ADDRESS f^M^

THOMAS GOLD, ESQ.

President of the Berkshire Jgricultural Society,

AXD MEMBEB OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY

FOR PROMOTING AGRIQULTURE,

DELITERED BEFORE THE

BERKSHIRE ASSOCIATION,

roa THE

PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES,

AT PITTSFIELD, OCT. 2d, 1817.

" The sluggard will not plough by reason of the cold : therefore

shall he beg in Harvest, and have notliing."
" Be thou diligent to know the state of thy flocks, and look veil

to thy herds." Proveiids.

" Pater ipse colendi,

Hfl'id faci!eni esse viam roluit, primusque per ai-tem
^lovit agros, curis acuens, mortalia corda," Virs. Geo. Lib. 1.

PITTSFIELD :
PRIKTEP BY PIIINEBAS ALLEN,

ADDRESS fZjP^^

OF

THOMAS GOLD, ESQ.

Pre,-iiclcnt of the Berkshire Agricultural Society,

ASr MEMBER OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY

FOR PROMOTIJVG AGRIQULTURE,

DELITERED BEFORE THE

BERKSHIRE ASSOCIATION,

FOn THE

PEOMOTIOJV OF AGRICULTURE AJVD MAJVUFACTURES,
AT PITTSFIELD, OCT. 2d, 1817.

" Tlie sluggard will not plough by reason of the cold : therefore

shall he beg in Harvest, and have nothing."
" Be thou diligent to know the state of thy flocks, and look well

to thy herds." PaovEiiBS.

" Pater ipse colendi,

Ha-id lacileni esse viam roluit, primusque per ai-tem
Movit agroS; curis acuens, mortalia corda," Vihs. Geo. Lib. 1.

FITTSFIELD :
PSJJJTEP BY PIUNEHAS ALLEN.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
AT AMHERST

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

Special Collections & Rare Books

ADDRESS.

Gentlemen of the Berkshire Association
for the promotion of Agriculture and Manufactures.,
and Fellow- Citizens —

JL HE Society havins^ required an annual exhibition of
the fruits of t)>eir measures, that |>ericd has returned, and
we are again assembled to discharge the important duties
(attached to the occasion. This meeting has recurred un-
der far more auspicious circumstances than the last ; for
we behold an earnest of the promise, " that seed time
and harvest shall not cease" — that the labor of the hus-
bandman shall be blessed M'ith tlie plenteousness of the
fruits of the earth. The heart which was ready to faint,
has been cheered I)y the dawn of better times, 'i'he ani-
mating hope, that the general sufiejing haa reached its
prescribed limits, is realized — let our gratitude to Heav-
en equal the greatness of these dispensations — let our joy
be elevated to the gladdening scene. Nor have we less
cause of gratitude, that the exertions of the Society have
been prospered ; that their labors to promote tlie general
welfare have been so efiectually succeeded. These arc
considerations of delightful private satisfaction, and gen-
eral congratulation.

At no period sii'ice the establisliment of the Society,
have GO many unfavorable occurrences in the peculiarity
of the times and seasons, liappened. At no period have
cfiorts been made, in equal degree and extent, to sustain
ill^e hopes and expectations of our fellow-citizens in the;
'.id vantages to be derived from the association. We have
^scnrancfj ihat. ihcse f spectations have been realized,

4

General confidence continues to sustain the character for-
med, and to encourage increased efforts in the great pur-
suits in which we are engaged. , In view of the blessings
we are made the instruments of diffusing, let ns take
courage, and persevere in the execution of our benevo-
lent purposes. Societies for ameliorating the condition
of the human race, are rapidly rising in consideration,
and acquiring a decided influence over the general feeling.
The best matured opinion inclines to their general sup-
port ; and the policy which guides our coimtry in its prog-
ress from rustic nature, to polished life, is imperative.
Gentlemen —
In a community, whjch has assumed as the basis of
every measure, and the cpmpass to direct every pursuit,
an elevated degree of mental cultivation, and an active spir-
it of enquiry, the office of being the organ of their com-
munications, confers great dignity, and is most interest-
ing to the benevolent mind. Hence we observe a pecul-
iar attention bestowed in the x'^merican Republic on every
exertion to improve the general welfare. The field of
usefulness is as extensive as the habitations of man — the
task as interesting as the value of human felicity-— the glo-
ry only exceeded by the imperishable benefits conferred.
Such is tlie condition of man, that his benevolence can-
not execute all the liberal purposes which ii \varm heart
and a sound head may conceive. Hence the Saees of our
Republic have adopted the policy of prescribing limits to
human action, commensurate with the means of human
power. IMuch wisdom is dispia} cd in these social com-
binations, and their benefits are written in legible charac-
ters wherever the footsteps of man ai'e found. These are
now the approved mediums by wliich enlightened and be-
]icv6lent men are operating on the great family of man.
'1 hese efforts will redeem our race from the darkness of
unlettered ignorance — reclaim them from the altars of cri^-

,cl{y — elevate them from the debasements tif siiperstitioft,
to a view of the elieering; radiance of revealed truth. I'he
light reilected will disenthral man of the corruptions lliat
mark the footsteps of tyranny, in every form, and rein-
state him in his pristine dignified rank, " a little lovvcr
ihan the angels of Heaven." In the consummation of
this desirable state of humanity, every description of men
must feel irresistible motives for co-operation. Gesitle-
men, it is as necessary to the welfare of society, as these
high consideratior.s are inestimable, that endeavors should
be used to induce our fellow-men to abandon indifiercncc,
to put off apathy, and zealously engage in this holy cause,
that of doing good, while the opportunity remains. In
no sphere of useful action is the field wider, or the sub-
jects more inexhaustible, than such engagements as have
for their object the promotion of our rural pursuits. On
these great interests depend all that can advance social or-
der and general happiness — ;\\\ that can elicit the natural
resources of the country, and render them subservient to
tlic prosperity and independence of the nation. It is oa
this prolific resource we calculate the recovery of a just
proportion of foreign commerce, or the substitution of per-
manent arrangements for an extensive internal comnKTce.
We solicit you to render these considerations familiar to
your daily refiections. 77ict/ constitute the essential inter-,
ests on ivhicli our national exigence reposes. 77iei/ de-,
mand universal attention^ that one united conviction nmrj
be produced of their utility^ and one ituited deterniinatiun
to sustain them against a world in competition. I'Vom
these efforts must proceed those lessons of wisdom, imd
that splendid patriotism, v/hich shall u'ind iheir way to the
national councils, give a tone and fashioii to tliinking, ma-i
terials for debate, and a field for usefulness, that shall en-
sure to every honest statesman durable h\\\Q. Success in
\o complicated trancactions, can only be expected uova

the union of the wisdom, the physical power and resourr
ces of the country. Gentlemen, our lot is cast at a peri-
od when events demand all the labor and sacrifices neces-
sary to extricate our country from perplexing embarrass-
ments. The crisis is imperative. It will admit of no de-
lay. The return of better seasons and plentiful crops
throughout Europe, supersedes all demanfl for the prodr
ucts of this country. Resuming their former policy of
excluding foreign products, we may expect to see foreigi>
commerce more than ever embarrassed. The vast accu-
mulation of provisions in the United States, will produce
a depression. The manufactures of Europe will be in-
creased and cheapened. Our country, just rising from
recent troubles, is exposed to new perils. Our manufac-
tures, pressed by recent derangement, and inauspicious
prospects, f without stifficient protection J afford nothing
to console the heart, or invigorate our hopes. The policy ,
hitherto^ of leaving every pwsuit to provide for its own
security and prosperity^ has laid our country open to the
widest and piost destructive projects of European specula-,
tions. The solid wealth of the country, and the sinews
ot efficient operations, are rapidly passing from us. Our
navigation is circumscribed — its lucrative prospects annir
hilated. Year after year the history of our commercial
relations demonstrate that we import a greater value than
we export- — that our country is becoming a debtor to oth-
er countries. Such a course of events must increase the
general suffering. It threatens the loss of liberty — it in-
duces degrading habits, and prepares us to look with in^
difference on the high destiny assigned by Providence to
this quarter of the globe. Is it not time, then, to awak-
en to these dangers ? Knowing ihem a^ we do, the rem-
edy is not difficult. On ourselves it depends, whether \\ e
occupy the station assigned by nature. Shall we become
sattcllites to diiitant orbs ? or shall wc become the centre

of a great system^ diffusing light and life to every portion
of its dependencies ? Gentlemen, the occasion appealiS
to your feelings and to your understandings. Your ex-
ample is decisive of success. You have achieved great
things — the limits of more extensive usefulness are en-
larged. Teach your cowitrymen to rely alone ^ under Heav-
en^ on their own abundant and sufficient resources. Fast-
en on their minds the solemn truth, that foreign cupidity
and selfishness possess no compassion, no benevolence-^
and never casts its measures by a single regard to the wel-
fare of its victims.

Permit mc, gentlemen, to ask your attention to our
more immediate local concerns. In the improved state of
Berkshire^ we recognize the evidence of your industry
and exertions in promoting all our useful rural pursuits.
Only six years ago, the agricultural concerns of the Coun-
ty were stationary. Few, if any valuable improvements
were attempted. Indifference and unconcern seemed to
have pervaded society. In 1811, the Genius of the Coun-
ty shook off the leaden slumbers of our husbandmen, and
the spirit of improvement commenced. Under the aus-
pices of your Association, a career of usefulness was re-
sumed, and diligently prosecuted. The former state of
things has given way to a new condition, unfolding on us
improvements, in variety and usefulness, surpassing the
most sanguine expectations. Every department of rural
employment demonstrates an intelligent cultivation, and
more effectual good management. In the selection and
rearing of domestic animals, more correct information
prevails, and greater emulation is awakened. A disposi-
tion for enquiry and experiments is prevalent, and gives
assurance that the conviction of tillage over pastoral hus-
bandry, possesses incalculable benefits. The vast in-
crease, variety and excellence in our crops, satisf}- our
warmest desires, and leave us nothing to wish, and noth-

8

iiig to envy in the most favored regions of tlic west*
Such, gentlemen, is the history of the Society for the last
six- yeai's. With reference to the future, the occasion
does not permit me to be particular. 'I'he nature of onr
soils ; their various fitness for difterent objects of cultiva-
tion ; improved implements of husbandry ; more careful
and eifectual attention to the operations of your ploughs
and harrows ; the better management of your meadow
grounds ; discretion in the selection and management of
all domestic animals : all are directly connected with a
system of prosperous husbandry, and claim your constant
attention. Without an adequate solicitude and devotion
to these objects, no man can become a prosperous farmer.
Care has been bestowed, that every variety and degree of
desirable information, on these subjects, should be col-
lected and placed within the reach of every man. The in-
dustry and solicitude of divers distinguished men of our
ov»n country, has led them to compile, from their own
observations, many valuable essays, which will prove
jnost useful aids to all who 7nay xvisely doubt whether they
Rre perfectly well informed on the subjects of their pursuits.
To ail such, allow me to ask their attention to the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural Repository and Journal — to the val-
uable memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for promoting
agriculture — to Livingston's Essay on Sheep — to Law-
rence's general treatise on cattle, and other animals. And
])ermit me to call to the recollection of the literary man,
the Gcorgics, written in the Augustan age of the Rom-
ans, expressly to reclaim the knowledge of tillage and ru-
ral employments, which a long period of wars and suffer-
iug had prostrated. The Chief of Roman Bards was se-
lected to execute this important enterprize. With what
success — witli what eiftct, the benevolent task was exe-
cuted, the history of that period assures us. Imperial
honors v\cre dccieed liim ; and the homage of an hundred

thousand of his fellow- citizens was spontaneously offered
him, .when he entered the National Theatre. This sys-
tem of science in husbandry, dressed in unrivaled beau-
ties and embellishments, is adapted to every farmer's ca-
pacity, and to eVery age and country. Whether we ad-
mire the Mantuan poet for the elegant simplicity of com-
position, or the acuteness of discrimination and deep re-
searches in all agricultural subjects, we venture to declare,
that as a system of agricultural science and practice, it 15
complete.

With these aids, a reading and thinking agriculturalist
cannot fail of acquiring that degree of information which
shall guide him successfully in his ennobled pursuit.
Much, however, of the advantages of these disquisitions,
depends on the disposition for experiments, the accuracy
of observation, and readiness to communicate the results'
to the public. The Society is the proper channel through
which such communications should be made ; and its of-
ficers will take care to transmit to the public, in decent
form, every essay which shall be entrusted to their care.

Gentlemen — The history of the past year will be •
found replete with most interesting occurrences in relation
to agriculture and manufactures. Agriculture is receiv-
ing valuable improvements, and its profits are rapidly accu-
mulating. The recent state of the atmosphere, and the
effects on vegetation, have arrested general attention, and
produced many useful speculations. The theoretic and
practical farmer find it necessary to v,ary cultivation and
crops, to m.eet the exigences. Long established habits
and practices have been questioned, and made to yield
their inRucnce to a more rational estimate of useful pur-
suits. This event is by some deemed a misfortune. We,
however, view it favorable to improvement and human
5velfare.
^ Among Vaeagricuitural reforms wliich good sense and

10

sound ealctilation have adopted, is that which relates t&
bur Indian Corn. Experience has demonstrated to every
farmer, that the uncertainty and expence of this crop re-
quire that it should become a secondary object in cultiva-
tion. This reform embraces as substitutes, sumvncr
wheat, peas and potatoes, iitcluding the usual crops of
rye and oats. Recent experience has shewn it to be the
true interest of the agriculturalist to bestow his undivid-
ed attention to this reform. And that it may be pursued
successfully, permit me to draw your attention to the gen-
eral subject of corn, which embraces every species of
grain. The varieties, qualities and fitness for our soils
and climate, are not .to be disregarded. Success and
profit usually result from a discreet selection of corn seed
for crops, and the careful preparation for sowing. We
are constantly making important discoveries in relation ta
tlie species of corn ; and our own country and others are
furnifibing specimens far more valuable than those in for-
aiier use. We allude, particularly, to rt/e, barley and
cats'. In the preparation of summer ivheat^ for sowing,
much experience enables us to recommend to constant
practice, that the seed be selected of the best qu'ality — '
that it be made clean, and carefully washed, and spread
on a clean floor, and tw'o quarts of slucked lime to the
bushel, added, and raked in iintil the wheat becomes
thoroughly covered with the lime. This process should
be executed a sufficient number of days before the time
of sowing, that it may become dry : in that state it may
be sowed, even if the soil is not dry, and the frost not
fully removed. This pre paration is intended for the doub-
le purpose of an effectual security against smut ^ and as a
vumure, that gives early activity to vegetation. Many
other expedients have been adopted for these purposes 5
but v.e have never understood that the object was gener-
ally obtained. The economy of potatoes, -in sustaining

11

■and fattening domestic animals, has become extremely
5ipparent. Much attention is bestowed on the subject,
and many experiments have been made in their cultivation.
It is not yet decided which of the coui'ses pursued merit
41 preference. We should be gratified in seeing an exhib-
it of the most approved tillage of potatoes in Berkshire.

The past year having been distinguished for deficiency
in forage and materials for the sustcnimce of animals, the
ingenuity of man has been prompt in providing substi-
tutes. The invention of machines for preparing their
food, on a most saving economical plan, has arrested gen-
eral attention. Hie discovery was not peculiarly original
in this country. The invention had obtained confidence
jn Great-Britain in 1812, where similar privations origi-
nated the idea of rendering forage more useful \jy redu-
cing it to chaff. The machines for executing this im-
provement, are of An^erican origin. The ijitroductiorr
of machines, of various structure, for reducing hay, straw
and cornstocks to chaff, has formed an ei;a in the manage-
ment of our domestic animals, when confined to forage.
The improvement is of inestimable v^lue in this climate,
and will prove a security against deficiences produced by
the vicissitudes of the seasons. The economy of this
measure may be fairly estimated as a saving of more than
one third of the eKpence of forage.

Permit me, gentlemen, to recommend these machines
to your attention aiid patronage ; and maj^ your example
he decisive of their geneml use. Allow me, also, to re-
commend steam in preparing potatoes for your animals ;
and that you grind or steanj all grain which 3 ou intejid for
like use.

The advantages of arable, over pasture groundes, have,
in every age and country, attracted pointed attention, and
considered as the grand resource on which Jiipid popula-
rion and mujtinlied nipuis of commerige might be cxpc^iT

ted. The principle and policy of the improvement, as
indispensable to the general welfare, are duly appreciated
by our fellow-citizens. The abandonment of tlie practice
of occupying large portions of land for pasturage, and a-
dopting an active course of tillage, distinguishes the good
sense of our husbandmen, and gives assurance that plen-
ty will continue to bless this happy land.

Tlie land devoted to meadow and mowing, justly mer-
its the solfcitude of the farmer. This department of hus-
bandry has become a subject of much consideration.
The decline in the productiveness of meadbws, is a theme
of common complaint. Several causes have contributed
to produce this deficiency. The grounds appropriated
to meadov/, are too extensi\c, and disproportioned to the
size of farms and the means of sustaining them. Hence
they are too generally tveated as pasture ground ; are not
manured or stocked with seed ; of course an annual de-
preciation ensues. Allow me to urge you to convert a
"due proportion of the meadow to arable land, and the n-s-
idue to improve, by care and good management, until it
produces the quantity which good husbandry requires.
This operation will, by its inmiense accession of profits,
demonstrate its utility.

Gentlemen — That our tillage may be sustained,
■without prejudicing its fertility, the expedients of a rota-
tion of crops, of vegetable manures, of composts, of
-plaister and marks, and of stocking with suitable grasses,
uill occur to you, and receive the consideration which
this most important part of rural management merits.
Our brother farmers, who occupy high lands, ex]:)0sed to
frosts and chilling atmospheres, during the vernal season,
are particularly interested in thisa(^vice. If they desire
to preserve their ilirms from decline ; if they desire to in-
crease their fruitfulness, and to realize plenty and pros-

13

perky ; they will adopt and vigorously pursue the useful
course recommended.

In reviewing progressive improvements in agricultural
pursuits, we must not forget to bestow merited praise on
those of our fellow-citizens who have, widi unabated per-
severance, continued to devote great attention and care in
the choice and manUQ;ement of domestic animals. Much
emuiatioti exists on the subject of neat cattle. We anx-
iously wish to see an increased ambition and more active
exertions in advancing neat stock to a greater degree of
perfection. Much remains to be done in this department
of the farmer. In every view, these animals form a dis*.
tinguished portion of New-England wealth. The annals
of agriculture already furnish remarkable instances of ex-
cellence in the dairy department. Allow" me to urge on
your attention a greater degree of discrimination in rela-
tion to the size, form and productiveness of cows. If
the consideration of interest can stinmlate to exertion,
the price of superior animals of this kind cannot fail to
satisfy the most extravagant desires.

The flocks of sheep, diversified by various origins and
qualities, continue to whiten our hills, and to enjoy the
first consideration. The unpropitious occurrences of the
last year, severely affected this department of husloandry.
The deficiency of forage, in connection with the misera-
ble policy of encouraging foreign, at the expence of our
own manufacturing resources, conspired to raise a most
senseless clamor against sheep. The maddening deJusion
menaced the extinction of the race. Jt was at tliat criti-
cal moment we interposed our feeble voice to arrest the
progress of this fatally impending calamity. Tlie stcrni
of fury has passed away, with the superlative I'uliy and
contemptible selfishness which gave it birth. In less
than one short year, this most valuable of all our races of
animals is restorcd to general conudenee. The cnliunced

price of animal food, renders them necessary to our coiw-
fortable subsistence. The incomparable advantages of
the fleece, give them a claim to our highest regard. When
viewed with reference to manufactures, and the future
wealth and independence of our country, they merit our
utmost protection. If there be any who doubt the policy
of giving full encouragement to this branch of rural em-
ployment, let such turn their attention to the distinguish-
ed nations of Europe, and recal ta mind the facts which
their history records, as the bases of all their -wealth, pros-
perity and power. The treasures of the fleece, and the
resources of their flocks, occupy all the solicitude of sove-
reign power, and are cherished with an ardor not bestow-
ed on any other pursuit.

Let this attractive view of prosperous and splendid ac-
quisition, enkindle a noble ambition tq adopt their exam,
pie and spirit, with the many superior advantages and im-
provements which our condition furnishes. This sub-
ject, considered in connection with the prospective popu-
lation of the United States, confidently assures us, that
this department of husbandry will be sustained with in-
creasing profit, and must be matured as our greatest na-
tional resource. The accomplishment of these events dcr
mands time, patience and perseverance. Great projects,
commenced, at first, with difficulty, and pursued with
sacrifices, have usually been characterized in maturity
with abundant remuneration. In a country where the
population doubles in a little more than twenty years, the
demand for wool cannot be estimated. The present pop-
!ilation will require fifty -millions of pounds of wool to
supply the exigences. This is at least twenty milliojis of
pounds of wool more than can now be supplied. Here
exists a growing demand on the farmer that no industry
can fully supply. Let no farmer, then, doubt of a suc-
cessful issue to this gr®at and invaluable M\iployment^

15

On this subject allow mc to submit to your consideratioft
two important objects for improvement. That in pursu-
ing the subject of flocks and wool, it is the interest of
this country to raise but two kinds of sheep, viz. those
of the coarse long wool, and the j^w^ dose wool races. For
the first purpose, the farmer should compose his flock of
the largest sized sheep ; disposed to produce large fleeces ;•
inclined to fat ; and easy to retain flesh. That for the sec-
ond purpose, the flocks should be composed of the finest
grades of the merino race, in which much regard is to be
had to size and form, but more to the quality of the wool.

In pursuing the recapitulations of the past year, we re-
cognize, with pleasure, that the proprietors of lands man-
ifest an increasing solicitude for the preservation of forest
trees and the economy of fuel, by the introduction of val-
uable improvements for warming houses, and the man-
agement of the culinary department. These are objects
of vast utility, and essentially appertain to successful pur-
suits, whether they regand pleasure or profit.

The Society have particularly recommended the culti-
vation of the Sugar-Maple Tree, and excited to exer-
tions by a liberal premium. Whetlicr this most elegant
tree of our forests be regarded for its beautiful form, its de-
lightful and refreshing shade, or its valuable product, it:
merits our utmost attention and care in the cultivation and
preservation. Its high value in the department of econ-
omy, will appear conspicuously, when the Consumption
of sugar \\\ the United States is estimated at fjeventy m'llU
ions of pounds, at least, annually ; and tl^at of this arti-
cle, twelve millions of pounds, at least, are the product
of the maple tree, exceeding, in value, SI, 200,000. Pur-
sue this useful object vigorously for twcl\ e 3 cars, ;ind tho
demand for foreign sugars would be nearly superseded.
The narrow policy of a certain great Euiop^-an pov/cr on
the subject of mcnopolising the sug^ar tsr.Jc Jii. their ,S5J'-

s^sr Islands, will eventually prove the first of blessinga to
this nation. But the rapid extension of plantations for
rearing the sugar cane, among- our enterpriziiig southern
fellow-citizens, and the success attending their exertions,
promise, at no distant period, to place this article of
common use beyond the reach of accident, or the mach-
inations of nations who aim to erect their own prosperity
and power on the depression of neighboring States.

Gentlemen — We have finished the remarks which
we had prescribed, on the first duty of the Society, its
agriculture. The occasion, the variety and extent of the
objects, have only permitted me to occupy your time in
general view\s. We rely on the spirit of research, which
this meeting cannot fail to excite, to supply necessary o-
missions. This duty we entreat of you to .perform with
fidelity to yourselves and your country.

Gentlemen — The second object of official duty re-
quires me to ask your attention to household manufac-
tures, ar.d those conducted by associations. Devotion
to these great interests of the country, is a corporate du-
ty, and constitutes a portion of our most useful and plea-
ding engagements. A most commendable zeal, and ex-
emplary liberality, have characterized the measures of
the Association, in the encouragement of this essential
R} stem of economy. This portion of national industry
is necessarily conriCCted with the convenience and pros-
j.crity of every family. On a due estimate of the advan-
tages, and an industrious application of the powers of
iamilies to tliesc o!)jccts, are we to rely for their ease and
independence. The subject embraces whatever relates
to the liealth, the moi-als and tlie useful habits of the peo-
ple. They tend to ensure industry, pleiity and social en-
joyments, which are the brightest ornaments and the dis-
tinction of the eitizcp.s of New- England. Mechanic
practices, coramenced with the settlement of the counlrji«|i

17

and have been transmitted to the present generation.
Progressive science and practice distinguish the age, as
most fruitful in mechanic invention and their application
to manufiictures. In these displays the ladies of Berk-
shire have presented powerful claims to public admiration
and respect. They early delighted to seek *' the wool
and the flax, and to work willingly with their hands"- —
their clothing is of the fabrics of their own hands : " their
husbands are known in the gates, when they sit among
the elders of the land." Never did this or any country
behold a more splendid and delightful exhibition of fe-
male industry, science and ingenuity, than tliat which
succeeded the first anniversary meeting of the Society.
Though pressed with embarrassments, and subjected to
severe privations, never were families better clothed, or
houses rendered more comfortable. Fabrics were trans-
formed from plain to elegant — from elegant to ornamen-
tal. Never did our fair country women appear more at-
tractive, than when clad in the manufactures of their own
hands. At no period have they preferred so strong and
valuable claims to the best regards, and to all tlie tender
charities of the other sex. Happy — thrice happy would
have been our country, had their example been vigorous-
ly supported and continued. Then would our country
have been saved from half its burthens. Then would each
family have occupied a proud and happy pre-eminence ;
its possessions unencumbered, and its resources plentiful
and increasing. However much speculation may deride
this system of economy, and however much our dealers
in foreign manufactures may teach a contempt for it, or
impose the delusion of jmrchasinr^ cheaper of them, rest
assured it is the only safe course i-cv our fellow-citizens to
pursue. Adhere to this course, and avoid the purchase
of every article which you can create, then is a broad
ioundation laid for private wealth and independence ; then

18

will the manners and morals of the people long remain un-
corrupted ; their virtues and social enjoyments unimpair-
ed ; and the liberties and governments vt'hich distinguish
this free land, and attract the admiration of a world, shall
be transmitted with undiminished glory.

The general subject of manufactures has become most
interesting to the United States. Universal attention is
excited to institute an enquiry, ivhether the exigences of
the country require that they should receive general syste-
matic support ? and whether we possess the means of giv-
ing them a successful support ? Recurrence to the histo-
ry of other countries, and their manufactures in the early
stages of their progress, demonstrate that the exigences
of our country at this period are as urgent as any which
ever existed in Europe ; and that our means are more am-
ple than those of any other country of similar age and
population. If policy and self- security lead them to make
immense efforts and sacrifices to commence and prosecute
manufactures, the same causes operate more conclusively
on us. That the vast increase of agricultural products,
above the consumption of the country, or the prospect of
sale in foreign markets, will tend to depress the price, is
manifest. Such an event must be sensibly felt in the
market of agricultural products. In such a dilemma, is
there an expedient for relief? Is there any way to lessen
the pressure of such a reverse ? Yes, there is. In the
language of a great and distinguished statesman of our
own country, " We must now place the manufacturer by
the side of the agriculturalist." In every country and
age, these tv\ o great pursuits have become mutual aids,
receiving and bestowing activity and energy ; ensuring to
enierprizc and industry their merited rewards. The ef-
fect of such a course of policy is certain, and cannot dis-
appoint the bene volent wishes of an honest statesman. It
must result in prosperity. It will furnish all the means of

iff

the most extensive and active internal commerce which
modern days have witnessed. In exact proportion as these
truths are appreciated, so will the Slate become powerful
and respected. It is the only basis of national security :
it is the only system adapted for peace or war : it is the
best protection for agriculture^ and the palladium of inde-
pendence. If we are permitted to believe these remarks
correct and conclusive, we ask, with confidence, wheth-
er there is not such a concurrence of circumstances at this
period, to fix this as the crisis for prosecuting effectually
all the manufactures so happily begun, and to invoke for
them the utmost protection and encouragement ? The
resources of the country are suflicient for every purpose.
The science and skill in manufactures-, from the simplici-
ty of the loom to the Vv'onderful invention and stupendous
structure of steam-vessels, are multiplied, and rapidly
progressing in every section of the country. Labor- sa-
ving machinery bars the argument of cxpence, and more
than balances the difference in the compensation for labor
betwixt this and older States. Nor is this all that may be
thrown into the scale. The means of sustenance, the
prodigious advantages of water agency, in cheapness and
security, over that of steam, is decisive of success. Be-
yond these natural advantages, our government has the
power, as we hope it possesses the disposition, to place
this invaluable interest out of jeopardy, by excluding for-
eign competition, and by preferences for every public use.
Let the Government extend to them but a quarter of the
efficient protection and encouragement which Great- Brit-
ain^ our greatest and most hostile rival, extends to her ar-
tizans and rnanufacturing establishments, it would be the
pledge oj success.

The United States are remarkably situated to give ef-
fect to the policy of sustaining manufactures. The re-
sources and oecupations of the various parts are suited tQ

20

diffuse the advantages of one section to the wants of a-
ROther section of the country. The south and west fur-
nish immense quantities of raw materials and provisions,
the efficient resources of manufactures, and of extensive
domestic traffic — the north and east possess sailors, ships,
artizansand establishments, which enable them to become
the manufacturers, carriers and distributors of these vast
products. With such ample means — with such unequal-
led advantages, shall we doubt and linger on the brink of
ruin ? Shall our countrymen longer remain insensible to
their own welfare ? Will you, gentlemen, continue the
humble tenants of your soil, to supply distant nations with
the materials for advancing their own wealth and strength,
by returning on you your own products enhanced an hun-
dred fold by their industry ? Will you toil on in the de-
graded vassalage, slaves to habit, and dupes to the dis-
honorable imposition, that manufactures do not become
your condition ? The supposition is offensive to your
feelings, and hostile to true American policy. It tends to
degrade the lofty character of the nation — to subject the
country to become a great theatre for foreign speculations.
The genius of America spurns such unvvortlw humility.
Gentlemen, the people should understand their real
and permanent interests, and place tliem on n basis as firm
as their own independence, and cherish them with an ar-
dor only surpassed by their attachment to their precious
liberties. To the people, then, we address these sen-
timents ! To the people we comrwit their protection.

G£NTi.EME>r — In unison with these impressions, im-
portant events have elicited several decided expressions of
the public sense. By these our hopes are animated, and
our confidence increased. The recent establishment of a
Society in the enterprising State of New- York, composed
of numerous members from every employment, distin-
guished for science, intelligence, wealth and spirit, hav-

SI

ing at their head that excxzlieat man, the second Magis-
trate of the nation, for the express purpose of encourag-
ing manufactures, is at once the evidence of reformation,
and the pledge that this great cause shall be sustained.
^Massachusetts, not less distinguished for cnterprize and
public spirit, has caught excitement from the example,
formed an Association with kindred views, and organized
with a weight of talents, wealth and respectability, that
ensures confidence, perseverance and success in the ma-
turity of time. Pennsylvania, Delaware, Connecticut
and New-Hampshire, deeply interested in the success of
these useful and splendid objects, have imbiljed the spirit
of improvement, and are co-operating vigorously in all
the measures requisite to ensure the permanent indepen-
dence of the nation. The cKcitement and the enterprize
arc not insulated ; but extending to other States and to
other sources of improvement. The great and intelligent
State of Virginia is shaking off its sloth and the torpor of
inaction, and commencing various projects for advance-
ment in its agricultural resources. North- Carolina, though
lieretofore retarded in its career of improvement, has com-
menced, with a noble zer,l and energy, the great and use*
ful measure of diffusing among itj citizens the means of
a vast and rapid amelioration of all its native resources.
Societies have been instituted in these States to succeed
these most useful purposes : and, gentlemen, it is not a-
mong the least of your honors and felicities, that yonr So-
ciety has every where been adopted as a model, and ha
aid sought and readily afforded.

The enlightened and benevolent men of our country
have considered these subordinate ariangcments as imper-
fect, and the advantages liable to be impaired lor the \\ ant
of a wise superintending head to conceive and todifuise
its spirit and intelligence through the nation. Authorised
by the general concurrence of opinion, this Society mudti

2&

an application to the Legislature of the United States,
during the late session, to erect a " National Board of
Agriculture." The measure is warranted by many pre-
cedents ; and the immense advantages attending it in
Great-Britain and France, induced the belief, that the U-
Jilted States, in their extended situation, would realize
extensive and permanent blessings from the establishment.
The proposition was favorably entertained by the late dis-
tinguished President and by Congress. A bill was repor-
ted and approved, and would have passed into a law, had
time permitted. The measure will be resumed, and we
entertain no doubt of its taking effect.

Such a system is calculated, in its relations, to produce
an universal excitement. The communications which
must be regularly made and dispersed, will transmit to
every section of the nation the discoveries and improve-
ments of every age and country. Such an Institution
should be cherished with affection, and receive an undi-
vided support.

Gentlemen — This year is distinguished by another
important occurrence, peculiar to our own Commonwealth,
The Legislature, though late, have listened to counsels
frequently offered, but never entertained with the solici-
tude which their immense importance demanded. Dur-
ing many years, the Government have been solicited to
*' encourage private societies and public institutions, by
rewards and immunities, for the promotion of agriculture
and manufactures." This is a duty rendered imperious
by our invaluable Constitution-r-yet, strange as is the
fact, this duty, so necessary to the welflire of the State,
so directly connected with its prosperity in the country,
and its commerce and navigation abroad, has been pro-
crastinated.

At last, when embarrassments brought perplexity, and
unpropitious seasons depression— when our population

was daily wasting by emigration, and our invaluable eas-
tern domains were unsought for, the Legislature awaken-
ed to the surrounding dangers, and made a direct effort to
restore the Commonwealth to a better condition. The
policy which begins to shed its influence on us, will have
the effect to check emigration ; to attach our fellow- citi-
zens to their native soil ; to inspire them to resume, more
actively and intelligently, their agricultural and manufac-
tural employments. The effort is worthy the character of
the State, reflects great honor on the projectors, and gives
assurance of success. The eastern section of the Com-
monwealth particularly required, and is realizing the
benefit of these enlightened counsels. It was a lead-
ing object in this policy, to awaken the citizens of the
State to an instant and manly effort to improve their hus-
bandry, and to revive and sustain their manufactures.
To this end the Societies for the promotion of these in-
teresting objects have been viewed with favor, and recei-
ved pecuniary encouragement. The Legislature made
two grants of money for these useful purposes, the most
considerable of which was very properly given to the Mas-
sachusetts Agricultural Society, and the other to this As-
sociation.

This is an honorable distinction conferred on this Insti-
tution ; the best commentary on its measures, and the
reputation for usefuhiess which the Society has acquired
by its indefatigable labors and exemplary liberality. With
gratitude and pleasure we hail these acts of public spirit
in the Legislature, and consider them as the pledge of
perseverance in more ample provisions for the promotiom
of these great vital interests. Surely, if the treasures of
the people can be applied constitutionally to any objects,
beside the mere support of government, these interests
challenge the first patronage, and should be rendered per-
manent by solid encouragements. Without such patron-

age and encoiiragerrient, no State has been excited to
make efforts, equal to its natural resources, or the extenllr
of its wants. We, therefore, repose with confidence on
the public spirit and intelligence of our rulers, that they
will vigorously persevere iii the cOHjrse of policy commen-
ced ; that they will multiply encouragements to agricul-
tural and manuficturing societies, according to merit,
that the good effects intended may be produced. Should
"Vvc be asked, IFhat means the State possesses to revive and
sustain its rural pursuits ? its numerous manufactures?
its roads, canals and interior channels of communication ?
We reply : The State has possession of ample resources,
such as the enterpiizing States of New- York and Penn-
sylvania have constantly held in requisition for these im-
portant objects. These resources consist in banking
funds, or aids drawn from them in the^cts of creation —
in the taxation of special objects — in a State Lottery^ ar-
ranged as a permanent source of annual income, applica-
ble to these destinations. We are apprised that objec-
tions are entertained against the latter provision. W^e,
however, humbly conceive, that the course of events,
furnishing so many precedents of utility, render the ob-
jections abortive and powerless. 'J'hc use of this last
provision has become not only expedient, but necessary
to the gejieral v/elfare. Policy requires its adoption, to
exclude the mischiefs, attributable to the measure, which
approach from abroad, and indirectly infuse the influence
tl'.at has been charged on the direct legal provision. We
look to the future for a nioi'e respectable estimate of the
policy u inch sliould govern a great State. We confident-
ly expect to see a liberal and cheering policy prevailing o-
ver narrow, depressing and cheerless conceptions, found-
ed on objections long since consigned, by events, to the
repository of little objects, whose little, transient hour of
popularity has become extinct. J^^(iy ^fc" not he permitted

25-

to hope J that the good sense of our fellow-cit'tzens^ in full
^ew of this Canaan of rest and glory ^ will select from a-
mong them men of acknowledged talents, sound heads and
courageous hearts — 7ne7i who calculate on 720 popidarity
that does not repose 07i the broad basis of the public good, and
elevate them to posts of hoiior and of usefuhiess. Let uSy
fellow -citize7is, take refuge in such coimsels. Let such be
the 77ien who7n the people shall delight to ho7ior.

Gentlemen of the Society,
AND Fellow-Citizens —

The history of rural pursuits is full of instruction, and
the richest source of rational employment. It is the most
ancient and dignified occupation of man. The hopes of
the world rest on its basis. The felicity of our race ; the
liberties ; the arts and sciences ; commerce and naviga-
tion, are indebted to the resources of agriculture for their
existence. It is the parent of all the manly virtues, and
the safe-guard of correct morals. It is this pursuit which
contrasts the civilized and the savage man. It is from
this source countless blessings are distributed over a world,
chequered with suffering, want and wretchedness. At
one period, its benefits rendered the eastern continer.t the
abode of plenty, and the dwelling-place of every felicity.
At another epoch, these grand and pleasing prospects
were clouded and comfortless. The ravages of wars, and
the devastations of revolutions, overwhelmed and desoh:-
ted those cultivated regions. They were obscured in a
long night of vandalism and wretci^icdness. To modern
men has Providence assigned the benevolent task of re-
deeming from their ruins the knowledge and the improve-
ments of the Augustan age, and restoring man to his le-
gitimate enjoyments.

It v/uS not until the year 1793, that even Great-Britairi
was excited to make proper efforts to improve her agri^
cultural condition. At tlKit eventful period, a mind, iai-

bued with benevolence, and stimulated by the noble pas-
sion of rendering his country more worthy its high desti-
ny, commenced a system of improvement which has
changed the face of that country, and multiplied its pop-
ulation and the resources of manufactures, commerce and
navigation, far exceeding all former attempts. The gen-
ius of Britain, in the majesty of her strength, inspired
Sir John Sinclair to become the organ of so many
inestimable blessings. It was the mighty effort of his
magnanimous mind, that boldly exposed to his country-
men the imperfections of their rural pursuits, and intro-
duced to their practice the knowledge and experiments
which distinguished the Romans above every nation of
the globe. Under the auspices of this great benefactor
of his country, that nation has surpassed all others in her
agriculture, manufactures and commerce. His example
animated numerous eminent men of various ranks, from
the throne to the cottage, to achieve something for their
country. It was at the instance of this distinguished
man, that a "National Board of Agriculture"'
was established, and received the protection of the Gov-
ernment. Adequate funds were assigned to succeed its
usefulness. Its annals display its important and splendid
career.

Nearly at the same period, the spirit of improvement
passed the ocean and took up its abode in this happy land.
It was at the era when the present government began to
display its powers and its benefits, that agriculture and
manufactures arrested tlie attention of the national coun-
cils. It was at that eventful crisis, when Washington,
the first Farmer in America, and Hamilton, the first
Statesman of his country, guided by a maxim of the
great Frederick of Prussia, that " the first magistrate
ought to have a constant attention to agriculture, to pro-
mote plenty, to encourage industry and commerce"-— ex-

posed to their country the vakie of Its native resources,
and their decided influence on the destinies of the repub-
lic. These immense interests have not ceased to occupy
every succeeding administration. Clothed with such high
authority, and supported by so great patronage, these
most interesting subjects come addressed to your consid-
eration, and claim your homage and support.

If we could be permitted to add a single motive to ex-
cite attention, industiy and exertion in this great cause ;
to furnish liberal contributions and prompt performance ;
we could draw to your consideration the facts, that agri"
cultural improvements are the cliief ground of reliance for
the future safety of our liberties and the durability of the
government — and that the manufacturing capital of the
United States, exceeding in amount the value of the
whole American navigation, if it be suffered to languish
and fail, will prejudice agriculture, and carry down with
it the spirit and cnterprize of the country, and must be
followed by a train of events equally disgraceful to the
nation and ruinous to the individual.

Gentlemen — It is with pride and self-satisfaction
that we have been allowed by your indulgence to dwell so
long on the delightful subjects to which you have been so
zealously and faithfully devoted. Be not weary in well
doing. Innumerable blessings will be imparted to the
country by your agency. The generations that shall suc-
ceed, will revere your names, and be grateful to heaven
that you were inspired to make these efforts. The return
of this anniversary, from age to age, shall recal tlie foun-
ders and the early patrons of the Institution. The re-
collection of their patriotism, their labors and sacrifices,
shall ensure to their memory and to the Institution an im=
perishable existence. The annual exertions of the Asso-
ciation shall continue to distribute their benefits to every
jx)rtion of this happy country. Time and experience

28

will enhance their value. They shall remain the annual
theme of the Orator ; the Statesman's study and sublim-
est displays. And when peace and plenty, wealth and
happiness, shall have saturated every region of this vast
community, and placed every man in tranquillity under
his " own vine and his own fig-tree," then shall some
new Phoenix of a modern Mantua arise to celebrate, in
splendid verse, that golden age. No modern Augustus
shall be the object of the Poet's homage. No ! The an-
nals of the land shall never be marked by such degenera-
cy. But he shall inscribe his lays to the immortal Chiejsy
Sages and Patriots, who have guided the destinies of this
free and glorious nation. He shall recount their virtues,
their toils and their sacrifices. He shall consecrate his
verse to erect an imperishable monument to the Bene-
factors OF THE Country. And in recounting the
distinguished names that shall have given splendor to his-
tory and hapi:>iness to man, the votaries of " the God of
the Harvests" shall receive a full tribute of grateful hom-
age and of elevated renown in the Temple of Fame.

THE

ADDRESS

OF

ISAIAH IFESTON, ESQ,.

vice-president of the society.

Gentlemen —

WHEN agriculture and domestic manufactures arc
our theme, we interest the feelings of all, because they
are the stay and staff of human life, and the Jachin and
Boaz of our National Independence. We read the sub-
limity of our subject in the great volume of nature ; we
measure our views of it in the extent of our country ;
and the conformation of it is the type of its grandeur.'
When the Hero of the Revolution " beat his sword into
a ploughshare, and his spear into a pruning-hook," the
" spirit of the Redeemer" entered the temple, " drove
out the buyers and sellers, and overset the tables of the
money-changers. "

It is now no profanation of the sacred place, rescued
from the " sacrilegious spirits of horsemanship," to make
it a place for the free and noble heart to receive the civic
crown, the reward most grateful to genius and industry.
A little attention to the progress of civilization Vv'ill shew
us, that the manufacturer is nature'' s ma?!, and the true
Ainerican, without whom we have no food, raiment, hab-
itation, or implement of defence.

It has been said, " that manufactures should be left t»
themselves ;" but guided by the best interest of our coun-
try, if manufactures are the best means of ensuring our
independence, we think this is not the language of v/is-
dom or patriotism,

30

This Society, whose object is " the promotion of ag-
riculture and domestic manufactures," does not ask any-
thing of the people but what is for their interest to grant.
While we are sacrificing for their interest, we ask them
to discliarge part of the debt they owe to this Society for
advancing the honor, interest and happiness of Berkshire,
in the promotion of their agricultural and manufacturing
interests.

We ask not of the Government one half of the protec-
tion which other governments have given their manufac-
turing establishments to enable them to hold a competi-
tion with, and to supply the world. We ask no more of
that temporising policy, which '* flatters with a kiss," and
then " betrays :" we ask to be protected in our natural
and just right of mamijacturing for our own country.
This policy should have been adopted immediately after
the revolution ; a supplement to the Declaration of Inch-
pemlence^ or formed a conspicuous provision in our Bill of
Rights.

The Revolution was succeeded by a flood of importa-
tions of manufactures, which exhausted the circulating
medium to such a degree, that the State of New- Hamp-
shire passed a law making boards and shingles a tender
for debts — Rhode- Island made paper money a tender for
contracts — Massachusetts had an insurrection. The late
war is now succeeded by the same course of imprudence.
Far better would it now be, if we were compelled by law
to fall back upon our competent resources, than at last be
brought to it by dear-bought experience. If the govern^
ment persevere in temporising policy, on the principle
that -we can buy our fabrics cheaper than we can make
them, we reply, that with equal safety and wisdom vvc
can hire our laws made at St. James' for half the money
we pay for the making of them at the City of Washing-
ton.

SI

It would be little less injurious to us ; it would no more
endanger our liberties and independence for the foreigner
to make our laws, than our cloths ; either policy will in
a few years destroy our liberty, recoloniae the States,
and make us " hewers of wood and drawers of water'*
to foreign task-masters.

Let the Government protect the manufacturers in sup-
plying our own citizens ; let us live on our own resources^
and enjoy peace, independence and happiness ; let this
Society come forward, with renewed vigor, and emanci-
pate, not only the genius of Berkshire^ but the genius of
America.

Let the agriculturalist explore the hidden treasure of
his farm ; perhaps the mountains of Berkshire contain
the riches of Potosi, and the vales of Berkshire the mines
of Golconda 1

Fair Daughters of America !

Assert your rights ; assume your dignity. Let not the
swarthy daughters of Austria, or the copper- colored Rus-
sian, exceed you in patriotism \ Let your ornaments be
American, and the work of your own fingers ; then the
hearts of freemen will do you homage. Disdain the fash-
ions of St. James and St. Cloud, and you shall be rank-
ed with the Heroines of the Revolution, who expelled
the China beverage, rendered dear by habit, from tlie
party of pleasure.

I detain you no longer ; but proceed to the pleasing du-
ty of proclaiming the successful competitors for premi-
ums on this joyful anniversary*

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Hon. John Adams, Quinccy, (Mass.)

Mr. Joel Bradley, Lanesborough.

Hon. De Witt Clinton, J\''e^v-York.

G. W. P. Custis, Esq. Abingion, (Va.)

Hon. Samuel Dexter, Jiostoii.

Major-General Henry Dearborn, Esq. Bcatan.

H. A. S. Dearborn, Esq. do.

Aaron Dexter, Esq. do.

Hon. Christopher Gore, do.

Hon. John Holmes, Alfred, (Maine.)

Iton. Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, (Va.)

Samuel G. Jarvis, Esq, C'laremo7it, (N. H.)

William Jarvis, Esq. Weathersfdd, (Vt.)

Dr. Leonard Jarvis.

Hon. James Lloyd, Bonloii.

Hon. John Lansing-, jun. Jllbamj.

J^obert L. Livingston, Esq. Clermon(, (N. Y.)

Dr. Joseph L. Lovell, Bosto7i.

His Excellency James Madison.

pr. S. L. Mitchell, JVexu-Yurk.

Hon. Johvt Mason, Georgetoivn, (District of Cohimbic*.;

Tliomas iNTelvill, Esq. Boston.

Jolin R. Murray, Esq. J\"cvi-York.

Hon. Harrison G. Otis, Boston.

Hon. Richard Peters, Philadelphia.

James Prince, Esq. Boston.

Hon. Joslah Quincey, do.

Zachariah Peifson, Esq. liichmond.
Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany.

His Excellency Caleb Strong, jV'orthcmpicn

Hon. Richard Sullivan, Boston.

Jeremiah Stebbins, Esq. Springjield.

Lemuel Sliaw, Esq. Boston.

Hon. John Tayler, Albany.

Hon. Dudley A. Tyng-, Cambridge.

Hon. Thomas L. Wiathrop, Boston.

Nathan Appleton, Esq. do.

Samuel Appleton, Esq. do.

Simeon De Witt, Esq. Albany.

Hon. Silas Sto^v.

Hon. John Lowell.

Hon. Samuel >L Hopkins.

Col. Samuel Hawkins.