m^- i^^ •'^«iiiK^. tlii '•;f*H'<: i^iii^i'i THE A6ABICACEAE i|il life' ■•^'"'f^Z' ^M or mmu [GAN C B. EAnFFUAN st!';v;; ELIAS MAGNUS FRIES Cockayne — Boston MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY Publication 26 Biological Series 5 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN BY C. H. KAUFFMAN VOL. I TEXT PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1918. LANSING, MICHIGAN WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS. 1918 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1918. EX OFFICIO : • The Governor of the State^ HON. ALBERT E. SLEEPER. The Superintendent of Public Instruction, HON. FRED L. KEELER. The President of the State Board of Education, HON. FRANK U CODY. director, R. C. ALLEN. SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS. Geologists.— Dr. L. L. Hubbard, Houghton; Prof. W. H. Hobbs, Ann Arbor; Prof. W H. Sherzer, Ypsilanti, Prof. E. C. Case, Ann Arbor. Botanists. — Prof. E. A. Betsey, East Lansing; Prof. F C. Newcomb, Ann Arbor. Zoologists. — ^Prof. W B. Barrows, East Lansing; Prof. J Reighard, Ann Arbor , Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit. LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. To the Honof^able the Board of Geological and Biological Survey of the State of Michigan: Gov Albert E. Sleeper. Hon. Frank L. Cody Hon. Fred L. Keeler Gentlemen. — I have the honor to transmit herewith the manu- script and illustrations of a treatise on the Agaricaceae of Michigan by Dr, 0. H. Kauffman with the recommendation that it be printed and bound as Publication 26, Biological Series 5, in two volumes. Respectfully yours, R. C. ALLEN, Lansing, Michigan, February 10, 1918. Director. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Sir , — I submit herewith a monographic report on the Agaricaceae of Michigan by Dr. C. H- Kauffman. This monograph is the result of field and laboratory studies made by Dr. Kauffman during the past ten years, and its object is to summarize what is known of the occurrence and characteristics of the species which have been found in the State. It should be of service to students and teachers of botany, to mycologists, and to persons interested in fungi as food. The report is to be considered as an addition to the series of monographs on Michigan plants and animals which the Survey is having prepared. Very respectfully, ALEXANDER G. RUTHYEN, Chief Naturalist. R. C. ALLEN, Director, Michigan Geological and Biological Survey PREFACE This report is the result of a series of surveys initiated in the summer of 1906. During that season the shore of Lake Superior was visited at six points: Sault Ste. Marie, Munising, Marquette, Huron Mountain, Houghton and Isle Royale at Washington Island. In the summer of 1905 the region around Bay View in Emmet County was well covered in an independent study and these results are also incorporated. During 1907, 1908 and 1909, the Horn of Ann Arbor, Jackson, Detroit and neighboring regions was studied. In 1910, 1911, 1912 and 1913, portions of the summers were spent at New Eichmond, Allegan County Brief trips were made to other points in the State, to Negaunee, Alpena, South Haven, etc, but due to dryness or to the time of year, comparatively little material was obtained. At all these places a considerable area Avas covered so as to include all possible habitats. The purpose of the report is primarily to afford the people of Michigan a comprehensive account of the Agaric tlora of the State. The extended study necessaiy to determine the material soon showed the need of critical notes for many species. Hence the report has developed into a manual of considerable size since it seemed worth while to include a large amount of general as well as scientific information, such as is Avidely scattered in books and journals and is not accessible to most readers. There resulted a two-fold arrangement of the commentary under the different species first, an effort to simplify the identification of a species through suggestive comparisons and data of interest not given in the formal descriptions, second, critical discussions, from a more purely scientific standpoint, intended for advanced students and mycologists. Many species, especially those of small size and for which a microscope is essential for identification, have been discussed in the notes solely for the specialist. But every effort has been made to clarify the descriptions of the larger mushrooms to the advantage of the beginner. All descriptions of species not in quotation marks were drawn from fresh plants collected in most cases by myself or sent to me immediately after picking. The reported spore-meamirements of all such, except a few where noted, have heen made hy me and all viii PREFACE errors are therefore to be laid at my door, the same is true of the other microscopical details. Outside of the list of species rejwrted by Longyear, nearly all of which I have collected also, few Mich igan species which I have not seen in fresh condition have been included. It seemed safer not to rely on oral information as to the occurrence of a particular species. All available literature was used in the final determinations and the fresh specimens were com- pared carefully with the original descriptions of Peck and with those discussed in the works of Fries and many other mycologists. Most of tlie important works were taken along wherever collecting was done away from Ann Arbor, and besides this full descriptions and notes were written on the day on which the specimens were found. Usually sketches or colored drawings were also made of the fresh plants. In many cases photographs were obtained al- though this was not ahvays feasible. The microscope was con- stantly at hand and spore-measurements were made on the day of ■collecting. The descriptions of many authors are often very incomplete. Spore-size, presence or absence of cystidia, odor, taste, width or •closeness of gills, and many other characters are often lacking. An attempt has been made to complete all descriptions so that the student may have a means to make full comparisons between species of a genus. I have found it very discouraging at times to find the one decisive character in a description lacking, in such cases it often ])ecomes necessary to look through many books for the in- formation wanted. No one can be more fully aware than I of the pitfalls lurking in such an attempt to emend the traditional descriptions. It seemed to me, however, that the errors which may have resulted from a wrong interpretation of some species were far outweighed by the information added to the many others. The principal claim for the descriptions is that they are relatively com- plete and accurate for the plants found in Michigan and that thcT Avere drawn from fresh material. The work on the genus Coprinus has been done by Dr. L. H. Pennington for which I make grateful acknowledgment. That this difficult genus has been propei^ly represented is entirely due to his efforts. Many of the species were cultivated l)y him in the laboratory and are strikingly shown in his photogra])hs. The work was started while Dr Pennington was still at the T^niversity of Michigan. The genus Cortinarius has been included in the form of a pre- liminary monograph of the species of the eastern United States. PREFACE ix !:xi)erieuce has shown that it is scarcelj^ wise at present to refer aore than a few to synonomy because of the lar^e number of peeies. Hence I have included the descriptions of those American pecies which I have not yet seen, placing them in quotations. Tlie peeies found in the State can be easily separated by the locality :iven. Throughout the work on this report I have been indebted to aany individuals for help in identification, for specimens and for lympathy and encouragement From Dr. Charles H. l*eck who has 10 long held out a helping hand to beginner and specialist alike, I lave received abundant and unstinted help. To Professor Geo. ^ Atkinson I owe the foundation M'hich has made the work pos- lible. For their many favors I am deeply grateful. For material md suggestions I am also indebted to I)r W (1. Farlow, Dr l\. A. larper Dr. C. E. Bessey, Dr. L. H. Pennington, Dr L. L. Hubbard, ^ars Romell and a number of others. To Dr (). E. Fischer and Mrs. P. A. Cahn of the Detroit Institute of Science I am much indebted or abundant and excellent specimens, and especially to Dr Fischei- or the use of some photographs and for the cha}>ter on Toxicology iliss Rose Taylor made many collections at Negaunee. I also wish to thank here those of my colleagues of the various de- >artments of the University for their sympathy and interest and 'Specially those officials Avho have so generously supplied the Uni- versity library with the necessary books and plates for the special )urpose of furthering this study, and also the statf of the Geological ind Biological Survey, especially Dr A, G. Buthven, for their patience and encouragement during the long drawn out progress of he work. Grateful recognition is due to my wife for a helping hand n much of the detail work in caring for material, assistance in collecting and in the reading of the manuscript. The photographs were taken and prepared throughout by niyselt' ixcept those obtained from Dr Fischer An effort was made to llustrate as many as possible of the plants not before illustrated, ^or all other plants full sets of references will provide the student vith the means of comparison. Cryptogamic Herbarium, University of Michigan, April 1, lOlo. TABLE OF CONTENTS P-age LBtters of Transmittal, R. C. Allen, A. G. Ruthven v Preface vii General Introduction 3 The Structure of Agarics . : 3 The Mycelium 3 The Fruit Body '. 4 The Pileus 5 The Gills 5 The Hymenium ri Habitat and Growth Conditions of Agarics 10 The Distribution of Agarics in Michigan 13 Collecting and Preserving Agarics • 16 For the Table "". 16 For the Herb'arium 18 Notes for the Herbarium 18 Photographing Agarics 21 The Cultivation of Mushrooms 21 The Classification of Agarics 23 The Keys 23 Arrangement of the spacies in the text 24 Nomenclature 24 An Outline of the Fungi 26 Key to the famiUee of AgaricaleG 26 Key to the Genera of Agaricaceae of Michigan 27 White-spored Agarics 27 Ochre-spored Agarics 28 Pink-spored Agarics 29 Purple-brown-spored Agarics 20 Black-spored Agarics ] 30 Cantherelleae 31 Nyctalis Fr 31 aaterophoi a Fr 32 Cantherellus Fr 32 Key to the species 33 Cantherellus clavatus Fr 34 floccosus Schw 34 cibarius Fr 35 cinnabarinus Schw 36 infundibuliformis 37 tubaef ormis Fr 38 umbonatus Fr 39 aurantiacus Fr 40 Mara^mieae 41 Trogia Fr 41 crispa Fr 41 alni Pk 42 Schizophyllum Fr 42 commune Fr 43 Panus Fr 43 Key to the species 44 Panu^ strigofius B. & C 45 rudis Fr 4g torulosus Fr 47 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page etipticus Fr 48 anguetatus Berk 48 HaliciiiuB Pk 49 Lentinue Fr 49 Key to the epecicB -^1 Lentinus tigrinus Fr •'^l lepideus Fr 53 umbilicatus Pk 54 haematopus Berk 54 microepei ma Pk 55 cochleatu^ Fr .- 5.5 vulpinus Fr 56 ureinus Fr.-Bree 56 Maraemius Fr 57 Key to the species 59 Maraemius oreades Fr * 61 peronatus Fr 62 urens Fr 6.3 eubnudens (Ellis) Pk 64 viticola B. <& C ; 64 f agineuG Morg 6.5 epongioeus B. & C 65 glabellus Pk 66 delectans Morg 67 semihirtipes Pk ^ 67 prasiosmus Fr 68 polyphyllus Pk 68 varicosus Fr 69 erythropus Fr. var 70 velutipes B. & C 70 resinosus Pk 71 ecorodonius Fr 72 f oetidus Fr » 7.3 olneyi B. & C 7.3 caricola Kauff 74 cohaerens Fr.-Bres 7.5 elongatipes Pk 75 papillatU'.i Pk 76 siccus (Schw) Fr 77 lelix Morg 77 rotula Fr 78 graminium Libert 79 androsaceus Fr 79 epiphyllus Fr 80 capillai is Morg 80 HeUomyces Lev 81 nigripec (Schw.) Morg 81 pruinosipes Pk. var 82 Lactarieae 83 Lactarius Fr 83 Key to the species 86 Lactarius turpis Fr 88 atroviridis Pk 89 scrobiculatus Fr 90 torminosus Fr 91 ciliciodes Fr 91 vellerius Fr 92 deceptivus Pk .* 93 controversus Fr 94 piperatus Fr 95 pyrogalus Fr 96 chrysorheus Fr , 96 theiogalus Fr 97 ineulsus Fr 98 TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii Page affinie Pk 09 hyeginus Fr 1 00 trivialie Fr 1 00 u vidue Fr 101 maculatue Pk 1 02 eubpuipureus Pk 102 deliciosue Fr 1 03 indigo Schvv . . . . < 1 04 fuliginosue Fr 105 lignyotus Fr 106 hel vus Fr 1 06 rufue Fr 107 grieeuB Pk 108 cinereue Pk Kks vietus Fr 1 no croceus Burl 110 coloraecens Pk 110 isabellinuB Burl Ill parvus Pk Ill varius Pk 112 volemue Fr 112 corrugie Pk 113 hygrophoroidee B. <^' C. r 114 luteolue Pk 115 eubdulcis Fr 115 oculatue (Pk.) Burl 116 camphoratue F"r 117 rimosellus Pk 117 Rusfiula Fr 118 Key to the ppecieg 121 Russula delica Fr. . 125 nigricans Fr 120 densifolia Seer 127 adusta Fr 128 sordida Pk 120 compacta Frost & Peck ' 120 virescens Fr 131 crustosa Pk ■ 132 ochraleucoidee sp. nov 132 lepida Fr. (non Bree.) 133 pulverulenta Pk 134 foetentula Pk 135 foetens Fr 135 pectinatoides Pk 137 sororia Fr 138 vesca Fr.-Bres 138 subpunctata sp. nov 139 variata Banning-Pk 140 cyanoxantha Fr. var 141 athropurpurea Maire 142 mariae Pk 143 aeruginea Lindb 1 44 xeranipelina Fr 144 squalida Pk'. 145 decolorans Fr * 146 flava Romell 147 obscura Romell 148 rubescens Beards 149 borealis Kauff 150 alutacea Fr 150 emetica Fr 151 rugulosa Pk 152 f ragilis Fr 1 53 xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page fallax Cke 154 albidiila Pk 154 sanguinea Fr 155 veternosa Fr 155 tenuiceps Kauff 156 paluetris Pk 157 aurantialutea Kauff 157 albida Pk 158 Bubdepallens Pk 159 purpurina Quel, and Schult? 159 uncialis Pk 160 sericeo-nitens Kauff 161 Integra Fr 161 amygdaloides sp. nov . . ^ 162 loeeipee Secr.-Brea 163 puellaiie Fr -. 164 sphagnophila Kauff 165 chamaeleontina Fr 165 abietina Pk 166 lutea Fr 167 Hygrophoreae 169 Gomphidius Fr 169 Key to the species 170 Gomphidius macuJalus Fr 170 vinicolor Pk 171 flavipes Pk 172 Ilygrophorue Ff '. 172 Key to the species 175 Hygrophorus chrysodon Fr 178 eburneus Fr 178 laurae Morg 179 flavodiscus Frost 180 paludosus Pk 181 epeciosus Pk 181 hypothejus Fr .* , 183 olivaceoalbus Fr 184 Ruseula Fr 185 pudorinuf! Fr r t 186 eoididus Pk 187 fusco-albus Fr. var. occidentalis* var. nov 187 leporinua Fr 188 pratensis Fr 190 virgineus Fr. var 191 niveus Fr 191 borealis Pk 192 ceraceus Fr 193 colemannianue Blox 193 palUdus Pk 194 miniatus Fr 195 coccineus Fi 196 puniceus Fr 197 chlorophanua Fr ». 198 marginal us Pk , - 199 conicue Ff 200 nitidna B. & C 200 laetus Fr 201 peckii, Atk 202 psitticinue Fr 202 unguinosus Fr 203 Agariceae 205 Coprinus Pers 206 Key to the speciea 207 Coprinus comatus Fr 209 ovatue Fr 210 TABLE OP CONTENTS xv sterquvlinua Fj 210 atramentarius Fr 212 insignis Pk 212 quadrifidus Pk 2 13 ebulbosus Pk 213 laniger Pk 214 fimetariue Fr 214 fimetariue var. macrorhiza 215 tomentoeus Fr 215 lagopidee Karet 216 jonesii Pk 216 arenatus Pk 217 niveufl Fr 217 eemilanatue Pk 217 doineeticue Fr 218 micaceus Fr 218 radians (Dei^m) Fr 210 bulbilosue Pat 220 stercorarius Fr 220 eclerotiggnus E, & E 221 nai coticue Fr 222 braseicae Pk 222 patouillardi Quel 223 radiatus Fr 223 ephemeruB Fr 224 eilvaticus Pk 225 boudieri Quel 225 plicatilie Fr 226 Peathyrella Fr 22r> diseeminata Fr 227 crenata (Lasch) Fr 227 Panoeolue Fr 228 Bolidipes Pk 228 retirugie Fr 229 campanulatuG Fr * 230 papillionaceuB Fr 23 1 sp 231 Pealliota Fr 232 Key to the species 233 Pealliota cretacella Atk 234 rodmani Pk 235 arvensis Fr 236 abruptibulba Pk 237 placomyces Pk 238 subiufescens Pk 239 campestris Fr 240 silvatica Fr 242 haemonhodaria Fr 243 micromegetha Pk 243 comtula Fr 244 diminutiva Pk 245 echinata Fr 245 Stropharia Fr 246 PH Key to the species 247 Stropharia aeruginosa Fr 247 ventricosa Maseee : 248 depilata Fr 249 albonitens Fr 250 coronilla Bree 250 stercoraria Fr 251 Bemiglobata Fr 252 umbonatescens Pk 252 epimyces (Pk.) Atk 253 Hypholoma Fr 254 TABLE OP CONTENTS Page Key to the speciee \ --»•'> Hypholoma sublaleritium Fr 256 peckianum sp. nov 258 lachrymabuiidum (Fr.) Quel 259 velutinum fFr) Quel 260 populinum Britz. var 261 vinosum sp. nov 261 rugocephalum Atk , 262 incertum Pk 263 appendiculatum Fr . 264 coronatum Fr 265 hydrophilum Fr. (Rick.) 266 hydrophilum Fr. (Sacc.) 266 eaccharinophilum Pk 267 Peathyra Fi 268 Key to the epeciee 268 Peathyra umbonata Pk 269 obtusata Fr 270 pereimplex Britz 270 HeriiiveHtita Berk. & Br. .• • 271 microeperma Pk 271 Peilocybe Fr 272 Key to the species 273 Peilocybe merdaria Fr 274 eubviecida Pk 275 atrorufa Fr 275 canofaciene Cke 276 atrobrunnea Fr 277 uda (Fi.) Battoille 277 ei icaea Fr 278 larga ep. nov 279 cernua Fr 280 murcida Fr 280 arenulina Pk ^. : 281 agrariella Atk 281 eubmaculata Atk 2S;2 foenisecii Fr 283 coniesane Pk 284 Paxillue Fi 284 Key to the species 285 Paxillus rhodoxanthus Schw 285 involutus Fr - 286 atrotomenl osus Fr 287 corrugatus Atk 288 panuoides Fr 288 Pholiota Fr 289 Key to the species 290 Pholiota praecox Fr 293 capei ata Fr 294 johnsoniana (Pk) Atk 295 aegerita Fr 296 howeana Pk 297 aggericola Pk 297 destruens (Fr.) Bres 298 squan osoidee Pk 299 albocrenulata Pk 301 f ulvosquamosa Pk 302 curvipes Fr 302 erinaceella Pk 303 muiicata Fr : 304 epeijctabilis Fr 304 adipoea Fr .305 flammans Fr 306 lucifera (Lasch.) Bres 307 hiteofolia Pk • 307 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Page aeriigiaosa Pk 308 acericola Pk 309 confragosa Fr 310 discolor Pk 310 unicolor (Fl. D.) Fr 311 raarginata (Batsch) Fr 31 1 rugoeaPk '. 312 mycenoidee Fr 314 Cortinarius Fr 314 Key to the species 319 Cortinarius mucifluus Fr 328 cylindripes Kauff 330 muscigenus Pk 331 submarginalis Pk 332 sphaerosporus Pk * 332 vibratilis Fr ^ 333 sterilis Kauflf ' \ 334 iodes B. & C 335 iodeoides sp. nov 335 heliotropicus Pk 336 atkinsonianus Kauff 338 calochrous Fr 339 velicopia sp. nov 339 herpeticue Fr 340 olivaceo-Htraraineus Kauff 341 caesiocyaneus Britz 342 ruDens sp. nov 343 elegantoides sp. nov 344 purpurascens Fr 345 subpurpurascena Fr .^ 346 aggregatufl ap. nov 346 ephaerosperma sp. nov 347 purpureophyllus sp. nov 348 caerulescens Fr 349 michiganensis Kauff 350 caesius Clements 350 aleuriosmus Maire var 351 glaucopus Fr 352 virentophyllus sp. nov 353 fulgens Fr 354 fulmineus Fr .^ 354 elegantior Fr. var 355 corrugatus Pk ^ 356 eublateritius Pk • 357 multiformis Fr 357 intrusus Pk 358 albidus Pk 359 triumphane Fr 360 maculipes Pk .* 36I sphagnophilus Pk 362 . lanatipes Pk 362 claricolor Fr 363 lapidophilus Pk 363 copakensis Pic 364 albidipes Pk .' 364 decbloratus Fr 365 inf ractus Bres 365 olivaceus Pk 366 longipes Pk 366 glutinosus Pk . : 367 luteo fuscous Pk 367 coloratus Pk % 368 ophiopus Pk 369 communis Pk 369 alboviolaceus Fr 370 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page subpulchrifoliufi ep. nov ^^^ pholideuB Fr ^72 equamuloeus Pk 373 erraticiie Pk • . ^^4 bolarie Fr 375 annulalUB Pk 376 flavifolius Pk 377 croceocolor Kauflf 378 ochraceus Pk 378 caneecene Pk 379 equarrosus Clements 379 violaceufi Fr 380 lilacinue Pk .' ' 381 argentatue Fr. var. . .• 381 obliquus Pk 382 pulchrif oliua Pk 383 rimoeus Pk , 383 braendlei Pk 384 nibrocinereufi Pk 384 Clint onianue Pk . . . '. 385 callisteue Fr 385 autuinrialis Pk 386 catfikillenBie Pk 386 whitei Pk 387 caeepitofiue Pk 387 modestue Pk 388 gracilis Pk '. . 388 caninus Fr _ _ 390 anomalus Fr 390 epilomeus Fr ^ 391 BubtabulariB Bp. nov 392 brevieeimufi Pk 393 albidifoliuB Pk 393 ochroleucus Fr .* - 394 sericipeB Pk 394 caetanellus Pk 395 baBalie Pk 395 cinnamomeus Fr 396 cinnamomeue Fr. var 397 croceoconus Fr 397 luteuB Pk> 398 aureifoliuB Pk 398 croceofoliua 399 malicoriufi Fr 399 BemisanguineuB (Fr.) 400 cJnnabarinuB Fr 401 sanguineus Fr , : . . . . 402 raphanoides Fr. var 403 totvus Fr 404 plumiger Fr 40^ everniuB Fr . . . 406 umidicola Kauff 407 Bcutulatue Fr 408 deceptivufi Kauff • 409 aduBtus Pk. ^ 410 griseus Pk 410 fiubflexipes Pk ' 411 flexipes Fr. minor r 411 rubipes. 412 armillatue Fr 413 morrieii Pk 414 mammosus sp. nov 415 paludoBus Pk 415 hinnuleue Fr .' 416 caetaneoidee Pk 417 TABLE OF CONTENTS xix Page badiufl Pk 417 lUopodius Fr 418 badius Pk. var 419 impolitue sp. nov 419 brunneofulvus Fr 420 brunneue Fr 420 distans Pk 421 nigrellus Pk 422 rigidus Fr. (var.) 423 rigidua (Scop.) Ricken -. 423 hemitrichus Fr 424 paleaceue Fr 425 imbutus Fr 426 flaturninus Fr. minor 427 livoi Fr , 428 caBtaneuti Fr 428 ' armeniacus Fr 429 duracinus Fr. var 430 ep. 431 erugatue Fr 431 glabellufl Kauff 432 privignus Fr. var 433 subrigene sp. nov 433 rubrico6UB Fr. var 434 uraceue Fr 435 juberinus Fr. var 436 praepallene Pk 436 fuecoviblaceus Pk 437 erythiinuB Fr 437 decipiens Fr 438 leucopus Fr. (var.) "439 ecandens Fr 439 lignariufi Pk . . . . i 440 acutoides Pk 441 acutus Fr 442 Inocybe 442 Key to the species 445 InocyBe hyetiix Fr 447 calamistiata Fr 447* caesariata Fr * 448 leptophylla Atk 449 calospora Quel 450 pyriodora Fr 450 acaber Fr 451 lacera Fr 452 infelix Pk 452 flocculosa Berk 453 decipientoides Pk 453 f mmentacea Bres 454 rimosa Pk 455- destiicta Fr 456 fastigiata Bres 457 curreyi Berk. 458 cookei Bres .^ 468 lanatodisca sp. nov ."^ 469 eutheloides Pk 459 radlata PI5 460 fibrosa Bres 461 albodisca Pk 462 asterospora Quel 462 repanda Bres 463 sindonia Fr 464 Bubocbrcea Pk 464 geophylla Pr,. , 465 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page lilacina (Fr.) * 466 ficabella Fr -^^O treciiispora Berk 467 glaber sp. nov 468 Hebeloma Fr ' " 468 Key to the species 470 prebeloma v^latum Pk 471 fastibile Fr 472 mesophaeum Fr 47.3 gregarium Pk 473 pascuense Pk 474 Binapizans Fr 475 crustuliniforme Fr 476 hiemale Bres 477 longicaudum Fr 478 albidulum Pk 479 Bimile Bp. nov 479 Barcophyllum Pk 480 album Pk 481 colvini Pk 481 syrjense Karet 482 magnimammum Fr • 482 Flammula Fr ' 483 Key to the species 484 Flammula polychroa Berk 484 lubrica Fr 486 lenla Fr .^ 487 carbonaria Fr. var * 488 epumoea Fr 489 flavida Fr 490 gummosa Fr 490 alnicola Fr 491 sapinea 492 Galera Fr 492 Key to the species 494 Galera antipus Laech 495 lateritia Fr 496 bulbifera sp. nov 496 pubescens Gill 497 sp '. ' 497 tenera Fr '. •- 498 crispa Longyear 498 teneroides Pk 499 capillaiipes Pk 500 cyanopes sp. nov 500 plicatellu Pk 501 hypnoium Fr '. 501 Bolbitius Fr 502 Key to the species 502 Bolbitius tenei Berk , 503 fragilifl Fr " 503 vitellinufi Fr 504 Pluteolus Fr 505 Key to the species * 505 Pluteolus coprophilus Pk 506 aleuiiatus gracilis Pk 506 expansua Pk 507 reticulatus Fr 508 Naucoria Fr. 508 Key to the epeclea 509 Naucoria nlmboea Fr. var 510 centuncula Fr 511 horlzontalis Fr .- 511 trlacopoda Fr, ,,>.,....>,..,*,*,. .,,,,,,.,.,, 512 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxi Page Ugnicola Pk •''>12 bellula Pk 513 semiorbicularis Fr 513 platysperma Pk 514 pediades Fr 515 tabacina Fr ^ 515 siparia Fr • 516 Crepidotue Fr • 516 Key to the species 517 Crepidotus haerene Pk • • 518 mollis Fr 519 albidus E. ct E 519 herbarum Pk 519 versutus Pk • • 520 cinnabarinus Pk. 520 sepiarius Pk ...... 521 fulvotomentotsue Pk 521 caloiepis Fr 522 putrigenuB B. & C 523 malacliiufi B. & C 523 applanatue Fr 524 stipitatus sp. nov • . . 524 crocophyllus Berk •'>25 dorsalis Pk 525 Volvaria Fr . . 526 Key to the species ■ 527 Volvaria bombycina Fr 527 speciosa Fr 528 gloiocephala Fr 529 umbonata Pk 530 pubescentipes Pk •'>'^f> hypopithys Fr "'"^ 1 pusilla Fr 53 1 Chameota Smith, W. G 533 mammillata (Longyear) Murrill 533 sphaerospora Pk 534 Pluteus Fr 535 Key to the species ^ 536 Pluteus cervinus Fr 537 umbrosus Fr 538 salicinufi Fr. var 539 ephebius Fr. var '. 539 tomentosulus Pk 540 roseocandidus Atk 541 gianulaiie Pk 541 nanus Fr 542 caloceps Atk 543 longistriatus Pk 543 admirabilis Pk . 544 leoninus Fr 545 Entoloma Fr r 545 Key to the species .- 547 Entoloma lividum Fr 548 scabrinellum Pk 549 sericellum Fr 550 cyaneum Pk 551 jubatum Fr 551 clypeatum P'r 552 rhodopolium Fr 553 nidorosum Fr. var 554 sericatum Blitz r ' 5.')4 griaeum Pk . . . , 555 sericeum Fr 556 stiictius Pk 557 TABLE OP CONTENTS Page grayanum Pk 558 speculum Fr. . . ] 559 aalmoneuin Pk '. .: 560 peckiauuni Burt, var 660 cuflpidalum Pk 561 'Clitopilua X^r 562 Key to the species . 563 Clitopilue abortivuB B. & C 664 woodianus Pk * 564 Bubvilifi Pk 565 undatue Fr 5%6 micropus Pk 566 albogrieeus Pk. 567 BubplanuB Pk 567 piunuluB Fr • 568 orcella Fr • b%g novabor acensis Pk 669 caeepitosuB Pk 570 Leptonia Fr 57 1 Key to the Bpecies 572 Leptonia placida Fr 573 Ikmpropoda Fr 574 rosea Longyear 575 aeticeps Atk 575 f ormosa Fr 576 serrulata Fr 577 euchroa Fr 577 asprella Fr v . . 578 Nolanea Fr . . . 579 Key to the species 580 Nolanea dyethales (Pk.) Atk 580 paBCua Fr 581 versatilis Fr .' 582 "babingtonii Berk 583 mammosa Fr , 583 papillata Bres 584 conica Pk 584 fuBCOgiieella Pk 585 caelestina var. violacea Kaiiff 585 Eccilia Fr : 58(5 Key to the specieB 587 Eccilia atrides Fr • 588 grieeo-rubeUa Fr 588 pirinoides sp. nov 589 pentagonoBpora Atk. var 589 mordax Atk . . . , .590 ClaudopuB Smith 590 Key to the species 591 ClaudopuB nidulans Fr. . . '. 591 depluens Fr 592 bysBiseduB Fr 592 Amanita Fr 593 Key to the species , "..... 597 Amanita caesarea Fr 600 phalloides Fr 600 verna Fr e02 bisporiger Atk gos virosa Fr 603 porphyria Fr 604 peckiana Kauff 604 Bpreta Pk ..... , 606 tomentella Kromb 607 recutita Fr. var 608 mappa Fr , ,..,,,., ,...,...., 609 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxiii Page muscaria Fr , 610 frostiana Pk. ' 1BI2 cothurnata Atk * 612 chryaoblema Atk. ep. nov 6i:^ Bolitaria Fr 614 clUorinosma Pk '. 615 ruBsuloidee Pk 616 rubescens Fr ' .^ 617 flavorubescenfl Atk 619 flavoconia Atk 619 epissa Fr 620 Amanitopeis Roze 621 Key to the species 622 Amanitopsis volvata Pk 622 vaginata Fr 623 strangulata Fr 624 Lepiota Fr 62r> Key to the species 626 Lepiota illinita Fr ^ • 629 glioderma Fr 629 fischeri sp. nov 630 delicata Fr . var 631 clypeolaria Fr 63 1 felina Fr 633 acutaesquamosa Fi 633 friesii Lasch . ". 634 aeperula Atk . .> 63.5 acerina Pk 635 granoea Morg 636 rugoso-reticulata Lorin 636 adnatifolia Pk 637 granulosa Fr 63R pulveracea Pk 638 pusiUomyces Pk 639 cepaestipefi Fr 640 rubrotincta Pk 640 cristata Fr t 64 1 alluviinus Pk 642 miamensis Morg 642 cristatatellus Pk 643 procera Fr 643 morgani Pk . . .' 644 americana Pk 645 naucina Fr 646 Armillaria Fr 647 Key to the species 649 Armillaria caligata Vltt.-Bree 650 aurantia Fr 651 focatie Fr. var T . . . . 652 mellea Fr . . . . v 653 dryinuB Fr.-Pat 654 corticatus Fr.-Pat 655 Pleurotus Fr . . 656 Key to the species 658 Pleurotus ulmarius Fr 659 elongatipes Pk 661 sulphuroides Pk . 661 subpalmatus Fr . . . » 662 oetreatua Fr 663 subareolatus Pk. var 664 sapidue Kalch 665 Ugnatilis Fr 666 circinatus Fr ~ 666 fimbriatus Fr. var re^laris, var. noy 6^7 xxiv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page eerotinue Fr. 668 petaloidee Fr 669 BpathuIatuB (Fr.) Pk 669 candidiesimus B. & C 670 porrigens Fr 671 septicue Fr : 671 albolanatuB Pk. sp. nov 672 maetrucatufs Fr 673 atrocaeruleus Fr. var. grieeus Pk 673 applicatus Fr 674 atropellitus Pk 675 Tricholoma Fr , . . . 675 Key to the species 679 Tiicholoma equestre Fr • ' 682 sejunctum Fr 683 portentosum Fr ' 684 terrif erum Pk 685 resplendens Fr 686 transmutans Pk 687 ustale Fr 688 rutilans Fr 689 venenata Atk 690 nobile Pk * 691 columbetta Fr 692 imbricatum Fr 693 vaccinum Fr 693 tricolor Pk , . . . 694 acre Pk 694 terreum Fr 696 f uraescens Pk 697 fuUgineum Pk 698 saponaceum Fr • 699 laticepe ep. nov 700 sulphureum Fr : 701 chrysenteroides Pk 701 odorum Pk 702 carneum Fr 702 unif actum Pk. var 703 album Fr 704 acerbum Fr .' 705 lateraiium Pk • 706 leucocephalum Fr 706 f umofiiluleum Pk ^ 707 personal um Fr 707 nudum Fr 709 tumidnm Fr 710 cinerascena Fr 711 panoeolum var. caesptiosum Brea 711 melaleucum Fr 713 leucocephaloidee Pk 713 sordidum' Fr 714 Clitocybe Fr 71.5 Key to the species 710 Clitocybe gigantea Fr 719 Candida Bres 720 piceina Pk 72o maxima Fr 72i monadelpha Morg 723 decora Fr ' 724 praecox sp. nov 724 nebularis Fr 725 clavipes Fr '. 726 media Pk ' 727 caniosior Pk 727 TABLE OP CONTENTS vileBcens Pk 727 odora Fr 72S candicanB Fr 729 dealbata Fr . .• I'M) albisfiima Pk I'M connexa Pk ' 731 truncicola Pk 732 illudens Schw 732 multiceps Pk 733 cartilaginea Bres 734 catina Fr 7;ir> infundibuliformis Fr 73n piiiophila Pk 737 parilifl Fr 737 tjinopica Fr 738 pulcherrima Pk 73H cyathiforme Fr 739 ectypoides Pk 740 adirondackensis Pk 741 eccentrica Pk 741 albidula Pk 742 caeflpilosa Pk 743 metachroa Fr 743 ditopoda Fr 744 peltigei ina Pk 744 morbifera Pk 745 compreseipes Pk . . : 74() anguetiesima Fr 746 laccata Fr 747 tortilis Fr 748 ochropiirpurea Berk 748 Collybia Fr 749 Key to the species 7.5 1 Collybia butyracea Fr 753 dryophila Fr 754 lentinoidee Pk 755 sirictipes Pk 755 alcalinolens Pk . . . . 756 familia Pk 757 aquoea Fr. var 758 colorea Pk 758 acervata Fr 759 hygrophoroides Pk 760 myriadophylla Pk 761 atrata Fr 761 plexipes Fr. var 762 atratoides Pk " .♦. 763 expallens Pk. var 763 albiflavida (Pk.) 764 abundans Pk 764 succinea Fr 765 radicata Fr 766 platyphylla Fr 767 macculata A. & S 768 velutipes Fr 769 longipes Fr 770 euccoea Pk 770 floccipes Fr 771 comgenoidee Ellis 772 tuberoea Fr 773 cirrata Fr 773 hairiolorum Fr 774 confluene Fr 775 xxvl TABLE OF CONTENTS Page zonata Pk ..... , 776 stipitaria Fr. . .* 776 campanella Pk 777 lacunoea Pk 777 Mycena Fr • 77S Key to the species 780 Mycena haematopa Fr 783 sanguinolenta Fr 784 leijana Berk • 785 vulgaris Fr '. 786 epipterygia Fr 787 clavicularia Fr 788 Btylobates Fr , 789 cryfitallina Pk 789 echinipes Fr 790 pelianthina Fr 790 rosella Fr 791 purpureof UBca Pk 792 denticulata Pk 792 corticola Fr 793 setosa (Sow.) Fr. . 794 pura Fr 794 mlnutula Pk 795 immaculata Pk . . 796 galericulata Fr 797 iriclinata Fr. var , 798 excisa Fr 799 parabolica Fr 800 polygramma Fr 801 laeioeperma Bree 801 cyaneobasis Pk . . . 802 alcalina Fr 803 ammoniaca Fr 804 metata Fr 805 leptocepbala Fr. • 806' diseiliens Fr. var 806 airoalba Fr 807 atroalboides Pk 808 praelonga Pk 809 coUariata Fr 810 cyanotbrix Atk 810 subincarnata Pk 811 pulcberrima Pk 811 acicula Fr 812 Omphalia Fr 812 Key to the species .....* 814 Omphalia scyphoides Fr 814 ecyphiformis Fr ; 815 olivaria Pk 815 lilacifolia Pk 816 pyxidata Fr 816 rugoeodisca Pk 817 epichysium Fr 818 onisca Fr 818 geraidiana Pk 819 albldula Pk 820 gracillima Fr $20 fibula Fr . ^. 821 schwartzii Fr 822 fibuloides Pk 822 campanella Fr 823 umbratilis Fr 824 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxvii Page Mushroom Poisoning, by Cf. E. Fischer M. D S2r, Poisoning by White-spored Agarics . 828 ^ Amanita phalloides 82s Treatment of A. phalloides poisoning. h:v2 Poisonous constituents of A. phalloides. 833 Othei An^anitaB. . X'M\ Amanita muscaria. x^7 Poisonous constituents of A. muscaria x'-V.) Treatment fot A. muscaria poisoning 841 Toxic principles of Amanitas. 843 Lepiota. 844 Tricholoma. >^4r, Chtocybe.. 8-16 Hygrophorus. 840 Lactarius . 849 Russula . 850 Mafasmius. 8.')! Poisoning by Pink-spored Agarics. 8r.3 Entoloma. >^'>'-^ Poisoning by Brown or Ochre-spored Agarics. ^^ol Pholiota. xr^\ Inocybe . 8.'. i Hebeloma. 8-).". Poisomng by Purple-brown-spored Agarics >>"'7 Poisoning by Black-spored Agarics . 8.58 Poisoning by Boletus and Gyromitra esculent a. 860 Bibliography Kfi5 Abbreviations sTfi Glossary 879 Index. 901 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES Fig. 1. Structure of Agarics. (\ Fig. 2. Structure of Agarics. S Fig. 3. Types of spores. 0 Fig. 4. Map of Michigan showing principal collecting centers . 14 PLATES Portrait of Elias Magnus Fries. Frontl^pi,, p Plates I to CLXXII Vol. 1 1 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN C. H. KAUFFMAN GENERAL INTRODUCTION THE STRUCTURE OF AGARICS An Agaric is a plant which, considered morphologically and physiologically, is composed of two portions : the vegetative, called the mycelmm , the reproductive, called the fruit 'body or carpophore. The Mycelium When a spore, derived from the gills of a fruit-body, germinates it forms a protuberance on one or more sides , this elongates into the form of a filament, always growing at the apex and usually branch- ing abundantly, so that finally a weft or mass of such becomes visible, even to the naked eye. The filaments thus formed are re- ferred to as hyphae, or collectively as mycelium'. In diameter they vary from 3 to 6 thousandths of a millimetre and singh^ can be seen only with the microscope. Cross-partitions are numerous and the separate divisions are the ultimate units of structure, i. e., the cells. Such mycelium is widely distributed in the soil, humus, decaying Avood, etc., and once established is doubtless perennial, so that new supplies from spores are probably less common than ordinarily supposed. It absorbs its food directly through the deli- cate cell-walls and the interior of each cell is thoroughly saturated with water It appears capable of withstanding considerable dry- ing, perhaps for long periods, reviving and renewing its growth after receiving a new supply of moisture. In some cases the mycelium twines itself into strands which become dark colored and tough and which are spoken of as rhizomorphs; or minute tuber-like masses may be formed, termed sclei^otia. These evidently also serve as a resting stage during dry weather. The mycelium is usually hyaline under the microscope, but massed together appears whitish to the eye; it may also have other colors, green, blue, red, yellow, etc., but these are not very common. When growing lux- uriantly in artificial beds of manure it becomes the ''spawn" of com- mercial mushroom growers. Methods are now in use in laboratories, by which many kinds of spores are germinated and the mycelium grown in pure cultures ; the "spawn" obtained in this way is called "pure culture spawn." The distribution of the mycelium in an undisturbed soil, as for 4: THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN example, in a park, lawn, fallow field, roadside or in woods, may be considerable, extending underground for rodw, so that the size of the plant in the vegetative stage, in a linear sense, is quite large. Under such permanent conditions, quite a number of species forai *'fairy rings" when they fruit. The mycelium is started at one point and if the soil is favorably homogeneous in every direction^ growth continues radially from the original point and at the cir- cumference of this patch of mycelium, where growth activity is greatest, the fruit-bodies appear each year ^ In one cavse a ^'ring'^ with a diameter of 65 feet was observed by MacQuan in Africa. (Grevillea, 1880-1881,) The appearance of the fruit-bodies of some species '4n troops'^ is usually due to the fact that only one arc of the circle is left. In the forest, obstacles are too numerous so that the '"ring'' does not remain perfect and the fruit-bodies appear scattered promiscously Observations made in a clean forest in Europe for a period of ten years showed that the "ring'' of some for- est species traveled radially for several rods but the periphery at length became obscure. The mycelium of many species doubtless is more affected by irregularities in the food supply and hence grows in an unequal manner, or produces such few fruit-bodies that the radial growth does not show Doubtless also where there are scores of different kinds growing in a small area they intertwine or inter- fere with each other. During continued wet weather the compressed masses of fallen leaves in frondose woods are often found to harbor patches or sheets of mycelium of many species, which are easily ob- served by removing the top layers of leaves and which are a fore- runner of a good crop of fruit-bodies if the humidity is maintained. Curious sheets of mycelium, of the appearance of sheets of paper, are sometimes found between planks or other piled up lumber, but these usually belong to the Polypore group of fungi. The Frmt Body The fruit-body, or carpophore, is the portion popularly referred to as the musJiroom, but it must be remembered that it is only a temporary product of the plant as a whole, just as is the apple of the tree which bears it. It is usually composed of the pilcns or cap, lamellae or gills, and a A//>r; or stem, in the genera Amanita, Amanitopsis and A'olvaria there is present in addition a universal veil tv^hich breaks aw^ay and forms a voha on the stem. In Amanita, Lepiota, Armillaria, Pholiota, Cortinarius, Stropharia, Cliamaeota and slightly in a few other genera, there is found a partial veil. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 5 which on breaking away may form an anmiliis in some of these. For details see the introduction ^to these genera. The essential parts are the gills and pileits and these are present in every species described in this book, the stem, however, is also usually present and such a fruit-body is a typical Agaric. The tissue of the fruit- body is primarily an aggregation of hyphae, and hence merely an extension of the mycelium, compacted to form a specialized struc- ture. When a portion of the pileus is cut radially, or of the stem longitudinally, and magnified with the microscope, it is seen that these are merely masses of parallel or interwoven hyphae composed of cells, very similar to those of the mycelium. Home of it is special- ized to be sure, as is the cuticle of "the pileus or stem, sometimes portions are gelatinous, others hardened or encnisted, but this is more evident in the mature plant. The tiny beginnings of the mush- room are composed of much the same kind of hyphae throughout. The Pileus The pileus is essential in that it bears the gills. There are only a few known species in which the gills radiate out from the top of the stem minus any cap, and these constitute the rare genus Montagnites, none of which are Snown in our state. The principal parts of the pileus are the surface layer, the margin, and the flesh or trama. For the many variations of the structure and form of these it is necessary to consult the glossary^ (See also Fig. 1.) The trama may however, be briefly considered in the young, fresh or actively developing fruit-body the hyphae of the trama are usually compact and appear like actual filaments, but as it approaches maturity the hyphae varies. In some, e. g., Coprini, the cells of the hyphae quickly loosen from each other and become rounded, and the whole pileus, if not quickly dried by the wind, collapses. Others are less evanescent and in these the tramal hyphae, although loosened considerably, support the pileus for some days. Many of the larger forms, e. g., Tricholomas, retain their compact form for a long time, and in tough species like Lentinus the hyphae of the trama appear to retain their close-lying position unchanged. The tram'a of the Lactariae is unique and is described under that group. Many of the ismaller Agarics like Mycenas and Galeras have comparatively few layers of hyphae, often of very large cells. THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN U) Gills free; (2) Gills adnate; (3) Gills decurrent; adnexed; (5) Gills seceding; (6) Gills emarejinate and uncinate; (7) Pileus convex; (8) Pileus conical; (9) Pileus campanulate. Figure 1. — Structure of Agarics: (4) Gills ' ^ - -.- GENERAL INTRODUCTION 7 The Gills Underneath the pileiis the gills are attached in the form of knife- blades collectively called the hymenophore. Gravity appears to be responsible for their position on the lower side. Rarely one finds an outgrowth of an abnormal character on the top of the pileus, some- times in the form of a second mushroom of the same kind with or without a stem, sometimes with the gills growing upward from a small area of the main cap. The latter case has never been satisfac- torily explained. The gills are of course attached all along their thicker edge to the pileus. They may be attached to the stem at their inner end, also called the posterior end or base, or they may be free, i, e., not reaching the stem or at least not attached. The manner of attachment is shown in Fig. 1, 1-6, as adnexed, adnate or decurrent. These are important characters for the separation of genera. In some cases all the gills extend from the margin of the pileus to the stem, in many, however, they are dimidiate or with very short gills at the margin of the pileus. The spacing of the gills is quite important, but considerable variation occurs in the same species, only relative terms seem usable: crowded, close, sub- distant and distant. The same may be said of their width. It is very important to understand their structure. Here a microscope is necessary A section cut tangentially across the pileus and gills will show a good view of the appearance of the trama, etc., of each lamella. The interior is again composed of hyphae and in such a section they lie either parallel, converging along the median axis, diverging, or interwoven irregularly In all cases this is the gill-trama and is bordered by the hymenium. The Hymenium (See Fig. 2, 1.) The border which extends over the whole surface on both sides of the gills is the hymenium. While the hyphae may lie in a general way parallel to the axis of our section, the large club-shaped cells which form the border extend outward at right angles to this axis and form a sort of nap like that of a Brussel's carpet. These large cells are the lasidia, (singular, hasidi/um), and at its apex, as seen in the figure, each basidium bears typically four spores; rarely it may develop only two spores or even three. Each spore is attached by a minute stalk called the sterigma, (plural, sterigmata) The basidia are in turn continuations of the Jiyphal filaments which com- pose the trama of the gills. Often there is a slight specialization THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ■??^C"^' - ^T ♦ 'V''.- .'"-/■ . f 7 s\ \V\\ ^N-- f Fiffure 2.— Structure of Agarics: (1) Vesicular trama of a section through a giU of a Russia, showing also the hymenium, basidia, and a cystidium (adapted from Fayod) ; (2) Parallel gill-trama-diagramatic; • (3) Interwoven gill-trama diagramatic; (4) Diver- gent giff trama diagramatic; (5) Section of Amanita, showing volva, annuUus and scales on the pileus. GENERAL INTRODUCTION &i/ 6 v^ 1 ^ 9'^ to li ^ 13 14 <^ 0 18 " 28 29 SO 31 39 f 35 27 Q 33 34 T'iffure 3. — Types of spores drawn to scale: (1) Russula decolorans; (2) Lactarius nigricans; (3) Lactarius tortilis; (4) Inocybe galliardi; (5) Coprinus sp ; (6^) Amanita por- phyria; (7) Trichloma laterarium; (8) Amanita peckianium ; (9) Lepiota procera; (10) Le- piota naucina; (11) Tricliolomaequestre; (12) Tricholomanobile; (13) Cantherellus clava- tus; (14.) Hygrophonis subborealis; (15) Marasmius sicus; (16) Inocybe infelix; (17) Ino- cybe caesariata; (18) Inocybe decipientoides; (19) Inocybe leptophylla; (20) Inocybe ca- lospora: (21) Clitopilus prunulus; (22) Gomphidius maculatua; (23) Coprinus atramenta- rius; (24) Coprinus boudieri; (25) Hypholoma rugocephalum; (26) Coprinus sterquillinus ; (27) Hypholoma hydrophilum; (28) Psalliota arvensis; (29) Cropidotus putrigenus; (30) Pluteolus coprophilus; (31) Pholiotaflammans; (32) Plueteus cervinus; (33) Entolomacly- peatum; (34) Entoloma cuspicatum; (35) Noleana dystales; (36) Cortinarius annulatus; (37) Cortinarius atkinsonianus; (38) type of reticulated spore; (39) Heliomyces nigripes; (40-44) Cystidia; (45-46) Basidia. 10 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN of the hyphae just inside the hymenial layer termed the sub- liymewium. The hymenium may include;, along with the basidia, cells of other shapes or functions, the cystidid (singular, cystidium)^ (see Fig. 3, 4044) are elongated, cells fusiform, lanceolate or have vari- ous shapes according to the species, and project at maturity above the basidia. Their function apparently is to aid in the exudation of water from the plants.. (F Knoll, Jahrb. Vol. 50, p. 453.) The presence or absence of cystidia. is much used to identify certain species. The observations must be carefully made, however, since they quickly collapse at maturity in some cases, and in others do not elongate until full maturity of the mushroom. They occur more or less scattered over the surface of the gills and are often tipped with oxalate of lime crystals. Also, they may occur on the edge of the gills and give this a minutely flocculose or fimbriate appear- ance. More frequently the edge is provided with elongated sterile cells of various shapes which produce the same effect as cystidia. In this work these are the only "sterile cells'' referred to in the descriptions. The spores vary in size, shape, color, structure of surface, etc.. and are fully discussed under each group. ( See Fig. 3, 1-34. ) The stem^ volva and amtulus are also described under each genus possessing them. HABITAT AND GROWTH CONDITIONS OF THE AGARICS The Agarics, like all fungi, are either saprophytic or parasitic. They are dependent on organic matter for a large part of their food, this is due to the absence of chlorophyll which makes them incapable of manufacturing carbon-compounds from the air As saprophytes they occur on a great variety of substrata; soil, humus, dung, wood, fallen leaves, bank, straw, dead animal re- mains, decaying fungi and forest debris of all sorts. They can even be cultivated in the laboratory on gelatine and agar with proper addition of sugars, etc. As parasites they are found on living trees or shrubs, rarely on herbs. They are often attached to the rootlets of trees and shrubs on which they cause formation of mycrohiza; some consider this relation a parasitic one. fThe fleshy fungi are most abundant in woods and forests and hence are largely dependent upon the character of the forest. When the woods are cleaned or the forest cut down, there is often quite a change in the flora of such a place after a few years. Ii^ GENERAL INTRODUCTION U addition to the proper food supply for their growth, moisture and temperature are the two most important factors for the rapied before it has enough energy to produce fruit-bodies and this development is often sIoav for reasons not clear to the collector Every field student of mushrooms knows that there are '^good'^ collecting grounds and poor collecting places. The conditions mentioned above are probably responsible in large part and yet very similar fields or woods may be exceedingly unlike in the number and abundance of forms which are found in them Just why this is so is not understood. The species which grow on living trees are many The most prominent are^ here given Armillaria mellea (On roots of living trees.) Arnvillaria corticatits. (Hickory, maple.) Collylia velutipes. (Willow, birch, oak, alder, elm, poplar, etc.) Pholiota adiposa. (Maple, oak, ash, etc.) Pholiota nlhocrenulata, (Maple, birch and hemlock.) Pholiota destruens. (Yellow birch, willow ) Pholiota speetaiilis, (Birch, oak, etc.) Pholiota squarrusoides, (Maple, birch, beech.) Pholiota squarfosa, (Birch, beech, willow% poplar, alder, etc., in Europe. ) Pleurotus applicatus. (Maple, poplar, birch, etc.) , Pleurotus atrocuernlius. (Mountain ash, sorbus, etc.) Pleurotus ostreatus. (Willow, birch, basswood, beech, oak, wal- nut, locust, etc.) Pleurotus sapidiis, (Similar to ostreatus.) Pletirotus suhm^eolatiis. (Maple, basswood.) Pleurotus ulmarius. (Maple, elm, basswood, hickory, etc.) Volvaria botnhycina. (Maple, beech, elm, horse-chestnut, etc.) These species are probably all capable of some degree of para- sitism, i. e., can affect living tissue. Direct evidence as to the extent of this power in each species is hard to get. The spores prob- ably effect an entrance at a wound, the plant first growing on the dead tissue at the wound, then pushing through the heart- wood which becomes rotten as a result and finally affecting the sapwood and cambium and so injuring the vitality of the tree. Even if not killed by the fungus, the decayed interior is a source of mechanical weakness and the tree is eventually blown down by storms. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 13 The rotting of cut or structural timber by the mycelium of some Agarics' is perhaps equally important. Bridge timbers, railroad ties and even house timbers may be attacked. PhoUota aeruginosa is perhaps a mneh greater enemy of railroad ties than the rare occurrence of its fruit-body would indicate. Lentinus lepideus has long been known as a destructive agent to all sorts of timber Fire- wood left in the woods in moist situations, even if piled up, may be attacked by a great variety of the smaller Agarics. There can be no doubt that fungi of all sorts, including Agarics, are extensive agents of decay and are much more effective than bacteria in bring- ing about the disintegration of dead vegetable matter and thus returning it to the soil , it is only in the later stages of decay that the bacteria play the greater role. Agarics may show a decided preference for a certain substratum, e. g., kind of wood, kind of dung, kind of leaves, etc., on which they grow Some are sharply limited to coniferous wood and are never found on wood of broad-leaved trees. Others seem to thrive well on a great variety of substrata. A few are parasitic on other mush- rooms. (See Nyctalis.) The field mushroom Psalliota arvensis and the common mushroom Psalliota campestris are scarcely ever found in the woods, just as Cortinarms armillatus is never found in the field. Some consider that the soil is here the controlling factor It must be remembered, however, that it is decaying vegetable food, which is the foundation of the subsistance of the mushroom, and the presence of barnyard manure or the fact that sheep have pas- tured in a field is after all more effective than the mineral content. This question is not yet settled and French mycologists lay quite a little stress on the mineral content of the soil, insisting that cal- careous soil and clay soil are the homes 'of different species. With regard to Michigan species, the data are not sufficiently clear THE mSTRIBUTION OF AGARICS IN MICHIGAN Any attempt to give a definite account at the present time of the distribution of species in t^e state is fraught with difficulties. Many localities have not been visited, and only a prolonged study of a locality reveals an approximation of the species occurring there. The very fascination of the search for fungi consists in their sporadic appearance. The species appearing one season may be absent the next. Some species fruit apparently only at long in- tervals; others only under special weather conditions. The principal points in the state around which sufficient collect- 14 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN iug lias been done t() be of any use in such a snniniar>' are shown on (he accompanying map. By far (he lai-^est part of the material of this report has been collec(e(l by myself, assisted at Ann Arbor by some of my stnyale was visited in a dry season and there were few imiMjrtant linds. Houghton. Marquette, Munising and Sault Ste. Marie were the renters of one season's extensive collecting and we have a fair idea of their summer flora; concerning the many autumn si>ecies which assuredly grow in the coniferous regions of the northern hall* of the state, we have little information, as most stuefore October. The principal species of tield and law^n seem to lie e<[U;ill\' dis- tributed throughout the state; here may be mentioned J^salliota (■(tiitlHstris and P'SaUiota (irrciisis, Manfsniiiis oikkJcs, Psiloci/bc fooKsicii, Lcpiotd naur'nui and th(^ ( 'oprini. It ii^jpears that La- piota Morgiuii begins to disappear in the latitude of Lansing; that A)na}iit(( cacsiD'ca scarcely enters our southern border. The species Avhich grow (aily on distinctly sandy soil are ap]>arently distributed througliout the sandy regions of tlie sr,it(^ ;ilthough in many cases the records are not complete; for example, AinanUd russuJoidrx and Aiucutita spreta have been found only at Xe>v Richmond whereas RussuJa drlicd is abundant in sand under C(4)s(-s and groves all along the Great Lakes, but less abundant in the interior of the state. Many species doubtless prefer a clay soil and are distributed accord- ingly. By far the larger number of species are, however, dependent for their distribution on the character of the forest. This is most sharply illustrated by the difl'erence between the flora of the coni- ferous regions north of latitude 44° and along the eastern and w^estern border of the state w^here conifers have existed in the past, and of the hardwood forests and woodlots of the southern portion. The genus Cortinarius is composed of seven large sul)genera. Of these, the subgenera Bulbopodium and Phlegmacium ha\e a large number of representatives in the hardwood region, but are poorly represented in the north; on the other hand, the subgenera Tela- monia and Hydrocybe occur in large quantities in the coniferous regions. Whatever factors, therefore, influence distril)ution of con- ifers doubtless aftect also the distribution of certain Agarics. It is much to be regretted that w^e have so little data concerning- the original mushroom flora of the 15,000 sipuire miles of the central- portion of the Southern Peninsula once coverelat(Ml species. Alteniatini;' with the sand plains are chiy lands orii^inally covered hy heniloek and hard- woods. In the ravines bordering- the river ]M)ttonis, there are still remnants of these forests and these yield a tlora which is comparable with that of Bay \'iew, Maripudte, and wherever such forests exist. The Horn of the tamarack l)o^s seems to )>e very similar throughout the state. In the tamarack bo^s around Ann Arboi', we hnd the sann^ species which are found in the northern Im)os. It is still an open question to what extent the fornuitiery or nauseous taste. Dr. Peck states that he has always found thos<' witli a taste of fresh meal (farinaceus) to be easket can be laid overnight with gills dow^n on 3 lo THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN wliite paper and covered, ^o that the npove print may be used next day to cheek any error before cooking. For the Hei'huriunb The fleshy Agarics may be placed in alcohol but if the container is much handled the specimen soon becomes mushy or crushed; if, however, it is carefully mounted and fastened on a glass plate and immersed in a stationary glass jar it may retain its shape a long time. The alcohol will dissolve the color and extract it. The best way to make a herbarium of these plants is to diy them on a square piece of wire-netting suspended over a kerosene or other flame. In this way the mushroom gradually dries without cooking or scorching. The color may or may not change and this fact itself is useful to distinguish between species. The dried specimens are very fragile and should be transferred for a day to a moist at- mosphere where they will absorb moisture enough to become pliant. They can then be straightened or gently flattened but should not be pressed. Placed in a box with a proper label and a handful of naphthalene or moth balls they will last indefinitely. If beetles attack them they must be fumigated in a closed box with carbon- li>sulphide; but if the naphthalene is constantly kept with the speci- men the beetles seldom find their way thither. The use of boxes of valuing size is much to be preferred to the method of pressing and mounting on sheets practiced by the older herbarium men. In either case, if specimens are very valuable beetles can be kept aw^ay with greater certainty by Peck's method of the use of strych- 'nine. This is dissolved in w^arm water and sufficient alcohol added to enable one to spread the mixture easily. Sulphate of strychnia % oz. Warm water 5 oz. Alcohol about 2 oz. Islotes -for the herharmm. Specimens dried and prepared as above are of little value unless they were correctly identified when fresh by a mycologist, or, in case they remain unidentified, they be ac- companied by full notes of the characters in the fresh condition. The taking of good notes is in itself a sign of a trained mycologist. But amateurs can, by care and patience, suflSciently describe a plant so that the specialist can identify it It is advisable that they fol- low an outline, of which many have been published. The better wav GENERAL INTRODUCTION 19 is to write a formal description, but if this is too difficult for the amateur the following outline may be used: (If you wish the best attention from the specialist, do this part well. See glossary ) LOCALITY. DATE. FINDER. WEATHER. HABITAT: ground, leaves, humus, woods, open grove, field, lawn, wood (kind), tree (kind), moss, dung (kind), etc. HABIT solitary, gregarious, csespitose, subcsespitose, scattered, etc. ODOR: farinaceous, pungent, nauseous, amygdaline, nitrous, earthy, mild or slight, etc. TASTE bitter, acrid, peppery, farinaceous, agreeable, mild or slight, etc. PILEUS : size. Shape when young; conical, campanulate,. acorn- shaped, cylindrical, convex, etc. Shape when expanded, plane, convex, obtuse, umbonate, um- bilicate, depressed, etc. Surface, viscid, dry, hygrophanous, moist, glabrous, silky, fibril- lose, virgate, floccose, tomentose, scaly (kind of scales as: loose, innate, erect, squarrose, pointed, fibrillose, large, super- ficial, appressed, etc.), even, rough, wrinkled, rugose, striate, furrowed, etc. Margin, (when young), incurved, straight, inrolled, glabrous (when older), regular, irregular, wavy, tomentose, hairy, striate, rimose, etc. Color: (when fresh and moist) (after lying a while) Important. GILLS: attachment: adnate, adnexed, decurfent, uncinate, free, remote. Width, relative to thickness of pileus, relative to species you know, or in millimeters. Shape, linear, equal width throughout, ventricose, attenuated in front or behind, broadest in front, etc. 20 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Spacing, (relative) crowded, close, subdistant, distinct, few. Texture, waxy, deliquescent, dissolving, dry, arid, fleshy. Variatiom, forked, crisped, veined, intervenose, anastomosing, dimidiate. Edge, acute, obtuse and thick, serrate, eroded, entire, fimbriate, flocculose, wavy, etc. COLOR : very important to give the color of the gills in the young plant, (e. g., Cortinarius, ete.), also when mature, after bruising or touching. STEM: size, length, thickness above and below. Shape, cylindrical, tapering up or down, bulb (clavate, round- ed, marginate, or abruptly depressed, large or small), flexu- ous, straight, equal, ventricose, rooting. Texture, fleshy, cartilaginous, tough, flaccid, brittle, flexible^ fragile, spongy, fibrous, rigid, etc. Interior, hollow, tubular, cavernous, stuffed by pith, solid, spongy, etc. Surface, (see Pileus.) Color, difference at base and apex, within and without after handling, etc. FLESH OF PILEUS: consistency: rigid, compact, spongy, soft, brittle, etc. Color: when moist, under cuticle. Juice, taste and color, abundance, changing after exposure to air MYCELIUM : color, abundance. UNIVERSAL VEIL in young specimens, method of rupturing. VOLVA: size, texture, color, present, absent. PARTIAL VEIL in young specimens. ANNULUS texture, color, present, absent, fugacious, persistent, ample, slight, etc. SPORES : color of spore print, drawing of spores, size. CYSTIDIA shape, abundance, present, absent SKETCH a good sketch or diagram of plant or its parts. REMARKS. (&ENERAL INTRODUCTION 21 PHOTOGRAPHING AGARICS Use a basket to collect for this purpose. It is well to have tin boxes, e. g., cocoa boxes, so that each specimen can be kept un- harmed, wrapped separately in tissue paper and placed upright in the box. Amanitas especially become deformed or lose some of their surface tissue if not properly protected. The specimens can be set upright on decapitated pins in a row as in the photographs in this report. Natural size photographs are by far the best since comparisons are then easily made. For identification purposes such photographs are much more useful than those taken in the natural surroundings and reduced in size, the latter may be good pictures but are rarely helpful. Every part and every character used in a description that can be shown in a photograph ought to be brought out ; to this end the specimens must be properly arranged and the details emphasized. Besides its value in this, respect the photographing of Agarics yields much pleasure and entertainment, THE CULTIVATION OF MUSHROOMS The history of this business and the methods in use, whether on a commercial scale or for home use, have been so often described that the reader is referred to those works. The best and most com- plete account is to be found in Bulletin No. 85, Bureau of Plant Industry, U^ S. Dept. of Agriculture, entitled: The Principles of Mushroom Growing and Mushroom Spaum Making^ by Dr B. M. Duggar. For other papers see Bibliography, part (d), and the mushroom books of Atkinson, Hard, Mcllvaine, etc. THE CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS The plant kingdom consists of two large groups; the seed-bearing plants or Phanerogams and the spore-forming plants or Crypto- gams. The latter are sometimes referred to as "the lower plants'' although they include also the large, tree-like ferns. The Crj^pto- gams include the green plants like the Algae, Mosses and Ferns; they also include an enormous number of plants which do not pos- sess the ordinary green color and these are the FUNGI. In the following outline of the fungi the grouping is given in a scientific manner, since this is the only arrangement sufficiently accurate. For the terms which are strange to the beginner, reference must be made to the glossary Consistent perseverance and the use of elementary books on botany are the only self-helps that can be advised when one is first plunged into the subject. The best way to begin the study is by the help of a teacher or of a companion who is already somewhat informed and is enthusiastic enough to help others. Mycological clubs are of great value in this respect. This work treats only of a single one of the many families of Fungi, and for others the student is referred to the books dealing with the other groups. The Keys The arrangement of the species of each genus in the form of keys or synopses is entirely artificial and arbitrary , hence these keys are merely guide-boards to point the student in the right direction by the use of selected characteristics of each species. A specimen is not to be considered identified when it is "run down" in the key, but the name so obtained should be referred to in the text and the description of the plant carefully applied to the specimen in hand. Such keys cannot be constructed so as to be perfect since plants of this class are quite variable and one often finds specimens not at all typical and hence they do not fit into the key at the right place. An amateur should use the glossary constantly at first until the meanings of the terms become fixed. Many of these keys were tried out for years on fresh plants and continually revised and it is hoped they will, seldom mislead very far The keys are mostly dichotomous ; starting on the left, the plant must agree, for example 24 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN with either (a) or (aa). This leads to (b) and (bb) or to the name of the plant. Sometimes the letters are tripled, etc., as (aaa), (aaaa) In that case there are three or more possibilities to choose from. Arrangement of Species in the Text The student will find, besides the keys, another means of identification. This is an arrangement in the text, by which the species which are the most closely related are grouped side by side. This is called a- "natural classification" and is supposed to represent a relation according to the laws of evolution. Authori- ties differ on many points involved in such an arrangement, and hence it was necessary to follow, according to my best judgment, the order which appeared to be at the present time most acceptable. Our knowledge of many species is still too imperfect to expect any final arrangement. Furthermore, the- number of species of such a small area of the world's surface as Michigan, is not representative of a like arrangement if applied to all the species of Agarics the world over, In view of this fact it seemed useless to try to be en- tirely consistent throughout the work. The genera are therefore subdivided in the way best adapted for each, although a general uni- formity is approximated. The genera may be divided into subgenera and sections, and sometimes the sections are subdivided. In this way the most closely allied species are usually found together under the last subdivision. l^omenelature The rules of the International Botanical Congress held at Brus- sels in 1910, have been used (see Authorities and Abbreviations) Synonyms have been purposely omitted except in so far as they are mentioned in the commentaries. The study of synonymies is apt to become a '^wild goose chase" and often offers nothing of im- portance for those who wish to become acquainted with the living plants; it is well adapted for those who prefer to make their my- cological studies in the herbarium and library There is little doubt that in the course of time, some of our American plants which were supposed to be different and were given names, will be found to be synonyms of European species. But there is no need of passing judgment on such till the evidence is all in. Undue haste in con- sidering species identical has often brought about more error than existed in the first place. The field mycologist is constantly finding species which he had given up as hopeless synonyms, and much col- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 25 lecting will make a mycologist cautious. A keen observer, like Dr. Peck, will often be quite certain of the distinctness of two species but fails in the description to make the distinction clear or strong enough to others. In such a case herbarium material may not show the facts and only the finding of fresh plants can settle the question. The making of new species in haste is equally unfortunate. In the preparation of this work, scores of unidentified species accumu- lated, and many still remain unidentified. In many cases, how ^ver, the repeated finding of the same thing, often in better condi- tion, perhaps with the necessary young stage, and further and better ^tudy on each occasion, resulted finally in its determination. Except in a few genera where I had made more extensive collec- tions and a more exhaustive study, for example in Eussula and Cortinarius, I felt it unwise to describe as new more than a few striking species. In spite of the accumulation of synonyms and the great possibility that more American species will end as synonyms, I believe that there are still quite a few Agarics in the United States which are unnamed. But it is hoped that such an expression of my view will not cause every amateur to give names to those he is unable to identify In the recent German work of Kicken (Die Blatterpilze) over 1500 species of Agarics are given for Germany, Austria and Switzerland alone, and very few new species are in- cluded. This is a good example of conservatism with reference to the making of new species. Credit has been given to Fries wherever possible in the use of names of European species, even where the species is reported under Agaricus in the Systema Mycologia. In certain genera only, where sufficient critical work has been done, e. g., Inocybe, has this pro- cedure been varied. If inconsistencies occur it is because the methods of mycologists past and present have been inconsistent. Outside of possible errors each case has been treated with regard to the Brussels Rules on the one hand and the latest facts obtain- able on the other, An attempt is made under many of the species to present as much material as possible for the further study of the species. 26 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN AN OUTLINE OF THE FUNGI I. Mycelium lacking. Bacteria. Mycetozoa. Chytridh. I. Mycelium forming the vegetative part of the plant. II. II. Mycelium non-septate, (i. e., without cross-walls) Phycomycetes. II. Mycelium septate, (i. e., composed of many cells) III. III. Spores not borne on a dififerentiated hymenium, not in asci nor on basidia. Fungi Imperfecti. III. Spores usually borne on a differentiated hymenium. IV IV. Spores borne in asci, usually eight in an ascus. AsGomycetes. IV Spores borne on basidia, usually four on a basidium Basidiomycetes, The Basidiomycetes (1) Basidia not forming a hymenium; spores borne on a four- celled basidium arising from resting-spores ; parasites. Smuts and Rusts, (1) Basidia arranged so as to form a hymenium. ... (2) (2) Hymenium not in a special fruit-body but developed directly from the vegetative hyphae in the host. Exoiasidii. (2) Hymenium on or within a special fruit-body . • (3) (3) Hymenium concealed within the fruit-body till spores are ma- ture. (See IQth Rep. Mich. Acad, of Sci., p. 63.) Gasteromycetes. (3) Hymenium exposed .. . . (Hymenomycetes,) (4) (4) Basidia forked or divided into four cells, plants usually gela- tinous, horny when dry. . Tremellales. (4) Basidia clavate or subcylindrical. Agaricales. Key to the Families of Agaricales (1) Hymenophore* not differentiated, basidia scattered on a loose subiculum of hyphae. Eypochnaceae. (1) Hymenophore even, not forming special branches, tubes, gills, etc. Thelephoraceae. (1) Hymenophore in the form of wrinkles,, warts, spines or tooth- like plates, usually on the under side of fruit-body Hydnuceae, *Tlie term "hymenopliOTe" is here used to designate that part of the fruit-body which bears the hymenium, e. g., gills, tubes, spines, etc. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 27 ( 1 ) Hymenophore in the form of erect branches or an erect, simple, club. Clavariaceae. (1) Hymenophore in the form of tubes or reticulations, usually on the lower side of the fruit-body Polyporaceae, (1) Hymenophore in the form of knife-blades (gills) ; mostly fleshy plants. Agaricaceae, KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN (a) Spores mostly white in mass (ochraceous-colored in some species of Russula and Lactarius) . (1) (a) Spores ochraceous, cinnamon or rusty-yellow in mass (21) (a) Spores flesh-color to roseate or salmon-color in mass (32) (a) Spores purple-brown in mass . . . ..(39) (a) Spores black in mass . . (43) • White-Spored Agarics 1. Gills of waxy consistency : Hygrophorus. 1. Gills not truly waxy . . . . . ... (2) Fruit-body, soft and fleshy, decaying .. .. .. (3) Fruit-body toughish, corky or woody; thin plants shrivel on drying, revive when moistened . (15) 3. Gills thick on edge . ... . ... . .' (4) 3. Gills thin . . . . . (5) 4. Gills decurrent and forked dichotomously C anther ellus. 4. Gills not decurrent; plants parasitic on other mushrooms: Nyctalis. 5. Trama of fruit-body of two kinds of tissue, i. e., of globular and filamentous cells, spores globose, echinulate. . . (6) 5. Trama filamentous throughout . .... (7) 6. With milky juice Lactarius, 6. JJfot with milky juice: Russula. 7 Stem eccentric, lateral or wanting : Pleurotus. 7. Stem central . . (8) 8. Gills free . . ... (9) 8. Gills adnexed . (10) 9. Volva and annulus present: Amanita. 9 Volva only present: Amanitopsis, 9. Annulus only present : Lepiota. 10. With annulus only • Armillaria. 10. Neither annulus nor volva present (11> o o 28 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN 11. Stem fleshy or fibrous, sometimes outer rind subcar- tilaginous (12) 11. Stem cartilaginous, mostly throughout (13) 12. Gills deeurrent or broadly adnate, not sinuate at stem Clitooybe. 12. Gills at length sinuate or emarginate on stem; mostly large plants on the ground; Tricholoma. 13. Gills deeurrent, pileus umbilicate : OmpMlia. 13. Gills not deeurrent (1^) 14. Fruit-body small, pileus thin, tending to remain unex- panded and bell-shaped: Mycena. 14. Fruit-body small, medium or large, pileus usually ex- panded when mature, somewhat fleshy : Gollybia. 15. Fruit-body usually small, toughish, thin, not woody. . . . (16) 15. Fruit-body larger, stem central, eccentric lateral or want- ing (17) 16. Trama of pileus gelatinous : • Heliomyces. 16. Trama fleshy-membranous; pileus usually small, not woody Marasmius. 17 Plant woody or corky {Lenzites) 17 Plant fleshy-leathery (18) 18. Gills of the usual kind (19) 18. Gills longitudinally grooved or split on edge (20) 19. Edge of gills serrate- torn Lentinus. 19. Edge of gills entire : Panus. 20. Edge of gills split lengthwise. Schizophyllum. 20. Edge of gills obtuse, crisped : Trogia, Ochre-Spored Agarics 21. Gills easily separable from the trama of the pileus ; margin of pileus involute : Paxillus, 21. Gills not separating easily from the pileus (22) 22. Trama of pileus vesiculose, spores globose and echinulate. (See Russula and Lactariusi,) 22. Trama more or less filamentous (23) 23. Inner veil cobweb-like (cortinate) gills at length dusted dark cinnamon or rusty, terrestrial: Cortinarius. 23. Inner veil membranous, fibrous or floccose (24) 24. Annulus present Pholiota. 24. Annulus lacking . . . (25) 25. Stem lateral or wanting : Crepidotm. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 29 25. Stem central . . . (26) 26. Stem fleshy or fleshy-fibrous : (27) 26. Stem cartilaginous or fragile ... . . (29) 27. Gills at length yellow, yellow-rusty, etc. ; lignicolous : ^ Flammula. 27. Gills alutaceus to sordid brown ; terrestrial (28) 28. Pileus flbrillose, silky or innately scaly, spores often angular; cystidia often present Inocyhe. 28. Pileus more or less viscid when moist, smooth : Heieloma. 29. Gills decurrent: Tubaria. 29. Gills not decurrent (30) 30. Pileus convex or plane, margin at first incurved; stem rather short : Naucoria. 30. Pileus bell-shaped or conical, stem slender (31) 31. Pileus subviscid or viscid , plant very fragile Bolhitius and Pluteolus. 31. Pileus not viscid: Galera. Pink-Spored Agarics 32. Stem lateral or lacking ; on wood : Claudopiis. 32. Stem central . (33) 33. Volva present only: Yolvaria. 33. Annulus present only Chamaeota. 33. Volva and annulus lacking . . . (34) 34. Gills free Pluteus. 34. Gills adnexed, adnate or decurrent (35) 35. Stem fleshy or fleshy-fibrous . (36) 35. Stem cartilaginous, slender ... . . (37) 36. Gills at length sinuate : Entoloma, 36. Gills decurrent or broadly adnate • Clitopilus. 37 Gills decurrent; pileus umbilicate Eccilia. 37 Gills not decurrent . . (38) 38. Pileus convex, margin at first incurved Leptonia. 38. Pileus bell-shaped to conical, margin at first straight: Nolanea. Purple-Broion-Spored Agarics 39. Annulus present; veil distinct . , (40) 39. Annulus and volva lacking . ... (41) 40. Gills free. PsalUota, 40. Gills attached to stem : Stropharia. 30 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 41. Veil present, remaining attached to margin of pileus, rarely forming an annulus Hypholoma. 41. Veil; if at first present, quickly evanescent or none at all ; slender-stemmed (42) 42. Margin of pileus at first sk'aight , hygrophanous : Psathyra. 42. Margin of pileus at first incurved ; gills adnexed to adnate- subdecurrent : Psilocyhe. Black-Spored Agarics 43. Gills delinquescing into a black mass when mature : Coprmus. 43. Gills not delinquescing . . (44 ) 44. Spores elongate-fusiform, gills decurrent; soft- waxy, pileus viscid : Gomphidins, 44. Spores globose to elliptical .... . ... (45 ) 45. Pileus with striate or sulcate margin, fragile: Psathyrella. 45. Pileus not striate, rather fleshy, exceeding the gills ; gills variegated-clotted by the spores: Panoeolus, CANTHERELLEAE Fruit-body fleshy or submembranous. Stem central or lateral. Oills thick, obtuse on edge, fold-like or ridge-form, usually forked, narrow Veil none. By the inclusion of Trogia and several tropical or subtropical genera, the group is extended by some authors to include sessile and reviving or arid plants. As limited above the group approaches the Thelepharaceae on the one side, the genera Clitocybe and Hygro- phorus on the other The genus Dictyolus Quel, belongs here, but no species have been found within the state. It is characterized by plants having a lateral stem arising from the larger mosses, and by vein-like, forked gills. D. retirugus is probably a native of the state. The group includes Cantherellus, Dictyolus and Nyctalis. Nyctalis Fr. (From the Greek, nyx^ night, referring to the black color of the host-mushroom.) White-spored , chlamydo-spores abundant; gills thick, distinct, obtuse on edge, stem central; parasitic on other Agarics; veil none. Fleshy, putrescent, not large-sized mushrooms, developing on the pileus and stem of the fruit-bodies of Russula, Lactarius, Cantherel- lus, etc., after the latter have become well developed or are partially decaj^ed. The gills and basidiospores in our species are often dwarfed or entirely undeveloped. The propagation of the plant is. instead, dependent on the presence of secondary spores which are formed in abundance over large parts of the surface of the plants. These spores are elliptical, brownish, long-spiny, 12-18 micr in diameter. They are formed from the loosened hyphae of the sur- face of the pileus, etc., which break up into chains of spores, and because of this method of formation, are called chJamydospores, 32 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 1. Nyctalis asterophora Fr Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations Cooke, III, PL 1132, B. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 49.7 Michael, Flihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 81 (as N. lycoperdioides) Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 2, Fig. 6. MuiTill, Mycologia, Vol. 6, PL 129. Hard, Mushrooms, p. 204, Fig. 162. Plate I of this Report. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, at first subglobose then hemispherical,. whitish^ floccose, at length dingy hrownish and pulverulent, FLESH pallid, moist, rather thick. GILLS adnate, distant, rather narrow and thick^ obtuse, sometimes forked, whitish or dingy, frequently not developed. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 3-8 jnm. thick, relatively stout, stuffed then hollow, pruinose or silky, whitish then brownish, often curved. SPORES often lacking by reason of the undeveloped hymenium, elliptical, smooth, 6x4 micr., white. CHLAMYDO> SPORES on surface of pileus, etc., abundant, brownish, spiny. 12-18 micr., globose. ODOR and TASTE farinaceous. Parasitic on Russula nigricans^ Bay View August-September. Infrequent or local. An interesting case of a parasitic mushroom, it has an entirely different structure from that of the host mushroom on which it grows. For other instances of parasitic mushrooms see Stropharia. epimyceSy Volva/ria Loveana^ Boletus parasiticus, etc. Cantherellus Fr. (From the Greek kdntharos, a vase or cup, referring to the shape of the mature pileus.) Spore-mass white or yellowish-tinged; Gills forked^ fold-like or almost ridge-form (except C. OAiroMiacus) ^ obtuse on edge; stem central, confluent with the pileus ; veil none. Fleshy, putrescent, terrestrial mushrooms, with a more or less turbinate, or vase-shaped pileus, in some species almost membran- ous, on whose outer side the reduced gills run down the stem in the form of fold-like, thick ridges or elevations, sometimes markedly dichotomously forked, sometimes almost entire. They approach CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 33 CraterelluSj a genus of the Thelephoraceae, whose hymenial surface is merely wrinkled and not gilMike. The fleshy species are much sought after for the table, and all of them are edible. Fries, in Epicrisis, included species w^hose stems are lateral or lacking ; these have been segregated under other genera. The PILEUS may be dull yellow, orange, red, cinereous or lilac- tinged. Sometimes it is deeply infundibuliform, as in the mature G. floccosuSj or it may remain obtuse as in G cinnabarmus. In the ashy or ashy-brown species the FLESH is thin and almost mem- branaceus and these approach species of Craterellus; in the others the flesh is thick. The GILLS afford the best means of recognizing the genus. In G. cmrcmtiacuSy however, the gills are thin, and, ex- cept for their marked dichotomous character, this species might be placed in the genus Clitocvbe. The STEM is moderately stout in most species. In the fleshy forms it is solid, while in the cinereous- colored, thinner species it tends to become hollow, and in G. in- fund/ibnllfornvis the pileus is perforated so as to form an open tube down through the stem. The SPORES are usually elliptical or elongated, smooth, mostly white or whitish, but in some species tinged with yellow or ochraceous in mass. The BASIDIA are un- usually elongated and approach those of Hygrophorus in this re- spect ; they are said to be sometimes six or eight-spored. The ODOR and TASTE of our species is mild and agreeable. Key to the >>pecies (a) Plant cinnamon-red, fading, medium size. 5. C. cinnabarinus Schw (aa) Plant not red. (b) Pileus and gills some shade of yellow or orange, (c) Gills orange, thin, crowded. 9. C. aurantiacus Fr. (cc) Gills not crowded, ridge-form, (d) Stem solid, firm, (e) Plant markedly vase-shaped, pileus deeply funnel-form, firm, rufous-orange. 3. floccosus Schw- (ee) Plant somewhat top-shaped, entirely chrome-yellow or flavus. 4. C. cibarius Fr. (dd) Stem hollow, pileus thin, funnel-form. 6. C. infundiMiU- formis Fr. 7 (7. tuhaeformis Fr. (bb) Pileus and gills not both yellow (c) Gills fiesh-color to purplish-lilaceus, ridge-form; stem solid. 2. C. clavatus Fr. (cc) Gills not flesh-color, (d) Pileus infundibuliform, cinereous or brownish cinereous, (e) Pileus perforated in center, stem hollow- 6. C. infundi- huUformis Fr. (ee) Pileus not perforated; stem stuffed pr solid. 7 0. tuhae- formis Fr. (dd) Pileus obtuse, or depressed; subumbonate, brownish-gray 8. G. umhonatus Fr. 34 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN *Oills m form of thick ridges^ rather distant. 2. Cantherellus clavatus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations. Fries, Sverig. Atl. Svamp, PI. 91. Michael, Flihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 19 (as Craterel- lus) Bresadola, I, Fungh. Mang. e. vel., PI. 82. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 1, Fig. 1. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 434 (as C- neurophyllus) . Plate II of this Report. PILEUH 3-5 cm. broad, turbinate to truncate-obclavate, de- pressed to concave-cyathiforniy often irregular and lobed, narrowed into the stem, at first purplish-flesh color, soon greenish-yellow, surface floccose or slightly scaly. FLESH thick behind^ white^ compact at first, at length toughish. GILLS in form of thick, dichotomouSy narrow but distinpt ridges, connected by cross-ridges. anastomosing below, long decurrent from the elevated margin of the pileus, rather distant, flesh-color to pale purplish umber. STEM expanding into tlie pileus, solid, short, rather firm, fleshy, at first incarnate-purplish, then pallid, below densely wfiite-floccose, 4-8 mm. thick, usually tapering downward. Whole plant 4-9 cm. tall. SPORP^S snbcylindrical or narrow elliptcal, 10-12x4-5 micr., smooth, pale ochraceus in mass. ODOR and TASTE mild. 'Gregarious, on the ground in hemlock forests of northern Mich- igan. Bay View, Marquette. July-August. Infrequent. Well marked by its color and shape. In his later works Fries referred it to the Thelophoroceae under Oraterellus. Its thick flesh and the well-marked ridges of the Cantherellus-type, seem to be suf- ficient reason to refer it back to Cantherellus. 3. Cantherellus flioccosus Schw (Edible) Trans. Amer, Phil. Soc. II, 4, 1832. Illustrations : Peck, N Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PL 55, Fig. 9-13. Peck, N Y State Mus. Rep. 33, PL 1, Fig. 18-20. Hard, Mushrooms, PL 23, Fig. 160, p. 201, 1908. White, Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Su^^^ Bull., No. 15, PL 19. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 35 PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad (rarely broader), vase-shaped or trumpet- shaped, truncate when young, at length deeply excavate-funnel-form, firm, superficially floccose or subscaly, yellow at first, at length rufescent to orange, margin becoming undulate at times. FLESH rather thick, confluent with the stem, white. GILLS deeply decur- rent, ridge-form^ close to subdistant, dichotomously forked, anas- tomoHng throughout, ochraceus to rufous-yellowish, sometimes darker. STEM short, whole plant 6-15 cm. high (rarely 20 cm.), 1-2.5 cm. thick, solid, glabrous, pallid-ochraceus, whitish at base, firm, sometimes abruptly short-attenuate at base, often deep in the ground. SPOEES elliptical, "12-15x7-7.2 micr ", smooth, oehra- ceous in mass. ODOE and TASTE mild and pleasant. On the ground in hemlock forests of northern Michigan, Mar- quette, Huron Mountains. July-August. Infrequent. A most striking plant when in full luxuriance, forming a large vase with considerable capacity to its deep interior. It occurs gregariously but sometimes several arise at one place or apparently from the same stem. I have not seen it in the portion of the state where hemlock and pine are unknown. Like the preceding, it is scarcely possible to confuse it with any other species. 4. Cantherellus cibarius Fr. (Edible) Sy^. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. atl. Svamp., PI. 7 Oooke, 111., PL 1103. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 88. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 1, Fig. 2. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 1, No. 26. Swanton, Fungi, PI. 15, Fig. 3-5. Atkinson, I^Iushrooms, Fig. 123, p. 128, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, PI. 22, Fig. 128, p. 199. Gibson, Edible Toadstools & Mushrooms, PL 19, p. 175, 1903. Peck, N Y. State Mus. Eep. 48, PI. 32. Plate III of this Eeport. PILEUS 3-8 cm. broad, firm convex then expanded, soon depressed in center or margin elevated, often irregular, sometimes top-shaped, infundibuliform or one-sided, margin thick and at first involute, ohrome-yellow or pale egg yellow, glabrous, not striate. FLESH compact, thick, white or yellowish toward surface. GILLS long, decurrent, thick, dichotomously forked or anastomosing, nar- 36 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN row, rather (Uatant^ chrome-yellow^ edge blunt. STEM 3-6 cm. long, stout, 6-12 mm. thick, narrower downwards, solid, fleshy, glabrous, chrome-yellow to pale yellow^ often tunneled by larvae. SPORES elliptical, 7-9 x 4-5 micr., smooth, faintly ochraceous-tinged- ^^BASIDIA 50-75x7-8 micr., i-spored, sometimes 5-6 spored." ODOR and TASTE mild and pleasant. Gregarious or subcaespitose, often scattered. On the ground in frondose or conifer forests Throughout the state, from the south- ern border to Isle Royale. July-September (rarely earlier or later). Frequent only in certain seasons. This is the famous ''Chantarelle'^ of Europe, where it is highly prized, both on account of its flavor and from the fact that its flesh is free from larvae. In Michigan, and probably elsewhere in the eastern part of the United States, the fastidious lovers of mush- room meat are, alas, not so fortunate as their European brethren. During many years of collecting, I have rarely found this mushroom free from larvae and I have a large number of records. Occasion- ally, immediately after its rapid development due to favorable weather, I have found unattacked specimens. The color is often much paler yellow than that mentioned above and a white form is sometimes found. It is not easily confused with C. aurcmtiacuSj^ which has thin and crowded gills and different shades of yellow. 5. Cantherellus cinnabarinus Schw (Edible) Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. II, 4, 1832. Illustrations Peck, N. Y State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 55, Fig. 1-8. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 5, PI. 92, Fig. 3. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 161, p. 202, 1908. Plate II of this Report. PILEUS 1.5-3 cm. broad (rarely up to 7 cm.), firm, convex and oMuse or expanded-depressed^ often h^regular^ glabrous , dnna'bar- red, often faded, entirely faded in dried specimens. FLESH rather thin, whitish or tinged reddish toward surface. G-ILLS long- decurrent, dichotomously forked, rather distant, narrow and ridge- form, intervenose, cinnahar-red^ yellowish or pinkish. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, soUd or subcavernous, terete or compressed at apex, equal or tapering downward, tough-fleshy, glabrous, even, cinnabar-red or paler. SPORES oblong-elliptical, 8-10 x 4-5.5 micr., smooth, white or faintly pink in mass. BASIDIA long and narrow 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE mild. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 37 Gregarious, on the ground in open frandose woods or on bare soil along woodroads. Ann Arbor, Detroit, New Richmond, at least throughout the Southern Peninsula. July-October. Frequent. Easily known by its color and size. When fresh the color is cin- nabar-red but after exposure to wind and sun the color may be lost. Often the stem is diluted and compressed toward the apex, in which case it is found to be somewhat hollow Typically the stem is solid. Some think C. friesii Quel, is the same, but that species is said to have a velvety-flocculose cap, different colors and probably smaller spores. Both fade, and the dried specimens probably look much alike. Our plant seems to be a distinct American form. 6. Cantherellus infundibuliformis Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. lUustrations Cooke, 111., PL 1109. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PL 1, Fig. 4. Michael, Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 41. White, Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv Bull. No. 3, PL 15, op, p. 35. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PL 56, Fig. 9-16. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, umbilicate to infundibuliform, margin und/ulate or lobed, pruinose-flocculose, glabrescent, cinereus-yellow- ish to watery-brown, paler when dry. FLESH thin, concolor GILLS decurrent, narrow, ridge-form, dichotomously or irregularly forked, prmnose, distant, cinereous. STEM 3-9 cm. long, 3-7 mm. thick, slender, equal or subequal, glabrous, hollow, terete or com- pressed, yellow. SPORES globose- elliptical. 9-11x7-9 micr., smooth, pale yellowish in mass. ODOR and TASTE none. Gregarious on the ground in wet swampy places, especially in conifer woods. Marquette, Houghton, New Richmond. August- October. Distinguished from all the preceding by its thinner somewhat pliant pileus and darker colors, it often has a sooty or ashy shade. The center of the cap is usually perforated so as to expose the hollow cavity of the stem from above. Its spores are quite char- acteristic and set it oflf from its near relatives, which Murrill (N A. ^ Flora, Vol. 9, p. 168) has seen fit to include in this single species. 38 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 7. Cantherellus tubaeformis Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Michael, Ftihrer f , Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 41. (?) Gooke, 111., PI. 1108. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex and obtuse, at length depressed and margin irregular and recurved, sometimes subinfundibuliform, not perforated in center , brownish-yellow to yellowish ochraceus, silky-tomentnlose, even, scarcely fading. FLESH thm at least to- ward margin, whitish-ochraceus. GILLS arcuate-decurrent, mod- erately thick, narrow and ridge-form, dichotomously forked, inter- venose, rather distant, not prtdnose, flesh-gray to yellowish- ochraceus, often slightly deeper in color than pileus and stem. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick (sometimes thicker), fulvous- yellow to ochraceous, concolor within, terete or canaliculate, sometimes compressed, subequal, solid or stuffed at first, sometimes at length hollow, glabrous, often curved, white at the very base. SPORES broadly elliptical, 7-9.5x5-6 micr. punctate-granular, pale creamy-white in mass. BASIDIA 60-65x6-8 micr. long, slender, at- tenuate downward. ODOR and TASTE none. On the ground or debris of frondose woods of southern Michigan. Ann Arbor and surrounding region. July- August. Infrequent. Gharacterized primarily by its spores and its stuffed stem. It differs from the preceding also in its rather constant colors. Most of our plants were entirely yellowish-ochraceous when fresh and the stem was not hollow The thin structure of the cap separates it from other yellowish species. Its name is misleading, since in its near relative, G. ififundibuUformis, the tube is continuous from the stem to the surface of the pileus, while here the cap is not per- forated, and the stem usually not hollow except in age. My ob- servations agree with those of Ricken in these respects. CoMherel- lus lutescens is a related species, with an orange-yellow stem, black- ish-brown, floccose-scaly cap and orange. gills. Its spores are said to measure 10-12x7-8 micr. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 39 ** Gills approaching the form of those of true Agarics^ close or crowded. 8. Cantherellus umbonatus Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 1106. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 94. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 2, Fig. 1. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. Ill, No. 51. Peck, N. Y State Mus. Bull. 67, PI. 84, Fig. 8-21 (as C dichotomous Pk.). PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, top-shaped, convex to plane and depressed, 'browmsh-gray to blackish o^' smoky-gray^ with or without a slight umbo, pruinose or flocculose, dry, pliant, margin regular or wavy FLESH thiUy white, becoming reddish with age or some time after picking. GILLS decurrent, rather narrow, thick, dichotomously branched, not ridge-form, close, white, then stoAned yellowish or red- dish, even on edge. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, equal or attenuated up or down, elastic, pallid or pale gray, sometimes smoky above, appressed-silky, stuffed, soft fleshy-fibrous within. SPORES narrow, subfusiform-elliptical, 9-11x3-4.5 micr., smooth, white in mass. Gregarious, attached to moss, especially Polytrichum, around peat-bogs or in swampy woods. Houghton, Ann Arbor, probably in lake districts throughout the state. July-Oetober. Frequent in fall till frosts or later. Distinguished from the preceding two by the more highly de- veloped gills, the slight umbo and the tendency for the flesh and gills to assume reddish stains after being collected. In many cases it is attached directly by its mycelium to the stems and leaves of living mosses. There is no doubt that C dichotomous Pk. is the same species, since the descriptions of G. umbonatus with which Peck compared his plant were incomplete, as Saccardo omitted the fact that the gills are dichotomously forked. 40 THE AGARICACBAE OF MICHIGAN 9. Cantherellus aurantiacus Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. atl. Svamp, PL 79. Gooke, 111., PL 1104. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 86. Michael, Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 1, No. 27 Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 2, Fig. 2. Atkinson, Mushrooms, PL 37, Fig. 124-125, p. 129, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 159, p. 200, 1908. PILEUS 2-6 cm. broad (rarely 7) pliant, convex-plane, depressed, at length often concave-subinfundibuliform with elevated margin, margin at first involute at length undulate, oranffe-ochraceus to hrouimish'Orange, sometimes pale, subtomentose or subsquamulose on disk, even. FLESH soft, somevi^hat thick, thin on margin,. pallid or tinged ochraceous. GILLS arcuate-decurrent, thin, edge blunt, dichotomously forked, crowded, rather narrow, not ridge-form, bright orange or tinged with salmon-color. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. (or more) thipk, spongy, thickened downwards, or sub- equal, stuffed sometimes hollow, minutely tomentose, pale orange varying brownish or pallid -yellowish. SPOEES elliptical, 5-7x3-4 micr., smooth, whitish in mass. ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious, on the ground, much decayed logs or wood, among debris, in conifer and frondose woods, more abundant northward. Throughout the state. July-October. Frequent. Distinguished from C ciharius by its thin, crowded gills and orange colors. A form occurs with pale yellowish-white cap and stem, this I have seen in Sweden where it is more common than with us. Fries says a white form also appears. It is marked pois- onous or suspected by many European authors, although Peck, Me- Ilvaine and others have eaten it without bad results, but the flavor is said to be poor. It occurs mainly in conifer woods but also in low frondose woods, perhaps where tamarack once grew MARASMIEAE Fruit-body reviving in moist weather, becoming shriveled when dry; fleshy-leathery, tough or toughish, persistent, normally not putrescent. Stem when present, confluent with the pileus. Par- tial veil or universal veil lacking. 'The species of this subfamily are well-marked by their ability to cease growing and to shrivel up in dry weather, and by their rejuve- nescence and further development when they become wet again. The gills are never corky or woody and only slightly fleshy, usually arid and toughish. It is possible, however, to find forms which approach Collybia, Mycena and Pleurotus and which represent connecting links between those genera and Marasmius. The follow- ing genera are included Trogia, Schizophyllum, Panus, Lentinus, Marasmius, and Heliomyces. Trogia Fr. (After Trog, a Swiss botanist.) White-spored. Flesh toughish, arid, reviving in wet weather Gills arid, fold-like, obtuse. Pileus sessile, or resupinate-reflexed. Small, lignicolous, reviving plants, usually attached to dead branches of frondose trees. Eelated to Cantherellus by the plicate, i. e., fold-like gills, but tougher and reviving, as in Schizophyllum. The genus is placed under the Canthereleae by some authors but the persistent, reviving and arid characters ally it equally close to the Marasmieae. The pileus is either attached at a more or less eccen- tric point or resupinate for some distance and the gills are exposed in moist weather, but the dried pileus usually infolds on the margin so as to hide the gills which are mostly irregular or crisped. 10. Trogia crispa Fr Monographia, 1833. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PL 1114. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 708. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 14. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 2, Fig. 5. Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 39, Fig. 131, op. p. 137, 1900. 42 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, tough, sessile^ sometimes couchate or ahelving, often resupinate when moist, sometimes subimbricate, per- sistent, reviving when moist, irregularly incurved when dry, surface tinged reddish-yellow with whitish hairs, becoming tan or buff- iroionish when dry, margin loied. FLESH thin, fleshy-membrana- ceous. GILLS very narrow, irregularly vein-like, interrupted or en- tire, often forked, crisped, white or bluish-grey SPORES cylin- drical, smooth, 3-4x1-1.5 micr., white. Scattered, gregarious, often closely crowded on limbs or bark of frondose trees, especially beech, birch and cheriy Throughout the state. Frequent. When dry the plants roll up irregularly and almost hide the gills, the white color of which when fresh is rather sharply contrasted in most cases with the color of the pileus. It has been placed in the genus Plicatura by some authors. 11. Trogia alni Pk. N. Y State Mus. Rep. 24, 1872 (as Plicatura alni) "PILEUS 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, coriaceous, resupinate'reflexedy gener- ally imbricated, silky-tomentulose, hrouynish-tatvny, the margin sterile. GILLS narrow, irregular, interrupted wavy or crisped, angular, white, becoming inconspicuous on drying.'' "On alder, etc." This species has not been reported in the state, but is included for the sake of comparison. Some consider it identical with MeruHus niveiis Fr., but that species is said to be pure white. Schizophyllum Fr. (From the Greek, schizo, to split and phyllo)i, a leaf, referring to the split edge of the gills.) White^spored. Leathery-tough, arid, reviving in wet weather. Gills split halfway from the edge inwards. Trama of pileus thin. Veil none. Only one species is known in our region, but this is very common. It grows on wood, on dead branches and trunks of standing trees or more rarely on fallen limbs. The gills are very characteristic, differing markedly from those of other genera by being split and the halves recurved, and the structure of the two layers is continued upwards almost through the pileus so that a thin pellicle covers the surface. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 43 12. Schizophyllum commune Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Oooke, 111., PI. 1114 B. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 641. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 130, p. 136, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 187, p. 233, 1908. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, thin, tough, pliant, sessile by the nar- rowed base, from which it extends in a fan-shaped manner, often suborbicular and lobed on the incurved margin, tinged with brown- ish-gray when moist, whitish when dry, very hairy or tomentose, reviving. GILLS radiating from the point of attachment of the pileus, leathery-tough, split on edge, white or gray, sometimes with other tints, tomentose, on the inner side of the split. SPORES minute, cylindrical, 3-4 x 1 1.5 micr. Scattered or gregarious on dead branches or trunks of frondose trees, especially of hickory; also on carpinus, walnut, elm, maple, sycamore, locust, apple and probably others. Throughout the state. Very common. This is a pretty fungus when growing in luxuriance and can not be easily mistaken for anything else. Some species of Pleurotus have a similar habit, but are different in texture and especially in the structure of the gills. Panus Fr (From the Latin, panus , a tumor. Fries says the name was used by Pliny for a tree-inhabiting fungus.) White-spored. Fleshy leathery^ reviving, tough, persistent; the texture fibrous, radiating into the hymenium. Stem eccentric, lat- eral or lacking, confluent with the pileus. Gills at length coriace- ous, edge entire. Not putrescent, but arid and tough as in the genera Lentinus, Marasmius, etc. They approach Pleurotus and some species have been described under that genus. They are wood-inhabiting. P stipticus has poisonous properties, the others are harmless. The PILEUS is eccentric, lateral or at first resupinate, none of the last section has been distinguished in the state. The erect forms often have very irregular and crowded and depressed pilei which are somewhat thick. Their surface is usually strigose, villose 44 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN or slightly scaly The color is various. The FLESH varies from quite tough in some species to somewhat fleshy in others ; the latter may become more tough with age so that several species are easily confused with Pleurotus in the young stage. It is advisable to compare specimens with both genera where the texture is in doubt. The GILLS have an entire edge which distinguishes them from those of the genus Lentinus which have lacerate, serrate, thin edges. They become tough with age and are thickish. Intermediate forms occur, especially among typical species, so that some authors combine Panus witii Lentinus. In our plants, however, the character of the edge of the gills is the best means of separation. The STEM is short, as a rule, sometimes continuous with the pileus, so that the pileus is not marginate behind. It is usually hairy or scaly The SPOBES vary in shape and size; they are smooth and white. OYS- TIDIA are present in P rudis and P angustatus. Several of the species are very common, growing on stumps, de- cayed branches, etc., in the cities, or on any sort of dead timber in the woods and fields. The harmless species are rather tough for the table, but can be used, according to Mcllvaine, to flavor soups and gravies. The genus is divided into three sections, of which the following include the species described below : I. Oonchati. II. Stiptici. Key to the Species (A) Pileus sessile or prolonged laterally into a stem-like base, (a) Pileus with a gelatinous layer, whitish or yellowish, spathulate to fan-shaped. 16. P angustatus Berk. (Syn. Pleurotus stratosus Atk.) (aa) Pileus without a gelatinous layer. (b) Gills when young covered by a fugaceous veil; pileus about 1 cm., cupulate, rufous. On alder bushes. P. operculatus B. & C. (bb) Without a cortina. (c) Pileus hygrophanous, small* pinkish-gray; gills dark fer- ruginous; on willows. 17 P salicinus Pk. (cc) Pileus not hygrophanous, small, heaped in clusters, pale brownish, taste very disagreeable, astringent. 15. P stip- ticus Fr. (AA) Pileus with an eccentric stem; i. e. pileus marginate behind, (a) Pileus white or creamy-white when fresh, becoming yellowish when drying, (b) Pileus often very large, densely strigose-hairy; whole plant be- comes dull yellow when dried. 12a. P. strigosus B. & C. (bb) Pileus up to 6 cm. broad, surface with long, delicate hairs, margin reticulated. P laevis B. & C. (aa) Pileus reddish-brown to alutaceous-tan, medium size, margin at first inrolled. (b) Pileus rough with tufted hairs, tawny-alutaceous, etc., gUls CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 45 crowded and narrow. 13. P nidis Fr. (Syn. P. atrigoaua Schw.) (bb) Pileua glabrous or obscurely fibrillose-scaly- (c) Gills crowded and narrow- 14. P, torulosus var. conchatus Fr. (cc) Gills close to subdlstant. 14. P. torulosus Fr, (Other species have been described by Peck, P betulhms on birch, from Newfoundland, with a dimidiate, grayish-brown pileus; P. nigrifolius from Alabama, with distant, dark-brown gills. P deal- 'batu^ Berk, was described from Ohio ; it has an umber color through- out, with the shape of P angustatus, P. albotomentosus Cke. & Massee, reported by Mcllvaine, is pi'obably the same as Pleurotus aliolanatus Pk. of this report. P. dorsalis Bosc. is the same as ClOAidopus nidulans.) Section I. Conchati. Stem eccentric, pileus irregular or con- chate. 12a. Panus strigosus B. & C. (Edible) North American Pungi,> No. 99. Illustration: Plate IV of this Report. PILEUS large, varying from 10 to 40 cm. broad, subcentralj strongly eccentric or lateral, marginate behind, fleshy-fibrous to sub- coriaceous, convex, subexpanded, reniform, covered with a dense, thick, strigo^e-villose na/p composed of hairs up to 2 mm. long in large specimens, creamy-white when fresh, becoming yellow on dry- ing. FLESH firm, somewhat tough, up to 2 cm. thick, tapering to the very thin margin, yellowish when fresh, white when dry GILLS subdecurrent, hrofad^ close to subdistant, heterophyllous, thick, white, changing to yellow on drying, edge entire. STEM short or long, stout, 2-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. thick, strigose-villose, eccentric or almost lateral, whitish to yellowish, sometimes tinged cinereous. SPORES elongated-oblong, 11-13x31/2-4% niicr., smooth white in mass. OYSTIDIA none. ODOR stronger in age, rather agreeable. (Dried: Strigosity and cuticle are dull golden-yellow, flesh whit- ish, gills ferruginous.) Solitary or caespitose, subimbricate, growing from the wounds of maple and yellow birch; also on apple trees and other deciduous trees. Probably throughout the state; Houghton, New Richmond, August- September Infrequent or rare. Edible when young. This is the largest Panus we have, the pileus is often a foot and 46. THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN more in diameter and the stem very stout. The descriptions in the books are very meagre, and no mention is made of the change of color on drying. The dried specimens are elegant. Its flesh is not very tough and it is easily mistaken for a Pleurotus. The gills are very broad in large specimens, not truly distant, and are usually distinct on the stem or anastomose only in an obscure manner if at all. Some specimens are almost lateral, growing in a somewhat ascending-subhorizontal position, but with a marginate pileus; others have a subcentral stem. This is not Lentinus strigosus Schw., a species which seems to be synonymous with Parvus rudis. Some consider P. laevis B. & 0. to be the same as P strigosus. 13. Panus rudis Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 179, p. 224, 1908. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 26, Fig. 4. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 637 Plate V of this Report. PILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, irregular, eccentric or sublateral, ascend- ing, depressed or vase shaped, sometimes infundibuliform, cuneate- rounded when young, tough^ villose-velvety or strigose^ alutaceous to reddish brown, margin often loled^ incurved. GILLS narrow, crowded, decurrent, pallid or tinged with the color of pileus, pube- scent, edge entire. STEM short, eccentric, sometimes almost lack- ing, villose, concolor SPORES elliptical-oval, 5-6x2-3 micr., smooth, white. TASTE slightly bitter at times. ODOR none. Caespitose-crowded. Everywhere in town and country, on stumps, logs, dead branches, trunks, etc., of frondose trees. Through- out the state. May to November. Very common. This is Lentinus lecomtei of many American notices, not the true L. lecomtei Schw. which has serrate gills. Our plant has entire gills. Schweinitz described the true L. lecomtei from a specimen sent from Georgia by Lecom^te. (See Lloyd, Myc. Notes, Vol. I, p. 60.) It is also Lentinus strigosus Schw to which Peck refers Ms specimens. Peck says it was found in one case on a balsam fir trunk, while ordinarily it is limited to deciduous trees. Patouil- lard says the gills of P rudis are serrate, which is a rather remark- able statement. It can be used for flavoring gravies and dries well for winter use, but is readily attacked by beetles. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 47 14. Panus torulosus Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. (As Pleurotus torulosus.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 180, p. 225, 1908. Gillet, Ohampigiions de France, No. 511. Cooke, 111., Plate 1149. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, or broader, fleshy-pliant at first then tough, from plane to infundibuliform, eccentric or almost lateral, marginate behind, livid flesh color or tinged violet or reddish, sur- face when young and fresh with a delicate, detersile tomentum, soon glabrous, sometimes slightly scaly in the center of the cup^ even on the margin, sometimes wavy FLESH pallid, thickish, be- coming thinner when full-grown. GILLS decurrent, close to sub- ddstant, narrow, simple, occasionally forked, sometimes anastomos- ing on the stem, pallid to violet rufescent then alutaceous, edge even, STEM short, 2-3 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, stout, solid, tough, eccentric or lateral, covered icdth a violaceous or gray tomentum, SPORES elliptical, 6x3 micr., smooth, white. Caespitose, on decaying stumps, logs, trunks, etc., of frondose trees. Ann Arbor. September Infrequent. Var. conchatus Fr Pileus thinner, alutaceous and not with violet tints, gills closer On beech log, Bay View Infrequent. Becom- ing quite large, up to 15 cm. broad. The species of Fries, Panus conchatus, does not seem to me speci- fically distinct, as the characters which he emphasizes occur also in P torulosus. Specimens of the latter can be found whose pileus becomes minutely scaly at length, and whose gills vary forked and anastomosing, although never markedly so. The closeness of the gills depends somewhat on the expansion of the pileus and this varies not a little. Under certain weather conditions, the violet and reddish tints of P torulosus are lacking, and then the plant could be referred to the other species. The spores of the two species, if I have interpreted correctly, are exactly alike, and unless struc^ tural dififerences can be shown it were better to make P conchatus a synonym of P torulosus as was done by Quelet. (Enchiridion Fungorum. ) If collected in dry weather, they may be confused with infundibuliform species of Olitocybe. Section II Stiptici. Pileus sessile or prolonged behind into a stem-like base. 48 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 15. Panus stipticus Fr. (Poisonous) Syst. Mycol., 1821. (As Pleurotus stipticus.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms; Fig. 178, p. 222. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 26, Fig. 3. Michael, Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 3, No. 66. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 510. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, veri/ touffh^ pale cinnamon, fading to whitish, convex, subreniform, depressed and abruptly narrowed be- hind, surface breaking up into minute, furfuraceous scales, even. GILLS thin, determinate^ i. e., abrupt behind, venose-connected, crowded, cirmamon. STEM lateral, short, distinct below, solid often compressed, pruinose, paler than gills. SPORES minute, nar- rowly oblong, 4-5 x2 micr., smooth, white. TASTE very astringent, CYSTIDIA none on sides of gills. Caespitose. On wood, stumps, logs, trunks, etc. Throughout the state. May to October Common. This little Panus is not edible, because of its toughness and its very disagreeable taste. It is said to be a violent purgative. When fresh it is slightly phosphorescent in a dark room. On the under side it appears to have a very definite stem, ending abruptly at the gills; above, the stem is not distinguishable. It revives when moistened, so that a cluster may be seen in place during the whole season. 16. Panus angustatus Berk. Lea\s Catalogue of Plants, 1849. See also Pleurotus stratosus Atk.=syn, Jour, of MjcoL, Vol. 8, 1902. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, olovate to broadly cuneate^ sessile or pro- longed into a stem-like base, convex or depressed, sordid white to pale tawny, trama composed^ under the microscope^ of four layers (a) the surface layer of erect hyphae which^form a minute tomen- tum, beneath this (b) a thin, compact layer; (c) a gelatinous layer of open, slender, distant, palisade threads, (d) a compact, floccose- interwoven layer, about half the thickness of the pileus; margin crenate-wavy FLESH thin, tough, soft. GILLS converging, very narrow, crowded, white or yellowish. SPOEES minute, spheroid- oval, 3 micr. diam., smooth, white in mass. CYSTIDIA numerous, fusoid or lanceolate, 45 60 x 10-14 micr. BASIDIA 4-spored. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 49 Caespitose, often imbricate, sometimes solitary, on very rotten wood of birch, hemlock, etc., of northern Michigan. Bay View, Houghton, Negaunee. Jnly-Augnst. Infrequent. Probably edible. This species has much the appearance of Pleurotus petaloides and Pleurotus albolanatus. When fresh it is hard to tell whether it ought to be referred to Panus or Pleurotus. I have found it only in the region of conifer or mixed woods. 17. Panus salicinus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 24, 1872. "PILEUS 8-12 mm. broad, firm, tliin, convex, deflexed or subpen- dant, hygrofJianous, minutely farinaceus-tomentose, pinkish-gray GILLS moderately broad and close, converging to an eccentric pointy rfarfc ferruginous, STEM very short below or obsolete, obli- quely attached to the vertex of the pileus." ^^Gregarious. Trunks of dead willows." This was reported by Longyear in 4th Report Michigan Academy of Science. I have given Peck's description. Lentinus Fr. (From the Latin, lentuSy tough.) White-spored. Fleshy-leathery^ tough, reviving, persistent, often 'becoming hard when old. Stem eccentric, lateral or none, confluent with pileus. Gills concrete with pileus, thAn, membranous, edge be- coming serrate or lacerate. Tough, even somewhat woody in age, lignicolous and polymorph- ous. They approach the fleshy Pleuroti on one side, and the woody Lenzites on the other From Panus the thin, lacerate edge of the gills alone distinguishes them. They are very abundant in the tropics but there are relatively few species with us. The PILEUS varies in size, being quite large in L. lepideus and L. vulpmus, or only about a centimeter broad in our small forms. It is often scaly spotted, by the breaking up of the cuticle. The GILLS are thin as compared with our species of Panus, and be- come lacerated-serrate on the edge. Their texture is homogeneous with the trama of the pileus and not at all separable from it, as is the case with the section Paxilloideae of the genus Olitocybe. They are white but often become dingy and arid with age, and are usually decurrent or become so at maturity. The STEM is tough, often 7 50 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN hard and woody at the base where it is inserted, i. e., instititious, on the ligneous substratum. Although normally eccentric or lateral in our species, it may become central, especially when growing on top of the substratum. Some species have adapted themselves to the debris or humus on the ground, so as to appear terrestrial. In one section there is often a definite veil, as in L, lepideus and L. tigrinus but it soon disappears or only rarely remains on the stem or on the margin of the young pileus as shreds or fibrils. The SPORES vary in shape, in our species mostly elongated-oblong or elliptical. Fries in characterizing the genus (Hymen. Europ.), as well as Quelet (Enchiridion) and Patouillard (Les Hymen. d'Europe), say the spores are subglobose. This is not at all the case with all of our species, although it may apply to the majority of tropical ones. Massee (Agaricaceae, Eur. Fung. Flora) records comparatively few spore-measurements, so that the statement of the above authors seems remarkable. The spores are white, smooth and often no longer present in old specimens. CYSTIDIA are lacking. \This is a troublesome genus because of the fact that the nature of the context, determines largely its place in the classification. Hence various species have been referred here by mycologists only to be later removed to genera with fleshy or fibrous context. Orig- inally the genus Panus Avas included and some authors still include it. Panus rudis is commonly called Lentinus Lecomtei, the latter being a species we do not have with us. Lentinus strigosus Schw is also Panus rudis. CoUyhia lacunosa Pk. is often mistaken for a Lentinus, and was erroneously referred to L, chrysopeplos B. & C. in the 8th Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci., p. 34. Others have referred Omphalia umhellifera var. scahriuscula Pk. to L, chrysopeplos. (See White's 2nd Rep. on. Hymeniales of Conn., p. 22.) Certain species of Clitocybe, like C piceina are often quite tough, but differ in the gills being discrete from pileus. Again, species of Paxillus might be confused with this genus. It is well for the amateur to compare the prominent characters of these different genera before deciding on a determination. None are reported poisonous, their toughness yields only to thorough cooking. They are hardly to be considered delicacies, but according to Mcllvaine may be used to flavor soups. The large L. lepideus is often common on railroad ties and cut timber, and doubtless is an important agent in the decay of wood thus attacked. The key will include also such species as may be looked for in the state. The genus is represented by two sections : CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 51 I. Mesopodes. II. Pleuroti. Key to the Species (A) Pileus subentire; stem distinct. (a) Pileus more or less scaly- (b) Pileus umbilicate, with blackish-brown scales in the umbilicus; often deformed with aborted gills. 18. L. tigHnus Fr. (bb) Pileus convex, or plane and obtuse, (c) Pileus commonly rather large, 5-15 cm. broad, (d) Gills anastomosing .on the stem, spores 12-15x5-6 micr.; pileus large, at first glabrous. L. underwoodii Pk. (dd) Gills not anastomosing, (e) Pileus with spot-like, brownish scales, gills sinuate; spores 11-13x4-6 micr. 19. L. lepideus Fr. (ee) Pileus rimose-scaly ; gills not sinuate; spores 8-10x4-5 micr. L. spretus Pk. (cc) Pileus 5 cm. or less in width, (d) Pileus thin, rufous-tinged, sulcate on margin, 1-2 cm. broad. L. sulcatus Berk, (dd) Pileus thick, obconic, not sulcate; gills long-decurrent. L. o'bconicus Pk. (aa) Pileus glabrous, not large. (b) Caespitose, rarely solitary; pileus subinfundibuliform. (c) Stem furrowed, confluent-caespitose. 23. L. cochleatus Fr. (cc) Stem not furrowed; on the ground. L. americana Pk. (bb) Not caespitose or rarely so; pileus plane, or slightly depressed to umbilicate. (c) Pileus hygrophanous, umbilicate; stem central or eccentric. 20. L. umhilicatus Pk. (cc) Pileus not hygrophanous. (d) Pileus reddish-brown; stem whitish; spores minute, globose, 3-4 micr. 22. L. microsperma Pk. (dd) Pileus ochraceous to cream-color; stem short, blood-red to reddish, spores oblong. 21. L. haematopus Berk. (AA) Pileus dimidiate, sessile. (a) Pileus large, 5-15 cm. broad, imbricate, coarsely hairy and rough- ribbed, flesh-color. 24. L.vulpinus Fr. (aa) Pileus less than 5 cm. (b) Taste peppery; pileus thick, whitish, becoming reddish-brown, hairy. 25. L. ursinus Fr. (bb) Taste pleasant; pileus thin, whitish or yellowish L. suavis- simus Pk. Section I Mesopodes Pileus subentire, stem distinct. *Pileus scaly. Provided when young with a veil. 18. Lentinus tigrinus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. (As Omphalia tigrina.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. lUustratians : Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 406. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 26, Fig. 2. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 406. Cooke, lU., Plate 1138 and 1139. Lyman, G R. Proe. Boston. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 33, Plate 52 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 23 et al. (Illustrating the abnormal form, Lentodium squa- mulosum. ) PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, flesliy-leathery, at first orbicular, con- vex then plane and umbilicate^ white but covered, especially at the center, with hlachish-hrown, hairy scales, margin at length wavy and often split FLESH white, thm. GILLS decurrent^ some- what narrow, close, white, edge eroded-serrate. STEM 1-3 cm. long^ slender, tapering downward, solidy minutely scaly, whitish, white within, often darker at base. At flr^t with a delicate veil, which may form an evanescent anunlus. SPORES elliptical-oblong, 6-7 x 3-3^ micr., smooth, white in mass, often copious. Gregarious. On dead wood, which is usually hard. Ann Arbor, Xew Richmond. September Infrequent. The umbilicate, thin, pileus, different scales, and much shorter spores, distinguish it from L. lepideus. It is at first soft, but be- comes coriaceous in dry weather. Ricken gives the spore-length almost twice that of the American plants. A monstrous form occurs, which is often more common than the normal form or may be the only one found. This was placed by Morgan in a new genus, Lentodium squamulosum. Prof. Lyman raised this forui in the laboratory from spores and considered it definitely distinct from L. tigriiviis, as indeed his results strongly indicate. (See reference above to Lyman's paper.) Peck, however (N. Y State Mus. Bull. 131), points out that the monstrosity and L. tigrinus itself appear on the same log and considers this to show that they are one and the same. Lyman never obtained the normal form from his cultures of spores from basidia of Lentodium. The collection which I made at New Richmond was observed for several weeks," and all stages were seen on the same pieces of wood lying on the ground, both the perfect form with regular gills, and the deformed form. The latter has the gills obliterated by an over- growth of mycelium, so that the under side of the pileus presents an even surface, much as in one form of Nyctalis asterophora. In the light of Lyman's researches, this form must be considered as a regular variation of this mushroom, whose tramal hyphae may produce basidia and spores without the development of true gills. The monstrosity often becomes quite hard and woody in dry weather and is unique among our fungi. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 53 19. Lentinus lepideus Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. (As Omplialia lepidea.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 182, p. 228, 1908. Marshall, Mushroom Book, p. 56, 1905. Freeman, Minn. Plant Diseases, Fig. 116, p. 237. 1905. Cooke, 111., Plate 1140. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 405. Plate VI of this Report. PILEUS 5-15 cm. or more broad, compact and firm^ toughish, regular or irregular, convex or oMuse, at length plane, bufif to pale ochraceous, variegated with subconcentric, brownish, adpressed. spot-like ecalesy even or sometimes areolate-cracked. FLESH white, pliant when fresh, hard when dry GILLS decurrent, sirmate he- hind, broad, subdistant behind, close in front, white, often fer- ruginous-stained, transversely rivulose or striate, serrately-eroded, covered when young hy a membram^ous wMte VEIL. STEM short, 2-5 cm. or longer, 1-2% cm. thick, stout, solid, hard, pointed at base, ecaly, irregular in cross-section, at first ringed at apex by the veil. SPORES elongated-oblong, 10-13 x 4-5% micr., smooth, white. ODOR pleasant, rather faint. Solitary or somewhat caespitose. On old timbers of bridges, side walks, railroad ties, fence posts, or on sun-exposed logs, stumps, etc., in woods, preferably on wood of conifers, hemlock, pine, tamarack, but also on oak, etc. Throughout the state. ]M ay-October, Common. Edible when young. fA species has been segregated from this one by Peck, who has de- scribed a new form with gills which are decurrent but not sinuate and which has spores Ti^-lO x 4-5 micr., under the name Lentmus spretus. It has a more slender habit, thinner pileus, and smaller scales. This doubtless occurs also with us. Lentmus lepideus, in the happy phrase of Mcllvaine, ^^is a sort of commercial traveler.'' It is found everywhere on railway ties, whose decay it accelerates. Its ability to grow in rather dry situations makes it a dangerous enemy of exposed timbers, especially of coniferous wood. Speci- mens found on old tamarack logs measured 20 cm. across the pileus. and had a well developed veil which formed a membranous ring at the apex. 54 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN **PUeus glabrous ; veil lacking. 20. Lentinus umbilicatus Pk. N Y State Mus. Kep. 28, 1876. Illustration : Ibid, Plate I, Fig. 15-19. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, tough, convex, with a deep umbilicus Uijgrophanovs, water-brown, (moist), fading, glabrous, even. FLESH tliin. GILLS adnate or slightly decurrent, close, broadest behind, narrower in front, whitish, edge serrate. STEM 1-21^ cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, equal or tapering upward, glabrous, stuffed or hol- low, tough, slightly icrinkled or lacunose, central or eccentric, concolor or paler SPORES broadly elliptical, 6x3.54 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. TASTE tardily acrid. Gregarious. On the ground, among leaves, in mixed woods of pine, beech, etc. l^ew Richmond. September. Rare. This little Lentinus has the habit of a Clitocybe. Our specimens had a central stem and grew from the ground. It is, however, said to grow on wood, where it has an eccentric stem. Its serrate gills and tough texture separate it from Clitocybe. It is close to L, ompha- lodes Fr. and may be its American form. 21. Lentinus haematopus Berk. Grevillea, 1872. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, orbicular or wider than long, sometimes lobed, umbilicate or depressed, pale or sordid yellow, glabrous, even. FLESH tough, whitish, tinged yellow, thin, GILLS decurrent, nar- row, subdistant, white to dull yellowish, edge toothed to nearly entire. STEM short, 4-6 mm. long, 24 mm. thick, eccentric to sub- lateral, firm, glabrous blood-red or reddish. SPORES oblong-ellip- tical, inequilateral, 7-9 x 3 micr., smooth, white. CYSTIDIA none* ODOR aromatic-pleasant. TASTE bitterish. Solitary. On w^ood. Ishpeming. August. Rare. The specimen from which most of the above description was made, was sent to Peck who identified it as this species. It was first sent to Berkeley from an unknown locality in North America. Peck reports it tAvice from New York. In our plant the pileus is laterally extended on the short sublateral stem, and the gills and CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 55 flesh have a distinct dull yellow tinge. It was fonnd in mixed woods in the Northern Peninsula. 22. Lentinus microsperma Pk. Torr. Bot. Club. Bull. 33, 1906. PILEUS 3-5 cm. broad, thin, convex, obtuse^ soft-pliant, glabrous, even, hrownish-tan, darker on disk, margin spreading. FLESH white, thin. GILLS adnexed-emarginate, rather narrow, attenuate in front, close, white, becoming dingy creamy-yellowish, edge lacerate-cr&niUate, STEM 3-6 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick, varying slender or rather stout, hollow^ terete or compressed, eccentric, sometimes grooved, glabrous, equal, whitish. SPORES minute, globose, 34.5 micr., smooth, white. CYSTIDIA none. BASIDIA clavate, about 25 x 5 micr. TASTE bitterish. Oaespitose. On decayed wood. New Richmond. September Rare. This species was first sent to Peck from Missouri. It seems to be quite distinct although rare. I have collected it but once. 23. Lentinus cochleatus Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. (As Omphalia cochleata.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 403. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 26, Fig. 1. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 126. Gooke, 111., Plate 1142. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 183, p. 229, 1908. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, tough, flaccid, irregularly-compressed or loled, variable in shape, depressed to infundibuliform, glabrous, pale reddish ochraceous to brownish-isabelline. FLESH thin, whit- ish. GILLS decurrent, rather broad, close, whitish tinged flesh^ color, edge serrate. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 3-7 mm. thick, glabrous, central, eccentric or sublateral, confluent at hase^ deeply sulcate, solid, variously and irregularly thickened, concolor. SPORES minute, subglobose, 4-5 micr, diam., smooth, white in mass. ODOR somewhat aromatic. Confluent-caespitose, in dense tufts. On stumps, decaying wood of birch, ash, chestnut, etc., sometimes on wood buried in the ground, in mixed and frondose woods. Throughout the state. July to Sep- tember. Common locally 56 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN The densely tufted furrowed stems and irregular one-sided vase- shaped pilei distinguish this at once. Often there are many short undeveloped pilei around the base of large tufts. The plant is rare in some localities, and in others it may be very plentiful. Section II. PleurotL Stem lateral or none. Pileus dimidiate. 24. Lentinus vulpinus Fr Epicrisis, 1836. Illustrations Atkinson, Mushrooms, Figs. 128, 129, p. 134-5, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Plate 26, Fig. 181, p. 227, 1908. Fries, Icones, Plate 176. PILEUS 5-15 cm. broad, sessile, multiple-imbricated, conchate- reniform, joined at their bases, coarsely hairy or scrupose, i^adiately rough riibed^ flesh color to alutaceous, margin strongly incurved. FLESH rather thin, tough-fleshy, whitish. GILLS decurrent, broad toward front, ivatrowed^ to the lyase of the pileus^ crowded, simple, white or tinged flesh color, edge coarsely serrate. SPORES sub- globose, 3-4 X 2-3 micr., very minute, smooth, white in mass, copiously shed on the pilei. ODOR and TASTE rather strong, pungent. Densely connate-imbricate. On decaying logs, stumps and trunks of various deciduous trees. Ann Arbor, Detroit, New Richmond, Houghton, Marquette. Records from July 25-Oct. 19. Infrequent. It reappears on the same log in successive years. The very rough and peculiarly colored pileus is not easily mistaken. It grows in shelving masses of many individuals, almost equalling Pleurotiis ostreatus in this respect, and is by far the largest of the dimidiate species of the genus. 25. Lentinus ursinus Fr — ^Bres. Syst. Myc, 1821. (As Pleurotus.)) Illustration : Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. 1, PI. 66. PILEUS 14 cm. broad, sessile^ ascending, subimbricate, subreni- form, convex, pale reddAsh-hrown, varying glabrous to sub-tomen- tose, even, fading. FLESH thickish, very thin on margin, tough- ish. GILLS subdecurrent or radiating from the stem-like base. rather hroad, close, dingy white to whitish-alutaceous, edge lacerate- dentate. SPORES spheroid, 5.5 x 4 micr., almost smooth, white. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 57 CYSTIDIA none. ODOR mild. TASTE none or slightly disagree- able. On prostrate trunks in woods of beech and hemlock. New Rich- mond. September. Infrequent. Known by the sessile, rufous-brown pileus, which is somewhat tomentose or at least pruinose behind. Fries (Monographia) gives the size of the pileus as about 7 cm. broad ; our plants agree better with Bresadola's description, averaging even smaller. Peck (N Y State Bull. 131) reports the larger-sized plant but says the taste is acrid and the margin of the pileus costate-corrugate. Marasmius Fr.' (From the Greek, maramo, to wither or shrivel.) White-spored. Flesh tough, arid, shriveling in dry weather, re- viving again in ivet weather Stem central, confluent with the pileus, but of different texture, often horny Veil none. Gills arid. Terrestrial or lignicolous, frequently on midribs or veins of fallen leaves, on grass, etc. Except in the texture of the pileus, it is sim- ilar and closely related to the genera OoUybia and Mycena, and with the same habit. A few are highly prized for the table. M oreadesy is one of our best-flavored mushrooms, especially delicious when used in gravy or soups. M scorodonius^ because of its garlic flavor, is used to season various dishes, although M. alUaceus which has the same odor is mentioned as not edible. The latter has not been found with us so far. Several are reported as poisonous, e. g., M urens and M peronatus. It is worth while to become acquainted with M oreades, even if one goes no further. The genus is a large one, comprising over four hundred and fifty species, of which the larger part occur in the tropics. The PILEUS is not putrescent, as it is in CoUybia and Mycena, but is composed of a toughish substance which revives in wet weather and this is a fundamental character by which this genus along with Panus, Lentinu's and Schizophyllum is to be separated from the Agarics with a putrescent pileus. The size is similar to that of the species of Mycena. It is usually soon expanded as in Collybia and may be depressed or umbilicate. The two main groups correspond, with regard to the position of the margin in the young . plant, to Collybia and Mycena respectively, and have the same name. The GILLS are arid, flexible, almost leathery at times, often crisped on drying, the edge entire. They are sometimes joined behind in 58 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN the form of a collar which loosens (secedes) from the stem. Often they are almost free, or^ when adnate or adnexed they have a tendency to secede. It is often confusing to find that authors use the term ^'free'' or '^becoming free," when they mean that the gills become loosened from the stem after they have been attached. It is better to use the term ^^secede'^ and retain ''free" for the usual purpose of indicating that they never were attached to the stem. In the smaller species the gills are often few and therefore very distant. The width is often quite reliable to separate species, although in some it varies. The STEM is cartilaginous or horny; in a few, e. g., M oreades it is merely tough-fibrous or with a sub- cartilaginous cuticle. The nature and presence or absence of the villose, tomentose, etc., covering of the stem is used to distinguish some of the sections. The mode of attachment to the substratum, whether rooting or instititious, also helps to separate the subdi- visions. Many of the smaller species have a black stem, and usually the color of the stem in most species is darker below and paler or white at the apex. With the exception of a small number of our species, like C oreades^ C urens^ C- peroivatiis and 0- subnudus^ the stem is hollow or slightly stuflfed at first. In the small species the stem is almost bristleform and inserted by the attenuated base. The SPORES are white in mass, hyaline under the microscope, varying in shape from subspheriod to lanceolate. The majority have a sim- ilarity in form which is rather striking: round-enlarged at one end and tapering to a pointed apiculus at the attached end. The reviving ability of the gills explains the variability in size which is found at different times in separate plants of the same species. One must be cautious in taking the spore-measurements as in some cases it is clear that the spores continue to grow after the plant is revived by rains. CYSTIDIA are rarely present. In M cohaef^ens they occur in great abundance in the form of relatively large brown spicules of the same kind as occur on the surface of the pileus and stem. In M delectans they are colorless. The ODOR is strong and often like garlic as in M scorodonius^ M prasiosmuSy M polyphyllus and M. calopus. In M foetidAis it is very disagreeable, but not of garlic. The TASTE is acrid or bitter in a few species, otherwise not important. The arrangement of species is that of Fries. Until the develop- ment is carefully studied for each species, any new arrangement is likely to be unsatisfactory. The genus is divided into two sub- genera Collybia and Mycena witli the following sections: CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 59 I. COLLYBIA (1) Scortei (2) Tergini (3) Oalopodes II. MYOENA (4) Ghordales (5) Rotulae Key to the Species (A) stem velvety, tomentose, floccose, pniinose or minutely pubescent, at least downwards. [See (AA)J (a) Gills arcuate-decurrent, plant glandular-pubescent, white. 41. M. resinosus Pk. (aa) Gills not decurrent, sometimes uncinate. (b) Stem rooting or attached by a floccose or strigose base, (c) Plants with a strong odor, (d) Odor like garlic, (e) Pileus 3-5 cm. broad; gills very crowded; spores 5-6 x 3-4 micr. 37 M. polyphyllus Pk. (ee) Pileus 1-2.5 cm. broad, gills not crowded; spores 12-15 x 3-4 micr, 36. M. prasiosmus Fr. (dd) Odor very disagreeable, not of garlic. Pileus umbilicate, plicate-striate. 43 M. foetidus Fr. (cc) Plants not ill-smelling. (d) Taste acrid or bitterish, pileus 2-5 cm. broad, brownish-red to alutaceus. (e) Stem clothed everywhere by a whitish or grayish pube- scence, (f) Taste bitter, spores 10x4.5 micr 29. M. su'bnudus (Ellis) Pk. (ff) Taste acrid; spores 7-8.5x3.28. M. urens Fr. (ee) Stem with yellow strigose hairs towards base; taste acrid. 27. M. peronatus Fr. (dd) Taste not acrid nor bitter (e) Stem solid; plants growing in rings in grassy places, dull reddish-brown to dull yellowish. 26. M. oreades Fr, (ee) Stem stuffed or hollow, (f) Stem dark blood-red within; gills very crowded and nar- row; pileus red-brown. 38. M. varicosus Fr. (ff) Stem not with blood-red flesh, (g) Gills soon reddish-brown from abundant dark-colored cystidia; stem horny, bay brown, subvelvety 46. M, coTiaerens Fr. (gg) Gills without brown cystidia. (h) Pubescence or tomentosity of stem dark-colored, brown, reddish, tawny or blackish, especially down- ward, (i) Pileus subzonate, umbilicate, tawny-hairy like the stem. (828. Collyhia zonata.) (ii) Pileus not zonate, glabrous. (k) Growing on bark of grape-vines, pileus 2-3 cm. broad, sulcate-striate. 30. M. viticola B. & C. (kk) Growing among fallen leaves in woods. (I) Stem spongy-thickened at base; gills broad; pileus fuscous-pallid. 32. M. spongiosus B. & C. (II) Stem equal. 60 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (m) Stem minutely pruinose, horny, almost black below; pileus dark rose-madder. 39. if. erythropus Fr. var, (mm) Stem densely tomentose. (n) Stem dark reddish-brown throughout, 2-8 cm. long, 35. M, semihirtipes Pk. (nn) Stem brown or fawn color, 5-12 cm. long. 47 M. elongatipes Pk. (hh) Pubescence etc. of stem grayish or whitish, at least when dry (i) Growing on tree-trunks, bark, stumps, logs, etc. (k) Slender; pileus 1-1.5 cm. broad, papillate, dull pinkish-white; on mossy logs. 48. M. papil- Idtus Pk. (kk) Short-stemmed; pileus 1-3 cm. broad, fulvous- alutaceus; caespitose-gregarious. 31. M, fag- ineus Morg. (ii) Among fallen leaves, etc., in woods, stem 5-12 cm. long, (k) Stem 2-5 mm. thick, reddish under the dense whitish pubescence, gills very narrow and crowded. (See 827 CollyHa confluens Fr.) (kk) Stem 1-2 mm. thick; covered with grayish pruinosity or tomentose. (I) Gills very narrow and crowded, whitish or grayish. 40. M. velutipes B. & C (II) Gills distant, at length reddish-spotted. 47 M. chordalis Fr, (bb) Stem inserted at the base, instititious, short; plants small, (c) Gills attached to a collar, distant; pileus rufescent; stem white. 44. M. olneyi B. & C. (cc) Gills attached to stem. (d) Pileus glabrous, rarely subpruinose. (e) Pileus milk-white, not sulcate nor plicate; gills distant; stem reddish-brown. 54. M. epiphyllus Fr. (ee) Pileus rufescent, striate when dry; stem brownish to blackish-brown. 50. M. felix Morg. (dd) Pileus pruinose, chalk-white, stem black, white pruinose on surface; spores angular, (See 56. Heliomyces nigripes (Schw ) Morg.) (ddd) Pileus hairy or strigose-hairy- (e) On cedar twigs; pileus conic, papillate, dark tawny. (See 830 CollyMa campanella Pk.) (ee) On twigs, chips, acorns etc; pileus umbilicate; whitish to dark grayish. (See 829 CollyMa stipitaria Fr.) (AA) Stem glabrous (except sometimes at the very base) (a) Stem villose-rooting or attached by a floccose tubercle, (b) Gills soon reddish-brown from the dark-colored cystidia; stems usually coherent, bay-brown, densely white-hairy" at base. 46 M. cohaerens (Fr.) Bres. (bb) Gills white or slightly tinged, (c) Stem 4-8 cm. long; pileus sulcate, ochraceus-red; spores large. 49. M, siccus Schw.=( M, campanulatus Pk.) (cc) Stem 2-5 cm. long. (d) Pileus, gills and apex of stem white, stem dark-brown below, attached by a spreading mycelium. 34. M. delectans Morg. (dd) Pileus not white, (e) Stem reddish-brown to chestnut downwards; pileus dingy ochraceus. 33. M. glabellus Pk. (ee) Stem wine-purple or pink upwards; pileus tawny-brown to purplish or pink. 33. M. "bellipes Morg. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 61 (aa) Stem inserted at the naked base, very slender; on twigs, leaves etc. (b) Odor more or less strong, of garlic; pileus rufous to whitish, (c) Gills adnate, narrow; stem attenuated at the blackish base. Odor strong. 42. M, scorodonius Fr. (cc) Gills adnexed, rather broad; odor faint; stronger as plant dries. 42. M. calopus Fr. (bb) Odor not of garlic. (c) Gills attached to a free collar (d) Pileus umbilicate, plicate on sticks, wood, etc., filiform, (e) Umbilicus white, elsewhere cap is darker, stem black. 55. M. capillaris Morg. (ee) Umbilicus darker, cap white; stem black. 51. M. rotula Fr. (dd) Pileus umbonate, sulcate, pale rufous; stem black, on grass. 52. M. graminum Libert, (cc) Gills adnate or adnexed. (d) Plant entirely white, pileus obtuse, 4-8 mm. broad, stem very short. 45. M. caricicola Kauff. (dd) Pileus reddish-brown-purplish, umbilicate; stem black. 53. M. androsaceus Fr. (ddd) Pileus fuscous-cinereous; stem short, on bark of living tree-trunks. (See 845. Mycena corticola.) SUBGENUS COLLYBIA, Margin of pileus at first incurved; stem somewhat cartilaginous, pileus fleshy-pliant, at length tough and sulcate or wrinkled. Section I ScorteL Stem solid or fibrous stuffed^ externally cov- ered by a detersile villosity^ i. e., an easily removable villosity. *Stem not strigose at the iase. 26. Marasmius oreades Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1118. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 444. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 328. Hard, Mushrooms, Figs. 101 and 102; p. 136, 1908. Gibson, Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PI. 8, p. 105., 1903. Swanton, Fungi, PI. 9, Fig. 3. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 19, Fig. 3. White, Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Bull. 15, PI. 4, 1910. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 48, PI. 33, Fig. 7-12, 1896. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, tMchish, pliant, campanulate-convex, ob- tuse or broadly umbonate, dull brick-red when young or moist, fad- ing to yellowish-flesh-color, or yellowish-buff when dry, glabrous, even or substriate when moist. FLESH rather thick on disk, pallid. 62 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN GILLS rounded behind or almost free, hroad^ rather distant, whit- ish or tinged yellowish, interspaces often venose. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, eqnal, solid^ even, tough, whitish, covered with a fine, interwoven, dense, detersile, villosity SPOKES ovate-fusi- form, 7-9x4-5 micr., smooth, white. ODOR somewhat fragrant, agreeable. TASTE pleasant. Oregarious, usually growing in rings or arcs, in grassy places, lawns, roadsides, pastures, etc., attached to grass, or roots of other plants. Throughout the state, more abundant in sandy regions. June-October. Common. One of our best edible mushrooms, and very plentiful in some localities during a wet season. Its flavor is delicious and it can be used for this reason to add character to other dishes. Its toughness disappears by long cooking, a reversal of what happens in the case of many other species. When dry from sun or wind, its pale-honey- yellowish color and reviving ability are good marks of recognition; its tendency to form circles of close-growing individuals and its preference for grassy ground aid one to recognize it. Its gills are scarcely as arid as in other species of Marasmius, and this charac- ter, along with its fleshy cap indicate a close relationship with Col- lybia. The "fairy rings'^ caused by this and other mushrooms are due to the regularity of radial growth which the underground my- celium makes from year to year, starting from a central infection. It is believed by some that this mycelium excretes a substance which injures the grass so that the interior of the circle shows a poor growth of grass, but on the other hand some favorable influence from the actively growing portion along the "ring^^ causes the grass of this portion to grow better. **/8f*em with a looolly or strigose hase. 27. Marasmius peronatus Fr. (Poisonous) Syst. Myc, I921. Illustrations Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 25, Fig. 1. Cooke, IlL, PL 1117 (var). Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 445. Berkeley, Outlines, PL 14, Fig. 4. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 411. Gibson, Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PL 9, p. Ill, 1903. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. Il2, p. 149, 1908. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 63 ^TILEUS 2-6 cm. broad, convex-plane, obtuse, opaque, pliant, pale reddish-brick color fading to alutaceus, at length lacunose. margin striate at firsts wrinkled when old. FLESH thin, leathery- membranaceus. GILLS adnexed-seceding, rather thin, at first whit- ish then rufescent, close to subdistant. STEM 5-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, fibrous-stuffed, subequal, sometimes compressed, with a villose covering, yellowish then rufescent, toward base with yellow sirigose hairs, SPOEES oval, 6-8 x 3-5 micr., smooth, white. ODOE none. TASTE acrid/' Gregarious on the ground among leaves and sticks in frondose and coniferous woods. Probably throughout the state. July-October. Infrequent. The description is adapted from Saccardo. This species seems less common with us than J/, iircns. Its acrid taste, habit, and the yellow hairs on the lower part or base of stem are good characters for its indentification. Its size corresponds to that of Collybia dryophila. The stem is said sometimes to become hollow. It is said to be poisonous. 28. Marasmius urens Fr (Poisonous) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: C!ooke, 111., PL 1116. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 448. Berkeley, Outlines, PL 14, Fig. 3. Gibson, PL 9, p. 111. Plate VII of this Eeport. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, at first convex, then almost plane, obtuse or subumbonate, reddish-brown to alutaceus, darker on center, at ■first even^ at length wrinkled, glabrous, opaque, pliant, margin at first incurved. FLESH thin, toughish-membranaceus. GILLS be- coming free, at length remote, joined behind in places, thickish, subintervenose, close^ Ut first crowded, narrow, whitish or pallid then tinged reddish. STEM 4-8 cm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, equal, solid^ terete^ pale reddish-brown, paler above, almost blackish at base, covered througliout hy a close, white piibescence, composed of cohering iqainute hairs, whitish within, attached by an oblique sub- strigose base. SPOEES oblong-lanceolate, slightly curved, 7-8.5 x 3 micr. OYSTIDIA none. ODOE none. TASTE acrid; poisonous. Gregarious or scattered, on the ground in frondose woods, among leaves, debris and grass. Ann Arbor. July-October 64 THE AGARICACBAE OP MICHIGAN This species is considered identical with the preceding by Eicken^ Massee and Komell. Even Fries was loath to separate it, and con- sidered it a var. of M peronatus. (See note under M, urens. Epi- crisis, p. 373.) According to Mcllvaine, M. peronatus is edible^ while k urens is marked poisonous. If the two are identical this can hardly be true. There is a remote possibility that Collylia hariolorum has been confused with M, peronatus while testing its edibility In any case one needs to be careful. M urens if distinct, seems more abundant locally than M peronatus. The latter alone seems to hare been differentiated by Peck, who does not report the first. Moffatt (Nat. Hist. Surv Chicago) reports only M. urens and says it is frequent. Morgan (Myc. Flora. Miam.) reports both. 29. Marasmius subnudus (Ellis) Pk. X Y State Mus. Rep. 51. 'TILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, tough^ flexible, often somewhat irregularly uneven, dull iroumish red or dingy lay^ more or less striate on margin. FLESH thin. GILLS rounded behind, nearly free, narrow, siibdistant, wMtish or creamy- yelloio, becoming darker on drying. STEM 4-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, slender, equal, tough, inserted^ solid, reddish-brown above^ blackish-brown below, everywhere clothed with a grayish down or tomentum, which is commonly a little more dense near the base. SPORES 10 X 4.5 micr. (Pennington.) TASTE of dry plant bitter." On the ground in mixed woods. New Richmond, Ann Arbor. August-September This is apparently a variety of the preceding, if that species is distinct, and not of M. peronatus as Ellis considered it. It is prob- able that all three run into each other. The description is that of Peck. Our plants had a bitter taste when fresh, otherwise not very different from M urens Fr. Glatfelter (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, "^^ol. 16) gives spores 6-8x4-5 micr. which agree with those of M. urens. 30. Marasmius viticola B. & C. Ann. & Mag. N. H., 1859. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, convex-expanded, at length depressed, suloate-striate, pale rufous to alutaceus-brownish, glabrous. FLESH thin, subcoriaceus. GILLS slightly adnate, not broad, ventricose. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 65 suMistant, pallid or tinged alutaceus. BTEM 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, equal, tough, pruinose-furfuraGeiis^ stuffed, dark hrown, slightly enlarged and curved at very base. SPOEES ovate-lanceo- late, 8-9x3-4 micr., smooth, white. ODOK none. TASTE mild. Gregarious or scattered, on rotten wood, debris, etc. Infrequent. This is referred here with some hesitancy, although it is clearly distinct from the following, which differs in its subcaespitose habit, its short stem and long spores. It was named by Berkeley from ma- terial sent him by Curtis who collected it from grape-vines in Ala- bama. 31 Marasmius fagineus Morg. Cinn. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour., Vol. VI., 1883. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, at first convex-campanulate, then plane, obtuse, pliant, striatulate when moist, radiately rugose when dry, at length repand^ pale fiUvoushalutaceus^ appressed-silky, sometimes scaly-lacerate, margin at first incurved. FLESH thin, submem- bran'aceus. GILLS narrowly adnate, seceding, rounded and sub- joined behind, close, not broad, attenuate in front, crisped, whitish at first, becoming hrovon — spotted or stained reddish^ edge subentire. STEM shorty 1-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, curved^ sometimes straight, subequal, apex enlarged^ with a narrow stuffed axis, terete when fresh, compressed when dry, rufous or chestnut-alutaceus, fading to fuscous-alutaceus, apex paler, covered hy a whitish^ villose tomentosity when dry, strigose brownsish-hairy where attached. SPORES subcylindrical, narrow, with curved apiculus, 9-12 (rarely 13) X 3.5-4 micr., with many immature of all sizes, smooth, white. OYSTIDIA none. ODOR and TASTE none. Gregariously caespitose, usually abundant, on bark near base of living elm, beech and maple, or on stumps, etc., sometimes ascending, the trunk five to six feet or more. Ann Arbor July-August. Not infrequent. Known by its caespitose, crowded habit, short stems, relatively broad pileus and spores. This may be the true M mticola, but that species is poorly known. 32. Maragmius spongiosus B. & C. Jour. Botany, 1849. "PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, plane, obtuse, whitish-fuscous , darker on center. GILLS slightly adnate, 'broad, close, whitish. STEM 9 60 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 3.5 cm. long, thickened at the base where it is spongy and fulvous- hairy, elsewhere furfuraceus-pulverulent.'' SPOEES 7-9 x 3-4 micr (Morgan), 4-5x3 micr. (Glatfelter). Reported by Longyear, as under oak trees among grass. Also said to grow among fallen leaves, and around stumps in rich soil. I have not seen it. Section II Terginl STEM tubular, rooting, cartilaginous. Pileus hygrophanotis. Gills seceding. *Stem glabrous except the mycelioid-hairy base. 33. Marasmius glabellus Pk. N Y State Mus. Rep. 26, 1874. PILEUS 12 cm, broad, fonvex-expanded, obtuse, often distantly striate, dingy ochraceous^ uneven on disk. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate-seceding, broad^ distant^ ventricose, white or whit- ish, intervenose. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 0.6-1 mm. thick, slender, equal, horny, tubular, glabrous^ shining, whitish at apex, reddish- brown or chestnut elsewhere, mycelioid-thickened at base. SPORES vf 10x4.5 micr., from one of Peck's collections) ^ Var bellipes={M belUpes Morg.) Jour, of Myc, Vol. XI, 1905. PILEUS jntle taivny-brotcn to pink-purplish^ distantly sulcate or plicate, subpapillate, glabrous or minutely velvety STEM with di- lated apex, varying ahove from whitish to bright wine-purple or pink. SPORES elliptical oval, curved-apiculate, 10-12x4-5.5 micr,, smooth, white. BASIDIA 30-42x6 micr., slender. ODOR and TASTE none. (Otherwise like M, glabellus.) Gregarious or scattered, among fallen leaves on the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor August-September. Infrequent. As no authentic spore-measurements are published, it is impos- sible to say whether M belUpes is entirely distinct. The latter, however, seems to be the form that occurs in our region. Inas- much as the plant, as it occurs here, varies, considerably in color, it would not be surprising if Peck's species had the colors men- tioned for both. The variety is a beautiful plant when in the fresh state, due to the highly colored stem. M pulcherripes Pk. differs from the latter apparently only in its narrow gills and very filiform stem ; the spore-size is not given. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 67 14. Marasmius delectans Morg. Jour of Myc, Vol. XI, 1905. Illustration: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 114, p. 151, 1908. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, pliant, convex-expanded, depressed or subumbonate, glabrous, white or whitislh pale tan in age, rugulose- striate. FLESH subcoriaceous. GILLS adnexed, unequal, moder- ately broad, mbd/istant, white^ intervenose. STEM, 3-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, slender, equal, even, hollow, cartilaginous-tough, glabrous^ shining^ pure tvhite above, darker downwards, to dark brown below, mycelioid at base, mycelium forming wide, white mats over the fallen leaves where it grows. SPORES narrow elliptical, 7-9x3-4 micr., smooth, acuminate-apiculate, white. CYSTIDIA rather abundant on sides, especially on edge of gills, slender, spine- like, 36-45x3-5 micr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Among fallen leaves in mixed and frondose woods. Ann Arbor, New Richmond. August-September. Easily known by the white, mycelioid mats which it forms among the leafy covering of the ground in woods, by the white color of the cap and gills and apex of stem, and by its shining stem* It is quite frequent during continued rainy w^eather. ^*Stem' glabrous at apex only. 35. Marasmius semihirtipes Pk. N. Y State Mus. Rep. 25, 1873. Illustration Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 15, PI. 6. PILEUS 2-3 cm. broad, pliant, tough, convex, soon plane, or de- pressed, glabrous, hygrophanous, even or rugulose, reddish -bro'von when moist, fading to pale alutaceus, disk darker. FLESH thin, submembranaceus. GILLS adnexed-seceding, rather narrow, close to subdistant, whitish, somewhat intervenose, edge subfimbriate. STEM 2-8 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, tough, subequal, tubular, some- times compressed, substriate, dark reddish-brown throughout^ glab- rous at apex, densely velvety-tomentose nearly to apex, tomentum of same color SPORES ovate, curved-apiculate, 8-9x4-5 micr., smooth, white. ODOR and TASTE inild. On the ground in frondose or mixed woods among leaves and 68 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN debris. Ann Arbor, New Eichmoncl, etc. Probably throughout the state. June-September, Frequent. Known by the reddish covering of the stem. Hard says the plants are very small, which is scarcely correct. The name is deceptive^ since the tomentose covering of the stem more often extends nearly or quite the whole length of the stem and the species could with equal propriety be referred to the next division. 36. Marasmius prasiosmus Fr Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1120. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 447 PILEUS 2-2.5 cm. broad, convex then expanded or depressed, ob- tuse, p(tle 'brown with tinge of flesh color, to pale isabelline, rugose- sulcate, glabrous. FLESH submembranaceus, toughish. GILLS adnate, seceding, sometimes with tooth, rather narrow, close to subdistant, concolor or paler than pileus, thick somewhat crisped. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, equal, hollow, horny- tough, dilated at apex, dark rufous-brown doivmvards, white and glabrous above, clothed by a wJUtish or pallid villosity which is denser below, attached by incurved or straight base to veins of oak leaves. SPORES narrowly lanceolate, curved, accuminate at one end, 12-15 x 3-4 micr., smooth, white. ODOR strong, of garlic. On midribs of fallen oak leaves, in rich woods. Ann Arbor. September Infrequent. This differs from M scorodonius in the villose coating of the stem, and from M alliacens by its habitat on leaves and by the spores, both of those have a garlic odor. Cooke (111.) gives the width of spores as 8 micr., and this appears to have been copied by most authors who give the spore size. Ricken departs from this in assigning to it minute spores, 7x4 micr. This last discrepancy points to a different species, and may represent M, polyphylUts Pk. in Europe. 37. Marasmius polyphyUus Pk. N Y State Mus. Rep. 51, 1898. "PILEUS 3-5 em. broad, convex or nearly plane, even, whitish to pale reddish, often reddish brown on disk. FLESH thin. GILLS CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS (10 adnexecl or almost free, very numcroihs, Nurrou:^ ase, glabrous above or with slight gray ish pubescence, totvards 'base covered by spreading or strir/osc rusty- fulvous liairs^ dark blood-red witliin^ attached by rooting- hairs. SPORES minute, narrowlv ovate, 6-8x2.5-3 micr., smootli, white. ODOR none. TASTE slightly acrid or mild. Gregarious or solitary among fallen leaves and del>ris in frondose woods. Ann Arbor September Infrequent. Characterized by the dark reddish-umber to purplish pileus, the crowded and narrow gills and the ferruginous covering of the stem. When wet the hairs at the base of stem are almost black. By re- moving the tomentum of the stem the dark red flesh is revealed be- neath. Ricken combines this species with M fuscopurpurea Fr., but our plants certainly fit the old conception of 31 varicosus. It must not be confused with the black species of Collybia: C- atrata has broad gills; C plexipes var. lacks the hairy covering on the stem , G expallens has a f arinacens taste. The interior of the stem 70 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN of J/ v(n'i<'()su,s scMMiis to secrete a daik-ved juice, but it is quite dif- ferent h'oin M iicciUi h(i(in(rtO[)()(la. '^"Htrin, at least icJica dry, cccri/irJicrc pruhiosc-vcli'cffj' 39. Marasmius erythropus Fr var Syst Myc, ISl^l. Illustrations (^)oke, 111., PL lll^::. (lillet, (1iani]>ignons de France, No. 441. Patouillartical-lanceolate, curved-apiculate, 7-0x3-3.5 micr (^YSTIDIA none. ODOR and TASTE mild. On decaying leaves and twigs, on the ground in frondose woods^ especially of ]>eech. Ann Arbor July-September Rare. This approaches M ffJaheUiis and M ealopus Fr , from the former it is separated by its different spores and gills, from the latter by its pruinose stem. Some specimens seem to have an entirely glab- rous stem, thus being close to 4/ ealopus. The color of pileus does not change. The pileus is not sulcate as in M siccus. It departs from the descriptions of European authors in the spore^size and tlie less distant gills. 40. Marasmius velutipes B. & C. Ann. & Mag. N H., 1850 (N Y State AIus. Rep. 23, Peck) Illustration : Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 105, p. 140, 1908. 'TILEOS 1.5-3.5 cm. broad convex or expanded, glabrous, gray- ish-nifous when moist, cinereus when dry FLESH thin, submem- branaceus. GILLS verj/ uarrou-^ crowded, whitish or gray STEM CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 71 712 cm. Inn*!,-, slcndci', (Miual, liollow, (httlnd iril/i a (I<'ns< (/rdjjisJf, n-JvcijI foiiHHtuni Ihrouijlioni " Peek's (lescvi]>ti(ni, i;iven above, dilTers I'rom Berkleys in S;m - eardo, in that tlie cap does not have an und)ilicus, and in the ninch longer and slender stem. No spore-measnrements are i)ublished. Amon.^' fallen leaves in woods, on tin- .L^iimiHl. Ann Arbor Our specimens were verified hy I'eck. The si)ores nn^snre r>-7x4 micr., oval to ovate, smooth. 41. Marasmius resinosus (Pk.) Sa( <• N Y State 31ns. Rep. 2J, 1S72 (as M (Iccurnns Pk. ) N Y State .Mns. Bnll. (17, lOO:; (as var n'lrrvs Pk. i Sylloge Fnngornm, Sace., Vol. \., p. 522. PILEUS .V12 mm. broad, convex, then expanded and de]aessed, pliant, tough, duU irliitc, rarely gravish or tawny, sometimes umbilicate or saibinfundibiiliform, rren or xuhnupih^si'^ (jJiUHhilar- piihrsccnt FLESH thin, submembranaceus. GILLS (n< ndfr- decurrcni, ch>se to subdistant, iianoir, white or wliiiish, often veined or forked, edge flocculose. STr^^l 2-5 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. thick, slender, equal, tough, cartilaginous, f/JaiKhdar-pniinosc, tubular, not striate, white then pallid, attaclu d hij fioccosr h(is(^ rarely con- fluent. SPORES oval-lanceed as seen under the micr()sco]te When rubbed ])etween the fingers the fresh plant feels resinous. The decurrent gills suggest an Omphalia, but the reviving and tough substance of tlie plant are characteristics which place it here. It was first named J/ drrurrens ]>y Peck, who ha])])ened on specimens whicli were not at all tyi)ical as to the color of the cap. Saccardo changed the s]>ecific name to resinosus, because dcci(rr< ns was pre- occupied. Later, Peck named the comnn>n form var nivrKS. which still later he changed to var raudidisiutus. All tliese names should be drop.])eallid-brownish above ODOR faint or none, more noticeable when drying. (Spores, etc., same as M scorodonius,) Attached to grass stalks, etc.', in woods. Ann Arbor M seorodojilus is known by its glabrous, tapering stem, narrow gills and strong odor when the plant is crushed. M calopus is con- sidered identical by some, but its slight odor, and different gills show it to be at least a variety Hard's figure scarcely represents either ]>lant as it occurs liere. This species has long been used in CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 73 Europe as a seasoning for mutton-roasts, for SYri/? minutely velvety or pruinose. 43. Marasmius foetidus Fr Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PL 1131. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 442. Hard, lAIushrooms, Fig. 104, p. 139, 1908. ^Tileus 1-3 cm. broad, pliant, convex then expanded and urn- 'bilicatey fulvous-bay color or rufescent, plicate-striate^ pallid alutaceus when dry, margin incurved. FLESH submembranaceus. GILLS adnexed, joined in a collar behind, distant, rufescent or yel- lowish, somewhat subdecurrent. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, tubular, chestnut-brown or paler, velvety-pruinosey inserted by the floccose base on wood. ODOE very disagreeable, but not of garlii: similar to M performs^ Spores 7-8x3.5-4 micr (Pennington) I have not seen this species within the borders of the state, but do not doubt that it occurs. It is not Helioinyces foetans Pat., as some think. It occurs on wood, fallen branches, etc. The descrip- tion is adapted from Kicken. 44. Marasmius olneyi B. & C Ann. & Mag. N H., 1859. *&• PILEFS 1-1.5 cm. broad, pliant, convex, soun expanded-pLine and depressed, glabrous, rufescent, striate when moist, at length radi- ately rugose, dull luster FLESH membranous, concolor GILLS attached to a collar wlrich srrrdcs from stem, subdistant, narrow, v'hite, arid, edge somewhat crenulate. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, dilated at apex, tubular, even, irhite to pallid, minutely pubescent-floccose, attcnvatcd dowmvard and inserted at base. SPORES narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, pointed at one end, 9-11x4-5 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. On fallen leaves and twigs, in frondose woods of beech, maple, etc. New Richmond. September This and M lrptopu>i Pk. seem closely related, the latter ditfering. 71 THE AGARICACEAP:: of MICHIGAN iU'Cordiii.t; to \\w dc^scnptioii, 1)V its |j;la))i()iis strni and the spores \\iii( li mensnie 7-!lx.')4 iiiier 45. Marasmius caricicola KaulT \ A. P., Vol. IX, p. -77, ll)i:>. riLET^S 4-S nun. hroad, coh n .r-( .r/xufdrd ^ o/>^7^•^ i-adiately and in-oadly snleati^ ov alveolate, jxtri u:Jii(i\ tonuliish, ])liant, icvivini; pruinos( FlAl^ll very tliin, mendn-anaeens. (ULLS adnate, thick, rcrif (lishnit, ratln^r broad, pnre white. STEM r< rjj short, about - nnn. lont»-, il-T nini. thick, terete, eqnal, central, snbglalnous, pun white, horizontal or asciMidiiii;, iasi rt( d hij a )i(tk( d hasr SPORES ellipti('al-o\ ate, narrowed loward apiculns, obtusely rounded at op- posite end, l'')-lSx(;-(;.5 nncr when nniture, snujoth, white. BASIDIA 2 or 4-spored, about 4r>x7 luicr., elonj^ated-clavate. STERKtMATA stout, awl-shaped, 7-S nurr lon^'. ODOR none. Ore.uarious, on lower portion of ('a rex stems, in marslies, willow^ swamps, etc. Aun Ar])or October-November Common hjcally Difi'ers from M ((oididiis Fr in the sense of all authors, in that tlie pileus is not undjilicate nor hemispherical, in its naked, inserted base of the stem, ami probably in the spores. Quelet (Jura et. Vos- i;es I gives the spores of the same length for J/ ra)ididiis. Cooke (111.) gives minute spores, and Patouillard (Talj. Analyt. ) figures them fusiform for J/ candidus. Hard's photograph (Mushrooms. Fig. 107, p. 142, lOOS) can scarcely be considered as the M (((itdidiis of Fries, whose plant is described as minute, but is apparently M magnisporus Murr Manifestly, M randldus Fr is not well under- stood. The trama of the pileus is composed of compact long, thickish. hyaline hyphae, differentiated at the surface into globose hyaline ccdls (i-7 micr in diameter SlBGJ^JXr;^ MYCEXA Margin of pihus at first straight and app)'( ssrd Stem horui/, tubular, sometimes stuffed, tough and dry Pileus submendnana ceus. ><8 (as ^Myeeiia) Illustrations Fries, Icones, Fl. S(l, Fi^. 1 (ns Myrrna coJiomns} Rickeu, Bliitterpilze, Fl. l^r», Fi^. 4. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fi-. 127, p. !:*»:>, V-^. Havel, Mushiooms, Fii;. 10(1, p. Ul FILEUS 12.5 cm. broad, rampauulale-expaii(l(Ml, obtuse, some- times umbonate, even, oi- striatulate wlieii moist .snft-rclrcl // vina- ceus-ciunamon to chestnut color, iadin- to alutaceus. mav.uin at length repand-wavy FLESH thin, conc(dor (JILLS adnate, rounded behind or sinuate, seceding, moderately broad, v(Mitricose, close to subdistant, pallid at lirst, soon colored, bn^wn, luick red to reddish-brown from the dark-coh)red, spiculate cyslidia, some- times intervenose. STE.M r>-15 cm. long, 4-(i mm. tliick, elongated, subequal, horm/, tuhuhu\ even, glabrous and shining, sometimes ob- scurely velvety from spicules, hnij-hnnru /o clKsfuut, i>allid at di- lated apex, base darker and densely Hoccose witli interwoven hairs Avhich join the stems and attach them to sul)stratum. SI*ORES variable in size, 0-8.5x4-5 micr., oval-elliptical, smooth, white. GYS- TIDIA numerous over entire surface of gills, lanrcolatc-dcicuhit^. 65-95x8-10 micr., reddish-hroicn, ODoR ^'somewhat disagreeable.^' (Ricken.) Caespitose and coherent, on the ground or much decayed wood, in frondose woods. Throughout the state. July-September Not infrequent. The rigid, horny, dark stems, joined at l>ase by a mass of white mycelial threads, the numerous cystidia and the size, distinguish this well-marked jdant Sometimes they grow singly CoUi/hia laclinoplujUa Berk and VoUi/hia spiniiUfcrd Fk. have been shown by Atkinson to be identical with it. It is often referred to as Mycena cohoerens. The surface of the pileus and of the stem are usually covered by dark spicules like those of the gills, and the color of any of these parts varies in proportion to their abundance. These spicules are microscopic in size. 47. Marasmius elongatipes Pk. N Y State Mus. Rep. 20, 1S74 (as M loiigipes Pk. i ^TILEUS 8-12 mm. broad, convex, glabrous, finely striate on the 76 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN margin, tawny-nd, FLESH meiiibranaceus. GILLS adnate, close, white. STEM 5-12 cm. long, filiform, tall, straij/ltt, equal hollow, pruinosc-tomentoscy radlcatiii<;, brown or fawn color, apex white." SI'ORES 7-8x3.5 niicr ( remiiiigtoii. ) Among fallen leaves in woods. Rare. It has been sugi;ested that this is identical with M chordalis (Fr ) Bres. I will, therefore, append Bresadola\s description of that species 'Tileus 1 2.5 cm. broad, convex, soon nmbilicate, then expanded, dry, umher, then Jivid-frJiifish, marked with reddish spots, pruinose under a lens, with an incurved, at first striate then sulcate margin. FLESH memlnanaceus. GILLS adnate to subdecurrent, distant. Avhitish, at Icncjih xt)(nr ifcUow and reddish spotted. STEM 7-10 (rarely 15) cm. long, 1 2 mm. thick, straight, stuffed hy a pith, (then hollow), rf(7fr-5roni'/, apex whitish, densely gray pruinose, in wet weather the surface is shiny from yellowish watery drops. SPORES fusoid-ventricose, 8-10x6 micr., hyaline under microscope. CYS- TIDIA fusoid. BASIDTA clavate, 40x4-6 micr. ODOR none.'' It is evident that here are two forms of Marasmius, clearly dis- tin.i;uishable by tlie colors. S])eeimens have been sent from Europe, according to Pennington (information by letter) marked M chor daJis, which had the cidor of our J/ eloiKiatipes. It seems probable that there are two species in Europe which are confused under the one name. Bresadola's figure does not illustrate our plants and Pey small mycelioid bas(^ ^^POKES elongated oblougdanceolate, narrowed to the pointed apiculus, variable in size, 13-18 (up to 21) x:j-1.5 micr., smooth, white. ODOR mild. Gregarious, on fallen leaves, twigs and debris in frondose woud> Throughout the State. July-September Frequent. One of our most beautiful species of Marasmius, due to its bright colors when in full luxuriance. The color varies considerably and in age is often rusty-reddish on the cap. The stem is paler at times when young. The spores are very variable, and either continue to mature, or in wet weather become elongated by the first stages of germination. Peck referred it to the species of Schweinitz, whose specimens of M siccus are preserved in the herbarium of the Phila- delphia Academy of Science. This species has been reported by De Seynes as occurring in the region of the Congo in Africa. 50. Marasmius felix ^Nlorg. Jour Mycol., Vol. 12, 1906. PILEUS 3-8 mm. broad, convex-plane, dry, glabrous, striate- rugulose when dry, riifescent, FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate, not broad, distant, white, venose, sometimes forked, STEM 2-S cm. long, filiform, brownish to ])lackish-brown, sometimes whit- /\S THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN ish at apex, ininuteJy browii-pubesceut or velvety, iustititioiis, slight I V biowii-haii'V a I JuseHiou, l)ase attached to veij^s ot falleji oak leavers. SPOKES elliptical, 7-!)xl-5 iiiicr., smooth, white. In I'rondose woods. Ann Arbor ^1. Illnsti-ations (/ooke, 111., PL 1129. (lillet, (Miampignons de France, Ko. 113. Eerkclev, Outlines, PL 11, Fi- 7 Kicken, Blatterpilze, I'l. L^"'^ Fig. 10. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. lOS, p. ll:L Conn. State OeoL & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 15, PL 5. PILEUS 1-10 mm. broad (rarely l)roader), pliant, hemispherical- convex, subumbonate-//^y?Z)///r7/fc, irliite or whitish, umbilicus darker, Ktdldirly pVicdfc, glabrous, margin crenate. FLESH mem- branaceus. OILLS attarlird to a free collar 'belund^ distant, broad, whitish-pallid. Stem 2-") cm. long, filiform, horny, tubular, black or bi-ownish-black, whitish at apex, entirely naked, institi- tious. SPOKES lanceolate-fusiform, 0-0x3-1 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. On fallen twigs, leaves and around base of living trunks, gre- garious. Throughout the State. May-September Very common. Often in great abundance after rains in woods, around shade trees, thickets, etc., and is our commonest Marasmius. Its beauti- fully pleated white cap and black stem cause it to be a striking little plant when moist and fully expanded. Sometimes the plants arise in series along a prostrate black strand, and are then often sterile. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 79 52. Marasmius graminum Libert. Plant. Crypt., 1837. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 1129. Berkeley, Outlines, PI. 14, Fig. 8. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 443. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 25, Fig. 9. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 325. ^TILEUS minute, 24 mm. broad, nearly plane, umbonate, pale rufous, -Silicate, the furrows paler, umbo brown. GILLS few, sub- A^entrieose, cream-colored, intervenose, attached to a free collar STEM 24 cm. long, capillary, shining-black, apex white, entirely naked.'^ SPOEES obovate, 5-6 micr long (Sacc.) , lanceolate, 12 15 x3-4 micr. (Ricken) (Schroeter) ; globose, 3 4 micr. diam. (Massee) (Cooke) Gregarious, attached to grass-leaves. Southern Michigan. The description is adapted from Berkeley Ricken and Schroeter describe it somewhat differently: ^TILEUS bright reddish-yellow or brownish-orange, depressed and darker in center GILLS very distant, all the same length, white or whitish. STEM entirely brownish-black or whitish at apex, hair-like in form, tough and hard/' (Otherwise as above, but with long spores.) The very dif- ferent sizes reported for the spores, show it to be as yet an uncer- tainly understood species. I have no record of the spores. 53. Marasmius androsaceus Fr Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 1129. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 439. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 25, Pig. 6. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 103, p. 138, 1908. PILEUS 6-12 mm. broad, at first subhemispherical, soon ex- panded and depressed-umbilicate, reddisih-hrown or with purplisli- tmt, sometimes whitish, distantly sulcate-striate or radiately wrinkled, glabrous. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate, thick- ish, distant, moderately broad, sometimes forked, flesh-color or rufescent. STEM 3-6 cm. long, capillary, tubular, tough and hard, glabrous-shining, black, apex paler, equal or dilated at apex, insti- 80 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN titious. SPOEES lanceolate, 6-8x2.5-3 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. Gregarious, attached to fallen leaves, twigs, pine needles, etc. Houghton, New Richmond and probably throughout the state. July-September. Not to be confused with M perforans Fr. which has a similar ap- pearance, but dififers in possessing a strong, specific odor (not of gar- lic), and in its minutely -velvety stem covering. 54. Marasmius epiphyllus Fr Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 1137. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 219. PILEUS 2-8 mm. broad, convex, at length flattened and depressed or subumbilicate, subpruinose or glabrous, milk-white rugulose. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate, few, very distant^ white. STEM 1-4 cm. long, filiform, equal, reddish-iroion^ paler or whitish at apex,, pruinose^ pubescent toward base, instititiou's, tough. SPORES narrowly fusiform-lanceolate, 9-12x3-4 micr., smooth^ white. CYSTIDIA moderately abundant, on sides and edge of gills, 40-50x7-8 micr., subacuminate, narrowly lanceolate. BASIDIA 30x7 micr., 4-spored. ODOR none. Gregarious, on fallen leaves of oak, etc., attached to midrib and veins. Ann Arbor. October. Distinguished from the preceding by the pruinose stem. M. in- stititious Fr is said to differ by the sulcate-plicate pileus and the thicker stem which tapers downward. The spore-sizes given by various authors clash here as in many other cases. Massee and Cooke give them as 3x2 micr ; Morgan (ex Saccardo) as 6-7x2. Our plants appear to be those of Ricken. 55. Marasmius capillaris Morg. Ann. Soc. of Nat. Hist. Jour., Vol. 6, 1883. PlLEUS 2-6 mm. broad, convex, umbilicate, plicate-siilcate, alu- taceus sometimes darker, with white untbilicuSy glabrous. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate to a free collar^ moderately broad, white, distant. STEM 3-5 cm. long, capillary, equal, long, blacky scarcely whitish at very apex, glabrous-shining, tubular, tough^ CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 81 instititious. SPORES obloiig-lanceolate, 8 10x4-5 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. Gregarious on fallen leaves of oak, etc., twigs and sticks in woods. Ann Arbor. September Known by its long, filiform black stem and the white nmbilicns which is in marked contrast to the color of the rest of pileus. Heliomyces Lev (From the Greek, helios^ the sun, and myphes, a fungus.) Flesh tremelloid, subcoreaceous, reviving in moist weather Pileus rugose, sulcate or reticulate-ridged. Stem central, confluent with the pileus, tough. No veil. Gills with acute edge. Marasmius-like plants with a gelatinous trama, usually lignicol- ous. The species are few and have been poorly studied; probably most of them occur in the tropical regions. It is highly desirable to know the microscopic structure of the species so far referred here. Pleurotus subpalmatns is closely related to this genus, and should perhaps be included. Only two species are represented in my collections. 56. Heliomyces nigripes (Schw ) Morg. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 115, p. 152, 1908. Lloyd, Myc. Notes, No. 5, Fig. 19 and 20, p. 46. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, very thin, pure chalk-white^ convex then expanded, pruinose, rugulose-subsulcate ; trama composed of sub- gelatinous hyphae much interwoven. GILLS adnate or adnato- decurrent, subdistant, unequal, intervenose, some forked, white, rufescent. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, enlarged and usually compressed above, tapering downward, instititious^ cartilaginous- tough, Hack, white-pruinose at first, minutely tubular, black within. SPORES coarsely stellate, 3-5 rayed, hyaline, 8-9 micr, diam. CYS- TIDIA none. 'On sticks, stems of Equisetum, fallen leaves, etc., in mixed woods. New Eichmond. September. In age the colors of the whole plant change to alutaceous. This species has usually been referred to Marasmius. It is an American plant and was placed in that genus- by de Schweinitz. In his North 11 LACTARIEiE Context of fruit-body fleshy, putrescent, vesiculose; stem eon- fluent with pileus and gills, central; gills brittle, attached, acute on edge, mostly with cystidia in the hymenium, spores sphoeroid, rough, white, yellowish or ochraceous. This subfamily is sharply set off^ from the others by the vesiculose trama of the fruit-body and the echinulate or otherwise roughened, globose spores. With the exception of the Cortinarii, no other groups develop such a variety of bright-colored pilei. Many of them possess a strong acrid taste, and nearly all of them have specially differentiated hyphae scattered through the trama, which in the Lactarii secrete a milky or colored juice. The hymenium is composed of cylindric-clavate basidia intermingled with cystidia, the latter often extend into or below the subhymenium, and in the young plant project above the basidia; later they are often even with the rest of the hymenium. In a few cases the cystidia are scanty or lacking. The subhymenium is differentiated to a greater or less extent in the different species, consisting of a tissue of small roundish cells between basidia and trama. The group is apparently derived from Hygrophorus, probably by several paths. The gills have a somewhat waxy consistency in some species, reminding one of the gills of that genus. There are two well-marked genera Lactarius, exuding a milky juice when wounded. Kussula, without this juice. Lactarius Fr. (From the Latin, lac^ milk.) Veil none; the trama composed of vesiculose tissue, and with a milky or colored juice which exudes when plant is broken; gills rigid, fragile, acute on edge ; stem central, confluent with the pileus ; spores globose or subglobose, usually echinulate or verrucose, white or yellowish. Fleshy and putrescent fungi, often of large size, mostly terrestrial, sometimes on much decayed wood. The genus is very distinct and 84 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN most closely related to Kussula, from which it differs by the exuda- tion of a milky or colored juice from the gills and elsewhere when wounded. The abundance and size of many species which are edible makes this an important genus economically; but a number of species are believed to be poisonous and must be carefully dis- tinguished. The PILEUS may be white, yellow, orange, green, blue, reddish, tan, gray, etc., often with the colors in variegated zones of related hues. It is either dry or viscid, glabrous, velvety or tomentose, and the margin which is at first involute is usually much more velvety or tomentose than the center of the pileus ; in some species, however, tlie margin is naked. The GILLS are usually adnate at first or acuminate on the stem, becoming spuriously decurrent in many cases as the margin of the pileus is elevated at maturity or in age. They are usually rigid-brittle, and exude the milky juice to best advantage when quickly cut by a sharp-pointed instrument. They are usually of unequal length and often forked, sometimes dicho- tomously as in L. piperaUis. The color of the gills varies from white to yellowish or grayish, and in many cases they become dis- tinctly darker in age, a character on which the main division has been based. In one group they become dusted by the spores and are said to be pruinose in age. The STEM has a rigid cortex with a spongy-stuffed interior, and becomes rather brittle. It is never fibrous but may become hollow or cavernous with age. It is either white or has the color of the pileus, but often diluted. Its rigid, stiff -looking appearance, which is due to the vesiculose structure of the flesh, gives both the species of this genus as well as those of Russula a characteristic pose by which these two genera are soon easily recognized. The TRAMA has a structure which, along with that of the Eussulas, is unique among the Agaricaceae. The hyphae of the usual slender, filamentous type of other genera are rather scanty, and interweave among clusters of thin-walled, parenchyma- like, isodiametric cells, forming the so-called vesiculose tissue. Mixed with the filamentous are the milk-bearing hyphae, called "latex-tubes" or "lactiferes." These extend longtitudinally up through the stem, spread out in the pileus and extend through the gills. The "MILK," as it is called, is usually white as it comes from a sudden wound, but in several species it is colored blue, orange or red. After the white milk is exposed to the air for a few minutes, it either remains unchanged or becomes yellow, lilac, pink, greenish or grayish. In many species this change is only noticeable where the milk touches the flesh, and the latter takes on the corresponding CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS S5 color. In a few species the juice is watery or a diluted white; this was considered by Fries as a degenerate condition due to the hab- itat. During very dx^ weather or in old specimens the juice is dried up and does not respond to the wounding of the tissue. Some species of Mycena are also supplied with a colored juice, but these lack the vesiculose trama and are very slender-stemmed plants. The TASTE of the milk and flesh is often very acrid in fresh plants and con- tinued sampling of many specimens the same day is apt to produce a sore tongue. It is, however, necessary to know whether a species is acrid or mild, hence cautious tasting of minute pieces of the gills is not objectionable and if kept in the mouth but a short time and not swallowed, no harm results. This character is of great importance in determining the species of this genus. Some species, usually called mild, have a woody or bitterish taste. The SPORES are globose to almost broadly elliptical in some species. The epispore is decorated with minute spines, reticulations, etc. The color varies from white to yellowish, not nearly as variable as in the genus Eussula. The size of the spore is not suflSciently different to be of much use in ordinary diagnosis of species. CYSTIDIA are abundant in many of the species, and are apparently of the same nature as in Eussula. Many species, especially those with a mild taste, are EDIBLE, and are much prized by mycophagists ; such are L. deliciosus, L. volemusy L. hygrophoroideSy L. indigo^ etc. The very acrid species should be tried cautiously Some are considered poisonous and have been so marked. The poison is, however, not of the same order as in the Amanitas, and there is a growing belief that if properly prepared most, if not all of them, may be eaten with impunity. L. piperatuSf whose milk has a most excruciatingly biting effect on the tongue when taken from a fresh plant, is known to be perfectly safe after it is cooked. All serious accidents which have come to my notice in the state, have been traced with fair certainty to the Amanitas. Any mushroom, however, especially if fried, may cause illness to people with poor digestion in the same way as many other delicious articles of food. The Lactarii are most abundant during July and August, with a similar seasonal range as the Russulas. They often occur in large numbers in the open woods of higher ground, although some species are mostly limited to swamps, bogs and low rich woods. I have seen hundreds of individuals of several species, including L. vellereus. in an area several rods in extent. Others' like L, indigo are mostly few in a place and occur in widely separated localities. 86 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN The Friesian arrangement into two main groups is here retained. Other groupings which have been attempted, seem to me to have brought out no clearer relationships and tend only to complicate matters. The main divisions are here considered as subgenera. These have been subdivided into sections, depending on the char- acter of the surface of the pileus, and on the taste. The key includes only the species so far identified from plants gathered within the state. Key to the Species (A) Milk brightly colored from the first. [See also (AA) and (AAA)], (a) Young gills and milk indigo-blue. 78. L. indigo Schw. (aa) Not indigo-blue. (b) Young gills and milk dark red. 76. L, subpurpureus Pk. (bb) Young gills and milk orange. 77 L. deliciosus Fr. (AA) Milk at first white, changing color on exposure to the air, at least on the flesh, (a) Milk becoming lilac or violet-lilac, at least on the bruised flesh, (b) Pileus zonate, 8-12 cm. broad; stem spotted. 75. L. maculatus Pk. (bb) Pileus azonate, 3-7 cm. broad; stem not spotted. 74. L. uvidus Fr. (aa) Milk not changing to lilac, (b) Milk becoming pinkish-red, at least on the bruised flesh, (c) Pileus chocolate-brown to pale sooty-brown, usually rugose. 80. L. lignyotus Pr. (cc) Pileus grayish-brown to isabelline, even. 79. L, fulginosus Fr. (bb) Milk not changing to pinkish red. (c) Milk becoming yellow, at least on the bruised flesh, (d) Margin of pileus tomentose-hairy. (e) Stem spotted; pileus straw-color to ochraceous. 60. L, scrohiculatus Fr, (ee) Stem not spotted; pileus buff tinged with flesh calor. 62. L. cilicioides Fr. (dd) Margin of pilous glabrous or nearly so. (e) Pileus azonate, dry or scarcely viscid, some shade of red- dish-brown, (f) Odor strong, disagreeable. 69. L. theiogalus Fr. (ff) Not with marked odor, (g) Pileus substriate on margin, fading to isabelline. 88. L. isabellinus Burl. iss) Pileus even on margin, color of L. comphoratus. 87. L. colorascens Pk. (ee) Pileus zonate, at least toward margin, (f) Pileus very viscid when moist, orange-yellow- 86. L, croceus Burl, (ff) Pileus subviscid. (g) Pileus distinctly spotted-zoned with dull-orange zones; milk very acrid. 68. L. chrysorheus Fr. (gg) Pileus faintly zonate; milk tardily acrid or bitterish. 69. L. theiogalus Fr. (cc) Milk not changing to yellow (d) Milk becoming greenish on the bruised flesh, (e) Pilous dark « live-green, rather rigid, zonate, 59. L. atro- virides Pk. (ee) Pileus livid-smoky-gray, azonate. 73. L. triviaUs var. viridilactis. (dd) Milk not changing to green or bfownish on flesh, (e) Gills stained gray where bruised. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 87 94. L. luteolus pileus incarnate- (f) Pileus olive-brown to umber, rigid, 6-12 cm. broad. 58. *L. turpis Fr. (ff) Pileus drab-colored to lilac-grayish, 3-6 cm. broad. 85. L, viettcs Fr (ee) Milk changing to brown on the flesh. Pk. (AAA) Milk white, unchanging, (a) Pileus viscid when moist. (b) Margin of pileus distinctly tomentose-hairy ; tinged. 61. L, torminosus Fr. (bb) Margin of pileus glabrous or nearly so. (c) Pileus distinctly zonate, more or less copper-orange color 70. L. insulsus Fr. (cc) Pileus not or obscurely zonate. (d) Pileus large, usually 8-15 cm. broad, (e) Pileus pale yellowish or subochraceous ; gills broad. 71. L. affinis Pk. (ee) Pileus white soon spotted-stained; gills becoming flesh- colored. 65. L, controversus Fr. (eee) Pileus livid-smoky gray or tinged slightly with lilac- purplish. 73. L. trivialis Fr. (dd) Pileus medium to small, less than 8 cm. broad, (e) Pileus drab or lilac-^ray; gills pruinose. 85. L, Fr. (ee) Pileus some other color, (f) Pileus and stem cinereus, glabrous, small. 84. ereus Pk. (ff) Pileus reddish. (g) Pileus unbonate-papillate, reddish-fulvous, 96. L. oculatus (Pk.) Burl, umbilicate-depressed, reddish-brown, 72. L. hysginus Fr. vietus L. cin- 1-2 cm. (gg) 5-7 cm. or with velvety- broad. Pileus broad, (aa) Pileus not viscid, (b) Pileus minutely tomentose, scaly, pubescent bloom, (c) Taste mild, never acrid; pileus reddish-brown to pale tawny, (d) Gills close; pileus rugose-reticulate, velvety-pubescent. 92. L. corrugis Pk. (dd) Gills distant; pileus even or slightly rugulose, almost gla- brous. 93. L. hygrophoroides B. & C. (cc) Taste acrid or slowly acrid, if mild then pileus not reddish- brown, (d) Odor aromatic, rather strong. (e) Pileus ashy to smoky-brown. L. glyciosmus Fr. (ee) Pileus tawny to isabelline; in swamps and bogs. Jielvus Fr. (dd) Odor none, (e) Pileus white or whitish, (f) Pileus persistently velvety-tomentose on entire surface. 63. L. vellereus Fr. Pileus glabrous on center, margin densely cottony- tomentose. 64. L. deceptivus Fr Pileus not white. Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, gray; often on much decayed wood. 83. JQ. griseus Pk. Pileus 2-7 cm. broad; flesh reddish or flesh-color where bruised, (g) Pileus chocolate-brown to pale sooty-brown, rugose on center. 80. L. Ugnyotus Fr. (gg) Pileus grayish-brown to isabelline. 79. L. fuligino- sus Fr. (bb) Pileus glabrous, (c) Pileus etc. white; gills very crowded, dichotomously forked. (ff) (ee) (f) (ff) 81. L. 88 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN 66. L. piperatus Fr. (cc) Pileus not white, (d) Pileus some shade of gray or brown, (e) Gills becoming dingy greenish-brown where bruised, (f) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, pale lilaceous-umber. 89. L, pcur- vus Pk (ff) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad, grayish-buff. 90. L. varius Pk. (ee) Gills not changing to greenish-brown when wounded; pileus zoned, gray to brownish-gray. 67 L, pyrogalus Fr (dd) Pileus some shade of red or yellow, (e) Gills distant; pileus pale brownish-orange. 93. L, hygro- phoroides B. & C. (ee) Gills close or subdistant. (f) Taste acrid, (g) Pileus bay-red to rufus. 82. L, rufiis Fr. (gg) Pileus pale yellowish to subochraceus. 71. L. afflnis Pk. (ff) Taste mild or nearly so. (g) Odor aromatic, sometimes faint, (h) Pileus even, brown-red; color persisting. 97 L, camphoratus Fr. (hh) Pileus rimulose, areolate, brown-red, fading. 98. L. rimosellus Pk. (gg) Odor none, (h) Pileus 5-12 cm. broad, brownish-orange to fulvous; stem solid. 91. L. volemus Fr. (hh) Pileus 2-5 cm. broad, brownish-red to isabelline; stem stuffed to hollow- 95. L, suMulcis Fr. PIPERITE8: Gills not becoming darker nor pruinose-sprinkled in age. In this group the milk is either colored or white. In some species it changes on exposure to the air and stains the gills so that they assume a different color than at first; such species must not be referred to the second group, since there th^ gills assume a darker color wdthout reference to the milk. Section I Pileus, especially on margin, shaggy, scabrous, tomen- tose or hairy-fringed , taste acrid, 58. Lactarius turpis Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PI. 60. Oooke, 111., PI. 987 Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 397 Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 9, Fig. 4. PILEUS 6-12 cm. broad, rigid, convex-umbilicate, then expanded and depressed, olive-lroirn to umler, darker on disk, azonate, some- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 89 what roughish-floccose, fihrils glutinous when moist^ at length sub- glabrous, margin at first involute with an olivaceus-yellow villosity FLESH whitish, compact, thick. GILLS adnate, decurrent, narrow, close to crowded, dingy cream-colored, stained gray or nearly Mack where bruised. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick, stout, short, firm, scarcely viscid, glabrous, concolor or paler than pileus, often spotted with darker spots ^ even, stuffed, sometimes hollow SPOEES "globose, echinulate, 6.5-8 micr,'' (Burl.) MILK white, unchanging, causing gray stains on gills, acrid. ODOR slight. Edible. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in the north, in mixed woods of hemlock, balsam, poplar, maple, etc. Presque Isle, Mar- quette. August-September Rare or frequent locally. It is very distinct from L. atroviridis in its colors and in the char- acter of the surface of the pileus, etc. Dried specimens are grayish- black. Lacta/rius sordidus Pk. is without doubt the same. It is said to be eaten in Europe, although as Fries remarks, it has a loath- some appearance. It has somewhat the habit of Paxillus Involutus and like the latter, prefers coniferous woods. 59. Lactarius atroviridis Pk. N Y State Mus. Rep. 42, 1889. Illustration Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 139, p. 175, 1908 (not typ- ical) PILEUS 6-15 cm. broad, suhrigid, convex-expanded, soon de- pressed, dry, rough-scabrous to scabrous-hairy, often rugose, dark olive green, becoming blackish-green, sometimes obscurely mottled- zonate toward margin, which is at first involute then spreading and thin. FLESH whitish, thick and compact on disk. GILLS adnate or subdecurrent, close, distinct, rather narrow, whitish at first. stained with dark green where bruised or in age, intervenose, few forked. STEM short, 2-5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, stout, subrigid. equal, dry, glabrous, dark greenish, soon hollow or cavernous. SPORES "subglobose, echinulate, 7-8 micr., white.'' (Burl.) MILK white, unchanging, causing dark green stains on gills, acrid. Gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor, De- troit. August. Infrequent. Blackish when dried. A very curious and repellent mushroom, concerning whose edibility nothing is known. It is quite distinct and easily recognized by its blackish-green colors, rigid flesh and 90 THE AGARICACEAB OP MICHIGAN short Stem. The pileus is relatively much broader than the stem and is often exceedingly rough-scabrous on the surface, especially in dry weather. It seems distributed over the northeastern i>ortion of the United States, but is not often collected. The stem is often spotted with darker spots. 60. Lactarius scrobiculatus Fr (Poisonous) Syst. Myc, 1821. lUustrations : Cooke, 111., PI. 971. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 392. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 409. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 53. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 133, p. 169, 1908. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 9, Fig. 2. PILEUS 7-17 cm. broad, convex-depressed, at length infundibuli- form, varying azonate to markedly zonate, viscid when moist, often covered by a thin, hairy tomentum, straw-yellow to dark ochraceus, becoming subferruginous and areately cracked when dry, margin at first involute and tomentose-hairy or densely fringed, FLESH com- pact, firm, white, changing to yellowish from the milk. GILLS ad- nate, subdecurrent, narrow, crowded, sometimes forked or anas- tomosing on stem, whitish or yellowish, darker where wounded, STEM 3-6 cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick, stout, short, equal, stuffed then hollow, glabrous, concolor or paler than pileus, mth depressed^ roundish spots of a brightet^ color SPORES subglobose-elliptical. "minutely echinulate, 6.5-7x8-10 micr., white." (Burl.) MILK white, changing quickly to sulphur-yellow, acrid. Poisonous, Gregarious. On the ground in moist woods, or along mossy mar- gins of swamps, mostly in coniferous regions. Bay View, Huron Mountains, New Richmond. July-August. Infrequent. The well-marked depressed spots on the stem and the tomentose- hairy margin distinguish it. The margin finally becomes spread- ing or elevated and the tomentosity gradually disappears. The zones of the pileus may be very obscure or quite distinct; in one large specimen I counted seventeen zones. It is a magnificent mushroom when in full luxuriance, but is not often found. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 91 61. Lactarius toiminosus Fr. (Poisonous) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PL 28. Cooke, 111., PI. 972. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 395. Michael, Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 38. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 127, p. 165, 1908. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 118, p. 119, 1900. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 9, Fig. 3. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, convex, depressed to subinfundibuli- form, viscid when young or moist, ochraceus-bufif tinged with rosy- flesh colovy spotted-zoned, sometimes paler and azonate, margin at first involute and persistently tomemtose-hairy or fringed^ disk glabrous. FLESH rather soft, thick, white or tinged incarnate. GILLS decurrent, narrow, thin, close, some forked at base, whitish to creamy, at length incarnate or reddish-yellow. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, short, equal or tapering downwards, glabrous or pruinose, even, stuffed then hollow, flesh-color, paler below, some- times spotted. SPORES "elliptical, echinulate, 8-10x6-8 micr., white.'^ (Burl.) MILK white, uivcha/nging ^ very acrid. Poisonous. Gregarious. On the ground in mixed forests of birch and hemlock, etc., and in frondose woods of oak, maple, elm, etc. Throughout the state, from the southern limits to Isle Royale. July-September Frequent. Known by the tomentose-fringed margin of the pileus, the zones on the surface, the white, acrid milk which remains unchanged, and the pinkish-yellow or ochraceus color. It must be carefully dis- tinguished from the edible species like L. deUciosus. It is usually much paler than the latter, but occasionally approaches it in its colors, and L. deUciosus has colored milk and the margin of pileus is naked. L. torminosus is poisonous, yet the Russian peasants are said to preserve it and eat it seasoned with oil and vinegar. 62. Lactarius cilicioides Fr (Poisonous) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustration: Oooke, 111., PI. 973. "PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, broadly convex or nearly plane, umbili- 92 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN cate or centrally depressed, occasionally subinfundibuliform, cov- ered with long matted hairs or tomentum,^ the center sometimes naked with age, azonate, viscid when moist, white, reddish, bujQf or dingy incarnate. FLESH soft. GILLS adnate or slightly, decur- rent, thin, rather narrow, close, some forked, white or tinged with yellow or incarnate. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, short, equal or tapering downward, pruinose, stuffed then hollow, not spotted, white or whitish. SPORES globose-elliptical, 6-8 micr., white. MILK white, sparse, slowly changing to pale yellow, acrid. "In pine woods. September-October," The description is adapted from Peck (N. Y Mus. Rep. 38) who remarks that it is distinguished from all others by its conspicuously woolly pileus. The hairs or fibrils are long and intricately matted,, and very viscid in wet weather. The milk is said to be very sparse, and in a white variety, sometimes wanting. I have not yet found it in the state, but as it is said to be poisonous like the preceding, to which it is closely related, it seemed desirable to include it. The white variety might be mistaken for a Russula. 63. Lactarius vellerius Fr, (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 980. Bresadola, Fungh. Mang. e. Vel., PI. 67. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 400. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 10, Fig. 2. Hussey, Illust. Brit. Myc. I, PI. 63. White, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 15, PL 13. PILEUS 6-12 cm. broad, subrigid, convex-umbilicate, at length expanded and concave-depressed, dry, white or whitish, entirely minutely tomentose, velvety to the touch, margin at first involute then spreading or elevated. FLESH compact, thick white or stained from the milk. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, subdistant to dis- tant, moderately broad, somewhat forked, whitish to creamy-yellow becoming brownish-stained. STEM 1.5 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. thick, equal or tapering downward, short, stout, pminose-pubescent, white, rigid, solid. SPORES subglobose to broadly elliptical, nearly, smooth, 7-9 micr., white. MILK white, unchanging or temporarily cream-colored, sometimes lacking, acrid. Poisonous, Gregarious. On the ground in mixed and frondose woods, often very abundant. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 93 Throughout the state from the southern limits to Lake Superior. July-September. Rather frequent locally This differs from L. piperatus in the velvety- tomentose pileus and rather distant gills. L. deceptivus has a thick, cottony tomentum on the involute margin, but is almost glabrous elsewhere. Sometimes the milk of L. vellerms seems to be lacking, when it might be mis- taken for Riossula delica; the latter, however, lacks the tomentosity of the pileus as a rule, and often has a greenish tinge on the apex of the stem and the edge of the gills. Its edibilty is questioned, but Mcllvaine ate it for years. Others also consider it edible since it loses its acridity when cooked. Without doubt it can be eaten by some, but like Lepiota morgani, causes bad effects in others. The nature of its harmful principle should be investigated. 64. Lactarius deceptivus Pk. (Edible) N. Y State Mus. Rep. 38, 1885. Illustrations: Peck, N. Y State Mus. Rep. 54, PI. 70, Fig. 7-1, 1901. White, Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 3, PL 8, op. p. 30. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 129, p. 167 (poor). PILEUS 7-15 cm. broad, firm, convex-umbilicate, then expanded- depressed or subinfundibuliform, dry, glabrous or nearly so except the margin, wMte or whitish^ often with dingy rusty stains, margin at first involute and densely cottony-tomentose^ then spreading or elevated and fibrillose. FLESH compact, thick, white. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, rather hroad, subdistant, some forked, white or cream-yellow STEM 3-7 cm. long, 1-4 cm. thick, stout, short, 9oUd, equal or tapering downward, pruinose-pubescent, white. SPORES subglobose to broadly elliptical, 9-12 micr., echinulate, white. MILK white, unchanging, acrid. Edible, Gregarious. On the ground, especially in coniferous woods, occa- sionally in frondose woods. Isle Royale, Huron Mountains, Marquette, Houghton, Detroit; throughout the state. July-September. Sometimes very abundant in the north. Easily confused with L. vellerius, from which it differs in the thick, cottony inroUed margin of the pileus and its glabrous surface elsewhere.^ It has also large spores as compared with L. vellerius. It has been eaten in quantity by Peck who pronounces it of fair quality, since the acrid taste disappears in cooking, with us it is far 94 THE AGARICACEAB CF MICHIGAN more abundant in the Northern Peninsula, apparently prefering the colder latitude or altitude. It is said to be most abundant in the mountainous regions in the eastern United States. 65. Lactarius controversus Fr. Syst. Myo., 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PI. 29. Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. 61. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 381. Cooke, 111., PI. 1003 (extreme form) PILEUS 8-20 cm. broad, firm, convex and broadly umbilicate or depressed, at length infundibuliform, viscid when moist, appressed subtomentose or flocculose, wMte at firsts at length tinged incarnate and stained with 'brownish flesh colored spots, obscurely zoned to- ward margin which is at first involute but soon spreading and ele- vated or reflexed. FLESH white or at length slightly incarnate. GILLS attenuate behind, at length ascending-decurrent, abrupt, narrow, crowded, whitish at first then strongly incarnate to pink- incarnate, thin, ratlier easily separable from pileus. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, ojten eccentric, equal or narrowed downward, solid, firm or spongy, subflocculose, glabrescent, even, not spotted, white within and without. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, 5-7 micr., white or slightly incarnate-tinged. MILK white, unchanging, slowly acrid, often rather scanty Gregarious. On the ground in low; moist, frondose woods. Ann Arbor, Jackson, Detroit, etc. August-September, Frequent in the southeastern part of the state. This interesting species I have seen frequently and it appeared to be undescribed. A comparison of figures and descriptions has convinced me that it is an American form of L. controversus. The spots on the cap do not. become so deeply colored as described for the European plant, but otherwise there is very little discrepancy When young the plants are white and are easily mistaken for L. piperatus, but soon the gills, etc., take on the characteristic flesh- color The color of the gills is often bright incarnate while that of the cap, flesh and stem is slightly so only in age. The stem is some- times somewhat proemorsely rooted. The European plant is said to be edible. A form occurs which has a hollow stem but otherwise not very distinct , this may be L. puhescens Fr. The latter is said to be much smaller, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 95 Section IL Pileus glabrous, dry; taste acrid. 66. Lactarius piperatus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PL 27, Cooke, 111., PI. 979. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 119. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 37, Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 10, Fig. 3. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PL 36, p. 92, 1905. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 119, p. 120, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 128, p. 166, 1908. White, Oonn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 3, PL 9, op. p. 30. Plate IX of this Report. PILEUS 4-12 cm. broad, firm, convex-umbilicate, then expanded- depressed, at length infundibuliform, dry, glabrous, azonate, tohite, even, margin at first involute and naked, at length spreading or elevated. FLESH white, compact, thick. GILLS attenuate-sub- decurrent, narrow^ very crowded, dichotomously forked, white then cream-yellow STEM 2-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, equal or tapering downward, dry, firm, soUd, glabrous or pruinose, white. SPORES subglobose, nearly smooth, 0-7.5 micr., white. MILK white, unchang- ing, very acrid, copious. Edible. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground in frondose woods of maple, oak, etc. Throughout the Southern Peninsula, less frequent northward. July-September Common. This has the most intensely biting taste of all Lactarii. The acridity disappears in cooking and it can then be eaten with impun- ity Mcllvaine advises its use in gravy This species is distinguished from its near relatives by its naked margin and very crowded and dichotomously forked gills which become dingy pale yellowish in age. The photograph of Marshall and the figure of Michael show extreme forms if they refer to this plant. L. pergamerms Fr is said to differ in its longer and stuffed stem, and the pileus is thinner and wrinkled, and is not umbilicate at first; some consider it only a variety A form occurred near Marquette with merely close gills, and in which the milk changed to pale sulphur-yellow; it had a pleasant odor an* is var. fragrans Burl. (See Torr. Bot. Club Bull. 14, p. 20, 1908.) 96 THE AGARICACBAE OF MICHIGAN 67. Lactarius pyrogalus Fr. (Poisonous) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 3&0. Kicken, Blatterpilze, PL 11, Fig. 2. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 121. PILEUS 4-6 cm. broad, convex then plane and depressed, gray to livid-gray or brownish-gray, darker in the center, zoned toward margin, moist in wet weather but not viscid, glabrous, margin at first involute then spreading. FLESH white, compact, thick. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, subdistant to distant^ firm, thin, mod- erately broad, yellowish. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick, equal or tapering downwards, glabrous, becoming hollow, concolor or paler, white-mycelioid at base. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, 6-8 micr., pale ochraceous. CYSTIDIA abundant, subcylindrical, 67-70x9 micr MILK white, very acrid, abundant, persisting as coagulated yellowish globules on the edge of the gills. Poisonous. On the ground in woods. Bay View, Marquette, Ann Arbor. July-August. Infrequent. Known by its distant gills which become yellowish, the subzonate gray pileus and the milk. The milk often remains as coagulated drops on the gills. 68, Lactarius chrysorheus Fr. (Poisonous) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 984. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 379. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 13, Fig, 4. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 123, 1900. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, convex and broadly umbilicate, then ex- panded-depressed to subinfundibuliform, dry or suhviscid, glabrous, color variable, lohitish to yellowish tinged incarnate, ^oned with dull orange or yellovy, sometimes almost fulvous, spotted, margin at first involute then pruinose-tomentose, then elevated. FLESH whitish then yellowish from the milk, medium thick. GILLS ad- nate-decurrent, crowded, less so in age, narrow, some forked at base, thin, white at first, soon dingy yellowish, stained darker in age. ' STEM 4-6 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, equal or subequal, pniinose, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 97 glabrescent, even, stuffed then hollow, white, changing to color of pilens with age, sometimes spotted. SPORES subglohose, echinu- late, 7-8 micr., white. MILK white, changing to sulphur-yellow ^ copious, very acrid. Poisonous. Subcaespitose or gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Marquette, etc., throughout the state. August-September. Closely related to L. theiogalus. The latter has a more truly viscid pileus which is usually not zoned, and an odor which is well-marked and disagreeable. L. chrysorheiis is sometimes frequent locally but I have so far not happened upon it in many localities. It may be that it is quite strongly restricted to certain seasons. Fries, Ricken and other European authors describe the pileus as always dry but in the United States it is often subviscid in moist weather The milk sometimes turns slowly and the taste is occasionally bitter- acrid. 69. Lactarius theiogalus Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 396. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 13, Fig. 5. Burlingham, Torr Bot. Club Mem. 14, Fig. 12, p. 70, 1908. PILEUS 3-8 cm. broad, convex then expanded, umhonate^ obtuse or depressed^ dry or subviscid, even or wrinkled-uneven, glabrous, incamate-isaielline to pale tawny-reddish or fulvous^ obscurely zonate to azonate, margin at first involute soon spreading. FLESH medium thick, compact, white then yellowish from the milk. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close, rather narrow, some forked near base, pallid to yellowish-flesh color, reddish-brown where bruised or in age. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, subequal, firm, undulate- uneven^ stuffed then hollow, glabrous, concolor or paler, substrigose at base. SPORES ^'subglobose to broadly elliptical, minutely echinulate, 8-9x6-7 micr., whitish." (Burl.) MILK white, changing to sulphur^yellow, tardily but very acrid. ODOR strong, pungent, disagreeable. Suspected. Gregarious. On the ground in coniferous woods, sometimes in * swampy places. Marquette, Huron Mountains, Houghton, Bay View, New Richmond. July-October Frequent locally. This species differs as a rule from the preceding by its umbonate or obtuse pileus, but this is not always reliable. It is necessary to 13 98 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN take into account tlie odor of the fresh plant, the undulate surface of the stem and the color of the pileus. Usually it lacks the zones which are marked in L. chry&orhenis^ but I have specimens from a sphagnum swamp which show the zones quite well. Miss Burling- ham states that it is more zonate in wet places. L. brevis Pk. and L. brevipes Longyear^ are considered by Miss Burlingham as ecological forms of this species. Ricken refers this to the group with pruinose gills, it is, however, too close to the preceding to be placed so far away Its taste is sometimes bitter at first. Section III Pileus glabrous, viscid; taste acrid. 70. Lactarius insulsus Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Ck)oke, 111., PI. 975. Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. veL, PL 62. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 386. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 135, p. 171, 1908. Ibid, Fig. 132, p. 168 (as L. regalis Pk.) Plate X of this Report. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, rigid, convex-umbilicate, then expanded- depressed to infundibuliform, coppery-orangey with alternate zones of deeper or lighter tones, sometimes paler throughout, mscid, glab- rous, somewhat uneven, margin at first involute then elevated and arched, naked. FLESH scarcely compact, thick, white. GILLS ad- nate then decurrent, thin, narroio, some forked at base, white then pallid. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, equal or tapering down- ward, glabrous, stuffed then hollow, paler than pileus. SPORES globose, strongly echinulate, 7-9.5 micr., pale yellowish. MILK white, unchanging, very acrid. Gregarious to caespitose. On the ground in open frondose woods. Ann Arbor July-October. Frequent. This species does not yet seem to be clearly understood. Ricken describes a plant which is scarcely zoned except on the margin and which has very large spores — 12-15x10-12 micr, The spore-meai?ure- ments of Bresadola and Saccardo, on the. other hand, agree with ours. Peck's description (N Y State Mus. Rep. 38, p. 122) is that ' of the paler form and has been copied by Mcllvaine. Our plants are mostly of the dark yellow to orange type as described by Miss Bur- lingham, but paler forms also occur Specimens of the dark form C;^ASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 99 were sent to Peck who referred thein to L. regalis Pk. and Dr Fisch- er's photograph of it is so named in Hard's book. It is possible that some of our forms represent L. zoivarius Fr. which is said to have a solid stem, pale orange to yellow-gilvus pileus with a thinner mar- gin. According to Fries (Monographia) L. inmlsus has the habit and size of L. deliciosus, differing in paler colors, acrid taste and white unchangeable milk. Cooke's figure represents our plants well except that they may become darker with age. L. regalis is referred by Peck to a variety of L. resimus Fr., and is said to be an almost entirely white plant with scarcely noticeable zones, not at all related to L. insulsus; its milk changes to sulphur-yellow The gills of our form of L. insulsus sometimes become dingy yellowish in age or where bruised, but the milk is unchangeable. The plants referred to L. insulsus by Mcllvaine were edible. 71. Lactarius affinis Pk. N. Y State Mus. Rep. 23, 1872. Ibid, (as L. platyphyllus Pk.). PILEUS 6-15 cm. broad, firm, convex-umbilicate then expanded- depressed, pale yellowish to yellowish-incarnate or ochraceous-yel- low, azonate^ viscid, glabrous, even, margin involute at first spread- ing'and arched. FLESH white, moderately thick. GILLS adnate- subdecurrent, hroad or moderately broad, close to subdistant, forked toward base, creamy-yellowish. STEM 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, equal, glabrous, stuffed then hollow, yellowish to whitish, often spotted. SPORES globose to broadly elliptical, 9-11 micr., echinu- late, whitish. MILK white, unchanging, acrid. Gregarious. On the ground in mixed or frondose woods. Mar- quette, Ishpeming, South Haven, New Richmond, Detroit. July- September. Rather rare. Often a very large plant, whose pale yellow, zoneless cap and broad subdistant gills set it apart from others. The whole plant has. a tendency to be unicolorous, sometimes dark, sometimes paler. Miss Burlingham states that the milk sometimes dries to a pale dull green shade on the gills. Whether it is edible is unknown. 100 THE AGARICACEAE CF MICHIGAN 72. Lactarius hysginus Fr Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Icones, PL 169, Fig. 2. Cooke, 111., PI. 989. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 12, Fig. 4. 'TILEUS 5-7.5 em. broad, rigid, convex, then plane, umbilicate or slightly depressed, even, visoid, obscurely zonate or azonate, red- dish-incarnate ^ tan-color or brownish-red^ becoming paler with age, the thin margin involute, GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close, whit- ish, becoming yellowish or cream-colored. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 6-15 mm. thick, equal, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, colored like the pileus or a little paler, sometimes spotted. SPORES subglobose, whitish or yellowish, 9-10 micr. MILK white, acrid.'^ On the ground, mixed woods. Houghton. July. This was found only in the locality mentioned. The description is that of Peck, with which the fresh plants agreed, except that the gills were almost subdistant. The pileus was obscurely zonate. It was found several times, always solitary 73, Lactarius trivialis Fr (Suspected) ^ Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PL 976. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 134, p. 170, 1908. PILEUS 5-15 cm. broad, convex, soon nearly plane and depressed, glabrous, viscid, azonate^ color varable, livid-gray to smoky-gray or with a lilac-purplish tint, lead-colored or pinkish-brown, margin soon arched, at first pruinose, thin. FLESH thickish, rigid-fragile, pallid. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close, thin, moderately broad or rather narrow, some forked, cream -yellowish, becoming dingy- greenish stained when bruised or in age. STEM 4-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, equal, or irregularly undulate, glabrous, even, not spotted, stuffed then hollow^ firm, concolor or paler than pileus, often pallid. SPORES elliptical, echinulate, 8-10 micr., yellowish. MILK white or creamy- white, unchangeable, acrid. Suspected. Gregarious, subcaespitose or scattered. On the ground in fron- dose and coniferous woods. Throughout the state, from the southern limits to Isle Royale. July-October Common. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 101 This is one of our commonest Lactarii during some seasons, usually among the first to appear, especially in the fi'ondose regions. It is found in pine, hemlock, mixed, or oak and maple woods throughout the state. The northern form varies somewhat and needs further study , a variety also occurs in the north whose milk turns sordid green after exposure to the air, with broader and more distant gills and a spotted stem. This may be called var. vvridilac- Us var nov. Peck has described var maculatus with zonate pileus and spotted stem, and var, gracilis which is quite a small and slender plant. The common form is a rather large plant, the pileus is sometimes up to 18 cm. broad with a dark livid or lurid, indescrib- able color, and white or creamy-yellowish, acrid milk. When old or faded the pileus becomes much paler and is often pale leather-colored or incarnate-tan. The flesh of the pileus though rigid is rather fragile and the stem is firm but soon hollow or cavernous. 74. Lactarius uvidus Fr. (Poisonous) Syst. Mye., 1821. Illustrations: Gooke, 111., PL 991. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 399. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 11, Fig. 4. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt, No. 209. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 144, p. 180, 1908. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, convex then plane and depressed, rather firm, often subumbonate, viscid^ obscurely or not at all zonate, some- times spotted, cinereus with lilac tinge or livid brovmish-gray^ mar- gin at first involute and subpruinose, thin and spreading. FLESH whitish, becoming lilac or violet when cut^ usually rather soft when moist. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, thin, close, rather narrow, white or yellowish, quickly leooming violet or lilac when hruised, STEM 4-7 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, subequal, glabrous, uneven- undulate, viscid, white or dingy yellowish, stuffed then hollow or cavernous. SPOEES subglobose or broadly elliptical, 8-10 micr., echinulate, white. MILK white, changing quickly when in contact with the flesh to lilac-violet, bitterish-acrid. Gregarious. On the ground in low, mossy places in swamps, thickets, etc. Bay View, Houghton, Marquette. August- September. Infrequent. Known by the flesh changing to lilac or violet when cut or bruised. It is found in rather wet places, sometimes attached to moss and 102 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN sphagnum and then the base of the stem is white-tomentose. It seems to be most frequent in the Northern Peninsula. Its edibility is uncertain; it is considered poisonous in Europe. 75. Lactarius maculatus Pk. (Suspected) N Y State Mus. Rep. 41, 1888. PILEUS 8-12.5 cm. broad, convex-umbilicate, then expanded- depressed to infundibuliform, grayish-buff to grayish-lilac, distinctly zoned with concentric darker spots, viscid when moist, glabrous, margin at first involute, naked, then spreading and substriate. FLESH grayish, becomirtg Ulac where brtdsed, rather compact. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close, broadest in the middle, attenuate behind, whitish to cream-color, Ulac-vmaceous where wounded. BTEM 3-7 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. thick, subequal, ventricose or tapering, hollow, sometimes compressed, spotted-variegated^ concolor, glab- rous. SPORES "subglobose, echinulate, 10-12.5 micr.'^ (Peck.) MILK at first white to cream color, unchanged or becoming lilac on the flesh, acrid. On sandy ground, oak and maple hillside along Lake Superior, Marquette. August. Rare. This is closely related to L. uvidus, differing from it in its dis- tinctly zonate pileus, larger size and spotted stem. The milk in our specimens remained unchanged. It is likely that the milk in both L. uvidus and L. maculatus sometimes turns lilac-vinaceous, that at other times it remains unchanged except to cause the broken flesh where it is touched by the milk to assume a lilac-vinaceous color Section IV Pileus glabrous, viscid; taste mild; milk 'bright- colored from the -first. 76. Lactarius subpurpureus Pk. (Edible) N Y State Mus. Rep. 29, 1878. Illustrations: Peck, Ibid, 54, PI. 70, Pig. 1-6. Burlingham, Torr Bot. Club Mem. 14, Fig. 8, p. 61, 1908. PILEUS convex-umbilicate, then expanded-depressed to subin- fundibuliform, dark red, pink-zoned, with a grayish lustre, spotted with emerald-green, subviscid when moist, glabrous, margin at first CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 10;j involute, pniinose, then spreading. FLESH whitish to pinkish, becommg red when Iroken especially next to the gills. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close to subdistant, broadest in middle, medium broad, dark-red, fading and greenish with age. STEM 3-7^ cm. long, 615 mm. thick, equal or tapering upwards, glabrous, sometimes pruinose, stuffed then hollow, dark red. spotted more deeply, floccose-hairy at base. SPORES ^'broadly elliptical, echinulate, 8-10x7-8 micr., yellowish.^' (Burl.) MILK dark red, mild. Edible. Gregarious. Low moist woods of hemlock or mixed with hemlock. Bay View, Huron Mountains. August-September. Infrequent. Easily distinguished by its dark red milk which stains the flesh of the broken plant ; later the stains assume a greenish hue. Dried specimens do not show this character well, since they become much paler. 77. Lactarius deliciosus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations. Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PI. 6. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 382. Cooke, 111., PI. 982. Bresiadola, Fungh. manger, e. vel., PI. 64. Peck, N Y State Mus. Rep. 48, PI. 29, 1896. Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 35, Fig. 1, 1900. Gibson, Edible Toadstools, PL 18, p. 169, 1903. Michael, Fuhrer f . Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 37 Swanton, Fungi, PL 15, Fig. 6-7 Plate XI of this Eeport. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, convex-umbilicate, then expanded-de- pressed to subinfundibuliform, viscid when moist, glabrous, orange *or grayish-orange, fading to grayish in age, zoned, zones or spots brighter-colored, involute at first then arched-spreading. FLESH white soon stained orange when broken, then greenish, especially at junction of gills and pileus. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close, rather narrow, intervenose and more or less forked, bright orange with yellowish sheen, becoming greenish in age or where bruised. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, equal, even, stuffed then hollow, pruinose, glabrescent, orange-yellow, orange-spotted or at length greenish-variegated. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, 8-10x7-8 micr., yellowish. MILK orange or saffron-yellow, mild. 104 THE AGARICACBAE OF MICHIGAN Gregarious-subcaespitose. On the ground in moist mossy woods in coniferous regions, under liemlock, balsam-fir, spruce, cedar, birch, etc. Isle Royale, Huron Mountains, Marquette, Munising, Houghton, Bay View July-September. Frequent locally The most desirable perhaps of all the Lactarii for the table, but not very common in southern Michigan at least. Its orange milk and the beautiful zones of the cap have frequently attracted the artist, and it has often been illustrated. Its range with us seems to be mostly northward. This statement is based on seven years of collecting in southern Michigan, but does not exclude the possibil- ity of the appearance of L. deliciosus when least expected and per- haps in quantity Such sporadic fruiting is not infrequent in other mushrooms after they seem to be absent from a region. Peck says it occurs in all kinds of woods, but so far it has been found in quan- tity only in the northern part of the state. Michael says that be- cause of its strong aromatic taste it is not so desirable as food when served alone but as an addition to other dishes it is excellent. 78. Lactarius indigo Schw (Edible) Syn. Fung. Carol. Super., 1818. (Fries, Epicrisis, 1838). Illustrations Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 35, Fig. 3, 1900. Mcllvaine, Thousand Amer. Fungi, PI. 41, Fig. 2. /PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, convex-subumbilicate, then expanded- depressed to infundibuliform, indigo-blue or pale^^^ fading when dry, with a silvery-gray lustre, zonttte, glabrous. FLESH blue, green- ish in age. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close, rather broad, indigo- ilue or pale^-, at length pale greenish. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, equal or tapering downward, glabrous, even, stufifed then hollow, indigo-Uue, often paler and spotted, SPOKES "globose to. broadly elliptical, echinulate, 7 micr., yellowish." MILK dark blue, mild. Edible. Gregarious. On the ground in oak and maple woods, and sandy pine forests. Ann Arbor, Huron Mountains. Evidently through- out the state. August. Rather rare. No one can mistake this mushroom as it has no double. It occurs sparingly, but is widely distributed. Schweinitz should be given full credit for naming this striking plant. It seems to be exclusively North American. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 105 RU8SULARIA: Gills becoming darker in age, and then pruinose. Section V Pileus minutely scaly, tomentose, pruinose-velvety, dry ; taste slowly or slightly acrid. 79. Lactarius fuliginosus Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 996. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 384. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 322. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 12, Fig. 5. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 117, p. 119, 1900. PILEUS 2-6 cm. broad, convex, soon expanded-plane or obtuse, sometimes depressed, dry^ even, minutely velvety-tomentose or glab- rous, azoncbtey isabelline or grayish-brown, clouded with a smohy sJmde^ margin at length crenate-wavy. FLESH thin on margin, whitish, becoming tinted with flesh-pink to salmon-color when broken. GILLS adnate, at length subdecurrent, distinct, close to subdistant, moderately broad, prvmose^ pallid then pale ochraceus. becoming pinkish or salmon when bruised. STEM 2-6 cm. long, often shorty 3-10 mm. thick, subequal or tapering downwards, stufiEed then hollow, minutely pruinose-velvety or glabrous, pallid-grayish- isabelline or smoky-clouded, pinkish-stained where bruised. SPORES globose, echinulate, 7-9 ihicr. with long sterigmata, pale ochraceous-yellow. MILK white at first, then changing slowly to flesh-pink or salmon where in contact with the flesh, slowly acrid. Gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods of oak and maple. Ann Arbor. August. Infrequent. In Europe it is said to occur also in pine woods. It is known by its smoky-clouded often "snuff -brown" pileus, and the tendency of the flesh to assume a flesh-pink or pale salmon color where bruised. Dry weather plants often respond slowly to bruising. The margin of the pileus in age is apt to be wavy or scalloped. L. gerardii Pk. is considered by Atkinson as probably a variety 106 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 80. Lactarius lignyotus Fr (Poisonous) Monographia^ 1863. Illustrations: Fries, Icones, PI. 171, Fig. 1. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 58. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 116, p. 117, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, PL 21, Fig. ^36, p. 172, 1908. Peck, N Y State Mus. Bull. 150, PL 123, 1911. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, convex, soon almost plane, umhonate, sometimes slightly depressed and then obsoletely umbonate, dry^ azonate, pruinose-velvety, even or mostly uneven-rugulose toward the center^ chocolate or seal-brown to sooty, margin wavy or sub- plicate in age. FLESH white, slowly pinJcish or reddish where loounded. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close to subdistant, mod- erately broad, at -first pure white^ then ochraceus, reddish or pinkish where bruised. STEM 4-8 cm. long, 4-12 mm. thick, equal or ab- ruptly plicate at apex, pruinose-velvety, sometimes scarcely velvety^ sooty-lrown^ spongy-stuffed. SPORES globose, 8-9 micr., echinulate, yellowish, sterigmata long. MILK white, changing slowly to red- dish-pink where in contact with flesh, ndld or subacrid. Poisonous, Gregarious. On the ground in woods, especially in coniferous regions. Marquette, Huron Mountains, Bay View, Ann ^Arbor July-September. Infrequent. Differs from the preceding in the darker color, the rugose pileus and longer and more velvety stem. Efiforts which I made to differ- entiate the two by microscopical characters remained abortive. Both possess slender, cylindrical, aculeate sterile cells on the edge of the gills, about 4 micr. in diameter The trama of the gills in the specimens examined was more filamentous in L. lignyotus and had a floccose structure of spherical cells in L, fuliginosa. The two species, however, appear to run into each other at times. 81 Lactarius helvus Fr Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PL 994. Bresadola, Fung. Trid., PL 127 and 39. Ricken, Bl&tterpilze, PL 13, Fig. 2. PILEUS 4-12 cm. broad, fragile^ convex then plane and depressed CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 107 with decurved margin, with or witliout an obscure umbo, azonate, dry^ -floGGOse-scaly, tavmy-isabelline^ fading, margin at first involute then spreading. FLESH somewhat watery GILLS subdecurrent, thickish, close to subdistant, rather narrow, broadest behind, whit- ish then ochraceous tinged incarnate, pruinose. STEM 5-8 cm. long, (up to 15 cm. long on sphagnum), 5-15 mm. thick, subrigid-fragile, subequal, pruimse-jmiescmt, stuffed then cavernous, concolor, white-mycelioid at base. SPOEES globose, 7-9 micr., echinulate, MILK watery, rarely white, sparse, mild or scarcely acrid. ODOR fragrant, like that of L. camphoratus. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground or on moss in low swampy woods, or on sphagnum in peat-bogs, sometimes among moss along exposed borders of lakes, etc. Ann Arbor and elsewhere in the lake regions of the interior, July-Sept. Frequent locally This is for the most part included under var. aquifluus by Peck but the watery character of the milk is apparently merely a result of the moist habitat. 82, Lactarius rufus Fr (Poisonous) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PI. 11. Cooke, lU., PI. 985. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 391. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 13, Fig. 3. Michael, Flihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 36. Swanton, Fungi, PI. 7, Fig. 3-4. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, convex then expanded-depressed to in- fundibuliform, umbonate, flocculose-silky, glabrescent, azonate, dry. hay-red to rufous, not fading, subshining, margin at first involute. FLESH rather thin, rather soft when moist. GILLS adnate-decur- rent, close, at length pruinose, narrow, ochraceous then rufoiis. STEM 5-8 cm. long, (longer in moss), 6-12 mm. thick, equal, dry, glabrous, sometimes pruinose, stuffed then hollow, firm, rufous or paler, often strigose-hairy at base. SPOEES sub-globose, 7-8 micr., slightly echinulate, white. MILK white, unchanging, very acrid, ODOR none. Poisonous, On the ground in hemlock and pine woods. New Richmond. Sep- tember. Infrequent or local. Known by its red-brown color, umbonate pileus, very acrid taste 108 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN and rather large size as compared with others of the same color Peck has segregated a species on the lack of the umbo, the hollow stem and scanty milk, it is edible. This he named L. loughtoni Pk. (see N Y State Mus. Bull. 150, p. 32, and PI. 6, Fig. 1-7) It seems to be an extreme form of L. rufus and may be referred to as var. houghtoni Pk. Longyear has reported L. rufus from a swamp near Lansing where it occurred in large numbers. I have seen it only in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. 83. Lactarius griseus Pk. N. Y State Cab. Eep. 23, 1872. Illustrations: Burlingham, Torr. Bot. Club, Mem. 14, Fig. 14, p. 18, 1908. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 138, p. 174, 1908. PILEUS 1-4 cm. broad, soon flaccid, convex then depressed to in- fundibuliform, papillate^ dry, azonate, minutely tomentose, becom- ing floccose, grayish or brownish-gray, variegated smoky-gray, mar- gin at first incurved. FLESH white, thin. GILLS adnate-decur- rent, close to subdistant, pruinose, broader than the thickness of the pileiis, white then creamrcolored to honey-yellow. STEM 1-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, equal, dry, glabrous, stuffed then hollow, whit- ish to grayish. SPORES broadly elliptical to subglobose, 8-9x6-7 micr., echinulate, white. MILK white, unchanging, sloioly acrid. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground or on much decayed logs in woods of the coniferous regions of the state. Marquette, Hough- ton, Huron Mountains, Sault Ste. Marie, Bay View, New Richmond. Distinguished by its small size, gray color and tomentose-floc- culose cap. It differs from L. cinereus in its dry, non-glabrous pileus and in the gills becoming cream-yellow in color. It seems to be limited to regions with conifer trees, although it is also found in frondose woods of such regions. Section VI, Pileus glabrous, viscid; taste acrid. 84. Lactarius cinereus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 24, 1872. Illustrations: Burlingham, Torr Bot. Club, Bull. 14, Fig. 11, p. 67, 1908. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 137, p. 173, 1908. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 109 PILEUS 1-5 cm. broad, lax, convex-umbilicate, soon expanded- depressed to subinfundibuliform, viscid when moist, azonate or sub- zonate, glabrous^ even, cinereous^ margin involute at first then spreading. Thin. FLESH white. GILLS adnate, close, narrow, wMte^ not yellowish in age, often pruinose. STEM 2-6 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, subequal or tapering slightly upward?, stufifed-spongy then hollow, glabrous, cinereus^ tomentose at base, SPORES sub- globose, echinulate, 6-7.5 micr., white, MILK white, unchanging, acrid. Gregarious. On the ground in coniferous and mixed woods of the hemlock regions of the state. Isle Royale, Huron Mountains, Mar- quette, Houghton, New Richmond. July-September. Infrequent. Miss Burlingham distinguishes a distinct species which is named L. mucidus Burl., which differs from L. cinereus in its putty-colored cap with sepia center, and in that the milk stains the flesh and gills blue-grayish-gray. It is said to occur under hemlock but accord- ing to this author the true L, cinereus is said to be restricted to beech woods. Our plants grew under hemlock, birch, maple and pine. I have no record concerning beech. It is probable that our plants are to be referred to L. mucidus; in that case I have no record of L. cifiereurS to which I have always referred these collections. My notes are not suflflcient to settle the matter 85. Lactarius vietus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Fries, Icones, PI. 170, Fig. 1. Cooke, 111., PI. 1009. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 401. Michael, Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. Ill, No. 71. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 14, Fig. 1. PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad, convex then depressed or subinfundibuli- form, viscid when moist, azonate^ minutely silky-tomentose when dry, drab-colored or lilac-grayish^ margin involute at first then ele- vated and arched. FLESH whitish. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close, narrow, pruinose, cream color then drab or dingy yellowish, stained grayish when hruised, STEM 3-7 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, equal or tapering upwards, stuflfed then hollow, glabrous or glaucous, rivu- lose-wrinkled, concolor, tinged drab within. SPORES, globose, echinulate, 6-8 micr., cream-buff in mass. MILK white, unchanged, very slowly acrid. 110 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN Gregarious on the ground, mixed hemlock, beech and maple woods. New Richmond. Infrequent. Sometimes the whole plant including the gills is pinkish-buff or incarnate. The grayish hue is more marked in age. It is said to be under suspicion. 86. Lactarius croceus Burl. Torr. Bot. Club, Mem. 14, 1908. Illustration Ibid, Fig. 3, p. 38. PILEUS 540 cm. broad, broadly convex-umbilicate then depressed to infundibuliform, viscid^ azonate or obscurely zonate, micaceous when dry, orange to saffron-yellow^ glabrous, margin at first in- volute and pruinose-downy FLESH rather thin, whitish, staining yellow or ocJvraceous where cut, GILLS adnate-decurrent, close to sxibdistant, moderately broad, rarely forked, pallid to pale yellow or incarnate-tinged, changing to cadmium-yellow where 'bruised. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, equal, stuffed then hollow, glab- rous, pale orange-yellow, spotted. SPORES globose to broadly elliptical, echinulate, 6-8 micr., pale yellow MILK white, scanty, slowly changing to yellow, acrid or bitter, often slowly acrid. G-regarious or scattered. On the ground in woods of oak, maple, elm, etc. Detroit. August-September. Local. This approaches L. OMrantiacus Fr. if indeed it is not identical. That species is said to be poisonous. The milk, flesh and gills of the European species do not change color like ours. I have found it at different times, always in the same woods near Detroit. Miss Burlingham reports it from Vermont and North Carolina, and identified our specimens as the same. Section VII Pileus glabrous, dry; taste acrid or Mtter-astring- ent, 87. Lactarius colorascens Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 94, 1905. PILEITS 2-6 cm. broad, nearly plane, then depressed, whitish at first, then reddish-buff to brownish-red^ azonate, dry or subviscid glabrous. FLESH thin. GILLS adnate, narrow, crowded to close, whitish soon broionish-red. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 111 glabrous, equal, stuffed, often compressed, even, whitish, soon con^ color SPOEES "globose, eehinulate, 8 micr^' (Peck.) MILK white, changing to mlpTmr -yellow, bitter or slightly astringent. On the Ground in mixed woods. Marquette, New Richmond. August- September Rare or local. It has the color of L. camphoratus when mature, but the milk turns decidedly sulphur-yellow Found so far only in coniferous regions. 88. Lactarius isabellinus^Burl. Torr. Bot. Club, Bull. 34, 1907 Illustration: Ibid, Fig. 15, p. 103. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex then expanded-depressed, sub- umbonate, azonate, drj/, glabrous, wrinkled on disk, red-fulvous when moist, paler on margin, fading, margin at length short-striatu- late. FLESH thin, white, staining yellotvish from the milk. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, thin, close, narrow, forking toward base, pale yellowish, somi ochraceous-fulvous. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, equal, stuffed then hollow, glabrous, concolor, white-tomentose at base. SPORES ^^slightly eehinulate, white, 7-8.5x6-7.5 micr." (Burl.) MILK white or watery, at length sulphur -yellow mi flesh, abundant, slowly acrid or astringent. On the ground in mixed woods, in coniferous regions. Mar- quette. August. Rare or local. Could easily be mistaken for a large form of L, subdulcis, but the stria tions of the pileus, the taste and the changing milk differentiate it. No specimens were retained. In age, the milk seems to be sparse and its change can not then be noticed. 89. Lactarius parvus Pk. N Y. State Mus. Rep. 29, 1878. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, broadly convex then expanded, sub- depressed, obsoletely papillate, dry, azonate, glabrous, pale lilaceuS' umber, fading, margin at first involute. FLESH thin. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close to crowded, narrow, few forked at base, dingy white or ochraceus-tinged, becoming obscurely greenish then dingy-iroivn where hridsed. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, subequal, glabrous or pruinose above, stuffed then hollow and often 112 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN compressed^ sometimes sulcate, tinged with same color as pileus, SPORES subglobose, slightly echinulate, white, 6.5-8 micr MILK white, unchanging, sometimes slightly changed on flesh, acrid. ODOR none. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground or much decayed wood in forests of hemlock and pine or in cedar swamps. New Richmond. August-September Frequent locally This is one of our smallest Lactarii. The umber color of cap and stem, and the peculiar dingy-greenish tints assumed by the wounded gills characterize it. It closely approaches L, varius. 90. Lactarius varius Pk. N- Y State Mus. Rep. 38. PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad, convex then plane and depressed, grayish- buff or dxirkery with tinge of lilac, dry^ micaceous-sJiining^ azonate or slightly zonate on margin. Flesh thin, white. GILLS adnate- subdecurrent, close, narrow, subventricose, whitish to cream-colored, stained dingy greenish-brown where bruised. STEM 2-5 cm. long^ 4-6 mm. thick, equal, glabroufe, firm, spongy-siuffed^ concolor or paler SPORES globose, white, 7-8 micr. MILK white, unchanging^ slowly acrid. ODOR none. Gregarious. On the ground in mixed woods. Marquette. August, This species is very close to the preceding. It is known by its pale colors both when fresh and in herbarium specimens. It was found only in the Northern Peninsula. Section VIII. Pileus glabrous or pruinose velvety, dry; taste mild. 91. Lactarius volemus Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PL 10. Cooke, 111., PI. 999. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 402. Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. 66. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 14, Fig. 3. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 323. Peck, N. Y State Mus. Rep. 48, PL 30. White, Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 3, PL 10. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 113 Michael, Ftihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 35. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 142, p. 179. Plate XII of this Report, PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, firm, convex then expanded-depressed, plane or obtuse, dry^ azonate, glabrous^ even or becoming riniu^e- areolate or rivulose, unicolorouSy orange-fulvous or brownish orange to tan-brown, often pale, margin at first involute then spreading. FLESH compact, rigid, whitish, sometimes brownish. GILLS ad- nate-decurrent, close, moderately broad, white or yellowish, darker with age or brownish where bruised, somewhat forked. STEM 3-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, subequal, glabrous or pruinose, solid^ rarely cavernous, concolor or paler SPORES globose, echinulate, 7 10 micr., white. MILK white, unchanging, mild^ abundant. ODOR slight when fresh, strong on drying. Edible, Gregarious or scattered. On the ground in frondose wood.s and open places, throughout the southern part of the state. July-Sep- tember. Common. Like L, deliciosus^ this species is very delicious when properly prepared. It can be cut up and dipped in egg and bread crumbs and fried like oysters, it is also excellent when grated and then baked and served on toast. The milk is copious and white. It is not likely to be confused with others except L. corrugis and L. hygroplio- roides, both of which are similarly colored, but as they are edible no harm results. It must not be confused, however, with L, rufu^s which is considered poisonous. I have been unable to find L. volemus in the coniferous regions of the northern and western parts of the state, although it probably occurs there. 92. Lactarius corrugis Pk. (Edible) N. Y, State Mus. Rep. 32, 1880. Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 115, p. 115, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 141, p. 177, 1908. PILEUS 6-12 cm. broad, firm, convex then depressed-expanded, dry, azonate, minutely velvety (spicules ! ) , corrugate or rugose-retic- ulate^ dark reddish-brown to rufous-tawny, sometimes paler, margin involute at first then spreading and arched, FLESH compact, white, thick. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close, somewhat narrow, sometimes forking, yellowish-cinnamon, beco^ming fulvous-brown where bruised^ provided with dark-colored spicules which give them 15 114 THE AGARIC ACE AE OP MMIJHIGAN the brown color. STEM 6-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick, stout, firm, solid, equal; dry, more or less tinged concolor and subvelvety SPORES globose, echinulate, 9-12 micr., white. MILK white, un- changing, mild^ copious. ODOR slight. Gregarious or solitary On the ground in frondose woods or open places. Detroit, Ann Arbor August- September. , Infrequent. Closely related to the preceding, of which it might be considered a variety The rugose or corrugated pileus and the abundance of brown spicules on the gills are the main distinguishing characters. 93. Lactarius hygrophoroides B. & C. (Edible) Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, 1859. N Y State Cab. Rep. 23, 1872 (as L. distans Pk.) Illustrations Peek, N Y State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 53, Fig. 7-11, 1900. PILEUS 3-8 cm. broad, rarely broader, firm, convex then ex- panded, umbilicate or subdepressed, glabrous or minutely velvety- pubescent, dry, sometimes rugose-wrinkled or rimose-areolate, yel- loivishrtawny, fulvous or paler, margin involute then spreading. FLESH somewhat brittle, whitish, thick. GILLS adnate-subde- current, distant, narrow, often intervenose, whitish to cream-yellow- ish. STEM 2-4 cm. long, short, 8-16 mm. thick, equal or tapering downward, solid, glabrous or pruinose, concolor SPORES globose to broadly elliptical; 9-11 micr., minutely echinulate, white. MILK white, unchanging, 7nild. Edible, i Grregarious or scattered. On the ground in frondose woods or open places. Ann Arbor, Lansing, etc., throughout southern Michi- gan. July-August. Sometimes common. This species has the color of L, volemus but has distant gills, a shoii: stem and is usually smaller in size. It was described as L. distans by Peck and it is regrettable that this appropriate name could not be retained, as the distant gills are its most striking characteristic. However, specimens of Curtis^ collections are still in existence and show the plant to have been described by Berkely, as L. hygrophoroides. It is equally as good to eat as L. volemus. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 115 94. Lactarius luteolus Pk. Torr, Bot. Club, Bull. 23, 1896. Illustrations: N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 67, PL 83, Fig. 7-11, 1903. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, firm, convex or nearly plane, sometimes umbilicately depressed and subpapillate, mmutel/j pruinose-velveUj, dry, azonate, more or less rugose, yellowish or dingy bufif, margin involute at first. FLESH white, lecoming iroton when hruised. GILLS adnate-snbdecurrent, close, narrow, whitish, fte- commg iroum wheni hruised,. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, 3-10 mm. thick, subequal, dry, glabrous or pruinose, firm, spongy-stuffed, whitis'h or buff SPOEES globose, echinulate, 7-8 micr., white. MILK white or whitish, changmg to brown on the -flesh, copious, mild. ODOR mild or foetid. On the ground in mixed woods. Marquette. August. Rare. To this species evidently belongs L. foetidus Pk. (N. Y State Mus. Bull. 54, p. 949, 1902), which is a form with a foetid odor Section IX. Pileus glabrous, dry or subviscid, taste mild; milk white, pale or watery 95, Lactarius subdulcis Fr, (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 393. Oooke, 111., PI. 1002. Michael, Piihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 55. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 3, PL 49, Fig. 5. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 140, p. 176. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, firm, convex then depressed or subin- fundibuliform, often papillate, azonate, dry, glabrous, broivnish- red, isabeUine or reddish-fulvous, sometimes paler, not fading, even or subwrinkled, FLESH whitish or tinged fulvous. GILLS adnate- decurrent, close, pruinose, sometimes forked, rather narrow, whit- ish soon paliid yellowish-flesh color, often fulvous-stained. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 2-8 mm. thick, subequal, stuffed then hollow, glabrous or pubescent to tomentose toward base, even or wrinkled-lacunose, concolor or paler than pileus. SPOKES globose, echinulate, 7-8 116 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN micr., white. MII^K white or watery-white, unchanging, mild or slightly acrid or bitterish in the throat. Edible. On the ground in low woods, fields, copses, swamps and wet places or in mixed or frondose woods. Throughout the state. June- October. Very common. This species occurs in dry weather when hardly any other mush- room is to be found, and a swamp or bog must be very dry if it does not yield some. In wet weather it is to be found on high ground as well, either in the woods or the bare soil in fields or roadsides, sometimes even on decayed wood. It is very variable and several varieties have been named, e. g. (a) with cinnamon-red pileus; (b) Avith chestnut-red pileus and spongy stem, and (c) with varnished- shining bay-red cap and hollow stem. Ricken says the European form is best known by the red-strigose base of the stem and the tufted mode of growth. With us it is usually gregarious or scat- tered. It must not be confused in dry weather with Clitocyie laccata when the latter is moist and then similarly colored. That species differs in its distant gills and fading pileus, and never pos- sesses milk. 96. Lactarius oculatus (Pk.) Burl. (Edible) Torr. Bot. Club, Bull. 34, 1907 Illustration : Peck, N Y State Mus. Bull. 67, PI, 83, Fig. 20-24 (as L, suhdiilcis var. oculatus Pk.). PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, convex-expanded, abruptly papillate-urn^ bonate, viscid when moist, glabrous, fulvous^ fading to pinkish, umbo- darker and scarcely fading, margin at first involute then spreading. FLESH whitish, thin. GILLS subdecurrent, medium close, broad^ pruinose, pallid then yellowish. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, equal, glabrous, stuffed, concolor or paler. SPOKES globose to broadly elliptical, echinulate, 7-9.5 micr., white. MILK white, sparse, unchanging, mild. On the ground in moist places in woods, or on moss. Ann Arbor. July-September Infrequent. Related to the preceding, but often with a distinct viscidity on the expallent pileus. Its definite and persistent papilla has been called the "eye spot" of the cap, since its darker color, especially after the rest of the pileus is faded, makes it appear prominent. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 117 97. Lactarius camphoratus Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Oooke, 111., PL 1013. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 14, Fig. 7. Plate XIII of this Eeport. PILEUS 1-4 cm. broad, firm, rigid-fragile, convex, often umbonate, at length depressed, fulvous to dark irownish-red, azonate, dry, glabrous, often wrinkled-uneven, opaque, margin arched-decurved. FLESH concolor or paler, rather thin. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close, rather narrow, pruinose, dull yellowish to reddish-brown. STEM 1-3 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, subequal, glabrous or pruinose, sometimes compressed-wrinkled, spongy-stuflfed, concolor. SPORES globose, echinulate, 6-7.5 micr., white. MILK white, unchanging, either copious or in dry weather often watery white and scanty, mild. ODOR aromatic, agreeable, usually very distinct. Edible, On the ground in wet places, swamps, very rotten wood in mixed or frondose woods. Throughout the state. July- August. Common. Known by its peculiar rigid-fragile consistency, its aromatic odor and dark reddish-brown color. Distinguished from L. rufus which grows in similar situations, by its smaller size, odor and non-acrid taste; from L. suidulcis by darker color and odor. The odor is not of camphor as the name would indicate; it has been variously char- acterized as like that of dried melilot, slippery-elm bark, or chicory, or similar to that of L. helvus. Like L. subdulcis, it is often to be found when other mushrooms are absent. 98. Lactarius rimosellus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 105, 1906. Illustration : Ibid, PL 95, Fig. 7-11. "PILEUS 3-6.5 cm. broad, rather firm, convex umbonate, then de- pressed, brownish terra-cotta, fading somewhat, azonate, dry, glab- rous, rugose from the center, at length min/wtely rimose-areolate. FLESH thin, isabelline then concolor. GILLS decurrent, close, medium broad, few forking, whitish then somewhat ochraceous. STEM 2-6 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, equal or tapering upwards, stuffed then hollow, pruinose above, tomentose to strigose down- tvards, concolor, SPORES broadly elliptical, echinulate, 7-8 micr., 118 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN white. MILK watery or watery-white^ unchanged, mild or slightly woody ODOR faint, somewhat like that of O camphoratus/' On the ground in open places or in wet places in woods. Ann Arbor August. Rare. Differs from L. camphoratus in that the pileus becomes rimose- areolate and fades somewhat in age, and in its more tomentose stem. Russula Fr. (From the Latin, russula, reddish.) ^^eil none; the trama composed of vesiculose tissue, without a milky juice; gills rigid, fragile, acute on edge; stem central, con- fluent with the pileus , spores globose or subglobose, usually echinu- late or verrucose, white cream-color, yellow or ochraceous. Fleshy, putrescent, rigid-brittle mushrooms, mostly terrestrial, a few on much decayed wood, on sphagnum or on other mosses. A very distinct genus, most closely related to Lactarius, from which it differs by its lack of a milky juice. Hygrophorus dilBfers in the thicker and more waxy nature of the gills although here there are evident certain signs of relationship with species of Russula. Almost all of the species are edible after careful cooking since even the peppery forms then lose their sharp taste, in any case the mild species are perfectly safe when fresh, young and clean. The PILEUS may be red, purple, violet, bluish, yellow, green or white, except in the Compactae, a differentiated pellicle is present on the surface of the cap. This pellicle is often composed of more or less gelatinous hyphae and becomes viscid in wet weather, or it may remain dry and become pruinose or velvety The pellicle is somewhat separable along the margin of the pileus and in many of the Fragiles can be peeled easily on the whole surface. The margin of the pileus is often striate at least in age. In the species with a thin cap, the lines of attachment of the gills to the cap show through as raised ridges which are often tuberculate because of the presence of the interspacial veins beneath and these striae may extend far toward the center of the pileus. In the species with firm and thick caps, the striations are not as marked or are ob- scurely developed on the margin only when the plant becomes old. Still, this character is so variable that it niust be used with caution as a diagnostic character. The surface is usually glabrous or merely pruinose to velvety, the latter appearance is due to cystidia-like erect hyphae closely covering the pellicle. The GILLS of the differ- CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 119 ent species are of all shades between shining white and egg-yellow, and this fact alone separates them from any one of the spore-color groups of the Agaricaceae. Some authors consider the forking of the gills as well as the veining in the interspaces of the gills important diagnostic characters. These two characters are intimately related and forking is for the most part merely a pronounced development of veining. In fact such a large nimiber of species have been ob- served with veined interspaces and some forked gills that this character loses most of its value. In R. variata the forking is dichotomous or mostly so and reaches its highest development. The different lengths of the gills are, on the contrary, much more impor- tant characteristics. They may be alternately long and short as in the Compactae, or they may be all of one length with rarely any secondary or shorter gills. Intermediate cases occur in the 8ub- rigidae, but even here the short gills are not numerous. Their shape and width are also of value, since the anterior and posterior ends have a characteristic width which accompanies other characters of the given subgenera. The STEM is usually white, sometimes red or slightly ochraceous, in some species changing to ashy, etc., with age. The reticulations on the surface are obscure and of no diagnostic value. It is usually spongy-stuflfed within and may become cavern- ous in age or hollowed by grubs, in the Compactae, however, it is usually solid. The TEAMA is composed of large bladder-like cells arranged in groups and surrounded by strands of slender hyphae, as in Lactarius. Such a structure is said to be vesiculose and ac- counts for the more or less brittle consistency of the plants. Since the difference in this consistency is accompanied by other good characters, it is made the basis of a division of the genus into its subgenera. The TASTE as in the Lactarius, is sharply acrid in some species, slowly or slightly acrid in others, and entirely mild in a considerable number. This is an important character for the identi- fication of the species and is fairly constant. It is necessary to have fresh plants to be sure in some cases that the acridity is pres- ent. Sometimes plants which are apparently mild will be found to have a slight acridity only when very young, or only in the gills and not elsewhere. The ODOR of some species, e. g., R, foetans^ R. foetantulay R. compacta^ etc, is quite characteristic and should never be unconsidered. One must not confuse this test by apply- ing it to plants already in the first stages of decay SPORJC PRINTS are considered by most as the most essential means of settling the identity of closely related species. It has been claimed that the color is constant and with this claim I agree. It is also 120 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN known that the spore prints fade or change after a time, and hence old herbarium spore-prints are not reliable unless accom- panied by careful notes of the print when fresh. The genus may be divided into four natural groups which are here considered as subgenei'a : Gompactae, Eigidae, Subrigidae and Fragiles. Of these, the first and last correspond to the tribes of that name in Fries. (Hymen. Europ.) As shown in a former paper, (Kauffnian, Mich. Acad. Sci., Eep. 11, p. 60, 1909), the forking of the gills and the striations on the pileus are not very reliable for the characterization of the main groups. It has seemed practicable to establish a new division, viz., the Subrigidae, to include forms with a pruinose or velvety dry pellicle and rather firm consistency, which are out of place elsewhere, and seem to be closely related. Some have divided the genus into two large groups on the basis of the mild and acrid taste (Massee, British Fungus Flora, Vol. III.) Others have used the spore-color (Schroeter, Pilze Schlesiens and Hennings, Engler, u. Prantl Pflanzenfamilien) Earle has raised the five ^'tribes" to generic rank (Bull. N. Y Bot. Gard. 5, p. 373, 1909), and finally, Maire has proposed a division of the genus into eight sections based in part on microscopical characters (Soc. Myc. de. France, Bull. 26, p. 120, 1910) The last author appreciates that the groups of Fries are fairly natural and has kept the main fea- tures, while emphasizing the presence or absence of cystidia-like spicules on the surface of pileus and stem. These "cystidia" cause the velvety or pruinose character which I have used in the group Subrigidae. Further studies of all young buttons and their develop- ment will aid materially in a proper arrangement, especially with reference to the character of the margin of the very young pileus. The claim of Maire (1. c.) that microchemical tests can be used to advantage, has been given a trial in ten of the following species. This work was done at my request by Dr. W B. McDougall in our laboratory during the summer of 1912. The results are appended under the corresponding descriptions of the species studied. The abbreviations of Maire are used as follows G = Tincture of Guaiac. S V=Sulfovanilline. F S:=Sulfoformalin. The last two are prepared as follows: Sulfovafdlline. Distilled water 2.cc. Sulfuric acid, pure • 2.cc. Vanilline (c. p.) 25 g. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 121 Sulfoformalin. Distilled water 25 drops Sulfuric acid, pure 5.cc. Formalin (4% sol.) 75 drops The action of guaiac is to turn the flesh blue and should react in one or two minutes. Sometimes only certain parts of the plant react, e. g., in R. subpunctata^ the gills are unaflfected. The sul- fovanilline turns the parts blue, sometimes at first pink, while the sulfoformalin intensifies the brownish color of the cystidia and the lactiferous hyphae in the gills. We did not test the ^'cystidia" of the surface of the pileus and stem, where the test was effectively used by Maire. In R. viresoens and R. crustosa the last two chem- icals had hardly any effect as compared with the quick reaction in other species. Our work has been merely preliminary and covered only a small number of species. The key includes a few species not yet found in the state. Every season seems to differ in the particular species one finds and a num- ber of forms still remain unidentified, but the following list com- prises all the species frequent from year to year, at least in the southern part of the state. The genus has been largely gone over and revised since the pub- lication of the Monograph (Mich. Acad. Eep. 11, 1909), and several additional species have been included and others more fully de- scribed and discussed. The recent critical papers by Maire, Eomell, Battaille, Ricken, and others in Europe, have thrown much needed light on a number of species. Key to the Species (A) Gills unequal, alternately long and short, flesh thick to the margin of the pileus, which is at first incurved and never has striations. (Compactae) (a) Flesh white, unchangeable, (b) Gills subdistant; plant entirely whitish; pileus 8-15 cm. 99. E, delica Fr. (bb) Gills close, (c) Pileus whitish then sooty-gray, 5-7 cm. broad. 102. R. adusta Fr (cc) Pileus not becoming sooty in age. (d) Odor strong, alkaline; pileus large, 10-30 cm. broad, whitish then pale rusty-ochraceus. R. magnifica. Pk. (dd) Odor none; pileus 4-8 cm. broad, whitish. 99. R. decila var. 'brevipes Pk. (aa) Flesh changing to reddish or blackish in age or when bruised, (b) Flesh at length incarnate or rusty-reddish, odor disagreeable when drying. 104. R. compacta Frost, (bb) Flesh at length blackish. (c) Gills subdistant to distant; flesh at first reddish when bruised, then black. IQO. R. nigricans Fr. 122 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN (cc) Gills close or crowded, (d) Gills etc. becoming reddish then black; gills crowded. 101. R. densifoUa Seer, (dd) Gills etc. becoming bluish-black, not at first red; pileus dry 103. R. sordida Pk. (AA) Gills mostly equal, sometimes with shorter ones scattered pro- miscuously (a) Gills dichotomously forked throughout; pileus dull pink to pur- plish when young, later olivaceous, or greenish-umber. 116. R, variata Bann. (aa) Gills forked only at the ba^e, or forking not extensive or lack- ing, (b) Spores white in mass. {R. aei'uginea, R. foetentula, R. rosacea, R. mariae and R, sul)- punctata have creamy-white spores) (c) Pileus white. ,(d) Taste acrid. 133. R. alUdula Pk, (dd) Taste mild, (e) Pileus viscid, sometimes tinged yellowish, remaining white when dried. 139. R. albida Pk. (ee) Pileus dry, sometimes tinged pink. 133. R. albella Pk. (cc) Pileus some shade of green or dingy greenish-white. [See also (ccc)]. (d) Pileus with a continuous separable pellicle; taste mild. 12G. R. aeruginea Lindb. (dd) Pellicle adnate, becoming pulverulent or areolate-cracked ; gills close, (e) Pileus dry, dark green when young, substriate on margin. 105. R. virescens Fr. (ee) Pileus viscid, glabrous on disk, mouldy-white to pale greenish-white, striate on margin. 106. R. crustosa Pk. (ccc) Pileus some shade of red, pink, purple or bluish. [See also (cccc)]. (d) Taste mild, (e) Gills floccose-crenulate on edge, pileus viscid, shining blood-red, stem tinged red. 141. R. purpurina Q. & S. (ee) Edge of gills not crenulate. (f) Pileus firm and hard, or compact; pellicle adnate or disappearing in places, (g) Pileus pruinose-velvety, dark red, or purple-red; stem rosy or dark red; gills at length dingy cream-color. 119. R. mariae Pk. (gg) Pileus not markedly pruinose. (h) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, (i) Pileus pale bluish-purple, at length rosy to white on disk, viscid, stem white. 117. R. cyanoxantha Fr. var. (ii) Pileus pale red, soon dry, unpolished; stem rosy- tinged or white, taste rarely slightly acrid. 108. R. lepida Fr. (hh) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad, (i) Pileus dull lilac-purplish. R. Ulacea Quel, (ii) Pileus incarnate to pale livid pink. 114, R. vesca Fr. (ff) Pileus rather thin, fragile or subfragile. (g) Pileus usually 2-4 cm. broad, clear pink, in oak woods. 142. R. uncialis Pk. (gg) Pileus 4-6 cm. broad, dark violet-purple or purplish- red, silky-shining, in conifer woods. 143. JR. seri- ceoniteus Kauff. (ggg) Pileus 6-12 cm. broad, bright rose-red with yellowish spots; stem white. 140. R. suMepallens Pk. (dd) Taste very acrid. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 123 (e) Pileus 2-6 cm. broad, (f) Spore-mass pure white; stem white, fragile. (g) Pileus uniform rosy-red; gills close to subdistant. 131. R. fragilis Fr. (gg) Pileus rosy-red on margin, disk olivaceous or pur- places. 132. R. fallax Cke. plish and livid, gills subdistant, usually in mossy (ff) Spore-mass creamy white; stem white or rosy. (g) Pileus rigid, not striate, soon dry; cuticle adnate, unpolished, red. 115. R. sudpunctata sp. nov- (SS) Pileus subfragile; pellicle separable and striate on margin, viscid, shining rosy-red. 134. R. rosacea Fr, R, sanguinea Fr, (ee) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, rarely larger (f) Rigid. Pileus dark red, not fading, cuticle adnate, even on margin. 118. R. atropurpurea Maire. (ff) Fragile; pileus rose-red to scarlet, (g) Taste tardily acrid. 130. R. rugulosa Pk. igg) Taste quickly acrid, (h) On sphagnum, in troops. 129. R. emetica var. gr eg aria. (hh) On debris of very rotten wood and on the ground. 129. R. emetica Fr. (cccc) Pileus some shade of brown, yellowish, etc. (d) Odor aromatic, becoming foetid, pileus very striate, (c) Pileus 7-12 cm. broad, sordid yellowish-whitish. 111. R. foetens Fr. (cc) Pileus 3-7 cm. broad, pale livid ochraceous, base of stem with rusty-red stains. 110. R. foetentula Pk. (dd) Odor not aromatic, (e) Pileus 6-12 cm. broad, straw-color to ochraceous-reddish, rigid, not striate. 107 R. ochraleucoides sp. nov (ee) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad, (f) Taste acrid, pileus grayish-brown, substriate. 113. R, sororia Fr. (ff) Taste mild, (g) Pileus yellow or yellowish, at least when young, not ashy under the cuticle, (h) Pileus 5-8 cm. broad, scarcely striate in age, chrome yellow; stem yellow. R, flavida Frost, (hh) Pileus 3-5 cm. broad, very tuberculate-striate in age, at first sulphur-yellow then dingy yellowish- brown. 109. R. Pulverulenta Pk. (SS) Pileus pale yellowish-brown, ashy under the cuticle, strongly striate. 112. R. pectinatoides Pk. (bb) Spores and gills some shade of ochraceous, yellowish or creamy- yellowish (spore-print necessary) (c) Stem whitish, changing to ochraceous-brown where bruised or handled; odor disagreeable in age, color of pileus purplish- red, olivaceous, yellowish, etc., very variable, colors mixed. 121. R. xerampelina Fr, 122. R. squalida Pk. (cc) Stem not ^ith this peculiarity (d) Pileus some shade of red. (e) Taste acrid; fragile, (f) Pileus reddish-buff to purplish; spores pale yellow; in swamps. 137 R. palustris Pk. (ff) Pileus rosy-red to scarlet. (g) Gills straw yellowish to pale ochraceous; margin of pileus even, rather firm. 135. R. veternosa Fr. (gg) Gills deep ochraceous-yellow ; margin of pileus striate, gills and pileus fragile: 136. .R. tenuiceps Kauff. (ee) Taste mild. 124 THE AGA'klCACEAE OP MICHIGAN (f) Stem at length ashy or blackish where bruised, (g) Wound at first reddish then black; pileus dull red, variegated with yellow etc., firm. 126. R. rubescens Beards. {gg) Wound not at first reddish, (h) In coniferous regions; stem stout, (i) Pileus 5-12 cm. broad, orange-red. 123. R. de- colorans Fr. (ii) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, crimson-red. 123. JR. de- colorans var. rubriceps Kauff. (hh) In frondo'se regions; stem not very stout; pileus dark red to blackish on disk. 125. R. obscura Rom. (ff) Stem not becoming ashy (g) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad or more, (h) Plants usually solitary or scattered, (i) Pileus firm, large, dingy or dull red to purplish, often faded; gills ochraceous from the first. 128. R. alutacea Pr (ii) Pileus and stem very fragile; colors of pileus mixed varying pink, incarnate, yellowish, spores bright yellow 145. R. amygdaloides sp. nov- (iii) Pileus firm, blood-red. 127. R. borealis Kauff. (hh) Closely gregarious, sometimes in troops, fragile, (i) Pileus dull and variable in color, not bright red; gills white at first, then creamy-yellowish to pale ochraceous. 144. R. Integra Pr. and forms. - (ii) Pileus dark violet-purple to dark red; rather firm; spores ochraceous-buff. R. ochrophylla Pk. (gs) Pileus 2-5 cm. broad or less. (h) Spores pale yellow or cream color, (i) Pileus umbonate, very fragile; on sphagnum. 148. R, sphagnopMla Kauff. (ii) Pileus not umbonate; stem and gills translucent, honey-yellowish in age; fragile. 147 R, puel- laris Pr (hh) Spores truly ochraceous in mass. (i) Stem rosy-dusted, pileus rose-red, fragile. 146. R. roseipes (Sec.) Bres. (ii) Stem white; pileus pinkish red, lilac etc., fading to yellowish. 149. R. chamaeolentina Fr. 150. R, abietinaj etc. (dd) Pileus some shade of yellow (e) Flesh of stem cinereous when old. (f) Pileus orange-red, fading in age. 123. R. decolorans Fr, (ff) Pileus dull yellow (fiavus), color not changing, scarcely viscid. 124. R. flava Rom. (ee) Flesh not becoming ashy. (f) Edge of gills vivid lemon-yellow. R, aurata Fr. (ff) Edge of gills concolor. (g) Taste mild, pileus 2-6 cm. broad, gills egg-yellow. 151. R. lutea Fr. (gg) Taste tardily acrid, pileus 5-10 cm. broad; gills pale yellow 138. R. aurantialutea Kauff. COMPACT AE Fr, Flesh thick, compact and firm. Pileus with- out a separable pellicle, its margin non-striate and at first involute. With entire and short gills alternating regularly. Spores white in mass. CLASSIFICATION -OF AGARICS 125 This group is closely related to the Piperites division of the genus Laetarius. Some of the species, e. g. R. delica, are very similar to L. velleriuSy L. deceptivus^ etc., when the latter are dried out by the wind or dry weather and then lack the milky juice. The Compactae are a very natural group, easily distinguishable. 99. Russula delica Fr, (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, IlL, PL 1068. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 607. Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. 2, PL 201. Ibid, Fung. mang. e. veL, PL 68. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 15, Fig. 1, Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 514. Peck, N Y. State Mus. Eep. 51, PL 71, Fig. 1-5 (as R. irevipes Pk.). Ibid, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 43, PL 2, Fig. 5-8 (as R. irevipes Pk.). PILEUS 8-15 cm. broad, firm, convex-umbilicate then depressed to infundibuliform, dull white, sometimes with rusty-brown stains, unpolished, glabrous, pubescent or obscurely tomentoge, even, dry, margin at first involute not striate. FLESH compact, white or whitish, not changing where bruised. GILLS subdecurrent, nar- rowed behind, broader in the middle, sub distant, or distant, thickish, short and long alternating, few forked, white or whitish, edge often distinctly greenish. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, short, stout, solid, equal or subequal or tapering down, white becoming dingy, not turning blackish when bruised, glabrous or subtomentase above, often with a narrow pale-green zone at apex. SPORES globose, 9-10 (rarely 11 or 12) micr., tuberculate, white in mass. TASTE mild to tardily but weakly acrid. ODOR none. Grregarious, in sandy soil. In maple, birch, oak and coniferous woods throughout the state, most abundant along the Great Lakes in conifer regions. July-October. Common locally Var Irevipes Pk. {=R, brevipes Pk., N. Y State Mus. Rep. 43, 1890), has been found at New Richmond. The gills are crowded and the pileus is smaller, 4-6 cm. broad. It was found in hard clay soil, through which it pushed with difficulty It is apparently an ecological variety conditioned by dry weather and hard soil. It is uncommon. 126 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN The typical R. deUca is usually a large plant, simulating Lac- tarius vellerius in size, color, etc. Fries in the Epicrisis says the cap is ^^shining." This error was omitted in his Monographia but copied again in Hymenenomycetes Europaei. The error has since been repeated by othen authors, including Cooke on his plate in the Illustrations. The Michigan plants are exactly like those grow- ing in Sweden, where in some of the specimens the edge of the gills and the apex of the stem were tinged green, as is the case in ours, especially in the plants of the northern part of the state. R. lactea Fr. is said to have very broad, distant, free gills and milk-white cap and stem. I have not seen any plants with the glaucous green gills of R. chloroides Bres. 100. Russula nigricans Fr (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 1015. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 625. Michael, Ftihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. Ill, No. 75. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PL 15, Fig. 2. Peck, N Y State Mus. Rep. 54, PL 71, Fig. 6-9. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 146, p. J84, 1908. PILEUS 7-15 cm. broad, subrigid, convex then depressed to sub- infundibuliform, margin at first incurved then spreading and ele- vated, often irregularly wavy, at first whitish and clouded with umber, soon smokij-umier^ subviscid at first, glabrous, even on mar- gin. FLESH compact, white, cJmngmg to reddish where bruised, then 'blackish. GILLS narrowed or rounded behind, adnexed, thick and firm, suhdistafit to distant ^ sometimes intervenose, short and long alternating,, white becoming grayish, reddish at first when bruised. STEM 2-6 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, solid^ hard, stout, glab- rous, even or lacunose-depressed in places, white at first, at length smoky-umber, reddish then blackish where bruised. SPORES sub- globose, 8-10 micr., echinulate, whitish in mass. TASTE mild, some- times tardily but slightly acrid. ODOR none. Gregarious or solitary On the ground in coniferous or fron- dose woods. Throughout the state, rarely in the southern part, more plentiful in the north. July- September. This Russula usually persists in ordinary weather without decay- ing and is then frequently inhabitated by another mushroom, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 127 NyctaUs aMeropJiora^ as shown in the illustration. It is usually a rather large, firm plant, distinguished from the following by the subdistant, thick gills. The flesh of all parts when bruised turns first reddish then blackish, but the red stain may not appear in old plants, this is to be expected because of the drying up of the scanty juice which is supposed to cause this phenomenon where it is exposed to the air Peck, Mcllvaine and others have eaten it and consider it fairly good. 101. Russula densifolia Seer (Edible) Mycographie I, 1833. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1017 Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 608. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 319. Hard, Mushrooms, Figs. 157 and 145, 1908. KauflEman, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, Fig. 1, op. p. 90, 1909. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, somewhat firm, convex then depressed to subinfundibuliform, margin at first incurved then elevated, dull w^hitish at first, so(yti clouded with pale s^noky-hrown, without a pellicle, usually subviscidy even, pruinose when dry FLESH com- pact, thick, grayish-white, pale §moky in age, changing to reddish when bruised, then Mackish, GILLS narrowly adnate to subdecur- rent, rather narroiv^ thick, crowded then close, alternately long and short, few forked, subvenose, whitish soon dingy grayish, red- dish when bruised then black. STEM 5-6 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick, stout, equal or tapering downward, rigid, spongy-solid, whitish then cinereous, soon dark ashy within, turning reddish then hlackish where bruised^ obscurely wrinkled, glabrous or subpruinose. SPOEES globose, coarsely reticulate, 7-9x6-8 micr., white in mass. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, hyaline, slender, flexuous, acuminate, 60x3-4 micr., abundant. TASTE slowly acrid in fresh plant. ODOR none. Gregarious, subcaespitose or solitary On the ground in fron- dose woods among fallen leaves. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Palmyra. July-September Usually rare, but abundant in August, 1912, in oak woods at Ann Arbor. As pointed out by Peck, the American plant is slightly subviscid on the cap but this character is easily overlooked. The viscidity is slight, even after rains. It comes nearest to R. adusta^ in size. 128 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN natural coloring and gills, but dififers in the change which the flesh undergoes when bruised. Authors consider R. adnata to have a mild taste and if this is true our plant differs also in this respect. The gills are usually markedly crowded and narrow, while those of R^ nigricans are broad and subdistant. The latter is more common in coniferous regions, while R. densifolia has so far been found in Michigan only in frondose woods. Maire (Bull. Soc. Myc. France^ 26, p. 87) states that R. densifolia lacks the hair-like sterile cells on the edge of the gills, that they are abundant in R. nigricans and less numerous in R. adusta. In our specimens of R, densifolia they were abundant, which would indicate that this is not a very con- stant character. 102. Russula adusta Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 1051. Michael, Ftihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 64. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 15, Fig. 3. ''PILEUS 5-7 cm. broad, convex then depressed or subinfundi- buliform, white or whitish^ becoming brownish or sooty-gray, glab- rous, dry, even. FLESH compact, white, not changing when hruised, GILLS adnate to subdecurrent, thin^ close^ short and long alter- nating, narrow, white becoming sordid. STEM 2-5 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. thick, shorty solid^ equal or subequal, glabrous, even, white then sooty-gray. SPOEES subglobose, slightly echinulate, 6-9 micr., white in mass. Taste mild. Odor slight." Gregarious or solitary On the ground in mixed woods of north- ern Michigan. July-September Infrequent. The smaller size, unchanging flesh when bruised, and thin close gills characterize it. At first the whole plant is nearly white, but it gradually takes on a grayish or sooty cast. Michael, who gives an excellent figure, says it has a rather strong odor which is almost nauseating. This seems not to have been noticed by others. In Europe, also, it is said to be soon attacked by grubs especially in the stem ; as the same insects do not always occur in this country^ such facts are only of local interest. It usually hugs the ground closely CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 129 103. Russula sordida Pk. (Edible) N. Y State Mus. Kep. 26, 1874. Illustrations: N Y State Mus. Bull. 105, PI. 98, Pig. 1-3, 190.5. Plate XIV of this Report. PILEXJS 5-12 cm. broad, dry^ convex-depressed, margin at first incurved, glabrous, even, dingy wHte hecoiyiing mnoky with age. FLESH v^hitish, compact, hecoming blackislirbrown or blaisJirhlack when bruised, without first turrwng reddish, GILLS adnate to sub- decurrent, rather narrow, close^ long and short alternating, lohite hecoming blackish in age, few forked. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 1 2 cm. thick, short, solid, rigid, equal, whitish becoming black when handled. SPORES globose, 7-8 micr., white in mass. TASTE mild or tardily and" slightly acrid. ODOR none. * Gregarious or solitary On the ground in the hemlock regions of the north, rarely in southern Michigan. July-August. Infrequent. This differs from the European R. albonigra (Kromb.) in its dry pileus. A species has been nanxed by Peck with viscid cap, viz., R, subsordida; this is probably identical with R, albonig^^a. Our plant has a dry pileus and dififers from R. nigHcans and R, densi- folia in the lack of the change to red immediately after bruising. In specimens found near Ann Arbor the gills of the young plants were easily separable from the trama of the pileus; whether this is a constant character I cannot say Peck found the same to be true in specimens of R, densifoUa. The stems are said to be often infested with grubs. 104. Russula compacta Frost & Peck (Edible) N. Y State Mus, Rep. 32, 1879. Illustration : Peck, N Y State Mus. Bull. 116, PI. 109, 1907 PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, firm, convex then depressed to subin- fundibuliform, margin at first incurved, thin, then elevated, dry^ unpolished^ minutely tomentose in age, even, whitish when young, at length sordid-pale-reddish or rusty-ochraceous either wholly or in spots. FLESH thick, compact, rather brittle, white, changing to reddish in age or when wounded, GILLS narrowly adnate, close, rather narrow^ alternately short and long, sometinies much forked toward, base, sometimes few forked, white at first, then stained 17 130 THE AGARICACEAB OP MICHIGAN sordid reddish or reddish-brown. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. thick, stout^ spongy-stuflfed, rather hrittle^ equal or tapering down, uneven, white at first becoming reddish or reddish-brown in age or from handling. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, with large oil- globule, 8-10x7-8 micr., white in mass. TASTE mild or slightly and tardily acrid. ODOR becoming disagreeable in age or on drying, like that of i?. s^qualida Pk. Gregarious. On the ground in beech and maple woods. New Richmond. August-September Rare. This is a very distinct species. The whole plant becomes diffused with the rusty-reddish color which is at first pale incarnate, but be- comes more marked as the plant ages. The stem has the consistency of that of Boletus castaneiis or B, cyanescens but the interior be- comes cavernous less readily than in those plants. The scanty juice which causes the color change has the same relation to the flesh as that which causes the reddish and then blackish color in R. nigriccms. The disagreeable odor of the drying plant is quite marked, and is an aid to its identification. It is probably quite rare; it was found only a few times in New York by Peck but has been reported by Van Hook from Indiana. R, incarnata Morgan (Oinn. .Soc. Nat. Hist., 18S3) is probably identical. The edges of the gills are pro- vided with microscopic, subeylindrical, sterile cells. In age the plant becomes quite fragile. Peck's figure is not at all illustrative of the colors. RIGID AE Flesh compact, rather thick. Pileus rigid, provided with an adnate cuticle which often cracks or disappears in parts of the surface, especially on disk, mostly separable only at the margin. Gills usually somewhat forked, and with shorter ones intermingled. The subgenus differs from the Compactae in that the gills do not alternate regularly as long and short and by the presence of an adnate pellicle , it differs from the Subridgidae and Fragiles, by the more rigid substance of the pileus, the adnate pellicle, the presence of short gills and usually by the forking. of some of the gills especially at or near the stem. Most of the species are mild or very slightly acrid. Section I Margin of pileus obtuse, cuticle soon dry, at length pulverulent, granular or rimosely-cracked in places. Gills broader anteriorly. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 131 105. Russula virescens Fr (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PL 1039. Grillet, Champignons de France^ No. 639. Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. 69. Michael, Ftihrer f. Pilzfreunde, ^^ol. II, No. 62. Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 36, Fig. 1, 1900. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PI. 18, p. 69 (poor) Gibson, Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PL 11, p. 126, 1903. Peck, N Y State Mus. Rep. 48, PL 31, 1896. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 150, p. 189, 1908. Mcllvaine, Amer Fungi., PL 14, Fig. (>, p. 184, 1900. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, at the very first globose, soon convex and expanded, often somewhat depressed on disk, firm, dry^ as if velvety, the surface (especially the disk) broken into many floccose or pul- verulent a/reas or patches, green or grayish green, the mai^in not striate or rarely so, cuticle scarcely distinguishable or separable. FLESH white. GILLS white, rather close, narrowed toward the stem, almost or entirely free, few shorter or forked. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, white, firm, equal or subequal, solid or spongy SPOEES white, subglobose, 6-8 micr. CYSTIDIA none. No differ- entiated subhymenium. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Oak and maple or mixed woods, probably throughout the state. Occasional. July and August. Under this name was included in this country, for a time, a more common form with viscid striate cap which has been {segregated by Peck under the name of R. crustosa. The two seem to run into each other at times, but Peck distinguishes the pileus of R. crustosa ^^by its smooth, not warty center, its paler color and usually striate margin." The latter is also distinctly viscid when young but this depends considerably on the weather conditions. R. virescens might be confused with green specimens of R. variata whose surface is sometimes areolate, but the gills of R, virescens are not as pure white, are not decurrent nor much forked, and the taste is mild. Microchemical tests: G. (Flesh and gills slowly bright blue.) F S. (No effect.) S V (No effect.) 132 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN 106. Russula crustosa Pk. (Edible) N Y State Mus. Kep. 39, 1886. Illustration: N Y State Mus. Bull. 67, PI. 84, Fig. 1-7, 1903. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, firm, convex then expanded and de- pressed in the center, surface cracked except on disk, the areas cmstlike, sordid cream-color, dirty brownish or ochraceous, usually tinged with olive or green, viscid when young or moist, especially on the disk, striate on margin when mature. FLESH white. GILLS dull white ^ becoming somewhat dingy cream color in age, rather broad in front, narrowed toward the stem, adnexed or free, thick, distmct, not crowded, rather brittle, few forked, few short. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, short, stout, spongy-stuffed, subequal or ventricose, white. SPORES white, subglobose, 8-10 micr. OYS- TIDIA rather numerous, extending clear through the subhymenium. Shcbhymenhmi sharply separated from gill-trama. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Scattered or gregarious. Oak and maple woods in southern Michigan. July to September. Common. This is near R. mrescens and is apparently much more common. It seems to be still referred to R. virescens by some authors, al- though in that case the Friesian description will have to be modi- fied to include it. Michochemical tests: G. (Flesh and gills become deep blue.) S V (Gills and flesh very slowly tinged blue.) F S. (Cystidia colored brown.) 107. Russula ochraleucoides sp. nov. Illustration Plate XV of this Report. PILEUS 6-12 cm. broad, large^ rigid, convex, soon expanded- plar^e, varjdng straw-yellow to pale ochraceous, usually dull ochre to reddish-ochre toward center, pellicle adnate, soon dry, and pvrh verulent or subrimose, even on the oittise margin. FLESH thick, compact, white, unchanging or slightly sordid in age. GILLS ad- nexed or free, rather narrow, rounded and slightly broader in front, ^vhite or whitish, close to subdistant, shorter ones intermingled, often forked in posterior part, intervenose. STEM 4-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, short, rigid, equal or tapering slightly downward, white, glabrous or subpruinose, spongy-solid, even or obscurdy CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 133 wrinkled. SPOEES globose, very minutely rough, 7-9 micr. (incl. apiculus), white in mass, OYSTIDIA very few BASIDIA about 40x9 micr. TASTE tardily and slightly bitterish-acrid or disagree- ably bitter ODOR faintly aromatic or none. Gregarious. On the ground in open oak-maple woods. Ann Arbor. August. Rare. Related to B. vi/t^escens by its rigidity and the nature of the sur- face of the pileus. The surface is pulverulent, somewhat rimose in age, soft to the touch and under the microscope is seen to be com- posed of slendef, hyaline, erect cystidia-like haii's. A subhymen- ium is lacking. It has a short, stout stem and relatively much broader cap. It differs from R. ochraleuca in size and in the thick flesh of the cap, in that the flesh of the stem does not become ashy when bruised, as well as in the bitter taste and the unpolished pileus. R. gra/rmlosa Cke. is said to have a granular stem and pileus, and many cystidia in the hymenium according to Massee. It is far from belonging to the Fragiles where Fries placed R. ochraleuca. R, granulata Pk. is said to be tubercular-striate on the margin of the cap and is smaller, The gills are often abundantly forked toward the stem. 108. Russula lepida Fr, (non Bres.) (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations : Fries, Sverig. Swamp., PI. 59, form minor Cooke, 111., PL 1072. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 620. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 16, Fig. 4. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 149, PL 188, 1908. (Doubtful.) Gibson, Edible Toadstools, etc., PL 12, p. 131, 1903. (Doubt- fuL) Atkinson, Mushrooms, PL 36, Fig. 3, p. 126, 1900. (Doubtful.) PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, rigid^ convex, then expanded-depressed, cuticle adnate and disappearing on disk, unpolished^ soon dry, rose- red to pale blood-red, jading, disk soon pallid or variegated with paler yellowish-reddish hues, sometimes rimulose-cracked or rugu- lose on disk, margin obtuse, not striate. FLESH compact, white or reddish under the cuticle, thick, abruptly thin on margin. GILLS narrowed behind and narrowly adnate or almost free, close, rather narrow, broader and rounded in front, white then whitish (albus), few shorter, occasionally forked. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, 134 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN equal or slightly tapering downward, white or tinged rosy-pink, spongy-stuffed, rather rigid, obscurely wrinkled. SPOEES sub- globose, 9-10x7-8 (inel. apiculus), with oil-drop, rough or partly smooth, almost pure lohite in rmiss, ODOR none or very slightly dis- agreeable. TASTE mild, sometimes slightly bitterish-subacrid. CYSTIDIA moderately abundant, subcylindrical, 70-75x10-12 micr. Gregarious or solitary On the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor, Detroit. July-August. Bather rare. This plant occurs rather rarely in southern Michigan. It differs from the description given by Bresadola (see translation Mich. Acad. Rep. 11, p. 68, 1909) in that the spore-mass is nearly white, not straw color, and the gills are only slightly thickish. I have found specimens only during a few seasons. Peck also reports it uncom- mon in New York. The margin of the pileus is sometimes slightly viscid and the cuticle slightly separable on the margin. It must not be confused with R. 7nariae whose cap and stem are less rigid and more deeply colored, and which has creamy-yellowish spores and lar- ger eystidia. Our plant sometimes has an entirely rose-red cap, some- times, especially when older, approaching the colors of R. decolorans but paler and duller, subpruinose when dry and variegated with pinkish, yellowish or pale-orange hues becoming white in spots. It is often rigid for a long time. Section II Margin of pileus acute or subacute, at first incurved ; cuticle viscid, slightly separable only on margin, often disappearing on disk or in spots. 109. Russula pulverulenta Pk. Torr. Bot. Club, Bull. 29, 1902. Illustration Plate XVI of this Report. PILEUS 3-5 cm. broad, rather rigid at first, then fragile, rather thin, broadly convex at first, expanded and depressed to subum- bilicate, at first even on the margin, at length distinctly tuberculate- striate, cuticle adnate, viscid, separable on margin, in very young stage sulphur-yellow, soon ochraleucous, finally dingy yellowish irovm, surface dotted by small, numerous, piile yellow, somewhat mealy or flocculent scales or granules^ margin at very first incurved- subinrolled. FLESH white, at first firm and tough, finally soft. GILLS narrowly adnate, close, rather narrow, broader toward front, white, unchanging, often bifurcate at stem, intervenose. STEM 3-5 CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 135 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, siibequal or irregularly enlarged, rigid- fragile, surface at the very first covered by a sulphur-yellow pul- verulence, at length dotted ly sulplmr-yellow granules^ rspccially at hase, white beneath, spongy-stutfed, becoming cavernous. SPORES globose, echinulate, 6-8 micr (incl. apiculus), loUte in mass. CYSTIDIA numerous, subhymenium scarcely differentiated. BASIDIA 45x9 micr., 4-sporee, A' <(H']\ snch a ]>la]it in Sweden and nnitcs /: i'lintaa ami // .rci mii jhIi iia niidor rlie name R. (/rareolois. The series of color forms imlmhMl nnder tlie last name is quite common abont Stockholm, and as far as I conld see it is the same as onr northern Michigan species. I assume then, that we can drop the name R. nlivdcat from onr list of American RuvSsulas, in which case onr olive form goes into the present species. Our plant is near R. squalirla Pk. as the latter is diagnosed in this paper It differs, however, from that species in the more firm con- sistency, in the stem 1/eing often i-eddish, and its habitat in <-onif erous regions. R sqiialida is soft and flexible in age 122. Russula squalida Pk. (Suspected) N. Y State Mns. Rep. 41, isss (as R. atropifrparfa Pk. ) N. Y State Mns. Bnll. 116, 1907 Illustration Kauffman, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, 1909. PILEUS 7 11 cm. broad, convex then plano-nin/ beconnng slightly tnbercnlarstriate in age, the pellicle continuous but rather adnate, not easily sei>arable, subviscid in wet weather, soon dry and then pnnuostp-rrJrrtj/, even, color varying from reddish-purple to pallid and mixeometimes dull citron-yellow, varying in color from youns: to old, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 163 pellicle continuous and entirely separable, margin hecoming strongly tuberculate-striate. FLESH thin, white, not changing color, soft. GILLS hright ochraceous-yellow (flavns, Sacc), white at first, rather narrow^ broadest in front, narrowed and adnexed behind, subdistant at maturity, dusted by the spores. STEM 4-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm, thick, subeqiwl to vent ri cose, soft and fragile^ loosely stuffed then cavernous (but not from grubs), white, rarely tinged with delicate pink, slightly tvrinkled, subglabrous. SPORES subglobose, 7-9 micr., echinulate, nucleate, bright ochre-yellow in mass; TASTE mild. ODOR none. CYSTIDIA very few Sitl)' hymeninm narrow, sharply dilferentiated from gill-trama. Solitary or scattered. In mixed woods of hemlock and beech, among beds of white pine needles at New Richmond ; among grass, etc., in oak woods at Ann Arbor. July-October Frequent. This very fragile Russula is known from the other members of the ^Tragiles" group by its medium size, bright yellow-ochraceous spores and gills, the hollow, often subventricose stem, the mild taste and the pinkish-yellow to peach-colored pileus. The stem is some- times enlarged at the apex, sometimes at the base, always fragile. Very few of our Russulas have such bright-colored spores and gills. The color of the cap varies rather rarely to a deeper red on the one hand or to ochraceous-tan and straw-color on the other The flesh does not change on bruising, and the odor is not noticeable even in age. It is very different from iJ. Integra Fr It approaches R. nitida and is no doubt the plant usually referred to that species in this country. It differs in the lack of the nauseous, disagreeable odor which is known to be constant in R. nitida, I formerly refer- red it to R. Mrlae Quel, which, however, is described as compact and firm. R. aurata Fr. has gills with a chrome-yellow edge. Micro-chemical tests: G. (Flesh turns blue quickly; gills become greenish-blue.) SV (Flesh and gills slowly pinkish then blue.) F S, (Cystidia colored brown.) 146. Russula roseipes Seer — Bres. (Edible) Fung. Trid., Vol. I, 1881. niustration: Ibid, PL 40. PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. broad, thin^ fragile^ convex then piano-de- pressed, with a viscid, separable pellicle, margin tubercular-striate when mature, soon dry, rosy-red or flesh-red, disk tending to ochre- yellowish. FLESH white, thin, unchanged. GILLS soon truly 164 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ocliraceous, subdistant, mostly equal, broadest in front, ventricose, narrowly adnate or almost free, few forked, interspaces venose. STEM white and rosy-sprinkled^ stuffed then cavernous^ equal or tapering upward, even, 2.5-5 em. long, 5-12 mm. thick. SPORES ochraceous^ globose, echinulate, 8-10 micr, TASTE mild. ODOR none or pleasant. Solitary or scattered. In mixed woods, but usually under coni- fers. Only found in the northein part of the state. July and August. A middle-sized to small plant, fragile, and with a rosy mealiness on the stem. This last is quite characteristic of the species. It occurs under spruces and balsams in moist places. It is quite dis- tinct fiuni A* pKcllaris Fv in which Fries, who had never seen Secretan's plant, referred it as a variety. R. purpurina also has a rosy-sprinkled stem, but is very viscid and more brilliant shining red on the cap. l*eck (Rep. 51, p. :U)7) says the stem is not. rosy- sprinkled in his plants, but that the color resides in the stem; he does not seem to have had the typical plant. 147 Russula puellaris Fr. Monographia, 1863. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 1065. Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. I, PI. 64. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 17, Fig. 2. PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, very thin, convex then piano-depressed, viscid, tubercular-striate on the margin, livid-purplish or livid- brownish, then sometimes yellowish. FLESH white at first, soon watery subtranslucent, fragile. GILLS pallid white to pale yellow, watery honey-colored in age, equal, thin, subventricose, narrowed behind and adnexed, interspaces venose. STEM whitish, then watery honey-colored toward lyase, spongy-stuffed, soon cavernous, soft and fragile, subequal or subclavate at base, 4-5 cm. long, 7-10 mm. thick. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, pale yellaw, 6-8 micr. TASTE mild or slightly acrid. ODOR none. Found in low, moist places in conifer or mixed woods of Europe. It has not yet been reported from Michigan with certainty I have given Bresadola's description as that of a typical plant, which is verified by my notes of the Stockholm plants. I have not seen the typical Swedish plant in this country, and Peck's specimens were evidently not typical as he says no yellowish stains occur in the stem. The stem soon becomes soft and then develops this charac- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 165 teristic, translucent, light-yellowish color. Several varieties occur in Michigan differing mainly from the above description in the red caps and non-lutescent stems; these are referred here for the pres- ent. 148. Russula sphagnophila Kauff. Mich. Acad. Sci. Kep. 11, p. 86, 1909. PILEUS 2-4.5 cm. broad, very fragile^ convex, iimhonate, margin at length elevated and disk depressed and purplish-red or rosy-red, the space between the umbo and the margin pale olive-brown, cov ered by a viscous pellicle, glabrous, margin slightly striate. FLESH reddish under the cuticle and under the surface of the stem fragile. GILLS white then pale ochraceous, narrow, adnato-decurrent, rather close, narrowed toward both ends, few forked here and there. STEM rosy-colored, usually ventricose or irregularly swollen, spongy-stuffed then cavernous, very fragile, rivulose-uneven, 4-5 cm. long, 7-12 mm. thick. SPOEES cream-color, globose, echinulate, 6-7 micr. TASTE rmld. Scattered. On sphagnum, in swamps. Cold Spring Harbor. August and September. Rare. Whole plant very fragile, always with an umbo, subpellucid and rosy stem, and pale gills. The only other Russula with an umbo, known to me, is i?. caenilea Pers. which differs in color and hab- itat. The red color rubs off on paper when moist. In some points it is near B. rosdipes, in others it is nearest R, pttellaris, and might perhaps be referred to the latter as a variety but without settling anything as to its origin. 149. Russula chamaeleontina Fr (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. illustrations : Cooke, 111., PL 1908. Gillet^ Champignons de France, No. 600. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 18, Fig. 2. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, rather small, fragile, thin, piano-depressed, with a viscid separable pellicle, margin even at first then striatulate, color varying for different pilei, mostly some shade of red, purple, etc.. fading to yellowish especially on disk. FLESH white, thin. GILLS thin, crowded or close, adnexed or almost free, equal, rather broad, sometimes almost narrow, few forked, interspaces venose. 166 THE AGAjaiCACEAE OF MICHIGAN ochraceous or ochraceous-yellow. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, white, spongy-stuflfed then hollow, slender, equal or subequal to subventricose, sometimes subclavate, even or obscurely rivulose. SPORES ochraceous, TASTE mild. ODOR none. Scattered or gregarious. In coniferous or mixed woods. So far reported only from northern Michigan. Like B. Integra this has to be considered at present a composite species, from which several species have, from time to time, been segregated. According to von Post, a pupil of Fries, the master himself included many forms which do not fit into his own descrip- tion; and Romell follows the Swedish tradition and refers to B, chamaeleontina all small forms with mild taste and ochraceous gills not otherwise accounted for. "No subacrid forms are in- cluded" writes RomelL Specimens with the caps a uniform red, rose colored, purplish, lilac, etc., and accompanied with a yellowish tint, are always included; sometimes also, whitish, faded forms must be placed here. 150. Russula abietina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, 1901. Illustration: Ibid, PL 72, Pig. 111. "PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, thin, fragile, convex becoming plane or slightly depressed in the center, covered with a viscid, separable pellicle, tubercular-striate on the thin margin, variable in color, purplish, greenish-purple or olive-gfeen with a -brown or blackish center, or sometimes purplish with a greenish center. FLESH white. GILLS narrowed toward the stem, subdistant, equal, rounded behind and nearly free, ventricose, whitish becoming pale yellow. STEM 1-2.5 cm. long, equal or tapering upward, stuffed or hollow, white. SPORES bright yellowish-ochraceous, subglobose, 8-10 micr TASTE mild.^^ Its place of growth is only under talsm fir It has been reported from Michigan, but the description given is that of Peck. The important characters seem to be the bright yellow tinged spores. It is separable from B. puellaris, ^T)y the viscid cap, the gills rather widely separated from each other and nearly free, the stem never yellowish nor becoming yellow where wounded, and the spores hav- ing an ochraceous hue.'' CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 167 151. Russula lutea Fi\ (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821, Illustrations Cooke, 111., PL 1082. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 622. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 321. Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. veL, PI. 79. Michael, Ftihrer f. Pilzfreunde, No. 61. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 18, Fig. 3. Plate XXII of this Report. PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad; small, thin, convex then piano-depressed, pellicle easily separable, viscid, margin even, becoming slightly striate in age, unicolorus, bright yellow or pale golden yellow FLESH white, very thin, fragile. GILLS at length ^deep yeUow- ochraceous, subdistant, rather broad in front, narrowed behind and free, equal, interspaces often venose. STEM white, unchanged, snbequal, stuffed then hollow, soft, fragile, even or obscurely wrinkled, glabrous, 3-5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick. SPORES globose, echinulate, yellow, 8-10 micr in diam. TASTE mild, ODOR none. Solitary, in coniferous and mixed woods of northern Michigan, in frondose woods in the south. July and August. Infrequent and few in number. Our plant is the same as the one occurring about Stockholm. It agrees with the characters as given in Hymenomycetes Europaei, except that the gills are subdistant, not truly narrow but relatively broad in front. The Stockholm specimens had the thin margins of the pileus at length slightly striate, as is also the case with the Michigan plants. Peck says he has found it but once in New York. I have found it a number of times in Michigan. R. vitellina Fr which is said to resemble this species, is not known to Romell for Sweden, and he refers all their forms to R. lutea. It may be that iJ. lutea and R. vitellina represent extremes of the species. Our plant described above and that about Stockholm do not agree with either of the descriptions, but is a compromise between the two. Our plants are not strongly striate nor have they any marked odor like R. vitellina; on the other hand they have broader and more distant gills than is warranted by the description of R. lutea. Ac- cording to Fries, R, lutea is found in beech forests and R. vitellina in coniferous woods. R. flaviceps Pk. is said to be larger, with nar- row and close, pale yellow gills. HYGROPHOREAE Fruit body soft, fleshy Stem central, confluent with the pileus. Gills with a waxy consistency, more or less distant, thick, well- developed, with acute edge. This subfamily is well defined and set off from the others. The characteristics are not easily described in words, but the habit of the plants and the nature of the gills are soon learned by field study The gills, alth()ii*>li acute on the ed^e, thicken toward the pileus, and are built up of a thick central layer (the trama), coated on both surfaces by a thick, waxy, hymenial layer of long basidia, which is more or less removable. Our species are included under two genera Spores white. Hygrophorus. Spores blackish. Gomphidius. Gomphidius Fr (From the Greek, gomphos^ a wooden bolt or peg, referring to the shape of the young plants.) Black-spored to smoky-olive-spored , gills of a %oaxy or subgela- tinous consistency, decurrent, subdistant to distant, forked, edge acute; stem central, confluent with the pileus; pileus fleshy, viscid; partial veil when present membranous glutinous ; spores elongated- subfusiform, cystidia abundant. Terrestrial and putrescent fungi, very infrequent in this region, sharply distinct by the nature of its gifls and spores. The genus appears to have some relationship with Hygrophorus on the one hand and with Paxillus on the other In Europe, G viscidus Fr and G. glutinosis Fr, are a prominent part of the mushroom flora, al- though with us these two species seem to be entirely lacking, and no species can be said to be frequent. Peck has described five species from the United States, four of these came from the eastern states and are smaller than the two common European species mentioned above. Nothing is known of the edibility of our species. The genus is best recognized by the smoky, decurrent and usually distant gills, the viscid or glutinous cap, and the spotted stem. In the young stage a viscid veil connects the margin of the pileus with 170 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN the stem; as the plant matures the veil collapses on the stem and in most cases causes the stem to appear viscid and at length spotted or blotched by the drying remnants of this veil. In our species this veil is scanty and it apparently disappears very early, and in most cases cannot be definitely seen. Our species occur in swampy ground or in tamarack bogs. Only three species have been found in the state. G. nigricans Pk. reported in the 8th Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci., is doubtful. G rhodoxantlius (Sclnv ) is referred to Paxillus. Key to the Species (a) Pileus 2-5 cm. broad, obtuse or depressed; stem dry, becoming red- dish-black spotted, yellow at base. 152. G. maculatus Ft. (aa) Pileus 1-2.5 cm. broad, often umbonate; stem at first viscid from the veil, slender, (b) Stem yellow downwards. 154. G. flavipes Pk. (bb) Stem brick color to wine-reddish; not yellow at base. 153. G, vinicolor Pk. 152. Gomphidius maculatus Fr Epicrisis, 1836-38. Jllustrations : Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 3, Fig. 2. Plate XX 111 of this Report. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex, obtuse, soon plane ar depressed, with a viscid, separable pellicle, glabrous, brownish-incarnate to pale clay color, rugulose, spotted and shining when dry. FLESH thick, soft, white or faintly incarnate. GILLS decurrent, narrowed behind, thickish, subdistant to distant, distinct, subgelatinous to soft-waxy, dichotomously forked^ at first whitish, then pale olivaceous-gray, finally smoky, moderately broad. Stem 4-7 cm. long, apex 5-12 mm. thick, tapering downward, solid, firm, even, whitish above or with a tinge of incarnate, at first dotted with reddish scurf, glabrescent, becoming Hack-spotted or blackish in age or when handled, base yelloiv. VEIL none or very evanescent. SPORES variable in size, cj^lindrical-subfusifonn to elongated- elliptical, 15-23x6-7.5 micr., smooth, pale ^moky-brownish under the microscope. OYSTIDIA abundant on sides and edge of gills, cylindrical, obtuse, variable, 100-135x15-25 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none or slight. Gregarious, subcaespitose or scattered, under tamarack trees (Larix), in bogs, on moss or debris. Between Chelsea and Jack- son. October-November Rare or local. Apparently this species occurs only in restricted localities in the bogs near inland lakes. This is the largest form so far found in CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 171 the state, although it varies in size and the smaller plants have less distant gills, smoother stems and smaller spores. Probably because of the advance of cooler weather the plants mature slowly and the spores have not attained their full size in the small plants. The yellow color is sometimes confined to the base, sometimes it extends halfway or more than halfway the length of the stem. The latter condition may turn out to represent G. ftavipes Pk. The plants turn blackish when dried, but differ from G uigriGaHS Pk. in the absence of a partial veil. Ricken considers G gracilis Berk, to be identical, which is very probable. G furcatus Pk. differs chiefly, according to Peck^s description, in the lack of the yellow color at the base of the stem , it is said to occur under tamaracks also. 153. Gomphidius vinicolor Pk. minor N. Y State Mus. Rep. 51, 1898. PILEUS 1-2 cm.l)road, convex then plane, sometimes umbonate, glabrous, even, with a viscid or glutinous separable pellicle, wine- red to rufous-cinnamon, fuscous in the center, paler toward margin. FLESH thick, pale incarnate. GILLS decurrent, subtriangular, rather distant, distinct, thickish^ broad in the middle, not or rarely forked^ olive-brown to fuscous-brown, sprinkled by dark spores. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, slender^ equals even, solid, viscid from the evanescent veil, flexuous, brick-color to vinaceous, concolor within, not yellow at hase, silky-fibrillose. SPORES elongated-ob- long to subfusiform, 13-16x6-6.5 micr., smooth, smoky-brown. CYS- TIDIA abundant, subcylindrical, obtuse, 120-135 x 16-18 micr, ODOR very slight but disagreeable. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in low, swampy woods in region of hemlock and pine. New Richmond. September Rare. This species is referred here as a minor form of G vinicolor Pk. from whose description it differs in the smaller size and smaller spores. My experience with G. maculatus leads me to suspect that the spores of small plants do not mature readily, as is shown also by the less smoky gills. Peck gives the spores 17.5-20x6-7.5 micr, and the type plants were much larger. I have found our plant on several occasions and as it seems to be constant, it may be necessary to separate it. When dried, it becomes black. Some consider G. vinicolor Pk. identical with G gracilis B. & Br ; the latter is de- scribed with the base of the stem yellow 172 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN 154. Gomphidius flavipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 54, 1901. Illustration Ibid, PL I, Fig. 1-4. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, convex or plane and sometimes um- bonate, viscid, dingy pink or yellowish^ tinged reddish^ minutely tomentose on center, slightly flbrillose on the margin. GILLS decurrent, arcuate, subdistant to distant, scarcely forked^ whitish then pale smoky-brownish. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. thick, equal or tapering down, solid, slightly flbrillose, whitish at apex, elsewhere yellow within and without. SPOEES elongated-fusi- form, 20-30x6-7.5 micr., smooth, smoky-brown to brownish black. CYSTIDIA present. Solitary or gregarious. On the ground in mixed wood&. Harbor Springs. September, Bare. Only one collection has been made of what seems to be this plant. The spores were clearly immature and had not yet attained the size given by Peck. Hygrophorus Fr. (From the Greek hugros, moist; and phero, to bear ) .White-spored. Consistency of the gills waxy; of pileus and stem waxy-fleshy or fleshy Hymenophore continuous with the trama of pileus and stem. Stem central. Gills variously attached, soft, not membranous, edge acute. Hymenium loosely adherent to the trama of the gills. Trama of gills various parallel, divergent or inter- woven. Putrescent, soft, terrestrial mushrooms, growing in woods, meadows, etc., and uniformly harmless. They are medium or small in size and often brightly colored. The gills are usually distant or subdistant, characters which ordinarily distinguish them from the species of Clitocybe for which those with decurrent gills might be mistaken. The genus corresponds to Gomphidius and Paxillus of the ochre-spored group, but is distinguished from them by the gills not easily separating from the trama of the pileus. The PILEUS varies from conical to convex at first, in most cases becoming plane at maturity, with or without an umbo and some- times umbilicate. In a great many species the expanded pileus is obversely subconical, pulling the gills into an ascending position, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 173 SO that they appear decnrrent, even in those cases where they were merely adnate or adnexed at first. With age, the margin of the pilens becomes recurved or split. The surface is viscid or glutinous in many cases, others are hygrophanous, but those of one subgenus include some with a dry pileus, a small number have minute squamules over the surface or on the disk. A great variety of col- ors is present; white, yellow, orange, red, green, ashy, brown, etc. Some have a striate margin, and others are even and glabrous. The FLESH is usually soft, and somewhat waxy or watery, often per- meated by differentiated lactiferous hyphae or crystals of oxalate of lime. The GILLS are peculiar in structure, and furnish the main characters by which we separate the genus. Their edges are acute, but they gradually thicken towards their attachment with the pileus, so as to be narrowly triangular in cross-section. The hymenial layer becomes soft when mature and rubs off from the trama proper of the gills, leaving the skeleton of trama behind. They are mostly subdistant to distant or very distant, and this character, along with the waxy consistency and their shape in sec- tion, constitutes a set of marks by which, after a little experience, one can tell the genus. As Mcllvaine says, "There is an indescrib- able, watery, waxy, translucent appearance about the gills, which catches the eye of the expert, and is soon learned by the novice.'^ Their attachment varies from adnexed to adnate and decurrent. They are usually white, but may be similar in color to that of the pileus. The interspaces are often veined in a marked fashion. The STEM is central and similar in texture to the pileus, often very fragile or watery It is either solid or if it is stuffed becomes quickly hollow It often splits longitudinally with considerable ease. In the subgenus Limaciura, the plant when young is some- times enveloped by a slimy universal veil which breaks up into glutinous patches, scales or flocci on the stem or pileus, or by a partial floccose veil which is connected to the margin of the pileus and to the stem; as the plant expands or dries this partial veil breaks up into a floccose annulus or more often in the form of scabrous or punctate flocci at the apex of the stem. The plants of the other two subgenera do not possess either of these veils, but those species which are viscid develop this character from the cut- icle of the pileus or stem which is gelatinous and which dissolves into a slimy substance in moist weather, as in H. psitticinus. The SPORES may be subglobose, oval, oblong, cylindrical or elliptical. Fries (Hymen. Europ), speaks of them as "globose" only, and Patouillard says they are ovoid. DeSeynes (Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser, 5, 1 (1864) Tab. 13, Fig. 3,) figures the spores of H 174 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ceraceus as obovate with an obscure constriction in the middle, and says they vary characteristically in this genus to reniform, irreg- ular, etc. I am quite certain that the spores are often quite irreg- ular, angular, etc., when immature, but have a regular outline when mature, although they often tend to be slightly thicker at one end in a number of species. In most species they appear granular- punctate, and usually have a transparent spot on one side, as if perforated. Between most of our species there is not much dif- ference in spore-size, but sufficient difference to be of diagnostic value. The spores are white in mass, and hyaline under the micro- scope. The BASIDIA are quite characteristic within the genus, they are long and slender, tapering to a narrow stalk. They are said to be often 2-spored. CYSTIDIA are not present in the subgenus Limacium, but occur in some of the species of the other subgenera. The ODOR is not marked in any of our species. Several European species are said to have a characteristic odor ; for example in H. cossus Fr it is disagreeable, like that of a kind of moth; in H nitratus Fr. it is strongly alkaline; in H. agathosmus Fr., like oil of bitter almonds. The TASTE is usually mild, and most of them are to be classed among our iest edible mushrooms. The HABITAT varies. They grow on the ground, usually in moist or wet situations, in woods, copses, fields and pastures, although in our climate they develop mostly in shaded places. Some appear in early summer, and others are found only in late fall — some species never develop till after the frosts appear H hypothejus (Eicken, Blatterpilze) is said to occur only after the first frost. H. speciosus is found, often in good condition, as late as December first. The genus is divided into three subgenera, fundamentally limited by the structure of the gill-trama : I. Limacium (Hygrophorus proper). II. Camarophyllus. III. Hygrocybe. These three subgenera are raised by some authors to the rank of genera, and from a scientific standpoint should be so considered. But for practical purposes the old arrangement seems better. The key includes all species which are likely to be found within the liiiiits of the state. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 175 Key to the Species (A) Plant white, disk of pileus with yellowish or reddish tints in some specimens. [See also (AA), (AAA) and (AAAA)] (a) Pileus viscid or glutinous, (b) Pileus entirely white, changing only in age. (c) Stem glutinous or viscid. (d) Apex of stem with white dots or squamules. Gills adnate to decurrent. (e) Stem floccose-tomentose below the glutinous annulus, apex at length reddish-dotted. 156. H. rulropunctus Pk. (syn. H. glutinosus Pk.) (ee) Stem glabrous, not annulate. (f) Stem firmly stuffed to hollow; plant persistently white. 156. H. eburneus Fr, (ff) Stem solid, plant changing color on drying. 156. H. el)ur7ieus var. unicolor Pk. (fff) Stems solid, caespitose. 156. H. eturneus var. de- cipiens Pk. (dd) Apex of stem not scabrous-scaly-dotted, (e) Gills emarginate-adnexed; pileus at first conical. H. punts Pk. • (cc) Stem dry (d) Pileus large, 8-15 cm. broad, stout, autumnal. 165. H. sordidus Pk. (dd) Pileus small, scarcely viscid, subumbilicate, thin, tough- ish. 170. H niveus Pr. (bb) Pileus not entirely white, (c) Apex of stem decorated with yellowish granules or yellow glandular dots, (d) Pileus whitish, covered by yellowish or brownish gluten. 159. H. paludosus Pk. (dd) Pileus white, with numerous golden yellow granules on margin. 155. H. chrysodon Fr. (cc) Apex of stem white-scaly-dotted or slightly floccose. (d) Disk of pileus pinkish or pale reddish-brown. 157. H. laurae Morg. (dd) Disk of pileus yellowish or reddish-yellow. 158. H flavodiscus Frost, (aa) Pileus and stem not viscid nor glutinous, (b) Plant stout. Pileus 3-7 cm. broad, dry, white. 169. H vir- ginens Fr. (See also H. pratensis var. pallidus.) (bb) Plant slender; pileus 1-3 cm. broad, whitish. 171. H. horealis Pk. (AA) Plant yellow, bright green, olivaceous, orange or shades of these colors, (a) Pileus glutinous or viscid when moist, (b) Pileus at first olivaceous or green, (c) Pileus 3-5 cm. broad, color at length orange-yellow to tawny, gills yellow. 161. H. TiypotTiejus Pr. (cc) Pileus 4-8 cm. broad; gills white-incarnate. 163. R. olivaceoalhus Fr. (ccc) Pileus 1-2.5 cm. broad, parrot green at first; gills yellowish or greenish. 184. H. psitticinus Fr. (bb) Pileus orange-yellow, yellow, yellowish or tawny (c) Becoming blackish in age or when bruised; pileus conical; gills free. 180. H. conicus Fr. (cc) Not becoming black when bruised, (d) Gills emarginate-adnexed; pileus 2-5 cm. broad, citron to golden-yellow. 178. H. chlorophanus Fr. (dd) Gills broadly adnate to decurrent. (e) Pileus 3-8 cm. broad, yellow in age; in tamarack swamps in late fall. 160. H. speciosus Pk. 176 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (ee) Plleus 1-3 cm. broad, (f) Tough, pileus tawny-yellowish, not fading in age. 182. H. lactus Pr. (ff) Fragile; pileus wax-yellow to yellow, (g) Gills truly decurrent; pileus and stem fading to whit- ish in age. 181. H. nitidus B. & C. (gg) Gills adnate-decurrent; pileus not fading. 172. H, ceraceus Fr, (aa) Pileus not viscid nor glutinous, (b) Golden-orange-yellow; fragile, pileus and stem markedly fading; gills adnexed, deep orange-yellow 179. H. marginatus Pk. (bb) Pale yellow; pileus 6-12 mm. broad; stem darker H. parvulus Pk. (AAA) Plant vermillion, scarlet, pink, flesh-color, rufous or shades of these, (a) Pileus viscid or glutinous, (b) Stem stout, pileus rather large, compact, firm, (c) Gills not becoming reddish-spotted. (d) Pileus scarlet, crimson or orange; stem viscid, in tamarack swamps. 160. H. speciostis Pk. (dd) Pileus tinged flesh color; stem dry 164. H. pudorinus Fr. (cc) Gills becoming reddish-spotted. 163. H. Russula (Fr ). (bb) Stem medium or slender; pileus fragile. (c) Pileus 1-2 cm., pinkish-flesh-color; stem slender and viscous. 183. H. peckii Atk. (cc) Pileus 3-7 cm., scarlet or vermillion, stem moist, not viscid, (d) Gills arcuate-adnate , base of stem yellow or orange. 176. H coccineus Fr (dd) Gills slightly adnexed; base of stem white; spores larger. 177 H puniceus Fr, (aa) Pileus not viscid nor glutinous, (b) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, subglabrous to minutely scaly, vermillion to reddish-yellow 175. H. miniatus Fr, H. cantherellus Schw. (bb) Pileus 3-7 cm. broad, flesh-color to tawny-reddish, glabrous. 168. H. pratensis Fr. (bbb) Pileus 3-10 cm. broad, salmon-rufous to testaceus; hoary when young; gills decurrent. 167 H. leporinus Pr. (AAAA) Plant neither white, yellow, orange nor bright red. (a) Pileus and stem glutinous or viscid. [See also (aa) and (aaa)] (b) Gills pure white, pileus grayish-brown, cinereous or fuliginous, (c) Stem hollow, fuliginous. 185. H. unquinosus Fr. (cc) Stem solid, white or whitish. H. fuUgineus Frost, (bb) Gills not pure white, or at least changing in age, adnate-de- current. (c) Pileus purplish-red, virgate with darker flbrils; stem and gills concolor. H. capreolarius Bres. (cc) Pileus some shade of brown. [See also (ccc)] (d) Stem hollow, slender; plant fragile; pileus olive-brown,. 1-2 cm. broad. H. davisii Pk. (dd) Stem solid, plant firm, larger (e) Growing in sphagnum swamps; pileus white, covered with yellowish-brown gluten. H. paJudosus Pk. (ee) In grassy woods; pileus smoky-olive, 3-6 cm. broad; spores 12 X 8 micr. H. Umacinus Fr. (ccc) Pileus dark brownish olivaceous. 162. H, oUvaceoal'bus Pr. (aa) Pileus with a gelatinous, subviscid pellicle; stem dry. (b) Pileus violaceous to smoky-lilac, hygrophanous, fading to gray ish; stem stuffed to hollow. 174. H. palUdus Pk. (bb) Pileus livid-rufescens to brownish, hygrophanous; stem stuffed to hollow; gills decurrent. 173. H. colemannianus Blox. (bbb) Pileus grayish-brown or blackish-brown; stem solid, (c) Spores 6-8 micr long. 166. B. fusco-aWus var. (cc) Spores 10-12 micr. long. H. morrisii Pk. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 177 (aaa) Plleus and stem not viscid nor glutinous (slightly viscid in H. amygdalinus) (b) Odor markedly noticeable. (c) Stem solid; pileus grayish-brown; gills adnate decurrent; odor of almonds. H. amygdalinus Pk. (cc) Stem stuffed then hollow; pileus hygrophanous. (d) Gills decurrent; pileus sooty-brown (moist); spores sub- globose, 5-6 micr , odor "peculiar." H. peckianus Howe, (dd) Gills sinuate-adnexed , pileus yellowish-brown (moist), odor offensive. H. mephiticus Pk. (bb) Odor not marked; stem solid, (c) Plant stout; pileus smoky or blackish, virgate with fibrils, spores 8-9x5 micr JET. carpinus Fr. (cc) Plant slender; pileus grayish-brown to blackish-brown, glab- rous, spores 10-12x6-7 micr H. nigridius Pk. (Peck in his monograph, N. Y State Mus. Bull. IIG, 1907, of New York species mentions the following as very rare: H vlrgutulus Pk., H hiirnliami Pk., H mctapodius Fr., // hasidtosus l»k., // •^ub^ rufescens Pk., H immutahilis Pk., H laricinus Pk., // luridii^s R & C, H minutulus Pk. Peck has described also // serotinus Pk., H ruler Pk., H albipes Pk., from Massachusetts, II eJcgantulns Pk. from Maryland and H sphoerosponis Pk. from Iowa. ) SUBGENUS LIMACIUM' Provided with a glutinous universal veil or a floccose cortina or both. Trama of gills of divergent hyphae. Section I XJniversales Provided with both a universal veil and a floccose cortina; the lat- ter is connate to the inner surface of the former along the stem, sometimes forming a slight annulus at the apex of the stem, or a floccose-downy edge on the incurved margin of the pileus. Stem viscid^ subglabrous to floccose-fibrillose, shining or glistening-spot- ted when dry^ apex scabrous-dotted or subglabrous. This section is intended to include only those with a universal veil. It corresponds to the subgenus Myxacium of the genus Cor- tinarius. This veil surrounds the very young button as a thick gelatinous layer, which becomes attenuated on the stem as this elongates and dissolves into a hyaline, or, in some species, into a somewhat colored gluten in wet weather The apex of the stem is glandular or scabrous-dotted in those species in which the margin of the pileus is at first inroUed, but in those in which the margin of the pileus is merely incurved and continuous with the cortina, the apex of the stem is subglabrous and not floccose-dotted. H speciosus is an example of the latter group. 23 178 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 155. Hygrophorus chrysodon Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 112, p. 110, 1900. Cooke, 111., PI. 885. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PL 6, Fig. 4. *TILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, convex then expanded, viscid (moist), shining (dry), white, concolorous except for the numerous golden granules on the margin, or sometimes over entire surface, margin involute at first. FLESH white, rather thick. GILLS decurrent, distant, white or yellow-powdered on the edge, interspaces venose. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick, soft, equal, stuffed, white, apex decorated iy yellowish granules, sometimes in the form of an im- perfect ring. SPOKES oval-elliptical, smooth, 740x4-6 micr., white. ^^Gregarious. In late summer or autumn. On the ground in open woods." Not yet reported from Michigan. 156. Hygrophorus ebumeus Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. ^ Illustrations Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 34, Fig. 113, p. Ill, 1900. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 6, PI. 131. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 164, p. 207, 1908. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PI. 30, p. 84, 1905. Peck, N. Y State Mus. Bull. 54, PL 77, Figs. 13-14, 1902. (As H laurae var. unlcolor ) Peck, N Y State Mus. Bull. 94, PL 88, Figs. 8-11, 1905. (As H laurae var. decipiens.) Cooke, 111., PL 886. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PL 6, Fig. 5. PILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, convex-expanded, pure white when fresh, glutinous, shining, even, glabrous, margin at first involute and floccose-pubescent. FLESH white, rather thick and firm. GILLS adnate to decurrent, subdistant, moderately broad behind, narrowed in front, subvenose, white, often dingy yellowish in age, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM 6-15 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, elongated, subequal, tapering or fusiform, often flexuous, glutinous, shining- spotted when dry, persistently stuffed or becoming hollow, glab- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS I79 rous, apex with white dots or squamules, not annulate, white often becoming dingy in age. ODOR and TASTE mild. SPORES cylin- drical-elliptic, smooth, 6-8x4-5.5 micr. BASIDIA slender, i-spored, 4042x7 micr Gregarious or subcaespitose in woods, thickets, etc., often among grass. October-November. Frequent. Ann Arbor and probably throughout the State. Var unicolor Pk. This is said to differ by its solid stem and change of color on drying. It was referred by Peck to H laurae as a variety If it is distinct at all it appears to be better to attach it to H eburneus. Gillet says the stem of H eburneus is solid or hol- low. There is so much variation in this respect in our plants — some having a persistent pith and appearing solid, and others becoming hollow — that it seems to me best to merge the variety in the species. Berkeley notes that sometimes the English plants turn ^^fox-red in parts'^ when they decay Var decipiens Pk. is closely related to the preceding variety, but is caespitose and the gills are said to remain white. It was also attached to H. laurae by Peck. All these have a uniform white color when young or fresh, and are provided with a hyaline, glutinous, universal veil which makes the cap and stem slippery and difficult to pull up or to handle. The shining pileus when dry reminds one of Tricholoma resplendens, but the pileus averages smaller than in that species, and the stem is glutinous. Hygrophorus ruhropunetus Pk. is also said to be a white plant, but differs from the preceding by its stem being floc- cose-tomentose below the glutinous annulus, and studded at the apex with drops of moisture which in drying form glandular red dots , its stem is short but thick ; and the spores measure 7.5-10x5-6 micr It has not been detected by me in Michigan. These white forms are all closely allied, and may be considered variations of one species. 157 Hygrophorus laurae Morg. (Edible) Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, 1883. Illustrations Ibid, PL 9. Peck, '^. Y State Mus. Bull. 54, PI. 77, 1902. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 170, p. 214, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Fig. 10. PILEUS 3-10 cm. broad, convex-expanded or depressed on disk, 180 THE AGARICACEAB OF MICHIGAN umbonate, more or less irregular, pinkish-brown or reddish on disk, white on margin, glutinous when fresh, glabrous, even, margin at first involute. FLESH thickish, white. GILLS adnate to decur- rent, subdistant, rather narrow, white or tinged with cream -flesh- color, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, equal or tapering downward, solid^ glutinous^ white or yel- lowish-white, upper half often squamulose-scabrous, the apex dotted with scabrous points. SPORES elliptical, smooth, apiculate, 7-9x 4-5.5 micr., white in mass. BASIDIA slender, about 38x6 micr ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in frondose woods, thickets, etc., among fallen leaves. Detroit, Ann Arbor, New Richmond. August November Frequent. This species usually has a cap which is wider than the length of the stem, while E cljurncus usually has an elongated stem and nar- row pileus. There is some discrepancy in the spore-measurements as given by Morgan and Peck. The latter author gives them as 6-7.5 micr long. Such discrepancy usually points to different species studied by the dift'erent authors, but in the genus Hygro- phorus, as in some other white-spored genera, the spores often ma- ture slowly, and it is often not easy to distinguish mature from immature plants, so that the best of observers may disagree. H latirae is said to stain one's fingers as if with sumach. (S. Davis, Rhodora, 13, p. 63, 1911.) 158, Hygrophorus flavodiscus Frost (Edible) N- Y State Mus. Rep. 35, 1884. Illustrations Peek, N Y State Mus. Mem., Vol. 3, PI. 50, Fig. 1-6. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 167, p. 210, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 4, PI. 56, Fig. 11. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, convex or nearly plane, glutinous when fresh, pale yelloio or reddish-yellow on disk, white elsewhere, glab- rous, even, margin at first involute. FLESH white. GILLS adnate to decurrent, subdistant, white sometimes with a slight flesh-colored tint, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, nearly equal, solid, very glutinous, apex with white scabrous points, white or yellowish below Spores elliptical, inequilateral, 6-7.5x4-5 micr., white. Gregarious. On the ground in hemlock and beech woods. New Richmond. September CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 181 This is close to the preceding, and may be a form of it peculiar to conifer woods. Peck thinks it belongs nearest to H fuligmeus^ in whose company he has found it. According to this author, there are no scabrous points at the apex of the stem. In my specimens they were present, at least in the younger stages. The species was first published by Peck who obtained the name from Frost's manu- script description. The pileus has a thick fleshy disk, its margin is at first inroUed and is densely white-floccose on the side next the stem. The gills are sometimes intervenose, at first they are simply adnate, but on the expansion of the pileus become decurrent. This change from the young to the old gills has caused some discrep- ancies in the descriptions by different authors of this and the pre- ceding species. The layer of glutinous tissue is very thick on the cap, thin on the stem. 159. Hygrophorus paludosus Pk. Torr Bot. Club Bull., Vol. 29, 1902. "PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, convex, obtuse, ichitish^ covered with a thick yellowish or irownish gluten. FLESH white. GILLS adnate or slightly decurrent, subdistant, whitish, stained with greenish- yellow when old. STEM 5-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, subequal, long and slender^ flexuous, often curved at the base, solid^ glutinous, white with yellow glandular dots at the top, streaked with brownish fibers or ^reds of the dried gluten when dry SPORES broadly elliptical, 8-10 x 5-7 micr., white. ODOR earthy TASTE slightly acrid.'^ Growing among peat mosses. Greenville. September Reported by Longyear The yellowish dots at the apex of the stem are said to become black on drying, and there are yellowish stains at the base of the stem. The plant seems rare, as it has not been reported since its discovery It needs further study to show its relationship. 160. Hyferophorus speciosus Pk. (Edible) N Y. State Mus. Rep. 29, 1878. Illustrations: Peck, N Y State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 51, Fig. 21-28. 1900, and Rep. 29, PI. 2, Fig. 1-5, 1878, Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 168, p. 211, 1908. Fries, Icones, PI. 166 (Hygrophorus aureus Fr.) 182 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Bresadola, Fungi Trid., Vol. I, PL 9 {Hygrophoriis hresa- dolae Quel.) Plate XXIV of this Keport. PILEUS 2-8 cm. broad, oval, subconic or flattened convex when young, broadly convex and at length almost plane when mature, or varying subcampanulate and umbonate, umbo usually subob- solete, glutinous when fresh, hright red or orange-vermillion when young or in full vigor, becoming paler with age or after freezing, often subvirgate, even or slightly rugulose from the drying gluten, margin at first incurved then decurved or spreading. FLESH white 01' tinged orange under the' separable pellicle, soft, rather thick. GILLS decurrent, distant^ moderately broad in middle, acuminate at ends, arcuate, thick, intervenose, white or tinged yel- lowish, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM stout, 3-10 cm. long, 8-20 mm. thick, variable in length, equal or irregularly subcom- pressed, soft and spongy within, not hollow^ straight or flexuous, hyalineivMtey floccose-fibrillose to the apical^ obsolete annulus, al- most glabrous at times, variegated with glistening spots from the drying of the gluten, sometimes ochraceous-stained when old, apex subglabrous to silky, base usually deeply imbedded in substratum or subrooting. UNIVERSAL VEIL of hyaline gluten. SPORES 8-9.5 x 5-6 micr., broadly elliptical, smooth, white in mass. BA- SIDIA slender, 50-60 x 6-8 micr., 4-spored, sterigmata long and prominent. ODOR and TASTE mild. In troops, etc., solitary or caespitose. In tamarack swamps. Ann Arbor, October-November Frequent locally, appearing every fall in the same places. This is the American form of Hygrophorus aureus of Europe. The illustrations of European authors as well as those of Peck, indicate a smaller average size and a pileus markedly umbonate. In our region as well as in the Adirondack Mountains I have seen such plants occur with the rest, but the majority are broadly convex with or without an obsolete umbo and as a rule are larger than the European form. Sometimes vestiges of a distinct floccose annulus occur, but more often this cannot be seen; on the other hand, the stem is usually covered by a white, floccose-fibrillose, appressed sheath which becomes dingy ochraceous or pale sordid reddish on drying, especially where gluten has dropped from the margin of the cap on the stem. Plants in the same patch vary greatly in the size of the pileus and the stem. The stem of the young plant is at first large and stout as compared with the flat or convex, narrow young pileus. The partial veil is floccose-fibrillose. The margin of CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 183 the pileus is merely incurved at first, not inrolled as it is said to be in jff. glutinifer Fr The color of the pileus of the typical American plant is a brighter red than that in Europe. This, however, is not unusual, as the reverse is true in Amanita muscaria. The pileus usually becomes pallid yellowish after exposure to sun and wind, or after being frozen. In the Adirondack Mountains I collected a color variety growing with the species, which diflfered from it at every stage of its development by its cadmium-yellow pileus. Hygroph- orus coloratus Pk. is said to differ from H speciostis by having a stuffed or hollow stem and a partial, floccose, v/hite veil. As the latter is sometimes noticeable in the Michigan plants, and because of the soft structure of the interior of the stem in our plants, I doubt whether H coloratus is more than a variety of the species. 161. Hygrophorus hypothejus Fr (Edible) gyst. Myc, 1821. . Illustrations Cooke, 111., Plate 891. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 510. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 337 Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI, 5, Fig. 5. "PILEUS 3-5 cm. broadj convex-expanded, at length depressed in center, obtuse, glutinous, oUve-hrown, virgate with radial fibrils, evto, becoming pale, or citron-golden-yellow, tawny after the dis- appearance of the olive-hrown superficial gluten. FLESH pale yellowish with a yellow periphery, thin. GILLS decurrent, dis- tant, yellow to orange-yellow, thickish. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, equal, stuffed to hollow, yellow to pale yellowish, glab- rous, glutinous, evanescently annulate from the partial floccose veil. SPORES cylindrical-elliptical, smooth, 7-9x4-5 micr ODOR and TASTE mild." This species has not yet come to my notice within the State. It is said to be more common farther south, although its known north- ern limit should include Michigan. It is an inhabitant of pine woods, and Ricken say« it never appears until after the first frost in the autumn, when it flourishes till the snow falls. Its yellow gill« distinguish it from related species. Some consider H. fuh igineus Frost identical. 181 THE AGARICAOEAE OF MICHIGAN 162. Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus Fr Syst. Myc, 1821, and Fung. Trid., 1881. Illustrations : Fung. Trid., Vol. I, PI. 92. Plate XXV of this Keport. PILEUS 4-8 cm. broad, at first acorn-shaped or rounded-cam- panulate, then convex to subexpanded, umbonate, umbo often obso- lete, covered by a thick gluten, dark, olive-gray, stained ferruginous in age, at length somewhat wrinkled from the drying gluten, mar- gin at first involute. FLESH white, thick, rather soft GILLS adnate to decurrent, subdistant to close, moderately broad, dis- tinct, white or slightly incarnate, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM rather stout, 4-7 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, equal or tapering downward, peronate at first and fioccose-scaly from the glutinous veil, at length marked by rusty-fuscous, subannular, irregular stains, apex at first beaded with drops and densely white-sc^ly- dotted, solid, subrooting and curs'-ed at base. SPORES broadly elliptical, smooth or slightly rough-punctate, 9-12 x 6-7 mici* BASIDIA elongated, 50 x 8-9 micr ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in woods of oak, maple, etc. Ann Arbor October Found but once. This is a very marked species. The sheathed, floccose stem with its several rings of staining gluten separates it from nearby species. The base of the stem is usually deep in the ground. Bresadola's figures show a darker plant, while Gillet, Michael and Ricken figure a more slender plant. The colors of our plants approach more nearly those of the last three authors. Section IT Partiales. Universal veil nOne. Partial veil or cor- tina floccose, adhering to the involute margin of the pileus. Stem dry, apex floccose-scabrous or subglabrous. This section corresponds to the subgenus Phlegmacium of the genus Cortinarius. The stem is dry except when the gluten of the cap falls upon it. The viscidity of the pileus is due to a gelatinous layer on its surface which becomes glutinous in some species in wet weather. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 185 163. Hygrophorus Russula Fr (Edible) Syst. Mycol., 1821 (as Tricholoma) Illustrations Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 51, p. 71, 1908. (As Tricholoma Russula,) Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II. (as Tricholoma Rus- sula.) Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 4, Fig. 1. Peck, N. Y State Mus. Bull. 54, PL 77, Fig. 1-5, 1902. (As Tricholoma Russula.) Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PL 22. (As Tricholoma Russula. ) Plate XXVI of this Report. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, firm, convex, at length plane or de- pressed with margin elevated-wavy, viscid when moist, pale pink to rosy-red^ somewhat variegated, disk somewhat scaly-dotted, margin at first involute and floccose-pruinose. FLESH compact, thick, white or at length reddish-tinged. GILLS rounded behind, at length spuriously decurrent, narrow, acuminate at ends, thickish, white at firgt then reddish-spotted, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM stout, usually short, 3-7 cm. long, 15-25 mm. thick, firm, solid, dry, equal or subventricose, apex white-floeculose, white, becoming reddish in age. SPORES narrowly elliptical, apiculate, smooth, white in mass. BASIDIA slender, elongated, 15 x 5-G micr ODOR and TASTE mild. Solitary or caespitose in troops. On the ground, among leaves, in frondose woods of oak, maple, etc. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Marquette, New Richmond and throughout the State. September- November Common. This Hygrophorus has usually been placed with the Tricholomas with which it has some affinity; but the character of the gill^, which are somewhat waxy and whose trama is composed of diver- gent hyphae, the attenuated lower part of the basidia and its gen- eral characters ally it much better to Hygrophorus where Quelet and Ricken also place it. The involute, slightly floccose margin of the pileus is similar to that of H, pudorinu^. It often occurs in troops in late autumn, when it is covered by leaves which it pushes up so as to form humps which betray its presence. It is among the very best of edible mushrooms, especially after cold weather sets in, at which time it is free from grubs. The bright color is similar to that of some Russulas, hence the s.pecific name. Tricho- 186 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN loma ruhicunda Pk. is doubtless H Russula in spite of the argument for its autonomy by E. M. Williams in the Plant World, Vol. 4, p. 9, 1901. H. eruhescefis Fr is similarly colored, but consistently of a different habit, long stemmed and narrow-capped. The latter species as I saw it in Sweden, seems to me to be quite distinct. 164. Hygrophorus pudorinus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Cooke, 111., Plate 911. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 347 Peck, N. Y State Mus. Bull. 67, PI. 83, 1903. Kicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 4, Fig. 3, 1910. PILEUS 2-10 cm. broad, firm, convex-campanulate, subexpanded, obtuse, viscid when moist, pale tan color, pinkish-buff or tinged in- carnate, glabrous, even, margin at first involute and minutely downy. FLESH compact, thick, white or tinged flesh-color GILLS acuminate-subdecurrent, subdistant, thickish, narrow, sometimes forked, interspaces venose, usually connected at the stem hy a nar- row border, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 5-20 mm. thick, stout, compact^ solid, dry, equal or tapering downward, white, buff or incarnate-tinged, floccose-scabrous at apex, floccose- fibrillose or glabrescent downwards. SPORES cylindric-elliptical, smooth, 6-9x3.5-5 micr BASIDIA slender, 45-50x6-7 micr., 4- spored. ODOR and TASTE mild. Edible. Gregarious to caespitose. On the ground, often among grass^ in hemlock or frondose woods or thickets. Ann Arbor, Detroit^ New Richmond. September-November. Frequent. This is a variable species with us as regards size and coloration. Late in the season a small form appears (form minor) which has always a white stem, and forms considerable patches in oak woods. It is possible that this form is H arbustivus Fr. In the typical and luxuriant specimens of H pudorinus the stem is tinged flesh- color to pale isabelline. Occasional specimens are larger than the sizes given above, which are made to include form minor All of these are delicious food. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 187 165. Hygrophorus sordidus Pk. (Edible) Torrey Bot. Club, Bull. 25, 1898. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 176, p. 220, 1908. Plate XXVII of this Report. PILEUS JargCy 8-16 cm. broad,, convex-expanded to plane, firm, mscid when moist, pure white, rarely tinged yellowish-buff, gla- brous, even, margin at first incurved and slightly floccose. FLESH compact or somewhat soft, white, thick. GILLS adnata to decur- rent, subdistant, rather broad in middle, attenuate at both ends, white, slightly yellowish in age, waxy, interspaces sometimes veined, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM stout, 6-10 cm. long, 15-30 mm. thick, short, solid, dry, equal or attenuated downwards, white, glabrous or obscurely ttoccose-mealy at apex, even. SPORES ellip- tical, smooth, 6-8 x 4-5 micr ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious. On the ground among leaves in frondose woods of maple, oak, etc. September-November Ann Arbor, New Richmond. Frequent, locally This is the largest and finest of the genus. Small individuals may be confused with Tricholomfi resplendens, but due regard to broader pileus, shorter stem And the waxy gills which are de- current in expanded plants, will distinguish it at once. Microscopically the divergent hyphae of the gills, as well as the basidia, are a certain distinction. It has been met with for a series of years, every autumn, and is consistently a large white plant, so that it can hardly be referred to H. pudonnus. When young, a floccose cortina is present. The universal veil is entirely lacking. It is edible, and vies with any mushroom in its abundant flesh and pleasant flavor. The pileus is sometimes quite obscured by adhering leaves or dirt. 166. Hygrophorus fusco-albus Fr var. occindentalis var nov Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations . Cooke, 111., Plate 899. Plate XXVIII of this Report. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex-expanded, at length plane or de- pressed, viscid when moist, Uvid grayish-drown to brownish-ashy, sometimes blackish on disk, glabrous, even, becoming fragile, mar- gin at first involute and floccose-downy FLESH white, rather thin. 188 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN rather soft. GILLS adnate to decurrent, subdistant to close, rather narrow^ creamy-white, interspaces venose, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM slender, rarely stout, 3-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick (rarely 10-12 mm.), equal or tapering downward, dry, solid, straight, or curved at base, sometimes Jlexuous, rather fragile, apex floccose- scabrous, floccose-pruinose elsewhere, glabrescent, white or pallid. SPORES elliptical, smooth, 6-8x3.5-.4.5 micr., white. BASIDIA slender, 36-38 x 6-7 micr., 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in oak woods. Ann Arbor, Detroit. October, Infrequent. This plant has been found in several places in successive years. It is well-marked, but differs in some respects from the published descriptions and figures of H fusco-albus. It appears that there is no unanimity among European mycologists as to this species. It was first figured by Lasch. Ricken figures it as a stout plant with a viscid stem and says the stem is glutinous-peronate. This departs widely from the description of Fries, Gillet, Massee and others. Cooke's figure more nearly depicts our plant. Fries says the gills are broad, but in our specimens they were always rather narrow Peck (N Y State Mus. Bull. 116) has included it under H fusco-alhuSy in the sense of Fries, in his monograph. The spores of our plant are slightly smaller than given by Peck, and much smaller than those given by Cooke and Massee. In view of these discrepancies and differences, it has seemed best to bestow on our plant at least a varietal position. It seems to come halfway be- tween jBT. fusco-albus and S livido-albus. The partial floccose veil disappears early except on the involute edge of the pileus. The stem is delicately floccose and entirely dry when fresh or young. 167 Hygrophoius leporinrs Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustration Cooke, 111., PL 930. PILEUS 3-10 cm. broad, at. first oval-campanulate, at length ex- panded-plane, obtuse, often gibbous or irregular, opaque, rufous- testaceous to fulvous-rufescent, variegated with a white, hoary, silk- iness when young, especially on margin, provided with a subviscid, separable, thin pellicle, becoming subfibrillose or subvirgate. FLESH thick, compact on disk, abruptly thin on margin, firm, pal- lid, tinged rufescent to rufous-fulvous. GILLS arcuate-dect^rrent, rigid, thicl\ subdistant, distinct, attenuate at both ends, ferrugi- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 189 nous-fulvous to gilvous^ pruinose^ trama divergent, STEM 3-8 cm. broad, subequal or tapering downward, attenuated at lase^ often curved, rigid, 8-16 mm. thick above, at first with an appressed, glaucous silkiness, glabrescent, innately fibrous and shining, solid, rufescent within and without. SPORES narrowly elliptic-lanceo- late to ovate, smooth, 7-9 x 4 micr., white. BASIDIA very slender, about 60x4 micr. ODOR none. TASTE mild. Scattered or gregarious. On the ground among fallen leaves in frondose woods. October, Ann Arbor Rare. I have referred this large, well-marked plant to the above species on the strength of Cooke's figure, but with some hesitancy It agrees well Avith that illustration. H leporinus is usually placed under the. subgenus Camarophyllus, but the divergent gill-trama of our plant indicates plainly its position in my grouping. The spore- measurements do not agree with those given by others. Massee says they are subglobose, 5-6 micr. , Ricken describes them as cylindric-elliptical, like ours, but smaller, 5-6 x 4 micr., which approx- imates somewhat closely Berkeley says spores of H leporinus are umber-colored; this is manifestly an error, The rather rigid habit and color suggest a large and deeply colored Clitocyhe lac- cata, but otherwise they have nothing in common. The whole plant is more or less salmon-rufescent in color The trama of the gills is composed of slender, diverging, compact hyphae, 5-7 micr in diameter. The trama of the pileus is also pseudo-prosenchymat- ous, i. e., of narrow, compact hyphae. The species is variable in size and stout even when young. It is not found till late fall. It may turn out to be distinct. SUBGENUS CAMAROPHYLLUS. Veil none. Trar)ia of gills of intencoven hyphae Pileus and stem usually dry Stem gla- brous or fibrillose, not scabrous-punctate at the apex. Although this subgenus was separated by Fries from the sub- genus Hygrocybe on account of its "firm, non-viscid'' pileus, he nevertheless, placed under it a number of thin, viscid species like B fornicatus, E niveus, etc. In view of the fact that such typical species of this group as H pratensis and H. virgineus have a gill- trama of interwoven hyphae, and typical species of the subgenus Hygrocybe have a gill-trama of parallel hyphae, it seems that we have here a fundamental and natural separation of the two groups, as was insisted on by Fayod (Ann. d. Sci. Nat., 7 Ser., Vol. 9, p. 305). Thus, despite the statement of Peck and Earle, the dry char- acter of the pileus cannot be retained to characterize this subgenus. 190 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 168. Hygrophorus pratensis Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PL 917 and 932. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 7, Fig. 2. Gillet; Champignons de France, No. 345. Swanton, Fungi, PL 9, Fig. 11-12, 1909. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Fig. 1. Peck, N Y State Mus. Rep. 48, Bot. ed., PL 28, Fig. 11-17, 1896. PILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, disk compact, convex, subexpanded, often turbinate, obtuse or umbonate, glabrous, even, reddish-fulvous or pale iaicny, moist when fresh, not viscid, margin thin. FLESH white or tinged like pileus. GILLS decurrent, d^istant, thiclc, whit- ish, yellowish or tinged like pileus, intervenose, very broad in the middle, trama of interwoven hyphae. STEM short, 4-7 cm. long, 7-12 mm. thick, equal or narrowed downwards, glabrous, even, 'per- sistently stuffed, wliite or tinged like the pileus. SPORES 6-8 x 4-5.5 micr., broadly elliptical or elliptic-ovate, smooth, white. BASIDIA slender, 40-42 x 5-6 niicr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Solitary, gregarious or caespitose. On the ground, woods, thick- ets, grassy places, etc. Marquette, Houghton, Bay View, New Rich- mond, Ann Arbor, etc. Most common apparently in the northern part of the State; mostly in frondose woods. July-October. Fre- quent. Var pallidus. Plant Avhitish (Detroit) Var cinereus. Plant cinereous or stem whitish. Otherwise like the typical form. The dry surface of the pileus often becomes rimulose in expanded plants from the cracking of the cuticle. Such a condition is shown in Hard's Fig. 163, Plate 24, op. page 204; in other respects that illustration does not show the characteristic top-shaped pileus of the plant, nor the short stubby stem. It is distinguishable by its glabrous cap and stem, its top-shaped pileus and the compact flesh of the center of the cap. It grows more often in exposed, grassy places than our other Hygrophori. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 191 169. Hygrophorus virgineus Fr. var (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 175, p. 219, 1908. Peck, N Y State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 52, Fig. 8-12, 1900. Mellvaine, American Mushrooms, PL 37, Fig 0, p. 14(j, 1900. Cooke, 111., PI. 892. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 351. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex, often plane to depressed^ dry, ob- scurely pruinose, even white^ margin thin. FLESH thick in center of cap, white. GILLS decui^rent, close to snbdistant, thickish, white or at length tinged cream-flesh color, scarcely ever forked or veined, trama of interwoven hyphae. STEM short, 24 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick, equal or tapering either way, solid, ichite within and with- out, glabrous, even. SPORES narrowly ovate or elliptic-ovate, smooth, 0-8x3.5-4 micr ODOR and TASTE mihl. Solitary or gregarious. On sandy ground, in mixed, open woods of pine, beech and maple. New Richmond, Detroit. September- October. Found infrequently This species, it is said, is to be looked for among grass in meadows, etc., but the writer has not found it in such localities. The description applies to the American form, which is usually smaller, its cap is rarely distinguished by rimose cracks, and the spores are smaller than given for the European plant. The recorded European spore-measurements vary from 8-10 x 5 to 10-12 x 6-7 micr Our plant is probably a distinct variety if not a species. It has also closer gills than the type. It is hard to distinguish from the pallid variety of H pratensis except for its narrower spores, and less umbonate or turbinate pileus, which is commonly pure white. 170. Hygrophorus niveus Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, 111. No. 89. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 7, Fig. 3. Cooke, 111., PL 900. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, convex or campanulate at first, then plane, umiilicate, liygrophanous white ^ glabrous, slightly viscid, striatulate tvhen moist. FLESH thin, white. GILLS decurrent, distant, narrow, white, thin, subvenose, trama of interwoven 192 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN liyphae. STEM 2-8 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, stuffed then usually hollow, equal or tapering downward, ivhite, glabrous. SPORES broadly elliptical, smooth, 7-8x5-6 micr. CYSTIDIA none. BASIDIA 4045x5-6 micr., slender ODOR none. Gregarious. On moist ground in low woods or on mosses in swamps. Ann Arbor, New Richmond, Marquette. Throughout the State. August-September. Infrequent. Most of our collections were composed of small plants, with slender stems often only 2 mm. thick. The pileus varies from truly convex to campanulate in the same patch. In some localities the pileus was tinged a slight cream-color, but otherwise the plant was the same. The umbilicus is sometimes obsolete. The pileus has a thin subviscid pellicle. This species, with us, differs from H ioreaJis in its more slender habit and its pileus, which is very thin and umbilicate on the disk. It is rather tough, and when moist the pileus is slightly viscid. 171. Hygrophorus borealis Pk. (Edible) N. Y State Mus. Rep. 26, 1874. PILEUS 1-3.5 cm. broad, convex then subexpanded, obtuse, moist, glabrous, even, white. FLESH thickish on disk, thin elsewhere, concolor GILLS decurrent, arcuate, distant, intervenose, white. STEM slender, 2-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, firm, equal or tapering downward, straight or flexuous, stuffed, white, glabrous. SPORES 7-9 x 5-6 micr., broadly elliptical. ODOR none. TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On moist ground in swamps or woods of birch, maple, hemlock, etc. Marquette, New Richmond, Ann Arbor August-October Infrequently found, but probably common in our northern woods. This is a slightly larger and firmer species than the preceding. Its pileus is rarely striate and is not viscid. It is, however, closely related to II niveus, No data are at hand to determine what may be the structure of the gill-trama. Var, suhiorcaliSy var nov A plant has been found which simu- lates H ioreaUs, whose spores are markedly larger If these prove to be constant, it deserves to be considered a separate species. The full description follows: PILEUS 1-3 cm, broad, convex, broadly umbonate, obtuse or sometimes depressed-umbilicate, thick on dish, firm, watery white, suh'hygrophanous, not shining, glabrous, even, the thin margin at first slightly incurved, at length spreading. FLESH white. GILLS CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 193 decurrent, distant, veined^ forked, concolor, trama of interwoven hyphae. STEM 34 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, tapering downward, dnll white, stuffed then hollow, glabrous or innately silky-fibrillose. SPOKES cylindric-elliptical, smooth, 10-12 (rarely 13) x 4-5.5 micr BASIDIA slender, 15-50 x G-7 micr., with sterigmata about G micr long. ODOE none. TASTE mild. Ann Arbor, New Kichmond. August-October 172. Hygrophorus ceraceus Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1831. Illustrations Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde I, No. 33. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 174, p. 218. Cooke, 111., PI. 904 (B) Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Fig. 2. PILEUS 1-4 cm. broad, convex-capmanulate, obtuse, soft and fragile, viscous, pale ceraceus to lemon-yellow, sometimes tinged orange^ not pallescent, pellucid-striate, glabrous. FLESH concolor, fragile. GILLS broadly adnate to subdecurrent, broad behind to subtriangular, thickish, subdistant, pale yellowish or whitish, trama of interwoven hyphae. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, equal, terete or compressed, hollow, glabrous, slightly viscid, soon dry, shining-undulate, waxy-yellow, sometimes tinged orange. SPORES 6-8x4 micr., short-elliptic, smooth. CYSTIDIA none. Gregarious. On moist ground, in woods of the northern and western part of the State. July-September, Frequent. This little species is usually placed under the subgenus Hy- grocybe, but the interwoven hyphae of the gills bar it. It is dis- tinguished from H nitidus, a very similar species, by the color of the cap not fading as in that species; and from H chlorophanus by the broadly adnate or subdecurrent gills. It seems fo prefer the region of conifer woods, although it is not necessarily found only among conifers. 173. Hygrophorus colemannianus Blox. Outlines of British Fungology, Berkeley, 1860. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 903. Bresadola, Fung. Trid., VoL 2, PI. 125. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 7, Fig. 5. Plate XXIX of this Report. 25 194 THE AGARIC ACE AE OP MICHIGAN PILEUS 1.54 cm. broad, convex with obtuse umbo, finally tur- hinate and plane to depressed, hygrophanous^ with, a thin, separable, subviscid pellicle, even or at length pellucid-striate, glabrous, livid rufescent then iroumish^flesh color ^ margin soon spreading. FLESH thin except disk, rather fragile, concolor. GILLS decur- rent from the first, distant, not broad, acuminate at ends, very veiny, whitish, tinged grayish-brown, trania of interwoven hyphae, STEM 3-6 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick, equal or sulequal^ elastic, in- nately fibrillose-striatulate, apex naked, stuflfed or at length hollow, tvhitish. SPORES broadly elliptical, smooth, 6-9 x 5-6 micr., white. BASIDIA slender, 40 x 6 micr., 4-spored. CYSTIDIA none. ODOR none. TASTE Inild. Gregarious or solitary On the ground in mossy or grassy moist places, in low ,woods or edge of swamps. Ann Arbor, New Rich- mond. Infrequent. Bresadola gives a good figure, though our plants average smaller than his. It has the shape of H, pratensis but is hygrophanous and thinner, and must not be confused with the gray variety of that species. It prefers springy or moist places. The entire lack of odor separates it from H foetens Phil, and H pecJcianus Howe. /■ 174. Hygrophorus pallidas Pk. Torrey Bot. Club, Bull. 29, p. 09, 1902. Illu.stration Plate XXIX of this Report. PILEUS 2 0 cm. broad, couvex-campauulate, then expanded- plane to subdepressed, subturbinate, hygrophanous , glabrous, smoky-violaceous or smoky-lilac when fresh and moist^ fading to pale gray, tvith a thin gelatinous pellicle^ subviscid when moist, soon dry and shining, even. FLESH white, rather thin. GILLS arcuate- adnate to decurrent, distant^ not broad, intervenose, coVored like the jyileus when moist^ at length whitish or grayish-white, trama of interwoven hyphae, STEM 3-6 cm. long, 2-8 mm. thick, slender or stout, equal or narrowed downwards, slightly fibrillose or glabrous, apex naked, at first sftuffed hy a large soft pith lohich disappears, at length hollow and easily splitting, white or pale silvery-gray SPORES ovate-subglobose, smooth, 5-6.5x4-5 micr. BASIDIA short, 30x6-7 micr ODOR none. TASTE mild. Gregarious or solitary On moist ground in low woods or swamps. Ann Arbor, Marquette, Negaunee, New Richmond. Rather rare. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 195 A beautiful Hygropliorus when fresh and moist, but very variable iu the degree of color and viscidity. The deep color and the vis- cidity of the pileus disappear quickly on exposure to the wind, caus- ing it to appear like quite a different plant. The gelatinous cuticle can, however, be demonstrated in' all conditions by means of the microscope. Examples of our specimens were seen by Simon Davis, who collected the type specimens which were named by Peck. Hygropliorus suhviolaceous Pk. is very close to it, according to the description, differing only in its solid stem, Peck has, how- ever, referred it to the subgenus Limacium. I suspect that H caerulescens B. cS: C. is the same plant. SUBGENUS HYGROCYBE, Veil none. Trauia of gills of parallel hyphae. Entire fungus thin, watery-succulent, fragile. Pileus vis- cid when moist, shining when dry, rarely floccose-scaly Stem hol- low, not scabrous-punctate at apex. Most specimens of this subgenus are brightly colored, are soft, and grow in moist or wet places. As no data are at hand concerning the gill-trama of several species, these have been included tem- porarily under the subgenus Hygrocybe. 175. Hygrophorus n[iiniatus Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 171, p. 215. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PI. X, p. 60, 1903. Peck, N Y State Mus. Rep. 48, PI. 28, Fig. 1-10, 1894. White, Conn. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 15, PI. 18, 1910. Cooke, 111., PL 921 (A) Eicken, Blatterpilze, PL 8, Fig. 9. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, convex-subexpanded, at length umbilicate. never viscid, vermillion, reddish-yellow or yellow, fading, minutely tomentose, at length minutely scaly, sometimes glair ous, even, fragile. FLESH thin, yellowish to pale. GILLS adnate to subde- current, subdistant, orange-red or yellow, at length paler, thickish, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 2-7 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, equal, almost cylindrical, orange-red or yellow, stuffed, at last hollow, dry, glabrous. SPORES varlaile, broadly elliptical, 7-9.5 x 5-6 micr, ODOR and TASTE mild. Var Cantherellus Schw {Hygropliorus Gantherellus Schw ) Stem longer and more slender, pileus narrower, gills a little more deeurrent, spores the same. 196 THE AGARICACEAB OF MICHIGAN Illustrations of the variety: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 165, p. 208, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Fig. 9. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PL X. p. 60, ig'OS. Peck, N Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, PI. 76, Fig. 8-20, 1901. The var. Canthcrellus is much more common with us than the type, but it intergrades so much that it is often difficult to decide on the identity The characters usually given for its separation, viz., the decurrent gills, minutely scaly pileus and slender stem, do not alwaj^s hold good, so that it can hardly be an autonomous species. Numerous collections show all possible combinations, although the commonest type in Michigan is the plant with narrow pileus and a stem 2-3 mm. thick and 5-7 cm. long. A number of color forms of both have been named as varieties: (a) with red or orange cap and yellow stem; (b) with yellow pileus and red stem; (c) with both stem and pileus pale yellow. Var spliagnopliiUis Pk. is more marked, grows in sphagnum bogs, is very fragile and the white base of the stem is imbedded and attached to the moss. The spores of the whole series are rather variable, even in the same collection, but fall Avithin the limits given above. ^lassee and Cooke give the spore lengths a little large for our plants. The color varies greatly and fades in age. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in moist conifer or frondose woods or on mosses. Throughout the State. June-Octo- ber. Quite common. 176. Hygrophorus coccineus Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Swanton, Fungi, PL 9, Fig. 4-G. Cooke, 111., PL 920. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Fig. 7 Plate XXX of this Report. PILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, cdmpanulate or sometimes convex, scarcely ewpandedy obtuse, snbviscid, cherry red or hlood-redy fad- ing, glabrous, even. FLESH thin, -fragile, concolor GILLS arcuate-adnatey somtimes with decurrent tooth, subdistant to dis- tant, orange-red to yellow, at length glaucous, thickish, intervenose, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 3-9 mm. thick, vary- ing much in thickness, subequal or tapering downward, often com- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 197 pressed and furrowed^ hollow, blood or cherry-red, orange or yellow at hase^ often undulate-uneven, naked. SPORES broadly elliptical^ 7-9x5-6 micr. BASIDIA 40-50x6-7 micr ODOR and TASTE none. Gregarious. On the ground, in low meadows or moist woods, thickets, clearings, etc., of conifer or hardwood regions. Marquette, Houghton, Detroit. Throughout the State. July-October. Infre- quent; more frequent in the northern part of the State. Among the largest of the bright-colored species of this group, approaching H. puniceus in size in spite of the notes of some au- thors that it is smaller. It is variable in size, has a firm appearance, but is rather brittle. This is one of our most beautiful mushrooms when well developed. It is easily confused with H. puniceus^ from which it is to be separated by its spores, the yellow base of the stem, the more distinctly adnate gills and the entirely glabrous stem. European authors 'disagree as to the spore sizes of H. coc- cineus and H puniceus, but two species which agree in the other characters with the published descriptions and figures, and the spores of which are consistently of the two types given under these two species, are found in Michigan. They vary somewhat in size in each case, but the narrower and longer spore of IT puniceus is well-marked. 177, Hygrophorus puniceus Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Peck, N T State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 52, Fig. 1-5, 1900. Michael, Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 34. Cooke, 111., PL 922. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Fig. 5. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 8, Fig. 2. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, campanulate, obtuse, expanded at length and then wavy or lobed, bright red or scarlet, viscid, fading, gla- brous. FLESH fragile, white, yellow under 'the thin separable pel- licle. GILLS narrowly adnexed, thick, distant, yellow to scarlet, intervenose, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 5-8 cm. long, 5-12 mm, thick, ventricose, unequal or tapering, hollow, yellow, or scarlet and yellow, white at the base, dry, fibrillose-striate, SPORES cylindrical-elliptical, smooth, 9-12 x,4-5 micr. BASIDIA 40-42 x 5-6 micr. ODOR none, TASTE mild. 198 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN Gregarious or solitary On the ground, in moist places, bare ground, woods, thickets, etc. August-October. Ann Arbor, Detroit. Infrequent. This species is similar to the preceding in general appearance. It is separable from it by its large spores, the slightly adnexed gills and the white base of the stem , it has also a more viscid cap and a somewhat flbrillose stem. It also diflfers from H chlorapanous in its red colors and dry stem. Var flavescens Kauflf. (Sth Rep. Mich. Acad, of Sci., 1906.) PILEUS smaller, 2-6 cm. broad, "luteus" yellow, varying to orange tints in places, then citron yellow, fragile, convex-campanu- late, expanded, glabrous, even, viscid, sometimes wavy GILLS adnexed, rather broad, close to sub-distant, pale yelloio or white, subveiny STEM 4-7 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick, hollow, compressed, sulphur or citron-yellow, base white, moist, pellucid-shining, gla- Irous, sometimes pellucid-stria te. SPORES smaller, 6-7.5x4-5, elliptical. Gregarious, in wet places, moss, etc., in cedar swamps or low woods, in northern Michigan. Rather frequent. The viscidity of the pileus is not very marked. It has much the habit and coloring of H chlorophnnous, but the stem is never viscid and varies in color to a distinct citron-yellow with white base, and is usually compressed. It is a distinct species as shown .by its spores. 178. Hygrophorus chlorophanus Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 329. Fries, Icones, PI. 167, Fig. 4. Cooke, 111., PI. 909. Peck, N Y State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 51, Fig. 13-20, 1900. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Fig. 3. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex or campanulate, then nearly plane, obtuse, viscid, citron, sulphur or golden yellow, glabrous, sometimes pellucid-striate on margin. FLESH fragile, not becom- ing black when bruised. GILLS adnexed, ventricose, becoming emarginate, thin, subdistant, rather broad, pale citron-yellow, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 4-8 mm. or less in thickness, equal or nearly so, sulphur or pale citron-yellow, unicolorous, hoi- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 199 I0W5 rarely compressed, viscid, glabrous, even. SPOKES iiax*rowly elliptical, 6-8x4-5 micr., smooth. Gregarious. Low, moist places in woods. Throughout the state. June-September. Common. Known by its unicolorous viscid stem, and the adnexed, rather broad gills. The stem often dries quickly when exposed to the wind. Var flavescens of the preceding species is almost as closely allied to this species, but its stem is fundamentally distinct. 179. Hygrophorus marginatus Pk. (Suspected) N Y. State Mus. Eep. 28, 1876. Illustrations : Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 173, p. 217, 1908. Plate XXXI of this Eeport. PILEUS 1-4 cm. broad, fragile, irregularly convex or campanu- late, gibbous at times, at length plane, obtuse or broadly umbonate, hygrophanous, glabrous, varying golden yellow to orange or varie- gated toith olivaceous (moist), fading and pale yellowish (dry), striatulate or rimose on margin. FLESH thin, fragile, concolor. GILLS arcuate adnate, becoming emarginate, subdistant, ventricose, rather broad, deep yellow or orange, color persisting, intervenose. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, fragile, hollow, dry, often flexu- ous or irregularly compressed, glabrous, yellow or tinged orange, fading to straw-color SPOKES broadly elliptical, smooth, 7-8 x 4-5 micr (rarely longer) ODOR and TASTE not marked. Gregarfous or subcaespitose. On the ground in low, moist places in swamps of conifers or in frondose woods. Ann Arbor, Sault Ste. Marie, Marquette, Houghton, Huron Mountains. July-August. In- frequent. The striking characteristic of this species is the orange-yellow gills which retain their color even after drying, while the pileus and stem fade considerably; this is shown well in Hard's figure. The edge of the gills, is sometimes more deeply colored. The whole plant is very fragile, and it is difficult to get good herbarium speci- mens. The plants found in the Northern Peninsula were mostly variegated with olive, while those in the frondose woods of the south lacked this character, which, however, soon disappears as the pileus fades. None of my specimens were viscid. It is a well- marked species. The stems are sometimes more elongated. 200 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN 180. Hygrophorus conicus Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 166, p. 209, 1908. White, Conn. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 3, PI. 13, p. 34, 1905. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 48. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 8, Fig. 4. Cooke, 111., PI. 908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Fig. 8. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 332. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad and high, conical^ unexpanded, subacute at apeX;, often splitting-expanded, or lobed on margin, viscid when moist, shining when dry, glabrous, yellow, orange or orange-red, subvirgate, often stained hlack in age, FLESH concolor, very thin, becoming black when bruised or old. GILLS almost free^ ventri- cose, broad, almost triangular at times, thick, rather close to sub- distant, pallid to sulphur-yellow, when old black stained, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 3-9 cm. long, 2-6 mm. thick, subcylindrical, soft, dry, fihrillose'Striate, usually twisted^ hollow, citron to golden yellow, hecoming Hack stained with age, splitting longitudinally SPORES broadly elliptical, 8-10 x 5-6.5 micr., smooth, CYSTIDIA none. BASIDIA 35-38x8 micr., slender. Gregarious or solitary In low, moist, conifer or frondose woods, grassy places, etc. Throughout the State. May to October. (Earliest record May 8, latest October 15.) Very common. Easily recognized by its conical pileus and the blackening flesh. The whole plant usually turns black in drying. It is not unusual to find olive tints in the pileus, and the shades of yellow or orange to red vary much as the plant matures or ages. After having be- come rain-soaked, the whole plant is sometimes black. 181. Hygrophorus nitidus B. & C. (-Non Fr.) Centuries of N Amer Fungi (Exsicatti), see also Peck, N Y. State Mus. Rep. 23, 1870. Illustrations Peck, N Y State Mus. Bull. 91, PI. 88, Fig. 1-7, 1905. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Fig. 6. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, fragile, convex, vmhUicate. viscid when CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 201 * moist, wax-yellow to lemon-yellow, whitish when dry, pellucid- striatulate and shining when moist, glabrous. GILLS arcuate, de- cnrrent, distant, pale yellow, intervenose. STEM 3-7 em. long, 2-4 mm. thick, slender, fragile, hollow, equal or narrowed downwards, sometimes flexuous, viscid at first, wax yellow, at length whitish. SPORES elliptical, 6-7 x 3-4 micr, ODOR and TASTE not marked. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in swamps or low woods in the conifer regions of the State. Marquette, Houghton, Huron Mountains, New Richmond. July to September. Frequent locally A slender Hygrophorus whose cap and often also the stem, fade considerably on drying. This characteristic distinguishes it from E ceraceus. It has hitherto been found only in mixed woods of hemlock, birch and maple or of maple and oak in the northern and western parts of the state. The gills are usually quite decurrent, narrowed to a point on the stem, and their persistent color contrasts markedly with that of the stem and pileus as the plant dries. There is no universal viscous veil as in the plant of th^ same name de- scribed by Fries. The latter plant is now called H friesii Sacc. 182. Hygrophorus laetus Fr (Edible) Syst Myc, 1821. Illustrations Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 8, Fig. 8. Fries, Icones, PI. 167, Fig. 2. Cooke, 111., PL 938. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 3^8. "PILEUS 1.5-3 cm. broad, convex-plane, subohtuse. viscid when moist, shining, tawny , not fading, pellucid-striate. FLESH con- color or paler, tough, thin. GILLS subdecurrent, broadly adnate, subtriangular, distant, thin, yellow, greenish-yellow, grayish-yellow or at length pale orange. STEM slender, 3-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick, tough, glabrous, very viscid, equal, tawny, undulate-uneven. SPORES elliptical, 6-7 x 4 micr BASIDIA 30 x 5-6 micr, ODOR and TASTE not marked.^' Gregarious. In meadows, pastures, cedar swamps, etc. Lewis- ton, Houghton. July-August. I have given Ricken's description. Doubtless it is often confused with H pecML The dry state of the latter seems to imitate it, and differs only in its fragility, the sub- umbilicate pileus, and gills which are at first whitish. . 202 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN 183. Hygrophorus peckii Atk. Jour of MycoL, Vol. 8, 1902. PILEUS 1-2 em. broad, fragile, eonvex-plane, broadly umlilicate or depressed, glutinous when moist, color varying pale yellowish- flesh color, pinkish or vinaceous-biiff, rarely tinged greenish, gla- brous, pellucid-striatulate when moist, fading somewhat on drying. GILLS arcuate-decurrent, distant, rather broad, whitish to pale flesh color, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, slender, equal, very viscid^ shining, concolor, rarely greenish at apex, hollow, terete, even. SPORES broadly elliptical, 6-8x5 micr. ODOR present or absent, taste mild. Gregarious or solitary On the ground, moss, etc., of low, wet woods or swamps of cedar and balsam in northern Michigan, maple and oak woods of the southern part of the State. Isle Eoy- ale, Marquette, 2sew Ric'hmond, Ann Arbor, etc. July-August, rarely September Frequent. This is much more common apparently than H. laetus^ and may represent an American variety of that species. It differs from H. psitticinus by the form of the pileus; in that species it is obtuse or umbonate, and the green color persists longer and is practically always present in the young plant, while in H peckii the green tinge is rare. Both these species are very slippery on the stem and cap when fresh or young. 184. Hygrophorus psitticinus Fr Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 8, Fig. 6. Michael, Flthrer f. Pilzfreunde, No. 65. Swanton, Fungi, PI. 9, Fig. 7-8, 1909. Cooke, 111., PI. 910. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 346. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Fig. 4. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, campannlate^ then convex-expanded or plane, umhonate or obtuse^ glutinous and slippery, at first parrot- greenly at length varying livid-reddish, pinkish-flesh color or dingy citron-yellowish, pellncid-striate, FLESH thin, subconcolor GILLS adnate, ventricose, thick, subdistant, greenish or incarnate- reddish to yellowish, intervenose, trama of parallel hyphae, STEM CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 203 4-7 cm. loii.^, 2-r> nini. tliiek, equal, Pnifjhisli, om^u, vtr)/ ri>><('i(l when fresli, glabrous, undulate-uneven, subpellucid, (/rccn dhovc, usually tinged reddish-orange, flesh-colored or yellowish elsewhere, hollow SPCmES short clliptiial, smooth (; 7.5x4-5 njici' BASIDIA slender, 36-40 x 5 0 mici* Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in low, mossy a\ oods or swamps, or in grassy places. Marquette, Houghton, New Rich- mond, Detroit, Ann Arbor Throughout tlu^ State. Jul\ -October Rather frequent. This striking species is one of the few bright green muslirooms. As in the case of StroplKwia (icnifi'inosd and Plioliohf acrnf/'niosd^ it is always a delight to come across this beautiful little plant. The green color soon fades out when exposed to the wind and light, whereas those individuals which are protected by leaves, etc., retain this color for some time. There is no cortina in the young stage, and the gluten is derived from the cuticle of the pileus and stem, otherwase, except for the structure of the gill-trama, it might be confused witli tlie subgenus Limaciuui. Its colors are sufficiently characteristic in the early stage to prevent anyone from confusing it with other Hygrophori. 185. Hygrophorus unquinosus Fr Syst. Myc, 1821 Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 924. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 350. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, fragile, hemispherical-campanulate, then subexpanded, obtuse, gray or smoky brown, glahrous, pellucid striate, rrry viscid, radiate-wrinkled in age. FLESH pallid, thin, very fragile. GILLS broadly adnate, subventricose, pure white, thickish, subdistant. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, sid)equal or variously thickened, hollow compressed, rlscUl-sUpprrj/, glabrous, lead-gray. SPORES elliptical, 7-8x4 5 micr BASIDIA 30-35 x 5-6 micr Trama of gills parallel. ODOR none when voung. TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground or moss of low woods or swamps. Detroit, Marciuette, Houghton. July-September. Rather rare. This species must not be confused with // fnllghiciis which be- longs to the subgenus Limacium, and has a solid stem and a veil. AGARICEiE Context of fruit-body fleshy, putrescent, that of pileus sometimes membranous, of stem sometimes r:ivtila.i;iu(uis or horny, neither leathery, nor vesiculose. Stem central, eccentric, lateral or lack- ing. Gills well-developed, acute on edge. Spores with a liyaline or colored epispore, their deposit in mass on white paper yields a series of ^^prints^' of various shades of white, pink, ochraoeous, brown, purple or black. This series is arbitrarily divided into five artificial groups as follows : (a ) Black-spored. {MrJanosporar ) SpoiM-print black. (b) Purple-brown spfn-ed. {Anuiuiih^iHn'iK ) SiM)i'(^-priiit dark purple or purple-brown. (c) Rusty-spored or ochre-spored. (Oclirosporao) Spore print rusty-yellow riistv-))ro^A'n, ochraeeous or cinnnmon- brown. (d) Pink-spored. (Rhodosporae) Spore-print flesheolored, rosy or pale pink. (e) White-spored. (Leucosporar) Spore-print Avhite. The spore-print is in niiuiy cases indispensable in determining; the proper group to which the mushroom )>elon.ii:s. It is obtained easily by cutting off the stem just below the gills and Inyin.u' the cap, with gills down, on a piece of white paper and covering it over night with a divsh to prevent premature drying. IMushrooms which have been kept on ice do not seem to deposit spores thereafter, nevertheless it is well to avoid too warm a place, else the specimen may putrefv T]n> color ol' the s])o]ps may often l)e detected at the time of collecting by the deposit already made on the ground be- neath it or on other mushrooms when growing in a cluster In ma- ture specimens the gills usually become colored by the color of the spores, but when young the gills are generally white, in some species, however, the gills are themselves colored, e. g., GUiocifhc iUudensi and ]\fi^cnta hijand After some experience, it is usually possible to determine the group to which a species belongs by means of the microscope. The delicate tint of the color for each group is then discernible in the epispore of each mature spore. This method is especially useful in cases where it is a question of the presence of the purple tint of the purple-brown-spored plants, the spore- mass or gills often appear entirely dark brown to the naked eye in species whose separate spores have a purple tint under the micro- scope. 206 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN MELAN08P0RAE Coprinus Pers. (prof, l. h. Pennington) (From the Greek^ kopros^ clung.) Spores dark brown or black, gills free or slightly attached, at first closely in contact laterally^ separated in many cases by pro- jecting cystidia, soon deliquescing, or drying quickly to a black line upon the lower side of pileus. Many small species develop at night and almost entirely disappear by morning. The flesh of the pileus is thin, in the smaller species often membranaceous or apparently lacking entirely. A universal veil is present in a majority of the species. The stem is fleshy to fibrous. Most of the species grow upon dung or richly manured ground, several upon wood or veg- etable debris, and a few upon lawns, sand, or even upon walls in cellars. The spores of the dung inhabiting species usually germinate read- ily to produce a fine white or colorless mycelium upon which sporo- phores will often appear within 7-10 days after the spores are sown. G radiatiis, various forlns of C ephemerus, C- patouillardi^ C- semi- lanatus, C narcoticus and several similar kinds are readily grown in pure cultures in the laboratory C sclerotigenous grows from rather small black sclerotia in dung or in a mixture of soil and dung. Some of the wood inhabiting species, 0 laniger and C. rad- ians are often found growing from dense masses of fine yellow my- celial threads, called ozonium. Others, e. g. (7. quadrifidus, grow from tough coarse black fibres, termed rhizomorplis. The pileus is scaly from the breaking up of the cuticle into rather large squamose scales in the Comati , into fine innate fibrils in the Atramentarii , smooth but covered at first with fioccose, mealy or granular scales, which wholly or partly disappear in the Picacei and Tomentosi ; or pruinose with minute hairs in forms of C ephemerus and G, radi- atus. The stem is stuffed or hollow, fleshy or fleshy-fibrous, often very fragile. It differs in texture from the trama ^of the pileus and usual]y separates easily from it. The gills are white at first. In some species they become purplish then black, m others they become brown or smoky, then black. They are free or slightly at- tached, or adnate in a few species. The universal veil is usually seen as scales, fibrils or granules at CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 2ffl the base of the stem or upon the pileus. In a few instances it forms a movable ring upon the stem in 0. comatus, C. tulhilosus and frequently in (7. sterquilmus; in the last named species the veil may form a distinct volva at the base of the stem. The taste is mild and the odor is usually pleasant. A few species, as G, quad- rifidus and (J narcotic)is, have a strong disagreeable odor None of the species of Coprinus are considered poisonous and many are highly esteemed by the niycophaglst. ' The spores are very dark brown or sooty black in mass. By transmitted light they vary from light brown to very dark brown or smoky black. There is a wide variation in the size and shape of the spores. Some species may be identified by the spores alone as C insignis^ C. houdieri and some forms of C ephemcrus, etc. The genus can be divided into two fairly (listinct groups (see Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. 10, p. 123, 189(3) according to the size of the plant and the thickness of flesli or cuticle covering the gills, these groups can be further subdivided into sections as follows A. Pelliculosi: I. Comati II. Atramentarii III. Picacei IV Tomentosi V Micacei VI. Glabra ti (No species reported) B. Velif ormes : VII. Cyclodei VIII. Lanulati IX. Furfurelli X. Hemerobii Key to the 8peoies (A) Plants lar^e, usuaUy over 3 cm. broad, pileus flesliy or sub-fleshy (a) Pileus with cuticle torn into distinct scales or almost smooth, (b) Cuticle torn into distinct scales; ring or volva present, (c) Spores over 20 micr, long; volva usually evident. JL88. (7. sterquilinus Fr. (cc) Spores less than 20 micr long; movable ring usually present upon stem, (d) PUeus cylindrical; spores 15-17 micr long. 186. C. comatus Ft. (dd) Pileus. ovate; spores less than 15 micr. long. 187 C. ovatus Fr, (bb) Pileus smooth or with innate fibrils. (c) Spores smooth, plants usually densely caespitose. 189. C. atramentarius Fr, (ca) Spores distinctly warted. 190. C. insignis Pk. (aa) Cuticle not torn into scales; veil breaking up into superficial patches, scales, or granules. 208 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (b) Veil felt-like, breaking up into areolate patches, (c) Rhizomorph or ozonium not evident; plants densely caespitose. 192. C, el)UlJ)Osus Pk. (cc) Rhizomorph or ozonium present, (d) Plants growing from rhizomorph; 5-8 cm. broad. 191. O. quadrifidus Pk. (dd) Plants growing from fine yellow ozonium; 1-3 cm. broad. 193. 0. laniger Pk. (bb) Veil not as above, (c) Veil of fibrillose scales or a dense coat of white mealy vesicles, (d) Spores less than 10 micr. long, (e) Gills broad; growing upon sand. 199. C, arenatus Pk. (ee) Gills narrow, (f) Disk livid, upon rotten wood in forest. 197. G. lago- pides Karst. (ff) Disk buff; upon cellar walls. 198. C. jonesii Pk. (dd) Spores more than 10 micr. long, (e) Gills attached, (f) Disk obtuse, reddish or reddish brown. 202. 0. domes- ticus Pr (ff) Disk narrow, not colored; veil often composed of mealy vesicles. 200. C niveus Pr. (ee) Gills free. (f) Pileus at first cylindrical. 196. G. tomentosus Fr. (ff) Pileus not cylindrical, (g) Veil more or less mealy; plants small, not in troops, (h) Spores 11 13 micr. long. 201. G. semilanatus Pk. (hh) Spores 15-17 micr, long. 200. G. niveus Pr, (SS) Veil never mealy; plants large; in troops upon dung heaps, (h) Stem not rooting. 194. G. fimetarius Fr. (hh) Stem rooting. 195. 0. fimetarius var. macrorhizus Ft. (cc) Veil of small granules or micaceus particles, (d) Spores less than 10 micr long. (e) Plants not growing from ozonium; densely caespitose. 203. 0. micaceus Fr (ee) Plants from ozonium or at least with radiating mycelium at base of stem, single or caespitose. 204. 0. radians Fr. (dd) Spores 10-12 micr. long. 209. G. micaceus var. conicu^ Pk. (AA) Pileus thin, plicate, if subfleshy then less than 3 cm. broad when expanded, (a) Veil present as superficial scales or granules. (b) Ring present upon the stem. 205. G. hulMlosus Pat. (bb) Ring absent. (c) Pileus covered with a dense white floccose or mealy coat, (d) Spores 12 micr or more long. (e) Spores 12-13 micr. long. 201. G. semilanatus Pk. (ee) Spores 15-16 micr. long. 200. G. niveus Pr (dd) Spores less than 12 micr. long, (e) Plants growing from black sclerotia in dung. 207 G. sclerotigenous E. & E. (ee) Not growing from sclerotia. (f ) Plants growing upon plant stems. 209. (7. hrassicae Pk. (ff) Plants growing upon dung or soil, (g) Odor strong; spores 10-11 micr. long, 208. (7. nar- coticus Fr. (gg) Little or no odor; spores 6-8 micr. long, 206. C, stercorarius. (cc) Pileus with a few micaceus particles or granules, (d) Spores ovate triangular or pentagonal, compressed. 210. G. patouillardi Quel, (dd) Spores elliptical. 211. G, radiatus Pr. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 209 (aa) No veil present, (b) Spores angular. . (c) Spores key-stone shaped; plants growing upon ground m woods. 214. C. houdieri Quel. ^-.o ^ (cc) Spores not key-stone shaped; plants upon dung. 213. G. ephemerus Fr. form, (bb) Spores not angular. ^ oi o (c) Plants growing upon dung or recently manured ground. 213. 0. ephemerus Fr. (cc) Not growing upon dung, (d) Growing among grass, spores broadly ovate, compressed. 215. 0. pUcatilis Fr . «. o ^ •, (dd) Growing in woods; spores gibbous-ovate. 213. C. silva- ticus Pk. PELLICULOSI Pileiis covered Avith a distinct fleshy or mem- branous cuticle, not splitting along the lines of the gills but be- coming lacerate and re volute. Plants usually large. Section I. Comat'i. Eing formed from the free margin of the volva; cuticle torn into scales. 186. Coprinus comatus Fr. (Edible) (The Shaggy Mane) Fries, Epicr., p. 242. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 658. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 1, PI. 3, Fig. 3. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 31-38. Hard, Mushrooms, Figs. 269, 270. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 174. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt, No. 448. PILEUS 7-10 cm. high, cylindrical, then more or less expanded, at first even, the cuticle becoming torn into broad adpressed scales, pale ochraceous, becoming darker in age, interstices whitish. GILLS up to 12 mm. broad, almost free, white, crowded, then pink- ish, at length black. STEM 10-15 cm. long, 12-17 mm. thick, sub- equal, slightly attenuated upwards, white, even, hollow, more or less bulbous, bulb solid, ring movable. SPORES almost black, ellip- tical, 13-18 X 7-8 micr. Gregarious. In lawns and fields, very common in autumn, occa- sional in spring. The Shaggy Mane is probably more generally used for food than any other Coprinus. By many people, however, it is not consid- ered equal in quality to Coprimes micaceus. 27 210 THE AGARICACBAE OF MICHIGAN 187. Coprinus ovatus Fr. (Edible) Fries, Epicr., p. 242. Illustrations: Scliaefifer, Icon., Tab. 7 Cooke, 111., PI. 659. PILEUS about 5 em. across when expanded, at first ovate and covered with an even pale ochraceous cuticle, which becomes broken into large concentric scales, the apical portion remaining intact like a cap, margin striate. FLESH, thin, white. GILLS about 4 mm. broad, free, distant from the stem, whitish then black. STEM 6-10 cm. long, 10 mm. thick, attenuated upwards, flocculose or fibrillose, white, hollow, the lower portion bulbous, solid, rooting, ring evanescent. SPORE'S smoky black, 11-12 x 7-8 micr This plant, which is often considered as a smaller form of Cop- rinus comatus Fr., was found but once growing upon a lawn at Palmyra, Mich. It differs from Coprinus comatus Fr. in that it has a smaller ovate pileus and smaller spores. In the specimens found the pileus was about 3 cm. high and the spores 11-13 x 7 mm. But for its much smaller spores the plant might easily be taken for a form of Coprinus sterquilinus growing in soil. In shape and color the spores of Coprinus comatus, C. ovatus and C^ sterquHlinus are verj' similar. In size, however, there is much variation, the meas- urements running from 11 microns in C- ovatus to 26 microns in 0- sterquilinus, 188. Coprinus sterquilinus Fr. (Edible) Fries, Epicr., p. 242. Illustrations. Patouillard, Tab. Analji;., No. 437 Gillet, Champignons de France, PL 130 (as C. ohlectus Fr.) Cooke, 111., PI. 660. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 3, PI. 49, Fig. 3. Plate XXXII of this Report. PILEUS 5-6 cm. broad when expanded, at first short cylindrical, conical then expanded, white tinged with brown or fuscous at disk, cuticle at first villous or silky, later torn into squarrose scales especially at disk. FLESH thin, Avhite, sulcate half way to disk. GILLS free, white then purplish, soon becoming black. STEM 10- 15 cm. ^high, slightly attenuated upward, subfibrillose, white slowly becoming discolored when bruised, often entirely black with spores, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 211 hollow, base solid, thickened, peronate, the sheath or volva with a free margin. SPORES 18-25 micr., smoky black. In old manure, straw, or in manured ground. June. This plant has been reported as Coprinus stenocoleus Lindb. It is also Coprinus macrosporus Pk. When growing in manured ground, the volva is not as evident as when the plant grows in old manure or straw. From plates and descriptions it appears that this plant has also been called Goprmus oblectus Fr In the her- barium of the New York Botanical Garden a specimen from Kew labeled Coprinus ohlectus Fr is very plainly Coprinus sterquilinus Fr Moreover in a collection of many individuals, specimens may be picked out which fit the description of C sterquilimis, C steno- coleus, (7. oUeotus and (7- macrosporus respectively It is very prob- able that these names are all synonyms. The plants are frequently found in June upon old manure which has been lying out in the open over winter or in heavily manured ground. The young unexpanded plants resemble rather small short specimens of C comatus Fr Undoubtedly C sterquilinus Fr, is frequently taken for C comatus or C. ovatus. In fact the writer has had typical specimens of C sterquilinus pointed out to him by a mushroom collector as ''the shaggy mane mushroom, very good to eat.'^ The gills sometimes remain perfectly white for several hours and then change rapidly through a purplish color to a smoky black. The flesh is thin and, as the pileus expands, it often becomes revolute and in bright sunshine it dries in this condition. Sometimes the stem becomes dark when bruised or when dried. Usually, however, it remains white unless it becomes covered with spores. This mushroom is edible and has a more pronounced "mushroom" flavor than the ordinary Coprinus. Mcllvaine says, ^^Coprinus macrosporus is an excellent species, higher in flavor than any other Coprinus.'^ 212 THE AGARICAGEAE OF MICHIGAN Section II Atramentarii. Ring imperfect, not volvate, squam- nles of pileus minute, innate. 189. Coprinus atramentarius Fr. (Edible) Fries, Epicr., p. 243. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. Gl!2. (lillet, Cliampigiions de France, No. 172. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 39-42. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 271-272. Murrill, Mycolgia, Vol. 1, PI. 3, Fig. 4. PILEUS 5-8 cm. broad when expanded, ovate then expanded, firm, often lobed and plicate, grayish, silky fibrous, or minutely mealy, apex brownish, often minutely squamulose. FLESH thin. GILLS crowded, broad, ventricose, free, white then black, often with a piirplish tinge. STEM 10-15 cm. high by 1-2 cm. thick, white, silky shining, hollow, ring basal, very evanescent. SPORES 11-12 x 5.5-6 micr CYSTIDIA numerous, large, subcylindrical. Common, gregarious or densely caespitose, about stumps or on rich soil, but not upon dung. Both the smooth and the scaly, or squamulose, forms are found. These characters often seem to depend upon weather conditions, the smooth form being found under moist atmospheric conditions and the scaly form under dry atmospheric conditions. Its close broad gills make it very thick and meaty in the unex- panded condition. For this reason some people consider this species the most desirable Coprinus for the table. 190. Coprinus insignis Pk. Peck, N Y State Mus. Rep. 26, p. 60, 1874. Illustration Plate 'XXXIII of this Report. PILEUS 5-7.5 cm. broad, ovate then campanulate, thin, sulcate- striate to the disk, grayish brown, glabrous or with a few innate fibrils, disk sometimes cracking into small areas or scales. GILLS free, ascending, crowded. STEM 10-14 cm. high, 10 mm. thick, hollow, slightly fibrillose, striate, white. SPORES 10x7 micr., rough. About trees in woods. This plant was found but twice in low woods at Ann Arbor It resembles 0 atramentarius in some respects but differs very decid- edly in the distinctly warted spores. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 213 Section III. Picacei. Universal veil flocculose, at first contin- uous, then torn into superficial areolate patches by the expansion of the pileus. 191- Coprinus quadrifidus Pk. N. Y State Mus. Eep. 50, p. 106, 1897 Illustration : Plate XXXIV of this Report. PILEUS 5-8 cm. broad, oval then campanulate, finally more or less expanded, thin, margin becoming revolute , covered at first with a floccose-tomentose veil, Avhich soon breaks into evanescent flakes or scales and reveals the finely striate surface of the pileus , whit- ish, becoming gray or grayish brown with age, margin often wavy or irregular. GILLS broad, thin, crowded, free, at first whitish, then dark purplish brown, finally black. STEM 7-10 cm. long by 6-8 mm. thick, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, white, floccose-squamose, sometimes with an evanescent ring at the base. SPORES 7.5-10x4-5 micr Gregarious or caespitose upon or near decaying stumps or logs, growing from an abundant rhizomorph. Ann Arbor, Bay View Although nothing is said in the original description about the rhizomorph, some few strands may be seen at the base of the stem in some of the type specimens. The writer has found this plant growing in Kew York from richly developed rhizomorph upon the roots and trunk of dead bassAVOod. 192. Coprinus ebulbosus Pk. Bull. Torr Bot. CI. 22, 1895. Illustrations Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 274. Plates XXXV and XXXVI of this Report. PILEUS 5-7 cm. broad, thin, campanulate, somewhat striate, grayish brown, margin at length revolute, lacerated, cuticle break- ing into broad superficial persistent whitish scales- GILLS nar- row, thin, crowded, free, slate-colored becoming black. STIPE 7-15 cm. long, 10-15 mm. thick, equal, hollow, white. SPORES 7.5-10 x 5 micr., elliptical. Caespitose near or upon decaying trees or stumps. 214 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN 193. Coprinus laniger Pk. Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. 22, 491, 1895. Illustration: Plate XXXVII of this Keport. PILEUS 12-25 mm. broad, thin, conical or campanulate, pallid, tawny or grayish-ochraceous, sulcate-striate, covered with tawny, tomentose or floccose scales, which wholly or partly disappear. GILLS crowded, whitish, then brownish black. STEM 2.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, slightly thickened at base, hollow, white, pruinose. SPORES 7-10x4 micr., oblong-elliptical. Caespitose or gregarious upon or near decaying wood. Unfor- tunately the type specimens of this species have been lost. The plants referred to this species are found growing from a more or less profusely developed yellow ozonium upon various kinds of de- caying wood. The three species C laniger, C- el)ulhosus and C. quadrifiduSy seem to be distinct forms in a perplexing group of brown- spored wood-inhabiting Coprini, which are as yet very imperfectly known. C. laniger is smaller than either of the others and we have always found it associated with the fine strands of yellow ozonium. It resembles C. radians, but it has a thicker veil, which breaks into evident patches instead of minute particles as in C- radians, C- qtiadrifidiis and C el)ull)QSus are not readily distinguished and may both prove to be the species which have been known as C floe- ciilosus (DC) Fr. or C (Agaricus) domesticus Bolt. Section IV. TomentosL Universal veil a loose villose web which becomes torn into distinct floccose scales. 194. Coprinus fimetarius Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 245. Illustration : Plate XXXVIII of this Report. PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. across, clavate then conico-expanded, «oon split and revolute, grayish, apex tinged with brown, at first covered with white floccose scales, then naked, rimose-sulcate , disk even, flesh thin. GILLS free, lanceolate, becoming linear and wavy, very early becoming black with spores and rapidly deliquescing. STEM 1245 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, hollow, thickened at the solid base. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 215 white, squamulose. SPORES 12-14x7-8 micr. CYSTIDIA large and numerous. Solitary or in troops. Common upon dung heaps. The clavate caps already dark with spores may be found emerging late in the afternoon or in the evening. In the morning there will be little remaining except a small mass of inky fluid at the apices of the stems. 195. Coprinus fimetarius var. macrorhiza Fr Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 324. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 670. Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. 10, PI. X, Fig. 1. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 275. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 178. PILEUS at first with feathery squamules which become more or less squarrose, especially at the disk where they often form a crown. STEM short, villous, often sub-bulbous and with a more or less elongated base. The type and this variety are very common, the latter being rather more frequently found than the former In moist weather they may be found in almost any dung heaji, a fresh troop appear- ing each evening and disappearing early the following day There ' seems to be considerable variation in size, length of root and char- acter of scales. In the typical form the root is usually reduced to a rather indefinite mass of hyphae, while the scales are more or less squarrose over the entire surface. In the variety the veil is more silky and closely appressed to the pileus, later becoming squarrose at the disk forming a crown of scales. 196. Coprinus tomentosus Fr Fries, Epicr., p. 246. Illustration : Bulliard, t. 138. PILEUS 2.5-4 cm. long, sub-membranaceous, cylindrical, narrowly conical, then expanding and splitting, striate, floccose-tomentose, pale gray, the floccose veil becoming torn into more or less persist- ent flakes or patches upon the expanded pileus. GILLS free, nar- row STEM 5-7 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, equal or slightly enlarged below, hollow, velvety, white or grayish. SPORES 12-13 x 7-8 micr., elliptical. 216 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN Solitary or gregarious upon dung or various kinds of debris. This is one of the earliest species of Coprinus to appear in the spring. The long cylindrical or narrowly conical pileus distinguishes this plant from the various forms of C fimetwrius^ which usually appear a little later in the season. This may be the G- lagopus of various authors. 197. Coprinus lagopides Karst. Karsten, Hatts., 1, 535. Illustrations : Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. 10, PL 10, Figs. 20-22. PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad, very thin, companulate, sulcate, grayish, disk livid, ornamented with free white scales joined by hairs. GILLS subcrowded, narrow, remote, black. STEM up to 17 cm. high, white, floccose, hollow, equal. SPORES 6-8 x 5-6 micr., apic- ulate. Upon very rotten wood in forest. Found once at Bay View We have found this plant in New York also. 198. Coprinus jonesii Pk. Peck, Bull. Torr Bot. Club 22, p. 206, 1895. PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. broad, at first blunt, or truncate, becoming campanulate or broadly convex, submembranaceous, grayish, buff at apex, covered at first with white or tawny-cinereous floccose scales which wholly or partly disappear with age, striate, margin revolute and splitting. GILLS crowded, linear, free, whitish, be- coming black. STEM 5-9 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, equal or slightly tapering upward, minutely floccose, hollow, white. SPORES 7.5-8.5 x 6 micr., broadly ellipticaL Fragile, sometimes caespitose. Pound upon the wall in a cellar at Ann Arbor. Peck says "This species is closely related to C ftmetarkis of which it might easily be considered a variety, but it is easily distinguished by the truncate apex of the young pileus, the differently colored pileus and smaller spores." It grew on what appeared like uncracked hard and dry plaster of the wall. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 217 199. Coprinus arenatus Pk. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 46, p. 107, 1892. PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. broad, thin, at fu'st broadly ovate or sub* hemispherical, soon convex or campanulate, adorned v^ith small white tomentose scales, striate on the margin, whitish or grayish- white, becoming grayish-brown with age, reddish brown in dried plant. GILLS crowded, broad, free, grayish-white, soon purplish- brown, finally black, furnished with numerous cystidia. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, equal, glabrous, hollow, white. SPORES 7.5-9x6-7.5 micr., broadly ovate or subglobose, purplish brown by transmitted light. Solitary or gregarious in sandy soil, Ann Arbor The mycelium binds the sand together in balls at the base of the stem. m 200. Coprinus niveus Fr Fries, Epicr., p. 24(1. Illustration Cooke, 111., PI. 673 B. PILEUS 1.5-2.5 cm. across, elliptical then campanulate and ex- panded, submembranaceous, almost persistently covered with snow-white floccose down. GILLS slightly attached, narrow, be- coming blackish. STEM 4-8 cm. high, subequal or slightly attenu- ated upwards, villose, white, hollow SPORES 16 x 11-13 micr This plant is frequently found upon dung heaps, street sweepings or in recently manured ground. Upon the pileus the veil is of a mealy nature but the tomentose character shows at the margin of the pileus and upon the stem. The spores are somewhat flattened, measuring 15-17 x 11 to 13 x 8-10 micr The plant referred to this speci^s is (7 stercorarius (Bull.) Fr and has been distributed under that name in Sydow Mycotheca Marihoa, No. 2101. 201. Coprinus semUanatus Pk. N, Y State Mus. Rep. 24, p. 71, 1872. Illustrations : N Y. State Museum Report 24, PL 4, Fig. 15-18. PILEUS 2-2.5 cm. broad, convex then expanded and revolute, sometimes split, submembranaceous, finely and obscurely rimose- 218 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN striate, farinaceoatomaceous, white, then pale grayish-brown. GILLS narrow, close; free. STEM 10-15 cm. high, slightly tapering up\\^ard, fragile, hollow, white, the lower half clothed with loose cottony flocci which rub off easily, upper half smooth or slightly farinaceous. SPOKES VJ.o micr., broadly elliptical. liich ground and dung. This plant is frequently found on cow dung in woods and shaded pastures. It resembles C, nireiis Fr but differs from it in its smaller size, free gills and constantly smaller spores. The spores in both species are broadly elliptical and somewhat flattened. This fungus grows readily from spores in laboratory cultures. 202. Coprinus domesticus Fr Fries, Epicr., p. 251. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 684. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 176. Plate XXXVIII of this Report. PILEUS, 3-5 cm. across, thin, ovate, then campanulate, obtuse, furfuraceous, squamulose, pale grayish-white, disk brown or red- dish brown, undulate, sulcate, splitting. GILLS adnexed, crowded, narrow at first, reddish white then blackish brown. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, slightly attenuated upwards, subsilky, white, hollow SPORES 14-16 x 7-8 micr. Usually caespitose, on various kinds of vegetable debris, some- times in gardens where rubbish has been plowed under. Section V MicaceL Pileus at first covered with more or less micaceous squamules or granules, which soon wholly or partly dis- appear. 203, Coprinus micaceus Fr (Edible) Fries, Epicr., p. 247 Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 673. Atkinson, Mushrooms, p. 44, Figs. 43, 44. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 1, PI. 3, Fig. 5. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 273. Plates XXXIX and XL of this Keport. PILEUS 4-6 cm. across, submembranaceous, elliptical then cam- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 219 panulate, coarsely striate, disk even, margin usually more or less repand, ochraceous-tan-, disk darker, when young densely covered with minute glistening particles which usually soon disappear. GILLS sub-crowded, lanceolate, adnexed, whitish, then brown, fin- ally nearly black. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, equal, even, hollow, silky white. SPORES 7-8 x i-5 micr., dark brown in mass. Very common, generally densely caespitose about stumps or trees, or growing from decaying wood buried in the earth. Under favorable conditions this Coprinus may be found from early spring until late autumn. It often appears at intervals of one to two weeks in the same place for a considerable length of time and it may be found year after year in the same place. It has a good flavor and is considered by many the best Ck>prinus for the table. C- micaceus var conicus Pk. (Not published.) This variety differs from the type in having a distinctly conical pileus, darker colored, larger spores, 10-12 micr, long. It was found once at Palmyra, Michigan. 204. Coprinus radians (Desm) Fr Fries, Epicr., p. 248. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 676 a. Lloyd, Mycological Notes, Vol. 1, p. 146, Fig. 69. Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. 10, PL X, Figs. 6-8. PILEUS 2-5 cm. across, ovate, conical or campanulate, yellowish- fulvous, soon becoming paler especially at the margin, striate to disk, covered .with small brown granules which are more numerous at the disk. GILLS rather narrow, attached, pale then brownish black. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, equal or slightly swollen at base, hollow, white, smooth or minutely mealy at first, more or less evident yellow or i^hite strands of mycelium radiating from the base. SPOKES 7x4 micr., elliptical, brownish black. Bather common, single or sub^caespitose, upon wood, rubbish, etc or even m humus, sometimes growing from dense masses of yellow ozonium. This is the plant illustrated by Lloyd and determined by Patouil- lard as (7. radians (Desm.) Fr It is also C pulohrifolius Pk. It IS possible also that it may be (7. granulosus Clements. 0- radians 220 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN as figured by Cooke and Massee always lias yellowish brown my- celium radiating from the base of the stem. Saccardo, Syll., Vol. 5, p. 1092, says that in Italy this plant grows upon Ozonium stuposum Fr. The writer has sometimes found our plant growing from masses of yellow ozonium, upon decaying maple, black locust and black ash logs. It appeared once in our laboratory cultures upon mycelium which was white at first then gradually became yellowish brown. This is not the only Coprinus, however, which grows from a yellow ozonium. C- radians resembles C laniger from which it may be separated by the much smaller scales upon the pileus. YELIFORMES, Pileus very thin, plicate-sulcate, splitting along the lines of the gills. Plants usually small. Section VII Cyclodei. Stem Avith a movable ring. Plants small. 205. Coprinus bulbilosus Pat. Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung., 60. Illustrations Ibid, Fig. 658. Plate XL of this Report. PILEUS 8-10 mm. across, convex, margin striate, at first incurved then expanding, gray, disk tinged yellow, covered with white meal. GILLS narrow, gray STEM 2-3 cm. long, slender, white, base bulbous, ring loose, at some distance from base, white. SPORES 8-9 X 7-8 X 4 micr., compressed, oval to subglobose. On horse dung. Readily grown in cultures from spores. Sac- cardo, Sylloge, says "spores angular " In our specimens the spores are slightly angular as seen in one plane. • Section VIII Lannlati. Pileus covered with a downy or cottony layer which often has the appearance of a dense coat of soft mealy vesicles. 206. Coprinus stercorarius Fr Fries, Epicr., p. 251. * Illustration Cooke, 111., PL 685 A. PILEUS 1-25 cm. high, ovate then companulate, sometimes ex- panded and rolling up at the margin, very thin, margin striate, densely covered with a white glistening meal. GILLS adnexed. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 221 2-3 mm. broad, sub-ventricose. STEM 7 12 cm. long, at first ovately bulbous then elongated and equally attenuated upwards from the base, hoUoAv, white, at first mealy SPORES black, 6-8 x 3-4.5 micr. The specimens referred to this species are smaller than the di- mensions given in the description. Otherwise they agree with the description in the sense of Saccardo. Massee, British Fungus Flora, Vol. 1, p. 326, gives the spore measurements as 14-15 x 8-9. Found but once upon cow dung in woods near Ann Arbor. 207. Coprinus sclerotigenus E. & E. Ellis & Everhart, Microscope, 1890. Illustrations. Microscope, 1890, Fig. Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. 10, PL XI, Figs. 26-28. Plate XLI of this Eeport. PILEUS .5-1.2 cm. high and broad, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, then campanulate (at first covered with a white mealy veil which later becomes dark and sometimes almost entirely disappears) STEM 2.5-10 cm. high, slender, subequal, usually straight above and more or less flexuous below where it is downy GILLS adnexed. SPORES obliquely elliptical, 8-10 x 5-(I micr Springing from an irregularly subglobose, rugulose, sclerotium which is black outside, white inside. On sheep's dung. Although nothing is said in the original description about a veil, the type specimens at the New York Botanical Garden still show some of the mealy white covering of the pileus. This plant was first found at Ann Arbor and later in other localities. It was always found growing from sclerotia in dung which had apparently been upon the ground for some time, often over winter. These sclerotia were repeatedly grown from spores in the laboratory and, after a certain amount of drying out, sporophores grew from the sclerotia. By alternately moistening and drying the sclerotia sev- eral^ crops of sporohores Avere produced. This plant may be identical with 0. tuberosus Quel. 222 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 208. Coprinus narcotieus Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 250. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PL 680 b. Plate XLI of this Eeport. PILEUS 12 cm. across, foetid, very thin, cylindric-clavate then expanded, at length revolnte, covered at first with recurved, white floccose scales, then naked, grayish white, hyaline, 'striate, GILLS free but nearly reaching the stem, white then black. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, fragile, at first covered with white down, then almost glabrous, holloAV SPORES 11 x 5-6 micr., elliptical. On dung, caespitose. ODOR strong and disagreeable. Not com- mon. 209. Coprinus brassicae Pk. Peck, N Y State Museum Rep. 43, 1878. Illustrations Peck, N Y State Mus. Rep. 43, PL 2, Fig. 9-14. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 4, PI. 56, Fig. 4. PILEUS 8-10 mm. broad, at first ovate or conical, then broadly convex, squamulose, finely striate to the disk, white becoming gray- ish-brown, membranaceous, margin generally splitting and becom- ing recurved. GILLS narrow, crowded, reaching the stipe, brown with a ferruginous tint. STEM 16-20 mm. long, slender, glabrous, hollow, slightly thickened at the base, white. SPORES 7.5x5 micr., elliptical, brown. On decaying stems of cabbage and other vegetable debris. Occasional upon vegetable debris of various kinds. Palmyra, Ann Arbor We have found this fungus upon corn stalks, weed stalks and dead grass. It seems very probable that this is the plant figured and de- scribed as C tigrineUuSy Boudier, Table 139, and C friesii QueL (Patouillard, PI. 446.) CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 223 Section IX. FurfiirellL Pileus witli micaceous particles or mealy granules. 210. Coprinus patouillardi Quel. Quelet, Assoc. Fr., 1884, p. 4. Illustration Plate XLII of this Report. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, ovate, oblong, then conico-campanulate and finally revolute, at first finely striate then deeply plicate, very thin, white or ashy with pulverulent particles, yellowish to brown at the center. GILLS narrow, free but close to stem, white then ^rnoky brown. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, fragile, smooth or slightly tomentose or pulverulent at base, white. SPORES 8-7x4.5 micr., ovate-triangular to pentagonal. Common on dung, usually appearing with C rndiatus or a little later There seems to be considerable variation in this plant both in regard to size and color. In young stages, especially in dry weather, the pileus is densely covered with dead white to gray particles, which gradually become brown as the pileus develops. The shape of the spore li«^ characteristic and the variation in size less than in many other Ooprini. In young stages it is readily dis- tinguished from C radiatus by its longer, more cylindrical shape and by its thicker white veil. 211. Coprinus radiatus Fr . Fries, Epicr., p. 251. Illustration Cooke, 111., PI. 682 a, PILEUS 2-15 mm. wide, at first ovate or short cylindrical, then €ampanulate, finally nearly or quite plane and slightly depressed at the center, very thin, deeply plicate; pileus with a few brown granular flecks or scales, slightly pruinpse with a few gland-tipped hairs, pale brown or yellowish brown, darker at disk, becoming gray GILLS narrow, distant, free. STEM 2-6 cm. high, 1.5 mm. thick, slender, fragile, hollow, white, becoming darker with age, slightly pruinose with glandular hairs. SPORES 10-13 x 8-10 micr., regularly elliptical, very dark. Very common upon dung. This is probably our most common dung-inhabiting Coprinus. It may be found at almost any time during the summer season upon dung in pastures. If fresh horse 224 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN dung be placed in a damp chamber, troops of thi^ fungus will ap- pear within 10-14 days. Larger specimens appear at first, succes- sive plants appear smaller and smaller until they are often only one or two millimeters in diameter and one or two centimeters high. Just as there is much variation in the size of the fungus there is wide variation in the size of the spores. Occasionally the speci- mens are found with small spores 7-10 x 5-8 micr., as given by Sac- cardo (Sylloge, Vol. 5, p. 1101) Usually, however, they average as large as given in our description. Specimens of this plant have been distributed in exsiccati under the name of C. ephemerus and C plicatilis. The plant figured by Buller as 0. plicatiloides (Ee- searches in Fungi) is evidently C. radiatus. Section X, HemcrohiL Pileus always glabrous or slightly prui- nose with minute hairs. No universal veil. A few scurfy particles may be found by the breaking of the cuticle or trama when the pileus becomes plicate. 212. Coprinus ephemerus Fr, Fries, Epicr., p. 252. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PI. 685 f . Plates XLII and XLIII of this Report. PILEUS 12 cm. across, ovate, then campanulate, finally ex- panded, often splitting and revolute, margin sometimes uneven, striate, plicate when expanded, very thin, disk even or slightly ele- vated. Yellowish brown to reddish bay at the disk, at first slightly pruinose with minute hairs. GILLS linear, slightly adnexed or barely reaching the stem, usually white at margin. STEM 3-6 cm. high, 1-2 mm. thick, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, white. SPORES 15-17 x 7-8 micr., black in mass. Common upon dung or freshly manured ground. In an examination of different exsiccati, we have found abundant evidence of the truth of Saccardo's statement that many different species have been confused under the name of C ephemerus. We have found well-marked specimens of G radiatus, G. plicatilis, and G spraguei all under the name of C ephemerus. Even as we have limited this species, there are many distinct forms which may be readily distinguished. We have grown several of these varieties from spores and have found them to be constant and, even in young stages, the differences are often apparent to the naked eye- One CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 225 common form has shorter spores (11-13 micr.), which are distinctly angular when viewed in one plane. The deep bay disk and peculiar pruinose character of the plants make it possible to identify this form almost as soon as the buttons appear, see plates XLII, XLIII. A less common form resembles in the young stages very small speci- mens of C micaceus. The spores are elliptical, 11-13 micr. long. We have grown another larger and lighter colored form with two- spored basidia. 213. Coprinus silvaticus Pk. Peck, N Y. State Mus. Eep. 24, p. 71, 1872. Illustrations : Ibid, PI. 4, Fig. 10-14. PILEUS 12-30 mm. broad, convex, membranaceous, plicate-striate on margin, dark brown, disk very thin, fleshy. GILLS sub-distant, narrow, adnexed, brownish then black. STEM 5 cm. bigh, 1 mm. thick, slender, fragile, smooth, hollow, white. SPORES 12.5 micr long, gibbous-ovate. On ground in woods. This plant was found once at Ann Arbor and once at Bay View The gibbous spores are very characteristic. 214, Coprinus boudieri Quel. Quelet, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 1877 Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 26, p. 60, as C angulatus. Illustrations Ibid, Tab. 5, Fig. 4. Lloyd, Mycological Notes, Vol. I, Figs. 21-22, p. 47 (As C angulatus. ) PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, membranaceous, hemispherical, or convex, plicate-sulcate, reddish brown, smooth or minutely pruinose, disk smooth. GILLS subdistant, reaching the stem, whitish then black, the margins often remaining white. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, equal, smooth or sub-pruinose, white. SPORES 7-12x6-10 micr., compressed, angular, key-stone shaped. Upon soil in woods. Rare. The peculiar angular sub-ovate or key-stone shaped spores are very characteristic of this plant. 29 226 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 215. Coprinus plicatUis Fr Fries, Epicr., p. 252. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PI. 686 a. Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. 10, PI. XI, Figs. 23-25, 1896. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 185. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. across, ovate-cylindrical, then campanulate, membranaceous, sulcate to disk, brown, then grayish; disk remain- ing darker, rather broad, becoming depressed. GILLS distant, narrow, attached to a collar at some distance from the stem. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, equal, white, smooth, hollow. SPORES 10-12 X 7.5 to 8.5 X 5-6 micr., compressed, broadly ovate. Rather common among grass at roadsides, etc. As in the case of C- ephemerus there has been considerable con- fusion of species under the name of (7 plicatilis. We do not, how- ever, find aij much variation in this plant as in C- ephemerus. Psathyrella Fr (From the "Greek, diminutive of Psathyra.) Black-spored. Gills at length uniformly dark-colored, not del- iquescing^ nor variegate-dotted. Pileus membranous, striate or sulcate, margin at first straight, not exceeding the gills. Stem slender, confluent. Veil inconspicuous. Small, thin-capped mushrooms, growing on debris in woods, on the ground in low grassy places, in gardens, etc. With the excep- tion of P disseminata, the species, are not well known. Peck has named twelve species found in the United States and a number of Priesian species are known to occur. The plants often have the appearance of the small, evanescent species of Coprinus, but the gills do not deliquesce. They differ from Panoeolus in the striate pileus, the non-variegated gills and the margin of pileus not ex- ceeding the gills. I have definitely studied only two species. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 227 216. Psathyrella disseminata Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc;, 1821. Illustrations : Cooke, 111^ PI. 657. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 586. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 351. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 49, p. 48, 1900. Ricken, Bliltterpilze, PI. 23, Fig. 4. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 280, p. 347, 1908. PILEUS 5-10 mm. broad, oval then eampanulate, at first white, then gray or grayish-brown, prominently sulcate-plicate to the small buff umbo, at first covered by microscopic, erect, one-celled hairs, scurfy, glabrescent. FLESH membranous, very thin. GILLS adnate, ascending, rather broad, ventricose, sub-distant, at first white, then ashy and finally uniformly black. STEM slender, 2-3 cm. long, .5 to 1 mm. thick, hollow, white, at first minutely hairy with spreading hairs, glabrescent. SPORES 7-10 x 4-5 micr., elon- gate-elliptical, smooth, purple-black under microscope. BASIDIA subcylindrical, 20-27 x 6-7 micr., 4-spored, interspersed with abund- ant sterile, inflated cells. CYSTIDIA none. ODOR none. TASTE mild. On debris and on the ground in woods in extensive gregarious and caespitose clusters of numerous individuals. Throughout the State. May-October. Common. This species is well named, the thousands of plants which often cover the ground and debris around stumps are an attractive sight when fresh. It sometimes appears in greenhouses according to Atkinson. The microscopic structure of the hymenium is similar to that of the Coprini, and some authors (vide Ricken) refer it to that genus. 217 Psathyrella crenata (Jjasch.) Fr. Hymen. Europ., 1874. Illustration Cooke, 111., PL 847 "PILEUS 2-3.5 cm. broad, hemispherical, hygrophanous, rufe- 'scent or ochraceous, then pallid, atomate, sulcate-plicate^ margin at length orenate, FLESH membranous. GILLS adnate, subventri- cose, yellowish-fuscous than black. STEM 6-7 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, slender, glabrous, whitish, striate and mealy at apex/' 228 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN The description is adopted from Fries. Our plants had a more convex pileiis, at first dark gray then rufescent or ochraceous; the gills were rather narrow, sub-distant, edge white-fimbriate ; stem fragile, stufifed-hollow ; the spores elliptic-oblong, 10-12.5 x 6-7 micr., smooth, purplish-black under microscope. CYSTIDIA few or none. The crenate folds of the margin of the cap included two to three striae. It agrees well with Cooke's figure. PancBolus Fr (From the Greek, jmnaiolus^ meaning all-variegated.) Black-spored. Gills grayish-black, dotted by the spores, ascend- ing, more or less attached but seceding. Stem central, polished, subrigid. Pileus 7iot striate^ rather firm but not very fleshy Veil woven-submembranous or subsilky Dung-inhabiting, slender-stemmed, slightly persistent but putre- scent mushrooms, whose otherwise glabrous pileus is either ap- pendiculate or slightly white-silky on the margin by the collapsing of the more or less evanescent veil. Often ring-marked on the stem by the spores falling on the remnants of the veil. It is a rather small genus, and the rarer species are not well known. Peck has described five species, of which P epimyces is to be looked for under Stropharia. The spores are opaque, black, smooth and usual- ly lemon-shaped or elliptical; they remain aggregated in tiny clusters on the gills as these mature and so produce the dotted- variegated appearance of the gills. Later the gills become entirely gray-black to Wack. 218. Panoeolus solidipes Pk. (Edible) N Y State Mus. Eep. 23, 1872. Illustrations Ibid, PI, 4, Fig. 1-5. Hard, Mushrooms, PI. 41, Fig. 278, p. 343. White, Conn. State Geol. & Nat Hist. Surv Bull., No. 3, PL 27, p. '53. Plate XLIV of this Keport. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, large^ firm, at first hemispherical theit broadly convex, obtuse, moist, glabrous, white when fresh, even, at length rimose-scaly and yellowish, especially on disk. FLESH rather thick, white, watery near the gills. GILLS ascending, nar- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 229 rowly adnate, hroad^ ventricose^ close, white at first, then ashy to black, variegated by the spores, edge white-flocculose. STEM long and rather stout, 8-20 cm. long, 5-15 mm. thick, equal, firm, solid^ fibrous, glabrous, white within and without, apex striate and beaded with drops, straight or curved at base, sometimes twisted. SPORES broadly elliptical, abruptly narrowed at base, smooth, 15-18x9-11 micr., black. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, broadly lanceolate, 30-35 micr long, subobtuse. BASIDIA short- clavate, about 33 x 14 micr., 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE slight. Edille. Gl'egarious or subcaespitose. On manure piles rich in straw, on dung and on richly manured lawns. Ann Arbor. May-July Spas- modic. This is our largest Panoeolus and an excellent species for the table. It is probably to be found throughout the southern part of the State, it has only appeared during a few seasons but then in abundance. The large size, white color when fresh, the solid stem and the marked striations on the upper portion of the stem are its distinguishing characters. The striations sometimes extend the whole length of the stem. Its flavor when cooked is quite agree- able. It is often a noble plant and our illustration does not do it justice. 219- Panoeolus retirugis Fr (Suspected) Epicrisis, 1838. Illustrations Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 509. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 3, PI. 40, Fig. 7 Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 11, Fig. 45, "p. 45, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, PL 40, Fig. 276, p. 340, 1908. Reddick, Ind. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Resour Rep. 32, Fig. 9, p. 1231, 1907 PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, rather firm, at first elliptic-oval, then campanulate-hemispherical, obtuse, glabrous, dark smoky when young and wet, becoming paler, or in dry weather grayish, pale clay color or creamy-white, shining-micaceous when dry, surface usually reticulate-veined on disk, sometimes even, margin connected with stein in young stage hy a floccose-suhmerniranous, ring-like veil, veil soon broken and margin markedly appendiculate in ex- panded pileus. FLESH rather thin, equal. GILLS adnate-seced- ing, broad, ventricose, close, white then variegate-spotted by the 230 THE AGARICACEAB OF MICHIGAN black spores, edge white-flocculose. STEM 5-16 cm. long, 2-6 mm. thick, equal, cylindrical, sometimes flexuous, whitish, rufescent or tinged purplish within and without, darker below, hollow, often covered, with frost-like hloom^ sometimes minutely rimulose, bulbil- late. SPOKES broadly oval-elliptical, ventricose, 15-18 x 9-11 micr., smooth, black. Sterile cells on edge of gills, narrow, subcapitate. Gregarious or scattered on dung-hills, manured lawns, fields, road-sides, etc., in woods or in the open. Throughout the State. May-October. Very common. The most widely distributed of our species. In favorable weather it occurs abundantly where stock is pastured. In dry weather it is smaller and paler In the woods or in drizzly weather the stems are large and the colors are very diflferent. Some disagreement ex- ists as to the size of the spores, which are variable in dimension but rather constant in shape. Ricken describes and figures a form which is scarcely our plant, and Cooke's figure is not convincing. It is not poisonous but is rather unattractive and usually avoided when collecting for the table. The older name is P. carionarius. It is possible that this runs into P. campanulatus Fr. and is often con- fused with it. 220. Panoeolus campanulatus Fr (Suspected) ' Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustration Eicken, Blatterpilze, PL 69, Fig. 8. "PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, brownish-gray or yellowish-gray, per- sistently conic-campanulatey never expanded, glabrous, often some- what silky-shining, neither hygrophanous nor viscid, margin some- what appendiculate by the rather persistent veil. FLESH thin, concolor GILLS adnate, ventricose-ascending, broad, close, varie- gated gray to black by the spores, edge white-flocculose. STEM 7-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, straight, rigid-fragile, equal, reddish- brown, pulverulent-pruinose, apex striate, black-dotted and beaded with drops in wet weather SPORES lemon-sKaped, 15-18x10-13 micr., smooth, opaque, black.'^ The description is adopted from Ricken. According to Godfrin (Bull. Soc. Myc. de France, 19, p. 45) this species differs from P retirugis in the structure of the cuticle. In the latter species the surface cells of the pileus are four or five layers thick, gradually passing into the longer, tramal cells below; while in P. campanu- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 231 latus there are only one or two rows of abruptly differentiated cells with large, elavate, erect cystidia-like cells intermingled. The species has not been uniformly conceived by different authors and needs further comparison. It is said to be very common in Europe and is widely reported in this country. The majority of authors give the same spore-size as Eicken. 221. Panoeolus papillionaceus Fr (Suspected.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustration : Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 69, Fig. 3. ^TILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, subhemispherical, at length expanded, never viscid nor hygrophanous, at length rimose-scaly or areolate, pallid or sordid-whitish to smoky-gray or brownish-pallid, margin with evanescent, pallid veil. FLESH slightly thick, white. GILLS broadly adnate, often very broad, ventricose, close, variegated gray- blackish from the spores, at length black. STEM 6-8 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, cartilaginous-toughish, rigid, hollow, somewhat attenu- ated, whitish^ with brownish base, apex striate and white-pruinose. SPOEES lemon-shaped, 15-18x9-11 micr., smooth, black." The description is adopted from Eicken. The spores are some- what more narrow according to most authors. This species seems to be infrequent with us. Small forms occur which may be referred here, in which the pileus is less than a centimeter broad and the spores are smaller. The species is not too well known. Its main character seems to be the whitish stem but no doubt the forms with such a stem need segregation as shown by some of my collections. 222. Panoeolus j^p. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, campanulate, obtuse, not expanded, 1-1.5 cm. high, hygrophanous, bibulous, smoky gray iclien moist ^ livid-buff when dry, glabrous, dull and subpruinose, at length coarse- ly crenate-wavy when dry, veil absent or fugacious. FLESH thickish, rather firm, concolor (moist), then pallid. GILLS rounded behind, adnate-seceding, not broadly attached, ventricose, crowded, gray then variegated black, edge white-flocculose. STEM 5-7 cm. long, slender, 1-2 mm. thick, equal, rigid-fragile, flexuous or straight, hollow, livid smoky-gray y concolor within, pruinose, gla- brescent, base white-mycelioid. SPOEES elliptical, ventricose, 9-10 232 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN X 6 micr., smooth, obtusely pointed, black. Sterile cells on edge of gills, linear, subcapitate, 30-40 x 4-5 micr. ODOR none. Gregarious. On horse dung and soil, in woods pastured by horses. Ann Arbor October, This is close to P sphinctrinus Fr. in most of its characters, but differs in its much smaller spores and in the lack of a persistent, appendiculate veil. The surface portion of the pileus has the same structure that is given by Godfrin (1. c.) for P. sphinctrinus. AMAUR08P0RAE Psalliota Fr. (From the Greek, Psallion, a ring or collar.) Purple-brown-spored. Stem -fleshy, separable from the pileus, provided with a persistent or evanescent annulus. Gills free, usually pink or pinkish in the young stage. Fleshy, mostly compact and large mushrooms, growing on the ground in woods among fallen leaves, etc., or on lawns, pastures, open ground or cultivated fields. They correspond to Lepiota of the white-spored group. They are all edihle, the larger ones being among the best known and most widely used of edible mushrooms. Several species have been cultivated a long time and are of con- siderable commercial importance, especially in Europe. (See re- marks under P campestris,) The PILEUS is glabrous, fibrillose or fibrillose-scaly, either white or whitish or dark colored by the color of the fibrils on its surface , these fibrils compose a thin layer on the very young cap, and as the cap expands are broken up, except at the slow-growing center, into fibrillose scales. The young cap of these species is therefore much more uniformly colored than later in the expanded stage. The sur- face of the whitish species is often stained somewhat with yellowish of rufescent hues when bruised or in age. The size varies ; most spe- cies may become quite large, P suhrufescens reaching a size of 20 cm. across the cap ; a few are quite small. The surface is dry, or it may be slightly viscid as in P. cretacella. The GILLS are free, as in Lepiota. When the button is quite small it is white, but in some species, e. g. P campestris, becomes pink quickly This character has been used to separate the species, but is a difficult point for be- ginners to determine. As the spores begin to take on color, the pur- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 233 plish-brown hues appear and when old, most gills appear blackish- brown because of the dense layer of spores. The STEM is either almost undifferentiated within and is then solid, or has a distinct pith which soon disappears and leaves it hollow, often in the form of a narrow tubule. It is fleshy and when fresh has no cartilaginous cortex; it is, however, of different texture from that of the pileus and easily separates from it. The VEIL is single or double. When double the substance of the under layer is similar to that of the pileus and the base of the stem and is probably a part of a universal cuticle. Sometimes it is very voluminous and forms a large pendulous annulus, as in P placomyces and P subrufescens. Usually it is quite thick and persistent. The lower layer breaks off soonest, ceases expansion and -cracks into radial patches which remain on the under side of the annulus; sometimes, as in P ahriqitihulba^ it is very evane- scent. ' The genus may be divided into two sections based on the structure of the veil. The Friesian grouping is entirely artificial, and the difference in the color of the young gills, used by some as a basis for grouping, seems too variable a criterion for the purpose. Key to the Species (A) Plants large; pileus normally much more than 4 cm. broad. (See P, campestris.) (a) Growing in forests, thickets, groves, etc. (b) Pileus white, not fibrillose-scaly, usually glabrous. (c) Pileus turning yellowish on disk when rubbed, stem with small, abrupt bulb. 226. P a})rupti'bul'ba Pk. (cc) Pileus firm, chalky-white, not stained yellow; without abrupt bulb. 223. P cretacella Atk. (bb) Pileus with fibrils or fibrillose scales on the surface. (c) Flesh turning pink to blood-red where broken, fibrils brown- ish-gray 231. P haemorrJiodaria Fr (cc) Flesh not or scarcely changing color, (d) Annulus single, not covered on under side with floccose patches, fibrils brown. 230. P silvatica Fr. (dd) Annulus double, as shown by the patches on under surface, (e) Disk of pileus blackish, fibrils brown; odor not marked. 227 P placomyces Pk. (ee) Disk reddish-brown, fibrils tawny; odor of almonds; large. 228. P sudrufescens Pk. (aa) Growing in fields, open places, cultivated grounds or lawns, not scaly, (b) Annulus as a broad band with spreading edges; gills very nar- row as compared to the thick flesh, in cities. 224. P rodmani Pk. (bb) Annulus different. (c) Pileus large, surface stained yellowish on disk when bruised; annulus double. 225. P arvensis Fr. (cc) Pileus medium, surface unchanged; annulus lacerated, simple; gills bright pink. 229. P campestris Fr. 234 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (AA) Pileus 1-5 cm. broad. (a) Flesh of stem soon blood-red; in hot-houses. 235. P ecMnata Fr. (aa) Flesh whitish, not turning red. (b) Fibrils of pileus grayish-brown or brown; gills at first gray, 232. P micromegetha Pk. (bb) Not markedly fibrillose. (c) Pileus creamy-white, with yellowish stains. 233. P comtula "Ft, (cc) Pileus with pinkish to reddish-brown hues, slightly fibrillose. 234. P diminutiva Pk. Section I Bivelares, Annulus double, with thick flocculose patches on under side. 223. Psalliota cretacella Atk. (Edible) Jour, of Mycology, Vol. 8, 1902. PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad, convex to expanded, thin, glabrouSy white, sometimes inclined to be slightly viscid in wet weather, even. FLESH white, sometimes with a tinge of pink. GILLS free, crowded, narrow, 3-4 mm. broad, narrowed behind, white at first, then slowly pink, later dark grayish-iroivny not becoming blackish. STEM 5-8 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick, tapering from the enlarged base, white, glabrous above the annulus, chalky-white below and covered with minute, white, powdery scales often arranged in irregular concentric rings below, solid, but center less dense. AN- NULUS double, persistent, white, smooth above, the lower surface with very fine floccose scales similar to those on the stem from which the annulus was separated. SPORES 4-5x3 micr. ODOR and TASTE of almonds as in P arvensis. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the leaf-mold, debris, etc., in coniferous regions. Marquette, Bay View. August- September. In- frequent. The description is adapted from that of Atkinson. P cretacella is closely related to P cretaceus Fr which dififers, according to Fries' description, in the hollow stem, the blackish-fuscous gills when mature and in that the pileus becomes at length scaly Our plants have a glabrous chalky-white pileus and solid stem. Ricken gives spores of P cretaceus as- 8-9 x 5-6 micr CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 235 224. Psalliota rodmani Pk. (Edible) N Y. State Mus. Rep. 36, 1884. Illustrations Peck, N Y Mus, Rep. 48, PL 9, Fig. 1-6, 1896. Marshall, The Mushroom Book, PI. 25, op. p. 76, 1905. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 17, p. 19, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 250, p. 309, 1908. Plate XLV of this Report. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, (more often medium size), at first de- pressed-hemispherical to broadly convex, at length subexpanded to plane, firm, dry, glabrous, subsilky, tcMte or whitish, cream color to subochraceous in age, the margin at first incurved and surpassing the gills. FLESH thick, compact, white, not changed by bruising. GILLS free but nearly or quite reaching the stem, abruptly rounded behind, narrotc, width about one-third the thickness of pileus, crowd- ed, at first dull pink, then purplish-brown, finally blackish-brown, edge entire. STEM short, 2-5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, stout, equal, solid, glabrous below, apex slightly scurfy, white within and with- out, provided at the middle or beloio with a band-like, double, white ANNULUS, with somewhat spreading edges, sometimes narrow and merely grooved, or somewhat lacerated. SPORES minute, 5-6.5 x 4-4.5 micr., broadly elliptical or broadly oval, smooth, purplish- brown, blackish-brown in mass. BASIDIA 30-36 x 8 micr., 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE agreeable. Solitary on the ground especially along city pavements, or caespitose on lawns or grassy places. Throughout the State. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Holland, Houghton, etc. May-October Not infre- quent. A well-marked species, whose margined, band-like annulus, nar- row gills, solid stem and squatty habit characterize it sufficiently The young gills are white for a much longer time than in P campestris. The pileus may become yellowish-tinged but the flesh is not changed by bruising except that it becomes slightly rufescent in the stem. Peck says the annulus is rather thick at times , in our specimens it was thin and almost membranous. Sometimes it occurs on lawns in dense, caespitose clusters of 50 to 100 individuals; such a growth was observed in Ann Arbor by myself, and the same condition has been reported to me by Dr L. L. Hubbard at Houghton. It apparently prefers city conditions, as it is almost exclusively found there. It is edible and much prized by those acquainted with it. 236 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 225. Psalliota arvensis Fr (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig, atl. o gift. Swamp, PI. 4. Cooke, 111., PI. 523. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 571 (as Pratella). Berkeley, Outlines, PI. 10, Fig. 4. Michael, Fuhrer f, Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 61. Kicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 62, Fig. 2. Hard, Mushrooms, PI. 34 and Fig. 252, p. 312. Swanton, Fungi, etc., PI. 38, Fig. 13, op. p. 114. Peck, N Y State Mus. Rep. 48, PI. 8. Plate XLVI of this Report. PILEUS 5-20 cm. broad, large, subhemispherical at first, then convex-expanded, disk plane, firm, even, glabrous, almost shin- ing, or with appressed, small, fibrillose scales, dry, white or tinged yelloivish-ochraceous on disk, especially when rubied, sometimes rimose-areolate. FLESH thick, white, at length yellowish-tinged. GILLS free, crowded, rather broad, at first ichitish then slowly grayish-pink, finally blackish-brown, edge entire. STEM 5-20 cm. long, 10-30 mm. thick, stout, white, yellowish-stained ivhere bruised, silky-shining above the annulus, stuffed by a loose pith, then hollow, equal-cylindrical above the abrupt, small and short bulb, glabrous; ANNULUS thick, rather large, double, the lower layer radially cracked into rather large- ochraceous-tinged patches. SPORES 6-7 X 4-4.5 micr., elliptical, smooth, p)urplish-brown, blackish-brown in mass. ODOR of anise or of benzaldehyde. On the ground, cultivated fields, pastures, on grassy mounds in woods, in the north on lawns, scattered-gregarious or solitary Throughout the State, more frequent in the Northern Peninsula. July-October Infrequent in the south part of State. The "field mushroom" or "ploughed land mushroom" is not limit- ed to cultivated fields. It was found in several cities along Lake Superior on lawns. It is much prized by the inhabitants for the table. It is larger than P campestris, and can be distinguished by the tendency of the center of the cap and base of stem to turn yellow- ish-ochraceous when rubbed or bruised. The gills, although pink for a brief time at one stage, are white much longer than in the other species. Also there is often a slight but distinct odor of oil of bitter almonds when the flesh is crushed. It is curious to note the various spore-measurements given by authors. Ours agree practically with CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 237 the size given by Bresadola, Eicken and Massee. On the other hand, Karsten, W. Smith, Schroeter, Saccardo and Peck give them 9 (or 11) X 6 micr. and as one suspects from other remarks about the plant, some other species is probably at times mistaken for it. Eicken, whose figure is numbered, through an error, for that of P cretaceuSy emphasizes the point that in his plants the flesh of the stem becomes blackish in age. This has not been observed in our region and the dried specimens do not show it. Its edibility is not to be questioned. 226. Psalliota abruptibulba Pk. (Edible) N Y. State Mus. Bull. 94, 1905 (as Agaricus) N. Y State Mus. Mem. 4, 1900 (as Agaricus abruptus). Illustrations Ibid, PL 59, Fig. 8-14, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 254, p. 313, 1908. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 19-20, 1900 (as P. silvicola) Marshall, Mushrooms, PI. 26, op.. p. 77, 1905. Plate XLVII of this Eeport. PILEUS 7-15 cm. broad, convex then expanded-plane, brittle, dry, glabrous or covered with white, appressed silky fibrils, sometimes obscurely appressed-scaly, icliite or creamy-ioMte, often with dingy yellowish stains on disk, silky-shining. FLESH moderately thick, turning yellowish when 'bruised^ especially under the cuticle, GILLS free, remote, crowded, narrow, soon pink, then dark brown, edge entire. STEM 8-15 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, cylindrical or tapering upward from a small, siibahrupt bulh, relatively slender at times, creamy-white, yellowish when bruised, stuffed then hollow, subglabrous. ANNULUS broad, double, smooth above, cracking be- llow into thick, sometimes evanescent, yellowish patches. SPOEES 5-6x3-4 micr., elliptical, smooth, fiurple-brown. ODOE and TASTE agreeable. Spattered or subcaespitose on the ground among fallen leaves in frondose or mixed woods. Throughout the State. July-October, Fairly common. The species is known by its habitat in woods, its flat cap at ma- turity which is shining-whitish, the rather slender, abruptly-bulbous stem and the tendency for the flesh of the cap and stem to become yellowish where bruised. It differs from P arvensis in its very diflf erent stature ; from P placomyces in the absence of any brown- ish or rufous fibrils on the cap, and from P sylvaticus Fr by its 238 THE AGARICACBAE OF MICHIGAN bulbous stem. Peck first referred it to P arvensis as a variety, later he called it Agaricus dbruptus; but as this name was pre- elmpted it was changed to abruptibulba. Sometimes the veil ap- pears to be single,. but this is merely accidental, Mcllvaine says ^"it has a strong, spicy, mushroom odor and taste and makes a highly flavored dish. It is delicious with meats, the very best mushroom for catsup." Since it occurs in the woods, it must be carefully distinguished from the deadly, white Amanitas. 227. Psalliota placomyces Pk. (Edible) N Y. State Mus. Kep. 29, 1878. Illustrations : N Y State Mus. Eep. 48, PL 9, Fig. 7-12. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 21-23, pp. 23-24, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 255, 257, pp. 314-316, 1908. Clements, Miun. Mushrooms, Fig. 42, p. 74, 1910. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, at first broadly ovate, convex-expanded, finally quite plane, sometimes subumbonate, not striate, squamu- lose, whitish, except where dotted with the 'brown scales which are more dense toivard the center, forming a blackish-brown disk, in age the surface may be entirely brown. FLESH white. or tinged yellowish under cuticle, rather thin except disk. GILLS free, crowded, thin, white at first, soon pink then blackish-brown, edge entire. STEM rather long, 7-12 cm. long, tapering upward or clavate-hulbous, 4-8 mm. thick, stuffed then hollow, whitish, the bulb sometimes yellowish-stained, glabrous. ANNULTJS large, superior, double, the under layer cracking radially and leaving patches, finally darkened by the spores. SPOEES 5-6 x 3.5-4 micr. (rarely few longer), elliptical-oval, nucleate, smooth, purplish- brown, blackish-brown in mass. ODOR not marked. Solitary or scattered, sometimes a few caespitose, on the ground in frondose, hemlock or mixed woods, rarely on lawns. Ann Arbor, Lansing, New Richmond, probably throughout the State. July- September Infrequent, during some seasons rare. A beautiful plant when one comes across it at its best, with its artistically decorated cap and symmetrical stature. It differs clearly from all others. It is edible although the flesh is thinner than in the preceding species. It is known by the minute brown scales on the flattened cap, the clavate-bulbous stem and the large, flabby annulus. During some seasons, it seems to be absent even under favorable weather conditions. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 239 228. Psalliota subrufescens Pk. (Edible) N. Y State Mus. Rep. 46, 1893. Illustrations N Y. State Mus. Eep. 48, PL 7, 1896. Plates XLVIII, XLIX, L, of this Report. PILEtrS 8-18 cm. broad, larger at first hemispherical then convex, finally plane^ becoming wavy and split on the margin, silky-fihrillose at firsts the fibrillose surface soon breaking up to form very numer- ous, appressed, pale tawny fibrillose scales, disk reddish-brown and not scaly, sometimes rimose, not striate. FLESH white, unchange- able, rather thin, soft, fragile at maturity GILLS free, not very remote, narrow, crowded, at first white, then pinkish, finally black- ish-brown, edge at first minutely white-fimbriate. STEM 7-15 cm. long, tapering upward, 1-1.5 cm. thick at apex, twice as thick below, white and almost glabrous above the annulus, floccose-fibrillose to subscaly toward base, stuffed hy soft white pith then hollow, th'e bulb varying clavate to more or less abrupt. ANNULUS very voluminous, reflexed, double, rather distant from the apex of the stem, smooth and white above, with soft, floccose, pale tawny scales below, becoming dark from spores. SPORES 6-7.5 x 4-5 micr., ellip- tical, smooth, dark purple brown, blackish-brown in mass. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills numerous, sub cylindrical, very narrow, hyaline. ODOR when crushed, strong of almonds. TASTE of green nuts. Caespitose, on masses of decaying fallen leaves in frondose woods and in richly manured hot-house beds. (It is also cultivated for the market.) Ann Arbor, Detroit. August-October. Rather rare. Our largest Psalliota, probably at times surpassing the size given above. The original description was made by Peck from old ma- terial, and later (48th Rep.) he points out that the cap is coated with fibrils which at length give^ it the scaly character. Peck's de- scription of this species is, therefore, misleading, and probably his specimens did not show^the full development of the scales shown in our photographs. Some of our specimens were sent to Dr Peck who pronounced them P subrufescens Pk. None of our other Psalliotas could be easily confused with P subrufescens when it appears in the woods. Of the European species, P augusta Fr. and P perrara Bres. approach it in size. These are at once distinct, according to Ricken's descriptions,, by their paler caps and larger spores. The 240 THE AGARICACBAE OF MICHIGAN spores of P. augusta are 12-14 x 6-7 micr., per Ricken ; of P. perrara, 8-10 X 5 micr., per Bresadola. P silvatica Fr. differs in the smaller size, the simple annulus and differently colored pileus. P. subru- fescens sometimes appears in hot-house beds and has been reduced to cultivation, where its characters seem to be somewhat changed, so that Peck has made a lengthy comparison betweto it and P. cam- pcstriSy to which the wild form has no close resemblance. Section II Vnivelares. Annulus simple, not with thick floccose- patches on under side. 229. Psalliota campestris Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations (Selected, very numerous.) Fries, Sverig. atl. o. gift. Swamp., PL 5. Cooke, 111., PI. 526. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 573 (As Pratella) Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 60. Bresadola, I. Fung. mang. e. velenos, PL 53. Marshall, The Mushroom Book, PL 23, op. 74 and PL 24, op. 75, 1905. Gibson, Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PL 5, p. 83 and PL 6, p. 89. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. I, PL 3, Fig. 1. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 248 and 249, p. 307, 1908. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Figs. 1-8, pp. 2-8, 1900. Atkinson, Bot. Gaz., Vol. 43, p. 264 et. aL, PL 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 (showing all stages of development). PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad (occasionally larger, especially when cultivated), at first flattened hemispherical then convex-expanded or nearly plane, firm, even, glabroUs or at length minutely floccose- silky or delicately fibrillose-scaly, dry, white (scaly forms are brownish, etc.), the margin extending beyond gills, edge often fringed when fresh by the tearing of the partial veil. FLESH thick, white, not changing when bruised. GILLS free but not re- mote, rounded behind, ventricose, not broad, close, almost from the very first delicate pink^ then deep flesh color^ finally purplish- brown to Mackish^ edge even. STEM 5-7 cm. long, thick, usually subequal or tapering dotvnwardy rarely subbulbous, solid-stuffed, CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 241 usually rather short and flrm, white or whitish, glabrous. AN- NULUS above and near the middle, edge lacerate, often evanescent in age, derived from the thin, simple, white, partial veil. SPORES elliptical, 7-9x4.5-5.5 micr., purple-brown, ilackish-hrown in mass^ smooth. ODOR and TASTE agreeable. On the ground in lawns, gardens, golf-links, roadsides, especially in sheep-pastures, sometimes in cultivated fields. Throughout the State. Less frequent in spring, usually in July- October Uncommon except locally during some seasons, rare at other times. This is the well-known ^'pink-gilled'' or "edible" mushroom, by many people in this country considered in addition to the '^sponge mushroom," MorchtUa escidenta, as the only mushroom safe to eat; all others are dubbed ''toadstools." Some persons, however, know and eat a larger number of kinds , again, all others are "toadstools" to them. The word toadstool, therefore, means nothing definite , it only expresses the ignorance of people concerning those fungi of which they are afraid. The two words refer to the same group of plants and can be used interchangeably In the young or "button" stage the gills are soon tinged pink, and as it is possible to mistake the button of the deadly, white Amanita verna for it at this stage, every button should be broken open while collecting. By the time the veil breaks the pink color of the gills is quite marked. All who use this mushroom, should read carefully the remarks under Amanita. This mushroom has been eaten from time immemorial, and its artificial cultivation carried on extensively for centuries. In and around large, cities, large establishments exist to raise it for the market, selling it for 75c to 90c a pound in this country "The an- nual product of the Chicago mushroom beds is said to be from sixty to seventy-five tons." (Nat. Hist. Surv of Chicago Acad. Sci.^ Bull. VII, part 1, p. 90.) Special underground mushroonj houses, caves, abandoned mines, cellars, etc., have been adopted for the cultivation of this mushroom. Duggar states that in 1901 the total product of the mushroom industry in the environs of Paris, France, was 5,000 tons or 10,000,000 pounds. This shows the extent to which Europeans eat mushrooms as compared with our American consumption. About the same ratio exists in the use of the many different edible wild species. In this country we have hardly begun to realize the immense amount of palatable food that goes to waste in our fields and woods. Numerous varieties of P. campestris have been described. With 31 242 THE AGARICACEAB OF MICHIGAN US the white variety is the common form, although an occasional patch of the variety with brownish and more fibrillose caps may be found. The caps are apparently not as large as in more moist climates, although occasionally one finds large plants in cultivated fields. Var villaticus Fr, has been raised to specific rank by Bres- adola; the pileus of this species is large and scaly and the stem is scaly and coated or subvolvate by the inferior veil. I have not seen it. No discussion is given here of the cultivated varieties. Those interested in their cultivation should read Duggar's ^^The Principles of Mushroom Growing, etc." Bull. No. 85, Bureau of Plant Ind., U S. Dept. Agr., or the chapter in Atkinson's Mushrooms, last edition. 230. Psalliota silvatica Fr (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836. Illustrations : Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. I, PI. 90. Cooke, 111., PI. 530 (=:P perrara per Bres.) Michael, Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 68. "PILEUS 8-11 cm. broad, campanulate then expanded, at first cinereous then yellowish-whitish with a rufous-fuscous center, cover- ed by brown scales, FLESH rather thick except margin. GILLS free, remote, crowded, white at first, then rosy-flesh color, at length reddish-cinnamon. STEM 6-9 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, hollow, whitish, glabrous, or subfibrillose, equal or with a bulbous base, bulb sometimes marginate, white within when broken, yellowish at apex, slightly rose-red on sides. ANNULUS simple, ample, distant, superior, white, substriate, flocculose. SPORES 6-7x3.5-4 micr., elliptical, incarnate-fulvous, BASIDLl clavate, 25 x 6-7 micr, ODOR and TASTE agreeable." Reported by Longyear In woods. The . description is adopted from Bresadola. The descriptions in our mushroom books are scarcely satisfactory The figures of Cooke and Gillet are said to depart from the characteristics of the plant. It seems to be rare, and I have never collected it. The gray color of the young plant and the truly brown color of the scales, the hollow stem and spores ought to make it recognizable. Ricken emphasizes the change of gills and flesh to blood-red when bruised and considers P haemorrhoidaria as an autumnal form. This com- plicates ma.tters, especially in the absence of specimens of our own. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 243 231 Psalliota haemorrhodaria Fr. (Edible) Hymen. Enrop., 1885. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PI. 531. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 577 (as Pratella) N y State Mns. Rep. 54, Pl.^75, 1901. PILEUS 5-10 em. broad, at first subglobose to subovate then campanulate-expanded, nearly plane, covered by rather dense, fibrillose, brownish-gray, appressed scales, sometimes glabrous toward margin and paler, margin subpersistently incurved. FLESH white, turning pink to llood-red when broken, thick on disk, thin on margin. GILLS free, moderately broad, crowded, white at first, then rosy-flesh-color, finally dark brown. STEM 5-10 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, subequal, rarely bulbous, stuffed then hollow, floccose-fibrillose, glabrescent, white or pallid, darker in age. ANNULUS large, pendulous, persistent, superior, simple, white, at length colored by spores. SPORES 6-7 x 4 micr., elliptical, purplish-brown, smooth. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, clavate, enlarged-rounded above. ODOR and TASTE agreeable. Oaespitose or scattered, on the ground or about the base of trees in low places in mixed woods, usually near birch and maple trees. Marquette, New Richmond. August-October Infrequent in the coniferous regions of the State. Easily known by the change of the flesh to red, which color fresh plants immediately show when broken. This character is said to be found also in the seashore mushroom, P halophila Pk. which has a solid stem and has not been found inland. Peck says its flavor when cook^ed is similar to P campestris, and gives to the milk in which it is stewed a brownish color Ricken considers it a mere form of P silvatica, but describes the latter differently from most authors. It is certainly distinct. 232. Psalliota micromegetha Pk. (Edible) N Y State Mus. Rep. 54, 1901. (As Agaricus pusillus) Illustration: N. Y State Mus. Bull. 116, PI. 107, Fig. 1-6, 1907 ^TILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, fragile, convex becoming plane, some- times subdepressed in center, dry, silky-fihrillose or fibrillose-scaly, grayish'hroion or hrown in center^ often with yellowish or ferrugi- 244 THE AGARICACEAB OF MICfllGAN nous stains. FLESH white or whitish, not changing color where wounded. GILLS free, close, grayish at first^ soon pinkish, finally brown. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 640 mm. thick, equal or slightly taper- ing upward, sometimes bulbous, stuffed or hollow, slightly flbril- lose, white. ANNULUS slight, often evanescent. SPORES broadly elliptic or subglobose, 5x4 micr. Edible,'^ Solitary or caespitose, on grassy ground, in sandy or clay soil. September-November, Detroit. The description is adapted from the revised one in N. Y. State Bull. 116, p. 44, 1907 The original description was made largely from smaller plants sent to Peck from Detroit by Dr. R. H. Stevens, and named Agaricus pusiUns; later the name was changed to that given above, meaning small to large in size. I have not seen it. 233. Psalliota comtula Fr (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836. Illustrations: Fries, Tcones, PI. 130. Cooke, 111., PI. 533. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 62, Fig. 1 (as P rusiophylla) Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 24, p. 25, 1900. PILEUS 2-4.5 cm. broad, convex-subexpanded, subumbonate or umbo obsolete, silky, creamy-white to grayish-white, tinged with ycUoirish lines on dish, sometimes rufous-tinged. FLESH whitish, becoming ochraceous under cuticle, thickish on disk. GILLS free, broader in front, narrowed behind, up to 5-6 mm. broad, dingy in- carnate, at length smoky-umber. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 2.5-5 mm. thick, subequal, hollow, innately silky, pallid or slightly yellowish- stained. ANJfULUS median^ membranaceous, thin, whitish, often stiheimnescent. SPORES 5-6 x 3-3.5 micr., elliptical, smooth, dark purple-brown. BASIDIA 20 x 6 micr STERILE CELLS on edge of gills inflated-clavate. ODOR not marked. On the ground among fallen leaves in pine and beech woods. New Richmond. September, Infrequent. The description shows a slight variation from that of other authors. Atkinson gives the spore measurements 3-4x2-3 micr. Ricken considers Fries' plant as identical with P rusiophylla Lasch, and also gives small spores and basidia. Except for the pale color of the cap, our plants could be referred to Ricken's P. sagata Fr The species needs further study CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 245 234. Psalliota diminutiva Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 26, 1874. Illustrations : N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, PI. 74, Fig. 1-8, 1901. Plate L of this report. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, fragile, convex then plane, sometimes subdepressed, silky-fibrillose, the jibrils forming delicatey pinkish- drah to reddish-hrown scales toward center and on disk, paler and denuded on margin, white or tinged gray under fibrils, not striate. FLESH thin, whitish. GILLS free, not remote, thin, close, moder- ately broad, ventricose, edge entire. STEM 3-5 cm. long (rarely longer), 2-5 mm. thick, equal or tapering upwards, stuffed by deli- cate white pith then hollow, glabrous, innately silky, even, whitish, sometimes subbulbous at base. ANNULUS delicate, thin, rather persistent, narrow, whitish. STERILE CELLS on edge none. BASIDIA 27 X 5-6 micr., 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE none. Solitary or gregarious on mossy ground, or among leaf -mould in low moist frondose or mixed woods. Throughout the State. August- September (rarely in spring) Frequent. This dainty little Psalliota is known by its delicate pinkish or reddish fibrils on the cap, the entire gills and persistent annulus. It is not supposed to possess, like the preceding, the yellowish stains on cap and base of stem, but specimens are found which have this character which do not seem to belong elsewhere. As they are rather scattered in occurrence no sufficient study has been made of these forms. It may be that several little species run into each other Peck says they are very palatable when fried in butter, but their small ^ize does not attract the collector who is looking for a meal. 235. Psalliota echinata Fr Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 155 (as Pholiota) Cooke, 111., PI. 395 (as Inocybe) Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 31, Fig. 6 (as Inocybe) Montagne, in Ann. Sci. Nat 1836, PI. 10, 'Fig. 3 (as Agaricus oxyosmus) PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, obtusely campanulate then expanded, margin at first incurved and somewhat appendiculate, then recurved, densely covered with smoky-brown, minute-floccose, wart-like or 246 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN pointed scales^ not striate^ sometimes rimose in age. FLESH whitish at first, then reddish, thin. GILLS free, thin, narrow, crowded, bright pink to old rose-color, finally dark purplish-red. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, equal, stuflfed with loose white fib- rils then tubular, elsewhere soon blood-red within, surface floccosely- pulverulent with a smoky bloom below the annulus, often mycelioid- swoUen at base. VEIL floccose-submembranaceus, easily lacerated, concolor, forming an imperfect ANNULUS. Spores minute, ellip- tical, 4-5 X 2-2.5 micr., smooth, with a tinge of purple-lrown under microscope, many immature and hyaline, cinnabar-purple brown in mass. CYSTIDIA none. Trama of gills composed of large cells, about 20 micr in diameter ODOR and TASTE slight, not of cu- cumber, even after crushing. Subcaespitose or gregarious, in a green-house of the Michigan Agricultural College, East Lansing. September. Rare. As shown by the references, this plant has been placed in three different genera. It is therefore diflScult of identification, the more so because of its rarity It seems that the spores mature slowly, or perhaps in some regions or under hot-house conditions do not take on a purplish tinge. Under the microscope some of the spores of our specimens showed the usual delicate tint in the exospore which is characteristic of many of this group. Fries (in Hymen. Europ.) says he never saw them rosy Patouillard says they are hyaline under the microscope but that on a white background they appear tawny ("fauve") Ricken applies the word "erdfarbig.'^ All the illustrations picture our plant well, which, to quote Berkeley, "is a most curious species." In Europe it occurs in hot-houses al- most exclusively Stropharia Fr (From the Greek, strophos, a sword-belt, referring to the annulus.) Purple-brown-spored. Stem fleshy, confluent with the pileus; an- nulus membranous or fibrillose-floccose. Gills attached. SPORES purple-brown or violet. Pileus usually viscid. Putrescent, terrestrial or coprinophilous, of medium size, in fields, barnyards, dung hills or forest. They correspond to Armil- laria of the white-spored, and Pholiota of the ochre^rown-spored groups in the adnate gills and annulate stem; differing from Hypboloma in that the veil collapses on the stem to form an annulus, instead of remaining as a fringe on the margin of the pileus. It would be preferable, in my judgment, to limit the genus to CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 247 those Species with a viscid pellicle, but with the data at hand it seems best to defer this arrangement. Kicken divides the genus by the size of the spores, but this method neglects other more im- portant morphological characters. On the other hand, some species could be better located in the genus Hypholoma as is done by Ricken for S. caput-medusae Fr., fif. scoMnaceum Fr. and 8. iattarae Fr There are then two sections: Viscipelles and Spintrigeri. Key to the Species (a) Pileus with bluish-green or olive shades, viscid, (b) Stem 4-7 mm. thick, greenish-blue, pileus thick, green, on debris in woods. 236. 8. aeruginosa Fr, (bb) Stem 1.5-2 mm. thick, long and slender; pileus thin, olvaceous- gray; on dung and mud. (See 268. Psilocyhe uda PV.) (aa) Pileus without green or olive, (b) Stem ventricose-radicating ; pileus umber to tawny-alutaceus, viscid. 237. 8. ventricosa Mass. (bb) Stem not radicating, (c) Parasitic on Coprinus, whitish. 244. 8. epimyces (Pk.) Atk. (cc) Not parasitic; pileus viscid or subviscid. (d) Growing on dung, (e) Pileus citron-yellow, 2-5 cm. broad; common, (f) Pileus persistently hemispherical. 242. 8. semigloJ>ata Fr. (ff) Pileus convex-subexpanded. 241. 8. stercoraria Fr. (ee) Pileus ochraceous-brown, 1-2.5 cm. broad, conic-campanu- late. 243. 8. umhonatescens Pk. (dd) Not on dung, (e) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, cinnamon-drab, viscid, stem squar- rose-scaly 238. 8. depilata Fr. (e) Pileus" 1-4 cm. broad, (f) Gills strongly violet-purplish; pileus ochraceous-pallid. 240. 8. coronilla Bres. (f) Gills strongly gray-tinged, pileus white to buff. 239. 8, alhonitens Fr. Section I Viscipelles, Pileus provided with a distinct gelatinous pellicle, hence viscid; glabrous or scaly * Growing on the ground or on debris. 236. Stropharia aeruginosa Fr (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. , Illustrations- Cooke, 111., PI. 551. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 650. Kicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 63, Fig. 4. Pattouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 231. Swanton, Fungi, PI. 38, Fig. 7-9. Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, pt. II, PI. 64, 1913. 248 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN PILEUS 2^5 cm. broad (often rather small in our climate). Campanulate-convex, at length plane, subumbonate, covered with verdigris-green^ thick gluten^' hence viscid, sometimes dotted with scattered, white scales, especially on margin, at length fading to yellowish, pellicle separable. FLESH pallid, or tinged blue, rather soft, thickish. GILLS broadly adnate, sometimes emarginate-sin- uate, rather broad, close, whitish at first, soon drab-gray or reddish- gray, finally purplish-chocolate-brown, edge white and minutely flocculose. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, equal, hollow, soft, greenish-hlue^ viscid^ at first scaly or fibrillose below the annulus. ANNULUS distant from apex, narrow, submembranous, here and there floccose, subevanescent. SPOEES pale, smooth, 7-8 x 4-5 micr., oval-elliptical. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, clavate, lanceo- late. , On debris in hemlock woods, and occasionally in f rondose woods. Houghton, New Richmond, Detroit. August-October. Infrequent. Although this is a brightly colored and strijiing plant, we have come across it infrequently, but in Europe it is said to be very common in forest, field and garden. The gills sometimes run down the apex of the stem in lines. The annulus is sometimes lacking. Our plants are.well shown by the figures of European authors, and seem to agree perfectly It is said to be poisonous. It is probably more common northward. 237. Stropharia ventricosa Massee British Fungus Flora, Vol. I, p. 400, 1892. Illustration Cooke, 111., PL 1188 (as S. inerdaria var. major) PILEUS 3-5 cm. broad, parabolic then convex-expanded, margin for long time decurved, very viscid, somewhat uneven when young, glabrescent and shining pale umber at firsty then tawny -alutaceus. FLESH white, thick on disk, abruptly thin on margin. GILLS adnate, at length decurrent by tooth, close, rather narrow, pallid at first, then mouse-gray with purplish tinge, finally purplish- brown. STEM 8-12 cm. or more long, ventricose-radicating, up to 15 mm. thick at broadest part, thinner above, rooting-attenuate at ' base, sometimes subequal, white at first, becoming dingy yellowish, dry, covered up to the annulus hy squarrose scales, markedly striate above, stuffed, whitish within. ANNULUS persistent, white, large, striate above. SPORES 9-12 x 5-6 micr., elliptical, smooth, with a purple tinge under the microscope, brown in mass. CYSTIDIA CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 249 oval or short ventricose, obtuse at apex, about 45 x 24 micr., hya- line. Caespitose on very decayed debris about stumps and roots in forest of hemlock, maple, etc. Bay View September Rare. This has very much the stature of Cooke's figure of PhoUota radi- cosa (111., PI. 361) and grows in similar places, but the pileus of our plants has a glabrous, viscid pellicle, and the spores are purple- tinged. The odor was not noted. The root-like prolongation pushes deep down into the debris and the mycelium was attached to dead roots. This agrees so well with Massee's description that I have ventured to refer it thither, in spite of its larger size and more scaly stem. 238. Stropharia depilata Fr Hymen. Europ., 1871. Illustrations Harper, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Vol. 16, PI. 62 and 63, 1913. PILEUS 4-12 cm. broad, firm, convex to plane or broadly umbo- nate, obtuse, glabrous, viscid^ light cinnamon-drab (Kidg.) when young and with a smoky tinge, at length dark olive-buff or pinkish- buff (Eidg.), even on the decurved margin which is sometimes ap- pendiculate when young. FLESH whitish, thick except the thin margin. GILLS adnate, often subdecurrent and running down the stem in lines, close to crowded, broad, pallid at first, soon pale piirple-dral) (Ridg.) or ashy, at length purplish-black. STEM 6-12 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, subequal or subventricose, stuffed, whitish within and without, becoming yellowish-tinged, clothed ielow an- nulus by subsquarrose, lacerate, fibrillose or floccose whitish or creamy-yellow scales, apex glabrescent, often deeply immersed at base. ANNULUS distant, membranous, persistent, at first white, firm and erect, then deflected and clove-brown (Ridg.) SPORES elliptical, smooth, 9-12 x 5-6.5 micr., dark-gray with tint of purple under microscope. CYSTIDIA none. Edge of gills with sterile cells. ODOR none. TASTE tardily disagreeable. Solitary or subgregarious, rarely subcaespitose , among debris or about logs and stumps in mixed woods of balsam, spruce, birch, etc. Northern Michigan. Frequent locally September-October. The large size, scaly stem and slate-gray gills are the striking characteristics of this species. Harper reports it from Neebish Island. It is also an inhabitant of the Adirondack Mountains, 250 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN where I have collected it. It seems to fruit preferably in the autumn and in dry weather. 239, Stropharia albonitens Fr (Suspected) Monographia, 1863. Illustrations Fries, Icones, PI. 130, Fig. 2. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 63, Fig. 3. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, campanulate^ then plane-subumbonate, with a viscid pellicle^ white to 'buff, sometimes yellowish-tinged on disk, becoming gray on margin, shining when dry, glabrous,' even. FLESH white, moist, thin. GILLS adnate becoming emarginate, subdistanty rather broad, ventricose, gray to purplish-gray then darker, edge minutely white-fimbriate. STEM elongated, 3-7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, equal, stuffed with a white pith then hollow, whitish, tinged yellow in age, yellowish within, dry, pruinose or flocculose. ANNULUS superior, white, evanescent, soon colored by spores. SPORES 7-9x4-5 micr., elliptical, smooth, purple-brown in mass. OYSTIDIA. ODOR none. On the ground in open, grassy woods. Ann Arbor October. Known by the gray color of the gills and the yellowish tinge to the stem in age. 240. Stropharia coronilla Bres. (Suspected) Fung. Trid., Vol. I, 1881 (Fr., Syst. Myc, 1821). Illustrations Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 63, Fig. 5. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 232. Cooke, 111., PI. 535. PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, convex-expanded, subviscid, even, ochraceouswhitishy glabrous, subpruinose when dry FLESH white, rather thick. GILLS adnate, rounded behind or sinuate, ventricose, close, moderately broad, fusoous-violaceous then purple-llaclcish, edge white-fimbriate. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, equal or slightly tapering upward, stuffed then hollow, dry, white, minutely flocculose above the annulus, flbrillose below then shining. AN- NULUS thickish-membranous, persistent, distant from apex, striate above, SPORES 8-9.5 x 4-5 micr., elliptic-ovate, violet-purple un- der microscope, smooth. CYSTIDIA short, broadly clavate, round- CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 251 ed but apiculate above. ODOR slight, unpleasant. On the ground in woods of white pine and beech. New Richmond. September Infrequent* This, differs from 8. albonitens in the strong violet color of gills and spores. The cap is more ochraceous and more convex. The gills are more crowded. This seems to be closely related to 8. melasperma Fr., and the cystidia figured for .that species by Patouil- lard (Tab. Analyt., No. 555) are characteristic of our specimens. 8. Ulamellata Pk. is a much larger plant, with larger spores, and the thick annulus has radiating gill-like ridges on its upper surface. (See Peck, PI. 112, Fig. 5-10, N. Y State Mus. Bull. 122, 1908 and Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, Pt. II, PL 65.) ** Growing on dung. 241. Stropharia stercoraria Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 538. Harper, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Vol. 17, Pt. II, PL 67. PILEUS 2-6 cm. broad, convex-hemispherical, then "broadly con- vex or subexpanded, viscid from the separable, gelatinous pellicle, glabrous, even, citron-yellotv^ buflf or whitish when dry, often stained by the spores. FLESH white or tinged yellow, thin on margin, soft. GILLS adnate at length subdecurrent, very broad, close, um- ber-fuscous to purglish-olivaceous or blackish, edge white flocculose, STEM 6-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. thick, elongated-cylindrical, stuffed by white pith then hollow, base thicker, yellowish-white, covered up to the evanescent, narrow annulus by the floccose-scaly thin remains of a membranaceus veil. SPOEES large, elongated-elliptical, 15-21 X 8-12 micr., variable in size, smooth, violet-purple under microscope, blackish-purple in mass. "CYSTIDIA on the sides and edge of the gills, lanceolate, 50-70x12-18 micr'' (Eicken.) TASTE of pellicle slightly bitter On dung hills, manure piles or similar places, gregarious. Throughout the State. May-October. Common, apparently more common than the next, at least in southern Michigan. So close in appearance to 8. semiglobata that they are difficult of easy separation. 8. stercoraria is apparently almost limited to dung or manure, while the other has a wider range. It differs microscopic- 252 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ally according to Eicken, by the presence of cystidia which occur also on the sides of the gills and which are absent in ^8". semiglobata ex- cept on the edge. The pileus of the latter is more persistently hemis- pherical. A sterile form has been observed, in every particular like the above, except that the gills remained pale yellow or straw- color, spores were lacking at full expansion of the pileus and the hymenium was composed of large, inflated, sterile cells in place of the basidia. 242. Stropharia semiglobata Fr (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations Cooke, 111., PI. 539. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 651. Patouillard, Tab, Analyt., No. 234. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 63, Fig. 2. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 30, p. 31, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 260, p. 320, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 4, PL 56, Fig. 3. PILEUS 14 cm. broad, persistently hemispherical ^ very viscid from the pellicle, glabrous and naked, even, citron-yellow, shining when dry, faded in age, stained purplish-black by spores. FLESH thick on disk, thin on margin, pallid, soft. GILLS broadly adnate, very feroad, close to subdistant, olive-gray to purplish-brown, clouded blackish, edge minutely white floccose. STEM 5-12 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, subequal or cylindrical, straight, hollow^ rigid, often viscid when young or fresh, covered below up to the narrow annulus by the thin, membranous, flocculose veil. SPORES elliptical, 15-18 X 9-10 micr., smooth, violet-purple under the microscope, brownish- purple in mass. CYSTIDIA only on edge of gills, short-filamentous, 30-45 X 3-4 micr. (Ricken.) On dung hills and grassy places in the open. Probably through- out the State. May-October Frequent. See notes on the preceding. 243. Stropharia umbonatescens Pk. (Suspected) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 30, 1878. Illustrations : Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 7, Pt. II, PL 65, B. Plate LI of this Report. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARlCS 263 PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, conico-campanulate^ at length more or less mammilately umbonate, with a viscid pellicle, pale ochraceous- brownish or grayish on margin, umbo bright ochraceous brown to reddish-brown^ even or obscurely substriate, shining, glabrous. FLESH thin, pallid. GILLS adnate to adnate-decurrent, broad to subtriangular, close, at first whitish then gray, finally purplish- brown to blackish. STEM 5-10 cm. long, slender, equal, stuffed then hollow, toughish, pallid, tinged ochraceous, covered at first by thin, obscure, scaly remnants of the veil up to the fugacious AN- NULUS. SPOEES 17-19 x 10 micr., elliptical, smooth, purple-brown under microscope, dark purplish in mass. ODOR often strong of radish or foetid. Gregarious on dung hills or about manure heaps. September- October. Ann Arbor Not infrequent. Much more slender and with a thinner, smaller cap than the two preceding , also, the cap is very different in shape. Its rather foetid odor and large spores distinguish it from others. It is close to S, paradoxa P Henn. in the shape of pileus and size of spores. Section 11, Spintrigerl. Pileus without a distinct pellicle, usually innately fibrillose, not viscid. 244. Stropharia epimyces (Pk.) Atk. Plant World, Vol. X, Figs. 21-24, p. 121, 1907 N Y. State Mus. Kep. 35, 1884 (as Panoeelus epimyces Pk.) Jour My col.. Vol. 8, 1902 (as Stropharia coprinophila Atk.) Illustrations: Atkinson, Plant World. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 227, p. 341, 1908 (as Panoeolus). Miss Sherman, Jour. Mycol., Vol. II, PI. 80, opp. p. 169, 1905 (as Panoeolus j PILEUS 2-6 cm. broad, rarely larger, at first globose-oval, then convex-expanded, sometimes margin is elevated in age, silky-fibril- lose, white then dingy, even, margin at times appendiculate. FLESH thick except the thin margin, white. GILLS narrowly adnate, rather narrow, broader in front, close, thin, grayish at first then blackish-brown, edge white-fimbriate. STEM 2-7 cm. long, 5-15 mm. thick, fleshy,, equal or tapering upward, solid-stufifed then hollow, soft, flocculose-mealy, striate, white-annulate near the base from the white floccose-veil, often abruptly obconic at base where it is in- serted in the depression (often volva-like) of the host mushroom. SPORES, oval-elliptical, 7-8.5x3.5-5 micr., smooth, dark purple- 254 THE AGARICAOBAE OF MICHIGAN hroivn under microscope, almost black in mass. CYSTIDIA on sides and edge of gills, clavate or subventricose on a slender stalk, obtuse at apex, 40-60 x 10-14 micr., abundant on edge. BA8IDIA 25-35x7-9 micr., 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE mild. Parasitic, from one to seven on the host , on Coprinus atramenta- rius and Coprinus comatus. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Port Huron. September-November Infre- quent. This curious Agaric, like Nyctalis asterophora and the European Volvaria loveiana, seems to have no other home than on the founda- tion furnished by some species of another Agaric. Rumors have come to me that it occurs also on (7- micaceous, but no specimens have been seen. It is distributed over northeastern North America, having been seen in the states of New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and by Dr Pennington in Canada as far west as Winni- peg. It is a good Stropharia, although at first referred by Peck to Panoeolus with a suggestion that it might be put under Hypholoma. As Atkinson has shown (Plant World), the nature of the veil and annulus and the purple tinge to the spores are Stropharia char- acters. The host mushrooms are deformed and may not de- velop sufficiently to be recognized. Excellent specimens were re- ceived from Mr. A. W Goodwin of Port Huron. Harper has pointed out (Mycologia, Vol. 5, p. 167) that the figures of an European species, Pilosace algeriensis Fr., by Lanzi (Fung. Mang,, PI. 67, Fig. 3) may represent our plant. An examination of these figures has convinced me that there is a probability that they illustrate our species. It remains very doubtful, however, whether Lanzfs plant when fresh had free gills. In any case, our plant is not a Pilosace, although collectors may disagree as to whether it is a Stropharia or a Hypholoma. Hypholoma Fr (From the Greek, hypha, a web, and loma, a fringe; referring to the fringe left by veil on margin of pileus.) Purple-brown-spored. Stem fleshy, confluent with the pileus ; gills adnateseceding. Veil hreahing away from the stem, leaving shreds or a silky Dorder on the margin of the pileus, flocculose-fibrillose. Margin of pileus at first incurved. Putrescent fungi, growing on decaying wood or on the ground, often very caespitose around stumps or decayed roots of trees. The CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 255 genus corresponds to Tricholoma of the wliite-spored group, in the lack of a true annulus and by the attached gills. Many of the Hypholomas are, however, much thinner and more fragile than the Tricholomas. It differs from Stropharia and Psalliota in that the veil which is Gortinate remains as a fringe on the margin of the pileus instead of forming an annulus on the stem. It is more difficult to separate the thin-capped species from Psilocybe. The latter differs in some cases only in a relative sense. The cortina-like veil in Psilocybe is only very slightly developed and leaves no shreds on the margin of the pileus or on the surface as in the hygrophanous species of Hypholoma. An account of the development of H sub- lateritium by Miss Allen (Ann. Myc, Vol, 4, p. 387, 1906) shows that the young button is surrounded by a universal veil. This is probably also true of the hygrophanous species where this outer veil often leaves flocculent particles on the surface of the young cap. The genus is divided into two sections whose species are notably •different in their general appearance and the texture of the flesh. In the first section the PILEUS is thick, compact and firm, in the second, it is rather thin, somewhat fragile and soft. The former have usually brighter colors, while the latter are brownish, gray br white. The GILLS vary much in color during the course of their development. This character is often used to separate the species, but is less reliable for the purpose than in the genus Cortinarius. The STEM is fleshy, and in the fragile forms 'it is soon hollow, The SPORES are elliptical except in H. populina Britz. var., where they are variously shaped. In H velutinum and H, rugocephalum they are more or less tuberculate. Many species have CYSTIDIA on the sides of the gills, or sac-shaped sterile cells on the edge. The large fleshy ones are edihley although at times they develop a dis- agreeable bitter taste. This is thought by some to be due to the passage of the larvae of insects through the flesh, needless to say, such bitter plants should not be eaten. Of the thin ones, H incertum and allied forms are much sought after Key to the Species (A) PUeus firm, compact, not hygrophanous, duU reddish or yeUow; caespitose. (a) Pileus dark brick-red, especially on disk. . (b) Gills at first whitish. 245. H. suhlateritium Ft. (bb) Gills at first yellow. 245. H. snUateritium var. perplexum Pk.