete unison. In all sincerity, I ask you to accept this invitation literally. Let us ar- range to show you our house so that we may work together to make the shellfisheries a sound, progressive food industry. : ermal i .auetrdo af stoners" si qeitiwtt a2 bean ant wedi Ss "« yrdeniink de Ttiiends eilt ou asivies 26 od aso -piodiviedeal off wort woe by tyes Eames Lie .taniodero 2s voy eved? semgeb a of aebt ag? poy bios |) eG domme T fysodntccal std bas Jaigolobretead edt to senivies ond 4 “Se seat Rasakvach don ovat I Jadé niadree es 1° owe I ged oveliod oF dos oead I .deixe vilset omelacti csodd tad? mettejoad & meod "Gon 2 .eaktivkios blobit¢fon sted betetdenomeb bas yrodetodal oft ¢ at ‘Keer oviel dat enolisieqo wwoy worl bas ebodtea: moy ery gure 1898 * “Soma pylisuene sqyattvesn Woy, ot eao> I bun eaugesifos x Lioghaeon % aban. goa ete woy doin di ‘thw ead doe! sc Afiad bes coy oF agiotl ak dogs ctuess Ligh eed svad ow 2 Sek bos @yob wet 5 , ead? .emtdomee ia a? qowb woy dat deoggua 1 ,o70! + we Hoom ed tag bus —_ ong yous b'yor tedé evetied I Tbauotp mt oN Es 2 ob ow yste bas ob ew dae wth et at griqnad: oisex on st ywotendel a Sadt ,ofqmaxe to? ,bakt Gohenthes et Jedmeriods ait Yo og at? .todel Launam Yo acalq a - & éamd daaregqe emoosd toot bipow si .otgam etiam ton ,atost a ‘ Sgeg .ertettow ytodetodsi ei? ,o¥- cansved enetJdeesp tec oF Prone: see ‘guoq an te? os eoudtiv sett ecedsoy ov dat cen Binow wot mons | guna elon msn ow yeebsinueiTith oy to emoe Gnoveny ams oF ~ Sara a me ew Tl «.tovsebns to absot won noge woy ablog as ow ya _ y ; . testa e¢eiqnos at gaistew od moos ifade oF aes) an dod Yisrael noidatival ehi? tqgense of no ¢ Meo I 4x 4 satwidat Uifede elt & ae of Tadd ogo? tro vem OF pry on savon Tso mi Dh, : » erdembred boot s j 4) t - ; i \ e 7 Oe e = 7. i ; a ii ie ‘ ; ber t 1 pe ; i 9 i bah | ; \ Fj i ’ iy! } fl i $i by Aly L hare aaa ; ) ) ih May) ta y PY CHRTTW | ibe! oo) MY) : Vee, n ~~ oH" | LIBRARY OF UES: FISH aur oo oa Ti LD AOC ea Te ome BCF BIOL. wate ‘ Sik fe /3 JUAETORY OXFORD, MD. Proc. NSA (Conv. Add.) 1943,1944, 1946 1947, 1948 ei mar rey . WTR eee Ae Ye aE Os tors ranean ts tenet ae aoe Led POPS LO asd sd