FORFSTRy THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED BY PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID The Forest Commission, State of New York. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. BY WILLIAM F. FOX, Superintendent State Forests. FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FOREST COMMISSION FOR 1894. ALBANY : JAMES B. LYON, PRINTER. 1895. I ' PREFACE. The following article is from a report made to the New York State Forest Commission in 1894. No claim or pretension is made to any original researches of a botanical nature. The report aims rather to furnish information of a general character concerning this, the leading merchantable species in the great forest of Northern New York. At the same time it is hoped that there may be something in these few pages which may be of interest alike to the botanist, forester and lumberman. WILLIAM F. FOX. ALBANY, N. Y., January 15, 1895. K534S353 The Adirondack Black Spruce. PICEA NIGKA, LINK. BLA.CK, DOUBLE, OR EED SPRUCE. Fr., Epinette noire;* Ger., Schwartztanne; Sp., Abeto negro. Leaves dark green, needle-shaped, four-sided, about one-half inch in length, and set thickly on all sides of the branches; flowers in May, the cells of the antlers opening lengthwise. Nodding cones, persistent for several years, from one to one and one-half inches long, ovate in shape, recurved, with thin, rigid scales having a characteristic broken or slightly jagged edge, the cones hanging on the end of short branches. Bark thin, of a dark-brown color somewhat tinged with gray, covered with roundish scales. While the principal habitat of this species is to be found in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine and Canada, it extends northward to Hudson Bay, and southward as far as North Carolina, although it grows but sparsely in Pennsylvania. It is found also as far west as Wisconsin. Years ago it formed a large part of the forest which covered the Catskill mountains, but was rarely found in the western part of this State. In New York it attains a common height of 80 feet (24.38 m.), with a common diameter of 18 inches (45.7 cm.); and a maximum height of 105 feet (32 m.), with a maximum diameter of 36 inches (91.4 cm.). It prefers a hilly and mountainous region with an altitude ranging from 1,200 to 1,800 feet, and while it is found at its best on mountain slopes it grows readily in low, swampy valleys. It furnishes a light softwood of medium strength, with a straight close grain. The heart wood has a tinge of red ; it is very often white. The sap wood, which is generally of a lighter shade, or a pure white, is about two inches deep in trees which have attained a diameter of 20 inches or more. The smaller trees have a thicker sap proportionately. It has a specific gravity of 0.5 ^±; percentage of ash, 0.27; average tensile strength, * The Fnmch Canadians call it Epinette a la biere. 6 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 10,000 pounds to the square inch. It weighs about 28 pounds to the cubic foot, and when perfectly dry, 25 pounds. Spruce pulp- wood cut on high land, partly seasoned, will weigh about 3,800 pounds per cord ; that cut on low or swampy land about 4,200 pounds. It" is the leading merchantable species of the New York forests, the white pine having, substantially, been removed many years ago. In 1893 the total product of all the mills which ob- tained their stock of logs from the Adirondack forests was as follows : Feet. Spruce 241,581,824 Hemlock 77,910,654 Pine -27,844,222 Hardwood 7,713,828 Total 355,050,528 The production was still greater in 1892, owing to the low water during the previous year ; but the figures given here for 1893 will fairly represent the average annual product of this region. In addition to the 241,581,824 feet of spruce sawed in 1893, the pulp mills consumed in that year 92,135,707 feet, B. M., all of which was used in the manufacture of paper. Spruce lumber is used for various purposes, but principally for house building, a large amount of it being made into flooring and ceiling, for which use it takes the place largely of white pine. A large share of the product is also sawed into joists, scantling, square timber and dimension stuff. In market value it is cheaper than white pine, but dearer than hemlock. The value of the logs in the tree, or " stumpage," is about 35 cents per market log, or $1.75 per 3,000 feet, the price varying somewhat more or less in proportion as the timber is accessible or within hauling distance of streams which will permit the floating or " driving " of logs to the mills. The value of the logs when delivered on the banks of these streams is about $1.30 per market, or $6.50 per 1,000 feet. The bark has no commercial value. It is peeled from standing trees, occasionally by woodmen, guides or sports- men, who use it for covering the roof or sides of their shanties. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 7 In the Albany lumber market the log run brings about $14 per 1,000 feet. There is very little clear stuff to be sorted out; a small percentage of clear inch, however, is generally selected which sells for $23 per 1,000 feet. For this market it is sawed largely into nine inch boards, and into two-inch planks, nine inches wide ; also into 2 by 10-inch planks. Shingles made from spruce are of inferior quality, and not durable ; hence it is seldom used for this purpose. The wood decays rapidly when exposed to the weather, but when protected it will compare favorably with other softwoods in durability. The trees of this species growing in a dense forest furnish tall tapering trunks, free from branches, with an elastic, straight-grained timber, which makes it very desirable for spars and piles. One firm of lumbermen in the Adirondack region ships annually a large quantity of this timber "in the round," the full length of the tree, for this pur- pose. It is used in boat building, the base of the tree and princi- pal roots furnishing knees, while the best quality of the straight- grained planks taken from the butt logs are manufactured into oars. In the southern part of the Adirondack forest the best trees are selecied, from which the clear butt logs are taken for the manufacture of sounding boards for pianos. Only choice logs are used for this purpose; and these are " quarter sawed " into boards five-eighths of an inch thick. This class of lumber is worth $35 per 1,000 feet at the mills. The logs cut for this pur- pose are known in the trade as " fiddle butts." Mention should be made here, also, of the resinous gum which exudes from the tree trunks of this species, and which, after undergoing a slight preparation, is sold for chewing gum. A large number of men known as gum pickers follow this industry during the winter months, obtaining a good livelihood from this peculiar work. Years ago a favorite drink known as spruce beer was made by boiling the young branches and evaporating the infusion, but its place as a beverage has been so largely taken by other drinks that now one seldom sees or hears of the old- fashioned " spruce beer." This decoction of the spruce twigs has valuable medicinal properties, and is a well-known antidote to the form of scurvy prevalent among seamen while on long voyages. The wood furnishes an inferior quality of fuel, giving out little heat comparatively, and, owing to the air contained in it, causing 8 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. a continual snapping, which makes it dangerous when burned in open fire-places. Occasionally, this species grows thickly in masses, or what the lumbermen term "clumps," but, as a general thinsr, it is distrib- uted quite evenly through the forests in which it is found. Throughout the Adirondack woods it forms on an avei age from 1" to 15 per cent of the timber. The Adirondack forests, as a whole, are composed principally of hardwoods, the deciduous trees including abou 7u per cerv., among which the remaining 30 per cent, of conifers are, as a general thing, somewhat evenly dist ibutecl. The black spruce ishert found in company with the maple, beech, and yellow birch, among which there is a further but small admixture of ash, cherry, elm, bass wood, and iron wood. The conifers ass elated with the spruce are composed of hemlock, balsam (Abies balsamea), t unarack and white cedar, the various species of pine having been nearly all removed by the lumber- men years ago. Michaux makes the statement that this species "often constitutes a third part of the forests by which ihej? are uninterruptedly covered." One of our leading text-books on botany states that "dark-mountain forests are often wholly com- posed of it." While this statement may possibly be true of other localities, there is certainly no such composition in the Adiron- dack forests, aside fro ui the occasional but small clumps of spruce previously referred to. In some localities there are large areas along the mountain slopes covered with a heavy proportion of evergreens whose sombre hues might give rise to such an impression to a distant spectator, but a closer examination of such forests discloses a large admixture of other conifers, together with a good propor- tion of broad-leaf td trees which are apparent only in summer, and which even then are liable to be overshadowed and hidden by the overtopping or dominant crowns of tall conifers. In its habit the black spruce has very little of attraction or beauty in its appearance. When growing in masses, all its branches fall off, leaving groups of columnar, tapering shafts, each of which is surmo anted by a small, sparsely-limbed and irregular crown ; and this is also the case, to a considerable extent, where it is distributed among the hardwoods with plenty of surrounding space. When growing in openings, well removed BLACK SPRUCE. Habit when grown in the Forest. G. II. Eison, Photo BLACK SPRUCE. Habit when grown in the open. G. II. Rison, Photo. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 9 from other trees, its branches are persistent and cover the trunk from the ground to the crown, forming a pyramidal- shaped tree with a conical head whose regular and symmetrical outlines elicit praise from some, while the primness and exactness of shape is objectionable to others. In growing it attains height by the annual increase of one lead- ing terminal shoot, which adds to its height 10 to 15 inches each year. From the base of th s terminal shoot there is formed each year a whorl of branches which gradually shorten in passing from the lower to the upper ones, the lower ones having each one more year of growth than the one above it. The branches, which are in whorls of four or more, are horizontal with a slight tendency to an upward direction. As the trees increase in age the whorls become less distinct, owing to the decay and falling off of the branches. The black spruce derives its name from the very dark hut of its Joliage which, when massed on $>ome mountain slope, is of such a sombre color that it appears to be black rather than green. The name is also used in distinction from the white spruce, whose leaves are of a pale or glaucous hue. In many «of our manuals the black and white spruce are designated respectively as the double and single spruce, but the reason for this peculiar distinc- tion is not readily apparent. These two species bear such a resemblance that it is not always easy to identify them, the cones, which differ but slightly in size and shape, furnishing the principal distinctive feature when the flowering season has past. The white spruce is far less abundant throughout the Adirondacks, being rarely seen outside of Essex county. It is a much smaller tree, and its branches are more per- sistent, most of the trees being covered with limbs from the p\ ra- midal apex do vvn to the ground. The difference between these species is best described by Mr. Charles EL Peck, State Botanist, who in referring to their resemblance says : " The resemblance between the white spruce and some forms of the black spru -e is so close i hat it is not always easy for an un skilled person to separtte them. The descriptions of these trees, as given in the manual, indicate but a part of their distinctive features, and the characters there ascribed to the edges of the cone scales do not in all cases hold good. Having compared 2 10 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. these trees at flowering time the following characters seem to me to be the most available ones for distinguishing them. WHITE SPRUCE. Young branchlets glabrous. Leaves six to eight lines long. Cones oblong or cylindrical, deciduous before next flowering time. Sterile aments pale, supported on slender whitish pedicels exserted from the basal cup of scales. Fertile aments eight to ten lines long. Young leaves visible at flowering time. BLACK SPRUCE. Young branchlets pubescent. Leaves four to seven lines long. Cones ovate or oblong, still on the tree at next flowering time. Sterile aments tinged with red, sessile in the basal cup of scales. Fertile aments five to six lines long. Young leaves not yet visible at flowering time. " These trees are in flower at the same time in the same locality . They were in bloom the past season in the vicinity of Elizabeth - town the last week in May." The white spruce of the Adirondacks seems to be an inferior type of its kind. Prof. Charles S. Sargent, in his " .Report on the Forests of North America," tenth United States census, in de- scribing this species says: " A tree 15 to 50 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of ponds and swamps ; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest development along the streams and lakes of the Flathead region of northern Montana, at an ele- vation of 2,500 to 3,500 feet; the most important timber tree of the American subarctic forests north of the sixtieth degree of latitude, here more generally multiplied and of larger size than the allied P. Nigra with which it is associated." There is also a tree known as the red spruce which is occasion- ally found in the Adirondacks, but more plentifully in Canada. At one time this tree was described as a distinct species (Abies rubra), but latterly it is held to be a variety of the black spruce. It has larger cones, and a reddish, softer wood, the latter feature being attributed by Michaux to some influence of the soil. Prof. N. L. Britton, of the Department of Botany, Columbia College, in an article on "New or Noteworthy North American Phanerogams"* says: " I have lately been much interested in the spruces, and have observed them closely on the Blue Ridge in southwestern Vir- ginia, where I became familiar with two species, one of which i supposed to be the white spruce, Picea Canadensis. The same two species occur on the slopes of Mounts iMarcy and Mclntyre, in the Adirondacks, but neither of them is P. Canadensis, which species i did not see. It is reported from northern New York, but I did not encounter it. * Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 21, No. 1, Jan., 1891. Fig. 1, Cone and leaves natural size. Fig. 2, A seed. From, ^Aiich aux ' ^V^lmencan Sylva. Black Spruce Pic ecu nigrcu Fig.l, Cone and leaves, natural size. Fig. 2, A seed. White Spruce Picecv alba/. Albany Ertg Co. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 11 " The two species of the Blue Ridge and the Central Adiron- dacks are the black spruce, P. Mariana, and the red spruce, P. rubra. By most recent authors the latter has been regarded as a variety of the former, but this view has been ably attacked by Prof. George Lawson in a paper on ' .Remarks on the Dis- tinctive Characters of the Canadian Spruces,' published, I think, in 1888. He there maintains that the red spruce is distinct from the black, and I am in entire accord with this opinion. The white spruce is very different from either of the others by its elongated cones, entirely glabrous and glaucous twigs and sterig- mata, and very light-green leaves. P. rubra differs from P. Mariana by its very slender twigs, which are sparingly pubes- cent, the sterigmata nearly or quite glabrous, its very slender light-green, nearly straight, very acute leaves, and its oblong cones, which are deciduous at the end of the season, the scales lacerated or two-lobed. P. Mariana has stout, very pubescent twigs and sterigmata, stout and thick, merely mucrpnate, dark- green, incurved leaves, and ovate, larger cones, which are per- sistent for two or more years, their scales entirely or merely erose. P. rubra, according to my observations, reaches a much greater altitude on Mclntyre than does P. Mariana, and this agrees with our collections in the Blue Ridge of Virginia. The very slender twigs of P. rubra and its light-green leaves give it a much more graceful aspect than is exhibited by P. Mariana" A noticeable peculiarity of the Adirondack spruce is the large number of defective trees scattered through the forest, which are known as " seamy trees," this defect or " seam " rendering them unfit for lumber. The seam appears to be a crack which extends up and down the trunk, varying in length and extending in some cases from the butt log to the lower branches of the crown. These openings vary in depth, but sometimes the crack reaches to the heart. The edges of the seam are thickly coated with the resinous substance known as spruce gum, which exudes and then hardens, the larger and cleaner masses being gathered by the " gum pickers " who earn a livelihood by this work. The seams are mostly perpendicular, but in trees where the grain of the wood is not straight, the seam winds upward obliquely as it follows the grain. The cause of this defect has never been satis- factorily explained, although various reasons have been suggested. These seamy trees are not as observable now as before the great blight which, within the last 20 years, destroyed a large proportion of the spruce throughout the Adirondack forests. The seams were confined mostly to mature trees, as the 12 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. blight seldom attacked trees under 12 inches in diameter. The younger spruces which were spared, and which form a large part of the forest to-day, afford now comparatively few specimens of seamy timber. About 25 years ago, the black spruce throughout the great forest of northern New York began to show signs of blight, the first appearance of which was noticed in 1868. During the next 10 years this blight spread through most of the forest, only a few localities remaining untouched. Competent authori- ties who had made a study of the matter on the ground, esti- mated that at one time one-third to one-half of the matured spruce in the Adirondack region was dead. In some townships there was a recurrence of the evil after an interval of 25 years, the time of the first appearance being fixed by some observers at a date earlier than 1868. When the trees were first attacked by this scourge, the leaves commerced falling while they were \et green. The foliage remaining on the tree soon turned to a reddish-brown, whose hues made the mountain slopes and forest areas of the valleys appear as if a scorching fire had swept over them. About 1884 there was a noticeable cessation in this destruction of timber, and since that time there has been no recurrence of the evil. The dead trees have mostly fallen, although here and there some tall " stubs" remain as reminders of the calamity. The young trees, which everywhere escaped, now display their green foliage where the brown dead leaves of the blasted spruces were seen, and but little evidence remains of the blight that wrought such a wide- spread destruction in this class of property. The cause of this decay or death of the spruce has been the subject of much discussion, various reasons for it having been advanced. Some — among them, men who had been close observers of the blight from its beginning — attributed the death of the trees to drought ; but this reason was hardly satisfactory, because the disease killed the timber growing in damp, moist places and swamps, as well as in localities where drought might have affected them; also, on northern as well as on southern slopes. Moreover the alleged drought did not affect in any way the other species, both deciduous and coniferous, which were growing in company with the diseased spruces. G. H. Risou, Photo BRANCH OF THE BLACK SPRUCE Not quite natural size. G. H. Kison, Photo BRANCH OF THE BLACK SPRUCE. One-third natural size. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 13 Some claimed that this premature decay was due to the agita- tion of the trees by high winds, but the blight attacked also the timber standing in sheltered and protected situations. It was suggested that the evil might have been due to a hard winter, to some period of intense cold, or to some late and severe frost occurring after the sap had started in its vernal flow ; but there is no record of any such unusual weather, and no reason why all the other species, some of them closely allied to the spruce, should not have been injured by the same cause. Others, including dendrologists as well as woodsmen, held stoutly to the theory that the spruce was a short-lived species, and that the trees died of old age. There was some ground for this theory in the fact that the smaller trees — those under 12 inches in diameter or thereabouts — were uninjured. But, in reply, it has been shown that the spruce is not a short-lived tree ; that it is a hardy species which resists the extremes of altitude and latitude; that, where it grows subject to natural forest con- ditions, it is the slowest in growth of all the native trees of our State, and that there are live spruces standing in the Adirondacks which are nearly four centuries old. Spruces of equal diameters often vary 100 years in age, owing to difference in environment. But these trees died in masses or clumps, the same as when scat- tered, irrespective of the fact that, though of equal size, they differed a century or more in age. If the trees which died had all been planted at the same time, were all of the same size, diameter and age, and, furthermore, the limit of maturity had been ascertained and determined, then the theory of death from old age might be entertained. In view of the prevalence of insect blight elsewhere it seems strange that this cause should have been overlooked or summar- ily dismissed without consideration. Some investigators asserted that they had looked carefully for insects, both on the leaves and under the bark, and failed to find any. This proves nothing, however ; the entomologists found them when they took up the investigation. From statements made by Mr. Peck, the State Botanist, who first discovered the insect at work, and reports of entomologists whose observations justify his conclusions, there seems to be good ground for attributing the death of the Adirondack spruces 14 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. to the work of a small beetle known as the Hylurgus ruf/pen- nis, Kirby. Mr. Feck found both the mature insect and its larvae in countless numbers under the bark of the diseased trees. These insects excavate a passage between the bark and the wood, eating away a part of both, and thus, practically, girdling the tree, their numerous galleries forming an intricate network of furrows which traverse the most vital part. Woodsmen are apt to claim that worms or insects are found only in dead or fallen timber, and entomologists have often expressed a doubt as to any borer attacking a live tree. But both Mr. Peck and Dr. Packard, in their investigations of the Adirondack spruce blight, found these beetles in live spruces, trees in which the wood was full of sap and on which the leaves were fresh and green. Mr. Peck mentions having found dead beetles in a 10-inch tree. In this case the insects had commenced work, but the resin — which is so plentiful in the young spruces — oozed from the wounds, obstructing their passage, and the insects becoming embedded in gum were found dead, each in its furrow. The older and larger trees having less resinous matter, offered no such obstruction, which may account for the fact that only the mature trees perished — a much more plausible theory than the one of old age. The reason for the sudden cessation of the blight has been a subject of discussion as well as the origin. The complete disap- pearance of these insects has been attributed, with good reason, to the woodpeckers, which were observed at work in many places, the dead trees having been pecked at by these birds in search of insect food until the bark had turned to a reddish hue. It is not at all improbable that there may be a recurrence of this blight, 'and another wholesale destruction of merchantable timber from this cause . If so, the timber as fast as it is attacked should be cut and marketed instead of allowing it to be wasted and lost. Unfortunately the State law will not permit any such economic Action. The sale of any timber in the Forest Preserve, not only the matured but the dead and fallen trees as well, is specifically prohibited. Neither can the law be repealed or amended, for the persons who are responsible for this remarkable legislation succeeded in having it incorporated in the Constitution itself. G. H. Rison, Photo. BARK ON BLACK SPRUCE. 1 ree 1 2 inches in diameter. G. H. Kison, Photo BARK ON BLACK SPRUCE. Tree 23 inches in diameter. NOTE.— Unlike many other species the bark on the large, old trees undergoes little change, and re- tlans its characteristic appearance. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 15 Since the organization of the Forest Commission, 10 years ago, not a tree has been cut on State land with the consent of the Commission, and, under the new Constitution, 20 years must elapse before any such permission can be given. But on the lands owned by. the clubs or used as private preserves, which include one-third of the Adirondack forest, timber cutting for revenue and also for forest improvement will always be carried on. Where the cutting is done with reference primarily to forest improvement, the trees are taken irrespective of size or species ; but where the thinning is done with reference to forest revenue rather than improvement, the cutting will probably be confined to one or two merchantable species, with some further restrictions to prevent the cutting of small trees or those which have not attained a mature size. Except in a few localities the hardwood timber, which con- stitutes over 70 per cent, of the average forest, is not cut, while from the remaining evergreens only two* species are taken to any extent. There is little or no white pine left in northern New York. Hemlock is valuable only for its bark, owing to the low market price for that kind of lumber, and is not cut for bark except where there is a short haul or easy ship- ment to some tannery. Balsam, cedar, and tamarack have so small a place in the lumber market that these species are seldom removed. But the black spruce, which forms from 5 to 10 per cent, of our northern forests is a merchantable species in great demand, and forest owners desirous of obtaining a revenue from their property can take the matured trees of this species without any serious injury to existing conditions. In fact, so few spruce trees are cut to the acre on a well-managed job that their absence would be noticed only by those familiar with the business, there being no apparent diminution in the density of the forest or quantity of foliage. Of course, such a system, however closely restricted, would not fill the requirements for forest improve- ment; but it does not necessarily imply forest injury, much less forest destruction, as recently claimed by some very good but very stupid people. Laying aside the question of cutting timber with reference to forest improvement, the cutting on the private preserves of * Spruce and hemlock. f 6 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. matured spruce for revenue only, still involves a discussion of certain points closely connected with forestry principles. No matter how well our people may become educated in the tenets of scientific forestry, or how amply provided our land- owners may be with skillful, professional foresters, the system under which the Adirondack forest must be managed for years, well or poorly, will be the one known as that of " selection." This is indicated by various conditions. Our forests are already grown, and the market price of their product will not warrant anything in the line of planted forests other than some experimental work. Moreover, as only one merchantable species is accessible, the cut- ting will be limited for a long time to that one species, — the 'black spruce. In order to insure a future and permanent supply the selection will be further confined to the matured trees, so far as the problem of tree-growth and interest account will permit. AGE OF THE SPRUCE. Here arises the question, what constitutes a matured spruce in the Adirondack forests ? How old must it be when it grows under natural conditions ? How large, how tall, and what must its diameter be? Under any system, whether the thinning be done for improvement or revenue, this point is one of the first to be determined. For the purpose of obtaining definite information on this sub- ject the Forest Commission instituted some researches, the result of which is here submitted. Acting under definite instructions from the Superintendent some of the foresters, specially detailed for this work, went to different localities in the Adirondack forest, where, by counting the annual rings of tree-growth as revealed by the stumps and cross sections of the trunks, they accumulated a mass of data and statistics which furnish s itisfactory informa- tion on this point. In counting the rings on the stumps the for- esters used large magnifying glasses, which were necessary owing to the slow growth of the spruce and crowded condition of the annual rings. In many cases it would be impossible to count these rings, or " grains " as the woodsmen term them, with the naked eye. The rings were counted on the line of the greatest diameter, and from the center along the longest radiating line. Small pins were inserted at every inch, and the rings in each THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 17 inch counted and recorded separately. By the latter arrange- ment the amount of eccentricity in the growth is apparent in each case. In the black spruce the heart is seldom found in the exact center of the tree, this lack of concentricity in the rings of annual growth being a noticeable feature. The statistics offered first are based on the work done by Forester Humes, in St. Lawrence county, who examined and counted the rings on 237 spruce trees with reference to estab- lishing the facts as to age and maximum size only. The statistics showing number of years for each successive individual inch of diameter, together with amount of eccentricity, are given in other and subsequent tables. 3 18 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE I. SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump, in inches. Number of rings on stump. "Length of shaft, in feet. Diameter at top, in Inches. Number of rings at top. Total height of tree, in feet. 1 30 325 72 11 98 93 2 30 289 68 9 105 87 3 30 315 54 12 123 82 4 30 275 54 11 104 91 5 30 291 58 12 116 92 6 29 333 58 13 112 81 7 29 298 54 10 100 79 8 29 321 54 9 97 75 9 29 287 58 12, 103 87 10 29 312 54 14 188 91 11 29 310 54 13 106 83 12 ... 29 273 54 11 94 80 13 28 278 58 10 -100 70 14 28 293 58 13 118 76 15 28 273 54 10 84 70 16 28 247 58 8 99 68 17 28 301 60 7 93 72 18 28 300 54 12 68 70 19 28 271 54 10 123 70 20 27 281 58 12 103 68 21 27 302 V 54 11 98 76 22 27 298 58 10 99 69 23 . . 27 258 54 9 107 80 24 27 259 54 13 156 78 25 27 316 54 10 121 71 26 27 273 58 11 99 81 27 . 27 301 54 12 136 69 28 27 298 54 14 134 86 29 27 294 58 12 123 80 30 27 284 58 10 118 71 31 27 294 54 14 119 64 32 27 274 54 11 100 80 33 27 278 58 11 87 67 34 27 304 54 11 101 70 35 27 293 58 11 112 71 36 27 278 54 10 97 68 37 27 301 58 10 80 68 38 26 301 54 13 155 84 39 40 26 26 302 293 58 54 12 12 102 138 74 69 41 . .. 26 284 54 13 138 80 42 .. 26 354 65 9 102 94 43 26 291 54 12 129 81 44 26 274 54 13 154 83 45 26 271 54 10 98 80 46 26 285 58 13 128 69 47 26 290 54 10 102 78 48 26 258 54 9 100 80 49 26 291 58 12 91 63 50 26 231 54 10 62 70 51 26 261 54 8 92 80 52 26 293 58 12 102 88 53 25 219 44 10 61 71 54 .. 25 291 58 11 100 81 * Not including crown or stump. The stumps average 32 inches in height. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE I — ( Continued ) . 19 SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump, in inches. Number of rings on stump. Length of shaft, in feet. Diameter at top, in inches. Number of rings at top. Total height of tree, in feet. 55 25 281 54 11 81 62 56 25 271 54 10 94 80 57 25 219 48 12 99 62 58 25 283 58 10 73 61 59 25 261 54 9 51 73 60 25 300 58 11 91 71 61 25 300 54 11 98 61 62 .. 25 281 57 12 162 71 63 25 300 58 14 152 67 64 25 300 54 11 92 61 65 25 291 54 13 100 62 66 . . 25 195 48 11 76 57 67 25 208 54 8 80 64 68 25 302 58 10 103 71 69 25 271 54 12 94 67 70 . 25 284 58 13 151 71 71 . 25 293 54 10 102 71 72 25 273 54 13 103 72 73 25 284 54 9 132 71 74 . . ... 25 274 58 12 93 61 75 25 281 54 14 152 75 76 25 258 54 11 124 91 77 25 274 58 10 119 82 78 25 271 54 14 120 92 79 . 25 198 54 10 104 81 80 25 291 56 12 161 91 81 25 267 48 15 126 65 82 . 24 269 54 14 130 82 83 . 24 264 54 11 101 71 84 24 274 58 13 121 73 85 24 261 54 11 104 80 86 . 24 291 58 12 100 69 87 .. 24 272 54 11 93 71 88 24 281 58 12 126 80 89 24 300 62 11 158 86 90 . 24 271 54 14 132 71 91 . 24 299 54 13 121 70 92 24 301 58 10 141 80 93 24 291 54 14 132 65 94 . . 24 254 54 11 91 71 95 24 239 54 13 106 61 96 24 267 56 14 123 74 97 24 281 58 12 85 80 98 24 178 54 15 74 68 99 24 267 54 11 124 71 100 24 271 58 13 100 69 101 23 256 54 12 92 67 102 . 23 300 48 12 120 70 103 23 278 54 11 100 78 104 23 283 55 12 98 71 105 23 291 54 14 141 70 106 . ... 23 283 48 11 104 80 107 23 283 58 11 106 73 108 .. 23 300 52 15 151 80 20 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE I — ( Continued ) . SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump, in inches. Number of rings on stump. Length of shaft, in feet. Diameter at top, in inches. Number of rings at top. Total height of tree, in feet. 109 23 291 54 12 103 69 110 . ... 23 281 58 11 127 70 Ill 23 271 54 11 97 69 112 23 217 54 14 85 70 113 . 23 253 54 13 132 71 114 23 219 54 12 116 62 115 23 271 58 11 121 73 116 . . 23 189 48 10 79 62 117 22 314 54 12 155 73 118 22 263 54 12 152 73 119 . 22 281 54 13 121 80 120 22 283 54 11 82 76 121 22 261 54 10 99 71 122 22 345 58 9 152 69 123 22 204 54 10 91 70 124 22 215 58 8 100 67 125 22 253 54 11 89 70 126 22 251 54 9 93 71 127 . . 22 261 58 7 80 75 128 22 201 48 9 78 60 129 22 281 54 12 121 64 130 22 107 54 9 91 65 131 . ... 22 271 54 8 89 71 132 133 22 22 201 265 54 54 12 7 101 97 67 69 134 22 261 58 11 99 72 135 22 198 54 13 75 64 136 21 256 48 9 100 63 137 21 201 54 8 76 61 138 21 251 48 11 103 73 139 21 251 54 11 99 71 140 21 242 54 13 121 74 141 21 201 48 7 100 71 142 21 199 ft4 10 78 80 143 21 291 54 14 123 76 144 21 271 56 10 99 70 145 21 236 54 12 100 69 146 . 21 281 54 10 104 76 147 21 261 54 12 123 80 148 ... 21 271 54 8 100 76 149 . 21 199 54 11 103 71 150 21 283 58 14 99 81 151 20 200 54 11 101 68 152 . 20 201 48 9 99 67 153 20 261 54 12 89 70 154 20 206 54 10 99 71 155 . 20 213 48 11 100 69 156 20 204 54 8 87 72 157 20 208 54 7 82 69 158 20 199 48 9 100 70 159 20 189 54 8 100 78 160 20 201 54 11 102 71 161 20 194 52 9 99 70 162 .. 20 204 48 12 132 60 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE I — (Continued). 21 SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump, in inches. Number of rings on stump. Length of shaft, in feet. Diameter at top, in inches. Number of rings at top. Total height of tree, in feet. 163 20 203 54 10 99 68 164 . 20 207 54 8 124 71 165 . . 20 289 54 10 124 74 166 19 230 46 11 130 78 167 19 193 54 9 105 70 168 .. 19 208 54 8 99 68 169 170 19 19 283 194 62 54 7 13 136 100 82 70 171 19 209 54 10 100 72 172 . 19 209 48 8 100 67 173 19 238 54 14 96 72 174 19 189 54 12 121 69 175 19 218 48 9 129 74 176 . 19 201 54 11 99 67 177 19 231 54 6 76 65 178 19 273 58 10 141 76 179 19 194 54 9 100 70 180 . . 19 201 54 10 99 80 181 19 194 56 12 101 71 182 19 204 54 8 78 67 183 19 207 54 11 121 71 184 19 201 48 12 103 69 185 . 19 184 54 6 78 67 186 19 200 48 5 100 65 187 19 201 54 9 89 70 188 19 199 54 8 89 71 189 .. . 18 183 54 7 101 72 190 18 173 46 x 9 90 70 191 18 200 54 10 100 71 192 18 179 44 8 92 69 193 17 182 46 6 78 65 194 17 200 54 10 89 65 195 17 156 46 8 100 70 196 17 200 48 7 89 67 197 .. 17 192 50 10 102 71 198 17 172 44 6 78 68 199 16 171 50 5 79 66 200 16 200 54 9 121 73 201 16 178 54 8 79 69 202 .. 16 201 50 11 99 70 203 16 167 44 9 100 62 204 15 178 46 10 97 68 205 15 203 42 9 87 71 206 15 174 48 6 78 63 207 15 183 50 5 100 70 208 14 275 27 11 155 74 209 14 182 48 11 108 68 210 14 156 44 7 89 65 211 14 157 44 7 99 69 212 14 200 54 5 78 64 213 . .. 14 145 40 8 88 60 214 14 175 50 9 98 70 215 14 161 48 11 103 67 216 .. 14 182 42 12 99 59 22 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE I — (Concluded). SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump, in inches. Number of rings on stump . Length of fchaft, In feet. Diameter at top, in inches Number of rings at top. Total height of tree, in feet. 217 .. 13 176 48 4 35 59 218 13 180 36 6 50 61 219 .. 13 157 42 7 60 57 220 13 150 28 8 76 57 221 13 200 44 10 102 66 222 13 138 40 4 59 58 223 13 162 34 6 87 60 224 13 172 27 8 103 61 225 13 192 38 7 96 70 226 13 200 44 9 136 72 Mr. Humes subsequently forwarded some additional notes which are intended to show the maximum size and age of the spruce. Thus far our foresters have been unable to find any black spruce over 36 inches in diameter on the stump. The stumps average about 30 inches in height, and in measuring standing timber the girth is taken at about the same height. The maximum size of the Adirondack black spruce is indicated in the following figures : TABLE II. SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump, in inches Number of rh,gs on stump. Length of shafr, in feet. Diameter at top, in inches. Number of rings at top. Total height of tree, in feet. 1 36 350 90 12 102 110 2 36 326 84 8 87 90 3 34 302 86 10 100 93 4 34 374 91 5 67 99 5 34 315 72 11 124 87 6 33 285 68 13 165 89 7 . 32 2t)0 70 5 80 81 8 31 293 60 14 125 80 9 31 231 73 7 80 82 10 . 31 276 68 10 100 67 11 31 290 71 9 98 70 Statistics showing the age, size or other characteristics of any particular species should be accompanied by some further information regarding the various kinds of trees which are gro ing on the same ground. To this end Forester Humes, in THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 23 accordance with instructions from the Superintendent, meas- ured off a tract of four acres, situated in the forest in which he made the measurements and other memoranda embodied in Tables I and II, and noted all the other trees growing there in company with the spruce. These notes are embodied in Table III. This forest is located in the south part of Township 14 (" Bloomfield"), Town of Fine, St. Lawrence county. It stands on the north slope of a hill, the spruce being thickly interspersed with hard- woods—maple, beech, and yellow birch (Betula lutea). The land on which the timber stands has an elevation of about 1.800 feet above the sea. The four acres which furnish the statistics in the following table represent the maximum yield of spruce per acre, the tim- ber being far above the average in size, height and quantity. The spruce on this piece of four acres — not including trees less than twelve inches in diameter — will yield 60,000 feet of logs, or 15,000 feet to the acre. This is a remarkable exhibit ; and, in addition to the spruce, the figures indicate 18,000 feet of hemlock on these four acres, or 4,500 feet per acre. The average quan- tity of spruce per acre throughout the Adirondack forests, on large tracts, is estimated at 3,000 feet per acre, and some town- ships have yielded as low as 2,500. Mr. Fremont Fuller, of Duane, Franklin county, N. Y., reports a black spruce, 10 feet 3 inches in circumference, or about 41 inches in diameter, outside the bark, breast high above the ground. This tree, which is sound and healthy, is standing in a clump of spruces with six other large ones near it, and overtops the surrounding forest. It stands on the N. W. i of Town- ship 15, on Lot 3, about two miles from the hotel at Meacham Lake. >) 7 23.. 10 i 3 1 6 I 20 22 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE I — (Concluded). SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump, In inches. Number of rings on stump. Length of fehaft, In feet. Diameter at top, in inches Number of rings at top. Total height of tree, in feet. 217 .. 13 176 48 4 35 59 218 13 180 36 6 50 61 219 13 157 42 7 60 57 220 . 13 150 28 8 76 57 221 13 200 44 10 102 66 222 13 138 40 4 59 58 223 13 162 34 6 87 60 224 13 172 27 8 103 61 225 13 192 38 7 96 70 226 13 200 44 9 136 72 Mr. Humes subsequently forwarded some additional notes which are intended to show the maximum size and age of the spruce. Thus far our foresters have been unable to find any black spruce over 36 inches in diameter on the stump. The stumps average about 30 inches in height, and in measuring standing timber the girth is taken at about the same height. The maximum size of the Adirondack black spruce is indicated in the following figures : rp A T>T T7» TT ing on the same ground. ui Ll'tJes vviiujll ilrtTgTG" To this end Forester Humes, in THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 23 accordance with instructions from the Superintendent, meas- ured off a tract of four acres, situated in the forest in which he made the measurements and other memoranda embodied in Tables I and II, and noted all the other trees growing there in company with the spruce. These notes are embodied in Table III. This forest is located in the south part of Township 14 (" Bloomfield "), Town of Fine, St. Lawrence county. It stands on the north slope of a hill, the spruce being thickly interspersed with hard- woods— maple, beech, and yellow birch (Betula lutea). The land on which the timber stands has an elevation of about 1.800 feet above the sea. The four acres which furnish the statistics in the following table represent the maximum yield of spruce per acre, the tim- ber being far above the average in size, height and quantity. The spruce on this piece of four acres — not including trees less than twelve inches in diameter — will yield 60,000 feet of logs, or 15,000 feet to the acre. This is a remarkable exhibit ; and, in addition to the spruce, the figures indicate 18,000 feet of hemlock on these four acres, or 4,500 feet per acre. The average quan- tity of spruce per acre throughout the Adirondack forests, on large tracts, is estimated at 3,000 feet per acre, and some town- ships have yielded as low as 2,500. TABLE III. COMPOSITION OF FOREST ON FOUR ACRES. S. W. J, Township 14, Town of Fine, St. Lawrence County' DIAMETER — INCHES. Spruce. Hemlock. Maple. Birch. Beech. Total. 9 14 7 6 4 12 4 10 15 14 11 8 4 11 5 3 3 7 1 12 15 8 12 11 16 6 13 12 5 8 5 17 4 14 14 1 4 6 13 3 15 18 2 5 5 13 4 16 14 7 8 5 11 4 17 14 4 5 10 12 4 18 18 5 3 9 6 8 19 4 3 3 9 1 20 4 5 6 7 2 12 2 5 6 1 2 ^ 7 1 1 23.. 10 1 3 6 21 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE III — (Continued). DIAMETER -INCHES. Spruce. Hemlock. Maple. Birch. Beech. Total. 24 . 5 2 1 3 11 25.. 4 2 6 26 6 1 2 9 27 4 4 28.. 6 2 8 29 2 3 5 30 2 1 3 31 1 1 32 1 2 3 33 1 1 34.. 35.. 1 1 36 1 1 3 202 58 81 101 132 574 The average diameters are : Spruce, 1TJ- inches ; hemlock, 17 inches; maple, 14f inches; yellow birch, 16f inches, and beech, 14J inches. This average does not include trees of less than nine inches in diameter. Number of trees to the acre (nine inches or more in diameter), 144, or less than one to each square rod.* The statistics in the next following table are based on measure ments and counts made by Foresters Olmsted and Sanford, who were instructed to measure and count the rings of tree growth on 1,000 trees. Of this number the first 700 were examined on Lots 33 and 34, Township 20, Town of Santa Clara, Franklin county. This piece of forest is situated about four miles west of the Upper Saranac lake and lies between Floodwocd and Long Ponds. The 203 specimens next following were examined in St. Law- rence county on Lots 34 and 35, Township 3, Town of flopkinton. The remaining 97, embracing specimens 903-1,000, were measured and counted on Lots 50 and 63, Township 3, Town of Hopkinton, St. Lawrence county. Each locality was covered by a virgin forest, the trees examined being the first that had been cut in that vicinity. The * Not including the young trees under nine inches in diameter, of which there was the usual number intermixed with the undergrowth. BLACK SPRUCE FOREST. Side-hill growth. G. H. Rieon, Photo. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 25 foresters were directed to confine their examinations to trees which were 12 inches or more in diameter on the stump, although the lumbermen were cutting the spruce there as low as 10 inches and occasionally smaller. With the exception of the trees under 12 inches in diameter, the foresters examined every spruce stump and top within the area selected until the required number had been measured. In counting the rings of growth in these trees note was made of the number at each inch of the radius with a view to deter- mining the annual increase in diameter. In the following tabulation, Table IY, the first column con- tains the specimen number, the next the diameter inside the bark of the tree on the stump ; then follows the number of rings per inch on the stump, counting from the heart outward, and along the line of what might be termed the longest radius ; the last or right-hand column on the left-hand page shows the total number of rings, or age of the tree, as indicated at the height of the stump. On the right-hand page the statistics for each tree are continued, following the same specimen number, which, as before, is found in. the first column ; the next column shows the diameter of the shaft at the top, or at the small end of the top log; then come the number of rings per inch at the top, counting outward from the heart ; the next column shows the height of the stump ; the next the combined length of the logs into which the trunk was cut, each log being as a rule 13 feet 4 inches long; the next shows the length of the tree top or •' leader " left by the lumber- men, and the last column the total height of the tree as indicated by the combined figures of the three preceding columns. The short dash or hyphen-mark, which appears occasionally in connection with the last figure in a line, indicates that the radius terminated in a fractional inch and, consequently, a smaller number of rings. 4 26 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE IV. SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump. MEASUREMENTS ON STOMP. I a & •3 172 157 136 139 154 108 129 121 145 149 120 128 1*8 128 135 144 124 149 141 121 143 145 146 123 171 171 153 165 189 197 124 164 141 158 153 134 124 146 169 145 132 112 151 144 146 145 131 160 111 152 161 174 209 153 145 140 154 170 3t8 $00 146 166 163 151 170 196 190 129 ,59 112 1SJ Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 1. ... 2. .. 3. .. 4. .. 5. .. 6. .. 7. .. 8 9. .. 10. .. 11. .. 12 13. .. 14 15. .. 16. .. 17. .. 18. .. 19 20. .. 21. .. 22. .. 23. .. 24 25. .. 26. .. 27. .. 28. .. 29. .. 30. .. 31. .. 32. .. 33. .. 34 35 .. 36 37. .. 38. .. 39. .. 40 41. .. 42 43. .. 44 45. .. 46 . 47. .. 48 49 .. 50. .. 51 53. .. 53 54. .. 55. .. 56 57. .. 58, .. 59. .. 60 61. .. 62 63 .. 64 65 66 67. .. 68. .. 69 70. .. 71. 1'6' 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 3 5 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 4 4 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 3 3 3 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 5 2 1 0 0 2 6 7 0 Sj 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 38 26 23 27 28 26 «7 16 20 20 2i 20 21 22 27 24 21 28 20 15 18 33 30 19 28 2i 26 23 17 28 20 20 19 2S 20 24 25 30 33 36 30 16 26 26 24 30 28 15 24 20 33 2J 26 32 30 24 4i 46 23 23 26 20 25 34 31 20 30 25 24 25 28 8 22 *5 28 18 22 23 25 22 29 22 23 23 26 30 2o 23 26 21 21 29 3-3 SI 21 16 34 34 24 35 23 24 81 27 34 25 17 26 30 S6 40 30 38 28 28 28 2b 30 16 18 23 30 • 8 33 24 22 36 50 31 21 36 87 33 32 16 18 24 36 34 30 2S 26 10 23 18 16 16 15 19 20 30 40 20 20 n 20 31 22 25 21 25 K6 31 25 32 25 18 28 80 22 23 22 26 30 20 24 27 tl 23 29 *6 30 28 23 30 23 30 19 19 24 18 24 24 14 30 *0 *8 26 21 23 24 35 23 30 30 21 21 36 30 30 26 18 25 10 19 24 15 15 7 16 17 17 22 15 17 21 19 18 20 19 22 20 13 26 20 25 21 22 23 IS :0 21 17 18 32 25 27 30 32 18 16 24 17 12 n 24 22 24 iO 20 23 17 23 23 28 24 21 27 20 14 *6 25 25 18 27 25 15 16 18 25 20 29 14 14 12 19 10 17 & 9 13 7 14 10 13 18 17 24 17 26 17 23 19 15 21 12 15 9 26 10 18 16 27 25 13 18 18 22 20 15 17 9 14 7 11 10 14 15 IS 17 18 28 14 21 3 30 17 12 , 24 24 26 29 20 42 28 24 28 34 30 32 21 21 26 20 16 24 24 17 24 15 21 24 22 18 18 24 28 22 14 18 24 30 24 28 17 29 18 22 3« 29 23 i8 23 28 27 22 22 22 28 30 21 24 23 24 18 28 30 32 30 30 38 35 24 20 24 23 80 24 27 32 23 30 29 17 35 20 31 31 25 28 25 20 22 28 34 28 23 26 28 32 22 S9 28 24 22 17 20 26 28 24 22 23 28 22 30 24 21 22 20 32 27 24 28 30 20 31 20 26 21 30 33 26 28 26 20 24 30 34 29 36 38 34 42 27 21 20 27 84 19 33 35 24 22 24 19 25 25 30 25 18 27 3i 19 18 25 20 14 19 *7 24 31 30 80 26 21 19 15 20 30 18 18 18 23 17 13 26 26 20 16 18 26 19 24 21 19 19 29 24 23 23 29 28 27 30 25 30 22 20 29 27 26 22 19 85 22 17 22 19 17 15 19 2i 15 29 25 18 13 22 32 21 7 18 26 18 20 14 24 21 18 18 22 17 28 27 19 20 23 13 30 21 13 18 14 20 13 14 27 20 18 17 20 18 18 20 19 22 27 28 26 18 20 20 21 22 14 18 32 10 14 23 11 17 22 29 38 16 18 15 16 29 12 16 14 14 18 16 15 10 14 16 21 8 16 21 22 14 15 25 24 15 19 10 10 19 20 20 10 16 12 29 18 15 16 14 20 19 18 23 30 18 13 11 15 20 14 14 20 24 17 24 20 19 17 11 17 7 14 17 14 8 11 14 15 23 18 23 10 21 9 13 20 13 21 15 13 20 12 14 7 9 14 18 20 S4 15 24 17 6 12 19 14 16 14 11 10 18 30 13 20 13 19 16 14 14 14 17 28 11 25 16 22 15 17 16 14 12 16 17 26 14 11 16 18 26 20 20 7 18 16 24 13 12 10 9 19 18 8 9 18 10 7 18 29 21 16 11 8 11 22 14 9 9 '6 11 18 5 21 12 12 16 28 13 22 10 9 10 14 8- 18 15 144 191 203 124 160 161 181 169 526 212 203 217 173 201 205 244 132 166 150 154 152 149 157 176 159 147 161 129 166 142 169 1*8 145 154 132 130 139 174 173 138 133 144 170 142 131 147 153 200 188 172 375 180 150 178 208 IIP 160 158 194 131 166 133 184 194 175 210 148 149 116 142 167 14- 21 9- 7- 9 24 10 10 12 16 6 22 6 17 18 6- 15 6- 26 13 10 15 19 10 6- 10 29 8- 8 9 11 8 14 16 11 16 14 16 24 10 18 18 9 13 17 14 12 15 6- 18 18 16 28 17" 15 13 7- 8- 14 15 12 11- 12 12 27 12 11 13 16 14 14 18 15 14 16 18 18 8 22 17 15 17 10- 8 15 15 15 14 SJl 22 18 8 11 16 15 15 23 14 21 16 10- 20 8 12 18 17 18 15 22 16 13 It 12 30 15 8 17 9 26 12 11 10 14 8 19 13 8 12 16 19 14 15 11 20 19 11 25 6- 6- 18 13 15 14 12 18 10 16 18 22 9- 14 15 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE IY — (Continued ). 29 SPECIMEN || NUMBER Continued. Diameter of . top in Inches. TOP MEASUREMENTS. Height of stump. Combined length of logs. Length of top. 1 Number of rings per inch at top, counting from the heart outward. 72. . 73. . 74. . 75. . 76. . 77. . 78. . 79. . 80. 81. - 82. . 83. . 84. . 85. 86. . 87. . 88. . 89. . 90. 91. . 92. . 93. . 94. . 95. . 96. . 97. . 98. . 99. . too. . 101. . 102. 101. . 104. . 105. . 106. . 107. . 108. . 109. 110. 111. . 112. . 113. . 114. . 115. . 116. . 117. . 118. . 119. . 120. 121. . 122. . 123. . 124. 125. . 126. . 127. 128. 129. . 180. 181. . 132. 133. 134. 135. . 136. . 137 138. 139. . 140. . 141. . 112, 11 8 10 8 9 11 8 8 10 8 10 8 9 8 9 12 8 It 9 8 8 8 9 10 8 10 8- 8 7- 8- 7 9 10- 11 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 9 6~ 8 8 9 7- 11 7 5 8- 9 9 9 11 8 8 9 11 9 8 8 10 6 8- 7- 8 9 8 9 8 16 14 17 12 14 13 16 19 18 15 16 18 16 13 17 14 13 17 18 16 17 16 9 17 19 19 17 14 18 18 19 16 19 21 16 19 21 14 15 9 16 21 19 13 14 16 19 10 16 12 16 17 16 19 16 14 13 16 15 12 16 13 14 17 19 16 15 17 12 16 16 17 12 18 14 16 17 13 15 13 14 16 .9 17 16 19 16 14 19 12 14 14 10 11 18 17 19 19 17 16 18 12 21 ]9 9 10 12 16 13 16 14 17 16 18 11 15 12 12 9 20 11 19 13 12 16 14 17 9 12 17 12 14 16 12 10 16 17 12 14 14 14 19 19 16 18 14 16 15 17 11 12 15 15 10 11 12 11 16 12 13 17 12 12 14 12 12 14 11 15 14 10 12 14 13 12 13 14 13 9 17 19 17 12 13 10 15 17 19 16 15 15 16 12 14 14 12 10 11 19 14 14 17 15 12 16 12 18 15 15 13 16 14 14 23 19 IS 12 12 15 9 12 12 16 12 16 10 14 15 19 9 13 17 16 15 15 18 13 19 17 10 18 12 15 10 13 12 16 17 14 11 12 10 13 12 12 12 21 12 10 10 15 9 12 9 2' 8" 2 6 8 0 2 4 2 3 3 0 3 1 2 4 3 0 2 8 2 10 2 8 2 4 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 0 2 10 2 9 2 6 3 1 3 4 3 1 3 0 2 8 2 9 2 11 3 0 3 10 8 2 2 6 3 1 2 8 3 3 2 10 3 0 2 4 2 8 3 0 2 2 3 2 2 0 3 0 2 4 2 2 8 4 2 7 2 8 2 4 3 3 3 0 2 6 3 4 3 3 4 0 « 2 2 10 3 0 3 2 3 0 2 10 3 I 3 4 3 1 3 0 3 4 2 10 3 » 2 8 2 10 2 10 40' 0" 40 0 40 0 26 8 26 8 26 8 53 4 40 0 66 8 53 53 66 40 53 53 66 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 40 0 28 8 40 0 26 8 f-3 4 26 8 66 8 26 8 40 0 26 8 30 0 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 53 4 40 0 40 0 26 8 53 4 40 0 40 0 40 0 53 4 26 8 53 4 53 4 53 4 40 0 26 8 23 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 26 8 >6 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 86' 0" 41 6 23 6 33 8 34 0 43 6 23 0 26 4 24 8 25 6 29 7 15 5 34 7 21 5 28 4 23 9 80 0 33 8 37 7 28 4 24 0 27 11 31 8 34 6 26 8 31 5 24 10 23 6 16 10 36 0 24 7 26 9 87 0 38 4 27 9 21 7 28 4 20 10 21 8 27 6 34 8 39 7 21 0 27 3 27 8 25 0 19 0 41 6 17 10 29 0 18 10 26 8 81 0 87 5 81 8 27 6 26 6 36 4 37 6 2S 0 27 6 25 10 >9 0 18 0 29 6 23 8 26 7 22 4 26 8 29 6 30 0 78' 8* 84 0 66 6 62 8 6211 73 2 79 5 68 8 94 4 81 6 85 9 84 9 76 11 77 9 84 9 93 7 59 8 63 2 67 0 70 10 53 9 71 3 74 9 64 2 69 4 60 10 81 1 53 2 87 4 65 10 67 1 56 6 69 8 68 3 57 3 64 7 70 8 63 6 78 0 69 8 67 10 6S 3 77 4 69 7 69 10 68 4 74 11 70 10 78 6 85 7 75 2 69 2 61 0 67 4 75 8 57 4 69 4 66 0 80 8 57 8 57 0 55 7 62 4 «l i 72 6 67 0 69 5 65 4 69 4 72 4 72 10 14 7- 14 15 14 13 11 12 20 7- 12 18 2* 14 8- 10- 11- 16 12 17 12 16 12 16 16* 19 23 12 15 10 17 16 8 9 10 16 12 13 14 18 16 14 10 14 14 7- 10 12 21 11 18 11 12 13 15 13 8 18 7- 8- 12 10 11 16 9 9- 14 12 V 7 .... 16 30 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE I Y — ( Continued ). SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump. MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. ! a $ 171 157 161 128 168 134 I<9 158 126 157 114 106 111 148 140 130 132 104 150 176 132 14S 152 16C 12S ue I2f 118 14J 167 17C 15C 17i 13C 12J 1* 10£ 14J 14C 114 lOi 117 114 ne 9f 12C lOi ne 20C 17J 185 13( 13i 18( 1W 12f 12; 12: 12' 15 11{ IS 13< 13! 11 1<< ir 16 14< 14 15 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150.... 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158.... 159.,.. 160.... 16L... 162...., 163.... 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171.... 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 19^ 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204.... 2C5.... 206.... S07.... 208. ... 209. . . . 210.... 211.... 212. . . . 213... 1' 1- 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 7 4 1 1 4 2 0 2 0 0 4 3 5 7 1 3 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 8 1 8 1 2 1 0 1 3 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 0 1 6 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 I 1 2 111 1 6 1 5 1 2 30 21 Si 22 30 33 16 24 *8 32 24 26 £4 25 fc5 25 80 18 24 16 17 24 29 24 21 23 24 32 32 23 28 16 18 24 22 18 25 20 28 26 20 20 21 16 17 30 19 20 24 31 21 30 28 22 18 18 16 18 18 22 23 14 28 26 22 24 26 20 18 18 18 34 35 80 20 28 19 17 30 27 24 23 x5 24 26 18 27 3-2 16 23 6 17 30 28 2i 22 36 21 18 31 31 30 18 16 25 24 23 18 30 21 22 26 22 18 20 23 23 20 24 34 21 20 28 21 24 24 *2 17 2-2 )6 24 20 18 30 28 18 2 19 2i 22 26 28 33 36 '•5 29 ^6 14 *3 ro 2^ 23 14 12 16 30 22 22 34 20 19 18 17 26 24 29 15 20 22 13 26 22 19 20 15 20 23 2-2 18 25 27 21 17 26 17 2) 17 21 17 17 39 19 24 23 25 16 24 30 19 21 24 16 22 2* 23 30 24 25 20 12 16 19 20 25 16 16 19 22 33 14 21 14 25 14 6 11 22 28 17 IS 14 95 13 16 12 16 16 14 22 10 14 16 15 27 14 22 21 17 18 16 20 11 11 15 17 18 14 15 13 20 14 18 16 23 12 9 14 16 20 14 16 18 14 18 17 19 21 14 24 16 17 23 17 21 18 9 15 17 J7 19 18 11 7 35 10 8 10 12 18 16 9 12 21 12 12 12 13 16 14 24 13 12 18 15 18 13 29 13 7 15 19 15 15 12 8 16 19 12 13 14 8 17 13 14 19 16 13 10 16 18 38 13 19 20 12 15 9 9 9 18 11 10 17 14 19 11 14 20 15 19 16 17 14 17 18 18 10 7 12 17 23 9 8 7 13 12 13 9 15 8 12 12 21 9 16 12 11 23 10 8 13 10 18 17 13 9 16 11 13 12 13 9 12 14 16 19 21 6 11 10 20 17 11 10 17 20 13 11 24 14 16 17 13 8 13 14 11 10 21 6- 26 9 10 6- 14- 15 11 13- 11 13 7 8 12 6- 6 8 6 5- 10 18 13 14 19 22 17 16 19- 18 8- 11 17 18 16 14 17 15 7 5- 12 14 9 8 6- 12 14 9 13 11- lS 19 11 8 16 :o 20 14 8- 28 9 11 24 9 16 11- 15 7 8 "B- 7 6 4- 10 11 '7 E- 6- 9 11 8 17 12 15 10 17 10 14 27 20 jO 4 10 6 9 18 16 13 8- 18 22 14 13 9- 8 16 12 13 14 15 5 10 20 10 18- 8 10 12 8 12 8 12 11 22 6 14 22 9 8 18 10- THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 31 TABLE IV — (Continued}. SPECIMEN NUMBER Continued. Diameter of . top in inches TOP MEASUREMENTS. Heierht of stump. Combined fl length of logs. Length of top } Number of rings per inch at top, counting from the hearc outward. 143....: 141. .. 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156.... 157 158 159 160. . . . 161 16-3 .... 163 161 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194.. . 195.. .. 196.. .. 197.. .. 198.. . 199.. .. 200.. .. 801.. .. 202 ... 203.. .. 204.. .. 205.. .. 2^6.. .. «07.. .. 20S.. .. 309.. .. 210.. .. 211.. .. 812.. .. 81?.. .. 8 9 9- 8 6 8 8- 8 8 10 9 S* 9 7 8 7 7 9 9 7 7 8 9 9 8- 8 9 8 14 7- 9 10 7 7 7 8 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 8- 9 8- 8 6 9 8 6 8 8 6- 7 9 7 9 9 6- 9 10 9 9 9 14 16 17 16 14 18 16 19 16 27 19 14 15 16 17 .13 16 16 17 19 16 16 7 13 16 13 21 16 18 19 16 11 17 16 18 16 15 16 19 It 16 12 8 16 11 12 13 17 12 10 14 16 18 20 19 12 21 20 15 17 21 19 19 17 17 20 19 21 20 11 16 11 12 17 16 19 14 16 24 18 14 16 16 19 19 16 12 Ifi 12 16 19 13 12 15 16 17 16 17 19 18 14 It 17 38 11 15 14 12 16 11 12 10 13 14 12 16 15 19 16 14 14 17 13 18 19 15 16 19 14 15 20 16 18 18 14 17 11 17 17 20 14 12 14 12 12 13 14 17 16 18 14 17 8 12 12 13 17 10 16 12 12 16 15 17 16 17 13 11 15 18 10 11 18 18 14 10 16 11 12 21 15 17 11 18 16 13 12 8 13 16 13 11 15 16 12 15 13 16 14 9 17 12 20 2t 15 21 8 16 12 12 16 10 9 11 9- 14 14 12 11 15 10 21 11 12 10 12 11 12 18 16 12 13 16 15 14 19 11 13 11 16 12 13 18 3 10 ]4 17 16 12 14 14 11 14 15 12 17 14 11 14 11 12 10 9 9- 11 15 8- 13 12 13 17 12 12 15 16 12 7 15 18 15 e- 15 15 10- 3' 0" 2 4 3 0 3 0 3 6 2 8 2 10 2 10 2 8 2 8 2 10 2 6 2 10 3 1 3 3 2 10 2 6 3 4 3 1 3 6 3 0 2 8 2 6 3 0 2 6 2 6 2 8 2 4 2 7 3 0 3 5 2 11 2 8 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 8 2 9 2 It 2 7 2 10 2 7 3 0 2 7 3 0 2 6 2 7 2 8 3 4 3 0 3 1 2 6 2 8 3 1 2 6 2 8 2 10 3 1 2 11 3 0 2 2 3 3 2 11 2 8 2 6 2 10 2 11 3 2 3 0 3 6 3 0 4V 0" 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 0 26 8 26 8 40 0 26 8 13 4 26 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 26 8 26 8 26 8 £6 8 40 0 56 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 53 4 40 0 26 8 40 0 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 ee s 26 8 26 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 26 8 13 4 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 53 4 53 4 40 0 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 26 8 £3 4 40 0 40 0 53 4 26 8 53 4 40 0 16 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 53 4 53 4 40 0 40 0 2V 8' 33 4 21 6 3 4 8 8 !f9 0 26 6 2r 8 25 0 26 0 31 8 33 8 S7 10 24 10 40 6 E4 8 31 0 3t 8 20 6 15 0 24 6 38 8 25 0 24 6 27 8 33 0 3t 6 35 7 27 10 29 4 26 9 42 8 25 0 31 4 39 0 21 6 27 8 21 6 12 2 30 0 32 8 35 10 31 4 30 8 30 0 26 5 34 0 36 0 26 9 23 10 32 10 29 0 31 0 82 0 84 0 27 6 19 0 27 4 23 10 19 8 25 0 27 0 22 4 39 0 48 2 19 6 24 8 23 10 23 8 31 7 29 10 71' 8' 62 4 51 2 61 0 52 2 58 4 56 0 70 6 54 4 42 0 61 2 76 2 67 4 67 11 70 5 64 2 60 2 61 8 63 7 75 2 67 6 68 0 6? 6 60 10 70 2 62 2 74 2 64 7 57 1 72 4 70 2 72 3 94 4 60 7 68 4 C4 3 56 7 64 3 55 1 £9 3 62 2 53 9 61 0 59 11 59 8 55 7 61 8 65 4 J-3 5 80 2 75 11 58 2 73 8 65 1 63 2 ?6 10 75 2 70 5 66 9 76 0 53 10 83 7 65 3 68 4 72 4 62 4 67 7 60 4 80 0 75 1 72 10 11 7- 8- 9- 18 13 13 13 16 10- 8- 12 8- 11- 15 13 13 9- 8- 11- 12 15* 12 12 12 15 12 13 12 11 10 11 12 13 14 12 9- 8- 5- 7- 7- 16 15 16 is 22 13 16 17 24 32 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE IV — (Continued ). SPECIMEN NUMBER. Dlaaueter of stump. MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. i a 1 156 139 111 119 178 143 130 127 158 174 155 160 157 143 142 151 173 174 165 179 168 180 152 175 166 155 169 194 170 186 158 138 153 168 143 181 171 117 180 173 133 163 175 185 160 160 124 155 121 136 103 121 118 137 167 162 162 143 117 133 130 129 123 129 137 149 221 174 194 196 160 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. £14. . 215. . 216. . 217. . 218. . 219. 220. 221. . 222. . 223. . 224. . 225. . 2^6. 227. 228. . 229. 230. 231. . 232. 233. . 234. 235. . 236. 237. , 238. . 239. 240. 241. . 242. . 243. 244. 245. . 246. 247. 248. . 249. 250. . 2al. 252. 253. . 2"»4. . 255. . 256. 257. . 258. . 259. . 260. 261. . 262 263. . 264. 265. . 268. . 267. . 268. . 269. . 270. . 27J. 272. 273. . 274. 2?5. . 276. . 277. 2rs. . 279. 280. . 2*1. . 282. . 283. . 284. 1'2" 1 2 1 0 0 : 2 2 0 0 6 0 4 2 4 4 4 8 8 2 8 6 6 6 10 4 1 2 7 6 2 4 2 0 2 1 6 1 0 0 8 4 6 4 1 4 4 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 4 5 5 2 5 6 0 0 4 4 1 2 1 5 1 4 1 8 1 6 1 0 26 *2 14 22 28 23 21 23 26 32 30 28 19 2i 15 24 23 19 24 24 30 S8 16 14 22 14 14 23 >0 40 18 32 20 19 18 23 17 26 24 21 16 18 32 28 22 24 18 16 27 18 15 26 24 30 26 22 24 21 22 22 18 29 18 14 19 16 26 28 22 17 26 30 18 18 21 30 20 24 19 32 30 32 24 2? 21 26 24 21 32 32 28 30 30 24 18 25 14 23 20 24 36 30 21 24 11 18 30 20 27 19 25 15 *5 35 20 28 26 16 16 19 26 18 18 35 32 21 22 29 26 18 21 18 3) 22 20 18 29 32 2J 2 19 20 34 21 20 25 32 19 22 21 22 20 18 18 21 17 21 17 20 28 23 19 13 34 14 22 21 17 21 39 16 23 28 13 25 17 20 26 22 14 16 23 14 24 27 21 23 18 16 23 18 22 16 15 1) 23 28 23 20 21 16 15 17 24 20 17 17 23 22 16 21 17 21 23 15 19 22 26 22 23 2u 27 16 25 27 24 11 14 13 17 19 22 £ 24 12 15 22 21 28 19 17 23 30 19 30 fc3 id 16 20 14 22 20 17 20 25 19 26 25 18 25 16 21 15 16 13 22 2J 18 17 22 14 13 17 )9 16 16 16 2t 34 20 20 20 28 14 13 17 17 23 20 18 12 17 17 18 19 20 16 19 19 17 17 26 9 11 11 15 10 16 19 25 13 17 21 17 15 20 30 \l 21 A 2,5 18 15 20 18 18 16 15 21 16 24 12 10 12 17 19 15 11 15 13 12 18 15 20 18 13 22 22 16 23 9 25 14 14 14 12 20 18 19 17 34 15 18 12 16 19 20 10 21 13 22 18 19 8 11 17 18 20 24 16 14 21 12 11 24 36 6 17 25 13 30 13 19 13 16 15 11 18 11 21 12 18 15 10 14 13 16 8 14 7 14 12 17 2 27 15 20 19 2? 20 24 10 20 8 14 9 7- 12 10 13 21 6- 9- 15 14- 14 18 13 14 10 22 17 16 14 22 13 15 15 17 22 17 11 17 17 12 16 10- J-2 17 12 20 10 20 9 12 8 7 16 18 16 16 20 13 7- 12 14 7 22 11 12 14 13 13 19 13 y_ 10 10 13 16 11 14 20 16 18 17 25 30 17 13 21 20 7- 16 27 11 24 17 12 7- '14' 8 IS 20 11 11 36 16 26 5- 25 13 22 12 13 14 13 14 12 16 14 17 14 10 12 22 16 9 6 14 10 15 12 18 14 10 6- 14 10 2) 13 15 10 10 7 17 16 16 20 18 18 13 19 32 18 27 22 19 23 11 14- 13 30 13 12 26 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE TV — (Continued). SPECIMEl J NUMBER Continued, fl Diameter of top in inches. || TOP MEASUREMENTS. Height of Btump. Combined length of logs Length of top. 1 i Number of rings per inch at top, counting from the heart outward. 214. 215. 216. 817. 218. 219. 220. 281. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 870. 371. 272. 278. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 288. 283. 284. 9 9 8 8 9 6- 8 8 12 6- 9 10 10 9 10 10 9 9 7 8 8 10 7 9 7 8 8 8 9 7 8 8 8 9 8 7 8- 10 10 8 7 10 10 7 h 10 9 8- 7 10 8 10 8 8 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 10 10 9 11 8 22 21 19 19 19 18 19 18 24 24 16 20 21 23 20 19 2 19 21 15 18 20 18 16 16 19 18 16 18 21 19 22 18 16 18 16 12 19 19 21 22 19 21 19 18 21 16 19 17 21 16 17 19 18 21 16 17 19 19 16 18 16 19 21 16 12 18 19 16 21 16 17 21 20 17 19 16 19 )9 21 24 15 19 2 20 20 19 20 20 20 18 18 19 19 17 16 20 17 17 17 19 20 13 19 12 18 19 19 12 16 20 16 12 16 18 22 21 19 20 19 20 15 14 19 10 21 19 22 19 14 14 17 17 19 19 21 21 22 19 17 19 19 17 16 17 19 16 12 17 16 19 )9 16 18 17 20 17 19 17 18 20 10 16 19 17 19 14 12 17 19 16 12 20 16 15 23 10 19 16 13 15 17 12 28 19 1* 17 14 15 17 16 16 19 11 13 16 19 19 17 12 16 16 16 19 12 11 21 13 17 21 21 19 19 16 16 18 16 16 13 15 16 17 19 14 17 12 16 18 17 17 17 18 16 14 28 18 12 17 14 12 18 14 12 16 18 16 15 14 12 19 16 12 15 9- 2' 6' 3 0 2 8 3 0 2 8 3 1 3 0 2 11 3 10 3 2 S 8 3 1 3 0 3 6 3 0 2 10 3 3 3 4 3 2 4 0 3 6 3 4 3 8 3 2 2 10 3 4 3 0 3 1 2 10 2 8 2 10 2 10 2 6 2 6 3 0 211 2 10 2 6 2 10 3 0 2 10 2 11 2 8 3 0 3 0 3 2 3 3 3 0 3 1 2 11 3 5 2 8 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 0 3 3 3 0 3 4 2 8 3 6 2 30 2 8 3 2 3 0 3 2 3 0 2 10 2 6 2 8 2 4 40' 0- 40 0 26 8 40 0 40 0 53 4 40 0 40 0 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 53 4 40 0 40 0 53 53 40 f3 53 < 53 40 0 66 8 t-B 4 26 8 40 0 53 4 40 0 40 0 33 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 26 8 53 4 40 0 26 8 40 0 66 8 40 0 53 4 40 0 53 4 40 0 40 0 53 4 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 26 8 53 4 40 0 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 53 4 40 0 f3 4 40 0 26 8 30 '6' 33 10 37 0 22 4 27 0 28 0 26 10 25 0 £9 4 40 6 19 7 22 5 24 0 25 7 40 0 3i) 10 32 8 26 9 28 4 27 4 19 3 22 7 36 8 19 6 23 7 34 8 23 7 21 10 26 6 23 7 37 0 30 2 21 0 27 0 24 9 25 8 80 6 29 4 24 7 26 10 34 8 21 9 29 6 18 4 26 10 27 4 23 0 30 2 31 0 29 6 28 4 29 7 31 4 21 0 29 8 27 6 23 0 19 8 20 6 21 6 24 4 19 6 22 7 24 8 21 8 22 0 19 4 27 6 22 7 21 6 24 2 73' 0' 7610 66 4 65 4 69 8 78 5 69 10 67 11 69 10 70 4 62 3 65 6 67 0 82 5 83 0 79 8 89 S 83 5 71 6 84 8 76 1 79 8 80 4 89 4 79 9 f4 8 66 7 78 3 69 4 66 3 73 6 73 0 63 6 69 6 51 5 81 11 73 4 58 6 67 5 96 6 77 6 78 0 72 2 74 8 69 10 70 6 79 7 59 10 60 9 59 1 58 5 72 3 60 6 63 8 59 4 83 10 66 3 76 0 77 2 77 6 81 2 49 0 51 11 87 10 64 8 65 2 75 8 70 4 78 5 64 2 53 2 10- 6- 10- 12 16 17 13 16 12 14 19 17 16 8- 8- 16 16 10- 8- 12 10- 6- 8- 12 7- 10 17 19 18 16 15 12 11 12 12 16 14 23 21 18 21 11 17 21 19 17 19 12 16 17 16 12 19 12 16 13 12 15 12 17 12 9- 16 12 8- 12 17 21 11 11 7- 10 6- 8- 7- 8- 7- 19 !3 13 13 6- ... 16 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE IY — (Continued}. SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump. MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. Age in years. | Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 £97 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 JO) 310 311 312 3i3 314. ... 315. ... 316. ... 317. ... 318. ... 319. ... 3-20. ... 321. ... 322. ... 323. ... 324. ... 3*5. ... 326. ... 327. ... 328. ... 329. ... 330. ... 331. ... 332. ... 333. ... 334. ... •335. ... 336. ... 337. ... 338. ... 339. ... 340. ... 3*1. ... 342. ... 343. ... 314. ... 345. ... 346. ... 347. ... 348. ... 319. ... 350. ... 351. ... 352. ... 358. ... 354. ... 355. . 3" 4 0 4 2 0 5 5 0 0 0 1 5 2 0 0 1 2 3 2 1 1 0 0 2 0 5 6 6 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 10 1 2 0 4 4 4 9 2 2 8 4 2 2 6 0 2 5 1 8 10 10 0 0 6 0 0 2 25 24 22 22 26 20 82 29 31 30 32 19 20 24 20 33 27 16 16 21 18 29 20 17 22 26 30 32 22 30 16 24 28 19 21 24 20 27 24 18 26 22 36 18 21 28 22 24 21 22 21 24 30 20 17 15 24 2-$ 15 18 24 30 28 23 22 23 30 28 21 26 10 20 36 30 24 22 18 42 26 20 16 30 27 26 25 18 28 16 12 18 20 11 34 24 22 18 30 22 26 18 24 21 26 26 17 18 22 18 28 30 26 32 24 38 20 27 30 18 20 SO 25 21 15 20 19 22 22 30 22 22 24 28 28 17 25 22 36 24 31 23 25 32 '8 21 26 30 20 18 21 17 22 18 25 17 20 34 10 22 20 13 16 18 58 19 22 16 17 28 34 21 15 14 20 16 24 22 13 24 22 22 24 30 26 17 27 17 18 22 18 13 21 17 13 13 18 17 18 18 25 23 18 12 28 24 16 30 24 35 27 33 12 28 20 19 15 16 23 16 16 14 14 25 17 19 20 16 23 13 16 12 14 16 17 13 19 15 21 9 16 18 15 14 12 13 12 21 18 12 23 17 17 14 12 11 24 22 13 13 17 15 18 17 15 14 16 18 18 17 14 26 27 (2 11 21 9 17 28 20 12 24 18 13 14 27 25 18 12 12 14 38 52 16 21 14 18 20 16 15 12 13 17 14 18 14 14 10 13 14 10 21 9 7 17 15 11 10 12 16 14 12 11 13 10 11 10 20 25 11 10 12 12 24 17 16 10 17 14 14 14 14 17 14 12 15 7 12 18 19 12 10 26 12 18 20 17 30 24 It 13 15 18 14 13 16 18 22 18 25 17 14 7 9 15 13 14 8 18 11 10 15 10 20 14 15 8 11 11 7 20 12 13 10 14 6 12 10 14 18 15 14 15 10 27 12 15 13 21 12 13 20 18 7 14 12 14 Iz 15 10 15 13 13 21 14 23 23 18 20 18 11 20 24 14 16 6 25 20 183 201 128 169 137 122 191 187 135 113 148 151 189 186 113 119 108 106 115 131 116 145 J24 128 103 1:9 148 114 101 111 128 181 152 176 139 146 110 134 119 139 141 163 178 162 129 150 110 162 159 152 156 124 133 154 127 112 161 174 160 121 166 147 211 224 181 826 185 193 120 151 164 25 20 6- 15 10 14 6 11 30 24 21 12 26 18 14 16 7 16 14 15 9 12 19 19 12 8 15 9 *6- 9 12 10 4 12 9 8 10 9 12 2i 13 19 12 13 7 10 10 18 12- 13 10 14 8 23 24 18 8 18 12 18 10 11 12 11 11 27 8 22 20 18 17 8 33 18 10- 15 8 16 10 6 19 15 9 10 10 8 24 18 10 8 15 14 14 4- 20 8 24 8- 12 13 12 7 13 17 24 13 13 14 16 10 15 18 9- 10 9 12 10 13 20 10 6 18 7 7 12 16 10 7 9 7- 19 10 12 10 16 13 28 17 12 7 38 13 15 13 16 12 10 10- 15 17 17- 8 16 10 5- 8 0 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE I Y — ( Continued ). 35 SPECIMEN 11 NUMBER Continued. 1 Diameter of top in inches. TOP MEASUREMENTS. Height o stump. Combined length of logs. Length of top 65' 10* 85 3 60 8 72 9 71 0 52 1 74 11 78 4 68 0 63 0 58 1 61 1 70 7 63 6 64 9 62 6 50 6 65 2 69 3 74 11 70 3 61 9 65 5 6610 56 1 64 2 6711 52 0 61 0 45 10 52 6 74 5 71 6 78 3 67 10 57 0 54 8 58 7 51 5 57 4 48 9 53 9 70 0 82 0 62 8 65 8 70 4 78 7 84 10 67 8 95 4 60 10 76 11 81 5 63 1 71 4 C5 8 75 2 84 8 72 10 74 10 73 4 88 5 83 1 82 8 92 6 69 10 77 8 60 3 52 8 69 7 Number of rings per inch at top, counting from the heart outward. 285. 286. 237. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. *97. 298. 299. 800. 301. 802. 303. 804. 305. 806. 307. 308. 309. 310. 211. 312. 813. 314. 315. 316. 817. 318. 8'9. 320. 3-21. 322. 323. 32i. 8S5. 326. 827. 328. 329. 330. 381. 883. 333. 384. 335. 336. 837. 333. 339. 840. 341. 342. 343. 344. 315. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 851. 852. 853. 854. 855. 8 11 8 11 10 7 10 8 7 6 7 8 9 8 ' 5 6 7 8 8 7 8 8 7 8 8 7 8 8 9- 9 10 11 10 8 10 9 10 8 8- 10- 8 9 7 8 9 8 11 7 9 10 8 9 7 8 10 9 8 10 8 9 8 )1 11 10 8 9 9 8 8 18 19 14 21 23 12 17 16 19 16 21 19 19 20 16 17 16 18 19 16 17 18- 17 19 18 ie 22 19 16 19 16 23 16 18 19 17 20 16 16 19 16 19 19 16 16 19 16 19 17 19 19 17 20 17 17 16 18 20 18 16 19 18 17 7 16 11 19 12 16 18 11 21 20 16 21 17 19 21 16 18 14 21 16 19 19 17 11 16 18 17 19 17 18 23 21 20 20 36 59 19 17 20 19 19 12 16 16 16 19 21 20 19 20 18 12 14 18 18 18 16 19 16 16 18 19 16 19 18 19 19 19 18 19 17 15 14 13 18 19 17 19 20 17 20 19 IS 15 16 19 20 17 11 16 16 16 12 12 16 17 19 18 17 20 14 15 13 16 17 18 20 20 12 22 20 12 17 13 21 17 10 19 21 10 18 18 15 14 20 15 13 15 16 17 15 16 12 19 15 17 16 12 11 17 21 10 16 14 16 15 16 21 20 18 14 17 19 14 19 16 17 19 13 9- 11- 20 13 12 *9- 19 12 4 15 16 19 16 17 16 14 17 16 16 21 14 13 21 17 20 11 12 17 14 17 16 16 18 13 16 17 12 17 12 11 14 15 15 13 13 12 15 12 11 12 11 )1 19 21 19 18 12 9 \* 13 14 5- 18 7- 15 17 2' 0" 3 0 2 10 3 1 2 6 3 0 2 4 3 0 2 8 3 0 3 0 2 10 3 1 2 0 3 2 2 8 2 6 8 2 3 0 8 0 2 10 3 1 2 8 2 8 3 0 2 8 2 8 2 4 2 10 2 10 3 4 8 1 2 10 3 1 3 0 2 0 2 4 2 4 2 1 2 8 2 4 2 1 3 0 3 4 2 4 2 8 2 4 3 1 2 11 3 0 8 2 2 10 2 4 2 4 2 1 2 0 2 8 3 4 3 0 2 10 3 1 3 4 3 3 3 2 4 0 3 10 2 4 1 8 3 0 2 0 2 1 40' 0' 40 0 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 40 0 53 4 40 0 40 0 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 26 B 40 0 40 0 53 4 40 0 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 40 0 40 0 i6 8 13 4 13 4 26 8 53 4 40 0 53 4 40 0 26 8 13 4 26 8 13 4 40 0 26 8 13 4 40 0 66 8 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 9 66 8 40 0 66 8 26 8 40 0 53 4 40 0 26 8 40 0 53 4 C3 4 48 0 40 0 40 0 66 8 ftf 4 53 4 66 8 40 0 53 4 26 8 26 8 40 0 23' O' 42 3 31 2 29 8 28 6 22 5 32 7 22 0 55 4 20 0 28 5 81 7 27 6 21 6 21 7 19 10 21 4 22 0 26 3 18 7 27 5 32 0 22 9 24 2 26 5 21 6 25 3 23 0 44 10 29 8 22 6 18 0 28 8 21 10 24 10 28 4 39 0 29 7 86 0 14 8 19 9 88 4 27 0 12 0 83 8 86 4 28 0 80 6 15 3 24 8 25 6 81 4 34 7 25 9 21 0 42 8 33 0 18 6 23 4 23 U ?1 9 30 0 18 6 26 7 25 4 22 0 27 6 2-2 8 30 7 24 0 27 6 18 7- 7- 15 8- 7- 9 5- 12 8 9 16 17 9 12 7- 13 10 12 15 12 14 7- 16 12 14 15 12 7 12 15 7- 8 8- 12 6- 6- 24 It 26 8- 15 12 8- 6- 1-2- 8- 36 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE IY — (Continued ). SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump. MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. Age In years, j Number of rings per Inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 856. 857. 358. 359. 860. 361. 362. 363. 364. 865. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370 871. 872. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 880. 381. 882. 883. 884. 885. 386. 887. 388. 889. 890. 891. 392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 897. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. r&" 4 6 2 11 0 0 2 6 0 5 4 8 3 0 8 4 6 3 4 0 0 4 8 0 5 4 0 6 4 2 4 0 2 6 1 0 0 : 8 2 4 7 1 1 :' 3 0 4 2 4 8 5 10 9 8 7 5 6 1 5 1 2 2 2 5 0 1 0 2 1 1 26 U 85 37 21 30 38 25 30 16 35 25 28 15 30 18 28 25 18 16 20 X8 46 36 13 18 28 19 19 20 18 23 17 29 20 SO 36 36 ?2 19 23 25 24 20 12 31 2t 28 27 26 22 SO 22 36 25 40 30 26 26 22 30 23 23 24 34 £4 24 24 30 20 27 32 31 45 37 31 86 31 23 38 25 24 20 £0 19 34 17 25 22 27 •'7 18 22 i4 14 31 36 26 19 42 28 25 19 30 2( 19 33 25 22 27 25 27 21 30 18 22 26 21 28 45 28 24 28 24 42 22 27 26 30 20 18 34 58 26 *3 34 32 30 26 80 as 20 13 24 16 36 32 20 23 14 18 25 21 26 15 19 17 12 17 25 15 20 2-) 20 18 24 23 3) 23 2? 32 22 30 20 SO IS 16 13 17 20 18 24 47 22 27 13 16 21 21 14 30 24 14 23 29 31 27 24 86 23 16 21 19 16 21 27 19 82 20 27 23 18 17 21 27 30 20 22 17 25 11 20 28 13 13 16 18 12 11 16 24 17 17 13 15 18 38 21 20 15 11 18 17 35 18 18 16 25 £5 16 20 16 22 21 18 2S 17 14 17 17 26 19 15 12 1'2 It 18 16 14 15 17 »l 13 18 15 £0 21 22 30 21 12 16 27 20 17 21 28 17 21 )3 24 10 19 13 13 13 17 20 12 9 13 15 23 8 JO 14 22 24 20 12 11 12 19 9 23 11 22 16 13 $.0 8 12 17 18 14 11 2t 25 15 13 16 17 16 18 19 13 11 12 12 13 11 16 12 12 17 15 16 16 17 24 18 15 K 26 14 13 17 18 15 18 23 15 24 12 12 10 12 24 9 17 11 12 12 10 9 16 13 22 7 12 17 12 16 11 8 20 16 19 16 17 9 13 19 12 14 6 17 14 13 23 13 52 16 53 22 15 6 53 14 16 12 8 12 23 13 13 16 18 16 13 14 9 10 13 18 18 10 14 8 10 11 159 160 191 179 234 166 148 196 178 130 177 146 184 127 145 158 151 152 150 181 102 120 185 153 152 157 169 208 181 169 115 173 184 164 167 141 136 219 179 132 169 193 142 151 218 142 125 149 186 174 193 188 195 227 203 187 165 188 124 125 141 126 138 143 198 150 160 133 158 105 188 16 6 6- 10 9 15 20 24 20 28 16 8- 8 18 11 18 17 16 8-- 23 18 24 12 15 14 12 16 13 10 20 10 18 16 9 )1 20 18 9 23 8 11 14 6- 13 12 28 11 6- 17 18 30 7- 30 19 7 13 10 10 20 13 9 18 23 18 8- 15 28 10 18 16 10 6 13 11 22 6 8 11 8 12 10 12- 6 9 11 12- 9 11 13 8- 10 8 10 18 15 IS 2) 14 It 9 13 13 19 12 17 15 11 12 9 6 14 7 10 8- 9 14 10 10 10 7 10 16 9 15 14 9 5- 22 17 13 80 8 16 12 15 18 26 8- 17 22 14 9 13 4- 15 16 12 26 13 21 20 14 14 14 8 16 8 15 8 8 9 10- 13 2r ]4 12 20 10 8 7 12 26 17 18 23 14 18 15 26 11 11- 10 13 19 14 5- 9- 11 13 20 10 18 13 10 6- THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE IY — (Continued). 37 SPECIMEN | NUMBER Continued. . Diameter of top in inches. TOP MEASUREMENTS. Height of stump. Combined length of logs. Length of top. 1 Number of rings per inch at top, counting from the heart outward. 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 869 370 371 372 373 374 876 376 877 378 379 380 381 332 383 334 885 386 387 388 389 390. ... 391.... 892.... 398..., 894.... 395.... 396.... 397.... 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 40» 410 411 412 413..... 414 415 416 417 418 419 430 421 482 423 124 125 126 8 8 8 8 10 7- 8 8 11 8 9 8 8 9 8- 8 11 10 9 8 8- 8 10 8 8 8 9 11 9 7 8 8 9- 7- 10 9 8 22 9 8 8 10 9 7- 14 9 8 8 8 10- 10- 9 9- 9 11 9 10 8 7 9 7 8 9 8- 9 8 8 8 12 8 8- 12 16 17 19 8 16 17 21 21 16 10 12 17 19 21 6 19 16 9 2 )6 17 23 9 12 20 20 8 16 8 17 10 9 22 18 13 21 12 14 10 15 11 16 14 16 18 12 17 9 8 21 S 11 16 12 16 10 18 18 16 13 16 11 13 16 12 16 12 17 22 19 20 19 18 12 21 16 22 9 16 19 21 16 11 12 23 20 23 12 19 23 23 21 )9 16 22 12 20 17 18 17 16 15 19 21 19 13 17 16 21 11 'J4' 9 21 17 19 19 16 12 18 20 17 20 18 20 19 13 12 21 14 21 17 23 19 9 21 28 16 17 21 20 18 12 VO 9 23 12 17 23 23 19 11 21 20 20 2k 2l 17 19 21 10 27 19 26 19 (5 8 2! 22 20 13 24 23 12 23 24 12 23 19 22 23 21 19 10 23 19 19 23 21 16 12 21 28 2i5 21 22 17 19 2J 13 19 23 26 26 12 17 19 20 is 22 17 20 15 16 23 14 It 13 11 13 15 16 18 1. >5 27 18 19 12 15 12 12 14 '2 15 13 17 12 8 11 19 19 13 21 15 15 12 14 21 19 12 19 17 17 12 12 20 21 13 23 2-3 20 17 24 19 18 18 22 14 19 17 14 16 17 17 24 19 21 22 *0 14 10- 2' 3' 2 0 1 8 2 0 2 3 2 0 3 0 2 8 2 8 2 6 2 4 2 3 3 0 2 8 2 6 3 10 2 4 8 0 2 10 2 8 2 4 2 5 2 0 2 8 2 10 3 0 3 1 2 8 2 4 2 8 2 3 2 6 2 2 3 6 3 0 2 4 2 3 3 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 9 2 4 2 8 2 10 2 8 3 0 3 3 2 8 3 2 2 10 2 5 2 6 2 8 3 0 2 10 2 8 2 7 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5 2 4 2 6 2 3 2 2 2 6 3 1 3 10 2 10 2 11 4f/ 0" 53 4 53 4 53 4 P6 8 26 8 *6 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 53 4 53 4 53 4 26 8 26 8 66 8 25 8 40 0 40 0 53 4 13 4 21 8 26 8 40 0 28 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 53 4 53 4 40 0 40 0 26 8 53 4 40 0 26 8 26 8 18 4 40 0 26 8 53 4 55 4 28 8 40 0 53 4 40 0 23 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 40 0 53 4 «0 0 53 4 40 0 4d 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 26 8 40 0 26 8 n 4 40 0 26 8 24' 8' 26 8 19 4 24 0 18 6 27 4 25 7 35 10 39 9 23 6 21 0 24 8 25 6 26 0 sa 10 18 6 36 0 33 10 £2 6 22 0 81 6 27 5 5-7 4 22 7 20 10 18 0 25 4 42 6 28 4 20 4 33 0 15 8 30 0 12 0 34 4 39 0 37 6 75 0 33 0 33 4 16 6 24 8 ?2 6 30 0 :-9 10 81 0 27 6 22 8 25 0 38 4 25 7 31 3 24 4 25 8 40 6 26 7 23 4 27 0 23 7 32 8 28 6 26 10 26 10 32 4 31 0 30 3 82 10 29 8 52 8 22 6 29 6 66' 11' 83 0 74 4 79 4 87 S 56 0 55 3 78 6 83 5 66 0 76 8 80 3 81 10 55 4 52 0 89 0 65 0 76 10 65 4 78 0 47 2 56 6 66 0 65 8 50 4 61 0 68 5 85 2 84 0 76 4 75 8 58 2 58 10 ee 10 77 4 68 0 66 5 91 6 75 4 61 6 72 6 82 9 61 6 72 8 96 0 73 8 57 2 65 11 67 8 81 6 81 9 87 0 80 2 81 8 63 6 83 9 66 0 82 11 (5 9 74 10 71 0 69 3 69 2 74 10 73 8 59 1 75 4 59 5 69 10 65 4 58 1 7 6 19 7 13 7 12 6 9 12 10 11 12 14 16 9- 11- 8- fi 23 7 16 16 13 18 19 20 ... ... ... 8- 6- 12 16 12 9 23 13 13 16 10- 12 12 15 13 16 16 22 9- )7 12 12 18 23 .... .... .... 9- 19 23 23 17 9- 12 23 16 m 27 13 . . . 12 9- 12 12 6- 24 9- 21 38 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRVCE. TABLE IY — (Continued). SPECIMEN 1 NUMBER. Diameter of stump. MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. Age in years, j Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 127.. . 128.. . 129.. . ISO.. . 131.. . 182.. . 133.. . 134. . . 135. . . 186.. . 187.. . 138. . . 139. . . 140. . . 141.. . 142.. . 143.. . 144.. . 145.. . 146.. . 117. . . 148.. . 149.. . 150.. . 151.. . 152. . 153. . i54. . 155. . 156. . 157. . 158. . 159. . (60. . 161. . ,62.. . 168.. . 64.. . 165.. . 166.. . ,67.. . 168.. . 169.. . 70.. . 71.. . 172.. . 173. . . 174.. . 175.. . 176. . . 77.. . 78. . . 79.. . 80.. . 81. . 182. . i83. . 84. . 85. . 86. . 87. . 88. . 89.. . 90.. . 91.. . 92.. . 93.. . 94.. . 95... . 96... . 97... 1'0" 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 4 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 6 1 1 1 4 1 6 1 1 1 6 2 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 6 1 2 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 8 1 4 1 0 1 8 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 0 1 6 1 6 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 13 1 1 1 4 1 1 18 17 16 20 23 25 24 20 22 30 14 20 14 26 14 19 30 19 15 13 13 14 20 12 16 18 24 17 18 16 14 19 15 17 23 20 16 19 iO 18 15 19 ;o 20 20 82 16 13 14 22 32 18 23 24 30 18 18 26 27 18 24 25 33 27 27 32 29 29 17 26 26 20 20 30 23 V 13 15 16 17 20 15 22 H 20 14 15 23 19 19 19 18 17 19 13 16 25 22 17 17 16 13 17 14 12 20 16 18 18 17 16 14 19 15 25 16 22 20 36 23 20 24 22 22 19 24 24 21 24 18 2i 26 20 30 24 20 30 26 29 20 32 21 26 17 36 28 18 14 12 13 15 21 20 14 16 It 16 12 28 13 13 25 19 16 21 17 20 23 20 15 15 13 11 24 15 13 15 12 17 18 14 17 14 16 15 17 17 17 19 16 20 24 16 12 22 15 16 17 20 23 17 16 16 17 20 20 16 24 19 13 17 20 21 28 18 10 20 15 18 1? 17 13 14 24 13 12 It 16 14 14 15 14 19 14 14 28 18 18 34 16 16 13 11 10 23 18 13 17 14 15 20 19 16 15 16 14 10 12 13 16 15 14 22 17 13 27 18 13 18 23 14 17 14 15 14 12 15 21 It 16 12 13 17 16 23 13 11 17 8 16 27 18 15 14 21 12 10 16 13 19 17 12 12 22 13 13 17 18 16 80 22 15 14 12 14 21 17 15 15 8 12 15 19 17 19 10 14 12 12 11 )8 10 14 17 13 10 19 18 12 21 18 12 17 15 12 14 10 12 18 16 15 18 18 13 20 19 11 13 12 18 15 22 11 17 12 14 22 11 15 15 16 15 15 14 24 19 17 10 35 14 28 20 12 8 7 15 15 18 13 15 11 17 16 15 18 12 9 15 11 10 12 21 13 18 18 14 14 23 36 11 22 22 15 11 11 11 11 12 16 16 15 16 13 22 20 22 134 118 128 126 129 141 181 123 126 147 108 113 130 117 137 167 148 174 163 156 127 101 172 113 154 158 134 114 147 133 134 124 188 144 162 153 137 152 113 121 140 149 124 136 142 129 119 160 153 156 184 104 136 143 120 120 135 157 117 106 130 112 135 133 128 128 146 145 120 142 139 8 12 6- 17 19 16 18 20 16 9 5- 13- 11 io ... 12 7- 20 10- 12 18 16 15 1* 16 11 34 23 10- 16 10 32 14 12 11 24 22 9- 15 13 9- 24 11- 10 11 16 12 14 13 10 16 8- 17 10- 12 11 13 20 10- 10- 22 9 10 9 5- 18 13 17 12 12 17 9 12 18 9 19 15 21 9 9- 9 11 19 18 15 18 9 15 22 8 23 18- 11 10- 9 11 J6 16 21 16 2>2 23 n 23 19 11 13 6- 9- 25 8- 7 15 15 12 26 21 8 12 22 6- 14 14 5- 18 16 14 80 10 11 8- 9 9 5- 7- 13- 10 10 10 9 11 12 19 16 12 5- ... 7 10 6- 15 19 18 14 13 10 18 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE IY — (Continued ). SPECIMEN | NUMBER Continued. Diameter of top in inches. TOP MEASUREMENTS. Height of st Jtnp. Combined length of logs. Length of top. *J Number of rings par inch at top, counting from the heart outward. \ 8 :o- 8 8 8- 10 9 10- 8 9 10- 9 8- 8- 11 12 8 8- 8 8 8 9 8 9 8 12 11 7 8 10 10 11- 10 8 9 9 10 il 10 10 8 8 7- 8 8 7 8 8- 9 9 9 8 8- 10 9 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 9 10 10 8 10 16 21 12 19 12 17 20 16 10 12 18 16 20 17 19 13 17 10 12 14 13 9 13 16 JO 12 11 12 18 18 13 8 8 16 14 11 10 16 12 15 14 36 11 12 11 8 12 18 li 10 12 14 13 li 10 13 14 11 16 16 17 14 16 18 14 16 14 16 16 16 19 23 16 11 20 22 20 24 17 19 12 21 19 17 12 16 26 7 29 0 34 5 31 6 36 0 26 6 37 4 50' 6" 66 6 £3 6 53 3 73 10 82 8 66 ft 64 4 58 5 77 8 60 ft 52 2 81 1 62 0 68 7 77 10 55 fc 7811 91 4 70 10 64 10 56 8 84 1 67 fr 97 8 53 4 57 0 54 ft 81 8 83 8 80 8 50 8 57 2 76 8 73 7 75 10 73 0- 64 & 54 4 69 4 71 ia 75 7 65 8 72 7 80 5 67 8 50 4 79 11 83 1 61 4 62 6 65 2 62 8 77 7 75 0 49 8 51 ft 70 0 69 0 64 1 67 2 59 10 64 5 60 6 69 7 58 0 77 7 75 2 78 8 69 2 67 1 12 19 9- 13 18 18 16 12 10- 10- 16 17 12 8- 16 17 16 10 7- 12- 10- 14 8- 12 11 5- 8 21 15 8- 19 17 11 19 i61 14 18 19 12 18 9- 14 11 13 !3 2 20 14 11 12 10 11 8 10 18 12 9 15 15 40 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE I Y — ( Continued ). SPECIMEN ) NUMBER. Diameter of stamp. MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. Age in years. || Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. -498 499 500 801 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 :581 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 '533 634 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 €4S 546 547 548 549 550..... 551 552 553 554 I/ j. 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 0 1 2 111 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 4 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 4 1 2 1 9 1 8 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 0 23 25 31 25 21 25 28 24 25 20 23 20 26 25 25 2! 22 30 22 15 24 32 29 27 30 28 16 13 16 28 2S 18 13 15 24 14 19 17 i6 19 12 9 14 17 26 20 21 26 18 20 14 19 18 16 23 16 24 21 19 19 28 10 12 14 13 7 5 16 22 17 13 54 16 18 18 16 17 23 36 14 16 12 21 21 14 23 18 2* 26 15 14 24 10 13 18 16 20 24 15 15 21 22 17 15 17 17 24 20 20 19 17 15 12 M 19 22 23 80 24 21 15 2! 17 16 17 18 17 19 28 18 24 24 18 24 8 13 10 5 16 22 15 1* 9 19 21 20 9 19 15 18 J9 15 14 12 £5 24 27 19 13 22 20 12 18 12 12 18 13 14 16 18 I- 16 2i 11 1-2 14 ro 2J 14 22 14 14 1-3 19 20 18 19 15 24 19 22 30 17 8 15 12 18 13 13 23 19 36 12 irt 18 9 18 13 7 14 13 20 12 11 15 16 20 14 19 16 20 18 18 17 2J 22 28 19 19 22 84 21 13 6 16 11 14 fe2 15 11 24 )4 14 24 9 17 14 18 26 22 12 13 22 14 19 19 15 9 15 19 12 17 14 15 9 17 17 13 14 15 16 35 27 13 21 10 16 14 78 12 12 8 17 9 9 SO 10 22 15 23 9 19 20 14 19 $2 17 16 12 8 22 <\ 15 18 11 131 1*7 120 l*i rs 137 l*fl 149 1 0 1U 148 151 141 147 ieo 130 140 Ib7 105 361 If2 167 127 171 174 167 143 140 134 127 137 144 182 117 120 109 132 m 146 152 117 152 163 141 )(6 144 141 230 187 )21 141 )35 i05 125 105 135 132 122 149 115 105 110 118 151 13 J 147 1E7 153 l->5 160 2J8 20 20 11 8 22 24 5- 14- V 19 17 4- 13 38 21 28 18 21 12- 19 rO 18 30 21 18 28 20 12 30 15 14 20 28 18 16 6 24 10 12 12 9 14 28 12 12 26 18 18 21 2i 13 14 4 21 11 11 18 13 16 10 9 14 14 14 12 19 16 6- 33 18 12 6- 20 18 17 17 8 10 16 12 16 16 21 15 18 )6 15 18 18 6 15 19 18 20 18 16 12 12 16 12 8 13 5- 23 15 14 13 12 13 36 16 18 li 20 13 18 7- 15 13' 20 22 '« T8 25 28 THE ADIRONDACK BL^CK SPRUCE. TABLE IY — (Continued). SPECIMEN || NUMBER Continued. Diameter of top in inches. TOP MEASUREMENTS. Helght rf stump. Combined length of logs. Length of top. -- j Number of rings per inch at top, counting from the heart outward. £69 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 677 578 579 680 581 B::::: 584 585 586 687 588 589 590 591 596^!!! 597 59* 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 6 2 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 6>5 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 6J5 636 637 688 639... 11 10 10 9 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 8~ 8- 8 10 8 7 9 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8- 8 8 9 8 11 8 8 8 8 8- 9 9 8 9 10 8 8 8 8 9 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 10 8- 8 8 10 ?* 10 8 8 8 10 10 7 10 It 12 12 8 16 11 12 16 12 13 14 8 10 14 16 10 14 16 17 16 12 12 8 12 12 14 14 12 11 10 17 8 10 12 16 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 8 9 8 12 15 16 16 14 9 10 10 11 10 11 11 13 14 9 8 11 11 10 10 10 13 12 16 12 12 14 17 14 13 10 12 10 11 16 15 12 11 12 12 16 12 11 20 19 12 9 17 11 13 14 14 19 9 13 4 16 11 10 12 13 )0 13 13 12 12 14 9 11 9 14 14 15 17 18 14 11 13 11 11 17 10 12 11 12 11 10 14 n 12 12 10 16 17 19 16 12 *2 19 17 16 21 17 19 9 20 19 17 14 16 17 19 17 13 14 17 18 21 16 19 21 14 21 17 21 19 22 21 17 14 12 10 16 14 16 14 17 16 14 16 22 }6 16 11 14 11 16 17 16 iO 17 19 16 12 16 12 17 11 13 15 16 It 16 19 17 12 16 21 17 21 19 22 14 21 10 9 13 16 J7 19 10 11 13 12 9 14 16 13 17 16 12 11 19 20 14 12 16 17 18 12 14 9 8 13 13 13 16 17 16 17 12 11 16 21 14 14 10 15 16 12 16 17 16 15 14 15 14 12 15 11 15 19 17 16 12 14 Ifi 21 22 19 23 19 18 8' 5" 3 4 4 1 4 1 4 2 2 10 2 6 2 8 2 6 3 10 3 8 2 7 2 1 2 8 2 6 2 9 3 3 4 0 3 1 2 2 3 4 2 8 2 3 2 10 2 6 3 0 2 8 3 2 2 8 2 8 3 1 4 0 3 6 3 2 2 6 3 0 3 1 2 11 3 3 2 4 3 6 3 2 2 10 3 1 2 11 2 7 3 4 2 8 3 0 3 2 2 8 2 10 2 9 3 0 2 10 2 10 2 9 3 2 3 0 2 8 3 0 2 4 3 10 3 2 2 10 2 8 2 10 3 0 2 6 2 8 4 0 40' 0' 40 0 26 8 40 0 53 4 40 0 26 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 4U 0 40 0 40 0 53 4 40 0 26 8 26 8 53 4 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 53 4 53 4 x6 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 53 4 53 4 13 4 40 0 26 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 40 0 S.6 8 40 0 40 0 53 4 26 8 40 0 40 0 53 4 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 53 4 40 0 40 0 53 4 86' 10" 28 6 43 0 36 2 27 8 21 6 32 6 21 0 25 4 24 6 27 0 23 4 16 3 22 6 28 7 24 10 26 3 20 7 22 4 20 7 21 4 23 4 27 6 28 4 18 8 21 4 24 7 21 6 19 8 23 3 27 10 23 9 48 2 21 6 27 0 28 6 30 4 29 6 30 4 27 6 21 4 26 6 80 4 23 6 21 9 19 8 25 10 22 3 38 10 34 11 28 8 25 10 80 0 82 3 81 7 80 0 30 4 27 8 32 0 32 6 34 8 2) 6 86 4 81 3 27 6 34 4 26 10 21 6 24 10 86 7 33 0 80' 8* 71 10 73 9 80 3 85 2 64 4 61 8 63 8 54 6 68 4 70 8 65 11 58 4 78 6 71 1 54 3 56 2 77 11 f2 1 49 5 64 8 66 0 69 9 71 2 74 6 77 8 53 11 64 8 6* 4 52 7 84 3 81 1 85 0 64 8 56 2 71 6 60 1 72 6 73 7 E6 6 64 10 e-9 8 r9io 66 7 51 4 62 3 69 2 78 3 68 6 78 1 71 4 82 0 59 5 61 11 61 1 59 6 59 9 57 6 75 0 75 2 64 4 52 6 66 10 74 5 70 4 77 0 69 8 77 10 67 6 79 8 90 4 11 8 9 12 10 6- 18 12 9 13 15 19 10 1-3 16 12 14 14 9- 17 8 *.. 16 17 7 10 12 8 7 44 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE IY — (Continued}. SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump. MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. >» .a 8, << 145 166 131 180 145 157 166 158 163 142 135 98 122 146 134 119 135 120 157 117 131 138 150 137 150 1S3 188 153 15 166 160 155 153 108 132 146 147 157 12J 118 168 174 214 167 167 139 140 195 181 137 153 125 115 153 217 210 105 142 129 128 148 148 145 164 169 101 189 187 125 135 137 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 640. . . 641... 642... 643... 644... 645... 646... 647... 648... 649... 650... 651... 652... 653. . . 654... 655. . . 656. . . 6-)7. . . 658. . . 659. . 660. . 661. . 662. . 663. . 664. . 6R5. . 666. . 667. . 668. . 669. . 670. . 671. . 672. . 673. . 674. . 6 5. . 676. . 677. . 678. . 679. . 680... 681... 632... 683. . 684. . 685. . 686. . 687. . 688. . 689. . 690. . 691. . 693. . 693. . 6(4. . 695. . 696. . 697. . 698. . 699. . 70 27 22 30 15 16 2J 32 15 80 22 17 21 15 18 26 34 13 18 28 40 24 21 16 14 30 23 19 16 20 14 12 19 16 8 14 17 15 16 15 15 11 21 10 10 12 15 11 13 14 83 10 12 18 11 9 11 14 25 18 13 8 20 16 15 15 14 «0 9 17 14 18 10 20 18 20 11 14 10 31 24 25 10 9 10 14 14 15 11 16 20 15 9 J6 17 26 8- 17 15 14 14 10 9 11 12 16 14 16 9 15 15 11 23 12 13 10 17 12 20 18 11 15 30 14 16 14 11 11 10 8 22 15 20 9 25 14 16 13 11 14 14 27 8 115 111 110 146 117 179 235 173 197 152 164 194 147 151 181 97 137 108 114 159 167 161 178 159 111 123 121 147 115 187 105 128 210 185 138 147 135 140 132 128 163 159 145 127 141 181 180 190 152 133 163 165 144 169 189 136 164 142 145 167 133 127 205 148 164 142 193 126 124 129 130 106 11 24 17 15 9 8 9 15 12 17 13 7 12 10 15 11 14 11 7 20 14 5- 18 8 9 14 £0 24 20 10 8 18 .... 12 5- 13 15 15 18 18 9 5- 15 6- 20 8 16 27 17 11 15 20 17 12 12 13 5- 11 11 15 12 11 11 15 19 19 12 15 13 17 20 14 10- 13 10 8- 10 8- 21 15 9 12 22- 8- 14 9 13 16 13 19 12 18 11 19 14 16 28 10 13 19 11 11 13 8 13 19 13 9 16 16 18 17 7 11 18 15 16 25 13 10 10 10- 8 6- 12 11 11 14 13 19 13 20 15 17 8 27 13 16 6- 30 10 28 14 11 10 34 11 15 9 12 16 7 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 47 TABLE IV — (Continued). SPECIMEN | NUMBER Continued. Diameter of top in inches. TOP MEASUREMENTS. Height of stump. Comb'ned length of logs. Length of top. 1 Number of rings per inch at top, counting from the heart outward. 711. 712. 713. 714. 715. 716. 717. 718. 719. 720. 721. 722. 728. 724. 725. 726. 727. 728. 729. 730. 781. 73*. 733. 734. 785. 736. 737. 738. 739. 740. 741. 742. 743. 744. 745. 746. 747. 748. 749. 750. 751. 752. 753. 754. 755. 756. 757. 758. 759. 76). 761. 762. 763. 764. 765. 766. 767. 763. 769. 770. 771. 772. 773. 774. 775. 776. 777. 778. 779. 780. 781. 782. 8- 8 9 9 9 9 11 9 10 9 8- 10 8 8 8 10 f 7- 9- 8 9 8 8 8 8* 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 10 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 8 12 8 9 10 9 8 8 11 8 8 9 8 9 10 9 8 16 11 10 13 15 14 8 8 10 11 12 13 13 14 14 11 11 11 13 11 10 13 12 16 11 12 12 14 18 14 10 11 13 16 10 12 14 12 13 14 10 17 12 13 16 13 16 10 13 13 19 18 21 17 19 11 J6 14 16 12 14 17 16 18 16 19 16 14 16 18 18 13 14 8 '6 16 18 14 9 9 12 12 12 12 10 16 14 11 10 11 14 10 12 16 17 13 12 14 13 17 16 11 13 16 15 14 16 18 14 16 14 17 21 18 16 11 21 16 11 14 14 15 17 12 12 16 12 15 12 16 16 12 12 19 8 14 19 22 12 19 16 14 20 15 15 15 22 19 18 23 17 16 14 12 16 12 13 13 14 16 15 12 14 16 14 14 16 17 14 15 10 16 16 17 16 14 12 11 16 12 16 14 16 15 11 16 10 17 17 19 11 18 15 19 12 14 16 18 16 16 14 15 12 10 15 15 16 15 12 16 18 16 11 18 11 16 16 13 20 21 17 21 24 20 17 16 18 16 13 12 14 17 18 16 15 12 16 14 12 11 15 16 19 12 12 13 13 16 13 16 15 15 12 16 16 8 12 15 14 16 16 11 15 12 13 16 11 14 16 14 16 12 12 15 14 16 15 17 16 15 16 12 14 12 18 12 13 7- 2' i" 2 1 1 8 1 10 1 6 2 2 2 6 2 6 8 0 8 0 2 4 2 8 2 0 1 6 2 0 1 10 2 0 2 8 2 6 2 4 1 8 2 8 2 4 2 6 2 6 1 10 2 3 3 2 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 1 3 3 3 1 2 4 3 8 3 0 2 8 2 4 1 10 1 10 8 1 2 0 2 4 2 1 2 6 2 8 3 0 2 0 2 6 2 2 2 8 2 10 2 10 3 0 3 2 4 2 3 2 3 1 3 4 2 3 2 4 8 3 2 8 3 2 3 1 2 10 2 6 2 4 2 6 3 1 2 2 26' 8' 31 8 26 8 13 4 13 4 40 0 53 4 53 4 66 8 (6 8 66 8 53 4 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 40 0 53 4 26 8 13 4 26 8 26 8 26 8 53 4 26 8 40 0 53 4 53 4 53 4 26 8 47 0 26 8 26 8 40 0 26 8 66 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 53 4 ?3 4 53 4 53 4 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 53 4 53 4 i6 8 66 8 26 8 45 0 53 4 26 8 40 0 26 8 26 8 53 4 ?6 8 53 4 16 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 SS' 4' 22 6 42 6 45 10 46 4 32 7 27 0 26 0 21 4 23 6 22 8 24 0 80 0 30 8 33 9 31 4 39 10 40 0 37 8 27 6 29 4 34 10 82 6 24 0 86 10 48 6 34 9 28 4 29 0 26 6 28 0 31 10 30 2 36 8 33 0 27 6 34 8 89 0 86 7 34 4 33 8 23 4 24 10 30 0 28 9 26 6 21 3 23 10 25 6 28 4 £5 6 24 4 26 8 22 8 27 4 34 10 19 10 31 8 28 6 80 6 28 4 26 10 45 7 41 6 27 6 39 0 26 8 86 10 38 4 31 3 80 0 83 7 67' 2! 56 3 70 10 61 0 61 2 74 9 82 10 81 10 91 0 93 2 91 8 80 0 53 8 58 10 62 5 69 10 68 6 69 4 66 10 69 10 57 8 77 6 74 10 79 10 f6 0 63 8 63 8 E8 2 57 8 82 2 56 8 78 11 86 9 98 1 88 8 57 10 84 8 (8 4 65 7 76 2 62 2 93 1 66 10 72 4 57 6 82 4 77 8 80 2 80 10 70 10 67 8 67 0 69 6 78 10 83 8 64 8 90 8 61 6 76 7 87 2 57 8 69 2 75 6 70 10 84 0 68 9 82 10 66 0 67 4 6i 5 59 9 62 5 12 16 10- 12 20 23 24 17 19 9 19 11 14 9- 9- 8- 12 13 13 13 8 16 12 11 9- 12 8- 12 8- 13 14 19 8 8- 10 14 12 12 15 10 16 H 10 5- 48 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE IY — (Continued). SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump. MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. Age in years. I Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802.,... 303 804 805 806 807 803 809 80 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 8^8 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 8 .'8 829 830 831 832 8J3 834 835 838 837 838 839 840 811 Hi I'O* 1 a 1 0 1 2 1 6 110 110 1 0 1 2 111 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 8 1 8 1 6 1 8 1 6 1 8 1 1 1 8 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 5 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 5 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 0 1 5 1 0 1 6 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 6 '2 2 1 8 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 7 1 6 110 1 8 1 8 1 1 1 4 110 1 0 1 6 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 0 38 14 30 30 22 22 20 20 32 28 14 18 27 25 32 17 18 28 19 18 85 42 22 23 18 30 20 28 16 20 18 33 14 £3 14 14 38 21 40 33 32 34 19 25 30 24 23 37 30 23 19 26 33 27 27 28 29 25 27 17 80 31 18 2! 28 19 26 23 22 16 26 28 28 21 18 15 25 24 32 20 17 29 23 24 24 19 18 33 ]9 23 16 26 39 32 i;0 20 24 24 24 30 24 20 14 32 19 28 16 18 18 16 21 23 30 18 23 19 36 32 32 26 27 22 13 26 18 26 20 28 22 23 17 19 24 30 23 19 21 26 22 30 88 19 21 25 23 17 18 13 24 19 20 i6 24 16 16 21 24 15 22 16 22 26 17 18 20 16 *9 30 13 16 27 17 24 23 27 22 21 23 17 14 18 17 13 16 3(3 22 18 18 25 22 20 19 24 23 23 21 27 25 35 19 23 20 30 18 28 20 25 15 28 21 22 24 17 21 13 28 28 28 17 13 14 15 17 21 16 13 14 16 12 20 11 19 18 18 19 24 19 11 13 12 25 21 19 23 14 !•> 26 22 27 24 18 13 19 15 22 19 '4 29 10 3! 17 27 19 17 14 23 23 18 20 20 19 24 14 20 23 23 16 17 21 17 19 22 14 23 15 11 18 16 22 19 33 18 19 16 26 19 14 It 12 25 20 13 11 11 13 11 12 19 18 17 12 12 11 17 18 15 22 14 21 18 17 28 11 23 12 14 18 23 23 21 31 8 22 20 30 19 19 23 18 19 20 12 17 15 18 15 14 16 9 11 14 18 16 16 21 12 15 18 7 18 15 20 28 12 14 15 10 21 14 13 8 20 22 9 17 18 11 15 16 14 21 12 13 15 9 14 18 14 14 24 10 16 2i 20 23 12 22 14 17 13 17 34 16 16 7 24 24 14 10 17 14 22 22 16 11 13 14 15 17 15 14 9 10 10 28 15 17 7 13 10 30 11 18 17 22 24 14 30 124 m 131 134 149 190 193 114 163 19i 12-* 102 J4J 130 I5i 199 2f8 155 192 IK) 213 171 166 163 183 123 126 236 2'2 1(8 m 192 129 144 163 172 159 139 175 2'3 198 136 209 140 166 130 158 162 188 19.' 189 130 158 112 187 190 180 17 )90 KO 1B« 215 315 155 124 156 lf>5 175 136 149 176 157 124 11 10 8 10 15 15 15 6 9 13 7 13 14 7 14 12 24 15 12 20 17 17 12 39 9 9 17 12 12 13 14 8 19 14 16 22 7 21 13 15 15 13 12 8- 8 8 15 12 13 16 15 9 9 6- 9 9 12 15 10 10 15 14 7 15 15 7- 16 is 12 13 8 17 14 14 16 7- 11 20 9 18 18- 7 17 18 18 20 25 34 8 16 16 14 16 17 16 9 6- 12 18 16 22 18 23 23 20 17 11 15 9 18 16 16 10 6- 10- 20 19 13- 20 10- 11 10 10 14 12 18 18 14 11 10 9 8 .... .... 15 9 18 4- 22 11 14 15 11 13 7- 14 'l3 10 14 15 7 17 13 19 28 12 18 7 19 21 13 10 6 10 17 8 13 16 22- 17 16 13 13 8 17 15 'so 17 12 21 iO 21 15 25 16 7 24 20 12 12 18 843.... 844 845 846 S47 848 .... 849 .... 850 .... 851 .... 852 853 854 855... 18- 21 21 19 10 is 17 16 16 20 26 8 8 io 20 12 18 12 11 12 11 11 5- 11 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE TV — (Continued ). 49 SPECIMEN |l NUMBER Continued. \\ ! Uameter of top in inches. TOP MEASUREMENTS. Height of stump. Combined length of logs. § * 32' 4' 26 6 34 8 31 4 24 8 40 4 34 3 31 10 24 0 38 4 34 8 33 6 24 6 27 4 34 7 26 5 33 0 27 6 26 10 36 0 26 2 31 4 31 0 19 10 24 6 26 4 38 8 21 4 21 4 27 0 23 6 24 6 27 4 29 10 24 4 30 0 26 10 24 4 31 6 42 7 27 4 32 6 33 9 42 10 23 7 38 4 28 6 31 4 27 11 30 4 32 8 28 4 30 0 31 4 38 7 37 4 27 10 31 8 36 4 26 6 28 10 21 3 31 5 33 7 34 3 31 6 27 6 *6 10 43 4 26 7 36 8 42 4 41 10 ! A 61' 2' 69 8 63 8 60 8 67 7 83 6 91 7 60 6 66 6 82 0 65 6 63 4 67 6 70 10 63 11 82 9 89 5 84 1 84 2 79 8 83 2 74 0 87 3 76 2 69 0 6810 55 0 77 8 8' 0 :o 2 66 2 81 0 t-3 10 73 2 80 fl 72 8 69 8 67 S 60 8 85 7 83 6 62 0 90 3 73 0 ee i 68 2 71 9 63 0 84 1 87 8 89 4 71 4 59 1 60 8 81 7 80 6 98 6 F8 8 79 2 6J 2 85 6 91 0 60 9 76 5 63 7 74 6 83 8 69 6 73 2 69 8 92 10 71 8 €0 6 Number of rings per inch at top, counting from the heart outward. 783.. . 784.. . 785. . 786. . 787. . 788. . 789. . 790. . 791. . 792. . 793. . 794. . 795. . 795. . 797. . 798. . 799. . 800. . 801. . 802. . 803. . 804. . 805. . 806. . 807. . 808. . 809. . 810. . 811. . 812. . 813. . 814. . 815. . 816. . 817. . 818. . 819. . 820. . 821. . 812. . 823. . 824. 8-25. . 826. 827. . 828. . 829. . 830. 83t. . 832. . 883. . 834. . 835. . 836. . 837. . 838. - 839. . 840. . 841. . 842. . 813. . 844. . 845. . 846. . 817. . 818. . 849. . 850. . 851. . 852. . 853. . 854. . 855. 8 8 8- 9 8 14 9 8 8 14 8- 9 8 8 10 10 12 8- 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 8 8- 8 8 8 8 10 9 10 8 8 8 14 9 V 10 8 9 9 9 9 13 11 8 8- 8 11 10 8 10 10 8 9 9 8 10 8 9 8 8 10 8 8 10 10 12 It 16 16 18 18 10 12 16 18 16 12 14 16 18 14 16 14 16 14 18 11 12 14 13 16 14 16 15 16 14 1<5 19 14 Iti 11 16 14 18 13 13 13 14 )6 H 16 '7 14 16 13 14 16 14 15 14 13 13 14 16 16 14 16 16 14 14 16 1-2 12 14 16 14 13 14 17 17 16 18 12 16 14 14 15 17 17 18 16 12 19 17 18 12 16 11 9 12 56 12 16 15 18 17 14 17 16 15 12 16 18 1-2 16 15 20 18 14 16 13 14 13 14 15 12 14 14 12 12 13 12 11 12 14 • 8 14 12 13 14 13 15 15 15 14 16 18 14 14 17 ,6 14 14 19 17 10 21 19 14 15 15 12 14 16 20 14 10 14 17 14 16 13 14 11 17 15 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 14 19 12 14 14 12 12 15 16 16 15 13 15 11 12 16 14 1-2 14 11 11 14 11 16 12 11 14 2 15 W 12 11 12 1-2 17 14 12 15 16 15 15 15 15 12 17 19 20 11 15 17 14 14 16 17 8 10 14 10 15 15 14 12 18 14 10 1J 17 13 14 10 9 12 11 10 14 15 14 li 17 14 It 10 15 12 12 13 13 13 18 13 u 15 14 13 13 14 14 12 12 17 16 13 14 16 16 13 10 11 12 12 19 12 11 £' 2" 3 2 2 4 2 8 2 11 3 2 4 0 2 0 2 6 3 8 4 2 3 2 3 0 3 6 2 8 3 0 3 1 3 3 4 0 3 8 3 8 2 8 2 11 3 0 4 6 2 6 3 0 3 0 3 4 3 2 2 8 3 2 3 2 3 4 3 0 2 8 2 10 2 10 2 6 3 0 2 10 2 10 3 2 3 6 2 6 3 2 3 3 2 0 2 10 4 0 3 4 3 0 2 5 2 8 3 0 3 2 4 0 3 8 2 10 2 8 3 4 3 1 2 8 2 10 2 8 3 0 2 10 2 8 3 2 3 1 2 10 2 8 2 4 ?6' 8" 40 0 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 53 4 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 53 53 53 53 40 53 40 53 53 40 0 40 0 13 4 53 4 53 4 40 0 40 0 53 4 53 4 40 0 53 4 40 0 40 0 40 0 26 8 40 0 £3 4 26 8 53 4 26 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 26 8 53 4 53 4 53 4 40 0 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 66 8 53 4 40 0 40 0 f3 4 66 8 26 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 53 4 40 0 26 8 40 0 53 4 26 8 13 4 7- 12 6- 17 10 16 8 6- .... .... .... 12 7_ 16 8 10 6- 8 14 16 10 12 10 7- 10 15 9 .... 14 12 6- 10 10 11 5- 13 12 8- 6- 1* 15 17 14 12 12 13 14 14 13 12 11 12 10 13 10 12 15 12 12 12 8 6- 10 6- 14 11 50 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE IY — (Continued). SPECIMEN NUMBER. Diameter of stump. MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. f»> £ 1 < 15S 95 152 158 1C8 031 136 113 133 136 163 200 141 137 176 198 r9 112 110 107 106 109 164 128 133 111 114 119 164 118 115 142 96 169 J50 118 167 117 1)6 126 127 148 178 133 156 124 112 156 1E4 150 151 101 127 190 134 191 191 186 168 125 147 \% 139 1«8 15G 159 .79 120 152 104 126 186 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 8<6. . 857. . 858. . 8/9. . 860. 861. 864. . 863. , 864. 865. . 866. 867. . 868. 869. . 870. 871. . 872. . 873. . 874. . 875. . 876. 877. . 878. . b79. 880. 881. 882. . 883. . 884. . 88 >. . 8?6. 887. . 88S. . 8S9. . 890. . 891. 892. . 893. . 894. . 895. 89R. . 897. . 898. . 899. . 900. . 901. . 90}. . 903. . 904. . 905. . 906. . 907. . 908. . 909. . 910. . an. . 012. 913. . 914. . 915. 916. 917. 918. 919. 920. . 921 . . P22. . 923. . 924. . 9ii5. . 926. . 927. . 928. 1'6" 1 7 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 2 I 8 1 0 1 4 1 8 1 8 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 6 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 4 1 6 1 0 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 5 1 3 1 8 1 0 1 0 1 8 1 7 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 8 1 0 1 7 1 6 1 8 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 6 1 5 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 5 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 20 17 27 22 22 20 24 22 20 36 18 30 35 25 25 22 24 30 25 17 29 20 28 36 24 i.6 30 28 80 26 22 30 20 30 S0 20 20 30 25 26 24 20 28 24 21 22 28 23 18 19 22 16 19 18 26 24 27 19 25 32 24 16 26 22 19 22 26 30 24 20 18 20 18 22 9 26 24 23 24 28 23 15 23 18 29 30 20 27 30 29 15 13 IS 17 19 34 2i 22 27 17 35 26 21 23 28 '3 26 22 2i 24 28 fO 44 28 24 24 20 28 14 34 28 16 24 24 15 22 20 28 25 30 16 26 21 30 24 26 20 26 24 30 33 24 24 21 18 24 11 6 19 30 30 24 24 2! 17 15 30 26 32 16 20 24 18 16 13 23 16 24 19 18 14 15 18 22 28 17 21 20 12 16 19 *2 24 16 20 22 22 28 24 17 20 16 16 24 15 19 24 16 20 22 12 23 24 13 22 16 28 30 17 27 25 22 24 22 21 18 14 19 22 14 10 20 20 28 18 15 16 20 17 SI 18 25 15 15 16 15 21 12 14 13 19 16 18 15 11 15 11 20 11 15 18 12 16 21 15 28 13 17 14 16 22 20 16 12 18 9 12 15 12 24 17 23 32 17 30 27 22 20 20 14 21 22 14 15 15 12 13 18 22 9 15 14 14 6 18 15 22 13 16 14 10 6 17 23 10 17 12 18 16 16 14 14 10 9 11 15 18 13 7 7 11 14 11 14 14 8 15 17 23 10 7 7 14 24 2J 13 10 24 12 13 14 13 30 16 19 24 24 21 22 80 22 16 10 15 18 17 10 24 11 17 16 24 14 16 16 14 6 17 11 18 11 15 16 19 14 17 16 9 14 12 16 15 14 10 11 9 10 13 8 15 8 8 8 12 6 18 20 16 13 11 22 22 6 9 6 !•) 30 15 17 10 8 13 14 17 13 27 21 10 14 27 15 7 17 20 14 13 16 14 10 14 22 13 11 12 14 11 14 14 16 17 25 20 25 7 14 12 6 18 7 17 5 6- 16 '6 8 17 15- 24 16 14 18- 11 16 15 14 13 15 23 16 14 9 19 io 12 16 15 12- 21 17 10 8 8 8 11 7 It 9 8 13 9 8- 4- 13 9 7 6- 7 11 10 8 14 16 12- 9- 15 8 14 11 16 13 15 10- 19 5 8 7 8- 7- 9 12 8 8 12- 19 8 11 16 10 9 13 14 10 16 15 15 19 14 17 24 21 14 8 11 10 31 14 11 14 19 6 18 6 7 20 12 23 14 9 5- 22 11 16 12 18 10 16 14 14 18 14 6- 15 25 10- 13 9 13 4- 18 18 13 14 7- 16 18 It 26 8- 6- 8- 10 fi- THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCJS. 51 TABLE IY — (Continued). SPECIMEN NUMBER Continued P Diameter of top in inches. TOP MEASUREMENTS. Height of stump. Combined length of logs. Length of top. Tctal height. Number of rings per inch at top, counting from the heart outward. 856.. . 857.. 868.. 89.. . 860.. 861 .. . 8i2.. 863.. 364!. 365.. 366.. B67.. 368.. 889.. 370.. 371.. 3?*.. 373.. 374.. 375. . 3?6.. 377. 3?8.. 379.. 3*0.. 381. 332.. »*!, 384.. 385.. 3?6.. 387.. 383.. 389.. 390.. 391.. 39".. 393. 391.. m.. 396.. 39?.. 398.. 3>9. )00.. X)'.. »2.. )8.. m. X>5.. »<6.. J07.. KB.. 10*.. MO.. >it.. »12. m . )I4.. >>5.. J 6.. )17.. »18.. M9.. )*).. »L. J2i.. >23 . }24. )85.. »2i.. J27.. Wd... 9 s 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 10 9 8 12 10 9 9 8 10 8 8 8- 10 9 8 8 8 8- 10 9 7- 9 8 9 '0 8- 9 8 8- 8 9 8 12 8 10 8 7- 9 9 0 8 9- 9- 8 10 9 9 10 9 8 9 8 13 9 10 10 9 10 9 P 10 8 14 14 14 16 12 14 16 14 10 9 12 12 16 10 14 16 14 16 12 14 16 14 16 14 10 14 16 6 16 14 11 16 11 17 14 14 12 16 14 18 16 14 16 19 19 14 16 12 15 11 14 2 13 12 16 16 14 12 13 14 16 14 4 14 i3 16 191 14 12 13 >2 14 15 15 10 16 15 13 13 12 16 16 It It 16 U 16 17 14 1". 13 13 14 12 )7 12 19 16 12 14 12 16 11 14 16 12 11 16 11 19 12 14 )2 14 17 16 12 10 14 11 14 14 12 16 14 13 14 15 12 11 13 16 16 11 12 2 12 16 13 14 11 13 12 13 14 18 12 11 H 12 17 12 15 • 0 16 17 12 17 14 11 8 12 10 11 10 14 11 13 12 12 10 12 10 11 12 15 9 10 18 0 10 15 11 13 7 14 15 17 18 1-2 17 13 14 14 14 10 12 15 2 9 8 12 3 14 12 12 11 14 13 18 12 i4 14 11 n 14 14 11 11 12 12 10 13 14 14 11 13 12 '2 16 10 10 11 12 17 14 17 9 8 10 17 (5 18 11 9 11 13 10 11 12 10 14 10 16 14 14 13 10 10 14 12 14 12 9 16 17 12 9 14 12 14 10 9 10 13 14 16 18 13 14 11 12 12 12 13 6 16 15 10 10 14 16 V 4' 3 6 3 4 3 6 3 2 2 8 3 0 2 0 2 8 2 6 2 8 3 0 2 2 3 4 3 2 3 0 X 10 2 7 2 5 2 6 2 8 3 4 2 11 2 2 2 10 2 8 2 4 3 1 2 10 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 11 4 0 8 -0 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 2 2 2 3 0 2 8 3 1 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 1 10 2 0 2 4 8 0 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 0 4 2 3 0 3 2 4 4 4 1 3 10 4 2 4 0 4 2 4 4 4 0 3 10 2 8 2 6 2 10 53' 4" 66 8 <0 0 53 4 26 8 53 4 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 53 4 26 8 26 8 53 4 6b 8 40 0 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 0 26 8 40 0 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 40 0 23 8 53 4 5i 4 13 4 40 0 26 8 2'. 8 26 8 13 4 26 8 28 8 53 4 66 8 16 8 26 8 40 0 53 4 40 0 26 8 26 8 40 0 66 8 26 8 53 4 53 4 53 4 . .. 951. .. 952. .. 953.... 954.... 955.... 956.... 957.... 958.... 9^9.... 960.... 961.... 962.... 963.... 984 ... 965.... 966.... 957.... 968.... 969.... 970.... 971.... 972.... 978.... 974.... 975.... i-76.... 977... 98... 979... 980 .. 981... 982. . 983. .. 984. .. 9*5. .- 986. .. 987. .. 983. .. 989 .. 990. .. 991. .. 992. .. 993. .. 994. .. 995. .. P93. .. 997. .. 998. .. 999. .. 1000. .. 9 11 8 8 8 9 10 8 8 8 8 11 8 It 9 9 11 12 8- 9 9 10 13 9 10 10 8 8 10 8 9 g* 11 9 12 10 8 8 8 10 V 8 S* JM 8 r 8 12 9 10 12 f* 8 8 10 g 8 8 9 10 9 8 8 9 13 12 12 14 11 10 14 !0 12 17 11 10 17 11 17 12 15 13 16 15 17 18 15 13 18 19 12 11 19 12 10 12 )5 13 '2 19 17 19 i4 20 17 16 17 19 10 9 10 11 12 11 10 9 14 14 12 14 12 14 12 13 15 13 11 13 13 5 '6 12 13 13 10 11 10 14 12 12 10 16 17 Ifi 19 11 9 8 12 18 11 15 11 14 10 16 11 13 12 14 10 18 14 16 11 14 15 14 12 13 12 10 11 8 10 11 8 12 14 *0 9 8 2' 8' 3 0 3 1 3 4 3 0 4 4 3 2 2 10 2 2 2 4 3 2 3 1 2 10 3 4 3 0 3 0 2 6 2 10 2 10 3 6 3 2 3 2 2 10 4 0 4 0 3 6 3 10 3 4 3 6 3 2 2 7 2 8 2 10 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 0 2 4 2 10 2 8 3 0 3 0 3 1 2 4 2 6 2 0 2 3 2 4 1 10 2 4 2 0 1 11 2 2 2 8 2 9 2 4 2 3 2 10 2 6 1 4 3 0 2 10 2 8 2 9 1 11 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 0 2 3 2 1 2 0 40' 0- 53 4 40 0 53 4 16 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 40 0 66 8 40 0 53 4 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 53 4 13 4 26 8 f3 4 53 4 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 i.'6 8 40 0 40 0 53 4 40 0 40 0 26 8 53 4 '0 0 26 8 26 8 26 8 13 4 26 8 26 8 40 0 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 0 40 0 26 8 40 0 40 0 40 0 -.6 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 40 0 26 8 13 4 26 8 40 0 13 4 40 0 26 8 26 8 28' 10' 20 11 26 4 22 6 32 7 44 7 33 8 31 2 36 7 26 10 21 7 29 10 22 4 33 6 31 4 31 0 80 4 49 10 31 4 28 4 26 10 27 9 50 4 28 6 26 4 5.9 6 33 2 30 10 38 3 33 4 26 8 24 10 29 3 42 7 30 3 28 11 28 7 19 10 26 4 25 0 21 10 32 6 35 7 30 0 26 9 42 3 36 10 39 0 31 2 36 10 38 6 84 9 93 6 29 4 40 2 30 0 5.8 6 38 3 31 4 31 6 40 4 23 0 26 10 27 6 31 8 36 0 34 10 28 6 5*5 2 24 6 31 4 38 2 71' 6' 86 3 69 5 79 2 62 3 75 7 76 10 74 0 65 5 69 2 91 5 72 11 78 6 76 10 74 4 74 0 72 10 79 4 60 10 71 10 ',0 0 84 3 66 6 59 2 83 8 86 4 63 8 60 10 68 5 63 2 69 3 67 6 72 1 71 9 73 11 71 11 84 11 62 2 69 2 54 4 78 2 75 6 65 4 59 0 55 11 57 7 65 8 68 0 73 0 65 10 67 2 63 4 62 4 72 0 82 11 59 0 70 9 8A 1 76 JO 59 6 70 0 62 6 56 2 70 3 60 H fl 6 63 10 71 0 67 6 66 9 60 1 66 10 9 10 14 11 16 10 11 10 12 12 16 10 11 10 9 11 10 8- 10 12 14 11 8- 9 12 12 15 14 17 11 18 19 6- 8 7- 11 8 8 10 8 6- 11 18 12 10 14 12 8 10 14 11 16 ....!.. I 54 %HE ADIRONDACK BLACK SP&UCE. In connection with the preceding tables it may be stated that all of the 700 trees first examined were found on Township 20, Franklin county, between two large ponds, Floodwood and Long Pond. The two main slopes on this land run north and south, with little or no difference in the timber on either slope. This township has an average elevation of about 1,600 feet above the sea. The spruce was above the average in quantity per acre, and in quality it was first class. The trees were thrifty, but few being found that were rotten at the stump. Not a tree had died within the past ten years, the absence of any dead spruce having been noted by the foresters. In size the trees were above the average diameter for Adirondack black spruce. On Township 20, in a few places where the spruce was stand- ing in " clumps," there was a yield of 40 standard logs (8,000 feet, B. M.) per acre ; where it was scattered through the other timber, 15 standards (3,000 feet) would be a fair average. On Lots 34 and 35, Township 3, St. Lawrence county, the spruce growing in clumps measured, in two different places, 35 standard logs (7,000 feet) to the acre. Where it was scattered among other species, it measured 12 standards per acre on an average. On Lots 50 and 63, Township 3, St. Lawrence county, the spruce did not grow in clumps at all, but averaged 15 standard logs to the acre. The spruce in each case was growing either in small clumps or was scattered among hardwoods composed of beech, hard maple, and yellow birch, the beech predominating in number of trees, although of inferior diameter and height. The black spruce over- tops the hardwoods where its diameter exceeds 14 inches ; when standing in clumps it is taller than the scattered spruces oi the same diameter growing among the hardwoods. Where it grows in clumps the spruce has a small crown, the limbs being small and short ; but in a scattering growth the spruces, as soon as they overtop surrounding hardwoods, put out their limbs thickly and large. A spruce 20 inches in diameter growing in a clump of spruces will yield five logs, 13 feet 4 inches in length, while one of the same diameter in a scattered growth mixed with hardwoods will yield but four logs. In the one growing among hardwoods, after four logs ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 55 have been cut from its trunk, the diameter of the last or top log at its small end will be from 10 to 12 inches, but the limbs above this point will be so thick and large that the fifth log would not be over five or six inches at the top, and would not be accepted by the lumbermen. A tree of the same species and size growing in a clump will yield five logs, because the shaft does not diminish in size so fast owing to the lighter growth of limbs that form its top. While the largest spruces are found scattered among the hardwoods, the tallest ones of like diameters are found growing in the spruce clumps. A coarse, gravelly soil, with a southern or western slope, seems most favorable for the best development of this species. Before the axemen came into this locality there was an ample growth of young spruces or nurslings thickly scattered through- out the timber ; but where the spruce grew thickly, the felling of trees scarred and broke down most of the nurslings. Where the spruce was scattered through the hardwoods the young trees did not suffer so much from the careless felling of the axemen. The spruce blight of twenty years ago did not make its appear- ance in Tovvnship 20, on which the first 700 trees examined were growing. In fact, this locality is remarkable for its exemption from injury in that respect. There are but few balsams (Abies balsamea) growing among the spruces which furnished the specimens examined by the foresters, although many trees of this species are growing along the edges or shores of neighboring swamps and ponds. The balsam in this vicinity is small, ranging from three to seven inches in diameter near the ground. It is very scarce, however, in the vicinity of this spruce growth, there being many acres on which no balsam is found ; neither was there any cedar. There are a few tamaracks (Larix Americana) on these lots, but they are all dead, having succumbed to the attacks of the sawfly (Nematus Erichsonii) which within a few years has destroyed all the tamarack in the Adirondacks. But little white pine was found among the spruce where these measurements were taken. On the north shore of East Pine Pond, there was a piece of timber composed almost wholly of that species, — nice, thrifty, sound timber of large size. The owner, Mr. Snell, said 56 2!fl# ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. that he cut 1,000 standards (200,000 feet, B. M.) of white pine logs on less than ten acres of land near the west end of East Pine Pond. There were a few black ash trees scattered through- out the timber where the spruce was growing, but no cherry. In Township 3, St. Lawrence county, a few elms were growing among the spruces and hardwoods, a species rarely seen in the Adirondack forest. A noticeable feature in the growth of the black spruce is that the annual accretion of wood in the trunk is not concentric, the total growth being considerably greater on one side of the heart than on the opposite side. The extent of this eccentricity is apparent in some of the figures given in Table IV, in which the diameter of each tree is not only given, but the number of inches and growth per inch of the longest radius. For instance, Specimen No. 1 had a diameter of 18 inches on the stump, but the figures showing the number of annual rings for each inch in growth indicate that instead of nine inches, which would have been one-half the diameter, there were eleven inches between the heart and the bark. Specimen No. 77 is fourteen inches in diame- ter, but the heart is nine inches from the bark. Specimen No. 135, with a diameter of thirteen inches, shows that there were nine inches between the bark and the heart. In Specimen 237 it will be seen that the heart was two inches nearer one side of the tree than the other. In No. 383 the radius is 17 instead of 12 inches. This lack of concentricity, as measured by the abnormal length of the longest radius, varies from one to five inches. A remarkable feature of this one-sided growth is that it is mostly in one direction. The foresters who examined the trees in Township 20 were instructed to note carefully the compass point to which in each case the longest radius of tree growth pointed. Of 700 trees examined in Township 20, Franklin county, (the first 700 specimens in Table IV,) this abnormal or one- sided growth was directed as follows : THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 57 Direction. Trees. North 471 Northeast 81 East 106 South 1 West 27 Southwest 6 Northwest . 8 700 There seems to be no satisfactory explanation of this tendency of the black spruce to a one- sided growth. After careful observa- tions in search of some reason, no regular conditions of slope, exposure or environment were found upon which to base any theory. It has been asserted frequently, however, that this uneven growth on either side of the heart was due to an uneven distribution of the roots ; and that the greater accretion in the tree trunk would be found on the side of the tree on which lay the largest roots. In the preceding tables the indicated age of the tree is based upon the number of rings revealed by the stump ; but in each case if the tree had been cut close to the ground a greater num- ber of rings would have been found and consequently a greater age indicated. This should be borne in mind in connection with the statistics referred to. The stumps varied in height from one to four feet, the height of the stump depending in each case upon the convenience of the axeman and the position in which he stood while at work. One column of figures in Table IV indicates the length of the section taken by the lumbermen for their logs, and represents one, two, or three logs of 13 feet 4 inches each, that being the length cut by the log- choppers in the Adirondack forests. For instance; in Specimen No. 6 (right-hand page), 26 feet and 8 inches of trunk were taken, showing that two logs were obtained from that tree. Specimen 19 shows that a section of the trunk 40 feet long was removed, from which it appears that this tree furnished three logs ; and specimen 60, that 53 feet and 4 inches of 8 58 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. the tree trunk, making four logs, were taken. Specimen 83 shows that five logs aggregating 66 feet and 8 inches were taken, the top log being only eight inches in diameter at the top or small end. In this tree it appears, from the next column of figures, that only 15 feet and 5 inches of top remained, indicating that this tree, which was 84 feet 9 inches high, was not only tall, but cylindrical and free from limbs nearly to its crown. Specimen 87 was 93 feet and 7 inches high, and although taller than the one just men- tioned, furnished the same number of logs, the top log, however, being 12 inches in diameter at its small end. The tallest tree mentioned in Table IY is Specimen 839, which was ^8 feet 6 inches high, and 22 inches in diameter on the stump. Specimen 832 was 26 inches in diameter, but only 87 feet 8 inches high, and furnished four logs instead of five. It will be noticed that many of the trees furnished only two logs and some only one, although they were of a fair height. The small number of logs obtained from a tree was due in some instances to rotten butts, or to the fact that there was too great a limb development at the top of the tree, the top measurements indicating in many cases that the trunk diminished in diameter, or "tapered" too rapidly. In Table IY the figures showing the number of rings per inch indicate that the Adirondack bJack spruce when growing under natural conditions, where the trees are overcrowded and de- prived of light, requires on an average over 24 years for an increase of two inches in diameter ; but an examination of the figures shows that many of the trees, which had attained a height enabling them to dominate the surrounding ones, required from six to eight years only to gain two inches. Thus the tree repre- sented by Specimen 43 was 30 years in gaining the third inch of radius while it was only seven years in growing an inch after its crown had reached to where it could gain proper nourishment. Specimen 456 evidently had the advantage of light and air from the time that it was a nursling, as is indicated by the compara- tively small number of years required in adding each inch to its diameter. From the measurements and notes made by Forester Humes — in Township 14, Town of Fine, St. Lawrence county — the fol- lowing deductions as to the average age of the spruce are made: THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 59 TABLE V. DIAMETER IN INCHES. Number of trees.* Maximum and minimum ages. Average age. 13 10 138—200 173 14 . . . 9 145—275 181 15 4 174 — 203 184 16 5 167 — 201 183 17 6 156 — 200 183 18 4 173—200 184 19 23 184—283 211 20 15 189—289 212 21 15 199 — 291 246 22 19 107—345 248 23 16 189 — 300 266 24 19 178 — 301 270 25 29 195 — 302 270 26 , 15 231—354 285 27 18 258 — 316 288 28 7 271 — 301 281 29 , 7 273 — 333 304 30 5 2,5 — 325 299 31 4 231 — 293 272 32 . , 1 290 — . . . 290 33 1 285 — . .. 285 34 3 302 — 374 330 36 2 326 — 351 338 237 * These trees do not represent any definite area or yield per acre, but were selected with reference to securing specimens of each diameter. 60 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. And from the measurements and notes made by Foresters Olmstead and ISanford in Township 20, Franklin county, and Township 3 (" Atherton "), St Lawrence county, the following deductions as to the average age of the Adirondack spruce are made: TABLE VI. DIA.METEB IN INCHES. Number of spruce trees. Minimum and maximum ages. Average age. 12 217 96 — 185 128 13 177 102 210 139 14 187 104—214 143 15 71 114-217 151 16 113 116—212 154 17 53 121—236 161 18 77 130—209 154 19 17 95 — 200 174 20 53 133 — 235 184 21 4 156 — 227 185 22 12 162—224 189 23 4 149_234 166 24 10 160—226 195 25 1 213 — . . . 213 26 1 197 — . .. 197 27 3 217—226 222 1,000 We are unable to account satisfactorily for the difference in average age as indicated in the two preceding tables. It may be that if the figures in the first had included as large a number of trees and as wide a scope of territory as are embraced in the second table, that the two results would agree better. The aver- age age as indicated in Table Y corresponds substantially with that of the black spruce in Maine, as based upon measurements made by Mr. Austin Gary, whose report shows that the average age of the 12-inch spruce is 171 years; the 13-inch, 174 years; the 14-inch, 189 years, and the 15-inch, 185 years. A remarkable feature in connection with the biology of the spruce is the exceedingly wide range of ages in trees of the same diameter. Thus, in Table YI it will be noted that of 187 trees all 14 inches in diameter on the stump, there is a difference of 110 years in some of the ages. Some will readily explain this THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 61 wide divergence by claiming that in many cases there were two or more rings formed in single years owing to climatic effects, which is discussed later on. But, in view of the short season in the Adirondacks during which the flow of sap is not checked, as might occur in trees which feel the influence of an early spring, only one ring could reasonably be expected for each year's growth. It is more reasonable to account for the rapid growth of some of the trees by the fact that these trees stood where they received more light and air; and for the slow growth of the others by the deprivation of the same. Although the black spruce is the slowest in growth of all our forest trees, it does not require the number of years to attain maturity that are indicated by the preceding statistics. It must be borne in mind that these tables indicate the age of the spruce when growing under natural conditions, where it is deprived of a proper amount of light and air during the greater period of its growth. Starting as a seedling, the young tree struggles for many years in the cold and gloom of the underbrush, the first decade of its existence being merely a struggle for survival. This is evident from the figures in Table IY, in which so many trees show that over 30 years were passed in attaining their first inch of radius or two inches of diameter. Only through the sur- vival of the fittest do these nurslings struggle upward until by overtopping the surrounding growth they gain light and air, after which their increase in rapidity of growth is plainly noticeable. Now the black spruce of the Adirondacks does not require any such number of years to attain a merchantable size. On Lot 94-, Township 21, in the Town of Long Lake, Hamilton county, there is at the present time a thick growth of spruce on a piece of land where the Rev. Robert Shaw, a local clergyman, according to his statement, mowed grass 26 years ago. Many of the trees in this clump of spruce are over 30 feet high and nine inches in diame- ter. Emerson* mentions seven spruce trees of 31 years' growth, in the Botanic garden, which averaged 30 inches in diameter, or one-third of an inch annual growth in diameter. * Trees and shrubs of Massachusetts, by Gteorge B. Emerson. 62 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. In the office of the Forest Commission there are some carbon paper impressions showing growth rings taken from the stumps of spruce trees recently cut by lumbermen — trees which were growing in a spruce forest that had been lumbered 24 years ago, at which time all the larger spruce was taken out. The acceler- ated growth of the young spruces which were left, due to the admission of light and air through the removal of the large trees, is plainly seen in the wider rings shown by the carbon impres- sions taken from the stumps. Up to and just preceding the time when the lumbermen first went into this forest these spruces were growing at a rate of 26 rings to the inch. Immediately after this thinning and interlucation there was an increased growth, as shown by the impression paper, at the rate of 11 rings to two inches. We regret exceedingly that we are unable to reproduce in print these impression papers of tree rings so as to furnish them with this publication, for they argue plainly and incontestably as to the increased product and revenue which can be derived from our spruce forests where the cutting is done under an intelligent system. That the number of rings disclosed by the cross-section of a tree-trunk indicates the years of age is a generally accepted fact. It is so taught in all text-books pertaining to the subject. Asa Gray states that " the trunk of an exogenous tree, when cut off at the base, exhibits as many concentric rings of wood as it is years old." Emerson* says of these tree rings that " a single circle attains maturity, in temperate regions, every year." Goodalef states that this tk development of the film of growth is usually continuous in a given season, but it may be interrupted, in which case it is possible to have two rings added to the wood in a single year, whereas, as everyone knows, there is usually only one new ring for each year's growth" The " interrupted " growth just referred to is the result of a period of cold weather acting upon trees which in the same sea- son have felt previously the influence of an early spring. But in * Trees and shrubs of Massachusetts, by George B. Emerson. t Garden and forest, Vol. IT, March 20, 1889: Principles of Physiological Botany, as applied to Forestry; by George Lincoln Goodale. N. THE LIFE h NATURAL SIZE. IE LI 1STORY OF A TREE. Cross-section of Black Spruce, 115 years old, 12 inches in diameter on the stump. From an impression made with carbon paper. The greater thickness of the outer rings is due to interluca- tion made by lumbermen eighteen years ago. Albany Eng. Co. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 63 the cold, backward climate which prevails in the habitat of the Adirondack spruce there is no early spring, and no premature starting of the sap or liability to such interruptions. In that region spring is late in coming, and barely ushers in the summer. Hough * says : " The record of the seasons for a long period may be determined, at least in effect, by the width of the rings of annual growth. We sometimes find, at recurring intervals, a narrow ring, perhaps every third year, that may have been caused by the loss of leaves from worms that appear at that interval, and that have thus left their record when every other proof of their presence has perished. We have seen sections of trees in the museums of Schools of Forestry, in which these proofs were recorded through a century or more of time, and the years could be definitely fixed by counting inward from the year when the tree was felled. " When the bark and wood of a tree are cut or wounded by accident, as by the marking hammer of the forester, or the axe of a surveyor, the growth from the side will gradually close over the injury, and fill in the inequalities, so that, when afterward split off, it will often show in relief any depressions or cuts on the original trunk. Many Forest Academies in Europe have in their museums specimens of timbermarks thus cut or stamped into wood, with the cast taken by nature from the mold. The land- marks of surveyors have thus been found more than a hundred years afterward. Some scar, or, in coniferous trees, perhaps a gum spot, would be noticed upon the outside, and by cutting down through as many rings of growth as there had been years since the former survey, the marks of the ax would be found." It is no new idea. Over 400 years ago, Leonardo da Yincif, who was a a observant botanist as well as a great painter, wrote : " The rings of the branches of trees show how many years they have lived, and their greater or smaller size whether they were damper or drier. They also show the direction in which they were turned, because they are larger on the north side than on the south, and for this reason the center of the tree is nearer the bark on the south than on the north side." But these statements need not rest upon any botanical theory. In the course of our work we have often found it necessary to * Elements of Forestry, by Franklin B. Hough, Ph. D. 1 11 Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano : Vol. I, No. 1, 1869. 64 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. re-establish, the old boundary lines of various townships in the Adirondack forest. The surveyors have repeatedly cut blocks out of line trees in which the old original " blaze " was grown over with wood and hidden from sight ; but the number of tree rings outside the original but concealed scar of the blaze mark corresponded exactly with the number of years which had elapsed since the time when the surveyors first ran the line. This curious and interesting phenomenon has been observed so often in the course of our work that it has ceased to attract attention as a novelty. Many suits involving the title to or possession of land have been decided in courts on the evidence of some surveyor who proved the date of an old survey by introducing as evidence a block of wood cut from a line tree. In view of the general belief that the annular grains of tree growth are coincident in number with the years of age, it is interesting to note that this idea is strongly combated by some careful observers. While we do not agree with the conclusions in the following article, it is reproduced here as an interesting contribution to the literature pertaining to this subject. The article is reprinted from the Saw-Mill Gazette : GROWTH RINGS ON TREES. Age said not to be indicated by them. " There is an old landmark on the DeLarm farm that is of considerable interest. The farm is located on what is known as the ' high road' to DuBois from Reynoldsville. The landmark, which is a notch in atree, locates a corner of the DeLarm farm, which is in Jefferson county. The landmark also locates the boundary line between Jefferson and Clearfield counties. When the notch was cut Clearfield and J-fferson counties had not been organized, and the line ran between two other counties. The line still remains, though it does not now mark the boundary of either of the original counties. The notch was cut into the tree in 1785, just 108 years ago. This fact is proven by the rings in the tree that are visible and which number 108. Sometimes parts of a tree containing a notch similar to this one, establishing a corner, are taken into court and are accepted as evidence. The date, designated by the number of rings, is also accepted." — Reynoldsville Volunteer, Pa. " The above item Is from a recent copy of a Pennsylvania journal, and serves to show how tenaciously man clings to old fallacies. Of all silly notions this idea of rings being an indicator of the age of trees seems to be most senseless, and yet, according to the above authority, the rings of a tree are accepted as evidence in courts. If the determining of the age of a tree by the rings was one of those things that was difflcu t to controvert, then there might be some excuse for depending upon them, but when there are s- many opportunities at hand to disprove the theory, to adhere to the fallacy is worse than ignorance — it becomes a species of bigotry. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 65 Just how the notch proves what is asserted is not made clear, as any cut into the side of a healthy tree is sure to fill up by the outer growths after a series of years, but somewhere the authority for the statement found 108 rings, and forsooth the notch was cut 108 years ago; logic, and as a matter of course, " a horse chestnut must be a chestnut horse." Had a section from an opposite side of the tree been cut there would have been found, with- out doubt, another number of rings, either less or more, or had the count been several feet above the notch the number would have been less, or below it a short distance there would have been found a greater number. If the believers in the rings are to tell us the age of a tree thereby, they must settle just at what point the count is to be made for beginning at the ground and going upwards, it is found that the number of rings grows less as you ascend. This must be so from the natural course of things, aa new shoots put out from the top and continue the upward growth of the tree every year. We can see no way out unless we make our count at the ground, but here even we encounter another difficulty, and one that is serious, if the tree should be one that has grown where one side is fully exposed to the sun and the other shaded. In that case, counting from the heart, it will be found that on the exposed side of the tree the number of rings is greatly in excess of the number on the shaded side. A notable case is called to mind of a second-growth white ash that grew in a hedge on the south side of a fence. This tree showed forty clearly defined rings upon the south side of the heart, and, by a liberal allowance, after examining with a magnifying glass, thirty was the most that could be defined on the north side, so that it was just as easy to prove the tree thirty as it was to prove it forty years old . The same butt was cut off eight feet above the cutting kerf, and the number of rings had been reduced to twenty and sixteen. Curiosity led to a fur- ther examination and the stump was cut close to the ground, where no difficulty was experi- enced in counting sixty and forty-five rings, respectively. A further proof was furnished by the recorded facts of the fence having been erected on that line thirty five years before, as a boundary line between the estates of two brothers, being a part of a plot that was divided up between heirs, and the tree grew after the fence was built. Of course, such a case would cot count against the prejudice of ages, but it becomes a stub- born fact, nevertheless. Let anyone plant a number of seed— apple, peach or plum, something that grows quickly — care for the sprouts, and after three or four years cut them and count the growth-rings and thus satisfy himself. It is doubtful if two out of a dozen will contain the same number of rings, or if anyone will show a number corresponding with the age. The thriftier the shoot the greater the number of rings, and the more stunted and weak the specimen the less the number, and yet all may be of the same age and grown under similar conditions. All roots, those used for food as well as those that are not, are of a woody nature, and where the circumstances are unfavorable the least thrifty of the edible show a fibrous, woody compo- sition, and at times some are found that can not be eooked to make them fit for food. In all the growth rings are defined, but in none so clearly as in the beet. Not only does it show the rings, but it shows the porous state and medullary rays as well. These rings neither indicate days, months, moons or other time divisions. On a tender, thrifty root there may be a dozen or more rings, while a less thrifty one grown at its side may not show half that number. What will our seer tell us regarding the ages of these beets ? Leaving all other tests aside, there is a law of nature that upsets all this annular ring growth theory. Everything has its growing, ripening and decaying season. The tree, like the straw of wheat, grows to its full, ripens and then dies. A tree may be vigorous and put on wood, or, in other words, grow for one hundred years, but that hundred years does not mark its life ; for fifty or even a hundred more years the life sap may be sufficient to nourish and maintain the growth already made, but not enough to put on new wood, and another fifty or hundred years may pass, during which no new growth is made, and during which the vital fluid is sufficient to maintain the tree in full vigor, during which it slowly but surely dies. Here may be three hundred years of life, and yet, during two hundred years, not an ounce of new wood has been added, and yet, in face of all, men will assert that they can determine the age of a tree by its rings. What, then, are these rings and what do they determine ? The common-sense answer is, they are growth rinzs — nothing more. One may be the result of a year, a month or a week or any other division of time; all depends upon circumstances. If an entire summer has been moist 9 66 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. and vegetation has suffered no drawback from drouth or cold, it is barely possible that the entire growth of that season will be represented by a single ring, but even this is doubtful, as it is the thin sap which flows nearest the bark that nourishes the growth, and if an extra large growth is formed the sugar and glutinous matter in the sap may thicken and impede the flow of the more watery portion, and by f Arcing it into the ne v inner bark cause a new growth; but if, after a growing period, there comes a drouth sufficient to rob th« roots of the necessary moisture, the sap in the wood thickens and the n>ore watery seeks the inner bark, through which it carries nourishment to the leaves. This is often insufficient, and many leaves fall and others wilt, but with a fall of rain the supply of vital fluid is increased, the leaves brighten up and the smaller ones grow. New life is imparted, and with this new life comes a new growth, another ring is formed, and so on through the entire season Who living in the north has not seen the leaves nipped by a frost after they were full and fall to the ground ? After a few warm days and a warm rain new leaves start and the tree is soon in full foliage, but there has been a check to growth and a new growth starts with the new leaf. Thus, one cause another checks one growth and invites another, making a ring each time entirely independent of years.'1 — Saw- Mitt Gazette. Mr. Austin Gary, of Bangor, Me., who, acting under instruc- tions from the National Forestry Bureau, has been engaged in the Maine forests in counting tree rings with a view to establish- ing the age of the black spruce in that State, calls attention in his report to certain facts which throw some light on this matter of variable or retarded tree growth : " While carrying out the field work, which is behind all these statements, facts were found proving the influence of the weather on the growth of trees. In May, 1893, while at work on the Androscoggin river, word came from Mr. J. A. Pike, of Berlin, !N". H., that record was to be seen in the spruces of a series of cold years which occurred in the early part of the century. This was richly worth examination, and I immediately set about in- vestigating the matter. Beginning the count of rings with the bark, it was found on the first log examined that a number of rings, being in that case the seventy-ninth to the eighty -third from the bark, were very distinctly thinned. Continuing the search, every tree was found to have a belt of thin rings in sub- stantially the same position, these being reduced in some cases almost to microscopic. " As soon as access could be had to books the history of the matter was looked up, and it was found that the years 1812 t<3 1816 in Maine were very extraordinary years. The temperature was unusually low as an average, and in 1812, 1815 and 1816, at least, frosts or snows or both occurred in the summer. In 1815 and 1816 crops through the State were very seriously impaired, and many people despairing of the agricultural prospects of the THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 67 country emigrated to the Ohio valley. This severe weather then was without doubt the cause of the thin rings so regularly found in the spruce trees. " Since that time this zone of rings has been found in spruce trees in all parts of the State and in the northern portion of New Hampshire. Careful notes of its character and occurrence were taken, in the course of other study, and the facts observed and inferences drawn will be found in full in the publications of the United States Forestry Division. "This belt of thin rings can be seen by anyone who will take the trouble to examine carefully any good sized spruce log. It demonstrates the effect of inclement seasons on the growth of trees, and it is further of value in that while there is some varia- tion about it, the approximate regularity of its position, the close correspondence in number of the rings outside the thin belt with the seasons that have elapsed since the cold year, gives added confidence in the substantial regularity of ring deposit and con- sequently in the results of investigation which proceed on that assumption. " An instance of the effect o, exposure on the growth of trees I am able to present through the interest of Mr. William Monroe, of Bangor. In the winter of 893-94 he scaled* a landing of spruce hauled into Silver lake in the Town of Katahdin Iron Works, from a piece of ground on the south slopes of Saddle Rock Mountain, which had never before been cut. The soil was a deep red loam, and the spruce was gathered along brook runs or scattered amongst the hardwood growth intervening. But the point is that the timber was divided between two separate slopes of the mountain, the upper one of wl ich was some 200 feet above the lower, and considerably more exposed. "The timber from each slope was yarded on the more level land at its base, and Mr. Monroe kept a separate scale of the two lots. A marked difference in the size of the trees is found. The logs cut on the upper and more exposed slope were 4,377 in number, and scaled 435,726 feet, B. M., or 99£ feet to the piece. The lower lot numbered 2,598 sticks, and the total scale was 320,811 feet, or 123£ feet to the piece. The difference is 24 per * Measured. 68 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. cent, of the smaller piece. No other cause for it being apparent, the difference in the size of the trees seems to be due to their greater or less exposure." FOREST COMPOSITION. Throughout the entire forest, covering the Adirondack Plateau, where the altitude exceeds 1,300 feet, the hardwood growth accompanying the black spruce is in almost every locality made up of maple, beech and yellow birch. Here and there, but at widely separated intervals, are scattering specimens of the white and black ash, black cherry, elm, basswood, " hard- hack "* (Ostrya Virginica), and white birch. On burned areas or reforested clearings the poplars and "pin" cherries (Prunus Pennsylvania) grow in abundance, but are seldom seen growing with the spruce in the primeval woods. In order to give some idea of the general composition of the Adirondack woods, the foresters were directed to measure off in different places an acre or more of ground and count each tree within the space, noting, also, its diameter and species. They were further instructed to take pains that the localities selected should be ones in which the growth had no unusual character- istics, and which would fairly represent the number and propor- tion of the various species per acre. Foresters Olmstead and Sanford accordingly selected four acres on Lot 39, Township 20, Franklin county, in the immediate vicinity of the forest in which they examined the trees embraced in the first 700 specimens of Table IY. These four acres are situated about four miles west of the head of the Upper Saranac Lake, and near the line of the Adirondack division of the New York Central railroad. Their notes do not embrace the young trees of seven inches in diameter or less, of which there was the usual proportion standing among the others. The undergrowth, like that of all the Adirondack forests, was somewhat dense, being composed largely of " witch hopple " ( Viburnum lan- tanoides) and striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum). The moun- tain maple (Acer spicatum) was not plentiful, this species appa- rently seeking the roadsides or openings. * Local, for Iron-wood. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 69 TABLE YIL ACRE No. 1. Lot 39, Township 20, Franklin County. , DIAMETER. Spruce. Hemlock. Balsam. Birch. Maple. Beech. 8 inches . .... 20 8 2 1 22 53 9 6 5 1 7 19 10 8 2 2 1 4 13 30 11 4 T 1 5 11 12 4 4 1 1 8 11 29 13 .... 7 3 3 13 14 1 2 2 3 8 15 2 2 16 2 5 4 11 17 18 2 2 4 19 20 1 1 . 3 4 9 21 22 1 1 23 24 1 . 1 2 25 26 27 28 1 1 51 22 6 13 31 70 193 Average diameter, including eight inches and upwards : — Spruce, 10 inches ; hemlock, 10£ inches ; balsam, $% inches ; yellow birch, 17J inches ; maple, 14| inches ; beech, 10-J inches. 70 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE VIII. ACKE No. 2. Lot 39, Township 20, Franklin County. DIA. METER. Spruce. Hemlock. Balsam. Birch. Maple. Beech. Total. 8 inches 18 13 5 1 16 53 9 " 3 3 2 2 10 10 " 7 4 3 3 22 11 " 6 2 2 2 12 12 " 5 11 1 3 1 10 31 13 u 5 2 3 10 14 " 3 3 2 3 1 12 15 " 1 1 16 " 1 1 2 1 5 17 " 1 1 2 18 " 3 1 4 19 " 20 " 2 2 53 39 8 15 9 40 164 Average diameter, including eight inches : Black spruce, inches ; hemlock, 10f inches ; balsam, 8J inches ; yellow birch, 13 J inches ; hard maple, 13f inches ; beech, 9-^ inches. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 71 TABLE IX. ACRE No. 3. Lot 39, Township 20, Franklin County. DIAMETER. Spruce. Hemlock. Balsam. Birch. Maple. Beech. Total. 8 inches 18 15 2 1 25 61 9 .... 6 6 10 17 10 2 1 10 40 11 5 2 1 3 11 12 14 6 8 2 6 36 13 6 1 7 14 11 2 3 1 3 20 15 . . 1 1 2 4 16 2 2 3 7 17 1 1 18 1 2 2 5 19 20 21 1 1 22 1 1 1 3 23 24 1 2 2 5 29 1 1 33 1 1 83 42 3 22 9 50 209 Average diameter, including eight inches : Black spruce, llf inches ; hemlock, 12 J inches ; balsam, 9 inches ; yellow birch, inches ; hard maple, 17-^ inches ; beech, 9£ inches. 72 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE X. ACRE No. 4. Lot 39, Township 20, franklin County. DIAMETER. Spruce. Hemlock. Balsam. Birch. Maple. Beech. Total. 8 inches 14 9 1 1 5 30 9 " 10 " 9 4 1 1 5 20 11 " . . . . 5 2 7 12 " 11 4 4 1 5 25 13 " 4 1 5 14 " 6 2 1 4 13 15 " 3 1 2 2 8 16 " 3 1 4 8 17 " 2 2 18 " 4 1 5 19 ff 20 " 2 1 3 21 " 1 1 2 22 ". 1 1 23 " 24 " 1 1 28 " 1 1 33 " 1 1 60 21 2 14 7 28 132 Average diameter, including eight inches : Black spruce, inches; hemlock, llf inches ; balsam, 9 inches; yellow birch, 14 inches; hard maple, 16-| inches; beech, 12-J inches. The trees noted in the next table were counted and measured by Foresters Olmstead and Sanford on an acre located on Lot 31, Township 19, Town of Altamont, Franklin county. On this acre all trees above four inches in diameter were included in the for- ester's notes. Although in a different township and several miles to the westward it will be noticed that the composition of this piece of forest is essentially the same as that shown in the four preceding tables. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 73 TABLE XI. ACRE No. 5. Lot 31, Township 19, Franklin County. DIA.METER. Spruce. Hemlock. Balsam. Birch. Maple. Beech. Total. 5 inches 21 1 13 1 1 37 6 < 7 3 6 1 2 19 7 7 2 4 1 14 8 ... 15 1 12 1 14 43 9 . , . . 10 13 2 3 5 23 11 2 1 2 5 12 9 4 2 1 2 15 33 13 1 4 5 14 3 4 1 1 3 12 15 1 1 2 16 11 4 4 2 2 23 17 18 8 2 1 11 19 1 1 20 2 2 21 1 1 22 3 1 4 23 24 2 1 1 4 101 27 37 14 9 51 239 Average diameter, including five inches : Black spruce, inches ; hemlock, 12^ inches ; balsam, 6f inches ; yellow birch, 14^ inches ; hard maple, 14£ inches ; beech, lOf inches. The general composition of the Adirondack forest is fairly rep- resented by the species shown in the five preceding tables. But in traveling through the wilderness exceptional forest tracts will be often noted. In some localities, as shown in Table XII, the hemlock predominates, and the spruce is of secondary importance. In others the white pine, which has nearly disappeared from the Adirondacks, is still to be found. Then, again, in some places only one of the three dominant hardwoods is growing. In illustration of these exceptional types of timber land we fur- nish here some tables based on notes and measurements made by Forester Frank C. Parker, who was instructed to examine certain tracts in Essex county. 10 74 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE XII. ACRE No. 1. Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, N. Y. SPECIES. Trees. Diameters in inches. Standards * Feet, B. M. Cords. Black Spruce (Piceanigrd) Hemlock (Tsuga Cana- densis) 11 35 12 — 16 12—40 6.90 92.00 1,262 16,836 2 Yellow Birch (JBetula luted) 6 8-30 Hard Maple (Acer sacchar- inum) 5 19 — 28 Beech. (Faous ferruginea) 36 10 — 24 Basswood (Tilia Ameri- cana) ... ... 1 20 — • Totals 94 98 90 18 098 2 NOTES.— This acre was selected in a virgin forest, situated on a gentle slape, well watered, with an easterly exposure. Ground slightly rolling. A fair type of forest in which the hem- lock predominates. The altitude is about 1,700 feet. The land is owned by the State. TABLE XIII. ACRE No. 2. Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, N. Y. SPECIES. Trees. Diameters in inches. Standards. Feet, B. M. Black Spruce (Picea nigrd) ...... Hemlock ( Tsuga Canadensis) Balsam (Abies balsamea) 11 7 10 8—17 16-28 7-16 4.55 12.08 2.96 832 2,210 541 White Cedar ( Thuya occidentalis) Yellow Birch (JBetula lutea) , 13 38 10—20 10 — 21 9.13 1,671 Beech (Fagus ferrugined) 7 12 — 20 Totals 86 28 72 5,254 NOTES.— On high land with an easterly exposure. The surrounding forest has the appear- ance of having been burned over at some previous time, many years ago. The original field- notes pertaining to the survey of this lot call for a corner on a burned hill. This corner is only a short distance from the strip on which these measurements were made. The hardwood has the appearance of a second growth, and some of the larger ones show the effects of fire. * A " standard " log is 13 feet long and 19 inches in diameter at the smallest end, inside the bark, and contains 183 feet of lumber, board measure. In the Adirondack forests the lumber- men cut all their logs 13 feet long. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 75 TABLE XIY. ACRE No. 3. Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, N~. Y. SPECIES. Trees. Diameters in inches. Standards. Feet, B. M. Cords. Black Spruce (Picea nigrd). Hard Maple (Acer sacchar- inum) 28 47 8—21 10 — 28 21.54 3,942 6 Beech (Fagus ferruginea) . 43 7—21 Totals 118 21.54 3,942 6 NOTES.— This acre is a primitive forest in which the hardwoods predominate. It is on a piece of table land, well watered from slopes on either side. The maples and beeches are thrifty and tall, this acre being a good type of an Adirondack forest in which there is a good growth of spruce intermixed among the hardwoods. The undergrowth is composed largely of Mountain Maple Oicer spicaturri) and small Yellow Birch. TABLE XV. ACRE No. 4. Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, N. Y. SPECIES. Trees. D!ameters in inches. Standards. Feet, B. M. Cords. Black Spruce (Picea nigrd). Hemlock (Tsuga Canaden- sis\ . . 73 3 9—18 12 — 30 37.00 9.98 6,771 1,826 12 White Cedar (Thuya occi- dentalis) 46 9 — 22 18 24 3,338 W^ite Pine (Pwiusstrobus). 12 24 — 37 101 55 18,583 White Birch (Betula papy- racea) 11 8 — 16 Totals 145 166.77 30,518 12 NOTES— This acre represents a portion of virgin forest situated on rising ground, well watered, a small brook running through a portion of it. The slope has a westerly exposure. It is a fair example of the ridges on which the spruce predominates, and where it grows in com- pany with other conifers. 76 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. TABLE XYI. ACRE No. 5. Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, N. T. SPECIES. Trees. Diameters in inches. Standards. Feet, B. M. Cords. Black Spruce (Piceanigra). Hemlock ( Tsuga Cana- dcnsis) 36 40 9—20 8 — 26 15.49 17.37 2,834 3,178 4 White Cedar (Thuya occi- dental is) . . . 6 9—26 6.60 1,208 Hard Maple ( Acer sacchar- inuvn) 12 11 — 28 Beech. (Faous ferruoinea) 43 6 — 19 White Ash (Fraxinus Americana) 1 20— Totals 138 39.46 7,220 4 NOTES.— This acre was selected in a primitive forest, growing on a " bench" or naiural ter- race, well watered, with a northerly exposure. The undergrowth, in addition to the nurslings of the dominant species, was composed largely of Mountain Maple (Acer spicatum), with occasional specimens of Striped Maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum) . The growth under and near the hemlocks was completely covered in places with the American Yew or Ground Hemlock TABLE XVII. ACRE No. 1. Lot No. 206, Township 11, 0. M. Tract, Essex County, N. Y. SPECIES. Trees. Diameters In inches. Standards. Feet, B. M. Cords. Black Spruce (Picea nigra). Hemlock ( Tsuga Cana- densis) . 52 26 5—16 9—28 14.49 20.00 2,651 3,660 4 Balsam (Abies balsamea) 44 7—16 9 00 1,647 Yellow Birch ( Betu/la Lutea) 37 6—20 Hard Maple (Acer sacchar- inuni) 14 8 — 22 Totals . . 173 43.49 7,958 4 NOTES.— Tnis lot (206, Township 11) was lumbered about 33 years ago by C. F. Norton, at which time the pine and spruce were cut ; but the spruces under 10 inches in diameter were not taken. Since then-- about 16 years ago — it was cut over again, at which time some white ash and yellow birch was taken, as well as the larger spruce. This acre strip was measured off on level land, not low enough to be swampy, but a bench of table land. The crown covering is dense; and the timber, with the exception of the hemlock and some of the hardwoods, seems to be a second growth,— that is, it has been growing among first-growth trees, and has made a rapid progress after the interlucation made by cutting out he larger trees. THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 77 TABLE XVIII. ACRE No. 2. Lot No. 206, Township 11, 0. M. Tract, Essex County, N. Y. SPECIE 3. Trees. Diameters in inches. Standards Feet, B. M. Cords. Black Spruce(Picea nigra). Hemlock ( Tsuga Cana- densis) 51 15 5—16 10 — 24 20.00 24.00 3,660 4,392 7 Balsam (Abies balsamed) . . Tamarack (Larix Ameri- cana) . . . 38 5 7 -16 7 — 12 10.00 1,830 . . .. Yellow Birch (Betula luted) 30 10 — 23 Soft Maple (Acer dasycar- t)um) . 14 8 — 20 Totals 153 54.00 9,882 7 NOTES.— This acre was measured off at the » xtreme end of a bench of table land extending toward a swamp. The undergrowth is mostly small yellow birches and mountain maples, the latter appearing only where the cutting had been severe, evidently pi ices where the ground was originally cleared for skidways. TABLE XIX. ACRE No. 3. Lot 206, Township 11, 0. M. Tract, Essex County, N. Y. SPECIES. Trees. Diameters in inches. Standards Feet, B. M. Cords. Black Spruce (Picea nigra} Balsam (Abies balsaniea) 15 5 8—22 7—14 9.00 1,647 3 Hard Maple ( Acer sacchari- ftuvn ) 30 9 — 28 Beech ( Faous ferriwinea) 39 7 — 20 Totals 89 9 00 1,647 5 NOTES.— This acre was selected on a hardwood slope with a northerly exposure. Inter- spersed with the larger trees there was a large number of small yellow birches and maples, and in places, groups of small balsams, all under five inches in diameter. Only a * w of the hard- wood trees had been cut by the lumbermen. The crown development was dense, and the forest in good condition. 78 ADIRONDACK SLACK SPRUCE. TABLE XX. ACBE No. 4. Lot 206, Township 11, 0. M. Tract, Essex County, N. Y. SPEOIE3. Trees. Diameters n inches. Standards. Feet, B. M. Cords. Black Spruce (Piceanigrd). Hemlock ("Isuga Canaden- si&\ . 36 30 8-22 12-27 15 20 2,745 3,660 5 Balsam (Abies bcilsctwi6(i) 10 6-12 Yellow Birch (J36tulci Ifttcci) 27 7-24 Beech ( ~F\i.U'US fcTrugi/ '< CCL) 40 8-20 Black Cherry \Prunus sero- tina} . ... .... 3 6-20 Totals 146 35 6,405 5 NOTES. — This a ere is on land sloping toward the east On this strip thare is a cluster of spruces ihat have all the appearances of being a "first -growth," although the trees are not large. It is evident that at the time of the first cutting these trees were considered too small for saw logs. In several instances the owners of spruce timber lands in northern New York have shown an encouraging and commend- able tendency to manage their property with reference to sus- tained productivity. Instead of taking all the merchantable tim- ber available for immediate profit, they have restricted their cutting materially with the intention of securing further growth and further revenues in future. The cutting of small spruces for pulpwood has been prohibited on many large tracts, although the revenue -derivable from this source is large and available at any time. Furthermore, the cutting for lumber or saw-logs is restricted to trees 12 inches in diameter on the stump. Although this is a step in the right direction, and something of an improvement on previous methods, there is little in it worthy of the name of forestry. As an approach to scientific or even intelligent forestry methods it is a very slight advance indeed. It is true that spruce lands in our State have been cut over a second and even a third time, at intervals of 25 years or there- about, and that such cuttings have proved remunerative. But this was not rendered possible altogether by any increase in the THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 79 rate of growth due to the interlucation resulting from a previous thinning of the trees ; nor in any great degree to the natural increase in size during the intervals. These successive crops of spruce were due for the most part to other reasons. In the first cutting only the larger and easily accessible trees were taken. Large trees were often left because it did not pay to cut roads to them, the roads being confined to the areas on which the timber grew thickly. In the second cut- ting roads were extended into these areas of scattered spruces, some slight increase in market price warranting this additional expense. The large trees left at the first cutting were then taken out, together with many others which had become large enough through this additional period of growth. The third cutting becomes feasible 25 years later by reason of increased market values, improved means of access, and the demand for pulpwood -the latter demand alone making it profitable in many instances to cut over an old tract where the sawing timber by itself would not yield enough to pay the expense of " lumbering" it. Of course, the younger spruces increase in size during the intervals between operations, and at each return the axeman finds some trees large enough for saw-logs which previously were too small. But too much stress has been laid on this factor in the question, while too many other and important points have been ignored. Assuming that our spruce forests are to be managed, for a period at least, under the well-recognized and accepted forestry method known as that of " selection," we will waive the all- important question of cutting for improvement, and turn to that of cutting for revenue — for future and continuous revenue as some of our well-intentioned forest owners are pleased to term it. This method, which for convenience may be termed cutting for revenue, can not secure the desired result — that of the perpetual maintenance of a merchantable species — unless the cutting is confined to mature trees only. Nothing short of this will answer. Now, it would be difficult to say just what diameter should be assumed in defining a matured spruce. This is evident from the figures in the preceding tables. Moreover, this diameter must vary in different localities. Such diameter can not be ascertained, if at all, until working plans covering a century of improve- ment cutting, seeding or planting have been exploited. It would be idle to discuss it here. 80 Tan ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. But if there is to be no improvement cutting, if our forest owners prefer to start with a fixed diameter as a basis for restric- tion in revenue cutting — "a rule of thumb," as Dr. Fernow calls it — such diameter can be fixed approximately in each locality ; and when thus determined, if it approximates closely the average diameter of the matured spruce, it may answer as a first step in a right direction. Such diameter need not be fixed at the maxi- mum. On the contrary, something should be subtracted to offset what is termed in forestry the interest account. A perfectly managed forest is one that will produce the greatest possible revenue and maintain it. It is evident that as a tree approaches maturity there comes a time in its slowly waning growth after which the increment will not equal in value the interest on the money obtainable if cut at that time. Before felling a tree it is not necessary to wait for the signs of decay that announce the cessation of growth. The tree may be turned into money before that, and, in view of the interest account, thus yield a greater profit than to wait for its maximum development. It would be impossible to name any diameters here which should govern such cutting. But any owner of spruce lands can arrive approximately at the proper size if the question is approached intelligently and honestly. Ceri ainly, the twelve inch limit now in use falls far below such requirements. A tree six- teen inches in diameter yields twice as much lumber as one of twelve inches ; and one twenty inches yields four times as much. By harvesting matured trees only, the land owner receives the legitimate income from his property, and makes it a perpetual, interest-bearing investment ; by harvesting the timber before it attains its growth, he decreases the future productivity of his land, and, for the sake of immediate returns, makes a heavy draft upon the principal. Moreover, if he confines his cutting for revenue to mature trees he not only preserves his principal intact, but by adding to his work some judicious improvement cutting he can increase the value of the principal and its corresponding productivity. Many owners of spruce lands have been encouraged by the repeated crops attainable from cutting on a basis of ten or twelve inches in diameter on the stump to assume that such returns may be obtained perpetually. Even if this could be done the yield THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 81 thus obtained must be inferior in quantity and value, like any crop that is gathered before it is ripe or has attained its full growth. It is maintained by experienced foresters, and with good rea- son, that the persistent cutting of any one species, especially where it is done before the trees have attained their full size, tends to the deterioration and, ultimately, to the extinction of such species. This ought to be evident without going into the technical reasons. It is not intended in this report to criticise unfavorably the land owners who are willing to accept pay for twelve-inch spruce. It is their property, and if they prefer the cash in hand to future payment they have the right to accept it without comment. In fact, many who advocate other methods would probably do the same if they were fortunate enough to own spruce timber lands. But the owners of woodlands who are able to hold them, and who may wish to manage their forest so. that it will yield the greatest revenue, and are willing to waive immediate returns in favor of a permanent, revenue producing investment will do well to study this question carefully. The felling of immature spruce merely for revenue should be discontinued. Mature trees, however, should be converted into money. Part of this money could be set aside with advantage as a fund from which to pay the expense of improvement cuttings, through which the growth of desirable species would be fostered and inferior ones eliminated. The work of the axeman should not be limited to the mature trees which are cut for revenue, but should include the removal of all diseased trees and inferior species, large and small, even though such timber does not yield one cent to pay for the work. Then, again, it might be necessary often to allow sound, mature trees to remain, because their removal might influence surrounding conditions so unfavorably as to inflict a loss greater than their value. But to go further into this subject would involve the recital of technical details of management which are foreign to the scope of this article. Some mention should be made here of the natural tendency of the Adirondack spruce to reproduce itself, a fortunate character- istic that, under the guidance of skillful foresters, could be utilized with great advantage in the work of forest improvement. But 11 82 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. land owners who persist in cutting down to a small diameter on the stump should not rely on this natural seeding of the spruce to correct their faulty system. In the dissemination of spruce seed and starting of natural plantations, nature has proved whimsicals and while the young spruces generally succeed the poplars and bird cherries on the burned lands, they often fail to restock the lands of their own habitat which have been rendered bare bv injudicious cutting. The thrifty landowner who would manage his spruce lands rightly should not only confine his cutting to sound methods, but should employ a skillful forester whose judicious, fostering care of the seedlings, together with some provision for the dissemina- tion of seed, will insure that future stability of income which is the main object and aim of intelligent, scientific forestry. The foregoing paragraphs have dealt solely with the question of the black spruce, because the other merchantable species in the Adirondack forests growing in company with it are seldom accessible. The white pine, except in few localities, was removed years ago. The hemlock is valuable mainly on account of its bark, and in many townships is not cut at all. The hardwoods, though merchantable near the borders of the forest, owing to their accessibility, are not marketable for the most part, as the logs can not be floated down the streams. Still, the roads and railways which are penetrating the forest in increased numbers are fast rendering the hard woods accessible. The time is near when most of the broad-leaved trees in the Adi- rondacks, as well as the conifers, will become merchantable spe- cies. The same provisions which should regulate the cutting of the spruce will apply to them also. The value and pro- ductivity of these timber lands will be correspondingly increased, and with the proper management of our woodlands American forestry will occupy its rightful place as a beneficent factor in our political economy. \ U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDBEbSMSTfi "3D597 377F6 forestry