Veith re
x >
LOnG RV?

an hf :
eye np “24
“ALI

f

x e j
“\
4
‘

hi
Hi ak |
vor, os i i ‘

ang

1
CN igs \ oe Pp
(an { ate

tf }

‘ ‘ ia
rae Le ee

i ' 7 P|
Neen
: iu
raf
Dig

qi
ir ‘ rd wv 7 an)
i j .
Ops l«
! i Ht ' r
!
{
in f
‘ Ps uy “h
an |
( Ne? eb
‘ iat v
ns Sa
if | i ve ¥
Yau)
: my
: ,
" j , ‘
a 4 “a *
i ‘
}
h f
i
a a
Pi 7
4 i
t »
4 hy*
iy }
; Tria wry
7 i necks mA
i ye) Ca , i
é 4 f
i
iw }

a

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY:

AN

ENUMERATION AND DESCRIPTION

OF

USEFUL PLANTS AND WEEDS,

WHICH MERIT THE NOTICE, OR REQUIRE THE ATTENTION,

OF

AMERICAN AGRICULTURISTS.

os

BY WILLIAM DARLINGTON, M. yee

ZARN snd
ae}
‘ge ro
ay
a Ba
i -~ Pres
~~
Hic Segetes, illic veniunt felicius Uvae: , tee
Arborei fetus alibi, atque injussa virescunt i —
Gramina. Virgil, Georg. 1. NY =

Here golden harvests wave, there Vineyards glow,
Fruit bends the bough, or Herbs unbidden grow.
Sotheby.

PHILADELPHIA :
J. W. MOORE, 1388 CHESNUT STREET.

NEW YORK:
MARK H. NEWMAN & CO.,199 BROADWAY.

ENTERED according to Act of Congress. in the year one thousand eight hundred
and forty seven (Lt47), in the Clerk’s office of the District Court of the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania.

I. C. DARLINGTON, PRINTER,
LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA.

TO THE YOUNG FARMERS

OF THE UNITED STATES,
THIS HUMBLE ATTEMPT
TO AID AND PERSUADE THEM

TO CULTIVATE A DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE,

ESSENTIAL TO AN ENLIGHTENED AGRICULTURE,
AND
INDISPENSABLE TO AN ACCOMPLISHED YEOMANRY,
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY

THE AUTHOR.

Sy * ia 2 end owsar ane on

~> . « : =

Chee eres 5 aires auriyy agi a
SS ben amber n naqedy aug aa

2
«

aa . so RE eth ‘yaa, ha ane
‘prs 4 orden Maki ate She’ |
eda to rear mae A eaten ae

“ % ‘ .

= i , ) 3

Panta nave éyicwsheiine te Wk OP KR
7 j aa i . ron ; e zi : oe

-PREFATORY.

AGRICULTURE, in a broad and legitimate sense, being a compre-
hensive system of. Natural Science—involving more especially a
practical acquaintance with the useful portion of the Vegetable
Creation,—I have long thought it due to the Profession, and desira-
ble in every point of view, that the young Farmers of the United
States should acquire an exact knowledge of the Plants which it
immediately concerns them to know; and that they should be ena-
. bled to designate, and treat of them, with the precision and methodi-
cal perspicuity which belong to scientific language and arrangement.
Under this impression, and in the hope of promoting an object
deemed so important, the present work has been compiled. In sub-
mitting it to those for whom it is more particularly intended, I am
not unaware that its technical features are ill-suited to the notions
of many plodding disciples of the old school of Agriculture, who
despise every form of knowledge derivable from Booss,— and whose
ideas never stray beyond the manual operations of the field and the
barn-yard. It is scarcely probable, indeed, that any written trea-
tise— though couched in the most familiar dialect— would obviate
the objections, or conciliate the prejudices, of such antiquated tillers
of the soil. My views, therefore, have not been directed to that
unpromising quarter. I address myself to the youthful and aspiring
Agriculturists of our country, who seek to elevate their noble Pro-
fession to its just rank among human pursuits,—and who feel that
the exercise of zztellect, as well as of muscle, is indispensable to
the accomplishment of their purpose.

I have preferred to treat of the Plants, which it more immediately
behoves the farmer to be acquainted with, according to the most
approved method of our day, and in the /anguage of Systematic Bo-
tany. By exhibiting as much of the classification, or frame-work
of the Science, as is requisite to present the Genera and Species,
here described, in their natural and relative positions, the Student
will be enabled to comprehend their connection with the other por-
tions of the System, and to examine them, as the Geologists say, 77
situ. In that process, he will necessarily have to learn something
of their structure, and essential character; and that I should con-
sider as an important advantage,—even if his researches should
there terminate. His knowledge, however limited, will be estab-
lished on a correct basis,—and will be always available in his inter-
course with men of science: But, to those who may subsequently
resolve upon a more extended acquaintance with the vegetable
kingdom, such knowledge will be a clear gain, and a valuable pre-
liminary step;—that step which, according to the proverb, is the
only one which costs.

In adopting the machinery of Science—preferring the botanical to
the popular names of plants, as well as arranging them in kindred

groups—lI have supposed that such a plan would be most conducive
A*

Vi PREFATORY

to accuracy of conception,— and would, in fact, facilitate the inves-
tigation of their true character. By employing names, and phrases,
which have an exclusive application, and a definite meaning, the
study of plants is really simplified; and the knowledge acquired—
being thereby communicable with more readiness and precision—is
greatly enhanced in practical value. By using, every where, the
same terms in the same sense, men of different regions, or districts,
can be sure that they comprehend each other’s meaning,— and may
then discuss questions understandingly. When disputes arise, touch-
ing the merits or demerits of particular plants, both parties will have
clear conceptions of the objects referred to,—and will consequently
have the advantage of knowing exactly what they are talking
about :— which is far from being always the case when they make
use of a variable popular nomenclature.

It is a great mistake, in my opinion, to suppose that the significant
language of our Science must necessarily be merged in the vernacu-
lar idiom, or degraded into a local patozs, in order to adapt it to the
capacities of intelligent practical men. An active intellect, I think,
more readily acquires zew terms, appropriate to a Science, than 2ew
meanings of old familiar words: and hence it is that most persons,
as they advance in any department of knowledge, are apt to discard
all equivocal terms, and to substitute those which are definite, tech-
nical.and peculiar. Instead, therefore, of writing down to the level
of boorish apprehension, I would rather see Agricultural works gra-
dually written wp to the scientific standard. I would have our young
Farmers taught to appreciate the importance of scientific precision,
and incited to take their appropriate position in the intellectual com-
munity.

In the present work, it is hoped and believed that with the aid of
the copious Glossary, the Index of Common Names and Synonyms,
and the other facilities annexed, there can be no difficulty in becom-
ing familiar with the terms employed, nor in the investigation of the
plants enumerated :* And the farmer who shall have accomplished
that much, will find that he has obtained many new and interesting
views of objects intimately connected with his Profession,—that he
has acquired a capacity for observing and profiting by numerous pro-
cesses and phenomena, in the vegetable economy, which had thereto-
fore been unheeded, or imperfectly understood. A spirit of research
will often be awakened, which, in itself, is an unfailing source of
gratification to ingenuous minds,—and not unfrequently leads to
important practical results. ;

The study of Borany, in its widest sense—comprising, as it does,
the entire vegetable creation,—will ever have its select votaries in
those who can appreciate its manifold charms, and find their reward
in the pleasures incident to the pursuit: But when regarded in a

* As a convenient and satisfactory mode of acquiring the requisite Botanical
knowledge—and of keeping that knowledge always within reach. in case of
forgetfulness,—I would recommend to the young Farmer. the formation of a se-
lect Herbarium, containing authentic specimens—neatly prepared. and appropri-
ately labelled—of those plants which it is his interest to be acquainted with.—
Such a Collection could readily be obtained by every one who has the taste, or
even the curiosity, to extend his information in that direction. It would afford
instructive subjects for investigation, and comparison, in seasons of leisure ; and
the contents, being duly arranged, could be examined, or referred to. with the
like facilites, and advantages, as attend the consultation of a Dictionary.

PREFATORY Vil

more limited and practical point of view, it may fairly challenge the
attention even of the most inveterate Utilitarians. ‘There are three
aspects, or relations of the Science, in which its importance will
searcely be denied by the most penurious calculator of economical
values: namely, 1. Agricultural Botany,—2. Medical Botany,—
and 3. -Artistical Botany, or the history of those plants which are
employed, or afford materials, in the processes of the Arts and Man-
ufactures. The Medical branch of the science has been often treated
of, with something like system, by the Professional writers of Europe
and America. The other two divisions less frequently, and with
less method, in various Agricultural Journals, Cyclopaedias, and
Mercantile Dictionaries. The attempt here made, is an Essay on
the Agricultural branch,—or asystematic description of those Plants
(both useful and pernicious) which more immediately interest Amer-
ican Farmers—especially those in the middle States of this Confede-
racy. The Botany of the Arts, whenever undertaken, will afford a
‘highly interesting theme for some future laborer in this elegant de-
partment of Natural History.

In compiling this Farmer’s Flora, I found it somewhat difficult to
determine, satisfactorily, the line of demarcation between the Plants
intitled to a place in it, and those which might properly be omitted.
It may, perhaps, be thought by some, that the list is unnecessarily
large,—while others may be of opinion that there are species left
out, which ought to have been inserted. My aim has been—not,
certainly, to describe all the plants which an accomplished Agri-
culturist might very properly desire to know; but—to include
those only (whether in the*woodlands, the fields, or the kitchen-
garden,) of which no intelligent Farmer would willingly be ignorant.
When he shall have made himself familiar with these, he can extend
his acquaintance with the Vegetable Tribes, at pleasure, by having
recourse to more general anit comprehensive works: such, for ex-
ample, as the Flora of North America by Torrey and Gray,—or
Prof. De Canpotie’s Prodromus of a Natural System, comprising
all the known forms of vegetation upon this terraqueous globe.

In my humble opinion, no Education can be deemed sufficient,
without some acquaintance with the rudiments, or first principles,
of Botanical Science some rational knowledge of the vast and
multiform creation around us, known as the Vegetable Kingdom. I
consider such knowledge just as indispensable to a rightly instructed
people, as any of the usual elementary branches of school learning.
By this, however, I do not mean the smattering of a few obsolete
terms, unconnected with any available ideas—which, in too many
-instances, passes under the imposing name of ** Botany ’’?: but I do
mean, that thorough conception of the general nature and relations
of Plants, which may be acquired by the aid of such works as the
Botanical Text-Book of Prof. A. Gray. In all other employments,
it is very properly expected that a workman shall not only be expert
in the manipulations of his art, but shall also be well acquainted.
with the nature of his materials: and I can perceive no good reason
why it is not equally incumbent on a practical farmer to understand
the true character of those plants, which it is his especial interest
either to cultivate or to extirpate.

If our American Youths, who are being educated with a view to

Vill PREFATORY

Agricultural pursuits, were thoroughly instructed in the admirable
Text-Book-, above referred to,—and were then required to make
theniselves: botanically acquainted with that portion of the vegeta- -
ble kingdom which annually demands their attention, on the farm,—
_the Profession would speedily assume a new and engaging aspect.
The labors of the field would be blended with the contemplation of
facts and phenomena of the deepest interest to inquiring minds,—
and Agriculture—instead of being shunned as an irksome drudgery ~
—would be justly esteemed as one of the noblest employments, of a
free and intellectual people.

' If the present Essay may in any degree tend to promote. that aus-
picious result, the Author will derive a sincere gratification from the
‘belief, that the time and attention devoted to its preparation have
not been wholly misapplied.

West-CuesTer, PENNA.
June, 1847.

GLOSSARY

OF THE

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK.

7/3 The reader will bear in mind, that where compound descriptive terms are
employed in this work, the last member of the compound word is intended to give
the predominant character,—and that the word or syllable prefixed, merely indi-
cates a modification of that character :—as, for example,—* ovate-lanceolate ”
signifies lanceolate, but inclining somewhat to ovate; while “Jance-ovate” means
ovate with something of the lanceolate form, &ce. So of colors: “ yellowish-green,”
“bluish-green,” &e. signify that green is the prevailing hue,—but that it is tinged
with a shade of yellow, blue, &c. Terms indicative of the size of any organ, or
portion of a plant—as “ large,” “small,” or *‘ middle-sized””—are, of course, rela-
tive,—and have reference to the usual or average size of such parts, or organs,
in other species of the same genus, or family.

ABIETINEAE. The Abies Sub-order, or) Adherent, attached to, or united with,
Pine and Fir section, of the Order| another different organ,—as the calyx-

CONIFERAE. tube to the ovary, &c. See coherent.
Abortion, an imperfect development of|Adnate, adhering laterally; fixed or
any organ. growing to.
Abortive, not arriving at perfection :| Adventitious, happening irregularly ; not
producing no fruit. produced naturally, or usually.
Abrupt, not gradual; sudden. Aestivation. The mode in which sepals
Abruptly acuminate, suddenly narrowed| and petals are arranged in the flower-
to an acumination. bud, before they expand.
Abruptly pinnate. See Even-pinnate. |Aftermath. The second growth of the
Acaulescent, apparently stemless. grasses in the same season, after be-

Accessory, additional, or supernumerary.| ing cut off.
Accumbent cotyledons, having the radi-|AGARIctINAE. A Sub-tribe ofthe Fune1,—
cle applied to the cleft, or recurved] of which Agaricus is the type.
along the edges of the cotyledons|Aggregated, crowded, or standing to-
(represented by this sign, o=),—as in} gether on the same receptacle.
some Tetradynamous or Cruciferous|AGROSTIDEAE. The Agrostis or Herd-
plants. grass tribe of the Order GRAMINEAE.
ACERACEAE. The Aceror Maple family.|AJuGompEAE. The Ajuga tribe of the
Acerose, linear and needle-like,—as Juni-| Order LABIATAE.
per leaves, &c. Akene (or Achenium). A 1-seeded fruit
Achenium. See Akene. with a dry indehiscent pericarp,—
ACHYRANTHEAE. A Tribe of the Order| often bony or nutlike.
AMARANTHACEAE, represented by the/Alae. Whings, or membranous expan-
genus Achyranthes. sions. ‘
Acicular, needle-shaped. Alate, winged; having a membranous
Acrogenous plants. Plants which grow} border.
or develop from the apex or summit.| Albumen. A deposit of nutritive inor-

only, of the stem. ganic matter, distinct from the Em-
Acrogens. ApeX-growers, or acrogenous| bryo, found in many seeds,—and
plants ;—which see. sometimes (as in the grasses) consti-

Aculeate, prickly ; armed with prickles.| tuting their chief bulk. 2
Aculeolate, armed with little prickles. |Albwminous seeds, furnished with, or
Acuminate, ending in a prodnced taper-| containing albumen.

ing point. AucaE. ‘The great aquatic Order, or
Acumination. An extended tapering| family, of Sea-weeds.

point. AutsMAcEAE. The Alisma, or Water-
Acute, sharp; ending in an angle, or} Plantain, family of plants.

point; not rounded. ALISMEAE. A Swb-order of ALISMACEAE,
ADENOSTYLEAE. A division of the Sub-| specially typified by the genus Alisma.

tribe EUPATORIEAE,—characterized by| Alternate, not opposite ; placed alter-

glandular styles. nately on the axis, or receptacle.

x GLOSSARY

Alveolate, having pits, or cells like a)Anther, The knob, or capsule, contain-

honeycomb. : ing the pollen,—usually supported on
ALYSSINEAE. The Alyssum tribe of the| a fiawieni,

Order CRUCIFERAE. Antheridia. 'The analogues, equivalents,
AMARANTHACEAE. The Amaranthus, or| or representatives of Anthers.

Princes’-Feather, family of plants. | Antheriferous, bearing Anthers.
AMARANTHEAE. A Sub-tribe of Acuy-|Apetalous, destitute of petals; nothaving

RANTHEAE,—typified by the genus] a corolla.

Amaranthus. Apex. The summit, upper or outer end.
AMBROSIEAE. <A division of the Senecto| Aphyllous. destitute of leaves.

tribe of Compostrar,—of which divi-|ANTIRRHINEAE. The Antirrhinum-tribe

sion Ambrosia is the type. of the Order ScROPHULARIACEAE.
Ament. A slender spike of naked and|Apothecia. The cups, or shield-like re-

usually diclinous flowers, with imbri-| ceptacles of the fructificat:ion of the

cated scales or bracts. Lichens.

AMMINEAE. The Ammt tribe of the Appendiculate, having some appendage

UMBELLIFERAE. annexed.
Amplexicaul, embracing or clasping the| Appressed, pressed to, or lying close
stem. against.

AMYGDALEAE. The Amygdalus or Al-
mond Sub-order of the tamily of Ro-
SACEAE.

ANACARDIACEAE. The Anacardiwm or
Cashew-nut family.

Analogue. A body or organ resembling,
substituted for, or equivalent to, ano-
ther body or organ. family of plants.

Anastomosing, applied to branching} Arachnoid, resembling a spider’s web.
vessels which inosculate, or unite]ARarracear. The Aralia or Spikenard
again, like net-work. family of plants.

Anatropous ovule, or seed. Turned:| Ayborescent, approaching the size or
inverted on the funiculus, so that the height of a tree.
orifice, or apex, points towards the] 4rcwate, curved, or bent like a bow.
placenta. Aveola. A small cavity,—as in the base

Aacipiial, two-edged ; somewhat flatted.| of some akenes.

wiih opposite edges. _ |Arid, dry, as if destitute of sap.
Andogynous, having staminate and pis-| 4,7/Jate, having an arillus. /
tillate flowers distinct, but on the| 4;j/7ys. An expansion of the funteulus

same spike, or plant. or seed-stalk, forming a loose (and
ANDROPOGONEAE. The Andropogon 0%) often fleshy) coating of the seed.

Indian-grass tribe, of the Order GRA-| 47istate, awned; having awns, or bristle-

5) like processes.
ANGIOGASTERES. A Sub-tribe of the|ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. The Aristolochia or

Founel,—with the sporules in a ven- Snake-root famuly. :

tral sac. Armed. having thorns or prickles.
Angiospermous, having the seeds con- Aromatic, having a spicy flavor or fra-

tained in a distinct pericarp or seed-| grance.

vessel. ARTEMISIEAE. A division of the Suab-

Angulate, having angles, or corners}| tyjpe ANTHEMIDEAE.—of which the
mostly of a determinate number. | eenus Artemisia is the type.

Anisate, resembling anise-seed, in taste] 47ieylated, jointed ; connected by joints,
or odor. ' : eat. OL places of separation.

Annotinous, applied to leaves, &¢e. which| 4,1ieulations. Joints; the places at

are annual, of renewed every year. which articulated members are sepa-
Annual, living or enduring but one year.) sable. ;

Aanuliet on sie tora pt B.a'ng- ARUNDINACEAE. The Arundo or Recd-

Annulate, having a ring, or belt. aA or GRAMINEAE.
Anomalous, not according to rule or ys ag oe foi the. serepnd
4 : ing an exception to usu-|#8°U" "o) id
system ; forming p alanely:

al appearances, or structure. : ; f
Awopnytss. Superior plants,—i. e. cel- ASCLEPIADACEAE. The Asclepias family.

lular plants (as Mosses) which emulate ASCLEPIADEAE. The eet or proper

or resemble the forms of vascular| tribe of the Ascleptas family.

plants; a class of flowerless plants. |AspHopELEAE. A Suborder of LILIACEAE,
Anterior, in front,—as that part of a] yepresented by the genus Asphodelus.

flower next to the bract, or farthest| 4ssurgent,, rising in a curve from a de-

from the axis of inflorescence. clined base.

ANTHEMIDEAR. A Sub-tribe of Senecio-lAsrerEat. The division of the Sub-
like plants, represented by Anthemis. tribe ASTERINEAE most allied to Aster.

Approximate, growing or situated near
each other. . ,

Aquatic, growing naturally in water, or
in wet places.

ARABIDEAE. The Arabis tribe of the Or-
der CRUCIFERAE.

ARACEAE. The Arum or Indian Turnep

GLOSSARY X1

ASTERINEAE. The Sud-tribe of Aster-
like plants, of which Aster is the spe-
cial tyre.

ASTEROWEAR. The Aster-like tribe of the
Order ComMPposITAE.

ATRIPLICEAE. The Atriplex tribe of the
Chenopodium family.

Bi-gibbous, having 2 hunches, or gibbous
productions.

i aaa having or producing two
glands.

BIGNONIACEAE. The Bignonia or Trum-
pet-flower family.

BIGNONIEAE. The Tribe of BIiGNONIACEAE

. Attenuated, tapering gradually until it} specially represented by the genus
becomes slender. Bignonia,

AURANTIACEAE. The Aurantium or Bi-labiate, having 2 lips.

Orange family. Bilamellate, having 2 lamellae, or thin

Auviculate, having rounded appendages| plates.
at base, like ears. Bilocular, having 2 cells.

AVENACEAE. The Avena or Oat Tribe|Bipartible, separable into 2 parts.
of the Order GRAMINEAE. Bipartite, two-parted.

Awn. A slender bristle-like process,—|Bipinnate leaf. Twice pinnate; the
common on the chaff of Grasses:| common petiole having opposite
sometimes on anthers, &c, ; branches, and those branches bear-

Awned, furnished with awns, or bristle- ing opposite articulated leaflets.
like appendages. Bipinnatifid leaf. The common petiole

Awnless, destitute of awns. bearing opposite pinnatifid segments.
Avil. The angle between a leaf and] Bi-rostrate, having 2 beaks.

stem, or branch, on the upper side. | Bi-setose, having 2 bristles.

Axillary, growing in, or proceeding! Bisulcate, having 2 grooves or furrows.
from, the axil. Biternate leaf, twice ternate ; the com-

Axis. A central stem, or peduncle; or,|’ mon petiole 3-parted, and each divi-
a real or imaginary central line €X-| sion, or branch, bearing 3 leaflets.
tending from the base to the summit. Bivalved, having 2 valves.

Baccaie, berried,—becoming fleshy or| Biventricose, having 2 bellied or distend-
succulent, like a berry. _| ed portions.

Bald akenes, naked at summit; desti-| B99. A fine powdery coating on

tute of pappus or crown. . certain fruits, &c. as the plum.
BaLsaMIFLUAE. The Balsam flowing or|Boracrar. The Tribe of BORAGINACEAE

Sweet-Gum family. specially typified by the genus Bozago.
BaMEUSEAE. A Swub-tribe of FEsTUCA-|BoracinacEAE. The Borago family.

cEAE, typified by the genus Bambusa.| Row/-shaped, hemispherical and con-
Barb. A straight process, armed with| cave. or hollow, like a bowl.

one or more teeth pointing backwards. Brachiate, having the branches spread-
Basilar, originating at, or affixed to, the ing, opposite and decussate.

base of another organ. Bract. A floral leaf; a modified leaf,

Beak. A terminal process, like a bird’s| from the axil of which arises the
bill. > : flower-branch, or peduncle.

Beaked, having, or terminating in, 2] Bracteate, furnished with bracts, or mo-
beak: dified leaves among or near the

Bea‘d.d. crested or furnished with pa-| f[owers.
rallel hairs: the term is applied, also. Bracteoles, or Bractlets. Small bracts.
to awned wheat, &c. Bractless, destitute of bracts.

Berry. A pulpy valveless fruit, in which| Branchiets. Small branches, or subdi-
the seeds are imbedded. visions of branches.

Betutacear. The Lelula or Birch/pBrassiczar. The Brassica or Cabbage
fam'ly of plants. tribe of the Order CRUCIFERAE.

Bib;acteate. having 2 bracts. Bristles. Stiffish elastic hairs, straight
Bibructcolate, having 2 small bracts.) oy, hooked.

bractlets, or bracteoles. e :
. ; pan ma ee og : ERoMEAE. A Sub-tribe of FESTUCACEAE,
Bicuspidate, ending in 2 sharp points vypiGed liytne scuns Ekemus.

or cusps. ;
Bidentate, furnished with 2 teeth. BROMELIACEAE, The Bromelia or Pine-
BIDENTIDEAE. A divisicn of the Heli-| apple family of plants.
anthus Sub-tribe, represented by the|Bud. A growing point, or undeveloped
genus Bidens. axis, covered with the rudiments ot
Bunnial, living 2 years—in the second} leaves. _
of which the flowers and fruit are|Bulb. A kind of bud, formed of fleshy
produced—and then dying. seales, or coats, and usually seated
Bifarious, in two series, or oppositc| on the neck of the root,—sometimes
rows ; pointing in two directions. in the axils of the leaves.
Bifid, two-cleft, or split into two seg-| Bulbiferous, bearing or producing bulbs.
ments. Bulbous, formed of, or like, a bulb.
B ‘foliate, having or producing 2 leaves.| Bullate leaf, haviag bubble-like convex-
Bifurcate, forked; ending in two equal] ities on the upper surface, with cor-
»branches. responding cavities beneath.

Xl GLOSSARY

Caducous, falling off immediately, or|Caryopsis. A fruit where the pericarp
earlier than usual for such organs. is very thin, indehiscent, and closely
Calcarate, spurred; having a process| adherent to the surface of the seed,—as
like a horn, or spur,—usually hollow.| in the Grasses, Cyperaceae, &c. See

Callous, firm and gristle-like. | Utricle. re
Callus. A compact gristle-like tubercle,|CassiEaE. The Cassia tribe of the Order
or substance. LEGUMINOSAE.
Calyci form, shaped like a calyx. CATALPEAE. A Sub-tribe of BIGNONTEAE,
Calyculate, having an additional (usually typified by the genus Catalpa.
small) outer calyx, or calyculus. Cauda. A tail. Caudate, having a tail,

Calyptra. The cap, or hood (resembling| 6; tail-like appendage.
the extinguisher of a candle.) on the|C@ylescent, having an evident or true
fructification of the mosses. stem.

Calyx. ‘The flower-cup, or outer (and) cqy?ine, belonging to, or growing on,
sometimes the only) covering of a| the main stem.

flower, usually green lu? i i
fF ae ; ular, made up of little cells, or cavi-
CAMELINEAE. 'The Camelina tribe of the pee fornied of iemirdiianceue sacs.
Go. CRUCIFERAE. Cellular plants. The lower orders of
ampanulate, in the form of a bell. plants (including the Mosses, and those

CAMPYLOSPERMAE. A Sub-order of Um-| below them), composed exclusively
EELLIFERAE, with the face or commis-| of cellular tissue.

sure of the carpels incurved on the/Qprrrpear. The Celtis Sub-order of the
margins, or apparently grooved!” {yp yacrax or Elm family.

1 ise. :
Se Mg or seed. Where|CENTAURIEAE. A Sub-trive of the Cyna-

Campylotropous ovule, : s :
the ovule curves upon itself, and thus| *@ ‘rie of ComposiTax, of which Cen-

brings the orifice, or apex, near 1o| ‘urea is the type.
the apa ; aig Centrifugal inflorescence,—where the
Canaliculate, channelled or furrowed. central flower of a cyme precedes the

Canescent, hoary; clothed witha whitish| Others,-i.e. the flowering commences
or gray pubescence. at the centre and extends successively

vis e to the circumference.
CaNNABINEAE. The Cannabis Sub-order,| centripetal inflorescence, where the

Can ea section, 2 Uriica ae outer flowers of a corymb or umbel
apulaceous, or capillary, long and fine.) precede the inner ones,—i. e. the flow-

Pe pa soe a hair. — sin ahead,| eT expand, mm succession, from the
pare, head-torm ; growing in a head,| circumference to the centre.

or globular mass. : z 7
Capituliform, in the form of a little head. | eee ee one eae ne the Lacan

CaPRIFOLIACEAE. The Caprifolium or| ners.

Honeysuckle family. Cereal, pertaining to Ceres; belonging
Capsular, resembling, or being, a cap-| to those farinaceous grains, or seeds,

sule. of which bread is made,—and over
Capsule. A dry hollow seed vessel—| which the Goddess Ceres was suppos-

usually opening by regular valves,|. ed, by the ancients, to preside.

and definite seams. Cernuous, nodding ; the apex or summit

CARDUINEAE. A Sub-tribe of the Cynara- drooping, or turned downwards.
like CompcsiTa£, of which the genus Cespitose, having many slems growing

Carduus is the type. . | from the same root, forming a tuft, or
CaRicEaE. The Carex or Sedge tribe of| tussock.
the Order CYPERACEAE. Chaff. A dry membrane,—usually the

Carinal. belonging to the keel, or midrib.| small husks, or seed-covers, of the
Carinate, keeled ; having a ridge on the] grasses; also the bracts on the recep-
back, like the keel of a boat. tacle of many compound and other ag-
Carnose, fleshy ; more firm than pulp. gregated flowers.
Carpel. A little fruit; usually a partialiCjafy, bearing chaff; also resembling
pistil, or constituent portion of acom-| ehaff.
pound fruit. _ |Channels. Longitudinal grooves; the
Carpophore. A slender central axis,| jnterstices between the ribs on the
bearing the carpels,—as in UMBELLIFE-| fruit of umbelliferous plants.
RAE. : . , |Channelled, grooved or furrowed.
Carpophylis. The modified leaves which] Op @rarter tin Natural History). The
form the pericarp,—as in the capsule! features of objects, or classes of ob-
of the Gentian family. jects, by which they are known, and
ecg nous, en yet somewhat flex-| qustinguished from each other.
ible, like gristle. :
Parable: % fleshy excrescence, some-|Chartaceous, of a texture resembling
times found at the hilum of seeds. that of paper.
CaRYOPHYLLACEAE. The Caryophillus|CHENoPopIACcEAE. The Chenopodium or
or Clove-Pink family. Goose-foot family.

GLOSSARY xii

CHENOPODIEAE. The Tribe of proper
Chenopodiums, of the Order CHENOPo-
DIACEAE.

CHLOREAE. A Sub-tribe of GENTIANEAE,
represented by the genus Chlora.

and style of a Gynandrous or Orchi-
daceous plant.
Coma. A terminal tuft of hair, bracts,

&e.

Commissure. The line of junction of

CHLORIDEAE. A Tribe of Grasses, typi-| two bodies,—as the face of the ecar-
fied by the genus Chloris. pels (or mericarps), in UMBELLIFERAE.

CHRYSANTHEMEAE. A division of the|Common (petiole, peduncle, &c.), be-
Anthemis Sub-tribe, of which Chyan-| longing to, or sustaining, several simi-
themum is the type. lar subordinate parts.

CHRYSOCOMEAE. A division of Aster-like| Comose, having a tuft or topknot of
plants, of which the genus Chrysocoma| hairs, bracts, or leaves, at summit, or
1s the type. at one end.

Cicairice. A scar,—such as that left at}Compact, condensed,or pressed together.
the place of articulation, after the fall| Complete flower, having both calyx and
of a leaf, &ce. corolla.

CicHorAcEAr. The Tribe of ComposiTaE|CompositaE. The family of Compound,
of which Cichorium is the type. or Syngenesious aggregated flowers.
Cilia. Hairs arranged like eye-lashes,| Compound, not simple,—but made up of

along the margin of a surface. similar simple parts,

Ciliate, fringed, or edged with parallel|Compound flower. An aggregated clus-
hairs, like eye-lashes. ter, or head of syngenesious florets,

Ciliate-serrate, having serraturés resem-| seated on a common receptacle, and
bling cilia, or short eye-lashes. embraced by an involucre, or many=

CimicirucEaE. The Cimicifuga tribe) leaved common calyx.
of the Order RANUNCULACEAE. Compound leaf. Consisting of several

Cinereous, of the color of wood-ashes. leaflets, or laminae, each articulated

Circinate, with the apex rolled back on| with the common petiole, and ullti-
itself, like the young fronds of afern.| mately falling from it.

Circumscissed, cut round transversely, or| Compound Ovary. Consisting of 2 or
opening horizontally, like asnuff-box.]| more carpels, or simple ovaries, co-

Cirrhose, bearing tendrils, or terminating] herimg together.
in a tendril. Compound Umbel. An Umbel in which

Cirrhus. A tendril,—which see. each primary peduncle, or ray, bears

Class. One of the higher or primary di-|_ a small umbel at summit.
visions of plants, or other natural ob-| Compressed, flatted, as if squeezed or
jects, in a systematic arrangement. pressed.

Clavate, club-shaped; thicker towards| Compressed Akene (in compound flow-
the summit, or outer end. ers), flaited, with one edge to the front,

Clavellate, in the form of a little club,—| or periphery. See obcompressed.

i. e. larger at summit. Concave, presenting a hollow or depres-

Claw of apetal. The slender tapering} sed surface. :
portion at base, or below the middle.| Concentric layers, or circles. Circles of

Cleft, split, or divided, less than half way| different sizes, or diameters, with a
to the base: sometimes the division} common centre. é
itself is called a cleft. Concrete, grown together, or united.

Clypeate, in the form of an ancient|Conduplicate, doubled lengthwise, or
shield or buckler. folded together like a sheet of paper,

Coaetaneous flowers, appearing at the} or the leaves of a book.
same time with the leaves. Cone. The woody ament of the Pines;

Coarctate, contracted, or crowded into a| also the fruit of the Hop, &c. —
narrow compass. Conic, Conical, or Conoid, having the

Coccus (plural cocci). A kind of semi-| figure of a cone. ;
baccate indehiscent carpel. Confluent, blended, or running together ;

Cochleate, coiled like a snail-shell. forming a junction.

CcELOsPERMAE. A Suborder of UMBELLI-|Congener. A plant belonging to the same
FERAE, with the face or commissure] génus: nearly related.
of the earpels concave by the incurv-| Conglomerate, clustered or heaped to-
ing of base and apex. gether. ; [

Coherent, united with an organ of the|ConIFERAE. The family of conebearing
same kind,—as stamens coherent with] plants,—as the Pines, &c.
each other, &c. See adherent. Contomycetes. A Tribe of the Order

Collateral, placed side by side; or on the} Funet, or Mushroom family: minute
same side of another organ. powder-like fungi,

Colored, of any other color than green. | Conjugate, in pairs; coupled. j

Columella. A \utle column. Connate, growing together, or cohering.

Column. The axis or central pillar of a] Connective, or Connectivum. The organ
capsule: or the combined filaments! which connects the two cellsof an

B

xiv GLOSSARY

anther,—conspicuous in some of the|Crenwilate, very finely crenate. :

LABIATAE. Crested, having an appendage resembling
Connivent, the summits meeting, orbend-| a cock’s comb.

ing towards each other. _. |Crisp,eurled, or wavy at the edges.
Constant, invariable ; also never failing,| Cristate, crested; having a crest.

or wanting. Cross,or cross-breed. A hybrid, or mule,—
Contiguous, so near as to seem to touch.| produced by the mixing of two nearly
Continuous, without interruption, or ar-| allied species. +.

ticulation. CroTonEAE. A Tribe of EUPHORBIACEAE,
Contorted, twisted; or obliquely over-| represented by the genus Croton.

lapping. Crowded, thickly set; standing in close
Contracted, narrowed, or reduced into a} order, :

smaller compass. Crown. A cireular series of petaloid
Contrary dissepiment. Not parallel, but} appendages at the throat of a corolla;

at right angles, or nearly so, with the} also of chaffy scales at the summit of

valves of the pericarp. an akene. :
Convex, presenting an elevated rounded] Crowned, having appendages resembling
surface. a crown.

Convolute, rolled into a cylindrical form.| Cyown-shaped; resembling the figure of
CONVOLVULACEAE, The Convolvuius or| a crown.

Bind-weed family. Cruciate, or cruciform, having 4 petals
CoNnvoLvuLeaR. ‘Theproper Convolvulus| arranged in form of a eross,—as in
Tribe of the Order CoNVOLVULACEAE.| Tetradynamous flowers. ,
Coraloid, resembling coral, in appear-|CRrucIFERAE. The cross-bearing family

ance. of plants: Tetradynamous plants with
Cordate, heart-shaped, with the sinus or| 4 petals arranged in the form of a
notch at the base. ‘ eross.
Cordate-oblong, oblong, With a cordate|Crustaceous, having a dry brittle shell.
base. t Cryptogamous plants. Plants which are
Coriaceous, tough and leather-like. destitute of visible genuine flowers.
CoRIANDREAE. The Coriandrum Tribe|Cucullate, in the form of a cow]; the
of the Order UMBELLIFERAE. edges rolled in so as to meet at base,
Cormophytes. Plants having a stem, or| and spreading above,—like a hood
axis of growth. thrown back.

Cormus. A fleshy subterraneous stem, of| CucuRBiITAcEAE. The Cucurbita or Gourd
a round or oval figure,andan uniform| family.
compact texture, as in the .4rum, or|CucuRBITEAE. The special Gourd tribe,
Indian Turnep. of the Order CucURBITACEAE.

Cornaceat. The Cornus or Dog-wood|Culm. The stemof the Grasses, and
family. Cyperaceous plants.

Corneous, having the consistence or ap-|Cuneate, or cuneiform, wedge-shaped ;
pearance of horn. lapering with straight edges to the

Corniculate, having little horns orspurs.| base.

Cornute, having appendages like horns. |CurResstNzar. The Cupressus or Cy-

Corolla. The delicate inner covering of} press Sub Order of the CoNIFERAE.
the flower, between the calyx and sta-|Cupule. The cuplike involucre of the

mens, mostly colored. acorn, &¢€.
Coroniform, in the shape of a crown. CupuLiFeRAE. The family of cupule-
Corrugated, contracted into wrinkles. | bearing trees and shrubs,—as the
Cortical, belonging to the bark. Oaks, &c.

Corymb. A mode of flowering: a kind|Cuscurear. Fhe Cuscuta or Dodder
of raceme, with the lower peduncles} tribe of the CoNVOLVULACEAE.
elongated so as to forma level top. |Cusp. A stiffish tapering sharp point.

Corymbose, in the manner of a corymb. | Cuspidate, tapering to a straight stiffish

Corymbulose, having the flowers in little} sharp point.
corymbs. Cuticle. The outer skin,—usually thin

CorypHinaE. A Tribeof the Order PaL-| and membranaceous.

MAE, of which the genus Corypha is}CycLcLoBeagr. A Sub Order of CHENO-
the type. PODIACEAE, 1n Which the embryo is

Costate, ribbed. eviled in a circle round the albumen.

Cotyledons. The seed-lobes, or first|Cylindric, long, round, and of uniform
crude leaves of a plant,—formed in| diameter.
the seed; and sometimes becoming|Cyme. A kind of panicle, depressed

green leaves in vegetation. nearly to the form of an umbel,—with
Creeping, running along the ground, and] the principal peduncles rising from the
putting forth small roots. same centre, but the subdivisions irre-

Crenate, notched on the edge, with the] gular.
segments rounded, and not inclining|Cymose, with the flowers in cymes, or
towards either extremity. approaching that form.

GLOSSARY xv

Cymules. The reduced cymes, or cy-)Didynamous, having 2 long and 2 shortet
mose clusters, of the LaBiaTAz; some-| stamens, mostly in a bilabiate, ringent,
times called Verticillasters. or personate corolla.

Crnarear. A Trive of Composirar, of| Diffuse, spreading widely in a loose irre-
which the genus Cynara is the type. |_ gular manner. .

CynocLossear. A Subtribe of Boracese| Digitate leaf. Where a simple petiole
represented by Cynoglossum. connects several distinct leaflets, fin-

Cyperacear. The Cyperus or Sedge| ger-like, at its summit,—as in the Horse
family of plants. Chesnut.

Cyrperzar. A Tribe of the Sedge family,| Digynous, having 2 pistils, or 2 distinct
specially typified by the genusCyperws.| stigmas.

DatrearDeae. A Sub tribe of the Orde:| Dilated, made wider; stretched or ex-
Rosaceag, typified by the genus Daii-|__ panded.
barda. Dimerous, composed of two parts,—as a

Daturear. The Datura or Thorn-apple} dimerous calyx or corolla, when there
tribe of the Order SoLANACEAE. are 2 sepals or petals.

DavcinEaE. The Daucus or Carrot tribe| Dimidiate, halved,—asif one side, or half
of the UMBELLIFERAE. had been cut off.

Decandtrous, having ten distinct stamens.| Dingy, of a dull, soiled, smoky,or leaden-

Deciduous, falling off at the usual time,} brown color. P
or at the end of the season; more du-|Déoicous, having staminate and pistillate
table than Caducous,—which see. flowers on distinct plants.

Declinate, or declined, bent off horizon-|Dioicously polygamous, having perfect
tally ; or curved downwards. and imperfect flowers on different

Decompound, twice compound ; compo-| plants.
sed of compound parts. Dipetalous, having 2 petals.

Decumbent, leaning upon the ground,|Dipsacear. The Dipsacus or Teasel
with the base only erect. family.

Decurrence. A running or extending|Discoid flower, or head. A disk of com-
down, or backwards. pound flowers, without ray-florets.

Decurrent leaf. When the two edges are] Disepalous, having 2 sepals.
continued down the stem, like wings. |Disk. The surface of theleaf; also the

Decussate, growing in opposite pairs and| face, or central part, of a head of com-
alternately crossing each other. pound flowers.

Definite, clearly defined, or limited ; also| Dissected, cut into segments, or lobes.
of a constant or determinate (and not|Dissepiment. The partition between the
large) number. cells of seed-vessels. $

Deflected, bent off, or downwards. Distant, having a larger intervening

Dehiscent, gaping, or opening naturally| space than usual.
by seams, at maturity. . |Distichous, two-rowed ; bearmg leaves,

Deltoid, triangular in the outline,—like| flowers, &c. in 2 opposite rows. ,
the Greek letter Delta. Distinct, separate ; not connected with

Demersed, growing or being under water.| each other, nor with any contiguous

Dense, closely arranged ; compact. "organ.

Dentate, toothed ; edged with tooth-like|Divaricate branehes. Spreading so as to
projections, : form more than a right angle with the

Denticuiate, having very small teeth. stem above.

Depauperated, with a starved or stunted| Divergent, spreading widely; making a
influrescence ; few-flowered. right angle, or nearly s0,with the stem,

Depressed, flatted vertically, or pressed|Divided, separated or cleft to the base,—
down at summit. or to the midrib, if aleaf. |

Depressed-glebose, globular, with the base| Dorsal, belonging to, or growing on, the
and apex flatted. back.

Diadelphous, having the filaments united|Dorsal suture. The line or seam on the
in 2 parcels,—usually 9and 1, with a| back of a earpel, or folded leaf,—being
papilionaceous corolla. at the place of the midrib: the oppo-

Diandrous, having 2 stamens. site of ventral suture,— which see.

Diaphanous, transparent; permitting|Dorsally compressed, flatted on the back.
light to pass through. Dots. Minute tubereles, or specks. :

Dichotomal flower. Situated in the fork}Dotted, covered with dots, specks, or mi-
of a dichotomous stem or branch. nute and slightly elevated points.

Dichotomous, forked; regularly divided| Downy, clothed with soft fine hairs.
and subdivided, in two equal branches.| Drooping, inclinmg downwards, more

Diclinous, having the stamens and pistils|_ than nodding.
in distinct flowers,—whether on the|Drupaceous, drupe-like,—of a structure
same or different plants. resembling a drupe, or what is usually

Dicotyledonous plants. Where the em-| called stone-frwit.
bryo has 2 lobes, or cotyledons. Drupe. A fleshy, succulent, or spongy

Didymous, twin; growing in pairs,and| pericarp, without valves, containing @
more or less united. 1 or 2-seeded nut, or stone.

XV1 GLOSSARY

Drupel. A little drupe; a constituent por-
tion of a compound berry,—such as
that of Rubus.

DRYADEAE. A tribe of RosacEsE, typified

Equitant leaves. When alternate dis-
tichous leaves are infolded lengthwise
and towards each other, the outer
ones inclosing or embracing the in-

by the genus Dryas. ner. ,
Esenaceak. The Ebenum or Ebony|EREcuTITEAE. A division of the Senecio
family. subtribe of CoMPOsITAE, represented

Ebracteate, destitute of bracts.
Ebracteolate, destitute of bractlets.
Ecaudaie, destitute of a cauda, or tail.

Ecureaxz. A Subtribe of BoRAGEAE, rep-
resented by the genus Echiwm.

Echinate, hedge hog-like ; covered with
prickles.

Elaiers. Minute eclubshaped filaments,
which are coiled round the spores of
certain cryptogamous plants,—and by
unrolling, assist in dispersing those
spores.

Elliptic, or elliptical, oval; longer than
Wide, with the two ends narrowing
equally.

Elongated, exceeding the usual or aver-
age length.

Elongating, becoming gradually and
finally elongated.

Emarginate, having a notch or sinus at
the end.

Embryo..The young: plant in the rudi-
mentary state, as it exists in the seed.

Emersed, raised out of water.

Endocarp. That membranous or bony.
portion of the pericarp which lines the
cavity, or forms the cells for the seeds

ex. gr. the stone, or hard shell, in a
rupe).

Endogenous plants. Those which have
asingle cotyledon,—and grow by cen-
tral deposites of new matter, distend-
ing or pushing the older deposites out-
wards.

Endogens. Inside-growers ; piants which
increase by central or internal depo-

sites of new matter. See Endogenouws|py_pyasroLeaE. A Sub-tribe of PHasEo-
plants. . LEAE, eminent d > alli
Enneandrous, having 9 stamens. Pincha. | ly and clas aise ag

Ensiform, sword-shaped; two-edged : :
and tapering from base to apex. mara ade The Euphorbia family

Entire,having a continuous even margin; ;
without incision, notch, or tooth. EUPHORBIEAE. A tribe of EUPHORBIACEAE,

Entopnyt1. A Subtribe of parasitic! Specially typified by the genus Eu-
Foner which develope themselves} Phorbia.
within the tissue of other, and usually|Eu-sENECIONEAE. A division of the Se-
living, plants,—as mildew, &c. _ necto tribe, specially represented by

Envelope. Anintegument, or covering. | that genus.

pinto diurnal ; enduring one day|Evanescent, disappearing ; speedily van-
only. ishing.

Epicarp. The outer coating of the peri-| Even-pinnate leaf. With the leafiets all
carp, or fruit. in pairs, or without a terminal odd

Epigynous, adnate to the ovary so that} one; often termed abruptly pinnate.
the upper portion is apparently inser-| Evergreen, continuing green, and per-
ted on its summit,—as sepals, petals,)_ sisting all the year:
and more especially stamens: exem-| Exalbuminous, destitute of albumen.
plified in Umbelliferae and Araliaceae.|Excentric, deviating from the axis, or

Epipetalous, inserted on the petals. centre. ;

Equal, similar parts equal among them-
selves,—as calyx-segments, sepals,}
petals, stamens, &e. ’

EQuisETAcEAE. The Equiseiwm family.

by the genus Evechtites.

Erect ovules, or seeds. When they arise
from the bottom of the ovary, or base
of the cell, and point upwards.

ERicaceaE. The Erica or Heath fami-
ly of plants.

ERICINEAE. The Sub-order of ERICACEAE,
of which the genus Erica is the spe-
cial type.

Eroded, or erose, irregularly notched, as
if gnawed by insects.

Esculent, eatable; fit or safe to be eaten.

Etiolation, the blanching of plants,—or
rendering them white by the exclu-
sion of light; as practised with Celery,
Endive, &c. :

Eu, a greek adverb, meaning clearly, or

certainly,—often prefixed to the names

of Sub-tribes, or Divisions, indicating
their genuineness, or close affinity to
the typical genus.

Evu-ANTHEMIDEAE. <A division of the
Chamomile Szb-tribe of COMPOSITEAE,
embracing plants of the true Anthemis
structure or type.

Ev-asTEREAE, The Sub-division of As-
ter-like plants, which includes Aster
itself, and the most nearly allied ge-
nera.

EU-HELIANTHEAE. A division of the He-
lianthus Sub-tribe, specially repre-
sented by that genus.

EUPATORIACEAE. The Eupatorium Tribe
of the Order CoMPOSITAE.

EUPATORIEAE. The Sub-tribe of EUPATO-

RIACEAE, specially typified by the

genus Eupatorium.

GLOSSARY XVil

and grew by annual layers of wood) Flaccid, so limber as to bend by its own
(or new matter) on the outside, be-| weight.
tween the old wood and bark. Flagelli form, long, slender, and pliable,-

Exogexs. Qutside-growers; plants which|_ like a whip lash.
increase by annual additions to the} FLAvIFLoRAE. The yellow-flowered tribe
outside. See Exogenous plants. of the Order LAURACEAE..

Exrsert, or exserted, projecting, or pro-| Flexuose, serpentine, or with a succes-
truding out,—as stamens from the] _ sion of short alternating curves. |
tube of the corolla. Floccose, or flocculent, covered with

Exstipulate, destitute of stipules. Jlocks, or. flakes. or little matted

Ezxtrorse anthers. Having the cells} bunchesof partly detached tomentum.
turned outwards, or from the pistils,—| Floral, belonging to, or situated near, a
and the filament, or connective, ex-| flower.
tending up the inner side. Floral envelopes. The verticils, or cover-

Falcate, sickle-shaped; curved like a} ings of flowers,—usually known as
sickle, or scythe. calyx and corolla; sometimes as chaff.

Family of plants. A definite group of|Floret. A little flower; usually one of
kindred plants, called alsoan Order—| the number in compound or aggre-
sometimes of numerous genera and] gated flowers.
species—sometimes comprising but a| Floriferous, bearing flowers.
single genus. Foliaceous, of a leaf-like form and tex-

Fan-shaped, cuneate below, and spread-|_ture; resembling aleaf. .
ing above,—like a lady’s fan. Follicle. A capsular fruit opening longi-

Farinaceous, mealy; reducible to a|_tudinally by a suture on one side.
meal-like powéer. Follicular, resembling, constructed like,

Fascicle. A little bundle, or bunch, of] _or being, a follicle. :
flowers, leaves, &c. originating from|Foramen (plural, foramina), a roundish

nearly the same point. hole, or opening. 2
Fasciculate, growing in bundles, or/FRAGARIEAE. A Swub-tribe of the Order
bunches, from the same point. Rosaceag, typified by the genus Fra-

Fastigiate, level-topped; the summits|_garia, or Strawberry. j
of the branches all rising to the same|FRaAxINEAE. The Fraxinus or Ash tribe

height. of the Order Oleaceae.
Favose, deeply pitted; somewhat like a|Free, not adhering to each other, nor to
honeycomb. any adjacent organ.

Feather-veined leaf. Where the lateral| Frond. The leaf, or leaf-like expansion,
veins (or nerves) diverge regularly| of Cryptogamous plants. _
f:om each side of the midrib,—like the| Frondose, leafy or with leaf-like appen-
plumage of a guill. dages. :

Ferruginous, of the color of rust of iron;|Fructification. The flower and fruit,
reddish-brown. with their parts.

Feriile, having perfect pistils, and pro-|Fruit. The mature ovary or seedvessel,
ducing fruit. and iis contents.

Festucaceaz. The Festuca or Fesoue|Frutescent, becoming shrubby, or hard
tribe of the Order GRAMINEAE. and woody.

Fibrous, composed of fibres, or thread-| Fruticose, shrub-like, or shrubby.
like processes. Fugacious, fleeting ; of short duration.

Fide, on the faith, or authority, of. Fulvous, tawny, fox or tan-colored.

Filament. That part of the stamen|Fune1. The Order of Mushrooms.
(usually thread-like) which supports} Fungous, of rapid growth and soft tex-
the anther. ture, like the fungv. as

FiticEs. The family of Ferns. Funicuius. The little cord by which

Filicoid, fern-like; belonging to or re-| seeds are attached to the placenta.
sembling ferns. Funnel-form, tubular below, and ex-

Filiform, very slender and terete, like] panding above,—like a funnel.

a thread. : Fuscous, greyish-brown, or deep brown

Fimbriae. Fringes, or fringe-like pro-| with a tinge of green.
cesses. Fusiform, spindle-shaped; terete and

Fimbriate, finely divided at the edge.| tapering to a point. :
like a fringe. ‘|Galea. A helmet; the arched upper lip.

Fimbriliate, clothed with jimbrillae “a e| ofa ringent corolla, f
membranaceous, linear or subulate.|Gadleate, helmeted; resembling a casque,
filaments)—as the receptacle of this-}_ or helmet. a
tles, &e. GaLEGEAE. The Galega tribe of the

Fissure. A. slit, crack, or narrow open-| Order LEGUMINOSAE.

i Gamopetalous, having the petals all
more or less united,—forming what is
called (rather incorrectly) a monope-
talous corolla.,. :

ing.

Fistular, hollow and terete, like a pipe.
tubular.

Flabelliform, fan-shaped,—which see. |

B

XVili GLOSSARY

Gamosepalous, having the sepals all
more or less united,—forming a mon-
osepalous calyx.

tube, formed by the connate filaments
of the Asclepias family. . ;

: Habit of plants. Their general external.
GasTERomyceTEs. A tribe of FUNGI.| appearance and mode of growth, by
with the spores In a ventral sac. which they are recognized at sight.
Generic, pertaining or relating to a|Habitat, or habitatio. The natural or

genus. native place of growth. -
Geniculate, forming an angle at the|Halved, one-sided,—as if one half had
joints, hke a bent knee. *-| been cut off. st 3

GENTIANACEAE. The Gentiana or Ge
tian family.
GENTIANEAE. The proper Gentian tribe j
of the Order GENTIANACEAE. Head. A dense roundish eluster of ses-
Genus (plural, genera). A group of|_sile flowers. ¢ ¥
species which agree with each other|HELIANTHEAE. A: Sub-tribe of Semecto-
in the structure or essential characters| like plants, typiffed by the genus He-
of the flower and fruit: sometimes a! Jianthus.
genus comprizes but a single species.|HELLEBOREAE. The Helleborus tribe of
rm. The growing part of a bud. the Order RANUNCULACEAE.
Germen. The old name for the ovary. |Heptandrous, having 7 stamens.
Germination, the sprouting, or incipient| Herbaceous, not woody; of a tender
trowth, of a seed. consistence, and usually destructible
Gibbous, hunched, or swelled out, on| by frost. ,
one or both sides. Herbarium. A collection of dried speci-
Gills. The fruit-bearing membranes of} mens of plants.
the Agarics, or Mushrooms. Herbs. Plants which are not woody—of
Glabrous, very smooth; without any| a more tender structure than trees and
roughness or pubescence. shrubs, and usually killed by frost. -
Gland. A small roundish organ, or|Heterocephalous flowers. Heads.of Syn-
appendage, which often secretes a] genesious florets of different sexual
fluid. character (7. e. staminate and pistillate
Glandular, furnished with glands. heads distinct) on the same plant,—as
Glandular-hispid, or glandular-pubes-| in Ambrosia, &c. 3
cent, hairy or pubescent, and the hairs| Heterogamous heads:, Heads of Synge-
tipped with glands. nesious flowers, containing florets of
Glaucous, silvery; pale bluish- or] different structure and sexual charac-
greenish-white; covered with a

greenish-white mealiness.
Globose, or gicbular, spherical ; round on

Hastate, shaped like a halbert; laneeo-
late, with a divarieate lobe on each
side of the base. _

ter.
Heterophyllous, having leaves of differ-
ent forms.

all sides. Hexamerous, consisting of 6 parts.
Glomerate, densely clustered in small] Hexandrous, having 6 stamens of equal
heaps, or irregular heads. length.

Glomerules. Small dense roundish|Hilwm. The scar left on a seed, at the
clusters. : ; point of attachment to the funiculus,
Glumaceous, chafFlike; resembling chaff] FyppocasTANACEAE. The Horse-chesnut

or glumes family. -

Glumes. The bracts, or outer chaff, em-
bracing the spikelets of the grasses(ca-

*lyx, of Linn.). See Palea.

Glumose, having glumes (or, sometimes.
having conspicuous glumes).

Glutinous, viscid ; covered with an ad-
hesive fluid.

GNAPHALIEAE. A Sub-tribe of Senecio-

on ah a by the genus) jets are of similar structure and the
eegmeueee , same sexual character.
GRaMINEAE. The family of true Grasses.| Hooded. See cwcullate,

pels sy grass-like; resembling}torpracean. The Hordeum or Barley
ala , . is 1 .

rei abe pase 2 §Tain, OF grains. Hirisontal — "vias they project
parts clck ormed of grains, or smali from the side of the cell, pointing

; ‘ neither to base nor apex.

GossuLacear. The family of Goose-|Horn. A process or elongation resem-
berries and Currants. bling a horn. See Spur.

Gymnospermous, having the seeds na-|Horny, of a texture or consistence like
ked—. ¢. not inclosed in a pericarp. | horn, See corneous.

Gynandrous, having the stamens grow-| Humus. The mould, or soil, formed by
ing on, or adhering to, the pistil. the decomposition of vegetable matter.

Gynostegium. The pistil-covering, or'HyaCINTHEAE. <A tribe of the Sub-order

Hirsute, rough-haired; clothed with
stifish hairs.

Hispid, bristly ; beset with rigid, spread-
ing, bristle-like hairs.

Hoary, covered with a white or whitish
pubescence.

Homogamous heads. Heads of Synge-
nesious flowers, in which all the flo-

GLOSSARY Xix

ASPHODELEAE, represented by the ge-|Indehiscent, not opening. at maturity.
nus Hyacinthus. Indigenous, native; growing naturally,

Hyaline, transparent, like glass. or originally, in a country.

' Hybrid. A mule; across-breed between|Induplicate, folded inwards.
two varieties, or nearly allied species. | Indurated, hardened ; become hard.
partaking of each but different from|Indusium. The membrane, or veil,
both. . ‘ ; which covers the young Sorus (or

Hymenini. A section of the tribe Hyme-| cluster of fruit) on the Ferns.

NOMYCETES,—+. e. FUNGI with the spo-|Inferior calyx. Having the ovary above,
rules contained in a superficial mem-| and free from the calyx.
brane, or in gills. Inferior ovary. Situated apparently be-

Hymenium. The membrane containing] low the calyx, orrather its segments;
the sporules of certain Funei; the} —. ¢. adnate to the twbe of the calyx,
plates, or gills, om the under side of} and consequently bearing the segments
the pileus of the Agarics. (if any) at its summit.

HymenomyceTes. <A tribe of the Order|Inflated, distended or swelled like a
FUNGI, containing the sporules in a}_ blown bladder.
membrane, or hymenivm.. Inflected, or inflexed, bent suddenly in-

' HyosreRiDEAE. A Sub-iribe of CicHoRa-| wards.

CEAE, represented by the genus Hyo-|Inflorescence. The disposition or ar-
seris. rangement of flowers: and their foot-

HypericacEaE: The Hypericum or St.| stalks on a plant,—such as Umbel,
John’s Wort family. Panicle, Raceme, &ce.

HyYpericEaE. The tribe of HYPERIcACEAE.| Inserted, fixed upon, or growing out of.
of which Hypericum is the special|Internode.. That portion of a culm, or
type. stem, between the nodes or joints.

HypopErMiA. A division of the Sub-tribe|Interpetiolar stipules. Situated or origi-
of ENTOPHYTES ; Minute Funet, seated} nating between the petioles of oppo-
under the skin or epidermis of living] site leaves.
plants. Interrupted, having intervals; or the

Hypogaean, situated, growing, or re-|_ continuity broken.
maining, under ground. Inierruptedly pinnate, having smaller

Hypogynous,inserted beneath the ovary.|' pinnae, or leaflets, between each pair
—i. é. on the receptacle, and free from|_ of larger ones..
the surrounding organs. — Intra-petiolar stipules. Situated within

Icon. An image, figure, or representa-| and above the petioles ——usually
tion. sheathing the branch above the axil

Icosandrous, having about 20 stamens.| of the leaf; as in Platanus.
which are perigynous,—i. ¢. growing|Inirorse anthers. Having the cells turned
to, or apparently inserted on the rim] inwards,.or towards the pistils,—and
of, the calyx. the filament,or connective, extending

Imbricate, or imbricated, the edges lying] up the outer side.
closely and regularly over the nexi|Jnversely, ina contrary position; end for
series,—like shingles on a roof, or| end, or upside down.
scales on a fish. Involucel. The verticil of leaflets at the

Imperfect flower. Wheneither stamens} base of an umbellet.
or pistils are deficient. Involucellate, having involucels.

Incised, cut, or gashed; separated by| /mvolucrate. having an involucre.
incisions. _ Involucre. An assemblage of modified

Inclinate, or inelined, bent over towards| leaves accompanying certain forms
the ground, or some other object. of inflorescence,—usually verticillate.

Included, wholly contained within aj at the base of an Umbel,—or in im-
tube, or cavity; the opposite of ex-| bricated series beneath or around the
serted. heads of aggregated flowers.

Incomplete flower. When either Calyx|Involute, rolled inwards.
or Corolla 1s wanting. Irregular, the component parts differing

Incrassate, thickened upwards, or to-| in size and shape.

wards the summit. JUGLANDACE
: : AE. The Jugla Wal-
Incumbeni,lying upon.against, or across.| yt family. per noui. 4

Incumbent anther. Attached at or near}, ‘
its middle, and lying horizontally ae ies The Juncus or Rush family
nts.

across the summit of the filament.
Incumbent cotyledons. Having the ra-|Keel. A longttudinal central ridge on
the back of a leaf, sepal, &c. resemb-

dicle bent over and applied to the

back of one of the cotyledons (repre-| ling the keel of a boat: Also, the
sented by this sign, oll). lower pair of united petals in a papi-.
lionaceous flower.

Incurved, bent or curved inwards.
Indefinite, not distinctly limited, or de-|Keeled, having a keel. See Carinate.
fined; numerous, and of no constant) Kernel. The nucleus, or seed contained

or determinate number. : in a nut.

xx

Knot. A node; asolid, inseparable, and

GLOSSARY

Lignesceni, becoming somewhat woody.

often swelling joint,—as in the stem|LicuLaEFLorar. The third Sub-order of

of the grasses, &c. _ '

KocuigaE. <A Sub-tribe of CHENOPODI-
EAE typified by the genus Kochia.

LapiaTaE: The family of Jlabiate or
two-lipped flowers. —

Lacerate,divided into irregular segments.
as if torn.

Laciniate, jagged; the margin irregularly
cut into unequal segments.

Lactescent, milky ; containing a milky
or whitish juice. ;

LactucEarE. A Sub-iribe of CicHoNa-
CEAE, typified by the genus Lactuca,
or Lettuce.

Lamellae. The plates or gills (Hyme-
nium) of the Agaric, or common Mush-
room.

Lameliate, divided or dilated into thin
plates.

Lamina. A thin layer or plate; the
expanded or flat portion of a leaf, or
petal, as distinguished from the peti-
ole, or claw.

Lanate, woolly ; clothed with wool.

Lanceolate, tapering gradually from near
the base to the apex,—like the head
of an ancient Lance, or Spear.

Lance-dinear, Lance-ovate, &c., linear,
ovate, &c., with something of the
lanceolate form.

ComposiraE, in which all the florets
are ligulate.

Ligulute, strap shaped, or ribband-sha-
ped; flat and linear.

Ligule. The usually membranous ap-
pendage at the base of the leaf, or
summit of the sheath, in the grasses.

LitiacEaE. The Liliwm family, or Or-
der of Lily-like plants.

Limb. The summit of a monosepalous
calyx; or the upper spreading part
of a monopetalous corolla.

LINACEAE. The Linum or Flax family.

Line. The twelfth part of an inch.

Linear, of an uniform width; long and
narrow with parallel sides.

Linear-lanceolate, &c., partaking of both
forms, but more of the latter.

Lip. The upper or under division of a
labiate flower; or the lower perianth-
segment of many Orchidaceous flow-
ers.

LITHOSPERMEAE. A_ subtribe of BoRa-
GEAE, represented by the genus LiTH-
OSPERMUM.

Lobe. The division, or segment, of a
petal, or leaf: the free portion of a
gamopetalous corolla.

— or lobed, cut or divided into
obes.

Lance-ovoid, egg-shaped, or terete, with|LoprLtaczaE. The Lobelia family.

a swelling base and tapering apex.
Lanuginous, clothed with a loose wool.
Lateral, at the side.

Laterally compressed, flatted on_ the
sides; the lateral edges pressed to-
wards each other.

Latticed, obliquely cross-barred, with
open spaces like net-work.

LauraceaE. The Laurus or Bay-tree
family of plants.

Laz, loose, or limber; not compact.

Leaflets. Partial leaves; the constitu-
ent leaves of a eompound leaf.

Leaf-like (foliaceus), having a texture
and expansion resembling a leaf.

Leafy (foliosus), furnished or abounding
with leaves.

A Bean.—or fruit formed of a

Legume. ‘
with the

single carpel of 2 valves,
seeds affixed along the upper sutur
only.

LecumtnosaE. The family of Legume-|

bearing plants.
Leguminous, having the structure of a

Legume ; bearing or producing the! lyccPoDIACEAE.

fruit called a Legume, or Bean,

LOBELIEAE, The tribe of LOBELIACEAE,
specially represented by the genus
Lobelia.

Loculicidal dehiscence. When the peri-
carp opens naturally on the back of
a cell (i.e. at the dorsal suture) di-
rectly into the cavity.

Loment. An indehiscent 2 or several-
seeded Jegume, contracted between
each seed. and finally separating at
the joint-like contractions.

LOMENTAGEAE. A duvision of the Order

CRUCIFERAE, containing plants with
lomentaceous pods.

Lomentaceous legume, or pod. A pod of
2 or more seeds, with a joint-like con-
traction, or transverse partition, be-
tween the seeds.

€, Longitudinal, length wise; parallel with

the axis,—or ina direction from the
base towards the summit or apex.
Lunate, or lunulate, having the figure
of a new moon.
The Lycopodium or
club-moss family.

Lenticular, having the form of a lens;)Lyrate, lyre-shaped; pinnatifid, with

orbicular and compressed, but con-
vex on both faces.

LEPIDINEAE.
Order CRUCIFERAE.

the terminal segment largest and
mostly rounded.

The Lepidiwm, tribe of the Macnouiacear, The Magnolia family

or Order.

LicHEeNEs. The family of Lichens ; an|MaGNoLieaE. The tribe of MAGNOLIA-

Order of flowerless. Thallophytes, or|

vegetable expansions..

Ligneous, woody ; of a, firm woody tex-|MALVACEAE,

ture,

cEAE, of which the genus Magnolia is.
the special type.

The Malva ox Mallow,
family.

GLOSSARY XX1

Marcescent, withering and shrivelling on|Morraz The Morus Sub-order, or Mul-
the stem, instead of falling off. berry section of the URTICACEAE, or

Margin. The edge or circumference of| Nettle family.

a leaf, or other expansion; also, the|Mucoroter. A Swb-tribe of the Gas-
thin wing-like border of certain seeds,}_ TEROMYCETEs, or closed FUNGI, typi-
& fied by the genus Mucor, or Mould.

Mucronate, terminated by a mucro, OT

the margin. : z small projecting point,—usually the

Marginate, or margined, having a bor-| prolongation of the midrib, in leaves.
der or edging of a texture or color|Mucronulate, having a small mucro, oF
different from that of the disk; sur-| terminal projecting point. ‘
rounded by a wing-like expansion,|Mult fid, many-cleft; cut into numer-
or narrow membrane. ‘ ous segments.

Medullary rays. Bands or thin plates of| Multiple. A number containing another
cellular tissue, which pass from the} number several times without a frac-
pith to the bark, in woody stems. "| tion, or remainder ;—as 9 is a multi-

MELAMPODINEAE. A-Sub-tribe of Senecio-| ple of 3.
like plants, of which the genus Me-| Multiple fruits. Where there is a com-

lampodium is the type. ; bination of several flowers into one
Meuiaceare. The Melia or Pride of In- aggregate mass,—as in the Pine-apple,

c.
Marginal, belonging to, or situated at,

dia family. 4 ( Mulberry, &c.
Me isstnEakE. The Melissa or Balm tribe,| Muricate, armed or covered with short
of the Order LaBiaTaE. spreading points, or acute excrescen-

tet ‘ferous, producing or containing

oney.

Membranaceous, or membranous, thin,
flexible, and often slightly translu-
cent.

MENTHOIDEAE. The Mentha or Mint
tribe, of the Order LABIATAE.

Mericarp. A name given to the inde-
hiscent carpel of the UMBELLIFERAE.

Micropyle. The smal] foramen, or open-
ing in the proper coats of a seed, to} Umbel without an involucre, &c.
which the radicle always points. Napiform, turnep-shaped.

Midrib. The main central nerve of a| Natwral Order, family, or tribe. An as-
leaf,—apparently a continuation of| sociation or group of kindred genera,

the petiole. : —or of plants which are nearly rela-
Monadelphous, having the filaments all} ted in their structure, and most 1m-

united in one set,—usually forming a| portant characters.

tube. ; Nectary. That organ, or portion of a
Monandrous, having a single stamen. flower, which secretes honey ; aterm
MonarbDEar. The Monarda or Horse-| formerly applied to all disguised or

mint tribe of the Order LABIATAE. modified forms of petals and stamens.

Moniliform, arranged like, or resem- ee
bling the beads of a necklace. an es ae a

Monoclinous, having the stamens and : .
pistils in the same flower. WV aoe ee nerves, or coarse rib-

Monocotyledonous plants. Where the Nerves. Rib-like fibres (in leaves, &c.)

embryo has but a single lobe, or co-|" Which usually extend from the base

aie ae to, or towards, the apex
aph. 7 am- ? y : . .
Monograph. A description (usually am Neuter, or neutral flower. Having nel-

ple and elaborate) of a single thing. ier shiney or piss!

or class of things,—as of a Genus,
Tribe, or Family, &c. NICOTIANEAE. The Nécotiana or Tobac-
Monogynous, having but one pistil. co tribe, of the Order SOLANACEAE.
Monoicous, having staminate and pistil-| Nodding, turning downwards; some-
late flowers distinct, but on the same] what drooping.
plant. Node. The knot, or solid and often tu-
Monoicously polygamous, having perfect} mid joint, of a stem or branch.
and imperfect flowers on the same|Nodose, having numerous nodes, or tu-
plant. mid joints. r
Monopetalous, having but one petal ; or.| Norma, according to rule; agreeing
more correctly, the petals. united into] with the pattern or type.
one. See gamopetalous. Nuciform, nut-like ; resembling a nut.
Monophyllous, consisting of a single leaf.| Nucleus. A central body ; the seed, or
Monosepalous, consisting of one sepal,| kernel of a nut. :
—or rather, several sepals united} Nucwles. Little nuts, or nut-like fruit.
more or less completely. See gamo-'Nut. A hard 1-celled indehiscent fruit,
sepalous. usually containing a single seed.

ces,—like a Murex.

Musct. The family of Mosses.

Mutic, or muticous, awnless or point-
less: the opposite of mucronate.

Naked, destitute of the usual covering,
or appendage,—as a stem without
leaves, or scales—leaves without pu-
bescence—corolla without a calyX, OTF
crown—seeds without a pericarp—a
receptacle without chaff, or hairs—an

XXil GLOSSARY

Ob, a preposition which inverts the
usual meaning of the word to which
it is prefixed. Order. <A family or group of allied na-

Obcompressed akenes (in the Compost-| tural objects ; a subdivision of a Class,
TAE). Flattish, with the greatest di- embracing kindred Genera.
ameter from right to left—or with the| Ordinal, belonging to the Orders, or to
flatted side to the front, or periphery} an Order.
of the head. , Ordinal names. The names of the Na-

Obconic, inversely Conical,—i. e. with| tural Orders, or families of plants.

the point or apex downwards. ORTHOSPERMAE. A Sub-order of UMBEL-
Obcordate, heart-form, with the sinus at LIFERAE, in which the face, or com-

—s oes So narrowed point at inissure of the carpels, is straight and
: : : flat. . :
eta ap rpepoes| or spo a Orthotropous ovule, or seed. Straight;
dle. and ta: at dually: to:thel < 228 curved, nor turned from its origi-
Paes pening pradually ‘to nal or natural direction.
Oblique, a position between horizontal/ORYZEAE. The Oryza or Rice tribe, of
and erect; also descriptive of the base| _ the Order GRammNEAE. :
of a leaf, &c., when it is unequal, or|Ova, longer than broad, with the two
produced on one side. ends of equal breadth and curvature,
Oblong. longer than wide, with the sides| _ 2nd the sides curving from end to end.
parallel, or nearly so. Ovary. The young seedvessel, or fruit;
Ovovate, inversely ovate,—or with the| the hollow portion at the base of the
broadest end above. pistil, containing the oveles, or bodies
Obovoid, inversely ovoid. destined to become seeds.
Obsolete, indistinct, as 1f worn out. Ovate, flat, with the outline of a longi-
Obtuse, blunt, or rounded. tudinal section of an Egg; a some-
Obversely, turned contrary to the usual} What oval figure, but broader nearthe
position. base. pict rae
Obvolute leaves. When one of the mar-|Ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, inclining to
gins of each folded leaf is exterior.| _OVvate at base. : :
the other interior; also termed hailj-|Ovate-oblong, oblong, with an ovate di-
equitant. See Equitant. latation near the base.
Ochrea. A membranous stipular sheath, | Ovoid, egg-shaped ; terete, and swelling
embracing the stem like a boot-leg; es the base—+. e. having the outline
as in Polygonum, &c. ofan entire egg, _
Ochroleucous, yellowish-white, or cream ipl » the ovoid form lengthened
lored. out. ;
hae eter The Ocimum or Sweet|Ovules. The-rudiments of future seeds,
Basil tribe, of the Order LABIATAE. oe in the Ovary, or young
Octandrous, having 8 stamens. rult. : a ;
Odd-pinnate tage? Having the leaflets|? ae The Leer in'the lower lip
in opposite pairs, with a terminal odd|_ Of @ personate corolla. ;
one pig sapeonse impari-pinnate. Palea (plural, paleae). Chaff; aterm .
OENOTHEREAE. The Oenothera section| Plied to the inner, or immediate, flo-
or Sub-tribe of the ONAGRACEAE. ral nye of bee Grasses. (Corolla,
] in. ; to. aj of Linn). See Glumes.
ie rage ed fe Me a és Paleaceous, chaffy ; of a chaffy texture,
Oteacear. The Olea or Olive family. |, —0r furnished with chaff-like scales.
OLEINEAE. The tribe of OLEacEaE spe-|PAEMAE. The Pan mete divided
cially typified by the genus Olea. Palmate, hand-shaped; aie y 5 e |
Oleraceous, of the nature or quality of| With the segments nearly equal an
pot-herbs. spreading like fingers on the open

‘ j hand. ‘
a yer Speenae: Spine Palmately veined, na Bet a
: a ‘be| Veins.or segments divergent, like the

TTeen ties, Bad das Sal ey see Sod hay spreading fingers of an open hand.
Opaque, not transparent. E Panduraeform, praemnssizi a0 8 oblong
Opercular, opening like a lid that is fix- = the sides. contracted; like a vio-

ed by a hinge at one side. ‘ : . ae ;
Opposite situated directly against each|PanicEaE. The Panicum tribeof the Or-

other, or at the same height, on con-|_ der GRaMINEAE.

trary sides of the stem. Panicle. A loose irregular compound
Orbicular, circular and flat, like a coin;} raceme,—in which the peduncles are

the length and breadth equal and the} unequally elongated, and variously

circumference an even circular line : aS ea subdivided ; as in

a term applied to leaves, or flatted ats, &c. f

bodies. See Terete. Paniculate, disposed in the form of a
Orchidaceous, or Orchideous, belonging' panicle.

to, or resembling, plants of the Orchis
family.

GLOSSARY XXill

PAPAVERACEAE. The Papaver or Poppy|Pellucid, transparent; pervious to light.
family. Pellucid-punctate, having punctures
PaPILIONACEAE. A Sub-order of LEGu-| which permit light to pass through.
MINOSAE, containing the papiliona-|Peltae. Little flat receptacles on the Licu-
ceous corollas. ENES, resembling targets, or shields.
Papilionaceous corolla. Butterfly-sha-|Peltate, like a shield; having the foot-
ped; when complete, consisting of 5| stalk affixed to the undersurface, and
petals,—the upper one (mostly larg-| not to the margin.
est) called the vexillum or banner,—|Penctl-form, resembling a painter’s pen-
the 2 lateral ones termed the alae or| cil, or little brush,
wings,—the 2lower ones more or less| Pendulous, hanging down; attached at
cohering by their lower margins, and.|_ one end, and swinging loosely.
from their form. denominated the keel.| Pendulous ovules, or seeds. When their

Papiliate, or papillose, having the sur-| direction is downwards. ;
face covered with fleshy dots, or|Penicillate, tipped or tufted with hairs,
points, like minute teats. like a painter’s pencil.

Pappus. The crown of the fruit,—be-|Penninerved leaf. Having the lateral
ing the segments, or free portion of] nervespinnately arranged, or feather-
an adherent calyx,inthe ComposiTaE.| like. See Feather-veined.
and some other plants;—usually hair-|Pentagonal, having 5angles, or corners.
like, or plumose,—sometimes in the|Pentagynous, having 5 pistils.
form of minute chaff, or scales. Peniamerous, composed of 5 parts.

Parasite. A plant growing on, or deri-|Pentandrous, having 5stamens.
ving sustenance from, another plant ;| Pentapetalous, having 5 petals.
as Dodder, Misselto, &c. Penuitimate, next to the last; the one

Parasitic, being or relating to, a Para-| next to the terminal one.
site. Pepo. An indehiscent, fleshy or intere

Parenchyma. The soft spongy cellular| nally pulpy fruit, usually composed
tissue (often green), which forms the} of3 carpels invested by the calyx-
pith of stems, the pulp of leaves and! tube, and with a firm rind; as the
young fruit, and fills the intersticesof| Melon, &c.
woody or vascular fibres. _. |Perennial, hving more than two years,

Paries (plural, parietes). The outside] and for an indefinite period.
wall, or inclosing shell, which cir+|Perfect flower. Having both stamen
cumscribes the cavity of apericarp.| and pistil (1 or more of each), and

Parietal, affixed to, or belonging to, the] _producimg fruit.
partes or outer wall of the seed-cell of| Perfoliate, having the stem apparently
a pericarp. pierced through the leaf.

Parietal placentae. When the placen-|Perianth. A term for the envelopes of
tae are borne upon the walls, insiead| a flower, where the calyx and corol-
of the axis, of the ovary, or pericarp.| la are not clearly distinguishable.

Parted, divided deeply, almost to the) Pericarp. 'The seed vessel, or fruit; the

base. : : ovary in a mature state.
Partial, a term applied to constituent] Perichaeth, or perichaetium. The verti-
portions of a compound whole. cil, or cluster of bract-like leaves,

Partition. See Dissepiment.

Patellulae. Small orbicular receptacles
of the LIcHENEs, resembling Jittle dish-
es; sometimes termed spangles.

Pectinate, finely, regularly and deeply
cleft, so as to resemble the teeth of a} some of the FuNGt.

comb. é , Perigonium. A name for the envelope
Pepatiacesk. The Pedalium family of} of the flower,—said to be double an

plants. G there is both calyx and corolla: but

PEepaLinEaE. The tribe of PEDALIA-| often used synonymously with Peri-
CEAE, of which the genus Pedaliwmis| @nth—which see.
the special type. ‘hie

Pedate leaf. Like a bird’s foot; divided|?? pit hie abe® The sac (formed by the
nearly to the petiole in narrow seg-| 30/0" of 2 pte te which encloses
ments, with the lateralones diverging. the ovary ofthe Cares.

Pedicel. A partial peduncle; the ulti-|Perigynous petals and stamens. Insert-
mate branch. or division (next to the| ed on the calyx,—or rather adhering
flower, or fruit), in a compoundinflo-| to the inner surface of the calyx-tube

round the base of the seta, or footstalk
of the urn, in Mosses,—often called
perichaetial leaves.

Peridivm. A term applied to the outer
sac. or envelope of the sporanges,in

rescence. —and thus surrounding the pistils.
Pedicellate, having, or being supported}Peripherical, fixed or coiled round the
on, a pedicel. circumference, or periphery.

Pevisperm. A deposit in many seeds,
affixed to, or surrounding, the embryo
—synonymous with albumen—which
see.

Peristome. The circle of teeth, or bris-

Peduncle. A simple flower-stem ; also,
the common footstalk of a compound
inflorescence.

Pedunculate, having a peduncle; not
sessile.

XXxiv GLOSSARY

tle-like processes, which surround the|Pistillate flowers. Th i
; : F ose Which
ar of the Theca or capsule of the} pistils, but not stamens. te
asses j ge ‘Pistillidia. Small bottle-shaped bodies
Persistent, not falling off; remaining be-) —the analogues or aieentet of pis-
Lis sagetnget ae when similar organs] tils, in the Mosses
usually off. Pistilliferous bearing pist ils
rte 2 ~) ils.
es ea oi Masked; having the| Placenta (plural, itnesiias). That part of
t rare peed be a prominent palate.| a pericarp to which the seeds are at-
— : ‘ ' tached} the line, or ridge projecting in
Petal. The (usually) delicate colored] the ca ri ihe Sein sar
: vity of 1
flower-leaf. In a flower of one petal] the Halen. BS ORSES ieee
(or phe petals), the corolla and petal) Placenta/, pertaining to the placenta.
are the same: in a flower of more|Placentiferous, bearing the placenta. |
than one petal. the corolla is the whole.| Piane, flat, and with an even surface.
and the petals are the parts. Plano-convex, flat on one side and con-
Peialoid, petal-like ; delicate and color-| vex on the other. >

ed, or expanded, like a petal PLANTAGINAC T
: 2 EAE. The P -
Petiolar, seated on, or belonging to, the] tain famally. Reelennee ae Fea

petiole. PLATANACEAE. The P =
Petiolate, having, or being supported on,} wood family. ia HRngkndreRt

a petiole ; not sessile. Plicate. plaited : :
Petiole.. The stem or footstalk of a leaf. He nes Felden akemmprsaee a
Petiolulate, having a partial or subdivid-| P7wmose, feather-like. A pappus is plu-
? A rae Hilts Gr erteed patton Sah mose, when each hair has other hairs
<ootnialke of ERNE: ; arenes on opposite sides of it,—as in

Eon o The Peucedanum tribe of| Pod. A dry seed-vessel, narrow and more
Pi e Order UMBELLIFERAE. or less elongated, and usually of 2 val-
haenogamous, or phanerogamous, hav-| yes, The term is often applied indis-

ing visible genuine stamens or pistils;} eriminately to both Legumes and Sili-
bearing true flowers. ques.

ee ae ane & ee or Canary-|Podetia. The pedicels or footstalks
he Order GRAMINEAE. which support the knobs (Cephalodia)

PuasEoLEaE. The Phaseolus or Garden] of the LicHENEs.

Bean tribe of the Order LeGuMINosAE.| Pojjen. The fertilizing powder contain-

Phyllodium, The imitation, analogue,| ed in the anthers.
or substitute of a leaf—usually the) pojlen-masses, or Pollinia, The waxy
dilated foliaceous petiole of an abor-|' massesof pollen, in the Asclepias and
tive compound leaf. Orchis families.

Priyrotaccackar. The Phytelacca or|Polyadelphous, having the filaments uni-
Poke family of plants ted in3 or more parcels.

P.teatr. A diviston of the HYMENINI Polyandrous, having more than ten hy-
sub-tribe of Funct, having the recepta-|_ pogynous stamens.
cle dilated and orbicular, like a cap or/PotyeaLacEaE. The Polygala family.
hat. Polygamo-dioicous, having perfect and

Pileus. The cap, or hat-like receptacle, imperfect (or fertile and sterile) flow-
borne on the stipe of a mushroom ; as} _erson distinct plants
in the Agarics. Polygamous, having some flowers per- —

Pilose, hairy; composed of, or clothed| fect, and others either staminate, pis-
with, distinct straightish hairs. tillate, or neuter.

Pinnae. The paired or opposite leaflets| POLYGONACEAE. The Polygonum or
of a pinnate leaf. Knot-weed family.

Pinnate leaf. Having distinct articulated Polygoneae. The tribeof PoLYGONACEAE
leaflets in pairs, on opposite sides of a specially typified by the genus Poly-
simple petiole. gonum. ‘

Pinnatifid \eaf, or frond. Cleft in a pin-|Polymorphous, variable ; assuming, or
nate manner, but the segments united] apt to assume, many different forms.
or confluent at base. Polypetalous, having many distinct pe-

Pinnatifidly, in a pinnatifid manner. tals,—or, at least. more than one.

Pinnatisect, pinnately dissected or divid-|Polysepalous, having many distinct se-
ed,—but the segments not articulated pals,—or more than one.
with the petiole. Pome. An apple; a fleshy fruit formed

Pinnules. The leaflets or subdivisio«s of| of several cartilaginous or bony car-
a bi- tri- or multi-pinnate leaf, or frond. pels, imbedded in pulp and invested by

Pistil. The canteal organ of a fertile} the tube of the adherent calyx.
flower,—consisting usually of ovary.\PomEAE. A Sub-order of RosacEAE, cha-
style, and stigma : Sometimes the style| racterizedby bearing pomes.
is wanting,—or, in other words, the| Porous, full of holes, cells. or tubular
stigma is sessile. openings.

~

GLOSSARY XXV

PorTctacackaE. The Portulaca orjQuaternate, 4 together; arranged in
Purslane family. : fours.
Praemorse, end-bitten; ending blunt, as|Quinate, 5 together; arranged in fives.
if bitten off. Quinqueplicate, having 5 plaits or folds.
Prickle. A sharp process arising from|Race of plants. A fixed and peculiar
the bark, only,—and not originating} form or modification—produced by
in the wood. -| the crossing or blending:of distinct
Primary, first in a series, in order of} varieties: or sometimes, perhaps, ac-
time, or in importance,—opposed to] cidental forms rendered permanent
secondary. *|__by culture, or other influences.
Primordial, first in Order; usually ap-|Raceme. A mode of flowering, in which
plied to the first genuine leaves,—or| the common peduncle is elongated,
those which are next above the coty-| with the flowers on short lateral
ledons or seminal leaves. simple pedicels.
Prismatic, like a prism ; having several| Racemose,having the flowers in racemes.
angles and intermediate flat faces. |Rackis. The common peduncle, or
Process. A protuberance, eminence, or| elongated receptacle, on which florets
projecting part. are cellectedin a'spike; also the mi-
Procumbent, lying on the-ground, with-|_ drib of a pinnatisect frond. é
out putting forth roots. Radiate, having rays-(i. e spreading
Prodromus. A herald, or harbinger,--| ligulate florets)at the circumference ;
usually the fore-runner~of -another| as the heads of many Compositae.
more complete and extensive work|Radiate-veined, where the veins of a leaf
on the same subject.. diverge from a common centre, or
Produced, extended, or lengthened out. | point, at the summit of the petiole.
Proliferous, producing its like in an un-| Radiatiform, a term applied to heads of
usual way,—as lateral bulbs; or put-| compound flowers in which all the
ting forth a young and unusual aeces-| florets are ligulate, and directed to-
sory growth, from the centre cf an| wards the circumference. ) .
umbel, flower, &c. Radical, belonging*to, or growing im-
Prostrate, lying flat, or close on the] mediately from, the root. :
ground. Radicating, sending out roots, or strik-
Protophytes. First plants; a term ap-| ing root at the nodes.
plied to the ALcar, which are sup-|Radicle. A little root; the slender fi-
posed to have been the earliestcreated| brous branch of a root. 4
tenants of our earth. Rameal, pertaining or belonging to the
Pru-nsseé, covered with a glaucous| branches.
mealiness, like a plum. Ramentaceous, covered with ramenta—
Pseudo- pinnate, falsely or imperfectly| 7. e. the scales, or persistent remains
pinnate,—the leaflets (or rather seg-| (vestiges, or debris,) of leaves, or other
ments) not articulated at base: See] previously existing organs.
Pinnatisect. | Ramification. The branching or division
Puberulent, covered with a minute, short| of an organ into several parts.
and fine pubescence. Ramose, branching. aye
Pubescence. A general term for the|Rank.-A:row,or arrangement in a line,
hairy covering of plants. RanuncuLAcEaB. The Ranunculus or
Pubescent, clothed with hairs,-especially| Butter-cup family. _
with short weak hairs. RaNnuncuLéaz. A tribe of RaNuNcULA-
Pulp. A soft, fleshy or juicy mass. CEAE, specially represented by the
Pulverulent, dusty; composed of, or| genus Ranunculus. 1 t
covered with, a fine powder. RaPHANEAE. The Raphanus or Radish
Punctate, appearing as if pricked full) tribe of the order CRUCIFERAE.
of small holes, or covered with 1n-|Raphe. The line, or little ridge, on one
dented points. ‘| -side of anatropous (i. e. verted)
Puncticulate, having very minute punc-} ovules and seeds,—formed by the ad-
tures, or indented points. _ hesion of a portion of the funiculus.
Pungent, sharp-pointed, or prickly at|/Ratoon (Span. ‘Retono). A sprout from
apex ; also acrid. ‘ the root of a plant which has been cut
Pyramidal, tapering upwards; usually| off (chiefly used in reference to the
applied to 4-sided solids which dimin-| _Sugar-cane). : }
ish to the apex. Rays. The spreading ligulate florets
Pyriform, shaped like a pear; largest] round the disk of a compound flower :
at the upper end. | also, the footstalks, and enlarged mar-
PyROLEAE. A Sub-order of ERICACEAE,| ginal flowers, of an umbel.
of which the genus Pyrola is the type.| Receptacle. The apex of the peduncle
Quadrangular, four-angled. 5 (much dilated in the ComPosITAE), on
Quadrifarious, in 4 rows, or directions ;| which the parts of a flower (or entire
facing or pointing 4 ways. florets) are inserted; the seat of the
Quadvrifid, 4-cleft. fruit, or of seeds and their equivalents.

ec

XxXVi GLOSSARY

Recurved, curved backwards.

Reduplicate, with the edges folded 0)
turned outwards.

Reflexed, bent or doubled backwards.

Regular, having the parts uniform and
equal among themselves,—as the lobes

_ or petals of a corolla.

Remote, seated or growing at an unusual
distance.

Rentform, kidney-shaped.

Repand, having the margin slightly in-
dented with shallow sinuses.

Replicate, folded back on itself.

Replum. A name given to parietal pla-
centae when separated from the
valves; also, the persistent border of
a fallen legume.

Resupinate, turned upside down.

Reticulate, netted; having veins or
nerves crossing each other, or branch-
ing and reuniting, like network.

Ruminated, a term. applied to a varie-
gated albumen—i. e. when its sub-
stance is wrinkled or plicate, and the
investing membrane prolonged within
the folds.

Runcinate, resembling the teeth of a
mill-saw; somewhat pinnatifid, with
the segments acute and pointing back-

_ wards.

Runner. A slender shoot, producing
roots and leaves at the end, only,—
and at that point giving rise to another
plant: exemplified in the Strawberry-
plant.

SaBALINEAE. A Sub-iribe of the Palmae,
represented by the genus Sabal.

Sac. A membranous bag, or boundary
of a cavity.

Saccate, having, or being in the form of,
a sac, or pouch.

Sagittate, arrow-shaped; notched at

Retrorse,or retrorsely,pointing backwards| base, with the lobes (and frequently
or downwards. the sinus) acute. -

Retuse, having a shallow sinus at the goer The Saiz or Willow
end. amily.

Revolute, rolled backwards,or outwards. Saleses ea or sa@lver-shaped, tubular,

Rhizoma. A root-stock,—or root-like| with the limb abruptly and flatly or
subterraneous stem. horizontally expanded.

Rhomboid, rhomb-shaped; having four|Samara. A kind of Akene, or dry in-
sides, with unequal angles. dehiscent pericarp, having a winged

Ribbed,“ having ribs, or longitudinal] apex,or margin,—as the Maple, Ash,
parallel ridges. Elm, &e.

Ribs. Parallel ridges, or nerves, extend-|Samaroid, winged or margined like a
ing from the base to, or towards, the} Samara.
apex. SamprceaE. The Sambucus or Elder

Rigid, stiff, inflexible, or not pliable. tribe of the order CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

Ringent, gaping, with an open throat. |SanraLacEsE. The Santalum or San-

Root-stock, See Rhizoma. dal-wood tamily.

Rosaceak. The Rose family. Sarcocarp. The fleshy portion of a pe-

RosacEaE PROPER. The Sub-order of] riecarp (ex. gr. of a Drupe), between
RosacEa#, of which the genus Rosa is} the Epicarp and the Endocarp.
the special type. Sarmentose, having, or sending forth, or

Roszak. Thetribe of RosacEsErRorer |_ being in the form of, runners.
immediately represented by the Rose.|Sarmentum. A runner—which see.

Rostrate, beaked ; having a process re-|SATUREINEAE. The Satureja or Marjo-
sembling the beak of a bird. ram tribe of the Order LAPIaTatz.

Rosulate, in a rosette; arranged in cir-|SaxirRacGacEar. The Sazifraga tamily.
cular series, like the petals of a double|SaxirRacEAE. The Sub-order of Saxi-
Tose. FRAGACEAE, specially typified by the

Rotate corolla. Wheel-shaped; mono-| genus Sarifraga.
petalous(or gamopetalous)and spread-|Scabrous, rough with littlé points, or
ing almost flat, with a very shori| hairs.
tube. Scales. Small thin plates, or leaf-like

ROTTBOELLIACEAE. A tribe of the ordei| processes; also the leaflets of the in-
GRAMINEAE, represented by the genus} volucre, in the ComrosITAE.
Rottboellia. Scandent, climbing,—usually by means

Rough, covered with dots, points, 01| of tendrils.
short hairs, which are harsh to the|Scape. A peduncle proceeding directly
touch. | ; y from the root, and mostly naked.

Round, circular, or globular; not angu-|Scarious, dry and skinny,—generally
Jar. See globose, orbicular, and tercte.| transparent.

RupiaceaE. The Rubia or Madde:|Scattered, disposed or distributed thinly,
family. ‘ without any regular order.

Rudiment. An imperfectly developec|ScrrrEar. ‘The Scirpus or Clut-Rush
organ. > , tribe of the Order CYPERACEAE.

Rufescent, becoming reddish-brown, 01{ScoRZONEREAE. A Sub-tiibe of C1cuo-

Tust-colored. RACEAE, typified by the genus Scor-
Rufous, reddish-brown, or rust-colored.| zcnera. “4

Rugose, wrinkled. Rugulose, finely |Scrobiculate, having the surface exca-

wrinkled. vated into little pits, or hollows.

GLOSSARY XXvll

ScropHuLaRiaceaE. The Scrophularia)Shining, glossy smooth and bright.
family. Shrub. A small woody plant, branching

Scutellae, The little shield-like orbicular| near the ground,—ofien without any
sessile receptacles of some of the Li-}_ principal stem.

CHENES. — Shrubby, hard and woody ; of the texture

ScurELLARINEAE. The Scutellaria tribe} and size of a shrub.

of the Order LABIATAE. SILENEAE. The Silene tribe of the Order

Scutellate, shaped like, or resembling, a} CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
target or shield. Silicle. A little or short silique, nearly

Seam. See Suture. as wide as long.

Secund, one-ranked; all seated on, orjSiLicuLosaE. A division of the Order
turned to, the same side. CRUCIFERAE, comprising the plants

Segment. The division, or separated) bearing Stlieles, or short pods.
portion, of a cleft calyx, leaf, &c. Siligue. A long slender pod, or mem-

Semi, half; as semi-bivalved, half-2-|. branous seedvessel of 2 valves, hav-
valved,—semi-terete, half-round, &c. ing the seeds fixed alternately along

Sempervirent, always green; living} both sutures.
through the winter, and retaining its|Smiquosar. A. division of the Order
verdure. CRUCIFERAE, comprising the plants

SENECIONEAE. A Sub-tribe of the Sene-| with Siliques, or long pods.
cio-like plants, specially typified by|Siliquose, having siliques,—or resem-
that genus. bling a silique.

SENECIONIDEAE. The Senecio or Ground-|Simple, undivided; not branched; not
sel tribe of the Order CoMPosITAE. compound. ,

Sepal. The leaflet, or distinct portion, of|Simple Umbel. When each ray termi-
a calyx. nates in a single flower,—instead of

Sepaloid, resembling sepals; green and] a secondary or partial umbel.
not petal-like. Sinuate, having sinuses, scallops, or

Septicidal dehiscence. When a com-| gashes which are open and rounded
pound pericarp opens by splitting the] at bottom. :
dissepiments—i.e. the carpels separate| Sinuate-dentate,-Sinuate-serrate, having
from each other, and opento the seeds| teeth, or serratures, with the clefts or
by the ventral suture. openings reunded at bottom. A

Septiferous, bearing a septum. Sinus. An open notch; a rounded in-

Septif,agal dehiscence. When the dis-| cision, or scallop. | : }
sepiments remain attached to ihe axis,|SisyMBRIEAE. The Sisymbrium tribe of
while the valyes break away from| the Order CRUCIFERAE. :
them. SmILacEaE. The Smilax family.

Septum. The partition which divides the|SmyRNIEAE. The Smyrnium tribe of the
cells of fruit. Order Umbelliferae.

Sericeaus,silky; coveredwith soft smooth |Soboliferous, producing young plants
glossy appressed hairs. from the roots.

Series. A division, or comprehensive|SotanacEaE. The Solanum, Potato, or
group, of objects in Natural History ;} Nightshade family.
also, a continued succession of things|SoLanEaE. The tribe of ScLANACEAE
of the same Order. specially typified by the genus Sola-

Serrate, sawed; having sharp teeth on| num. oka
the margin, pointing towards the|/So~ipacinEaE. A Sub-division of Aster-
apex. like ComrosiTax£, of which Solidago,

Serratures. The teeth, or sharp segments,} or Golden Rod, is the type. ‘
of a serrate margin. Solitary, standing alone; one only in a

Serrulate, finely serrate; having small} place. z
teeth or serratures. Sopsorear. The Sophora tribe of the

SEsELINEAE. The Sesele tribe of the Or-| Order LEGUMINOSAE.
der UMBELLIFERAE. Sort (plural of Sorus). Small clusters

Sessile, sitting closely; without any] of granules, or sporanges, on the back
footstalk or pedicel. - of the fronds of Ferns.

Seta (plural, Setae). A bristle; a stiffish|Spadizx. A sortof dense-flowered, fleshy
elastic hair. or club-like Spike,-usually enveloped

Setaceous, bristle-like; resembling a| by, or proceeding from, a sheathing
bristle in size and figure. involucre called a Spathe.

Setose, bristly ; having the surface cov-|Spathaccous. having a spathe, or resem-
ered with bristles. bling a spathe.

Sheath. A membranous expansion|Spathe. A sheathing kind of bract,
which is tubular, or convolute, and} common calyx, or involucre, open on
inclosing or embracing a stem. one side,-often containing the spadix.

Sheathed, inclosed or embraced by a|Spathulate, or spatulate, like a spatula ;
sheath. obovate-oblong, or larger and rounded

Sheathing, embracing the stem with a| at the end, and tapering to the base.
sheath. Specics. The lowest permanent division

XXVIil GLOSSARY

of natural objects, in a systematic|Stellwlar, radiating after the maniie? 6f
arrangement; a group comprising all| little stars.
similar individuals. _. ... |Stellular pubescence. Compound = or

Speci fic, belonging to, or distinguishing,}| fasciculate hairs, with the branches
the species. _ | spreading like rays.

Spermoderm. The proper coating of ajStem. The main axis or body of a plant;
seed. the common supporter of branches,

Sphacelate. dark-colored, as if gangre-| leaves, flowers and fruit.
nous, or dead: F - |Stemless, having no visible or aérial

Sphagnous, full of bog-moss, or Sphag-| stem: applied to plants where the
num. - stem is suppressed, or so short as to

Spicate,in the form, or after themanner.| be apparently wanting.
ofa spike. Stertle, barren, or unproductive; applied

Spike. A kind ofinflorescence inwhich| to flowers which produce no fruit.
‘the flowers are sessile on the sides of|Stigma. The summit of the style,—or
a long common peduncle, or rachis. that portion of the pistil through which

Spikelet. A little spike,—or sub-division] the pollen acts. —
of a compound spike. Stigmatic, belonging or relating to. the

Spine. A thorn; a sharp process origi-| stigma.
nating in the wood—i. e. a pointed|Stigmatiferous, or stigmatose, bearing, OT
abortive branch. belonging to, the stigma.

Spinellose, armed with minute spines. |Stipe. A little pedicel, or footstalk, of

Spinescent, becoming thorny,—or inclin-} seeds, &c. also, the petiole of the frond,
ing to be thorny. } in ferns.

Spinose, thorny ; armed with thorns. Stipellate, furnished with stipelles,—t. e.

Spinulose, covered with:small spines. the stipules of leaflets, in compound

Spongioles. The delicate sponge-like} leaves.
tissue, forming the growing-points of|Stipelles. The stipular appendages, or
roots. little stipules, of leaflets, in compound

Sporange. The pericarp of the crypto-| leaves.
gamous plants; the membranaceous|Stipitate, having a stipe; supported on
envelope of the sporules. _ a little pedicel.

Spores, or sporules. The seminal equi-|Stipitiform, resembling a stipe. ‘
valents, or analogues of seeds, 1n|Stipular, belonging or relating to Sti-
cryptogamous plants. pules.

Sporidia. Spore-like bodies; or some-|Stipulate, furnished with stipules.
times the cells, or sacs, which contain|Stipules. Leaflets, or leaf-like append-
the sporules of the Funet. ages, at the base of a petiole, or leaf.

Sporocarp, a synonym of Sporaxzge. Stole (corruptly, stool), to put forth stoles

Sporules. Dimin. of Spores ;; which see. (or stolones)—i. e. suckers, or branches,

Spur. A tapering hollow production of} trom the root: usually applied to
the base of a petal, or sepal,—usually| young wheat, in autumn and spring.
called a nectary. Stole-bearing, producing stoles. See sto-

Spurred, having a spur, or spur-like| Jlonifcrous.
elongations. Stoles (i. e. stolones—corruptly, stools).

Squamose, scaly ; covered more or less| The shoots, suckers, or off-sets, from
with seales. the base of the stem, or roots, of

Squarrose, jagged; having spreading tips.| plants: usually applied to young win-
or divaricate points, all round,—as| ter grain,—as wheat, &c. See Tiller.
the scales of some involucres. Stoloniferous, having suckers, off-setts,

StacnypEaE. The Stachys or Hedge-| or running shoots (stolones), from the
nettle tribe of the Order LABIATAE. base of the stem, or crown of the root.

Stamen. The organ of a flower which|Striae. Fine parallel ridges, or lines.
prepares the pollen,—usually consist-|Striate, marked with longitudinal lines,
ing of a filament and anther, ana situ-| or stripes. .

.ated between the corolla and the|Striate-sulcate, scored with minute lon-
pistil. , P gitudinal grooves and ridges.

Staminate flower. Having stamens, but|Strict, straight and rigidly upright. _
not pistils. Strigosé, armed with spreading bristly

Staminiferous, bearing or supporting the}, hairs, which taper from base to apex.
stamens. , Strobile. The cone, or collective fruit, of

Staminodia. Imperfect organs oecupy-| the Pines, Firs, &c.
ing the position of, and resembling |Strophiole. <A little crown, or fungous

_ Stamens,—being.in.the transition stage} appendage to the hilum of a seed.
between petals and stamens. Style. The columnar (usually slender)

STELLATAE. A Sub-arder of RuBtacEaE | portion ofthe pistil, between the ovary
distinguished by whorled or stellate] and the stigma,—sometimes wanting.

. leaves, Styliferous, bearing or producing a style,

Siellate, like a star; arranged like the} or styles. ;

_ rays of a star. Stylopodium. The foot or thickened base

GLOSSARY XXix

of the style (or united’ styles), at the; little squares, or checquers, like a
junction with the epigynous disk,—as},_ chess-board.
in UMBELLIFERAE. Testa. The outer integument, or proper

Stylostegium. The hood or covering of] coat, of a seed.
the style,—as in the Asclepias family.|Tétradynamous, having 4 long and 2
See Gynostezium. short stamens, in a cruciate flower.

Sub—a preposition signifying under, or|Tetragonous, 4-cornered,. or having 4

a diviston,—as a Sub-class, Sub-order,| angles. "
&c.: also employed as a diminutive.|Tetramerous,. consisting of 4 parts, or
or qualifying term, equivalent to al-| constituent portions. ‘
most, somewhat, or about,—as sub-ses-|Tetrandrous, having 4 stamens of equal
sile, nealy sessile, &c. length:

Suderose, of a texture resembling cork. |Thallogenous plants. Plants destitute of

Subulate, shaped like an awl-blade;|} stem, or ax.s ; consisting of Thalli, or
linear or cylindric below, angularand] mere expansions of cellular vegetable
tapering to a sharp point at summit. growth.

Succulent, juicy ; full of juice. Thaliophytes. A Class of flowerless

Sucker. A shoot, or offsett, from the| plants,—consisting wholly of Thallus,
root, or base of the stem. or vegetable leaflike expansion.

Suffrutescent, almost shrubby. Thallus. A name for the stemless, frond-

Suffruticose, somewhat shrubby ; shrub-| like expansion,.of. which many Cryp-
by at base. togamous plants are entirely compo-

Sulcate, furrowed, or grooved. sed.

Super, or supra,a preposition signifying} Theca (plural, Thecae). A name for the
above or upon, beyond or more than—!| Jittle case, sac, or capsule, (sporocarp)
as super-azillary, situated above the containing’ the spores of: certain Cryp-
axil. togamous plants (ex. gr. the Mosses).

Super—or Supra-decompound, more than|Tho,n. A sharp process from the woody
decompound ; many times subdivided, part of a plant,—being a stunted, or
or compounded. ‘ __abortive branch.

Superior, above; a term applied to the|Tjrgat. The orifice or passage into the
ovary, when it 1s above the calyx, or] tube of a corolla. 2
Jee in the flower; also to the calyr.|Thyrsoid, resembling, or being in the
when thetube is adherenttotheovary.| form of, a Thyrsus. >

nace ee ee Thyrsus.. A-kind of contracted, or dense,

Suppression, the non-production, or fail- ovoid panicle,—as in the Lilac, Horse -
ure in the developement, of an organ,.| Chesnut, &e.

Surculose, bearing suckers, or offsets, _|'T1L1acEaE. The Tilia or Linden family.

Suspended ovules, or seeds. When they|Tiller. A sucker, or young shoot, of
are atlached to the summit of the ova-| Wheat, Rye, &c.
ry, or pericarp, and hang perpendicu-| Tiller, or it/low, to put forth suckers, or
larly in the cavity. new shoots, from the root,-or base of

Suture. The line, or seam, formed by:the|; the stem—as Wheat,-.&c,. See Stole, or
junction of two margins. stooé.

Symmetrical flower. When there is an| Tissue. Web,-or fabric ;- the intimate or-
equal number of parts in- each series,| ganic structure, or composition, of bo-
or verticil. dies;—especially those which are,.or'

Syngenesious, having-the anthers united,| have been, alive.

—as in the CoMPosITAE. Tomentose, covered With a curled, or mat-

Synonym. Another name for the same} ted, coltony pubescence.
thing. Tomentum. A matted downy or cottony

Tenacious, sticky or adhesive ;. also,|! pubescence.
holding on by means of little hooked) Tvothed. See dentate.
points. Torose, or torulose, swelled out :n obtuse

Tend; i!.. A filiform twining branch, or] ridges.
appendage, by which some plants) Tortuwous,-bentin different directions.
climb, or sustain themselves: in the|Torus. The bed, or receptacle, at the
grape vine, it isan abortive raceme. | apex:of a flowerstalk, on which are

Terete, round,-like a column,—and either|_ inserted all the parts of the flower.
cylindric or tapering ; appl-ed to stems,| Translucent, clear, or transmitting light
or stem-l:ke bodies: See orbicular. faintly.

Terminal, situated at, or proceeding! Transverse,. transversely, aCTOSS;. CTOSS-
from, the end or'summit! : wise ; at right angles with lengthwise.

Ternary, atranged in threes ; consisting| Triadelphous, having the filaments unit-

of three parts, or elements. ed in 3 parcels.
Ternate, three-fold; three together,—as| Tviandrous, having 3 stamens.
the leaflets of clover, &c. Triangular, having 3 angles, corners, or

Fessellated, resembling mosaic work; i=! points.

XXX

GLOSSARY

Tribes. Groups of kindred plants, inter-)Tuzf. The green sward, or grassy sod.
mediate between Orders and Genera. |Turgid, swelled, but not inflated.

Tribracteate, having 3 bracts, _
Trichotomous, three-forked ; dividing by
3 equal branches.

Tuition. A thick, tender, young shoot of

a plant,—as of Asparagus, Hop, &c.

Tussock. A dense tuft or bunch formed

Tricoccous, composed of three separable| at the root,—as in some species of

indehiscent carpels (or cocc?).

Carex, Grasses, &c.

Tricuspidate, having, or terminating in,| Twin, two of the same kind connected,

3 sharp points.

or growing together.

Trifarious, facing, or pointing, in 3 di-| Twining, winding round and ascending

rections.

spirally.

Tri fid, three-cleft; partially cut or di-|T'wo-ranked (or rowed), See distichous.

vided into 3 segments.
Trifotiate, having 3 leaves ; or the leaves
arranged in threes.

Typuacecar. The Typha or Cat-tail fam-

ily of plants.

Utmacrear. The Ulmus or Elm family.

TriroLicaE. The Trifo’ium or Clover|Utmear. The Sub-order of Utw aceak, of

tribe, of the Order LeGuMINOSAE.
Trigonous, three-cornered.
Trigynous, having 3 pistils.
Trilobate, three-lobed.
Trimerous, consisung of 3 parts.
Tripartite, three- parted.
Tripetalous, having 3 petals

which the genus Ulmus is the special
type

ype.
Unm:bel. A kind of inflorescence, in which

the flower-stalks proceed from a com-
mon centre, like rays, or the braces of
an umbrella. Umbels are szmple, or
compound : which see.

Tripinnate, thrice-pinnate ; the common| Umbellate, in the form or manner of an

petiole 3 times divided, or with bipin-

nate divisions on each side.
Tripinnaifid, pinnately dissected, with

the primary divisions twice pinnatifid.

umbel.

Umbellt. A partial umbel; one of the
subdivisions of a compuund umbel:
which see.

Triplinerved, having 3 principal nerves|UmertLLireRaE. The Order or family of

from the base.

Umbel bearing plants.

Triquetrous, having 3 angles and 3 flat| Umbelliferous, bearing the flowers im

sides,—as the culms of many CYPERA-
CEAE. ‘
Triscpalous, having 3 sepals.

umbels.
Umbilicate, navel-like ; having a central
pit, or depression.

Titernate leaf. When the petiole is twice) Unaimd, without thorns or prickles.
divided ternately,and each final branch} Unc’nate, hook-shaped ; hooked at the

bears 3 leaves..

end.

TrRopacoLacean: The T,opaeolum or|Undulate, wavy; curved, or rising and

Nastui tium family... .

depressed, like waves.

Truncate, having the end blunt, as if] Unequal, the parts not corresponding in

transversely cut off.

Tube, a pipe, or hollow cylinder.

Tuber. A solid fleshy knob, attached to
roots.

TupEeRAcEAE. A division of the Subtribe

length, size, form or duration.
Unguicu'ate, having a slender or narrow
base, like an unguis, or claw.
Uniform, or unifo'mly, in one form, or
manner ; equally and alike.

ANGIOGASTERES, typified by the genus| J i/ateral, on one side; growing, or in-

Tuber, or Truffle.
Tubercle. A small excrescence, knob, or

serted, all on one side of a stem, or
common peduncle.

point, on a surface—making it rough,| (piscrual, of one sex—i. e. staminate,

or uneven.

or pistillaie, only.

Tubercula. The part.al receptacles of some Urceclate, pitcher-shaped, or urn shaped ;

of the LicHENs. :
Tuberculate, covered with tubercles.
Tuberiferous,bearing or producing tubers.

Tuberous, consisting of, or fleshy and U

solid like. tubers.

Tubular, having a tube, or constructe
like a tube.

TUBULIFLORAE. The first Swb-order of

ComposiTAg, With the perfect or disk Ui

florets all tubular.

Tuft. A bunch, or fascicle, growing from
the same root, or originating nearly at
the same point.

eS swelled, or enlarged like a swel-

hg.

Tunicate, coated; having concentric
cvats, or thin layers. .

Turbinate. top-shaped ;
inverted cone,

d URTICEAE.

swelling below, aud contracted to a
neck, abeve.

RTICACEAE. The U7rtica or Nettle fami-
ly of plants.

The Swb-order of Untica-
CEAE, specially typified by the genus
Urtica. ‘
tricle. A little sac, or thin membrana-
ceous pericap, which incloses, but
does not adhere to, the sced. See Cary-
opsis.

VaccINIEAE. A Sul-order of ERICACEAE,

represented by the genus Vaccinium.
Valvate aestivation.. When the sepals or

petals are folded together, and fit by

their edges, without overlapping.

resembling ar| Valves. The several parts of a regularly

dehiscent pericarp,—especia!ly of a

GLOSSARY

capsule: also, the scalcs which close
the tube, in some corollas; and the
chaffy pieces which cover the flowers
of the Grasses.

Var (Varietas), a variety, or modifica-
tion of a species.

Variety. Anew or unusual form, or mo-
dification of a plant, produced by acci
dental causes,—such as crossing, soil.
climate, culture, &c. but not perma-
nently, or at least, not spectfically, dis
tinct,

Vascular plants. The higher Orders of
plants (including all above the Mosses),
—composed more or less of woody
fibres, and elongated cells, or vessels,
in the form of slender tubes.

Vau ted, arched over, like the roof of the
mouth.

Veil (of the Fune). A delicate mem-
brane or fringe, in certain garics,
which in an early stage connects the
margin of the pileus with the stipe.

Veined, having the vessels var:ously
branching, over the surface.

XXXl

dicative rather of PAylodia, than of
true leaves.

Verticil, A whorl; flowers, leaves, or
other organs, arranged in a horizontal
ring, round a stem, or at its summit.

Verticillaster. A spurious verticil; a
condensed cyme, or cluster resembling
a verticil,—as in many LagraTar.

Vertictllate, growing or arranged in a
verticil, whorl or horizontal! ring.

Vesicles, Litt!e bladder-like vessels.

Vesicular, or vestculose, made of, or re-
sembling, little bladders.

Vespertine flowers. ‘Those which expand
in the evening.

Vextilum, The banner, or broad uppet,
petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

VicigaE. The Vicia or Vetch tribe, of
the Crder LeGumInosaz.

Villose, or villous, velvety ; clothed with
numerous, and rather long, soft hairs.

Villus (plural, vill’). The velvet-like pu-
bescence on a villous plant.

Virescent, inclining to, or becoming,
green.

Venaticn of a leaf. The distribution of Virgate, wand-like; long, slender, and

the veins, or frame work, in the lami-
na or blade.

Taperal, contained in, or belonging to, the

elly.

Ventral suture. The line or seam of a
earpel, or folded leaf, formed by the
union of its margins: the opposite of
do:sal.

Ventricose, bellied ; swelling out in the
middle, or below it.

VERBASCEAR. The Verbascnwm or Mullein
ir.be, of the Order ScROPHULARIACEAE

VEREENACEAE. The Verbena or Vervain
family. ; ;
Vernation. The mode in which young

leaves are folded and packed ina bud.

VeRNON ACEAE. The Vernonia or Iron-
weed tribe of the Order CoMPos.TAE.

VeERNoNIEAE. The Sué-t,tve of VERNON-
IACEAE, Of which the genus Vernonia
iz the special type.

Verrucose, warty; covered with wart-
like excresences.

Versati/e anther. When it is fixed by the
middle on.the point of the filament,

‘and moves round lightly and readily,—}_

as in the Grasses, &c.

Vertical, or vertically; ina perpendicular
direction ; fromthe zenith, or highest
point. directly downwards.

Vertical leaves. When they stand edge
up, Or present their margins—and not
their faces—to the earthand sky : in-

siraight.

Viridescent, greenish.

Viscid, clammy ; eovered with a sticky
or adhesive moisture.

ViTaceakE. The Vitis or Grape family.

Vittae. Fillets; linear receptacles of
oily matter on the carpels of Umbelli-
ferous plants.

Viviparous, produeing a ecollate’al off-
spring by means of bulbs-;. or having

the seeds to germinate before they are

detached from the parent plant.

{Volubi’e, ascending spi:ally, or climb-

ing by embracing another object. See
Twining.

Vo'va. ‘The wrapper, or onter covering
of a young Mushroom (£garic),—
which bursts by the rapid development
of the plant, leaving its remains adhe-
rent to the base of the stipe.

Vu'go, commonly called (in the vernacu-
lar); in common parlance.

Wary,—See wndulate.

Who7rl,—See verticil.

Wingrd, having a thin extended margin.

Wings. ‘The side-petals of a papilionace-

ous corolla: also, the membranous ex-

pansion at the summit or margin of
certain pericarps, and on the sides uf
some petioles.

Wool’y, clothed with a long, curled or
matted pubescence, resembl:ng wool.
XANTHOXYLACEAE. Thé Xanthozy’on or

Prickly Ash family of plants.

we ah

oy? ia

ssh aes a
Bae tite 8 Ae li ET
er ea aoe : pateags, rae a mes

‘ re Bai
‘ n naps 2hyrlie: gy ta ei if 3 Piet aang Ge ta Piet ima * 2 4
) : mY poaeaeyits ‘i i i Ps irre 3

t ciel dab, oF! sahey harm r pony” cr “yee as i og 2 aie ‘
o a 5 y

ead is wees Rig teas si

gk Tie veal sh Sd s3 n ear

: pans pote 0 we,

| Poe se ”

ee meupoe: ST

‘ ~ailee Bio ee ae sce ‘“s ‘amen Tasio
cleteries Pode ey | eae “ iniiplibe ee

2 apamein nt SD SIN ig ee ha ate oe =

; ea ert Bie Les She Ww in
ey eo to 36 +ory ' ‘ a
Be iy since coer nl te pagina) ar Xs papi ih oh
= RTO ELT 2k a Sarees Vy: ‘he 3 164% he wn? $
2 IRON ERE 72s 8a NR 7 IES ~ 0 ena whe
a RRR HGS 2pm hell iy Raeien S|

Seas al elie pS be ALS hag wae Gea Bt
=a ueaerye Nei Niel Dh eh PSM
RS ss patty saa
hecate geomet: j Hace loti, Wai

. Sat ei a

si* oa
Z Ae. ca 2 aes ‘4
Y : f y oS cis. a
. 7 , &
» % ‘et (7, No eae % :
~ < ~e > regN *
4 ; .
7 y
‘ “ Ved a.
mF : i :
me q 5
= ’
'- = apt
, ;
nee r, A
sya oes .
q OAT 2
oe .

s

ABBREVIATION S AND REFERENCES.

o= The sign of Cotyledons accumbent

o a & Cotyledons incumbent

Ach. Erie Acharius, Swedish Botanist

Adans. Michel Adanson, French.

Agardh. Car. Ad. Agardh, Swedish.

A. Gr. Asa Gray, American.

Ait. Wm. & Wm. T. Aiton, English.

All. Car. Allioni, Italian.

A'ph. De. Alphonse De Candolie,French

Bartl, Friedr. G.ttl. Bartling, German.

Bartr, John & Wm. Bartram, American

Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois, French.

Benth.. George Bentham, English.

Benth. Lab. Labiatarum Genera et Spe-
cies.. By Geo. Bentham. 1 vol. 8 vo.—
London, 1832-6.

Bess. Wilib. Besser, German.

Biume. Carl Ludw. Blume, German.

Bronn. Heinr. Geo. Bronn, German.

Brot. Feiix Avellar Brotero, Portuguese.

C. A. Mey. Carl Amt. Meyer, German.

Cass. Alex. Hen. Garb. de Cassini, Ital-
jan.

Chav. M. Chavannes, French.

Chois. Jaq. Denis Choisy. French.

Correa. Abbé Correa de Serra, Portu-
guese.

Crantz. Heinr. Joh. Nepom. Crantz,
Geiman,

DC. Aug. Pyramus De Candolle, French.

DC. (Alph.) Alphonse De Candolle,
Freiich.

Dene. J. Decaisne, French.

DC. Prodr. Prodromus Systematis Na-
turalis Regni Vegetabilis: Auctore
Aug. Pyr. De Candolle. 10 vols. 8 vo.
182 1-46

Desf. René Louis Desfontaines, French

De Theis. Alexandre de Theis, French.

Diilin. Joh. Jac. Dilleuius, German.

Den. David & Geo. Don, English.

Duby. Jean Etienne Duby, French.

Duham. Hen. Louis Duhamel, French.

Dunal, Michel Felix Dunal, French.

Ehrh. Friedrich Ehrhart, German.

Ell. Stephen Elliott, American.

Endl. Stephen Endlicher, Hungarian.

Endl. Gen. Genera Plantarum secundum
Ordines Naturales d sposita: Auctore
i Endlicher. 1 vol. 8 vo. 1836-

excl. syn. excluding the synonyms.

ex. gr. (exempli gratia) for the sake of
example.

Forst. George (John, &c ) Forster, Eng-
lish.

Fr. in the French language; also, Fruit
mature.

Fries. Elias Fries, German.

Gaertn, Jos. & Carl Friedr. Gaertner,
German

Gaudich. M. Ch. Gaudichaud, French.

Germ, in the German language.

Glor. Benj. Petr. Gloxin, German.

Gooden. Saml. Goodenough. English.

Gray. Gram: North American Grami-
neae and Cyperaceae: By Asa Gray.
2 vols. Folio. 1834-5.

H. B. K. Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth.

Hail. or Haller, Albeit von Haller, Dutch.

Hofjm. Geo. Fr. (et al.) Hoffmann, Ger-
man.

Hogmsg. J. C. Count Eoffmannsegg,
Ge:man.

Hook. Sir Wm. J. Hooker, English.

Huds. Wm. Hudson, English.

Juss. Ant. Laur. de Jussieu, French.

Koch. Wilh. Dan Jos. Koch, German.

Kunth, Car. Sigism. Kunth, German.

Kunth, Enum. Enumeratio Plantarum
omnium hucusque cognitarum. ce.
auctore C. S. Kunth. 4 vols. § vo. 1832-

L. Car. Linnaeus, Swedish.

Lam. J. Bapt. Monet de la Marck,
French.

Lamb, A. B. Lambert, English.

1. e. (Joco citato) in the place already cited
or referred to.

Less. Chr. Fr. Lessing, German.

Lesiib, Fr. Jos. Lestiboudois, Belgian.

Lindi. John Lindley, English.

Link, Heinr. Friedr. Link, German.

Loddig. Conrad Lod:'iges, English.

Marsh. Humphry Marshall, American.

Mart, Carl Friedr. Phil. von Martius,
German.

M. dik. Fried. Casim. Medikns, German.

My. (C. A) Carl. Ant. Meyer, German.

Mich. Pet. Ant. Micheli, Italian.

Mill. Philip Miller, English.

Miib. C. F. Brissean-Mirbel, French.

Moench. Conrad Moench, German.

Muhl. Henry Muhlenberg, American.

Ma. Andr. Michaux, French.

Mz. Fl. Bor. Am. Flora Boreali-Ameri-
cana: 2 vols. 8 vo. Paris, 1803.

Mz. Sylva. The North American Sylva :

Jig. a figure or representation. By F. Andiew Michaux. 3 vols. 8 vo.

Fil. Flowers expanded. 1S17-19.

Fl. Cestr. Flora Cestrica: By Wm.) Neck. Natal. Jos. de Necker, French.
Darlington, 1. vol. 12 mo. 1837. Nees. Chr. Gottfr. Nees yon Esenbeck,

Fi. Lond, Flora Londinensis: By Wm| German.
Curtis & Wm, J. Hooker. 4 vols. in| Nutt. Thomas Nuttall, Anglo-American.
Folio. 1815." Obs. Observation, or remarks.

XXXIV

Pers. Chr. Henri Persoon, Dutch ?

Ph. or Pursh. Fredk. Pursh.

Presl. Carl Boriwog Pies], Hungarian.

Rif. or Rajin. C. Rafinesque-Sehmaltz,
Sicilian.

R. Br. Robert Brown, Fnglish.

Rich. Louis Ciaude Richard, French.

Risso. A. Risso, French ?

Roxb. Wm. Roxburgh, English.

Rumph. Geo. Everh. Rumphius, Dutch

Saitsb. Riehd. Anth. Salisbury, English.

Sa:i. Gaetano Savi, ltal’an.

Schott. Heinrich Schott, German.

Schrad. Heinr. Adolph. Schrader, Ger-

man.

Schreb. Joh. Chr. Dan. von Schreber,
German.

Schum. Chi. Fr. Schumacher, German.

Scop. Joh. Ant. Scopoli, Italian.

Ser. Nich. Charles Seringe, Swiss ?

Sith. Joh. Sibthorp, English.

Soland. Dan. Cenr. Solander, Swedish.

Span. in the Spanish language.

Spreng. Kurt Sprengel, German.

Sw. Olaus Swa:tz, Swedish.

tab. (tabula) a plate, or sheet containing
one or more figures.

Theis. (De.).
French.

ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES

Tode. Heinr. Jul. Tode, German.

Torr. & Gr. Jno. Torrey & Asa Gray,
American.

Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. Am. A Flora of North
America: By John Torrey and Asa
Gray. vols. 8 vo. 18384 .

Torr. N. Am. Cyp. Monograph of N.
Ameriean Cyperaceae: By John Tor-
rey. 1836.

Tcurnef. Jos. Pitton de Tournefort,
French.

Tryin. Car. Bern. Trinius, German.

Vahl. Martin Vahl, Danish.

Vaill. Sebastian Vaillant, French.

Vent. Eurenne Pierre Ventenat, French.

Vill. D. Villars, French.

Walp. Repert. Repertorium Botanices
Systematicae: Auctore Gul. Gerardo
Walpers. 2 vols. 8 vo. 1842-3.

Walt. Thomas Walter, Anglo-American.

Wanginh. Fr. Ad. Jul. Wangenheiin,
German.

Weih. Aug. Weihe, German.

Willd. Car] Ludw. Willdenow, German,

Willd. Sp. Pi.. Caroli & Linné Species
Plantarum: Curante Carolo Ludovico
Willdenow. 5 vols. 8 vo. 1797-1810.

Alexandre de The’s,| With. Wm. Withering, English.

LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT
OF THE GENERA TREATED OF IN THIS WORK.

0S> For the convenience of those who are accustomed to investigate
Genera by the Linzaean Method, the following Synopsis is here in-
serted.

DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

A. FLowers cometett, regular. Fruit a Berry.

LicustruM. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Corolla 4-lobed; lobes
ovate, spreading. Berry 2-celled; cells 2-seeded. Orp. CV. OLEa-

CEAE. page 136.
B. FLoweERs MOSTLY INCOMPLETE. Frutt a Samara.

Fraxinus. Dioicovsty PpoLyGamous: Calyx 0, or 3-4-parted.
Corolla 0, or 4-petaled. Capsule (or Samara) 2-celled, compressed,
with a thin wing-like extension at apex. Orp. CV. Oveacear. p. 134.

[Catalpa. Orv. LX XXVIII. BicnontaceEat. p. 107.]
[Hedeoma, and Salvia. Orv. XCIII. LaBratTar. p. 111.]
DIGYNIA.

{Anthoxanthum. Orp. CLX, GRAMINEAE. p. 210.]

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
[For the Genera belonging here, See Orv. CLIX. Cyprracrat. p. 199.]
[Juncus communis. Orv. CLV. JuNcaceak. p. 199.]
DIGYNIA.

(The Genera belonging here, are the trwe Gvasses,—and will be found in ORp.
CLX. GRAMINEAE. p. 204.]

{Amaranthus albus. ORp. CIX. AMARANTHACEAE, p. 141.]

TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

A. Ovary INFERIOR. a. Corolla monopetalous.

Dirsacus. Flowers in ovoid heads: Calyx minute, cup-shaped,
entire. Corolla tubular; limb 4-cleft, erect. rut akene-like,
1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. Receptacle conical, chaffy.
Orv. LXXXIV. Dirsaceae. p. 73.

Rusia. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla 4 or 5-parted, rotate. Style
bifid. Fruit didymous, subglobose, baccate or succulent. Orp.
LXXII. Ruegiaceae. p. 72.

b. Corolla tetrapetalous.

Cornus. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong. Drupe with a2 or
3-celled nut. Orp. LXIX. Cornacrae. p. 70.

XXXV1 LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT

>
B. Ovary suPpERIOR. a. Flowers complete.

Prantaco. Calyx mostly 4-parted. Corolla monopetalous, marces-
cent; limb 4-cleft, reflexed. Stamens much exserted. Capsule
2-celled, circumscissed (or opening horizontally). Orp. LXXXIV.
PLANTAGINACEAE. p. 105.

b. Flowers incomplete.

SymeLocarrus. Spathe conch-shaped, acuminate. Spad¢z roundish-
oval. ‘Calyx deeply 4-parted, persistent; segments cuneate, trun-
cate and somewhat cucullate, becoming thick and spongy. Sty/e
4-sided, tapering; stigma minute. Seeds solitary, imbedded in the
spadix. Orp. CXXXV. Araceae. p. 189.

DIGY NIA.
[Cuscuta epilinum. Orp. XCIX. CoNVoLVULACEAE. p. 127.]

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA,

A. Frowers comptetTe. §1. Ovary superior.
a. Corolla monopetalous. t+ Seeds or Nuts 4, apparently naked.
*Nuts fixed to the bottom of the calyz.

LitnospermuM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla small, funnel-form;
limb 5-lobed; throat open. Stamens included. JNuts imperforate
at base, bony, rugose or sometimes smooth. Orp. XCIV. Boraci-
NACEAE. p. 123.

Ecuium. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla irregular, subcampanulate ;
limb unequally and obliquely 5-lobed; tube short; throat open.
Nuts imperforate at base, tuberculate. Orp. XCIV. Boracina-
CEAE. p. 122.

** Nuts afixed to the Style or central column.

Cynocuiossum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form ; throat closed
by 5 obtuse connivent scales. Nuts (or Axenes) echinate, somewhat
depressed, ovate, convex externally and angular on the inner side.
Orv. XCIV. BoraGinacEak. p. 124.

1 t Seeds tx an evident Pericarp. * Fruit a Capsule.
SagppaTia. Calyx 5 to 12-parted. Corolla sub-rotate, 5 to 12-parted.

Stamens sometimes 6; anthers finally revolute. Stigmas 2, spirally
twisted. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Orv. CI. GENTIANACEAE. -p- 132.

CoxvotvuLtus. Calyx 5-sepaled, naked or with 2 bracts at or near
the base. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form ; limb obsoletely 5-
lobed, plicate. Fvlaments dilated at base. Stigmas 2, linear-terete,
often revolute. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. Ongp. XCIX. Convot-
VULACEAR. p. 125.

Batatas. Calyx 5-sepaled. Corolla campanulate ; ; limb ssn ys
plicate. Filaments scarcely dilated at base. Stigma capitate, 2-
lobed. Capsule 3—4-celled, 3—4 valved. Orv. XCIX. Convot-
VULACEAE, p. 124.

Datura. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-cleft at sutnmat, Ted acias.
Corolla funnel-form; limb 5-angled, plicate. Capsule ovoid, mostly
muricate, 2 to 4-celled, 4-valved. Orp. C. SoLanackak. p. 128.

Nicotiana. Calyx somewhat urceolate, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla

OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XXXVIl

funnel-form; limb spreading, plicately 5-lobed. Capsule ovoid,
smooth, bisulcate, 2-celled, 2 to 4-valved. Orp. C. Sovanacrae.
p. 127.

VerBascum. Calyz 5-parted. Corolla rotate; limb unequally 5-
lobed. . Stamens declined; filaments (or some of them) hairy. Cap-
sule ovoid or globose, 2-celled, 2-valved. Orn. XCI. Scropuuna-
RIACEAE. p. 109.

' * * Fruit a Berry.

Sotranum. Calyx 5 to 10-cleft. Corolla rotate or sub- -campanulate :
limb plicate, mostly 5-lobed. Axthers erect, connivent, opening by
2 pores at summit. Berry globose, 2 to 4-celled. Orv. C. Sontana-
CEAE. p. 129.

Lycorersicum. Calyz 5 to 10-parted. Corolla rotate; limb pli-
cate, 5 to 10-lobed. Azthers cohering by an elongated membrane
at summit, opening longitudinally. Berry mostly depressed-globose
and often torose, 2 to 3-celled. Oxp. C. Sozanaceae. p. 131.
Capsicum. Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Corolla sub-rotate ; limb plicate,
mostly 5-lobed, Azthers connivent, opening longitudinally. Berry
without pulp, polymorphous, imperfectly 2—3-celled. Orv. C. So-
LANACEAE, p. 129.

b. Corolla mostly pentapetalous: Fruit a Berry.

Vitis. Ortren Dioicousty potyeamMous: Calyz minute, 5-toothed.
Petals cohering at apex, caducous. Stigma subsessile, obtuse.
Berry 2-celled, 4-seeded; cells and seeds often abortive. Orp.
XLVI.. Viracear. p. 28.

§ 2. Ovary inferior. a. Corolla monopetalous. .
Lospewia. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, irregular, cleft on the
upper side nearly to the base. Stamens more or less united; anthers
coalesced into a tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule sometimes half
superior, 2 or 3-celled, opening at summit. Orp. LXXVI. Losg-
LIACEAE. p. 101. ;

b. Corolla pentapetalous.

Rises. Calyx campanulate or. tubular, 5-cleft ; segments more
or less colored. Petals small, inserted alternately with the stamens
in the throat of the calyx. Style 2 to4-cleft. Berry crowned with
the shrivelled remains of the flower, 1-celled, pulpy, many-seeded.
Orv. LIX. GrossuLacgaE. p. 56.

B. FLowers INCOMPLETE.
Nyssa. Diorcousty potyeaMous: StaminaTEFuL. Calyx 5-parted.
—€orolla 0. Stamens 5 to 10 or 12, inserted round a peltate disk.
Pistinuate Fu. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 0. Stamens 5, or wanting.
Drupe oval; nut striate. Orp. CXIV. SantaLaceakg. p. 149.

[Acer rubrum.. Orp. XLI. ACERACEAE. Pp. 27.]
DIGYNIA.

A. Ovary superior. f. Flowers complete.
Cuscuta. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla globose-urceolate, 4 or 5-
lobed. Stamens adnate to the tube of the corolla, alternating with
the lobes, supported by fringed scales at base. Capsule 2-celled,

circumscissed. Orp. XCIX. ConvoLvuLacgaE. p. 126.
D

-

XXXVili LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT

Asctrpias. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted; lobes. reflexed.
Stamineal crown 5-lobed; lobes erect, cucullate, each with a subu-
late process projecting from within. Aztheridia 5-angled, trun-
cate, opening at the winged angles by 5 vertical fissures. Podlinia
5 distinct pairs, compressed, pyriform, pendulous. Ovaries 2, one
mostly abortive. Follicles ventricose. Oxp. CIII. Ascrepiapa-
CEAK. p. 133.
+ | Flowers incomplete.

Cuenopopium. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 0. Styles very
short. Utricle thin, miembranaceous. Seed 1, vertically depressed,
lenticular. Orv. CVIJ. Cuenopopiacear. p. 139.

Beta. Calyx 5-paited, petsistent, adhering to the base of the fruit.
Corolla 0. Seed 1, subreniform-cochleate, imbedded in the base of
the calyx. Orv. CVII. Curenopopiaceak. p. 138.
Utmus. Calyx small, campanulate, 5 to 8-cleft. Corolla0. Sta-
mens 5to 8. Samara 1-celled, 1-seeded, flat, with a broad meim-
branous margin. Orp. CXVII. Utmacear. p. 150.
Cettis. Monoicousty potycamous: Staminate Fu. Calyz 6-
parted. Corolla 0. Stamens 6 (fide Nutt.). Prrrect Fi. Calyx
deeply 5-parted. Corolla 0. Stigmas subulate, elongated. Drupe
globose, 1-seeded. Orn. CXVII. Unmacrae. p. 151.
B. Ovary rnFerior. ft Flowers in simple Umbels.

Panax. Diorcousty potygamovs: StraminaTe Fu. Calyx small,
turbinate; limb nearly entire. Pirrecr Fru. Calyz obsoletely 5-
toothed. Petals 5. Stamens inserted under the margin of the epi-
gynous disk. Styles 2 or 3 (rarely 1). Fracta fleshy or subcoria-
ceous berry, 2 or 3-celled ; ‘cells 1 seeded. Orv. LXVIII. Aratia-
.CEAE. p. 69.

t t Flowers in compound Umbels.
[The Genera of this division all belong to Orp. LX VII. UMBELLIFERAE. Pp. 62.]

TRIGYNIA.
a. Ovary inferior: corolla monopetalous.

SamsBucus. Calyz mostly 5-cleft; limb small. Corolla sub-rotate,
mostly 5-lobed. Stamens sometimes 6 or 7. Berry subglobose, 1-
celled, 3 to 5-seeded. Orv. LXXI. Caprironiacear. p. 71.
b. Ovary superior: Corolla pentapetalous.
Ruvus. Dioicovsty Potyeamous: SrerineEFi. Stamens 5, mostly
shorter than the petals. Stigmas mostly 3. Ovary abortive. FrEr-
TILE Fr. Stamens 5, or often wanting. Stigmas mostly 3, sub-
sessile. Drape small, nearly or sometimes quite dry; wt bony.
Orn. XXXIX. AnacarpDIACeak. p. 23.
PENTAGYNIA.
a. Ovary inferior.

Arata. Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5. Styles spreading,
shee Berry 5-celled, 5-seeded. Orv. LXVIII. Arauiacese.
P- e

b. Ovary superior.
Linum. Calyz deeply 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, unguiculate.

OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XXXxXix

Stamens united at base in a hypogynous ring, with intermediate
teeth. Capsule globose, 10-celled, 10-valved. Seeds solitary, com-
pressed, ovate. Onn. XXXI. Linaceae. p. 21.

HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
a. Perianth mostly Corolla-like. { Flowers with a Spathe.

Atu‘tum. Spathe membranaceous: Flowers in a dense terminal
umbel, or head. Perianth 6-parted. Filaments sometimes tricus-
pidate (i. e. in threes, the anthers on the lateral ones abortive).—
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Orv. CLII. Lintaceare. p. 195.

t t Flowers destitute of a Spathe.

Asparacus. Pertanth 6-parted; segments linear-oblong, erect.
Stigmas 3, subsessile. Berry 3-celled; cells 2-seeded. Orv. CLII.
Liniaceak. p. 198.

OrnitHocaLum. Perianth deeply 6-parted; segments spreading
above the middle. F%laments dilated at base. Capsule roundish,
somewhat trigonous, 3-celled. Orp. CLII. Liziacgag, p. 195.
Tittanpsia. Perianth deeply 6-parted,—the outer verticil nearly
distinct and calyx-like; segments of both lanceolate and of equal
length. Capsule 1 to 3-celled. Seeds crowned with a tuft of hair.
Oep. CXLVI. Brometiaceae. p. 192.
b. Perianth calyz-like. { Flowers on a Spadiz.
Acorus. Spadiz terete, sessile on the side of an ensiform leaf-like
scape. Perianth of 6 glumaceous oblong subcucullate sepals,
thickened at apex. Capsule angular, 3-celled, indehiscent. Orp.
CXXXVIII. Araceakr. p. 190.
t t Flowers more or less Paniculate.
Juncus. Pertanth of 6 glumaceous persistent sepals, bibracteate at
base. Stamens sometimes 3. Sttgmas 3, subsessile. Capsule
mostly 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Orp. CLY. Juncacgas.
p. 198.
[Sabbatia angularis. Orp. CI. GENTIANACEAE. p. 182.1
DIGYNIA.
[Polygonum Persicaria, Pennsylvanicum, and arifollum. Orv. CXI. Potreo
NACEAE, p. 144.]
{Oryza sativa, and Zizania aquatica. Orp. CLX. GRAMINEAE. p. 206.]
TRIGYNIA,

Sanat. Flowers on a branched Spadiz, with numerous incomplete
Spathes. Calyx 3-parted. Corolla of 3 petals. Ovaries 3, at first
distinct, finally united. Drwpe simple and subglobose or 2 or 3-lobed.
Orv. CXXXIV. Pata. p. 188.

Roumex. Flowers sometimes pioicous. Pertanth calyx-like, per-
sistent, deeply 6-parted, the outer segments smaller. Stigmas
many-cleft. Seed (Akene, Nut, or Caryopsis) triquetrous. Orn,
CXI. Potyeonacear. p. 142.

[Sambucus Canadensis. Orp. LX XI. CapRirouiaceaz. p. 71.]

HEPTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Aescutus. Calyz tubular, somewhat ventricose. Corolla of 4 or

xL LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT

5 unequal petals. Stamens sometimes 6 or 8. Capsule 3-celled,
mostly 1-seeded by abortion. Seed large. Orp. XLII. Hirrocas-
TANACEAE. p. 27.

OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

a. Ovary inferior. {+ Fruit a Capsule.

OrnotHERA. Calyz tubular, 4-cleft; limb reflected, and with part
of the tube caducous. Petals 4, obcordate or obovate. Stigma 4-
lobed, or spherical. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds not comose.
Orp. LIV. OnaGrackEak. p. 55.
1 t Frat a Berry.

Oxycoccus. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla deeply 4-parted; lobes
linear-lanceolate, revolute. Stamens connivent; ethers bifid, tu-
bular. Berry globose, 4-celled, many-seeded. Orp. LXXVIII.
ERICACEAE. p. 103. ’ .

b. Ovary superior. J} Flowers perfect.
Troparotum. Calyz colored, 5-parted,—the upper segment spurred
at base. Petals 5, unequal,—the 2 upper ones sessile—the 3 lower
ones unguiculate. Fruit composed of 3 connate carpels, fleshy or
subcoriaceous; carpels, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Orp. XXXV.TRo-
PAEOLACEAE. p. 22.

t t Flowers mostly polygamous.

Diospyros. Droicovsty potycamous: Calyz 4-parted. Corolla
urceolate, 4-cleft. SraminaTE Fi. Stamens often 16. Ovary abor-
tive. Frrtire Ft. Stamens 8 to 12, mostly abortive or imperfect.
Ovary 4-angled. Berry subglobose. Orp. LXXX. Exsenacraz.
p. 105.

Acer. FLowers POLYGAMoUS, or sometimes DIoIcous: Calyx 5-
cleft or 5-parted—sometimes truncate with the limb entire. Petals
5,or none. Stamens about 8,—but ranging from 3 to 12. Samarae
in pairs, winged at apex, diverging. Orp. XLI. Acrraceakr. p. 26.

DIGYNIA.
[Ulmus Americana. Orp. CX VII. Uumaceae. p. 150.]
TRIGYNIA.

Potyconum. Pertanth mostly 5-parted, persistent, often colored.
Stamens 5to9,mostly 8. Styles 2,or 3. Axene solitary, compressed
or triquetrous according as the styles are 2, or 3. Orp. CXI. Poty-
GONACEAE. p. 144,

Facoryrum. FLowers soMETIMES PoLyGamous: Perianth deeply
5-parted, persistent, colored. Stamens alternating with 8 hypogyn-
ous glands. Adene triquetrous. Orv. CXI. PotyGonacear. p. 146.

ENNEANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

SassaFRas. Diolcousty potyeamous: Perianth 6-parted, colored.
Srerite Fu. Stamens 9, in three series, all perfect,—the 3 inner
ones with a gland on each side at base. Ovary wholly abortive.
FERTILE Fi. Stamens 6, imperfect. Ovary ovoid, acuminate;
oo discoid. Drupe ovoid-oblong. Orp. CXIII. Lauraceae.
p- , ;

OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XLl

Benzoin. Mosttry piorcous: Perianth 6-parted, colored. STrRiLE
Fr. Stamens 9 perfect, and 6 to 9 imperfect in an inner series.
Ovary a mererudiment. Ferrite Fi. Stamens 15 to 18, imperfect,
filiform, acute. Ovary subglobose; stigma 2-lobed. Drwpe oval.
Orv. CXIII. Lavracear. p. 148.
TRIGYNIA.
Rueum. Pertanth colored, narrowed at base, 6-parted, persistent.
Ovary triquetrous; stzgmas multifid, reflexed. Afene triquetrous,—
the angles membranaceously margined. Orp. CXI. PoLyGonackaE.
p. 142.
DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
a. Ovary inferior: Corolla monopetalous.
Vaccinium. Calyx mostly 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate or ut-
ceolate, mostly 5-cleft. Berry globose, 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded,
crowned with the persistent calyx-teeth. Orp. LXXVIII. Erica-
CEAE. p. 102.

b. Ovary superior. ¢ Corolla monopetalous.
Anpromepa. Calyz 5-parted, persistent. Corolla tubular, subcyl-
indric or ovoid ; limb 5-cleft, reflexed. Amnthers awnless or awned
at summit. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal. Orv. LXXVIII.
Ericaceakr. p. 103.

t. t Corolla pentapetalous.
Cuimapuina. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish-obovate. Ovary
depressed-globose, umbilicate; style very short, immersed in the
umbilicus of the ovary; st¢gma peltate, orbicular. Capsule depress-
ed-globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal at apex. Orp. LXXVIII.
ErRicaceEak. p. 104.
Metra. Calyx 5-parted. Petals linear-spatulate. Stamineal tube
subcylindric, 10-cleft at summit, bearing the anthers in the throat.
Stigma 5-rayed. Drupe globose; nut 5-celled. Orp. XXIX. Mez-
LIACEAE. p. 20.
[Cercis. Crp. XLVI. LEcum:Nos:k. p. 40.]
DIGYNIA.
SaxrrraGa. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, often adnate to the base of
the ovary. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Capswle 2-celled, 2-
beaked (or rather 2 acuminate connate carpels), opening between
the beaks. Oxp. LXV. Sixirracacese. p. 61.
PENTAGYNIA.
Lycunis. Ca/yz tubular, 5-cleft, naked at base. Petals 5, with
slender claws, often crowned. Capszle 1-celled, or 5-celled at base,
opening with 5 teeth at summit. Orv. XXI. CanyopHyLLaceaE p. lo.
DECAGYNIA.
Puytonacca. Perianth corolla-like, deeply 5-parted. Ovary su-
perior, vertically depressed, orbicular. Berry 10-celled, 10-seeded.
Orv, CXII. PuytrotaccaceaE. p. 146.
ICOSANDRIA (CLASS).
[For the Genera of this Class, See Onp. XLIX. Rosaceae. p. 41.]
p*

XLil LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT

POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
iS Ovary mostly superior.

Citrus. Calyz urceolate, 3 to 5-cleft.. Petals 5 to 8. Filaments
‘dilated, united in parcels. Stigma hemispherical. Fruit a pulpy
berry, with a subcoriaceous coat. Oxp. XXVIII. AurantTiace £.
p. 19. qt
Tit1a. Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, naked within, or
each with an internal scale or accessory petal (staminodium). Fila-
ments distinct, or somewhat united in parcels. Ovary globose, vil-
lous. Nut coriaceous or bony, by abortion 1-celled. Oxp. XXVI.
TILIAceaE. p. 18.

Portutaca. Ca'yz adnate to the base of the ovary, 2-parted, final-
ly circumscissed near the base and deciduous. Petals mostly 5, in-
serted on the calyx. Stamens 8 to 15. Stigmas 3 to 8. Capsule
subglobose, circumscissed, 1-celled, many-seeded. Orv. XXIII. Por-
TULACACEAE. p. 15.

Papaver. Calyz of 2 concave caducous sepals. Petals 4. Stigmas
sessile, radiated. Capsule obovoid, opening by small valves under
the crown formed by the stigmas. Seeds numerous, aflixed to pla-
centae which form incomplete dissepiments. Orp. XI. PapaveRs-
CEAE. p. 0.

Cimiciruca. Calyz of 4 or 5caducous sepals. Petals (or stami-
nodia) 3 to 5 or 8, caducous,—sometimes 0. Carpels 1 to 8, follicu-
lar, many-seeded. Orn. I. RanuncuLacEar. p. 3.
[Diospyros. Crp. LX XX. EeENAcEAE. p. 105.]
DI-PENTAGYNIA.
Hypericum. Culyz deeply 5-parted. Petals 5. Filaments united
in parcels. Styles 3to 5. Capsule membranaceous, 3 to 5-celled,
many-seeded. Onrp. XIX. Hyvericacrar. p. 14.
Detruinium. Calyx of 5 irregular petaioid deciduous sepals,—the
upper one spurred at base. Petals 4, irregular,—the two upper
ones spurred and introduced into the spur of the calyx. Carrels 1
to 5, follicular, many-seeded, Onxp. I. RanuncuLacEst. p. 2.
FOLYGYNIA.
t Carpels dehiscent.
Maeno-11. Calyz of 3 deciduous sepals. Petals 6 to 9 or 12, in
concentric series. Carpels crowded in a strobile-like spike, persist-
ent, opening on the back, 1-seeded. Sceds in a fleshy coat, sus-
pended by a long funiculus. Orv. I]. Macnourackar. p. 3.
t t Carpels indehiscent.
Lirtopenpron. Ca/yz of 3 somewhat petaloid caducous sepa!s.—
Petals mostly 6. Carpels samaroid, densely imbricated in a cone,
deciduous, 1 or 2-seeded. Orn. II. MaGnoLiacear. p. A.
Ranunovtus. Calyx of 5 deciduous sepals. Petals 5 (sometimes
10), each with a nectariferous scale, or pore, at base on the inside.
Carpels compressed, mucronate, striate, smooth or tuberculate, ar-
ranged ina head. Oap. I. Ranuncunace:eE. p. 1.

DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA,
[For the Genera belonging here, See Orb, XCIII. Lastatar. yo be |

OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XLlil

ANGIOSPERMIA.
Cararpa. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate, with a -ventri-
cose tube; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 2 perfect, and 2 to 3 abortive
(sometimes perfectly Didynamous). Capsule very long, terete, 2-
celled, 2-valved. Seeds flat, margined and fringed at each end.
Oxv. LXXXVIII. Bignontacear. p. 107.

Martynia. Calyz 5-cleft. Corolla subcampanulate,—the limb 5-,
lobed. Capsule oblong, much acuminate, finally woody with a co-
riaceous coating, 4-celled, 2-valved,—the acumination splitting into
two long incurved claw-like beaks. Oxp. LXXXIX. Prpariaceag.
p. 108.

Linarta. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate; upper lip bifid, re-
flexed ; lower lip trifid,—the throat closed by the prominent palate ;
tube inflated, spurred at base. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, opening
with several valves at apex. Seeds numerous, margined. O.p.
XCI. Scroppunariacear. p. 110.

Versena. Ca/y2z tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, somewhat
funnel-form,—the limb 5-lobed. Capszu/e thin and evanescent, 2 or
4 ceHed; cells 1-seeded. Onrp. XCII. Venpenaceaz. p. 111.

TETRADYNAMIA (CLASS).

[The Genera of this Class all belong to Crp. XIII. Crectrerat. p. 5.]

MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA.
[Lobelia. Cro. LX X XVI. Losectaczarz. p. 101.}
POLY ANDRIA.
[For the Genera belonging here, See Ord. XXV. Matyackar. p: 16.]
DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA.
Poryeata. Sepals 5, irregular,—the 3 outer ones smaller, bract-
like —the 2 inner ones wing-like, petaloid. Petals 3 to 5, somewhat
cohering, united with the stamens,—the lower one keel-shaped.
Capsule compressed. Seeds pubescent. Orn, XLVII. Puryeara-
CEAE. Pp. 30.
DECANDRIA.
[For the Genera belonging here, See Crp. XLVIII. Leguminosae. p. 81.]
SYNGENESIA (CLASS).
[The Genera of this Class belong to Orv. LX XV. Comresitak. p. 74.]
GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA.

Awist Lecuta. Pertanth tubular, ventricose near the ovary,—the
limb dilated, somewhat 3-lobed. Ovary inferior; stigmas 6, sub-
sessile. Capsule 6-angled, 6-celled, many-seeded. Oxp. CVI.
ARiSTOLCCH ACEAE. yp. 137. ,

MONOECIA MONANDRIA.

Evrxons:a. Flowers naked, in involucrate clusters. Izvolucre mo-
nophyllous, subeampanulate, with 5 petaloid segments, which have
- externally 5 gland-like teeth, alternating with them. SraminaTE
FL. numerous,—each consisting of an azther with its filament arti-
culated in the middle. Pistintate FL. solitary, central; ovary
pedicellate; styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled: cells 1-seed-
ed, bursting elastically on the back. Orp. CXXII. Evpuorsta-
CEAF p. 152. ;

XLiV LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT

DIANDRIA.
[Fraxinus.- Orv. CV. OLEACEAE. p. 134.]
TRIANDRIA.

Typna. Florets inalong dense cylindric Spiée,—the staminate ones
above. SraminaTe Fit. Pertanth 0. Stamens united by threeson
1 filament, which is inserted on the hairy receptacle. PisTILLaTE
*Fr.. Perianth 0. Ovary pedicellate, surrounded at base with a
tuft of pappus-like hairs. Orp. CXXXVIII. Typuaceae. p. 190.
[Carex. Ord. CLIX. CYPERACEAE. p. 200.]
[Zea. Tripsacum. Orp. CLX. GRAMINEAE. p. 207.]
TETRANDRIA.
Urtica. Flowers sometimes Dioicows: StamMinaTE Fu. Perianth
of 4 roundish sepals, with the cup shaped rudiment of a pistil in
the centre. PistitnatTe Fu. Pertanth mostly of 2 persistent sepals.
Stigma villous. JVut (or Axsene) compressed, orbicular-ovate, shin-
ing. O.p. CXXXI. Urticacear. p. 179. .

Morvs. Flowers in ament-like spiZes,—sometimes Dioicous. STA-
MINATE FL. in rather Joose spikes. Pertanth 4-parted. PisTILLATE
FL. in dense spikes, which are sometimes androgynous. Perianth
4-parted,—the segments becoming baccate. JVut small, compress-
ed, ovate, covered by the succulent perianth. Oxp. CXXXI. Ur-
TICACFAF. p. 176.

Atnus. SraminateE Fu. Ament Jong, cylindric,—the scales cune-
ate, truncate, 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Pertanth 4-parted. PisTiLLaTE
Fi. Ament ovoid-oblong ; scales subtrifid, 2-lowered. Perianth 0.
Nut compressed, not margined. Orn. CXXVII. Beruxaceak. p. 170.

PENTANDRIA.

Amarantuus. Sram:nate Fr. Pertanth deeply 3 or 5-parted,
mostly colored, persistent. Stamens sometimes 3. PisTinLatTe Fr.
Pertanth as in the staminate flowers. Capsule 1-celled, circum-
scissed. Seed 1. Oxo. CIX. AMarantuaceak. p. 140.
[Xanthium. Ambrosia. Orv. LXXV. Comro-1Tat. p. 74.]
[Celtis. Orp. CX VH. Ui~msceat. p. 151.]
[Quercus. Onp. CX XV. CuruiirERae. p. 160.]
HEXANDRIA.
[Zizania. Orp. CLX. GRAMINEAE. p. 206.]
POLY ANDRIA.
SaGitTariaA. Pertanth deeply 6-parted,—the 3 outer segments se-
paloid, persistent—the 3 inner ones petaloid, deciduous. Pvst¢llate
Howers below the staminate ones. Ovaries numerous, in a globose

head. Carpe’s compressed, margined, 1-seeded, not opening. Oap.
CXXXIX. Atismaceae. p. 191. ,
Arum. Often pioicous: Spathe cucullate, convolute at base.—
Spadiz naked at summit, staminate in the middle, and pistillate at
base. Perianth 0. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded. Orv. CXXXV.
ARACEAE. p. 188.

Quercus. Sraminate FL. in loose Aments. Perianth mostly 5-cleft.
Stamens 4 or 5 to 10. Pistinnare Fu. Involuere of numerous

OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XLV

scales, united to form acup. Perianth closely investing the ovary,
6-toothed. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; sty/es united into 1; stigmas
3. Nut (or Acorn) by abortion 1-celled, 1-seeded, coated by the
enlarged persistent, coriaceously woody perianth, and seated in the
cup-shaped involucre. Orp. CXXV. Cupurirerar. p. 160.

CasTaneA. SrAminate Fr. numerous, interruptedly clustered in

long ament-like Spifes. Pertanth 5 or 6-parted. PisT:LLaTe FL.
usually 3, within an ovoid squarrose ot muricate ¢xvolucre. Perianth
urceolate, 5 or 6 cleft, containing the rudiments of 10 or 12 abortive
stamens. Ovary inferior, connate with the perianth ; stzgmas pen-
cil-form, exserted, cartilaginous. JVwts 1 to 3, included in the en-
larged echinate 4-valved involucre. Orp. CXXV. CcPuLirgRak.
p- 167.

Facus. Sramtnate Fv. in pendulous globose Aments. Pertanth
campanulate, 6-cleft. PisrittatE FL. mostly 2, in an ovoid squar-
rose tnvolucre. Perienth urceolate, with 4 or 5 minute segments at
apex. Ovary inferior, connate with the perianth; stigmas 3. Nuts
usually 2, triquetrous, included in the coriaceous, muricate, 4-cleft
involucre. Orp. CXKV. CuruLirerae. p. 166.

Coryirs. Sraminate Ft. imbricated in cylindric Aments ; scales
3-cleft,—the middle segment covering the 2 lateral ones. Perianth
0. Stamens about 8. Pisritnate Ft. numerous, in a terminal
squamose cluster. Perianth obsolete. Stigmas 2. JNut bony,
roundish-ovoid, sub-compressed, embraced by the foliaceous lace-
rate-dentate zzvolucre. Orp. CXXV. CuruLiFerar. p. 159.

Ostrya. Sram.naTE Fu. Ament cylindric; scales orbicular-ovate,
acuminate, ciliate. Amthers bearded at summit. P.sruuaTe FL.
Ament loosely imbricated, bracteate, with the flowers in pairs;
scales in pairs, dilated and cohering by the margins, forming a
membranous sac, or involucre, inclosing each flower. Pertanth

' slightly urceolate, closely adherent to the ovary. Nut somewhat
compressed, lance-oblong, included in the bladder-like sac. Orr.
CXXV. CurviFErak. p. 158.

Berutra. Sraminate Fu. Aments cylindric; scales ternate—the
middle one bearing the stamens. PisTiLLaTe Fr. Aments ovoid-
oblong; scales trifid, 3-flowered. IVuts compressed, margined or
samaroid, l-seeded. Orv. CXXVII. Berutacrae. p. 169.

Piatanvs. Aments all globose, on long peduncles. Stam: nate FL.
very minute. Perianth 0. Stamens numerous, mixed with sub-
clavate scales. P.stintaTE Fu. Perianth 0. Ovaries numerous,
inversely pyramidal, mixed with spatulate scales; style subulate ;
stigma recurved. JVuts coriaceous, clavate, mucronate with the
persistent style, invested at base with pappus-like hairs. Orp.
CXXX. PLatanaceak. p. 175.

LiquipaMpBar. Flowers in conical and globose Aments,— each ament
embraced by a 4-leaved caducous involuere. Sram'NaTE FL. in
compound conical or ovoid-oblong aments. Perianth 0. Anthers
numerous, subsessile in capitate clusters. PisTILLaTE FL. in globose
aments. Ovaries surrounded by numerous scales, all cohering to-
gether and enlarging. Styles 2, subulate. Capsale 2-lobed, 2-celled,
opening between the diverging styles. Orv. CXXIX. BasamiFLUAE.
p- 174.

XLV1 LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT

Jucians. Sramtnate Fx, Aments simple, cylindric, loosely imbri-
cated; Scales 5 or 6-parted, sometimes bracteate at base. Stamens
numerous, subsessile, ona glandular disk. PistiLtaTE Fi. Perianth
double,—the outer one 4-toothed—the inner one longer, 4-parted.
Ovary inferior, ovoid; style short; stigmas 2, subclavate, spread-
ing,—the upper surface lacerate or fringed. Drupe globose or oval,
the epicarp spongy or coriaceous, and indehiscent; zt rugose and
irregularly suleate, imperfectly 4-celled, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Orb.
CXXIV. JucuanpaceEak. p. 154.

Carya. Sraminate Fi. Aments mostly ternate, slender, imbrica-
ted; seales 3-parted. Stamens 3to6or 8. Pisrittate-Fu. Peri-
anth single, 4-cleft. Ovary inferior; stigma 4-lobed, sessile. Drape
With a coriaceous epicarp, which finally opens by 4 valves; net
oval, somewhat quadrangular,—the surface even and smooth. Orb.
CXXIV. Jucuancvacgear. p. 156.

MONADELPiIIA.

Pinus. Stam:nate Fi. Aments mostly in clustered terminal spikes ;
scales peltate. PtoT1~LaTe FL. in terminal ovoid or oblong aments
(cones, or strobiies), clustered or solitary ; scales closely imbricated,
enlarging and becoming woody, often thickened at apex and mucro-
nate. Seeds naked, in pairs at the base of the scales, margined,—
the margin deciduous, or sometimes persistent. Orp. CXXXII.
ConiFERsk. p. 181.

Taxonium. Sraminate Fr. Aments numerous, crowded in pyra-
midal terminal spikes ; sca/es excentrically peltate. Pisri~LatTe FL.
Ameznts ovoid, in pairs at the base of the staminate spikes: scales
imbricated, acute, reeurved—spreading at apex,—finally somewhat
peltate, and woody, forming a subglobose strodile. Seeds naked,
irregularly angular, not margined. Orp. CXX XII. ConiFerae. p. 184.

Tuusa. SraminatTs Fut. Aments ovoid, terminal, very small; seales
excentrically peltate, loosely imbricated. PuisTitLate Fu. Aments
terminal, small, somewhat depressed ; sca/es quadrifariously imbri-
cated, slightly recurved at apex,—forming an ovoid or subglobose
tuberculate strobile, at first closed, finally opening. Seeds naked,
With a narrow margin. Onrp. CXXXII. Conireratr. p. 185.

Ricinus. Sraminate Fu. Pertanth 5-parted. Stamens numerous.
PisT1nuaTe Fi. Perianth 3-parted. Style short; stigmas 3, bifid.
Capsule muricate, 3-celled; cells 1-seeded. Orv. CXXII. Eupnor-
BIACEAE. p. 153.

Lacenaria. Calyz campanulate or turbinate. Petals 5, obovate,
adnate to the calyx below its border. SraminaTEe Fi. Stamens 5,
triadelphous; anthers very long and tortuous. PisTILLaTE FL.
Ovary inferior; stigmas 3, 2-lobed, subsessile. Frait a ligneous
pepo, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Seeds arillate, with tumid
margin. Orp. LXIII. Cucureiraceae. p. 57.

Cucumis. Ca?yz. tubular-campanulate. »Petals 5, nearly distinct
and free from the calyx. SraminaTe Fu. Stamens 5, triadelphous ;
anthers very long and tortuous. Pist1LLaTE FL. (sometimes perfect): .
Ovary inferior, oblong; stigmas 3, 2-lobed, subsessile. Fruit an
oblong fleshy 3 to 6-celled pepo. Seeds not arillate, acute at base
and on the margin. Orp. LXIII. Cucurprraceat. p. 58.

OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XLVil

Citruttvs. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-parted.. Petals 5, ad-
nate to the calyx. SraminaTe Fx, Stamens 5, triadelphous; azthers
long and tortuous. PistinuaTE FL. Ovary inferior, subglobose ;
stigmas 3, convex, reniform-cordate. J*ruit a globose or elliptic
‘pepo, 3 to 6-celled, succulent or fleshy. Seeds obovate-oblong,
truncate at base, obtuse on the margin. Onrp. LXIII. Cucunsira-
“CEAE. p. 59.

Cucurpita. Corolla campanulate,—the petals cohering with each
other and with the calyx.. Sraminate Fi. Calyzr campanulate, with
a short tube. Stamens 5, triadelphous and syngenesious; anthers
‘straight and parallel, with the base and apex abruptly curved.
Pistituatr FL. Ovary inferior; calyx with an obovoid tube, cir-
cumscissed below the limb after flowering ; st7gmas 3, thick, 2-lobed.
Fruit a fleshy or subligneous 3 to d-celled pepo, of various form—
either subglobose, oval, obovoid, clavate, or depressed and clypeate.

Seeds ovate, with the margin scarcely tumid. Onrp. LXIII. Cucur-
BITACEAE. p. 59.

DIOECI\ DIANDRIA.

Satrx. Aments cylindric; sea’es imbricated, 1-flowered. Perianth
0. SraminaTe Fu. Stamens 2 to 5, with a nectariferous gland at
base. PistithaTe FL. Ovary acuminate, with a nectariferous gland
at base; stigmas 2, bifid. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds mi-
nute, comose. Orn. CXXVIIL. Saricaceae. p. 171.
[Fraxinus. Orp. CV. OLEacear. p. 134.]
: TRIANDRIA.
Ficus. JVowers numerous and very minute, on the inner surface of
the hollow turbinate carnose receptacle ; orifice of the receptacle
closed by small scales. Sramrnate Fx. Pertianth 3-parted. PIstI-
LATE F'.. Pertanth 5-parted. Ovary 1-celled; style lateral; stigma
bifid. Utricles minute, membranaceous, dry, 1-seeded, lining and
filling the cavity of the succulent pyriform receptacle. Orp. CXXXI.
UrticackEak. p. 178,
. TETRANDRIA.
Mactura. Srammate Fx. racemose. Perianth 4-parted; segments
ovate. Ovary abortive. VuisTi~LaTEe FL. coalesced in a dense glo-
bose head. . Pertanth 4-sepaled,—the sepals cucullate-concave.
Ovary sessile, compressed, 1-celled ; sty/es 2,—one usually abortive,
the other elongated and very villous. Axenes 1-seeded, included in
the baccate coalesced perianths. Orv. CXXXI. Urricacear. p. 177.
‘Brovussonetia. StaminaTE FL. Syises ament-like. Perianth 4-
parted. PuistintaTe FL. crowded in a dense capitate compound
cluster, mixed with hairy scales. Pertanth urceolate, 3 or 4-toothed.
Ovary ovate, l-celled; sty/e filiform, excentric. Afeze subcarnose,
elevated on the baccate receptacle, and partially embraced by the
perianth. Orv. CXXXI. Urnticacear. p. 178. ;
[Morus. Urtica. Cro, CXX XI. Urricaceatr. p. 176-9.]
PENTANDRIA.
Houmvutvus. Staminate Fu. Perianth of 5 equal sepals. Ovary
wholly abortive. PistinnaLe Fi. Aments ovoid-oblong; scales or
bracts membranaceous, entire, imbricated, enlarging, 2-flowered.
Perianth urceolate, thin and transparent, closely embracing the

XLViil LINNEAN ARRANGEMENT, ETC.

ovary. Ovary ovate, 1-celled; stigmas 2, subulate. <A/enes resi-
nous-glandular. ORD. CXXX1. URTICACEAE. ‘p-. 180.

Cannazis. STAMINATE FL. racemose. Perianth deeply 5-parted.
PistiniaTE FL. glomerate. Perianth ventricose at base, acuminate,
including the ovary, slit on one side. Ovary subglobose, l-celled ;
stigmas 2, subsessile, elongated, pubescent. Vwt ovoid, 1-seeded,
indehiscent. Orp. CXXXI. Urnricaceae. p. 180.
Sprnacta. SraminatTe Fu. Perianth 5-parted. PistinnaTe Fu. Pe-
rianth ventricose-tubular, 2 or 3-toothed. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled;
stigmas 4, subsessile, long and filiform. Asenxe roundish-ovoid, in-
closed in the persistent indurated (and sometimes muricate) perianth.
Orv. C VIL. Curnoropiaceae. p. 138.
[Rhus. Onn. XX XIX. ANACARDIACEAE. p. 23.]
[Acer. Orv. XLI. ACERACEAE. p. 26.]
[Vitis. Orv. XLVI. Viraczar. p. 28.]
[Nyssa. Orp. CXIV. Santanaceae. p. 149.]
HEXANDRIA.
Sminax. Perianth colored, campanulate, deeply 6-parted. Pistit-
LATE Ft. Ovary superior; stigmas 3, subsessile. Berry globose, 1
to 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded.- Oro. CLE SMILACEAE. p; 193.

[Gleditschia. Orp. XLVIII. LEcuMINosAE. p. 41.]
[Rumex Acetosella. Orv. CXI. PotyeonackEat. p. 143.]
[Sabal. OxD. CX XXIV. PaLuak. p. 188.]

OCTANDRIA.

Porutus. Amezts cylindric; scales lacerately fringed. Pertanth
sub-turbinate, oblique, entire. Ovary superior, 1-celled ; stigmas 2,
elongated, bifid, subsessile. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds minute, comose.
Orp. CXX VILL SALICACEAR. p. 172,
ENNEANDRIA.
[Sassafras. Benzoin. Orv. CXIII. Lavracrar. p. 147-8.]
DECANDRIA.
AiLtantaus. Dzo1cousty PoLyeamous: Calyz 5-cleft. Corolla 5-
petaled. Sramrvate Fx. Stamens as long as the corolla,—the alter-
nate ones opposite the petals, and a little shorter. Ovaries 5, OF
fewer, abortive rudiments. PisTicLaTe Fu, Ovaries 3 to 5, free,
compressed, 1-celled; style lateral; stigma subcapitate. Salittine
3 to 5, or fewer by abortion, oblong, tumid in the centre. Perrrect
Fu. with 2 or 3 stamens. Orv. XL. XanTHoxYLAceAaE. p; 25.
MONADELPHIA.
Juniperus. SraminaTE FL. Aments ovoid-oblong; scales excentri-
cally peltate, imbricated. PisTinnaTe FL. Aments ovoid, axillary,
‘practeate at base. Involucre of 3 to 6 scales, which eoalenei and
_ become a subglobose drupaceous tuberculate frat, inclosing 2 or 3
naked angular nut-like seeds. Orp. CXXXII. Contreratr. p. 186.

CRYPTOGAMIA (CLASS).

The few Genera, in the present work, which belong to this Class,
will be found in the Series of FLowErLess PLants,—where they can
be as readily determined by their natural characters, as by any arti-
ficial arrangement. In fact, the Cryptogamouws plants are necessa-
rily disposed in conformity with the Vatural Method.

Le Naturaliste place 4 cété les uns des autres tous les étres qui ont le plus
grand nombre d’ organes communs ou semblables, et sépare ceux qui n’en pos-
sédent en commun qu’un petit nombre; d’ou resulte que, tandis que la perfection
d'un systéme artificiel est de ne compliquer le caractére des classes que du plus
petit nombre @idées possible, une methode naturelle, au contraire, est d’autant
plus parfaite, que les caractéres des classes peuvent exprimer un plus grand
nombre d’idées. DrE CANDOLLE.

The true Naturalist arranges or groups together all those beings which have
the greatest number of organs in common, or of similar structure,—and sepa-
rates those which possess but a small number of them in common: whence it
results that, while the perfection of an Artificial System consists in connecting
with the character of the Classes the smallest possible number of ideas.—a Na-
tural Method, on the contrary, is so much the more perfect, as the characters of
the Classes are expressive of a greater number of ideas.

Bisa ok A ib ge
> Maher: Petrino re rans

. 11

% my tsp
% Pp Oe a

Pies Bd ae ate ry SW 1g ke t ‘ F: : ; .! we i
an - : i . sy pe ine Se ar Mt ae >< tar - “— atte re
emia ee ee ete? yeu ates hag,
. aye St 3 ‘ oe Avge a ." ‘ 75) Ta. . ‘ >: . 5
\ oats 7 a: St ke hee ome | my peste “onan ar gis
(ae We » : < . es $ 6 Yas
SA ets aL 4 eh ait ath OP ORs ’ OR <Aabiel Hah
ag a fF A nce” ate
‘ m1 ; bs ca) ae .
i ae . : ‘ cas
¥ 7 bs
ae ot AAS rates
‘ v A 4
‘ ‘ Ris ‘
; ‘ ' ‘ +
. oo rte 4
4 '
» rae ,
. ay »y
A *
y 7 ee
-
irc. A
% ¥ i
:
‘ a
ie Mh
Ye |
. M
= , } butt
a
mal

GROUPS AND ORDERS

NOTICED IN THIS WORK.

The Vegetable Kingdom is arranged, by Prof. A. Gray in his
Botanical Text-Book (which arrangement is here adopted,) in two
Series, or grand Divisions,—known as Phaenogamous or Flowering
Plants, and Cryptogamouws or Flowerless Plants. These, again, are
subdivided; and the plants belonging to them are disposed, accord-
ing to their structure and affinities, in Classes, Sub-Classes, Divi-
stons, Groups, Orders, Sub-Orders, Tribes, Sub-Tribes, Genera,
Sub-Genera, Species and Varieties. ;

The following is a Synoptical View of the general arrangement
and grouping of the Natwral Orders, or Families, to which the
plants described. in the present work are referable: for which, as
the intelligent reader will perceive, I am indebted to the valuable
Tezt-book, above mentioned.

SERIES I.
PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

Plants furnished with Flowers (essentially consisting of stamens
and pistz/s), and producing proper Seeds.

CLASS I. EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Stem consisting of a distinct bark and pith, which are separated
by an interposed layer of woody fibres and vessels, forming genuine
wood in all perennial stems: increase in diameter effected by the
annual deposition of mew layers between the old wood and the -
‘bark,—which layers are arranged in concentric zones or rings, and
traversed by medullary rays. Leaves commonly articulated with
the stem,—their vezzs branching and reticulated. Sepals and Petals,
when present, most commonly in j/ives—sometimes in fouwrs—and
very rarely in threes.* Embryo with two (in the Conzferae with a
verticil of several) Cotyledons.

* A complete symmetrical Flower consists of 4 distinct successive orders of
verticils or whorls of modified leaves, crowded together at the summit of a stem,
branch, or peduncle,—the members or constituent parts of the successive verti-
cils being known as Sepals, Petals, Stamens, and Pistils. The normal or regular
number of these modified leaves, in each floral verticil of Exogenous plants, is
Jive ; but they are subject to much variation,—and one or more of them is often
suppressed, or abortive—especially in the superior, central, or pistillate verticil.
Sometimes the members of these verticils are more than five ; in which cases
they are-frequently ten, or some multiple of five—clearly indicating a doubling
or multiplication of one or more of the normal orders of verticils. This is re-
markably the case with the staminate verticil; and such multiplied stamens are,
moreover, apt to be imperfectly metamorphosed, or left in the form and condi-
tion of Staminodia,—and even of complete Petals: in which latter state they:
constitute what are called double flowers. In Endogenous plants, the floral ver--
ticils are usually less complete ; and each consists, normally, of three members,
—or, when increased in number, of six, or some multiple of three. The Sepals
(or lower verticil), in this class, often appear to be wanting; or are so blended
with the petals as scarcely to be distinguished,

Lil GROUPS AND ORDERS

SUB-CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS.

Ovules produced within a closed ovary, and fertilized by the ac-
tion of pollen through the medium of a stigma. Embryo with
a pair of opposite Cotyledons.

DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS. *

Floral envelopes consisting generally of both Calyx and Corolla,—
the petals distinct, or but slightly connected (waited in Orv. LXIII.
CucuRBITACEAE. p. 57. wanting in some species of Frazxinus, Ord.
CV. OvEaceaE. p. 134.).

Group 1. Ovaries several or numerous (solitary in Berberidaceae),
distinct; when in several rows sometimes coherent with each other,
but not united into a compound pistil. Petals and Stamens inserted
on the receptacle (hypogynous). Seeds albuminous.

J] => Stamens or Pistils (one or both) numerous or indefinite.
Orp. I. RANUNCULACEAE. p. 1. Orp. Il. MaGNoLiacEAE. p. 3.

Grovr 3.¢ Ovary compound (composed of 2 or more united’ car-
pels), with parietal placentae! Ca/yz entirely free from the ovary !
Stamens and Petals inserted on the receptacle,—the former mostly
distinct. Leaves not dotted.
a. Sepals 2, or rarely 3, caducous.
Orp. XI. PAPAVERACEAE. p. 4.
b. Sepals and Petals 4, or rarely 6.
Orb. XIII. CruciFERAE. p. 5.

Group 4. Ovary compound, with the placentae parietal,—or 2 to

5-celled by the meeting of the placentae in the axis; styles distinct,

or partly united. Calyz entirely free from the ovary. Stamevs and

Petals inserted on the receptacle,—the former often united in 3 or

more parcels (polyadelphous). Seeds with a straight embryo, and

little or noalbumen. Leaves punctate with transparent or black dots.
Orv. XIX. HypeERicaceak. p. 13.

Group 5. Ovary compound, i-celled, with a free central placen-
ta,—or 2 to several-celled, with the placentae in the axis,—free
from the calyx, or nearly so. Embryo coiled around the outside of
mealy albumen !
|; Petals 3 to 5 or 6, rarely wanting.
Orv. XXI. CarnyorpHytiacear. p.14. Orv. XXIII. PortTuLacaceak. p. 15..

Grovur 6. Ovary compound and several-celled, with the placentae
in the axis,—sometimes several carpels more or less coherent with
each other, or with a central axis. Calyx free, valvate in aestiva-
tion. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous, or sometimes polyadel-
phous, inserted with the petals (with which they frequently cohere)

* A few instances of polypetalous flowers occur in OrpER LX XVIII! Ert-
CACEAE,(viz. in Sub-Order III. PyROLEAE)—which 1s, nevertheless, placed in the
monopetalous division of the Series.

+ For the sake of conformity and convenient reference, I have not numbered
the Groups and Orders, here given, consecutively ; but have retained the num-
bers as they are applied in the second edition of Dr. Gray’s Text-book.

NOTICED IN THIS WORK Lili

into the receptacle, or on the base of the calyx. Eméryo usually
curved,—the foliaceous cotyledons twisted and plicately folded.

Orv. XXV. Matvacreag. p. 16. Orv. XX VI. Trutsceae. p. 18.

Grove 7. Ovary compound, with 2 or more cells, and the placen-
tae in the axis, free from the calyx, which is imbricated in aestiva-
tion. Stamens indefinite, or twice as many as the petals, often mo-
nadelphous or polyadelphous, tzserted with the petals into the re-
ceptacle. Seeds nearly or quite destitute of albumen. Embryo
mostly straight, with large or thickened cotyledons.

Orp. XXVIII. AURANTIACEAE. p. 19. Orv. XXIX. Metiaceak. p. 20.

Group 8. Ovary compound, or of several earpels adhering to a
central axis, with 1 or more ovules in each cell or carpel, free from
the calyx, which is mostly imbricated in aestivation. Petals as ma-
ny as the sepals, or sometimes fewer. Stamens usually as many,
or twice as many, as the petals, inserted on the receptacle, com-
monly monadelphous. Seeds usually with little or no albumen.
Flowers perfect.
* a. Flowers regular, or nearly so: Calyx imbricate.
Orv. XXXII. LInackas. p. 21.
b. Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical.
Orp. XXXV. TROPAEOLACEAE. p. 22. .

Group 9. Ovary compound, with 2 or several cells,—or, Carpels
several, and more or less united by their styles. Calyx free. Petals
as many as the sepals, or rarely wanting. Stamens once or twice
as many as the petals, distinct, inserted on the receptacle, or base of
the calyx. Flowers often dioicous or polygamous, regular.

Orv. XX XIX. ANACARDIACEAE. p. 23. Orp. XL. XANTHOXYLACEAE. p. 24.

Group 10. Ovary compound, mostly 2 or 3-lobed, 2 or 3-celled,
with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell, free from the calyx, which is imbri-
cated in aestivation. Petals mostly irregular, or one fewer than
the sepals, sometimes wanting. Stamens distinct, definite, inserted
on or around a hypogynous disk. Seeds destitute of albumen. Em-
bryo curved, with large cotyledons. Flowers often polygamous.
Orv. XLI. ACERACEAE. p. 25. Orp. XLII. HippocastaNnacBaE. p. 27.

Grove 11. Ovary compound, 2 to 5-celled, free or sometimes adhe-
rent to the calyx. Petals and Stamens as many as the lobes of the
calyx and inserted into its base or throat, or into the disk which
covers its base. Seeds albuminous, with a large and straight em-
bryo. Flowers perfect, or sometimes polygamous or dioicous.
j= Stamens opposite the petals !
Orv. XLVI. Vitaczak. p. 28.

Group i2. Ovary compound, 2-celled, free from the calyx. Sepals
and Petals very irregular. Stamens monadelphous,—tube of fila-
ments split on one side, and more or less united with the claws of
the hypogynous petals; anthers 1-celled, opening by a pore at the
apex! Seeds albuminous.

Orv. XLVII. PotyeaLackar. p. 30.

Group 13. Ovary simple and solitary, free from the calyx,—the
E*

LIV GROUPS AND ORDERS

fruit a Legume. Corolla papilionaceous, or sometimes regular.
Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Seeds destitute
of albumen.
- Orv. XLVIII. Leeumtnosaez. p. 31.

Grove 14. Ovaries simple and distinct, or compound and 2 to sev-
eral-celled, with the placentae in the axis. Calyz free, or often ad-
herent to the ovary. Petals regular, inserted on the throat of the
calyx. Stamens distinct, inserted with the petals. Seeds destitute
of albumen. Emdryo straight.

a. Stamens mostly indefinite.

Orp. XLIX. Rosaceae. p. 41.

b. Stamens definite.
Orp. LIV. OnaGRACEAE. p. 54.

Grove 15. Ovary compound, i-celled, with parietal placentae.
Calyz adherent to the ovary, or sometimes free,—when adherent,
bearing the petals and stamens on its throat, and the flowers perfect.
jj = Calyx adherent to the ovary.
Orp. LIX. GRoOSSULACEAE. p,. 55.

Group 16. Ovary compound, 2 to several-celled (or 1-celled by
obliteration),—the placentae arising from the axis, but carried out-
ward to the walls of the pericarp. Calyz adherent to the ovary.
Corolla frequently monopetalous! Stamens united either by the fil-
aments or anthers. FVowers monoicous or dioicous.

Orv. LXIII. CuceRsiracnae. p. 57.

Group 17. Ovaries two or more, distinct or partly united,—or com-

bined into a compound pistil, which has 2 or more cells with the

placentae in the axis,—or sometimes 1-celled with parietal placen-

tae. Calyz free from the ovary, or sometimes more or less adherent.

Stamens mostly definite, and, with the petals, inserted on the calyx.

Seeds numerous, with a straight embryo in the midst of albumen.
Orb. LXV. SaxifRAGACEAE. p. 61. re

Grovr 18. Ovary compound, 2- (rarely 1- 3- or 5-) celled, with a
single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. Calyz usual-
ly closely adherent to the ovary. Stamens as many as the petals,
and inserted with them upon the throat of the calyx, or on an epi-
gynous disk. Seeds with a small embryo in the midst of hard albu-
men. Petals mostly valvate in aestivation.

ij>> Calyz-tube entirely adherent to the ovary: Stamens and petals epigynous.
Ord. LXVII. UMcELLIFERAE. p. 62. Orb. LXVIII. ARALIACEAE. p. 69.
Orv. LXIX. Cornackar. p. 70.

DIVISION Il. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS. *

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla,—the petals
more or less united (forming what is more correctly termed a gamo-
petalous corolla.)

*The plants belonging to OrD. LXIII. Cucursiraceasr, although commonly
monopetalous (i.e. gamopetalous), will be found in the polypetalous division: And
some species of Fraxinus, belonging to ORD, CV. OLEACEAE, p. 134, at the end of
this Division, are destitute of petals.

NOTICED IN THIS WORK LV

Grovr 1. Ovary adherent to the calyx (inferior), 2 to several-celled,

with 1 or many ovules in each cell. Seeds albuminous. Stamens

inserted on the corolla. bis .
Orv, LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. p. 71. Orv. LXXII. RuspiacEae. p. 72.

Group 2. Ovary adherent to the calyx (the limb or free portion of
which assumes the form of a crown, or pappus,—or else is obsolete),
1-celled and 1-ovuled,—rarely 3-celled, with 2 of the cells empty.
Seeds with little or no albumen. Stamens inserted on the corolla.
Fruit a kind of Afene (or Achenium). Flowers usually crowded

into heads.
a, Stamens distinct. Seed suspended.

Orv. LX XIV. DipsackEakz. p. 73.
b. Stamens syngenesious. Seed erect.
Orv. LXXV. ComrosiITaE. p. 74.

Group 3. Ovary adherent to the calyx, 2 to 7- (rarely 1-) celled,

with numerous ovules. Seeds albuminous. Stamezs inserted with

the corolla upon an epigynous disk; @zthers not opening by pores.
Orv. LX XVI. LoBELIAcEAE. p. 100.

Group 4. Ovary sometimes adherent to the calyx, but generally
free (superior), with 2 or more cells, and usually with numerous
ovules. Seeds albuminous. Stamens inserted with the corolla
(either hypogynous or epigynous), or rarely adherent to its base,—
as many, or twice as many as its lobes; azthers commonly opening
by pores or chinks. Petals sometimes distinct!

, Orv. LX XVIII. Ericaceaez. p, 101.

Group 5. Ovary free, or rarely adherent to the calyx, several-
celled, with a single ovule (or at least a single seed) in each cell.—
Stamens definite ; anthers not opening by pores.

Orv, LX XX. EBENACEAE. p. 104.

Group 7. Ovary free (superior), 1-celled with a single ovule,—or
2-celled with several ovules attached to,a thick central placenta.—
Stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla, or the nearly
distinct petals,—either alternate with or opposite to them. Seeds
albuminous.
Orv. LX XXIV. PLANTAGINACEAE. p. 105.
Group 8. Ovary free, 1 or 2-(or spuriously 4-) celled, with numer-
ous ovules. Corolla bilabiate, or more or less irregular; the Sta-
mens inserted upon its tube, and mostly fewer than its lobes.
Orv. LX XXVIII. BienoniaceaeE. p. 107. ORD. LX X XIX. PEDALIACEAE. p. 108.
Orv. XCI. ScROPHULARIACEAE. p. 109.

Group 9. Ovary free, 2 to 4-lobed, in fruit separating into as many »
Nuts or Akenes. Corolla regular, or irregular (bilabiate),—the Sta-
mens inserted on its tube, equal in number or fewer than its lobes.
Seeds with little or no albumen.
a. Corolla irregular or bilabiate.
OrD. XCII. VERBENACEAE. p.110. Orv. XCIII. LapiaTae. p. 111.
. b. Corolla regular.
Orv, XCIV. BorRacinackEak. p, 122,

Grocr 10. Ovary free; compound,—or the carpels 2 or more and

LV1 GROUPS AND ORDERS

distinct ; ovzles usually numerous in each cell. Corolla regular,—
the Stamezs inserted on its tube, as many as the lobes and alternate
with them. Fruit capsular, follicular, or baccate.
a. Ovary compound (of 2 or more united Carpels.)
Orv. XCIX. CONVOLVULACEAE p. 124. ORD. C. SOLANACEAE. p. 127.
Orp. CI. GENTIANACEAE. p. 132.
b. Ovaries mostly 2 and distinct—at least in feuit.
Orb, CII[. AscLEP1IADACEAE. p. 133.

Group 11. Ovary free, 2-celled; cells 1 to 3-ovuled, in fruit 1 or 2-
seeded. Corolla regular (the Petals sometimes nearly distinct, and
occasionally wanting). Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla
(usually 2), inserted on its tube, or upon the receptacle.

Orp. CV. OLEAGEAE. p. 134.

DIVISION III. APETALOUS EXOGENS.

Corolla mostly none ;* the floral envelopes consisting of a single-
series or verticil (Calyz),—or sometimes entirely wanting.

Grover 1. Flowers perfect, with acolored or petaloid calyx. Ovary,
of several cells, with numerous ovules in each.

Orp. CVI. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. p. 137.
Group 2. Flowers perfect, or rarely polygamous, with a regular
and sometimes a petaloid calyx. Owwles solitary in each ovary, or
cell. Embryo curved or coiled around the outside of mealy albu-
men, or spiral,—rarely in the axis.

a. Ovary 1-celled or simple.
Orp. CVII. CHENOPODIACEAE. p.137. Orv. CIX. AMARANTHACEAE. p. 140.
Orv. CXI. PoLtyGonaceak, p. 142.
b. Ovary compound—a verticil of united carpels.
Orv. CXII. PuyToraccaceak. p. 146.

Grove 3. Flowers perfect, or sometimes polygamo-dioicous, not
disposed in aments, having a regular and often petaloid calyx.
Ovary 1-(rarely 2-) celled, with a solitary ovule—or atleast a single
seed, in each cell. Eméryo not coiled around albumen.
a. Style or Stigma 1.
Orv. CXIII. LavRackEar. p. 147. Orv. CXIV. Sanrabaceak. p. 149.
b. Styles or stigmas 2, divergent.
Orv. CXVII. ULMAcBAE. p. 150.

Grovur 6. Flowers monoicous or dioicous, not in aments. Fruit
capsular, tricoccous, or drupaceous with 2 or more cells,—each cell
1-(rarely 2-) seeded.

Ord. CXXII. EurnorstackEaz, p. 152.

Grove 7. Flowers monoicous or dioicous,—the sterile ones (and
sometime the fertile ones also) in aments, or in heads, or spikes.
Calyx sometimes wanting. Ovary 1-to several-celled,—but the
fruit always 1-celled, except in Lagquidambar. Trees, or shrubs,
with the exception of some of the Urticacgar, which are herbaceous.

*The flowers of some of the plants belonging to Eupuorsiaceak (Ord. CXXII.)
—and also to JUGLANDACEAE (Ord. CXXIV.),—are furnished with a Corolla.

NOTICED IN THIS WORK LVll

a. Fruit drupaceous,—the Epicarp fibrous or coriaceous: Calyx adherent.
Orv. CXXIV. JUGLANDACEAE. p. 154.

b. Fruit a nut, involucrate: Calyx adherent.
Orb. CXXV. CuPunirERAE. p. 158.

c. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded: Flowers all in aments, and destitute of a calyx.
OrD. CXXVII, BETULACEAE. p. 169.

d. Fruit dehiscent, many-seeded,—the seeds comose: Flowers all in aments,

and destitute of a calyx.

Orp. CXXVIII. Saricaceac. p, 171.

e. Fruit a nut, or a 2-celled few-seeded capsule: Flowers in globose amenta-

ceous heads, destitute of a calyx.
Orv. CXXIX. BaLsaMiFLvaE. p.174. ‘Orv. CKXX. PuaTaNacear. p. 174.
f. Fruit an Akene, often included in a baccate calyx: Flowers variously dis-
posed. Juice milky, when in trees or shrubs.

Orp, CXXXI. URnticackak. p. 175.

SUB-CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS.

Ovules, and consequently the seeds naked—i. e. not inclosed in an
ovary,—the carpel being represented either by an open scale, as in
the Pines; or by a more evident leaf, as in Cycas; or else altogeth-
er wanting,as inthe Yew. Of course, there is neither Style nor
Stigma.

Orv. CXXXII. ConiFerae. p. 181.

CLASS II.
ENDOGENOUS OR MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Stem not distinguishable into bark, pith and wood ; no concentric
zones or layers, and no medullary rays ; increase in diameter effect-
ed by a central deposit of new fibres. Leaves not articulated with
the stem, but often sheathing at base,—the veizs simple and nearly
parallel. Floral envelopes, when present, mostly in threes (or some
multiple of three,)—the calyx and corolla often undistinguishable.
Embryo with a single cotyledon.

Group 1. Flowers on a spadix, furnished with a double perianth
(calyx and corolla). Ovary 1 to 3-celled, with a single ovule in
each cell. Trees with unbranched columnar trunks.

Orp. CXXXIV. Panmatr. p. 187.

Grove 2. Flowers mostly on a spadix, with the perianth wanting,
or scale-like,—rarely regular and single (calyx). Chiefly aquatic
herbs.

Orv. CXXXV. ARacEarz. p.188. Orv. CXXXVII. TyPHaczak. p. 190.

Group. 3. Flowers not on a spadix, furnished with a double peri-
anth (calyx and corolla). Ovaries 3 to 6, or numerous, free, dis-
tinct, or more or less united. Aquatic or swamp herbs.

Orv. CXXXIX. ALISMACEAE. p. 191.

Grove 4. Flowers witha single or double perianth, which adheres
either to the lower part, or to the whole surface, of the ovary. Herbs,
Orv, CXLVI. BRoMELIACEAE. p. 192.

LViil GROUPS AND ORDERS NOTICED.

Group 5. Flowers with a regular perianth, often in 2 series which
are similar and more or less petaloid, or rarely (viz. in Orp. CLV.
JUNCACEAE. p. 198.) glumaceous, free from the ovary. Embryo in-
closed inalbumen. Herbs; rarely shrubby and climbing plants.

Orv. CLI. SmmLaceaz. p. 193, Ond. CLIT. Litiaceaz. p. 194.
Orv. CLV. JuNcackaz. p. 198.

Grovur 7. Flowers imbricated with chaffy bracts (glumes and pa-
deae), and disposed in spikelets,—but with no proper floral envel-
opes or perianth, except in the form of bristles, or small rudimentary
scales. Ovary 1-celled, with a solitary ovule; fruzt an Akene, or
Caryopsis. Embryo at the extremity of the albumen next the hilum.
Sedges and Grasses.

Orv. CLIX. Crperaceat. p.199. Orv. CLX. GRAMINEAE, p. 201.

SERIES II.
CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

Plants destitute of flowers (or with mere analogues, or resemblances

of stamens and pistils), and producing no proper seeds,—but
propagated by minute cellular particles, or seminal equivalents,
called Spores or sporules,—which are often contained in vessels,
coverings, or cavities, called Thecae, Sporanges, Sporocarps, or
Sporidia—and aggregated on certain parts of the plants : sometimes
the spores are nxased—scattered over the surface, or immersed in
the substance, of the parent plants.

CLASS III. ACROGENOUS OR APEX-GROWING PLANTS.

Stem extending or growing only at the summit,—having no pro-
_ vision for continued increase in diameter, either by external layers
or internal deposit of new fibres.
OrD. CLXI. EquiIsETACEAE. p. 237. ORD. CLXII. LycopopracEar. p. 237.

Orv. CLXIII. Fizicks. p. 238.

CLASS IV.
ANOPHYTES, OR SUPERIOR CELLULAR PLANTS.
Plants wholly ee as, e. destitute of vascular and woody fibres;

—but still resembling the superior Orders of vegetation, in having
distinct stems and foluage, and the analogues or equivalents of flowers.

Ord. CLXV. Musct. p. 239.

CLASS V.
THALLOPHYTES, OR VEGETABLE EXPANSIONS.

Plants wholly cellular in their structure,—developing themselves
(often indefinitely) in flat leaf-like expansions (Thallz), or in round-
ish masses—but with no clear indication of a distinct root, stem, or
foliage.

Orv. CLXVII. LicHenss. p. 240. Orv. CLXVIII. Funet. p. 242.
Orv. CLXX. ALGAE. p. 246.

*

mie me: a aes #y Dh

ow

ee
Ue

Sein nde ttl yy,

Pp as

rc, ies

gaest iy
ys rte ; ve

UR oa

ae he an aidek ee
PU a iy och Sok
Aad ae) Ye SaaS a :
Se vi Meme

f

eRe’
Oh ele g AMS:
Ip hee \ ee
Bay ae eee
a
sy

¥

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

SERIES I.
PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS.

ORDER I. RANUNCULACEAE. Juss.

Herbaceous (rarely frutescent, and occasionally climbing) plants, with an acrid
watery juice. Leaves mostly alternate, variously lobed or divided—the petioles
more or less dilated and stem-clasping atbase. Calyx of 3106—usually 5—distinet
sepals, mostly deciduous. Petals 5 to 15, sometimes deformed or irregular—occa-
sionally absent. Stamens indefinite, distinct. Ovaries numerous (rarely few, or
solitary), distinct. Embryo minute, at the base of firm albumen.

This Family comprises « number of plants of considerable beauty; but few of
Agricultural importance. Some species of Ranunculus are highly acrid; the
Aconites are even poisonous; and the warmly aromatic seeds of Nigella sativa, L.
have been used as a substitute for the Nutmeg. These, however, scarcely come
within the scope of the present work.

TRIBE II. RANUNCULEAE. DC.

Petals with a small nectariferous scale, gland or pore, at base inside. Anthers
extrorse. Carpels dry, indehiscent, l-seeded. Seed erect, or sometimes suspended.

1. RANUNCULUS. L. Endl. Gen. 4783.

[Latin, Rana, a frog; the plant often growing where that animal is found.] =»
Sepals 5. Petals 5 (sometimes. 10 or more), with a nectariferous scale,
pore or glandular spot, on the inside of the claw. Stamens mostly
numerous. Carpels numerous, compressed, ovate, pointed, disposed
in roundish or cylindrical heads. Seed erect, (rarely suspended).—
Annual or perennial Herbs. Leaves mostly radical, the cauline ones
at the base of the branches and peduncles.

[XS> Carpels smooth and even. Leaves dissected.

1. R. sutzosus, L. Hairy; radical leaves petiolate, trifoliolate and
somewhat pinnately divided ; leaflets usually 3-cleft, incisely toothed,
the middle or terminal one petiolulate; stem erect, bulbous at base;
peduncles furrowed ; calyx reflexed, shorter than the petals; carpels
subovate, with a short acute recurved beak. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A.
1. p.24. DC. Prodr.1. p. 41. Fi. Cestr. p. 331. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2.

Butzovs Ranuncutus. Vulgs—Butter-cups. Crow-foot.

Fr. Bassinet. Germ. Knolliger Ranunkel. Span. Boton de Oro.

Root perennial. Sterg about a foot high, often several from the same root, more
or less branched, clothed witn appressed hairs. Leaves variously cut, the segments
cuneate. Peduncles 2 to 6 inches long, sulcate-angular. Petals sometimes more
than 5 (flowers double), deep yellow and shining. Carpels in a globose head.—
Pastures and Meadows: introduced. Native of Europe, Fi. May. £7. July.

: tL

Ha POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Obs. This foreigner is becoming extensively naturalized, and is
considered -quite ‘a nuisance, by many farmers in Chester County,
Penn.—particularly in the meadows along the Brandywine. The
fleshy bulb is highly acrid,—affording a powerful rubefacient, and
even causing ulcers, when externally applied. Beggars in Europe,
it is said, use it for this purpose, in order to excite sympathy. I do
not know that cattle have been injured by it; but as it is a trouble-
some weed, when fully introduced, it may be well for farmers to.
know the plant, and eradicate it upon its first appearance in their
grounds. There are several native species, frequent in our wodd-
lands, and moist low grounds; but they have not been found trou-
blesome.*

TRIBE Ill. HELLEBOREAE. DC.
Calyz mostly pétaloid. Petals irregular, often bilabiate or tubular, nectariferous

—sometimes wanting. Carpels few (rarely solitary), follicular, dehiscent, sever-
al-seeded.

2. DELPHINIUM. BZ. Endl. Gen. 4796.
[Greek, Delphin, a dolphin; from a fancied resemblance in the nectariés.]
Calyz petaloid, irregular, the upper sepal produced into a spur at
base. Petals 4, irregular, the two upper ones with a spur-shaped
appendage at base inclosed in the spur of the calyx. Ovaries 1 to
5, mostly 3. Follicles many-seeded. Annual or perennial Herés.—
Leaves petiolate, palmately divided. Flowers in terminal racemes.

1. D. Consonina, L. Stem erect, with spreading branches; leaves
many-parted, the segments linear; flowers few, in loose racemes ;
pedicels longer than the bracts; carpels solitary, smooth. Torr. &
Gr. Fl. IN. A.1. 30. DC. Prodr.1. p. 51.

Sotper Deteuinium. Valgd—Lark-spur. [Caballero.
Fr. Pied d’? Alouette. Germ. Der Rittersporn. Span. Espuela de

Root annual. Stem about two feet high, and with the foliage and flowers some-
whatpubescent. Flowers blue or violet-purple, sometimes the petals are multiplied
into double flowers. Grain fields, and ‘waste places: introduced. Native of
Europe. Fi. July. Fr. August. A

Obs. This plant (which gets its specific name from a supposed
virtue in soldering or uniting wounded flesh,) has strayed from the
gardens, in some places, and is an unwelcome intruder in grain fields
and other cultivated grounds. This, and a kindred species (D. Ajacis,
L. with few erect branches, longer and more crowded racemes,) are
so common in’ gardens, that it requires some attention to prevent
them. from trespassing on the farm. Plants which have matured
their seed in the garden, should never be carried to the Barn-yard,
nor permitted to mingle with farm manure,—otherwise the fields
will soon be infested with pernicious and worthless weeds.

TRIBE IV. CIMICIFUGEAE. Torr. & Gr.

Sepals petaloid, caducous. Petals (or rather Staminodia—dilated sterile fike
ments,) 3 to 6 or 8. Anthers introrse. Carpels few—sometimes solitary, rarely
numerous—follicular or baccate, with several seeds,—sometimes indehiscent
‘and 1-seeded. Flowers occasionally unisexual, by abortion.

* My friend, Prof. A. Gray, of Cambridge, informs me that R. aecris, L. also
called Butter-cups, and Upright Meadow Crow-foot—a kindred species, (with
palmately divided leaves,—the stem not bulbous at base,—and the peduncles not
furrowed), is quite common around Boston,—in Western New York, &c., and
deserves to be enumerated among the pernicious Weeds of the country.

RANUNCULACEAE 3

3. CIMICIFUGA. ZL. [Borropuis. Raf. Endl. Gen. 4800.]
[Latin, Cimex, a bug, and fugare, to drive away ; in allusion to supposed virtues.]
Sepals 4 or 5. Petals (or Staminodia) 3 to 5 or 8, concave or un-
guiculate,—sometimes, by abortion, fewer or none. Stamens nu-
merous; style short; stigma simple. Carpels 1 to 8, follicular,
many-seeded. Perennial Herbs. Leaves bi- or tri-ternately divided..
Flowers in virgate racemes.

1. C. racemosa, Ell. Leaves triternate; leaflets ovate-oblong; pe-
tals slender, forked at apex; carpels solitary. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N.
A. 1. p. 36.
‘ Actza racemosa. L. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 64. Fil. Cestr. p. 319.

Racemose Cimiciruca. Vulgdé—Tall Snake-root. Black Snake-root.

Root perennial; large, branching. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, slender, smooth, leafy
near the middle, naked above and below, with one or two radical leaves on
long erect petioles. Leaves ternately decompqund, petiolate; leaflets 2 to 4 in-
ches long, acute or acuminate, unequally incised-dentate, the terminal one larger
and often 3-lobed. Racemes terminal, branching, 6 to 12 inches long. Sepals 4,
orbicular, concave, greenish white. Petals (or staminodia) 4 to 8, slender, sub-
linear, bifurcate or emarginate at apex. Carpel ovoid, subcompressed, smooth,
ebliquely beaked with the persistent style. Seeds compressed and angular.—
Rich woodlands. Fl. June. Fr. Sept. ;

Qés. The white terminal racemes of this plant, when in flower,
are quite conspicuous in the woodlands of Pennsylvania. The stem
and leaves, when bruised, emit a disagreeable odor. |The root is
somewhat mucilaginous and astringent. Although a plant of no
Agricultural value—and probably over-rated as a medicine,—the
infusion of the bruised root is so generally regarded as a sort of
Panacea for stock (especially for sick cows), that every farmer
ought to know it, and.be able with certainty to designate it.

ORDER II. MAGNOLIACEAE. Juss. DC.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, subcoriaceous, entire or lobed (never ser-
rate), often large, stipulate; stipules convolute or nearly flat, membranaceous,
eaducous. Flowers solitary, usually large and often fragrant. Calyx of 3 to 6
colored deciduous sepals. Corolla of 3, 6, or many petals in concentric series.
Stamens numerous, mostly with short filaments, and long adnate anthers.—the
cells either introrse, lateral, or sometimes extrorse. Carpels several in a single
stellate verticil_or more commonly numerous and spicate, or imbricated;
forming a kind of strobile on the prolonged receptacle. Seeds one or two in
each carpel; sometimes. with a pulpy covering, and suspended (when the car-
pels open) by a slender elastic cord. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy
albumen.

A small but splendid Family ; more ornamental, however, than important in
Agriculture.

TRIBE II. MAGNOLIEAE. DC.

Carpels spicate on the elongated torus or receptacle. Anthers long.

4, MAGNOLIA. ZL. Endl. Gen. 4737.

{Named in honor of Prof. Pierre Magnol, a French Botanist.]
Sepals 3; deciduous. Petals 6 to 12. Amthers introrse or lateral.
Carpels forming a strobile-like fruit, persistent, dehiscent by the
dorsal suture. Seeds baccate,—when mature, pendulous from the
open carpel by a long slender funiculus. Fine trees, in the U.
States (except the fragrant-flowered M. glauca, L. which is usually
a shrub,—though I have seen it 30 feet high). Stzpwles convolute,
Leaves sometimes perennial.

4 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

1. M. acuminata, L. Leaves oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath,
deciduous; petals 6 to 9, oblong-obovate. Torr. & Gr. Fl. Nw A.
1. p. 43. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 80. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 2. tab. 53.

AcuminatE Maenouia. Vulgo—Cucumber tree.
Fr. Le Magnolier. Germ. Der Gurkenbaum. Span. Arbol de Castor.

Tree 50 to 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter at base. Leaves 6 to 10
or 12 inches long (on vigorous young saplings much larger—as is usually the
case with all trees). Flowers large, bluish white, often with a tinge of yellow;
petals scarcely expanding. Fruit sub-cylindrie, 3 to 5 or 6 inches long. Moun-
tain forests, New York to Georgia. Fl. June—July. Fr. Sept.—October.

Obs. Several species of Magnolia are worthy of culture, as orna-
mental Shade-trees ; but as they are not otherwise important in
Agriculture, I have mentioned this one merely as a sample (and
perhaps one of the finest) of that noble genus. The green fruit
has some resemblance to a Cucumber (whence the common name
of the tree); and being intensely bitter and somewhat aromatic, a
tincture of it, prepared with whiskey, is a popular preventive of
autumnal fevers, with those who are fond of an excuse for taking
alcoholic medicine.

- §& LIRIODENDRON. L. Endi. Gen. 4740.

[Gréek, Leirion, a lily, and Dendron, a tree; from its lily-like flowers.]
Sepals 3, caducous. Corolla campanulate; petals mostly 6. . An-
thers extrorse. Carpels samaroid, indehiscent, densely imbrieated
in a cone, 1 or 2-seeded. <A large tree. Stipules nearly flat, and
applied face to face.

1. L. tuirirera, L. Leaves dilated, subcordate at base, 3-lobed,
the middle lobe broad and emarginately truncate. Torr. § Gr. Fil.
IN. A. 1. p. 44. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 82. Fl. Cestr. p. 326. Icon, Mz.
Sylva, 2. tab. 61. [Tulip tree.
Tute-Bearine LiriopenpRon. Vulgdi—Poplay. Tulip Poplar.—

Fr. Le Tulipier. Germ. Der Tulpenbaum.

Tree 80 to 120 feet high, and 2 or 3 to.5 or 6 feet indiameter. Leaves 4to6
inches long on old trees, and about as: wide as long,—the side-lobes often with
@ sinus making two points. Petals greenish-yellow, with tinges of reddish-or-
ange. Carpels 2-celled (one cell mostly obliterated, and both seeds often abor-
tive), produced at apex into a lanceolate-oblong wing, and closely imbricated
in @ cone on the fusiform receptacle. Rich woodlands: Canada to Louisiana.
#1. May. Fr. October.

Oés. The timber of this magnificent tree is highly valued in ma-
ny branches of the mechanic arts s—especially the variety called
yellow Poplar, whieh is generally to be known by its thieker and
more deeply-furrowed bark. The hygrometric properties of the
wood—particularly of the whtte variety—render it rather objection-
able in cabinet furniture (causing it to swell in damp weather) :
but the yellow Poplar is much esteemed for its mellowness, light-
ness and durability. The daré of the root, and young tree, is a
valuable aromatic bitter. The prevalence of the Tulip-tree, in
woodlands, is a pretty sure indication of a good soil.

ORDER XI. PAPAVERACEAE. Juss.

Herbs, with a milky or colored juice. Leagues alternate, without stiprles. Calyx
Of 2 (rarely 3) caducous sepals. CoroWa of 4 to 6 regular petals. Stamens-6 to
24—or numerous, but some multiple of the petals. Frwir 1-celled; either pod-

PAPAVERACEAE 5

shaped with 2 to 5, or capsular with many, parietal placentae, from which the
valves often separate. Seeds numerous. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy
and oily albumen. : ; : :
The Poppy, which is the type of this Family, is the only plant belonging to it,
of much importance. The Red-root, or Indian Paint (Sanguinaria Canadensis,
Z.), a common plant in the rich woodlands of the U. States, has been com-
mended for the medicinal properties of its rhizoma, or subterraneous stem.

6. PAPAVER. L. Exdi. Gen. 4823.

[Celtic, Papa, pap; from its being added to children’s food, to induce sleep.]
Sepals 2. Petals 4 (sometimes multiplied). Stamens numerous.
Stigmas 4 to 20, sessile, radiating on the summit of the ovary.—
Capsule obovoid, opening by chinks or pores under the edge of the
crown formed by the stigmas: placentae opposite the stigmas! and
extending into the cavity so as to form incomplete partitions. An-
nual or perennial Herbs. Flowers nodding before opening.

1. P. pusium, LZ. Stem clothed with slender spreading hairs,—the
peduncles with bristly appressed hairs; leaves pinnately dissected,
the segments often incised, decurrent; sepals hairy ; capsules obo-
void-oblong, smooth. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 60. DC. Prodr.
1. p. 118. Fl. Cestr. p. 317. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2.

Dusious Paraver. Vulgd—Poppy. Field Poppy.
Fr. Pavot batard. Germ. Der Saat-Mohn. Span. Amapéla.

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat branched below. Leaves 2 to 5
inches long, hairy. Pedwneles terminal. 6 to 12 inches long, flexuose, leafless.
Petals pale red or brick-dust colored. Stigmmas about 7-rayed, on a-convex disk:
Cultivated grounds: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl.May. Fr. July, August.

Obs. This foreigner has found its way into some districts; and,
if unattended to, may become a troublesome weed,—as it and the
*< Corn Poppy ” (P. Rhoeas, L.) are said to be, in Europe. The
common or Opium Poppy, (P. somniferum, L.—a smooth species
with stem-clasping leaves),—which yields the most efficacious and
soothing of all anodynes,—is often seen in the flowerbeds of our
gardens. I believe there was an attempt made, near New York;
some. 30 or 40 years ago, to cultivate that species for the purpose of
obtaining Opiwm: But it did not sueceed,—and perhaps its culture,
even if practicable here, is better suited to the Orientals, than to
the people of our country. The common Celandine (Chelidonium
majus, L.), an introduced weed, of this natural Order, occurs fre-
quently in waste places on our farms; but it is scarcely of sufficient
importance, in any respect, to require a more particular notice in
this work. A similar remark may be made of the Prickly Poppy
(Argemone Mezicana, L.), another kindred weed which is occa-
sionally met with. ;

; ORDER XIII. CRUCIFERAE. Juss.

Herbs with a pungent or acrid watery juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules.
Flowers in racemes or corymbs; the pedicels without bracts. Calyz of 4 sepals,
deciduous. Corolla of 4 regular unguiculate petals,—their spreading limbs
forming @ cross. Stamens 6, 2 of them shorter (tetradynamous). Fruit a pod
(called a Siliqgque when much longer than broad, and a Silicle when short), which
is 2-celled by a membranaceous septum or partition that connects the two mar-
ginal placentae,—from which the two valves usually fall away. Seeds without
albumen. Embryo curved: cotyledons flat or plicate.—either with their edges to
the radicle (when they are said to be accumbent,—represented by this sign, o=),
or with the back of one of them to the radicle (and then termed incumbent,—of
which this is the sign, oll). p
1

6 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

This Order, which comprises upwards of one hundred Genera, is 8 remarkably
natural or homogeneous one,—as well in the sensible properties, as in the bo-
tanical characters, of the plants belonging to it. There are but few important
ones, however, beside those here noticed. The Woad, or Dyer’s weed (Isatis
tinctoria, L.), is cultivated, in Europe, for its blue coloring matter; but I believe
it is Little known or attended to, in the U. States.

DIVISION 1. SILIQUOSAE (the pod a Silsque).

TRIBE I. ARABIDEAE. DC.
Silique dehiscent, usually elongated; valves flattish; septum linear. Seeds com-
pressed, oval, sometimes margined. Cotyledons flat, accumbent (os), parallel
with the septum (i. e. with their edges towards the placentae).

7. NASTURTIUM. R. Br. Endi. Gen. 4850.

(Latin, Nasus tortus, a tortured nose; from the pungent effect of the plant.}
Sepals spreading, equal at base. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Szl-
tgue nearly terete, sometimes almost as short as a silicle, usually
curved upwards. Seeds small, irregularly disposed in a double
series, not margined. Aguatic or subaquatic Herbs. Leaves often
pinnately dissected.

1. N. orrrcinate, R. Br. Leaves pinnately divided; segments
ovate, subcordate, sinuate-dentate ; seeds reticulately rugose. Torr.
& Gr. Fi. IN. A. yA p- 2. DC. Prodr. :' Pp. 137. Icon, Fl. Lond. oa

OrricinaL Nasturtium. Vulgd—Water Cress.
Fr. Cresson de Fontaine. Germ, Die Brunnenkresse. Span. Bérro.

Perennial. Stem 6 to 12 and 18 inches long, branching. Leaves odd-pinnately
dissected; segments in 3 or 4 pairs, the terminal one largest. Petals white.—
Brooks and rivulets: probably introduced from Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This plant (well known as the “ Water Cress,’ in England,)
was detected in Chester County, Penn. by my friend Mr. Josnua
Hoores, since the publication of the Flora Cestrica. Although
abundant in some rivulets, there is reason to believe it is not a na-
tive. It affords an excellent wholesome Salad—antiscorbutic in its
properties, as all the Cruezferae are; and being easily propagated,
is worthy of being introduced into all suitable localities.

8. BARBAREA. R. Br. Endl. Gen. 4851.
[So named, from having been formerly dedicated to St. Barbara.]
Stlique ancipital or somewhat 4-sided, the valves concave-carinate.
Seeds in a single series. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid.

1. B. prarcox, R. Br. Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe obo-
vate or rounded, coarsely sinuate-dentate,—upper leaves pinnatifid,
with entire linear-oblong segments; siliques linear, elongated, com-
pressed-ancipital; style thick and very short. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N.
A. 1. p. 75. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 140.

Ear.y Barsarea. Vulgd—Scurvy-grass. Early Winter Cress.

Fr. Roquette des Jardins. Germ. Die Winter-kresse. Span. Yerba
de Santa Barbara. :
Root biennial? Stem 9 to 15 inches high, somewhat branching. Leaves smooth;

lower ones 3 or 4 inches long. Petals yellow. Siliques 2 or 3 inches long, slen-
der. Gardens: cultivated. Fl. May—June. Fr. July—Aug.

Obs. This plant,—which is said to be a native of Canada, and
the country further north,—is cultivated in the gardens, near Phila-

CRUCIFERAE -

delphia, under the name of “ Scurvy-Grass.”? The leaves afford a
tolerable Salad; but not equal to the common Cress (Lepidium
sativum, L.), nor to the Water Cress (Nasturtiwm officinale, R. Br.).
There is another and stouter species (B. vulgaris, R. Br. probably
naturalized,) growing along our streams, which is sometimes used
as a Salad; but it is bitterish, and inferior in quality to this.

TRIBE I. SISYMBRIEAE. DC.

Silique longitudinally dehiscent; valves nearly flat, or somewhat concave and
carinate; septum linear. Seeds compressed, ovate or oblong, not margined.—
Cotyledons flat, incumbent (oj|), contrary to (#. e. with their edges towards) the
septum.

9. SISYMBRIUM. All. Endl. Gen. 4906.

{An ancient Greek namie; applied to this genus.]
Silique somewhat terete, sessile. Stigmas 2, somewhat distinct, or
connate and capitate. Cotyledons sometimes obliquely ineumbent.
Annual or perennial Herds. Leaves various.

1. S. oFFICINALE, Scop. Lower leaves runcinate, upper ones sub-
hastate; racemes spike-form, slender and virgate; siliques erect,
subulate, appressed to the rachis. Torr. §& Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 91.
DC. Prodr.1. p. 191. Fl. Cestr. p. 386. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3.

OrricinaL Sisymerium. Vulgé—Hedge Mustard.
Fr. Herbe au Chantre. Germ. Der Hederich. Span. Jaramago.

Root annual. Stem1 to 3 or 4 feet high, with spreading branches, pilose.—
Leaves pilose; lower ones 3to6 or Sinches long. Petals small, greenish yellow.
Siliques terete-subulate or somewhat nerved and angular, tapering at apex.—
Cultivated grounds, lanes and road sides: introduced. Native of Europe. F%.
May—Aug. Fr. Aug.—Octo.

Otis. This foreigner is. completely naturalized, and somewhat
troublesome as a weed. It was formerly held in some repute, in
Europe, as a remedy for coughs, the hoarseness of Singers, &c.
(whence its French name): but its virtues were doubtless over-ra-
ted,—and it is now regarded, by tidy farmers in this country, merely
as a plant to be expelled from their premises.

TRIBE III. BRASSICEAE. DC.

Silique longitudinally dehiscent. Style often enlarged, and with a seed-bearing
cell at its base. Seeds mostly globose. Cotyledons incumbent, longitudinally
plicate or doubled, embracing the radicle in the fold or sinus.

10. BRASSICA. ZL. Endl. Gen. 4949.
[Supposed to be from Brestc; the Celtic name for the Cabbage.]

Calyz closed or erect. Silique sub-terete; valves concave, or
slightly keeled by a central nerve; style short, obtuse. Seeds ina
single series, globose. Foreign plants:: mostly biennial Herds, with
a short stem and long: flowering-branches.

1. B. oteracea, L. Leaves somewhat fleshy, repand or lobed, gla-
brous and glaucous... DC. Prodr. 1. p. 213. Fil. Cestr. p. 388.

Oxeraceous or Pot-Here Brassica. Vulgd—Cabbage.
Fr. Chou potager. Germ. Der Kohl. Span. Berza.

The following Sud-species, or Varieties, are more or less cultiva-
ted, in the Kitchen Garden, or ** Truck-patch.”?

4

§ POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

» ft Racemes paniculate.

Sub-species B. acrpHALA, DC. Stem elongated; leaves expanded.
DC.1.c¢.

Vulgo—Tree Cabbage. Bore-Cole. Headless Cabbage.

Fr. Chou sans téte. Germ. Blatt-Kohl,

. Sub-species C. Buttata, DC. Stem somewhat elongated; young
leaves subcapitate, finally expanding, bullate or crisped. DC. Jl. ¢.

Vulgo—Savoy Cabbage. Curled Cabbage.
#7. Chou de Savoie. Germ. Savoyer Kohl. Span. Berza-crespa.

Sub-species D. capttaTa, DC. Stem short; leaves concave, not
bullate, densely imbricated in a head before flowering, DC. 1. c.

Vulgo—Head Cabbage. York Cabbage. .
Fr. Chou en téte. Germ. Kopf-Kohl. Span. Berza repolluda.

Sub-species E. Cavuto Rapa, DC. Stem with an oval or subglobose
fleshy enlargement at the origin of the leaves. DC. J. c.

Vulgo—Bulb-stalked Cabbage.
Fr. Chou Rave. Germ. Kohl Rabi.

tt Racemes corymbose.

Sub-species F. Botrytis, DC. Leaves oblong, connivent, bluish
glaucous; peduncles of ,the racemes corymbose, short fleshy and
coalesced in a head before flowering ; flowers often abortive. DC./.c.

Var. a. Caulifora, DC. Stem short ; heads thick, ey ie DC. lees
Vulgo— Cauliflower.
Fr. Chou fleur. Germ. Blumenkohl. Span. Berza florida.

Var. b. AsparaGoipes, DC. Stem taller; leaves elongated; heads
sub-ramose; branches fleshy at apex, bearing clusters of abortive
flower-buds. DC./.c. Vulgé—Broccoli.

Biennial. Stem 6 inches to 1 or 2 feet high, branching the second year from
the summit, or head of imbricated leaves. ” Leaves large (6 to 12 or 18 inches in

length), suborbicular, or oblong. Racemes long, loose. Petals greenish or citron
yellow. Gardens, and Lots: cultivated. Fi. May—June. Fr. July.

Obs. Few plants have undergone greater modifications, by cul-

ture, than this esculent herb; and those varieties furthest removed
from the original form, are the most esteemed. All the foregoing
are occasionally to be met with, under-culture; but the sab-species
B and E are rare. The latter (Cavuto Rapa, DC.) is a curious
monstrosity—with a turnep-like enlargement or tumor in the stem,
near the base,—and was never cultivated in West-Chester, Penna.
until introduced by my friend Dr. E. F. Rivinus—who is a skilful.
Horticulturist, and a worthy descendant of one of the fathers of
Botany. Swd-species F is more common; and D is found in abun- ~
dance in every well-managed Kitchen Garden.
2. B. campestris, L. Leaves slightly fleshy, glaucous,—the young
lower leaves lyrate, dentate, somewhat hispid or ciliate,—those
above amplexicaul and acuminate. DC. Pfodr. 1. p. 214. Fl.
Cestr. p. 389.

CRUCIFERAE 9

Fietp Brassica.

Sub-species C. Napo-Brassica, DC. Root tumid, turnep-shaped.—
DC. i. c. °

Var. a. communis, DC. Root white or purplish, with the summit
and petioles greenish or purplish. DC. /.c.

Vulgé—Turnep-rooted Cabbage.
Fr. Chou Navet. Germ. Die Kohl-ruebe. Span. Nabiza.

Var. b. Ruta baga, DC. Root yellowish, subglobose. DC. . ¢.
Vulgi—Rutabaga. Swedish Turnep.
Fr. Chou de Suede. Navet jaune.

Biennial or annual. Root thick, turnep-shaped, fleshy. Stem 1 to 2 feet high,
smooth, glaucous, branched above. Racemes loose. Petals citron-yellow. Gar-
dens, and Lots: cultivated. Fl. June. Fr. July—August.

Obs. These varieties were cultivated, some years since, to a con-
siderable extent,—chiefly as food for Stock; but I have not seen
much of them latterly, in Chester County. The farmers of the U.
States, having the advantage of the Indian Corn crop, do not much
incline to the Root culture: perhaps not so much as might be bene-
ficial to Stock, during our long winters.

3. B. Rapa, LZ. Radical leaves lyrate, hirsutely scabrous, not glau-
cous,—middle cauline ones incised,—the upper ones entire, smooth.
DC. Prodr. 1. p. 214. Fl. Cestr. p. 390.

Sub-species A. pEpREssA, DC. Root tumid below the neck, depres-
sed-globose, abruptly contracted to a slender tapering radicle be-
neath. DC. l.c.

Vulgi—Turnep. Common Turnep.
Fr, Navet. Grosse Rave. Germ, Die Ruebe. Span. Naba.

Biennial. Root fleshy, depressed, orbicular, 3 to 6 or 8 inches in diameter—
Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Radieal leaves 6 to 12 inches long. Racemes
loose, corymbose-paniculate. Petals pale greenish yellow. Seeds small, reddish
brown. Fields, and Gardens: cultivated. Fl. May. Fr. June—July.

Ods. The root is a favorite table vegetable, and is generally cul-
tivated for that purpose. In Pennsylvania, the seeds are usually
sown about the last of July, and the roots collected in November.

11. SINAPIS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 4950.
{A name of uncertain meaning; derived from the Greek.]
Calyz spreading. Szligue sub-terete; valves nerved, smooth or
hispid; style short and subulate, or ensiform. Seeds in a single
series, subglobose. Foreign plants: mostly annual or biennial
Herbs—nearly allied to Brassica. Lower leaves usually lyrate, ine
cised or pinnatifid. Flowers in elongated racemes.

1. S. ntera, LZ. Lower leaves lyrate and scabrous,—upper ones
lanceolate and smooth, pendulous; siliques somewhat 4-angled,
smooth, appressed to the rachis; style short, subulate. Torr. & Gr.
Fl, N. A. 1. p. 99. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 218. Fl. Cestr. p. 390,
Buact Sinapis. Vulgs—Mustard. Black Mustard.

fr. Moutarde noire. Germ. Schwarzer Senf. Span. Mostazo.

10 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, much branched, smooth. Leaves petiolate,
variously lobed and toothed. Racemes slender. Petals greenish yellow. Seeds
numerous, small, dark brown. Gardens, and waste places: introduced from,
Europe. Cultivated in some districts. Fl. June—July. Fr. August.

Obs. This plant is nearly naturalized in many places; and in
some parts of our country (especially in Ohio), is extensively culti-
vated. The value of its highly acrid seeds, in the hands of the
Cook, and Physician—as a condiment and rubefacient—is well
known.

2. S. anpa, L. Leaves lyrate, smoothish; siliques hispid, spreading,
scarcely as long as the ensiform beak. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 220. Fl.
Cestr. p. 390. Icon, Fl. Lond: 3: !

Wuite Sinaris. Valgd—White Mustard.

Fr. Moutarde blanche. Germ. Weisser Senf. Span. Mostazo blanco.

Root annual. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout, branched. Leaves petiolate,.
lyrately pseudo-pinnate, the terminal segment large and 3-lobed. Petals rather
large, yellow. Seeds few, larger than in the preceding species, pale brown—
Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fil. June. Fr. August.

Obs. This species is often cultivated, on a small scale, for its
seeds,—which are employed in preparing condiments. They have
also been somewhat celebrated as a remedy for nervous complaints,
dyspepsia, &c. in which cases they are administered whole—a tea-
spoonful or more at a dose. The seeds of both species are used in
preparing Flour of Mustard.

DIVISION 2. SILICULOSAE (the pod a Szdiele).

TRIBE V. ALYSSINEAE. DC.
Stiicle dehisceat; valves flat-or convex; septum broadly oval and-membran-
aceous. Seeds compressed, often margined. Cotyledons flat, accumbent (o=),
parallel with the septum.

12. COCHLEARIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 4882.

(Latin, Cochleare, a spoon; from the form of the leaves of some species.]
Silicle ovoid-globose or oblong, sessile; valves ventricose; style
very short. Seeds numerous, not margined. Leaves often some-
what fleshy.

1. C. Armoracta, L. Radical leaves oblong, crenate, petiolate,—
stem leaves lanceolate, dentate or incised, sessile; silicle elliptic.
DC: Prodr.1. p. 173. Fl. Cestr. p. 379.

Armorican CocutEaria. Veulgd—Horse-Radish. [picante.
Fr. Moutarde des Capucins. Germ. Der Meer-Rettig. Span. Rabano

Root perennial, long, terete, fleshy. white, very acrid. Stem 2 to 3 feet high,
angular-striate, smooth, with erect axillary branches. Radical leaves large (8
to 15 inches long—somewhat resembling those of a Dock, or Rumex); petioles 4
to 12 inches long. Racemes corymbose, elongating. Petals white. Stlicles Abe
usually abortive. Gardens: margins of ditches, &c. introduced. Native o
Europe. Fl. May—June. Fr. June—July.

Obs. The pungent root of this plant is a favorite condiment, —
and one of the most valuable antiscorbutics. It requires little or
no culture; but thrives best in a moist rich deep soil. The true or
eommon Scurvy-Grass, of Europe, is a species of this genus (C.
officinalis, L.—with leaves whose form suggested the generic name);
but I think it is rarely cultivated, in this country.

CRUCIFERAE aa S 11

TRIBE VI. CAMELINEAE. DC.

Silicle dehiscent, obovoid oval or oblong; valves convex or flat, parallel with
the septum; septum elliptic or ovate, sometimes incomplete. Cotyledons flat,
incumbent (o]]), contrary to (i. e. their margins towards) the septum. .

13. CAMELINA. Crantz. Endl. Gen. 4919.

[Greek, Chamai, dwarf, and Linon, flax; from a fancied resemblance.]

WSilicle obovoid or subglobose ; valves ventricose, dehiscing with a
part of the style; cells many-seeded. Style filiform. Seeds oblong,
not margined.
1. C. sativa, Crantz. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, nearly
entire, sagittate at base; silicles inflated,‘obovoid-pyriform, mar-
gined, mucronate with the longish subconical style. Torr. & Gr.
Fl. IN. A. 1. p. 110. DC. Prodr. 1. p..201. Fl..Cestr. p. 379.

Curtivatep Cametina, Vulgd—Wild Flax. Gold of Pleasure.
Fr. Cameline cultivee. Germ. Der Leindétter. Span. Miagro.

Root annual, fusiform, rather slender. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, sim-
ple, paniculately branching at summit, roughish-pubescent below, smoothish
above. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long,—the lower ones longest and often some~
what spatulate or oblanceolate,—those above gradually smaller and smoother,
sagittate with acute subamplexicaul lobes at base; pubescence of the lower
leaves and stem often branched or bifurcate. Racemes corymbose-paniculate,
elongating ; pedicels half an inch to an inch long, without bracts. Petals pale
yellow, rather small, cuneate or obovate-oblong, obtuse. Silicles about one-fourth
of an inch long, with a keel-like margin on each side; style about half as long
as the silicle, persistent, finally splitiing with the dehiscent valves. Seeds red-
dish yellow. Cultivated fields; among Wheat, Flax, &c.: introduced. Native
of Europe. Fl. May—June. Fr. July.

Obs. This foreigner was formerly frequent among Flax, when
that plant was generally cultivated; and it was one of the vulgar
errors of the day, that it was a kind of transmuted or degenerate
flax,—caused by burning the soil, in clearings. Since the culture
of flax declined, the Camelsna has become rare, within my obser-
vation: but I am informed by H. Jonzs Brooke, Esq. an intelligent
farmer of Delaware county, Penn. that the plant has become a seri-
Gus nuisance, in his Wheat fields, within a few years. Being an
annual, the obvious remedy is to prevent it from maturing its seeds ;
but it must be confessed, that where it appears in great numbers
among grain crops, the remedy is more easily prescribed than ad-
ministered,—and therefore it may be well for farmers to watch the
progress of the plant, and arrest it on its first appearance.

TRIBE VIII. LEPIDINEAE. DC.

Silicle usually dehiscent, compressed contrary to the narrow septum (sometimes
1-celled) ; valves boat-shaped or rarely ventricose. Seeds few, not margined—
Cotyledons, flat, mostly incumbent (ol), parallel to the septum. te

14. LEPIDIUM. R. Br. Endl. Gen. 4932.
[Greek, Lepis, a scale; from the form and size of the silicles.]

Silicle subcordate-ovate or oval; valves keeled or rarely ventricose,
often winged at apex and emarginate; cells 1l-seeded. Seeds
compressed or somewhat 3-sided. Cotyledons sometimes accum-
bent (o=). »

1. L. sativum, LZ. Leaves oblong, variously incised and pinnatifid ;
silicles elliptic-ovate, winged and notched at apex. DC. Prodr. 1.
p- 204. Fl. Cestr. p. 380.

CuitivateD Lepipi1um. Vwlgd—Pepper-Grass. Tongue-Grass.

12 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Fr. Cresson Alénois. Germ. Die Garten-Kresse. Span. Lepidio.

Root annual. Stem 9 to18inches high, smooth, glaucous, corymbosely branched |
above. Leaves1to3inches long, deeply divided into linear or cuneate segments.
Petals white. Seeds compressed; cotyledons incumbent (oll). Gardens: culti-
vated. Native of Persia. Fl. June—July. Fr. August. ,

Obs. A pleasant antiscorbutic Cress, frequent in Gardens. There
is a native species (L. Virginicum, L.—with cotyledons accumbent— -
separated from this genus by some authors, and called Cynocarda-
mum: See Endl. Gen. 4888.) frequent in lanes and fields, in Penn-
sylvania. The reddish-brown seeds of this are sometimes found
among clover seed, and excite apprehensions of some pernicious in-
truder; but, although a worthless little weed, if there be nothing
worse, among the clover seed, the farmer need not be alarmed.

15. CAPSELLA. Vent. Endl. Gen. 4927.
[Diminutive of the Latin, Capsa, a coffer, or case; in allusion to the fruit.J

Silique somewhat triangular or obcordate-cuneate; valves boat-
shaped, coriaceous, not winged; cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong ;
cotyledons incumbent (ol/) Radical leaves rosulate. Flowers
small, in elongating racemes. ' 4
1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Radical leaves mostly pinnatifid ;
stem-leaves lanceolate, sagittate. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 117.
DC. Prodr. 1. p. 177. Fil. Cestr. p. 380.
Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris. Z. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3.
Sueruerp’s Purse Capsetta. Vulgd—Shepherd’s Purse. [Pastor.
Fr. Bourse de Pasteur. .Germ. Die Hirten-tasche. Span. Bolsa de

Root annual. Stem 3 or 4 to18 inches high, more or less hirsute, and often
branched. Radical leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long. Racemes at first corym-
bose, finally elongated. Petals white. Fields, and road-sides: introduced. Na-
tive of Europe. Fv. April to September. Fr. June to October.

Obs. This worthless little intruder is found in almost every field ;
and is sometimes so abundant as to be rather a nuisance. Such
small weeds, however, can generally be suppressed by careful cul-
ture, and inducing a vigorous growth of more useful plants. That
learned and sagacious observer of Nature—the late Professor Dr
CanpoLtLE—remarks, that “all the plants of a country—all those of
any given place—are in a state of war, in relation to each other.—
All are endowed with means, more or less efficacious, of reproduc-
tion and nutrition. Those which first establish themselves acci-
dentally, in a given locality, have a tendency, from the mere fact
that they already occupy the space, to exclude other species from
it: the largest ones smother the smallest ones; the longest-lived
ones supersede those of shorter duration; the most fruitful gradu-
ally take possession of the space which would otherwise have been
occupied by those which multiply more slowly.’ * The farmer,

*Toutes les plantes d@’un pays, toutes celles d’un lieu donne, sont dans un
etat de guerre les unes relativement aux autres. Toutes sont douees de moyens
de reproduction et de nutrition plus ou moins efficaces. Les premieres qui s’ etab-
ligsent par hasard dans une localite donnee, tendent, par cela meme qu’ elles
occupent I’ espace, a en exclure les autres especes: les plus grandes etouffent
les plus petites; les plus vivaces remplacent celles dont la duree est plus courte ;
les plus fecondes s’ emparent graduellement_de ? espace que pourroient occuper
celles qui se multiplient plus difficilement Essai Elementaire de Geographie Bo-

tanique. Par A. P. DE CANDOLLE.

CRUCIFERAE 18

therefore, should avail himself of this principle,—and aid the more
valuable plants in their struggle to choke down or expel the worth-
less ones.

DIVISION 4. LOMENTACEAE (the pod transversely partitioned).

TRIBE XI. RAPHANEAE. DC.
Silique or silicle indehiscent, transversely separating in 1- (or few-) seeded cells
orjoints. Seeds globose. Cotyledons incumbent and conduplicate.

16. RAPHANUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 4972.
[Greek, Ra, easily, and phainomai, to appear; from its prompt germination.] |
Siliqgue many-celled, by transverse partitions. Seeds in a single
series. Leaves lyrate. Flowers in elongating racemes.

1. R. sativus, Z. Lower leaves lyrate, petiolate; upper ones ovate-
oblong, serrate, subhastate-lobed at base, subsessile; siliques terete,
torulose, acuminate, scarcely longer than the pedicels. DC. Prodr.
1. p. 228. Fil. Cestr. p. 391.

Cuttivatep Raruanus. Vulgd—Radish. Garden Radish.

Fr. Radis. Raifort. Germ. Der Rettig. Span. Rabano.

Sub-species A. Rapicuta. DC. Root more or less fleshy, tender,
white or red. DC./. c.

Var. a. rotunda. Root subglobose. Vulgd—Turnep-Radish.
Var. b. oblonga. Root oblong or fusiform. Valgd—Common Radish.
Sub-species B. Niger. DC. Root fleshy, solid and firm, more or
less acrid. DC. J. c.
Var. a. vulgaris (also b. rotundus). Root black externally, white
within, oblong or subglobose.

Vulgé—Black Turnep-Radish. Spanish Radish.

Annual. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, sparsely hispid, branched. Leaves 8 to 12 or
15 inches long, hispid. Petals purple and greenish white. Siliqgues with fungous
or suberose partitions. Seeds few, large. Gardens, &c.: cultivated. Native of
China.Fv. June—Sept. Fr. July—October.

Obs. The tender fleshy root of this plant is an universal favorite
at table, in early spring,—and is found in every garden; where, by
successive planting, it may be produced all summer. To produce the
root in perfection, a rich mellow soil and a wet season are requisite.*

ORDER XIX. HYPERICACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Herbs or shrubs, with a resinous or limpid juice. Leaves opposite, entire, with-
out stipules, punctate with black or pellucid dots. Flowers regular. Calyz of 4
or 5 persistent sepals, the 2 outer ones often smaller. Petals 4 or 5, twisted in
aestivation, often sprinkled with black dots. Stamens usually numerous and
polyadelphous. Capsule (the fruit rarely baccate) with septicidal dehiscence,
many-seeded. Seeds destitute of albumen.

An Order containing but few genera; and those of little interest to the Agri-
culturist,—with the exception of the obnoxious species here noticed.

TRIBE I. HYPERICEAE. Chois.

Fruit capsular. Seeds terete. Leaves mostly sessile.

*T learn from my friend, Prof. A. Gray, thatthe R. Raphanistrum, L. or Wild
Radish (a species with simply lyrate leaves, and yellowish flowers), is so far
naturalized, in Eastern New England, as to be quite a troublesome Weed. It
has not yet found its way, I think, into Pennsylvania.

2

14 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS
17. HYPERICUM. L. Endl. Gen. 5464.

[A name used by the ancient Greek writers on plants.]
Sepals 5, more or less connected at base, foliaceous. Petals 5.
Stamens mostly numerous,—the filaments united at base in 3 or 5
parcels. Styles 3 to 5, persistent, sometimes united. Capsule mett-
branaceous, 1-celled with 3 to 5 parietal placentae, or 3 to 5-celled
by the placentae meeting at the axis. Herbaceous or shrubby.
Flowers solitary or cymose at the summit of the stem and branches.

1. H. perroratum, L. Herbaceous; stem somewhat ancipital ; leaves
linear-elliptic, rather obtuse, sessile, pellucid-punctate; flowers in
leafy paniculate corymbs; petals and anthers with dark purple dots;
styles 3, long, diverging. Torr. & Gr. Fl. NN. A. 1. p. 160. DC.
Prodr.1. p. 549. Fl. Cestr. p. 323. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3.
PERFORATED Hypericum. Vulgd—St. John’s Wort.

fr. Millepertuis. Germ. Das Johannes kraut. Span. Corazoncillo.

- Root perennial. Stem herbaceous but finally hard, 1 to 2 feet high, often sev-
eral from the same root, brachiately and corymbosely branched. Leaves half

an inch to an inch and half long. Petals yellow or orange-colored. Fields, and
pastures: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. Jume—Sept. Fr. July—October.

Obs. This foreigner is a worthless ‘and rather troublesome weed,
on our farms; and ought to be diligently excluded. Some 40 or 50
years ago, it was. very common for cattle—especially white cows,
and horses with white feet and noses—to be affected with cutaneous
ulcers, during the pasture season; and those sores were universally
and confidently aftributed to the St. John’s Wort. In those days,
I never doubted the fact, myself: but I must in candor add, that,
although the plant continues ‘to be abundant in our pastures, I have
not noticed any such sores for a number of years past. Was the
affection ascribed to a wrong sotrce? and has the real cause ceased
to exist ?—The flowers and leaves are evidently somewhat resinous;
and a tizeture of them has held a place among popular remedies for
disorders of the stomach and bowels. “It is worthy of remark, that in
the year 1842, the St. John’s Wort totally failed to make its appear-
ance (in Chester County—and I believe throughout Pennsylvania,)
even in fields where it had previously abounded. The succeeding
year, it was quite rare; but is now (1846) becoming as common as
ever, in neglected fields. The cause of that total, though temporary,
disappearance of a perennial-rooted plant, is as obscure as the fact is
curious.

ORDER XXI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Juss. Torr. §& Gr.

Herbs. Stems tumid at the nodes or joints. Leaves constantly opposite, often
connate, entire, without stipules. Flowers regular, terminal. Calyz of 4 or 5
sepals, distinct or more or less cohering—often united into a tube. Corolla of 4
or 5 unguiculate petals—or sometimes wanting. Stamens as many—or com-
monly twice as many—as the petals. Styles, or stigmas, 2 to 5, distinct, Cap-
sule 2 to 5-valved—or opening only at apex by twice as many teeth or valve-
points as stigmas. Seeds curved (campylotropous), mostly numerous: embryo
coiled around the outside of mealy albumen. ‘

An Order comprising about 30 genera, and a great number of species,—some
of them (such as the Pinks) are very pretty and fragrant: but none of Agricul-
tural value. :

TRIBE I. SILENEAE. DC. a
Sepals united into a tube, which is 4 or 5-toothed at summit. Petals with a long
slender claw, inserted with the stamens on the stipe of the ovary.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 15
.18. LYCHNIS. DC. Endl. Gen. 5250.

-_[Greek, Lychnos, a lamp ; the cottony leaves of some species being used for wicks.]

Calyz 5-toothed or with 5 long segments, without scales at base.
Petals 5, mostly crowned at throat. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule
1-celled, or 5-eelled at base, the stipe sometimes wanting.
1. L. Grruaco, Lam. Hairy; stem dichotomously paniculate above ;
leaves lance-linear; calyx coriaceous, tube subcampanulate, teeth
very long and foliaceous; petals not: crowned; stipe of the ovary
none. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. pu194. DC. Prodrs \. p. 387.

Agrostemma Githage. L.. Fl. Cestr. p. 281. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2.
Vulgdo—Cockle.. Corn Cockle. ;
Fr. La Nielle des Blés. Germ. Gemeine Rade. Span. Neguillon.

Plant clothed with long appressed hairs. Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high,
branched above. Leaves: 3 to 5 inches long. Pedunceles terminal, 4 to 8 or 10
inches long. Petals reddish or pale violet-purple. Capsule oyoid. Seeds numer-
ous, muricately ribbed, purplish black. Cultivated grounds.—chiefly among
Wheat and Rye: introduced.. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July. ~

Obs. This well-known foreign-weed,—although diligently expelled
by all neat farmers,—may be seen in almost every wheat field, at
the season of flowering; which is, consequently, the best time for
detecting and eradicating it. The seeds are of a size to render it
difficult to separate them from wheat,—and when abundant, are
injurious to the quality and appearance of the flour. Every farmer,
therefore, is interested in causing the plant to be carefully extirpated.

ORDER XXIII. PORTULACACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Succulent or fleshy Herbs. -Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, without stipules.
Flowers axillary or terminal, usually ephemeral. Calyx mostly of 2 (rarely 3)
sepals, often united below and adhering to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, or
rarely more numerous. Stamens variabié in number, opposite the petals when of
the same number. Styles 2 to 8, united below. Capsule1-celled; placenta cen-
tral. Seeds mostly numerous, curved (campylotropous): embryo coiled around |
mealy albumen. :

There are some 30 genera in this Order,—of which the plant here noticed is
‘the type. They are, however, of little or no interest to the farmer.

19. PORTULACA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 5174.

[A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.] ‘
Sepals 2, partly united, and adherent to the base of the ovary,—the
upper portion finally circumscissed and deciduous. Petals mostly 5,
inserted on the calyx. Stamens 8 to 15 or 20. Stigmas 3 to 8.
Capsule subglobose, cireumscissed. Seeds on filiform footstalks (or
funiculi). Leaves seattered, often whorled near the flowers,—
frequently with a tuft of hair in the axils.

1. P, oreracea, L. Leaves oblong-cuneate, obtuse, fleshy, smooth ;
axils and nodes naked; flowers sessile, Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 1.
p- 196. DC. Prodr. 3, p. 353. Fl. Cestr. p. 314.

Pot-HERB PorTULACa. Vulgo-—Purslane, ©
Fr. Pourpier potager. Germ. Gemeiner Portulak. Span. Verdolaga.

: Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, fleshy. smooth, prostrate, branch-
ing and radicating. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, alternate and opposite.
Petals pale yellow. Gardens, and cultivated grounds. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept.

Qs. This plant—though said to be indigenous in the far west—

16 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

has every appearance of being a naturalized stranger, in Pennsylva-
nia. It wasoften used, formerly, as a pot-herb; but is now generally
superseded by better ones,—and is, indeed, only entitled to notice,
here, as a troublesome weed in gardens.

ORDER XXV. MALVACEAE. Juss.

Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves alternate, palmately veined, furnished with
stipules. Flowers regular, mostly large, often with an involucel forming a dou-
bie calyx. Calyx mostly of 5 sepals, more or less united at base. Pedals as
many as the sepals, spirally twisted in aestivation.. Stamens monadelphous, of-
ten indefinite ; anthers renitorm, 1-celled. Styles as many as the earpels, distinct
or united below. Fruét capsular, or the carpels. separate or separable. Seeds
with little or no albumen; cotyledons foliaceous, plicate and twisted.

An Order comprising about 30 genera, and numerous species,—some of them
showy and handsome. They are generally remarkable for their mucilaginous
and demulcent properties: But the Cotten plant is pre-eminently interesting to
the American people.—both as yielding the great staple of the exports from the
Southern States, and of the manufactures of the Northern States. There are,
however, but few other plants of Agricultural importance belonging to the Order.

% 20. MALVA. ihe Endl. Gen. o271.

{Latinized from the Greek, Malache, soft; in allusion to its emollient nature.}
Calyz 5-cleft, mostly with an involucel of 3 oblong or setaceous
bracts. Carpels several, dry, indehiscent, arranged in a cirele round
the axis.

1. M. rorunpirouia, LZ. Stem herbaceous, prostrate ; leaves eordate-
orbicular, doubly crenate; pedicels axillary, t-flowered, declined in
fruit; carpels wrinkled, 1-seeded. Torr. & Gr. Fl. IN. A. 1. p. 225.
DC. Prodr. 1. p. 432. Fl. Cestr. p. 395. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3.

-Rounp-LEavep Matva. Vuigé—Running Mallows. Low Mallows.

Fr. Petite Mauve. Germ. Rundblaettrige Malve. Span. Malva de
hoja redonda.

Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, branching only at base or from the
root. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches in diameter, obscurely 5 or 7-lobed ; petioles 2 to
6 or 8 inches long. Flowers small; bracts linear. Petals twice as long as the
calyx, reddish-white with purple veins. Yards. Gardens, and Lots: introduced.
Native of Europe. Fi. May—Sept. Fr. July—Octo.

Obs. This foreigner is extensively naturalized; and although
s6mewhat popular as an ingredient in cataplasms and demulcent
drinks, is generally regarded as an unwelcome intruder in yards and
gardens. The Marsh Mallow (Althaea officinalis, L.), a nearly
allied plant, has been introduced in many places, on account of its
mucilaginous character ; but is scarcely to be considered among our
cultivated plants. .

21. HIBISCUS. L. (Abelmoschus. Medik. Endl. Gen. 5281.)
[An ancient Greek name for a plant of the Mallow tribe.]
Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, surrounded by a many- (or sometimes a
few-) leaved involucel, the leaflets of which are usually linear and
distinct—sometimes more or less united. Stigmas 5 to 10. Carpels
united in a 5 or 10-celled loculicidal capsule; cells mostly many-
(rarely 1-) seeded.

1. H. escutentus, L. Herbaceous; leaves somewhat obtusely and
palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, the lobes dentate; involucels

MALVACEAE . WwW

10-leaved, deciduous; calyx bursting lengthwise on one side; fruit
10-angled, pyramidal. DC. Prodr.1. p. 450. Fl. Cestr. p. 396.

Escutent Hisiscus. Vulgd—Okra.

Root annual. Stem18 inches to 3 feet high, somewhat branched, pilose but
not aculeate. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and wider than long, lobed about half
way to the base; petioles about as long as the leaves. Petals pale greenish yel-
low, with a dark purple spot at base. Capsule 2 or 3 inches long, erect. Gar-
dens: cultivated. Native of India. Fl. August. Fr. Sept—October. ~

Obs. This plant is cultivated for its green pods or capsules,—
which are remarkably mucilaginous, and much esteemed, by many
persons, as an ingredient in soups.

22. GOSSYPIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 5286.

[A name supposed to be of Egyptian origin; etymology obscure.]
Calyx cup-shaped, obtusely 5-toothed, surrounded by a 3-leaved
involucel,—the leaflets united and cordate at base, deeply incised-
dentate. Styles united; stigmas 3 or sometimes 5. Capsule 3 to
5-celled, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, enveloped in a long fine
wool. Young branches and leaves more or less covered with black
dots; the nerves beneath usually with one or more glands.

i. G. neRBAcEUM, LZ. Stem smooth; leaves 3 to 5-lobed, with a
single gland beneath; lobes rounded, mucronate ; involucel serrate ;
wool white. Torr. §& Gr. Fl. NwAs 1. p. 250. DC. Prodr. 1. p.
456. Icon, Farmer’s Libr. vol: 1.

Herpaceous Gossypium. Vulgo—Cotton. Cotton-plant.
Fr. Le Cottonnier. Germ. Die Baumwolle. Span. Algodon.

Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long ;
petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Petais greenish yellow, tinged with purple at base.
Seeds large, thickly beset with long wool-like cellular or tubular fibres, which,
at maturity, are shrunk and centorted so as to render them in some degree ad-
hesive, when pressed together,—and thereby susceptible of being spun or drawn
and twisted into delicate threads. Cultivated very largely in the Southern and
South-western States, Nativé.of Asia. Fi. Fr.

Obs. This plant,—as yielding the material for light clothing—and
especially in reference to its commercial value,—may be regarded as
one of the most important objects of American Agriculture. Although
not so essential as the cereal tribe, the fibrous envelope of the seeds
is scarcely less interesting, as an article of trade,—and as the subject
of useful and ingenious industry.* <A full and satisfactory history
of the Cotton-plant may be found in the first volume of that admi-
rable work, the Farmer’s Library, edited by Joun S. Sxinner, Esq.

23. ABUTILON. Gaertn. Endl. Gen. 5292.

: [An ancient name of a plant, allied to Althaea.}
Calyz 5-cleft, without an involucel. Ovary 5 or many-celled, with

' ¥* Since the above was-written, a wonderful discovery has been announced, in
reference to Cotton wool. It appears that by subjecting Cotton to some Chemical
processes, the fibres (without apparent alteration,) may be rendered as explosive
as Gun powder! 'To what extent it may be made available, as a substitute for
gun-powder, of course, remains to be ascertained. It is also alleged, that Tow,
or the cortical fibres of flax, and some other minutely divided vegetable sub-
stances, can be rendered in like manner explosive, by the same or similar pro-
cesses, ;
2*

18 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

3 (or rarely more) ovules in each cell. Capsule composed of 5, to
15 or more, 2-valved 3 to 6-seeded carpels.

1. A. AvicennaE, Gaertn. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate,
crenate-dentate, velvety-tomentose ;. peduncles axillary, shorter than
the petiole; carpels about 15, truncate, obliquely mere rie hairy,
3-seeded. Torr. & Gr. Fi. N. A. 1. p. 230.

Sida Abutilon, L. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 470. Fl. Cestr. p. 397.
AvicenNna’s ABUTILON. Vul/gd—Indian Mallow. Velvet-leaf.

Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, branched. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches ~
long ; petioles 3 to 5 inches long. Petals yellow. Carpels 12 to 15, verticillately
arranged in a truncate subeampanulate head. Cultivated Lots, and ‘waste places:
introduced. Native of Europe and Asia. Fv. July—Sept. Fr. Aug.—October.

Obs. This foreigner is a worthless and troublesome intruder,—
frequent in Indian-corn fields, Potato patches, and other cultivated
lots,—and is of a size sufficient to be a nuisance. It should be
always carefully eradicated before it matures its seeds.

ORDER XXVI. TILIACEAE. Juss.

Trees or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, furnished with deciduous stipules.
Flowers axillary, small. Calyx of 3 to 5 deciduous sepals. Petals 3105. Disk
glandular. Stamens often in 3 to 5 clusters, distinct or somewhat united—
one of each parcel sometimes transformed into a petaloid scale; anthers

2-celled. Styles united into one. Fruit, either a 2 to 5-celled capsule with sev-
eral seeds in each cell—or coriaceous, and sometimes drupaceous, 1-celled by
abortion, and 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds albuminous, with a large embryo; the folia-
ceous cotyledons usually ee

This. like the preceding, is a mucilaginous Family of plants, and comprises
about 30 genera. In the U. States, the Lindens (which are the representatives
of the Order) are the only interesting species: But in the tropical regions, the
Gunny-bags, of commerce, are manufactured from the fibrous bark of two spe-
cies of Corchorus. The acid drupes of Grewia sapida, Roxb. are employed in the
preparation of the oriental beverage called Sherbet: and some other plants of
the Order contribute to economical purposes.

24. TILIA. LZ. Endl. Gen. 5373.
[A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.]

Sepals 5, connected at base. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, more
or less cohering in 5 parcels,—the central one of each parcel (in the
N. American species) a petaloid scale (nectary, or staminodium).
Ovary globose, villous, 5-celled; cells with 2 ovules. Frat cori-
aceous or woody, globose, by abortion 1-celled, 1 or 2-seeded. Trees,
with subcordate serrate leaves, and a tough fibrous bark. Flowers
in pendulous cymes, with the lower half of the common peduncle
adnate to a long membrano-foliaceous bract.

1. T. puatypnytia, Scop. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate,
puberulent beneath; flowers without staminodia or petaloid scales.
DC. Prodr. 1. p. 5138.

T. Europaea, L. Fu. Lonp. Icon, vol. 2. [Linden.
Broap-Leavep Tinia. Velgo—Linden, or Lime tree. European

Fr. Le Tilleul. Germ. Die Linde. Spaz. Tilo.

Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter,—the numerous branches
forming a handsome symmetrical top. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long; petioles 1 to 2
jnehes “long. Flowers yellowish-white, destitute of the accessory petals (or sta-
minodia) which are found in the American species. Cultivated. Native of
Kurope. IF. Beginning of June. Fr. September—October.

~) . PILIACEAR 19

Obs. This foreign species has been extensively introduced, as an
ornamental shade tree, in our cities and villages. In the beginning
of summer it is handsome; but the leaves begin to die, or become
diseased (assuming a scorched appearance), soon after midsummer,—
and the tree is, moreover, infested by so many loathsome and de-
structive insects, that it is now being superseded by others less subject
to such accidents. The flowers are said to afford to bees a superior
quality of honey.

2. T. Americana, L. Leaves obliquely cordate or truncate at base,
abruptly acuminate, subcoriaceous, glabrous; flowers with stamino-
dia, or petaloid scales, connected with the filaments. Torr. & Gr.
Fl. N. A. 1. p. 239. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 3. tab. 131.

T. glabra. Vent. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 513. Fl. Cestr. p. 312. [ wood.
American Tinta. Vulgd—Linden, or Linn. Basswood. White

Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with spreading
branches. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, unequal at base ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long.
Fiowers yellowish-white or cream-colored,—furnished with an accessory petal
(or staminodium—scarcely changed from the petal form—) attached to each
parcel of stamens. Rich woodlands, and banks of streams; along the moun-
tains, from Canada to Georgia. Fi. Latter end of June. Fy. Sept.—October.

Obs. The wood of this fine tree is light, soft and white,—and is
much used in the manufacture of domestic utensils. The inner bark,
by maceration, separates into broad thin fibres,—from which a rude
cordage, and matting, are sometimes made. It also affords a muci-
laginous liniment, which has been highly commended in burns and
scalds ;—though I suppose it is about as efficacious as most other
mild mucilages. This species is sometimes planted as a shade tree;
but its branches are more straggling, and less symmetrical, than
those of the European Linden. Neither of them, however, is as
valuable, for that purpose, as the Sugar Maple or the Horse Ches-
nut. ‘There are twoor three other species of Ti/ia in the U. States:
but they are more local in their Aad:tat, and of less general interest,
than this one.

ORDER XXVIII. AURANTIACEAE. Correa.

Shrubs, or small trees. Leaves alternate, with articulated petioles, destitute of
stipules, dotted with pellucid glands which are replete with a volatile oil.—
Flowers fragrant. Calyx short, urceolate or campanulate. Petals 3 to 5 or 8—
Stamens inserted in a single series upon a hypogynous disk, as many as the pe-
tals or some multiple of their number, often somewhat monadelphous or polya-
delphous. Style cylindrical; stigma thickish. Frutt a many-celled berry, with
a leathery rind filled-with pulp. Seeds without albumen.

This small but truly Hesperidian Order (which is chiefly tropical.) affords a
few fruits beside those here noticed; but they are little known in the U. States.

25. CITRUS. L. Endl. Gen. 5514.
[The etymology of this name has not been ascertained.]
Calyz urceolate, 3 to 5-toothed. Petals 5 to 8. Stamens numerous,
polyadelphous. Stigma hemispherical. Fruit baccate, 7 to 12-
celled; cells pulpy, many-seeded. Seed-cover (testa or spermoderm)
membranaceous.—Smal/l trees or shrubs, often with axillary spines.
Leaves perennial, compound (i. e. odd-pinnate, with all. the leaflets
but the terminal one suppressed !); petiole sometimes winged.

20 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

1. C. Mepica, Risso. Petioles not winged; leaves oblong-oval,
acute; fruit elliptic-oblong, with a thick rugose coat, and acid pulp.
DC. Prodr. 1. p. 539. —
Mepian Citrus. Vulgs—Lemon. Lemon tree.

Fr. Cedrat. Germ. Der Citronenbaum. Span. Limonero.

A branching Shrub, 6 to 12 feet or more in height. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long,
obsoletely serrate, coriaceous; petioles half an inch to three quarters in length.
Petals white, often tinged with purple externally. Stigma peltate, broad and
thieck—when not fully developed, the fruit invariably abortive. Fruit elliptic, 2
to 3 inches long,—the rind greenish-yellow, adhering to the pulp. Cultivated.—
Native of Media. FV. March, and after. Fr. Successively.

Obs. This tender. evergreen shrub is often to be seen (under
shelter in winter,) even in the middle and northern States; and
doubtless succeeds well in those at the southern extreme of the
Union. «It is usually inserted, by inoculation, upon an Orange stock.
It appears to flower at different seasons,—and the fruit is a year or
more in arriving at maturity,;.so that,the shrub is often charged with
both’ flowers and fruit:(the latter in all stages of growth) at the same
time. The uses of the fine acid fruit are universally known, and its

value appreciated._
2. C. AurantiumM, Risso. Petioles more or less winged; leaves
ovate-oblong, acute; fruit globose, with a thinnish’rugose coat, and
sweet pulp. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 539: . [Sweet Orange.
OranGE orn Gortpen Cirrus. Vu#lgd—Orange. China Orange.—
Fr. L’Oranger.. Germ. Der Oranienbaum. Span. Naranjo.

A branching shryb, 5 to 10 feet high. Leaves 3 to,.5 inches long, coriaceous ;
petioles half an inch to an inch long. Petals white. Fruit spherical or an oblate

spheroid, about 2 inches in diameter, the rind reddish-yellow, and separable
from the pulp. Cultivated. Native of Eastern Asia. Fl. and Fr. as in the pre-

ceding. ,

Obs. The Orange tree was introduced into Florida -many years
ago,—and seems, from accounts, to be pretty well naturalized, there.
It may probably be cultivated to advantage, in the more southern
districts of our country: but it ean only be known as a Green-house
plant, in the middle and northern States,—and it is to Green-house
specimens that the s¢ze here mentioned, ofthis and the preceding
species, has reference. In a congenial climate, they no doubt become
much larger. The delicious fruit of«this species-is too well known
to require comment.

ORDER XXIX. MELIACEAE. Juss. DC.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually compound, destitute of stipules. Calyr
of 3 to 5 sepals, more or less connected. Petals 3 to 5. Stamens twice as many
as the petals, monadelphous, inserted outside of a hypogynous disk ; anthers ses-
sile in the orifice of the-tube of filaments. Ovary several-celled. with 1 or 2
ovules in each cell; styles and stigmas mostly united into one. Fruit a drupe,
berry. or capsule,—often 1-celled by abortion, and the cell 1-seeded. Seeds with
little or no albumen, and wingless.

The genus which represents this Order, is the only one belonging to it which
is much known in our country,—and that is pretty, much ¢onfined to the States

south of the Potomac.

26. MELIA. L. Endl. Gen. 5520.

[The Greek name of a species of Ash,—which this tree resembles.]
Calyx small, 5-cleft. Petals 5, linear-oblong, spreading. Stamen-

MELIACEAE 21

tube 10-cleft at summit, with 10 anthers in the orifice; segments of
the tube 2 or 3-parted. Ovary seated on a slightly elevated disk ;

style filiform; stzgma capitate, d-angled, Drupe ovoid, with a 5-
celled bony nut; cells 1-seeded. Embryo inclosed -in thin fleshy
albumen; cotyledons flat, foliaceous. Trees, with odd-pinnate or
bipinnate leaves. Flowers in axillary panicles.

‘1. M. Azeparacu, L. Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets Suncor in
fives, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, incised-dentate, smooth.
Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 241. DC. Prodr.1.p. 621. Icon, Mz.
Sylva, 3. tab. 102.

_ Vulgé—Pride of India. Bead-tree.
Fr. Arbre aux Paten6étres. Germ. Der Zederach.

Stem 20 to 40 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter, with branches clustered
at irregular intervals. Leaves deciduous; leaflets 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, forming
secondary pinnae of 2 or 3 pairs, with a ‘terminal odd one. Flowers pale violet-
purple or lilac-colored. Drupe with a soft yellowish pulp, and an obtusely an-
gular nut. Cultivated. Native of Syria, Persia, and the far East. Fi. April—
Fr. September—October.

Odés. This tree has been introduced into the Southern States, as an
ornamental shade tree,—and is now, Mr. Exviorr says, perfectly
naturalized. It will not endure the winters of Pennsylvania. The
most northern point at which I have seen trees of any considerable
size, was Norfolk, Virginia; and even there, they are sometimes
killed by frost. The dar% of the root is reputed to be a good vermi-
fuge. In the south of Europe, the zwts are often used for beads ;
whence one of its English and French names.

ORDER XXXI. LINACEAE. DC. Lindl.

Herbs. Leaves alternate opposite or verticillate, entire, sessile, without stipules.
Flowers regular and symmetrical. Calyx of 3 to 5 imbricated persistent sepals.
Petals as many as the sepals, unguiculate, twisted im aestivation, ephemeral —
Stamens as many as the petals (often with intermediate teeth, representing an
abortive series), all united at base into a ring. Ovary mostly with as many
styles and cells as there are sepals,—each cell with 2 suspended ovules. Capsule
globose, acuminate with the peristent base of the united styles, mostly 5-celled;
each cell or carpe! more or less perfectly divided by a false _dissepiment pro-
ceeding from the dorsal suture,—the spurious cells 1-seeded. Embryo flat, fleshy
and oily, with little or no albumen.

This Order is pretty much limited to the genus which is its type; and conse-
quently, the character of the genus is nearly the same as that of the Order.

27. LINUM. ZL. Endl. Gen. 6056.
(Greek, Linon, or Celtic, Liin ; the name for flax, or thread ; in those languages. ]
Sepals, Petals and Nenatane 5. Styles 5 or rarely 3. Capsule re
a septicidal dehiscence,—the carpels 2-valved at apex.
1. L. usrratissiuum, L. Leaves alternate, lance-linear, very acute ; _
panicle corymbose; sepals ovate, acute, with a membranaceous
margin; petals somewhat crenate. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. ps
204. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 426. Fl. Cestr. p. 210. Icon, Fl, Load,
vol. 1.
Most uservun (oR common) Linum. Vulgo—Flax,
Fr. Lin. Germ. Gemeiner Flachs. Span. Lino,

Root annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, terete, smooth, corymbosely
branched at summit. Leaves an inch to an inch and half long. Peials rather

23 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

large, blue, often with a tinge of purple, very caducous. Seeds lance-ovate,
smooth and shining. Cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Gis. This valuable plant—once considered so indispensable among
the crops of our farmers—is now but little cultivated. I have
not seen a flax-patch for a number of years: whereas, in the *‘ good
old times”—before Spinning-wheels were superseded by Pianos—
every rural family cultivated and manufactured as much flax as was:
required for domestic purposes. But now, the Cotton-plant of the
South has nearly banished the Flax-plant from the Middle and
Northern States. Nor is the-revolution thus effected a subject of
regret, with the farmer. The flax crop is one which involves a good
deal of troublesome, disagreeable labor,—and, without being profit-
able, is generally believed to be injurious to the soil: an opinion as
old as the time of Virgil—who says

“ Urit enim Lini campum seges, urit avenae.”—Grore. 1. 71.
or, as rendered by Sotheby,
“Oats and the Flaxen harvest burn the ground.”

The seeds of this plant, beside yielding a most valuable oil, afford one
of the best mucilaginous drinks, for coughs, and dysenteric affections.

ORDER XXXV. TROPAEOLACEAE. Juss. A. Gray.

Herbs, with a pungent watery juice, a straggling or twining stem, alternate petio-
late peltate or palmate leaves with radiating nerves, and without stipules —
Flowers irregular, large, on long axillary peduncles. Calyx of 5 eolored united
sepals, somewhat bilabiate,—the upper lip produced at base into a hollow spur.
Petals 5, unequal, inserted on the calyx,—the 2 upper ones sessile, arising -frem
the throat of the spur,—the 3 lower ones unguiculate, smaller and sometimes
abortive. Stamens 8, unequal, distinct. Ovary 3-lobed,—composed of 3 united
carpels, which are 1-seeded, indehiscent, and separate from the common axis
when mature... Seeds without albumen, large; cotyledons thick, distinct when
young, finally consolidated or soldered together.

A very small Order, and of little interest beyond the genus which represents it.

28. TROPAEOLUM. L. Endl. Gen. 6063.

(Latin, a little banner, or Trophy: from a fancied similitude in the plant.]
{=> For the character of the Genws, see that of the Order.

1. T. masus, LZ. Leaves peltate, sub-orbicular, obscurely repand-
lobed, the nerves not exserted; petals obtuse. DC. Prodr. 1. p.
683. Fl. Cestr. p. 243. ;

GreaTeR TroparoLtum. Vulgd Nasturtium. Indian Cress. [china.
Fr. Grande Capucine. Germ. Die Kapuziner kresse. Span. Capu-

Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet long, fleshy, smooth. Leaves 2 to 3 inches
in diameter, the nerves which radiate from the centre not projecting beyond the
margin (as they do in another species); petioles 3 to 6 inches long, Peduncles
1-flowered, mostly longer than the petioles. Petals yellowish, or reddish orange,
with dark purple stripes and spots,—the 3 lower ones fringed at base, Carpels
sulcate, fleshy, finally suberose or coriaceous. Gardens. Cultivated, Native
of South America. F?. June—September. Fr. August—October.

Obs, This ornamental stranger is sometimes cultivated for show ;
but chiefly for the young fruit—which is prepared as a condiment,
and affords a tolerable substitute for capers. The plant is said to be
perennial in its native country (Peru),—whence it was brought to |
Europe in the year 1684.

ANACARDIACEAE . 28

ORDER XXXIX. ANACARDIACEAE. R. Br. Lindl.

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky, often acrid, juice, which turns black in
drying. Leaves alternate (often compound), without stipules, and not dotted.—
Flowers small, mostly paniculate, often polygamous or dioicous. Calyz of 3 to 5
sepals, more or less connected at base. Petals, and usually the stamens, as ma-
ny as the sepals, inserted into the base of the calyx. Ovary 1-celled (by abor-
tion), but with 3 styles or stigmas,and asingle ovule. Fruit indehiscent, usually
drupaceous. Seed without albumen ; embryo curved.

In the tropical regions, this Family presents plants of much interest: sui@h as
that which yields the celebrated Mango fruit (Mangifera Indica, L.)—the Cashew
nut (Anacardium occidentale, L.)—and the Pistacia nut (Pistacia vera, L.); with
others which afford various kinds of Lacquer and Varnish. A species of Rhus
(R. Cotinus, L.) affords the “young Fustic,” of commerce,—the “old Fustie”
being the wood of Morus tinctoria,L _ The Chian or Cyprus Turpentine is ob-
tained from the Pistacia Terebinthus, L.

29. RHUS. ZL. Endl. Gen. 5905.

[Greek, Rhows,—or Celtic, Rawdd,—red; the prevailing color of the fruit.]
Sepals 5, connected at base, small, persistent. Petals 5, ovate,
spreading, inserted under the margin of an‘orbicular disk. Stamens
5 (rarely 10—and sometimes wanting), inserted into the disk. Styles
mostly 3, distinct or united; stigmas subcapitate. Drupe small,
nearly or quite dry; wt bony, l-celled. Cotyledons foliaceous,
with their commissure to the radicle (aceuwmbent).

Shrubs or small trees, sometimes very lactescent. Leaves some-
times simple, often compound (odd-pinnate or trifoliolate). Flowers
(of all the species here given) dioicous by abortion.

} Leaves odd-pinnate. * Branches villous.

1. R. rypuina, LZ. Young branches and petioles densely villous;
leaflets in many pairs, acutely serrate, glaucous and somewhat pilose
beneath; drupes densely pubescent. Torr. §- Gr. Fl. N. A.1 p. 217.
DC. Prodr. 2. p. 67. Fl. Cestr. p. 205.

Typua-tixe Ruvs. Vulgd—Staghorn Sumach.

Lactescent. St#m10to15 or 20 feet high, and sometimes 4 to 6 inches in
diameter, branched. Leaves composed of 8 to 15 or 20 pairs of lance-oblong
leaflets (2 to 4 inches in length) ; common petioles 1 to 2 feet long. Flowers yel-
lowish-green, in thyrsoid panicles,—the fertile panicles smaller and more com-
pact. Ovaries clothed with a long greyish velvety pubescence—which on the
fruit becomes a bright purpie, and sharply acid. Woodlands, and banks of
streams: Canada to Louisiana. Fl. June. Fr. September—October. *

Oés. This is the largest and handsomest species of the genus,—
as seen in the Middle States. The fine purple clusters of fruit,
on the fertile plant, render it quite ornamental; and, if introduced
into the yards and public squares of our cities, would present an al-
most literal exemplification of the much-admired R (h) us ix urbe!

* * Branches smooth.

2. R. crasra, L. Branches and petioles glabrous; leaflets in many
pairs, serrate, smooth on both sides, glaucous beneath. Torr. §& Gr.
Fl. N. A. 1.p. 217.. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 67.. Fil.Cestr. p. 206;

Guiasrous Ruvus. Vulgd-—-Common, or Smooth Sumach.

Very lactescent. Stem 3 to 8 or 10 feet high, irregularly branching; you
branches stout and thick, with a large pith, somewhat angular or compressed.
Leaves composed of 8 to 12 or 15 pairs of leaflets \ to 3 or 4 inches in length) ;
coanmon petiole 9 to 18 inches long, often dark purple. Flowers yellowish-green ;

eo

on. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

the fertile panicles smaller and more compact than the sterile ones. Ovaries
clothed with a short greyish silky pubescence, which on the fruit becomes bright

.

purple, and contains a sprightly acid. Old fields, fence-rows and thickets:

Canada to Louisiana. Fl. June. Fr. September—October.

Obs. This shrub is apt to be abundant in neglected sterile old
fields ; and its prevalence, in arable lands, is strong evidence of the
occupant being a poor thriftless farmer. The branches and leaves
ardaid to be useful in the process of tanning morocco leather.

3. R. venenata, DC. Branches and petioles smooth; leaflets in
few pairs, very entire; common petioles not winged; fruit glabrous.
Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 218. DE. Prodr. 2. p. 68. Fl. Cestr.
p- 207.

R. vernix. L. and the older authors.

Poisonous Ruvus. Vulgd—Poison Sumach. Poison Elder.

Not lactescent. Stem 8to12or15 feet high, branching above, young branches
rather slender, terete, smoothish, siightly verrucose or dotted. Leaves composed
of 3 to 5 or 6 pairs of leaflets (2 to 3 or 4 inches long); common petioles 4 to 10 or
12 inches long. Flowers greenish. Panicles slender, racemose, on long axillary
peduncles. Drupes dry, smooth and shining, nearly twice as large as in either
of the preceding. Low grounds, along swampy rivulets: Canada to Georgia.
Fil. June. Fr. September.

Obs. This was formerly supposed to be identical with the oriental
species which yields the Japan Varnish,—and hence the old specific
name. It is a shrub to be carefully extirpated from the farm; as it
is not only worthless, but exceedingly poisonous to many persons, if
they come in contact with it—or even get unawares in its immediate
vicinity.

t ¢t Leaves trifoliolate.

4. R. Toxtcopenpron, L. (vars. a, and b, Torr. & Gr.) Stem erect,
decumbent, or climbing by radicles; leaflets in threes, obliquely
ovate or rhomboid, acuminate; fruit glabrous. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N.
A. L. p- 218. m1

R. radicans, ard Toxicodendron. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 69.

R. radicans, L. Fi. Cestr. p. 207.

Potson-TREE Ruvus. Vzulgd—Poison-vine. Poison-oak. Poison-ivy.

Not lactescent. In the erect variety, stem 2 to 5 or 6 feet high; leaflets larger
(4 to 6 or,8 inches long), variously and coarsely toothed or lobed: in the more
common climbing variety, stem 8 or 10 to 30 or 40 feet long, branching, climbing
and closely adhering to trees and other objects by means of numerous radicating
processes; leaflets smaller, and more commonly entire, than in the other variety :
thin or somewhat membranaceous in both. Flowers yellowish-green, Pantcles
slender, racemose, on short axillary peduncles. Drwpes about the size of those
in the preceding species, dry, smooth and shining, pale brown. Woodlands,
and old fence-rows :. Canada to Georgia, and the Rocky Mountains. Fl. May—
June. Fr. September.

Obs. This species (and especially the climbing variety—which is
by far the most common, in Pennsylvania) is also poisonous,—and
should not only be known to the farmer, but diligently expelled from
his premises. There are several other species of Rhws in the U.
States,—interesting to the Botanist—as all plants are,—but not im-
mediately so tothe practical Agriculturist.

ORDER XL. XANTHOXYLACEAE, Nees § Mart. Lindl.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate (often compound), without stipules;
leaflets mostly pellucid-punctate. Flowers polygamous or dioicous. Calyz of 3

XANTHOXYLACEAE . 25

to 9 sepals, more or less connected at base. Petals as many as the sepals (or
rarely wanting), convolute in aestivation. Stamens as many, or twice as mae
ny, as the petals. Ovaries 2 or more, borne on the convex or elevated receptacle,
united or separate. Fruit various,—baccate, drupaceous, or capsular, and
sometimes samaroid. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell or carpel, mostly albuminous.

This Order contains several plants possessed of medicinal properties; but
few, if any, of Agricultural interest. *

30. AILANTHUS. Desf. Endl. Gen. 5980.

[Formed from Ailanto,—the name it bears in its native country.]
Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, convolute at base, inserted under a
hypogynous disk. Stamens 10, inserted under the disk. Ovaries
2 to 5, distinct, compressed. Carpels 3 to 5, or fewer by abortion,
membranaceous and samaroid, tumid and reticulately veined in the
centre, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Seed compressed, obliquely
ovate, without albumen. Tall trees. Leavés pinnate, but not
punctate. Flowers dioicously polygamous. Fruit samara-like,
somewhat resembling that of the Ash.

1. A. GLanpuLosa, Desf. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely dentate at base, with a gland on the
under side of each tooth. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 89.
GuianpDuLaR AlLantuus. Vulgd—Chinese Sumach. Tree of Heaven.
Stem 30 to 60 feet, or more, in height, much branched; young branches never
multiplying during growth, but developed only from the buds of the preceding
year. Leaves (on young trees, especially) much elongated, and Consisting of
many pairs (15 to 20) of smooth leaflets, which are 3 to 5 inches in length, and
entire, except a pair or two of coarse teeth at base.. Flowers pale greenish

yellow, in terminal open thyrsoid panicles. Cultivated ds a shade tree. Native
of China. Fl. June. Fr. Sept—October.

Obs. This oriental stranger has not been long enough in the
‘ country to demonstrate the size to which it may grow,—but quite
long enough (25 to 30 years) to convince some who have tried it,
that it is one of the most objectionable trees, in and about yards and
gardens, which has yet been introduced. Itis a real nuisance,—
and was appropriately named Cacodendron (evil or pernicious tree,)
by an eminent Botanist. The roots extend far and wide, and send
up myriads of swckers which it is almost impossible to keep in sub-
jection,—or to get rid of, even after the tree has been cut down.
The sterile flowers are very numerous, and emit a disagreeable

odor,—as does also the young plant, when bruised or handled. The
’ tree is of very rapid growth, and might pethaps be worth cultivating,
in suitable situations, for the sake of the timber: but I would advise
that it be kept away from the vicinity of houses and gardens.—
Another recently introduced tree (Paulownia impervalis, Sieb.) is
said to be objectionable for the same troublesome tendency to mul
tiply suckers from the foots.

ORDER. XLI. ACERACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Trees or shrubs. Eéaves opposite and mostly palmate-lobed, without stipules.
Flowers small, regular, disposed in racemes, corymbs or fascicles, often polyga-

* Prof. A. Gray suggests, that the Prickly Ash (Xanthorylum_Americanum,
Mill.—a small tree, or shrub, to be found in many places in the Northern and
Western States—) may be worthy the attention of Farmers, for the purpose of
hedging. I doubt, however, whether it can ever be as eligible, and effective, as
the Cock-spur Thorn. 3

26 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

mous or dioicous by abortion,—sometimes preceding the leaves. Caly# mostly,

5 sepals, more or less united and colored. Petals as many as the sepals, or
often wanting. Stamens varying from 3 to 5, 8,or12. Ovary 2-lobed. Fruit
composed of 2 indehiscent samaroid carpets, finally separable,—the wing of.
each thickened on the outer or lower margin. Seeds erect, with little or no al-
bumen; embryo curved or sometimes nearly straight; cotyledons foliaceous, irre-
gularly plicate and convolute. ges: p dey ;

The importance of this small Order is limited to the genus which is its type.
The Sycamore, of Europe, is a species of Acer (A. Pseudo-Platanus, L.).

81. ACER. Moench. Endl. Gen. 5558.

[Latin, Acer, sharp; the wood having been used for pikes or lances.]
(\(S The character of the Order will serve for that of the Genus.

1. A. saccnarinum, L. Leaves broad, subcordate at base, 3 to 5-
lobed with the sinuses obtuse,—the lobes acuminate, coarsely and
sparingly sinuate-dentate; flowers apetalous, pendulous on long
filiform corymbose pedicels; fruit turgid, smooth. Torr. § Gr. Fi.
N. A.-1. p. 248. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 595. Fil. Cestr. p. 245. Icon,
Mz. Sylva, 1. tab. 42. Did +

Saccuarine Acer. Vulgo—Sugar Maple.

Stem 50 to 80 feet or more in height, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves 3 to 5
inches long, and generally rather wider than long, dark green above, paler be-
neath; petioles 2 to 4 inches long. Calyx pale greenish yellow, truncate and
cup-like, the limb fringed with long hairs. Petals none. Fruit ovoid at base,
about an inch long (including the wing), slightly diverging. Rich woodlands:
Canada to Georgia. Fil. April—May. FY. Sept.

Obs. Thisis one of the most valuable and interesting of our native

trees,—particularly in the forests of the North and West—where its
sap, in early spring, yields an immense quantity of Sugar and
Syrup. The beautiful wood, known as Bird’s-eye Maple—so much
admired in cabinet work—is obtained, I believe, from this species ;

and it is, moreover, rarely surpassed, in any respect, as an orna-
mental shade tree.

2. A. pasycarpum, Ehrh. Leaves palmately and deeply 5-lobed
with the sinuses rather obtuse,—the lobes acute, unequally incised-
dentate; flowers apetalous, aggregated on short pedicels; ovary
densely tomentose. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 248.

A. eriocarpum. Mz. DC. Prodr.1.. 595. Fl. Cestr. p. 245. Icon,
Mz. Sylva, 1. tab. 40 (the flowers inaccurately represented). '

Harry-FRvITED Acer. Vulgd—Silver-leaved Maple. White Maple.

Stem 30 to 60 feet high, and 2 feet or more (“in the western states sometimes
8 or 9”—Torr. § Gr.) in diameter. much branched,—the young branches virgate
eand straggling or drooping. Leaves 3 to 6 inches tong, bluish white or glaucous
beneath; petioles 2to 5inches long. Flowers in fascicles mostly of fives and
sevens. Calyx pale green, truncate and cup-like. Petals none. Fruit (includ-
ing the wing) 2 to 3 inches long, one of the carpels usually abortive; pedicels
of the fruit an inch long. Seed large; embryo nearly straight. Banks of Rivers:
Maine to Georgia. Fl. April. Fr. May—June.

Ots. This has been extensively introduced into our cities and
villages, as an ornamental tree,—and is often mistaken for the true
Sugar Maple. It appears, indeed, from the researches of Prof. A.
Gray, that Linnaeus established the A. saccharinum upon a speci-
men of this plant: but, as it was done under a misapprehension of
its character, the name has been very properly transferred, by all

tae

ACERACEAE 27

succeeding Botanists, to the real swgar-producing species. The
Silver ‘Maple, however—though fashionable at present—is by no
means to be compared with the Sugar Maple, even as a shade tree,—
and much less for its economical value.

3. A. RuBRuM, L. Leaves generally 3-lobed with the sinuses acute,
subcordate at base,—the lobes acute, spreading, unequally incised-
dentate; flowers pentapetalous, aggregated on rather long pedicels ;
ovary glabrous. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 249. DC. Prodr. 1.
p- 595. Fl. Cestr. p. 244. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tad. 41.

Rep Acer. Vulgd—Red Maple. Swamp Maple.

Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 1 to2-feet or more in diameter, branched,—
the young branches purplish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long; petioles 1 or 2 to 5 inches
long. Flowers appearing before the leaves, in fascicles of fives.. Calyz petaloid,
and with the petals, bright purple (or often yellowish tawny). Fruit (including

the wing) near an inch long. Moist low grounds; swampy woodlands: Canada
to Florida. Fl. March—April. Fy. Sept.

Obs. The variety with yellowish or tawny flowers, is quite com-
mon in Pennsylvania,—andwin a: pretty extensive examination, I
find those flowers generally staminate and sterile (rarely perfect) ;
while the bright purple flowers are constantly perfect. The wood
of the Red Maple—especially that variety or form of it, known as
Curled Maple—is much used in the manufacture of various articles
of furniture, &c. and the refuse timber makes excellent fuel. The
bark affords a dark purplish-blue dye, and makes a prétty good bluish-
black ink. The sap of all the species is more or less saccharine. °

ORDER XLII. HIPPOCASTANACEAE. DC. Torr. & Gr.

Trees or shrubs,—the annual growth of the branches rapid and definite. Leaves
mostly opposite, compound (digitate by sevens and fives), without stipules;
leaflets penninerved. Flowers perfect, unsymmetrical, in large showy terminal
thyrsoid panicles or racemes. Calyx of 5 connected sepals. Petals 5 (or some-
times 4, by the suppression ofthe lower one), unequal. Stamens 6 to 8—usually
7—distinet, inserted upon a hypogynous disk. Ovary 3-celled (or 3 united car-
pels, with each 2 ovules); styles united into one. Fruit a subglobose coriaceous
capsule; echinate or unarmed, mostly 1-celled by abortion, 2 or 3-valved with a
loculicidal dehiscence. Seed mostly solitary by abortion, large, subglobose, with
a smooth shining reddish-brown testa and broad paler Ailwm, destitute of albu-
men: cotyledons very thick and fleshy, gibbous, cohering or soldered together,
remaining under ground in germination. — eae:

A very small Order, and little known in Agriculture.

‘39. AESCULUS. L. Endl. Gen. 5641.

_ {An ancient Latin name of a tree which bore esculent fruit.]

O0G> The generic character is nearly that of the Order.
1. A. Hirrocastanum, L. Leaflets in sevens, obovate-cuneate,
acute, dentate ; flowers 5-petaled and heptandrous; fruit echinate.

DC. Prodr.1. p. 597. |
Horse-cuesnut ArscuLus. Vulgd—Horse Chesnut. [de Indias.
Fr. Marronnier d’ Inde. Germ. Die Rosskastanie. Span. Castafio

Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with-numerous sym-
metrical rather erect branches. Leaflets 4 to 6 or 8 inches long; common petioles _
4 to 6 inches long. Flowers white or ochroleucous, with red spots. and tinges of
yellow. Cultivated. Native of Asia. Fl. May. Fr. October.

Oés. This ornamental tree (which is often called English Horse ~
Chesnut, because it came to us by way of England—but which ori-_

28 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS ss
ginally came from Northern India—) has. not been as generally
introduced as it deserves to be. It is not only symmetrical and
handsome, but also remarkably exempt from the depredations of
noisome insects: and although of slower growth than some others,
it is, in my opinion, well worth waiting for—on account of its rare
beauty, and the perfect shade it affords. The young shoots, or
branches of each year, complete their development, and come to a
full stop, early in the summer,—the residue of the season being
requisite to, harden and prepare them to endure the sueceeding
winter; and no secondary branches are ever put forth during growth.
There are several native species of Aesculus in our mountain forests,
from Virginia to Georgia—and along the river banks of the West,—
where they bear the name of Buch-eye, from a fancied resemblance
of the seeds to the eye of that animal. The trees, from their abun-
dance, have become the popular emblem of Ohio—which is known ~
throughout the Union as the Buck-eye State.

ORDER XLVI. VITACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Shrubby-plants, with nodose stems, and generally with a loose stringy. bark.
Stems climbing by tendrils (which are abortive racemes or peduncles). Leaves
simple or compound,—the lower ones opposite,—upper ones alternate, opposite
the racemes, which are sometimes partly or wholly changed into tendrils —
Flowers mostly in compound racemes, often polygamous or dioiceus, small,
greenish. Calyx very small, entire or 4 or 5-toothed, lined with a perigymous
disk. Petals 4 or 5, inserted on the outside of the disk, valvate in aestivatio
sometimes cohering by the tips, caducous. Stamens as many as the petals. an
opposite them! Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect collateral ovules in each cell. Fruit
a berry. Seeds with a bony testa; embryomuch shorter than the horny or fleshy
albumen.
The interesting genus here given is the only important one of the Order.

33. VITIS. LE. Endl. Gen. 4567.
[An ancient Latin name; of obscure derivation.]
Calyz obsoletely 5-toothed. Petals 5, cohering at apex and speedily
falling off (pushed off by the stamens). Stzgma subsessile, obtuse.
Berry 2 or 3-celled, 4-seeded,—some of the cells and seeds often
abortive. Perennial elimbing shrubs.

} Flowers. perfect (Foreign species).

1. V. vinirera, LZ. Leaves lobed, sinuate-dentate, glabrous or to-
mentose. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 633. Pl. Cestr. p. 152.

Wine-propucine Vitis. Valgo—Wine Grape. English Grape, &c.
Fr. La Vigne. Germ. Dex, Weinstock, Span. La Vid.

Stem 10 to 20 feet or more in length (but usually kept shorter by lopping).
Leaves more or less lobed and dentate, generally smaller than in our native
species, sometimes. very glabrous and shining. JBerrtes often large, of various
forms and colors. Cultivated. Native of southern Asia. Fi. June. Fr. Aug.
September.

Obs. Many varieties (with names as numerous) of this plant have
been produced by long culture in different soils,—and a number of
them are cultivated in the U. States, for their delightful frat ; but
the product is rather uncertain, in this climate, without great care
_ and attention. The manufacture of wine, also, seems not yet to
have succeeded well, in our country. The excellence of the fruit
of the Yine—whether fresh, or dried and preserved in the state of

VITACEAE © | 29

- Raisins—is:universally known and appreciated ; while the fermented
juice of the Grape has been the theme of eulogy and song (and the
excessive use of it, the cause of infinite mischief), from the earliest
ages down to the: establishment of. Temperance Societies, in the
present day.. The Currants, of commerce (Corinths, or Grapes of
'Corinth)—often ealled Zante Currants—are believed to be a small- -
fruited variety of this,—or perhaps a distinct yet nearly allied species.
t t Flowers often dioicous (Native species).

2. V. Lagrusca, LE. Leaves roundish-cordate, somewhat 3-lobed,
acutely dentate, densely whitish-tomentose beneath; fertile racemes
mostly simple, short, and few-flowered ; berries large. Torr. 5 Gr.
Fl. N. A. 1. p. 244. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 634. Fl. Cestr. p. 150.
Vulgo—F¥ox-Grape, of the Northern States.

Stem.15 to 20 or. 30 feet long, straggling over bushes and small trees. Leaves

4 to.6 inches in length,—the tomentum beneath hoary, or sometimes a little

lawny ; petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Berries globose, large (about half an inch in

; diaméeter),—when mature: varying in color from nearly black to dark amber and

greenish-white,—with a thickish » coat, a tough central pulp, and a musky or

rancid flaver. Moist thickets, along. streams; Canada to Georgia. Fl. June.
Fr. September. —

Obs. According to Mr. Extiort, this is one of the largest species
of Vine, in the South—‘ climbing over the loftiest trees”? of the
forest: But in Pennsylvania, it is usually rather slender, and of
moderate extent, The wi/d fruit is not very palatable,—having a
disagreeable musky flavor. There are, however, some varieties (or
perhaps Aydrids)—improved by long culture—which are much
esteemed: such as the “ Isadella”—the “ Schuylkill” (called also
“ Alexander’s,”’ aud “Tas£er’s,”? )}—the “Catawba’’—and especially
the ** Bland’s?? Grape. These varieties succeed best, in the Middle
States; and, indeed, have nearly superseded all the foreign ones—
except among-the more curious pains-taking amateurs.

3. V. aAESTIvaLis, Mz. Leaves broadly cordate, often 3 to 5-lobed
or sinuately palmate, coarsely and unequally dentate, loosely ferru-.
ginous-tomentose beneath; fertile racemes mostly compound, long,
many-flowered; berries small. Torr. §& Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 244.
DC. Prodr. 1. p. 634. Fl. Cestr. p, 151.

Summer Vitis. Vulgs—Little Grape. Common Wild Grape.

Stem 20 to 40 and sometimes GO feet or more in length. Leaves 4 to & inches
long, often palmately lobed with rounded sinuses,—the younger ones with a
loose cobweb-like russet pubescence beneath, which becomes coarser and more
hirsute with age, and sometimes nearly disappears. Berries globose, small (gen-
erally about one fourth of an inch in diameter), deep blue or bluish ‘black when
mature, and covered with a fine glaucous powder,—the skin thinnish, and the
flavor (especially after a little frost) a sprightly agreeable acid. Rich h wood-
lands, and thickets: Connecticut to Florida. FF. June. Fr. October.

Obs. This is the ta//est climber of all our Grape-vines, in Penn-
sylvania; and I have seen an old vine, of this species, 8 to 10 inches
in diameter, at base. The frutt varies in size and quality,—the
best specimens being well worthy of culture. I have cultivated a
native of this vicinity, in which the fruit often equals that of the
‘* English Grape”? (or Miller’s Burgundy) in size; and although
somewhat harshly acid, it abounds in a rich purple juice, at matu-
rity,—and makes a fine preserve, for pastry.

3*

30 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

4. V. vutpina, Z. Stem and branches with a close greyish-brown
bark; leaves orbicular, coarsely and unequally dentate, cordate at
base, glabrous and shining on both sides; fertile racemes compound,
umbellulate; berries large. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 245.

V. rotundifolia. Mz. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 635.

Vourine or Foxy Vitis. Vulgo—Fox-Grape, of the Southern States;
also called “‘ Muscadine,” and “ Bullet- or Bull-Grape.”

Stem 20 to 50 feet or more in length, with an adhesive greyish minutely ver-
rucose bark. Leaves 2 to 3 inches in diameter. Berries globose, large (half an
inch to three quarters in diameter), bluish black when mature, with a coriace-
ous coat and not unpleasant flavor (fide ELuiotr). Woodlands, and banks of
streams: Virginia to Florida. Fi. May—June. Fr. July—August.

Ods. The most striking feature of this vine, is the close even
texture of its grey bar4,—somewhat resembling that of the Beech-
tree, or Hornbeam; while all the other species, so far as I know,
have a loose, lamellated, stringy, dark-brown bark, after the first
year’s growth.* It is quite probable, as suggested by Mr. Extiorr,
that this is the origizal “ Fox-Grape,” or V. vulpina, of LinnaEus.
I have observed it growing in abundance in the vicinity of the vil-
lage of Suffoldé, Virginia; but have not seen the fruit. The inhabi-
tants assured me, however, that the large black berries were quite
palatable,—and were uniformly, in that region, known by the name
of Fox-Grapes. Mr. Exxiiorr thought the species might be, some
day, advantageously cultivated.

ORDER XLVII. POLYGALACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Herbaceous (all the N. American species,) or shrubby plants. Leaves generally
alternate, simple, entire, destitute of stipules. Roots bitter, and sometimes with
amilky juice. Pedicels with 3 bracts. Flowers perfect, unsymmetrical, usually
racemose or spicate. Calyz of 5 irregular sepals,—the 2 lateral or inner ones
(wings) larger, and usually petaloid. Petals usually 3, more or less united,—the
anterior or lower one (keel) larger than the others. Stamens 6 to 8, combined in’
a tube, which is split on the upper side, and un:ted below with the claws of the
petals; anthers mostly 1-celled, opening by a pore atapex. Ovary compound,
2-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell; sty’e curved and often cu-
cullate. Capsule flattened. Seeds often pubescent, with an arillus-like carwncle
at base; embryo straight, in fleshy albumen.

A smal] Order,—and. notwithstanding the promise implied by the name of its
type (Polygala—much milk), of little or no. value in Agriculture.

34. POLYGALA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 5647.

[Greek, Poly, much, & Gada, milk; from its supposed influence on lacteal secretion.]}
{G~ The character of the Genws is essentially that of the Order.

1. P. Seneca, Z. Stems simple, terete; leaves alternate, elliptic-
lanceolate, the upper ones acuminate; raceme terminal, spike-form ;
wings of the calyx orbicular-obovate, concave, rather longer than
the petals. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 131. DC. Prodr.1. p. 330.
Fl. Cestr. p. 403.

Vulgo—Seneka Snake-root. Milk-wort. Mountain Flax.

* ADRIEN DE Jussieu accounts for the uswal phenomenon, by the circumstance
that, in the Vine, the Liber (or inner fibrous bark) is annually detached or thrown
off along with the outer cortical layer. ‘On n’y trouve pas de liber, qui, dans
la Vigne, est chaque année détaché avee la couche corticale tout entiere.”—~
Cours Elementaire. p.531, But this species would seem to be an exception.

POLYGALACEAE | $1

~

Root perennial, thick and somewhat woody, with coarse branches. Stems
usually several from. the same root, 9 to 15 inches high, herbaceous and rather.
flaceid. Leaves 1 or 2 to 4 inches long.—those near the root small, ovate and
seale-like. Flowers greenish white. Capsule orbicular.* Seeds large, pyriform,
hairy, the arillus-like caruncles nearly as long as the seéds. Hilly woodlands:
Canada to N. Carolina.. Fl. May. Fr. July. ;

Obs. The root of this species is so valuable for its medicinal pro-
perties—as a stimulating expectorant, in croup, &c.—that although
not strictly a plant of Agricultural interest, every farmer ought to
know its character, and be able to recognize it when he sees it.

ORDER XLVIII. LEGUMINOSAE. Juss.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate, usually compound (sometimes
reduced to a solitary leaflet—and even to a phyllodium, or dilated common pe-
tole); leaflets mostly entire. Calyx usually of 5 sepals, more or less united.
Coroila ot 5 petals,—either papilionaceous or regular. Ovary single and simple;
style proceeding from the upper or ventral suture. Fruit a legume. Seeds at-
tached to the upper suture, mostly destitute of albumen; embryo straight or often
with the radicle bent back along the edge of the cotyledons; cotyledons either
thin and foliaceous or thick and fleshy.

This vast Family—comprising upwards of 400 genera—is as important as itis
comprehensive. Among the remarkable plants (or products) belonging to the
Order, and not here described, may be mentioned—on account of their value,
beauty, or other characteristic—the Logwood (Haematoxylon Campechianum, L.)
—the Braziletio or Brazil Wood (Caesalpinia Brasiiensis, L.)—the Rose Wood (a
species of Mimosa)—the Sissoo Wood of India (Dalbergia Sissco, Roxb.)—the Red
Sandal Wood (Pterocarpus santalinus, L.)—the Liquorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra,
L.)—the Jamarind tree (Tamarindus Indica, L.)—the ‘Tonka Bean ( Dipterix odo-
rata, Willd.)—the Senna cf the Shops (Cassia Senna, L.)—the plants yielding
Gum Arabic (species of Acacia) and various other gums and balsams,—the pretty
Laturnum (Citysus Laburnum, L.)—and the wonderful Sensitive plant (Mimosa
pudica, L.), &c. &c. The famous Chinese condiment, called Soy. is also obtained
trom the seeds of a plant (Doltchos Soja, L. or So,a hispida, LC.) belonging to
this Order; and the bean called “ Gram,” in Benga],—so extensively used, there,
as food for horses, &c.—is, I believe, the seed of the Cytisus Cajan, L. or Cajanus
Jiavus, DC.

SUB-ORDER I. PAPILIONACEAE. L.

Leaves simple or compound (mostly pinnate or pinnately trifoliolate). Flowers
usually perfect. Coroila butterfly-shaped (papiliumacesus). or rarely almost regu-
lar, with an imbricated aestivation. Stamuwns mostly 10, diadelphous—sometimes
monadelphous, or distinct—inserted with the petals upon the base of the calyx.

TRIBE I. VICIEAE. Bronn.

He:bs. Leaves mostly even-pinnate (odd in Cicer) —the common petiole not arti-
culated with the stem, generally produced at apex into a bristle or tendril.
Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume continuous (not jointed), usually dehis-
cent. Radicle mostly inflexed. Co-yledons thick, farinaceous, remaining under-
ground unchanged in germination.

35. CICER. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6578.

[The Latin name for a species of Vetch; applied to this genus.]
Calyx somewhat gibbous at base, 5-parted; segments acuminate,—
the upper ones incumbent on the vexillum. Legume turgid, 2-seeded.
Seeds gibbous. .
1. C. arietinum, L. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets cuneate-obovate,
serrate ; stipules lanceolate, subdenticulate ; calyx slightly gibbous,—
the segments as long as the wings of the corolla. DC.Prodr. 2. p.
354. Fl. Cestr. p. 423. f
Ram Cicer. Vulgo—Coffee Pea. Chick Pea. Garavances.
Fr. Le Pois Chiche. Germ. Gemeine Kicher. Span. Garbanzo.

82 _' - POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Whole plant canescent and glandular-pilose, the hairs secreting oxalic acid.
Root annual. Stem 9 to.18 inches high, branching. Leaflets about half an ineh-
long, in 4.to 6 pairs (often alternate), with a terminal odd one instead of aten--
dril. Flowers axillary, solitary, white. Seed gibbous, pointed,—in form resemb-

_ling the head of a sheep—and hénce the specific name. Gardens: cultivated.
Native of Europe, and thé East. F/. July—September. Fr. August—October. ~

Obs. This Vetch is occasionally cultivated for the seeds,—which
are said to afford a tolerable substitute for eoffee. Coffee-drinkers,
however, are not apt to admire swbdstitutes for their favorite berry;
and it is hardly likely that this plant will- ever-be of much aceount,
in our country. :

36. ARACHIS. ZL. Endi. Gen. 6601.

[An ancient name, of obscure meaning.]
Monorcousty poLyGamovus: SreriteE Fu. Calyz with a. slender
pedicel-like tube; limb bilabiate,—the upper lip 4-toothed, lower:
one entire. Corolla resupinate. Stamens monadelphous (9.uniteds.
and 1 abortive). Ovary minute, abortive. Ferrite Fi, Calyz,
Corolla, and Stamens none. Ovary on a stipitate elongating recep--
tacle, or peduncle, by which it. is. thrust under. ground. Legume
subterraneous, oblong, terete, obtuse at each end, somewhat torulose,
coriaceous, reticulately veined, 2 or 3-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds
irregularly ovoid; cotyledons thick; radicle. straight !—Herbaceous.
Leaves even-pinnate; stipwles elongated, adnate to’ the petiole;
leaflets in 2 pairs, not stipulate. Flowers axillary, pedunculate,—
the lower ones subterraneous, solitary and fertile—the upper ones
aérial, often several in an axil and all sterile. [This somewhat
anomalous plant does not exactly accord with any of the established
Tribes ; but I have acted on a suggestion of Prof. De Canpoue, and
placed it among the Vetches.]

1" A. uypocara, L. Stem procumbent; leaflets obovate,—the
common petiole not produced into a tendril. DC. Prodr. 2. p, 474.
SusTeRRANEAN ARacuis. Valigd—Ground-nuat. Pea-nut.

Fr. L’ Arachide. Germ. Die Erd-nuss. Span. Mani.

Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches long, prostrate, branching, pilose Leaflets
an inch to an inch and half long, subsessile, minutely mucronate at apex, entire
and bordered by a pilose nerve; common petioles 1 to 2 inches long, channelled
above, pilose. Sterile flowers 1 or 2 to 5 or 7,in the upper axils, on long slender
pedicels,—the corolla orange-yellow. Cultivated. Native of South America.
Fl. July—September. Fr. September——October.

Obs. The summers.are rather short for this plant, in Pexzsylva-
nia,—where it is sometimes seen in gardens, as a curiosity: But, in
the Southern States, it is cultivated toa great extent,—and from
thence our Nut-Merchants derive their supply. The seeds—either
raw, or roasted in the legumes—are quite a favorite with children,
and others; and large quantities of them are consumed at all public
gatherings. The seeds are said, also, to yield a valuable oil.

37. FABA. Tournef. [Victa. L. Endl. Gen. 6581.]
[The Latin name for a Bean; appropriated to this genus.]
Calyz tubular, 5-cleft,—the 2 upper segments shorter. Style bent
nearly at a right angle with the ovary; stzgma villous. Legwme
large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid. Seeds oblong, subcompressed,
with the hilum at one end. Stem erect. Tendrils simple and nearly
obsolete.

LEGUMINOSAE 33

1. F. vuncaris, Moench. Leaflets 2 to 4, oval, mucronate; stipules
semi-sagittate, obliquely ovate. DC. Prodr.2. p. 354. Fl. Cestr.
p. 424,

Common Fasa. Vulgo—Horse Bean. Windsor Bean.

Fr. Féve de Marais. Germ. Die Sau-Bohne. Span. Haba.

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple, smooth. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches
long, entire, smooth; tendrils obsolete ; stipules large. Flowers in simple erect
axillary racemes. Corolla white, with a large black spot on each wing. Legume
2 to 3 inches long, torulose. Gardens: cultivated. Fl. June—July. Fr. August.

Oés. This Bean—originally from the shores of the Caspian Sea—

_ is sometimes cultivated for the table,—but is not generally admired.
The seeds have a strong and rather unpleasant flavor.

38. ERVUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6580.

[The Latin name for a species of Vetch or Tare.]
Caylz 5-parted; segments lance-linear, acute, about as long as the
corolla. Style ascending; stigma glabrous. Legwme 2 to 4-seeded.

1. E. Lens, Z. Stem erect, branching; leaflets elliptic-oblong,
somewhat pilose; stipules obliquely ovate-lanceolate, ciliate ; pedun-
cles axillary, 2 or 3-flowered ; legumes broad, short, finely reticulated,
smooth, 2-seeded; seeds lenticular. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 366. Ll.
Cestr. p. 426.+ ;
Vulgo—Lentil.
Fr. La Lentille. Germ. Gemeine Linse. Span. Lenteja.

Root annual. Stem 6 to12 inches high. Leaflets 3 to 6 or 8 pairs, half an inch
long; tendrils nearly simple. Corolla white or pale purple. Legume about half
an inch long. Seeds 2, orbicular, compressed, white or tawny yellow. Gardens:
cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June—July. Fr. August.

Obs. This Vetch is cultivated in the old world, chiefly, I believe,
as food for Stock,—both herbage and seeds serving that purpose.
The plant is sometimes seen in Gardens, here; but it will scarcely
command the attention of American Agriculturists.

39. PISUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6579.
[The Latin name for the common Pea.] ~
Calyz-segments foliaceous, the 2 upper ones shorter. Vezillum
large, reflexed. Styde compressed, keeled, villous on the upper
margin. Legume oblong. Seeds numerous, globose, with an orbi-
cular hilum.

1. P. sativum, Z. Leaflets rhomboid-ovate, rather obtuse, mucro-
nate, entire; stipules very large, ovate, semi-sagittate, crenate-
dentate at base; peduncles 2 or many-flowered ; legumes subcarnose.
DC. Prodr. 2. yp. 368. Fl. Cestr. p. 426. i)

Cuttivatep Pisum. Vulgd—Pea. Garden Pea.
Fr. Pois cultive. Germ. Gemeine Erbse. Span. Guisante.

Plant smooth and glaucous. Root annual. Stem 1 to 8 or 4 feet long; flaccid,
climbing by tendrils. Leaflets usually 2 pairs, 1 to 2 or 3 inches long; tendri/slong
and branching; stipules larger than the leaflets. Pedunc’es axillary, 1 or 2 10 6
inches long, often with two flowers at summit. Coro!/a white. Style reflexed.
Legume about 2 inches long, subterete. Gardens and Lots: cultivated. Native
country unknown. Fl. June—July. Fr. July—August.

34 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Obs. Several varieties of this are cultivated (one or more of them
in almost every garden), chiefly for the young seeds,—which afford
a favorite dish at table. In the Northern States, the field culture
of Peas (for the mature seeds,) is much. attended to; but is rarely
seen in Pennsylvania —or, I believe, south, of that.

TRIBE II. PHASEOLEAE. Bronn.

Herbareous or shrubby plants.* Stem often twining. Leaves compound (usually
pinnately trifoliolate—rarely reduced to a single leaflet), stipellate. Stamens dia-
delphous (9 and 1)—or rarely somewhat monadelphous. Disk. a membranous
-Sheath surrounding the base of the ovary. Legume continuous, but often torose
and with cellular partitions between the seeds, dehiscent. Seeds usually reniform, .
convex or compressed. . . ,

SUB-TRIBE I. EU-PHASEOLEAE. Benth.

Inflorescence racemose, the pedicels aggregated on alternate knobs. Vezillum
With 2appendages at base. Ovary with several ovules; style often indurated
above the middle. —Cotyedons thick, nearly unchanged in germination, and often
Tising out of the ground.

40. PHASEOLUS. E. Endl: Gen. 6674.

_[Latin, Phaselus, a boat; from the keel-like form of the legumes.]
Calyz bibracteate at base, campanulate, somewhat bilabiate,—the
upper lip bifid or emarginate, the lower one trifid. Keel (of the
corolla), together with the stamens and style, spirdlly twisted or
_ circinates Ovary stipitate, the stipe sheathed. Legwme linear or

falcate, compressed or subterete, many-seeded. Seeds reniform,
with an oval-oblong hilwm. | Leaves trifoliolate.

0S> Herbaceous: Peduncles shorter than the leaves.

1. P. vutearis, Savi. Stem mostly volubile; leaflets ovate, acu-
minate; racemes solitary, pedunculate; bracts as long as the
calyx ; legumes nearly linear. and straight, long-mucronate; seeds
reniform. DC. Prodr.2.'‘p. 392. Fil. Cestr. p, 429.

Common Puasgotus. Vulg?—Kidney Bean. String Bean. Pole Bean.
Fr. Haricot. Germ. Gemeine Bohne. Span. Fasoles.

Rootannual. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet long, slender, velubile and climbing (always
twining against the Sun—or W. §S. E )—or short and erect (in the .“ bunch”? va-
riety). Leaflets 2 to 4 or Sinches long ; commen petio’es 1 to 5 or 6 inches long.
Racemes on stout peduncles 1 to’3 or 4 inches long. Core’la mostly vehite. Legume
3 to 6 inches long. Seeds more or less reniform, whitish, or of various colors.

Gardens, and Lots: cultivated. Native of India. Fi. June—August. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Very generally cultivated for the table,—both. seeds and
legumes being eaten while young; when mature, the seeds only.
The baked. Beans, of New England, constitute a sort of national
dish, among the descendants of the Pilgrims.. tet

‘The P. xanus, L. Dwarf or Bunch Bean (with short erect.stem,
more acuminate: leaflets, and larger bracts), is supposed to be only
oné of the many varieties produced by. long culture.

2. P. tunatus, Z. Stem volubile, smoothish; leaflets obliquely- or
deltoid-ovate, acute ; racemes subpedunculate ; bracts shorter than
- the calyx; legumes broad, compressed, scymitar-form or somewhat ©
lunate ;. seeds much compressed, broad. DC. Prodr.2. p. 393. Fl.
Cestr. p. 430. poe Iv eihttaantona:S boy “A
Lunate Puaseouus. ‘Vulgé—Lima Bean. -Carolina Bean..

LEGUMINOSAE 35

Root annual. Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet long, branching, slender, volubile and climb-
ing. Leaflets 2 to4 inches long; common petioles 2 10 6 inches long. Raccmes
loose flowered, on peduncles about two thirds of an inch long. Corolla greenish
white, rather small. Legumes 2 to 3 inches long, and about an inch wide. Seeds
few, large, flattish and mostly white. Gardens and Lots: cultivated. Fl. July,
August. Fr. September—October. ’

Obs. This species (supposed to be a native of Bengal—though
generally named as if of South America,) affords a favorite dish, in
the latter part of summer,—the large seeds, only, being used. Both
species are tender plants,—impatient of cold, and killed by the
slightest frost.

TRIBE Ill. GALEGEAE. Bronn. Torr. & Gr.

Erect herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves usually odd-pinnate, seldom stipellate. Inflo-
rescence facemose or spicate. Corolla papilionaceous, or otherwise irregular.
Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), or sometimes monadelphous. Legume continuous,
dehiscent, 1-celled, several-seeded (rarely with transverse cellular partitions) ; or
1 or 2-seeded and indehisvent.

j>~ Leaves mostly, odd-pinnate: Flowers in racemes: Corolla truly papilionaceous.

- 41. ROBINIA. ZL. Endl. Gen. 6546.

[Name in honor of John and Vespasian Robin ; French Botanists. ]
Calyx subeampanulate, 5-cleft,—the 2 upper segments approxi-
mate or cohering. Vezzllum large; feel obtuse. Stamens diadel-
phous. Style bearded on the side next the free stamen. » Legume
compressed, many-seeded, the upper or seed-bearing suture mar-
gined. Trees, or shrubs. Leaflets petiolulate, stipellate.

i. R. Psrup-acacia, Z. Branches virgate, arraed with stipular
prickles; leaflets oblong-ovate; racemes loose, drooping; legumes

smooth. Torr.§ Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 294. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 261.
_ Fl. Cestr. p. 410. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 2. tab. 76.

Fause-acacta Ronrnta. Vulgo—Locust tree.

Stem 30 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, Leaflets 3 or 4 to 8 or
9 pairs, 1 to 2 inches long, each with a small subulate stipelle at base; common
petiole pinnate nearly to the base, with 2 stout prickles in place of stipules.
Racemes 3 to 6 inches long. Corolla white. Legume 2 to3 inches long. Moun-
tain forests: Pennsylvania to Arkansas. Fl. May—June. Fr. September.

Obs. The timber of this tree is celebrated for its durability,—and
is consequently much prized fot posts, rail-road ties or sleepers, &c.
It is a rather handsome tree,—and is often planted about houses, as
a shade tree; but the branches are somewhat liable to be broken by
gusts of wind, and the roots are troublesome in sending up suckers.
This latter characteristic, however, renders it easy to propagate
Locust groves (and the tree is worth cultivating, for the timber,) in
a suitable soil. The flowers are fragrant, but of a rather oppressive
odor.—There is another species (R. viscosa, Vent.)—inferior to this,
both in size and value,—and also a small species (R. hispida, L.),
which bears a profusion of rich roseate clusters of flowers,—and is
one of our most ornamental shrubs, when in bloom:

42. INDIGOFERA. L. Endl. Gen. 6530.

[A Latinized name; meaning a plant that produces or brings Indigo.]
Calyz 5-cleft; segments acute. Veaillwm orbicular, emarginate ;
&eel with a subulate spur on each side—at length often bent back -

36 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

elastically. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform, glabrous. Le-
gume continuous, 1- few- or many-seeded. Seeds truncate at both
ends, often separated by cellular partitions. Herbaceous or suffru-
ticose plants. Leaves various, usually odd-pinnate ; stipules small,
distinct from the petiole. Flowers in axillary racemes.

1. I. rincroria, LZ, Stem suffruticose, erect; young branches and
common petioles clothed with a cinereous pubescence; leaflets in
4 or 5 pairs, with a terminal odd one, oval or obovate-oblong, mu-
cronate, petiolulate, somewhat pubescent beneath with whitish
appressed hairs; racemes shorter than the leaves; legumes sub-
terete, torulose, arcuate and deflected. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 224.

Dver’s Inpicorera. Vulge—Indigo. Indigo-plant.
Fr. L’ Indigotier. Germ. Die Indigopflanze. Span. Indigo.

Annual or biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching, Leaflets half an inch to
an inch in length ; common petiole 2 to 3inches long. Racemes 1 to 2 inches long.
Corolla purplish blue? Legumes numerous, half an inch to three quarters in

ngth, deflected on the pedicel, curved upwards. Southern States: cultivated.

e
aan of Asia and Africa. Fl. Fr.

Obs. This plant—so important in yielding a blue coloring matter—
was formerly cultivated toa considerable extent, in Georgia, and some
other portions of the South: But the supply from India, and other
places abroad, seems to have curtailed that branch of Southern
Agriculture, —and has probably turned the attention of the Planters
to a more healthful and agreeable, if not a more profitable, employ-
ment. The Indigo-plant is said to be aznzwal, when subject to in-
undations, —as on the delta of the Ganges; but is sometimes frauti-
cose—yielding one or two ratoon crops (i. e. successive growths of
suckers, or sprouts), after having been cut off. There is another °
species (f. Anil, L.—nearly allied to this), which is extensively
cultivated, in India, for the same object.

TRIBE IV. TRIFOLIEAE. Bronn.

Herbaceous or rarely suffruticose plants. Leaves mostly palmately or pinnately
trifoliolate, not stipellate: Jeaflets often dentate or serrulate! Inflorescence axil-
lary or terminal, racemose, spicate, capitate or umbellate. Corolla papilionaceous.
Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). ZL gume continuous, 1-celled, several-seeded and
dehiscent,—or 1- or few-seeded and nearly indehiscent.

43. TRIFOLIUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6511.

[Latinized from the Greek, Triphyllén ; a three-leaved plant.]
Calyx tubular, persistent, 5-cleft; segments subulate. Corolla
usually marcescent; pétals More or less united, and mostly free
from the stamen-tube; “eé/ shorter than the wings and vexillum.
Legume small, membranaceous, scarcely dehiscent, 1 or 2- (rarely
3 or 4-) seeded, mostly included in the calyx-tube. Flowers mostly
capitate. Stzpules adnate to the base of the petiole.

1. T. arvensE, L. Stem erect, pilose; leaflets linear-obovate or
spatulate, minutely 3-toothed at apex; stipules narrow, subulate-
acuminate; heads oblong-cylindric, softly villous; calyx-segments
longer than the corolla; petals scarcely united. Torr. & Gr. Fil.
NN. A. 1. p. 313. DC. Prodr. 2. p.190. Fl. Cestr. p. 406. Icon,
Fl. Lond. 3.

LEGUMINOSAE 37

Fiexip Trirotium. Valge—Stone Clover. Welsh Clover. Rabbit-foot.
Fr. Pied de Lievre. Germ. Der Hasen Klee. Span. Pié de Liebre. —

Whole plant softly pilose. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, slender,
generally much branched. Lea/fiets half an inch‘to an inch long; common petiole
one fourth of aninch to aninch Jong. Corgila inconspicuous, whitish or pale
pink, with a purple spot on the wings, Legume 1-seeded. Sterile old fields: Canada
to Florida: introduced? Native of Europe. Fl. June—Aug. Fr. Aug.—Octo.

Obs. This species—which I believe to be a naturalized foreigner
—is only intitled to the notice of the farmer on account of its preva-
lence and its worthlessness. Its presence is a pretty sure indication
of a thin soil, and neglected Agriculture: and the appropriate
remedy is to improve both. Itis then easily superseded by more
valuable plants.

2. T. pratense, L. Stems ascending; leaflets oval or ovate-oblong,
often retuse or emarginate; stipules broadly lanceolate, membrana-
ceous, nerved, terminating in a subulate point; heads ovoid, obtuse,
dense-flowered, subsessile, bracteate at. base; calyx-segments
scarcely half as long as the corolla, the lower one longer than the
others. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N.-A. 1.-p. 313. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 195.
Fl. Cestr. p. 406. “

Meapow Trirorium. Vulgs—Red Clover. Common Clover.
Fr. Tréfle des Pres. Germ. Der Wiesen-Klee. Spanx. Trebol.

Root biennial, or perennial? large, fusiform. Stems several from the same
root, 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, rather weak at base and often decumbent, somewhat
branched, striate and pilose. Leaflets half an inch to an inch and half long, ses-
sile, hairy beneath; common petiole half an inch to 4 or 5 inches long. Heads
of flowers ovoid or subglobose, an inch or more indiameter. Corolla purplish-
red (rarely white).—the petals all united into a slender tube about half an inch
in length. Legume 1-seeded, included in the calyx. Seed reniform, greenish-
yellow with a shade of reddish-brown. Cultivated fields, meadows, &c. Can-
ef to “aalgamaats introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May—September. Fr. July,
—October.

Obs. This valuable plant is extensively naturalized; but it is
also diligently cultivated by all good farmers. In conjunction with
the Grasses—especially with Timothy (Phleum pratense, L.)—it
makes the best of hay,—though, by itself, it is rather indifferent
pasture. In the latter part of the season, “ feeding-cattle”? will
actually fall away, upon clover, alone. Its culture, however, exerts
a most kindly influence on the soil. The seed is usually sown (in
Pennsylvania) in the month of March, among Wheat and Rye,—and
the crop is ready for the scythe the second year. The flowers con-
tain much nectar,—but the tube of the corolla is so long that the
Honey Bee cannot reach the treasure with its proboscis; and conse-
quently that insect rarely alights on the heads, but leaves them to
the more amply provided Humble Bee. It seems to be an undeter-
mined question, whether this plant is bzennial or perennial. Certain
it is, that a very large portion of that under culture dies at the end
of the second year: But my friend, Mr. Josnua Hoorpes—who is a
very acute obsetver—assures me, he has satisfactorily ascertained
that the plant will live moré than two years. The perennial Grasses
undoubtedly have a strong tendency to expel or choke out other
plants; and it is possible that the disappearance of the Red Clover

; 4

38 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

from our meadows may be partly owing to that-exclusive or mono-
polizing tendency, in the Grasses. The Red Clover was introduced
into general cultivation, in Chester County, Penna., between the
years 1790 and 1800. I recollect well, the first large field of it that
fever saw. It was on the fatm of the late Mr. Joun Swarr tess,
of Delaware County—who was one of the pioneers of improved
Agriculture, in this State; and the time was about the year 1792.
The price of the seed, at that day, was 16 dollars per bushel;
whereas now it js usually less than half that sum. Watson’s An-
nals of Philadelphia mention, that Joun Bartram had fields of
this Clover, priot to the American Revolution.* ‘

3. T. repens, L. Stems creeping, diffuse ; leaflets roundish-obovate
and emarginate, or almost obcordate, denticulate; stipules lanceo-
late, mucronate, scarious; heads depressed-globose, on very long
axillary peduncles; flowers pedicellate, finally reflexed; legumes
about 4-seeded. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 316. DC. Prodr. 2.
p- 198. Fl. Cestr. p. 407. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3.

Greepine Trirotium. Vulgo—White Clover. Dutch Clover.

Fry. Triolet. Tréfle blanche. Germ. Weisser Klee. Span. Trebol
blanco. :

Root perenmial: Stem 4 to 12 or 15 inches long, smooth, proeumbent, radicat-
ing, diffusely branching from the base. Léaffets half an inch to an inch long;
tommon petiole 1 or 2 to 6 or 8 inches long. Heads of flowers on erect sulcate
naked peduncles which are from 2 to 8 and 12 inches in length. Corolla white,
Withering and becoming a pale dirty brown. Legume } to} of an inch long,
torulose, 2 or 3 to 5-seeded. Seeds irregularly ovoid. reddish brown. Pastures,
woodlands, &c. throughout the U. States: introduced? Native of Europe. Fi.
May—Sept. Fy. July—Octo.

Obs. The pedicellate florets are somewhat corymbose—forming
depressed-globose or vertically flatted heads. The outer or lower
florets open first, and are successively reflexed,—so that, during the
process of flowering, the heads appear horizontally divided between
the withered and the young or opening florets. This species is every
where common—and in some years very abundant,—though rarely
cultivated. Its flowers are a favorite resort of the Honey Bee; and
the plant is esteemed, as affording an excellent pasture, in Pennsyl-
vania,—though Mr. Exxiotr speaks unfavorably of it, in the South.

2

* On the 19th September, 1843, I found in my pasture field, two specimens of
Trifolium pratense, L. which finely illustrate GorTHe’s theory of the retrograde
metamorphosis of vegetable organs. The florets, in the heads, were on elongated
pedicels, varying from one third to three fourths of aninch in length ; the usually
gamopetalous corolla was, in each floret, substituted by 5 distinct, green, obovate
teaflets,on scariously margined petioles; the stamens, within this verticil, were
all apparently free, or distinct,—some of them abortive and dilated into scarious
narrow petals, or staminodia ; the ovary elongated, forming a thin membranace-
ous tube, dilated above,—the stigma incurved, with a mucronate point on each
side terminating the dilated margins of the tube, atsummit. [In some instances,
since observed—viz: in Sept. 1846—there were 1, 2, or 3 obovate-oblong, green
leaflets, proceeding from within the corolla—giving the florets the appearance
of being proliferous. These leaflets, from their position, seemed to be metamor-
phosed stamens—completely and at once retrograded into foliage!] In consequence
of the elongated pedicels of the florets, the head, in each case, was quite open,
or loose,—presenting a cluster of small, green, hairy leaves. The whole head
was necessarily sterile ; but there were other heads on the same stem (on infe-
rior branches,) which were in the usual form and condition. These metamor-
phosed heads were the terminal ones, in every stance; and I have observed
the Peloria (in Linaria,) to be constantly at the summit of the stem, or raceme.

LEGUMINOSAE 39

Notwithstanding its present general distribution over our country, it
is possible that this species, also, may have been introduced. Jona-
THAN Dickinson, in 1719 ( fide Watson’s Annals), writing from
Pennsylvania, says, “‘ the white clover already tinges the roads as @
natural production.”? Kam, in 1748, spoke of it as being abundant,
here.—There are more than 100 other species of this genus, known
to the Botanists,—some of which are cultivated, and appear to be
esteemed, by the Agriculturists of Europe; but they have not yet
commanded the attention of our farmers, and probably are inferior
in value to the common Red Clover. 4

44. MELILOTUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6510.

[Greek, Mel, honey, and Lotus : a Lotus-like plant, attractive of Bees.)
Calyz tubular or campanulate, persistent, 5-toothed. Corolla deci-
duous; veavillwm free, longer than the wings; 4ee/-petals completely
united, cohering with the wings, free from the stamen-tube. Legume
longer than the calyx, coriaceous, globose or ovoid, 1- or few-seeded,
scarcely dehiscent. Herbs. Flowers mostly in long spicate racemes.

i. M. tevcantua, Koch. Stem rather erect, striate; leaflets ovate-
oblong, somewhat emarginately truncate at apex, mucronate, remotely
dentate-serrate ; stipules setaceous; racemes loose, elongated ; calyx-
teeth about as long as the tube; corolla more than twice as long as
the calyx; legume ovoid-oblong, wrinkled, 1 or 2-seeded. Torr. &
Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 321. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 187. [Clover.

WuiteE-FLowERED Me uitotus. Vulgo—Tree Clover. Bokhara
Fr. Le Melilot blanc. Germ. Weisser Steinklee. Span. Meliloto.

Root biennial? Stem at first ascending or oblique, finally erect, 3 to 5 or 6 feet
high, stout, striate-ribbed, smooth, paniculately branched. Leaflets an inch to
an inch anda half long; common petiole 1 to 2 inches long. Racemes 2 to 4
inches long, on axillary peduncles 1 to 2 inches in length. Flowers retrorsely
imbricated before opening. Corolla white. Introduced, and partially cultivated.
Native of Europe. Fl. June—Aug. Fr. Aug.—September.

Obs. This plant has been introduced by some amateur farmers,
and much commended as being specially suited for sozling (or cut-
ting, as wanted, for Stock that are kept up): But, without any prac-
tical knowledge on my part, I cannot help doubting whether so coarse
a plant can be as valuable as the common Red Clover. A former
species of this genus (M. coerulea, Lam.),—but which. has been
separated, and is now the Tregonella coerulea, DC. a plant of strong
and enduring odor,—is employed, in Switzerland, to give the peculiar
flavor to the famous Schabzieger, or (as it is usually called in the
vernacular) “Sap-sago,’’ Cheese.

45. MEDICAGO. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6507.

[So named by the Greeks, from having been introduced by the Medes.]
€alyz somewhat cylindric, 5-cleft. Keel of the corolla remote from
the vexillum. Legume usually many-seeded, of various forms—
always more or less falcate, or spirally coiled. Mostly herbaceous
plants. Peduncles axillary, 1, 2, or many-flowered.

1. M. sativa; ZL. Stem erect; leaflets obovate-oblong or sub-cune-
ate, dentate, mucronate; stipules lanceolate, subdentate ; peduncles
racemose; legumes spirally twisted, finely reticulated, several-seeded,

40 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 821. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 173. Fi. Cestr.
p- 405. [Clover.
Cuxrivatep Mepicaco. Vulgé—Lucerne. Spanish Trefoil. French
Fr. La Luzerne. Germ. Der Schneckenklee. Span. Alfalfa. Mielga.

Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, smoothish. Leaflets half an
inch to an inch long,—the lateral ones subsessile, the terminal one petiolulate ;
common. petiole one-fourth to three-fourths of an inchlong. Racemes erect, on
peduncles half an inch to an inch long. Corolla violet-purple, nearly twice as
long as the calyx. Introduced: cultivated. Native of Spain. Fl. June—July.

fr. August.

Obs. This was formerly cultivated on a small scale, as a fodder,—
but it did not find favor with our farmers, and is now rarely seen, in
Pennsylvania. It might answer, for soz/izg, in suitable situations,—
though I think the stem is too ligneous and wiry to become a favorite
fodder, where the red clover can be had. The Saint-foin (Hedy-
sarum Onobrychis, L. or Onobrychis sativa, Lam. a plant of the
Hedysarum tribe, DC. the sixth of Torr. & Gr.),is much cultivated
for fodder, on the calcareous soils of Europe,—and the late Mr.
CrawrForp, of Georgia, interested himself in endeavoring to introduce
it into the Southern States: but I-do not: learn that its culture was
adopted to any extent. I have never met with it on any farm; and
presume it scarcely belongs to the Agriculture of this country.

TRIBE VIII. SOPHOREAE. Spreng. DC. -

Leaves either simple, palmately foliolate, or odd-pinnate,—the leaflets not stipel-
late. Corolla mostly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, distinct; anthers uniform.
Legume continuous, or sometimes moniliform, but not jointed. Cotyledons flat,
foliaceous: radicle inflexed, or often straight.

46. CERCIS. LZ. Endi. Gen. 6750. ;

[Greek, Kerkis, a weaver’s shuttle; from the form of the legume.]
Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Corolla scarcely.
papilionaceous; petals all distinct, unguiculate,—the vexillum smaller
than the wings, and the keel-petals larger. Stamens unequal. Le-
gume oblong, acute at each end, much compressed, 1-celled, many-
seeded,—the upper suture margined. Seeds obovate ; radzele straight.
Small trees, with simple entire leaves, and membranaceous caducous
stipules. Flowers fasciculate along-the branches, appearing before
the leaves. |

1. C. Canapensis, Z. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, villous
in the axils of the nerves beneath. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 392.
DC. Prodr. 2. p. 518. Fl. Cestr. p.. 433.

Canapian Cercis. Vulgd—Red-bud. Judas-tree.

Stem 15 to 20 or 30 feet hight and 6 to 12 inches in diameter, with somewhat
geniculate branches. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long; petioles 1 to 2 inches long.
Flowers bright purple, acid, on filiform pedicels which are clustered (4 to 6 or 8
from a bud) on the naked branches. Legumes about 3 inches long, subcoriace-
ous, smooth. Banks of streams: Canada to Louisiana. Fi. ‘Ape Fr. June.

Obs. This little tree is admired, in early spring, for its clusters of
small flowers, which clothe the branches in purple before the leaves
appear. Although not of agricultural importance, it deserves to be
known, and to have a place among ornamental shrubbery and trees,
around the mansion of the tasteful farmer. ’

LEGUMINOSAE | 41

TRIBE IX. CASSIEAE. Bronn.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves usually even-pinnate, or bipinnate; leaflets not
stipellate. Corolla regular,—or more commonly irregular, but not papilionace-
ous. Stamens 10, or sometimes fewer, distinct; anthers sometimes of two forms.
Legume continuous, 1-celled, often intercepted between the seeds, dehiscent.
Seeds sometimes with a small quantity of albumen; cotyledons foliaceous or
rarely fleshy ; radicle straight.

47. GLEDITSCHIA. LZ, Endl. Gen. 6756.

[Named in honor of John Gottlieb Gleditsch ; a German Botanist.]
FLowers potyeamous: Sepals 3 to 5, equal, united at base. Petals
as many as the sepals,—or fewer by abortion—or by the union of the
two lower ones. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them,
or by abortion fewer. Legwme stipitate, often intercepted internally
between the seeds, dry or with sweet pulp around the seeds. Seeds
oval: embryo with a small quantity of albumen. Trees: the super-
axillary branchlets often converted into simple or branched spines.
Leaves even-pinnate or bipinnate (often both forms on the same
tree); leaflets somewhat serrate. Flowers small, somewhat spicate.

1. G. TRIacantHos, LZ. Spines-stout, mostly triple; leaflets linear
or lance-oblong ; legumes oblong, much compressed, somewhat fal-
cate and undulate, many-seeded;—the intervals filled with sweet
pulp. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A: tp. 398. DC. Prodr.2. p. 479. Icon,
Mz. Sylva, 2. tab. 79. . [ed Acacia.
THREE-THORNED GLEpDiTscHIA. Vulgd—Honey-Locust. Three-thorn-

Fr. Le Fevier 4 trois Epines.. Germ. Der Honigdorn.

Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaflets about an
inch or inch and half long. Flowers yellowish green. Legumes 6 to 12 or 15
inches long, and an inch or more in width, thin and wavy, or somewhat twisted.
Pennsylvania to Louisiana: often cultivated. Fl, July. Fr. September—Octo.

Obs. This is occasionally seen about houses, in Pennsylvania, as a
shade or ornamental tree,—and further South it has been used, while
young, for hedging: But, although the thorns are very formidable, I
believe it does not make a close, effective hedge. Dr. Gray informs
me, however, since the foregoing was written, that it is used consi-
derably, and successfully, near Cambridge, Mass.

ORDER XLIX. ROSACEAE: Juss.

Trees. shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate, usually furnished with conspicuous
stipules. Flowers regular, sometimes polygamous or-dioicous. Sepals 5 (rarely
3 or 4), more or less united, and often with as many bracts. Petals as many as
the sepals (rarely none), inserted on the edge of a thin disk which lines the
tube of the calyx (pertgynous). Stamens indefinite or sometimes few, distinct,
inserted on the disk just within the petals. Ovaries with solitary or few ovules;
styles often lateral. Seeds mostly destitute of albumen; cotyledons flat or plano-
convex; radicle straight.

This Order—comprising about sixty Genera—is remarkable for the amount
and variety of its esculent products. Many of the fruits are valuable, and some
of them eminently delicious,—while the type of the Order (Rosa) is by univer-
sal consent regarded as the queen of beauty, among flowers. A few of the
drupaceous species of the Order contain a dangerous quantity of Prussic acid,
in the nuts and leaves; but the fleshy or succulent fruits are, almost without
exception, innocent and wholesome.

SUB-ORDER Il. AMYGDALEAE. Juss.

Ovary solitary, free from the deciduous calyx, with 2 suspended collateral ovules,
4*

-

ao

42 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

and a terminal style. Fruit a drupe, mostly 1-seeded by abortion. Trees or
shrubs, with simple leaves: stipules free.

48. PERSICA. Tournef. [AmMyepauus. L. Endl. Gen. 6405.]
[A name derived from Persia,—its native country.]
Calyz tubular, with 5 spreading segments. Drape oval, tomentose
or smooth, very fleshy and succulent; zat with the surface rugosely
furrowed, and perforated. Small trees. Leaves lanceolate, serrate,
conduplicate in vernation. Flowers subsessile, solitary or in pairs,
preceding the leaves.

1. P. vunearis, Mill, Fruit densely tomentose. DC. Prodr. 2. p.
531. Fl. Cestr. p. 284.

Common Persica. Vulgs—Peach. Peach tree.
Fr. Le Pécher. Germ. Der Pfirschenbaum. Span. El Melocoton.

_ Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long; petioles half
an inch long, channeled above and glandular near the leaf. Petals pale red or
purplish. Drupe with the flesh white, yellow, or reddish,—either adhering to
the nut (and then ealled Clingstone)—or separable from it (when it is termed
Freestone). Cultivated. Native of Persia. Fl. April. Fr. August—September.

Obs. The varieties of delicious fruit, afforded by this tree, are
very numerous; and although the tree is short-lived, the culture is
managed with great spirit and success, in the Middle States,—parti-
cularly in Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey. A succession of
trees is kept up, by raising young stocks from the seeds, and inserting
on them duds, or scions, from the most approved varieties.*

2. P. uarvis, DC. Fruit smooth. DC. Prodr. 2. p.531. Fl. Cestr.
p. 285.

Smoot Prrsica. Vulgé—Nectarine.
Fr. Le Brugnon. Germ. Der Nektar-pfirschenbaum. Span. Abridor.

Obs. This small tree is scarcely to be distinguished from the pre-
ceding, except by its smooth-fruit,—which presents the same varie-
ties, of Clingstone and Freestone. It is more rare than the Peach,
and generally smaller.

The Almond (Amygdalus communis, L.—which is nearly related
to the Peach,—except that the Drupe is dry and fibrous, instead of
succulent—and the seed is the eatable portion,) has not yet, I believe,
been much cultivated within the U. States: but it may probably be
successfully introduced into Florida,—and perhaps some other
Southern States. The hard-shelied or bitter Almond has succeeded,
even in Pennsylvania.

49. ARMENIACA. Tournef. [Prunus. L. Endl. Gen. 6406.] -

[A name derived from Armenia,—its native country.]

Calyz campanulate, with 5 reflexed segments. Drupe roundish-oval,

*This process, for changing the character of the tree, is alluded to by the
great English Bard with his usual felicity :

————— You see, We marry
“ A gentler scion to the wildest stock ;

“ And make conceive a bark of baser kind

“ By bud of nobler race: This is an art

“Which does mend nature,—change it rather: but

“The art itself is nature.” [ Winter’s Tale. Act 4.

ROSACEAE 43

fleshy, clothed with a soft velvety pubescence ; 2x¢ compressed, the
surface even and not rugosely sulcate,—one margin obtuse, the other
acute, both grooved. Small trees. Leaves subcordate or ovate, con-
volute in vernation. Flowers subsessile, solitary or few, preceding
the leaves.

1. A.vutearis, Lam. Leaves orbicular-ovate, acuminate, dentate,
subcordate at base; flowers sessile. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 532. Fi.
Cestr. p. 285.

Common Armentaca. Vulgs—Common Apricot. Moor-park Apricot.
Fr. L’Abricotier. Germ. Der Aprikosenbaum. Span. Albaricoque.

Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, with rather stout spreading branches. Leaves 2 to
3 inches long; pewoles an inch to an inch and half long, mostly with cup-like
glands near the base of the leaf. Petals white. Drupe oval, yellowish when
mature. Cultivated: Native of Armenia. Fi. April. Fr. July. ,

Obs. This tree yields a luscious and favorite fruit; and, in propi-
tious seasons, the branches are so loaded as to remind one of the
admonitory passage in SHAKSPEARE:

“Go bind thou up yon’ dangling Apricocks,
“ Which, like unruly children, make their sire
“Stoop with oppression of their prodigal weight:
“Give some supportance to the bending twigs.”
King Richard II.

It is melancholy to reflect how thoughtless and negligent mankind
generally are, with respect to providing fruzt for themselves. There
are few persons who do not own or occupy sufficient ground to ad-
mit of 3 or 4 choice fruit-trees and a grape-vine ;—such, for example,
as an Apricot, a Peach, a May-duke Cherry, a Catharine Pear, and
a Catawba grape: yet the great majority seem never to think of
planting such trees,—while they are ready enough to run after the
rare fruit which some provident neighbor may have taken the pains
to cultivate. It is high time that such disreputable negligence should
cease; and that people should be more attentive to duties which are
enjoined by every consideration of comfort and good taste,—nay,
even of sheer justice to those around them, who are now annually
plundered of the fruits of their own care and labors.

2. A. pasycaRPa, Pers. Leaves ovate or oval, somewhat acumi-
nate, doubly serrate; flowers pedicellate. DC. Prodr.2. p. 532. Fi,
Cestr. p..286.
Harry-FRvUITED ARMENIACA. Vulgd—Black Apricot.

Stem 10to15 feet high ; branches rather slender and virgate. Leaves 13 to near
3 inches long; petioles about an inch long. Pals white. Drupe subglobose,

hairy, dark purplish color when mature. Cultivated: Native country unknown.
Fl. April. Fr. July.

Obs. This species has more of the habit of a Prunus or Plum tree,
than the preceding,—and is reputed to be a more certain fruit-bearer ;
but Thave not found it so. It flowers freely; but the young fruit is
soon stung by an insect, and nearly all falls off before it is half grown.

50. PRUNUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6406.
[The Latin name for the Plum.]

Drupe ovoid, or oblong, fleshy, very smooth and mostly covered with
a fine glaucous powder or bloom; «wt compressed; the surface even,

44 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

with both margins acute and slightly grooved. Small trees. Leaves
econvolute in vernation. Mgdice/s 1-flowered, often in umbellate
fascicles; flowers preceding—or sometimes succeeding—the leaves.

1. P. pomestica; L. Branches unarmed; leaves lance-ovate or oval,
mostly acute, serrate; pedicels sub-solitary. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 532.
Fl. Cestr. p. 286. ) : |

Domestic Prunus. Vulgd—Common Plum. Damascene, Gage, &e.
Fr. Prunier. Germ. Der Pflaumenbaum. Span. Cirvélo.

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long ; petioles
half an inch to an inch or more inlength. Flowers rather preceding the. leaves,
solitary or in pairs; pedicels about half an inchlong. Petals white. Drupe oval,
ovo:d or obovoid, of various colors from black to pale greenish-yellow, covered
with bloom, the flesh rather firm. Cultivated: Native of Southern Europe. Ff.
April. Fr. August.

Obs. Several varieties of this are cultivated,—some of them of a
large size; but the depredations of insects render the fruit an uncer-
tain crop—at least in the country. In cities, the insects seem to be
less destructive.

2. P. Americana, Marsh.. Branches subspinose; leaves oval and
obovate, conspicuously acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate ;
umbels subsessile, 2 to 5-flowered. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p.407.
Fl. Cestr. p. 287. Icon, Annals N. Y, Lyceum, vol. 3. ;

Cerasus nigra, § hyemalis. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 538.
American Prunus. Vulgo—Red Plum. Yellow Plum.

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, much branched,—the young branches virgate, the
old ones rugged and somewhat thorny. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles one
fourth to half an inch long. Flowers preceding the leaves, in numerous fascicles
of threes or fours; pedicels one third to half an inch long. Petals white. Drupe
oval or subglobose, mostly reddish-orange-colored, nearly destitute of bloom,
with a rich succulent yellow pulp, and a thick tough skin. Thickets, fence-rows,
and banks of streams: Canada to Texas. Fl. April. Fr. August.

Obs. This Plum—about which foreign Botanists have been so
bewildered—is extensively diffused through our country. In its
wild state, the flowers are apt to be abortive,—and the fruit is small
and rather acerb; but by long culture, the drupe sometimes ‘becomes,
as large asa common Apricot. Although of a pleasant flavor, when
fully mature, it is not adapted to culinary purposes; and is scarcely
to be enumerated among our cultivated plants. '

3. P. Cutcasa, Mz. Branches subspinose; leaves narrow, oblong-
lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, finely serrulate with glandular-
pointed teeth; umbels sessile, 2 to 3-flowered. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N.
A. 1. p. 407. Fl. Cestr. p. 28%.

Cerasus Chicasa. DC. Prodr..2. p. 538.
Cuicasa Prunus. Vulgd—Chickasaw Plum. Mountain Cherry.

Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, much branched,—the young branches virgate
dark purple, smooth and shining,—the old ones crooked or geniculate, an
somewhat thorny. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, smooth; petioles slender, one
fourth to three fourths of an inch long. Fiowers appearing with the leaves
(cogianeous), in. sessile faseicles of threes ; pedicels about half an inch long, slen-
der and smooth. Drupe-globose, red or yellowish-red, néarly or quite destitute
of bloom, with a tender pulp, and a thin skin. Cultivated. Fv. April. Fr. July.

Oés. This little tree (which is believed to be a native of our South-

ROSACEAE 45

western territory,—where it is a small shrub, in its wild state,—) by
long culture produces a very pleasant fruit,—worthy of more atten-
tion than it has yet received. It approaches the Cherry, in character
and appearance, and may be considered as a connecting link be-
tween the Plum & Cherry; but is unquestionably, I think, atrwe Plum.

51. CERASUS. Juss. [Prunus. L. Endl. Gen. 6406.]

[The name of an Asiatic town,—whence the tree was obtained.]
Drupe globose or roundish-ovoid, often umbilicate at base, fleshy
and succulent, very smooth, destitute of bloom; 2«t subglobose, the
surface even. Trees or shrubs. Leaves from terminal buds, con-
duplicate in vernation. Pedicels either in umbellate. fascicles from
lateral leafless buds, and then rather preceding the leaves,—or in
racemes terminating leafy branches, and coming after the leavess

t Flowers in umbellate fascicles.

1. C. avium, Moench. Branches erect or ascending, rather stout ;
leaves oval or obovate-oblong, acuminate, coarsely serrate, pilose
and somewhat glaucous beneath; umbels sessile; flowers scarcely
preceding the leaves; pedicels rather long; drupe roundish-ovoid or
subcordate at base. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 535. Fl. Cestr. p. 289.

Birps’ Cerasus. Vulgd—English Cherry. Bleeding-heart, &c.
Fy. Le Cerisier. Germ. Der Kirschbaum. Span. Cerezo.

Stem 30 to 60 feet or more in height, and often 2 to 3 feet in diameter, at base,—
branching regularly, and somewhat verticillately, so as to form an oblong coni-
cal top. Leaves 3.to 5 or 6 inches long; petioles an inch to an inch and half Jong.
Pedicels slender, an inch to an inch and half long, usually 3 (often 2) in a fasci-
cle. Petals white. Drupes of various size and color, tender and often very
succulent, sweet or bitterish-sweet. Cultivated. Fl. April. Fr. June—July.

Obs. Cherries are said to have been originally brought to Rome
from Cerasus, a city of Pontus, by the Roman Consul and General,
Lucvuttus, some 60 or 70 years before the Christian era; and from
Rome they have been distributed over the rest of the civilized world.
Our cultivated Cherry trees seem obviously to consist of at least two
original species,—viz. the sweet “ English Cherry,’’ so called,—and
the common Sowr Cherry. The numerous votletieg Aproiicdd by
culture (and possibly some hybrids )— may perhaps be all referred to
one or the other of those two; though Prof. De CanpoLie admits of
no less than five species. I am not sure that I perfectly comprehend
the Professor’s views—nor that I am acquainted with the trees on
which he has founded those species. There are, undoubtedly, seve-
ral very distinct sorts of fruit; but I incline to think the general
habit and aspect of the trees commonly seen in this country, warrant
the reduction of them all to the two above referred to: and I shall
so consider them in this work. © ‘

2. C. vurearis, Mill. Branches ee Spee slender and flexible;
leaves obovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base, acu-
minate or acute, serrate, smoothish; umbels subsessile; flowers
rather preceding the leaves; ae ga rather short; drupe globose.
Fil. Cestr. p. 288.

C. Caproniana? DC. Prodr. 2. p 536.

Common Cerasus. Vulgo—Red or Sour Cherry. Morello Cherry, &c.

46 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Stem 10 to 20 feet high, irregularly branched; branches rather slender and
flaccid, spreading nearly horizontally and forming a roundish bushy top. Leaves
1} to 3 inches long; petioles half an inch to an inch long. Pedicels half an inch
to an inch in length, 2, or more frequently 3, in.a fascicle. Petals white. Drupes
fleshy, more or less acid, red or dark purple when mature. Cultivated: Fi. April:

r. July. ; : 7

Obs. The “ Sour Cherry” is the most common and, for culinary
purposes, the most valuable of the genus. The Morello Cherry
(war. Griotta? DC.) isa remarkably fine fruit, with a rich purple
juice,—and in the days of * Cherry Bounce,” was a great favorite:
But, for the. last 30 years it has almost entirely disappeared from
Pennsylvania, in consequence of the ravages of an insect, causing
large warty excrescences on the branches of the tree. The frat
first-failed,—and now (1846) the tree itself has become very scarce.

t t Flowers in racemes.

3. C. serotina, DC. Leaves oval, oblong, or-lance-oblong, acumi=
nate, smooth, shining above, finely serrate with appressed or incurved:
callous teeth; racemes elongated; drupes globose, small. Torr. &
Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 410. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 540. : ,
C. Virginiana. Fi. Cestr. p. 289. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 2: tab. 88..
Late Cerasus. Vulgd—Wild Cherry. .

_ Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter at base, with large
irregular spreading branches. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, subcoriaceous ;
peticlzs half an inch to three quarters in length. Racemes simple, rather erect, 2
to 4 or inches long. Petals white. Drupes dark purple or purplish black when

mature, succulent, bitter and mawkish to the taste. Banks of streams; fence-
tows, &c.: Canadato Florida. Fi. May. Fr. August.

Obs. It seems that this is not the trae.C: Virginiana (Prunus
Virginiana, L.),—although it has passed for it, among the Botanists,
for many years. The specific name, Virgiziana (as we learn from
Torrey & Gray), was given, by Linnarus, to the small species
called Prunus obovata, by BiGELow,—the Cerasws obovata of Beck,
and the Flora Cestricea; and must therefore be continued to that
species. The wood of the Wild Cherry is a pale reddish brown,
close-grained and hard,—taking a good polish. (a sort of indigenous
Mahogany),—and was formerly much used by cabinet makers.
The 4ar£—though a rather unpalatable bitter—is a valuable tonic.
The eaves are a favorite food of caterpillars,—the young-trees being
often completely stript by those voracious animals; and the ripe
Jruit is greedily sought by birds.

SUB-ORDER III. ROSACEAE PROPER. Torr. & Gr.

Ovaries numerous or several, rarely solitary, free-from the calyx (which is often
bracteolate, as if double), but sometimes inclosed in its persistent tube,—in fruit
becoming either follicles, akenes, or little drupes. Styles terminal or lateral.
Herbs, shrubs, or very rarely trees. Leaves simple or compound.

TRIBE II. DRYADEAE. Vent. Torr. & Gr.

Ovaries in fruit becoming akenes, or sometimes little drupes——and when numer-
ous, collected on a conical or hemispherical torus or receptacle.

SUB-TRIBE 5. FRAGARIEAE. Torr. & Gr.

Ovaries numerous, becoming akenes in fruit: style mostly lateral.
52. POTENTILLA. L. Endl. Gen. 6363.
[Latin, potens, powerful; in reference to supposed medical properties.]
Calyx concave at bottom; dimd mostly 5-cleft, with an external

ROSACEAE 47

bract at each cleft. Petals mostly 5. Stamens numerous. Style
sometimes nearly terminal. Azenés numerous, often rugose, capi-
tate on a dry persistent villous receptacle. Seed suspended: radicle
always superior. Herbaceous or suffruticose. Leaves pinnately or
palmately compound.

1. P. Norvecica, L. Hirsute; stem erect, dichotomous above;
leaves palmately 3-foliolate, the cauline ones on short petioles; leaf-
lets obovate-oblong, the uppermost lanceolate, coarsely and incisely
serrate; peduncles axillary, cymose at summit and leafy; petals
shorter than the calyx; akenes rugosely ribbed or striate. _ Torr. &
Gr. Fl. N. A.A. p. 436. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 573. Fl. Cestr. p. 303.

NorweEcGIaNn PoTenTILLA.

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rather stout. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long;
common petioles 1 to 4 inches long; stipules large (often an inch or more in length).
Flowers often numerous, in leafy cymes at summit, and on long solitary pedun-
cles below,—the lower peduncles often opposite the leaves. Petals yellow.
Pastures, and road sides: Northern States. Native of Lapland, Norway, and
Northern America. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. September.

Oés. This is said to be native in the Northern States, and British
America,—but it has very much the appearance of an introduced
plant, in Pennsylvanta,—and has not yet, so far as I know, acquired
& common name.

It is only intitled to the notice of the farmer, as being a coarse,
homely, worthless intruder in his pasture fields.

2. P. Canapensis, Z. Villous; stems sarmentose, procumbent and
ascending; leaves palmately 5-foliolate; leaflets cuneate-obovate,
incisely serrate-dentate near the apex; peduncles axillary, solitary,
elongated; petals longer than the calyx; akenes somewhat rugose.
Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. Aw1. p. 443. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 575. Fil. Cestr.
p- 303.

Also, P. simplex. Mz. DC. 1. c¢. Fl. Cestr. p. 304.
Canavian PotentTitta. Vulgdo—Cinquefoil. Five-finger.

Root perennial. Stem 2 or 3 to 12 and 18 inches long, slender, somewhat
branched, often several from the same root. Radical leaves on petioles 2 to6or
8 inches long; stem leaves nearly sessile: deaflets half an inch to 1 or 2 inches
long. Peduncles about as long as the leaves. Petéls yellow. Old neglected
fields; borders of woodlands, &c. Canada to Georgia. Fl. April—June. Fr.
June—August. —

Obs. The P. simplex, of authors, is no doubt ptopetly regarded as
only a variety of this. Both varieties are rather harmless, though
worthless; and are merely indicative of a poor soil, or a thriftless
farmer. Some lands, when kept as pasture fields, seem to have an
almost incurable tendency to lose the valuable Grasses, and, to be-
come speedily overrun with Cinqueforl. Lime and manure, however,
will work wondets in the wotst of soils. ‘

53. FRAGARIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6361.

. [Latin, fragrans, odorous ; in reference to its fragrant fruit.]
Calyx, Corolla, and Stamens, the same as in Potentilla. Style
deeply lateral. AZenes numerous, smooth, scattered on the enlarged
succulent or pulpy receptacle—which often finally separates from the
conical central portion of the torws. Perennial stoloniferous Herds.

48 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets coarsely dentate. Flowers several, cy-
mose on a scape-like peduncle; sometimes diotcows by abortion.

1. F. vesca, LZ. Peduncles usually longer than the leaves; calyX
of the fruit reflexed; fruit conical or hemispherical,—the akene$
superficial. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 448. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 569.

FataBle Fracaria. Valgd—English Strawberry. Garden Straw-
berry. :
Fr. Le Fraisier. Germ. Die Erdbeerpflanze. Span. Fresera.

Whole plant hairy. Root perennial, and the leaves often green through the
winter. Stem very short,—but several slender prostrate radicating runners, 1
to 2 feet long, are thrown out from the crown of the root. Ledves mostly radical ;
commen petioles 3 to 8 or 9 inches long; leaflets ovate or cuneate-obovate, plicate,
i to 3 or 4 inches long. Cymes 5 to 12 or 15-flowered, with 2 or 3 foliaceous
bracts at base, on peduncles 4 or 5 to 10 or 12 inches in length. Flowers some-
times abortive.* Petals white. Receptacle (commonly regarded as the fruit) red
or yellowish white, bearing the akenes superficially and rather prominently on
the even surface... Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. April. Fr.
May—June. '

Obs. Several varieties are cultivated in the Gardens,—and pro-
bably some which are specifically distinct;—as the Hautboy (F.
elatior, Ehrh.), and the Chili Strawberry (F. Chilensis, Ehrh.).
A variety of extraordinary size, called “ Hovey’s Seedling,’ has
been recently obtained,—which, although not equal in flavor to some
of the smaller ones, is a magnificent product, and well worthy of
universal culture.—The Gardeners announce, also, some other fine
seedling varieties.—Although the trwe fruit of this plant consists of
mere dry specks, or bony particles (i. e. the minute akenes), scat-
tered over the surface of the enlarged receptacle,—yet the recepta-
cle itself furnishes a pulpy szbstitwte of the most delicious character.
SHAKSPEARE has the following allusion to the Aabitat, or associates
of the plant, to illustrate a moral sentiment :

“The Strawberry grows underneath the Nettle;
“ And wholesome berries thrive and ripen best,
“ Neighbor’ d by fruit of baser quality.” "
King Henry V.

2. F. Vireintana, Ehrh. Peduncles commonly shorter than the
leaves; calyx of the fruit spreading; fruit ovoid, nodding,—the
akenes imbedded in the pitted surface of the receptacle. Torr. &
Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 447. DC. Prodr.2. p. 570. Fl. Cestr. p. 304.

VireGinian Fragaria. Vulgo—Wild Strawberry.

Obs. This native species is usually a smallet plant (perhaps for
want of culture), but has a close general resemblance to the preced-

* Individual plants are frequently to be found, in Strawberry beds,.in which
the flowers are all abortive,—the stamens having the appearance of coarse
blighted monstrosities—the pisttls abortive—and the receptacle failing to enlarge.
The Gardeners call these male plants,—and insist that their presence is abso-
lutely indispensable, to insure a crop of fruit: But the flowers in question, so far
as I have observed, are palpably newtral, and nothing more than blights. The
Gardeners, indeed, are very positive in their opinions (as merely practical
operatives—and all others, who take things for granted—are somewhat apt to
be); but I confess I cannot comprehend how the vicinity of such abortions can
be essential to the perfection of the fruit in other plants. The organs of plants
are undoubtedly subject to great modifications, by long culture; but the precise
ie in a their productiveness is affected, is probably not yet thoroughly
understood. ,

Ps

ROSACEAE 49

ing,—and is frequent in old fields, and meadows, throughout the U.
States. Drs. Torrey & Gray remark, that “the deeply pitted frutt
affords the only character for this species that can be wholly relied
upon ;”? and even that, I fear, is not unexceptionable. It is a deep
purple, when mature,—and in its wild state, of a more sprightly
(sub-acid) flavor than the cultivated sorts.

SUB-TRIBE VI. DALIBARDEAE. Torr. & Gr.

Ovaries numerous or rarely few, becoming succulent little drwpes in fruit: style
terminal or nearly so.

54. RUBUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6360.

(Latin, Ruber,—or Celtic, Rub,—red; from the color of the fruit, or branches.]
Calyz flattish at base, 5-parted, without bracts at the clefts. Petals
5. Stamens numerous, inserted on the border of the disk which
lines the calyx. Carpels mostly numerous, capitate on a protuber-
ant spongy receptacle, becoming succulent and drupaceous, cohering
and forming a compound berry, either deciduous or persistent.
Perennial and mostly suffruticose plants. Stems erect or procume-
bent, usually biennial and armed with prickles. Leaves pinnately
or pedately compound, sometimes simple.

§1. Carpets forming a hemispherical fruit, concave beneath, and
deciduous or falling away from the dry receptacle when ripé
(RasPBERRY).

} Leaves simple.

1. R. oporatus, LZ. Stem fruticose, erect, unarmed, hispid with
giandular hairs; leaves palmately 3 or 5-lobed, unequally serrate ;
stipules nearly free, deciduous; cotymbs terminal, spreading, glan-
dular-pilose and viscid; flowers large; sepals with a long acumi-
nation. Torr. & Gr. Fl. NVA. 1. p. 449. DC. Prodr.2. p. 566.
Fl. Cestr. p. 309. ;

Oporovus Rusus. Vulgd—Rose-flowering Raspberry.

Root creeping. Stem perennial, 3 to 5 feet high, branching. Leaves 4 to 8
inches long, and nearly as wide as long, cordate at base; petioles 2 to 4 or 6
inches long. Flowers corymbose; peduncles and sepals clothed with a purplish
clammy glandular pubescence. Petals mostly purplish rose-color. Frutt broad,
on a large receptacle, of a palish bright red or scarlet when mature,—often
abortive. Rocky woodlands, and mountains: Canada to Georgia. Fl. June—
July. Fr. July—August.

Obs. The fruit of this is pleasantly flavored,—but is rarely pers
fected ‘under cultivation;, and indeed is often abortive in its native
localities. I have seen it, on the mountains, in August, bearing
flowers and ripe fruit at the same time. It is rather a troublesome
plant, when introduced into yards and gardens,—sending up numer-
ous suckers.

1 ¢ Leaves (pinnately or pedately) 3- 5-foliolate.
2. R. Ipaevs, LZ. Stem suffruticose, erect, terete, not glaucous,
hispid at base and somewhat prickly above; leaves pinnately 3- or
5-foliolate ; leaflets rhomboid-ovate ; flowers in paniculate corymbs $
petals entire ; carpels slightly rugose, finely pubescent, not pitted in
drying. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 558. Fl. Cestr. p. 305.

Ipa Ruzsus. Vulgé—Antwerp Raspberry. Garden Raspberry.
+)

>

50. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Fr. Framboisier. Germ: Die Himbeetstaude. Span. Fraribuéso.

Root creeping. Stem 8 to 5 feet high, branching, mostly hispid when young:
especially towards the bdse—smoothish (or sometinies pubescent) and armed
with slender recurved prickles above,—the hispid bark, below, exfoliating the
second year. Lower leaves odd-pinnate by fives, the upper ones by threes}; com-
mon petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, acuminate, une-
qually incised-serrate, smoothish and green above, clothed with a dense whité
cottony tomentum beneath. Petals white. Carpels incurved at apex, clothed
with a very fine shoit defise pubescehte, whitish, amber-colored; or purple,
when mature. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This species is much cultivated for its favorite fruit. The
plant presents some varieties—particularly in the size and com-
plexion of the fruit; and I am not sure that a nearly allied zative
species with red fruit (R. strigosus, Mz. Torr. & Gr.), which is
found on our mountains, is not sometimes seen, and mistaken for it,
in the gardens. It requires some attention to keep the plant from

spreading unduly, in a mellow soil, by means of its rambling roots.

3..R. occipentauis, LZ. Stem suffruticose, rather flaccid and lean-
ing or arched, terete, smooth, and glaucous, armed with recurved
prickles; leaves pinnately 3- (rarely 5-) foliolate; leaflets lance-
ovate; flowers in subumbellate corymbs; petals often emarginate ;
carpels smoothish, pitted in drying. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p.
453. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 558. Fl. Cestr. p. 306.

WesTERN Rusvus. Valgd—Wild or Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry.

Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet long, sparingly branched, limber and often arching over
so that the summit comes. to the ground and takes root, mostly purplish and
pruinose or covered with a fine bluish-white powder. Leaflets mostly in threes,
2 to 4 or 5 inches long, often with a long acumination and subcordate at base,
smoothish above, clothed with a dense glaucous tomentum beneath, Petals
white. Fruit dark purple, or nearly black (rarely whitish—dalboque simillima
Graculo!) when mature. Canada to. Georgia and Missouri: Borders of wood-
lands, fence-rows, &c. Fl. May. Fr. July. .

Obs. The fruzt of this is smaller and less esteemed than that of
the preceding,—but is nevertheless sweet and agreeable. The
plant, however, is generally treated as a weed, on all neat farms.

§2. Carpets forming an ovoid or oblong frutt, persistent on the
somewhat juicy receptacle (BLACKBERRY). . ;
‘

4. R. Canapvensis, L. . Stem fruticose, procumbent, armed with. -
numerous short recurved prickles; branches assurgent, sparingly’
aculeate; leaves mostly 3-foliolate; stipules linear-lanceolate; leaf-
lets rhomboid-oval; pedicels subsolitary, axillary or in terminal
corymbs on the short leafy flowering-branches. Torr. § Gr. Fl.
NN. A. 1. p. 455.

R. trivialis. Pursh. Fl. Cestr. p. 308. not of Mz. ( fide Torr. & Gr.)
Canapian Ruzus. Vulgd—Dewberry. Running Brier.

Stem 4 to 8 or 10 feet long, slender, trailing, smoothish,—often several from.
the same root running in different directions, and giving out numerous leafy
pubescent flowering-branches, which are nearly erect, and 2 to 4 or 6 inches
long. Leaflets mostly in threes (sometimes pedately in fives), three fourths of an
inch to an inch and half long. Flowers terminal and subterminal on the short
branches, few and rather large, somewhat corymbose by the elongation of the .
lower axillary pedicels. Corolla white. Fruit oblong, obtuse or often roundish,
large (half an inch to near an inch in diameter), black when mature, very suc-
culent and sweet. Rocky sterile soils, old fields, &e. Canada to Virginia. Fi.
May. Fr. July. . .

ROSACEAE 51

Obs. Our Dewberry is a fine fruit, and is generally preferred be-
fore all the other Blackberries proper ; but it is not the “ Dewberry”?
of England,—which is the R. caestus, L. There has been some
confusion respecting our plant, among the Botanists,—and Prof. Dre
CaNDOLLE seems not to have had a clear conception of the species :
But there is scarcely a farmer’s boy, in Pennsylvania, who is not
well acquainted with it,—from having often encountered its prickly
trailing stems with his naked ankles, while heedlessly traversing the
old fields where it abounds. On well-managed farms, however, the
plant is becoming somewhat rare.

Dd. R. vintosus, Act. Stem fruticose, erect, angular, branching,
armed with stout curved prickles; young branches and peduncles
glandular-villous ; leaves 3-foliolate or pedately 5-foliolate ; stipules
subulate ; leaflets ovate or lance-oblong, villous beneath, the petioles
and midribs aculeate; racemes elongated, many-flowered. Torr. §
Gr. Fl. N. A..1. p. 454. DC. Prodr.2. p. 563. Fl. Cestr. p. 307.

Vittous Rusus. Vulg’—Blackberry. Common Brier, Bramble.
Fr. La Ronce. Germ. Der Brombeerstrauch. Span. Zarza.

Root creeping. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, stout, ridged or angular and some-
what furrowed. Leaflets 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, mostly acute. Racemes rather
large, sometimes leafy. Petals white. Fruit ovoid-oblong or cylindric—some-
times near an Inch long.—changing from green to red or purplish, and finally
black when mature. Old fields, thickets, and borders of woods: throughout the
U. States. Fl. May. Fr. July—August,

Obs. Every one knows the common Brier. . The root, both of this
and the preceding, being moderately astringent, is a popular remedy
for diarrhoea and mild dysentery. The ripe fruvt affords a pleasant
jam, which is also considered salutary in such cases. Even the
4nots which are formed on the branches, from the puncture of in-
sects, were formerly carried by ‘credulous simpletons, as a sort of
amulet, or charm against the tooth-ache! The plant, nevertheless,
is often something of a nuisance on our farms, from its tendency to
spread, and take possession of neglected fields. There are several
other species of Rubus in the U. States; but the foregoing are the
chief of those which in any degree interest, or interfere much with
the operations of the farmer,

TRIBE III. ROSEAE. Jzss.

Calyx urceolate,—the tube contracted at the orifice, including the numerous dis-
tinct ovaries, at length becoming fleshy or baccate; the segments somewhat
spirally imbricated in aestivation, often foliaceous at apex. -Akenes numerous,
crustaceous, hispid, included in and attached to the ner surface of the calyx-
tube. Styles terminal or subterminal, somewhat exserted. Shrubby and prickly
plants. Leaves alternate, mostly odd-pinnate (rarely reduced to a single leaflet) ;
stipules usually adnate to the petiole.

55. ROSA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6357.
[Supposed from the Celtic, Rhos, red; the prevailing color of the flowers.]

0G> The Generic character is the same as that of the Trzde.
1. R. Caronina, LZ. Stem smooth, armed with stout recurved
stipular prickles; leaflets mostly 5 or. 7, oblong-oval or elliptic-.
lanceolate, finely serrate, somewhat glaucous beneath; flowers
eorymbose. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 458. DC. Prodr. 2. p.
605. Fl. Cestr. p. 311. p

Carouina Rosa. Vulgo—Swamp Rose.

§2 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Stem 4 to 6 feet high, with numerous purple branches. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches
long. Flowers mostly in terminal corymbs of 3to6 or7inacluster. Petals
red or purplish. Fruit (i. e. the fleshy calyx-tube) depressed-globose, a little
glandular-hispid, dark red and shining when mature. Low swampy grounds,
and thickets: Northern and Middle States. Fv. June—July. Fr. September.

Obs. This is often a troublesome plant, in wet meadows and low .
grounds,—forming unsightly thickets with other weeds, if neglected.

The zative Roses of Pennsylvania are few.in number, and not
particularly handsome: but many beautiful species and varieties are
every where cultivated, by persons of taste, for ornament. The R.
setigera, Mz. sometimes called “ Prairie Rose’’—introduced from
the West—is a fine showy species, and well adapted to train along
walls, palisades, &e.—In the Southern States—especially in South
Carolina—an introduced species—probably a native of Cina,
though known by the name of the ** Cherokee Rose” (R. laevigata,
Mz. Torr. & Gr. with long flexible brariches, and bearing large
white flowers), is highly commended by Mr. Exxiorr. ‘In our
tural economy,”’ he says, “ this plant will one day become very im-
portant. For the purpose of forming hedges, there is perhaps no
plant which unites so many advantages.”? This Rose, however,
will not stand our northern winters.

SUB-ORDER IV. POMEAE. Juss.

Ovaries 2 to 5 (rarely solitary), cohering with each other and with the thickened
fleshy or pulpy calyx-tube,—each with one or few ascending seeds. Trees or
shrubs. Leaves mostly simple, rarely pinnate.

56. CRATAEGUS. ZL. Endl. Gen. 6353.

[Greek, Kratos, strength; in allusion to the strength or firmness of the wood.]
Calyz-tube urceolate ; limb 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous.
Styles 1 or 2to 5. Pome fleshy or somewhat farinaceous, contain-
ing 1 to5 bony 1-seeded carpels. Thorny shrubs or small trees.
Leaves alternate, simple, often incised or lobed. Flowers mostly in
terminal corymbs.

1. C. Crus-cart1, ZL. Leaves obovate-cuneate or lance-oblong,
serrate, coriaceous, smooth and shining, subsessile; styles 2 or often
solitary ; fruit somewhat pyriform. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p.
463. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 626. Fl. Cestr. p. 290. [ Thorn.

Cock-spur Cratarcus. Valesd—Cockspur Thorn. New Castle

. Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, much branched, and armed with sharp tapering

thorns 2 to near 3 inches in length. Leaves 1 to 23 inches long, on short petioles.
Corymbs terminal on short rigid spurs. Petals white. Fruit middling’ sized,
reddish brown when mature. Thickets, fence-rows, hedges, &c. Canada to
Florida. Fil. June. Fr. October.

Ods. This shrub—of which there are two or three pretty distinct
varvetves—is, in my opinion, the best adapted for hedging, of any of
the genus. It has been long used for that purpose, in the vicinity
of New Castle, Dei.—but I do not think they have heretofore man-
aged it in the best mode. It should be well dad, or plashed, at the
proper age, and kept neatly trimmed to a convenient size,—instead
of permitting it to grow at random, and occupy so much space, as
the old ones around New Castle have done.

2. C. conpatTa, Ait. Leaves deltoid-ovate and: sub-cordate, acu-

ROSACEAE _ 53

minate, incised-serrate and somewhat 3-lobed, smooth, on slender
and rather long petioles; styles 5; fruit depressed-globose. Torr.
& Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 467. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 628. Fl. Cestr. p.293.

Corpate CratTarcus. Vulgd—Washington Thorn. Virginia Thorn.

‘Stem 15 to 20 feet high, much branched, and armed with slender tapering sharp
thorns 1 to near 3 inches in length. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, often 3-lobed like
aleafofthe Red Maple. Corymbs terminating the young slender short branches,
Petals white. Styles more or less united. Fruit small, bright reddish purple
when mature. Banks of streams: Virginia to Georgia. Fl. June. Fr. October.

Obs. This species is the one which has been chiefly cultivated for
dedging, in Pennsylvania,—where it was introduced, from the
vicinity of Washington City, about the commencement of the pre-
sent century. It makes a handsome hedge, but not a very substan-
tial one; and, in my opinion, is decidedly inferior to the Cockspur
Thorn, for that purpose. I have used it extensively; but have
found it so subject to be broken into gaps, by thoughtless or reckless
trespassers, that my hedges have been rather a source of vexation,
than of satisfaction. é

57. PYRUS. ZL. Endl. Gen. 6342.
[The Latin name for the Pear.]
Calyz-tube urceolate ; limb 5-lobed. Styles mostly 5, often united
at base. Pome fleshy,—containing 2 to 5 cartilaginous or nearly
membranaceous carpels. Seeds 2 in each carpel or cell; testa char-
taceous or cartilagimous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple
or pinnate. Flowers in terminal spreading cymes or corymbs.

1. P. communis, Z. Leaves simple, lance-ovate, slightly serrate,
the upper surface smooth; peduncles corymbose; styles distinct ;
fruit turbinate, not umbilicate at base. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 633. Fl.
Cestr. p. 297.

Common Pyrus. Velgo—Pear. Pear-tree.
fr. Le Poirier. Germ. Der Birnbaum. Spaz. El Peral.

Stem 15 to 30 feet high, branching; branches virgate, rather erect, forming an
oblong or conical top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length.
Petals white. Frwit of various size (1 to 2 or 3 inches in diameter), fleshy or
succulent, umbilicate at apex, obovoid, tapering to the peduncle, often some-
what curved or oblique: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. August—
November.

Obs. Many varieties of this luscious fruit have been obtained, by
long culture,—in which the French seem particularly to excel.

2. P. Matus, Z. Leaves simple, ovate-oblong, serrate, the upper
surface pubescent; peduncles subumbellate; styles subconnate ;
fruit depressed-globose or oblong, umbilicate at base. DC. Prodr.
2. p. 635. Fl. Cestr. p. 297.
AppLe Pyrus. Vulgé—Common Apple. Apple-tree.
Fr. Le Pommier. Germ. Der Apfelbaum. Span. Manzano.
Stem 15 to 25 or 30 feet high, branching; branches mostly spreading and often |
geniculate, forming a broad bushy top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles an
inch or more in length. Petals mostly pale red, Fruit of various size (1 to 3 or
4 inches in diameter). fleshy, umbilicate at both ends. Cultivated. ative of
Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July—November.
Obs. The varieties of this valuable fruit are'ahmost innumerable,—
and every farmer provides more or less of an Orchard: but there is
5*

54 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

far too little attention paid to the selection of the best. It is really
wonderful to observe, how many worthless trees are permitted to
cumber the ground, which might just as readily, and far better, be
occupied by those which bear the choicest fruit.

3. P. coronaria, L. Leaves simple, broad-ovate, rounded or sub-
cordate at base, incised-serrate and somewhat angulate-lobed,
smoothish; peduncles corymbose; styles subconnate; fruit de-
pressed-globose, umbilicate at base. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. le po
470. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 635. Fl. Cestr. p. 296.

Malus coronaria. Mill. Mz. Sylva, 2. p. 67. Icon, tab. 65.
Crown Pyrus. Vulgs—Crab Apple. Sweet-scented Crab-tree.

Stem 10 to 15 feet high, branching; branches spreading, rugged with short
spurs, forming a rather bushy top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles half an
inch to an inch and half in length. Flowers large and fragrant; petals pale rose
red. Fruit rather small (about an inch in diameter), umbilicate at both ends,
fleshy but firm and hard, smooth, pale greenish yellow and very fragrant when
mature—yet extremely acid. Borders of woodlands, road-sides, &c. New York
to Louisiana. Fil. May. Fr. September.

Os. This native Apple is now becoming scarce, in the older set-
tlements of Pennsylvania. In former times, the ripe fruzt was
sought after, by notable Housewives, for the purpose of making
Preserves.

58. CYDONIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6341.

[The name of a city of Crete,—whence it was obtained.]
Calyz-tube subturbinate ; dims 5-lobed,—the lobes sometimes foli-
aceous. Styles5. Pome fleshy, containing 5 cartilaginous carpels.
Seeds several in each carpel or cell, covered with mucilaginous pulp.
Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or serrate.
Flowers large; solitary or subumbellate.

1. C. vutearRis, Pers. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, very
entire, tomentose beneath; fruit sub-turbinate, tomentose. DC.
Prodr. 2. p. 638. Fl. Cestr. p. 298.

Common Cyponta. Vulgo—Quince. Quince-tree.
Fr. Le Cognassier. Germ. Der Quittenbaum. Span. Membrilléro.

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, with spreading branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches
long ; petioles about half an inch long. Flowers terminal, solitary. Petals red-
dish white. Stamens in a single series. Fruit 2 inches or more in diameter,
somewhat obovoid, umbilicate at apex, abruptly tapering or produced at base,
yellow when mature. Cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fl. May. Fr.
September—October.

Obs. The fruit of this is chiefly used for making preserves,—for
which it is excellent. It is-supposed to be the golden apple of the
Hesperides, so celebrated in ancient fable; but if the Orange had
then been known, it would doubtless have been esteemed a more
precious fruit, by “ the Western Maidens.” The C. Japonica, Pers.
(Pyrus Japonica, Willd.) is well known for its beauty as a flowere
ing shrub, in the gardens; but the fruzt—though remarkably fra-
grant—is very hard and acerb, and of little value.

ORDER LIV. ONAGRACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Herbs, or rarely shrubby plants. Leaves alternate or opposite, not dotted nor sti-
_ pulate. Flowers usually tetramerous (i.e. composed of 4 pieces or parts), showy.

ONAGRACEAE 55

Calyx tubular,—the tube adherent to the ovary, and usually produced beyond
it. Petals 4 (rarely 3 or 6—occasionally wanting), and the Stamens as many or
twice as many, inserted into the throat ef the calyx. Ovary commonly 4-celled ;
styles united ; stigmas 4, or united in one. Fruit mostly capsular, with a locu-
licidal dehiscence,—sometimes baccate. Seeds destitute of albumen.

An Order containing some plants (such as the Fuchsias) which are interest-
ing for their beauty,—but none of Agricultural value.

TRIBE I. ONAGREAE. DC.

Peials as many (sometimes wanting), and Stamens mostly twice as many, as
the lobes of the calyx (which are usually 4), regular. Pollen connected by cob-
web-like threads. Ovules mostly indefinite. Fruit capsular, or rarely dry and
indehiscent. Herbs or suffruticose plants.

SUB-TRIBE 2. OENOTHEREAE. Torr. & Gr.

Calyx deciduous from the summit of the ovary after flowering. The Stamens
opposite the petals, sometimes imperfect. Seeds naked (i. e. not comose).
Leaves alternate.

59. OENOTHERA. ZL. Endl. Gen. 6115.
[Greek, Oinos, wine, and thereuvo, io hunt; the roots being incentives to wine-
drinking.]

Calyz of 4 membranaceous sepals, partially cohering above, and
united below into a long 4-sided or 8-ribbed tube; /imé reflexed,
and, with a portion of the tube, deciduous. . Petals 4. Stamens 8,
erect or declined. Ovary 4-celled; stigma 4-lobed (rarely sphaeri-
cal). Capsule more or less oblong and quadrangular, 4-valved,
many-seeded,—the placenta either persistent in the axis or cohering
with the dissepiments. Vowers axillary, solitary or in terminal
spikes—often vespertine.

1. Or. Biennis, ZL. Stem erect, somewhat branched, pilose and
roughish; leaves ovate-lanceolate, repand-dentate ; capsule obtusely
4-angled, subsessile. Torr..§ Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p.492. DC. Prodr.
3. p. 46. Fl. Cestr. p. 240. [herb.

Brenniat OenoTHera. Vulgo—Evening Primrose. Night Willow-

Root biennial. Stem 2 to 5 or 6 feet high, rather stout, hairy and usually
greenish. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, sessile or subsessile. Flowers large, in a
terminal leafy spike. Calyx colored,—the tube much longer than the ovary.
Petals yellow. Ovary oblong; style rather longer than the corolla; stigmas 4,
cruciate, elongated, linear. Capsule obscurely 4-sided, an inch to an inch and
half long, smoothish, splitting into 4 sub-linear valves, with the dissepiments in
the middle (loculicidal), and the placenta persistent in the axis. Fields, fence-
rows, &c. throughout the U. States. Fl. June—Sept. Fr. Aug.—Octo.

Ots. This coarse plant is intitled to the notice of the farmer,
merely in consequence of being a common, rather conspicuous, and
worthless weed, in pastures, and on the borders of cultivated fields.
A variety, of yet stouter growth, and very large flowers (Oc. gran-
diflora, of some authors), is often tolerated in Gardens. There is
another species (Oe. fruticosa, L. of smaller size, with more slender
yet more rigid stems), which is quite common in old fields; but is
scarcely of sufficient importance—even as a weed—to claim a place
in this work.

ORDER LIX. GROSSULACEAE. DC. Mirb.

Small shrubs, often spinose or prickly. Leaves alternate, somewhat in fascicles, ~
palmately lobed and veined, often sprinkled with resinous dots. Flowers in
racemes or small clusters. Calyz-tube adherent to the ovary, and more or less
produced beyond it,—the limb 5-lobed, sometimes colored. Petals 5, small.
Stamens 5. Ovary with 2 parietal placentae ; styles more or less united. Fruit

56 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

a berry, crowned with the shrivelled remains of the flower. Seeds mostly nu-
merous; embryo minute, in hard albumen. —
A small Order,—and of little or no interest beyond the genus here noticed.

60. RIBES. L. Endl. Gen. 4682.

[An ancient Arabic name,—of obscure meaning.]
DS~ The Generic character the same as that of the Order.
Tt Stems more or less aculeate.

1. R. Uva-ceispa, ZL. Leaves obtusely 3 to 5-lobed, somewhat
villous beneath and on the petiole; peduncles mostly 1-flowered,
bracteate; sepals reflexed; ovary and style villous ;. berry hairy or
smooth. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 478. Fl. Cestr. p» 161. ~~

Var. sativum, DC.l.c. Vulg:—Goose-berry..
Fy. Vrai Groseillier. Germ. Die Stachelbeere. Span. Uva espina.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, diffusely branching. Leaves # of an inch to an inch and
half in length, and as wide as long, incisely lobed and dentate; petioles gener-
ally much shorter than the leaves, often margined. Peduneles solitary or in
pairs, often bracteate near the middle. Petals pale greenish-yellow. Berries
solitary, pendulous, large, oval, of a greenish amber color when mature. Gar-
dens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fi. April. Fr: July. ;

Obs. This species is much cultivated, for its fine fruzt: but (in
Pennsylvania, at least) it often fails to perfect the fruit, from some
cause not well understood. Judging: from specimens which I have
seen, it appears to succeed much better, in England,—and the fruit
attains to a much larger size, in that country.

1 t Stems not aculeate. \-

9. R. rvsrum, LZ. Leaves obtusely 3. to 5-lobed, smooth above, pu-
bescent beneath ; racemes pendulous, nearly smooth; calyx rotate,
the segments rounded. Torr. § Gr, Fl. N. A. 1. p. 550. DE.
Prodr. 3. p. 481. Fl. Cestr. p. 161.

Rep Rises. Vealgd—Red Currant. [roja.
Fr. Groseillier rouge. Germ. Gemeine Johannisbeere. Span. Ribes

Stems numerous, slender, sparingly branched, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2
or 3 inches long, and rather wider than long, unequally incised-dentate ; petioles
about as long as the leaves. Racemes produced from lateral buds distinct from
the leaves; bracts ovate. Petals greenish yellow, minute. Berries globose, red
(rarely whitish or pearl-color) when mature, Gardens: cultivated. Native of
Europe and the northern regions of America. Fl. April. Fr, June—July.

Obs. This is so easily cultivated, and is so constantly productive,
that it is to be found in almost every garden. The fine acid fruit
yields a favorite jelly, for the table; and even the green berries are
much used by the pastry cook.

3. R. nrierum, ZL. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed, sprinkled with yellow. resi-
nous dots beneath; racemes loose, pilose ; calyx tubular-campanu-
late. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 481. Fl. Cestr. p. 161.

Buack Rives. Velgo—Black Currant.
Fr. Cassis. Germ. Schwarze Johannisbeere. Span. Ribes negra.

Stems numerous, slender, 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and nearly.
as wide as long, dentate-serrate, pubescent beneath ; petioles shorter than the,
leaves. Racemes somewhat pendulous, Liga with a distinct single-flow-. .
ered peduncle at base; bracts subulate. Petats pale yellowish green (sometimes

GROSSULACEAE 57

changed into stamens or staminodia). Berries roundésh-ovoid, purplish black
when mature. Gardens:'cultivated. Native of Northern Europe. Fil. April.
Fr. June—July.

Obs. This is sometimes found in gardens; but the fruit being of
a rather insipid or flat sweetish taste, it is not much esteemed. It -
however affords a jelly, which is a popular and useful remedy for
sore throat, colds, &c. There are numerous other species of this
genus; but, so far as I know, the foregoing are all that are cultiva-
ted (and perhaps all that are worth cultivating) for the sake of the
Sruit. The R. aurewm, Pursh, or “ Missouri Currant”’—a species
of modern discovery, with a long tubular calyx—is much admired
for the clove-like fragrance of its early flowers,—and is now very
common among the ornamental shrubbery of yards and gardens.

ORDER LXIII. CUCURBITACEAE, Juss.

Herbs, with succulent stems, and climbing by means of tendrils. Leaves alter-
nate, palmately veined or lobed. Flowers monoicous or dioicous (rarely perfect).
Calyz of 4 or 5 (rarely 6) sepals, united into a tube, and in the fertile flowers
adherent to the ovary. Petals as many. as the sepals, more or less united, and
cohering with the calyx. Stamens 5 or 3, inserted into the base of the corolla
or calyx, distinct or variously united by their filaments and long, mostly tortuous,
anthers. Ovary usually 2 to 5-celled,—the thick fleshy placentae often filling the
cells, or carried back so as to reach the walls of the pericarp; the dissepiments
often disappearing during its growth: stigmas thick, dilated or fringed. Fruit
usually fleshy, with a firm (sometimesa ligneous and oceasionally a membran-
ous) rind. Seeds flat, often arillate, destitute of albumen; cotyledons foliaceous.

This Order—so well known for its culinary products—contains some which
are possessed of active medicinal properties (such as the Colocynth, of the shops
—Cucumis Colocynthis, L.); but few, if any, of Agricultural interest, beyond
those here mentioned.

TRIBE II. CUCURBITEAE. DC.

Tendrils lateral, stipular (supposed to be transformed stipules.)
0G" Flowers monoticous (rarely diotcous or perfect).
61. LAGENARIA. Ser. Endl. Gen. 5136.

[Greek, Lagenos, a flagon or bottle; from the shape of the fruit.]

Calyz campanulate or subturbinate, 5-toothed,—the segments subu-
late-lanceolate, shorter than the tube. Petals 5, obovate, inserted
within and beneath the margin of the calyx. Stamems 5, triadel-
phous, the fifth one free. | Stigmas 3, subsessile, thick, 2-lobed,
granular. Frit at first fleshy and pubescent, finally with a smooth
ligneous rind. Seeds compressed, obovate, somewhat 2-lobed. at
apex, the margin tumid.

1. L. vunearis, Ser. Softly pubescent; stem climbing; leaves
roundish-cordate, acuminate, dentieulate, with 2 glands at base; .
fruit clavate-ventricose. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 543. DC.
Prodr. 3. p. 299. Fl. Cestr. p. 551.

Common Lacenaria.. Vutlgo—Calabash. Bottle Gourd.
Fr. Calebasse. Germ. Der Kuerbiss. Span. Calabaza.

Whole plant somewhat viscid, and emitting a fetid musky odor. Stem10to
15 or 20 feet long, slender, branching, climbing by tendrils which are 2 to 4-cleft.
Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long ; petioles 2 to 6 inches long. Flowers axillary, on
long peduncles; corolla white, with green nerves and veins. Fruit 12 to 18 |
inches long, and 4 to 6 or 8 inches in diameter, unequally bi-ventricose, finally
nearly hollow or partially filled with the loose dry suberose placentae,—the rind
yellowish or pale brown, thin and hard. Seeds in a dry membranous arillus.
Gardens, and Lots: cultivated. Native of the tropical regions. Fl. July—
August. Fr. September—October.

58 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Obs. The thin firm*woody shell, of the fruzt, affords a very con-
venient kitchen utensil,—and the plant is sometimes cultivated for
the sake of that fruit, by cottagers and farmers who cannot afford,
or do not choose, to _ purchase more costly utensils.*

‘ 62. CUCUMIS. L. Endl. Gen. 5137.

[Derived from the Celtic, Cucc, a hollow vessel,—according to De Theis.]
Calyz tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed,—the teeth subulate, scarcely
as long as the tube. Petals 5, nearly distinct and but slightly adnate
to the calyx. Stamens 5, triadelphous. Stigmas 3, subsessile,
thick, 2-lobed. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds white, lance-
oblong, compressed, acute at base and on the margin.

1. C. Mero, L. Stem prostrate; leaves subcordate, obtuse, some-
what angled, the angles rounded; fertile flowers perfect; fruit oval
or subglobose, torulose. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 300. Fl. Cestr. p. 552.

Merton Cucumis. Vulgd—Musk Melon. Cantaleupe.
Fr. Melon. Germ. Die Melone. Span. Melon almizclefio.

Hirsute and roughish. Root annual. Stem 5.to 8 or 10 feet long, sparingly
branched; tendrils simple. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and rather wider than
long; petioles 2 to 3 inches inlength. Fiowers axillary, on short peduncles.
Corolla yellow. Fruit 4 to 6 or 8 inches in diameter, often longitudinally ridged
(torulose),—the flesh, when mature, yellowish, succulent, and of a saccharine
spicy flavor. Gardens, and Lots: cultivated. Native of Asia. Fl. June—
July. Fr. August.

7

Obs. The frutt of this—of which there are several varieties—is a
great favorite with many persons,—and it is often cultivated, in
Pennsylvania; but the best specimens are grown in the warm
sandy soil of New Jersey, and the Southern States.

2. C. sativus, ZL. Stem procumbent; leaves subcordate and angu-
late-lobed, the terminal lobe prominent ; fruit oblong, obscurely and
obtusely trigonous, scabrous when young, finally smoothish. DC.
Prodr. 3. p. 300. Fl. Cestr. p. 552.

Cuttivatep Cucumis. Vu/gd3—Cucumber.
F. Le Concombre. Germ. Die Gurke. Span. Pepino.

Rough and hispid. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 feet long, somewhat
branching ; tendrils simple. Leaves 3 to'5 or 6 inches long, and nearly as wide
as long, somewhat 5-angled and lobed; petioles 2 to 4 inchesin length. Flowers
axillary, on short peduncles; corolla yellow. Fruit 6 to 12 inches long and2 to
_ 3inches in diameter, rough with bristle-pointed tubercles when young, smoothish
and tawny yellow when mature. Gardens, and Lois: cultivated. Native of
. Tartary and the East. Fl. June—September. Fr. August—October.

Obs. Known to every one,—and universally cultivated for the
young or green fruit. The young fruit (sometimes called Gherkins)
is much used for Pickles. In the Middle States, the popular time
for planting the seeds, is “ the first day of May, before sunrise.”

3. C. Ancuria, L. Stem prostrate, slender; leaves palmate-lobed
and -sinuate, cordate at base; fruit sub-globose or oval, echinate.
DC. Prodr. 3. p. 301. Fl. Cestr. p. 553.

Vulgée—Prickly Cucumber. Jerusalem Cucumber.

* WILLDENOW seems to have had a high opinion of its value, in domestic
economy. Under the head of “ Usus.” he mentions “ Lagenae, cochlearia, infun-
dibula, pilet, innumeraque alia utensiiia? It might serve all these purposes, in a
primitive state of society ; but our people have generally got rather past that.

CUCURBITACEAE 59

Hirsute. Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, branching; tendrils simple.
Leaves 3 or 4 inches in length, deeply sinuate-lobed ; petioles 1 or 2 inches long.
Flowers greenish yellow, on short axillary peduncles. Fruit usually about an
inch and half long, oval, muricate, green. Gardens: cultivated. Native of
Jamaica. Fl. July—August. Fr. September.

Obs. Occasionally cultivated for the young frutt,—which is used
for Pickles.

63. CITRULLUS. Neck. Endl. Gen. 5131.

[From Citrus, an Orange; the pulp being of an Orange red.]
Calyx deeply 5-cleft,—the segments linear-lanceolate. Petals 5,
connected at base, adnate to the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 5,
inserted on the base of the corolla, triadelphous. Style cylindric,
trifid; st¢gmas convex, reniform-cordate. Fruit sub-globose, fleshy,
the placentae mostly very succulent. Seeds numerous, colored,
obovate-oblong, compressed, truncate at base and obtuse on the
margin. . ,

1. C. vutearis, Schrad. Stem prostrate, rather slender; leaves
somewhat 5-lobed, the lobes obtusely sinuate-pinnatifid, bluish glau-
cous beneath; flowers solitary, pedunculate, with a single bract;
fruit globose or oval, very smooth, stellate-maculate. Walp. Repert.
2. p. 199.

Cucumis Citrullus, Ser. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 301. Fl. Cestr. p. 553.
Common Cirrutius.. Vulgd—Water Melon.
Fr. Melon d’eau. Germ. Die Wasser Melone. Span. Sandia.

Plant hairy. Root annual. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet long, angular, somewhat
branching; tendrils branched. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, ovate in their
outline ; petioles 2 to 3 inches long, generally erect. Flowers axillary, on hairy
peduncles an inch or more in length. Corolla pale greenish yellow. Frutt 10
to 20 inches long, globose er oval, with a firm fleshy rind, and, when mature,
with a tender sweet watery pulp within which is usually purple or reddish
orange-colored (sometimes nearly white). Seeds black or purplish brown.
Gardens, and fields: cultivated. Native of India, and Africa, Fl, June—Aug.
Fr. August—September.

Oés. This plant—so well known for its delicious fruit—is exten-
sively cultivated,—but succeeds best in the sandy soils along the At-
lantic coast, or on the alluvial banks of our Western waters.—There

is a nearly allied plant, often seen in gardens, which bears a consi-
derably: different fruit—known by the name of “ Citroz,’? the firm
rind of whichis used in making “‘ Sweet meats” or Preserves. The
flesh is very firm, and the centre does not become red, tender-nor
watery, like the common Water Melon: yet the whole aspect of the
plant, and external appearance of the fruit, so closely resemble this
species, that I suppose it may be nothing more than a warvéty :
perhaps the var. Pasteca, Ser. DC.

64. CUCURBITA. ZL. Endl. Gen. 5138.
[The Latinized Celtic name for a Gourd or hollow vessel; applied to this genus.]
Corolla campanulate,—the petals coalesced with each other and
with the calyx. Sraminate Fx: Calyx hemispherical-campanulate:
Stamens 5, triadelphous and syngenesious; anthers straight and
parallel, with the base and apex abruptly curved. Pisti~uate FL.
Calyz obovoid-clavate, contracted to a neck above the ovary, always
circumscissed below the limb after flowering. Stigmas 3, thick,

60 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Q-lobed. Fruit fleshy, or sometimes becoming subligneous. Seeds
white, convexly compressed, obovate, the margin scarcely tumid.
Stems procumbent. Leaves cordate.

1. C. Pero, Z. Leaves obtusely cordate, somewhat 5-lobed; fruit
subglobose oblong or clavate, smooth, always fleshy. DC. Prodr.
3. p. 317. Fl. Cestr. p. 555.

Vulgo—Pumpkin. Fr. La grosse Citrouille. Potiron.

Rough and hispid. Root annual. Stem 10 to 20 or 30 feet long, sparingly
branched; tendrils branched. Leaves 9 to 15 or 18 inches in length; petioles 3 to 6
or 8 inches long. Flowers yellow, large, axillary,—the staminate ones often soli-
tary on a long peduncle. Fruit of various forms, sizes and colors,—the flesh of
the rind usually yellow, the cavity loosely filled with a yellow stringy pulp.—
Fields, and Lots: cultivated (usually with Indian Corn, in Pennsylvania). Native
of the East. Fl. July. Fr. October.

Obs. Extensively cultivated for its fruit,—of which there are

many varieties ; some of them attaining to an enormous size (2 feet
or more in diameter),—but these are not so valuable. The better
sorts are often used at table,—affording the celebrated Pumpkin Pie
of New England; and the coarser varieties are esteemed for feeding
Stock. When growing in the immediate vicinity of Sqwashes, the
fruit of this species is liable to be converted into a Hybrid, of little
or no value. Ihave had a crop of Pumpkins totally spoiled, by in-
advertently planting Squashes among them,—the fruit becoming
very hard and warty—unfit for the table, and unsafe to give to
cattle. ;
2. C. Metorepo, LZ. Leaves subcordate, somewhat 5-angled; fruit
mostly orbicular and much depressed, or clypeate, with the margin
often tumid and torulose, at first fleshy, finally subligneous. DC.
Prodr. 3. p. 317. Fl. Cestr. p. 555.

Vuigo—Round Squash. Cymling. Fr. Bonnet de Prétre. Pastisson.

Hirsute. Root annual. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet long, somewhat branching;
tendrils branched,—sometimes transformed or developed into imperfect leaves.
Leaves 6 or 8 inches long; petioles as long as the leaves. Flowers yellow, rather
large, pedunculate. Fruit of various colors (mostly yellow, pale green, or mot-
tled), smooth or sometimes Warty,—the rind finally hard and woody, containing a
loose stringy pulp. Fields, and Gardens: cultivated. Native country uncertain.
Fil. July. Fr. October.

Obs. Cultivated for the young fruit,—which is generally esteemed,
as a vegetable sauce. There are numerous varteties of the fruit—
and of various qualities. There is also a kind of stunted variety of
the plant, with a short bushy stem, which is often a prolific bearer.

3. C. verrucosa, L. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the ‘middle lobe nar-
rowed at base; fruit elliptic-oblong, or clavate and often arcuate,
verrucose. DC. Prodr. 3. p.317. Fl. Cestr. p. 556. Also? C.sub-
verrucosa. Willd. DC.l.c.

Warty Cucursita, Vulgo—Warted Squash. Long-necked Squash.

Hirsute. Root annual. Stem 10 to 15 feet long, somewhat branching; tendrils
branched. -Leaves 8 to 10 inches long; petioles nearly as long as the leaves.
Flowers yellow, rather large. Fruit varying from oblong to obovoid and clavate,
often much elongated and curved, rough with warts or obtuse tubercles, and of
various colors, or shades, from yellow to green and white, finally hard and sub-
ligneous or bony. Lots, and Gardens: cultivated. Native country unknown.
Fi. July. Fr. October.

CUCURBITACEAE 61

Obs. Cultivated as the preceding (to which it is nearly allied),—
and for the same purposes. Both species are apt to produce worth-
less Hybrids among Pumpkins, when growing near them; and
therefore should never be planted in their immediate vicinity.

ORDER LXV. SAXIFRAGACEAE. Juss. DC.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate. Inflorescence
various, often cymose. Sepals 4 or 5, persistent, more or less connected with
each other, and often more or less adherent to the ovary. Petals as many as the
sepals—rarely wanting. Stamens as many—or more commonly twice as many
(rarely fewer, or 3 or 4 times as many)—as the petals, and inserted with them
into the throat of the calyx. Ovaries mostly 2 (sometimes 3 or4), usually coher-
ing at base and distinct at summit. Fruit capsular, mostly with septicidal de-
hiscence. Seeds numerous; embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen.

An unimportant Order, to the Agriculturist,—though some species of Hydran-
gea and Philadelphus are admired, and cultivated, as Ornamental Shrubs.

SUB-ORDER I. SAXIFRAGEAE. DC. Torr. § Gr.

Herbs. Petals imbricated in aestivation. Capsule (when the carpels are united) .
either 2-celled with the placentae in the axis, or 1-celled with parietal placentae.

65. SAXIFRAGA. L. Endl. Gen. 4634.
[Latin, Saxwm, a rock, and frangere, to break; the plant often growing in clefts
of rocks.]

Calyz 5-parted, often adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 5,
entire. Stamens mostly 10 (rarely 5). Capsule usually 2-beaked,—
or rather consisting of 2 acuminate connate carpels, opening between
the diverging beaks. Radical leaves usually rosulate ; cawline ones
mostly alternate.

1. §. Pennsytvanica, Z. Leaves all radical, oblanceolate or oval,
rather acute, obsoletely denticulate, tapering at base to a broad
margined petiole; scape leafless, striate, pubescent; cymes in an
oblong panicle ; flowers pedicellate ; petals linear-lanceolate, scarcely
twice as long as the calyx; ovary nearly free. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N.
A. 1. p. 571. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 39. Fl. Cestr. p. 270.

PENNSYLVANIAN SaxiFraGe. Vulgo—Tall Saxifrage.

Root perennial, with coarse fibres. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, thin and
smoothish, somewhat ciliate. Scape 2 to 3-{occasionally 4 or 5) feet high, rather
stout, sulcate-striate. Cymes at first in conglomerate heads—finally rather
loose, in an oblong open panicle 12 to 18 inches in length,—the branches glan-
dular-pubescent and somewhat viscid. Petals greenish yellow, small. Stamens
persistent; anthers orange-colored with a tinge of purple. Seeds angular, dark
brown. Swampy meadows, and low grounds: Canada to Virginia and Ohio.
Fl. May. Fr. July. ~

Obs. Thére are numerous species of Sazifrage on this continent
(a white-flowered one,—viz. S. Virginiensis, Mz. is very common
on rocky banks, in the wood-lands of the middle States): But this is
the only one which, by its size, and frequent occurrence in wet
meadows, is likely to attract the notice of the farmer. It is a mere
weed ; but not difficult to get rid of, by draining and proper attention.

The Hewchera Americana, L. or Alwm-root—a plant belonging to
this order—is frequent along fence-rows and borders of rich wood-
lands,—and its astringent root has been of some notoriety as an I7-
dian remedy for cancerous sores: But it is scarcely of sufficient pro-
minence, on the farm, to command the attention of the Agriculturist.

6 i

62 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

ORDER LXVII. UMBELLIFERAE. Juss.

Herbs. Stems often fistular and furrowed. Leaves alternate, simple but gener-
ally much dissected,—the petioles more or less sheathing or dilated at base.
Fiowers in umbels ; umbels mostly compound and involucrate. Calyx intirely
adherent to the surface of the 2-carpelled ovary; the limb reduced to. a mere
border or to 5 small teeth. Petals 9, Hiatinet, with inflected points, inserted to-
gether with the 5 stamens on a disk which crowns the ovary. Ovary 2-celled,
with a solitary suspended ovule in each cell or carpel: Styles 2,—their bases
often united and thickened {forming a Stylopedium). Fruit dry, consisting of 2
single-seeded indehiscent akene-like carpeds (called Mericarps, by DC.), which
adhere by their faces (or commissure) to a slender common axis (Carpophore),—
at length separating from each other, and suspended from the summit of the
axis or Carpophore: the Carpels are usually marked with a-definite number of
longitudinal ribs (juga), which are sometimes dilated into wings; the intervals
or channels between the ribs—as also the commissure—often contain, within
the pericarp and parallel with the ribs, one cr more linear receptacles of aro-
matic oil,—which receptacles are called Vittae or fillets. Seed usually coherent
with the carpel; embryo minute, at the base of horny albumen. *

This large and important Order comprises about 200 genera,—and is remarka-
ble for the aromatic and generally harmless character of the fruit—while the
herbage (including root, stem and leaves,) is often highly deleterious. The spe-
cles best known on the farm, and in the kitchen-garden, are here noticed.
Some medicinal gums are furnished by this Order,—such as Asafoetida, Galba-
num, and perhaps Ammoniac.

SUB-ORDER I. ORTHOSPERMAE. DC.

Inner face of the seed and albumen straight and flat or plane (i. e. neither invo-
lute at the sides, nor incurved from base to apex).

A. Carpels few-ribbed : t.¢. with primary ribs only.
TRIBE IV. AMMINEAE. Koch.

Fruit laterally compressed or didymous. Carpels with 5 equal filiform or some-
umes slightly winged ribs,—the lateral ones marginal. Vitiae various.

t Calyx with the limb dentate.
66. CICUTA. ZL. Endl. Gen. 4891.

[A Latin name for the hollow stem, or internodes, of plants; applied to this genus.]

Calyx with 5 acuminate segments. Petals roundish-obcordate by
the inflection of the apex. Fruit roundish. Stylopodium depressed.
Carpels with 5 flattish equal ribs. Channels filled with single vittae.
Commissure with 2 vittae. Carpophore 2-parted. Involucre 0 or
few-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. Sub-aquatic herbs. Stem
terete, smooth, fistular. Leaves tripinnately or triternately dissected.

1. C. macutata, LZ. Stem spotted or streaked; leaves bi- or tri-
ternately divided,—the segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate ;
umbels terminal and axillary. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 610.
DC. Prodr. 4. p. 99. Fl. Cestr. p. 185.

Spottep Cicuta. Vulgd—Spotted Cow-bane. "Water Hemlock.

* The longitudinal ribs, on the carpels, are distinguished into primary and se-
condary. The primary ones (10 in number on the 2 carpels—or 5 on each,) are
pretty constant and more or less conspicuous,—representing the mtdribs and
sutures (or lines of junction) of the 5 sepals, which, by their union, form the
tube of the calyx and coat of the fruit. The 5 ribs which correspond with the
midribs of the 5 sepals, are termed carinal ribs, and their extension at apex
forms the 5 calyx-teeth: the 5 which represent the swtwres of the sepals, are
called sutural ribs,—and they, of course, terminate at the sinuses between the
calyx-teeth. Alternating with these primary ribs, there is sometimes a develop-
ment of secondary ones,—which Prof. De CANDOLLE regards as representing
lateral nerves (i. €. one On each side of the midrib) of the united sepals. These
ribs and vittae, together with the form or manner of compression of the fruit,
afford important aid in determining the generic character of the plants of this re-
markably natural family.

UMBELLIFERAE 63

Root perennial with thick oblong fleshy fibres. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, branch-
ing, dark purple, or striate with green and purple or brown. Leaves smooth,—
the lower ones on rather long petioles, triternately dissected with the terminal
division mostly in fives; segments or leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, petiolulate,
penninerved,—the nerves (as remarked by Dr. BicELow,) running: to the notches
of the serratures instead of the points. Umbels spreading; rays slender. IJnvo-
lucre 0 or 1 or 2 linear leaflets. Involucels of Sor 6 small lance-linear leaflets.
Petals white. Fruit nearly round; ribs rather broad; channels reddish brown
or dark purple, filled with aromatic oily matter. Swampy grounds, and mar-
gins of rivulets: throughout the U. States. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. The mature fruit of this plant has a strong anisate odof.
The root is an active poison; and the. lives of children, and others,
are often endangered and sometimes destroyed by eating it, in mis-
take for that of the Sweet Cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis, DC.)\—
an aromatic plant of the same natural family. The herbage is also
said to be destructive to Cattle, when eaten by them: all which
goes to show the propriety of possessing sufficient Botanical know-
ledge to be able to identify the plant—and likewise the necessity of
extirpating it from all meadows and pastures.

t ¢ Calyx with the limb obsolete.
67. APIUM. .Hoffm. Endl. Gen. 4393.

[From the Celtic, Apon, water; near which it naturally grows.]
Petals roundish, with a small inflexed apex. Frat roundish. Sty-
lopodiwm depressed. Carpels with 5 filiform equal ribs. Channels
With single vzttae, the outer ones often with 2 or 3 vzttae. Carpo-
phore undivided. Involucre0. Envalucels 0. Stems sulcate. Leaves
pinnately dissected.

1. A. craveotens, L. var. dulce, DC. Lower leaves on very long
petioles; segments cuneate, lobed and incised-dentate at apex. DC.
Prodr.4.p.101. Fl. Cestr. p. 187.

Srrone-scentepD Aprium. Vulgd—Celery.
Fr. Céleri. Germ. Der Celeri. Span. Apio hortense.

Whole plant glabrous. Root biennial, fusiform. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branch-
ing. Radical leaves on stout succulent channelled petioles 6 to 12 inches or more
in length; and which are green, or often purplish, when not artificially blanched ;
stem leaves on short petioles. Umbels terminal and axillary,—the axillary ones
often subsessile ; rags unequal, spreading. Petals greenish white. Fruit nearly
orbicular. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. This is much cultivated for the sake of the succulent spicy
petioles of the radical leaves, —which are used asa salad: But in
order to be rendered palatable—or even eatable—they require to be
blanched or etvolated by the exclusion of light,—which is usually ef-
fected by planting in trenches and covering them with earth. The
war. rapaceum, DC. or Turnep-rooted Celery, is also cultivated,—
though not so commonly.

68. PETROSELINUM. Hoffm: Endl. Gen. 4394.

[Greek, Petra, rock, and Selinum ; Rock Selinum,—from its native habitat.]
_Petals roundish, incurved, scarcely emarginate by the inflection of
the narrow apex. Fruit ovate. Stylopodium conical, short. Car-
pels with 5 equal ribs. Channels with single vittae. Commissure
with 2 wittae. Carpophore 2-parted. Involucre few-leaved. In-
volucels many-leaved. Stems somewhat angular. Leaves decom-
pound. :

64 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

1. P. sativum, Hoffm. Segments of the lower leaves cuneate-ovate,
trifid and incised-dentate,—of the upper ones linear-lanceolate and
nearly entire; involucels subulate. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 102. Fi.
Cestr. p. 188.

CuttivaTEeD PetroseLinum. Vzulgo—Parsley.

Fr. Persil. Germ. Die Petersilie. Span. Perexil.

Plant smooth. Root biennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, striate with green and
yellowish stripes, branched. Leaves shining green, the lower ones much dis-
sected. Umbels terminal and axillary, pedunculate. Involucre of a single leaflet
(or sometimes 2 or 8), linear. Involucels of 5 or 6 short subulate leaflets. Petals
greenish white. Fruit ovate. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Eastern Europe.
Fl. June. Fr. August.

Obs. Cultivated for the pleasant-flavored leaves which are used
in culinary processes. The root has long been a popular diuretic.
The var. crispum, or Curled Parsley—with the segments of the
lower leaves broader, and curled on the margin—is also frequent in
kitchen gardens.

69. CARUM. Koch. Endl. Gen. 4406.

[Said to be derived from Caria,—the native country of the plant.]
Petals regular, obovate, emarginate by the inflection of the apex.
Stylopodium depressed; styles deflected. Fruit ovate or oblong.
Carpels with 5 filiform equal ribs. Channels with single vtttae.
Commissure with 2 vittae. Carpophore free, bifid at apex. Invo-
lucre and Involucels various—sometimes 0. Stems striate, smooth.
Leaves pinnately dissected; segments multifid.

1. C. Carvi, Z. Leaves somewhat bipinnatifid, the segments
linear; involucre 1-leaved or 0; involucels 0. DC. Prodr. 4. p.
115. Fl. Cestr. p. 188.

Carian Carum. Vulgs—Common Caraway.
Fr. Carvi. Germ. Gemeiner Kuemmel. Spanx. Alcaravéa.

Root biennial? (perennial, DC.), fusiform. Stem about 2 feet hgh, branched.
Radical leaves rather large ;_ stem leaves multifid, the segments filiform. Petals
white. Frutt oblong or elliptic, often oblique at apex. Gardens: cultivated.
Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. August.

Obés. This is sometimes cultivated for its highly aromatic frwit,—
which is used to impart a flavor to cakes, and other articles of cookery.

TRIBE V. SESELINEAE. Koch.

Fruit terete—1. e. a transverse section of it nearly orbicular. Carpels with 5
filiform or winged ribs,—of which the lateral ones are marginal, and equal
with, or a little broader than, the others.

70. FOENICULUM. Adans. Endl. Gen. 4425.

[Latin, diminutive of Foenum, hay ; from a resemblance in its odor.]
Calyz with the limb a little tumid, the teeth obsolete. Petals oval,
entire, involute, with a broadish retuse apex. Frwit elliptic-oblong,
subterete. Stylopodiwm conical. Carpels with 5 obtuse keeled
ribs,—of which the lateral ones are marginal, and often a little
broader. Channels with single vittae. Commissure with 2 vittae.
Involucre and Involucels 0. Biennial or perennial. Stems terete,
“Sieg Leaves decompound, pinnately dissected, the segments

inear.

UMBELLIFERAE 65

1. F. vuteare, Gaertn. Segments of the leaves subulate-linear,
elongated; umbels many-rayed. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 142. Fl. Cestr.
p- 191. .
Common Fornicutum. Vulgo—Fennel. Garden Fennel.

Fr. Fenouil. Germ. Der Fenchel. Span. Hinojo.

Plant smooth. Root perennial? (biennial, DC.). Stem 4 to 5 or 6 feet high,
branching, striate-grooved, purplish-green and somewhat glaucous. Leaves
large, finely and somewhat biternately dissected ; segments an inch to an inch
and half long, almost filiform,—the subdivisions often dichotomous: common
petioles much dilated, sheathing, produced into 2 marginal lobes at summit.
Umbels of 15 to 20 or 30 unequal rays. Petals yellow. Carpels semi-terete,
Striately ribbed and grooved. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. | Fi.
July. Fr. September.

Oés. The whole plant is highly aromatic. Those who kept Bees,
in former years, were much in the practice, when those insects
swarmed, of rubbing the inside of the Bee-hive with this fragrant
herb,—under the. impression that the odor would attach them to their
new domicil. It is chiefly cultivated for its aromatic frutt,—which
is occasionally used in domestic economy ; and is sometimes smofed,
like tobacco, as a popular remedy for cholic.

TRIBE VII. PEUCEDANEAE. DC.

Fruit dorsally and more or less flatly compressed, surrounded with a single di-
lated entire smooth margin,—which is flattened or slightly convex, but not
thickened at the edge. Carpels with 5 filiform {or rarely winged) ribs,—of which
the lateral ones are contiguous to the dilated margin or united with it.

71. ARCHEMORA. DC. Endl. Gen. 4472.
_ [Named from Archemorus,—who died from eating Parsley. DC.]

Calyz 5-toothed. Petals obcordate by the inflection of the acumi-
nate apex. Frwtt elliptic-ovate, convex or lenticularly compressed.
Stylopodium conical, broad at base. Carpels with 5 equidistant
obtuse ribs,—the lateral ones dilated into a flattish thin-edged mar-
gin. Chanuels filled by single vittae. Commissure with 2 or more
wittae. Carpophore 2-parted. Involucre 0 or few-leaved. Invo-
lucels many-leaved. Stem terete, striate. Leaves pinnately or
ternately dissected,—the segments or leaflets entire or sparingly
toothed near the apex. ;

1. A. n1gipa, DC. Leaves pinnately dissected,—the segments in 3
to 5 pairs with a terminal odd one, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, very
entire or remotely incised-dentate near the apex; umbels terminal
and subterminal, on long peduncles. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p.
631. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 188. Fl. Cestr. p. 195.

Ricip on sTIFF ARCHEMORA. Vulgd—Cow-bane. Wild Parsnep.

Whole plant smooth. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, rather slen-
der, sparingly branched above. Leaves all simply pseudo-pinnate ; common
petioles 1 to 5 or 6 inches long, channelled and somewhat margined: leaflets or
segments 2 to 3 or 4 inches long,—varying from linear to ovate-lanceolate and
cuneate-oblong, often a little falcate. -Umbels about 3, on rather long sulcate-..
striate peduncles. Involucre 0, or sometimes of 2 or 3 lance-linear leaflets. In-
volucels of 6 or 8 subulate-linear leaflets. Petals white. Channels filled to con-
vexity by the dark purple vitiae. Commissure a little concave, lined with a
white suberose coat. Swampy meadows, and low grounds: New York to
Louisiana. Fl. August. Fr. October.

6*

66 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Obs. This is reputed to be an active poison,—particularly to horned
Cattle, when eaten by them; and therefore every farmer is interested
in knowing the plant, and causing it to be eradicated from his mea-
dows and pastures. It varies somewhat in its features; but the
above is a descriptlon of its usual form, in Pennsylvania.

72. PASTINACA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 4473.

[Latin, Pastus, a repast or nourishment; from the use made of the root.]
Calyz-teeth minute or obsolete. Petals orbicular, involute, retuse
by the inflection of the broadish apex. Fruit oval, flatly compressed,
with a dilated flat margin. Stylopodiwm depressed, peltate. Car-
pels with 5 very slender ribs,—3 of them dorsal and equidistant—
the other 2 remote, contiguous to the margins. Channels with.
single conspicuous wittae. Commisswre with 2 or more vittae.
Carpophore 2-parted. Involucre mostly 0. Involucels 0, or few-
leaved. Stem suleate, smooth. Leaves pinnately dissected,—the
leaflets incised-dentate or lobed.

1. P. sativa, Z. Leaves minutely pubescent; leaflets in 3 or 4
pairs with a terminal odd one, ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, incised-
dentate, sessile,— the terminal one 3-lobed and petiolulate; umbels
large, spreading, fastigiate; fruit emarginate. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N.
A. 1. p. 632. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 188. Fl. Cestr. p. 196.

CuttivatTep Pastinaca. Vulgé—Parsnep. Garden parsnep.
Fr. Panais potager. Germ. Die Pastinake. Span. Chirivia.

Plant yellowish green. Root biennial, fusiform, Range and fleshy. Stem 3 to 5
feet high, rather stout, furrowed and fistular, somewhat branching. Leaflets 2
to 4 inches long (the primary leaves, of the young plant, orbicular-cordate and
incisely crenate). Umbels nearly level on the top. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals
yellow, small, with the apex incurved or rolled in. Fruit thin or very flatl

compressed on the back. ibs filiform; channels greenish yellow; vittae dark
purple, generally linear, sometimes a little clavate. Gardens: cultivated. Na
tive of Europe. Fi. June—August. Fr. August—October.

Obs. Generally cultivated for its fine esculent root,—which, in the
best varietzes (such as that called the “ Guernsey Parsnep”’), is re-
markably rich and marrow-like. The plant produces many seeds,
and is apt to stray from the garden into the fields,—where it speedily
degenerates, and, if neglected, becomes a troublesome unsightly weed.

B. Carpels many-ribbed: 1%. ¢. with the secondary ribs prominently
developed.

TRIBE XII. DAUCINEAE. Koch.

Fruit lenticularly compressed on the back, or sometimes nearly orbicular on a
transverse section. Carpels with the 5 primary ribs filiform and bristly—the
lateral ones on the commissure,—the 4 intervening secondary ribs more prominent,
extended into prickles, which are either distinct or united at base into a wing.

73. DAUCUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 4497.
[Daukos, the ancient Greek name of the Carrot.]
Calyx 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emarginate by the inflection of
the acuminate apex,—those on the margin of the umbel often larger
than the others, and obcordate or bifid. Frat ovoid-oblong, some-
what dorsally compressed. Stylopodiwm depressed, thickish. Car-
pels with the 5 primary ribs filiform and minutely bristly,—of which

UMBELLIFERAE 67

ribs 3 are on the back of the carpel, and 2 on the commissure: the
4 secondary ribs equal, prominently winged, and each pectinately
cleft into a single row of prickles. Channels with single vittae
under the secondary ribs. Carpophore free, entire. Involucre
many-leaved ; leaflets pinnatifid. Involucels many-leaved; leaflets
trifid or entire. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnately dissected.

1. D. Carota, LZ. Stem hispid; leaves 2- 3-pinnatifid; segments
pinnatifid, the lobes lanceolate and cuspidate; leaflets of the invo-
lucre nearly as long as the umbel; prickles about equal to the
diameter of the oblong-oval fruit. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 635.
DC. Prodr. 4. p. 211. Fl. Cestr. p. 197.

Carnot Daucus. Vulgd—Carrot. Wild Carrot.
Fr. Carotte. Germ. Die Moehre. Spanx. Zanahoria.

Plant greyish green, hispidly pilose. Root biennial, fusiform, yellowish or
orange-colored. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, rather slender, terete, sulcate-striate,
branching. Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid; segments half an inch to an inch
long, much incised. Umbels on long peduncles or naked branches, nearly level
on the top when in flower—concave when in fruit. Petals white or ochroleu-
cous—occasionally with a purplish tinge,—the central floret of the umbel often
abortive, with fleshy dark purple petals. Fruit bi hispid,—the prickles on
the secondary ribs somewhat barbed. Gardens, fields and road sides: intro-
pede Native of Europe, and the East. F7. July—September. Fr. September—

ctober.

Oés. The var. sativa, DC. or common Garden Carrot,—with a
large fleshy yellow or reddish orange-colored root,—is much culti-
vated as a culinary vegetable, for soups, &c. In Europe, it is highly
esteemed as a food for Milk Cows, and other stock, during winter ;
but in this country, the root eultwre, for such objects, is but little
attended to,—probably less than it ought to be. The wild variety
is extensively naturalized,—and threatens to become a troublesome
pest, on our farms. When it gets on the premises of a careless
slovenly farmer, it soon multiplies so as to become a source of an-
noyance to the whole neighborhood. It should be diligently eradi-
cated before it matures its seeds.

SUB-ORDER II. CAMPYLOSPERMAE. DC.
Inner face of the seed and albumen involute at the sides—forming a longitudinal
groove.

OS" Fruit with primary ribs only.
TRIBE XVI. SMYRNIEAE. Koch.

Fruit turgid, often laterally compressed or contracted. Carpels with 5 ribs,—

the lateral ones marginal, or placed in front of or opposite the margin—some-

times nearly obliterated.

74. CONIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 4532.

[An ancient name, of obscure etymology.]
Calyx with the limb obsolete. Petals obeordate by the inflection of
the short acuminate apex. Fruit ovate, compressed or contracted
at the sides. Stylopodium dilated at base. Carpels with 5 promi-
nent equal ribs which are undulate-crenulate when immature,—the
lateral ones marginal. Channels striate, without vittae. Carpo-
phore bifid at apex. Seed with a deep narrow longitudinal groove
on its face. Involucre few-leaved. Involucels dimidiate or one-
sided, about 3-leaved.

68 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

1. C. macuntatum, DL. Stem terete, spotted; leaves. tripinnately
dissected,—segments lanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes acute and often
incised; leaflets of the involucels lanceolate, shorter than the um-
bellets. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 640. DCO. Prodr. 4. p. 242,
Fi. Cestr. p. 201. Icon. Fl. Lond. 1.

Spottep Contum. Valgo—Common Hemlock. .
Fr. Cigué ordinaire. Germ. Der Schierling. Span. Ceguda.

Plant smooth, deep bluish green, and sometimes glaucous. Root biennial,
fusiform, whitish and fleshy. Stem 2 to 4 (sometimes 6 or 8) feet high, fistular,.
branched, somewhat sulcate, streaked with green and yellow and often spotted
with dark purple. Common petioies dilated, nerved, with scarious margins. Petals
white. Fruit soniewhat gibbous. Carpels with the ribs wavy, especially while
young,—the faces inclining to separate between the base and apex (i. e. some-
what eoelospermous), when mature. Waste places: introduced. Native of
Europe. Fi. June—July.. Fr. September.

Obs. This foreigner is partially naturalized in many places,— and
being a powerful narcotic poison, it ought to be known by every
person on whose premises it may occur. The plant when bruised
emits a disagreeable odor. The eztract was formerly celebrated as
a remedy in scrophulous disease; and, like the generality of poisons,
it may no doubt prove medicinal, when judiciously and skilfully

employed.
SUB-ORDER III. COELOSPERMAE. DC.

Inner face of the seed and albumen transversely concave—or with the base
and apex curved towards each other.

TRIBE XVII. CORIANDREAE.. Koch.

Fruit globose,—or the carpels subglobose and didymous: primary ribs depressed
and flexuous or nearly obsolete ; the secondaryones more prominent; all wingless.

' 75. CORIANDRUM. Hoffm. Endl. Gen. 4549.

[Greek, Koris, a bug; the bruised leaves having the odor of a bed-bug.]
Calyz 5-toothed,—the teeth conspicuous, unequal, persistent. Petals
obcordate by the inflection of the acuminate apex,—those on the
margin of the umbel larger and bifid. Stylopodiwm conical. Car-
pels cohering, scarcely separating,—each with 5 undulate depressed
primary ribs, of which the lateral ones are placed in front of an ac-
cessory margin; the 4 secondary ribs more prominent and keeled.
Channels without vittae. Commissure with 2 vittae. Carpophore
free in the middle, semibifid, adnate at base and apex. Jnvoluere
1-leaved or 0. JInvolucels dimidiate, about 3-leaved.

1. C. sativum, L. Leaves bipinnately dissected,—segments of the
lower ones broad-cuneate, incised-dentate,—of the upper ones nar-
row and linear; carpels hemispherical. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 250. Fl.
Cestr. p. 202.

CuLTIvATED Cor1anDRUM. Velgd—Coriander.

Fr.*Coriandre. Germ. Der Koriander. Span. Cilantro.

Plant smooth. Root annual (sometimes biennial, DC.). Stem 1 to 2 feet high,
slender, striate, somewhat branched at summit. Umbels 3 to 5-rayed. Umbellets
of numerous short unequal rays. Petals white—tinged with red before expand-
ing. Carpels very concave on the face, cohering by their margins so as to form
apparently a simple globose fruit. Commissure with 2 linear-lanceolate vittae
in a loose membrane which covers the face of the seed. Gardens: cultivated.
Native of Tartary and the East. Fl. June—July. Fr. August—September.

UMBELLIFERAE 69

Obs. Occasionally cultivated for. its aromatic fruzt,—which. is
used by the pastry Cook and the Confectioner; and also to impart
a flavor to Tinctures, &c. It is said that the Tartars prepare a fa-
vorite potage, from the fresh herd.*

ORDER LXVIII. ARALIACEAE. Juss. Richard.

Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, mostly compound, destitute
of stipules; petioles long, thickened and dilated at base. Flowers mostly umbel-
late—the umbels often paniculate. Calyx adherent to the ovary,—the limb
usually very small, toothed or entire Petals 5 to 10, valvate in aestivation.
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted under the mar-
gin of an epigynous disk. Ovary2 to15-celled (i. e. composed of so many united
earpels), with a solitary suspended ovule in each cell; styles as many as the
cells—sometimes united; stigmassimple. Fruit baccate or drupaceous,—some-
times nearly dry, but the carpels not separating. Embryo short, at the base of
the copious fleshy albumen.

_ Asmall Order. and of little interest to the farmer. The Ivy (Hedera Heliz, L.)
is perhaps the only plant belonging to it, worth mentioning—in addition to those
here noticed,

76. ARALIA. ZL. Endl. Gen. 4558.

[A name of unknown derivation: supposed to be of Canadian origin.]
Flowers mostly perfect. Calyx 5-toothed, or with the limb entire.
Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5, on short filaments. Styles 5,
divaricately spreading, persistent. Berry 5-celled, often torose or
somewhat 5-lobed. Herbs or shrubs,—sometimes prickly. Leaves
mostly decompound.

1. A. Racemosa, L. Stem herbaceous, smooth, divaricately branched;
leaves ternately and quinately decompound ; leaflets cordate-ovate,
acuminate, doubly serrate; racemes axillary, compound, paniculately
umbellulate; involucels small. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 646.
DC. Prodr. 4. p. 258. Fl. Cestr. p. 209.
Racemose Arata. Valgd—Spikenard.

Root perennial, thick, aromatic. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, with spreading and
somewhat dichotomous branches. Leaflets 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, slightly hairy,
mostly petiolulate. Flowers in large umbellulate panicles; peduncles pubescent.
Involucels of several short subulate leaflets. Calyx with 5 small acute teeth.
Petals greenish white. Styles united below; stigmas diverging or recurved.—

Berries small, not torose, dark purple when mature. Rich woodlands: Canada
to Georgia; and in Gardens, cultivated. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. This plant is native in our rich woodlands; but has been
long introduced into Gardens, as a popular medicine. The root, and
berries, infused in alcohol, made a favorite Tincture, in times past,
for those who indulged in the perilous habit of taking such stoma-
chics. There is another species in our woodlands—known by the
name of Sarsaparilla (A. nudicaulis, L.)—which is also a popular
medicine,—and often substituted for the Sarsaparilla of the shops.
Neither of them has much connection with Agriculture: but the
intelligent farmer would doubtless like to know them,—or at least
the usually cultivated species.

77. PANAX. L. Endl. Gen. 4551.
[Greek, Pan, all, and akos, a remedy: an imaginary Panacea, or universal
medicine.]
Flowers poLtyGamous: Calyx turbinate, 5-toothed or the limb

* “Herba recens in deliciis habetur et ex ea jusculum conficitur, undé ubiqué
in hortis Tataricis culta.” DC.%.¢. It would probably require a Tartar palate
to relish soup, prepared with herbage which has the “ odor of a bed-bug” !

at

70 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS

nearly entire. Petals 5. Stamens alternate with and as many as
the petals, inserted with them under the margin of the disk. Styles
2 or 3 (rarely 1). Frutt fleshy, drupaceous or subcoriaceous, didy-
mous and reniform or trigonous-ovoid, 2 or 3-celled. Flowers mostly
in a simple pedunculate terminal umbel.

1. P. QuinqueFotium, ZL. Root fusiform, often branched; leaves
in threes, compound; leaflets mostly in fives, obovate, acuminate,
unequally serrate, petiolulate; peduncle of the umbel rather shorter
than the common petioles; styles 2; fruit succulent, 2-celled, 2-
seeded. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 647. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 252.
Fl. Cestr. p. 181.

FIVE-LEAVED Panax. Vulgd—Ginseng.

Root perennial, 3 to 6 inches long, and about half an inch in diameter, often
forked downwards, whitish, transversely rugose. Stem 9 to 18 inches high
herbaceous, angular, smooth, with a verticil of 3 (rarely 4) petiolate compound
leaves at summit, and a simple erect pedunculate umbel in the centre. Common
petioles 3 or 4 inches long. Leaflets unequal,—the 3 principal ones 3 to 5 inches
long, the lateral ones much smaller. Umbel many-flowered,—the central flowers
often abortive. Petals yellowish green. Ovary compressed, cordate-ovate or
gibbous atbase oneach side Fruit a fleshy drupaceous reniform berry, erowned
with the persistent calyx-teeth and styles, smooth, bright crimson when mature.
Rich woodlands: Northern and Western States. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. The root of this plant is slightly stimulant, and rather plea-
santly aromatic. It has long been, and continues to be, an article
of some importance in our commerce with China: and although it

-has but little to do with Agriculture, it is presumed that a brief de-
scription of a native plant, so abundantly produced in our Western
forests—and so highly prized in the * Celestial Empire’’—will not
be unacceptable.

ORDER. LXIX. CORNACEAE,. DC. Lindl.

Chiefly smail trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly opposite, entire, and destitute of sti-
pules. Flowers in cymes, sometimes clustered into heads and surrounded by
a large petaloid imvolucre. Calyx adherent to the 2-celled ovary,—the limb 4-
toothed. Petals 4, valvate in aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals, and
alternate with them. Styles united into 1. Frwit a 2-celled drupe, crowned with
the persistent calyx-teeth. Seeds solitary, pendulous: embryo nearly the length
of the fleshy albumen.

The genus which gives the name to this small Order, is the only one intitled to
notice, here.

78. CORNUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 4574.
[Latin, Cornu, a horn; from the horny toughness of the wood.]
Calyx 4-toothed,—the teeth minute. Petals oblong, spreading.
Stamens longer than the corolla. Style sub-clavate; stigma obtuse
or capitate. Drupe oval or subg!obose, with a 2 or 3-celled nut.
0S> Flowers capitate, with a 4-leaved Involucre.

1. C. rroripa, L. Arborescent; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate ;
involucre large,—the petaloid leaves obcordate or with a callous
notch at apex; drupes oval. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 652. DC.
Prodr. 4. p. 273. Fl. Cestr. p. 106. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 1. tab. 48.

FLowerine Cornus. Vulgd—Dogwood. Common Dogwood.

Stem 15 to 20 (sometimes 30 or 40) feet high, and 3 or 4 to6 or 8 inches in diam-
eter, much branched,—the young branches opposite or often verticillate in fours.

CORNACEAE 71

Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, pilose with short appressed hairs, glancous beneath.
Flowers in terminal capitate clusters; involwcre about 3 inches in diameter,—the
leaves in opposite pairs, white or sometimes tinged with purple. Corolla green-
ish yellow. Drupe bright red when mature. Woodlands: Canada to Louisiana.
Fl. May. Fr. October.

Obs. The wood of this small tree is very close-grained and firm,
and valuable for many purposes in Mechanics. The woodman se-
lects it as the best material for wooden wedges. The young straight
stems make good hoops, for the cooper; and the slender verticillate
branches once furnished distaffs for Spinsters,—when that descrip-
tion of females had a practical existence in the eommunity. The
bark is an excellent tonic—almost equaling the Peruvian, in efficacy.
Altogether, it is a valuable, as well as ornamental, little tree. _Ob-
serving farmers have remarked, that the proper time to plant Indian
Corn (Zea Mays, L.) is when the Involucres of the Dogwood are
first developed.

MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS.

ORDER LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Juss. Richard.

Mostly shrubs, often twining. Leaves opposite, mostly without stipules. Calyz
adherent to the ovary,—the limb 5- (rarely 4-) toothed. Corolda tubular or rotate,
regular or irregular. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate
with them—or rarely 1 fewer—inserted into the tube. Ovary mostly 3-celled ;
style long and filiform with a capitate stigma—or 3 to 5 sessile stigmas. Fruit
baccate, or sometimes dry, often 1-celled by abortion. Embryoin the axis of
fleshy albumen. ,

An Order of small importance in Agriculture ; but 1t contains the favorite tribe
of Honeysuckles (Lonicera,) so much admired by the cultivators of flowers.

TRIBE II. SAMBUCEAE. Kunth.

Corolla regular, sub-rotate or rarely somewhat tubular. Stigmas 3 to 5, sessile.
Testa of the seed membranaceous. ;

79. SAMBUCUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3341.

[Greek, Sambuke,a musical instrument; said to have been made of this shrub.]}
Calyz with the limb small, mostly 5-cleft. Corolla: sub-rotate,
mostly 5-lobed; lobes obtuse. Stamens 5, shorter than the corolla.
Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruzt subglobose, baccate, scarcely crowned;
nucules 3 (rarely 5), crustaceous, rugulose, each containing a sus-
pended seed. Shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves odd-pinnately
dissected. Inflorescence cymose or thyrsoid.

1. S. Canavensis, LZ. Stem suffruticose; leaflets oblong-oval, acu-
minate, serrate; flowers in 5-parted spreading cymes. Torr. & Gr,
Fl. N. A. 2. 9.13. DO. Prodr. 4. p. 322. Fl. Cestr. p. 205.

Canapian SampBucus. Vulgd—Elder bush. Common Elder.

Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, finally shrubby, filled with a large pith, branching,
nodose—the young branches tumid atthe nodes. Leaflets usually in 3 pairs wi
a terminal odd one, 2 to 4 inches long, petiolulate. Cymes broad, terminating
young branches, on peduncles 4 to 6 inches long. Corolla white. Berries nu-
merous, small, juicy, dark purple or nearly black when mature. Thickets, and
Fence-rows : throughout the U. States. Fil. June. Fr. August.

72 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Obs. This is a rather troublesome plant, on our farms,—the long
roots being very tenaceous of life, and inclined to spread extensively
along fence-rows and hedges. If neglected, it soon gives the farma
very slovenly appearance. The Viburnums (Black Haw, Snow-Ball,
Tall Cranberry, &c.) belong here; but they are scarcely of sufficient
importance, in any respect, to intitle them to a place in this work.

ORDER LXXII. RUBIACEAE. Juss.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. _ Leaves opposite or verticillate, entire, and furnished with
stipules—which sometimes resemble true leaves. Flowers regular. Calyx-tube
adherent to the ovary, or sometimes almost free,—the limb 4 or 5-cleft or toothed—
occasionally obsolete. Corolla inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube,—the
lobes as many as those of the calyx. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla,
and alternate with them. Ovary mostly 2-celled; styles mostly 2, more or less
united ; stigmas mostly 2, distinct or concrete. Fruit various,—baccate, drupa-
ceous, capsular, or separable into indehiscent carpels. Seeds solitary, few, or
numerous, in each cell: embryo in the axis, or at the extremity, of eopious
fleshy or horny albumen. f

This Order—comprising various Tribes, and nearly 250 Genera—contains
many plants of great value,— though but few of them immediately eoncern
the North American farmer. Among the most important, may be mentioned
the Coffee plant (Coffea Arabica, L. which may yet, possibly, be advantageously
cultivated in Florida, and some other places on our Southern borders)—the Pe-
ruvian Bark (Cinchona officinalis, L.)}—and the Ipecacuanha (Cephaelis Ipecacu-
anha, Rich.). The popular vermifuge called Carolina Pink (Spigelia Marilandica,
L.),and the well-known beautiful and fragrant Cape Jessamine (Gardenia florida,
L.), are also referred to this large Natural Family.

SUB-ORDER I: STELLATAE. R. Br.

Herbs. Leaves apparently verticillate—but probably really opposite,—all except
a single pair being regarded as stipules, because they never have axillary buds.
Fruit of 2 united indehiscent 1-seeded carpels, baccate or dry.

80. RUBIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. $101.

[Latin, Ruber, red,—the color produced by its roots.]
Calyz-tube ovoid-globose,—the limb 4-toothed or obsolete. Corolla
subrotate, 4 or 5-parted. Stamens short. Styles 2, united at base.
Fruit didymous, subglobose, baccate, smooth. Herbaceous or suf-
fruticose. Stems 4-angled, diffusely branching. Leaves opposite—
with 2 or 3 intermediate st¢puwles. resembling leaves,—constituting a
4 to 6 or 8-leaved verticil.

1. R. Trnctorum, LZ. Stem herbaceous, flaccid, aculeate on the
angles; leaves mostly in apparent verticils of six, lanceolate, sub-
petiolate; peduncles axillary, trichotomous; lobes of the corolla
with a callous acumination, but not cuspidate. DC. Prodr. 4. p.
589. Fl. Cestr. p. 103.

Dyers’ Rusia. Veulgo—Madder. Dyers’ Madder.

Fr. LaGarance. Germ. Die Faerber-Roethe. Span. Rubia.

Root perennial, large, reddish brown. Stems procumbent, 3 or 4 feet long,
much branched, pubescent at the joints; angles prominent, sometimes more
than 4, aculeate with short retrorsely curved prickles. Leaves and stipules simi-
lar, 1 to 2 inches long,—the midrib and margins retrorsely aculeate—Flower-

bearing branches axillary, opposite. Corolla brownish yellow, often 5-lobed.
Gardens, and Lots: cultivated. Native of the East. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. This is sometimes cultivated, on a small scale, in Pennsyl-
vania, for the sake of the roots,—which are well known to yield a
valuable red coloring matter : and I understand that a more extended
culture has been tried, and found profitable, in Okio—and perhaps
in some other States.

RUBIACEAE 73

There is a Genus (Galiwm) very nearly allied to this,—of which
one of the numerous species (G. Aparine, L. perhaps a foreigner, )—
known by the name of Cleavers or Goose-grass—occurs frequently
about gardens, and along fences, &c. on the farm: But it is scarcely
of sufficient importance—even as a weed—to require notice, here.

ORDER LXXIV. DIPSACEAE. Vaill. Juss.

Herbs. Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate, sessile, destitute of stipules. Flow-
ers aggregated—mostly in dense involucrate heads. Calyx-tube wholly (or some-
times at summit only) adherent to the ovary,—the limb cup-shaped and entire,
or toothed—or forming a bristly or plumose pappus. Corolla tubular,—the limb
4 or 5-lobed—sometimes ringent or irregular. Stamens mostly 4, distinct or
rarely united in pairs—often unequal. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended
ovule ; style filiform. Fruit membranaceous or akene-like, indehiscent, crowned
with the limb of the calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Embryo nearly the length of the
fleshy albumen.

The Genus which is the type of this small Order, is the only one entitled to
notice, in this work.

TRIBE II. SCABIOSEAE. DC.

Corolla 4 or 5-lobed, not ringent. Stamens 4 or 5, free and nearly equal. Flowers
aggregated on a conic receptacle, with a general Involucre at base,—each floret
embraced by a calyx-like Involwcel, and with a chaffy bract on the lower side.

81. DIPSACUS. Yournef. Endl. Gen. 2191.

[Greek, Dipsao, to thirst; the stem-leaves holding water at their junction.]
Involucre many-leaved, longer than the acuminate subfoliaceous
chaff of the receptacle. Jnwolucel 4-sided, 8-furrowed, closely in-
vesting the ovary and fruit. Calyz-tuwbe adherent to the ovary,—
the /imb minute, cup-shaped or discoid, entire. Corolla with 4 erect
lobes. Stamens 4. Stigma longitudinal. Stout biennials. Stems
angular and prickly. Leaves opposite and often connate at base.
Heads large, oblong,—the florets commencing to expand in a ring
about the muddle of the head, and gradually extending the process
towards base and apex!

1. D. sytvestris, Mill. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, crenate-dentate
and serrate, prickly on the midrib; involucre curved upwards,
longer than the head; chaff of the receptacie straight and flexible.
Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 54. DC. Prodr. A. p. 645. Fl. Cestr.
p. 98. Icon, Fl. Lond. vol. 1.

Wiup Dirsacus. Vulgo—Teasel. Wild Teasel.

Root biennial. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, branched. Radical leaves 8 to 12
inches long; stem-leaves sessile, subconnate.—those of the branches lanceolate
and often nearly entire. Leaflets of the Jvolecre lance-linear, pungent at apex,
unequal in length. Heads of flowers ovoid-oblong; corolla pale purple. Bracts
or Chaff of the receptacle oblong-cuneate, keeled, abruptly tapering into a
straight flexible awn-like acumination, longer than the fiowers,—those at the
top of the head longest. Borders of fields, roadsides, &c. Northern and Mid-
die States: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September.

f, ‘

Obs. This coarse plant is completely naturalized, in some locali-
ties,—and is not only worthless, but threatens to become something
of a nuisance to the farms, if not attended to. A little timely care,
however, would soon subdue it. :

2. D. Futtonum, Mill. Leaves obovate and oblong-lanceolate,
smoothish, serrate,—the upper ones entire; involucre spreading or
7

74 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

reflexed, shorter than the head; chaff of the receptacle recurved,
rigid. DC. Prodr.4. p. 645. Fl. Cestr. p. 99.

Fuuiters’ Dirsacus. Vulgée—Fuller’s Teasel. [dencha.
Fr. Chardon 4 Foulon. Germ. Aechte Kartendistel. “Span. Car-

* Root biennial. Stem 4or 5 feet high, branched. Radical leaves obovate, narrowed
to a petiole at base; stem-leaves connate-perfoliate. Leaflets of the Jnvolucre
lanceolate, mucronate, rigid. Heads, of flowers cylindric or elliptical; corolla
pale purple. Bracts or Chaff of the receptacle cuneate-oblong, keeled, bristly-
ciliate on the margin, terminating in a rigid subulate recurved acumination.
Lots: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. This species is cultivated by some Cloth Manufacturers, for
the sake of the Heads,—the rigid recurved points of the chaffy
bracts, on the mature heads, serving as a kind of card, to raise the*
napon woollen cloth,

ORDER LXXV. COMPOSITAE. Vail.

Herbs, or sometimes shrubs. Leaves alternate and opposite, often lobed or dis-
sected, but never compound, and not stipulate. Flowers in heads, crowded on
a common receptacle, and surrounded by one or more series of small leaves
(bracts or scales) which form an Involucre,—the several florets often furnished
with each an accompanying bract (chaff or palea). Calyx-tube closely adherent
to the ovary,—the limb (called pappus) consisting of scales, bristles, hairs, &c.
or sometimes obsolete. Corolla of 5 united petals, tubular or ligulate. Stamens
as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla,—the anthers united into a tube
around the style (syngenesious). Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule ; style
2-cleft,—the branches mostly flattish on the inner or upper side and furnished
with pollen-collecting hairs,—the proper stigmas (stigmatic glands) occupying the
inner surface, near the margins, in the form of glandular slightly prominent /ines.
Fruit an akene, either crowned with the pappus, or naked at summit. Seed des-
utute of albumen; ¢otyledons flat or plano-convex.

This immense Order—containing between 800 and 900 Genera, or about one ~

tenth of all the flowering plants—presents but few of much interest to the Ame-
rican farmer, beside what are here noticed. Some possess medicinal properties
—and others are remarkable for their beauty: but the general character of the
Order 1s that of mere Weeds,—of which many species are found in all our fields,
meadows, and woodlands; though the greater portion may be readily kept in
tolerable subjection by care and atteution.

SUB-ORDER I. TUBULIFLORAE. DC.

Corolla of the perfect or disk florets tubular, and mostly 5-lobed.

TRIBE I. VERNONIACEAE. Lessing.

Heads discoid, with the florets all tubular and perfect (homogamous), or rarely
radiate. Style cylindric above; the branches mostly subulate and elongated,
equally hispid,—the stigmatic lines terminating below or near their middle,
not confluent.

SUB-TRIBE I. VERNONIEAE. Cassini.

Heads discoid, homogamous. Branches of the style elongated. acuminate.

82. VERNONIA. Schreb. Endl. Gen. 2204.
[Named in honor of William Vernon; an English Botanist.]
Heads many-flowered; florets all equal and tubular. Involuere
imbricate, shorter than the flowers,—the inner scales longest. Re-
ceptacle mostly naked. Corolla regular—the lobes about the length
of the tube. Filaments smooth. Akenes mostly striate or ribbed,
with a cartilaginous callus at base, and the epigynous disk large.
Pappus usually double,—the inner series of numerous bristles—the

COMPOSITAE 75

Outer mostly short, minute, often dilated and scale-like. Mostly
perennial Herds, with alternate leaves.

1. V. Novezoracensis, Willd. Stem striate-suleate, roughish pu-
bescent, leafy ; leaves lanceolate, serrulate, roughish ; heads numer-
ous, in a terminal corymb; scales of the involucre ovate, acute or
often with a long filiform flexuous point. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2.
p- 97. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 63.

V. praealta. Welid. Fl. Cestr. p. 448. not of DC.
New-York Vernonia. Vulgo—lIron-weed.

Stem 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 feet high, somewhat branching at summit, finally firm
and subligneous. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, subsessile, thickish or subcori-
«2ceous. Florets bright deep purple. Akenes turbinate-oblong, sulcate, scabrous
with short hairs; pappus a dirty white, or often purplish, secabrous,—the outer
series consisting of short chaffy or scale-like bristles. Moist meadows, and
low grounds: throughout the U. States. Fl. August. Fr. September.

Oés. This plant is quite common in moist low grounds, and along
fence-rows. Its worthless character and coarse hard stem cause it
to be regarded as a rather obnoxious weed, in our meadows; and of
course it is carefully eradicated, by all neat farmers.

TRIBE II. EUPATORIACEAE. Less.

Heads mostly discoid, with the flowers all tubular and perfect (homogamous).
Style cylindric above; the branches usually much elongated, subterete and obtuse
or clay at:, puberulent or papillose externally towards the summit,—the stigmatic
lines inconspicuous, terminating near the middle of the branches (rarely reach-
ing the apex), not confluent at their termination. Anzthers never caudate,

SUB-TRIBE I. EUPATORIEAE. DC.

Heads discoid,—the flowers all perfect and similar (homogamous), usually white,
rose-color or purple—never yellow.

DIVISION 2. ADENOSTYLEAE. DC.

Pappus composed of slender hair-like bristles in one or more series, scabrous
or plumose. Branches of the style more or less papillose or glandular above.

0S> Akenes 5-angled, not striate. Pappus scabrous.

83. EUPATORIUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2280.

[Named from Eupator, King of Pontus; who, it is said, first used the plant.]
Heads 3 to many-flowered. Jnvolucre oblong, cylindric or campan-
ulate,—the scales imbricated in 2, 3, or more series—or sometimes
nearly equal in a single series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla
funnel-form, or often with a campanulate limb. <Avzthers included,
Branches of the stylé much exserted, terete or slightly flattened,
obtuse. Pappus a single series of very slender bristles, rough or
minutely serrulate. Perennial Herbs, with leaves mostly opposite
or verticillate.

1. E. perroniatum, L. Stem rigid, hirsutely villous, corymbosely
branched above; leaves opposite and decussate, connate-perfoliate,
oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, reticulately veined and rugose,
very pubescent beneath; heads about 10-flowered. Torr. § Gr. Fl.
N. A. 2. p. 88. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 151. Fl. Cestr. p. 451.

PerrouiateE Evpatorium. Vulgd—Thorough-stem. Bone-set.—
Indian Sage.

76 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, the branches whitish and very pubescent. Leaves 4 to 6
or 8 inches long, opposite and completely united at base—or sometimes con-
tracted at base and scarcely connate (rarely verticillate in threes, and connate),
tapering gradually to a slender point, sprinkled with resinous particles beneath.
Heads of flowers crowded, in large corymbs. Scales of the involucre lance-
linear, rather acute. Florets white. Akenes smoothish. Low swampy grounds:
throughout the U. States. Fl. July—August. Fr. September.

Obs. This species is so common in wet meadows, and low grounds,
as to be regarded rather as an objectionable weed : But it is chiefly
intitled to notice for its medicinal properties,—being either emetic,
cathartic, or tonic—according to the dose, or mode of exhibition.

There are several other species of this genus, which meet the eye
of the farmer, in his meadows and along the borders of woods and
thickets—particularly a tall stout one, with verticillate leaves and,
purple flowers (E. purpureum, L.); but they are scarcely of sufli-
cient importance to claim a place in this work.

TRIBE III. ASTEROIDEAE. Less.

Heads mostly heterogamous, and often radiate. Style (in the perfect florets)
cylindric above; the branches flattish, linear or lanceolate, externally pubescent
above—the conspicuous stigmatic lines terminating opposite to where the external
pubescence commences, not confluent. Perennial Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate.

SUB-TRIBE I. ASTERINEAE. DC.

Heads mostly heterogamous and radiate—never dioicous. Receptacle seldom
chaffy. Anthers not caudate.

DIV. 1. ASTEREAE. DC.

Heads heterogamous and radiate,—the rays varying in color from blue to purple
and white, but never yellow,—the disk-florets yellowish, but finally becoming
purplish. ;

SUB-DIV. 1. EU-ASTEREAE. DC.

Pappus composed of capillary—or rarely subulate—bristles. Akenes more or
less compressed.

0S~ Rays fertile. Pappus of the Ray and Disk mostly similar,—
the inner series capillary.

84. ASTER. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2301.

{Greek, Aster, a star; the radiated heads of flowers resembling stars ]
Heads many-flowered—the ray-florets in a single series, pistillate,—
those of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre more
or less imbricated, usually whitish below and green or foliaceous at
apex. Receptacle flat, mostly alveolate (or pitted). Asenes usually
compressed. Leaves alternate, entire or serrate. Heads corymbose,
paniculate, or racemose.

1. A. ERicorpes, LZ. Smoothish, much branched,—the simple leafy
branchlets or peduncles racemose and mostly unilateral on the vir-
gate spreading branches; leaves rather rigid,—the radical and lower
cauline ones oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, tapering to a margined
petiole, often serrate,—the others linear-lanceolate and linear-subu-
late, entire, acute at each end; heads small, numerous, solitary on
the branchlets; involucre hemispherical or subturbinate,—the scales
loosely imbricated, linear-oblong, acute, spreading at apex. Torr.
& Gr. Fl. N. A. 2.-p. 123. DO. Prodr. 5. p. 241.

A. tenuifolius. F/. Cestr. p. 467. not of L.
Erxica—or Heatu-iike ASTER.

COMPOSITAE 17

Siem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, often branched from the base. Radical leaves 1 to 3
or 4 inches long, sparingly serrate, ciliate, tapering to a petiole nearly as long as
the leaf; stem-leaves 1 to 3 inches long,—those on the branchlets smaller, subu-
late-linear. Rays white, or often tinged with pale purple,—the disk often becom-
ing reddish-purple. Sterile soils; old fields, pastures, &c. throughout the U.
States, Fi. August—September. Fr. October. a : ;

Obs. Many species of this genus meet the eye of the farmer, in
the latter part of summer, in his woodlands, low grounds, borders
of thickets, &c. some of which species are quite ornamental: but
the little bushy one here described (which, I believe, has not acquired
a common name,) is almost the only one which invades our pastures
to any material extent. In thinnish old fields, it sometimes becomes
an abundant—as it is always a very worthless—weed. Good culture,

‘and enriching the soil, soon cause it to disappear.

85. ERIGERON. L. Endl. Gen. 2333.

[Greek, Er, spring, and Geron, an old man; the plant being hoary in spring.]
Heads many-flowered, somewhat hemispherical; ray florets very
numerous and usually in more than one series, pistillate,—those of
the disk tubular, perfect—or some of the outer ones (perhaps trans--
formed ray-florets) filiform-tubular, truncate, and pistillate only.
Scales of the involucre mostly equal, narrow, in a nearly single
series. Receptacle flat, naked, punctate. Branches of the style
very short, obtuse. Afenes compressed, usually pubescent. Pap-
pus a single series of capillary scabrous bristles, often with minute
ones intermixed,—or sometimes with an exterior coroniform pappus
of subulate scales. Heads solitary, corymbose or paniculate.

1. E. Canapense, LZ. Stem hirsute, paniculately branched; leaves
lance-linear, mostly entire, hispidly ciliate; heads of flowers small,
numerous, racemose on the branches; rays minute. Torr. & Gr.
Flo A. 2.'p. 167. DC: Prodr. 5. ps 239° Fl. Cestr: p. 471. os

Canaptan Ericeron. Vulgd—Horse-weed. Butter-weed.

Root annual. Stem 6 inches to 5 or 6 feet high. Leaves 1 to-3 or 4 inches long,
sessile,—the lower ones sparingly dentate. Rays white, very narrow, scarcely
longer than the straw-colored pappus. Akenes oblong, sparsely hispid. Fields,
road sides, and waste places: throughout the U. States. Fl. August—Septem-
ber. Fr. September—October.

Obs. This plant varies very much in size, according to the soil in’
which it grows. On dry sterile’ banks, it-is a very dwarf. It has
disseminated itself, more or less abundantly, all over our country ,—
and, it is said, all over Europe; and is a worthless weed, wherever
found. Good farming is the mode for smothering out such intruders.

2. E. annuum, Pers. Stem sparsely hirsute, corymbosely branched.
above; leaves coarsely and sharply dentate-serrate,—the radical
and lower ones ovate, obtuse, tapering into a margined petiole,—
the others sessile, lanceolate, acute, entire near each end; rays very
narrow, about as long as the sparsely setose involucre. Torr. § Gr.. -
Fl. N. A. 2..p. 175. -
E. heterophyllus. Muhl. Fl. Cestr. p. 472. :
Stenactis annua, and S. strigosa. (ezel. syn.). DC. Prodr. 5. p,
298. (fide Torr. & Gr.).
Annual Eniceron. Vulgd—Flea-bane. Daisy.

1*

78 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Root biennial? (annual, DC.). Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, rather stout, striate
and often angular. Radical leaves 2 to 4 inches long, roughish and hairy, with
narrow-margined petioles nearly twice as long as the leaves; stem-leaves gradu-
ally smaller as they ascend. Heads of florets rather small; rays white, or some-
times tinged with purple. Akenes oblong, somewhat compressed, hirsute ; pappus
whitish,—the ray-florets destitute of pappus, except a few short coroniforin
teeth at or near the summit of the akene. Pastures, and waste places: Northern,
Middle and Western States. Fl. June—July. Fr. August. .

Oés. A frequent worthless weed, in our pastures : not particularly
injurious,—but conspicuous enough to attract the notice of the ob-
serving farmer; and therefore worthy to be known by him.

3. E. stricosum, Muhl. Stem more or less strigosely hairy, co-
rymbosely paniculate above; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at base,
dentate or entire,—the radical ones spatulate-lanceolate, tapering
into a margined petiole; rays narrow, nearly twice as long as the
minutely hispid involucre. Torr. §& Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 176. Fl,
Cestr. p. 471. :

Phalacroloma obtusifolium. Cass. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 298. (excl. syn.)
jide Torr. & Gr. Also, Stenactis ambigua, DC. Prodr. 5. p. 299.

Sraicose Ericeron. Vulgo—Flea-bane. Daisy.

¢

Root biennial? Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sulcate-striate and angular, rather slen-
der, and often sparingly branched. Leaves 1 to3 inches long. Heads of florets
rather larger than in the preceding; rays white. Akenes oblong, angular or rib-
bed, sparsely pilose ; “inner pappus in the disk, of about 15 slender fragile and
deciduous bristles; in the ray none, or sometimes of one or two caducous bris-
tles: the extertor a small setaceous-squamellate crown, similar in the ray and
disk.” Torr. § Gr Pastures, and upland meadows: Canada to Florida, Fil.
June—Aug. Fr. July—September.

Obs. This plant has a strong general resemblance to the preced-
ing, but is more common,—though they are usually both confounded
under the same popular names. This one is apt to be very abundant
in the first crop of our upland meadows, in Pennsylvania, after a
course of Grain crops. After that—especially in good land—it be-
comes more rare,—being probably choked down by the Grasses.
All three of the species are equally worthless unwelcome weeds.

DIV. 2. CHRYSOCOMEAE. DC.

Heads either heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous and discoid (both forms
sometimes occurring in the same genus): the rays and disk-florets yellow (the
latter unchanging). Receptacle never chaffy.

SUB-DIV. 3. SOLIDAGINEAE. DC.

Rays in a single series—sometimes wanting. Pappus of the disk and ray-flo-
rets similar, simple, capillary or bristle-like,—rarely chaffy or scale-like.—
Akenes sub-terete, ribbed.

86. SOLIDAGO. L. Endl. Gen. 2376.

(Latin, Solidare, to unite, or make firm; from its supposed healing virtues.]
Heads few- or sometimes many-flowered ; ray-florets few, pistillate
—sometimes wanting; disk-florets tubular, perfect. Scales of the
oblong z2volucre imbricated, appressed, not green or foliaceous at
apex. Receptacle narrow, mostly alveolate. Branches of the style
lanceolate. Asenes many-ribbed, somewhat terete. Pappuws simple,
‘consisting of numerous scabrous capillary bristles, mostly equal.
Heads in terminal or axillary racemes, with the pedicels often uni-
lateral,—sometimes corymbose.

=

COMPOSITAE ¢ 79

1. S. nemMoratis, Act. Stem simple or corymbosely branched above,
clothed with a very short velvety cinereous pubescence; radical
leaves obovate-cuneate or spatulate, tapering into a petiole, spar-
ingly crenate-serrate,—cauline ones oblanceolate, nearly entire,
roughish-pubescent ; racemes numerous, short, dense, unilateral, at
length recurved-spreading, often corymbose-paniculate; scales of
the involucre lance-oblong, obtuse, appressed; akenes pubescent
with white appressed hairs. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 220. DC.
Prodr. 5. p. 333. Fl. Cestr. p. 456.

Woop or Grove Sontipaco. Vulgd—Golden Rod.

Whole plant of an ash-colored or greyish aspect, by reason of its short ciner-
eous pubescence. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, sometimes branched from near the
root. Radical leaves 1 to 4 or 5 inches long, with petioles 1 to 3 inches long.
Heads with 3 to 6 disk-florets, and 6 to 9 ray-florets, in secund racemes—or (in
stunted branched specimens) often in small axillary clusters; rays rather short,
spatulate-oblong. Sterile, neglected old fields; borders of woods, &c.: through-
out the U. States. Fl. August—September. Fr. October.

Obs. Several species of Solidago (or Golden Rod, as they are all
named, in the vernacular tongue)—some of them much larger than
this—occur along fence-rows, borders of woods and thickets, &c.
They are all no better than weeds, on a farm: But this is the one
which mostly intrudes upon neglected pasture grounds;—and has
therefore been selected for description, as a sample of the genus.
It is speedily banished by good farming,—as most of our native
weeds are, or may be.

TRIBE IV. SENECIONIDEAE. Less.

Heads homogamous, heterogamous, or heterocephalous (monoicous or diotcous).
Siyle (in the perfect florets) cylindric above,—the branches linear, somewhat
convex externally, penicillate or hairy at the apex, either truncate or produced
into a cone, or a more or less elongated and hispid appendage ; the stigmatic lines
terminating at the base.of the cone or appendage, not confluent.

SUB-TRIBE 1. MELAMPODINEAE. DC.

Flowers all unisexual,—the pistillate and staminate florets either on different
plants (dioicous), or in different heads on the same plants (heterocephalous), or
distinct in the same heads (monoicous). Anthers not caudate at base. Pappus
none, or coroniform, or consisting of awns—never of hairs or bristles. Recep-
- tacle almost always chaffy.

DIV. 6. AMBROSIEAE. DC.

Heads heterocephalous—: e. staminate and pistillate florets in distinct heads on
the same plant,-—-the pistillate ones often apetalous—the staminate ones tubular.
Scales of the involucre, in the fertile heads, united into an ovoid or oblong per-
sistent covering, including or closely investing the florets and fruit, often prickly
or spinose. Pappus none. Anthers distinct or cohering but slightly.

87. AMBROSIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2482.
[Poetically, Food of the Gods: in this case something like Lucus, a non lucendo.}
_ Staminate heads in terminal racemes or spikes,—the prstellate ones
at their base or in the axils of the upper leaves. SraminaTe Fu.
Involucre flattish, hemispherical, or subturbinate, composed of
several united scales, 5 to 20-flowered. Corolla funnel-form, 5-
toothed. Azthers tipped with a bristle-like inflexed appendage.
Ovary none,—the abortive style included, minutely fringed at sum-
mit. Receptacle flattish, usually with filiform chaff among the

80 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

florets. Pistmtate Fr. Jxvolwere globose-ovoid or turbinate,”
closed, acuminate, usually with 4 to 8 pointed tubercles near the
summit, 1-flowered. Corolla none. Stamens none. Branches of
the style filiform, elongated. Akene subglobose or obovoid.- Annual
Herbs. Leaves lobed, or pinnatifidly dissected. —

1. A. TRIFipa, L. Stem tall and stout, hairy and rough; leaves
mostly opposite, palmately 3 or 5-lobed, hairy, scubroue; tha lobes
oval lanceolate, acuminate; petioles narrowly pl a ciliate ;
racemes elongated, paniculate. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 290.
DC. Prodr. 5. p. 527. Fl. Cestr. p. 478. bes. .

TRiIFIp Amprosia. :

Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, branched. Liauel 4 to 6 or 8 inches long; petioles 1
to 2 inches long. Stam nate heads small, nume2rous, in long terminal. paniculate
racemes ; florets whitish. Pistillate heals at the base of the racemes ; the invo-
lucre turbinate-oboyoid, with a conical apex, 6-ribbed, the ribs terminating in so
many pointed tubercles. round, the base of the conieal acumination. Low.
grounds, and waste places: Canada to Georgia. Fl. August. Fr. October. :

Obs. This coarse ugly weed has not acquired any popular name,
that I know of; and yet it is sufliciently common, and worthless, to
intitle it to the notice of every farmer who desires to keep his pre-
mises clear of such nuisances.

. A. ARTEMISIAEFOLIA, L. Stem paniculately branched, villous;
— bipinnatifid, smoothish above, somewhat canescent beneath, —
the uppermost simply pinnatifid; petioles ciliate with long hairs;
racemes somewhat spicate, paniculate. Torr. & Gr. Fil. WN. A. 2.
p. 291. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 526. ;

A. elatior. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 479. Also, DC. 7. ¢.
ARTEMISIA-LEAVED AmBros1A. Vuigo—Bitter-weed. Rag-weed. .

Stem 1 to 8 or 4 feet high, usually much branched or bushy. Leaves 2 to 4 or
5 inches long; petioles half an inch to an inch and half long. Sam/nate heads
smal], numerous, in terminal slender-spicate racemes. Pistil? ate heads solitary
or clustered along the lower part of the staminate racemes and bracte ate, or in
the axils of the upper leaves: sometimes the heads are dioicouvs —specimens
occurring in which the terminal racemes (or rather spikes), as well as the clus-
ters beneath, are al/ pistillate, and the flowers in small sessile bracteate clusters.
Cultivated fields, anil pastures: Canada to Florida. Fl. Aug.—Sept. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This worthless weed occurs in most cultivated grounds,—
and is usually very abundant among the stubble, after a crop of
wheat: but, if the land be good, the plant seems to be smothered or
choked out, the next season, by the crop of clover and timothy. It
is always ready, however—like several other coarse weeds—to make
its appearance whenever the grassy turf is broken up. The curious
anomaly above mentioned,—of the flowers on the terminal spikes
being all pistillate,—has been also observed: by my friend, Mr.
Dantex B. Situ, of Haverford School; near Philadelphia.

88. XANTHIUM. Touwrnef. Endl. Gen. 2480.

[Greek, Xanthos, yellow ; a color said to be produced by the plant.] _
Heads glomerate-spicate,—the sterile spikes at the summit. Sra-
MINATE FL. numerous, in subglobose heads; scales of the zzvoluere
distinct, in a single series. Corolla tubular, clavate, somewhat
hairy. Anthers connivent but distinct. Style abortive, undivided.
Receptacle oblong, terete, chaffy. PiIsTILLATE FL. 2, inclosed in a

COMPOSITAE 81

2-celled oblong coriaceous closed zzvolucre, which is armed with
hooked prickles and terminated by 1 or 2 stout beaks. Corolla fili-
form. Stamens 0. Branches of the style linear-filiform. Asenes
solitary in each cell of the involucre, oblong, flat. Annual Herds.
Leaves alternate, lobed or dentate.

1. X. srrumarium, L. Leaves broad-ovate, mostly somewhat 3-
lobed, dentate, unarmed at base; involucre of the fruit oval, with 2
straight beaks. Torr. & Gr. Fil. N. A. 2. p. 294. DC. Prodr. 5. p.
523. Fl. Cestr. p. 478.

ScropuuLtous Xantuium. Valgd—Clot Bur. Cockle Bur.
Fr. Lampourde. Germ. Die Spitzklette. Span. Lampazo pequefio.

Stem 1 to 3 feet high, roughish-pubescent, branching. Leaves 3 to 6 inches m
length, and nearly as wide as long, subcordate at base, but cuneately produced
at the union of the 3 principal nerves. Heads of flowers in axillary clusters.
Involucre of the fruit persistent, -becoming an oblong bur, with rigid uncinate
prickles. Road-sides, and waste places: Northern and Middle States: Ihtro-
duced? Fl. August--September. Fr. October.

Obs. This has the appearance of a naturalized stranger, in Penn-
sylvania, and is an obnoxious weed,—though not much inclined to
spread; and with a little attention, is easily kept in subjection.
The 4urs are a great annoyance in the fleeces of sheep. . There is
another species (X. echinatum, Murr.),—described by Torrey &
Gray as being naturalized along the atlantic coast,—which has con-
siderable general resemblance to this.

2. X. spinosum, LZ. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or somewhat
3-lobed, armed at base with slender 3-parted spines; involucre of
the fruit cylindric-oblong, with an inconspicuous beak. Torr. § Gr.
Fl. N. A. 2. 9. 295. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 523. Fl. Cestr. p. 478.

Sprnose Xantuium. Veulgda—Thorny Clot-Bur.

Stem 2 to 3or 4 feet high, branched. Leaves 1 to3 inches long, and one fourth
to three fourths of an inch wide, entire or with a lobe-like tooth on each side,—
the upper surface pale green, pubescent on the midrib—the under surface clothed
with a short cinereous tomentum,—the base narrowed toa short petiole—on each
side of which is a triple or 3-forked spine, the branches about an inch long, very
sharp, yellowish or pale straw color. Heads of flowers axillary, solitary.—
Farm yards; road sides, &c.: Massachusetts to Georgia: introduced.. Native
of Europe. Fl. September. Fr. October.

Obs. This execrable foreign weed is becoming naturalized in
many portions of our country,—particularly in the Southern States.
It may be frequently seen along the side-walks, and waste places, in |
the suburbs of our northern sea-port towns,—and is a vile nuisance
wherever found. I have understood that the authorities of one of
our cities, a few years since, enacted an Ordinance against the
plant,—in which enactment it was denounced by the name of the
Canada Thistle! ‘The misnomer probably did not impair the effi-
cacy of the Ordinance: Yet I cannot help thinking it would be de-
cidedly preferable that both Lawgivers and Farmers should avoid
confounding objects which are essentially distinct,—and learn to
designate even weeds by their proper names.

SUB-TRIBE 2. HELIANTHEAE. Less. ;
Heads heterogamous and radiate—rarely homogamous and discoid; disk-florets
perfect. Receptacle chaffy. Corolla of the perfect florets with the lobes often
thickened and papillose. Anthers blackish, not caudate at base. Pappus either

§2 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

wanting or coroniform, or consisting of awns which are sometimes chafty or

with chaffy scales intermixed,—never of capillary bristles nor of uniform and
_ distinct chaffy scales. e

DIV. 2. EU-HELIANTHEAE. Torr. & Gr.

Rays sterile (neutral or imperfectly styliferous), ligulate. <Akenes often com-
pressed, but never obcompressed. Pappus coroniform, toothed, or of 1 to 4
awns or chaffy scales, or wanting.

89. HELIANTHUS. DL. Endl. Gen. 2558.

[Greek, Helios, the sun, and Antios,a flower; from the resemblance of the flowers.]
Heads many-flowered; ray-florets numerous, neutral. Involuere
imbricated in 3 or more series,—the scales often foliaceous and
spreading at apex. Receptacle usually flat and Jarge,—the persistent
chaff embracing the akenes. Corolla of the disk commonly 10-nerved,
with a short proper tube. Branches of the style hispid, subulate-
conical at apex. Asenes laterally compressed or sometimes rather
4-sided, not winged or margmed. Pappus of 2 chaffy or awn-like
scales arising from the principal angles of the akenes, and often
with 2 or more intermediate smaller scales, very deciduous. Herbs,
annual or perennial, mostly stout and rough. Leaves sometimes
scattered, but usually opposite or with only the upper ones alternate.
Heads somewhat corymbose, sometimes few or solitary and very
broad: rays bright yellow; disk-florets yellowish or sometimes
purplish at summit.

1. H. tuserosus, Z. Root bearing oblong tubers; stem erect,.

branching, scabrous; leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved,
scabrous, petiolate,—the lower ones subcordate at base; petioles
ciliate; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hispid and ciliate. Torr.
§ Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 332. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 590. Fl. Cestr. p. 484.

Tuserous Heuiantuus. Ve/ge—Jerusalem Artichoke.
Fr. Topinambour. Germ..Die Erdartischoke.. Span. Cotifa.

Root perennial? (or rather appearing perennial, by the annual production of
tuberous rhizomas?) Stem 4 to 6or 8 feet high, stont, branching, terete, hirsute.
Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, very scabrous on the upper surface, abruptly con-
tracted at base to a narrow cuneately-tapering margined petiole, which is 1 to 2 or
3 inches long,—the lower leaves opposite (or rarely ternate), the upper ones alter-
nate. Heads rather large. Akenes somewhat compressed and 4 sided, cuneate-
oblong, smooth ; pappus 1 to 4 (usually 2) subulate chaffy scales. Gardens, and
Lots: cultivated. Native of Brazil. Fl. August—September. Fr. October.

Obs, This Sunflower is often cultivated for the firm fleshy tubers,
or rhizomas, found at its roots. ‘These tubers are pickled, and used
as a condiment. They have been commended, also, for feeding
Stock. It may be remarked, here, that in a rich mellow soil, they
multiply so rapidly as to make the plant rather troublesome, and

difficult to keep within bounds. The large Garden Sunflower (H. |

annuus, L. with a fibrous root, and alternate broad-cordate or ovate
leaves) is said to be worth cultivating, for the oz? afforded by the
seeds, There are several native species of Helianthws,—but none
of Agricultural interest.

DIV. 4. BIDENTIDEAE. Less.

Rays neutral, ligulate—sometimes wanting. Akenes obcompressed, or often 4-sided»
and sometimes terete, beaked at apex. Pappus consisting of 2 to 4 (rarely 5 or 6)
barbed or retrorsely hispid awus. i

~~“

COMPOSITAE 83

90. BIDENS. ZL. Endl. Gen. 2541.

[Latin, Bi-dens, having 2 teeth; in allusion to the awns of the akenes.],_.
Heads many-flowered; ray-florets neutral, often inconspicuous and
sometimes wanting,—those of the dzsé tubular and perfect. Invo-
lucre double,—the outer scales larger and often foliaceous. Recep-
tacle flattish,—the chaff deciduous with the fruit. Corolla of the
disk-florets funnel-form, with a slender tube. Branches of the style
hairy at summit, terminated by a subulate cone. Azenes obcom-
pressed, or sometimes slender and more or less 4-sided, often attenu-
ate or beaked at summit, crowned with 2 or 4 (rarely 5 or 6) retrorsely
hispid awns. Annual or sometimes perennial Herbs. Leaves oppo-
site, incised-serrate or pinnatifidly dissected. EVowers mostly yellow.

Tt Akenes flat and broadish, not beaked at summit, ciliate on the
Margins.

1. B. rronposa, Z. Leaves odd-pinnately divided,—the lower ones
with 5 divisions, the upper with 3; divisions distinct and mostly
petiolulate, lanceolate, serrate; heads discoid, on slender axillary
peduncles; outer scales of the involucre foliaceous, narrowed and
ciliate at base, much longer than the head; akenes obovate-cuneate,
2-awned, pubescent and ciliate with erect hairs. Torr. & Gr. Fi.
INN. A. 2. p. 351. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 594. Fl. Cestr. p. 486. ~~

Fronpose Bivens. Valgd—Bur-Marigold.

Rootannual. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet hight, somewhat hairy, often dark purple,
branched. Leaflets or segments 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, pilose beneath, abruptly
narrowed at base toa short margined ciliate petiolule,—the common petiole | to 3
inches long. Heads rather small, on long slender naked peduncles. Involucre
double,—the 8 or 10 outer scales lanceolate, leaf-like, unequal, 2 or 3 to 5 or 6
times as long as the head, ovate-lanceolate, with a scarious margin. Florets yel-
lowish. Chaff of the receptacle linear-lanceolate, about as long as the akenes,
Gardens, fence-rows, Indian-Corn fields, &c.: throughout the U. States. Fi. Aug.
—September. Fy, Obtober.

Oés. All the species, here enumerated, are very worthless, and
particularly disagreeable weeds,—on account of the barbed awns of
the fruit, which cause it to adhere in great numbers to clothing.
This one is apt to be quite abundant in gardens, Indian-corn fields,
&c. and if permitted to mature its fruit, becomes very annoying, in
the latter part of summer.

2. B. corysanTHEMoIDES, Mz. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering
at each end, serrate, sessile, and connate at base; heads conspicu-
ously radiate, often somewhat nodding; outer scales of the involucre
foliaceous, mostly shorter than the rays; akenes oblong-cuneate, 2
to 4-awned, retrorsely aculeate-ciliate on the margins. Torr. §- Gr.
Fl. N. A. 2. p. 352. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 595. Fl. -Cestr. p. 485.

Also? B. quadriaristata. DC.l.c.
CHRYSANTHEMUM-LIKE Bivens. Vulgo—Beggar-ticks.

Piant glabrous. Root annual. Stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, erect or often de-
clined at base, branching, the branches opposite and axillary. Leaves 3 to 6 inches
long. Heads rather large, solitary, terminating the branches. Outer scales of
the involucre about 8, linear-lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, spreading, the largest
sometimes nearly as long as the rays; the inner scales membranaceous, elliptic
or ovate-oblong, nearly equal, about as long as the disk-florets. Rays bright yel-
low, numerous, near an inch long. Akenes striate-ribbed and somewhat keeled
on the flatted sides; awns usually 4. Chaff of the receptacle spatulate-linear,

84 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

scarious, 3-nerved, yellow, or sometimes purplish at summit. Low grounds ; along
swampy rivulets: generally throughout the U. States. FJ. Aug.—Sept. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This species is rather showy, when in flower,—and is less
inclined than either the preceding or the following to invade culti-
vated grounds. It is, however, quite an objectionable weed, on ac-
count of the vast quantity of its adhesive fruit, in autumn. There
appear to be several varieties of the plant,—noticed in Torrey &
Gray’s N. A. Flora. . .

} } Akenes slender, linear, 4-sided, beaked at summit, mostly smooth.

3. B. prpinnata, L. Leaves bipinnately dissected, petiolate,—the
segments lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mucronate, usually narrowed
at base; heads few-rayed, small, on slender angular-sulcate terminal
and axillary peduncles; outer scales of the involucre scarcely as long
as the inner ones; akenes long and slender, 4-angled and grooved,
3 or 4-awned. Torr. §& Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 354. DC. Prodr. 5. p.
603. Fl. Cestr. p. 487.

Brrinnate Bwens. Vulgé—Spanish Needles.

Plant glabrous Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, quadrangular,’ branched.
Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, deltoid-ovate in the outline; petioles 1 to 3 or 4
inches long. Heads oblong, slender; rays 8 or 4, obovate, small, yellow with dark
veins; disk-florets about 20, yellow. Akenes about three fourtlis of an inch long,
somewhat scabrous with short erect hairs. Chaff of the receptacle lance-linear,
shorter than the akenes. Gardens, and cultivated Lots: Néw England to Florida.
Fl. August—September. Fr. October.

Obs. This, like the B. frondosa—if not carefully watched and
eradicated—is a great pest incultivated Lots,—especially in Kitchen
Gardens and Indian-corn fields. One or two other species, equally
worthless as the preceding, are frequently to be met with, in low
grounds: but those here given are the most common, and the most
annoying,—and therefore most intitled to the notice of the farmer.

SUB-TRIBE 6. ANTHEMIDEAE. Cass.

Heads mostly heterogamous, never dioicous; ray-florets in one or more series,
pistillate or rarely neutral, ligulate or tubular; disk-florets perfect or sometimes
staminate. Receptacle naked or chaffy. Axthers not caudate. Branches of the style
truncate and mostly bearded at apex—rarely produced into a short cone. Pappus
none, or small and coroniform. Leaves mostly alternate, often much dissected.

DIV. 1. EU-ANTHEMIDEAE. DC.

Receptacle chaffy.. Heads mostly radiate,—the rays ligulate, in a single series;
disk-florets perfect.

91. MARUTA. Cass. Endl. Gen. 2640.

Heads many-flowered; rays mostly neutral, continuous or obscurely
articulated with the abortive ovary. Involwcre hemispherical,—they
scales imbricated in few series, shorter than the disk. Receptacle
prominently convex or oblong-conical, chafty all over or only at
summit. Akenes obovoid or obconic, ribbed, destitute of pappus.
Annual Herbs. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnately dissected.

1. M. Corura, DC. Scales of the involucre with whitish scarious
margins; receptacle conical, chaffy at summit only ; chaff subulate.
Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 408. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 13.

Anthemis Cotula. LZ. Fl. Cestr. p. 489. Icon, Fl. Lond. vol. 3.

COMPOSITAE 85

Vulgé—Stinking Chamomile. Dog’s Fennel. May-Weed. [fetida.
Fr. Maroute. Germ. Stinkende Kamille. Span. Manzanilla

Plant strongly fetid. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, mostly erect, somewhat pilose,
leafy and much branched. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, bi- and tri-pinnately
dissected,—the segments short, flat, linear, acute. Heads terminal on elongated
pubescent peduncles ; rays white, sometimes imperfectly pistillate ; disk yellow,
prominently convex or subcylindric. Akenes oblong or obconic, striate-ribbed,
mostly tuberculate in lines, with a minute disk at summit, but no sort of pappus.
Farm yards, and waste places; throughout the U. States: introduced. Native
of Europe. Fl. June—Sept. Fr. August—October.

Obés. This disagreeable little weed has become extensively natu-
ralized; and although not apt to spread to an injurious extent over
cultivated grounds, it is often quite abundant in lanes and farm-
yards, and not easily expelled.

92. ANTHEMIS. L. Endl. Gen. 2639.

[Greek, Anthemon, a flower; in allusion to the great number it bears.]}
Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate. Scales of the tnvoluere im-
bricated in few series. Receptacle conical, with membranaceous
chaff among the florets. Afenes terete or obtusely quadrangular ;
pappus minute, coroniform, or sometimes wanting. Annual or pe-
rennial Herbs. Leaves bipinnately dissected.

1. A. Nositis, Z. Stems simple, numerous, spreading and decum-
bent, villous; leaves pinnately dissected, subvillous,—the segments
multifid with the sub-divisions linear-subulate ; chaff of the receptacle
searious, lanceolate, not awned at apex, a little shorter than the flo-
rets. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 6. Fl. Cestr. p. 488.

Nosie Antuemis. Veulgd—Chamomile. Garden Chamomile.
Fy. Camomille Romaine. Germ. Die Kamille. Span. Manzanilla.

Root perennial, woody. Stems simple, but numerous from the root, 4 to 8 or
10 inches long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, sessile. Heads terminal on elongated
leafless pubescent peduncles ; rays white, finally reflexed ; disk yellow, convex
and at length conical. Akenes with a nearly obsolete crown-form pappus.
Garders: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September.

- Obs. The whole plant (and particularly the heads of flowers) is a
fine aromatic bitter, and deservedly popular as a tonic medicine,—
for which purpose it is generally cultivated. Itis an old and still
prevalent opinion, that this plant thrives better for bemg trampled
upon or kept prostrate,—which is thus incidentally noticed by
SHAxKSPEARE, in the first part of his King Henry IV.—“ For though
the Camomile, the more it is trodden on the faster it grows—yet
‘youth, the more it is wasted the sooner it wears.”” There is another
species (A. arvensis, L.) which is partially naturalized,—and ap-
pears as a weed in the cultivated grounds of some of the middle and
northern States: but it is not of sufficient importance to call for a
‘more extended notice, here. There are no native species.

93. ACHILLEA. L. Endl. Gen. 2649.
[Named after Achilles, a disciple of Chiron,—who first used the plant.]

Heads many- or several-flowered; rays few and short, pistillate;
tube of the disk-florets obcompressed. Involuere ovoid-oblong,—
the scales imbricated, unequal. Receptacle flat or sometimes elon-

; 8

86 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

gated, chaffy. Asenes oblong, obcompressed, somewhat margined,
destitute of pappus. Perennial Herbs. Leaves alternate, mostly
pinnatifid. Heads small, corymbose. '

1. A. Mituerotium, LZ. Stem suleate-striate, somewhat villous;
leaves bipinnately dissected,—the segiments linear, incised-serrate,
acute; corymb compound, fastigiate ; rays about 5, roundish-obovate.
Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 409. DC. Prodi; 6. p. 24. #1. Cestr. p-
A489. Icon, Fl. Lond. vol. 3.

THOUSAND-LEAF ACHILLEA. Vulgd—Yarrow. Milfoil.
' Fr. La Millefeuille. Germ. Die Schafgarbe. Span. Milenrama-

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, hairy and somewhat lanuginous, mostly simple, corym-
bose at summit. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 inches long (the radical ones still longer),.
nearly sessile, much and finely dissected. Heads small, numerous, in a dense
terminal fastigiate corymb ; rays white or often tinged with purple, crenate-den-
tate at apex; disk-florets whitish,—the tube sprinkled with resinous particles.
Akenes obcompressed, slightly margined near the summit, smooth. Receptacle
small, flat; chaff lance-oblong, acute. Pastures; fence-rows, &c.: throughout
the U. States: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June—Sept. Fr. Aug.—Octo.

Obs. This foreigner has become completely naturalized. It is an
aromatic bitter, and somewhat astringent,—quite popular as a tonic.
The English agricultural writers speak of it asa plant of some value,
in their pastures; but I believe it is universally regarded, here, as a
mere weed. Certainly it is far inferior to our usual pasture plants,—
and I think our cattle rarely eat it.

DIV. 2. CHRYSANTHEMEAE. DC.

Receptacle not chaffy. Heads mostly radiate,—the rays ligulate, pistillate or
rarely neutral, in a single series; disk-florets perfect.

94. LEUCANTHEMUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2667.
[Greek, Lewkos, white, and Anthemon, a flower; in reference to its white rays.]
Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, numerous. Involucre spread-
ing or broad-campanulate,—the scales imbricated, with scarious
margins. Receptacle flat or somewhat convex,naked. Twbe of the
disk-florets fleshy, obcompressed and slightly 2-winged. Akenes of
the disk and ray similar, subterete, striate, mostly destitute of pap-
pus. Perennial Herbs. Leaves alternate, mostly pinnatifid or in-
cised-dentate. Heads rather large, solitary and terminal.

1. L. vuteare, Lam. Stem erect, somewhat branched ; leaves lacini-
ately incised or pinnatifid-dentate,—the cauline ones sessile and
somewhat clasping—the radical ones obovate-spatulate, petiolate ;
scales of the involucre with narrow russet-brown margins. Torr. &
Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 412. DC. Piodr. 6. p. 46.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. L. Fil. Cestr. p. 490. Icon, Fl.
Lond. vol. 3. [weed.

Common Leucantuemum. Vulgd—Daisy. Ox-eye Daisy. White

Fr. L’oeil de Beuf. Germ. Die Wucherblume. Span. Margarita
mayor. .

Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, erect or subdecumbent, angular and striate, some-
what hairy, simple or sparingly branched, but often several from the same root.
Leaves 1 or 2 inches long,—the upper stem-leaves oblong—the lower ones cune-
ate-spatulate—and the radical ones obovate or orbicular-spatulate. Heads
broad ; rays very white—in length about equal to the diameter of the disk ; disk-

: COMPOSITAE 87

florets yellow. Akenes subterete, ribbed, smooth, dark purple between the ribs,
destitute of pappus. Receptacle slightly convex, dotted. Fields and meadows,
more or less throughout the U. States: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl.
June—Aug. Fr. July—Sept.

Obs. This vile intruder is becoming a great nuisance in our
country. In some districts, the careless slovenly farmers have per-
mitted it to get almost exclusive possession of their pasture fields,—
rendering them quite white, when the plant is in bloom. Cows will
occasionally crop a portion of the weed, in our pastures,—and I have
heard it alleged, that it contributes to the making of good Butter:
but my own observations induce me to regard it as utterly worthless.
It is propagated rapidly,—and_ is, moreover, exceedingly difficult to
get rid of, when once fully established : so that one negligent sloven
may be the source of a grievous annoyance to a whole community.
Ihave understood that annual ploughing and cropping, for a few
years, is the most effectual remedy for the evil: but then.the fence-
rows and neighboring fields must be well watched, to prevent the
formation and introduction of fresh seed. The Corz Marygold
(Chrysanthemum segetum, L. a kindred plant)—which is said,to be
such a pest to the agriculture of Europe—does not appear to have
found its way, as yet, to the U. States.

DIV. 3. ARTEMISIEAE. DC.

Receptacle naked . e. not chaffy). Heads discoid, homogamous or heteroga-
mous ; florets all tubular,—the central ones perfect—one or more series of the
marginal ones sometimes pistillate.

95. TANACETUM. L. Endl. Gen. 2696.
[Corrupted from Athanasia, Gr. a, not, and Thanatos, death: from its durable
flowers.]

Heads homogamous with the florets all perfect, or heterogamous

with the marginal ones pistillate in a single series. Scales of the
- tnvoluere imbricated, dry. Receptacle more or less convex. Akenes

angled or ribbed, with a large epigynous disk. Pappws none or

minute, coroniform, entire or toothed, often unequal. - Perennial

Herbs, or suffruticose plants. Leaves alternate, variously dissected.

Heads solitary or eorymbose.

i. T. vutcare, LZ, Stem herbaceous, smoothish; leaves bipinnately
parted,—the rachis and lobes incised-serrate; heads heterogamous,
numerous, in a dense fastigiate corymb; pappus coroniform, of 3
equal lobes. YForr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 414. DC. Prodr. 6. p.
128. Fl. Cestr. p. 492. ,

Common Tanacetum. Vulgd—Tansey.
Fr. Tanaisie. Germ. Der Rainfarn. Span. Tanaceto.

Stems 2 to 4 feet high, somewhat branched above, often growing in clusters.
Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, interruptedly pseudo-pinnate,—the segments
pinnatifid, unequally incised-serrate. Heads depressed-hemispherical ; involucre
smoothish,—the outer scales lanceolate, acuminate—the inner ones oblong, ob-
tuse ; florets deep yellow, numerous and densely. crowded,—the marginal ones
trifid, obsoletely radiate. Receptacle nearly flat. Gardens, fence-rows, way-
sides, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. September. -

Obs. This was originally introduced as a garden plant, and gene-
rally cultivated for its aromatic bitter properties,—which have ren-
dered it a prominent article in the popular Materia Medica. It has

88 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

now escaped from the gardens, and is becoming naturalized—and
something of a weed—in many places. .

96. ARTEMISIA. L. Endl. Gen. 2694.

[Said to be so called from Artemis,—one of the names of Diana.]
Heads discoid, few- or many-flowered, heterogamous,—the central
florets perfect (yet sometimes abortive), 5-lobed—the marginal ones
pistillate in a single series, and 3-lobed,—or sometimes the heads are
homogamous, with the florets all perfect. Scales of the involwere
imbricated, mostly dry and with scarious margins. Receptacle flat-
tish or convex, naked or villous. Asenes obovoid, with a small
epigynous disk, destitute of pappus. Herbaceous or fruticose—
mostly perennial plants. eaves alternate, usually pinnatifid.—
Heads small, racemose or paniculately spicate.

§.1. Receptacle naked: Heads heterogamous,—the central or disk-
florets apparently perfect, but sterile by the abortion of the ovary.

1. A. Dracuncutus; L. var. sativa, Bess. Herbaceous, green and
glabrous; stem erect, branching; radical leaves trifid at apex,—
stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sub-dentate or entire; heads subglo-
bose, racemose-paniculate; scales of the involucre with scarious
margins,—the outer ones oblong—the inner ones broadly elliptic.
DC. Prodr. 6. p. 97.

LitTLe-Dracon Artemisia. Valgd—Tarragon.
Fr. Estragon. Germ. Esdragon. Span. Estragon.

Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 1 to,2 or 3 inches long, mostly
entire sessile, narrowed at each end, those on the branches smaller. Heads
small. Florets yellowish. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Russia and Siberia.
Fi. August. Fr. September.

Obés. This species is sometimes cultivated, in the kitchen gardens
of the curious, for the sake of its aromatic herbage. It is said to im-
part a fine flavor to vinegar, by steeping a bunch of the green Herb
in that liquid.

§. 6. Receptacle villous or hairy: Heads heterogamous,—the
Jlorets all fertile.

2. A. ApsinTHium, L. Silky-canescent; stem suffruticose, angular-
sulcate, paniculately branched above; leaves bipinnatifid,—the seg-
ments lanceolate, often incised; heads hemispherical, racemose-
paniculate, nodding; outer scales of the involucre linear—the inner
ones rounded, scarious. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 424. DC.
Prodr. 6. p. 125. Fi Cestr. p. 491.

Vulgo—W orm-wood.
Fr. L’ Absinthe. Germ. Der Wermuth. Span. Axenjo.

Plant hoary with a short and rather dense silky pubescence. Root perennial.
Siems 2 to 4 feet high, clustered or numerous from the root. Leares1 to 2 or3
inches long, petiolate, multifid or irregularly bipinnatifid—the principal seg-
ments often trifid, and cuneate at base—the ‘subdivisions elliptic-oblong, obtuse,
entire. Heads numerous, in leafy paniculate racemes; florets yellowish. Akenes
obconic-oblong, smooth. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fi. August.
Fr. September—October. ! :

,

Obs. This plant—proverbial for its bitterness—is generally kept
in gardens; and is valuable for its medicinal properties, as a tonic,
vermifuge, &c. |

COMPOSITAE §9

There is another species (A. Abrotanum, L.), commonly known
by the name of ‘‘ Southern-wood,”’ or “ Old Man,” frequent in gar-
dens; and a fourth (A. vedgaris, L.), called “ Mug-wort,”? is occa-
sionally met with: But these are of less importance,—and scarcely
intitled to a place, here.

SUB-TRIBE 7. GNAPHALIEAE. Less.

Heads discoid, homogamous or heterogamous, sometimes dioicous; florets all
tubular,—the pistillate ones filiform, or very rarely ligulate. Anthers ‘caudate at
base! Style, in the perfect florets, with the branches not appendiculate,—in the
staminate ones mostly undivided. Pappus capillary or setaceous—rarely want-
ing. Leaves mostly alternate.

iS" Receptacle not chaffy.
97. GNAPHALIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 2746.

[Greek, Gnaphalon, soft down or wool,—with which the plants are clothed.]
Heads many-flowered, heterogamous; florets all tubular,—the outer
ones pistillate, very slender, mostly in several series—the central
ones perfect. Involucre ovoid; scales imbricated, appressed, scari-
ous or hyaline. Receptacle flat. Akenes subterete, or sometimes
obcompressed. Pappus in a single series, capillary and scabrous.
Herbaceous or rarely suffruticose plants, mostly woolly or tomentose.
Leaves sessile or decurrent. Heads corymbose, glomerate, or spi-
cate; scales of the izvoluere variously colored.

1. G. potycrrHaLum, Mz. Stem herbaceous, erect, paniculately
branched; leaves linear-oblanceolate, acute, sessile and not decur-
rent, smoothish above, tomentose beneath; heads numerous, in
terminal corymbose clusters. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 427.
DC. Prodr. 6. p. 227. Fl. Cestr. p. 494.

Many-HEeapep Gnapuatium. Vulgo—Life-everlasting.

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, hoary-tomentose and generally much
branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, somewhat undulate on the margins, green
and nearly smooth on the upper surface—whitish and densely tomentose be-
neath. Heads rather small, oblong-ovoid, ochroleucdéus, aggregated in dense
terminal clusters, very fragrant. ” Florets. slender. yellowish. Akenes oblong,
subterete, smooth. Pappus somewhat tawny. Old fields, and Pastures: Canada
to Texas. Fil. Aug.—Sept. Fr. October.

Obs. This is often quite abundant in old pasture fields; and al-
though not a pernicious plant, it is altogether valueless to the farmer,
and must be regarded as a mere weed.

SUB-TRIBE 8. SENECIONEAE. Cass.

Heads homogamous or heterogamous (never dioicous), discoid or radiate; rays
(when present) ligulate, in a single series. Receptacie very rarely chaffy. An-
thers not caudate. Pappus capillary—sometimes wanting on the outer akenes.
Leaves aliernate.

DIV. 1. ERECHTITEAE. .DC.

H.ads discoid, heterogamous; florets all tubular,—the marginal ones SEE se

98. ERECHTITES. Rajin. Endl. Gen. 2790.
[One of the names given, by Dioscorides, to the Senecio.]
Heads many-flowered, discoid; marginal florets pistillate, very
slender, 2 or 3-toothed,—the others perfect, 4 or 5-toothed. Invo-
lucre cylindrical,—the scales in a single series, linear, acute, bracte-
8* .

90 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

olate. Receptacle naked, somewhat papillose. : Branches of the style
tipped with a pubescent cone. <Afenes oblong, striate, somewhat
attenuated at apex. Pappus copious and smoothish, of very fine
capillary bristles in several series. Annual Herbs. Heads corymbose.

1. E. nreractrouia. Raf. Stem simple, or paniculate at summit ;
leaves lance-oblong, narrowed at base, acute, unequally incised-
dentate, sessile,—the upper ones often sagittate-auriculate and
somewhat amplexicaul ; involucre sub-cylindric, smooth, with subu-
late-linear bracteoles at base. Torr. §& Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 454.
DC. Prodr. 6. p. 294.

Senecio hieracifolius. Z. Fl. Cestr. p. 498.

HIERACIUM-LEAVED Erecutites. Valgd—Fire-weed. ~

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, rather large, succulent and tender when young,
striate-sulcate, more or less hairy, sometimes nearly smooth. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8
inches long. Heads middle-sized, often numerous, in small cymose corymbs
terminating the paniculate branches; tnvolucre terete-oblong, slightly ventricose ;
florets whitish or ochroleucous, very slender and numerous. Pappus very white,
of numerous fine and almost silky hairs. Receptacle flat, roughish-dotted. Moist
grounds; recent clearings, &c.: throughout the U. States. Fl. July—August.
fr, September.

Obs. This plant (which has much the aspect of a Sonchus, or
Sow-thistle) is remarkable for its prevalence in newly-cleared
grounds,—especially in and around the spots where brush-wood has
been burnt ; whence its common name, “ Fire-weed.’’ It is a coarse
worthless weed, and often very abundant in new grounds; but it is
not apt to be troublesome in cultivated fields.

DIV. 2. EU-SENECIONEAE. DC.

Heads either homogamous, and discoid, or heterogamous and radiate,—the
ray-florets pistillate.

99. SENECIO. L. Endi. Gen. 2811.

(Latin, Senex, an old man; the pappus resembling a white beard.]
Heads many-flowered,—either discoid with the florets all tubular
and perfect—or radiate with the ray-florets pistillate. Seales of the
znvolucre ina single series, or calyculate with a few accessory scales.
Receptacle naked or alveolate, not chaffy. Branches of the style, in
the perfect florets, truncate,—the apex only minutely penicillate.
Akenes not beaked nor winged—often grooved or ribbed. Pappus
of numerous very slender caducous hairs. Herbs, or sometimes
shrubby plants. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary, paniculate or
corymbose.

O0S> Perennial: Heads mostly radiate, corymbose. Radicalleaves
undivided.

1. S. aureus, Z. Smooth, or often somewhat arachnoid-woolly
when young; radical leaves roundish-ovate and subcordate, or vary-
ing to obovate and oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, petiolate ;
lower stem-leaves lyrate,—the upper ones lanceolate, pinnatifid,
sessile or partly clasping; corymb subumbellate. Torr. & Gr. Fi.
IV. A. 2. p. 44%. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 432. Fl. Cestr. p, 496. A

Also, 8. obovatus, and Balsamitae. Muhi. DC.1. c. Fl. Cestr. p.
Gotpen Senecio. Vulgé—Groundsel. Squaw-weed.. [497.

COMPOSITAE 91

. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, corymbosely branched,—the lower branches elongated,.
axillary and distant—the upper ones crowded or subumbellate at the summit of
the stem. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, varying in form on the different varieties ;
petioles of the radical leaves 1 or 2 to 6 or 8 inches long. Heads terminal on the
fastigiate branches; rays and disk yellow. Akenes linear-oblong. striate-ribbed;
pappus white. Banks of streams; moist sterile fields, and meadows: through-
out the U. States. F/. April—June. Fr June—July.

Obs. Torrey anp Gray have reduced MunLEnBER@’s two species
(viz. obovatus, and Balsamitae,) to varieties of the S. aureus, L.
The var. Balsamitae—with a nearly simple stem, and elliptic or
lance-oblong radical leaves—is a frequent weed in poor moist mea-
dows and pastures,—where the farmer may often see patches, in the
spring, made conspicuous by its yellow rays. The war. obovatus
(called “‘ Sqguaw-weed*’) has been denounced, by an Agricultural
writer in New York, as being poisonous to sheep; but I know not
how correctly,—and am.rather inclined to doubt the accuracy of the
statement. The Sexecios are a multitudinous family. Prof. Dr
CanpouLuE describes nearly 600 species,—of which about 40- are
enumerated by Torrry & Gray as inhabitants of North America.
Although the species are so numerous—and, I believe, altogether
worthless,—I do not know that they have been found very trouble-
some, on the farm. Our ative ones, certainly, have not. The
common Groundsel, of Europe (S. vulgaris, L.—a homely little
weed, with discoid heads and pinnatifid leaves)—which Dr CanpoLiE
says migrates almost every where with European men—has been
introduced about the sea-ports of the northern States; but it does
not appear to extend itself very rapidly.* '

TRIBE V. CYNAREAE. Less.

Heads homogamous or heterogamous, sometimes dioicous. Style, in the perfect
florets, often nodose-thickened near the summit (sometimes penicillate at the
node) ; the branches either distinct or concrete, puberulent externally,—the stig-
matic lines extending to their apex, and there confluent.

SUB-TRIBE 2. CENTAURIEAE. DC.

Heads discoid, many-flowered,—the marginal florets usually neutral, irregular

and much larger than the central ones. Scales of the involucre imbricated, vari-

ously appendiculate. Akenes with an areola (or small cavity) at base which is
more or less lateral. Pappus capillary, bristly, or chaffy—never plumose,—
sometimes wanting. ‘

100. CENTAUREA. LZ. Endl. Gen. 2871.

[From the Centaur, Chiron,—who, it 1s said, cured his wound with the plant.]
Heads many-flowered; florets unequal,—the marginal ones larger
and neutral, or sometimes waniting,—the central ones perfect. In-
volucre imbricated, the scales various. Receptacle bristly-paleace-
ous. Axenes compressed. Pappus usually composed of scabrous
filiform bristles in one or more series,—the inner series often smaller
and somewhat connivent. Polymorphous Herds. Leaves alternate.
Heads solitary, large.

* Since the above was written, the S. vu/garts has been detected in the streets
of West Chester, Pa. by Mr. PENNock PassmorE—a gentleman who is at once a
practical farmer and an acute observer, with the eye of a Botanist. Itis possible
the plant may yet become generally disseminated,—though I had only noticed it
in the vicinity of Philadelphia, before Mr. Passmore pointed it out to me in my
own village. ;

92 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

1. C. Cranus, LZ. Floccose-tcmentose ; stem erect, much branched;
leaves lance-linear, sessile, entire,—the lower ones broader, tapering
into a kind of petiole, toothed or pinnatifid at base; pappus shorter
than-the akene. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 454. DG. Prodr. 6.
p. 578. Fl. Cestr. p. 435. Icon, Fl. Lond. vol. 3.

Buve Centaurea. Veulgi—Blue-bottle. Ragged Robin. Blue Bon-
nets, of the Scotch.
Fr. Bluet. Germ. Die Korn-blume. Spaz. Ciano.

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, hoary-vil-
lous or lanuginous—especially on the under side. Heads roundish-ovoid, pedun-
culate, not bracteate: outer scales of the tzvoluere ovate. serrate,—the inner ones
longer, lanceolate, scarious and entire below, serrate near the apex. Florets of
the centre regular, with a slender tube, mostly violet-purple,—the marginal ones
obsoletely pistillate, larger, spreading or recurved, funnel-form with a long tube,
blue, or sometimes purplish or white. Akenes oblong, compressed, striate, pilose,
with a cavity (areo.a) on one side of the base: pappus composed of numerous
russet scabrous hairs of unequal length. Gardens, and cultivated fields : Northern
and Middle States: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July.-Fr. August.

_Obs. This plant is often seen in Gardens,—and in some places is
gradually straggling into the cultivated fields. As it is considered a
troublesome weed, among the grain crops of Europe, it may be well
to watch and arrest its pregress, here. Every worthless intruder
should be regarded with a jealous eye, by the farmer.

SUB-TRIBE 3.. CARDUINEAE. Less.
Heads discoid, homogamous, many-flowered ; florets all similar, perfect or dioi-
cous. Scales of the tnvolucre imbricated in several series, often spinose at apex.
Corolla usuaily curved outwards,—the exterzior lobe often more deeply separated
than the others. Anthers slightly or not at all caudate. Axenes not beaked, gla-
brous, with a terminal areola. Pappus composed of slender scabrous or plumose
bristles, which are often united into a ring at the base.

101. CYNARA. Vaill. Endl. Gen. 2882.

(Greek, Kyon, hyios, a dog; the spines of the involucre resembling dag’s teeth.]
Heads homogamous, many-flowered; florets all equal. Inwvolucre _
ovoid,—the seales imbricated, coriaceous, produced into a lanceolate
appendage which is spinescent at apex. eceptac/e flat, fimbrillate
or bristly-paleaceous. Corol/a 5-cleft,—the limb thick at. base,
half as long as the tube, the lobes very unequal. Azthers witha
very obtuse appendage; filaments papillose, somewhat barbed.—
Branches of the style concrete. Akenes obovate compressed or 4-
sided, smooth; areola broad, somewhat oblique. -Pappus in several
series, long, plumose,—the bristles free at base, but attached tova
decidvous ring. Perennial spinose Herds. Leaves alternate, pinna-
tifidly lobed, not decurrent. Heads large, with a thick fleshy
leceptacle. —

1. ©. Scorymus, L.. Stem branching; leaves subspinose, bipin-
natifid and sometimes undivided, tomentose beneath; scales of the
involucre ovate, thick and fleshy at base, obtuse at apex and some-
what emarginate,—rarely subspinescent, straight or slightly diver-
gent. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 620. .

Vulgo— Artichoke.
Fr. Artichaud. Germ. Die Artischoke. Span. Alcachofa.

Root perennial. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, stout, striate and tomentose. Leaves large,
entire or lobed and spinose. Heads ovoid.2 to 3 inches in diameter; florets blue

or violet-purple. Gardens: cultivated. Native country uncertain, Fil. Aug.
Fr. September.

‘

COMPOSITAE ; 93
Obs. The thick receptacle—together with the fleshy bases of the
scales of the involucre—affords a favorite vegetable dish,—for which
this plant is cultivated, by those who are curious in such matters.
I have seen magnificent specimens from the Garden of Mrs. Lati-
MER (near Wilmington, Del.),—a Lady who excels in the culture of
rare plants, choice fruits, and beautiful flowers. ’
Another species, called Cardoon (C. Cardunculus, L.),—with the
leaves all bipinnately lobed, and more spinose,—to which the fore-
going is nearly allied (if, indeed, it be not, as Prof. De CanpoLLe
suggests, a mere variety produced by long culture)—is also cultiva-
ted for the thick fleshy petzoles and ribs of the leaves,—which are
rendered delicate and white by ettolation, or blanching, after the
manner practiced with Celery.

102. CIRSIUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2887.
[Greek, Ktrsos, a varix, or enlarged vein; for which the plant was a supposed
remedy.] :

Heads many-flowered; florets all similar and perfect, or rarely
dioicous. Jnvolucre subglobose; scales imbricated in ‘numerous
_Series, mostly cuspidate or tipped with a spine. Receptacle fimbril-
late. Corolla with the limb regularly, or sometimes unequally, 5-
cleft,—the tube rather short. Anthers more or less produced and
lacerate at base; filaments often hairy. Branches of the style con-
crete nearly or quite to the apex. Asenes oblong, compressed, not
ribbed, glabrous; areola terminal. Pappws of many series,—the
hairs united into a deciduous ring at base, plumose, merely denticu-
late (the stouter ones slightly clavellate) at apex. - Biennial or per-
ennial Herbs. Leaves alternate, sessile or decurrent, often pinna-
tifid with the margins and segments spinose,—the radical ones much
larger than the cauline—as is usual with diezzals.

1. C. tancEoLatum, Scop. Leaves decurrent on the stem and form-
ing a spinose lobed wing, pinnatifid, prickly hispid on the upper
surface, arachnoid-lanuginous beneath,—the segments lanceolate,
bifid, divaricate, spinose ; involucre ovoid, nearly bractless; scales
linear-lanceolate, tipped with a spine, the outer ones spreading.
Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 456. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 636.

Carduus lanceolatus, L. Fl. Cestr. p. 436.
Lanceotate Cirsium. Vulgo—Common Thistle.
Fr. Chardon lanceole. Germ. Die Kratzdistel. Span. Cardo.

Root biennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched, striate-sulcate, hairy, winged
by the decurrent leaves. Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long. Heads terminal, erect,
about an inch in diameter; scales of the involwere connected by a cobweb-like
villus. Florets purple, with yellowish anthers. Akenes small, obovate-oblong ;
pappus about an inch long, silky. Pastures, fence-rows, way-sides, &c. Northern
ype Middle States: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June—July. Fr. July—

ugust.

Obs. This foreigner—which delights in a rich soil—is abundantly
naturalized in Pennsylvania, and the Northern States, generally.—
Though not so repulsive and ugly as some of the spinose Compositae
of Europe (such as Onopordon, Carlina, Kentrophyllum, &c.), it is
nevertheless a very objectionable weed, on our farm,—and requires
constant vigilance and attention to exclude it, or keep it in subjec-
tion. If permitted to mature its fruit, the spreading pappus may be

94 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

seen, by hundreds, floating the akenes through the air, and dissemi-
‘nating the noxious intruder far and wide. ;

2. C. piscotor, Sprezg. Leaves sessile, more or less deeply pinna-
tifid, sparsely hairy and green above, densely hoary-tomentose be-
neath,—the segments linear-lanceolate, cuspidate and spinulose-cili-
ate ; involucre ovoid-oblong ; scales appressed, tipped with a slender
prickle,—the outer or lower scales lance-ovate, the inner or upper
ones linear-lanceolate. Torr. §& Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 457. DC.
Prodr. 6. p. 640. .

Carduus discolor. Watt. Fi. Cestr. p. 437.

Two-coLorep Cirsium.

Root biennial. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, with rather slender spreading leafy
branches, striate, pubescent with crisped membranous hairs. Leaves 3 or 4to12
or 15 inches long (those on the branches small), the under surface bluish-white
with a soft dense tomentum. Heads 1 to 2 inches long, and an inch or more in
diameter ; scales somewhat arachnoid-villous, all appressed, terminating in-a
slender spreading spine. Florets reddish-purple, with whitish anthers. Fields,
and borders of thickets: Northern and Western States. Fl. Aug.—Sept. Fv.
Sept.— October.

Obs. Like all others of the genus, this is a worthless, obnoxious
weed,—but is much easier kept in subjection, than the preceding.

3. C. pumitum, Spreng. Leaves semi-amplexicaul, pinnatifid, green
on both sides,—the segments short, irregularly lobed, spinulose-cili-
ate and pointed ,with strong sharp spines; heads few and large,
roundish-ovoid, bracteate; scales of the involucre appressed,—the
outer ones ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tipped with a short spine,
the inner ones lance-linear with acuminate scarious serrulate tips.
Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 459. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 651.

Carduus pumilus. Nwtt. Fl. Cestr. p. 437.

Low or pwakF Cirsium.

Plant pale greyish green. Root biennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, stout, spar-
ingly branched, striate, retrorsely pilose. Leaves 4 to12 inches long ,very prickly,
more or less hairy, densely pilose on the midrib beneath. Heads few (1 to 3), often
near 2 inches in diameter, mostly with large pinnatifid spinose bracts at base.
Florets often 2 inches in length, usually of a pale reddish-purple, with whitish
anthers. Neglected old fields, and low grounds: Middle and Northern States.
Fl. July. Fr. August.

Obs. The flowers of this species are quite fragrant, and the heads
somewhat showy or conspicuous,—being larger than those of any
other native thistle. It does not disseminate rapidly ; and is there-
fore easily kept in-subjection, by proper attention.

4. C. norripuLuM, Mz. Leaves semi-amplexicaul, pinnatifid, lanu-
ginous beneath,—the short segments toothed or incised, strongly
spinose; involucre ovoid, large, with a verticil of pectinately spi-
nose bracts at base; scales loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate,
tapering to a subulate point, but scarcely spinose. Torr. § Gr. Fi.
IN. Az 2. p. 460. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 651. ;

Carduus spinosissimus. Walt. Fl. Cestr. p. 438.
SomewHat RUGGED Cirsium. Vulgé—Yellow Thistle.

Root biennial? (perennial, DC.). ‘Stem 18 inches ‘to 2 or 3 feet high, rather
stout, simple or sparingly branched, arachnoid-lanuginous when young, finally

COMPOSITAE 95

smoothish. Leaves 4 to 12 inches long, hairy on the upper surface, lanuginous
beneath,—the segments pointed with short rigid spines. Heads terminal, few,
(often but one), nearly as large as in the preceding species, surrounded at base
by a whorl of numerous (10 to 20 or 30) linear-lanceolate bracts, about as long
as the involucre,—the bracts subpinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, pectinately spi-
nose, with the spines somewhat in pairs, or fascicled. Florets an inch to an
inch and half long, pale yellow (sometimes purple? or becoming purple in dry-
ing?). Pastures, and waste places: Sea coast, from Massachusetts to Louisiana:
introduced? Fi. July. Fr. August.

Obs. This rugged ve aah, plant has, to me, the appearance of a
foreigner, in our soil. have only met with it on the sandy coast of
New Jersey,—and in a single locality in Chester County, Penna.,
where it was evidently a stranger. It is very desirable that it should
continue to be a stranger, to our farms.

5. C. arvensE, Scop. Rhizoma creeping; stem rather slender,
striate-angled, paniculately branclied at summit; leaves sessile,
lance-oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid and dentate, undulate, ciliate-spi-
nose ; heads numerous, small, sometimes dioicous ; involucre oblong-
ovoid; scales appressed, lance-ovate, mucronate,—a few of the
outer ones cuspidate-spinose. Torr. § Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 460.
DC. Prodr. 6. p. 643.

Carduus arvensis. Sm. Fl. Cestr. p. 439.
Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm. Fl. Lond. Icon, vol. 3.
-Frerp Crrstum. Vadgd+Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle.

Fr. Chardon aux Anes. Germ. Die Acker Kratzdistel.

Rhizoma perennial,—creeping horizontally 6 or 8 inches below the surface of
the ground, and giving off numerous erect biennial branches. Stem 18 inches to
3 feet high, slender and smoothish,—the branches slender and lanuginous.
Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, sessile and slightly decurrent, smoothish on the
upper surface, sometimes arachnoid-lanuginous beneath,—the radical ones
curled or wavy. Heads half an inch to two thirds of an inch in diameter, ter-
minal, sub-pedunculate ; seales smoothish, minutely ciliate. Flérets palish lilae-
purple, with whitish anthers, perfect or the heads dioicous by abortion. Akenes
linear-oblong, slightly 4-cornered ; pappus finally longer than the florets. Fields,
and way-sides: Northern and Middle States: introduced. Native of Europe.
Fl. July. Fr. August. .

Obs. This foreigner is, perhaps, the most execrable weed that has
yet invaded the farms of our Country. The rhtzoma, or subterra-
nean stem (which is perennial and very tenacious of life,) lies rather
below the usual depth of furrows,—and hence the plant is not des-
troyed by common ploughing. This rhizoma ramifies and extends
itself horizontally in all directions,—sending up branches to the sur-
face, where radical leaves are developed the first year—and aerial
stems the second year. The plant appears to die, at the end of the
second summer; but it only dies down to the horizontal subterra-
nean stem. The numerous branches, sent up from the rhizoma,
soon cover the ground with the prickly radical leaves of the plant,—
and thus prevent cattle from feeding where they are. Nothing short
of destroying the perennial portion of the plant will rid the ground
of this pest; and this, I believe, has been accomplished by a few
years of continwed cultwre (or annual cropping of other plants, that
require frequent ploughing, or dressing with the hoe,)—so as to pre-
vent the development of radical leaves, and deprive the rhizoma
of all connection or communication with the atmosphere,

96 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

The following notice of this annoying weed, from Curtis’ Flora
Londinensis, may not be uninteresting to the American farmer:

“ Vitium agrorum apud nos primarium est [it is the greatest pest
of our fields], Linnarus observes in his Flora Lapponica. The
same may be said with us: and we have bestowed on this plant the
harsh name of cursed, with a view to awaken the attention of the
Agriculturists of our country to its nature and pernicious effects.

‘¢ Repeated observation has convinced us that many husbandmen
are ignorant of its economy,—and while they remain so, they will
not be likely to get rid of one of the greatest pests which can affect
their corn fields and pastures. Of the Thistle tribe the greatest
part are annual or biennial, and hence easily destroyed.» Some few
are not only perennial, but have powerfully creeping roots,—and
none so much as the present. In pulling this plant out of the ground,
we draw up a long slender root which many are apt to consider as
the whole of it; but if those employed in such business examine
the roots so drawn up, they will find every one of them broken off
at the end: for the root passes perpendicularly to a great depth, and
then branches out horizontally under ground. |

“To give an idea of its astonishing increase, we shall subjoin
from the memoirs of the Bath Agricultural Society an experiment
made for the very purpose of ascertaining it.* When this paper
was delivered to the Society, from experiments then made, I was of
opinion that repeated mowing or spudding would not destroy this
Thistle. I have since had cause, from further observation and ex-
periments, to think differently : so deep, however, does it penetrate,
that these operations are the only ones which can well be applied to
its destruction,—and if they do not effectually overcome, they will
greatly enfeeble it.”

Two or three other species of Cirsium are frequently to be met
with (viz: C. muticum, Mz. with the heads not spinose,—and C.
altissimum, Spreng. with the stem-leaves not pinnatifid): But, as
they do not incline much to infest the open grounds or farm land, I
have not judged it necessary to notice them more particularly, here.

103. LAPPA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2892.

[Celtic, Liap, a handor Greek, /abein, to seize ; from its adhesive involucres.]

Heads many-flowered; florets all perfect and similar. Involucre
subglobose; scales imbricated, coriaceous, appressed at base,
spreading and subulate above, with the rigid apex uncinately in-
curved. Receptacle somewhat fleshy, bristly-paleaceous. Corolla
regularly 5-cleft, 10-nerved. Anthérs tipped with filiform appen-
dages, and caudate at base; filaments papillose. Branches of the

* “ Avril 1st, 1778, I planted in a garden a piece of the root of this Thistle,
about the size of a goose quill, and 2 inches long, with a small head of leaves,
cut off from the main root just as it was springing out of the ground. By the
2nd of the November following, this small root had thrown out shoots, several
of which had extended themselves to the distance of 8 feet.—some had even
thrown up leaves 5 feet from the original root: most of the shoots, which had
thus far extended themselves, were about 6 inches under ground,—others had
penetrated to the depth of 2 feet and a half: the whole together, when dug up
and washed from the earth, weighed 4 pounds. In the spring of 1779, contrary
to my expectation, this Thistle again made its appearance on and about the
spot where the small piece was originally planted. There were between 50
and 60 young heads, which must have sprung from the roots which had eluded
the gardener’s search,—though he was particularly careful in extracting them.”

COMPOSITAE > 97

style free and divergent at apex. Azenes oblong, compressed,
transversely rugose. Pappus in several series, short, filiform, sca-
brous, not united into a ring at base, caducous. Biennial Herds,
coarse and branching. Leaves alternate, subcordate, petiolate, large.
Heads rather small, solitary or somewhat corymbose.

1. L. Masor, Gaertn. Lower leaves cordate-oblong, upper ones
ovate; scales of the involucre all subulate with uncinate tips, smooth

or loosely arachnoid. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2 p. 463. DC. Prodr.
6. p. 661.

Arctium Lappa. LZ. Fl. Cestr. p. 436. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3.
GrReaTER Lappa. Vulgd—Bur-dock.

Fr. Glouteron. Germ. Die Klette. Span. Bardana Lampazo.

Root biennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 6 feet high, paniculately branching, striate-sul-
cate, roughish-pubescent. Leaves green and roughish-pubescent above, paler
and arachnoid-tomentose beneath,—the radical ones 1 to 2 feet long, erosely
dentate and undulate on the margin (sometimes pinnatifid, or coarsely and
deeply dentate); petioles 9 to18 inches long; stem-leaves smaller, and more or
less ovate. Heads roundish-ovoid, on short pedunéles, terminal and axillary ;
scales of the tnvolucre subulate-lanceolate, keeled, minutely serrulate, smoothish,
spreading, with the point incurved and hooked. Florets purple, with bluish an-
thers. Akenes compressed, angular, rugose. Receptacle fimbrillate,—the bristly
chaff smooth, longer than the akenes. Fence-rows, and waste places: intro-
duced. Native of Europe. Fi. July—Sept. Fr. Sept.—October.

Obs. Every body knows this coarse homely weed, wherever it has
gained admittance,—but every body does not take care to keep it in
due subjection. One of the earliest and surest evidences of slovenly
negligence, about a farm-yard, is the prevalence of huge Bur-docks.
The plant is considerably bitter; and the leaves are a favorite ex-
ternal application in fevers, head-ache, &c.

SUB-ORDER III.* LIGULAEFLORAE. DC.

Florets all ligulate and perfect, disposed in a homogamous radiatiform head.

TRIBE VIII. CICHORACEAE. Vazill.

Style cylindric abeve,—the summit, as well as the rather obtuse branehes,
equally or uniformly pubescent; stigmatic lines terminating below or near the
sniddle of the branches. Plants with a milky juice! Leaves alternate.

SUB-TRIBE 2. HYOSERIDEAE. Less.

Pappus coroniform or of numerous small chaffy scales, in one or two 6eries.
Receptacle not chafiy.

104. CICHORIUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2978.
{Etymolegy obscure: perhaps from Chicouryeh, the Arabic. name of the plant.]
Heads usually many-fiowered. Jnvolucre double,—the outer one of
about 5 short spreading scales==the inner one of 8 or 10 scales.
Akenes turbinate, somewhat compressed and angular, striate, gla-

brous. Pappus of numerous very small chaffy scales. Branching
Herbs.

i. C. intysus, LZ. Radical leaves runcinate, hispidly scabrous on
the midrib,—the cauline ones small, oblong or lanceolate, partly

* Sup-Oxper II. LaBIaTIFLORAE, contains ne plant of Agricultural interest.
9

98 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

clasping, sinuate-dentate or entire—those of the branches inconspi-
cuous; heads axillary, subsessile, mostly in pairs. Torr. §& Gr. FT.
N. A. 2. p. 472. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 84. Fl. Cestr. yp. 440. Icon, Fl.
Lond. 3. . ant!

Vulgd—Wild Succory. Chiccory.
Fr. La Chicoree sauvage. Germ. Der Wegewart. Span. Achicoria-

Root perennial, somewhat fusiform. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular-striate,-
roughish-pubescent, with numerous and somewhat virgate scabrous braiches.
Radical leaves 4 to 8 or 10.inches long, numerous. Heads axillary on the side of
the stem and branches, in pairs or often solitary, Florets blue, or sometimes
purplish—and not unfrequently white,—all ligulate and radiating towards the
circumference. Pappus of minute chaffy scales, oblong, obtuse or emarginate,
in a double series. Fields, and meadows: Northern and Middle States: intro-
duced. Native of Europe. Fil, August. Fr. Sept.—October.

Obs. This foreigner is becoming extensively naturalized. Some
European Agriculturists recommend it as a valuable forage plant,—
though they admit that it gives a bad taste to the milk of Cows
which feed upon it. In this country, it is generally—and I believe
justly—regarded as an objectionable weed, which ought to be ex-
pelled from our pastures. The roasted root has been used, on the
continent of Europe, as a substitute for the: Coffee-berry ; but those
who delight in the aromatic beverage, are not likely to take much
interest in this or any other swbstitute for the genuine article.

2. C. Enprvia, Willd. var. sativa, DC. Radical leaves somewhat
erect, obovate-oblong, sinuate-dentate, and often pinnatifid, smooth- .
ish,—the cauline ones auriculately dilated at base; heads sessile and
aggregated in twos and fours in the axils of the upper leaves, or
solitary on elongated branches. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 84.

Vulgo—Endive. Garden Succory.
Fr. La Scarole. Germ. Die Endivie. Span. Endibia.

Root biennial—or sometimes annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, terete, fistular,
somewhat branched, smoothish, or often sparsely hirsute. Radical leaves 6 to
12 inches long, sinuate-dentate with the teeth varying from large to very small
and numerous, sometimes pinnatifid with the margin curled and lacerate, slen-
der‘and tapering to the base. Outer scales of the involucre hispid-ciliate. Florets
violet-purple, or sometimes white,—the ligules at first involute. Akenes turbinate
or obconic, somewhat compressed, angular and ribbed ; pappus of minute chaffy
scales in a double series. Gardens: cultivated. Native of India. Fl. July—
August. Fr. September.

Oés. Cultivated for the young radical leaves,—which are etiolated
or blanched by the exclusion of light, and used as a salad.

_SUB-TRIBE 3. SCORZONEREAE. Less.

Pappus of narrow séemi-lancéolate chaffy scales or bristles,—the inner ones, and
those on the interior akenes, mostly plumose. Receptacle not chaffy.

-105. TRAGOPOGON. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2995.

[Greek, Tragos, a goat, and Pogon, a beard; in allusion to the pappus.]
Heads many-flowered. Involuere ina nearly single series; scales
8 to 16, somewhat united at base, finally reflexed. Afenes sessile, -
with a lateral areola at base, scabrous, terminating in a long con-
tinuous beak. . Pappus in. several series,—all plumose except the 5
outer ones, which are longer than the rest. Biennial or perennial
Herbs. Leaves sublinear, with parallel nerves.

COMPOSITAE 99

1. T. porrirotium, LZ. Glabrous; leaves lance-linear, acuminate,
very entire; peduncles somewhat obconical, fistular; scales of the
involucre about 8, lanceolate, acute, longer than the florets. DC.
Prodr.1. p. 113. Fl. Cestr. p. 442. ;

Leex-LeaveD Tracorocon. Vulgc—Oyster-Plant. Salsify.
Fr. Salsifis. Germ. Der Bock-bart. Span. Barba cabruna.

Plant glabrous and somewhat glaucous. Root biennial? (annual, DC.), fleshy
and Faaiteraat Stem 3 to 4 or 5 feet high, sparingly and somewhat dichotomously
branched. Leaves 6 te 12 or 15 inches long, ovately dilated at base, and taper-
ing to a long narrow acuminatien,-keeled, sessile and semi-amplexicaul, some-
what distichous. Heads terminal, on enlarged clavate hollow peduncles.—
Florets violet-purple with a fuscous tinge. Akenes lance-oblong, striate-sulcate,
scabrous, tapering to a smooth slender beak, about an inch in length, and sup-
porting the pappus at summit, Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe.. Fl.
June. Fr. July. oe >

Obs. This is frequently cultivated for its fleshy root,—which,
when properly cooked, has something of the flavor of fried Oysters ;
whence one of its common names,

SUB-TRIBE 4. LATUCEAE. Cass.

Pappus capillary,—the bristles mostly soft or fragile—not dilated nor thickened
at base, nor plumose. Receptacle not chaffy.

1S~ Pappus bright white.
t Akenes terete, ribbed or angled.

106. TARAXACUM. Haller. Endl. Gen. 3010.

{Greek, Tarasso, to stir or disturb; in allusion to its supposed active properties.]}
Heads many-flowered. Involucre double,—the outer scales small,
appressed, spreading, or reflexed—the inner ones erect, in a single
series,—all of them sometimes callous-corniculate at apex. Asenes
oblong, striate-ribbed or angled, minutely muricate on the ribs, often
spinellose at suammit,—the apex abruptly produced into a long slen-
der beak. Pappus in many series, capillary, very white. “Peren-
nial stemless Herbs: Leaves, consequently, all radical. Heads of
flowers mostly solitary, on simple fistular naked scapes.

1. T. Dewns-teonis, Desf. Leaves lance-oblong, unequally and
acutely runcinate,—the lobes triangular, dentate anteriorly; scales
of the involucre not corniculate at apex, the outer ones reflexed ;
akenes spinellose atsummit. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 494. DC.
Prodr.'7. p. 145.

Leontodon Taraxacum. L. Fl. Cestr. p.443. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3.
Lion-tootu Taraxacum. Valgdo—Dandelion.
Fr. Dent de Lion. Germ. Der Loewenzahn. Span. Amargon.

Plant at first somewhat pubescent, at length smooth. Root perennial. Leaves
4 to 10 or 12 inches long. Scapes several from the same root, 4 to 12 or 15inches
long (elongating), terete, each bearing a single head. Involucre oblong,—the
inner scales lance-linear, appressed, with scarious margins—the outer ones re-
flexed, slightly ciliate,—finally the entire involucre reflexed. Florets yellow.
Akenes terminating in a beak, which is short at first, then suddenly elongating to
about three fourths of an inch in length, filiform, bearing the pappus at summit,
diverging so as to form a globose head. Pastures, &c.: nearly throughout the
U. States: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. April—Aug. Fr. May—Sept.

Obs. This foreigner—although not a very obnoxious plant—has
become so thoroughly naturalized as to be more abundant than wel-

-

100 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS.

come, in our pasture-grounds and meadows: and yet, if it cannot
be repressed or smothered out by better plants, it will be a difficult
task to extirpate it,—as myriads of seeds are annually wafted over
the country by means of the pappus. The plant is reputed to be
medicinal; and the young radical leaves, when blanched, are said
to make a good substitute for Endive.

} t Akenes flattened, compressed or obcompressed-

107. LACTUCA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3008.
{Latin, Lac, milk; in reference to its milky juice.]
Heads few- or several-flowered. Involuere cylindrical, calyculate-
imbricate ; scales in 2 to 4 series,—the outer ones shorter and broader.
Akenes flatly obcompressed, wingless, abruptly produced into a fili-
form beak. Pappus in several series of soft white hairs. Caules-
cent Herbs. Heads of flowers paniculate or corymbose-

1. L. sativa, LZ. Stem corymbosely branching, leafy ; radical leaves
erect, oval, narrowed at base, wavy,—the cauline ones cordate,
amplexicaul. DC. Prodr.'7. p. 138. Fl. Cestr. p. 442.

CuutivaTep Lacruca. Valgo—Garden Lettuce. Salad.
Fr. La Laitue. Germ. Der Salat. Span. Lechuga..

Plant smooth, mostly yellowish green and glauecous,—sometimes fuscous and
tinged with dark purple. Root annual. Sten 2 to 4 feet high; braneles clothed
with numerous small leaves. Heads numerous, teyminal, smaifl. Inner scalesot
the tnvolucre lanceolate,—the outer or lower ones ovate. Florets yellow. Akenes
lance-obovate, striate-ribbed, about half as long as the filiform beak. Gardens =
cultivated. Native country uncertain,—probably India. #7. July. Fv. August.

Obs. This plant—called Salad, par excellence —is almost univer-
sally known, and cultivated. Those forms known as Cwzsled, and
Head Salad (L. crispa, and L. eapitata), aye considered as distinet
species, by Prof. De Canpoutez, /. ¢. There is a mative species (L.
elongata, Muhl.) frequently to be met with, on the farm; but it is
scarcely of sufficient importance to be intitled to notice, here.

Some species of Sonehus, and DMulgedium,—plants belonging to
Lactuceae, but with akenes not beaked,—are often to be found on
farms (the Sonehws or Sow-thistle, in Gardens,—and 2 or 3 species
of Mulgedium—coarse, brittle plants—along fenee-rows, and borders
of thickets): But, although they are worthless weeds, they are
neither very troublesome, nor difficult to manage,—and are there-
fore omitted.

ORDER LXXVI. LOBELIACEAE. Juss.

Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, often lactescent. Leaves alternate, without
stipules. Flowers mostly solitary, axillary, and racemose. Calyx 5-parted,
more or less adherent to the ovary. Corzolla irregularly 5-lobed, usually some-
what bilabiate, cleft on one side nearly or quite to the base. Stamens 5, cohe-
rent into a tube. Style1; sitgma@ mostly 2-lobed, fringed with a pilose ring.
pea capsular, 2 or 3- (zarely 1-} celled, many-seeded. Seeds with a fleshy
albumen.

The genus which represents this Order, is the most important one, on account
of its acrid and narcotic properties.. Some of the species are remarkable for
the showy brilliance of the flowers.

TRIBE IV. LOBELIEAE. Presi.

Capsule 2-celled, opening at apex by 2 valves which are septiferous in the mid-
dle (locwlicidal), or rarely by 2 pores.

LOBELIACEAE 101

108. LOBELIA. L. Exdi. Gen. 3058.

[Named in honor of Matthias de Lobel,—a Flemish Botanist.]
Calyx 5-lobed; tube obconic, ovoid, or hemispherical. Corolla
tubular,—the tube cylindric or funnel-form, cleft on the upper side
nearly to the base; /imé somewhat bilabiate,—the upper lip rhostly
smaller and erect—the lower one broader, spreading, 3-cleft or 3-
toothed. Amthers coherent in a tube,—the 2 lower ones (rarely all)
bearded at apex. Ovary more or less adherent to the calyx, sgme-
times nearly free. Mostly Herbs. Flowers racemose-spicate, of
various colors—usually blue or red. Tt
1. L. inruata, L. Stem erect, hirsute, paniculately branched;
leaves subsessile, lance-ovate, ‘cronite-dentate, pilose; racemes
leafy; flowers small, axillary; calyx-tube ovoid, smoothish, the
segments as long as ‘the corolla; capsule ovoid or oval, ‘inflated.
DC. Prodr. 7. p. 380. Fil. Cestr. p. 155.

Inriatep Lospetia. Vuigc—Eye-bright. Indian Tobacco.

Root annual. Stem 9 to18 inches high, sometimes angled or slightly winged
by the decurrence of the leaves, often very hairy ; branehes axillary. Leaves
1 to 3 inches long, more or less ovate, unequally sinuate-dentate or..crenate.
Pedunceles one fourth to half an inch long. Corolla pale blue, rather inconspicu-
ous. Capsule thin and membranaceous, smoothish. Seeds minute, elliptic-ob-
long. rough with ferruginous reticulated ridges. Pastures, roadsides, tee Cana-
da to S. Carolina. Fi. July—Sept. Fr. Aug. —October.

Obs. This is an acrid plant,—possessing emetic, ieee and
narcotic properties; and is somewhat notorious for the use made of
it by a tribe of reckless modern Empirics. It is frequent. in our
pastures, in the latter part of summer,—and has been suspected of
causing the ptyalism or slabbering of Horses, so often observable at
that season. I cannot, however, help doubting the correctness of
the opinion; for the Horse is a dainty animal in the selectioit of his
food. I have often remarked the eare and dexterity with which he
separates the palatable herbage from that which is not so; and have
never seen him eat, nor even crop, so acrid and offensive a weed as
this Lobelia. We have two species, in Pennsylvania, which are
admired for the beauty of their blue and red flowers,—particularly
the crimson Cardinal-flower (L. cardinalis, L.): but they aré not
intrusive on the farm.

ORDER. LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. Juss. Endl.

Shrubs, or sometimes Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate and entire, without stipules.
Flowers regular, or nearly so. Calyx either adherent to the ovary, with a 4 to
6 (usually 5-) parted epigynous limb,—or entirely free, 4 or 5-parted and persistent.
Corolla 4 to 6 (usually 5- y lobed, epigynous or hypogynous,—rarely with the petals
almost or quite distinct. Stamens definite, as many, or twice as many, as the petals
or lobes of the corolla, mostly distinct; anthers 2-celled, often with awn-like ap-
pendages. Styles and stigmas united intol. Frwit baccate or capsular. Seeds
with fleshy albumen.

An interesting Order, mostly of shrubs.—some of them medicinal, and others
very beautiful—especially the Azaleas, Rhododendions, Kalmias, and many spe-
cies of the genus (Erica) which is. the type of the Order. The medicinal plant
called Uva Urst (Arctostaphylos Uva-Urst, Spreng. indigenous in the Pine forests
of New Jersey), also belongs here.

SUB-ORDER I. VACCINIEAE. Endl. A. Gray.. -

Ovary adnate to the tube of the calyx, becoming a berry or a drupetlike fruit.
Stamens epigynous,—twice as many as the lobes ‘of the corolla ; anthers sh pr i
mostly awned on the back. :

102 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

109. VACCINIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 4332.

[An ancient classical name ; etymology obscure.]
Calyx adherent to the ovary, but mostly with a free 5-toothed limb.
Corolla either campanulate, urceolate, or cylindrical,—the limb 4
or 5-cleft, and often reflexed. Stamens twice as many as the lobes
of the corolla, inserted on the limb of the calyx, often included;
anthers with 2 tubular horns at summit, and sometimes with 2.
bristle-like awns on the back, near the base. Berry globose, umbil-
icate at apex by reason of the persistent calyx-teeth, 4 or 5-celled,—
the cells several-seeded. Seeds angular,—the testa membranaceous
and reticulately rugose. Shrubs and undershrubs. Leaves seat-
tered, mostly entire, often sempervirent, and never sprinkled with
resinous atoms.

OG Anthers not awned on the back.

1. V. corymsosum, ZL. Flower-bearing branches nearly leafless;
leaves oblong-oval, acute at each end, pubescent when young, deci-
duous; racemes short, subcorymbose, bracteate,—the bracts scale-
like; corolla tubular, ovoid-cylindric. DC. Prodr.7. p. 571. Fl.
Cestr. p. 256. [Blue-berry.

Corymsose Vaccinium. Vulgd—Swamp, or Tall Huckleberry.

Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, often stout, with irregular straggling branches,—
the young leafing branches pubescent—the flower-bearing ones somewhat an-
gular, naked, and inclining to a greenish bronze color. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long,
generally elliptic, entire, and always with a short obtuse callous mucro, or point,
at apex, pubescent when young—especially on the nerves and under surface,—
finally smoothish ; petioles very short. Racemes half an inch to an inch long, 6
to 10 or 12-flowered, proceeding from lateral buds, and unaccompanied with
leaves; pedicels 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long, with purplish bracts, at base,
which resemble bud-scales. Corolla white, mostly tinged with purple, nearly
cylindrical, somewhat contracted at the orifice,—the lobes short and tooth-like.
Stamens included ; filaments pubescent; anthers not awned on the back,—the
terminal parallel tubes opening laterally, and becoming flat, linear, acute mem-
branes. Style longer than the stamens, but scarcely as long as the corolla
(rarely exserted). Berries rather large, black with a bluish bloom when mature,
very agreeable to the taste, Swamps, and moist woods: Canada to Georgia.
Fl. May. Fr. July—August.

Obs. Not being personally familiar with the localities, in New
Jersey, which supply the Philadelphia market so abundantly with
the favorite blue Huckleberries, I have heretofore been under the
impression (received from others), that those delightful Berries were
the product of the V. frondosum, L.: But, my friend Prof. A. Gray
—who has recently examined the whole matter—assures me that
we are indebted, for them, to the plant above described. It seems,
moreover, that several Shrubs, hitherto considered as species of Vac-
cuntwm, do not, in fact, accord with the essential character of that
genus,—but must be separated from it, “on account of their re-
markable ten-celled ovaries, and drupaceous ten-seeded fruit.” Of
these, may be mentioned, the aforesaid V. fronrdosum, L. the V. re-
sinosum, Ait. and the V. dumosum, Andr. (all with “ restnous-
dotted leaves’’),—which are now to be transferred to the genus
Gay-Lussacia, of H. B. K. [so named in honor of the distinguished
French Chemist and Philosopher, Gax-Lussac]—as will more fully
appear in the forthcoming IVerth American Flora, by TorrEY and

ERICACEAE 103

Gray.* Several species, however, of this new Genus—as well as a
number of the trwe Vaccintwms—afford esculent fruit; but none so
much admired as the Blwe-berry, of the Jersey swamps.

110. OXYCOCCUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 4331.

(Greek, Oxys, sharp or acid, and kokkos, a berry; in allusion to the acid fruit.]
Calyz adherent to the ovary, with the limb 4-toothed. Corolla
deeply 4-parted,—the lobes lance-linear, revolute. Filaments 8,
connivent; anthers 2-parted, tubular, opening by oblique pores.
Berry 4-celled; cells many-seeded. Szffruticose, slender and
mostly trailing plants. Peduneles solitary, axillary, bibracteate near
the flower. Fruit rather large. .

1. O. macrocarrus, Pers. Creeping; branches ascending, filiform ;
leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, nearly flat, glaucous beneath; pe-
duncles lateral, elongated. DC. Prodr.7. p. 577. Fl. Cestr. p.
241.
LarGe-rruitep Oxycoccus. Vulgé—Cranberry, or Crane-berry.
Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, very slender, prostrate, creeping, throwing up short
branches. Leaves about half an inch long, entire or with distant obsolete serra-
tures, slightly revolute on the margin, glabrous,—the young ones pubescent-cili-
ate at apex ; petioles very short. J*lowers nodding: corolla pale purple. Berry
subglobose, about half an inch in diameter, bright red or crimson when mature.
Sandy swamps, and wet grounds: Northern and Middle States. Fl. May—
June. Fr. October.

Obs. The acid fruzt of this slender vine-like shrub is highly
prized, when prepared for the table. It is said to be successfully
and advantageously czltivated, in the Northern States; and it cer-
tainly merits that attention, wherever a suitable situation for it can

be obtained.

SUB-ORDER II. ERICINEAE. Desv. A. Gray.

Ovary free from the calyx. Fruit capsular, or sometimes baccate or drupace-
ous. Stamens as many, or twice as many, as the lobes of the corolla; anthers
2-celled. opening by terminal pores. Testa conformed to. the nucleusof the seed.
Shrubs, or small trees. Leaves often acerose and evergreen. Petals sometimes

distinct.

TRIBE Il. ANDROMEDEAE. DC.

Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Corol/a deciduous.

111. ANDROMEDA. L. Endl. Gen. 4318.

[Named in allusion to the exposure of Andromeda; from its place of growth.]
Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, tubular, campan-
ulate, or globose,—the limb 5-cleft, reflexed. Stamens 10; anthers
often 2-horned at summit, and sometimes awned on the back.
Capsule ovoid or subglobose, 5-celled, 5-valved,—the valves septi-
ferous in the middle (doculicidal), entire or finally bifid.

1. A. Mariana, LZ. Glabrous; leaves oval, mostly acute at each:
end, very entire, sub-coriaceous, paler and puncticulate beneath,

* Dr. Gray designates the fruit of the Gaylussacias by the popular name of
Bitictertrs -cxah distinguishes that of the true Vacciniums by the name of
Blue-berries. ‘The “Huckleberry” of the Boston market, he informs me, is the
product of Gay’ussacia resinosa,—while the fruit of G. frondosa is little known,
there. He further states, that the “ Blue-berries,” of the same market, are chiefly
afforded by the Vaccinium corymbosum, V. virgatum, and V. Pennsylvanicum. -

104 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

deciduous; flowering branches nearly leafless; pedicels fasiculate,
bracteate; calyx naked at base; corolla ovoid-cylindric; anthers
awnless at summit. Fl. Cestr. p. 260.

Leucothoé. Mariana. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 602.
Magryianp AnpDRoMEDA. Velg?—Stagger-bush.

Stem 1 or 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, with erect branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long;
petioles about one fourth of an inch long. Flowers in racemose fascicles on the
old branches. Corolla white, or reddish-white. Capsule pentangular-ovoid,
truncate at apex. Seeds numerous, small, clavate. Woodlands, and sandy
plains: New England to Florida. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.—Sept.

Obs. This shrub is very abundant in the sandy districts of New
Jersey ; and the farmers, there, allege that it is injurious to sheep,
when the leaves are eaten by them,—producing a disease called the
staggers. I believe the evidence is not conclusive, on this point:
but it may be well to know the plant, against which such a charge
is made.

SUB-ORDER III. PYROLEAE. DC. A. Gray.

Ovary free from the calyx. Petals distinct! or nearly so. Fruita capsule.
Testa of the seed loose and cellular, not conformed to the nucleus.

112. CHIMAPHILA. Pursh. Endl. Gen. 4348.

[Greek, Cheima, winter, and Philos, a lover; from its green appearance in winter.}
Calyz 5-cleft. Petals 5, orbicular, spreading, deciduous. Stamens
10,—2 in front of each petal; #/aments dilated in the middle; az-
thers 2-celled, opening by 2 pores. Ovary obtusely conic, or de-
pressed-globose, umbilicate at apex ; style very short, immersed in
the ovary; stigma orbicular, peltate. Capsule depressed, obtusely
pentagonal, 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal at base and apex. Seeds
very minute, reticulate-striate. Humble szffruticose evergreens.
Peduncles terminal, somewhat.corymbose.

1. C. umBettata, Wutt. Leaves cuneate-oblong, acute at base,
serrate, uniform-green; flowers in a terminal subumbellate corymb;
filaments glabrous. DC. Prodr.7. p. 775.

Pyrola umbellata. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 266.
UmsBetuate Curmarnita. Vulgé—Pipsissawa. Winter-green.

Root creeping. Stem ascending, 3 to 6 inches long, leafy at summit. Leaves
1 to 2 inches long, subverticillate (often in 2 or 3 distinct verticils), coriaceous,
glabrous. Corym) 4 to 6-flowered. Petals reddish-white. Hilly woodlands—
particularly of Northern exposure: Northern and Middle States. Fil. June.
Fr. September.

Obs. This half-shrubby little Evergreen possesses some astringency
and bitterness, so as to be moderately tonic,—though doubtless
much over-rated in popular-estimation. H has been so long and so
generally noted, as an Jndzan medicine, under the name of Pipsis-
sawa, that every one who resides:in the country ought to be able to
identify it.

ORDER LXXX. EBENACEAE. Vent.

Trees or shrubs, destitute of milky juice,—the wood: often black. Leaves mostly
alternate and entire, without stipules. Flowers often polygamous. Calyz 3- to
&-cleft, free from the ovary. Corolla 3 to 6-cleft, subcoriaceous, often pubescent

EBENACEAE 105

externally. Stamens twice to four times as many as the lobes of the corolla.
Ovary 3- to several-celled—the style with as many divisions. Fruit baccate.
Seeds pendulous, bony, with cartilaginous albumen. ‘

A small Order; and the genus here given is the only one of any considera-
ble importance,—some of the species of which furnish the well-known hard
black wood, called Ebony.

113. DIOSPYROS. L. Endl. Gen. 4249.

[Greek, Dis, Dios, Jupiter, and Pyros, fruit; a rather fanciful name for such fruit.]
Dioicousty Potyeamous: Calyz 4 to 6-parted. Corolla tubular,
somewhat urceolate, 4 to 6-cleft. Srerire Fit. Stamens twice or
many times (usually 4 times) as numerous as the lobes of the co-
rolla; anthers linear-lanceolate. Ovary abortive. FeErrTite FL.
Stamens 8 to 12, mostly abortive. Ovary 4 to 8- (rarely 10.or 12-)
celled ; styles 2, 4, or several, more or less connate at base. Berry
ovoid or subglobose, with the persistent calyx often adhering to the
base, 8 to 12-seeded. Seeds oblong, compressed. Trees, or rarely
shrubs. Leaves alternate—rarely sub-opposite—entire, on short
petioles. Flowers axillary, subsessile,—the fertile ones solitary—
the sterile ones mostly in threes.

1. D. Virerniana, LZ. Leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtusely
acuminate, reticulately veined, pubescent on the petiole, nerves and
margin; calyx 4-parted, silky-pubescent within at base; corolla 4-
lobed, obtusely 4-angled, contracted above, glabrous. DC. Prodr.
8. p. 228. Fl. Cestr. p. 244. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 2. tab. 93.

Virernian Diospyros. Vulgd—Persimmon. Date Plum.
Fr. Le Plaqueminier. Germ. Der Pseudo-Lotus.

Stem 20 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 10 to 15 or 20 inches in diameter, irregularly
branched. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, subcoriaceous, green above, paler or
somewhat glaucous beneath; petioles half an inch to near aninch long. Calyx
of the fertile flower spreading and persistent at the base of the fruit. Corolla
ochroleucous or pale greenish yellow, of a thick leathery texture. Berry about
an inch in diameter, reddish-orange color when mature,—soft and pulpy after
frost. Seeds large, flattish. Rich bottom-lands, along streams: Middle and
Southern States. Fl. June. Fr. Octo—Noveimber.

Obs. The ripe fruit of this tree is sweet and luscious, after being
subjected to the action of frost,—but is remarkably harsh and as-
tringent, in a green state. The daré is astringent and tonic.

ORDER LXXXIV. PLANTAGINACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Chiefly low, apparently stemless, perennial Herbs. Leaves radical, rosulate,
strongly ribbed. Flowers small, spicate, on axillary or interfoliaceous scapes.
Calyx mostly 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular or urceolate, membranaceous
and persistent,—the limb 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla
alternately with the lobes; filaments very long, flaccid, persistent. Ovary 2-cell-
ed; style single. Capsule membranaceous, circumscissed; cells to several-
seeded. Seeds sessile, peltate or erect; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.

_An Order consisting chiefly of the genus whose name it bears; and the spe-
cies here described are those of chief interest, to the Agriculturist,

114. PLANTAGO. L. Endl. Gen. 2170.

[A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.]
Calyx 4- (rarely 3-) parted,—the segments nearly equal. Corolla
tubular, scarious, marcescent; dimé 4-cleft, reflexed. Stamens 4,
much exserted. Ovary free, 2-celled; ovzles peltately affixed to
the dissepiment. Style simple,—the summit or stigma pubescent,

106 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

exserted before the florets open. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, trans-
versely dehiscent ; dissepiment finally free, bearing the seeds on its
faces. lowers spicate or capitate, bracteolate. . .

1. P. mason, L. Leaves ovate or oval, smoothish, obscurely dentate,
on long petioles; scape terete, smooth; spike nearly cylindrical,
rather slender and very long; flowers somewhat imbricated; cap-
sule about 6-seeded. Willd. Sp. Pl. 1. p. 641. Fl. Cestr. p. 110.
Icon, Fl. Lond. 1. =,

GREATER Piantaco. Valgd—Common Plantain. Way-bread.
Fy. Plantain ordinaire.. Germ. Der grosse Wegetritt. Span. Lianten.

Root perennial. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, strongly 5 to 7-nerved with an
elastic filament in each nerve, generally smoothish (sometimes quite pilose),
abruptly contracted at base to a channelled petiole about as long as the leaf.
Scapes several, 6 to 18 inches high (including the spike of flowers, which varies
from 2 to 12 or 15 inches in length). Bracteoles lanceolate, keeled, appressed,
shorter than the calyx. Corolla whitish, inconspicuous, ventricose below, con-
tracted into a neck above, shrivelling and persistent. Stamens about twice as
— as the corolla. Moist rich grounds; along foot paths, &c.: throughout the
U. States: introduced. Native of Europe and Japan. Fl. June—September.
Fr. August—October.

Obs. This foreigner is very generally naturalized; and is remark-
able for accompanying civilized man,— growing along his footpaths,
and flourishing around his settlements. It is said our Aborigines
call it “the white man’s foot,’ from this circumstance., Perhaps
the generic name (Plantago) may be expressive of a similar idea,—
viz. Planta, the sole of the foot, and ago, to act, or exercise. It is
rather a worthless weed,—but is not much inclined to spread, or be
‘troublesome, on farm lands. The /eaves are a convenient and
popular dressing for blisters, and other sores; a fact which seems
to have been known in the time of SHaksPEARE,—as we may learn
from his Romeo & Juliet, Act 1. Se. 2.

“ Rom. Your Plantain leaf is excellent for that.
“ Ben. For what, I pray thee?

“ Rom. For your breken shin.» ~

The Plantain leaf continued in vogue, for that purpose, until a
substitute was furnished by modern Experimenters, in their empiri-
cal attempts to regulate the national cwrrency !

2. P. tancrouaTta,: LE. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end;
scape sulcate-angled, long and slender; spike ovoid-cylindric,
short ; calyx deeply 3-parted; capsule 2-seeded. Welld, Sp. Pl.1.
p- 643. Fl. Cestr. p. 110. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1. [Plantain.

LanceouatE Pxrantaco. Vulgo—English Plantain. Buckhorn

Root perennial. Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, hairy, narrowed gradually at
base to a petiole 2to 5 or 6 inches in length. Scapes several, 1 to 2 feet high,
somewhat pilose with appressed hairs. Spike 1 to 2 inches long,—at first ovoid-
oblong, finally nearly cylindric,-dense-flowered. Bracteoles ovate, acuminate,
scarious on the margins and at apex,—the slender point at length reflexed.
Calyx deeply 3-parted (or rather of 3 sepals),—the outer or lower segment or
sepal oval, truncate, emarginate, with 2 green keel-like lines—the lateral seg-
ments or sepals rather longer, boat-shaped, acute, keel iar fringed with hairs
near the apex. Corolla dirty white. Stamens several times longer than the
corolla; anthers greenish-white. Seeds oblong, convex on one side, concave.on
the other, shining, brown or amber-colored. Pastures, and upland meadows:
introduced.” Native of Europe. Fl. May—-August. Fr. July-September.

PLANTAGINACEAE 107

Obs. This species, also, is extensively naturalized, and is becom-
ing particularly abundant in the upland meadows, or clover grounds,
of Pennsylvania. The seeds being nearly the same size and weight -
as those of the red clover, they cannot readily be separated,—and
thus the two plants are dissemiinated together, in the culture of
clover. Nearly all kinds of Stock eat this Plantain freely,—and it
has even been cultivated expressly for a Sheep-pasture: but it is
generally much disliked, in Pennsylvania. I do not, however, per-
ceive any mode of getting rid of it—or even of arresting its progress,
—unless it can be choked down by heavy crops of Clover and the
valuable Grasses.

ORDER LXXXVIII. BIGNONIACEAE. Juss. R. Br.

Mostly trees, or climbing shrubby plants. Leaves usually opposite, sometimes
simple but generally pinnately compound. Flowers large and showy. Calyz
d-parted, 2-parted or bilabiate, often spathaceous. Corolla with a large open
throat,—the limb irregular, 5-lobed or somewhat bilabiate. Stamens 5,—of which
1, and often 3, are reduced to sterile filaments or rudiments; when 4 are fertile
they are didynamous. Ovary 2-celled, with the placentae in the axis,—the base
surrounded by a fleshy ring or disk. Capsule woody or coriaceous, pod-shaped,
2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds commonly winged, destitute of albumen.

An Order of which there are but few species known in the U. States. They
are chiefly remarkable for their large showy flowers; though some of the
South American Bignonias are said to furnish valuable ship-timber.

TRIBE I. BIGNONIEAE. Bojer.

Fruit capsular, dehiscent. Seeds with a membranaceous margin.

SUB-TRIBE 2. CATALPEAE. DC.

Septum of the mature capsule opposite to the flat or convex valves; i.e. the
valves septiferous, and therefore the dehiscence loculicidal.

115. CATALPA. Scop. Endl. Gen. 4113.
[A name said to be derived from our Southern Indians.]-

Calyz bilabiately 2-lobed. Corolla campanulate,—the tube ventri-
cose—the limb unequally 5-lobed, sub-bilabiate. Stamens 2 fertile .
and 3 sterile or abortive (rarely didynamous). S¢yle filiform;
stigma bilamellate. Capsule silique-form, cylindric, long, 2-valved ; .
septwm thickish, opposite the valves. Seeds numerous, transverse,
compressed, produced at each end into a membranous wing, which
is fringed or comose at apex. Trees. Leaves simple, opposite or
ternately verticillate, petiolate, without stipules. Flowers in termi-
nal panicles.

1. C. sBienonioripes, Walt. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire, —
pubescent beneath; panicles pyramidal, trichotomously branched ;
calyx-segments with a single mucronation. DC. Prodr.9. p. 226.

C. cordifolia. Duham. Fil. Cestr. p. 363.
Bignonia Catalpa. L. Mz. Sylva, 2. p. 63. Icon, tad. 64.
BIGNONIA-LIKE Cataupa. Vulgd—Catawba. Bean-tree.

Stem 15 to 25 feet high, with irregular spreading branches. Leaves 4 toS8or10
inches in length ; petioles 2 to 6 inches long, terete, smoothish. Corolla whitish,
tinged with violet-purple, the throat spotted with purple and yellow,—the lobes —
unequal, crenate and wavy. Capsule 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, and about half
an inch in diameter, pendulous, persistent. Seeds lance-oblong, about half an
inch in length,—apparently of 2 flat oval divaricate lobes, connate at base, with

108 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

a membranous covering which is extended at the margin, and especially at the
apex,—each apex terminating in-a slender filamentous tuft or coma. About
farm-houses, and along streams; Southern, Western and Middle States.. Fi.
June—July. Fr. October.

Obs. This small tree is said to be indigenous in the South and
West,—though it has the appearance of an introduced plant, in
Eastern Pennsylvania. It is not of much value,—and has been cul-_
tivated chiefly.as an ornamental shade tree: but it is rather objec-
tionable, on account of the numerous seckers from its roots. ©

ORDER LXXXIX. PEDALIACEAE. R. Br. Lindl.

Herbs, often viscid. Leaves opposite, or nearly so. Flowers axillary, bibrac-
teate. Calyx with 5 nearly equal segments. Corolla irregular,—the throat ven-
tricose—the limb somewhat bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous, with the rnudi-
ment of a fifth. Ovary seated in a glandular disk; style 1; stigma divided.
Fruit capsular or drupaceous, valvular or indehiscent, with 2 to 8 cells. Seeds
rarely winged, destitute of albumen.

A small Order, and of little interest to the Agriculturist.

TRIBE II. PEDALINEAE. R. Br.

Fruit indehiscent or imperfectly dehiscent at apex, drupaceous or a hard woody
capsule. Seeds few, never winged.

116. MARTYNIA. ZL. Endl. Gen. 4175.

[Named in honor of John Martyn, Prof. of Botany at Cambridge, England.]}
Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft, with 2 or 3 small bracts at base. Co-
rolla irregular, campanulate, gibbous at base,—the limb unequally
5-lobed. Stamens mostly 4, didynamous, with a fifth rudimentary
one,— sometimes all, sometimes 2 only, bearing anthers. Capsule
somewhat 4-celled, 2-valved, woody with a coriaceous and finally
deciduous coat, ovoid-oblong, terminating in a curved beak at apex,
—the beak parting into 2 horns, but the capsule scarcely dehiscent.
Seeds few in each cell, arranged in a single series along the septum
somewhat baccate, finally tuberculate-rugose.

1. M. rvrozoscrpEa, Gloz. Stem branching; leaves orbicular-cor-
date, entire, petiolate,—the upper ones alternate ; beaks longer than
the pericarp. DC. Prodr. 9. p. 253.

Lone-BEakED Martynia. Valgd—Unicorn Plant.

Plant pale green, viscid-pubescent and fetid. Root annual. Stem leaning or
procumbent, 1 to 2 feet long, branching, fistular. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long;
petioles2 to 6 inches long. Flowers axillary ; peduncles 1 to3 inches long. Ca-
lyz slit on one side to its base. Corolla large, pale greenish-yellow or ochroleu-
cous, with orange-colored or brownish spots within. Capsule 2 to 3 inches long,
somewhat sulcate in front, with a bipartible crest-like fringe along the suture in
the broad shallow groove, tapering to a beak which is 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and
finally split into two rigid horns, which are incurved like claws. South West-
ern States: Gardens: cultivated. Fl. July—August. Fr. Sept—Octo.

Obs. This plant—a native of the valley of the Mississipi, and the
plainsof Mexico—is much cultivated, of late, for its singular fruzt,—
which, in its young state—before it becomes hard and woody—is
used for making that kind of condiment called pichles.

The Benni plant (Sesamum Indicum, L.)—which belongs to this
natural Order—is cultivated, in the Southern States, for the sake of
its oily seeds,—and also for the bland mucilage afforded by the fresh
leaves, when macerated in water.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 109

ORDER XCI. SCROPHULARIACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, opposite or verticillate,
without stipules. Calyx of 4 or 5 more or less united sepals, persistent. Corolla
more or less irregular, bilabiate or personate,—the lobes imbricated in aestiva-
tion. Stamens either 4 and didynamous—the fifth stamen sometimes appearing
in the form of a sterile filament, or very rarely antheriferous,—or often only 2—
one pair being either suppressed or reduced to sterile filaments. Ovary 2-celled,
with the placentae united in the axis. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds indefinite, albu-
minous. ;

An Order of nearly 150 genera,—affording many curious and rather hand-
some flowers,—some troublesome weeds,—and a few plants of considerable
medicinal powers—especially the purple Foz-glove (Digitalis purpurea, L.).

TRIBE I. VERBASCEAE. Benth.

Corolla with the tube short or subglobose,—the limb flat or spreading, 4 or &-cleft,
or bilabiate, not ringent. Stamens 2 to 5 fertile, often declinate. Capsule 2-valved,
septicidal,—the valves often bifid.

117. VERBASCUM. L. Endl. Gen. 3878.

[Quasi Barbascum: Latin, Barba, beard; from its bearded or woolly habit.) *
Calyx 5-parted, the segments nearly equal. Corolla. with a very
short tube; limb sub-rotate, 5-lobed,—the lobes nearly equal or the
front one larger. " Stamens 5, unequal, inserted on the tube of the
corolla, declinate, exserted,—the filaments (or some of them)
bearded. Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal,—
the valves inflected, bifid at apex. Placentae adnate to the septum.
Seeds numerous, rugose-pitted. Herbaceows or suffruticose plants.
Flowers in dense spikes, or paniculate racemes.

1. V. Tuarsus, LZ. Stem simple, erect, tomentose; leaves oval-
lanceolate or oblong, very woolly on both sides,—the cauline ones
decurrent; flowers in a dense terminal spike. DC. Prodr. 10. p.
225. Fl. Cestr. p. 134.

Tuarsus Verzascum. Vulgéd—Mullein. Common Mullein.
Fr. Bouillon blanc. Germ. Das Wollkraut. Span. Gordolobo.

Whole plant pale greyish-green or hoary-tomentose,—the pubescence much
branched. Root biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, rather stout, leafy, rarely branch-
ing unless injured. Radical leaves 6 to 12 inches long,—the cauline ones smaller.
Spike cylindric, 6 to 12 or 15 inches long; flowers bracteate. Corolla bright
bE sictas Stamens unequal,—the two lower ones longer, with smooth filaments.

eglected fields; road-sides, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June—
July. Fr. Aug.—September.

Oés. This plant, although abundant in all the older settlements,
is undoubtedly, in my opinion, a naturalized foreigner. It is a
worthless unseemly intruder, in our pastures and cultivated grounds..
There is no surer evidence of a slovenly, negligent farmer, than to
see his fields over-run with Muzlleins. As the plant produces a vast
number of seeds, it can only be kept in subjection by a careful eradi-
cation while young—or at least before thé fruit is mature. When
neglected, the soil soon becomes so full of seeds, that the young
plants will be found springing wp, in great numbers, for a long suc-
cession of years. There is a slender smoothish species, called Moth
Mullein (V. Blattaria, L.), which is frequent in pasture fields, and
altogether worthless; but it is not so much of a nuisance as the one
here described.

10

110 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

TRIBE III. ANTIRRHINEAE. Chav.

Corolla tubular,—the limb personate or ringent, bilabiate or rarely equally lobed.
Stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers approximated in pairs. Capsule 2-celled, open-
ing with teeth or lids, rarely of several valyes—sometimes irregularly ruptured.

118. LINARIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3891.

[Latin, Linwm, flax; from the resemblance of the leaves.]
Calyz 5-parted. Corolla with the limb personate,—the upper lip
bifid with the lobes folded back—the lower lip trifid, closing the
throat by its prominent palate; tube inflated, spurred at base. Sta-
mens 4, didynamous,—usually with a niinute abortive rudiment of a
fifth. Capsule ovoid or globose, chartaceous or membranaceous, 2-
celled, opening with several valves at apex, or sometimes with a lid.
Seeds numerous, margined. Mostly Herbs, annual or perennial.
Leaves alternate,. rarely opposite or verticillate. Flowers usually
racemose.

i..L. vunrearis, Mill. Stem erect, simple; leaves lance-linear,
acute, alternate, numerous; flowers imbricated, in a terminal
raceme; spur of the corolla acute, about as long as the tube. DC.
Prodr. 10. p. 273. Fl. Cestr. p. 368. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. [Eggs.
Common Linaria. Vulgo—Toad-flax. Ranstead-weed. Butter and

F;. Muflier linaire. Germ. Das Flachskraut. Spaz. Linaria.

Plant smooth and somewhat glaucous. Root perennial, creeping, subligneous-
Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, slender, terete, leafy, sometimes branched at summit
and bearing several racemes, geiierally growing in bunches or small patches.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, narrow, irregularly scattered on the stem, but very
numerous. Flowers pedunculate, in a dense bracteate raceme—the peduncles
shorter than the bracts. Corolla pale greenish-yellow, smooth,—the palate of
the lower lip bright orange-color, villous in the throat; spur subulate, about half
an inch long. Style shorter than the longest stamens; st¢gme obliquely truneate.
Capsule ovoid-oblong, thin, smooth, longer than the calyx. Seeds with a dilated
orbicular margin, roughish-dotted in the centre. Pastures; fence-rows, &c.:
introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June—Sept. Fr. Aug.—October.

Obs. This foreigner is extensively naturalized,—and has become
avile nuisance in oul pastures and upland meadows. Mr. Watson,
in his annals of Philadelphia, says it was introduced from Wales, as
a garden flower, by a Mr. Ranstead, a Welsh resident of that city ;
and hence one of its common names. It inclines to form large
patches, by means of its creeping roots,—and as far as it extends,
takes almost exclusive possession of the soil. Although the flowers
are somewhat showy, it is a fetid, worthless and very objectionable
weed,—the roots very tenacious of life—and requiring much perse-
vering effort to extirpate them. The remarkable variety called Pe-
loria—with a regular 5-lobed ventricose corolla, 5 spurs, and 5
perfect stamens—is occasionally to be observed. Sometimes these
Pelorias are tetramerous; 7. ¢. the corolla 4-lobed, with 4 spurs, &c.
They are frequently, if not always, /ate flowers,—situated at the
summit of the raceme of full grown capsules, and apparently the
latest floral developments of the plant.

ORDER XCII. VERBENACEAE. Juss.

Herbs, shrubs, and even trees within the tropics. Leaves mostly opposite, with-
out stipules. Flowers variously arranged. Calyx tubular, 4 or 5-toothed, persis-
tent. Corolla tubular,—the limb 4 or 5-lobed, mostly irregular, sometimes bilabiate.
Stamens mostly 4 and didynamous, occasionally only 2. Ovary free, entire, 2 to

VERBENACEAE 111

4-celled. Fruit drupaceous, baccate, or dry and splitting into 2 or 4 indehiscent
i-seeded nucules (or little nuts). Seeds with little or no albumen.

An Order of but little importance to the farmer,—though containing a number
of plants interesting to the florist. The tree which furnishes the “ ever-during
et Ps ‘cn {Tectona grandis, L.)—so celebrated in ship-building—belongs
to. this Order.

119. VERBENA. ZL. Endl. Gen. 3685.

[Celtic, Fa~faen, to remove stone; from its supposed medical virtues.]

Calyz tubular, 5-toothed,—one of the teeth often shorter. Corolla
tubular, somewhat funnel-form, with the limb rather unequally 5-
lobed. Stamens mostly 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the
corolla and included. Ovary 2 to 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each
cell. Hruit dry, with a thin evanescent pericarp, separable into 2
or 4 nucules. Herbaceows or suffruticose plants. Leaves opposite.
Flowers mostly in terminal spikes, bracteate.

i. V. urticarFoLia, L. Leaves ovate and lance-ovate, acute, ser-
rate, petiolate; spikes filiform, terminal and axillary, somewhat
paniculate; flowers distinct. Willd. Sp. Pi. 1. p. 119. Fi. Cestr.
yp. 373.

WNETTLE-LEAVED VERBENA. Vulg3—Common Vervain.

Root perennial. Stem erect, 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, obtusely quadrangular, hir-
sutely pubescent, with slender axillary spreading branches above. Leaves 2 to
4 inches long, abruptly narrowed at base to a short petiole. Spikes1 or 2 to5or
6 inches long, green, very slender. Flowers distinct and finally a little distant,
small, sessile, with a minute bract at base. Corolla white,—the throat closed by
a delieate white villus. Fryit separating into 4 nwcwles, which are oblong and
triquetrous, with the outer side convex. Pastures; road-sides, &e.: throughout
the U. States. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. September.

Obs. This is not a very pernicious nor troublesome weed: but as
it is altogether worthless, and often so abundant in pasture fields as
necessarily to attract the notice of the observing farmer, I thought it
might be admitted into the present work.

ORDER XCIII. LABIATAE. Juss. i”

Herbs, or suffruticose plants, with quadrangular stems and opposite branches.
Leaves opposite or sometimes verticillate, simple, without stipules, replete with
receptacles of volatile oil. Flowers in axillary opposite Cymules ee pair
forming what Bentuam calls a verticillaster or imperfect verticil), rarely solitary.
Calyx tubular. 5-toothed or 5-cleft, or often bilabiate, persistent. Corolla bilabiate.
Stamens 4, didynamous (the lower pair usually longer), inserted on the corolla,—
or sometimes diandrous—the 2 upper ones being wanting: anthers 2-celled; the
cells either parallel, or diverging, or completely divaricate,—sometimes distinct
and remote from each other by means of the thickened or elongated filiform
connective. Ovary deeply 4-lobed,—the style proceeding from the base of the
lobes. Fruit consisting of 4 {or by abortion fewer) little nuts (nucules or akenes),
at the bottom of the persistent calyx. Seeds with little or no albumen.

A highly interesting and valuable Order, containing upwards of 100 genera,—
and particularly remarkable for the aromatic fragrance, and stomachic proper-
ties, of many of the species. The most important, however,—being generally
cultivated,—are here inserted.

TRIBE I. OCIMOIDEAE. Benth.

Stamens declinate.. Corolla sub-bilabiate,—the 4 upper lobes flat and nearly
equal_—the lower one declinate and mostly of a different form—flat or often
concave, boat-shaped or saccate.

120. OCIMUM. L. Endl. Gen. 3569.
[Supposed from the Greek, Ozo, to smell; in reference to its fragrance.]
Calyz 5-cleft,—the upper segment dilated, orbicular-ovate. Corolla

112 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

with the upper lip 4-cleft,—the lower lip scarcely Ionger, declinate,
entire, flattish. Stamens 4, declinate, the lower pair longer,—the
upper filaments often toothed at base. Asenes compressed, elliptic-
ovate, smoothish.

1. O. Bastticum, Z. Stem herbaceous; leaves ovate-oblong, sub-
dentate, smooth, petiolate; racemes simple. Benth. Lab. p. 4. Fl-
Cestr. p. 338.

Royat Ocimum. Velgd—Sweet Basil.
Fr. Basilic.. Germ. Gemeines Basilienkraut. Span. Albahaca.

Root annual. Stem 6 to12 inches high, often much branched, smoothish at
base, pubescent above with short reflexed hairs. Leaves half an inch to an inch
long ; petioles one third to two thirds of an inch long, somewhat ciliate. Flowers
in simple terminal interrupted racemes. Bracts ovate, acuminate, petiolate,
ciliate. Calyz inflated-campanulate, reflexed after flowering. Corolla whitish
or bluish-white. Akenes minutely punctate. Gardens: cultivated. Native of
India. Fi. July. Fr. September.

Obs. This fragrant little plant is one of the numerous kitchen-
garden Herds, usually cultivated for culinary purposes.

121. LAVANDULA. L. Endl. Gen. 3585.

[Latin, Javare, to wash,—the distilled water being used for that purpose.]
Calyz tubular, ovoid-cylindric, ribbed, with 5 short teeth, the upper
one sometimes dilated and produced at apex. Corolla with the
upper lip 2-lobed, the lower one 3-lobed; lobes all nearly equal,
spreading ; tube exserted. Stamens 4, included, declinate; filaments
smooth, not toothed; anthers ovoid-reniform, confluent, t-celled.

-Style bifid at summit,—the branches flatted, subconnate, stigma-
tiferous on the margin. Dzsk coneave, with 4 fleshy scales on the
margin opposite the akenes. Afenes smooth and even, adnate to
the scales of the disk. Perennial Herbs, or suffruticose plants,—the
stems leafy near the base, but often naked below the spike. Flowers
in terminal spikes.

1. L. vera, DC. Leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, revo-
lute on the margin, the younger ones hoary; spikes interrupted;
cymules 3 to 5-flowered; floral leaves (or bracts) rhomboid-ovate,
acuminate, membranaceous, the upper ones shorter than the calyx ;
bracteoles obsolete. Benth. Lab. p. 148.

L. Spica. DC. Fil. Cestr. p. 338. :
True Lavanputa. Vulgo—Lavender. Garden Lavender.
Fr. La Lavande. Germ. Der Lavandel. Span. Espliego.

Plant clothed with a short hoary tomentum. Root perennial Stem suffruti-
cose, branching from the base; branches erect, 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves 1
to 2 inches long, crowded near the base of the branches,—often with fascicles
of young leaves in the axils. Flowers in a terminal imbricated spike about an
inch in length, with 1 or 2 distant cymules below. Corolla blue, pubescent,
nearly twice as long as the calyx. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Southern
Europe and shores of the Mediterranean. Fl. July. Fr. September.

_ Obs. The compound tincture of this herb (or, as the good ladies
term it, “* Lavander Compound’’—) is deservedly popular, for its
cordial and stomachic properties. The distilled water is also highly
esteemed for its pungent and grateful fragrance.

LABIATAE 113

TRIBE Il. MENTHOIDEAE. Benth.

Corolla campanulate or funnel-form ; tube scarcely longer than the calyx; limb
4 or 5-cleft,—the lobes nearly equal. Stamens mostly 4, not approximated in
pairs, but distant, upright or diverging.

122. MENTHA. LZ. Endl. Gen. 3594.
[From Minthe, a daughter of cid’ es ual to have been changed into this
plant.
Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or subbilabiate,—
the orifice naked or rarely villous. Corolla 4-cleft, nearly regular,—
the upper lobe broader and usually emarginate. Stamens 4, nearly
equal, erect, distant; filaments glabrous, naked; anthers with 2
parallel cells. Style bifid,—the branches stigmatiferous at apex.
Herbs. Cymules often many-flowered, axillary or terminal. ;

0S> Cymules interruptedly spicate,—the spikes terminal.

i. M. virinis, Z. Stem erect; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutely
incised-serrate, subsessile; spikes terete, slender, elongated, taper-
ing at summit,—the cymules mostly distant. Benth. Lab. p. 170.
Fl. Cestr. p. 339.

Green Mentua. Valgd—Spear-mint. Common Mint.

Fr. Baume verte. Germ. Die Spitzmuenze. Spaz. Menta puntiaguda.

Plant smoothish and rather pale green. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 1 to 2
feet high, branching, mostly green. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, very acute,
palish green. Spikes of cymules terminal, often numerous and somewhat pani-
culate, 2 to 4 inches long. Corolla pale purple. Moist grounds; waste places,
&c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fv. July—August. F7. September.

Obs. This pleasantly aromatic herb has been so generally intro-
duced into all the older settlements of this country, that it is now
very extensively naturalized. It is deservedly popular as a domestic
medicine, in relieving nausea, &c. and it is the species employed in
preparing that most seductive beverage, known as the “Mint Julep’?
of old Virginia.

2. M. piperita, ZL. Stem procumbent at base, ascending; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, serrate, petiolate; spikes cylindric, rather short,
obtuse,—the cymules loosely approximated. Benth. Lab. p. 175.
Fil. Cestr. p. 339.

Perper Mentua. Vaulgo—Pepper-mint.

Fr. La Menthe. Germ. Pfeffer-muenze. Spaz. Menta piperita.

Plant smoothish and purplish. Root perennia creeping. Stem 1 to 2 feet
long, branching, mostly dark purple, sometimes pubescent. Leaves 11o2 inches
long, more or less ovate and rounded a base, dark green, on petioles one fourth
to half an inch in length. Spikes of cymules half an inch to an inch or morein
length, terminal, solitary,—the cymules crowded—except the lower pair which
are often a little distant. Corolla purple, larger than in the preceding species.
Moist low grounds; Gardens, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. Aug.
Fr. Sept.—October.

Obs. This most grateful aromatic is generally allowed a place in
gardens, or about houses,—and is apparently naturalized, in many
localities. The essential oil, and distilled water, are well known for
their stomachic properties, and deservedly held in high esteem,

10*

114 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

TRIBE III. MONARDEAE. Benth.

Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2 fertile, ascending,—the upper pair abortive; an-
thers 2-celled, the cells either contiguous or separated by a long linear conneetive,—
one of the cells ofien empty.

123. SALVIA. L. Endl. Gen. 3597.

[Latin, salvare, to save; on account of supposed medicinal virtues.]
Calyx subeampanulate, bilabiate,—the upper lip mostly 3-toothed—
the lower one bifid; throat naked. Corolla ringent,—the upper lip
erect, straight or falcate. Stamens 2; anthers halved,—the cells
separated by the long linear connective, which is transversely
articulated with the filament.

1. S. orricinatis L. Stem shrubby at base, leafy, hoary-tomentose ;
leaves lance-oblong, crenulate, rugose; upper lip of the corolla as
long as the lower one, somewhat vaulted. Benth. Lab. p. 208. Fi.
Cestr.-p. 342.

Orricinat Satvia. Vulgo—Sage. Garden Sage.
Fr. La Sauge. Germ. Die Salbei. Spaz. Salvia.

Root perennial. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, growing in bunches, branching from
the base. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, rather obtuse, sometimes lobed near
the base, clothed with a short pubescence. greyish-green,—the upper or floral
leaves sessile—the others on petioles about an inch Jong. Cymules 5 to 10-flow-
ered, in interrupted terminal racemes. Corolla mostly violet-purple. Stamens
ascending,—the 2 lower ones fertile—the 2 upper ones minute abortive rudi-
ments. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fl’. May—June.
Fr. July—August.

Obs. Generally cultivated in kitchen gardens, for culinary pur-
poses. The infusion makes a good gargle,—and is otherwise mod-
erately medicinal.

The plant would seem to have been once considered as a kind of
panacea,—if we may judge from the following monkish lines :

‘Cur moriatur homo cui Salvia crescit in horto?
’ “Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in hortis.

“ Salvig salvatrix, Naturae conciliatrix.
“ Salvia cum Ruta faciunt tibi pocula tuta.”

There is now, however, but little confidence placed in the virtues
thus imputed or implied : and in these temperance times, the doctrine of
the concluding line would be denounced as rank heresy,—even though
the charm be fortified ** with Rue *?—that “ herb of grace o’Sundays,”’
as SHAKSPEARE terms it—which is here appropriately enough associ-
ated with an indulgence in ezps! We often find, on dry sterile mea-
dow banks, a zative specics of this genus (S. lyrata, L.), which is
a mere weed ; but scarcely of sufficient importance to require a des-
cription, here.

TRIBE IV. SATUREINEAE. Benth.
Calyx 5-toothed and equal, or bilabiate with the upper lip 3-toothed and the
lower one bifid. Corolla sub-bilabiate,—the upper lip erect, flat, entire or bifidly
emarginate—the lower lip spreading, trifid, with the lobes nearly equal; tube
about as long as the calyx. Stamens 4, (or the 2 upper ones sometimes abor-
tive), distant, straight, diverging.

124. MAJORANA. Moench. Endl. Gen. 3609.

[A name derived from the Arabic.]

Calyx sub-bilabiate, deeply divided—the upper lip flat, dilated and

LABIATAE 115

rounded at apex, entire or 3-toothed, contracted and involute at base
—the lower lip very small. Corolla sub-bilabiate,—the upper lip
rathef erect, emarginate—the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, lobes
nearly equal; tube about as long as thecalyx. Stamens 4, exserted,
distant; anthers 2-celled; cells parallel, diverging, or finally divari-
cate. Flowers in short dense 4-sided spikelets, imbricated with
orbicular bracts.

1. M. nortensis, Moench. Branches smoothish, racemose-panicu-
late ; leaves elliptic-obovate or spatulate, obtuse, entire, petiolate,
downy and canescent on both sides; spikelets oblong, compact,
clustered at the ends of the branches. Benth. Lab. p. 338. Fl. Cestr.
p. 347.

GarpEN Masorana. Vulgo—Sweet Marjoram.

Fr. La Marjolaine. Germ. Der Majoran. Span. Majorana.

Root annual. Stem 9 to 12 or 18 inches high, subterete, somewhat branched.
Leaves one third of an inch to an inch long, varying from ovate to obovate and
spatulate. Spikelets one fourth to half an inch long, obtusely 4-cornered, hoary-
pubescent, in sessile terminal clusters of threes, or on short axillary branches;
bracts very obtuse or rounded, ciliate-pubescent, quadrifariously and densely
imbricated,—the margins at base involute. Calyx with the upper lip free, like
a distinct sepal, dilated, obtuse, ciliate-pilose and mostly 3-toothed at apex, nar-
rowed below with the margins folded in,—the lower lip or division ovate,»
smooth, very small. Corolla white, or tinged with purple. Gardens: cultivated.
Native of Africa and Asia. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. September.

Obs. One of the fragrant culinary Herbs, generally cultivated.

125. THYMUS. L. Endl. Gen. 3610.
[Greek, Thymos, courage ; in allusion to its cordial qualities.]
Calyx tubular-campanulate, 10-ribbed, bilabiate,—the upper lip tri-
fid—the lower one bifid; throat villous. Corolla with the upper lip
erect, nearly flat, emarginate,—the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, mid-
dle lobe longer... Azthers 2-celled; cells parallel or finally diverging.
Humble shrubby or suffruticose plants. Leaves small, entire.
Cymules few-flowered,—sometimes all remote,—sometimes in loose

terminal heads, or interrupted spikes.

1. T. vuntearis, LZ. Stems erect or procumbent at base; leaves
oblong-ovate or lance-ovate, revolute on the margin, fasciculate in
theaxils; cymules in terminal interrupted leafy spikes. Benth. Lad.
p. 342. Fl. Cestr. p. 347.

Common Tuymus. Valgo—Garden Thyme. Standing Thyme.
Fr. Serpolet. Germ. Der Thymian. Span. Tomillo.

Root perennial, woody. Stems 4 to 6 inches high, numerous, slender, rather
erect, much branched and matted together at base, suffruticose, clothed with a
short cinereous pubescence. Leaves one fourth to half an inch long, abruptly
narrowed to a petiole, punctate, slightly pubescent beneath, fasciculate in the
axils by reason of abortive branches. Ca/yz hirsute, strongly ribbed, punctate ;
segments of the lower lip subulate, pectinately ciliate. Corolla pale purple.
Gardens: cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fl. June—Aug. Fr. Aug.—

September. }

Obs. A favorite condiment in culinary processes,—and generally
cultivated, in kitchen gardens. The creeping Thyme (T. Serpyl-
lum, L.)—a species nearly allied in properties and appearance—is
naturalized in many places.

116 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

126. SATUREJA. L. Endl. Gen. 3611.

[A name supposed to be derived from the Arabic.]
Calyz tubular-campanulate, 10-nerved, deeply and nearly equally
5-toothed, or obscurely bilabiate ; throat naked, or nearly so. Corolla
bilabiate,—the upper lip erect, flat—the lower one spreading, 3-lobed,
lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, diverging; anthers 2-celled,—the
cells parallel or diverging. Herbs or suffruticose plants. Leaves
small, entire, often fasciculate in the axils. Cymules sometimes
few-flowered and scarcely bracteate—sometimes many-flowered or
aggregated in heads, and supported by bracts.

1. S. nortensis, Z. Stem erect, much branched, pubescent; leaves
oblong-linear, acute ; cymules axillary, pedunculate, few-flowered,
somewhat secund, remote or the upper ones somewhat spiked.
Benth. Lab. p. 352. Fl. Cestr. p. 348.

Garpen Saturesa. Vulgd.—Summer Savory.
Fr. La Sarriette. Germ. Die Saturey. Span. Ajedréa.

Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, obscurely 4-angled, branched so as to
appear bushy, suffruticose at base, roughish-pubescent, mostly dark purple.
Leaves half an inch to an inch long, narrowed at base to a very short petiole.
Cymules about 3-flowered,—the upper ones crowded into a leafy spike. Corolla
pale violet-purple, somewhat pubescent, og gs! longer than the hispid-ciliate
calyx-teeth. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Southern Furope. Fl. July—
Aug. Fr. September.

Obs. Cultivated as a culinary Herb.
127. HYSSOPUS. ZL. Endl. Gen. 3612.

[Latinized from Ezob,—an ancient Hebrew name.]
Calyz tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed; throatnaked. Corolla
bilabiate,—the upper lip erect, flat, emarginate—the lower lip spread-
ing, 3-lobed, middle lobe larger. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging ;
anthers 2-celled,—the cells linear, divaricate. Sty/e bifid,—the
branches equal, subulate, stigmatiferous at apex.

1. H. orricinauis, Z. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rather acute, very
entire, sessile; cymules secund, racemose,—the upper ones approx-
imate. Benth. Lab. p. 356. Fl. Cestr. p. 348.

Orricinat Hyssorus. Vulgo.—Hyssop. Garden Hyssop.
Fr. Hysope. Germ. Der Isop. Span. Hisopo.

Root perennial. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, subterete, shrubby at base
and much branched. Leaves three fourths of an inch to an inch and half long.
Cymules rather crowded in a one-sided terminal raceme or spike, with a few

distant ones below. Corolla bright blue, or sometimes purplish. Gardens: cul-
tivated. Native of Southern Europe, and Asia. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Cultivated as a medicinal Herb. The infusion has long
been a popular febrifuge. The Dittany (Cunila Mariana, L.)—
which belongs to this Tribe—is also a well known article in the popu-
lar Materia Medica: but as it grows wild—and is usually confined to
dry hilly woodlands—it is scarcely intitled to a place among Agricul-
tural plants.

TRIBE V. MELISSINEAE. Benth.
Calyx 13- or rarely 10-nerved, bilabiate,—the upper lip 3-toothed—the lower one
bifid. Corolla bilabiate,—the upper lip straight, entire or emarginately bifid,
mostly flattish—lower lip spreading, 3-lobed; lobes flat, the middle one often
oo Stamens aseending, 4 and didynamous, or sometimes the 2 upper ones
abortive.

LABIATAE 117
128. HEDEOMA. Pers. Endl. Gen. 3615.

[Greek, Hedeia Osme, a pleasant odor; from its fragrance.]

Calyz ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the under side near the base, 13-
nerved, bilabiate,—the upper lip 3-toothed—lower one bifid; throat
villous. Corolla bilabiate,—the upper lip erect, flat—lower lip
spreading, 3-lobed, lobes nearly equal. Stamens 2 fertile, ascending,
about as long as the corolla; azthers 2-celled; cells divering or divar-
icate: the two upper stamens entirely wanting,—or rudimentary and
sterile, short, subulate and capitate. Herds, or suffruticose plants.
Cymules few-flowered, loose, axillary.

1. H. puteciomwres, Pers. Stem herbaceous, erect, branching,
pubescent; leaves lance-ovate, rather obtuse, subserrate, narrowed
at base, petiolate; cymules about 3-flowered; corolla about as long
as the calyx. Benth. Lab. p. 366. Fl. Cestr. p. 350.

PuLEGIUM-LIKE Heproma. Veulgd.—Pennyroyal.

Root annual. Stem 6.to 12 inches high, hoary-pubescent, branched above.
Leaves half an inch to an inch long, sparingly serrate or sometimes entire,
slightly pubescent, narrowed at base to a pubescent petiole one eighth to half an
inch in length,—the floral leaves resembling the cauline ones. Cymules usually
3-flowered ; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, scarcely as long as the pedicels. Corolla
pale blue, with purple spots. Stamens scarcely exserted, ascending, the anthers
approximated under the upper lip,—the upper pair of stamens reduced to mere
abortive rudiments, Slaty soils; old fields, &c.: throughout the U. States. Fi.
July—Aug. Fr. September. :

Obs. A warmly aromatic little herb,—in general use as a popular
diaphoretic, carminative, &c. and therefore entitled to a description
by which it may be certainly recognized, This is not the ** Penny-
royal”? of Europe; but has been so called because of its resemblance
to that plant,—which is a species of Mint—viz. the Mentha Pule-
gium, L.

129. MELISSA. Benth. Endl. Gen. 3617.

[Greek, Melissa, the honey-bee; the flowers being a favorite of that insect.]
Calyz tubular, 13-nerved, bilabiate,—the upper lip mostly spread-
ing, 3-toothed—the lower one bifid. Corolla bilabiate,—the upper
lip erect, flattish, emarginately bifid;—the lower lip spreading, 3-
lobed, middle lobe mostly broader. Stamens 4, ascending, mostly
approximated in pairs at summit; anthers 2-celled; cells distinct,
parallel, finally diverging,—the connective often thickened. Herba-
ceous or suffruticose.

i. M. orricinauis, L. Stem herbaceous, erect, branching; leaves
ovate, coarsely crenate-serrate, obtuse or truncate and sometimes
cordate at base, rugose; cymules loose, few-flowered, turned to one
side ; bracteoles few, ovate, petiolate; corolla twice as long as the
ealyx. Benth. Lab. p. 393. Fl. Cestr. p. 351.

Orricinat Metissa. Vulgo—Balm. Common Balm.
Fr. La Melisse. Germ. Die Melisse. Span. Melisa.

Root perennial. Stemi to 2 or 3 feet high, more or less pubescent. Leaves 2
to 3 or 4 inches long; petioles half an inch to an inch ani half in length,—the
floral leaves resembling the cauline, but usually somewhat cuneate at base. Cy-
mules 3 to 6-flowered, on a short common peduncle. Calyx arid, pilose,—the
upper lip truncate, with 3 short acute teeth—the teeth of the lower lip longer,
subulate and ciliate; throat gaping, pilose. Coro!Ja white or ochroleucous—some-
times slightly tinged with purple. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Southern
Europe, and Asia. F/. July—Aug. Fr. September.

118 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Obs. This is generally cultivated or kept in gardens, as a popular
medicinal Herb,—the infusion being a pleasant diaphoretic drink.
It is partially naturalized, in many places.

TRIBE VI. SCUTELLARINEAE. Benth.

Calyx bilabiate,—the upper lip truncate, entire or somewhat 3-toothed. Corolla
bilabiate,—the upper lip vaulted; tube exserted, ascending, annulate within or
naked. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip of the corolia.

130. PRUNELLA. LZ. Endl. Gen. 3624.

[German, Brunelle,—from Die Braeune, the Quinsy ; said to be cured by it.]
Calyz tubular-campanulate, about 10-nerved, reticulately veined,
bilabiate,—the upper lip flat, dilated, truncate, with 3 short teeth—
the lower lip bifid, segments lanceolate. Corolla ringent,—the upper
lip erect, vaulted, entire—the lower lip depending, 3-lobed, middle
lobe rounded, concave, crenulate; tzde a little contracted at throat,
inflated below it on the under side, with an annulus, or little ring of
short hairs or scales, near the base within.

1. P. vutearis, LZ. Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, cre-
nate dentate or obsoletely serrate, sometimes pinnatifidly incised,
petiolate. Benth. Lab. p.417. Fil. Cestr. p. 352. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3.

Common Prunetua. Vulgd—Heal-all. Self-heal.
Fr. Brunelle ordinaire. Germ. Gemeine Brunelle. Span. Brunéla.

Reot perennial. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 inches high, erect or ascending, somewhat
branched, especially at base. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long; petioles half an inch to2
inches long (those of the radical or lower leaves often 3 or 4 inches long); the
JSloral leaves bract-like, orbicular-cordate, sessile, with a short abrupt acumination,—
the lower ones conspicuously acuminate. Cymules 3-flowered, crowded into
compact imbricated oblong terminal spikes. Bracteoles none. Corolla violet-pur-
ple (rarely pale purple or nearly white), smoothish. Fields; roadsides; open
wocedlands, &c.: introduced. Native of the old world. Fl. July—September.
Fr. August—November.

Obs. This plant appears to be distributed over the four quarters
of the globe; but I should judgde it not to be a mative, here.
Although not a pernicious weed, it is so common, on our farms,
that it seemed proper to notice it in this work. Its ancient reputa-
tion for healing wouwnds—like that of many other such medicaments
of the olden times—is now quite obsolete. The famous mad-dog
seull-cap (Scutellaria lateriflora, L.)—which once figured in the
Gazettes as a specific for Hydrophobta—hbelongs to this Tribe,—and
is frequent in wet meadows.

TRIBE VIII. NEPETEAE. Benth.

Ca’yx with the limb oblique, or sub-bilabiate,—the upper segments larger. Corolla
bilibiate,—the upper lip somewhat vaulted—lower one spreading; throat mostly
inflated. Stamens 4, ascending or diverging,—the wpper pair longer!

131. NEPETA. Benth. Endl. Gen. 3636.

[Supposed to be named from Nepete,—a town in Italy.]
Calyz tubular, sometimes ovoid, about 15-nerved, arid; limb
obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate,—the upper lip erect, some-
what concave, emarginate or bifid —the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed,
middle lobe largest; throat dilated, with the margin often reflexed ;
tube slender below, naked within. -Stamens ascending,—the lower
pair shorter; anthers mostly approximated in pairs, 2-celled; cells
diverging, finally divaricate.

LABIATAE » 119

1. N. Catarta, Z. Hoary-pubescent; stem erect, tall; leaves
oblong-cordate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugose; cymules
densely many-flowered, the upper ones crowded in a spike—the lower
ones distant; calyx ovoid-tubular; corolla one half longer than the
ealyx. Benth. Lab. p. 477. Fl. Cestr. p. 356.

Cat Nereta. Vulgo.—Cat-mint. Cat-nep.
Fr. Herbe aux Chats. Germ. Die Katzen muenze. Span. Gatera.

Plant softly pubescent. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly several
from the same root, somewhat branched. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, green
above; canescent beneath; petioles half an inch to an inch and half in length,
grooved on the upper side. Cymules on short common peduncles, in interrupted
terminal spikes; bracteoles lance-linear, a little longer than the pedicels. Corolla
ochroleucons, with a reddish tinge and purple dots, pubescent,—the upper lip
emarginately bifid, the lower one crenate dentate, villous at base. Fence-rows;
fields, and waste places: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June—August.
Fr. July—September.

Obs. This foreigner is so extensively naturalized as to be a
rather troublesome weed. The dried herb, in infusion, is a highly
popular medicine among the good ladies who deal in simples,—and
is probably often useful: But, as a weed on the farm, it is objection-
able,—and, when permitted to multiply, gives to the premises a very
slovenly appearance.

2. N. Grecuoma, Benth. Stem procumbent, radicating at base;
leaves cordate-reniform, rounded, crenate; cymules few-flowered,
—all distant, axillary ; calyx tubular; corolla nearly three times as
long as the calyx. Benth. Lab. p. 485. Fl. Cestr. p. 356.

Glechoma hederacea. L. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3.
Vulgo.— Ground Ivy. Ale-hoof. Gill.
Fr. Lierre terrestre. Germ. Die Gundelrebe. Span. Yedra terrestre.

Root perennial. Stem 6 to 18 inches long, slender and prostrate,—the flowering
branches erect or ascending, 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, retrorsely pubescent. Leaves
three fourths of an inch to an inch and half long, and rather wider than long ;
petioles 1 to 3 inches long: floral leaves conformable, or similar to the cauline ones,
Cy mules all distant; bractcdles mmute, subulate and ciliate. Corolla blue or pur-
plish-blue (rarely white), pilose,—the upper lip bifid. Anthers approximated in
pairs,—the cells diverging and presenting the figure of a cross. Fence-rows,
and moist shaded places: introduced. Native of Europe, and Northern Asia.
Fly May—June. Fr. July.

Obs. _Naturalized about many settlements,—and being a mere
weed, is often inconveniently abundant. The herb was employed,
in England, to clarify and give a flavor to Ale (whence one of its
common names), until the reign of Henry Sth,—at which period
Hops were substituted. The infusion of the herb is a popular medi-
cine,—like that of the preceding species.

TRIBE IX. STACHYDEAE. Benth.
Calyx irregularly veined, or 5 to 10-nerved,—the limb equal, oblique, or some-
what bilabiate, 3 to 10-toothed. Corolla bilabiate,—the upper lip galeate or flat,
entire or emarginate—the lower lip variously 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending,—
the upper pair shorter.

132. LAMIUM. Z. Endl. Gen. 3645.
[Greek, Laimos, the throat, from its gaping flowers.]

Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved; limb mostly oblique;
teeth 5, nearly equal, subulate at apex. Corolla ringent,—the

120 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

upper lip ovate or oblong, galeate, mostly narrowed at base; throat
dilated ; lateral lobes at the margin of the throat truncate or oblong
—sometimes with a tooth-like process; middle or lower lobe (lower
lip) broad, emarginate, contracted at base and substipitate. Anthers
approximated in pairs, 2-celled; cells finally divaricate, oblong, often
hirsute externally. Afenes triquetrous with the angles acute, trun-
cate at summit, smooth or minutely rugose-tuberculate.

1. L. amprexicauLe, L. Leaves orbicular, crenately incised,—the
lower ones petiolate—the floral ones sessile, amplexicaul; tube of
the corolla naked within, the lateral lobes not toothed; anthers
hirsute. Benth. Lab. p. 511. Fl. Cestr. p. 357. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3.

Srem-ciaspine Lamium. Vulgo—Dead-Nattle. Hen-bit.
Fr. Le Lamier. Germ. Die Taube-nessel. Span. Ortiga muerta.

Root annual. Stems several, or much branched from the base, decumbent or
ascending, 6 to 12 inches high, mostly purplish. Leaves half an inch to three
quarters in length, and mostly wider than long,—the lower or cauline ones on
petioles half an inch to aninch long. Cymules densely many-flowered, axillary,—
the lower ones distant—the upper ones rather approximated. Calyx sessile,
hirsute. Corolla bright purple, pubesceut,—the galeate upper lip nearly entire,
clothed with a purple villus,—lower lip obcordate; throat dilated, laterally com-
pressed; tube slender, much exserted. The Corolla, in the lower cymules, is
often minute, or wanting. Gardens, and cultivated Lots: introduced. Native of
Europe and Northern Africa. Fl. April—May. Fr. June.

Obs. This worthless little weed is abundantly naturalized in and
about our gardens, in Pennsylvania,—and requires some attention to
keep it in due subjection. Another species (L. purpurewm, L.) has
also been introduced, in some localities; but it does not appear to
multiply so rapidly.

133. LEONURUS. L. Endl. Gen. 3647.

[Greek, Lcon, a lion, and Oura, a tail; from some fancied resemblance. }
Calyx turbinate, 5 or 10-nerved,—the limb truncate. 5-toothed;
teeth subulate, subspinescent, finally spreading. Corolla bilabiate,
—the upper lip oblong, entire, flattish or somewhat vavlted—lower
lip spreading, 3-lobed,—the lateral lobes oblong—the middle one
entire or sometimes obcordate. Azthers approximated in pairs,
incumbent, 2-celled; cells mostly parallel, the valves naked. Afenes
triquetrous, truncate at summit, smooth.

1. L. Carptaca, LZ. Pubescent ; lower stem-leaves palmate-lobed,
the upper ones ovate and lobed; floral leaves cuneate-oblong, mostly
trifid, with a lengthened narrow base,—the lobes of all the leaves
ovate or lanceolate; corolla longer than the calyx-teeth,—the tube
with a villous ring within at base; upper lip flattish, hirsutely vil-
lous; lower lip spreading, the middle lobe entire. Benth. Lab. p.
018. Fl. Cestr. p. 358.

Carpiac Leonurus. Vulgo—Motherwort.
Fr. L’Agripaume. Germ. Das Herzgespann. Span. Agripalma.

Root perennial. Stem2 to 4 feet high, branched at base ard above, retrorsely
pubescent, with a hairy ring at the joints or nodes. Leaves 2 to4 inches long,
rugose,—the lower ones nearly orbicular inthe outline; petioles 1 to 2 inches long.
Cymules 3 to 6 or 8-flowered, sessile, distant, forming an interrupted leafy spike
6 to 12 or 15 inches in length; bracteoles subulate, smooth. Calyx strongly 5-
ribbed, smoothish ; teeth acuminate, pungent,—the lower ones rather longer.
Corolla pale purple, externally very villous, especially on the upper lip. Akenes

LABIATAE : 121

hirsute at summit, Fence-rows; and waste places: introduced. Native of Europe
and Asia. Fl. June—July. Fr. August.

Obs. This foreigner is completely naturalized, and is apt to occupy
all neglected nooks, and waste places, about farm yards, and along
field sides. It is an utterly worthless weed—unsightly and disagree-
able,—and speedily gives a forlorn appearance to the premises of’
the slothful and slovenly farmer. There is another species (L. mar-
rubvastrum, LL.) which has become partially naturalized in some
districts; but it does not threaten to become so prevalent and trou-
blesome.

134. MARRUBIUM. ZL. Endl. Gen. 3657.

[Etymology obscure; supposed to be from a town in Italy.]
Calyz tubular, 5 to 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 or 10-toothed,—the
teeth erect or finally spreading. Corolla bilabiate,—the upper lip
erect, flattish or concave, entire or bifid—lower lip spreading, 3-
lobed, middle lobe broader, mostly emarginate; tube included in the
calyx. Stamens included; anthers 2-celled,—the cells divaricate,
subconfluent. Aenes obtuse at summit, but not truncate.

1. M. vunearr, LZ. Stems ascending, hoary-tomentose; leaves
roundish-ovate or oval, crenate-déentate, softly villous and canescent
beneath ; cymules many-flowered, woolly and canescent; calyx
with 10 subulate recurved teeth; upper lip of the corolla oblong,
bifid at apex. Benth. Lab. p. 591. Fil. Cestr. p. 360.

Common MArrvusivum. Vulgd—Hoar-hound.
Fr. Marrub blanc. Germ. Der weisse Andorn. Span. Marrubio.

Root perennial. Stems 9 to 18 inches high, céspitose or branching fiom the base.
Leaves about 2 inches long, abruptly narrowed at base to a flat nerved woolly
petiole half an inch to an inch long. Cymules dense, sessile in the rather distant
axils; bracteoles subulate. Corolla white, small. Stony banks, and waste places: —
introduced. Native of Europe and middle Asia. Fl.July--August. Fr.Sept.

Oés. This has been introduced as a medicinal Herb.—and is par-
tially naturalized in many places. It has a weed-lile appearance,
but does not incline to spread much,—and may well be tolerated to
some extent, for its valuable tonic properties. The Syrups and Can-
dies, prepared from or with it, are excellent pectoral medicines.

TRIBE XI. AJUGOIDEAE. Benth.

Corolla with the upper lip sometimes very short—sometimes split, with the seg-
ments depending,—rarely erect and vaulted; lower lip elongated. Stamens 2 or
4, ascending, generally much exserted. Akenes more or less reticulately rugose.

135. TEUCRIUM. LZ. Endl. Gen. 3679.

[Named from Teucer, a Trojan Prince,—who, it is said, first used the plant.]
Calyx tubular-campanulate, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla
with the tube short,—the 4 upper lobes of the hmb nearly equal,
oblong and declined, or very short and rather erect,—the lowest lobe
largest, oblong or rounded, mostly concave. Stamens 4, exserted
from the‘cleft between the upper lobes of the corolla; anthers with
the cells confluent. Afenes rugose.

1. T. Canapense, E. Herbaceous, erect, hoary-pubescent; leaves -
ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded at base, on short petioles ;

11

122 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

cymules few-flowered, crowded in a simple terminal spike; calyx
declinate, campanulate, finally somewhat gibbous,—the upper teeth
broader. Benth. Lab. p. 672. Fl. Cestr. p. 362.

Canapian Trucrium. Vulgd—Wood Sage. Germander.

Root perennial. Stem 1to 2 or3 feet high, simple or sparingly branehed, square
with the sides coneave and the angles obtuse, clothed with a retrorse cinereous
pubescence. Leaves 3 to 5 inehes long, on petioles one fourth to three fourths of
an inch in length. Cymules 2 or 3-flowered, mostly crowded, sometimes a little
distant, in a greenish-grey spike 2 to 5 or 6 inches in length (often an opposite
pair from the axils of the first leaves beneath}. Corolla pale purple, minutely
pubescent ; limb declinate, with a central fissure on the upper side,—the upper or
lateral lobes erect, acute,—the middle or lowest lobe oblong or obovate, concave.
Style longer than the stamens, curved, equally bifid atsummit. Fence-rows, and
low shaded grounds: throughout the U. States. Fil. July. Fr. Aug.—Sept.

Obs. This plant is frequently to be seen in low grounds, along
streams,—and sometimes along fence-rows, and borders of fields;
but it has not become generally known as an intrusive weed. An
observing farmer, however, has recently brought to me some speci-
mens of it, collected in his fields,;—where, he assured me, he found it
a very troublesome weed—and, moreover, exceedingly difficult to
extirpate. I have, therefore, deemed it proper to describe the plant,
and commend it to further notice,—so that its true character may be
certainly determined, before its inroads become extensive.

ORDER XCIV. BORAGINACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants, with round stems. Leaves alternate, simple,
mostly rough and hispid, without stipules. Flowers often in one-sided clusters
or racemes, which are spiral before expansion (circinnaie, or scorpioid}. Calyx
of 5 foliaceous persistent sepals, more or less united at base, regular. Corolla
mostly regular,—the limb 5-lobed, often with a row of scales in the throat,
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Ovary
deeply 4-lobed,—the style proceeding from the base of the lobes, which in fruit
become little nuls or hard akenes. Secds with little or no albumen.

An Order, for the most part, of rough homely plants,—some of them very ob-
noxious weeds. A few are slightly medicinal. The Alkanet of Commerce (a
red coloring matter.) is afforded by a plant of this Order, viz: Aschusa tinctoria,
L.) Several species have showy flowers,—and some of the Heliotropiums are
admired for their fragrance.

TRIBE IV. BORAGEAE. DC.

Ovary consisting of 2 carpels, each 2-celled or 2-parted. Style central, proceed-
ing from the base of the lobes. Fruit 2 or 4-parted,—the carpels each 2-celled
or separable into 2 akenes.

SUB-TRIBE 2. ECHIEAE. DC.

Corolla more or less irregular, naked at throat. Akenes affixed to the receptacle.

136. ECHIUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3757.

{Greek, Echis, a viper; from the resemblance of the seeds tu a viper’s head.]
Calyz 5-parted. Corolla hy pogynous, subeampanulate, limb obliquely
5-lobed, unequal. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla.
Ovary 4-lobed; style simple; stigma bifid. Akenes 4, distinct, tur-
binate, with a triangular areola at base.

1. E. vutearr, LZ. Stem tuberculate-hispid; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, hispid; flowers in lateral secund spikes; stamens longer than
the corolla. DC. Prodr. 10. p. 18. Fl. Cestr. p. 119.

BORAGINACEAE | 123

Common Ecuium. Vulgo—Blue-weed. Viper’s Bugloss. Blue Devils.

Fy. Herbe aux Vipéres. Germ. Der Natterkopf. Span. Yerba de la
Vibora.

Root biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched above. Radical leaves 5 to 8
inches long, lanceolate, petiolate ; stews leaves smaller, linear-lanceolate, acute,
sessile. Sptkes numerous, axillary, secund and at first recurved, finally erect.
Calyx-segments linear, pectinate-ciliate. Corolla at first purplish, finally bright
blue, pubescent externally. Azexes subovoid, angular on the inner side, keeled
on the back, a little incurved and acuminate, rough with tubercles of a greyish-

brown color. Fields, and read sides: introduced. Native of Europe. FI.
June. Fr. August.

Odés. This showy but vile weed has become extensively naturali-
zed, in some portions of our country,—and is a sad pest, wherever
it establishes itself. I have seen it in considerable quantities in the
State of Maryland,—though f think it is yet rare in Pennsylvania.
Prof. A. Gray informs us (Seliman’s Journal, Vol. 42. p. 13,), that
in the valley of the Shenandoah, Verginea, “for the distance of more
than a hundred miles, it has taken complete possession,even of many
cultivated fields.” A veteran Editor of a Newspaper, in the “old
Dominion,” has long been noted for harping on the Ovidian phrase
—“Principits obsta,’—i. e. meet and resist beginnings—or nip the
Jirst buddings of evil. If he had taught his Agricultural fellow-
citizens to apply his favorite maxim, practically, to this plant, he
would “‘have done the State some service”: and every farmer would
do well to bear that maxim in mind, not only in reference to this,
but to all pernicious weeds. It would save a vast deal of vexatious
jabor, at a future day. 5

SUB-TRIBE 4. LITHOSPERMEAE. DC.

Corolla regular, naked at throat. Akenes 4, affixed to the receptacle, imper-
forate at base.

137. LITHOSPERMUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3761.
{Greek, Lithos,a stone,and Sperma, seed; from the stony hardness of its seeds.]
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla hypogynous, funnel-form ; limb 5-lobed;
throat naked. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla,
included. Ovary 4-lobed; style simple; stigma 2 or 4-cleft. Axenes
4, distinct, bony, smooth or rugose.

i. L. arvense, LZ. Hispidly pilose; leaves lance-linear, rather
acute, entire, nerveless, sessile; akenes rugose-pitted. DC. Prodr.
10. p. 74. Fl. Cestr. p. 118.

Fieitp LirnosrpermMum. Vulgd—Stone-weed. Gromwell.
Fr. Gremil des champs. Germ. Acker Steinsame.

Root annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, generally much branched from the
root, and often branched near the summit. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long,—the lower
ones often oblanceolate and obtuse. Fiowers axillary, solitary, subsessile.
Corolla ochroleucous, small. Akenes ovoid, acuminate, rugose, brown when
mature. Grain fields, and pastures: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May.

Fr. June.
Obs. A worthless little foreigner,—more noticeable for its fre-

quency in our fields, than for any intrinsic importance—even as a
weed.

SUB-TRIBE 5. CYNOGLOSSEAE. DC.

Throat of the corolla mostly furnished with arching scales. Akenes 4, mostly
echinate, or winged, adnate to the base of the style, imperforate at base.

124 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

138. CYNOGLOSSUM. .Tournef. Endl? Gen. 3784.

[Greek, Kyon, kynos, a dog, and Glossa, a tongue; from the form of the leaves.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form,—the tube nearly as long as
the calyx; throat closed by 5-obtuse connivent scales; limb 5-lobed ;
the lobes very obtuse. Stamens 5, included. Ovary 4-lobed; style
simple ; stigma subcapitate, entire or emarginate. Asenes 4, round-
ish, convex, or depressed, echinate all over, or sometimes onlyat
the edges, imperforate at base, affixed to the base of the style, at
maturity separating from base to apex and cohering by the summit
of the style.

1. C. Morison1, DC. Stem erect, somewhat hispid, divaricately
branched at summit; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowe@
at base; racemes somewhat in pairs, bracteate, with the rachis vil-
lous; pedicels extra-axillary, finally reflexed; calyx-segments nearly
as long as the corolla; fruit densely eovered with uncinate prickles.
DC. Prodr. 10. p. 155.

Echinospermum Virginicum. Lehm. Fl. Cestr. p. 121.
Morison’s Cynoctossum. Vulgo—Beggar’s Lice.

Root annual. Siem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, acute at each
end, scabrous,—the lower ones petiolate—the upper ones subsessile. Racemes
terminating the slender divaricate branches, mostly dichotomous; pedicels about
as long as the fruit. Corolla bluish-white. small. Fence-rows, and borders of
thickets: Northern and Middle States. Fl. July. Fr. October.

Obs. The slovenly farmer is apt to get a practical acquaintance
with this obnoxious weed,—in consequence of its racemes of bur-like
Jrwt entangling the manes of his horses, and the fleeces of his sheep.
The Hound’s-tongue, of Europe—another species (C. officinale, L.)
—has been introduced, and is partially naturalized, in many
places; and there is also a mative species (C. Virginicum, L.),
known by the name of ** Wild Comfrey,” frequent in our woodlands :
but they scarcely come within the purview of this work. The same
remark applies to the common Garden Comfrey (Symphytum. ofjct-
nale, L.),—which belongs to this Tribe—and is occasionally seen in
Gardens.

ORDER XCIX. CONVOLVULACEAE. Juss. R. Br.

Twining or trailing herbs or shrubs,—often with a milky juice. Leaves alternate,
simple, without stipules. Flowers axillary, often large and showy. Calyx of 5
sepals, imbricated, or usually more or less united, persistent Corolla plicate,
and twisted in aestivation,—the limb 5-lobed—or often nearly entire. Stamens
mosily 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla near the base. Ovary 2 to 4-celled,
with 1 or 2 erect ovules in each cell; styles more or less united; stigma often
2-lobed, capitate or linear. Capsule 2 to 4- (or by obliteration 1-) celled,—the
valves falling away from the persistent dissepiments (septifiagal). Seeds large,
with a little mucilaginous albumen: cotyledons foliaceous, corrugated—wanting
in Cuscuta.

An interesting Order—containing many beautiful species. The Jalap, and
Scammony, of the shops, are furnished by plants of this Order.

TRIBE II. CONVOLVULEAE. Chois.

Carpels coalesced into a single ovary. Fruit capsular, dehisccat.

139. BATATAS. Rumph. Endl. Gen. 3807.

[Apparently an aboriginaj or barbarous name,—adopted for the geus.]}
Sepals 5. Corolla campanulate,—the limb spreading. Stamens 5,

CONVOLVULACEAE 125

included. Style simple; stigma capitate; 2-lobed. Capsule 3 or
4-celled, 3 or 4-valved. Seeds 3 or 4, erect.

1. B. epuuis, Chots. Stem creeping, rarely volubile; leaves sub-
hastate—cordate with the sinus broad and shallow, often angular
and partially lobed, petiolate ; peduncles as long or longer than the
petioles, 3 or 4-flowered. DC. Prodr. 9. p. 338.

Convolvulus Batatas. Z. Fl. Cestr. p. 132.
Eataste Batatras. Velgo—Sweet Potato. Carolina Potato.
Fr. Patate jaune. Germ. Bataten Winde. Span. Batata de Malaga.

Root perennial, tuberous; tubers oblong, terete, acute at each end, purple or
yellowish-white externally, yellowish within. Stem 4 to 8 feet long, slender,
prostrate, radieating, pilose. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long; petioles about 2
inches in length. Corolla purple (fide DC.). Gardens, and Lots: cultivated.

Oés. This plant is much cultivated for its fine eseulent tawbers,—
particularly in the sandy soil of New Jersey and the Carolinas,—
where it succeeds best. It is propagated by cuttings of the tubers;
and, so far as I know, it has never produced flowers, in the middle
States. This is said to be the Potato, spoken of by SHaxsPEaRE,
and contemporary writers; the Solanwm tuberosum, or “Irish
Potato”? (now so common), being then scarcely known in the old
world. According to De Cannons, the Sweet Potato is a native of
the East Indies ; but M’Cutxocy, in his Commercial Dictionary, says
itis supposed to have been carried to Europe from New Grenada,
by Sir Joun Hawkins, in 1545.

140. CONVOLVULUS. L. Endl. Gen. 3803,

[Latin, Convelvo, 10 entwine, or wind about; descriptive of the plant.]
Sepals 5.. Corolla campanulate. Style simple; stigmas 2, terete
linear, often revolute. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 2-celled.
Seeds 4, erect.

i. C. arvensis, LZ. Stem volubile or often prostrate, angled and stri-
ate; leaves ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, sagittate at base and some-
what auriculate; peduncles mostly 1-flowered, bibracteate—the bracts
small, remote from the fiower; sepals very obtuse, roundish-oyvate.
DC. Prodr. 9. p. 406. Fl. Cestr. p. 131. Icon, FV. Loud. 1.

Fietp Convotvutus. Vulgd—Bind-weed.
Fr. Liseron des champs. Germ. Die Ackerwinde. Span. Corregiiela.

Root perennial, creeping, long. Stem about 2 feet long, slender, branching,
procumbent or twining round other plants, twisted, a little hairy. Leaves an
inch te al inch and half long.—the smaller ones rather acute—the larger ones
obtuse and somewhat emarginate—all of them with a minute cusp at the end of the
midrib; petioles half an inch-to an inch long. Peduneles axillary, 1 to 2i inches
long, with 2 minute bracts half an inch to an inch below the flower. Corolla
pale red or reddish-white. Cultivated Lots: introduced. Native of Europe and
Asia. Fl. June—July. Fr. August.

Oés. This foreigner has been introduced into some portions of our
country,—and may give the farmers some trouble, if they do not
guard against it. We are told that izcessant vigilance is the con-
dition on which alone the rights of freemen can be maintained; and
I believe the farmer will find a similar condition annexed to the
preservation of his premises from the inroads of pernicious weeds.

11 aie

126 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

The following remarks, from the Flora Londinensis, will afford
some idea of the character of this Convolvulus, as observed in
England,—and may serve as a salutary caution, here.

“‘ Beautiful as this plant appears to the eye, experience proves it
to have a most pernicious tendency in Agriculture. The field of
the slovenly farmer bears evident testimony of this; nor is the gar-
den wholly exempt from its inroads. The following experiment
may serve to show what precaution is necessary in the introduction
of plants into a garden, especially when we want them to grow in
some particular situation.

“Tempted by the lively appearance which I had often observed
some banks to assume, from being covered with the blossoms of this
Convolvulus, I planted twelve feet of a bank in my garden, which
was about four feet in height, with some roots of it: it was early in
the spring, and the season was remarkably-dry, so that I scarcely
expected to see them grow; but a wet season coming on, soon con-
vinced me that my apprehensions were unnecessary, for they quickly
covered the whole surface of the bank, to the almost total extirpa-
tion of every other plant. It being a generally received opinion,
that if a plant was cut down close to the ground, it would thereby
be destroyed, or at least very much weakened, I was determined to
try the validity of this opinion by an experiment, and accordingly,
the whole of the Convolvulus was cut down somewhat below the
surface of the earth. In about a month the bank was covered with
it thicker than before. I then had recourse to a second cutting, and
afterwards to a third: but all these were insufficient; for now at
this present writing (August) the bank is wholly covered with it;
nor do I expect to destroy it, but by levelling the bank and destroy-
ing the roots.

‘‘ This experiment seems to determine a matter of no small con-
sequence in Agriculture, viz: that the cutting down those plants,
which have creeping roots, rather tends to make them spread further
than destroy them; and that nothing short of actual eradication will
effect the latter.

“‘It is seldom that this plant is highly prejudicial to meadows, or
pastures; but many fields of corn are every year destroyed by it, or
rendered of little value.”’

TRIBE IV. CUSCUTEAE. Chois.

Embryo filiform, destitute of cotyledons! Parasitic Herbs.

141. CUSCUTA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3816.

[A name of uncertain derivation, and obscure meaning.]
Calyz 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla globose-urceolate or tubular,—the limb
5 or rarely 4-cleft. Stamens 5, or rarely 4, adnate to the tube of the
corolla, alternate with the lobes, and mostly supported at base by
epipetalous scales. Ovary free, 2-celled and 4-ovuled; styles 2,
rarely united into 1; stigmas acute, clavate, or capitate. Frusté
mostly capsular,—the pericarp membranaceous, circumscissed at
base or bursting irregularly. Emdryo spiral, filiform, more or less
convolute in and around fleshy albumen. Parasitic Herbs, with
siender twining leafless orange-colored stems; germinating in the
earth, but speedily attaching themselves to other plants by radicating

CONVOLVULACEAE 137

processes, through which they derive nourishment,—and, dying at
the root, soon loose all direct connection with the soil. Flowers
clustered.

1. C. epminum, Weth. Stem filiform; flowers in dense capitate
sessile rather distant clusters; calyx 4 or 5-cleft; corolla scarcely
exceeding the calyx, withering on the capsule; scales minute ; styles
finally divaricate; stigmas acute. DC. Prodr. 9. p. 452.

C. Europaea? L.. Fl. Cestr. p. 167.
Friax Cuscuta. Valgo—Flax-vine. Dodder.

Fr. Fil de terre. ‘Germ. Die Flachs-seide. Span. Cuscuta.

Annual. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet long, very slender, smooth, pale orange-color.
Flowers in small dense heads or clusters. Ca’yx-segments 4 or 5, ovate, rather
acute. Corolla yellowish-white or pale orange-color, subglobose-urceolate, 4
or 5-lobed ; lobes ovate, acute, somewhat spreading. Stamens inserted at the
clefts of the corolla. Seales adnate to the corolla below the stamens, short, trun-
cate, crenate-laciniate. Capsule depressed-globose.. Seeds reddish-brown, sca-
brous or almost muricate under a lens. Parasitic on Flax: introduced. Native
of Europe. Fil. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This singular plant—formerly a great. pest among the flax-
crops—has become quite rare, since the culture of flax has declined.
Dr. Encetmann, of St. Louis, has given an interestizsg Monography
of our American Cuscutas, in the 43rd volume of Situiman’s Jour-
nal,—in which a number of native species are described; one of
which, at least, (C. Gronovit, Willd.in DC.—C. Americana, of Fl.
Cestr.) is quite frequent in Pennsylvania; But as they do not inter-
fere with the crops of the farmer, they need not be more particularly
noticed, in this work.

ORDER C. SOLANACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Herbs, or shrubby plants, with watery juice. Leaves mostly alternate, without
stipules. Inflorescence often supra-axillary ; pedicels without bracts. Calyx
usually of 4 or 5 sepals, more or less united, and mostly persistent. Corolla
hypogynous, regular or sometimes a little irregular plicate, in aestivation.
Stamens 5 (rarely 4 or 6), inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary free,
2-celled, with the placentae in the axis; style simple; stigma undivided or obso-
letely 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded Capsule or Berry. Embryo mostly curved,
in fleshy albumen; cotyledons semi-cylindric. ;

An Order affording many powerful narcotics, and stimulants, as well as some
valuable escnlents. In addition to those here given, may be mentioned the
poisonous Henbane (Hyosciamus niger, L.), and the deadly Nightshade (Atropa
Belladonna, L.).

TRIBE I. NICOTIANEAE. Endl.

Capsule 2-celled, 2-valyed—the valves septicidal at apex—often finally loculicidal.

142. NICOTIANA. L. Endl. Gen. 3841.

[Named in compliment to John Nicot,—who introduced it into France.]
Calyz tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla funnel-
form,—the limb spreading, plicately 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted
on the tube of the corolla, included, equal in length. Style simple;
stigma capitate. Capsule covered by the calyx, septicidally 2-valved
at apex,—the valves finally bifid, retaining separate placentae.
Seeds very numerous, minute. ;

1. N. Tasacum, LZ. Leaves large, lance-ovate, sessile, decurrent ;

128 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

lobes of the corolla acuminate,—the throat inflated. Willd. Sp. Pl.
1. p. 1014. Fl. Cestr. p. 133. ‘

Toraco Nicoriana. Vealg3—Tobacco. it
Fr. Le Tabac. Germ. Der Taback. Span. Tabaco.

Whole plant viscid-pubescent. Root annual. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, stout,
finally almost woody at base, paniculately branched above. Leaves 1 to 2 feet
long, smaller as they ascend. Ca/yx about one third the length of the corolla,
ventricose,—the segmeuts lanceolate, erect. Corolla about 2 inches long; limb
rose-colored,-spreading ; tube pale yellowish-green. Capsule ovoid, suleate on
each side. Seeds reniform, rugose.- Fields: cultivated extensively in the
Southern and Western States. Native of the warmer regions of America,
Known to Europeans about the year 1560. Fl. July—August. Fx September.

Obs. The extent to which this nauseous and powerfully narcotic
plant is cultivated—its commercial importance—and the modes in
which it is employed to gratify the senses—constitute, altogether,
one of the most remarkable traits inthe history of civilized man.
Were we not so practically familiar with the business, we should,
doubtless, be disposed to regard the whole story of the Tobacco trade
—and the wses made of the herb—as an absurd and extravagant
fable. In view of the facts and circumstances, it does seem like
sheer affectation, on our part, to pretend to. be astonished at the in-
dulgence of the Chinese, and other Asiatics, in the use of Opzwm.
The habitual use of Tobacco is always more or less injurious ‘to the
system—especially the nervous system; and in many instances it is
highly deleterious. I speak from long observation, and.a personal
experience of many years,—having smoked and chewed the herb,
until its pernicious effects compelled me to es-chew it altogether.

TRIBE II. DATUREAE. Endl.

Capsule or Berry incompletely 4-celled,—the primary. dissepiment bearing the
placentae on both sides, in the middle or near the parietal angle.

143. DATURA. L. Eudl. Gen. 3845.
[Supposed to be from Tatorah,—the Arabic name of the plant.]
Calyx tubular, often angular, 5-cleft at summit or slit on one side,
circumscissed above the peltate persistent base, deciduous. Corolla
funnel-form,—the limb spreading, plicate, 5 to 10-toothed. Stamens
5, inserted on the tube of the corolla, mostly included. Ovary in-
completely 4-celled,—one of the partitions imperfect above the
middle—the other complete, placentiferous in the middle on both
sides; placentae projecting, many-ovuled; style simple; stigma
bilamellate. Capsule ovoid or subglobose, muricate or aculeate
(rarely smooth), half 4-celled at summit, 4-valved. Seeds numer-
ous, laterally compressed, sub-reniform, roughish-dotted. Mostly
herbaceous, fetid and narcotic plants. Leaves somewhat in opposite
pairs. Flowers large, solitary, axillary or dichotomal, on short

peduncles.

1. D. Srramontum, ZL. Stem dichotomously branching; leaves
ovate, sinuate-dentate, petiolate, smooth; capsule aculeate, erect.
Willd. Sp. Pl. 1. p. 1008. Fl. Cestr. p. 133. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1.
Vulgd—Jamestown (corruptly Jzmson) weed. Thorn-apple.

Fr. Pomme epineuse. Germ. Der Stech-apfel. Spanx. Estramonio.

Root annual. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout, terete, pale yellowish-green
(dark purple in var. Tatula), smooth. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, sinuate or

SOLANACEAE . ‘129

somewhat angular-dentate ; petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches in length. Calyx promi-
nently 5-angled, nearly half as long as the corolla. Corolla ochroleucous (pale
violet purple in var. Tatula), about 3 inches long. Capsule about an inch in
diameter. Waste places ; farm-yards; road-sides, &c. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept.

‘Obs. This plant is supposed to be a native; but to my view, its
habits and aspect are very much those of a naturalized exotic. In
Pennsylvania, the variety with dark purple stems and bluish flowers
(D. Tatula, Willd.) is much the most common,—and is usually of
larger growth than the other. Both varieties are powerfully nar-
cotic and poisonous,—and equally obnoxious as coarse unsightly
fetid weeds—which every neat farmer will be careful to extirpate
from his premises.

TRIBE IV. SOLANEAE. Endl.

Fruit a 2 or several-celled Berry, with central placentae,—rarely a valveless
capsule. ;

144. CAPSICUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3854.
[Greek, kapto, to bite; from its hot or biting quality.]

Capsule 5 or 6-cleft, persistent. Corolla sub-rotate with a very
short tube,—the limb plicate, 5 or 6-lobed. Stamems 5 or 6, inserted
on the throat of the corolla, exserted; anthers connivent, longitudi-
nally dehiscent. Ovary 2,3 or 4-celled; placentae adnate to the
base of the dissepiment or central angular receptacle, many-ovuled ;
style simple, sub-clavate; stigma obtuse, obsoletely 2 or 3-lobed.
Berry nearly dry, inflated, polymorphous, incompletely 2 or 3-celled,
—the upper portion of the placentae and partitions dissolving or
disappearing. Seeds numerous, compressed, reniform, hot or acrid:
embryo semicircular, sub-peripherical, within fleshy albumen.

C. annuum, Z. Stem herbaceous; leaves ovate, acuminate, entire,
glabrous; peduncles solitary, axillary. Wéelld. Sp. Pl. 1. p. 1050.
Fl. Cestr. p. 139.

Annvuat Capsicum. Vulgé—Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper.
Fr. Poivre d’Inde. Germ. Spanischer Pfeffer. Span. El Pimentero.

Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, angular, branching above, somewhat
pilose. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, deep green; petioles 1 to 3 inches long, semi-
terete, slightly channelled above. Calyx angular, with short segments. Coro/la
white, with ovate-oblong spreading lobes. Anthers white, with a tinge of blue.
Berry hollow, terete and slender, ovoid-oblong, or depressed-globose, angular or
torose, red when mature. Gardens, and Lots: cultivated. Native of S. Ame-
rica. Fl. July—August. Fr. October. é

Obs. Cultivated for its frw¢t,—which is powerfully stimulant, and
much used as a condiment. Several varieties (perhaps distinct
species)—with the fruit of various forms—are to be met with in the
gardens. That one with slender terete elongated fruit, is sometimes
cultivated ona large scale,—for the manufacture of Cayenne Pepper,
from the mature fruit: the other forms with thicker rinds, are used
in the green state, for pickles.

145. SOLANUM. LZ. Endl. Gen. 3855.

[A name of obscure and uncertain meaning.]
Calyz 5 to 10-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate or subcampanulate ;
tube short; limb plicate, mostly 5-lobed. Stamens mostly 5, in-
serted on the throat of the corolla, exserted ; authers connivent,

130 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

opening at apex by 2 pores. Ovary 2- (rarely 3. or 4-) celled;
placentae adnate to the dissepiments, many-ovuled; style simple;
stigma obtuse. Berry 2- (rarely 3 or 4-) celled. Seeds numerous, sub-
reniform; embryo peripherical, spiral, including the fleshy albumen.

} Stem and leaves unarmed.

1. S. nigrum, LZ. Stem herbaceous, angular, branched, scabrous on
the afigles; leaves ovate, obscurely repand-dentate ; flowers subum-
bellate. Willd. Sp. Pl. 1. p. 1035. Fl. Cestr. p. 136.

Buack Sotanum. Vulgo—Night-shade. [Yerba mora.
Fr. Morelle noire. Germ. Der schwarze Nachtschatten.. Spaz.

Root annual. Stem1 to 2 feet high, much branched, angular or slightly winged.
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles about an inch long. Umbels lateral. above the
axils, few-flowered, nodding. Corolla white. Berries globose, rather small,
black when mature. Waste places; about gardens, and dwellings. Fl. July.
Fr. September.

Ods.. Several varieties of this are noticed in the books; and the
common one, in this country, isthe var. Virginicwm, of Willdenow =:
whether really a zative, seems undetermined. It is a homely,
worthless, and even deleterious weed,—which ought to be carefully
expelled from the vicinity of all dwellings.

2. S. ruserosum, LZ. Root producing tubers; stem herbaceous,
simple, angular; leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate,—the lobes.
ovate, entire; peduncles corymbosely subdivided. Willd. Sp. Pl.
1. p. 1033. Fl. Cestr. p. 136.

Tvuserous Sotanum. Vulgd—Common Potato. Irish Potato.
Fr. Pomme de terre. Germ. Die Kartoffel. Span. Batatin.

Annual; the base of the stem producing tuberous oblong or roundish pedicel=
late rhizomas. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, thickish and succulent or fleshy, often:
decumbent, somewhat pubescent. Leaves odd-pinnately dissected,—the seg-
ments somewhat petiolate, sometimes opposite, the alternate pairs very small.
Flowers interminal nodding corymbs, on a common peduncle 3 to 5 inches long;
pedicels articulated. Corolla bluish-white. Anthers orange yellow, often slightly
cohering. Berries globose, about half an inch in diameter, greenish-yellow when
mature. Kitchen gardens, and fields: cultivated. Native of S. America. Fl.
June—July. Fr. September.

Obs. This most important plant is more or less cultivated, for its
esculent tubers, by every owner or occupant of land. It is one of
the indispensable crops, for a family.* Numerous vwarzeties of tu-
bers—purple, white and yellow—have been obtained, by long cul-
ture, or from seedling plants. According to M?Culloch, Potatoes
were introduced to England, from Virginia, by Sir Walter Raleigh,
in 1586: into Ireland, in 1610,—where they have ‘long furnished
from three-fifths to four-fifths of the entire food of the people”? : and
into Scotland, in 1728.

t ¢ Stem and leaves aculeate.

* Within a few years past, a most alarming disease, or vot (sometimes called
“ Potato Murrain”), has attacked the tubers, about the time they were full grown—
and in many instances entire crops have been destroyed. This disease has
appeared in various and distant parts of our own country,—and in some seasons,
has spread dismay throughout Great Britain and Ireland. Although the cause
of this affection has been anxiously investigated, it does not seem, as yet, to be
well understood.

SOLANACEAE 131
8. S. escuLENTUM, Dunal. Stem herbaceous, nearly simple ; leaves
ovate, somewhat sinuate-lobed, tomentose ; peduncles solitary, thick-
ened, nodding ; calyx aculeate; fruit very large.

S.insanum, LZ. Willd. Sp. Pl. 1. p. 1037. Fl. Cestr. yp. 137.
Escutent Sotanum. Vulgd—Purple Egg-plant.
Fr. Aubergine rouge. Germ. Eifriichtiger Nachtschatten.

Whole plant clothed with a stellated tomentum. Root annual. Stem about 2
feet high, hollow, aculeate, finally subligneous. Leaves 6 to 9 inches long,—the
nerves and petioles aculeate; petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Pedwneles lateral,
supra-axillary, thick (sometimes slender and dichotomous, or bearing 2 flowers),
aculeate. Calyx 5 to 7 or 10-parted, aculeate. Corolla purplish, pubescent;-
lobes 5 to 7 or 10, ovate, spreading. Berries ovoid or obovoid-oblong, 3 to 5 or 6
inches in diameter, smooth, mostly dark purple when mature—sometimes pale
green. Gardens; cultivated. Native of India. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept—Octo.

Obs. This is cultivated for its fruit,—which is quite a favorite
culinary vegetable. The S. Melongena, L.—anearly allied species
or perhaps vartety—which is not prickly, and produces a whitish
fruit,—is also cultivated, though not so commonly as this.

4. §. Carortnense, L. Stem suffruticose, branching, annual; leaves
ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-angled and often subhastate, prickly on
both sides; racemes simple, loose; fruit small. Wild. Sp. Pl. 1.
p. 1043. Fl. Cestr. p. 138.

CaRoLinian Sotanum. Vulzd—Horse Nettle.

Root perennial. Stem 1.to near 2 feet high, annual but firm and almost shrubby,
hollow, branching, armed with sharp spreading prickles. Leaves 4 to 6 inches
long, aculeate on the midrib and larger nerves on both sides, clothed with a hir-
sute stellate pubescence ; petioles half an inch to an inch and half long. Racemes
lateral, opposite to and often longer than-the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, aculeate.
Coro abluish-white. Berries globose, one fourth to one third of an inch in di-
‘ameter, orange-yellow when mature. Pastures, and cultivated grounds,—espe-
cially in the Southern States. Fil. July. Fr. October. a

Obs. This is an exceedingly pernicious weed,—and so tenacious of
life that it is almost impossible to get rid of it, when once fully in-
troduced. It grows in patches, so thickly.as to deter Stock from
feeding among it, and even to monopolize the soil,—while its roots
gradually extend around, and toa great depth. It is a native of
the Southern States,—but has found its way to several localities in
Pennsylvania. The farmers will do well, therefore, to enable them-
selves to know it, when they meet it,—and moreover to eradicate it,
promptly and effectually, wherever they find it on their premises.

146. LYCOPERSICUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3856.
(Literally, Wolf- Peach; a metaphorical name, having reference to the fruit.]
Calyx 5 to 10-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate; tube very short;
limb plicate, 5 to 10-lobed. Stamens 5 or 6, inserted on the throat
of the corolla, exserted ; filaments very short; anthers oblong-coni-
cal, cohering by an elongated membrane at summit, longitudinally
dehiscent on the inner side. Ovary 2 or 3-celled, with the placentae
adnate tothe dissepiment, many-ovuled. Berry 2 or 3-celled.—
Seeds numerous, reniform, pulpy-villous;.emésryo sub-peripherical,

within the fleshy albumen.

1. L. escurentum, Mili. Stem herbaceous; leaves interruptedly
pseudo-pinnate,—the segments petiolate, lance-ovate, acuminate, -

132 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

deeply incised-serrate ; racemes 2-parted, leafless; fruit depressed-
globose, mostly torose. ‘

Solanum Lycopersicum, LZ. Willd. Sp. Pi. 1. p. 1033. Fl. Cestr.
p. 137. ‘ [apple.
Escutent Lycopersicum. Vualgd. Tomato, or Tomatoes. Love-
Fr. Pomme d’ amour. Germ. Der Liebes-Apfel. Span. Tomate.

Plant of a greyish aspect, viscid-pubescent and somewhat fetid. Root annual.
Stem 2 to 4 feet long, branching, often straggling or procumbent unless supported.
Leaves odd-pinnately dissected,—the-alternate pairs of segments smaller. Flowers
in naked lateral racemose clusters ; common peduncle 1 to 2 inches long, dichoto-
mously divided,—the subdivisions articulated to the pedicels of the flowers.
Calyzx-segments 5 to 10, linear-lanceolate.long. Corolla yellow, pubescent,—the
lobes 5 to 10, lanceolate, spreading. -Anthers cohering, acuminate, with the
points recurved. Berries large (1 to 3 or 4 inches or more in diameter), globose,
or flatly depressed and orbicular, often remarkably torose or distorted by large
swelling ridges, red or reddish-orange color when mature. Gardens, and Lots:
cultivated. Native of Spanish America. Fl. June—August. Fr. Aug.—Sept.

Obs. This is cultivated for its succulent acid fruzt—which, as a
sauce, is considered very healthful,—and has, of late years, become
a favorite and almost universal dish, in its season. Even the vend-
ers of medical nostrwms have seized upon it, as a means of levying
an additional tax upon the credulous.

ORDER Cl. GENTIANACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Herbs, with a watery juice. Leaves mostly opposite, simple and entire, without
stipules. Inflorescence usually centrifugal,—the flowers showy. Calyx mostly
of 4 or 5 (rarely 6 to 12) persistent. more or less united, sepals. Corolla regular,
mostly twisted in aestivation. Stamens asmany as the lobes of the corolla, and
alternate with them, inserted on its tube. Ovary single, formed of 2 united car-
pophylis, 1-celled, or sometimes half 2-celled by the introflexion of the valves or
parietal placentae, many-ovuled ; stigmas 2 or single, sometimes sessile. Cap-
sule 1- (or half 2- or 4-) celled, septicidal, many-seeded. Seeds with fleshy albu-
men and a minuteembryo.

An Order containing many beautiful species,—a number of them valuable for
their bitter, tonic properties: among which may be mentioned the Gentian of
the shops (Gentiana lutea, L.). Few or none, however, are of any Agricultural
importance.

TRIBE I. GENTIANEAE. DC.

Corolla twisted to the right (or /eft, if you look into the centre of the flower,) in
aestivation. Testa membranaceous. Leaves mostly opposite, very entire.

SUB-TRIBE 2. CHLOREAE. DC.

Anthers furnished with a connective. Style distinct, deciduous,

147. SABBATIA. Adans. Endl. Gen. 3546.

[Named after Liberatus Sabbati ; an Italian Botanist.]
Calyx 5 to 12-parted. Corolla sub-rotate,—the limb 5 to 12-lobed}
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes; anthers erect, opening by a
longitudinal fissure, finally recurved. Ovary with the valves
slightly introflexed, 1-celled,—the ovules inserted along the sutures;
style 2-parted,—the branches stigmatiferous, at length spirally
twisted. Capsule 2-valved, septicidal, 1-celled, with spongy pla-
centae along the sutures. Seeds numerous, minute, destitute of a
distinct funiculus:

1. 8. aneutaris, Pursh. Stem acutely 4-angled, somewhat winged,
—the internodes the length of the leaves; branches opposite, erect,

GENTIANACEAE 133

3 corymbose; leaves ovate, sessile and amplexicaul; calyx-segments
mostly 5, linear-lanceolate, acute, much shorter than the ¢orolla;
corolla mostly 5-parted,—the lobes obovate, rather obtuse. DC.
Prodr. 9. p. 50. Fl. Cestr.p. 125.

Aneuuar Sappatia. Vulgo—Centaury.

Root annual? (biennial, DC.). Stem 12 to 18 inches high, often bushy with
numerous branches. Leaves about an inch long. Flowers sometimes composed
of 6 parts. Corolla rose red, with a pale green star in the centre. Capsule ob-
long-ovoid, mucronate, with a keeled suture on each side. Seeds rugosely pitted,
underalens. Sterile old fields: Canada to Carolina. Fl. July—August. Fr.
September.

Obs. This plant has but little connection with Agriculture: yet
it is so generally and deservedly popular, as a Bitter, and tonic
medicine, that it would seem desirable for every farmer to be able
to identify it,—and therefore I have inserted it. There is another
plant in the South and West, belonging to this Tribe, which is highly
commended for similar properties;—namely, the Wild Colombo
(Frasera Carolinensis, Walt.). 1 do not deem it necessary, how-
ever, to do more than mention it, here.

ORDER CIII. ASCLEPIADACEAE. R. Br. Lindl. ,

Herbs, or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice. Leaves generally opposite, simple,
entire; stipules none or reduced to mere bristles. Inflorescence interpetiolar,
somewhat umbellate, fasciculate, or racemose, rarely solitary. Calyx 5-parted,
persistent. Corolla hypegynous, 5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted into
the base of the corolla, alternately with the lobes; filaments sometimes free, but
usually dilated and connate in a tube including the pistil (hence called the
Gynostegium, or pistil-covering),—the tube often augmented by 5cucullate appen-
dages (stamneal crown) ; anthers erect, united, truncate at summit—or the con-
nective sometimes thickened and acuminate, or produced into a thin whitish
membrane—mostly 2-celled, the cells with projecting cartilaginous appendages :
pollen cohering in waxy masses (Pollinia), which are attached in pairs (from
the contiguous cells of different anthers) to 5 small gland-like processes at the
angles of the stigma. Ovaries 2; styles 2; stigma common to both styles, fleshy,
dilated, 5-cornered, bearing a little shining blackish corpuscle, or gland, at each
corner. Follivles 2 (one often abortive) ; placenta attached to the suture, finally
separating. Seeds numerous, compressed, imbricated, pendulous; testa mem-
branaceous, usually margined,—the margin, near the hilum, splitting into a_
silky coma; albumen thin.

An Order remarkable for the peculiar structure of the flowers (well illustra-
ted in Gray’s Botanical Text Book),—and containing: many plants interesting
to the curious ; but few that concern the mere practical farmer.

TRIBE III. ASCLEPIADEAE. R. Br.

Filaments connate. <Anthers 2-celled. Pollinia 10, affixed in pairs to the pro-
cesses of the stigma, pendulous.

DIV. 7. ASCLEPIADAE. Dene. DC.

Throat of the corolla naked. Stamineal crown 5-leaved,—the leaflets concave
or cucullate, inserted at the base {rarely on the summit) of the tube of connate
filaments (gynostegium), and mostly with a subulate or horn-like averted pro-
cess arising from the cavity of each leaflet. -

148. ASCLEPIAS. ZL. Endl. Gen. 3490.
[The Greek name of Aesculapius,—to whom this genus is dedicated.]

. Calyx deeply 5-parted,—the segments (or sepals) ovate-lanceolate,
small, spreading. Corolla deeply 5-parted,—the lobes valvate in
aestivation, lance-oblong, at first spreading, finally reflexed. Sta-

12

134 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

mineal crown seated on the summit of the gynostegium, 5-leaved;
leaflets cucullate,—the hoods ovate or dilated above, always emit-
ting from the bottom of the cavity an averted horn-like process
which is curved towards the stigma. <Azthers terminated by 2
membrane. Pollinia compressed, pyriform, affixed by the attenua-
ted apex, pendulous. Stigma depressed. Follicles smooth or
sometimes softly muricate. Seeds compressed, margined, comose.
Perennial Herbs ; mostly lactescent. Leaves opposite, sometimes
verticillate—rarely alternate. Umbels interpetiolar, or sometimes
terminal.

1. A. ruBerRosa, L. Hirsute; not lactescent; stem ascending, di-
varicately branched at summit, leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate or
linear-oblong, mostly alternate, subsessile ; umbels numerous, lateral
and terminal, often forming a spreading corymb. -DC.Prodr. 8. p.
567. Fl. Cestr. p. 173.

Turerovus Asciepias. Valgd—Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.

Whole plant mostly very hairy. Root *perenmal; large, tuberous. Stem
about 2 feet high, generally more or less oblique or leaning; branches spread-
ing and often recurved. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and half an inch to an inch
wide, scattered or rarely opposite, varying from lance-linear to oblong and ob-
lanceolate, acute or obtuse, mostly obtuse at base, on very short petioles.
Stamineal crown bright orange color,—the leaflets erect, lance-oblong, distinct,
abruptly narrowed below, the infolded margins with each an obtuse tooth near
the base; horns subterete, tapering to a point, incurved, nearly as long as the
leaflets. Follicles about 4 inches long, somewhat ventricose, acuminate, tomen-
- tose-pubescent. Old fields; Pastures, and fence-rows: throughout the U. States.
#1, July—Aug. Fr. Sept—October.

Obs. This is the only species of the genus, which is inclined to
make its appearance in our cultivated grounds, or pasture fields,—
and even this, though a rough, coarse weed, is not a troublesome
one. I have inserted it, merely as a specimen of a remarkable and
somewhat numerous family, which may be readily recognized by
the peculiar structure of the flowers. When in bloom, the bright
orange-colored umbels of this species are quite showy. ‘The root
once had a reputation for being medicinal; but it is now generally
neglected.

ORDER CV. OLEACEAE. Hffmsg. § Link. Lindl.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple or odd-pinnate. Flowers racemose or
paniculate, terminal and axillary, perfect and complete, or sometimes dioicous
and apetalous. Calyx 4-lobed or 4-toothed, mostly persistent, rarely obsolete.
Corolla 4-cleft, or of 4 distinct petals—sometimes wanting; aestivation mostly
valvate. Stamens usually 2. #ruit various—baccate, drupaceous, capsular or
samaroid,—2-celled, or by abortion often 1-celled and 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds pen-
dulous, mostly albuminous.

A small but interesting Order. Olives, and Olive oil, are afforded by the genus
(Oler) which is the type of the family,—the pericarp, instead of the seed, yield-
ing the oil. The Manna of the shops is derived from a species of Ash (Fraxt-
nus rotundifolia, L.).

TRIBE I. FRAXINEAR, Baril.

Fruit dry, samaroid, 2-celled, indehiscent. Flowers sometimes polygamous or
dioicous and apetalous—sometimes 4-peialled, rarely 2-petalled—and sometimes
destitute of calyx. Seeds albuminous.

149. FRAXINUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3353.

[The Latin name of the Ash tree; etymology obscure.]
Dioicousty potyGamous: Calyz 4-cleft ornone. Petals sometimes

OLEACEAE : 135

none, sometimes 4, often cohering in pairs at base, oblong or linear.
Stamens 2. Stigma bifid. Samara 2-celled, compressed, winged
at apex; cells 2-ovuled, by abortion i-seeded. Seeds pendulous,
compressed ; albumen fleshy, thin; embryo as long as the albumen.
Trees. Leaves opposite, mostly odd-pinnate. Flowers racemose or
paniculate.

0S Flowers diotcous and apetalous.

i. F. Americana, L. Leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs, petiolulate, elliptic-
ovate, acuminate, entire or obsoletely dentate, glaucous beneath;
petioles and young branches terete, smooth; buds with a rufous
velvety pubescence; panicles compound, loose, axillary; flowers
ealyculate ; samaras linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base. DC.
Prodr. 8. p. 277. Icon, Mz. Sylva. 3. tab. 118.

FE. acuminata. Lam. Fl. Cestr. p. 8.
AMERICAN Fraxinus. Valgo—White Ash.

Stem 40 to 60 and 80 feet high, an@2 to 3 feet in diameter,—the young branches
smooth and dotted with white specks. Leaflets 2to 4inches long,—at first downy,
finally smooth and green above, pubescent and glaucous beneath. Flowers with
a minute 3 or 4-toothed calyx. Samara terete at base, with a narrowish lance-
oblong wing. Woodlands: throughout the U. States,—but particularly in the
Northern States. Fl. May. Fr.

Oés. The timber of this tree is highly valuable, and much used by
wheelwrights, coachmakers, &c. It also makes excellent fuel.

2. F. pusescens, Walt. Leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs, petiolulate, elliptic-
lanceolate, acuminate, subserrate; petioles and young branches
velvety-pubescent ; flowers calyculate ; samaras linear-lanceolate.
DC. Prodr. 8. p. 278. Fl. Cestr. p. 8.

F. tomentosa. Mz. Sylva, 3. p. 63. Icon, tab. 119.
Pusescent Fraxinus. Vulgo—Red Ash.

Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 12 to 18 inches in diameter. Leaflets 2 to3
inches long.—more lanceolate and narrower than in the preceding—more pubes-
cent beneath—and the petiolules shorter. Samaras terete and tapering below,
almost acute at base, with a long narrow linear-lanceolate wing. Low grounds;
along streams: throughout the U. States. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. This has considerable resemblance to the preceding species ;
but, beside the pubescence of the young branches, it is a smaller and
less valuable tree.

3. F. sampuciroria, Lam. Leaflets in 4 or 5 pairs, sessile or sub-
sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, somewhat rounded and
unequal at base, hirsutely bearded beneath on the midrib and in the
angles of the nerves; flowers naked; samaras oblong, obtuse at
each end. DC. Prodr. 8. p. 278. Fl. Cestr. p. 8. Icon, Mz. Sylva,
3. tab. 122. ;

SAMBUCUS-LEAVED Fraxinus. Vulgd—Black Ash. Water Ash.

Stem 30 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 12 to 18 inches in diameter; young branches
labrous, green. sprinkled with black elliptic dots or warts. Leaflets 3 to 4inches
ong, rugose and shining above, with tufts of tawny pubescence in the angles of

the nerves beneath. Samaras broadish, of nearly uniform width. Low grounds;
along rivulets, &c. Northern and Middle States. Fl. April. Fr.

Obs. This species is less common, and of less value, than either
of the preceding. There are several other species in the Southern

136 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS

and Western States; but I have not judged it expedient to swell
this work by a more particular notice of them.

TRIBE III. OLEINEAE. DC.

Fruit fleshy, drupaceous or baccate. Flowers perfect, and complete. Sceds
albuminous.

150. LIGUSTRUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3352.

[Latin, ligare, to tie; from the use made of its pliable branches.]
Calyx with a short tube, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form,
the tube longer than the calyx; limb 4-parted. Stamens 2, inserted
on the tube of the corolla, included. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in
each cell, pendulous from the apex of the septum; style very short ;
stigma bifid, obtuse. Berry globose, 2-celled ; cells 2- (or by abor-
tion 1-) seeded. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers
in terminal thyrsoid panicles.

1. L. vutcare, LZ. Branches slightly. pubescent at apex; leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, amucronulate, glabrous; panicle
compound, contracted. DC. Prodr. 8. p. 293. Fl. Cestr. p. 2.
Icon, Fl. Lond. 1.

Common Licustrum. Vaulge—Privet. Prim.

Fr. Le Troéne. Germ. Die Gemeine Rheinweide. Span. Alhena.

Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet high, much branched; branches opposite. Leaves 1 to 3
inches long, varying from lanceolate and acute, to elliptic or oblanceolate and
obtuse, on short petioles. Corolla white. Berries black (rarely greenish-white)
when mature. Way-sides; fence-rows, &c,: introduced. Native of Europe.
Fl. June. Fr. October.

Obs. This shrub is perhaps intitled to notice, in the present work,
from the circumstance of its having been introduced, by the early
settlers of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of hedging. It did not
answer the purpose, however,—and was soon neglected. Yet it has
become partially naturalized.

The Olive (Olea Europaea, L.)—which is so noted and important
a plant, in the South of Europe—belongs to this tribe. It has not
yet, I believe, been successfully cultivated in our country ; but, with
a fair trial, it may possibly succeed, in our Southern States.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 137

APETALOUS EXOGENS.

ORDER CVI. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Herbaceous, or shrubby and climbing,—the wood without concentric zones. Leaves

alternate, simple, petiolate—often with foliaceous stipules. Flowers mostly per-

fect, axillary, solitary. Calyzx-tube more or less adherent to the ovary ; limb
_3-lobed,—the lobes valvate in aestivation. Stamens 6 to 12, epigynous or adhe-

rent to the base of the short thick style. Stigmas radiating, as many as the

cells of the ovary Frutt dry or somewhat fleshy and succulent, 3 to 6-celled,

many-seeded. Ezbryo minute,in the base of fleshy albumen.

A small Order, of little or no interest in Agriculture.

151. ARISTOLOCHIA. YFournef. Endl. Gen. 2162.

[A Greek name,—having reference to the medical virtues of the plant.]
Calyx colored, tubular,—the lower portion adherent to the ovary,
ventricose above the ovary, straight or curved; limb oblique, 2 or
3-lobed,—the lower lobe sometimes ligulate or extended to a lip.—
Stamens 6, inserted on an epigynous disk; anthers extrorse, 2-celled,
subsessile, adnate to the style. Stigmas 6, radiated. Capsule
coriaceous, 6-celled, septicidally 6-valved. Seeds numerous. ~

1. A. Serpentaria, ZL. Stem erect or ascending, flexuose; leaves
lance-oblong, acuminate, entire, cordate (and sometimes auriculate)
at base ; peduncle sub-radical; lip of the calyx lanceolate. Wéild.
Sp. Pl. 4. p. 159. Fl. Cestr. p. 515.

Snake-Root ArisroLtocuia. Vu/go— Virginia Snake-Root.

Root perennial, of numerous rather coarse fibres. Stem herbaceous, 9 to 15
inches high, simple or branched from the base, slender, angular, pubescent, leafy
above, nearly naked or with small abortive leaves below. Leaves 2to4or5
inches long; petioles one fourth of an inch to near anineh long. Flowers rather
large, few or solitary, near the base of the stem and often concealed béneath
dead leaves, on a flexuose bracteate peduncle 1 to 2 inches in length. Calyxa
dull purplish brown, subcoriaceous, angularly bent, gibbous at the angle,—the
limb dilated and somewhat 3-lobed. Capsule turbinate or roundish-obovoid,
somewhat fleshy, pubescent. Rich woodlands; throughout the U. States. Fi.

June. Fr. July—August.

Ods.°This little plant is to be found in almost every woodland,
where the soil is good; and its medicinal value, as an aromatic
stimulant, renders it desirable that every person should know or be
enabled to recognize it. For this reason I have been induced to

give it a place, here.

ORDER CVII. CHENOPODIACEAE. Vent. Lindl.

Chiefly weed-like Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate, more or less fleshy, without
stipules. Flowers inconspicuous. sometimes dioicous or polygamous Calyx
deeply divided, or sometimes tubular at base, persistent. Stamens inserted into
the base of the calyx opposite its segments, and equal to them in number, or
fewer. Ovary single, free or occasionally adherent to the tube of the calyx,
with a single ovule arising from its base. Fruit an utricle or akene—some-
times baccate. Seed single, with copious farinaceous albumen,—the embryo peri-
pherical, more or less completely surrounding the albumen.

A homely, but rather important, Family of plants. Beside those here given,

12

138 APETALOUS EXOGENS

may be mentioned the Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa, Willd.)—an article of food,
in South America; and the maritime genera, Salsola and Salicornia, which
yield vast quantities of Soda.

SUB-ORDER I. CYCLOLOBEAE. C. A. Meyer.

Embryo either completely annular or curved into the form of a horse-shoe,—
the albumen being central and more or less copious.

TRIBE II. ATRIPLICEAE. C. A. Meyer.

Flowers polygamous or dioicous, not bracteate. Calyx of the staminate flower
different from that of the pistillate one. Stem continuous (7. e. not articulated).

152. SPINACIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1915.

{Latin, Spina, a thorn; the covering of the fruit being often prickly.]
Friowers pioicous: Stam. Fu. Ca/yz 4 or 5-parted,—the segments
equal. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the receptacle opposite the seg-
ments of the calyx. PisTituate Fi. Calyx ventricose-tubular, 2 or
3-toothed. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; stigmas 4, elongated,
filiform, subsessile. A/ezxe included in the turgid indurated calyx,
which is often 2 or 3-horned on the back. Seed vertical, compress-
ed; embryo annular, peripherical, surrounding the farinaceous albu-
men. Herbaceous: flowers axillary, glomerate,—the staminate
ones in racemose-paniculate clusters.

1. S. oteracea, DL. Leaves hastate-lanceolate, often incised at base,
petiolate; fruit sessile, prickly or unarmed. Weld. Sp. Pl. 4. p.
766. Fl. Cestr. p. 565.

Pot-HErB Spinacia. Vulgd—Spinach, or Spinage.
Fr. Epinard des potagers. Germ. Der Spinat. Span. Espinaca.

Root annual. Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, somewhat branched, or often sim-
le. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long. ecuneately tapering to a petiole 1 to 3 or 4 inches
in length. Flowers greenish. Frutt inclosed in the subgiobose persistent calyx,
which is scarcely cleft at maturity, and often not prickly in the variety usually
cultivated. Gardens: cultivated. Native of the East. Fl. June—July. Fr.

Aug.—September.

Obs. This well-known pot-herb—said to have been first brought
into Spain, by the Arabs—is frequently found in gardens,— especially
in the vicinity of our cities and market towns. The Atriplex hor-
tensis, L. or Garden Orach, is another pot-herb, belonging to this
Tribe; but I believe it is not much eultivated in the U. States.

TRIBE III. CHENOPODIEAE. C. A. Meyer.

Flowers perfect or polygamous, ebracteolate or rarely bibracteolate, all similar.
Seed vertical or horizontal ; testa crustaceous or membranaceous. Stem continuous.

SUB-TRIBE 3. KOCHIEAE. Endl.

Flowers ebracteolate. Seed horizontal; testa crustaceous or membranaceous.

153. BETA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1924.

[Celtic, Bett, red: or from its fruit resembling the Greek letter B (Beta).J
FLoweERsS PERFECT: Calyz urceolate, 5-cleft, finally indurated at
base,—the segments remaining unchanged. Stamens 5, inserted on
a fleshy ring at the throat of the short calyx-tube, opposite the seg-
ments of the limb. Ovary depressed, i-celled, l-ovuled; stugmas
2, short, connate at base. Utricle subglobose, inclosed in the dru-

CHENOPODIACEAE 139

‘paceous tube of the calyx, and covered by the fleshy limb. Seed
horizontal, depressed; testa membranaceous ; embdryo annular,
peripherical, surrounding the farinaceous albumen. Herbaceous,
with a large fleshy root formed of concentric zones. Flowers
glomerate in spikes or paniculate racemes,—the fruit often concrete
or cohering.

1. B. vutearis, LZ. Lower leaves ovate; flowers in dense sessile
axillary clusters, interruptedly spicate. Wald. Sp. Pl. 1. p. 1308.
Fl. Cestr. p. 178.

Common Beta. Vulgo—Beet. Garden Beet. Sugar Beet.

Fr. Bette-rave. Germ. Gemeiner Mangold. Span. Acélga.

Root biennial, fleshy, large (often 3 or 4inches in diameter and more than a
foot long,) terete, tapering downwards, deep purple or yellowish,—oxhibiting,
on a transverse section, concentric layers which seem to have some relation to
the number and size or vigor of the radical leaves—perhaps severally formed
and nourished by them. Stem 2 to 4 feet gh, suleate-angled, smooth, some-
what paniculately branching. Radical leaves 6 to 12 inches long, undulate,
greenish-purple ; petioles 4 to 83 inches long, succulent, purple, channelled above ;
stem-leaves lance-ovate, acute, petiolate, smaller as they ascend. Calyx purplish-
brown, fleshy at base, finally indurated or externally suberose,—the segments
keeled, incurved and subsaccate at apex. Seed depressed, cochleate-orbicular,
loosely farinaceous, enveloped in a purple membrane and lodged in a bony cell
at the base of the calyx. Gardens, and Lots: cultivated. Native of Southern
Europe. Fil. July. Fr, September.

Obs. Very generally cultivated for its fine esculent root—of which
there are several varieties, ‘That one, called “ Sugar Beet ??—with
a pale yellowish root—is extensively cul‘ivated, on the continent of
Europe, for the purpose of making Sugar,—and has been partially
tried, in this country : But, while we have the Sugar Maple and
the Sugar Cane to supply us, it is not probable the Beet will be
much relied upon, for that object. A» large-rooted variety of B.
Cicla, L. (a nearly allied species), called Mangel Wurtzel, or
Scarcity Root, is sometimes cultivated for Stock,—and is probably
iatitled to more attention than it has yet received from our farmers
—who are not generally partial to the culture of root crops.

154. CHENOPODIUM. ZL. Endl. Gen. 1930.

(Greek, Chen, a goose, and Pous, podos, a foot; from the form of the leaves.]
FLOWERS PERFECT: Calyx 5-parted,—the segments finally keeled.
Stamens 5, inserted at the bottom of the calyx, opposite the seg-
ments. Ovary depressed, 1i-celled, 1-ovuled; stigmas 2 or 3, fili-
form, very short. Utricle membranaceous, depressed, included in
the connivent 5-angled calyx. Seed horizontal, lenticular; testa
crustaceous ; embryo annular, peripherical, surrounding the copious
farinaceous albumen.

1. C. atpum, EZ. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, erose-dentate, entire and
tapering towards the base,—the upper ones oblong-lanceolate, entire ;
racemes erect, branched, somewhat leafy. Willd. Sp. Pl. 1. p.
1302. Fl. Cestr. p. 176. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1.

Wuite Cuenoropium. Vulgé—Lamb’s Quarters. Goose-foot.
Fr. Anserine blanche. Germ. Der Gaensefuss.

Root annual. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, rather stout, angular, often striped
with yellow and green, sometimes purplish, branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long,
covered with very minute flat or cup-like scales (especially on the under sur-

/

140 APETALOUS EXOGENS

face), which give them a glaucous or mealy appearance; petioles 1 to 2 or3
inches long. Flowers in pulverulent clusters. Calyz depressed, 5-angled by
the prominent keels of the incurved segments, greenish and glaucous. Seed
dark purple or nearly black, lenticular and slightly cochleate, smooth and shin-
ing. Gardens, Yards, and waste places: introduced. Native of Europe. Fi.
July—Aug. Fr. October. ;

Obs. This coarse and rather homely weed has become very exten-
sively naturalized throughout the U. States,—and is quite trouble-
some in gardens. The young plant is sometimes used asa pot-herb;
but would be gladly dispensed with by all neat gardeners and farmers.

2.C. ANTHELMINTIcUM, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, dentate;
racemes axillary and terminal, long, slender, leafless. Wald. Sp.
Pl, 1... 1304. 4a, Cestr, o..477.

Worm-pestroyvine Cuenopopium. Vulgo—Worm-seed..

Plant pale yellowish-green. Rootperennial Stem 2to3 or 4 feet high, sulcate-
angled, branched. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, repand-dentate or sometimes.
rather incised-dentate, cuneate at base, sprinkled with resinous atoms beneath ;
petioles one fourth to three fourths of an inch long. Flowers in long slender in-.
terrupted naked racemes or spikes,—the clusters small. Calyx smoothish, green.
Stigmas 3. Gardens, road-sides, and waste places. Fl. July. Fr. Sept—Octo.

Obs. This species is noticed here, chiefly because of its repute as
a remedy for worms, in children. The plant has a strong disagree-
able odor,—and the essential oil—though a very nauseous. dose—
often proves an effective vermifuge. Mr. Exxiorr considered it a
native of the Southern States; but it has not that appearance, in
Pennsylvania.

There are several other weed-like species of Chenopodium to be
met with, occasionally ; but they have not become as troublesome
as the C. album. ,

ORDER CIX. AMARANTHACEAE. Juss. R. Br.

Herbs. or suffruticose plants. Leaves simple, opposite or alternate, mostly with-
out stipules. Flowers perfeet or monoicous, rarely dioicous, aggregated in heads,.
or spikes, or dense clusters, imbricated with dry scarieus bracts which are usu-
ally colored. Calyx of 3 to 5 sepals, persistent. dry and scarious.. Stamens.
hypogynous, as many as the sepals and opposite to them,—somet:mes multiplied,
distinct or monadelphous, with the alternate ones abortive (staminodia) ; anthers
often 1-celled. Ovary single, 1 or several-ovuled; stigma simple or compound.
Utricle membranaceous, 1 or several-seeded, valveless, bursting irregularly.
Seeds lenticular- reniform ; testa crustaceous: embryo curved or forming a ring
round the circumference of the farinaceous albumen.

An Order of plants mainly of a weed-like character,—though some of the
Prince's feather tribe are admired for their showy unfading clustered inflorescence.

TRIBE I]. ACHYRANTHEAE. Endi.
Ovary 1-oyuled. Azthers 2-celled.

SUB-TRIBE 4. AMARANTHEAE. Endl.
Flowers monoicously polygamous or perfect,tribracteate. Utricle circumscissed
or indehiscent. 4

155. AMARANTHUS. LZ. Endl. Gen. 1972.
[Greek, a, not, maratno, to fade, and axthos, a flower ; the flowers not changing
or fading.]
FLOWERS MONOICOUSLY POLYGAMOUS: Calyz of 3 or 5 sepals, mostly
colored, slightly connected at base. Stamens 3 or 5 (rarely 2 or 4),
free ; staminodt@ none. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; stigmas 2 or 3,

AMARANTHACEAE 141

filiform, subsessile. Uéricle circumscissed. Seed lenticular-reni-
form; embryo curved into a half circle, peripherical, surrounding
the albumen.

1. A. asus, Z. Stem obtusely angular, smooth, much branched ;
leaves obovate and spatulate-oblong, emarginate, setaceously mu-
‘eronate ; flowers triandrous, in small axillary clusters. Willd. Sp.
Pl. 4. p. 382. Fl. Cestr. p. 526.

Also? A. graecizans. Wélld.l.c. ‘
Wuite AMARANTHUS.

Root annual. Stem1 to 2 or 3 feet high, rather stout, pale green or whitish,
generally much branched,—the principal branches near the base, spreading.
Leaves half an inch to an inch and half long, entire, narrowed at base toa
slender petiole one fourth of an inch to an inch and half long. Flewers pale
green, inconspicuous, in small axillary bracteate clusters; bracts subulate-
lanceolate, spinescently acuminate, longer than the flowers. Barn yards; In-
dian-corn fields, &c. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This coarse weed is quite common, in Chester Cownty, Pa.
in Gardens, and cultivated Lots; and yet I do not learn that it (nor,
indeed, either of the following species) has been sufficiently noticed
to acquire a common name. It is certainly a plant so entirely worth-
less that it ought to be extirpated. Although stated, in the books,
to be a native of Pennsylvania, it has, to me, much the habit and
appearance of a naturalized weed.

2. A. uysripus, LZ. Stem sulcate-angled, roughish-pubescent,
sparingly branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; flowers pen-
tandrous, in dense compound axillary and terminal spikes. Wedld.
Sp. Pl. 4. p. 389. Fl. Cestr. p. 526.

Hysrip AMARANTHUS.

Root annual, fusiform, purple. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, often nearly simple.
Leaves 2 or 3to 5 inches long, wholly green, roughish, entire, tapering to the
apex but the point mostly obtuse, emarginate and setaceously mucronate, ab-
Tuptly narrowed at base to a petiole 1 to 3 inches in length. Flowers small, dull
green or sometimes becoming purplish, the staminate and pistillate ones inter-
mingled, and densely clustered in ovoid-oblong compound spikes,—the terminal
spike elongated and sub-cylindric ; bracts subulate, with a slender sharp acumi-
nation, longer than the flowers. Gardens, and cultivated Lots: New York to
Carolina. Fl. August. Fr. October.

Obs. This is another coarse homely weed,—and quite troublesome
in gardens, in the latter part of summer. If permitted to mature its
seeds, it soon becomes very abundant.

3. A. spinosus, LE. Stem striate, smoothish, much branched;
leaves ovate-lanceolate; axils spinose; flowers pentandrous, in
compound terminal and axillary spikes. Wdalld. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 393.
Fl. Cestr. p. 527.

Tuorny AMARANTHUS.

_ Root annual. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high. often purple. Leaves 1 to 2
inches long, rather obtuse, mucronate, entire, roughish-dotted, with glaucous
blotches beneath; petioles about as long as the leaves, with 2 subulate spines
(stipules ?) at base, one fourth to half an inchin length. Flowers small, clustered
in oblong terete erect terminal and subterminal spikes. Cultivated Lots—way-
sides, and waste places: introduced. Native of India. Fl. August. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This foreigner is naturalized in many places—especially in
the unfrequented streets and outskirts of our sea-port towns,—and

142 APETALOUS EXOGENS

is a vile nuisance wherever it prevails. It cannot be too sedulously
guarded against.

ORDER CXI. POLYGONACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Herbs, or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate,—the stipules mostly sheath-
ing or cohering round the stem, above the leaves, in the form of an ochrea or
boot. Flowers sometimes unisexual—often racemose, or spicate—occasionally
cymose, or capitate-—and in some instances, with a tubular or cup-shaped in-
wolucre. Calyx of 3 to 6 sepals, more or less united at base, imbricated in aesti-
vation, sometimes colored. Stamens definite, inserted on the bottom of the calyx.
Ovary single. mostly free, with a single erect orthotropous (i. e. straight) ovule ;
Styles as many as the angles of the ovary, distinct or connate at base; stigmas
simple. Fyrutt akene-like, usually compressed or triquetrous; embryo inverted,
curved or nearly straight, applied to the outside (sometimes in the centre) of
farinaceous albumen.

An Order of little interest beyond what belongs to the plants here given,—with
the exception of that species of Rkewm which furnishes the Rhubarb of the shops.

TRIBE II. POLYGONEAE. Endl.

Involucre none. Ovule basilar, sessile ; radicle superior..

156. RHEUM. L. Endl. Gen. 1984.

[From Rha, the ancient name of the river Volga,—its native region.]
FLOWERS PERFECT: Calyz of 6 sepals, in a double series, persistent
and shrivelling. Stamens 9, arranged in pairs opposite the outer
sepals, and singly opposite the inner ones ; azthers ovoid, versatile.
Ovary trigonous, 1-celled; stigmas 3, subsessile, spreading. Akene
triquetrous, winged at the angles, surrounded at base by the wither~
ed calyx. Herbaceous: Leaves chiefly radical, large; flowers fasci-
culate, racemose-paniculate.

1. R. Ruaronticum, Azt. Leaves cordate-ovate, rather obtuse,—
the sinus at base dilated; petioles with a shallow channel above,
rounded at the edges. Wild. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 488. Fl. Cestr. p. 254.

Ruaprontic Ruzum. Vulgd—Rhubarb. Pie Rhubarb.

Root perennial. tuberous, large, reddish-brown, yellow within. Stem 3 to5
feet high, stout, nodose, striate-suleate, smoothish, fistular, paniculately branched
at summit. Radical leaves becoming very large (18 inches to 2 feet long),
smoothish above, pubescent on the ve!ns beneath; petioles thick and succulent,
4 to 8or 10 inches long,—the stem-leaves smaller, and petioles shorter, as they
ascend ; stipules large, membranaceous, sheathing. Flowers in large terminal
racemose panicles,—the pedicels fasciculate, slender, one third to half an inch
long, articulated near the middle. Sepals greenish, with white margins,—the
outer ones rather narrower. Stigmas large, multifid. reflexed. Gardens: culti-
vated. Native of Scythia. Fl. May. Fr. July—August.

Obs. Frequently cultivated for the sake of its fleshy acid petzoles
—which are used by the pastry cook, in early spring, as a substitute
for fruit, in making pies.

157. RUMEX. L. Endl. Gen. 1993.

[Latin, Rumex, a pike, or spear; from the shape of the leaves of some species.]
Flowers sometimes dioitcous: Calyx of 6 persistent sepals, in a
double series,—the 3 outer ones green, connected at base—the 3
inner ones larger, sometimes a little colored, connivent, naked or
graniferous on the back. Stamens 6, in pairs opposite the outer
sepals ; anthers oblong, attached by the base. Ovary triqvetrous;
styles 3, filiform, free or adnate to the angles of the ovary ; stagmas
penicillate-multifid. Afene triquetrous, free within the valyately
connivent inner sepals.

POLYGONACEAE 143

} Flowers perfect. * Inner sepals entire, and all graniferous.

1. R. cxrspus, Z. Radical leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute,
curled or wavy on the margin; inner sepals large, cordate, nearly
entire, reticulately and prominently veined, all dorsally graniferous.
Willd. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 251. Fl. Cestr. p. 236. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2.

Curtep Rumex. Vulgc—Sour Dock. Curled Dock.
Fr. Patience friseé. Germ. Krauser Ampfer.

Root perennial, rather large, fusiform. yellow. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high,
angular-suleate, smoothish, paniculately branched above. Radical leaves 8 to
12 or 15 inches long, and 1 to2 or 3 inches wide; petioles 2to 4 inches long; the
stem-leaves smaller, linear-lanceolate. Flowers in crowded verticillate fascicles,
with scarious involucres at base. Calyx green; inner sepals much larger than
the outer ones, entire or obsoletely denticulate near the base,—each with an
ovoid acuminate excrescence, or grain.onthe back. Moist grounds; meadows,
&c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May—July. Fr. July—September.

Obs. The radical leaves of this are often used as a pot-herb, or
early ** Greens”? ; but the plant is an unsightly and troublesome

weed,—and has become so extensively naturalized as to require a
vigilant attention to keep it in due subjection.

* * Inner sepals dentate,—one or more mostly graniferous.

2. R. oprusirotius, L. Radical leaves subcordate-oblong, obtuse,
crenulate ; inner sepals lance-ovate, acutely dentate near the base,
—one of them conspicuously graniferous. Willd. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 254.
Fl. Cestr. p. 236. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2.

OxsrusE-LeaveD Rumex, Vulgd—Bitter Dock. Broad-leaved Dock.

Root perennial, thickish, branching, brown externally. yellow within. Stem
2to 4 feethigh, angular-sulcate, roughish, paniculately branched. Radical leaves
§ to 12 inches long, and 4 to 6 inches wide, roughish-pubescent on the nerves;
petioles 3 to 6 inches long. Flowers in interrupted verticillate fascicles. Calyx
green,—the inner sepals with long acute teeth near the base, and one of them
bearing a large grain on the back. Grass-lots; gardens, meadows, &c.: intro-
duced. Native of Europe. Fl. June—July. Fr. August—September.

Obs. This species is even more worthless than the preceding ; but
—although completely naturalized—it is not quite so prevalent.
The presence of either imparts a very slovenly appearance to a

meadow or pasture lot.

} + Flowers dioicous: Sepals not grantferous.
3. R. AcetosrLua, L. Leaves lanceolate-hastate,—the lobes acute,
spreading; flowers dioicous; inner sepals entire. Wold. Sp. Pl. 2.
p. 260. Fl. Cestr. p. 236. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2.
Vulgo—Sheep Sorrel. Field Serrel.

Fr. Petite Oseille. Germ. Der Sauer Ampfer. Span. Acederilla.

Root perennial. somewhat fusiform. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, slender,
branching, somewhat angular and furrowed, Leaves 1 to 2 inches long.—the
lower ones mostly all hastate and on petioles as long or longer than the leaves—
the upper ones on short petioles, and sometimes not hastate. Fvowers in pani-
culate racemes, finally becoming purple,—the verticils dimidiate, 6 to 8-flowered.
Pistillate plants mostly taller than the staminate. Sandy fields and pastures ;
ubout old stumps, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. August.

Obs. This little species (well known for its acidity,) is often so
abundant as to be a nuisance on the farm. Improving the land—
especially by adequate dressings of Lime—is believed to be the best
mode of expelling this, as well as many other obnoxious plants.

144 APETALOUS EXOGENS

158. POLYGONUM. L. Endl. Gen. 1986.

[Greek, Polys, many, and Gonw, a knee, orjoint,—the stem being much jointed.]
Flowers perfect or polygamous : Calyx often colored, mostly of 5
sepals, in a double series,—the sepals more or less united, some-
times unequal, often finally enlarged. Stamens 5 to 9, mostly 8,—
arranged singly opposite the sepals, or sometimes in pairs opposite
the inner sepals—often alternating with perigynous or hypogynous
glands ; anthers ovoid, didymous, versatile. Ovary 1-celled, com-
pressed or triquetrous; styles 2 or 3, more or less united below ;
stigmas capitate. Asenes lenticular or triquetrous according as the
styles are 2 or 3, inclosed by the persistent calyx. Herbaceous.
Flowers often with sheathing ochrea-like bracts.

| Flowers mostly fasciculate, in terminal or axillary Spikes.

1. P. Hypropirer, Z. Leaves lanceolate, not spotted; spikes fili-
form, flaccid, nodding ; fascicles few-flowered, rather remote ;
flowers mostly octandrous; calyx glandular-dotted; styles 2 or 3;
seeds lenticular or triquetrous. Mz. Fl. Bor. Am. 1. p. 238.

P. punctatum. Fl. Cestr. p. 248. not ? of Ell.

WaterR-PEPPER Potyconum. Vu/gd—Water-Pepper.

Root annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slender, more or less branched, some-
times decumbent, smooth, often purple. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, tapering toa
slender apex, acute at each end, subsessile, often hairy on the midrib and upper
surface, scabrous-ciliate on the margin, marked with numerous pellucid punc-
tures. Stipules sheathing, truncate and fringed at summit with bristles one third
to two thirds their length. Spikes 2 to 4inches long, very slender and flaccid;
fasicles rather distant, 2 to 4-flowered, embraced by tubular truncate bristly-
ciliate bracts. Sepals green, with the margins white, or often tinged with purple.
Stamens 8, or frequently 7. Ovary either lenticular with 2 styles, or triquetrous
with 3 styles. Akene purplish brown or nearly black, ovate or triquetrous, and
in either case acuminate. Moist waste grounds; road-sides, &c. throughout the
U. States. Fl. August. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Whether the P. punctatum, of Exutort, is really distinct
from our plant, I have not the means of determining ; but Dr. En-
GELMANN, of St. Louis, pronounces the P. punctatwm, of the Flora
Cestrica, to be nothing else than the true P. Hydropiper of Lin-
naEus. The elder Micuavx so considered it; and Dr. Torrey long
since suggested that it might be only a variety. I now concur in
these views; and have, therefore, restored the Linnaean name to the
species. It is a worthless weed—as most of the numerous species are ;
and it is, moreover, a highly acrid plant,—sometimes causing obsti-
nate ulcerative inhammation, when incautiously applied to the skin.

2. P. Persicaria, LZ. Leaves lancea@late, spotted; stipules some-
what pilose, ciliate at summit; spikes terminal and axillary, ovoid-
oblong, dense-flowered, erect, on smooth peduncles; flowers hexan-
drous, and mostly digynous. Welld. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 446. Fil. Cestr.
p. 249. Icon, Fl. Lond 2. [weed.

Preacu-LEAVED PoLyconum. Vulgd—Lady’s thumb. Spotted Knot-
Fy. Persicaire. Germ. Fléhkraut. Span. Persiéaria.

Root annual. Stem1to 2 feet high, branching, smooth, often purplish. Leaves
2 to 4 inches long, tapering at base to a short petiole,—the upper surface usually
marked with a dark-colored lunate or sub-cordate spot near the middle. Stipules
truncate, fringed with bristles one fourth to one third their length. Spikes about
an inch long, on glabrous peduncles,—the fascicles crowded. Sepals purple or
bright crimson. Akenes mostly compressed. Waste places; road-sides, &c.
introduced. Native of Europe. Fi. Aug. Fr. September—October.

POLYGONACEAE : 145

Obs. This has become a common weed,—about farm-houses; and
a good taste requires it to be kept down.

3. P. Pennsytvanicum, Z. Leaves lanceolate and often spotted ;
stipules smooth, not ciliate; spikes oblong, somewhat nodding, on
glandular-hispid peduncles; flowers mostly octandrous and digynous.
Willd. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 448. Fl. Cestr. p. 250. ia

PENNSYLVANIAN PoLyGonumM.

Root annual. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, smooth below, geniculate, with tumid
nodes, paniculately branched above,—the branches glandular-hispid. Leaves
3 to 6 inches long, often with a dark spot in the middle; petioles about half an.
inch Jong, and usually purple. Stipules scarious, not fringed at summit. Spikes
numerous, rather large (1 to 2 inches long). Sepals bright palish-purple or
rose-colored, larger than in the preceding. enes compressed. Moist grounds;
bape places, &c.: throughout the U. States. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. September—

ctober. ed

Ods. This has much general resemblance to the preceding—
usually growing in company with it—and equally worthless. It is,
however, a stouter plant, and readily distinguished by the characters
above noted.

t | Flowers in paniculate clusters. Stem aculeate.

4. P.sacirtatum, L. Stem flaccid, procumbent, 4-angled, retrorsely
aculeate; leaves sagittate, acute, on short petioles; flowers octan-
drous and trigynous, crowded, subcapitate,—the heads on smoothish
peduncles. Willd. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 453. Fl. Cestr. p. 251.

SacitTaTE Potygonum. Valgo—Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.

Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet long, slender, branching, acutely quadrangu-
lar,—the angles armed with sharp recurved prickles. Leaves 1 to3 inches long,
and half an inch to an inch wide, sagittate at base,—the midrib and petiole re-
trorsely aculeate. Stipules lanceolate, amplexicaul or sheathing, smooth.
Flowers in pedunculate heads or clusters. Sepals pale red, with the margins
nearly white Akenes ovoid-triquetrous. Swampy meadows, and thickets:
New York to Florida. Fl. August. Fr. September.

Obs. The mowers and haymakers are familiar with this weed, in
the second crop of wet meadows. Ditching and draining are the
remedies for the evil.

5. P. arirotium, L. Stem flaccid, sulcate-angled, retrorsely acu-
leate; leaves hastate, acuminate, on long petioles; flowers hexan-
drous and digynous, distinct, sub-racemose; racemes few-flowered,
on glandular-hispid peduncles. Willd. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 453. Fl. Cestr.
p. 201.

ARUM-LEAVED Potyconum. Vw/ed—Halbert-leaved Tear-thumb. —

Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, slender but coarser than the preceding,
branching, often purple. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide,
hastate-lobed at base,—the lobes acuminate—the midrib and nerves hirsute ;-
petioles half an inch to 3 inehes leng, suleate-angled, retrorsely aculeate. Sti-
pules ovate, amplexicaul, ciliate. Flowers in slender loose racemose clusters.
Calyx often of 4connected sepals, purple, with the margins pale red. Akemes
compressed, ovate. Swampy low grounds; along rivulets, &c.: throughout the
U. States. Fl. August. Fr. September.

Obs. This is generally found in company with the preceding,—
and is of much the same obnoxious character, as a weed. There are

13

146 APETALOUS EXOGENS

several other species of Polygonum to be met with about our farms
(descriptions of which may be found in the FPloras),—but, as they
are not particularly troublesome, they are omitted, here.

159. FAGOPYRUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1987.

[So named, from its fruit resembling that of the Fagus, or Beech.]
Flowers perfect, or sometimes diclinous by abortion. Calyz of 5
persistent colored nearly equal sepals, in a double series. Stamens
8, arranged in pairs opposite the 3 external sepals, singly opposite
the 2 inner ones, and alternating with § hypogynous glands ; anthers
ovoid, versatile. Ovary trigonous, 1-celled; styles 3, longish; stug-
mas capitate. Axene triquetrous, embraced at base by the marces-
cent calyx.

1. F. escutentum, Moench. Stem erect, paniculately branched,
sulcate-angled, smoothish; leaves cordate-sagittate or subhastate,
acute; racemes terminal and axillary. [252.

Polygonum Fagopyrum. L. Willd. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 455. Fl. Cestr. p-

Escutent Facopyrum. Vulgo—Buck-wheat.
Fr. Bled Sarrasin. Germ. Der Buchweitzen. Span. Trigo Sarraceno.

Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, much branched, pubescent near the nodes,
becoming dark purple. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide,
often a little hastate at base, on petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long (sessile, Endl.) ;
stipules short, smooth. Flowers in somewhat paniculate racemes,—the fascicles
rather crowded; pedicels slender, longish, obscurely articulated above the mid-
dle. Sepals mostly white, with tinges of green and pale purple. Axenés equally
and acutely triquetrous, somewhat acuminate, much longer than the withered
sepals, smooth, dark brown when mature, often striately clouded. Fields: cul-
livated. Native of Middle Asia. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.—October.

Oés. This is extensively cultivated for its seeds,—the farinaceous
albumen of which affords a delicious article of food, when properly
managed—and a very sorry one, if unskilfully treated. The culture
of the plant is pretty much confined (in this region, at least,) to
rough hilly districts; as it is considered a severe and unprofitable
crop, on highly improved lands. It is, however, admirably adapted
to subdue wild lands—or those newly cleared of timber. The glan-
dular flowers are a favorite resort—and afford a rich reward to the
labors—of the Honey-Bee.

ORDER CXII. PHYTOLACCACEAE. R. Br. Lindl.

Herbs, or suffruticose plants. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers
racemose. Calyx of 4 or 5 petaloid slightly connected sepals. Stamens as
many, or twice as many, as the sepals—or sometimes indefinite. Ovary com-
pound (rarely simple), consisting of 10 confluent 1-ovuled carpels; styles or
stigmas distinct—one for each cell or carpel. Frwit baccate or dry, entire or
lobed, 1 or many-celled. Seeds ascending, solitary ; embryo mostly peripherical,
and curved round mealy albumen.
A small Order, and of little interest in Agriculture.

160. PHYTOLACCA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 5262.
{Gr. Phyton, a plant, and Lachanon, a pot-herb; the young shoots being so used.]
Flowers perfect, or rarely dioicous. Calyz of 5 roundish-ovate
colored persistent sepals. Stamens as many as, or usually some
multiple of, the sepals,—often 10, inserted on a sub-hypogynous
disk; anthers incumbent. Ovary free, composed of 5 to 10 conflu-

PHYTOLACCACEAE 147

ent carpels; sty/es as many as thecarpels, recurved at apex. Frust
a depressed-globose 5 to 10-celled berry ; cells 1-seeded.

1. P. pecanpra, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute at each end;
flowers decandrous and decagynous. Weld. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 822. Fl.
Cestr. p. 283. [berry.

Decanprous Puytoracca. Vulgd—Poke. Poke-weed. Pigeon-
Fr. Morelle 4 Grappes. Germ. Kermesbeere. Span. Yerba carmin.

Whole plant glabrous. Root perennial, large, fusiform and branching. Stem
herbaceous, 4 to 6 feet high, stout, branching, terete or obtusely ribbed below
the petioles and branches, finally purple. Leaves 5 to 10 inches long, acute or
acuminate, thin; petioles half an inch to 2 inches or more in length. Racemes
3 to 6 inches long, simple, mostly opposite the leaves, on angular peduncles 2 to
4 inches long. Sepals white, membranaceous atthe margin. Berries vertically
depressed, umbilicate, orbicular, obscurely ribbed, 10-celled, 10-seeded, dark
purple and juicy when mature. Seeds compressed, roundish-reniform. Rich
soils ; on banks, borders of fields, in clearings, &c.: throughout the U. States.
i. Juane—September. Fr. August—October.

Obs. The young shoots of this plant afford a good substitute for
Asparagus : the root is said to be actively emetic; and the tincture
of the ripe berries is, or was, a popular remedy for chronic rheuma-
tism. The mature berries, moreover, have been used by the pastry
cook, in making pies of equivocal merit. Notwithstanding all this,
the plant is regarded and treated as a weed, by all neat farmers.

ORDER CXIl. LAURACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, sometimes lobed but with en-
tire margins, destitute of stipules. Flowers often polygamo-dioicous. Seg of
4 to 6 somewhat united sepals which are imbricated in two series, free from the
ovary. Stamens definite, but usually more numerous than the sepals, inserted
on the base of the calyx; anthers 2 to 4-celled, opening by reflected peristent
valves! Fruit a berry or drupe,—the pedicel often thickened. Seed solitary,
destitute of albumen: cotyledons large, plano-convex or almond-like.

The tropical plants of this Order are highly interesting,—affording Cinnamon,
Cassia, and Camphor; and also that species of Laurus (L. nobilis, L.) of which
the Ancients formed their Lazrel wreaths, or crowns. The species in the U.
States are of less importance.

TRIBE X. FLAVIFLORAE. Wees.

Flowers dioicous or polygamous. Calyx rotate, thin, yellow. Stamens 9 fertile—
sterile none; anthers 2 or 4-celled, all introrse. Berry on a nearly naked pedi-
cel, which is sometimes thickened.

——

161. SASSAFRAS. Nees. Endl. Gen. 2056.

{Altered from Salsafras, the Spanish name of Saxifrage,—given to this plant.]
Flowers dioicous, naked. Sepais 6, membranaceous, united at base,
persistent. Sram. Fr. Stamens 9, in three series, all fertile,—the
3 innermost supported by a pair of stipitate glands ; anthers introrse,
linear, 4-celled,—the lower cells lateral—the upper ones covered by
the ascending or reflected valves of the lower ones. Ovary entirely
abortive. Pistintate Fu. Stamens 9 or fewer, all sterile,—the
inner ones often coalesced with glands. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ;
style subulate; stigma discoid. Berry 1-seeded, on a thickened
clavate fleshy pedicel, and supported by the unchanged spreading
sepals. ;

1. S. orricinaLE, ees. Leaves 3-lobed, or ovate and entire ;

148 APETALOUS EXOGENS

flowers in-terminal clustered corymbose racemes, with lance-linear
villous bracts; buds and pedicels silky-pubescent.

‘Laurus Sassafras. L. Willd. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 485. Fl. Cestr. p. 254.
Icon, Mz. Sylva, 2. tab. 81.

OrricinaL SassaFras. Vulgo—Sassafras.

Stem 15 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 6 to 12 inches (in some rare instances, near
2 feet) in diameter, branching,—the young branches yellowish and pubescent.
Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide,—often ovate and undivided,
but more commonly dilated and 3-lobed at apex and cuneate at base (sometimes
oval, with a lateral Ay egg carter ea when young, finally smooth ; petioles
half an inch to an inch long. Flowers from the same buds, and contemporane-
ous, with the leaves. Sepals oblong, rather obtuse, pale greenish-yellow. Ber-
ries ovoid-oblong, dark blue when mature; pedicels purple. Woodlands; fence-
rows, and old fields: Canada to Florida. Fl. April. Fr. September.

Obds. The bar& of this well-known small tree is a powerful, yet
pleasant, aromatic stimulant, and possesses valuable medicinal pro-
perties ; which acquired for it, at an early day, in Europe, an ex-
aggerated reputation. An infusion of the roots, or bark of the roots,
makes an excellent diet drink. The pth of the young branches
contains much mucilage,—and is said to be used, in the South,
along with the young leaves, to thicken potage, and make the cele-
brated “‘Gumbo Soup.”? We learn, also, from Micuavux’s Sylva,
that bed-steads made of the wood, “are never infested with insects”;
which circumstance—to adopt the language of the Gazettes—is cer-
tainly * important, if true,”—and well worthy of notice.

162. BENZOIN. Nees. Endl. Gen. 2057.

[A name said to be derived from the Arabic,—expressive of perfume.]
Flowers dioicous, in small lateral fascicles or clusters, surrounded by
a deciduous 4-leaved znvolucre. Sepals 6, membranaceous, con-
nected at base, persistent. Sram. Fr. Stamens 9 fertile, in three
series; anthers introrse, ovoid, 2-celled, opening by as many ascend-
ing valves: also 6 to 9 sterzle stamens, in 2 or 3 series, with com-
pressed reniform-emarginate heads, alternating with the fertile ones
of series 2 and 3—or sometimes with all the fertile ones. Ovary an
abortive rudiment. Pistinuate Fu. Sterile stamens 15 to 18, fili-
form, acute, alternating with smaller spatulate ones. Ovary 1-celled,
l-ovuled; style short; stigma 2-lobed. Berry 1-seeded, sitting on
the persistent calyx.

1. B. oporiFERuUM, WVees. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, entire; flowers
in lateral umbellate clusters, preceding the leaves; buds and pedicels
smooth.

Laurus Benzoin. L. Willd. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 485. Fl. Cestr. p. 253.

crates LF Benzoin. Vulgd—Spice-wood. Wild Allspice. Fever-
ush.

Siem 6 to 8 or 10 feet high, much branched; branches virgate, brittle. Leaves
2 to 4 inches long, mostly acute or with a short acumination (sometimes obtuse
and rounded at apex), often cuneate at base; petioles about half an inch long.
Flowers in involucrate clusters of 3 to 5 from a bud, on pedicels 1 or 2 lines
long; flower-buds distinct from the leaf-buds,—usually a flower-bud on each
side of a leaf-bud. Sepals greenish-yellow, obovate-oblong, obtuse. Stamens
rather shorter than the sepals,—the filaments of the sterile ones (staminodia)
bearing 2-lobed (or sometimes peltate) glands instead of anthers; perfect anthers
2-celled,—each cell opening by a longitudinal elastic valve, which is detached

LAURACEAE 149

at the lower end and reflected upwards. Berries oval, red or finally dark pur-
ple when mature. Moist rich low grounds; borders of thickets, &c. Canada
to Florida. Fi. April. Fr. September. ;

Obs. This is a strongly aromatic shrub. In early times—before
Physicians were so numerous—an infusion of the brittle spicy twigs
was much used as a popular remedy, and even as a preventive, of
the fevers which attacked the first settlers: but it is now chiefly
prescribed as a diet-drink for sickly cows, in the spring of the year.

ORDER CXIV. SANTALACEAE. R. Br.

Trees, shrubs, orsometimes herbs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, without stipules.
Flowers perfect, or sometimes dioicously polygamous, small. Calyz-tube adhe-
rent to the ovary ; limb 4 or 5-cleft, valvate in aestivation, its base lined with a
fleshy disk, the edge of which is often lobed. Stamens usually as many as the
lobes of the calyx and opposite them, inserted on the edge of the disk. Ovary
1-celled; ovules 2 to 4, pendulous; style short; stigma capitate, 2 or 3-lobed, or
rarely radiate—sometimes simple. Fruit drupaceous or dry, indehiscent, mostly
crowned with the limb of the calyx. Seed with a densely fleshy albumen. :
The fragrant Sandal wood—aftorded by species of Santalum (the type of the
Order)—is the only product of much interest, beside the genus here given.

163. NYSSA. ZL. Endl. Gen. 2086.
[A name of obscure derivation.]

Flowers polygamo-dioicous. Calyz with the tube short; limb 5-
parted, deciduous. Stamens 5 to 10, inserted round a flattish disk
which fills the bottom of the calyx, in the sterile flowers; anthers
2-celled, didymous. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovule single, pendu-
lous; style subulate, incurved; stigma simple. -Drupe baccate, 1-
seeded; zwt oval, striate-angular. Seed inverted; embryo straight,
in the axis of scanty albumen.

1. N. muttirtora, Walt. Leaves oval and obovate, acute at each
end, often acuminate, very entire,—the petiole midrib and margin
villous; fertile peduncles mostly 3-flowered. Ell. Sh. 2. p. 684,
Fl. Cestr. p. 164.

N. villosa. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 1112.
N. sylvatica. Mr. Sylva, 3. p. 33. Icon, tad. 110. [ridge.
Many-rtowerep Nyssa. Veulgo—Sour Gum. Black Gum. Pepe-

Stem 30 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter; branches numerous,
horizontally spreading and often a little drooping. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long,
dark green andshining above, paler and pubescent beneath, the margin villous-
ciliate; petioles half an inch to an inch long, often margined, conspicuously vil-
lous-ciliate. Staminate flowers pedicellate, 2 to 5 or 6 in a loose cluster, on a
slender common peduncle about an inch long. Fertile flowers sessile, mostly 3
in a dense involucrate cluster (sometimes 2, or only 1), on a clavate common
peduncle, which at first is about half an inch—finally an inch to an inch and
half—in length. Drupe elliptic, near half an inch long, bluish-black when ma-
ture. Moist woodlands, and low grounds: throughout the U. States. F/. May—
June. Fr. September.

Obs. The woody fibres of this tree are remarkably interlocked, so
as to render it very difficult to split; on which account it is much
used for making naves, or hubs, for carriage wheels,—and also hat-
ter’s blocks. The younger trees, when growing solitary, have much
symmetry—affording a fine shade; and in autumn the leaves add
greatly to the picturesque appearance of the country, by changing
to a bright crimson color.- There are three other species of Nyssa,
in the Southern States,—with which I have but little acquaintance:

13*

150 APETALOUS EXOGENS

viz. NV. bifora, Walt. IN. unifiora, Walt. and N. capitata, Walt.
The first two are described as trees of large size,—often reaching
the height of 60 or 80 feet,in the Southernswampsand ponds. The
NN. capitata is a shrub, rarely reaching the height of 20 feet,—and
bearing a large red sub-acid drupe, called “Ogeechee Lime’’,—which
is said to make a good preserve. See Exxiorr’s Sketch, Vol. 2. pp.
684—6. and Dr. Batpwin’s Correspondence, p. 328.

ORDER CXVII. ULMACEAE. Jhrbel.

Trees, or shrubs, with a watery juice. Leaves alternate, simple, roughish, with
deciduous stipules: Flowers in lateral fascicles, or axillary and solitary, per-
fect or sometimes polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 4 or 5- (sometimes 6 or 8-)
cleft, free from the ovary; lobes imbricated in aestivation. Stamens insertedon
the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes and opposite to them—sometimes
more numerous. Ovary 1 or 2-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each
cell; styles or stigmas 2, divergent. Fruit 1-celled and 1-seeded, indehiscent,—
either samaroid cr drupaceous. Seed pendulous; albumen none, or very little.
A small Order,—and of litile interest, beyond what is here given.

SUB-ORDER I. ULMEAE. A. Gray.

Flowers perfect, fasciculate. Fruit samaroid: albumen none.

164. ULMUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1850.

[An ancient Latin name,—of obscure etymology.]
Calyx membranaceous, turbinate-campanulate, 4, 5, or 8-cleft.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx. Ovary compressed,
ovate, 2-celled; ovules solitary, appended to the apex of the dissepi-
ment; styles 2, diverging, stigmatose on the inner side. Samara
membranaceous, compressed, winged all round, by abortion 1-celled
and i-seeded. Seed inverted.

1. U. Americana, L. Leaves ovate, smooth above, very unequal
at base, rather simply serrate,—the serratures uncinately acuminate ;
flowers conspicuously pedicellate, in loose fascicles; samara oval,
densely villous-ciliate on the margin. Welld. Sp. Pl. 1. p. 1825.
Fl, Cestr. p. 178. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 3. tab. 126.

American Utmus. Vulgo—White Elm. WeepingElm.

Stem 60 to 80 feet, or more, in height, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter; branches
long and spreading, or often rather drooping. Leaves 3 to 5 inches in length,
acuminate ; petioles one fourth to half an inch long, smoothish Stipules smooth.
Calyx somewhat obliquely truncate, about S-cleft, smoothish ; tube green; lobes
purplish-brown, short, rounded. Stemcens mostly 8, exserted. Styles pubescent,
nearly white. Samara reticulately veined, tapering to a pedicel at base, emar-
ginate or bifid at apex between the 2 styles,—the segments incurved so as to
jeave an apparent foramen through the wing; margin densely fringed with soft
white hairs. Banks of streams; borders of swamps, &c.: throughout the U.
States.. Fl. April. Fy. June.

Obs. This is a fine large tree; and, if I mistake not, is the species
so much cultivated as a Shade tree,in New England. *The noble
avenues of Elms, at New Haven, Conn. are the admiration of all
visitors ; and nothing is required but a little atiention, at the proper
season, to have every village in the land similarly adorned. Why
will not the people of all our American towns and villages learn to
do that much, for the sake of taste, and their own future comfort ?*

*It may be hoped that the persuasive arguments, and elegant illustrations, of
A. J. Downine, Esgr. in reference to Shade trees, Landscape Gardening, &c.
will induce our countrymen, generally, to pay more attention to such improve-
ments, than they have hitherto done.

ULMACEAE 151
2. U. rutva, Mz. Leaves oval or obovate-oblong, conspicuously
acuminate, very scabrous above, rather unequal and somewhat
cordate at base, doubly serrate; buds clothed with a fulvous tomen-
tum ; flowers in dense subsessile fascicles; samara orbicular, naked
on the margin. FU. Cestr. p. 179.

U. rubra. Mz. Sylva, 3. p.:89. Icon, tab. 128.
Tawny Utmus. Vulgd—Slippery Elm. Red Elm.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 12 to18 inches in diameter; branches virgate.
Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long,—the upper surface remarkably rough—the under
surface tomentose-pubescent, especially along the midrib and nerves; petioles
about one third of aninch long; pubescent. Stipules pilose. Calyx about7-cleft;
lobes obtuse, clothed and ciliate with a reddish-tawny pubescence. Stamens
often 7, much exserted. Styles glandular-pubescent, purple. Samara radiately
veined, on a slender pedicel the length of the calyx, cleft at apex between the
styles,—the segments acuminate and so incurved and overlapped as to give the
margin the appearance of bejng entire atapex. Rich low grounds; fence-rows,
&c.: throughout the U. States. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. The inner bark of this species contains a large quantity of
mucilage,—which has caused it to be added to the materia medica,
in our Shops. The military, on the Canada frontier, during the last
war, fed their horses with it, when destitute of the usual forage,—
and found it a tolerable substitute for hay. The tree being smaller,
and the branches straggling, it does not answer for a shade tree, so
well as the preceding. ‘There is another species, (U. alata, Mz.)
occasionally to be met with,—having the branches remarkably
ridged, or winged, with a cork-like bark; but it is a small tree, and
not of much interest to the farmer.

SUB-ORDER II. CELTIDEAE. Rich. A. Gray.

Flowers polygamous, subsolitary. Fruit drupaceous. Albumen scanty.

165. CELTIS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1851.
[An ancient name of the Lotus,—applied to this genus.]

Calyz of 5 or 6 sepals, slightly connected at base, persistent, con-
cave, imbricated in aestivation. Stamens as many as the sepals and
opposite to them; anthers introrse, 2-celled, cordate, acuminate.—
Ovary ovoid, 1-celled ; ovwle single, appended to the parietes near
the apex; sttgmas 2, terminal, elongated and acuminate, spreading
or recurved, glandular-pubescent. -Drupe globose, fleshy, smooth,
l-seeded. Seed pendulous, curved; coty/edows conduplicate, emar-
ginate at apex, inclosing the somewhat gelatinous central albumen.

1. C. occipenTaLis, L. Leaves obliquely ovate, acuminate, serrate,
entire at base; flowers solitary or in pairs; fruit brownish-orange
color. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 994. Fl. Cestr. p. 180. Icon, Mz.
Sylva, 3. tab. 114.

WEsTERN Cettis. Vulgd—Nettle-tree. Sugar-berry.

Stem 20 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 6 inches to 2 or 3 feet in diameter. Leaves?
to 4 or 5 inches long, more or less scabrous on the upper surface, and somewhat
hairy beneath, finally coriaceous; petioles one third or half an inch in length.
Flowers axillary, solitary or sometimes in pairs; pedicels slender, half an inch
or three quarters in length. Sepa’s dull greenish-yellow, oblong-lanceolate.
Stigmas densely pubescent, long, divaricate, with the points often incurved,
Drupe yellowish-brown when mature (purple, E//.),—the pulpy coat thin, sweet-
ish. Rich light soils; throughout the U. 8. but I think not abundant any where.
Fl. May. Fr. September. .

152 APETALOUS EXOGENS

Ois. This is by no means a common tree, in Eastern Pennsylva-
nia,—and is but little known to the farmers. There appears to be
another species (probably C. crassifolia, Lam.),—with larger
coarser leaves, and, if Micuavx is correct, with dark blue frutt ;
but I have not seen the fruit, and cannot speak confidently of the
character of the tree. It is, however, rather a matter of Botanical
curiosity, than of Agricultural importance.

ORDER CXXII. EUPHORBIACEAE. Juss. R. Br.

Herbs, shrubs, and even trees,—often with an acrid milky juice. Leaves opposite:
or alternate, mostly simple; stipules small and deciduous, or often wanting.
Flowers monoicous or dioicous, usually bracteate or involucrate. Calyr free,
lobed,—with various glandular or scaly internal appendages (in a few cases
with genuine petals '),—sometimes obsolete or wanting. Stamens definite or in-
definite, distinct or monadelphous; anthers 2-celled. Ovary sessile or stipitate,
2- 3- or several-celled (or rather of so many united carpels); ovules solitary or
twin and collateral, suspended from the inner angle of the cell near the apex;
styles and stigmas as many as the cells, distinct or united. Fruit capsular,—often
separating into its elementary carpels, which usually open elastically by one or
both sutures. Seeds with a large embryo inclosed in fleshy albumen.

This large and varied—yet essentially natural Family—comprises upwards of
100 genera,—many of them possessing very active properties, or otherwise curi-
ous and interesting. Of these may be mentioned, the Croton Tiglium, L. which
yields the powerful Cro’on Oil or Oil of Tiglium,—the Jatropha Manihot, L. which
affords the Cassava and Tapioca,—the Crozophora tinctoria, Juss, yielding Turn-
sol,—the Siphonia elastica, Pers. affording the true Caowtchouc or Gum elastic,—
the Buxus sempervizgens, L. afford'ng the beautiful Box-wood,—the Hura crept-
tans, L. or curious Sand-boz tree, &e. Ke.

TRIBE I. EUPHORBIEAE. Baril.

Flowers monoicous, apetalous,—the staminate with the pistillate, within a com-
mon tavolucre. Celis of the ovary (carpels) 1-ovuled.

166. EUPHORBIA. L. Endl. Gen. 5766.
[Named after Ewphorbus,—an ancient Greek Physician.]
Flowers monoicous,—several naked monandrous staminate ones
surrounding a single ptstillate one, within a common involucre.
Common tnvolucre campanulate-turbinate ; /imd 4 or 5-cleft,—the
lobes membranaceous and often petaloid, with 5 external gland-like
teeth alternating with them. Sraminate Ft. each consisting of a
single stamen with a lacerate-ciliate bract. Calyx and Corolla
none. PisTInLaATE FL. on a long pedicel. Calyz minute, dentate
or lobed, often obsolete. Ovary composed of 3 united 1-ovuled car-
pels; sty/es 3, bifid or rarely united in one; stigmas 6. Capsule
3-lobed (tricoccous ), smooth or verrucose, sometimes pilose,—the
cells or carpels elastically 2-valved, opening on the back, deciduous.
Herbaceous, or fruticose ; very lactescent: Leaves opposite and
stipulate, or alternate and naked ; flowers axillary or sub-umbellate.

1. E. uypericiroiia, L. Stem nearly erect, with spreading branches,
smoothish ; leaves opposite, unequal at base, oval-oblong, sub-falcate,
serrate ; corymbs terminal ; capsules smooth; seeds blackish. Wedld.
Sp. Pl. 2. p. 895. Fi. Cestr. p. 516.

HyYPErIcuM-LEAVED Evryorpia. Vulgd—Eye-bright. Spurge.

Plant replete with an acrid milky juice. Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches
high, rather slender and leaning as if topheavy, with somewhat dichotomous
spreading branches above, smoothish, often purple. Leaves half an inch to near
an inch and half long, obliquely ovate-oblong or sub-falcate, rather obtuse, sharply

.

EUPHORBIACEAE 153

Serrate, nearly entire towards the base on the rounded or convex side, more or less
pilose with longish fine hairs, 3-nerved, linear-dotted, often stained with purple
blotches along the midrib ; petioles scarcely aline in length. Clusters of flowers
axillary and dichotomal, pedicellate, forming small corymbs at the ends of the
branches; petaloid segments of the involucre minute, white, or purple edged with
white, minute. Capsules small, smooth, often tinged with dark purple. Seeds
dark brown or nearly black, rugose-pitted, mostly 4-sided, with prominent rib-like
or keeled angles. Sandy fields; pastures, road-sides, &c.: throughout the U,
States. Fl. July—September. Fr. Sept—October.

Oés. This species is very common in dry pasture fields—espe-
cially in thinnish sandy soils,—and has been suspected of being the
cause of the salivation, or s/abbering, with which Horses are often
affected, in the latter part of summer. I cannot say how much
foundation there may be for the suspicion; but I have often observed
that horses are not apt to eat much of any acrid or unpalatable
plant,—and are, moreover, very expert in selecting esculent herbs —
from among those which are not so. This plant is a worthless ob-
noxious little zeed,—and I believe is best kept down by improving
the soil, and choking it out by more valuable substitutes. There is
another species ( E. depressa, Torr. Ell.—E. maculata L? Fl.
Cestr, ) frequent in cultivated grounds—especially in Indian-Corn
fields,—which lies prostrate and very close to the ground—branch-
ing off from the root in every direction: but it is scarcely of suffi-
cient importance, even as a weed, to claim a further notice, here. I
avail myself of this occasion, however, to say, that I am now
strongly inclined to believe the E. maculata, of most authors, is
only a variety of E. hypericifolia, L,—and that the E. depressa, of
Torrey & Exxniorr (“ E. maculata, L??? of Fl. Cestr.), is most
probably the E. thymzfolia, of Micuaux and Pursn. I have been
fortified in this opinion, by the remarks of that able and sagacious
Botanist, Dr. Encetmann, of St. Louis,—to whom I sent specimens
of both the species here referred to. .

TRIBE IV. CROTONEAE. Blume.

Flowers often furnished with petals, fasciculate, spicate, racemose, or paniculate.
Ovary with the cells 1-ovuled.

167. RICINUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 5809.

[Latin, Ricinus, a tick, or bug ; from the resemblance of the seeds ]
Flowers monoicous. Calyx 3 to 5-parted,—the lobes valvate in
aestivation. Corolla none. Stam. Fu. Stamens numerous; jila-
ments variously united, and much branched ; azthers with the cells
distinct and pendulous from the apex of the filaments Ovary glo-
bose, 3-celled; cells 1-ovuled; style short; stigmas 3, deeply 2-
parted, oblong, colored, plunrose. Capsule mostly echinate, 3 lobed
(tricoccous) ; cells or carpels 1-seeded.

1. R. communis, LZ. Stem herbaceous, pruinose; leaves alternate,
petiolate, peltate, palmately 5 to 7-lobed,—the lobes lanceolate,
glandular-serrate; capsule echinate. Weld. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 564.

Common Ricinus. Vulgd—Castor-oil Bean. Palma Christi.
Fr. Le Ricin ordinaire. Germ. Der Wunderbaum. Span. Ricino.

Rgot annual. Stem4 to 6 feet high, stout, branched, terete, nodose, smooth,
mostly purplish and covered with a glaucous powder. Leaves 6 to I2inches across,
palmate-lobed,—the undivided portion nearly orbicular ; petioles 3 to6 inches long,

154 APETALOUS EXOGENS

with a gland at apex, and sometimes 1, 2, or 3, near the base; stipwle opposite to
each leaf, embracing the stem, caducous. Flowers terminal, paniculate,—the
staminate below, the pistillate above—all on articulated pedicels. Calyx yellow-
ish-green. /Pistils purple and glaucous. Capsule covered with subulate points,
Seeds subovoid, smooth, mottled. Gardens and fields; cultivated. Native of In-
dia. Fl. July—September. Fr. Sept.—October.

Obs. This plant is extensively cultivated, in the South western
States, for the valuable medicinal oz/ afforded by its seeds ; and I
have seen considerable fields of it, in the warm sandy districts of
New Jersey. It is rarely seen in Pennsylvania,—except as a curi-
osity, in gardens. In tropical regions, it is said to be perennial,
and shrubby. .

ORDER CXXIV. JUGLANDACEAE. DC. Lindl.

Trees. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, without stipules. Flowers monoicous..
Stam. Fu. in aments, with a membranous irregular calyx. Stamens indefinite,
PIsTILLATE FL. mostly in small terminal clusters: Calyz-tube adherent to the
ovary ; limb small, 3 to 5-parted,—sometimes with the addition of as many small
petals! Ovary incompletely 2 to 4-celled, with a single ovule. Frit drupaceous,—
the epicarp (coating of the nut) fibrous-fleshy and indehiscent, or coriaceous and
opening by valves,—the endocarp (shell or nut) woody and rugosely sulcate, or
bony, ribbed and smooth, 2 to 4-celled at base. Seed erect, 2 to 4-lobed at base,—
the lobes occupying the cells of the nut: embryo shaped like the seed: albumen
none. Coty!edons thick, fleshy and oily, 2-lobed, sinuate-torulose.

A small but interesting Order,—of which the more important genera and
species are here noticed.

168. JUGLANS. LD. Endl. Gen. 5890.

[Latin, Jovis Glans, the nut of Jupiter; by way of eminence.] _
Monoticous: StamrnaTE FL. lateral, amentaceous. Aments simple,
cylindric, proceeding from buds distinct from the leaves, on branches
of the preceding year. Calyz adnate to an entire 1-flowered bract,
5 or 6-parted,—the segments membranaceous, unequal, concave,
imbricated in aestivation. Stamens numerous, sub-sessile. PisTiIL-
LATE FL. terminal, solitary, or few and clustered. Calyz-tube ovoid,
adherent to the ovary,—the limb 4 or 5-cleft, Petals 4, minute, in-
serted at the summit of the calyx alternately with the segments,
slightly connected by their dilated bases, spreading at apex. Ovary
1-celled above, 4-celled at base,—the dissepiments doubled, united
at the centre and forming a thick receptacle of the ovule; ovzle
single, erect, sessile at the apex of the receptacle; styles 2, very
short; stigmas 2, elongated, recurved, papillose-fimbriate. Frat
drupaceous, containing a single nut,—the epicarp somewhat fleshy,
fibrous within, indehiscent or opening irregularly,—the »wt woody,
rugose and irregularly sulcate, 4-celled below, 1-celled above, 2-
valved, 1-seeded. Seed affixed to the thick receptacle, erect, 4-
lobed below,—the lobes thrust into the cells of the nut; testa mem-
branaceous, thin ; cotyledons fleshy, sinuate-lobed ; plumule 2-leaved,
pinnate. Trees, with simple aments. Fruit indehiscent.

1. J. n1icra, LZ. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, subcordate at base, the
under surface and petioles slightly pubescent; drupe globose,
roughish-dotted, spongy; nut subglobose, rugose-sulcate. Weild.
Sp. Pl. 4. p. 456. Fl. Cestr. p. 543. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 1. tab. 30.

Brack Jueuans. Vulgé—Black Walnut. *

°
Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 2 to3 feet in diameter, with spreading crooked
branches,—often forming a broad roundish and rather open top. Leaflets 2 to 4

JUGLANDACEAE 155

inches long, serrate, subsessile, 1n 7 to 10 pairs, with a terminal odd one which is
often starved, or abortive. Aments about 2 inches long. Pistillate flowers in small
terminai clusters of 2 to 4, on a short common peduncle. Drwpean inch and half
to 2} inches in diameter, mostly globose, sometimes oval or oblong-ovoid, green-
ish-yellow when mature,—the epicarp (or “hull’?) more or less succulent and
spongy. Rich woodlands; fence-rows, &c.: threnghout the U. States. Fi. May.
fr. October. :

Obs. The dense dark-brown wood of this species is valuable,—
and is much used by Cabinet-makers, as a.substitute for Mahogany.
The spongy epicarp is often employed as a domestic dye-stuff,—and
the nucleus, or servel, although somewhat oily, is generally esteemed.
The young fruit and leaves, when rubbed or bruised, emit a strong
and not unpleasant resinous odor. This tree, when prevalent, is a
pretty sure indication of a fertile soil; but it exerts an unfriendly
influence on many cultivated plants (especially, it is said, upon the
young hedges of Virginia Thorr), if placed in its immediate vicinity.

2. J. cinerea, L. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rounded at base,
softly pubescent beneath, with the petioles villous; drupe ovoid-
oblong, coriaceous, viscid-pubescent ; nut elliptic-oblong, acuminate,
conspicuously sculptured. Welld. Sp. Pl.4. p.456. Fl. Cestr. p. 548,

J. cathartica. Mz. Sylva, 1. p. 160. Icon, tad. 31.
Civereous Juarans. Vulgo—White Walnut. Butter-nut.

Stem 15 to 20 or 30 feet high, and 6 to 12 or 18 inches in diameter, with numer-
ous branches and a smoothish cinereous bark. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long,
serrate, sessile, softly pubescent and paler beneath, in 7 or $ pairs with a termi-
mal odd one. Aments 3105 ineheslong. Pisti/late flowers 3 to 5 or 7, in a termi-
nal spike, rather distant, sessile ona long common peduncle. Drupe 2 to3 inches
long, and 1 to near 2 inches in diameter, elliptic-ovoid With a short tapering pro-
tuberance at apex, often slightly compressed and obscurely angular, softly hairy
and clammy,—the epicarp somewhat coriaceous: nui oval, acuminate, somewhat
compressed, deeply suleate, with the ridges sharp and irregular. Rich bott.m
lands; along streams, &c.: throughout the U. States. F/.May. Fr.Sept.—Octo,

Obs. This is a smaller tree than the preceding—often rather a
jarge branching shrwb,—and the wood is much less valuable. The
dark affords an extract, which is a convenient and popular cathartic.
The young drupes, collected about the last of June, make excellent
pickles. The kernel of the mature fruit is oily, and soon becomes
rancid,—so that it cannot be eaten.

3. J. reGia, L. Leaflets oval, rather acute, smooth, nearly entire;
fruit roundish-oval. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 455. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 1.
tab. 29.

Roya Jucians. Vulgd—English Walnut. Madeira Nut.

Fr. Noyer commun. Germ. Die Wallnuss. Span. Noguera.

Stem 20 to 30 or 40 feet high, and 9 to 15 inches or more in diameter, branched.
Leaflets 2 to 5 inehes long, acute, or sometimes rounded and emarginate at apex,
subserrate or entire, villous in the angles of the nerves beneath, in 3 to 5 pairs
with a terminal odd one,—the lower pairs smaller. Aments ovoid-oblong, 2 to 3 °
inches in length. Pistillate flowers in small terminal clusters of 2 er 3, on a rather
shortcommon peduncle. Drwpeoval or subglobose, mucronate, about 2 inches long
and 1 or 2 inches in diameter, with a smoothish subcoriaceous epicarp ; nut oval,
subcompressed, smoothish or somewh.1t corrugated. About houses: cultivated.
Native of Persia. Fl. May. Fr. October.

Obs. This oriental species is called English Walnut, in conse-
quence, as I suppose, of its having come to us by way of the mother
country. Such misnomers are not unfrequent, among cultivated

156 APETALOUS EXOGENS

plants. This one is occasionally cultivated for the young fruit,—
which makes a favorite pickle. The tree is rather impatient of the
climate, in the rural districts of Pennsylvania; but does very well
in the shelter afforded by our cities and large towns. The zwts are
rarely perfected, here ; but those imported, are more highly esteemed
than our native walnut.

169. CARYA. Nutt. Endl. Gen. 5889.

[Greek, Karya,—the ancient name of the Walnut tree.]
Flowers monoicous, proceeding from the same buds with the leaves
Sram. FL. lateral, amentaceous. Aments ternately branched, slen-
der, situated below the leaves. Calyz adnate to an entire 1-flowered
bract, 2 or 3-parted,—the segments membranaceous, ovate. Stamens
3 to 6; anthers hairy. PisT1LuaTE FL. terminal, in small elusters.
Calyx-tube ovoid, adherent to the ovary,—the limb 4-cleft. Corolla
none. Ovary as in Juglans ; stigma sessile, large, discoid, 4-lobed,
papillose. Fruit drupaceous,—the epicarp coriaceous, opening
more or less completely by 4-valves; wt bony,smooth, often some-
what 4-angled. Trees, with compound aments. Fruit openiig by
4 valves. Pubescence stellate.

1.C. Aupa, Nutt. Leaflets mostly 5, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
sharply serrate, villous beneath,—the terminal one petiolulate ;
aments smoothish; fruit depressed-globose; epicarp thick; nut 4-
angled, compressed, with the shell thin. 7. Cestr. p. 544.

Juglans compressa. Mz. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 458.
J. squamosa. Mz. Sylva, 1. p. 181. Icon, tad. 36.
Wuite Carya. Vulgo—Shell-bark, or Shag-bark Hickory.

Stem 60 to 80 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet or more in diameter, with the outer bark ex-
foliating in long scales or plates, which generally adhere in the middle, while one
or both ends are detached and elevated, making the surface very rough and shaggy.
Leaflets mostly in 2 pairs with a terminal odd one, 3 or 4 to 6,8 or 10 inches long,
the terminal one usually largest, and the lower pair much smaller. Azments at the
base of the young growth, 2 or 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, triple or 3-parted on acommon
peduncle, smoothish, pendulous, witha linear-lanceolate bract at the base of each
branch or lateralament. Stamens mostly 4,—the anthers somewhat hairy. Pistil-
late flowers terminal, mostly 2 or 3 together, sessileonacommon peduncle. Fruit
somewhat umbilicate at the ends, and depressed or sulcate along the sutures of the
valves ; epicarp (or Aull) thick and subcarnosely coriaceous, opening at maturity
into 4 distinct valves or pieces ; nut about an inch long, suborbicular or oval, com-
pressed and somewhat 4-angled, white,—the shel/ thin and frangible,—the seed or
kernel rather large, oily sweet and esculent. Low lands; along streams, &c.
New England to Carolina. Fl.May. Fr. October.

Obs. The zwuts of this tree are well known, and highly esteemed.
I think there are some varieties,—with the bar& less shaggy, the
fruit with a thinner epicarp, a thicker shell, and the 4ernel of infe-
rior quality. The whole genus is believed to be peculiar to this
continent,—and is celebrated for affording a superior quality of fire-
wood.*

2. C. romenTosa, Nutt. Leaflets mostly 7, oblong-lanceolate, acu-

* Mr. Emerson, in speaking of the Hickories of Massachusetts, seems to give this
species the precedence, for the fwel it yields,—as well as for its excellent nuts. I
think Iam not mistaken, however, in saying that, in Pennsylvania, the following
species (viz. C. tomentosa, Nutt. or White-heart Hickory,) is considered superior to
all others, as fire-wood. Inselecting Hickory wond, for fwel, experienced house-
arp, in this region, always give the preference to that which has the least red
in it.

JUGLANDACEAE 157

minate, slightly serrate, roughish-pubescent and resinous-dotted
beneath,—the terminal one subsessile; aments tomentose; fruit
ovoid or elliptic-oblong ; epicarp very thick ; nut somewhat 6-angled,
with the shell thick and strong. Fl. Cestr. p. 546. [PurRsH.

Juglans alba. L. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 457. Not of Micuaux &
J. tomentosa. Mz. Sylva, 1. p. 176. Icon, tab. 35.
Tomentose Carya. Vu/gd—White-heart Hickory.

Stem 60 to 80 feet or more in height. and 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter,--the bark
With the fibres interlocked and not exfoliating. Leaffets generally in 8 pairs witha
terminal odd one, 3 or 4 to 8 inches long (the two lower pairs considerably smaller
than the others), smoothish above, clothed witha roughish stellate pubescence be
neath, and sprinkled with minute dark-purple particles among the pubescence.
Aments 4 to 6 or 7 Inches long, filiform, pubescent. Pistillate flowers mostly
in pairs, sessile on a short thick bracteate common peduncle. Frit ovoid or ob-
long-oval, large (often 2 inches or more in length, and ]4 in diameter); epicarp thick
and coriaceous, opening by 4 valves more than half way to the base ; nut somewhat
6-angled near the apex,—the shell very thick and bony,—the kernel rather small,
and, though esculent, much inferior to the preceding. Upland forests: New Eng-
land to Virginia. Fl.May. Fr. October.

Obs. This species, also, appears to present several varieties,—

some of them producing remarkably large fruit. All the Hickories
are noted for affording good fwel ; but the wood of this one (which
is white to the heart—while the others are more or less red, within,)
is considered the best of all, for that purpose. It is replete, in early
summer, with a sweet syrup-like sap,—and when cut, at that sea-
son, is much preyed upon by worms. ‘The proper time for cutting
it, is the month of Auwgzst.
3. C. porcina, Nutt. Leaflets 5 to 9—usually 7—lanceolate and
obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, resinous-dotted be-
neath,—the terminal one subsessile; fruit pyriform or subglobose ;
epicarp thin, partially opening; nut with an even surface. Fl.
Cestr. p. 546.

Juglans porcina. Mr. Sylva, 1. p. 194. Icon, tad. 38.
J. glabra, Willd. and obcordata. Lam. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 458.
Hoe Carya.—Vulgd—Pig-nut Hickory. Broom Hickory.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with a close bark. and
numerous tough branches. Leaflets usually in 3 pairs (not unfrequently in 2 or
4 pairs,) with a terminal odd one, 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, generally smooth
on both sides—sometimes a little pubescent beneath—sprinkled with minute pur-
ple particles. Asments ternately branched or in pairs, 2 to 4 or 5 inches long,

‘ filiform, smoothish. Pistillate flowers terminal, solitary. or 2 or 3 sessile and ra-

ther distant on a common peduncle. Fruit rather small, subglobose, oblong, or
obovoid,—the obovoid variety often a little compressed and retuse, or obcordate :
epicarp thin and coriaceous, opening partially (at summit) by 4 valves; nu
smooth and even,—the shell often hard, but sometimes thin and frangible ; kerne.
often astringent and bitter,—sometimes esculent, but of inferior quality. Moist
woodlands, and low grounds: New England to Carolina Fl.May. Fr. Octo.

Obs. The young saplings of this species were much used, formerly,
for making splint brooms ; and the tough sprouts, or seedling plants,
are often employed as ligatures, in rural economy, under the name
of hickory withes. ‘The wood, of the older trees, is used by wheel-
wrights for making axles of carts and wagons: and, like that of all
the species, is much esteemed for fuel. The species most likely to
be confounded with this one, is the Bitter-nut Hickory (C. amara,

14

158 APETALOUS EXOGENS

Nutt.), but the latter is much less common,—at least in this regiofis

4. C. ovivaEFormis, JVutt. Leaflets 11 to 15, lanceolate and some=
what falcate, serrate, subsessile,—the terminal one petiolulate; fruit
obovoid-oblong; epicarp rather thin; nut olive-shaped, obseurely
4-angled, with an even surface. [Sylva, 1. tab. 32.
Juglans olivaeformis. Mz. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 457. Icon, Mz.

OxivE-sHAPED Carya. Vulgé—Pecan Hickory. Pecan nut.

Stem 50 to 70 feet high. Leaflets in 5 to 7 or 8 pairs, with a terminal odd one,
3 to 6 inches in length, smooth, with a short roughish pubescence on the midmb
and nerves beneath. Frutti to near 2 inches long; nut with a thin frangible
shell,—the kernel large. Wet, low grounds: Western and South-western States.

Fl. April—May. Fr. Sept—October.

Obs. This tree js little known, in the North, except by its very
fine 2wts,—which are even superior to those of the admired Shedi-
bark. There are a few other species of Hickory, in the U. States;
but the foregoing are those of chief interest to the farmer.

ORDER CXXV. CUPULIFERAE. Richard.

Trees, or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, penninerved, with deciduous
stipules. Flowers usually monoicous. StamInatTe FL. in Amesits, with either a
scale-like or a regular calyx, and the stamens 1 to 3 times the number of its
lobes. PisTILLATE FL. either solitary, 2 or 3 together, or in clusters,—furnished
with an Involucre which incloses the fruit, or forms a Cupwle at its base. Calyx
adherent to the ovary,—the /i7ab minute, denticulate, often finally disappearing.
Ovary 2 to 6-celled, with 1 or 2 pendulous ovules in each cell,—the dissepiments
projecting from the parietes to the centre, finally for the most part vanishing;
style columnar; stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary, rigid, cartilaginous.
Fruit (by abortion) a 1i-celled 1-seeded indehiseent net, coriaceous or bony,
more or less embraced or inclosed by the involucre. Seed without albumen j;
embryo with thick fleshy cotyledons.

A highly important and valuable Order,—of which the principal Genera, and
Most interesting species (with the exception of Quercus Suber, L. from which
Cork is obtained), are here noticed.

170. OSTRYA. Michel. Endl. Gen. 1842.

{Greek, Ostreon, a shell, or scale,—in allusion to the structure of the fruit.]
Flowers monoicous. STaMInaATE FL. Aments cylindric, elongated,
lateral and terminal. Calyx a simple scale without bract; scales
imbricated. Stamens numerous, inserted at the base of the scale;
anthers 1-celled, pilose at apex. PisTinuaTe Fu. Aments terminal,
loosely imbricated ; éracts small, deciduous. Scales of the involucre
in pairs, hairy at base, membranaceous, uniting by their margins and
inclosing 1 or 2 flowers. Calyx adherent to the ovary, somewhat
urceolate,—the /imb undivided, forming a very short tube, ciliate.
Ovary 2-celled; ovwies solitary, suspended from the apex of the dis-
sepiment; stigmas 2, subsessile, elongated, filiform. Fru in a
strobile (or cone), formed of the scales of the involucre, which are
membranaceous, nerved, and coalesced into wtrecles or little sacs.
Nuts solitary within the utricles, compressed, ovate-lanceolate,
smooth, 1-seeded.

1. O. Vireinica, Willd. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply
serrate ; cones ovoid-oblong; budsacute. Willd. Sp. Pl.4. p. 469.
Fl. Cestr. p. 541.

Carpinus Ostrya. LZ. Mz. Sylva, 3. p. 30. Icon, tab. 109. [wood.
Virginian Ostrya. Vulgd—Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-

-CUPULIFERAE 159

Siem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 5 to 8 or 10 inches in diameter. Leaves 2 to
& inches long, on short petioles. Staminate aments an inch to an inch and half
long. Pistillate aments mostly terminal and solitary, 1 to near 2 inches long,
slender and, while yeung, linear; flowers in pairs,—each pair subtended by an
ovate-lanceolate tawny caducous braet ; each flower contained in a membra-
naceous sac formed by the unitedscales of the involucre—the sac enlarging and
becoming a bladder-like envelope of the nut, slightly inflated, ovate, imbricated,
and forming altogether, at maturity, a pedunculate pendulous cone—about the
size of, and much resembling, the Common Hop. Woodlands: New England to
Carolina. Fi. April—May. Fr. September.

Obs. The wood of this small tree is remarkably firm and tough:
and although neither very common, nor very important,—it may be
well, perhaps, for the intelligent farmer to know what it is when he
meets with it. According to Mr. Emerson, it is known by the
name of Lever wood, in New England. ‘Che Cemmon Horn-beam,
or Water Beech (Carpinus Americana, Mz.)—a large shrub, allied
to this—is quite frequent along the banks of swampy rivulets.

171. CORYLUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1844.

{Greek, Korys, a helmet, or cap; in allusion to the invelucrate fruit.]
Flowers monoicous. STAMINATE Fi. Aments cylindric, with imbri-
cated bracteal seales. Calyx of 2 collateral scales beneath the braet,
and all three united at base. Stamens about 8; anthers 1-celled,
subsessile, ovoid, bristly at apex. PisTi~tuaTEe FL. from subterminal
buds, in small clusters at the ends of the branches, with entire
bracts ; ¢zvolucre of 2 or 3 (at first minute, but subsequently eh-
larging) villous leaflets, which are lacerate on the margin and
eoherent at base, embracing 1 or 2 flowers. Calyx adherent to the
ovary,—the limb very minute, denticulate, villous. Ovary 2-celled;
ovules solitary, suspended from the apex of the dissepiment; st?gmas
2, elongated, filiform. Nat (by abortion) 1-seeded, roundish-ovoid,
obtuse, subcompressed, bony, smooth, solitary in the enlarged folia-
eeous lacerate-dentate z2volucre. Seed pendulous; testa very thin
and membranaceous; cotyledozs elliptic, plano-convex.

1. C. Americana, Marshall. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate ;
stipules ovate-lanceolate ; involucre ventricose-campanulate, much
larger than the nut, with the limb compressed, dilated, lacerately
many-cleft. Weld. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 471. Fl. Cestr. p. 539.

American Coryuus. Vulgo—Hazel-nut. Wild Filbert.

Shrub. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, slender, branching.—the young branches virgate,
pubescent and glandular-hispid. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, varying from round-
ish-cordate to ovate and obovate, dentate-serrate, pubescent; petioles one fourth
of an inch to an inch long. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, caducous. Amenis pre-
ceding the leaves, 1 to2 inches long. Pistillate flowers in. pedunculate squa-
mose clusters.—the seales finally enlarging, uniting and forming the involucres
-of the nuts. Nut subglobose, somewhat compressed at apex, rather wider than
long, finely pubescent, embraced by the subcoriaceous énvolucre, which is twice
as long as the nut, glandular-hirsute externally, ventricose at base, with the limb
bilabiate and irregularly lacerate-dentate. Borders of thickets ; fence-rows, &¢.: .
throughout the U. States. Fl. March—April. Fr: September.

Obs. This shrub is generally well known, for its esculent seeds,—
though I believe it has never been thought worth while to cultivate
it. The Filbert, of Europe (Corylus Avellana, L.),—an allied
species, bearing larger nuts,—is occasionally to be seen in gardens,
and is probably worthy of culture; but it is scarcely, as yet, intitled

160 APETALOUS EXOGENS

to be reckoned among our eultivated plants.* Judging from the
habit of Hazel bushes, and their tenctency to form thickets, they are
probably the identical genus referred to, by VirGIL, in the passage—
“‘ Hic inter densas Coryios &c.”’

172. QUERCUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1845.

[Celtic, Quer, handsome, or excellent, and Cuez, a tree; on account of its value.]
Flowers monoicous. StaminaTE Fu. Aments slender, pendulous,
without bracts. Calyx 6 to 8- (mostly 5-) parted,—the segments
unequal, ciliate, some of them occasionally bifid. Stamens 4 or 5
to 10, inserted round a glandular disk at the base of the calyx;
anthers 2-celled. PistTitLatTe Fu. from buds which are axillary, or
sessile on a common peduncle. Jnvolucre 1-flowered,—formed of
minute bracts, and scales, imbricated in many series, and coalesced
into a ewpule embracing the base of the flower. Calyz adherent to
the ovary,—the limb 6-cleft or obsoletely dentieulate. Ovary 3 or
4-celled; owwles in pairs in the eells, collateral, suspended from the
apex of the inner angle; st¢~gmas as many as the cells of the ovary,
subsessile, erect or spreading. Vut (or Acor7) by abortion I-seeded,
ovoid or oblong, mucronate, coriaceously woody, embraced and more
or Jess included by the indurated cup-like ¢tzwvoluere. Seed pendu-
Jous ; testa membranaceous, thin; cotyledons plano-convex, thick
and fleshy.

i] > The numerous species of Oak may, for convenience, be arranged in two
principal Sections—namely, those with bienntal, and those with annual, fruit:
and these, again, may be thrown into subordinate growps—distinguishable by the

eutline or margin of the Jeaves, The most important, only, of each group, will
be here described.

§. 1. FructTiFICATION BIENNIAL: FRUIT SUBSESSILE.
} WILLow-LEAveED anv Live-oax Group.
Leaves mostly entire, narrow and small, often perennial.

1. Q. Puettos, LZ. Leaves deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering
at each end, mucronate at apex, glabrous; cupule saucer-shaped ;
acorn roundish. Wéalld. Sp. Pl. 4. p,423. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 1.
tab. 14.

Vulgo—Willow-leaved Oak. Willow-Oak.

Stem 40 to GO or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet or more in diameter, with a smooth-
ish bark. Leaves 2 to 4inches long, subsessile, entire or the young ones some-
times dentate. Acorn small, subglobose, seated in a shallow saucer-like subses-
Bile cup. Moist low grounds: New Jersey, and South. Fl. May. Fr. October.

Obés. There are apparently some varzetzes of this,—or, if they are
specifically distinct, nearly allied species. The tree sometimes
acquires considerable size,— but the timber is not particularly valu-
able; and as it is rather local in its Habitat, is not much known
beyond those limits. The Oaks of this Section are remarkable for
their biennial fructification,—the axillary pistillate flowers, which

*The young forked twigs of the European Filbert, constitute the celebrated
divining rod (virgula divinitoria) with which certain impostors, in the old world,
practice upon the credulity of the ignorant. In our own Country. a kindred set
of knaves. called “ Water smellers.” employ the twigs of Hamamelis Virginica,
L. or Witch Hazel. for similar purposes,—and it is found to answer equally well—
when they have jit subjects to practice upon!

CUPULIFERAE 161

appear in the spring, remaining almost stationary the first season—
the ovaries not enlarging, nor becoming mature fruit, until the sze-
ceeding year! In consequence of this peculiarity, the fruit, in the
second year, ceases to be azil/ary (except in the evergreen species )\—
the leaves of the first summer having fallen, and left the fruit naked
on the sides of the branches.

2. Q. impricaria, Mz. Leaves deciduous, lance-oblong or elliptic-
lanceolate, acute at each end, mucronate, smooth and shining above,
pubescent beneath ; cupule saucer-shaped ; acorn somewhat hemis-
pherical. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 428. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 1. tab. 15.

Suinete Quercus. Vulgc—Laurel-leaved Oak.

Siem 40 to 60 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with a smoothish bark;
branches numerous and irregular. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, entire, somewhat
crowded, on short petioles. Acorz rather small, roundish above, with a broad
flattish base, so as to be nearly hemispherical. seated in a shallow subsegsile
eup. Banks of streams: Western States. Fl. May. Fr. October.

Obs. This species—being chieflly confined to the country west of
the Alleghany Mountains—is but little known in the east: and al-
though deriving its specific name from the roofing material which
it affords, its timber is s2id to be of an inferior quality—even for
that purpose.

3. Q. virens, Azt.. Leaves perennial, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong,
somewhat toothed or angled-on young trees, entire on old ones, with
a revolute margin, rather acute at apex but not mucronate, stellately
pubescent beneath; cupule turbinate, pedunculate; acorn oblong.
Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 425. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 1. tab. 12.

GREEN Quercus... Valgo—Live Oak.
Ss

Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 1 or 2 to 5 or 6 feet in diameter, with numer-
ous large wide-spreading crooked branches,—the wood remarkably dense and
heavy, with twisted gnarled fibres. Leaves an ich and half to 3 inches long,
perennial, but a pertion of them falling from the old trees every spring, dark
green above, whitish bereath, on short petioles. Acorn oveid-obleng or oval, of
a dark brown color, seated in a bowl-shaped pedunculate cup,—the peduncle
about an inch long, axillary. Sea-coast: Virginia to Florida. Fl. April. Fr.

Obs. This noted tree—so valuable in ship-building—is pretty
much confined to the sandy sea-coast of the Southern States. Its
most northern locality appears to be at Old Point Comfort, near
Norfolk, Virginia,—where it is reduced to quite a small tree. Four
or five other species, belonging to this group, are found in the U.
States—chiefly in the South; but they are mostly small, and of little
value.

7 } Buack anp Rep-Oak Group.

Leaves repand or sinuate-lobed, rather large: lobes acute,—the points
or nerves setaceously mucronate.

4. Q. nicra, Wilid. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, cuneate, dilated
at apex, retuse or obscurely 3-lobed, smooth above, covered with a
russet pulverulent pubescence beneath, when young the nerves seta-
ceously mucronate ; cupule subturbinate; acorn ovoid. Willd. Sp.
Pl. 4. p. 442.

Q. ferruginea. Mz. Sylva, 1. p. 95. Icon, tab. 20.

Buack Quercus. Vulgd—Black Jack. Barren Oak.
14*

162 APETALOUS EXOGENS

Stem 15 to 30 or 40 feet high, and 6 to 12 or 15 inches in diameter, witha
thickish furrowed dark-colored bark ; branches numerous. Leaves 5 to 8 inches
long, much dilated at apex (4 to 6 inches wide), narrowed towards the base, on
short petioles. Acorn ovoid, seated in a rather deep or bowl-shaped subsessile
cup. Sterile soils: New Jersey to Florida. Fi. May. Fr. October. .

Obs. This small tree—abundant in Maryland, and well known by
the name of “ Black Jack’’—is chiefly valuable for fuel. .

5. Q. tiInctoria, Bartr. Leaves obovate-oblong, sinuate-lobed, pul-
verulent beneath; cupule subturbinate; acorn ovoid. Welld. Sp.
Pl. 4. p. 444. Fl. Cestr. p. 531. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 1. tad, 24.
( fruit, tab. 25.)

Dyer’s Quercus. Vulgd—Black Oak. Quercitron.

Stem 60 to 80 or 90 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter, with a thiekish
deeply-furrowed dark-colored epidermis, and a spongy yellow inner bark.
Leaves 6 or 8 inches long, obovate in their outline, more or less deeply sinuate-
lobed (usually 3 principal lobes on each side),—the base obtuse or sometimes
cuneately tapering, smoothish above, the under surface clothed with short stel-
late or fasciculate hairs which present a pulverilent appearance; petioles 1 to2
inches long. Acorn rather small, ovoid, seated in a subsessile cup, which is
tapering at base. Rich upland forests: New England to Georgia. Fl, May.
Fr. October. .

Obs. The wood of this species is not very durable,—neither is it
much esteemed for fuel: Yet, in consequence of its abundance, it is,
or has been, very extensively used for fencing, firewood and shin-
gles. The straight fibres, and facility of splitting the wood, no doubt
recommended it for shingles. The inner éaré is an article of com-
merce, under the name of Quwercitrow ; and is exported in large
quantities to Europe, where it is employed in dying yellow. It has
nearly superseded the use of Weld (Reseda luteola, L.) in Calico
printing. The prevalence of this fine tree, in Woodlands, is an in-
dication of a good soil for Agriculture.

6. Q. coccinga, Wangenh. Leaves oblong, deeply sinuate-lobed,
smooth, the lobes divaricate, acutely dentate, petioles rather long;
cupule subturbinate, conspicuously scaly; acorn roundish-ovoid, a
little depressed at apex. Weld. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 445. Fl. Cestr. p.
532. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 1. tab. 25. ( fruit, tab. 24.).

Crimson Quercus. Valgd—Red Oak. Scarlet Oak.

Stem 60 to 90 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 5,to 8 inches
long, deeply lobed (usually 4 principal lobes on each side), the sinuses rounded
and wider at bottom, the base obtuse or sometimes rather cuneate, both surfaces
smooth and shining green, with a dense pubescence in the axils of the nerves
beneath,—finally becoming red, and spotted with deeper crimson; petioles 2 to 4
inches long. Acorn roundish, depressed or slightly umbilicate at apex,—the
lower half immersed in a rough scaly cup. Rich moist woodlands: New
England to Georgia. Fl. May. Fr. October.

_ Obs. This is a fine large tree,—and is remarkable for its crimson

leaves, in autumn. The wood is much used for Coopers’ stuff, &c.
and the barf of this, and the two next following species, is esteemed
the best, of all the Oaks, for the process of tanning.

7. Q. RuBRa, LZ. Leaves oblong, smooth, sinuate-lobed, sinuses
rather acute; lobes incised-dentate with the teeth very acute; cupule
shallow, saucer-shaped, flat at base, nearly even on the outer surface ;
acorn rather large and turgidly oblong-ovoid. Weld. Sp. Pl. 4.
p. 445. Fl. Cestr. p. 532. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 1. tab. 28.

CUPULIFERAE 163

Rep Quercus. Vulgdo—Red Oak. Spanish Oak (erroneously).

Stem 60 to 90 feet high, and 2 to 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 5 to 8 or 9 inches
long, often somewhat obovate, rather obtuse at base, sinuate-lobed (usually 3
pr:neipal lobes on each side), the sinuses shallower and more acute than in the-
preceding species; petioles 1 to 2incheslong. Acorn oblong-ovoid, plump and
rather large, seated in a broad flat-bottomed saucer-like sessile cup, of which
the scales are so compact as to present a smooth or nearly even surface. Hilly
woodlands: Northern and Middle States. Fl. May. Fr. October.

Obs. The wood of this species is also used for Coopers’ stuff, &e.
and the dark is in high repute with the Tanners.* This (and I
think the preceding, also,) is often called “ Spanish Oak,’ in dis-
tricts where the trwe Spanish Oak is not found: but that name
properly belongs to the following.

& Q. ratcata, Mz. Leaves elongated and rather narrow, sinuate-
lobed, or sometimes almost palmately 3-lobed, obtuse at base, densely
tomentose beneath ; lateral lobes falcate, the terminal one longer and
trifid; cupule shallow, subturbinate; acorn roundish-ovoid. Mz.
Sylva, 1. p. 106. Icon, tab. 23.

Q. elongata. _ Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 444.

Fatcate Quercus. Vulgd—Spanish Oak. Red Oak.

Stem 40 or 50 to 80 feet high, andi or2to4 feet in diameter. Leaves 3 toG
and 9 inches long, with 2 to 4 or 5 (usually 3) distant more or less faleate entire
lobes on each side,—those on small trees, or young branches, ofien dilated and
3-lobed at apex, with the side-lobes diverging; petioles about an inch long.
Acorn small, seated in a shallow saucer-like cwp, which is tapering at base and
supported on a short peduncle. Sandy, or sterile clay soils: New Jersey to
Georgia. Fl. May. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This tree (which is the genxuine “Spanish Oak,”?)—so far as
I have observed—seems to be pretty much confined to that dis‘rict,
along the Atlantic coast, which is marked as alluvial, on Geological
maps. It is said to grow very large, in the South; butis rather below
an average size, near its northern limits. The t¢méer is reddish,
coarse-grained and not very durable,—but is much used for the in-
ferior kinds of Coopers’ stuff. The baré, however, is reputed ag
preferable to that of every other species of Oak, for tanning.

9. Q. patustRis, Mz. Leaves oblong, deeply sinuate-lobed, smooth—
lobes divaricate, acutely dentate, the sinuses broad ; cupule saucer-
shaped; acorn subglobose, small. Welld. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 446. Fi.
Cestr. p. 532. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 1. tab. 27.

Marsa Quercus. Vulgo—Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and1 to 2 feet in diameter, with numerous rather
slender horizontal or drooping branches, which are frequently very knotty. —
Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, deeply lobed (usually 3 lobes on each side)—the lobes
rather narrow, diverging, the base of the leaves obtuse or often somewhat
cuneate, both surfaces smooth, except a tuft of pubescence in the axils of the
nerves beneath}; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Acorn small (mostly numerous),

* TI observe that Mr. Emerson, in his truly valuable and interesting “Report
on the Trees and Shrubs growing naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts,”
speaks of the bark of Quercus rubra as being “almost worthless for the use of
the tanner.” Iam, of course, unable to speak from personal or experimental
knowledge ; but I have uniformly understood, from the Tanners of Pennsylvania,
that the Red Oak bark ranked next in value to that of the true Spanish Oak;
and that impression is even now sustained by the testimony of my friend, Mr.
Josnua Hoopes, of this Borough,—who 1s well acquainted, botanically, with
our Forest trees; and, moreover, served a regular apprenticeship to the tanning

business.

e
164 APETALOUS EXOGENS

seated in a smoothish shallow nearly flat-bottomed subsessile cwp, which is of-
ten abruptly tapering from the centre of the base. Wet low grounds: along
rivulets, &c.: New England to Pennsylvania, and West to Illinois. Fé. May.
Fry. October. ' ®

Obs. The wood of this Oak is very firm,—and is much employed
by wheelwrights, &c. It is quite common in Pennsylvania,—but
does not appear to extend tothe South. It would seem as if the
Q. falcata, and this species, were distinctly located in the two great
divisions of the U. States. Four or five additional species, belong-
ing to this group, are found in the U. States; but they are not very
important,— and some of them are quite small and scrubby.

§. 2. FRuCTIFICATION ANNUAL: FRUIT MOSTLY PEDUNCULATE.
{ Wuuite-Oak Group.
Leaves sinuate-lobed ; lobes obtuse and not mucronate.

10. Q. osrusitona, Mz. Leaves obovate-oblong, cuneate at base,
pubescent beneath, irregularly sinuate-lobed,— the upper lobes dila-
ted, retuse; cupule hemispherical or bowl-shaped; acorn elliptic-
ovoid. Fl. Cestr. p. 533. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 1. tab. 5.

Q. stellata. Wangenh. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 452.

OxstusE-LOBED Quercus. Vulgd—Barrens White-Oak. Post Oak.

Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter; branches irregular,
spreading, densely pubescent when young. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, thick and
coriaceous, mostly with 3 unequal lobes on each side and unequal angular
sinuses,—the upper surface smoothish and shining (often roughish with short fas-
ciculate hairs, when young). the under surface pale ferruginous, or tawny, and
clothed with a stellate pubescence; pet‘oles about half an inch long. Acorn
rather small, oval or roundish-ovoid, with the apex often depressed or umbili-
cate,—the lower half embraced by the scaly hemispherical cup, which is sessile,
or the fruit often in small clusters on a common peduncle. Dry sterile hills;
among serpentine rocks, &c.: New York to Florida. Fi. May. 7. October.

Obs. This tree, in Chester county, Penn’a., seems to be confined
to slaty barren hills, and exposed ridges of serpentine rock. The
wood is very durable, and much valued for posts, &c. It also makes
excellent fuel.

11. Q. atpa, L. Leaves oblong, pinnatifidly sinuate,—lobes nearly
equal, oblong, obtuse, mostly entire, the sinuses narrow; cupule
somewhat bowl-shaped, tuberculate; acorn ovoid-oblong. Wadald.
Sp. Pl. 4. p. 448. Fl. Cestr. p. 534. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 1. tab. 1.

Wuite Quercus. Vulgd—Common White Oak.

Stem 60 to 80 and 100 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet in diameter, with a whitish
or light grey bark. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, subcoriaceous, smooth, nearly
equally pinnatifid, usually with 3 or 4 lobes on each side (sometimes cuneate
and 3-lobed); petioles half an inch to an inch long. Acorn rather large, seated in
a shallowish bow]-shaped cup, which is pubescent and rough externally with
roundish tubercles,—the fruit generally in pairs, sessile on a common peduncle
about half an inch long: Woodlands; throughout the U. States: often abun-
dant in moist low clayey grounds. Fl. May. Fr. October. b

Obs. This is one of our finest and most valuable forest trees,—
and frequently attains to an enormous size. Its prevalence, how-
ever, is not so indicative of a good soil, as that of the Q. tixetoria,
or Black Oak. The timber is firm and durable, though somewhat
liable, when in the form of boards and scantling, to warp or spring.

CUPULIFERAE 165

It is extensively used in the mechanic arts,—especially by the
Wheel-wright, the Mill-wright, and the Ship-wright. The eels of
some of our finest National vessels have been obtained from this
Oak. It also affords the best quality of Coopers’ stuff, for making
Liquor-casks. The Jaré is astringent and tonic, and is frequently
employed in medical practice. The acorns are sweet, affording a
nutritiovs and favorite food of swine. On young trees, the leaves
are remarkably persistent, after they are killed by the frost, in au-
tumn. Three other species, in the U. States, belong to this group,—
remarkable for their large acorns, or large cupules; but they are
rather too rare, and too local in their habitat, to require a place in a
practical farmer’s Flora.

} | Cuesnut-Oak GRovr.
Leaves coarsely sinuate-dentate,—not lobed.

12. Q. ercotor, Willd. Leaves oblong-obovate, rather acute, softly
tomentose beneath, coarsely and unequally sinuate-dentate, entire at
base; fruit mostly in pairs, sessile on long common peduncles;
cupule hemispherical ; acorn ovoid-oblong. Wild. Sp. Pl. 4. p.
440. Fl. Cestr. p. 534.

Q. Prinus discolor. Mz. Sylva, 1. p. 47. Icon, tab. 7.

Two-coLoreD QuERcus. Valea eae White-Oak.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8
inches long, varying from broad-ovate to oblong and obovate, with coarse une-
qual teeth which are dilated at base, rather acute and callous at apex, smooth
above, clothed beneath with a soft velvety pubescence, which is either whitish,
pale olive-colored, or greenish-ferruginous; petioles about half an inch long.
Fruit in pairs (or often single), on an axillary common peduncle 1 or 2 to 4
inches long. Acorn rather large, seated in a roughish-pubescent bowl-shaped _
cup,—the margin of which is dentate with the points of the scales. Low
grounds: along streams, &c.: Pennsylvania to Carolina. Fl. May. Fr. October.

Obs. The timber of this is every way inferior in value to that of
Q. alba. This, and all the following species of this subdivision, have
considerable general resemblance; so much, indeed, that the elder
Micuavx regarded them all as varieties of Q. Prinus.

13. Q. Prinus, L. Leaves obovate and elliptic-oblong, acute or
acuminate, finely pubescent beneath, coarsely and nearly equally
sinuate-dentate,—the teeth obtuse; fruit on short common pedun-
cles; cupule nearly hemispherical; acorn oval. Welld. Sp. Pl. 4.
p. 439. Fl. Cestr. p. 534.

Q. Prinus palustris. Mz. Sylva, 1. p. 52. Icon, tad. 8.
Vulg¢-—Swamp Chesnut-Oak. Chesnut White-Oak.

Stem 60 to 80 or 90 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 5 to 8
inches long, penninerved with a coarse obtuse tooth for each nerve. and a small
callus at the apex of each; petioles 1 to near 2 inches long. Frwit in pairs (1
often abortive), on a common peduncle about half an inch long. Acorn large,
oval, or ovoid-oblong. seated in a scaly bowl-shaped cup which embraces
nearly one third of the nut. Moist low woodlands: Penna. to Florida. Fi.
May. Fr. October. ie

Obs. This is often a fine tree, and the tember valuable.

14. Q. montana, Willd. Leaves broad-obovate, acute, pubescent
and subglaucous beneath, coarsely and nearly equally sinuate-den-

166 APETALOUS EXOGENS

tate,—the teeth short, broad and obtuse, submucronate ; fruit on
short common peduncles; cupule turbinate; acorn elliptic-oblong.
Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 440. Fl. Cestr. p. 535.

Q. Prinus monticola. Mz. Sylva, 1. p. 56. Icon, tad. 9.
Mountain Quercus. Vaulgd—Rock Chesnut-Oak.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter,—when old, the:
bark thick and deeply furrowed. Leaves 4 or 5 to Sor 9 inches long, broadly
(and sometimes roundish-) obovate, rather unequal at base,—the teeth often
shortiy mucronate with a small callous point; petioles half an inch to an inch
long. Acorn large, rather longer but not so thick as in the preceding (about 12
inch long, and $ of an inch in diameter), seated in a rather deep bowl-shaped or
sub-turbinate cup. Hilly, rocky woodlands: New England to Carolina. Fi.
May. Fr. October.

Obs. The wood of this species is valuable,—and the Saré is es-
teemed by the Tanners. The acorns, also, are sweet and nutri-.
tious,—much sought after by swine.

15. Q. Castanea, Muhl. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
pubescent and cinereous beneath, nearly equally dentate or sinuate
Serrate,—the teeth rather acute, and callous at apex; fruit subses~
sile; cupule nearly hemispherical; acorn elliptic-ovoid. Willd. Sp..
Pl. 4. p. 441. Fl. Cestr. p. 535.

Q. Prinus acuminata. Mz. Sylva, 1. p. 61. Icon, tab. 10.
Cuesnut Quercus. Vulgo—Chemmut-Oak. Yellow Oak.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. Leaves 3 to 6 inches.
long, the points of the teeth (and along the whole margin) callous, the upper-
surface smooth and yellowish-green, the under surface finely pubescent and
whitish or cinereous ; petioles half an inch to an inch long. Acorn rather small,
seated in a pubescent bowl-shaped cup, which embraces one third of the nut,
and is either sessile on the branch or on a short common peduncle. Mountains;
re wing and banks of streams: -Middile and Western States. Fi, May. Fe:

ctober.

Obs. This is often a fine tree,—though not so common, in Eastern.
Pennsylvania, as the others of this subdivision. It presents some
varieties —at least in the leaves ; but they generally have a striking
resemblance to those of the Chesnut tree.. The acorns are said to
be more sweet and nutritious than those of any other species. There
is a dwarf species (Q. Chinquapin, Mz.), belonging to this subdi-.
vision—common on our slaty hills; but it is too small and unim-.
portant to require a more particular notice, here.. s

The fifteen Oaks, here described, are all noble trees,—and some
of them of great value. They are emphatically (as ENDLICHER says.
of the Order,) “ sylvarum decora”—the pride and ornament of our
American forests; and every young American Farmer should be.
able to distinguish them. all, and to understand their intrinsic and
relative importance.

173. FAGUS. Tournef.. Endl. Gen. 1847.

[Latin—from the Greek, phago, to eat; the fruit being esculent.]
Flowers monoicous. Staminate Fi. Aments globose, pendulous
on long peduncles, with minute deciduous bracteal scales. Calyz
campanulate, 5 or 6-cleft. Stamens 8to 12. Puisrinuate Fu. from
terminal buds, with numerous linear unequal 4racts surrounding,
and connate with, the 2-flowered urceolate somewhat 4-lobed tzvo-
lucre. Calyz adherent to the ovary,—the limb elongated, laciniate.

CUPULIFERAE 167

Ovary triquetrous, 3-celled; ovules solitary, pendulous; styles 3,
filiform; stigmas lateral, fissure-like. Frutt capsule-form,—a cori-
aceous or subligneous muricate izvolwcre, finally 4-valved, usually
containing 2 nuts. Nwts acutely triquetrous, crowned with the
pilose limb of the calyx, by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded; epicarp
coriaceous; ezdocarp villous. Seed pendulous; testa membrana-
‘ceous, thin ; cotyledons thick, fleshy, irregularly plicate.

i. F. sytvarica, Z. Leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate, slightly
dentate, ciliate on the margin; nut ovoid-triquetrous, obtuse, mu-
‘cronate. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 459. Fl. Cestr. p. 538.

F. sylvestris. Mz. Sylva, 3. p. 18. Icon, tab. 107.
Woop Faeus. Vulgd—Beech-tree. White Beech.
#r. Le Hétre. Germ. Die Buche. Span. Haya.

Stem 40 to 80 feet or more in height, and 1 to 2 feet or more in diameter, with
‘a thin even-surfaced whitish bark, and giving out numerous slender horizontal
or depending branches, which subdivide and terminate in slender terete acumi-
nate buds, near an inch in ‘dength. Leaves 2 or 3: to 5 inches long, more or less
dentate, penninerved, and plicate along the nerves while young, silky-pilose,
finally smoothish on the upper surface; petioles one eighth to half an inch long;
stipules long, linear, membranaceous, tawny, caducous. Aments of staminate
flowers very numerous, loosely subglobose, silky-pubescent, pale greenish-
yellow, on slender silky-pilose peduncles an inch or inch and half long. Invo-
ducres of the pistillate flowers fewer, roundish-ovoid, enlarging, coriaceous,
muricate with flexible subulate squarrose or recurved points, ferruginous-
pubescent, on rigid axillary peduncles about half aninch long. Nuts 1 or 2 in
each involucre, pubescent, pale reddish brown. Low moist woodlands; through-
‘out the U. States. Fl. May. Fr. September—Qctober.

Obs. The density and uniform texture of the wood, renders it
waluable for many purposes,—such as plane-stocks, and other imple-
yments of the mechanic arts. The leaves, especially of young trees,
are remarkably persistent, after they are killed by frost,—often re-
maining on the branches until late in the ensuing spring. The oily
seeds afford a nutritious food for swine. :

The Beech—although a symmetrical and pretty tree—is seldom
‘cultivated, in this country, either for shade or ornament: And yet
it would seem, from Vireru’s Pastorals, that in the land of sweet do
nothing (‘ dolce far niente’), the Italian Peasant, of ancient times,
found an enviable enjoyment under its spreading branches—

“ natulae recubans sub tegmine Fact.”

174. CASTANEA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1848.

[Named from a City of Thessaly (Castanea),—famed for Chesnuts.]
Flowers monoicous, or very rarely perfect. SraminatE FL. indefi-
nitely glomerate around axillary amentaceous spikes, rarely solitary,
bracteolate. Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted. Stamens 8 to 15; anthers
incumbent. PisTILLatTe and Perrect Ft. from axillary subsolitary
buds, with numerous linear unequal bracts which are connate with
the campanulate 1- to 3-flowered zzvolucre. Calyz adherent to the
ovary,—the limb 5 to 8-cleft. Stamens 5 to 12, mostly abortive,
minute. Gvary 3 to 6-celled; ovwles solitary, pendulous; style
very short, thick; stigmas as many as the cells, setiform, spreading.
Fruit capsule-form,—a coriaceous echinate zzvoluere, containing 1
to 3 nuts, and opening by 4 valves. JVuts ovoid when single, plano-
‘convex or compressed when two or three,—1-seeded by abortion.

168 APETALOUS EXOGENS

Seed pendulous ; epvcarp coriaceous; exdocarp fibrous; testa mem-
branaceous, sinuately folded,—the folds lining the chinks or fissures
of the kernel; cotyledons thick, farinaceous, often unequal, plicate,
closely cohering.

1. C. vesca, Gaertn. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mu-
cronately sinuate-serrate, smooth on both sides. Walld. Sp. Pl. 4.
p. 460. Fl. Cestr. p. 536. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 3. tab. 104.

EataBie Castanea. Vulgo—Chesnut. Chesnut tree.

Fr. Le Chataignier. Germ. Der Kastanienbaum. Spaz. Castafio.

Stem 60 to 80 or 90 feet high, and 2 to4 or 5 feet in diameter. Leaves 6 to 9
inches long; petioles about half an inch long; stipules linear-lanceolate. entire,
smoothish, caducous. Staminate flowers small, whitish or ochroleucous, in
slender pubescent interrupted spikes or aments,4 to 8 inches in length,—the
florets crowded in dense bracteate clusters: stamens long. Pistillate flowers
mostly 3 together. in a scaly squarrose ovoid involucre. Jnvolucre usually soli-
tary—sometimes 3 or 4 in a cluster—subsessile, enlarging, fingJly globose, about
2inches in diameter, thickly covered with acute compound or coalesced prickles,
opening at maturity by 4 valves or lobes, densely villous within. Nuts 3 (by
abortion often 2, or 1), roundish-ovate, acuminate, reddish-brown, smooth below,
the upper half covered with a grayish-tawny pubescence; the middle nut flatted
on both sides, the lateral ones convex or gibbous externally,—and when the
lateral ones are both abortive, the central one becomes roundish-ovoid. Upland
forests,—abundant on sterile slaty hills: throughout the U. States. Fi. June.

Fr. October.

Obs. The American Chesnut-tree is scarcely more than a variety
of the European,—the chief difference being in the size of the fruit.
The nuts of our native Chesnut-tree are smaller, and the kernels
much sweeter, than those of the European variety—or “ Spanish
Chesnut,” as it is commonly called. The wood of the Chesnut-tree
is light, easily split, and rather brittle,—yet very durable: not es-
teemed for fuel, but highly valued for making fences. The tree
seems naturally to abound on our sterile slaty hills, and is of rapid
growth,—being speedily reproduced, by suckers from the stump,
when cut off—and therefore well calculated to keep up a supply of

fencing timber.

2. C. pumita, Mill. Leaves obovate-oblong, acute, serrate or den-
ticulate, whitish-tomentose beneath. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 461. Fi.
Cestr. p. 537. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 3 tab. 105.

Dwarr Castanea. Vaulgd—Chinquapin.

Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches in diameter. Leaves 2 to 6
inches long, mucronately serrate or sometimes denticulate, green and smoothish
above, clothed with a soft dense cinereoustomentum beneath ; petioles about half
aninchinlength Staminate flowers in aments, 1 or 2 to 4 inches long, slender
and numerous. Jnvoluczes of the pistillate flowers in spikes, or clustered on
short tomentose axillary branches or common peduncles, enlarging, finally glo-
bose, an inch or inch and half in diameter, pubescent and prickly, opening at
summit with 4 lobes or valves. Nut (by abortion?) constantly solitary, small,
ovoid, acute. dark brown, pubescent at summit. Sterile soils: Maryland to
Florida. Fl. June. Fr. October.

Obs. This shrub is rarely seen, north of Maryland. The ernels
are remarkably sweet and pleasant to the taste,—but are scarcely
half the size even of our native Chesnut. The seeds of both Chesnut
and Chinquapin—and especially of the latter—are very subject ta
be preyed upon, by worms.

BETULACEAE 169

ORDER CXXVII. BETULACEAE. Richard. Bartl.

Trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, straight-veined; stipules free, decidu-
ous. Flowers monoicous; both kinds in axillary aments, and usually naked,—
placed 2 or 3 together in the axil of each 3-lobed bract. Stamens definite. Ovary
2-celled; cells 1-ovuled; stigmas 2, sessile, filiform. Fruit membranaceous or
samaroid, by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded, forming with the 3-lobed bracts a
kind of strobile. Seed destitute of albumen.

‘An Order consisting of the two genera here noticed. The peculiar odor of
Russia leather, is said to be owing to a pyroligneous oil obtained from the
Betula alba, L. a European species; and, according to Sir W. J. HooKER, a
wine is made of the sap of the same tree, in Scotland.

175. BETULA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1840.

[Supposed from Betw,—the Celtic name for the Birch.]
STAMINATE AMENTS with the scales peltate, bibracteolate, 3-flower-
ed. Calyx a scale. Stamens 4; anthers subsessile, oblong, 1-celled.
PisTILLATE AMENTS with the scales 3-lobed, imbricated. Calyz none.
Ovaries 3 under each scale, sessile, 2-celled ; ovzles solitary, pendu-
lous from the apex of the dissepiments ; stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit
an ament-like strobile, with membranaceously margined scales.
Nuts lenticular, samaroid or winged.

1. B. nigra, L. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, entire
at base, pubescent beneath ; pistillate aments subsessile, somewhat
erect, elliptic-oblong ; scales villous,—the lobes sub-linear, obtuse
Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 464. Fl. Cestr. p. 539.

B. rubra. Mz. Sylva, 2. p. 99. Icon, tab. 72.

Buack Betuta. Vulgo—Black Birch. Red Birch.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter,—the young trees and
branches with a smoothish cinnamon-colered bark,—the outer layers of old bark
exfoliating in broad thin revolute laminae or sheets. Leaves 1 to 4 inches long;
petioles 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch in length; stipules small, oblong-lanceo-
late. Staminate aments 2 to 3 inches long, flexible and pendulous. Péstillate
aments about an inch long, oblong, ebtuse, on short peduncles; scales 3-cleft.
two thirds of their length,—the segments equal, linear or spatulate-linear, ob-
‘tuse. Nut compressed, ovate, with a membranaceous margin which is widest
towards the base. Lew grounds; banks of streams: New Jersey to Carolina.
Fl. April. #r. Augest. :

Obs. The timber of the Birches is not particularly valuable,—
though some of them afford tolerable specimens of lumber, as well
as good fuel. The virgate branches were famous instruments in the
hands of Pedagogues, of the olden time, in promoting good order,
and a close attention to study, among the rising generation:* But
‘6*the march of mind,” in the present day, has rendered such auxili-
aries nearly obsolete! The flexible twigs of this species,—instead
of being used to stimulate idle boys to learn their lessons—are chiefly
employed for making coarse brooms, to sweep streets and court-
yards, in our Cities.

2. B. penta, L. Leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate ;
pistillate aments subsessile, somewhat erect, elliptic-ovoid; scales
roughish-pubescent,—the lobes ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, pro-
minently veined. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 464. Fl. Cestr. p.540. Icon,
Mz. Sylva, 2. tab. 74.
Sort or Puiant Beruta. Vulge—Sweet Birch. Cherry Birch.
*_____“afflictive Birch,
“Curs’d by unletter’d, idle youth.”
_ J. PHILIps.
15

170 APETALOUS EXOGENS

Stem 30 to 60 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter; branches numerous, slen-
der, pliable, smooth and dotted with small white scars. Leaves 3 or 4 inches
long, thinnish, varying from ovate-oblong to obovate, mostly somewhat cordate
and often a little unequal at base—the upper surface sprinkled with long hairs—
the margin. and nerves beneath hairy; petteles about half an inch long, pilose.
Staminate aments 2 1o 3 inches long, larger than in the preceding species. Pits-
tillate aments about an inch long, and two thirds of an inch in diameter; scales
3-cleft nearly half their length—the lobes prominently keeled and nerved, hir-
sutely ciliate. Nut compressed, elliptic-obovate, acute at each end, with a
membranaceous margin which is broader towards the summit, and somewhat
ciliate,—but every where narrower than in the preceding. Mountain forests:
throughout the U. States. Fi. April. Fr. August.

Obs. The wood of this species is colored reddish,—something like
that of the Wild Cherry (Cerasus serotina, DC.); and it is used,
like that, in making Cabinet-ware, bedsteads, &c. The bark and
young twigs are pleasantly aromatic,—and were formerly employed
in domestic brewings, diet-drinks, &c.

3. B. papyracea, Ait. Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate,—
the veins beneath hirsute, petioles glabrous; pistillate aments pe-
dunculate, nodding, nearly cylindric; scales with the lateral lobes
short, sub-orbicular. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 464. Icon, Mz. Sylva,
2. tab. 69.

Paver Betuta. Vulgdo—Paper Birch. Canoe Birch.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter; branches slen-
der and flexible—the shining brown bark dotted with white. Leaves 2 to 3
inches long; petioles about half an inch long. Pistéllate aments about an inch
long, pendulous on a peduncle three-fourths of an inch in length. New England,
and Canada. Fi. April—May, Fr. July—August.

Obs. The zood of this, is eonsidered less valuable than that of the
preceding species; but the tree is remarkable, as furnishing, in its
thin firm and durable dard, the material of which the Aborigines of
our country made their portable Canoes. Various other articles—
as boxes, baskets, &c. are manufactured from the bark. There are
several other species of Betula, in the U. States,—as the B. excelsa,
Ait. a tree of considerable size,in British America and the northern
parts of New England,—and the B. populifolia, Ait. a small tree,
very abundant in some portions of New Jersey—beside some shrubby
ones: But I have supposed the preceding to be those of chief interest
to the farmer, and have therefore omitted the others.

176. ALNUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1841.

y [The Latin name for the Alder.]
STaAMINATE AMENTS with the seales peltate, 5-bracteolate beneath,
3-flowered. Calyx 4-parted.. Stamens 4, inserted at the base of the
calyx-lobes, and opposite them; a@zthers ovoid, 2-celled. PisTILLaTE
AMENTS with the scales imbricated, fleshy. Calyz of 4 scale-like
sepals. Ovaries 2 under each scale, sessile, 2-celled; ovwles soli-
tary, pendulous ; stigmas 2, filiform. Strobile formed of coalescing
scales and bracteoles, which become woody. Vuwts woody, com-
pressed, angular, not winged, by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded.

1. A. serrutata, Willd. Leaves obovate, sub-acuminate, doubly
serrulate; stipules oval, obtuse. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 336. Fl. Cestr.
p. 525. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 2. tab. 75. fig. 1.

SERRULATE AtNus. Vulgo—Common Alder. Candle Alder.

BETULACEAE 171

Stem 3 to 10 or 12 feet high, and half aninch to 1 or 2 inches in diameter,
with crooked and rather rigid branches. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, strongly
nerved, sub-plicate, thick and subcoriaceous, smoothish ; petioles about half an
inch long. Staminate aments one and a half to near 3 inches long, cylindrical,
slender, flaccid, pendulous and sub-fasciculate near the ends of the branches}.
scales reddish-brown; anthers yellow. Pistillate aments half an inch to near an
inch long, oblong, rigid, dark purplish-brown, persistent, on short lateral bran-
ches below the staminate ones,—when in flower, bristled with the dark-purple
exserted stigmas. Swamps, and margins of rivulets; throughout the U. States.
Fl. March—April, Fr. October.

Obs. This shrub is of little or no value;—and is only noticeable
as a frequent intruder in swampy meadows, and along rivulets,—
where, if neglected, the bushy growth soon gives the premises a
slovenly appearance. It is true, the Alders oftea make a comfort-
‘able shade for the Trowt, in the little pools of our meadow rivulets :
but the tidy farmer likes to keep even the margins of those streams
clear of weeds and bushes.

ORDER CXXVIII. SALICACEAE. Richard. Lindl.

Trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple; stipules scale-like and deciduous, or
foliaceous and persistent. Flowers dioicous; both kinds in-Aments, destitute of
floral envelopes, one under each bract. Stamens 2 1o several, sometimes mona-
delphous; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled, many-ovul-
ed! styles 2, very short; stigmas 2 to 3-lobed. Fruit a follicular kind of capsule,
opening at apex by 2 valves. Seeds numerous, ascending; /funiculus short,
thick, splitting into a silky-lanuginous coma! Albumen none.
An Order comprising the Willows and true Poplars.

177. SALIX. Tournef.. Endl. Gen. 1903.

[Celtic, Sal, near. and Lis, water; alluding to its place of growth.]
SraminaTE AMENTS with entire bracts. Calyz none. Receptacle
gland-like. Stamens 2 to 5; filaments free, or more or Jess connate.
PisTILLATE AMENTS with entire bracts. Ovary 1-celled; ovwles
numerous, on parietal placentae near the base; stigmas 2, subses-
sile, 2-lobed. Capsule follicular, 1-celled, 2-valved,—the valves
bearing the erect comose seeds in the middle, near the base.

1..S. viretuina, LZ. Branches rather erect, yellow; leaves lance-
olate, glandular-serrulate or nearly entire, smoothish.and yellowish-
green above, silky-pilose and glaucous beneath ; aments coétaneous.
Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 668. Fl. Cestr. p. 562.

Eee-york Sarix. Valezd—Yellow Willow. Golden Osier.

#r. Osier jaune. Germ. Die Dotter-weide. Span. Sauce.

Stem 30 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 2 to3 feet in diameter at base; branches nu-

merous, with a smooth shining orange-yellow. bark. Leeves 2 to 3 or 4 inches
long, generally lanceolate and acute, with indistinct cartilaginous glandular ser-
ratures,—not unfrequently obovate-oblong, obtuse and entire (especially when
young, or the early ones at the base of young branches); petioles 1 or 2 lines
ong; stipules minute, ovate-lanceolate, caducous. Pistillate aments about 2
inches long; scales ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, externally pubescent. About
houses ; meadows, &c.: introduced. FY. April. Fr.

Obs. This was introduced from Europe, at an early period, as a
shade-tree about houses, and spring-heads or fountains,—and has
become almost naturalized in some spots: but is gradually giving
place to the more graceful Babylonian Willow. It is propagated
by cuttings,—and spreads also by the roots. I have never observed
any but prstillate trees. A vartety with paler branches (perhaps
S. alba, of authors), is also frequently to be seen, in old settlements ;
and, I think, has been cultivated, by the manufacturers of Gun-

\

172 APETALOUS EXOGENS

powder, in order to obtain charcoal from the wood. Sir W. J.
Hooker says, the twigs of the S. vitellina are used, in Europe, “ as
an Osier,”’ for making baskets.

2. S. Basytonica, Z. Young branches very slender, flaccid and
pendulous; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrulate or
nearly entire; stipules minute, ovate, glandular-dentate; aments
coétaneous. Wélld. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 671.

BaBYLonian Satix. Vulgo—Weeping Willow. Drooping Willow.

Fr. Saule pleureur. Germ. Babylonische Weide. Span. Sauce de
Babilonia. ;

_ Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter at base, widely branch-
ing above,—the young branches greenish, very numerous, slender, long and
perpendicularly pendent. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, narrow-lanceolate, the
larger ones with a long acumination, smooth; petioles 1 or 2 lines long. Pistil-
late aments about an inch long, mostly ascending ,or turned up, on the pendulous
branches; scales lanceolate, smooth. About houses: mtroduced. Fi. April. Fr.

Obs. This elegant and interesting species—a native of the East—
is deservedly admired, and much cultivated, as a shade-tree. The
prstillate plant, only, has been introduced to this country. Its spe-
cific name was given, by LinnaEus, under the idea that it might be
the tree so touchingly referred to, in the 137th Psalm :—* By the
rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we re-
membered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the Willows in the
midst thereof.”

In addition to these, there has been introduced to some extent, the
S. viminalis, L. or common Oster, of Europe,—the pliable branches
of which are wrought into baskets ; and also a species which I have
supposed to be the S. Russelliana, of Smith: But, as they scarcely
come within the scope of the present work, I do not insert them.
Most of our zative Willows are mere shrubs,—of little or no Agri-
cultural interest.

4

178. POPULUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1904.
[Latin, Populus, the people: the tree i, ag people; being used to shade public
Walks.
StaminaTE AMENTs with laciniate or fringed bracts. Calyx subtur-
binate,—the limb oblique, entire. Stamens 8 to 12, or more ;—the
Jilaments free. PISTILLATE AMENTS with bracts and calyx as in the
staminate: Ovary 1-celled; stigmas 2, subsessile, elongated, 2-
parted. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, comose.

1. P. rremMuLompes, Mz. ‘Leaves small 5 cordate-orbicular, abruptly
acuminate, unequally dentate-serrulate, pubescent on the margin.
Mz. Sylva, 2. p. 241. Icon, tab. 99. fig. 1. Fl. Cestr. p. 568.

P. laevigata? or P. trepida? Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 803.
TREMULA-LIKE PopuLtus. Veulgd—Quaking Asp. American Aspen.

Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 12 to 18 inches in diameter, with a smoothish
cinereous bark. Leaves about 2 inches in length, and rather wider than long;
pett es 2 to 3 inches long, slender, smooth, subterete towards the base, laterally
compressed or vertically dilated near the leaf, which disposes the leaf to be
agitated by the slightest motion of the air. Pisttllate aments 3 to 4 or 5 inches
long. Low swampy grounds: N orthern and Middle States. Fl. April. Fr. May.

Obs. This is a rather pretty tree,—and is occasionally planted
about houses and lawns, for shade and ornament. It is admired for

SALICACEAE 173

the extreme mobility of its Zeaves ; and is, moreover, in considerable
repute for the tonic properties of its dark.

2. P. ancunata, Ait. Branches alate-angular; leaves deltoid-ovate,
acuminate, obtusely uncinate-dentate, glabrous,—the younger ones
broadly cordate. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 805. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 2. tab.

ANGuLATE PopuLus. Vulgo—Cotton-wood. Carolina Poplar. [94.

Stem 60 to 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter,—the bark on the
branches elevated into acute longitudinal ridges, as if by the decurrence of the
petioles. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long; petioles 2 to 4 inches long, laterally

compressed near the leaf. Staminate amentslarge. Along rivers; South Western

States. Fl. March. Fr.

Obs. This tree is well known along the rivers in the valley of the
Mississippi. The wood, however, of all the poplars, is light, brittle,
and of little value. There are several other vative species,—but,
being of small importance to the farmer, they are omitted here.
The two following were introduced, as shade trees. rie

3. P. Grarca, Ait. Branches terete; leaves cordate-ovate, acumi-
nate, obsoletely serrate, somewhat ciliate. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 804.

Grecian Poputus. Vulgd—Athenian Poplar.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with irregular and rather
spreading branches. ‘Leaves 4 to 6 or S inches in length, and as wide as long;
petioles 13 to 3 inches long, laterally compressed near “the leaf. Pistillate aments
3 to 6 inches long. About houses: cultivated. Native of Greece. Fl. April. Fr.

Obs. This species was introduced, as a shade tree, about 40 years
ago; but it was not generally adopted,—and is now nearly super-
seded by more eligible ones. We have onlysthe prstellate plant in
this country ; and the cotton which is shed from the capsules is so
abundant as to render the tree objectionable, in the immediate
vicinity of dwellings.

4, P.pinatata, Att. Leaves much dilated, nearly deltoid, acumi-
nate, serrate, glabrous on both sides. Wald. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 804.
Ditatep Porutus. Vu/ge—Lombardy Poplar. Italian Poplar.
Fr. Peuplier Italien. Germ. Lombardische Pappel. Span. Alamo
de Lombardia. :
Stem 60 to 80 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter; branches numerous,
nearly erect, forming a elose conical symmetrical top. ’ Leaves 2 to 3 inches
long, and wider than “long ; petioles about 2 inches long, laterally compressed

near the leaf, Siaminate aments 2 to 3 inches long. About houses, and along
avenues: cultivated. Native of Italy. Fl. April. “Fr.

Obs. This was a favorite ornamental tree, for a number of years 5
but is now (1846) going out of fashion. Mr. Watson, in his Annals
of Philadelphia, says it was introduced to that city, from England,
in the year 1784, by Witt1am Hamirton Esq. of the **Woodlands,”?
west side of the river Schuylkill. The Botanical Editor of Rees’s
Cyclopaedia, however, thinks they have only the prste//ate plant in
England,—whereas it was the staminate plant that was introduced
by Mr. Hamittron; and he may have procured it from Ita/y. All
the Lombardy Poplars that are, or have been, in the U. States, may
be considered as elongations, branches, or samapigeam of the tree from
which Mr. HaMmILTON obtained his specimen.

15* b

174 APETALOUS EXOGENS

The pretty Szlver Poplar, or Abele tree (P. alba, L.)—so remark-
able for the snow-white tomentum on the under surface of the leaves
—is occasionally to be seen about houses,—and is annually becoming
more frequent; but is scarcely, as yet, intitled to a place in our list
of cultivated shade trees.

> 7

ORDER CXXIX. BALSAMIFLUAE. Blume.

Trees. Leaves alternate, petiolate, palmately lobed; stipules caducous. Flowers
monoicous, in conical or globose Aments, with a caducous 4-leaved involucre.
Staminate amenis conieal or elongated, loosely racemose at base; stamens nu-
merous, in capitate clusters,—the lower clusters pedicellate ; anthers rather large,
oblong-didymous, 2-celled, subsessile. Pistillate aments pedunculate, globose,—
the ovaries surrounded or mixed with numerous small fleshy scales—all finally
coalescing and enlarging together. Ovary 2-celled—or rather formed of 2 carpels—
connate at base; ovules numerous on the dissepiment; styles 2, thickish, continu-
ous with the carpels/stigmatose on the inner face, somewhat recurved. Capsules
obcordately 2-lobed or 2-beaked, 2-celled, coalescing with the indurated scales
in a kind of globose sérobile, dehiscent between the styles or beaks. Seeds few,
compressed, margined, peltately affixed to the dissepiment, with but little
albumen.

An Order limited to the single genus here given; and consequently, the Ordi-

. to}
nal and Generic characters are the same.

179. LIQUIDAMBAR. Z. Endl. Gen. 1902.

[A name given on account of the aromatic gum yielded by the tree.]

1. L. sryracirtua, LZ. Leaves palmately 5-lobed; lobes ovate-
lanceolate, glandular-serrate; axils of the nerves villous. Willd.
Sp. Pl. 4. p. 475. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 2. tab. 62.

Srorax-FLowine LiquipamMBar. Vulgo—Sweet Gum. Bilsted.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with a deeply fur-
rowed bark when old,—the branches somewhat winged with high ridges of
suberose bark. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, deeply 5-lobed,—the lobes spreading;
petioles about 3 inches in length. Staminate aments an inch or inch and half
jong, conical, branched near the base,—the lowest branches half an inch to
nearly an inch long, all bearing small sub-globose heads or eclusters of stamens—
the upper clusters sessile; rachis hirsute with tawny hairs. Pistillate aments
slobase, about an inch in diameter when full grown, muricate with the beaks of
the capsules ; peduncles 2 to 3 inches long. Moist low grounds: New England
to Florida. Fl. May. Fr. October.

Oés. The products of this tree do not meet the expectation natu-
rally raised by its high-sounding name. The eaves, however, when
slightly bruised, are remarkably fragrant. The timber is not parti-
cularly valuable,—but makes tolerably good fuel. As far as I have
observed,-the tree seems to be confined to the alluvial district, along
the Atlantic coast. It is quite abundant in the lower part of New
Jersey,—yet rare in Pennsylvania.

ORDER CXXX. PLATANACEAE. Lestib. Lindl.

Trees, with a watery juice. Leaves alternate, petiolate, palmately nerved and
lobed ; stipules intra-petiolar or super axillary, sheathing, deciduous (none,
Endl.*) ; petioles tumid and hollow at base, concealing the young buds. Flowers
Monoicous, minute and inconspicuous, densely crowded on globose receptacles,—

* ENDLICHER, in saying “ Stipulae nullae,” seems to. have followed Jussizv,
without giving the whole of that Author’s remark. Jussieu says, “ Stipulae
nullae, sed vagina intra petiolum ramulo circumposita, limbo inaequalis et patens,
tn ramis decidua”; and this sheath, which embraces the branch within the
petiole, or above the axil of the leaf, seems to be as much intitled to the name
or character of stipule, as is the somewhat analogous Ochrea of the Polygonaceae.

PLATANACEAE th a

both kinds destitute of floral envelopes ; heads pendulous on long slender pedun-
cles. Sraminate Fu. Stamens numerous, irregularly mixed with subclavate
scales (staminodia), densely crowded.. PisTILLATE FL. Ovaries numerous, ob-
conic or filiform-clavate, densely crowded, mixed with spatulate scales (abortive
dei ; style elongated, subulate, stigmatose ou one side, near the apex. Fruit
a i-celled 1-seeded clavate coriaceous little “wt,—the base surrounded with
pappus-like articulated hairs. Seed cylindric-oblong, pendulous; embryo in the
axis of fleshy albumen.

An Order consisting of the single genus here given,—and the generic character,
of course, the same as that of the Order.

180. PLATANUS. LZ. Endl. Gen. 1901.

(Greek, Platys, broad ; in allusion to its wide-spreading branches and foliage.]
1. P. occipentatis, L. Branches cinereous; leaves roundish-
pentagonal, acuminate, obscurely palmate-lobed, sinuate-dentate,
pubescent beneath. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4 p. 474. Fl. Cestr. p. 542.
Icon, Mz. Sylva, 2. tab. 63.

Western Piatanus. Vulgo—Button-wood. Sycamore. Plane-tree.

Stem 60 to 100 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet or more, in diameter, with large
spreading branches, and a smoothish cinereous bark, which exfoliates in
broad thinnish plates. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and wider than long,—
the base at first truncate, finally subcordate, obscurely palmate or angulate-
lobed, unequally sinuate-dentate with the teeth acuminate, loosely clothed with
a hoary branching deciduous pubescence ; petioles 1 to 3 inches in length, tumid
and hollow at base, covering the young bud which is. formed within and occu-
pies the cavity; stipules somewhat salverform, sheathing the young branches
immediately above the petioles—the Hb spreading, foliaceous, coarsely and
unequally toothed. Staminate heads or globes small, on peduncles 1 to2 inches
long, deciduous. Pistillate heads about an inch in diameter, pendulous on slen-
der terete peduncles 3 to 5 inches long, persistent. Nuts about one third of an
inch long, slender, subterete, clavate, mucronate,—the base acute and invested
with tawny pappus-like hairs. Banks of streams; roadsides, &c.: throughout
the U. States. Fl. April—May. Fr. October.

Oés. This stately tree—originating from a very small seed—often
attains to a larger size than any other in our country. It is some-
times planted for shade,—but becomes rather large for streets, or to
stand near houses. The tember is not much esteemed,—though oc-
casionally sawed into joists, and other lumber. For several years
past, the trees (or, at least, the branches), in the spring, appeared
every where to be diseased and dying; but they have still recovered
again, more or less completely, in the course of the summer. The
cause of this phenomenon,—(whether tzsects, as some suppose— or
late unseasonable frosts, as I incline to think,) has not been satis-
factorily determined.

ORDER. CXXXI. URTICACEAE. Juss. Endl.

Trees or shrubs with a milky juice, or herbs with a watery juice. Leaves alternate
or opposite, often stipulate. Flowers monoicous, dioicous, or polygamous, fur-
nished with a regular. calyx,—sometimes collected in aments, or fleshy heads.
Stamens definite, distinct, inserted into the base of the calyx, opposite its lobes.
Ovary free from the calyx, simple, with a solitary ovule. Fruit an Akene, or
Utricle,—often inclosed. in a fleshy or baccate calyx or involucre. Embryo
straight, curved, or spiral,—with or without albwmen.

A comprehensive and very important Order,— containing plants of various, and.
in some instances, of remarkably dissimilar aspect and properties ;—such as the
Neitle and the Mulberry—the bitter Hop and the luscious Fig—the nutritious Bread-
Sruit (Artocarpus incisa, L. f.) and the deadly Upas (Antiaris toxicaria, Leschen.).
The celebrated Cow-tree or Palo de Vaca (Brosimum Galactodendron, Don.), of
South America,—‘‘ which yieldsa copious supply of rich and wholesome milk.””—
belongs to this Order; as also does the yellow-dye wood, called Fustic (Maclura
tinctoria, Don.), and the wide-spreading Banyan-tree (Ficus religiosa, L.), of India.
A species of Ficus (F. elastica, Roxb.) also yields Caoutchouc or Gum elastic.

~

176 APETALOUS EXOGENS

SUB-ORDER II. MOREAE. Gaudich. A. Gray.

Trees, or shrubs—very rarely herbs—with a milky juice. Staminate and pistillate
flowers either in separate aments or spikes, or often intermixed—and sometimes
included in the same holluw receptacle (as in the Fig),—the calyx becoming suc-
culent and forming a compound fruit. Seeds albuminous.

181. MORUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1856.

[Greek, Morea, the Mulberry: or Celtic, Mor, black,—in allusion to the fruit. }

Flowers mostly monoicous, in cylindric spikes. STaMINATE FL.
in loose ament-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted,—the segments ovate.
Stamens 4, opposite the calyx-segments; anthers introrse. Ovary
an abortive rudiment. Pistinuare Fx. in dense spikes. Calyz 4-
parted, —the segments ovate, concave, opposite—the outer pair
larger. Ovary sessile, ovoid, 2-celled ; ovules solitary; stigmas 2,
terminal, filiform, villous on the inner side. A/exe membranaceous
or somewhat fleshy, by abortion 1-celled, 1-seeded, inclosed in the
persistent ca/yz, which finally becomes succulent and berry-like.
Seed pendulous.

1. M. rupra, LZ. Leaves cordate-ovate and acuminate, or some-
times 2 or 3-lobed, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath;
spikes often androgynous; fruit dark purple. Weld. Sp. Pl. 4. p.
369. Fl. Cestr. p. 524. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 3. tab. 116.

Rep Morus. Vulgo—Red Mulberry.

Stem usually 15 to 25 feet high, and 9 to 18 inches in diameter (in some instances
considerably taller and larger), with numerous spreading branches at summit.
Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, more or less cordate (on young plants often 2 or
8-lobed, and very scabrous above), dentate-sersate, with an entire acumunation,
deep green and roughish on the upper surface—softly and, while young, some-
what hoary-pubescent beneath, especially along the nerves; petioles 1 to 2 or 3
inches long, with linear membranaceous caducous stipules at base. Flowers
greenish, small, numerous, in axillary peduneulate ament-like spikes,—sometimes
dioicous—and not unfrequently the spikes are androgynous. Staminate spikes 1 to
near 2 inches long. Pistillate spikes more densely flowered, cylindric, about an
inch long,—the calyx of the florets becoming thick and fleshy, forming an oblong
terete compound berry, whieh is juicy, dark purple, and pleasantly esculent when
mature. Peduncleof the berry about half an inch long. Rich woodlands; fence-
rows, &c.: throughout the U. States. Fl. May. Fr. June--July,

Obs. The wood of this small tree is exceedingly durable, and
highly valued for making posts, &c. The /eaves have been success-
fully used for feeding silk-worms ; but the product is said to be not
so fine as that afforded by the White Mulberry. The fruzt is more
admired than that of any other species.

2. M. arpa, LZ. Leaves obliquely cordate-ovate, and somewhat
lobed, acute or sub-acuminate, serrate, smoothish and shining; fruit
mostly yellowish-white. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p.368. Fl. Cestr. p. 524.

Wuite Morus. Vulgi—White Mulberry.

F;. Murier blanc. Germ. Weisse Maulbeere. Span. Morera.

Stem 10 to 20 or 25 feet high, and 8 to J2or 15 inches in diameter, much branched
atsummit. Leaves 2 to4 inches long (sometimes—especially in young plants—2
or 3 times that size), unequally crenate-serrate, often partially lobed, smoothish,
shining and yellowish-green ; petioles half an inch to an inch long, with lance-
linear stipules at base. Pistillate spikes shorter and smaller than 1m the preceding.
Fruit pale yellow or straw-color, when mature—rarely dark purple, or nearly
black. About houses; fence-rows, &c.: introdueed. Native of China, Persia,
&e. Fl.May. Fr. June—July, ie

URTICACEAE ~ 177

Oés. This species was introduced into Pennsylvania, nearly a
century since, with a view to the feeding of Sz/4-worms, and the
production of S7/%. The silk-culture, however, was soon abandoned,
—for, in that early stage of the Colony, the sparsely settled Agricul-
turists found it more important to multiply mammiferous animals,
rather than Insects: But the tree became partially naturalized,—
and is still frequently to be met with, in Chester County. About
ten years ago, a vartety of the White Mulberry—of smaller stature,
and much larger leaves, (well known by the name of Morus multt-
caulis)—was introduced, as being still better adapted to the feeding
of Silk-worms; and soon afterwards, a scene of speculation and in-
fatuation was exhibited, throughout the U. States, which bade defi-
ance to all the suggestions of reason and common sense.. There
was a.sort Multicaulis monomania (or Moro-mania !)—so universal,
and engrossing, that it became absolutely ludicrous; and was scarcely
exceeded in absurdity, by the nearly contemporaneous epidemic,
which afflicted the nation, in reference to its financial concerns.
Almost every body was eageriy engaged in cultivating myriads of
trees, to se/l,—without stopping to enquire where they could be sold,
or who would be likely to buy! At some future day—and under
different circumstances,—it is quite probable that a portion of our
population will find the Silk-culture an eligible business, and the
Morus multicaulis a valuable little tree.

.182. MACLURA. Nuit. Endl. Gen. 1857.
[Named in honor of William Maclure;—a munificent Patron of Natural Science.]
Fiowers dioicous. SraminaTe Fu. racemose. Calyx 4-parted, the
segments ovate. Stamens 4, opposite the calyx-segments. PIsTIL-
LATE FL. capitate, densely crowded, and coalesced, on a globose
fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, in opposite pairs, oblong, cucullate-
concave, fleshy,—the exterior ones larger. Ovary sessile, lenticu-
lar-compressed, 1-celled ; ovz/e single, affixed to the middle of the ~
parietes ; sty/e terminal, bifid,—one branch elongated and much
exserted, st?gmatose on the inner side—the other branch small or
abortive. Azenes severally embraced by the fleshy sepa/s, which
are all coalesced into a large compound globose lactescent Berry,
with a glabrous, but uneven, verrucose or irregularly tessellated
surface.
1. M. avurantiaca, Nutt. Branches spmose; leaves alternate,
lance-ovate, acuminate, entire, sub-cordate at base, glabrous and
shining above, roughish-puberulent beneath ; berry subsessile, axii-
lary, solitary. Nutt. Am. Genera, 2. p. 234.
OranGe-LikE Mactura. Vaulgo—Osage Orange.

Stem 15 to 25 or 30 feet high, and 10 to 15 inches, or more, in diameter, with a
much-branched bushy top,—the branches virgate, but often inclined to droop or
curve di wnwards, armed with small and very sharp spines. Leaves 4 10 6 or 8
inches long, subcoriaceous, mucronate by the extended midrib; petioles 1 to 2
inches long; stipules oblong, somewhat cucullare, caducous. Pistillate flowers
coalesced in a solid giobose head, which is 2 to near 3 inches in diameter, when
fully grown; styles near an inch long, villous and finally purplish,—the abortive

branch, so called, probably an abortive style, and indicative of an abortive second
cell in the ovary. South Western States. Fi May—June. Fr. Sept.—October.

Oés. The roots of this are of a bright orange color. The wood
has some resemblance to that of the Mulberry tree, and is probably
durable. It is said to be used for Bows, by the aboriginal hunters

178 APETALOUS EXOGENS

and warriors. The young plants, properly managed, promise to
make a very effective hedge,—of which I have seen a good sample,
at the seat of the late Revpen Haines, Esq. at Germantown, near
Philadelphia.

183. BROUSSONETIA. Vent. Endl. Gen. 1858.

[Dedicated to P. NV. V. Broussonet, a French Naturalist.]
Flowers dioicous. STaMInaTE Ft. in an ament-like spike, bracteate.
Calyx 4-parted,—the segments ovate, acuminate. Stamens 4A,
opposite the calyx-segments. PisTiLLatTe, FL. capitate, densely
crowded on a- globose receptacle, and mixed with hairy scales
(abortive florets). Calyx urceolate, 3 or 4-toothed. Ovary ovoid,
1-celled, obliquely seated on a clavate finally elongated pedicel or
stipe (gyzophore); ovule single, parietal; sty/e filiform, excentric,
stigmatose on one side. Axene softly fleshy, elevated on the bac-
cate pedicel (gyzophore), which is surrounded at base by the calyx.
Seed pendulous.

1. B. papyrirera, Vent. Leaves scabrous above, pubescent
beneath,—those on the young branches lobed, on the older ones
mostly undivided, roundish-ovate or subcordate, acuminate, serrate.
Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 743.

PapER-PROoDUCING BrovssoneTIA. Vaulgd—Paper Mulberry.

Stem 15 to 20 or 25 feet high, and & to f2 or 15 inches in diameter, with spread-
ing branches,—the branches coated with a remarkably tough bark. Leaves 3 to &
or8 inches long ; petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Staminate spikes about 2 inches long,
resembling loose aments. Pistillate flowers in a dense cayilate cluster. About
houses: introduced. Native of Japan, and the South Sea Islands. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. This tree was introduced into Pennsylvania, some 50 or 60 —
years since, as a shade tree; but it is inferior to many others in
beauty,—and is now rarely planted for that purpose. The roots are so.
prolific in suckers, as to be quite a nuisance, about yards and gar-
dens,—almost as bad as At/anthus. E have seen only the staminate
plant, growing in this country.

184. FICUS. Tourwef, Endl. Gen. 1859.

[An ancient name,—of obscure derivation. }
Receptacle pyriform or subglobose, fleshy, concealing the florets in
a central cavity,—the orifice, at apex, closed by small scales. _ Flo-
rets numerous, very minute, pedicellate, crowded on the internal
surface of the receptacle, dioicous, or the upper ones staminate and
the others pistillate. Sraminate Fi. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 3,
opposite the calyx-segments ; anthers incumbent, 2-celled. PisTIL-
Late Fu. Calyz 5-cleft,-—the tube decurrent on the pedicel. Ovary
seated somewhat laterally on a short stipe (gynophore), 1-celled ;
style lateral, continuous with the gynophore, filiform; stigma bifid.
Fruit-bearing receptac'e succulent,—the cavity lined with minute dry
membranaceous wtricies, which are severally surrounded by the
vestiges of the calyx. Seed parietal, uncinate; testa hard, fragile.
1. F. Cariea, LZ. Leaves cordate at base, 3 to 5- isbeds repand-
dentate, lobes obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; recepta-
cles pyriform, glabrous. _ Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 1131.
Cartan Ficus. Va/gd—Fig-tree.
Fr. Le Figuier. Germ. Der Feigenbaum. Span. Higuera.

Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet high,—a stout branching shrub, with an acrid milky juice.
Leaves 6 to 9 inches long, deeply 3-lobed with 2 shorter side-lobes ; petioles 3 to 5S

URTICACEAE 179

or 6 inches long, with large convolute stipules at base. Receptacles axillary, tur-
binate or pear-shaped, about an inch in diameter. Cultivated. Native of Caria,
in Asia. Fil. July. Fr.

Obs. This shrub requires the shelter of a green-house, in the mid-.
dle and northern States,—where it produces freely: And although
I do not learn that it has yet been much attended to, in our south-
ern States, I think it would probably succeed well, in the open air,
in that region. The ¢xflorescence, or position of the flowers, of the
Fig—(concealed within the body of what is commonly regarded as
the fruit,) is very remarkable ;— being just the reverse of that of the
Strawberry,—in which the minute pistils are scattered over the ex-
terior of the enlarging succulent receptacle.

SUB-ORDER Ill. URTICEAE. Juss. A. Gray.

Herbs (shrubs, or trees, within the tropics,) with a watery juice, often armed with
stinging hairs. Flowers mostly loose, spicate or paniculate. Akene usually sur-
rounded by the dry membranaceous calyx. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen.

185. URTICA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1879.
{Latin, w7o, to burn, and tactws,touch; from the sensation produced by touching it.]
Flowers monoicous or dioicous. Sraminate Fu. Calyz regular, 4
or 5-parted,—the segments valvate in aestivation. Stamens as
many as the calyx-segments, and opposite them ; azthers elliptical,
incumbent. Pistinnare Fu. Sepals 4, in opposite pairs,—the
outer pair smaller, sometimes abortive—the inner pair persistent,
sometimes baccate. Ovary free, i-celled; owwle single, erect from
the base of the cell; stzgma sessile, subcapitate, villous, penicillate,
or filiform and elongated. Asene oblong, somewhat compressed,
smooth or tuberculate, naked or inclosed by the baccate sepals. Seed
erect; testa connate with the epicarp.
1. U. ptotca, LZ. MHispid and stinging; leaves opposite, ovate-
lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate, cordate at base, coarsely and
acutely serrate; flowers mostly dioicous, in clustered paniculate
spikes longer than the petioles. We/d.Sp. Pl. 4. p. 352. Fl. Cestr.
p- 523. Icon, Fl. Lond. 4.
Diotcous Urtica. Vulgo—Nettle. Stinging Nettle.
#r. Grande Ortie. Germ. Die Brennessel. Span. Ortiga.

Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3feet high, obtusely 4-angled, branching, very hispid.
Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches in length; petioles half an inch to 2 inches long, hirsute;
stipules linear-lanceolate. Flowers small,in interrupted clusters, on slender axil-
dary branching hispid spikes. About houses; waste places, &c.: introduced.
Native of Europe and Asia. F/.June—Aug fr. Aug.—September.

Obs. A naturalized weed,—well known to all who have ever come
in contact with it. When permitted to flourish about dwellings
(which, of course, can only happen where slovens or sluggards
reside), it becomes a vile nuisance. There is a native species (U.
Canadensis, L.), which is a homely and somewhat stinging weed;
but it does not incline to intrude much upon farm lands. There is
also a smooth little annual species (U. pumila, L.)—with a succu-
lent and almost translucent stem—which is very common in rich
shaded spots, about houses; yet, though entirely worthless, it
scarcely rises to the importance of a pernicious weed.

SUB-ORDER IV. CANNABINEAE. Blume. A. Gray.
Herbs, erect and annual—or twining and perennial—with a watery juice. Flowers
dioicous,—the staminate ones racemose or paniculate—the pistillate ones glomer-
ate, or imbricated with bracts and forming a strobile-like ament. Embryo curved;
albumen none. ; ;

180 APETALOUS EXOGENS

186. CANNABIS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1890.
[An ancient Greek name,—of obscure etymology. ]

SraminaTe Fx. racemose. Sepals 5, nearly equal, imbricated in
aestivation. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals; anthers terminal,
large, oblong, pendulous. PistituaTe FL. spicate-glomerate, with
single bracts. Calyx urceolate, membranaceous. Ovary subglo-
bose, 1-celled; ovwle single, pendulous; style terminal, short; stig-
mas 2, elongated, filiform, pubescent. Nut (or caryopsis) 1-celled,
2-valved, indehiscent. Seed pendulous; cotyledons incumbent, con-
vex on the back.
1. C. Sativa, L. Leaves digitate, petiolate; leaflets 5 to 7, lanceo-
late, serrate. Weld. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 768. Fl. Cestr. p. 564.
CuttivaTED CannaBis. Vulgd—Hemp. _
Fr. Le Chanvre. Germ. Der Hanf. Span. Cafiamo.

Root annual. Stem 5 to Sor 10 feet high, obtusely angular and sulcate, scabrous-
pubescent, often branched. Leaves mostly opposite (the upper ones often alter-
nate) ; /zaflets usually 5—sometimes 7—3 to 5 inches long (the outside or lateral
ones much smaller than the others, and often entire—especially on the staminate
plant); common petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long; stipules lanceolate. ‘Staminate
flowers. greenish, in loose pedunculate axillary clusters, rather crowded ina
kind of dense panicle at summit. Pistillate flowers axillary, sessile, mostly in
pairs. Calyx subglobose, acuminate, pubescent, green, slit on one side. Stigmas
long, slender, densely pubescent, somewhat tawny. Nut ovoid, slightly com-
pressed, smooth, greenish, reticulated with whitish veins, inclosed in the persis-
tent calyx. Cultivated Native of Persia. Fl. June. Fr. August.

Obs. This plant—so important in Commerce and the Arts—is
cultivated on a large scale, in Kentucky, and some others of the
fertile western States; but only to a limited extent, in the middle

and northern States.
187. HUMULUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1891.

[Latin, Hwmus, moist earth, or mould ; in-allusion to its place of growth.]

StaminaTE Fu. racemose or paniculate. Sepals 5, equal, imbri-
cated in aestivation. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals; anthers ter-
minal, large, oblong, erect. PisTILLATE FL. amentaceous or stro-
bile-like, bracteate; bracts foliaceous, imbricated in several rows,
2-flowered,—each floret sessile at the base of a scale-like membra-
naceous enlarging zzvolucre, and embraced by its involute or folded
margin. Calyz urceolate, obliquely truncate, obsoletely denticu-
late. Ovary ovoid, slightly compressed, 1-celled; ovzle single, pen-
dulous; stigmas 2, terminal, elongated, subulate, pubescent. Stro-
étle membranaceous, formed of the enlarged imbricated bracts and
scales. JVuts roundish-ovoid, inclosed in the persistent truncate
calyx. Seed pendulous; cotyledons linear, spirally involute.
1. H. Lurvutus, LZ. Leaves mostly 3-lobed, cordate at base, petio-
late, scabrous. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 769. Fl. Cestr. p. 563.
Vulgo—Hop. Hop-vine.

Fy. Houblon. Germ. Der Hopfen. Span. Hoblon.

Root perennial, branching. Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet long, several from the same
root (or rhizoma), slender, volubile (twining constantly with the sun, or East-
South- West), somewhat angular and mostly twisted, retrorsely aculeate, with
slender branches above. Leaves 8 105 inches long, generally opposite—the upper
ones often alternate and not lobed,—all very scabrous on the upper surface ; pett-
oles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long; st¢pules ovate-lanceolate, connate below, free at sum-
mit. Staminate flowers in oblong panicles. Pistillate flowers in jendulous ovoid-
oblong bracteate strobiles, or aments, which are proverbially numerous and
crowded (“as thick as hops”’), 110 2 inches long at maturity ; bracts orbicular or
broadly-ovate, with a short abrupt acumination,—the intervening scales (or invo-
lucres of the florets) membranaceous, ovate- oblong, rather obtuse, nearly as long

URTICACEAE 18]

as the bracts, and thickly sprinkled, at base, with orange-colored resinous atoms,
which are highly bitter and aromatic—containing, in fact, the Lupulin or essence
of the hop. Cultivated,—but indigenous in most parts of the U. States. Fi. July.
Fr. September.

Oés. The value of the Cones, or Aments, of the pistillate plant,
is well known to every house-keepet; and itis cultivated for culinary
purposes, in almost every garden. The medicinal virtues of the
cones are also very considerable. The hops, for the Breweries, are
cultivated on a large scale, in some districts of the northern and
middle States—particularly in Western New York,—where, it is
said, they are a profitable crop. The staminate plant is of so little
account, that it is scarcely known—except to the Botanists.

GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS.

ORDER CXXXII. CONIFERAE. Juss.

Trees, or shrubs, abounding in resinous juice. Leaves mostly evergreen, seat-
tered or fascicled, usually rigid and needle-shaped or linear, entire. Flowers
monoicous or dioicous, commonly amentaceous. Staminate flowers consisting
of one or more (often monadelphous) stamens, destitute of calyx and corolla,
and arranged on a common rachis so as to form a kind of loose Ament. Pis-
tiliate flowers in Cones of various structure and character. Seeds albuminous. ©

A valuable and very interesting Order, of peculiar Botanical character,—
comprising some of the most magnificent trees known,* and yielding various
balsams, resins, and resinous fluids, of great importance. The celebrated
“Cedar of Lebanon” is Pinmus Cedrus, L. belonging to the Sub-genus Lariz, or
Larch section of the Pines.

SUB-ORDER I. ABIETINEAE. Richard. A. Gray.

Fertile aments formed of imbricated seales,—which are the flat and open carpels,
and bear a pair of ovules adherent to their base, with the foramen (or micropyle)
turned downwards. Scales subtended by bracts. Fruit a strobile or cone. In-
tegument of the seed (testa) coriaceous or woody, more or less firmly adherent to
the scale. Embryo in the axisof fleshy and oily albumen, with 2 to 15 cotyledons !

188. PINUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1795.

{Supposed from the Celtic, Pin, or Pen, a rocky mountain,—often its place of
growth.]

Flowers monoicous. StTamMiInate AMENTs solitary or spicate. Sta-
mens numerous, inserted on the axis; anthers subsessile, 2-celled,
covered at apex by the dilated scale-like convective. FERTILE
AMEnNTs solitary or clustered. Scales (or open flat carpels) imbri-
cated, each mostly subtended by an adnate bract. Ovules in pairs,
at the base of the scales, collateral, inverted. Strodcle formed of
woody scales, with a cavity at the base of each scale, containing the
seeds. Seeds nut-like; testa woody or coriaceous, with the base,
on one side, produced into a membranaceous wing.

*Some of the Pines, on ornearthe West Coast of America, are represented
as being from 200 to 300 feet in height,—and upwards of 50 feet in circumference,
near the base.

16

182. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS

SUB-GENUS OR §.1. PINUS. Link. THE PINES PROPER.

LEAVES sempervirent, fasciculate (from the suppression or non-development of the
branches),—the fascicles bound with a scarious sheath, at base. Bracts of the fertile
aments evanescent. STROBILE conical. with the scales thickened and angular at sum-
mit, often mucronate near the apex, excavated at base. WuNe of the seed deciduous.

1. P. variaBiLis, Lambert. Leaves fasciculate in twos or threes,
elongated, slender, channelled; strobiles ovoid-conie, rather small,
subsolitary,—the scales armed with small incurved spines. Wélld.
Sp. Pl. 4. p. 498.

P. mitis. . Mz. Sylva, 3. p. 120. Icon, tab. 3.
VARIABLE Pinus. Valgcd—Yellow Pine (of the North).

Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet, or more, in diameter, with the
bark in rather broad flat scales. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, slender, linear, dark
green, mostly in pairs (sometimes in threes, on young branches). Strobiles (or
cones) 2 to 3 inches long. New England to Georgia; abundant in New Jersey.
Fl. May. F7.

Obs. This tree affords valuable Zumber,—and is much employed
in the construction of houses, and merchant vessels: but it is much
inferior in quality to the P. palustris, L. or Yellow Pine of the South.

2. P. ratustris, L. Leaves fasciculate in threes, very long; stipules
pinnatifid, portions of them persistent ; strobiles elongated, conoid,—
the scales armed with small recurved spines. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p.
P. australis. Mz. Sylva, 3. p. 133. Icon, tab. 6. [499.

Marsu Pinus. Vulgd—Yellow Pine (of the South). Long-leaved
Pine.

Siem 80 to 100 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter, with a smoothish
bark,—the branches rough with the persistent remains of the stipules (stipules

ramentaceous). Leaves 9 to 15 inches long. Strobiles 6 to 9 inches long. Sandy
soils: Virginia to Florida. Fl. April. Fr. Aug.—Sept.

Oés. This is a most important and valuable species. It yields
the firmest and most durable ¢wmber, for house and ship building, of
any of the genus. The superior “heart pine”? boards, for flooring,
&c. and the string pieces for rail-roads (where a wooden superstruc-
ture is used), are furnished by this tree. ‘‘ From the sap of the
living tree,” says Mr. Exuiortrt, ‘most of the Turpentine of com-
merce is obtained.”? Taris procured by charring the wood and roots
of this, and other species, by a smothered fire, which melts the tur-
pentine and mixes it with the sap and juices of the wood. Pautch is
the inspissated residuum, left by boiling Tar until the watery portion
is driven off. The ground, where this tree prevails, becomes thickly
covered by the long leaves—which the Southern people call straw.

3. P. Srrosus, LZ. Leaves fasciculate in fives, scarcely sheathed at
base, long and slender; strobiles oblong, subcylindric, pendulous,—
the scales unarmed, and loosely imbricated. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p.
501. Fl. Cestr. p. 549. Icon, Mz. Sylva, 3. tab. 10.

Vulgs—White Pine. Weymouth Pine. New England Pine.

Stem 60 or 80 to 120 feet or more in height, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet in diameter:
straight and with a smooth bark—especially while young ; branches verticillate,
slender, rather few and those near the summit when the trees are crowded.
Leaves 3 to 5 or G inches long, linear, bluish or glaucous-green. Strobile 3 to 5
inches long. somewhat curved; scales cuneate-obovate, slightly thickened at
apex. Rich soils; bottom lands, along streams, &c.: Canada to Virginia. Fi.
May. Fr. Aug.—Sept.

CONIFERAE 183.

Oés. This is also a most valuable tree,—furnishing an immense
amount of Zwmber, in the form of boards and scantling,—and, of late
years —since the Cypress has become somewhat scarce and dear—it
is extensively wrought into shingles. Being fine-grained, and com-
paratively free from turpentine, the White. Pine is much used for
the interior wood-work of houses—except floors,—for which purpose
it is rather soft. There are several other species, belonging to this
sectior,—such as P.inops, Ait. or Jersey Pine—with the leaves
short and in pairs, and the scales armed with straight subulate
spines: P. rigida, Marsh. or Pitch Pine—with the leaves in threes,
and the scales with stout reflexed spines: &c. But, as the three here
described are decidedly the most important, the othefs are omitted.

SUB-GENUS OR §. 3. ABIES. Tournef. THE FIRS.

LEAVES sempervirent, solitary, scattered or distichous.** Bracts of the fertile aments
persistent. STROBILE oblong, with the scales somewhat woody, thin and rounded at
apex, not excavated at base. WuNG of the seed persistent.

4. P. Canapensis, ZL. Leaves somewhat distichous, flat, minutely
denticulate; strobiles elliptic-ovoid, terminal, small. Wdalld. Sp. Pl.
4. p. 505. Fl. Cestr. p. 548.

Abies Canadensis. Mz. Sylva, 3. p. 185. Icon, tad. 18.

Canavian Pinus. Vulgd—Hemlock. Hemlock-Spruce.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high. and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter, but tapering rap-
idly near the top,—with long horizontal, or often rather depending branches,
which are slender and flaccid, while young. Zecaves half an inch to three quar-
ters in length, shining green above, bluish-glaucous beneath. Staminate flowers
in small roundish-ovoid pedunculate aments, which are racemosely arranged
around, and near the ends, of the slender branches. Strodiles terminal, some-
what pendulous, about an inch long, bluish-glaucous when young, finally pale
brown or ferruginous; scales obovate, concave, with the apex rounded. thinand
entire. Mountains; and rocky banks, along streams: throughout the U. States.
Fl. May. Fr. Aug —Sept.

Obs. This tree is so generally diffused throughout Northern Ame-
rica, that it has been adopted, as emblematic, in Vignettes on Maps,
and other devices, having reference to the country. It does not,
however, afford a very valuable tzmber,—though frequently sawed
into scantling, and other lumber. The daré is much used, in the

*The Buds of the Firs contain the undeveloped branches of the succeeding
year, with all their tiny leaves completely formed, and closely packed together.
‘The process of growth elongates the branches, and consequently increases the
distance between the leaves. Something like this, seems to be the fact in all
trees, in which the branches have a defin’te annual growth; such as the Horse-
Chesnut, &c. where the buds contain the future leaves and flowers—perfect,
though in miniature. The phenomenon is happily noticed by the Poet, COWPER:

“The beauties of the wilderness are His,
“That makes so gay the solitary place,
“Where no eye sees them. And the fairer forms,
“ That cultivation glories in, are His.
“ HE sets the bright procession on its way,
© And marshals all thé order of the year;
“HE marks the bounds which Winter may not pass,
“ And blunts his pointed fury : in its case,
* Russet and rude, folds up the tender germ,
“ Uningured, with inimitable art ;
And ere one flowery season fades and dies,
* Designs the blooming wonders of the next.”
Task, Book VI,

184 GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS

Northern States, in the process of tanning ; and Marsuatt informs
us, that the Aborigines used it to dye their splints, for baskets, of a
red color. — wm

In this section of Firs, there are some very ornamental evergreen
trees,—with the branches beautifully symmetrical, and forming @
conical top;—such as P. balsamea, L. the Balsam or Silver Fir,
which yields the “ Canadian Balsam ;”” P. nigra, Ait. the black or
double Spruce, which gives the flavor to Spruce deer; and several
others,— well worthy of culture, to adorn country residences; but
scarcely of sufficient Agréeultwral importance to require a descrip-
tion, in this work.

SUB-GENUS OR §.4. LARIX. Tournef? THE LARCHES.

LEAVES numerously fasciculate, needle-shaped, mostly annual, proceeding from
subglobose buds which epen only at apex,—the buds finally extending into branches
laden with other buds. Bracts of the fertile aments colored, persistent. STROBILE
with tke scales woody, thin at apex, excavated at base. Wunc of the seed persistent.

5. P. microcarpa, Lambert. Leaves fasciculate, rather short, de-
ciduous; strobiles roundish-ovoid, small, few-flowered; bracts ellip=
tic, obtusely acuminate. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 502.

Larix Americana. Mz. Sylva, 3. p. 213. Icon, tab. 153.

SMALL-FRUITED Pinus. Vulgd—Red Larch. Tamarack.

Stem 80 to 100 feet high, and 2 or 3 feet in diameter (fide Mrcuavx, f), with a
smooth bark. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, crowded into pencil-like fas-
cicles by the abreviation of the axis or branchlet. Strodiles about three quar-
ters of an inch long—the scades orbicular, loosely imbricated. Mountains:
Canada to Pennsylvania. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. According to Micuavx, this is often a large tree,—and the
timber superior to that of “‘ any species of Pine or Spruce.” I have
only met with the smaller specimens, to be seen on the mountains
‘of Pennsylvania,— and cannot speak of it from my own observation.
I have introduced. it, here, chiefly as a sample of the Pines of this
section. The * Cedar of Libanus” (P. Cedrus, L.) belongs here ;
but has perennial leaves.

SUB-ORDER II. CUPRESSINEAE. Richard. A. Gray.

Fertile aments of few scales crowded on a short axis, or sometimes more numer-
ous and peltate, not bracteate ; owwles 1, 2, or numerous, borne on the base of
the scale, erect (the foramen towards its apex). Fruit either an indurated stro-
bile,—or fleshy and with the scales coalesced, forming a kind of drupe. Integu-
ment of the seed (testa) membranaceous, woody, or bony. Cotyledons 2, or more.
Anthers of several parallel cells, under the dilated peltate connective.

189. TAXODIUM. Richard. Endl. Gen. 1794.
[Tazxus, the yew, and eidos, form,—the foliage having the habit of that plant.]
Flowers monoicous, on the same branches. STAMINATE AMENTS
numerous, arranged in a terminal pyramidal spike or raceme.
Stamens few, inserted towards the apex of the axis, which is naked
at base ; filaments short, thick, produced into a scale-like excentri-
cally peltate connective ; anthers with 2 to 5 cells, which are longi-
tudinally 2-valved and seated beneath the lower margin of the
connective. FERTILE AMENTS roundish-obovoid, sessile in pairs at
the base of the staminate spike; sca/es numerous, inserted on the
axis, imbricated, acute, recurved-spreading at apex. Ovzles 2 at

CONIFERAE 185

-the base of each scale, sessile, erect, perforate at summit. Strodzle
subglobose,—formed of angular subpeltate lignescent scales. Seeds
erect fromthe base; testa woody, irregularly z angular; embryo in the
axis of scanty albumen ; ; cotyledons 6 to 9, linear.

1. T. pisticnum, Rich. Leaves flat, pinnately distichous on short
slender deciduous branches; staminate aments in terminal leafless
paniculate racemes; strobiles globose,—the surface uneven.

Cupressus disticha. LZ. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 512. Mz. Sylva, 3. p.
197. Icon, tad. 151.

Disticuous Taxopium. Vulgd—Cypress. Bald Cypress.

Stem 80 to 100 feet high, fastigiately branched at summit,—the trunk 2 to 4
feet, or more, in diameter—often abruptly and much enlarged at base; the
creeping or spreading roots protruding a number of large conical hollow knobs
above the surface of the ground. Leaves one third to “half an inch long, sub-
linear, acute, pinnately or ‘distichously arranged on alternate slender herbace-
ous branches (which rather resemble common petioles),.1 to 2 or 3 inehes in
length; a number of leaves are also solitary, and scattered on the woody
‘branches. Swamps, along large streams: Delaware to Louisiana. Fi. Feb-
Truary—April. Fr. Sept. —October.

Ods. The wood of this noble and remarkable tree is soft, fine-
grained, and exceedingly durable. For many years, it supplied the
market with those valuable roofing materials, called ‘* Cedar shin-
gles ;”? but since these have become rather scarce and dear, they
have been extensively superseded by shingles made of the White
Pine (Pinus Strobus, L.),—which make a reasonably good substi-
tute, at a much less price. +

190. THUJA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1790.

[Greek, Thuo, to sacrifice; the wood having been used in that ceremony.]
Flowers monoicous, on different branches. STAMINATE AMENTS termi-
nal, ovoid, minute. Sétames numerous, naked, inserted on the axis;
Jilaments excentrically peltate, loosely imbricated; anthers with 4
cells, longitudinally dehiscent and seated beneath the lower margin
of the peltate connective. FERTILE AMENTS terminal, small, angular-
globose, somewhat depressed; sca/es quadrifariously imbricated,
‘spreading. Ovules in pairs, at the base of the scales, sessile, erect,
bottle-shaped, perforate at summit. Strobzle formed of imbricated
lignescent sca/es, which are recurved-mucronate near the apex,—at
first closed, afterwards spreading. Seeds 2 under each scale, erect
from the base ; testz bony or membranaceous, produced on each side
into a narrow wing; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; cotyle-
dows 2, oblong.

1. T. spHarrorpaLisy Rich. Young branches compressed ; leaves
minute, scale-like, ovate, quadvifariously imbricated, tuberculate at
base; strobile depressed-globose, angular. *

* My friend, Prof. A. GRay—who did me the favor to glance at some portions
of the MS. of this work—suggests a doubt whether this is really a Thuja. Not
having the means at hand to y determine the question, I must content myself with
noting r the doubt.—and leave its solution for future inguirers._ The tree seems, in
fact (as remarked by Mr. Emerson) to be intermediate—a sort of connecting link—
between Thuja and Cupressus ;—having ‘the scale-like imbricated leaves and
fan-shaped branches of the former, and the lofty port and globular or many-
sided fruit of the latter.”

16*

186 GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS

Cupressus thyoides. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 512. Mz. Sylva, 3. p.
207. Icon, tab. 152. <

Spuarroi Tuusa. Vulgd—White Cedar.

Stem 60 to 80 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, sparingly branched. Leaveg
evergreen, very small and crowded, appressed to the branehes. Strobiles one
third to half an inch in diameter. Swamps, in Pine forests: New England to
Georgia. Fl. April—May. Fr. September.

Os. This valuable tree is very abundant in certain spots in the
Pine forests of New Jersey ; and is apparently restricted to swamps
or broad shallow pools, near the sources of streams, in that sandy
region,—where the straight stems are exceedingly numerous and
crowded— forming almost impenetrable dark groves, or clumps, of
several acres. The wood is light, soft, and very durable. Shingles
‘were formerly made, to a considerable extent, from the larger trees:
but these are now chiefly wrought into domestic wares, by the Cedar
Cooper. The smaller trees are used for fence ratls,—for which pur-
pose they are highly valued. There is, perhaps, no other woodland
that will yield so much valuable timber per acre,—and no descrip-
tion of territory, in New Jersey, that will command half the price
that can be obtained for good Cedar Swamp.

The other species of the genus, as now constituted, are the small
trees, or shrubs, known by the name of Arbor Vitae,—which, though
sometimes cultivated for ornament, scarcely come within the pur-
view of the present work. *

191. JUNIPERUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1789.

[Supposed from the Celtic, Jenepius, rough, or harsh; descriptive of the plant.]
Flowers dioicous,—or rarely monoicous on distinct branches. STam-
INATE AMENTS axillary or subterminal, ovoid, very small. Stamens
numerous, naked, inserted on all sides of the axis; filaments excen-
trically peltate, imbricated; azthers with cells in threes or sixes,
longitudinally dehiscent, attached beneath the lower margin of the
peltate connective. FERTILE AMENTS axillary, ovoid, imbricately
bracteate at base. Involucre of 3 to 6 scales, coalesced at base, 1 to
3-ovuled. Ovules erect from the base of the involucre, bottle-
shaped, perforate at summit. Frazt drupaceous, umbilicate at apex,
squamose at base,—the involusre baccate. Seeds 1 to 3, erect, sub-
triquetrous; testa bony; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen;
cotyledons 2, oblong. ’

1. J. Vireintana, EL. Leaves on the young branches ovate, imbri-
cated in 4 rows, shorter than the fruit,—on the older branches subu-
late, cuspidate and somewhat spreading. Walld.Sp. Pl. 4. p. 853.
Fl. Cestr. p. 572. Icon, Mz. Sylwa, 3. tab. 155.

Virainian Juniperus. Velgc—Cedar. Red Cedar.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 9 to 18 inches in diameter at base, tapering, often
with longitudinal obtuse ridges and intervening channels, sending off numerous
horizontal or spreading branches. Leaves minute,—those on the young branches
scarcely a line in length, ovate, acute, opposite and decussate, crowded, ap-
pressed and imbricated, covering the branches and making them 4-angled,—

_* Since the above was written. I learn from Prof. A. Gray, that the Thuja oe-
erdenialis, L. or Americ an Arbor vitae (which is the ** White Cedar” of the North-
ern States), is regarded as a valuable tree—the most important of the genus—
north of New Jersey.

CONIFERAE 187

those on the older branches 3 to 5 or 6 lines long, and cuspidate. Staminate
aments ovoid-oblong, tawny-ferruginous, 2 or 3 lines in length. Fruit roundish-
ovoid, about 2 lines in diameter, tuberculate with the points of the fieshy con-
nate scales of the involucre, dark blue when mature, and covered with a bright
bluish-glaucous bloom. Fence-rows; old fields, &c.: throughout the U. States.
Fi. April. Fr. October.

Obs. The wood of this tree is fine-grained, very durable, and val-
uable for many purposes. The heart-wood (which is reddish,) of
this, and a Bermudian species, or variety, is much used in the man-
ufacture of black-lead pencils. The tree is said to be injurious to
Thorn hedges, when permitted to grow in the immediate vicinity.
The J. communis, L. or Juniper bush, was formerly kept in many
gardens, for the sake of the drupaceous “‘derrves,’’>—which are some-
what medicinal, and were also employed in the preparation of the
liquor called Ginx, or Geneva. The J. Sabina, L, or Savin, is
another cultivated species—reputed medicinal, and sometimes to be
met with;—but neither of them possesses much interest for the
Farmer.

There is a third Sue-orper of this family (Taxinear, Rich ;),
which contains (among others) the Tazus, or Yew tree—so intimately
associated in our minds with Churches, and Church-yards: but it
scarcely belongs to Agricultural Botany.

ENDOGENOUS OR
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

ORDER €XXXIV. PALMAE. L. Juss.

Chiefly trees, with unbranched cylindrical trunks, growing by a terminal bud.
Leaves (or fronds) alternate, large. clustered, fan-shaped or pinnated, plicate in
vernation. Flowers small, perfect or polygamous,—the stamens usually as many
as the petals and sepals together. Fruitadrupe or berry. Seeds with cartila-
ginous albumen, often hollow,—the embryo placed in a small separate cavity.

The plants of this noble Order (chiefly tropical) have been compared to Princes,
by European Botanists; and it is certain they could not flourish among the
sturdy Plebeians of our republican forests! Though but little known 1n the U.
States, they are of incalculable value to the inhabitants of their native regions,—
affording food, drink, condiments, medicine, clothing. and shelter—with the uten-
sils, and materials, for almost every economical purpose. Of the more impor-
tant of these remarkable vegetables, may be mentioned, the Cocoa-nuwt tree (Cocos
nucifera, L.)—which, of itself, sapphes nearly all the wants of the people who
repose under its shade;* the Date tree (Phocnizx dactylifera, L.); and the Sago
Palms (species of Sagus or Metrorylon). The plant which furnishes Rattans
(the ratoons, retonos, or slender flexible branches of the Calamus Rotang, L.),
also belongs to this Order.

TRIBE IV. CORYPHINAE. Martius.

Spathes. numerous, incomplete. Ovary of 3 carpels, cohering inwardly; ovules
solitary. Fruit baccate, 3- or 2-lobed, or (by abortion) simple.

SUB-TRIBE 1. SABALINAE. Martius.

Flabellifrond ; i. e. the leaves (or fronds) plicate and expanding in the form and
manner of a lady’s fan. i

*“Utilissima generi humano, omniaque feré quae ad vitam sunt necessaria
praebens.” Kunth.

188 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

192. SABAL. Adans. Endl. Gen. 1758.

[A name employed by Adanson; of unknown, if of any, meaning.]
Flowers perfect, sessile on a branching spadix which is sheathed by
numerous incomplete spathes, bracteate and bracteolate. Calyz
cup-shaped, 3-parted. Corolla 3-petaled. Stamens 6, hypogynous; °
filaments nearly distinct, subulate ; azthers cordate-ovoid. Ovaries
3,—at first distinct, soon coalescing ; sty/e trigonous; st?~gmacapitate.
Berry drupaceous, simple and globose, or deeply 2 or 3-lobed. Albu-
men uniform (not ruminated), horny.

1. S. Patmerto, Loddig. Stem arborescent; leaves plicate-pal-
mate, the petiole unarmed; spathes doubled. Kunth, Enum. 3. p.

Chamaerops Palmetto. Mz. Sylva, 3. p. 1. Icon, tab.101. [247.
Vulgs—Cabbage-tree. Tall Palmetto.

Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 10 to 15 inches in diameter, cylindrical, un-
branched, naked, with a tuft of large leaves at summit. Leaves (or fronds) 3 or
4 feet in length, broad, palmate and plicate like a fan; petioles (or stipes) 1 to 2
feet long, not aculeate. Flowers small, greenish, on branching spadices, or pani-
cles, at the base of the leaves. Drupes, or berries. about the size of a pea,
bluish-black when mature. Seacoast: Carolinas to Florida. Fl. June—July. Fr.

Obs. The wood of this elegant tree—though extremely porous— _
is highly valued in the South, for sub-marine structures, such as
wharves, &c. on account of its durability in salt water, and its ex-
emption from the attacks of the ship-worm. The /eaves are used,
also, in the manufacture of hats, baskets, &c. The terminal dzd,
or cluster of undeveloped leaves—called ‘‘the cabbage’’—affords.a
favorite vegetable dish, in the South: But Mr. Exvuiorr remarks,
“it is a wasteful luxury,—as the tree always perishes when deprived
of this part of its foliage.”,—Souwth Carolina has chosen this grace-
ful plant as the émblem of the Commonwealth,—and hence she is
often called “‘the Palmetto State.”

ORDER CXXXV. ARACEAE. Juss. Schott.

Herbs, with a fleshy Cormus or rhizoma—occasionally shrubby or climbing
piants within the tropics. Leaves sometimes divided or apparently compound,
frequently with the veins more or less reticulated. Spadiz (often naked at the
extremity) usually surrounded by a spathe. Flowers commonly monoicous{oc-
casionally perfeet,) and sometimes destitute of envelopes. Ovary 1 to several-
celled, with 1 or more ovules. Fruitaberry. Seeds mostly with fleshy albumen.

An Order containing a number of acrid plants; but those here given are the
principal ones intitled to the notice of the American Agriculturist.

(193. ARUM. Z. [Arisarema. Mart. Endl. Gen. 1674.]

[An ancient name,—of obscure etymology.]
Spathe convolute at base,—the limb ecucullate or flattish. Spadiz
unisexual at base, with stamens or rudiments of stamens or pistils
above (sometimes these entirely wanting),—the summit of the spa-
dix exserted or included in the spathe, naked. Florel envelopes
none. Azzthers on distinct filaments, verticillate,—the cells opening
by a pore or transverse fissure. Ovaries numerous, free; ovules 2
to 6, or rarely more numerous. Berry 1 or few-seeded. Seeds sub-
globose, albuminous.

1. A. TRIPHYLLUM, LZ. Leaves mostly in pairs, ternately divided,—
the segments elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, entire, sessile ;

ARACEAE ” 189

spadix clavate, obtuse, shorter than the spathe. Wold. Sp. Pl. 4.
p. 480. (in part.) Fl. Cestr. p. 530.

Arisaema atrorubens. Blume. Kunth. Enum. 3. p. 17.
TuReeE-LEAVED Arum. Vulgd—Indian Turnep.

Root perennial, consisting of numerous fibres proceeding from the base of an
orbicular depressed rugose cormus, or subterranean stem. Aerial stem none.
Leaves mostly 2 (sometimes solitary), ternate,—the leaflets or segments 2 or 3 to
6 or 8 inches long, smooth, green or often purplish, thin and membranaceous, or
almost scarious, when dried; ccmmon petioles 9 to 18 inches long, inserted on the
cormus, and embracing the central scape, at base. Scape 6 to 16 inches high,
situate between the leaves—the base inclosed by the sheathing petioles. Spathe
3 to 5 inches long,—the lower half convolute—the upper halt (or limb) a little
dilated, flat, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and cucullately incurved, often varie-
gated with dark-purple and yellowish stripes and spots. Spadiz mostly unisexual,
with the summit clavate, naked and smooth, much shorter than the spathe, but a
little exserted from the convolute portion. Berries numerous, in a dense oblong
cluster around the base of the spadix. orange-red or scarlet when mature. Rich
shaded grounds; throughout the U. States. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.—Sept.

Oéds. I have retained the Linnaean name, of this plant, in accord-
ance with the suggestion of my friend, Prof. A. Gray. The turnep-
like subterranean stem (designated by the name of Cormus), is
highly acrid in its fresh or green state; but that quality is dissipated,
in great measure, by boiling or drying. A kind of Sago has been
obtained from it; and the recent tuber, grated and boiled in milk, is
a popular medicine in coughs and pulmonary consumption.

A plant nearly allied to this, called * Tunyer?’?—(the Ta/lo or Tarro,
of the New Zealanders, fide Kunth — Arum esculentum, L. or Coloca-
sta esculenta, Schott.) is said to be cultivated, occasionally, in the
gardens of the Southern States, for the sake of the cormus, or tuber-
ous rhizoma,—which is used at the table as a substitute for the
potato, or yam.

194. SYMPLOCARPUS. Salish. Endl. Gen. 1705.

(Greek, Symploke, connexion. and Karpos, fruit,—descriptive of the plant.]

Spathe cucullately conch-shaped, acuminate. Spadix pedunculate,
oval or subglobose, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals 4,
persistent, becoming fleshy or baccate. Stamens 4, opposite the
sepals; filaments linear, flattened, included; azthers 2-celled ; cells
parallel. Ovary 1-celled; ovedle single; style 4-sided, tapering to
a minute terminal stigma. Berries coalescing, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Seed destitute of albumen.

1. S. rortipus, Salish. Stemless; leaves cordate-oval, enlarging ;
spadix oval. Kunth, Enum. 3. p. 84. Fl. Cestr. p. 112.

Fetip Sympiocarrus. Vulgd—Swamp Cabbage. Skunk-weed.

Root perennial, in verticils of fleshy fibres from a thick truncate rhizoma.
Aerial stem none. Leaves appearing after the spadix has flowered, at first orbi-
cular-cordate, at length cordate-oval, becoming very large (often near 2 feet
long, and a foot or more in width). entire, smooth; stipules expanding, ovate-
oblong, acuminate, or often spatulate. Spathe subsessile, spotted with purplish-
brown. green, and yellow. Spadizx about an inch in diameter, on a short thick
peduncle. Flowers compact, appearing tessellated. Sepals dark-brown, fleshy,
cuneate, truncate, the apex and margins inflected. Anthers slightly exserted.
Style projecting a little above the sepals. Fruit fleshy, coalesced with the base
of the persistent sepals, and imbedded in the surface of the receptacle. Seeds
globose, about the size of a common garden pea. Wet, low grounds: Canada
to Virginia. Fl. Feb.—March. £7. Sept.

190 ss ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Obs. This plant—so readily known by its skunk-like odor, when
wounded—is quite common in wet meadows, and other swampy
low grounds, in the middle and northern States. It is a worthless
weed,—and its bunches of large leaves are sufficiently unsightly to
command the attention of the neat farmer.

195. ACORUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1708.
[Gr. a, privative, and kore, the pupil of the eye; a supposed remedy for sore eyes.]
Spathe a kind of phyllodium, elongated, compressed,—being a con-
tinuation of the scape, and resembling the leaves. Spadzz lateral,
sessile, subcylindric, covered with sessile perfect flowers. Sepals 6,
obovate-oblong, subeucullate, thickened at apex, persistent. Sta-
mens 6, inserted on the base of the sepals; filaments linear, flat-
tened; anthers reniform (1-celled, Kut, 2-celled, Endl.) trans-
versely dehiscent. Ovary trigonous, 3-celled; ovules numerous,
pendulous ; stigma sessile, minute. Frit somewhat baccate, inde-
hiscent. Seeds few, inverted, albuminous, nestling ina gelatinous
matter; testa thin, closely adherent to the somewhat horny albumen. -

1. A. Cazamus, LZ. Scape ancipital, terminated by a long ensiform
leaf-like spathe extending much above the lateral spadix. Kunth,
Enum. 3. p. 87. Fl. Cestr. p. 226.

Rerep Acorus. Vuigs—Calamus. Sweet Flag.
Fr. Acore odorant. Germ. Der Kalamus. Span. Acoro Calamo.

Root perennial, in coarse verticillate fibres from a horizontal creeping pun-
gently aromatic rhizoma. Aerial stem none. Leaves radical, ensiform-linear, 2
to 3 feet long, and half an inch to near an inch wide, smooth. Scape as long as
the leaves and much resembling them, somewhat triangular below the spadix.
Spadiz 2 to 3 inches long, terete, tapering to an obtuse point. Sepals greenish,
cuneate-oblong, keeled, with scarious margins. Swampy meadows; about
springs, &c. introduced: Native of India. F’. May—June. Fr. September.

Obs. This stranger has become naturalized in many places. The
whole plant is warmly aromatic—especially the creeping rhizoma 3
and that subterraneous portion is deservedly popular for its medici-
nal virtues. I have seen some wet meadows, however, in which the
plant had got possession to such an extent as to become something
of a nuisances—and a difficult one to get rid of. It would be well,
therefore, in introducing it, to plant it only in circumscribed swamps,

ORDER CXXXVII. TYPHACEAE. Juss. DC.

Perennial marshy or aquatic Herbs. Stems without nodes. Leaves alternate,
linear. entire. Spadix with a caducous spathe, or naked. Flowers monoicous,—
sometimes arranged in contiguous cylindrie spikes at the summit of a simple
culm—sometimes in globose spadices at the ends of branches,—the: staminate
flowers above. StTaMINATE Fu. Calyr none,—but, in its stead, simple hairs, or
small membranaceous scales. Stamens numerous, proceeding immediately from
the rachis, often connate below in twos. threes, or fours, and mixed with sterile
branching filaments. PisTILLaTe Fi. Calyr noue,—but, in its place, subclavate
bristles (abortive ovaries), or Scales. Ovaries sessile or stipitate ; ovule single,
pendulous; style simple, continuous with the ovary; stigma unilateral, oblong.
Fruit a sort of dry drupe, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed inverted; embryo in the
axis of fleshy albumen.

An order comprising but two genera (Typha and Sparganium),—and those of
little interest to the farmer.

196. TYPHA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1709.

[Greek, Tiphos, a bog, or marsh; from its place of growth.]
Flowers monoicous, in two long dense cylindric spadices, or spikes,

TYPHACEAE ‘ 191

ene above the other on the sameculm. STAMINATE SPIKE termi-
nating the culm, contiguous to the pistillate one, and merely sepa-
rated by a membranceous caducous spathe—or else somewhat
remote, with a naked space between them. Stamens numerous,—
the filaments mostly united in threes, and beset with hairs. PisTmL-
LATE SPIKE below the staminate one. Ovaries numerous, 1-celled,
1-ovuled,—at first sessile, finally stipitate, surrounded at base with
numerous subclavate bristles (abortive ovaries); styde simple;
stigma unilateral, tongue-shaped. Frit sub-drupaceous, very small.

1. T. vatironia, LZ. Leaves somewhat ensiform-linear, flat; sta-
minate and pistillate spikes mostly contiguous. Kunth, Enum. 3.
p- 90. Fl. Cestr. p. 519. Icon, Fl. Lond. 4. [ Mace.

Broap-teaveD Tyrua. Vulgo—Cat-tail. Coopers’? Reed. Reed-
Fr. Masse d’eau. Germ. Die Rokrkolbe. Span. Espadafia.

Root (or rather rhizoma) perennial, thick and creeping. Culm 4 or 5 feet high,
simple, terete, smooth. solid with pith, leafy at base. Leaves about as long as
the culm, and 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch wide, tapering at apex but obtuse,
sheathing the culm at base. Staminate spike, or spadix, 6 or 8 inches long, and
near an inch in diameter, ycllowish-brown, with a sheathing membranaceous
caducous spathe as long as the spike. Pistillate spike immediately below (and

about as thick as) the staminate one, 4 to 6 inches long, greenish-brown,—some-

times in contact or continuous with the staminate spike—sometimes with a
naked space of near half an inch between them. Pools, and swampy springs:
throughout the U. States. Fl. June—July. Fr. September.

Obs. The leaves of this plant are (or formerly were) much used,
by the Coopers, to secure the joints of casks, &c. from leaking.
Poor people sometimes collect the fruit with its hairy involucels, from
the mature spikes, for the purpose of filling beds ; but it becomes
exceedingly dusty and unpleasant, and is even unhealthy,—in every
respect a miserable substitute for clean Oats chaff, or.cut straw.

ORDER CXXXIX. ALISMACEAE. DC. R. Br.

Swampy herbs; mostly perennial,—the leaves and scapes usually arising from a
creeping rhizoma. Leaves either linear, or with a dilated lamina which is ribbed
er nerved, but the veinlets commonly reticulated. Flowers regular and often
complete, perfect or monoicous. mostly in racemes or panicles. Sepals and Petals
mostly 3. Stamens as many as both the sepals and petals,—Ovaries 3,6, or many
(rarely solitary), verticillate or crowded ina head, distinct or in some degree
coalescing. Seeds solitary in each carpel or cell, straight or curved, destitute of
albumen ; festa coriaceous or membranaceous,
A small and unimportant order.

SUB-ORDER II. ALISMEAE. Richard. ;

Leaves with a dilated nerved lamina. Flowers complete—i. e. with genuine pe-
tals. Embrzio curved.

197. SAGITTARIA. ZL. Endl. Gen. 1042.

[Latin, Sagitta, an arrow ; from the prevailing form of the leaves.]
Flowers monoicous. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, deciduous.
SraMINATE FL. above; stamens numerous. PIsTILLATE FL. Ovaries
numerous, capitately crowded on a hemispherical receptacle, distinct,
1-celled, l-ovuled; ovz/les erect. Carpels numerous, crowded in a
head, distinct, laterally compressed, margined, indehiseent, 1-seeded.
Seed curved; testa membranaceous.

1. S. sacitrazroLia, LZ. Leaves broad-ovate, mostly acute, deeply

192 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

sagittate at base; scape simple ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.
Kunth, Enum. 3. p. 156. Fl. Cestr. p. 528.

ARROW-LEAVED SaciTTaRia. Vulgd—Arrow-head.

Fr. Flechiere commune. Germ. Das Pfeilkraut. Spaz. Saeta.

Root perennial producing oval fleshy tubers (or rhtzomas) 1 to 2 or 3 inches in
diameter. Leaves all radical, 3 or 4 to 8 or 10 inches long (including the lobes),
and 1 or 2 to6 inches wide, sagittate-lobed at base,—the lobes ovate-lanceolate,
about as long as the lamina of the leaf; petioles 4 to12 or 15 inches long. Scape.
9 to 18 inches high, smooth. Flowers pedicellate, in numerous verticils of threes,
the staminate ones above; pedicels one quarter to half an inch long, with
membrauaceous bracts at base. Petals white, orbicular. Pistillate flowers with
ovaries forming depressed-globose heads, which, in fruit, are one half to two
thirds of an inch in diameter. Ditches, and swampy springs; throughout the U.
States. Fl. July—August. Fr. Sept. October.

Obs. This plant frequently occurs in ditches and swampy places,
and is of a size to attract the notice of the observing farmer. Hogs
are fond of the twbers,—and when these animals have access to their
place of growth, are apt to disfigure the ground very much, by root-
ing. Draining is the remedy for this, and for most other aguatic
weeds. 4

The Alisma Plantago, L.or Water Plantain (belonging to a genus
which represents the Order—and is the special type of this Swb-or-
der), is frequent in wet places,—and at one time, made some noise
among gossiping dealers in marvellous specifics, as a certain remedy
for Hydrophobia: But it was soon forgotten,—and is now scarcely
noticeable, even as a weed.

ORDER CXLVI. BROMELIACEAE. Juss. Lindl.

Herbs, or suffruticose plants (chiefly tropical), often stemless, with perennial
roots, or rhizomas. Leaves mostly rigid, dry, and channelled, with a squamose
or scurfy surface, sheathing at base. Flowers perfeet, spicate, racemose, or pan-
iculate, bracteate. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6, or more. Ovary free, or
adnate to the calyx, 3-celled ; style trigonous, simple or sometimes separable into
3; stigmas3. Fruzt 3-celled, baccate and indehiscent, or more frequently cap-
sular and septicidally (or sometimes loculicidally) 3-valved. Seeds mostly numer-
ous; testa coriaceous ; embryo small, straight or curved, in the base of mealy
albumen.

The plant of chief interest, in this Order, is that which affords the delicious
Pine-apple (Bromelia Ananas, L. or Ananassa sativa, Lindl.),—the fruit of
which is formed by the consolidation or blending of the imperfect flowers, bracts,
and receptacle, into one fleshy succulent mass, which is usually crowned with a
terminal tuft of leaves.

198. TILLANDSIA. Z. Endl. Gen. 1306.
[Named in honor of Elias Tillands,—a Swedish Botanist.]

Calyz free from the ovary, unequally 3-parted, persistent,—the seg-
ments somewhat convolute. Corolla 3-cleft, tubular below, spread-
ing above. Stamens 6, hypogynous,—the alternate ones mostly
adhering to the petals; anthers incumbent. Ovary 3-celled; ovules
several, at the central angle of the cells near the base, in a double
series, ascending ; style filiform or dilated at apex, straight or twisted.
Capsule cartilaginous, cylindrical or ovoid, 3-celled, septicidally (?)
3-valved (loculicido-trivalvis, Evdl.). Seeds several, erect from the
base of the dissepiments, linear-clavate, stipitate,—the stipe invested
with pappus-like hairs; emdryo straight.

1. T. usneorpEs, L. Stem filiform, flexuose, branching, pendulous ;

BROMELIACEAE 193

leaves subulate-filiform; peduncles 1-flowered, short. Weld. Sp.
Pl. 2. p. 14. ; wi.

Usnea-tixe Trnranpsta. Vulgd—Long Moss.

Perennial, parasitic, taking root inthe fissures of the bark of trees. Stem3to
6 feet or more, in length, branched, pendulous in long tangled bunches
from the limbs of old trees, very slender, terete, covered and somewhat rough-
ened (as well as the leaves) with minute whitish membranaceous scales which
are dotted in the centre,—the centre of the stem and leaves consisting of a black
horny elastic thread. Leaves subterete, slender, acute. Flowers yellowish-green,
Pursh (purple, Loudon. Ency), solitary, axillary, sessile, with 3 or 4 small leaves
(or bracts) at base. Calyx and Corolia deeply parted,—the segments equal in
iength, lanceolate, membranaceous. Ovary oblong. Capsule nearly cylindrical,
2 or 3-celled. Seeds several in each cell, oblong, acute at each end, comose.
Grows on the forest trees, in the low-land districts of the South. Fl. June—
September. Fr.

Oés. This singular parasite extends as far north as the Dismal
Swamp, in Virginia; but I have not had the pleasure of seeing it in
its native forests. Mr. Exxiotr (from whose Sketch I have chiefly
derived the above details,) says, “black cattle eat this plant in
winter with avidity, and sometimes trees are felled, during a series
of severe frosts, to place the moss within their reach. The moss,
when dried, is beaten until the bark falls off, and the cartilaginous
hair-like flexible stem used for stuffing mattresses, chairs, &c.’?
The uses, here mentioned, seem to intitle the plant to a place in the
present work.

ORDER CLI. SMILACEAE. R. Br.

Herbs or shrubby plants, often climbing, mostly perennial by a creeping rhizoma.
Leaves alternate or verticillate, simple, entire, with the veins or veinlets reticu-
lated. Flowers perfect or dioicous. Calyx free, mostly 6-parted, often corolla-
like. Stamens as many as the calyx-segments and opposite them, mostly ad-
hering to them at base. Ovary mostly 3-celled,—the styles, or sttgmas, as many
as the cells. Fruit baccate, few- or many-seeded. Seeds subglobose, affixed to
the central angle of the cells ; testa membranaceous, thin ; embryo small, in dense
or hard albumen.

A small Order, and of little importance—except as affording the Sarsaparilla
of the shops,—a medicine of some repute, but of rather uncertain efficacy.

TRIBE II. CONVALLARIEAE, Endl. Styles connate.
199. SMILAX. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1184.

[Greek, Smile, a grater,—in reference to its harsh prickles.]
Flowers dioicous, in axillary pedunculate simple wmbels. Calyx
somewhat corolla-like, campanulate, deeply 6-parted,—or rather of 6
petaloid sepals in two series, the outer ones broader. STAMINATE
Fi. Stamens 6; anthers linear, adnate to the filaments. PisTIL-
LATE Fu. Ovary 3-celled; ovules solitary; st¢gmas 3, subsessile
Berry 1 to 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded.

0S Stem suffruticose, perennial, prickly.

1. S. rorunpiFronia, LZ. Stem sub-terete; leaves orbicular-ovate,
acuminate, subcordate at base; common peduncles scarcely longer
than the petioles. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p.779. Fl. Cestr. p. 566.

Rounp-teavep Sminax. Velgdi—Green-brier. Rough Bind-weed.

Plant glabrous, yellowish-green. Stem 10 to 20 or 30 (sometimes 50) feet long.
slender, flexuose, somewhat branched, armed with straight rigid prickles, ant
climbing by tendrils. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and often as wide as long;

17

194 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

petioles one third to three fourths of an inch long, striate, margined at base, giv-
ing out a simple. filiform, but strong tendrtl, on each side, at the summit of the
margin. Flowers greenish-yellow, in small globose axillary umbels. - Berries
dark blue, or bluish-black with a glaucous bloom, when mature. Moist thickets,
and woodlands,—climbing bushes and trees: Canada to Carolina. Fl. June.
Fr. October.

Obs. This rugged shrubby vine is often abundant in moist low
grounds,—forming almost impenetrable thickets; and is a great
annoyance to the woodman, when employed in clearing out such
places. It 1s not so difficult, however, to extirpate, as the following
species.

2. S. capuca, LZ. Stem somewhat angular; leaves ovate, mucro-
nate or subacuminate ; common peduncles longer than the petioles.
Willd. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 780. Fl. Cestr. p. 566.

Capucous Sminrax. Vzlgé—Green-brier.

Plant glabrous, yellowish-green, or often tinged with purple. Stem 3 or 4 to
8 or 10 feet long. slender, flexuose, simple or somewhat branched, prickly, sub-

rocumbent or leaning, supporting itself by tendrils. Leaves about 2 inches in
ength, and nearly as wide as long, subglaucous beneath and often purplish ;
petioles about half an inch long, and furnished as in the preceding species.
Flowers greenish-yellow, in small axillary umbels,—the common peduncle gen-
erally about twice as long as the petioles. Berrtes bluish-black when mature.
ies and neglected old fields: Canada to Virginia. F/’. May—June. Fr.

ctober. ;

Obs. This is nearly allied to the preceding; but it is a smaller
and less rugged plant, in this region,—yet more difficult to subdue.
It is quite frequent in sterile old fields, on our slaty hills,—and
always indicates a low state of agriculture. There are sevéral other
prickly species in the U. States—especially in the South; and some
of them may be as annoying to the planter or farmer as these,—but
I cannot speak of them from my own knowledge. We have an un-
armed herbaceous species (S. herbacea, L.)—frequent along fence-
rows, and borders of thickets—which is chiefly remarkable for the
carrion-like foetor of its flowers.

ORDER CLII. LILIACEAE. Juss. DC. Lindl.

Herbs, with the flower-stems springing from bulbs or tubers, or with fibrous or
fascicled roots. Leaves simple, entire, sub-linear, sheathing or clasping at base,—
the radical ones crowded. Flowers regular, perfect. Calyx colored, mostly co-
rolla-like, 6-parted, or of 6 distinct or slightly connected sepals,—often mellifer-
ous at base. Stamens usually 6; anthers introrse. Ovary free, 3-celled; styles
united; stigma often 3-lobed. Frutt capsular, 3-celled, mostly loculicidally
3-valved,—sometimes baccate and indehiscent. Seeds several or numerous in
each cell; testa either membranaceous, pale, and sometimes margined—or often
crustaceous, brittle and black; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.

A large and very interesting Order—comprising nearly one hundred genera,—
and many of them rivalling the Rosaceae, in beauty. The most important plants
of this Order, not here described, are those which produce the Squiil and Aloes,
so well known for their medicinal properties,—and the New Zealand Flax
(Phormium tenaz, Forst.), so valuable for the strength of its fibres.

SUB-ORDER IV. ASPHODELEAE. Endl.
Herbs. Root bulbous, fasciculate-fibrous, or tuberous. Calyx tubular, or of slightly
connected sepals, regular and mostly corolla-like. Stamens 6, hypogynous or in-
serted on the calyx. Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds globose or angular,—the
testa crustaceous and black.

TRIBE I. HYACINTHEAE. Link. Endl.

Root bulbous. Calyz tubular, or 6-sepaled. Stamens inserted on the base of the
Sepals, rarely hypogynous. Fruit capsular.

LILIACEAE 195

200. ORNITHOGALUM. Link. Endl. Gen. 1132.
{Greek, Ornis, ornithos, a bird, and gala, milk ; an ancient whimsical name.]
Calyz corolla-like, of 6 sepals slightly connected at base, spreading
above the middle. Stamens 6, the filaments dilated at base, nar-
rowed and subulate at apex. Ovary 3-celled; ovules several, in
a double series. Capsule roundish, obtusely trigonous, 3-celled,
loculicidally dehiscent at apex. Seeds often few ina cell, subglo-
bose or angular ; testa black, rugose.

1. O. umeretiatum, DL. Bulb proliferous ; leaves linear, channelled ;
peduncles corymbose, longer than the lanceolate bracts ;, sepals ellip-
tic-lanceolate ; filaments lance-subulate. Kunth, Enum. 4. p. 362.
Fl. Cestr. p. 219. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2.
Umpettate Ornitnocatum. Valgd—Ten o’clock.
Fr. Dame d’ onze heures. Germ. Die Vogelmilch. Span. Ornitogalo.
Bulbs biennial? small, white. Leaves radical, numerous, 6 to 12 inches long,
very smooth, green with a whitish longitudinal line. Scape 6 to 9 inches high,
terete, smooth, corymbosely branched at summit,—the branches or peduncles al-
ternate, 1 to 2 inches long, each with a membranaceous linear-lanceolate acu-
minate bract at base. Sepals white within, externally green with a white mar-

gin. Ovary somewhat trigonous-turbinate, often abortive. Pastures, and culti-
vated fiélds: introduced. Native of the old world. Fl. May—June. Fr. July.

Obs. This foreigner has escaped from the gardens, in many
places,—and multiplies its bulbs so rapidly as to become a great nui-~
sance, if neglected. The dulbs are exceedingly tenacious of life;
and when once completely in possession of the soil, it is an almost
hopeless task to attempt to extirpate them. The leaves generally
die, however, in the early part of summer,—and, in good land, are
replaced by the valuable grasses: so that this obnoxious little intru-
der is not quite so serious a pest as some others ;—such, for example,
as the Canada Thistle, or Ox-eye Daisy.

201. ALLIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 1137.

[Supposed to be from the Celtic, All ;—signifying hot or acrid.]
Calyz-of 6 petaloid sepals, slightly connected at base, spreading or
campanulate-connivent. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the
sepals, exserted or included; filaments subulate-filiform, more or
less dilated below;—the inner or alternate ones often membrana-
ceously dilated, trifid, or with a slender cusp or tooth at summit, on
each side of the antheriferous one; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled
or sometimes 1-celled by reason of imperfect dissepiments ; sty/e fili-
form; stigma simple or sometimes trifid. Capsule membranaceous,
trigonous, or somewhat 3-lobed. Seeds few, roundish and angular ;
testa black, rugose or minutely granular-dotted. Herbs of a strong
odor, with tunicated (biennial ? ) bulbs. Scapes naked, or with sheath-
ing leaves below, solid or fistular. Leaves mostly narrow, channelled,
semi-cylindric, or terete, often hollow, sometimes flat. Umbel terminal,
embraced by a membranaceous 1 or 2-valved marcescent spathe-
like involucre,—sometimes bearing little bulbs. Flowers not articus
lated with the pedicels.

; §.1. PORRUM. Don. Leek Section.

Scape leafy below. Sepals campanulate-connivent,—the outer ones boat-shaped
and keeled. ‘The 3 inner stamens tricuspidate,—the lateral cusps longer than the
middle antheriferous one.

} Umbel bulb-bearing. * Leaves flat.

196 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

1. A. sativum, LZ. Scape terete, leafy to the middle; leaves lance-
linear, somewhat channelled; spathe 1-valved, with a long acumi-
nation, caducous. Kunth, Enum.4. p.380. Fl. Cestr. p. 216.

Cuitivatep Autium. Vulgd—English Garlic.
Fr. L’ Ail. Germ. Der Lauch. Knoblauch. Span. Ajo.

Growing in bunches. Radical bulbs compound, consisting of small bulbous
offsets, called cloves. Scape 1 to 2 feet high, smooth,—the lower half apparently
leafy, by the extension of the sheaths. Leaves 9 to 15 inches long, distichously
arranged. Heads, or umbels, bearing numerous small ovoid-oblong bulbs,—
each bulb with a membranous covering. Calyx pale purple. Gardens: culti-
vated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. This species is so generally cultivated, as a domestic medi-

cine, that it seemed to claim a place, here. I suppose it to be the
plant so much esteemed by the “Garlic-eating Peasantry,”’ of Spain.

* * Leaves terete, fistular.

2. A. vinEALE, L. Scape terete, slender, sparingly leafy to the
middle; leaves terete, with a narrow channel on the upper side;
spathe abruptly acuminate, caducous; stamens exserted. Kunth,
Enum. 4. p. 382. Fl. Cestr. p. 215. [ Garlic.

Vine (or Vineyarp) Autiium. Vulgo—Garlic. Field Garlic. Crow
Fr. Ail des Vignes. Germ. Acker-Lauch. Wein-bergs-Lauch.

Bulbs small. Scape 2 to 3 feet high, very slender, with a few leaves below the
middle. Leaves 81012 or 15 inches long. Umbel globose, about an inch In di-
ameter (smaller and densely capitate, when bearing dw/bs,—the bulbs often vege-
tating while in the heads) ; pedicels of the flowers filiform, clavate. Calyx deep
purple tinged with green. Pastures, and cultivated grounds: introduced. Native
of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. August.

Oés. Tradition says, this species was introduced by the first
Welsh immigrants to Pennsylvania, for the purpose of supplying an
early pasture. It is now completely naturalized,—and was formerly
so abundant, in some districts, as to be quite a nuisance. It not
only imparted a disgusting flavor to mils, butter, &c. but, by its
abundance among the wheat, seriously injured the flowr,—and
rendered the manufacture of it difficult. Our best farmers, however,
have now nearly subdued it, by the improvement of their land, and
a judicious rotation of crops.

t{Umbel mostly capsule-bearing. Leaves flat—rarely keeled or folded.

3. A. Porrum, L. Scape rising from the centre of a simple bulb,
terete, leafy to the middle; leaves broad, somewhat channelled or
folded, and keeled, acute ; umbel globose; sepals with arough keel ;
stamens a little exserted. Kunth, Enwm. 4. p. 384.

Leex Auuium. Vulgdo—Leek. Garden Leek.

Fr. Porreau. Germ. Gemeiner Lauch. Span. Puérro.

Bulb middle-sized. Scape 2 to 3 feet high, stout and solid. Leaves distichous]
arranged on the lower half of the scape, 6 to 12 inches long, and about an ine
wide at base, with the margin sometimes ciliate. Spathe with a long acumina-
tion. Umbel globose, dense, rather large (2 inches or more in diameter) ; pedicels
of the flowers clavate. Calyx pale violet-purple. Filaments white. Gardens:
cultivated. Native of Europe. Fi. July. Fr. September.

Ots. This species—which is regarded as a sort of national Em-

LILIACEAE 197

blem, by the We/sh*—is occasionally cultivated as an ingredient in
soups, &c. but I have rarely observed it in Pennsylvania.

§.2. SCHOENOPRASUM. Don. Chives or Onion Section. _
Sepals steliately spreading.—the outer ones keeled. Filaments mostly simple,—
the inner ones sometimes dilated at base, or furnished with a tooth on each side.
Spathe 2-valved, not acuminate. Bulbs cespitose.

OG” Leaves terete, fistular.

4. A. Scnuornoprasum, L. Scape naked or few-leaved at base,
about as long as the subulate-filiform leaves; spathe 2-valved, about
equal to the umbel; umbel subglobose, capsule-bearing ; stamens
shorter than the calyx,—the filaments not toothed. Kunth, Enum.
4.p. 391. Fl. Cestr. p. 216.

Rusu-Lteex Ausium. Vulgo—Chives, or Cives.
#r. Ciboulette. Germ. Der Schnittlauch. Spaz. Cebollino.

Growing in bunches. Bulbs small. Scape 6 to 9 inches high, smooth. Leaves
erect, about as long as the scape. Umbel about an inch in diameter. Spathe of
2 ovate membranaceous nerved purplish valves. Calyx purple with a tinge of
violet. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Oés. Cultivated as a culinary herb; and often used as a kind of
medicinal food for young poultry.

5. A. Cera, E. Scape naked, or leafy at base only, fistular, and
ventricose below the middle, much longer than the leaves; leaves

subterete, fistular, somewhat ventricose ; umbel globose, usually cap-
ule-bearing ; stamens longer than the calyx,—the alternate fila-

ments obtusely toothed on each side, at base. Kunth, Enum. 4. p.

394. Fl. Cestr. p. 216.

Vulgi— Onion. Garden Onion.

Fr. Oignon. Germ. Die Zwiebel. Span. Cebolla.

Bulb biennial? depressed or turnep-shaped, large (2 to3 inches 1n horizontal
diameter). Seape 2 to 3 feet high, terete, often an inch or more in diameter in
in the most ventricose portion, smooth, glaucous. Leaves 6 inches to a foot or
more in length. Umbel 2 to 3 inches in diameter,—the pedicels filiform. Spa
greenish-white. Sepals lance-oblong, white with a green keel. Outer stam
about as long as the calyx, spreading,—the inner ones nearly twice as long,
erect; filaments white,—the 3 iuner ones much dilated at base, obscurely tooth-
ed. Gardens, and fields: cultivated. Native country unknown. Fl. July. Fr.
September.

Obs. This species—universally known and cultivated, as a culi-
nary vegetable—is by far the most valuable of the genus. The cul-
ture is carried to a great extent in some favorable localities,—as at
Wethersfield, Connecticut. There is a variety with bulb-bearing
umbels, or heads, sometimes to be seen in gardens. The expressed
juice of the Onion is a popular remedy for the croup, in children.
Its stimulating quality is thus playfully alluded to, by SuaKsPEARE,
in the Taming of the Shrew:

“ And if the boy have not a woman’s gift,
“To rain a shower of commanded tears,

“ An Onion will do well for such a shift;
“Which in a napkin being close conveyed,
“Shall in despite enforce a watery eye.”

* « Leek to the Welsh, to Dutchmen butter’s dear,
“ Of Irish swains potato is the cheer ;
“ Oats for their feasts the Scottish shepherds grind.” Gay.
y ,

198 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Two or three other species of this genus are cultivated, in Europe ;
namely, A. Scorodoprasum, L. or Rocambole—A. Ascalonicum, L.
or Schallott, &c. But I believe they are not much attended to, in
this country. We have, also, a few zative species; but they are
scarcely of sufficient importance to require the notice of the Agri-
culturist.

TRIBE III. ASPARAGEAE. Juss. DC. & Dub.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Root tuberous, fleshy and fascicled, or paeie 92 Calyz
spreading, or rarely tubular. Fruit baccate.

202. ASPARAGUS. ZL. Endl. Gen. 1164.

[Greek, Asparagos, a young shoot, or turion; notable in this plant.]
Calyz of 6 nearly equal linear-oblong petaloid sepals, slightly con-
nected at base, spreading at apex. Stamens 6,—the lower half of the
filaments adnate to the base of the sepals ; azthers peltate. Ovary
trigonous-turbinate, 3-celled; ovwles 2 in each cell; style short;
stigmas 3. Berry globose, 3-celled; cells 2-seeded. Seeds angular-
subglobose ; testa coriaceous, black; embryo excentric, somewhat
curved.

“1. A. orrictnatis, ZL. Unarmed; stem herbaceous, erect, panicu-
lately branched; leaves fasciculate, setaceous and flexible; pedun-
cles articulated in the middle. Wia//d. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 150. Fl. Cestr.
p. 218. [row Grass.”?
OrricinaL Asparacus. Vulgd—Asparagus, or (corruptly) © EEA”
Fr. Asperge. Germ. Der Spargel. Span. Esparrago.

Root perennial, consisting of numerous coarse fleshy fasciculate fibres. Plant
smooth, 3 to 6 feet high,—ihe turions, or young stems, at first simple, stout and
fleshy, with leaves in the form of appressed scales—finally the stem is ramified
into a large panicle. Leaves unequal, | third of an inch to an inch or more in length,
very narrow, linear, flat, abruptly acute, in fascicles of 3 to 10 or 12 (often 6),
with a minute ovate acuminate scarious -stipule at the base of each fascicle.
Pedunceles in pairs (sometimes solitary), lateral (not axillary) at the base of the
alternate branches, about half an inch long, slender, the upper half (above the
thickened ring, or articulation) slightly clavate. Calyx pale greenish-yellow.
Berries globose, slightly umbilicate, red when mature. Gardens: cultivated.
Native of Europe. Fl. May—July. Fr. September.

Obs. Almost every garden has a bed of Asparagus roots, for the
sake of the young T'urions,—which afford a favorite vegetable dish,
in early spring,

ORDER CLV. JUNCACEAE. Juss. Agardh.

Herbaceous, mostly perennial grass-like or sedge-like plants. Stem (or culm) no-
dose, ofien simple and leafless, or leafy at base with nearly naked scapes. Leaves
alternate, sheathing at base, narrow, and either flat, channelled or terete. Flowers
small, elumaceous, in paniculate clusters, cymes, or heads. Calyx of 6 dry
greenish or brownish sepals, in two series. Stamens 6, or rarely 3. Ovary free,
3-celled,—or 1-celled by. reason of the placentae not reaching the axis; ovules
either 3 at the base of the ovary, or numerous and affixed to the placentae ;
styles united ; stigmas 3. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved, few or many-seeded.
Seeds erect; testa membranaceous; embryo included in the base of dense fleshy
albumen.
A small Order of homely and worthless plants.

203. JUNCUS. L. Endl, Gen, 1049.

[Latin, Jungere. 1o join.—being used to tie or bind objects together.]
Calyz Wibracteate at base. Sepals 6, glumaceous, in a double
series,—the 3 outer ones keeled. Stamezs mostly 6, inserted on the
base of the sepals,—sometimes those on the 3 inner sepals abortive.

JUNCACEAE 199

Ovary free, 3-celled; ovules numerous, at the inner angle of the
cells, erect; sttgmas 3, subsessile, filiform, villous. Capsu/e 3-
celled, or somewhat 1-celled by the incompleteness of the dissepi-
ments, 3-valyed,—the valves bearing the dissepiments in the middle
(loculietdal). Seeds numerous. -

1. J. communis, var. a? E. Meyer. Culms cespitose, naked, erect,
smooth, filled with a continuous pith ; sheaths radical, without leaves ;
inflorescence lateral, much branched, cymose, conglomerate or dif-
fused ; flowers triandrous ; sepals ianceolate, acuminate, as long as
the obtuse capsule. Kunth, Enum. 3. p. 320.

J. effusus. L. Willd. Sp. Pl. 2. p. 205. Fl. Cestr. p. 227.
Common Juncus. Vulgd—Rush. Soft Rush.
Fr. Jone a Méche. Germ. Gemeine Simse. Span. Junco.

Root perennial, forming tussocks. Culms 2 10 3 feet high, simple, soft and plia-
ble, sheathed at base, and terminating at summit in a long tapering point. In-
Jlorescence cymose-paniculate, bursung from a fissure in the side of the culm
near the summit, often proliferous, bracteate ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, scarious.
Stamcns 3, shorter than the sepals, opposite the 3 outer ones; anthers white. Cap-
sule trigonous-obovoid, obtuse. Seeds minute, oblong, acute at each end, yel-
lowish. Moist meadows, and low grounds: throughout the U. States. Fi. June.
#r. July—August.

Obs. There appear to be varieties, or nearly allied species, which
have created some confusion respecting J. effusws. Kuntu (after E.
Meyer) has reduced the J. cong!omeratus and J. effusus, of Lin-
NAEUS, and others, into varieties of J. communis.

The genus is a numerous one,—comprising about 100 known spe-
cies—of which some 18 or 20 are natives.of the U. States. They
are all homely plants, and entirely worthless to the farmer; but the
one here given is the most troublesome,—continually forming
numerous unsightly bunches or tessockés, in wet low grounds—and
requiring some attention to keep it in proper subjection. Mr. Exuiorr
says that in 8. Carolina, this Rwsh ‘‘occupies and almost covers
rice-fields as soon as they are thrown out of cultivation.”

ORDER CLIX. CYPERACEAE. Juss. DC.

Herbs, perennial or annual,—the stems (or cudms) often angular, or compressed,
somewhat nodose, usually solid and cespitose, never shrubby. Leaves distichously
alternate, originating at the nodes,—the petioles dilated, embracing the culm,
with the margins mostly united so as to form entire sheaths—the lamina (of the
lower ones especially) ofien wanting. Flowers perfect or unisexual, monoicous
or polygamous, rarely dioicous, spicate ; spikes either solitary and terminal or
axillary, or variously clustered, and involucrate, at the summit of the culm:
fiorets 1 in the axil of each chafly scale or bract. Calyx none,—or the sepals
reduced to a few mere bristles. Stamens usually 3, hypogynous. Ovary free, by
abortion single, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 2 or 3, more or less united,—the
branches stigmatose on the inner side. Fruit an Akene (or caryopsis), either com-
pressed, or more or less trigonous, according to the number and perfection of
the styles,—the pericarp not adnate to the seed, chartaceous, crustaceous or bony.
Seed conforming to the shape of the pericarp, erect; testa delicate: embryo minute,
included in farinaceous or somewhat fleshy albumen.

An Order of some 50 genera,—remarkable for their worthlessness; and also
for their presence, or prevalence, at least, being an indication of swampy,
neglected, or valueless land. The herbage of this Order—unlike that of a large
number of the Gramineae, or true Grasses—contains but little saccharine matter; *
and therefore is neither nutritious, nor palatable to stock.

TRIBE I. CARICEAE. Nees.

Flowers diclinous. Scales or glumes of the spikes imbricated on all sides. <Akene

200 ENDOGENOUS PEANTS

(caryopsis, or nut) inclosed in a (usually "acuminate} sac or wtricle, formed
of 2 membranaceous bracts or glumes with their margins united, but often
leaving the apex bidentate.

204. CAREX. L. Endl. Gen. 957.

[Latin, carere, to lack, or want; the staminate spikes bearing no fruit.]
Spises one or several, unisexual or androgynous, rarely dioicous.
SraminaTE Fu. Stamens 3. PisTiptate Fu. Ovary included in a
utricle formed of 2 glumes united by their margins; wtrzicle beaked,
and either bidentate, emarginate, or truncate at apex. Styles 2 or
3, united at base,—the stzgmatose branches elongated, exserted..
Akene with a chartaceous pericarp (usually lenticular, or plano-con-
vex, when there are but 2 stigmas,—triquetrous when the stigmas
are 3), inclosed in the persistent utricle. Perennial herbs. Culms
triangular, leafy throughout or only at base. Leaves grass-like,
mostly scabrous on the margins and keel. Spies terminal or axil-
lary, distant or approximated, or variously clustered.

§. 1. SprkEs ALL. ANDROGYNOUS.
OG~ Spthes clustered, staminate at their summit. Stigmas 2.

1. C. muttirtora, Muhl. Spike oblong, decompound, interrupted,
bracteate,—the spikelets numerous, ovoid-oblong, obtuse; fruit
crowded, compressed, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, scabrous on the
margin, finally diverging, rather shorter than the ovate cuspidate
glume. Kunth, Enum. 2. p. 387. Fl. Cestr. p. 29.

MAnyY-FLOWERED Carex. Vulgo—Sedge. Sedge-grass.

Culm about 2 feet high, obtusely triangular and leafy at base, acutely triquetrous
above. Leaves lance-linear, channelled above, scabrous on the margin,—the
upper ones over-topping the culm; sheathes transversely rugose on the side op-
posite the leaves. Spike 2 to 3 inches long. formed of numerous spikelets which
are crowded into clusters a little separated from each other, and either appress-
ed to the rachis or diverging. Bvacts at the base of the compound spike,. and
also of the principal clusters, often long and foliaceous,—these at the base of the
spikelets, short, setaceous and scabrous. Staminate glumes lanceolate, with a
short point. Pistiliate glumes ovate, with a long serrulate point. Frwit 3-nerved,
bifid at apex, rather small, densely crowded, finally much diverging, and yel-
loo Swamps, and low grounds: northern and middle States. Fl. May.
Fr. July.

Obs. This—like all the other species of this very numerous genus
(amounting to some 300, or more) is a very worthless plant; and is
often quite abundant, in wet meadows. The form of the akenes,
in Carex—like those of Polygonum, already noticed—has a constant
relation to the number of styles, or stigmas. When the stigmas (or
stigmatose branches) are 2, the akene is compressed, and ancipital
or 2-edged; but when there are 3.stigmas, the akene is uniformly
triquetrous. A similar relation, between the form of the akene or
nut, and the number of the styles or stigmas, appears to exist in
numerous other instances,—as in Rumez, Rheum, Scirpus, Cyperus,
Fagus, Morus, Alnus, Betula, &c. &c. and the law may, perhaps,
be general.

§. 2. Spikes, STAMINATE and PISTILLATE DISTINCT. Stigmas 3.
t Staminate spike solitary > pistillate subsessile.

2. C. Tentacutata, Muhl. Staminate spike bracteate, on a short
peduncle; pistillate spikes about 3, cylindric-oblong, approximate,

CYPERACEAE 201

horizontal; bracts long, foliaceous; fruit densely crowded, ovoid,
ventricose, nerved, long-beaked, about twice as long as the lance-
linear awned glume. Welld. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 266. Fl. Cestr. p. 35.

C. rostrata, Muhl. in Schkuhr. fide Kunth, Enum. 2. p. 496.
TENTACULATE OR MANY-BEAKED CAREX. [(doubtful).

Whole plant yellowish-green. Culm 1210 18 inches high, triquetrous, scabrous
on the angles above, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, scabrous on the
margin, longer than the culm. Staminate spike about an inch long, with a narrow
lance-linear bract at base longer than the spike; glwmes lance-linear, terminated
by a long scabrous awn. Pistillate spikes commonly 2 or 3 (often but 1—rarely
4), about an inch or inch and half long,—the upper ones approximate, sessile—
the lowest one a little distant on a short scarcely exserted peduncle ; glumes ter-
minated by a long setaceous scabrous awn. Bracis resembling the leaves, very
long. Fruit ovoid, inflated, spreading, smooth and shining, attenuated into along
straight, slender beak. Akene triquetrous, roughish-puncticulate. Swampy low
grounds. F/. May—June. Fr. August.

Obs. ‘This is a very common species, in the swampy meadows of
Pennsylvania,—and probably throughout the greater portion of the
United States.

tt Staminate spikes mostly 2 or more. Stigmas 2.

3. C. acuta, Gooden. Staminate spikes 1 to 3, erect; pistillate
spikes usually 2 or 3, rather distant, cylindric, subsessile, often stam-
inate at summit; fruit compressed, ovate, with a very short beak
and the orifice entire, about as long as the oblong-lanceolate awnless
glume. Kunth, Enum. 2. p. 412. Fl. Cestr. p. 41. Icon, Fi.
Lond. 4.

AcuUTE (OR SHARP-ANGLED) Carex. Vualgc—Tussock-sedge.

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, very slender and acutely triquetrous, striate, minutely
gerrulate on the angles, leafy at base,—usually growing in large dense tufts, or
tussocks. Leaves narrow, linear, keeled, scabrous on the margin, often longer than
the culm,—the radical ones very numerous and loosely spreading, forming a large
tuft of a lively bluish-green. Staminate spikes 2 or 3 (often solitary), erect, ses-
sile except the uppermost one; glumes oblong, mostly obtuse. Pistillate spikes 3
(or often but 2), 1 to 2 inches long, rather slender,—the lowest one on a very short
peduncle—the upper ones sessile, and often staminate at summit (androgynous) ;
glumes brown, with a green keel. Fruit ovate, elliptic, or obuvate, smooth.
Akene obovate, mucronate, puncticulate. Swamps: throughout the U. States.
Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. The description of C. eaespitosa, L. as given in the books,
so nearly fits this plant, that a young Botanist might be puzzled to
make anything else of it; and Kuntu pronounces it to be only a
marsh form of that species (Nil nist forma paludosa Caricis caes-
pitosae.”®). It is the most common, and most troublesome, of all
the species. It is true, that a pedestrian, in crossing neglected boggy
meadows, finds its dense tufts quite a convenience, to step on,—yetit
is decidedly more farmer-like to provide good walking, in such places,
by ditching and draining. The tussocks, formed by the matted
fibrous roots, of this species of Carez, are often very large, and very
durable. I once hauled a quantity of them into the barn-yard, with
a hope that they might decompose, and make manure: but they
effectually resisted decomposition, and were tossed about the yard,
for years,—as large, and almost as indestructible, as so many hat-
ter’s blocks. The best way to dispose of them, is to collect them—
when cut out and dried—into a heap, and burn them,—taking care

202 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

afterwards, by appropriate draining, to prevent the growth of others.

The three species here described, are inserted merely as samples
of a very extensive genus of unprofitable plants,—of which every
intelligent farmer would like to know something. Those who may
desire to become better acquainted with the family, will find the
species well described, in various Monographs and Floras.

TRIBE IX. SCIRPEAE. Nees. .
Flowers perfect. Scales of the spikelets imbricated on all sides (rarely bi-tri-
farious), uniform,—the lowest ones usually empty or sterile. Calyx none, or sub-
stituted by several bristles, hairs, or linear scales. Style often bulbous at base.

205. SCIRPUS. Z. Endl. Gen. 1000.

[An ancient Latin name for the Bull-rush,—which belongs to the genus. ]
Spikelets many-flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides (or rarely
sub-distichously),—the lower ones empty. Calyz none,—substi-
tuted by capillary bristles, which are hispid or puberulent. Styles
2 or 3, distinct at summit, united at base, often bulbous and articu-
lated with the ovary. AZene crustaceous, either somewhat com-
pressed, or trigonous—according to the condition or number of the
styles or stigmas. Perennial sub-aguatic herbs. Culms mostly sim-
ple, triangular or terete, often with leafless sheaths. Spikelets
either solitary, conglomerate or corymbose, terminal or lateral.

1. S. rriqvuetTer, LZ. Culm triquetrous, nearly leafless; spikelets
ovoid-oblong (1 to 5), in a dense lateral cluster near the summit of
the culm; scales orbicular-ovate, emarginate, mucronate; bristles 3
to 5 or 6, slender, shorter than the akene; styles 2, united below,
free at summit} akene subcompressed, obscurely trigonous, abruptly
acuminate. Kunth, Enum. 2. p. 163. Fl. Cestr. p. 593. Icon,
Fl. Lond. 1.

Also, 8. pungens, Vahl. Kunth, 1. c. S. Americanus Pers. & others.
THREE-coRNERED Scirpus. Velgd—Chair-maker’s Rush.

Root (or rhizoma) creeping. Culm 2104 or 5 feet high, cuspidate at summit,
acutely triquetrous (2 of the sides concave, the other flat), naked and smooth,
sheathed at base,—the sheaths often bearing a few short triangular-carinate leaves.
Spikelets nearly sessile, in ua dense lateral cluster,--7. e. at the base of an erect
tapering 1-leaved involucre, which is apparently a continuation of the culm.
Scales often emarginate, and mucronate with the projecting midrib, ferruginous
on the sides,—the margins scarious and pubescent-ciliate. Bristies retrorsely
scabrous, brittle. Akene smooth, dark-brown. Swampy meadows, and mnddy
margins of rivers—salt and fresh: throughout the U. States. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is the plant used in making the seats of ** Rush-bottomed
Chairs,” in the U. States. Some of the Exglish Botanists say, the
terete culms of the S. lacustris, L. or common Bull-rush, are used
for that purpose,—which I think must be a mistake; as they are
certainly much inferior, in tenacity and pliability, to those of S. trz-
queter,—and the chairmakers would be apt to discover the fact.
Numerous species of this genus occur in our wet low grounds: but,
although of no value in Agriculture, they scarcely require notice,
here,—inasmuch as they are neither very troublesome, nor difficult
to get rid of, by draining, and other appropriate management of the
grounds.

TRIBE X. CYPEREAE. WNees.

Flowers perfect. Spikelets usually many-flowered, with the scales distichously

CYPERACEAE 208

imbricated, uniform,—the margins often decurrent on the angles of the rachis.
Calyx none, or rarely cup-shaped,—sometimes substituted by retrorsely hispid
bristles. Style rarely bulbous at base.

206. CYPERUS. L. Endi. Gen. 1003.
[An ancient Greek name,—of uncertain etymology. ]

Spikelets many-flowered, or rarely 1 to 3-flowered. Scales distich-
ously imbricated,—the lowest ones empty and sometimes smaller.
Calyx none of any kind. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles 3 (rarely 2,)
united below into one, deciduous. Asene crustaceous, triquetrous
or rarely compressed,—sometimes mucronate with the persistent
base of the united styles. Perennial herbs. Culms simple, often
triquetrous, leafy and sheathed at base. Leaves grass-like. Spthe-
ets in loose spikes, involucrate fascicles, or umbels.

1. C. srricosus, L. Umbel mostly simple, with several elongated
unequal rays bearing oblong loose spikes; spikelets numerous, each
6 to § or 10-flowered, lance-linear, acute, much compressed, divari-
cate, spreading on all sides; involucre of about 6 leaves,—the ex-
terior or lower ones vety long. Torr..N. Am. Cyp. p. 261. Kunth?
Enum. 2.p. 87. Fl. Cestr. p. 15.

Srricosr Cyperus. Vulgd—Bristle-spiked Galingale.

Culm 1 to 2 or 8 feet high, triquetrous, smooth, leafy below and tuberous at
base. Leaves rather broad, acute, keeled, nearly as long as the culm, somewhat
scabrous on the margin. Umel3 to6 or 9-rayed, rather spreading ; rays unequal,
J or 2 to4 or5 inches jong, triquetrous, sheathed at base;—the central ones supe
pressed—(i. e. the central spikes sessile), Spikes yellowish, 1 10 near 2 inches
long (often compound—or with 1, 2 or 3 smaller spikes, branching from the base),
formed by numerous spikelets (20 to 60 or 80) which spread on all sides, and are
finally a little reflexed. Spikelets about three fourths of an inch long,—the scales
somewhat loosely imbricated, striate, with a green keel and yellowish sides.
Siyles long, 3 united in one, distinct at summit. Akene triquetrous, oblong, acute,
roughish-dotted. Wet meadows, and low grounds: throughout the U. States.
Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This species is inserted—not as being a particularly trouble-
some weed, but—as one of the most conspicuous of the genus, in the
swampy meadows of the middle and northern States. The two
which follow, belong rather to the Southern States,—and are there
regarded as real scourges, by the Planters.

2. C. repens, E//. Root creeping, tuberiferous at the extremities;
umbel mostly simple, 4 to 6-rayed; involucre about 3-leaved, much
longer than the rays; spikes distichous; spikelets 10 to 14, linear,
obtuse, sub-compressed, approximated, somewhat spreading, each
12 to 20-flowered. Torr. N. Am. Cyp. p. 264. Fil. Cestr. p. 592.
C. phymatodes. Muhl. Kunth, Enum. 2. p. 62. [en Torr.

Creepine Cyprrus. Vulgo—* Nut Grass,’’ of Florida; Baldw.

Root (or rhizoma) creeping extensively, and sending up numerous suckers,—the
fibrous branches often terminating in tubers the size of a pea. Culm 1 to near 2
feet high, triquetrous, very smooth. Leaves 9 to 18 inches long, and 2 to 3 lines
wide, keeled, smooth or slightly scabrous on the margin, yellowish green. Umbel
rather erect,—the rays 1 to 2 or 3 inches long. JInvolucre usually 3 or 4-leaved.
Spikelets half an inch to three quarters in length, a little compressed, obtuse when
mature, somewhat distichousiy arranged on the common rachis,—the lowest ones
often in pairs or fasciculate; scales oblong, rather acute, nerved, pale tawny.
Styles 3, united in one, distinct at summit. Akene triquetrous, oblong, minutely

anctate. Banks of streams; pastures, and cultivated grounds: New York to
lorida, and Louisiana.

204 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Obs. This species is, fortunately, rather rare, in the northern and
middle States; but it is said to be a troublesome plant, in the South.

3. C. Hypra, Mz. Rhizoma creeping, tuberiferous; umbel mostly
simple, 3 or 4-rayed; involucre 2 or 3 leaved, about as long as the
rays; spikes distichous; spikelets 4 or 5 on each ray, or spike,
lance-linear, acute, much compressed, 14 to 20-flowered. Torr. NV.
Am. Cyp. p. 265. Icon, Ell. Sketch, 1. tab.2. fig. 2.

C. rotundus, L? Muhl. Kunth, Enum. 2. p. 58. [grass *? ?

Hypra Crrerus. Vulgo—“Nut Grass,” of S. Carolina. ‘* Coco-

Rhizoma creeping,—its branches ending in tubers nearly half an inch in diame-
ter. Culm 3 toSand 12 inches high, triangular, smooth, naked. Leaves all radical,
shorter than the culm, about 2 lines wide, acute, slightly channelled, often recur-
ved, somewhat glaucous. Jnvolucre sometimes shorter than the umbel. Rays of
the umbel 2 to 3 inches long, erect or shghtly spreading. Spztkelets nearly an inch
Iong, alternate and distichous along the upper part of the rays,—the scales closely
imbricated, bright chesnut-color witha green keel, notnerved, slightly mucronate.
Styles 3, united below, disunct at summit. Akene triquetrous. Sandy fields; sand
drifts, along the sea coast: Virginia to Florida, and Arkansas. F’. All summer.

Obs. This is stated to be one of the greatest pests of the Southern
Planters. It seems to be an inhabitant of all the 4 quarters of the
globe. Mr. Exxiotr gives the following account of it :—* This
grass (?) is becoming a great scourge to our planters. It shoots
from the base of its stem a thread-like fibre, which descends perpen-
dicularly 6 to 18 inches, and then produces a small tuber. From
this, horizontal fibres extend in every direction, producing new
tubers at intervals of 6 or 8 inches, and these immediately shoot up
stems to the surface of the earth, and throw out lateral fibres to form
anew progeny. This process is interminable,—and it is curious to
see what a chain or net-work of plants and tubers can, with some
care, be dug up in a loose soil. The only process, yet discovered,
by which this grass can be extirpated, is to plough or hoe the spots
in which it grows every day through the whole season. In their
perpetual efforts to throw their leaves to the light, the roots become
exhausted and perish,—or if a few appear the next spring, they can
easily be dug up.” J.S. Sxinner, Esq. in a letter written during
an excursion to the South, in the spring of 1846, sent to me an im-
perfect specimen of a Cyperaceous plant, which I suspect to be this
species; and says of it—‘‘ I send you inclosed a spear or shoot of the
vilest of all pests, the Coco-grass,—which has taken possession of,
and caused to be abandoned, some of the best Sugar estates in
Louisiana. Of all things it is said to be the most tenacious of life ;
and nothing serves so well to propagate it, as to plough and re-
plough, with a view to destroy it.”

There are numerous other species of Cyperws, in the U. States;
but the foregoing are the most important for the Agriculturist to be
acquainted with. The Papyrws—which the ancients used, for writ-
ing upon, prior to the manufacture of paper from rags—was obtained
from a species of this genus, viz: C. Papyrus, L.

ORDER CLX. GRAMINEAE. Juss.

Mostly Herbs of humble growth, perennial or annual, often cespitose—rarely
woody and fruticose or arborescent. Stems (or culms) terete, nodose, mosily hollow,

GRAMINEAE 205

and elosed at the nodes.* Leaves distichously alternate, originating at the
nodes,—the petioles dilated, sheathing the culm, but mostly sht on one side (i. e.
the margins not united, as in the Cyperaceae); stipules axillary, adnate to the pe-
tiole, with the summit often free and known as the igule,—sometimes obsolete
or wanting; lamina, or blade of the leaf, usually narrow, sub-linear, with par-
allel nerves, the margins entire and frequently scabrous. Flowers perfect or
unisexual—monoicous or polygamous, rarely dioicous,—in little spikelets at the
ends of branches; and these spikelets disposed in loose panicles—or, by the con-
traction of the branches, condensed into racemes or spikes. Spikelets consisting
of distichously imbricated chaffy bracts (stunted or modified sheaths of abortive
leaves),—of which the outer or lower ones are called glwmres—and the two that
immediately inclose each flower are termed paleae. Calyx or Corolla none,—or
in the form of minute membranous or fleshy hypogynous scales (1 to’3 in
number), distinct orunited. Stamens1 to6, or more—commonly 3—hypogynous ;
anthers versatile.. Ovary free, by abortion single, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles or
stigmas mostly 2, the latter plumose. Frit a caryopsis, free or sometimes ad-
herent to the paleae,—the pericarp closly adnate to the seed, thin and chartaceous,
or rarely crustaceous. Embryo situated on the front side, and near the base, of
copious farinaceous albumen.

This vast Order—comprising some 230 genera, and perhaps not less than 3000
species—is probably the most generally diffused, and the most important to man,
of all the families of plants. The seeds, and herbage, furnish a principal portion
of the food of the human race, and of the more valuable domesti¢ animals. A great
number of the Grasses, however, are little better than weeds, on a farm,—and
some of them exceedingly anneying. Those whichthe American Agriculturist
is more immediately interested to kuow, are here inserted.

TRIBE I. ORYZEAE. Kunth.

Spikelets sometimes 1-flowered, with the glumes often abortive ; sometimes 2 or 3-
flowered; the lower florets with a single palea, and neutral; the terminal one, on y,
fertile. Paleae chartaceous, rigid. Flowers often diclinous, and mostly hexandr yus.

907. LEERSIA. Soland. Endl. Gen. 728.

[Named in honor of John Daniel Leers,—a German Botanist.]

Flowers perfect. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 0. Paleae 2, com-
pressed-carinate, nearly equal in length, awnless,—the lower Jne
broader. Stamens 3 to 6—rarely 1. Ovary smooth; stigmas
plumose; the hairs branched. Caryopsis free, compressed, covered
by the paleae.

1. L. onyzorpes, Swartz. Panicle diffusely branched ; florets tri-
androus; paleae conspicuously ciliate on the keel. Kunth, Enum.
1 p. 5. Specim. Gray, Gram. No. 104. Fl. Cestr. p. 92.

Oryza—or Rice-“ixe Leersia. Vulgd—Cut-Grass. Wild Rice.

*The roots of the Grasses may be regarded as rhizomas, or subterranean stems,—
producing buds, and throwing up branches, of rapid growth, which are the culms,
or aerial stems. ‘The stem of a Grass,” says Prof LInpLEY, “exists in two dif-
ferent states,—that of the rhizoma, and of the culm; the rhizoma, which is the
true trunk; and the culm, which may be considered a ramification of it. The
rhizoma grows slowly, and differs in no respect from the stem of other Monoco-
tyledons, as is evident in that of the Bamboo. The culm, on the contrary, which
grows with great rapidity, is fistular, with a compact Impervious diaphragm at
each articulation; a fact which must be familliar to every one who has exam-
ined a straw, or the joint of a Bamboo. In the beginning when this culm was
first developed, it was a solid body like the rhizoma, only infinitely smaller ;
but in consequence of the great rapidity of its development, the cellular tissue
forms more slowly than the woody vascular bundles which it connects, and in
consequence a separation takes place between the latter and the former, except
at the articulations, where, by the action of the leaves and their axillary buds,
is formed a plexus of vessels, which grows as rapidly as the culm distends, and
therefore never separates in the centre. Something analagous to this occurs in
the flowering stem of the common Onion among Monocotyledons, and in Um-
belliferae among Dicotyledons.” —

206 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Root perennial, creeping. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, striate, scabrous with minute
retrorse prickles,—the nodes pubescent. Leaves 6 to 121nches long, lance-linear,
acuminate, keeled, retrorsely and sharply scabrous, ciliate on the margin;
sheaths sulcate-striate, very rough with retrorse prickles in the grooves; ligule
short, retuse. Panicle usually sheathed at base, much branched; branches
flexuose, the lower ones in threes and fours. Spikelets elliptic-oblong, pedicel-
late, greenish-white. Paleae compressed, pectinate-ciliate on the keel,—the
lower one boat-shaped, 3-nerved—thetupper one a little longer, linear, 1-nerved.
Swamps, and along sluggish rivuleis: throughout the U. States. Fi. Aug. Fr.
September.

Obs. This rough grass seems to be common to both hemispheres,—
and is often quite abundant in our swampy meadows, and along the
margins of muddy streams. It is not only worthless, but rather a
nuisance. The farmer should therefore know it, and take measures

(by drainage, &c.) to expel it, or keep it in subjection.

208. ORYZA. L. Endl. Gen. 729.

[The Greek name of Rice,—coined from Eruz, its Arabic name.]
Flowers perfect. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, small, awnless
but cuspidate, slightly concave. Paleae 2, compressed-carinate,
nearly equal in length,—the lower one broader, and often with a
straight awn at apex. Stamens 6. Ovary smooth; stegmas plu-
mose,—the hairs branched. Caryopsis oblong, free, closely em-
braced by the persistent paleae.

1. O. sativa, ZL. Leaves lance-linear, elongated, rough; panicle
racemose, contracted; branches slender, rough; paleae oblong,
scabrous, awnless or often with a terminal awn. Kunth, Enum. 1.

Critivatep Oryza. Vaulgd—Rice. Common Rice. [p. 7.
Fy. Le Riz. Germ. Der Reiss. Span. Arroz.

Root annual. Culm 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, smooth, striate. Leaves 9 to 18 inches
long, broadish, rough on the upper surface, smooth beneath; sheaths striate-
nerved, smooth; ligule elongated (half an inch to three quarters in length), erect,
tapering to a point. Panicle oblong, 4 to 8 or 9 inches in length, with the bran-
ches erect. Outer palea nerved or ribbed, hispidly scabrous, often awned,—the
inner one awnless. Cultivated in the Southern States. Native of Asia? Fl. Fr.

Obs. There are several varieties of cultivated Rice; some, called
Upiand or Mountain Rice, usually awnless,—others, with the paleae
commonly awned, or mucronate, cultivated in low grounds which
can be irrigated, or overflowed with water. The aquatic variety is
one of the staple crops of South Carolina. The importance of this
plant, to the inhabitants of the tropical regions, generally—but es-
pecially in Asta—can scarcely be estimated by the residents of
higher latitudes. It is believed that its seeds enter more largely
into the nourishment of the human family, than those of any other
plant—not excepting even Wheat.

209. ZIZANIA. ZG. (Hyprocutoa. Endl. Gen. 731.)

[A Greek name,*—supposed to have been originally applied to Lolium.]
Flowers monoicous. Spikelets 1-flowered,—the staminate and pis-
tv//ate ones in the same panicle—the former below, the latter above.
STAMINATE SPIKELETS: Glumes 0. Paleae 2, concave, nearly equal

*In the original language of the New Testament (St. Matthew, chap. 13). Ziza-
na is the term which is rendered, or represented in English, by the word “Tares” :
yet Tares have usually been considered to be species of Vetch (either Vicia sativa,

?

L. or Ervum hirsutum, L.).

GRAMINEAE 207

in length, the lower one mucronate, 5-nerved, embracing the 3-nerved
upper one. Scales 2, glabrous. Stamens 6. Ovary an abortive
rudiment. PIsTILLATE SPIKELETS: Glwme a minute orbicular cup-
shaped rudiment. Paleae 2, linear,—the lower one 3-nerved, ter-
minating in a long straight awn, and embracing the narrower
l-nerved upper one. Scales 2, glabrous. Stamens abortive rudi-
ments. Ovary sessile, oblong; stigmas pencil-form,—the hairs
simple, subulate. Caryopsis cylindric, sulcate on one side, beaked,
enveloped in the paleae.

1. Z. aquatica, L. Panicle pyramidal,—the lower branches spread-
ing, bearing staminate flowers—the upper branches erect, bearing
pistillate flowers; spikelets on clavate pedicels; awns long; cary-
opsis slender, elongated. FV. Cestr. p. 93.

Z. clavulosa. Mz. Wilid. Sp. Pl. 4. p. 394.
Hydropyrum esculentum. Link. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 9.

Aquatic Zizanta. Vulge—Water-Oats. Reed. Indian Rice.

Root perennial. Culm 4 to 8 or 10 feet high, stout, fistular, terete, glabrous.
Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, linear-lanceo-
late, keeled, smooth, serrulate on the margin; sheaths striate, smooth,—the base,
at the nodes, surrounded with a ring of short silky appressed pubescence ; ligule
rather large, elongated, erect, lanceolate, finally lacerate-dentate, often purplish.
Panicle 1 to 2 feet long,—the branches verticillate. Pistillate sptkelets about an
inch long, needle-like, somewhat racemose on the branches. Paleae scabrous,
dark greenish-purple,—the lower one closely embracing the upper one, and ter-
minating 1n a slender straight hispid awn as long as the spikelet. Muddy margins
of tide waters; swampy rivulets, &c.: throughout the U. States. Fi. August. Fr.
Sept.—October,

Obs. At the suggestion of my friend, Prof. A. Gray, I have re-
tained the zame of this plant, originally proposed by CiayTon, or
Gronovius,—and adopted by Linnarus. Kuntu has excluded the
only original species from the genus,—in violation of the canons in
such case made and provided. This fine stout Grass is well known,
along the muddy shores of our tide waters, as the favorite resort of
the Reed-bird (Emberiza Oryzivora, L.),in autumn. Mr. Exuiotr
supposed it might be a valuable grass, in overflowed or marshy
meadows,—as its leaves, he says, are eaten with avidity by Stock of
all descriptions. I do not know that it has been found of much im-
portance, in that respect, in the northern or middle States,

TRIBE II. PHALARIDEAE. Kunth.

Spikelets with the flowers either perfect, polygamous, or rarely monolcous,—
sometimes 1-flowered with or without a stipitiform rudiment of another flower
above—sometimes 2-flowered, both being perfect or staminate—and sometimes
2 or 3-flowered with the terminal one fertile, the others imperfect. Glwmes
mostly equal, Paleae often shining and indurated in fruit. Styles or stigmas fre-
quently much elongated.

210. ZEA. DL. Endl. Gen. 742.

[Greek, Zao, to live; from the sustenance it affords to ammal life.]
Flowers monoicous: Staminate ones terminal, racemose; pistillate
ones axillary, densely spicate,—the spike enveloped in the sheaths
of abortive leaves. STAMINATE SPIKELETS 2-flowered. Glumes 2,
concave,—the lower one 3-nerved—the upper one 2-nerved. Paleae
membranaceous, awnless. Scales 2, collateral, fleshy, glabrous. Sta-
mens 3; anthers linear, 4-sided, erect. PIisTILLATE SPIKELETS 2~

208 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

flowered, the lower one neutral. Glumes 2, fleshy-membranaceous,
very broad, ciliate,—the lower one emarginately 2-lobed. Neutral
floret with 2 paleae,—the lower one rounded, concave, embracing the
fertile floret. Fertile floret with 2 or 3 concave paleae. Scales and
stamens none. Ovary sessile, roundish-ovoid, oblique; style termi-
nal, capillary, very long, pubescent at apex and mostly bifid,—the
lobes subulate. Caryopsis compressed, roundish-reniform or cuneate,
with a groove on the upper side,surrounded at base by the persis-
tent glumes and paleae; pericarp thin, chartaceous and diaphanous.

1. Z. Mays, LZ. Leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire,
with a broad thickish midrib channelled above. Kunth, Enum. 1.
p19. Ft. Cesir.'». 94...

Vulgé—Corn. Indian-Corn. Maize.

Root annual, coarsely fibrous. Culm 4 to 8 or 10 feet high, and an inch to an
inch and half in diameter, simple (often producing suckers or branches at base),
nodose, semi-terete or with a broad shallow channel on alternate sides between
the nodes, smooth, solid with pith. Leaves 2 to 3 feet long, and 2 to 4 or 5 inches
wide, obtusely keeled, smooth beneath, pubescent above, finely ciliate; sheaths
striate, smooth, conspicuously pubescent along the margin; ligule short, obtuse.
Staminate flowers in terminal pedunculate fascicled racemes ; spikelets somewhat
unilateral on the branches, mostly 1n pairs—one subsessile the other pedicel-
late,—each 2-flowered; anthers greenish yellow ; scales collateral, cuneate, trun-
cate, fleshy and smooth. Pistillate flewers in stout dense solitary spikes on short
axillary branches (1 to 3 or 4—usually 2—of these spikes, or Ears, on each
plant). Spikes 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, enveloped in numerous involute spathe-
like “ husks” (t. e. the sheaths of abortive leaves.—of which one originates at
each node of the spike-bearing hare spikelets crowded, sessile on the
thick fleshy subeylindrie rachis (receptacle or “‘ Cob”), arranged in numerous
(8 to 12) longitudinal series,—the series, or “rows,” always in approximated
pairs. Ovary smooth, at first rounded, gradually becoming compressed, in full
ears; style very long and slender, projecting (with others in a glossy bundle,
ealled “the silk”) beyond the sheaths of the spike,—the exserted portion pen-
dulous, and often purple, Caryopsts (or grain) compressed by crowding,—
rounded when not crowded), with a slight groove on the upper side, in whieh
the embryo is lodged, varying from orbicular-reniform to elongated and cuneate
— indented at apex in the euneate forms), sitting transversely on the eylin-

tie or tapering receptacle, and partially imbedded in a socket formed by the
persistent glumes and paleae. Cultivated. Believed to be a native of the
warmer regions of America. Fl. July—August. Fr. September—October.

Oés. Culture has produced several varieties of this plant,—with
the grains yellow, white, or sometimes dark purple. In the north,
it is much smaller than in the middle and South western States.
There is, also, a remarkable variety—frequent, I believe, in the South
west—in which a-kind of hus, or involucre, is developed around
every grain, or spikelet, on the receptable. The Indian-Corn is
one of the most interesting of the Gramineae, or Grass family,—
rivalling the Sugar Cane and the Rice, in intrinsic value, and, in the
more favorable districts, ranking next in importance to Wheat itself.
The fresh Bread, made of Indian-Corn meal (the “ Poze,’ of Mary-
land and Viginia), when rightly prepared for the Breakfast table,
may challenge a comparison with that made from any other grain.
Sugar has also been obtained from this plant, of an excellent quality,
and in considerable quantity; but whether the saccharine product
will warrant the culture of the plant for that object, remains to be
determined. In Chester County, Pa. the Indian-Corn is usually the
Jirst in the routine of crops, on breaking up the Lay, or sod. - Oats or
Barley next succeed,—and then Wheat; with Clover and Timothy

to constitute the meadow, or Hay-crop, for two or three years after
the wheat comes off.

GRAMINEAE 209

211. PHLEUM. ZL. Endl. Gen. 750.

[A name derived from the ancient Greeks ; meaning obscure.]
Flowers perfect: Spikelets 1-flowered, Kunth, (2-flowered, Exdl.),
crowded into a dense cylindrical terminal spike. Glumes 2, keeled,
awnless, acuminate or produced at apex into an awnlike bristle.
Paleae 2, thin and membranaceous, shorter than the glumes,—the
lower one truncate at apex, awnless mucronate or awned on the
back—the upper one 2-keeled, and often with the stipitiform rudi-
ment of another floret at base. Scales 2, unequally 2-lobed, gla-
brous. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile; styles 2; stigmas plumose,
with simple hairs. Caryopsis free, obliquely ovoid or elliptical, sub-
terete, closely covered with the palea.

1. P. pratense, L. Culm erect; spike cylindric, elongated; spike-
lets destitute of the stipitiform rudiment; glumes truncate, mucro-
nately awned,—the awns shorter than the glumes; keel ciliate.
Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 29. Fl. Cestr. p. 59.

Meapow Putreum. Vulgd—Timothy. Cats-tail Grass.
Fr. Fleole des Pres, Germ. Das Wiesen-Lieschgras.

Root perennial, fibrous. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, simple, terete, smooth,—when
old rather firm and wiry, and often somewhat bulbous at base. Leaves 6 to 12
or 15 inches long. lance-linear, acute, flat, glaucous, somewhat scabrous; sheaths
striate, smooth; /iguée membranaceous, obtuse, finally lacerate. Spike 3 to 6 or
8 inches long, green. Glumes equal, compressed, abruptly mucronate, pubescent.
Paleae concealed in the glumes,—the lower one larger. Anthers purple. St¢gmas
white. Fields and Meadows: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This foreign Grass is extensively naturalized in the U. States.
In New York, and throughout New England, it is known by the
name of Herd Grass,—a name which, in Pennsylvania—and I
believe in all the States South—is applied exclusively to Agrostis
vulgaris, L. The Meadow Phleum, or Timothy, is very generally
cultivated in Eastern Pennsylvania; and is undoubtedly one of the
most valuable of the “ artificial grasses,’ so called. Mixed in
about equal proportions with red clover (Trifolium pratense, L.), it
makes the best quality of Hay. It requires a good soil,—and is con-
sidered a rather severe and exhausting crop;—inasmuch as the
aftermath, or second growth of radical leaves, is somewhat scant
and tardy, during the dry weather which usually succeeds harvest ;
and thus the ground is left exposed to the injurious influence of the
scorching sun. The clover, however, when present in sufficient
quantity, soon springs up and affords a shelter to the soil; and, when
the land is good, the green grass (Poa pratensis, L,) comes tn, spon-
taneously, as the clover disappears. The seed, of Timothy, is
usually sown in autumn,—among, and immediately after, Wheat
and Rye; though it answers very well, when sown early the ensu-
ing spring.

912. HOLCUS. ZL. Endl. Gen. 754.
[An ancient Greek name,—of obscure etymology.]
Spikelets 2-flowered, the florets a little distant, pedicellate,—the
lower one perfect, awnless—the upper one staminate, awned on
the back. . Glumes 2, nearly equal, boat-shaped. Prrrect FL.
Paleae 2,—the lower one boat-shaped, awnless—the upper one 2-

18*

210 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

keeled. Scales 2, 2-lobed, glabrous. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile,
pyriform ; styles 2, terminal; stigmas plumose,—the hairs simples
or rarely bifid at apex. Caryopsis free, smooth. SraminaTEe Fu.
Lower palea awned near the summit. Ovary mostly abortive.

1. H. tanatus, LZ. Panicle oblong, rather contracted; awn of the
staminate floret recurved, included in the glume. Kunth, Exum. 1. p.
34. Fl. Cestr. p. 91. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1.

Wootty Hoicus. Vulgo—Feather-grass. White Timothy.
Fr. Houque laineuse. Foin de mouton. Germ. Wolliges Honig-gras.

Root perennial, fibrous. -Culm simple, 18 inches to 2 feet high, and, with the
leaves and sheaths, clothed with a soft hoary pubescence. Leaves Iance-linear,
acute, 2 to 5 or 6 inches long; ligule white, truncate, dentate. Panicle oblong,
somewhat dense,—the branches hairy. Glumes ronghish-pubescent, whitish,
ofien tinged with purple. Florets both pedicellate, smooth and shining. Paleae
of the perfect floret nearly equal in length, the lower one broader, keeled,—of the
staminate floret unequal, the lower one larger, keeled, with a recurved or hooked
awn on the back near the apex. Moistmeadows: introduced. Naiive of Europe.
Fil. June. Fr. July. :

Obs. This grass is naturalized in many places, in Pennsylvania.
Some of the farmers in Virginia speak favorably of it; but I think
it must be froni want of familiarity with more valuable kinds. It is
true, that MuHLENBERG praises it—calling it “excellens pabulum;”?
but it is certainly very little esteemed by the farmers of Chester
County : and in this they concur in the opinion expressed by Mr. G.
SincLair, in his valuable Hortus Gramineus.

213. ANTHOXANTHUM. L. Endl. Gen. 756.

[Greek, Anthos, flower, and Xanthos, yellow; from the color of its spikes.]
Spikelets 3-flowered,—the 2 lower ones zeutra]—the uppermost one
perfect. Glumes 2, keeled,—the lower one shorter, 1-nerved—the
upper one 3-nerved. Nevurrat Fu. Palea 1, channelled, emargi-
nate at apex, awned on the back. Perrecr Fu. Paleae 2, boat-
shaped, awnless,—the lower one embracing the 1-nerved upper one.
Scales 0. Stamens 2. Ovary sessile; styles 2; stigmas distichously
plumose, with simple hairs. Caryopsts subterete, free, closely em-
braced by the paleae.

1. A. oporatum, L. Panicle contracted into an oblong spike;
spikelets sub-pedunculate, spreading, pubescent; paleae of the neu-
tral florets ciliate. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 38. Fl. Cestr. p. 64. Icon,
Fl. Lond. 1.

Fracrant ANTHOXANTHUM. Vulgd0—Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass.
Fil. Flouve odorante. Germ. Das Ruch-gras.

Root perennial. Culm erect, 12 to 18 inches high, rather slender. Leaves
lance-linear, shortish (1 or 2 to 5 or 6 inches long), pubescent; sheaths nerved,
sulcate; ligule elongated, membranaceous. Panicle a sort of loose spike 1 to 2
or 3 inches long, becoming yellow when mature ; spikelets somewhat fascicled,
on short peduncles. Paleae of the perfect floret very short. obtuse, nearly equal,
smooth and shining, the lower one much broader. Paleae of the neutral florets
single, linear-oblong, ciliate on the margins,—one of them with a geniculate
awn from near the base, more than twice as long as the palea—the other with
a straight awn, about as long as. the palea, inserted on the back near the sum-
mit. Anthers linear, large. Stigmas white. Caryopsts oblong, blackish, shining.
Meadows; and moist open woodlands: introduced. Native of Europe. Fi.
May—June. Fr. July. ;

Qds. This has been much noticed, in Europe, as a fragrant mea-

GRAMINEAE 211

dow-grass; but it seems rather to belong to a moist, cold, thin soil,—
and is by no means regarded, in the U. States, as a grass of superior
value. When cut, and partly dry, it emits a remarkably fragrant odor.
The culms have been used in the manufacture of imitation Leghorn
hats and bonnets.
This grass is the plant referred to by Dr. Darwny, in the follow-

ing lines of his imaginative poem, the “ Botanic Garden :”’—

“ Two gentle shepherds, and their sister-wives,

“With thee, ANTHOxA! lead ambrosial lives;

“Where the wide heath in purple pride extends,

“ And scatter’d furze its golden lustre blends,

“ Closed in a green recess, unenvi‘d lot!

“The blue smoke rises from their turf-built cot;

“Bosom’d in fragrance blush their infant train,

“Eye the warm sun, or drink the silver rain.”

Bot. Garden, Part II. Canto I. 1. 85-92.
Belonging to this tribe (Phalarideae), is the Meadow Foztail, of

Europe (Alopecurus pratensis, L.); which the farmers, there, seem
to regard as a grass of merit: but, although it has been partially
introduced into some districts of the U. States, it can scarcely be
said to belong to the agriculture of the country,—and it may, per-
haps, be doubted whether it can ever advantageously take the place
of our best grasses. The Phalaris arundinacea, L. (a variety of
which, with striped leaves, is known by the name of Ribbon-grass),
also belongs to this trzbe—as the generic name indicates. It is a
deep-green luxuriant-looking grass, frequent along swampy ditches ;
but it is not valuable,—neither is it very troublesome; and therefore
I do not describe it at length. The P. Canariensis, L. furnishes
the well known Canary-seeds, used for feeding birds; but does not
possess much interest for our farmers.

TRIBE III. PANICEAE. Kuzth.

Spikelets 2-flowered.—the lower floret imperfect. Glumes more tender or her-
baceous than the paleae,—the lower one often (rarely both) abortive. Paleae
more or less coriaceous or chartaceous, mostly awnless,—the lower one concave.
Caryopsts compressed on the back.

214. PANICUM. ZL. Endl. Gen. 770.
[Latin, Panicula, a mode of flowering: or Panis, bread,—afforded by some
species. ]

Spikelets 2-flowered,—the lower floret staminate or neutral—the
upper one perfect. Glumes 2, unequal, concave, awnless. SrTami-
NATE Fu. Paleae2. Stamens 3. sometimes the floret is NEUTRAL,—
the wpper palea and the stamens being abortive. Prrrect FL.
Paleae 2, nearly equal, coriaceous, concave,—the lower one em-
bracing the 2-nerved upper one. Scales 2, collateral, hatchet-shaped,
or truncate and 2 or 3-lobed; glabrous. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile ;
styles 2, terminal, elongated; stzgmas penicillate, generally purple,
—the hairs simple, denticulate. Caryopsis free, glabrous, closely
embraced by the paleae.

{Inflorescence spicate. Spikes somewhat digitate-fasciculate: neu-
tral floret with a single palea.

1. P. sancurnaLe, L. Spikes several, digitate, somewhat spread-
ng; leaves and sheaths hairy; florets lance-oblong, slightly ciliate-
pubescent on the margin. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 82.

212 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Digitaria sanguinalis. Scop. Fl. Cestr. p. 44. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3.
Exoopy (or Purpie) Panicum. Vulgo—Crab-Grass. Finger-grass.

Root annual. Culm decumbent, 1 to 2 feet long, somewhat branching from
the sheaths, geniculate, glabrous, radicating at the lower nodes. Leaves 1 or 2
to 6 or 8 inches long, softly pilose; sheaths strigosely hairy ; ligule short, truncate,
or ovate and acute, white or often tinged with purple. Spikes usually 4 to 6
(sometimes 8 or 10) in number, and 2 or 3 to 6 inches in length, often in 2 fasci-
cles or verticils a little distant from each other, becoming purple; rachis flat,
flexuose, scabrous on the margin. Sp7kelets in pairs, appressed, 1n two rows on
the outer or under side of the rachis, on short pedicels.—the lower one subsessile.
Inferior glume nearly obsolete. Gardens, and cultivated grounds; throughout
the U. States. Fl. July—Sept. Fr. Aug.—October:

Obs. In the middle States, this is a troublesome Grass in Gardens,
in the latter part of summer; and is frequent, also, in Indian-Corn
Jfields,—but not difficult to be kept in reasonable subjection, by the
early and free use of the “cultivator.”? Cattle will eat it,—but do
not appear to be particularly fond of it: and indeed it is generally
choked out of good pastures, by the prevalence of more acceptable
grasses. It is said to be a serious pest, in the cultivated grounds of
the Southern planters. Mr. Ettiorr—than whom there can be no
better authority—has the following remarks on this plant :—** Grows
every where on lands not inundated. Well known to planters under
the name of Crab or Crop grass. It is the most troublesome grass
our planters have to encounter in high ground culture, and though
an annual, it is the best grass for hay at present known in our low
country.”

A very slender, smooth species (P. fizforme, L.), belonging to this
sub-division, is often abundant in sandy pastures,—but is not very
important in any respect.

tt Inflorescence paniculate: branches of the panicle more or less
divided ; spikelets solitary, scattered.

2. P. capityare, LZ. Culm nearly simple; sheaths very hirsute;
panicle large, capillary, loose, finally expanding; spikelets lanceo-
late, acuminate, smooth, on long scabrous peduncles. Kunth, Enum.
1. p. 114. Fl. Cestr. p. 45.

CapiLuary or Hair-Like Panicum.

Root annual. Culm assurgent or erect, usually 1 to 2 feet (occasionally only
a few inches) high, sometimes branching. Leaves 3 to 8 or 10 inches long. lance-
linear, rather broad, acuminate, nerved, hairy: sheaths sulcate-striate, very hir-
sute with spreading whitish bristly hairs; ligule short. fringed or beard-like.
Panicle large and pyramidal; branches numerous, subdivided, very slender,

sis ahh first erect, then spreading, finally divaricate. Spikelets small, often
purple. Abertive floret without a superior palea. Perfect floret much shorter than
the upper glume, lance-oblong, plano-convex, smooth and shining. Sandy pas-
tures; cultivated grounds: throughout the U. States. Fl. Aug. Fr. September.

Obs. This worthless species flourishes most in a light sandy soil ;
but it is usually more or less abundant in all Indian-Corn fields, in
the latter part of summer. In autumn, the dry culms break off,
and the light divaricate panicles are rolled over the fields, by the
winds, until they accumulate in great quantities, along the fences
and hedges. Common, and remarkable as this grass is, I do not
recollect to have ever heard a common name for it. This vast genus
(containing upwards of 400 species,—a considerable number of
which are indigenous, or found in our country) is remarkable for the

GRAMINEAE 213

little value, or interest, which it possesses, in an agricultural point of
view. With the exception of P. miliaceum, L.— and perhaps one or
two other oriental species, which produce a kind of Mil/et—the whole
multitudinous group are regarded as little better than mere weeds :—
though none of them, so far as I know, are particularly obnoxious,
or difficult to expel by judicious culture. The two here described,

are inserted merely as samples of a numerous and somewhat variant
family.

215. SETARIA. Beauv. [Pennisetum. Rich. Endl. Gen. 781.]

[Latin, Seta, a bristle; from the bristly involucres of the spikelets.] :
Spikelets 2-flowered, invested with an involucre of persistent bris-
tles,—the upper floret perfect—the lower one staminate or neutral,
with 1 or 2 awnless paleae. Glumes 2, unequal, concave, awnless.
Sraminate Fi. Paleae 2, membranaceous, with 3 stamens : some-
times the floret is NEUTRAL,—the upper palea and stamens being
abortive. Prrrecr Fu. Pa’eae 2, coriaceous, concave, awnless,—
the lower one embracing the 2-nerved upper one. Stamens 3.
Scales 2, collateral, truncate, fleshy, smooth. Ovary smooth; sty/es
2, terminal, elongated ; stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Cary-
Opsis free; compressed, included i in the paleae. Inflorescence with
the panicle often much condensed or spike-form.

1. S. atauca, Beauv. Spike cylindric, tawny yellow; involucre of
numerous fasciculate bristles much longer than the spikelets; paleae

of the perfect floret transversely rugose. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 149.
Fl. Cestr. p. 51.

Guavucous Setaria. Vulgé—Fox-tail Grass.

Root annual. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, sometimes branching, often several from
the same root, smooth. Leaves 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, somewhat glaucous,
lance-linear., keeled, slightly scabrous, with a few long slender hairs at ‘the base;
sheaths striate, smooth ; ligule short, fringed or beard-like. Spike 2 to 4 inches
long, rather slender and quite cyli ndrical ; rachis pubescent. Bristles of the in-
volucre scabrous upwards, becoming tawny or orange-yellow. Staminate floret
sometimes wholly abortive or neutral. Per fect floret plano-convex,—the paleae
very firm and travérsed by horizontal undulate wrinkles. Cultivated grounds;
stubble fields, &c.: introduced. Native of India, and Continental Europe. Fil.
Aug. Fr. September.

Obs. All the species of this genus (formerly referred to Panicum)
are believed to be strangers, here. This one usually makes its ap-
pearance, in abundance, among the stubble after a wheat crop,—and
is often seen in pastures, orchards, &c. when not kept down by the
promotion of a more valuable growth. Cattle refuse the herbage, if
better can be had; and the plant is altogether worthless,—except
that poultry (especially turkies) are fond of stripping the spikes of
their seeds, in the latter part of summer.

2. S. viripis, Beawv. Spike elliptic-oblong, green; involuere of 4
to 10 fasciculate bristles much longer than the spikelets; paleae of

the perfect floret longitudinally striate, punctate. Kunth, Enum. 1.
’ pe A151... Costr..p..50.

Panicum viride, LZ. Fil. Lond. Icon, Vol. 1.
Green Setraria. Vulgd—Green Foxtail. Bottle grass.

Root annual. Culm 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, branching near the base, rather
slender. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, lance-linear, flat, somewhat scabrous,
minutely serrulate on the margin; sheaths striate, smooth, ‘pilose on the margin ;

214 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

ligule fringed or beard-like. Spike 1 to 3 inches long, somewhat compound or a
little enlarged in the middle, often nearly cylindric; rachis hirsute with short
hairs. Bristles of the involucre scabrous upwards, green. Sterile floret usually
wholly abortive or neutral,—the upper palea very small. Paleae of the perfect
floret smooth, puncticulate, striate longitudinally, with a slight transverse rugo-
sity perceptible under a lens. Cultivated grounds; pastures, &c.: introduced.
Native of Southern Europe. Fi. July—Aug. Fr. Aug.—September.

Obs. This species is also naturalized to a considerable extent, and
is about as worthless as the preceding,—but is not regarded as a
serious nuisance.

3. 8. Iranica, Beauv. var. Germanica, Kunth. Spike compound,
ovoid-oblong, yellowish-green ; involucre of 4 to 8 bristles, unilateral,
about as long as the spikelets; paleae of the perfect floret striately
punctate, obscurely 3-nerved. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 153.

S. Germanica. Beauv. Fl. Cestr. p. 51.
Itavian Seraria. Vulgo—Millet. Bengal-Grass.

Root annual. Culm 2to4or 5 feet high. Leares 6 to12 and 18 inches long,
lance-linear, rather broad, flat, serrulate on the margin; sheaths striate, pubes-
cent on the margin; ligule beard-like. Spike compound (or rather a densely
contracted panicle), 3 to 6 inches long,* ovoid-oblong or subeylindrie ;. rachis
densely hirsute with long hairs. Bristies of the involucre sometimes longer than
the spikelets, yellowish. Sterile floret wholly abortive, or neutral,—the upper
palea very minute. Paleae of the perfect floret smooth, minutely striate-punctate.
Fields ; cultivated as a fallow crop. Native of Europe and India. F/. July.
Fr, August.

Obs. Some years ago, the culture of this plant was introduced
into Pennsylvania, and excited considerable interest, for a time,
among the farmers,—as affording valuable fodder, when the usual
hay-crop was likely to be deficient. It was soon found, however,
not to be as valuable as the usual fallow crop (of Oats, or Barley),
of which it occupied the place; and was, moreover, remarkably lia-
ble to damage from rain. The cultivation, therefore, soon declined,
—and is now generally abandoned. There is another species (8.
verticillata, Beauv.—with the spike composed of interrupted verti-
cils of spikelets, and the involucre of retrorsely scabrous bristles, in
pairs), Which is becoming something of a nuisance, about gardens,
in many places; but it seems scarcely, as yet, intitled to a more par-
ticular notice, here.

216. OPLISMENUS. Beauv. Endl. Gen. 778,

[Greek, Oplismenos, armed; in reference to its echinate spikelets.]
Spikelets 2-flowered,—the lower floret staminate or neutral—the
upper one perfect. Glumes 2, unequal, concave or somewhat keeled,
mostly awned. Staminate Fu. Paleae 2, the lower one awned;
sometimes the floret is NEUTRAL—the upper palea and stamens being
abortive. Prerrect Fi. Paleae 2, nearly equal,—the lower one
acuminate, mucronate, embracing the 2-nerved upper one. Seales
2, collateral, truncate. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile; styles 2, termi-
nal, elongated; st¢gmas plumose, with simple hairs. Caryopsts
free, glabrous, inclosed by the paleae. Spikelets arranged in spikes,
—the spikes racemose or paniculate.

1. O. Crus Gaui, Kunth. Spikes alternate, secund, divided or
*The paniculate spike, or contracted panicle, of a gigantic variety which

grows wild along the marshy shores of the river Delaware, is often from 12 to
18 inches in length.

GRAMINEAE 215

simple; florets imbricated; glumes and outer palea of the neutral
floret hispid, awned or mucronate ; outer palea of the perfect floret
terminating in a scabrous awn; rachis hirsute. Kunth, Enum. 1.
p. 143.

Panicum Crus Galli. Z.. Fl. Cestr. p. 49. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1.
Cocxspur OpLisMENUS.

Root annual. Culm 2 to 5 feet high, rather coarse, smooth. Leaves 9 to 15
inches long, lance-linear, broadish, flat, nerved, serrulate on the margin; sheaths
rather loose, compressed, striate, smooth ; ligule none. Spikes sub-paniculate,—
the spikelets crowded in dense spike-form compound racemes on the branches.
Spikelets ovoid, plano-convex, echinate, awned or sometimes awnless; lower
glume short, ovate, acute, 3-nerved,—the upper one as long as the perfect floret,
ovate, acuminate, 5-nerved, with bristles on the nerves. Neutral floret with 2
paleae,—the lower one ovate, flat, with a scabrous awn or long acumination,
9-nerved—one of the nerves central, scabrous, the others marginal, in approxi-
mated pairs, presenting a double row of cartilaginous bristles,—the upper palea
ovate, acute, thin and membranaceous, nearly as long as the pertect floret.
Perfect floret plano-convex, acuminate,—the paleae firm, smooth and shining.
Caryopsis compressed, orbicular, white or ash-colored. Moist grounds; mea-
dows, drains of Barnyards, &c.: introduced? Fl, August. Fr. September.

Obs. Kunth gives this as an inhabitant of the four quarters of the
globe; but I suspect it is a naturalized foreigner, here. There is a
variety, in which the sheaths are hispid and another in which the
floral coverings are awnless. In every form, it is a coarse worthless
grass—in fact a mere weed,—apt to abound along the drains of crude
liquid, flowing from barn-yards,—and in spots which are usually de-
signated as “wet and sour.” It is readily expelled, however, by a

proper management. Frequent and conspicuous as this grass is, I do
not know that it has acquired any common name, in Pennsylvania.

_ 217. CENCHRUS. LZ. Endl. Gen. 783.

[Greek, Kenchros, Millet; probably applied, originally, to some other plant.)
Spikelets involucrate, 2-flowered,—the lower floret staminate or
neutral—upper one perfect : sometimes the spikelet is solitary—some-
times 2 or more are crowded within a multifid ¢zvoluere, which is
externally muricate with spinose bristles—finally indurated, and fal-
ling off with the spikelets. Glumes 2, unequal, membranaceous.
SraMinaTE FL. somewhat resembling the perfect one,—sometimes
NEUTRAL, by the abortion of the stamens and upper palea. Prerrect
Fi. Paleae 2, subcoriaceous, concave,—the lower one embracing
the upper one. Stamens 3. Scales 0. Ovary sessile, glabrous;
styles 2, terminal, elongated, sub-connate at base; stigmas plumose,
with simple denticulate hairs. Caryopsts free, somewhat com-
pressed, included in the paleae.

1. C. trieuLomes, L. Involucre subglobose, pubescent, spinosely
muricate, split on one side. Kunth? Enum. 1. p. 166. Fl. Cestr. p. 2.

TrisuLus-Like Cencurus. Vulgo—Bur-grass. Hedge-hog Grass.

Root annual. Culm 1 to 2 feet long, usually oblique or procumbent, geniculate,
branching, smooth. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, lance-linear, acuminate,
slightly scabrous on the margin; sheaths loose, smooth ; ligule beard-like. Raceme
terminal, of 6 to 12 or 14 alternate involucrate heads or clusters ; rachis angular,
flexuose, slightly scabrous. Involucre.urceolate or subglobose, laciniate, usually
split to the base on one side, hairy, armed externally with rigid subulate scabrous
spines, villous within, embracing 1, 2, or 3 spikelets. Sterile floret mostly stami-
nate. Sandy fields. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 5

216 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Obs. Our plant appears to agree more nearly with the description
of C. echinatus,in Kuntu’s Enumeration: but Dr. Torrey ex-
pressed the opinion to me, that “it is doubtful whether the true C.
echinatus inhabits N. America; our two species (as some call them)
being merely forms of C. tribuloides.”

The plant is very abundant, in the sandy districts of New Jersey,—
and has found its way to some of the slaty hills of Pennsylvania.
It is altogether a worthless grass; and the prickly zzwvolwcres area
grievous nuisance, wherever it prevails in cultivated grounds, or

about houses. It ought to be most carefully and thoroughly extir-
- pated, on its first appearance in any agricultural region.

TRIBE V.* AGROSTIDEAE. Kunth.

Spikelets 1-flowered,—very rarely with the subulate rudiment of a second supe-
rior one. Glumes and Paleae 2, membranaceously herbaceous,—the lower palea
often awned. Stigmas mostly sessile.

218. MUHLENBERGIA. Schreb. Endl. Gen. 803.

[In honor of Rey. Henry Muhlenberg,—an early and-eminent American Botanist.]
Spikelets 1-flowered,—the flower sessile, bearded at base. Glumes
2, unequal, usually much shorter than the paleae, awnless or with a
short awn. Paleae 2, herbaceous, finally slightly indurated,—the
lower one awned at apex—the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2,mem-
branaceous, entire. Stamens 3,—the filaments connate at base with
the stipe of the ovary. Ovary stipitate, glabrous; styles 2, terminal ;
stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Caryopsis free, subterete,
glabrous, covered by the paleae.

1. M. pirrusa, Willd. Culms filiform, decumbent, branching,
diffuse ; leaves short, spreading ; panicles terminal and lateral, con-
tracted and slender; glumes unequal, very minute; awn about as
long as the palea. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 200. Fl. Cestr. p. 58.
Srecim. Gray, Gram. 2. No. 106.

Spreapinc Mcuuiensereia. Vulgd—Dropseed Grass. Nimble Will.

Root perennial. Culm 6 to 12 and 18 inches long, decumbent, geniculate, com-
pressed, very slender and rather wiry, glabrous, much branched,—the branches
assurgent. Leaves 1to2or3inches in length, divaricate, lance-linear, acute,
roughish; sheaths rather open, striate, pubescent at throat; ligule very short,
finally lacerate or ciliate. Panicles 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, very slender, often
purplish,—the branches alternate, rather distant, appressed, scabrous ; spikelets all
pedicellate, racemose. Glumes persistent, very minute,—the lower one a mere
rudiment—the upper one truncate, laciniate-dentate. Paleae unequal,—the lower
one longer, almost triangular, with 3 prominent scabrous nerves, and terminating
in a slender scabrous awn, which is generally a little longer than the palea itself.
Caryopsis linear-oblong, acute, brown. Pastures; yards; and borders of dry open
woodlands. Fi. Aug.—Sept. Fr. Sept.—October.

Obs. This slender grass often appears in considerable quantity, in
the latter part of summer, in fields which have been kept up some
years for pasture. Cattle feed on it; but it is not so valuable as

* The 4th Tribe (Strpacear, Kunth.) contains no plant of importance in Ame-
rican Agriculture. The genus Stipa—the representative of the Tribe—contains
a species (S. tenactssima, L. macrochloa, Kunth—the Esparto, of the Spaniards.)
which is much used in the Southern provinces of Spain, in the manufacture of
cordage, matting, sacks, &c. There is also, in Europe, another species of Stipa

(S. pennata, L.), which 1s a curiosity, on account of its very long and beautifully
Seathered awns.

GRAMINEAE 217

several of the other grasses, herein mentioned. It is said to be
known, in Kentucky, by the name of “ Nimble Will.”? In Pennsyl-
vanta, it has scarcely been noticed, by the farmers, sufficiently to
acquire a common name.

2. M. Mexicana, Trin. Culms slender, ascending, nodose, much
branched ; panicles terminal and lateral, contracted; glumes acu-
minate, nearly as long as the paleae; paleae nearly equal, pilose at
base. Sprrcim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 14. .

Cinna Mexicana. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 206.
Agrostis lateriflora. Mz. Fil. Cestr. p. 56.
Mexican MuntenBercia.

Root perennial, creeping. Culms erect or ascending, 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, slen-
der and wiry, with numerous swelling nodes, much branched and leafy above,
often becoming nearly naked below. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, lance-linear,
acute, nerved, scabrous—especially on the upper surface ; sheaths smooth, com-
pressed and but partially embracing the culm; ligule short, obtuse and lacerate.
Panicles numerous, 2 or 3 inches in length, contracted and rather dense-flowered,
—the lateral ones partly sheathed at base. Glwies narrow-lanceolate, with scari-
ous margins and a subulate point. Paleae usually longer than the glumes (some-
times twice as long),—the lower one occasionally terminating in an awn.
Moist grounds; borders of fields, and woodlands. Fl.Aug. Fr. September.

Obs. This species affords an indifferent pasture, in the latter part
of summer; but it is not of much worth. It is better to supersede
these—and all grasses of inferior quality—by the introduction of
more valuable ones,—and it caz be done, by the aid of lime and
manure. When the soil is enriched, and properly managed, the
better kinds of natural Grasses (especially Poa § Festwea) soon
come tz, Spontaneously, and expel the others.

219. AGROSTIS. L. Endi. Gen. 810. .

[Greek, Agros, a field; being eminently an occupant of fields and meadows.]
Spikelets 1-flowered,—sometimes with the pedicel, or rudiment, of
a second superior floret. Glumes 2, keeled, awnless, nearly equal,
usually much longer than the floret. Paleae 2,—the lower one
awned on the back, or rarely awnless—the upper one 2-keeled,
sometimes very small or obsolete. Scales 2, nearly entire. Stamens
usually 3. Ovary glabrous}; stigmas 2, terminal, subsessile, plumose.
Caryopsts free.

1. A. vuneaRis, With. Culms slender, mostly erect; leaves lance-
linear; panicle loose, ovoid-oblong in its outline,—the branches
spreading, finally divaricate; paleae awnless,—the lower one twice
the size of the upper one.. Kunth, Enwm. 1. p. 220. Fl. Cestr. p. 59.

A. polymorpha. Huds. Gray, Gram. 2. Specim. No. 108.
Common Acrostis. Vulgd—Herd-grass (of Penna.). Red-top.

Root perennial, creeping. Culms cespitose, very slender, erect or ascending, 1
to 2 feet high. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, nerved, scabrous; sheaths striate,
smooth ; ligule short, truncate. Panicle mostly purple,—the branches capillary,
alternatingly semiverticillate, smoothish or often scabrous. Glumes smooth, ex-
cept on the keel, lanceolate, acute, finally expanding. Paleae membranaceous,
smooth at base,—the lower one nearly as long as the glumes—the upper one very
small, retuse. Pastures, and moist meadows: introduced. Native of Europe.
Fi. July. Fr. August.

19

218 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Oss. This grass is somewhat variable in its botanical characters—
as may be inferred from one of the specific names it has received :
viz. A. polymorpha. It is often cultivated in some districts of the
country,—and answers a tolerably good purpose in wet or swampy
meadows, which its roots tend to consolidate: but it is not among
the most esteemed grasses—either for pasture or hay. It should be
borne in mind, by dealers in Seeds, that this is o¢ the ‘‘Herd-grass”’
of New York, and New England,—which is Phleum pratense, or
Timothy. The whole Genus (Agrostis,) is known, in England, by
the name of * Bent Grass,’’—and one of the species (A. stolonifera,
Willd.), was quite celebrated, some years ago, under the name of
“‘Fiortn Grass’’—as~being superior to all others for yielding great
crops of hay; but, like many other plants whose value has been
exaggerated, it has nearly ceased to attract notice.

TRIBE. VI. ARUNDINACEAE. Kunth.

Spikelets sometimes 1-flowered, with or without the pedicel] or rudiment of a sec-
ond superior floret—sometimes many-flowered. Flowers mostly clothed, or in-
vested at base, with long soft hairs. Glwmes and Paleae 2, membranaceously
herbaceous,—the glumes equalling or exceeding the florets—the lower palea
awned or awnicss. Mostly tall grasses.

220. PHRAGMITES. Trin. Endl. Gen. 824.

[Greek, Phragmos, a partition, or hedge; from the use said to be made of it.]
Spikelets 3 to 6-flowered : florets distichous, rather distant, not hairy
at base,—the lowest one staminate, the others perfect ; rachis clothed
with long silky hairs. Glumes keeled, acute,—the upper one larger.
Paleae membranaceous,—the lower one elongated, narrow-subulate
——the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, entire. Stamens 3. Ovary
sessile, glabrous; styles 2, terminal, elongated ;. stegmas plumose,—
the hairs thickish, simple or sometimes branched, papillose-dentate.
Caryopsis free.

1. P. communis, Trim. Panicle large, loosely expanded ; spikelets
3 to 5-flowered. Kunth, Enwm. 1. p. 251. Sprecim. Gray, Gram.
Bi'o.'127:

Arundo Phragmites. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 61.
Common Puraemites. Velgo—Reed-Grass.

Fr. Roseau a balais. Germ. Gemeines Rohr. Span. Cafia.

Root perennial. Culm 8 to 12 feet high, and often an inch or more in diame-
ter at base, nodose, terete, glabrous. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, and about 2 inches
wide at base, linear-lanceolate, attenuated at apex, glaucous, scabrous on the
margin; sheaths closely embracing the culm, smooth; ligule very short, pilose
or fimbriate. Panicle terminal, large,—the branches smoothish, long, slender,
semi-verticillate, with a tuft of soft hairs at base. Spztkelets lance-linear. erect,
pedunculate, 3 to 5- (mostly 3?) flowered. Lowest floret staminate, sessile, naked
at base; wpper florets pedicellate,—the pedicels finally clothed with long white
silky hairs which are nearly as long as the florets (these hairs scarcely per-
ceptible on the young panicle). Paleae very unequal,—the lower one with a
long slender acumination, which is involute, resembling an awn. Margins of
Swamps, and swampy streams. F/. August. Fr. September.

Obs. This grass appears to be indigenous in both hemispheres.
Tt possesses but little agricultural interest: yet, being so remarkably
large (rivalling Indian Corn, in size), I have concluded to give it a
place, here.

GRAMINEAE 219

TRIBE VIII.* CHLORIDEAE. Kuzih.

Spikelets arranged in unilateral spikes, 1 or many-flowered, with the upper flo-
rets abortive. Glumes and Paleae 2, membranaceously herbaceous,—the glumes
persistent on the rachis, the outer one superior—the paleae awnless or awned.
Spikes digitate or paniculate, rarely solitary ; rachis not articulated.

221. CYNODON. Rich. Endl. Gen. 836.
[Greek ; literally Dog’s tooth ; but the reason is not obvious.]

Spikes digitate, in pairs, or racemose. Spikelets with 1 perfect flo-
ret,—and sometimes with the subulate. pedicel or abortive rudiment
of a second superior floret. Glumes keeled, awnless, nearly equal,
the upper one exterior. -Paleae membranaceous,—the lower one
keeled, acute, awnless, or sometimes mucronulate—the upper one
2-keeled. Scales 2, fleshy, mostly connate.. Stamens 3. Ovary
sessile, glabrous; styles 2, terminal; stzgmas plumose, with simple
hairs. Caryopsts free, inclosed in the paleae.

1. C. Dactyton, Pers. Spikes 3 to 5, digitate, spreading; paleae
longer than the glumes, glabrous, somewhat ciliate, with a beardless
_ bristle at the base of the inner one. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 259.

Fincer Cynopon. Vulgé—Bermuda Grass. Dog’s-tooth Grass.

Root perennial, fibrous, creeping (numerous slender rhizomas). Culm pro-
cumbent, radicating, 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, terete, smooth. Leaves 1 or 2 to
4 inches long, acute, somewhat distichous and rigid, slightly hairy and scabrous ;
sheaths longer than the internodes, hairy; Hgule beard-like. Spikes 3 to 5 (usu-
ally 4), 1 to 2inches long; rachis flexuose and angular, not winged. Scales obo-
vate, half as long as the ovary. Stigmas dark purple. Loose sandy soils;
Southern States: introduced? 7. All summer (Ell.). Fr.

Oés. This grass (which, I am inclined to think, is a foreigner) has
never come under my notice, in Pennsylvania; but I have received
specimens from Virginia. Ishould judge it to be a grass of doubtful
value, and equivocal character, in agriculture— compared with our
better species. Mr. Exuiort gives the following account of it [under
the name of Digitaria Dactylon], as observed in S. Carolina :—
** We have two varieties of this plant, one coarser (perhaps a species)
growing in damp soils,native; the other described above, said to be
imported, a tender, delicate grass, growing over and binding the
most arid and loose lands in our country, and apparently preferred.
by stock of all descriptions to every other grass. The cultivation of
this grass on the poor and extensive sand hills of our middle country
would probably convert them into sheep walks of great value; but
it grows in every soil, and no grass in close rich land is more formi~-
dable to the cultivator; it must therefore be introduced with cau-
tion.”? Sir James Epwarp Smitu, the Botanical Editor of Rees?
Cyclopaedia, has the following remarks [Avt. Panicum dactylon],
in reference to the plant :—‘‘ This grass was perceived by Mr. Lam-
BERT, to be no other than the Agrostis linearis, of Korenic, Rerzius,
and WILLDENow,—the Durva of the Hindoos,—which the late Sir
Wiuiam Jones, in the 4th volume of the Asiatic Researches, has
celebrated for the extraordinary beauty of its flowers, and its sweet-
ness and nutritious quality as pasture for cattle. We eannot but
remark what extraordinary celebrity is attached, every now and

_ *The 7th Tribe (ParropHoREAE, Kunth,) contains no plant of Agricultural
importance.

220 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

then, to one grass or other, and how their fame passes away ‘ like
the morning cloud,’ while the best graziers scarcely know, perhaps,
better than their fat cattle, any thing of the nature of the common
never-failing herbage, to which they are both so much indebted.”?

222. ELEUSINE. Gaertn. Endl. Gen. 841.

[Named from Eleusis ; where Ceres the Goddess of harvests, was worshipped.]}
Spikes digitate-fasciculate, rarely 1 or 2. Spzrelets unilateral,
sessile, 2 or many-flowered,—the florets distichous, ali. perfect.
Glumes shorter than the florets, keeled, awnless. Paleae membra-
naceous, awnless,—the lower one keeled—the upper one with 2
keels. Scales 2, emarginately 2-lobed. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile,
glabrous; styles 2, terminal; st¢gmas plumose, with simple hairs.
Caryopsis free,—the eptcarp membranaceous, opening spontane-
ously ; seed transversely rugose.

1. E. Inptca, Gaertn. Culm compressed, decumbent; spikes 2 to 4
or 6, linear, straight, digitate; spikelets lance-ovate, about 5-flowered.
Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 272. Fl. Cestr. p. 81.

Inpian Exevsine. Vaulgd—Dog’stail Grass. Crow-foot Grass.

Root annual. Culm 6 to 12 and 18 inches long, oblique or often nearly pro-
cumbent, smooth, branching at base. Leaves 2 to12 inches long, rather crowded
and distichous at the base of the culm, linear, often inclined to be conduplicate,
smooth or sparingly pilose; sheaths loose, striate, glabrous, pilose at throat;
ligule very short, truncate, minutely dentate. Spikes 2 to 4, sometimes 6 (rarely
1), 1 or 2 to 4 inches long; rachis compressed. Spikelets imbricated, smooth.
Lower paleae ovate-lanceolate, with a green keel,—the upper one a third shorter,
somewhat conduplicate, with 2 keels. Caryopsis triangular-ovoid, dark brown,
transversely rugose,—the epicarp a thin arillus-like membrane. Farm-yards,
lanes, and along foot-paths: introduced? Fl. Aug.—Sept. Fr. Sept.—October.

Oés. This grass has, to me, the appearance of being a naturalized
foreigner,—though no American Botanist speaks of it as such. It is
usually to be seen in abundance, in lanes and woodyards, about
farm-houses, in Pennsylvania, during the latter part of summer,—
where it grows very thick, and forms a fine carpeting in spots which
had been previously naked and muddy. Cattle and hogs are fond
of it,—and Mr. Exxiorr commends it for hay ; but in this region,
it rarely grows in mowing grounds, to any considerable extent.

There is another species (E. coracana, Gaertn.), which is “culti-
vated, as corn, under the name of Watehenny, upon the Coromandel
coast.” I believe it is unknown in this country,—and probably
would not be worth introducing.

TRIBE IX. AVENACEAE. Kunth.

Spikelets 2- or many-flowered,—the terminal floret mostly blighted or abortive.
Glumes and Paleae 2, membranaceously herbaceous ; lower palea mostly awn-
ed,—the awn often dorsal, and twisted.

223. AVENA. L. Endl. Gen. 864.
[A classical Latin name; applied to this genus.]
Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered; florets rather distant,—the uppermost one
blighted. Glames nearly equal, awnless, loose and membranaceous.
Paleae herbaceous,—the lower one mostly bicuspidate at apex, with
a twisted awn on the back—the upper one two-keeled, awnless.
Scales 2, bifid, rather large. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, hirsute at

GRAMINEAE 223

summit; stzgmas 2, sessile, distant, villously plumose, with simple
hairs. Caryopsts subterete, sulcate on the inner or upper side, hairy
at summit, usually closely embraced by the paleae, and adherent to
the upper one.

1. A. sativa, L. Panicle regular; spikelets 2-flowered, pendulous ;
florets shorter than the glumes, naked at base,—the lower one mostly
awned. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 301. Fil. Cestr. p. 67.

Cuttivatep Avena. Vulgo—Qats. Common Oats.
Fr. Avoine cultivee. Germ. Gemeiner Hafer. Spanx. Avena.

Root annual. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves 6 to12 or 15 inches long,
lance-linear, nerved, scabrous; sheaths striate, smooth, rather loose; ligule
lacerate. Panicle loose, somewhat nodding,—the spikelets all pedunculate, pen-
dulous. Lower floret mostly awned on the back; upper floret awnless,—with a
pedicel at the base of the upper palea, bearing, at its summit, membranaceous
rudiments of a third floret. Caryopsis closely invested by the smoothish shin-
ing subeartilaginous paleae. Fields; cultivated as a fallow crop. Fl. July.
Fr, August.

Obs. The native country of this plant—as of most of our culti-
vated grains— seems to be somewhat uncertain,—though this one is
said to have been found native in the island of Juan Fernandez.
Oats are extensively cultivated, in this country,—chiefly as food for
horses. Dr. Jounson took occasion, in compiling his Dictionary, to
fling a sarcasm at the Scotch, by defining oats to be the food of Horses
in England, and of Men in Scotland,—as if the effects of climate
were a fit subject on which to taunt a people! Yet this was but one
of many instances, of his national prejudice and illiberality.

This grain succeeds better than Barley, in a thin soil; and is
therefore frequently employed, in the rotation of crops, when Bar-
ley would have been preferred, had the land been good. The A.
nuda, L. called “ skinless oats,”—a species nearly allied to this, but
with 3 to 5-flowered spikelets, and the caryopsis loosely covered by
the paleae,—has been partially cultivated, by the curious, on account
of its superior fitness for making Oat-meal, as an article of diet for

the sick.
2994. ARRHENATHERUM. Beauv. Endl. Gen. 865.

[Greek, Arrhen, male, and ather, an awn; the staminate floret being awned.]
Spikelets somewhat 3-flowered,—the lowest floret being staminate,
the second one perfect, and the third an abortive filiform rudiment.
Glumes concave, awnless,—the upper one longer, equalling the flo-
rets. SraminaTe Fu. Paleae 2,—the /ower one concave, awned
on the back—the awn elongated, twisted at base; wpper paleae 2-
keeled, awnless. Stamens 3. Ovary obsolete. PErrect Fu. Pa-
leae 2,—the lower one concave, slightly bifid at apex, awned on the
back—the awz short, straight; wpper palea 2-keeled. Scales 2,
elongated, lance-linear, entire. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, hairy at
summit; st¢gmas 2, terminal, villously plumose,—the hairs simple,
sharply serrulate. Caryopsis sub-terete, sulcate on the upper side,
adherent to the upper palea.

1. A. avENACEUM, Beauv. Leaves flat; panicle oblong, contracted,
finally spreading. Kunth, Enwm. 1. p. 307.
Avena elatior. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 66.
Holeus avenaceus. Scop. Fil. fond. Icon, Vol. 1.
19 '

222 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Oat-LIikE ARRHENATHERUM. Vulgi—Oat-grass. Grass of the Andes.
Fr. Avoine elevee. Germ. Wiesen Hafer.

Root perennial, creeping, nodose. Culm about 3 feet high, glabrous. Leaves
4 to 8 or 10 inches long, lance-linear, scabrous on the margin and upper surface ;
sheaths striate, smooth; digude short, retuse. Panicle linear-oblong, finally spread-
ing and somewhat nodding,—the branches short, semi-verticillate. Glumes
unequal,—the lower one shorter than the florets. Upper palea of the perfect flo-
ret with the filiform rudiment of a third floret at its base. Cultivated lots: intro-
duced. Native of Europe. Fil. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This grass has been partially introduced, and cultivated, by
a few curious farmers; but it does not appear to be much of a
favorite, either for pasture or hay, in Pennsylvania. It is some-
times called “ Grass of the Andes,””—but I know not for what rea-
son, as it seems to be of undoubted European origin.

TRIBE X. FESTUCACEAE. Kunth.

Spikelets usually many-flowered. Glumes and Paleae 2. membranaceously her-
baceous, rarely coriaceous,—the lower palea often awned—the awns not twisted.
Inflorescence generally paniculate.

SUB-TRIBE 1. BROMEAE. Endl.

Herbeceous grasses. Stamens 3.

225. POA. L. Endl. Gen. 876.

[Greek, Poa, herbage, or pasture; applied by way of eminence to this genus.]
Spikelets 2 to many flowered,—the florets distichous, perfect.
Glumes awnless, unequal or sometimes nearly equal. -Paleae awn-
less,—the lower one keeled or concave—the upper one 2-keeled.*
Scales 2, entire or bifid. Stamens mostly 3. Ovary sessile, gla-
brous; styles 2, terminal; stigmas plumose,—the hairs simple,
sharply serrate-denticulate. Caryopsis free, or rarely adherent to
the upper palea.

IL Spikelets paniculate, compressed ; florets generally 3 to 5, rather distant,

often connected by a villous web at base; lower palea herbaceous, with a diapha-
nous margin, commonly 5-nerved. LEGITIMATE OR GENUINE Poas, Kunth.
1. P. annua, LZ. Culms oblique, subcompressed, sometimes radi-
cating at base; leaves rather short; ligules oblong; panicle sub-
secund, divaricate,—the branches smooth, solitary or in pairs, finally
deflected ; spikelets oblong-ovate, about 5-flowered,—the florets not
villous at base. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 349. Fl. Cestr. p. 76. Icon,
Fl. Lond. 1.

AnnvuatL Poa. Vulgo—Dwarf, or Early Meadow-Grass.
Fy. Paturin annuel. Germ. Jaehriges Rispengras.

Root annual. Culms cespitose, 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, smooth, geniculate,
oblique at base, or often nearly procumbent. Leaves 1 to 3 inches in length,
sublinear. acute, keeled, smooth, minutely serrulate on the margin; sheaths loose,
smooth ; ligule oblong, dentate. Pan‘cle sometimes rather secund,—the branches
often solitary, subdivided. Spikelets rather crowded on the divisions of the
branches, 3 or 4 to 6- (very often 3-) flowered. Glumes unequal, acuminate,
with scarlous margins. Paleae minutely pubescent, but destitute of the villous
web,—the lower one ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved—the upper one a little shorter,
scarious, with 2 green keels. Cultivated grounds; pastures; along foot-paths,
&c. introduced? Native of Europe. Fil. April—Sept. Fr, June—Octo.

*It is probable that the “2-keeled” wpper palea—so frequent in the Grasses,
and so obvious in this, and the following tribe—in reality consists of two collateral
keeled paleae, united by their contiguous margins, while the outer margins are
inflexed, or folded in,—leaving the two keels apparently at the two edges of the
upper palea,

GRAMINEAE 223

Obs. This little species —which was probably introduced from Eu-
rope—comes forward early in the spring,—and what little pasture it
affords is tolerably acceptable to Stock: but it is far inferior in value
and importance to either of the following.

2. P. triviatis, Z. Culm and sheaths somewhat scabrous; leaves
lance-linear, flat, acuminate; ligule elongated, acute; panicle dif-
fuse, regular,—the branches scabrous; spikelets ovate, 2 to 3-flow-
ered,—the florets slightly villous at base. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 352.
Et. Cest7. ps 15.,1con, £1., Lond. 1.

Triviat Poa. Vulgd—Rough-stalked Meadow-Grass.

Root perennial. Culm 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, subterete or slightly ancipital,
often declined at base, geniculate, and stoloniferous, somewhat scabrous re-
trorsely. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, lance-linear (those of the root or
suckers long and narrow), acute or acuminate, slightly scabrous on the margin;
sheaths striate-nerved, scabrous when rubbed upwards; ligule much elongated,
scarious and whitish. Panicle loose,expanding,—the branches semi-verticillate
in about fives, sharply scabrous. Spikelets usually 2- (sometimes 3-) flowered.
Glumes scabrous on the keel,—the lower one rather shorter, very acute—the
upper one 3-nerved, with a scarious margin. Paleae unequal, nearly smooth or
very slightly villous at base,—the lower one longer, 5-nerved, scarious at apex.
Moist low grounds ; meadows, and woodlands: introduced? Fl June. Fr. July.

Obs. This species (also, perhaps, a foreigner) is frequent in moist
pastures and meadows,—and affords a good forage, both pasture and
hay. It has much general resemblance to the following species (P.
pratensis), when growing in open grounds; but is decidedly inferior
in value,— and may be readily distinguished from it, by the e/ongated
ligule and retrorsely scabrous sheaths and culms. In woodlands, it
is often a weak straggling plant.

3. P. pratensis, Z. Culm and sheaths smooth; leaves linear,
keeled, abruptly acute; ligule short, truncate; panicle somewhat
crowded, regular, finally spreading; spikelets ovate, acute, 3 to 5-
flowered; florets connected by a villous web. Kunth, Enum. 1. p.
352. Fl. Cestr. p. 74. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1.

Also, P. viridis: Muhl. Kunth. l.c. [Meadow Grass.
Meapow Poa. Vu/go—Spear Grass. Green Grass. Smooth-stalked
Fry. Paturin des Prés. Germ. Vieh-gras. Wiesen Rispen-grass.

Root perennial, creeping. Plant smooth. Culm erect, 1 to 2 or 3 feet high,
slender, terete. Radical leaves often very numerous, and long (1 to 2 feet or
more in length, in good soils), scarcely a line wide and exactly linear, termi-
nating abruptly in a boatshaped or keeled point, deep green, slightly scabrous
on the margin,—the culm leaves shorter than the striate-nerved glabrous sheaths;
ligule scarious, short, obtuse, often crenate-dentate. Panicle at first rather
crowded, at length expanding-and pyramidal.—the branches semi-verticillate,
3 to 5 from a node, flexuose and nearly smooth. Spikelets pedicellate, a little
crowded on the branches; 2 or 3 to &-flowered: florets acute, connected at base
by cobweb-like hairs, Glumes a little unequal, compressed, keeled, sharply
acuminate. Lower palea somewhat compressed, acute,-5-nerved,—the upper one
acuminate, slightly scabrous on the two keels. Fields, meadows, and wood-
lands: introduced? Fl. May—June. Fr. July.

Obs. This species (supposed to be a naturalized foreigner,) varies
considerably, in size and appearance, when growing in different
soils and situations. In our best soils, the radical leaves are very
long and luxuriant,—when it is known by the name of * Green
Grass.” In Kentueky,. it is commonly called “ Blue Grass,?—a
name which properly belongs to the following species (P. compressa,

224 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS
L.). It is the profusion of the nutritious radical leaves, which con-
stitutes the chief excellence of this grass. It is, indeed, as MunLEen-
BERG terms it, “ optemum pabulum,’?—being decidedly the most val-
uable of all the grasses known in our pastures. It has not been
found necessary, in Pennsylvania (of latter years, at least), to cul-
tivate it, by sowing the seed; for when the land is duly prepared by
lime and manure, it soon takes possession of the soil—or comes in,
as the farmers term it,—and supersedes the artificial grasses. The
prevalence, therefore, and !uxuriant growth of this grass, is one of
the best evidences of the land being in good condition, and well
managed. In very poor land, it deteriorates so much that it would
scarcely be recognised as the same plant. The slender culms, of
this species, afford an excellent material for the manufacture of the
finer kinds of Leghorn hats.

4. P. compressa, Z. Culm oblique or declined at base, much com-
pressed; panicle contracted, somewhat secund; spikelets oblong-
ovate, 3 to 6-flowered; florets connected by a villous web. Kunth,
Enum. 1. p. 355. Fil. Cestr. p. 76- [Meadow Grass.

CompresseD Poa. Vulgi—Blue Grass. Wire Grass. Flat-stalked

Fy. Paturin applati. Germ. Rehwasen.

Root perennial. creeping (numerous branching rhizomas). Plant smooth with
rather few and shortradical leaves. Culm9 to 18 inches long, oftem procumbent
and radicating at base. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, I-near, keeled,
roughish near “the end, and, with the culm, of a bluish-green or glaucous hue;
sheaths rather loose, striate ; ligule short, obtuse. Panicle contracted, —at first
almost spicate and rather secund—finally a little expanding; the branches by
twos and threes, short, somewhat fiexuose and scabrous. Spikelets generally 5
or 6-flowered, subsessile. Glwmes nearly equal, acute, serrulate on the keel.
Lower palea minutely pubescent, often dark purple near the apex, with a nar-
row white scarious margin: upper palea scabrous on the two keels. Caryepsis
oblong, reddish-brown. Upland fields, and pastures: introduced? JF’. June.

Fr. July.

Obs. This species—which, though rarely if ever cultivated, yet
finds its way into most pastures—is not held in so high estimation,
by our farmers, as the one -next preceding,—and certainly falls far
short of it, in the guwantity of herbage atforded; but that which zs
atforded, is, in my opinion, even more nutritious. Cows which feed
on it, yield the richest milk, and finest butter. The creeping roots
(or rhizomas) are remarkably tenacious of life,— and in consequence,
are sometimes rather troublesome, in cultivated grounds, among
other crops: but, on the whole, it is an excellent grass—especially
in Dairy and sheep pastures. It seems rather probable, that this—
as well as all the preceding species—has been introduced from

Europe.
226. GLYCERIA. R. Br. Endl. Gen. 878.

[Greek, Glykys, sweet; on account of the sweet taste of the seeds, J
Syikelets many-flowered,—the florets perfect, imbricately distichous.
Glumes. concave, obtuse,—the lower one shorter. Paleae nearly
equal,—the lower one elliptic-ovate, rounded at apex or obsoletely
3-lobed, 7-nerved,—the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, truncate,
more or less connate. Stamens mostly 3. Ovary sessile, glabrous;
styles 2, terminal, elongated, divaricate; stigmas plumose,—the
hairs dichotomous, denticulate, hyaline. Caryopsis free, oblong.

GRAMINEAE 225

1. G. rrurrans, R. Br. Panicle long, slender, secund; spikelets
linear, about 10-flowered ; florets distinct, obtuse; lower palea con-
spicuously 7-nerved, eroded or many-toothed at apex. Kunth,
Enwm. 1. p. 367. Fl. Cestr. p. 72. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1.

Froatine Guycerta. Vulgo—Manna Grass.
Fr. Manne de Prusse. Germ. Essbarer Schwingel.

Root perennial, creeping. Culm 4to6 feet high, erect or ascending, compressed,
glabrous. Leaves 5 to 8 or 10 inches long, lance-linear, striate, scabrous on the
margin and upper surface; sheaths nerved, smooth; ligule very large, oblong,
membranaceous, acute or sometimes obtuse. Panicle slender, 12 to 15 inches
long, usually partly concealed in the sheath of the upper leafj—the branches
mostly simple. Sprkelets about an-inch long, nearly sessile, racemose on the
branches and appressed. Glumes membranaceous, nerveless. Upper palea
emarginate or bidentate at apex,—the margins folded in, and a green keel at
each apparent border. Caryopsis oblong, sulcate on the upper side. Wet low
grounds; margins of shallow pools, &c. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This stout semi-aquatic grass is common to both hemispheres.
The seeds have a sweetish taste,—and in some parts of the old
world—where they are known by the name of Manna seeds—they
are used by the poorer peasantry in making soups and gruels. In
the U. States, the country people, as yet, are happily ignorant of all
such expedients,—and will long continue so, if they have industry
enough to cultivate more valuable grains. The herbage of this
plant is eaten by Stock; but it is so much confined to wet localities,
that it is scarcely intitled to be enumerated among the grasses inter-
esting to American farmers.

227. DACTYLIS. ZL. Endl. Gen. 892.

[Greek, Daktylos, a finger ; in reference to the spiked inflorescence.]
Spikelets 2 to 7-flowered, compressed, densely clustered,—the florets
perfect. Glwmes unequal in length, with somewhat unequal sides,
keeled, mucronately awned or acuminate, somewhat unilateral at
apex,—the upper one often smaller, thinher, nerveless and concave.
Paleae herbaceous,—the lower one 5-nerved, keeled, mucronately
awned, the keel ciliate—the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, bifid.
Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, glabrous; styles 2, terminal, short; stig-
mas plumose,—the hairs simple or bifid, sharply denticulate. Cary-
opsis free.

1. D. Gromerata, LZ. Panicle distantly branched, rather secund;
spikelets 3 or 4-flowered, in dense unilateral clusters at the ends of
the branches. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 386. Fl. Cestr. p. 80.

CuiusterEeD Dactyuis. Vulgo—Orchard Grass. Cock’s-foot Grass.
Fr. Dactyle pelotonné. Germ. Gemeines Knauel-gras.

Whole plant scabrous. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 or 4 feet high. Leaves
6 to 18 inches long, lance-linear, keeled, glaucous ; sheaths striate ; ligule elong-
ated, lacerate. Panicle glaucous, contracted, racemose at summit, rather one-
sided; branches 3 to 5, solitary, erect, distant, subdivided towards the extremity.
Spikelets about 4-flowered, compressed, crowded in dense unilateral ovate or
lance-oblong clusters at the ends of the branches. Glumes unequal,—the lower
one narrower, membranaceous—the upper one 3-nerved, scabrous on the keel.
Lower palea scabrous, 5-nerved, emarginate, ciliate on the keel, which is ex-
tended into a cusp or short scabrous awn; upper palea acuminate, bifid at apex,
ciliate on the two green keels,—the margins folded in so as to meet, embracing
the stamens. Caryopsis lance-oblong, subtriquetrous, acute at each end. Fields,
and Orchards: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. June.

226 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Otis. This grass has been introduced, and cultivated to a consid-
erable extent. Our farmers, however, are not agreed upon its
merits. Some condemn itas unworthy of culture, either for pas-
ture or hay; while others set a high value on it, for both. The fact
seems to be, that it is inferior to Timothy (Phlewm pratense, L.) for
hay; yet it has the advantage of the latter, in being mature at the
same time with clover,—with which both are usually cultivated. It
is also less exhausting to the soil. But its great value is as a pas-
ture, When sown sufliciently thick; which, however, it rarely is,—
and hence is apt to form bunches or twssocks. It is of quick growth,
and is speedily reproduced after being cut, or eaten down; so much
so, that we may almost literally apply to*it the lines of VireiL:—

“ Et quantum longis carpent armenta diebus
“ Exigua tantum gelidus ros nocte reponet.” Georg. 2. 201.

“Cool dews restore beneath night’s transient hours,
* All that the herd each live-long day devours.” Sotheby.

This grass also possesses the additional advantage of thriving
well in the shade of trees,—and answers a very good purpose in
Orchards, &c. The seed is usually sown in autumn, immediately
after Wheat or Rye.

228. FESTUCA. ZL. Endl. Gen. 899.

[A Latin name for the shoot, or stalk, of a plant; applied to this genus.]
Sptkelets 2 or many-flowered,—the florets perfect, distichous. Glwmes
unequal, awnless, mostly keeled. Paleae herbaceous,—the lower
One acute at apex, mucronate or often terminating in an awn, round-
ed (z. e. not keeled) on the back—the upper one 2-keeled. Scales
2, acute, bifid at apex. Stamens mostly 3. Ovary sessile, generally
smooth; styles 2, terminal, a little distant, very short; stigmas plu-
mose,—the hairs simple or rarely bifid, dentate. Caryopsis linear-
oblong, plano-convex, free or sometimes adherent to the upper palea.

1. F. pratensis, Huds. ‘Panicle loose, rather erect and secund;
branches single or in pairs, racemose; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 5
to 9-flowered ; lower palea scarious at apex and rather acute, never
mucronate. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 404. Fil. Cestr. p. 71. Icon, Fl.
Lond. 1.

Meavow Festuca. Vulgé—Fescue-Grass. Meadow Fescue.
Fr. Festuque des Pres. Germ. Wiesen Schwingel.

Plant glabrous. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 4to6 or 8
inches long (the radical leaves numerous and longer). lance-linear, acuminate,
nerved, shining beneath. scabrous on the margin; sheaths nerved; ligule very
‘short or obsolete. Panicle 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, somewhat secund, mostly
erect,—the branches generally single, but often subdivided. Spikelets about 7-
flowered, racemose on the branches, often purplish. Glwmes unequal,—the
lower one keeled—the upper one larger, 3-nerved, scarious on the margin.
Lower palea scarious on the margin, obscurely 5-nerved, somewhat acute but
not acuminate nor mucronate ; upper palea white, with 2 green keels, and the
margins doubled or folded in. Fertile pasture fields, and meadows; roadsides,
&c. introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr July.

Obs. This isa valuable grass—commonly mingled with Poa pra-
tensis, L. in good soils; but easily distinguished from that plant, by
its tapering slender-pointed shining leaves. It is extensively natu-
ralized in the middle and northern States; and although I have
never known it to be cultivated, it soon finds its way into all rich

GRAMINEAE 227

pasture lands. We have a few mative species of Festuca,—but
they are of little or no value in Agriculture—and some of them are
indicative of a poor soil. ,

229. BROMUS. L. Endl. Gen. 900.

[Greek, Broma, food; Bromos was an ancient name of a species of wild oats.]
Spikelets 3 to many-flowered,—the florets perfect, distichous.
Glumes unequal, mostly keeled, awnless. Paleae herbaceous,—the
lower one convex on the back, mostly awned below the apex, and
the apex often cleft to the origin of the awn; upper palea 2-keeled,
—the keels pectinate-ciliate. Scales 2, entire. Stamens 3. Ovary
sessile, hirsute at summit; st¢gmas inserted on the outer side near
the summit, subsessile, plumose,—the hairs simple, elongated, acute-
ly denticulate. Caryopsis linear-oblong, plano-convex, villous at
summit, adnate to the upper palea.

1. B. secatinus, LZ. Panicle spreading, nodding in fruit; spikelets
ovate-oblong, 8 or 10-flowered,—the florets elliptic with contracted
margins, distinct, longer than the flexuose awns. Kunth, Enum.
1. p. 413. Fl. Cestr. p. 69.

Ryr Bromus. Vwlgs—Cheat. Chess. Brome-grass.
Fr. Brome Seigle. Germ. Roggen-Trespe. Spanx. Bromo.

Root annual. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, smooth,—the nodes pubescent. Leaves 6
to 12 inches long, lance-linear, nerved, scabrous and pilose on the upper sur-
face ; sheaths nerved, smooth ; ligule oblong, retuse, laciniate-dentate. Panicle
4 to 6 or 8 inches long—the branches semi-verticillate, nearly simple, scabrous
and pubescent. Spikelets finally nodding,—the florets a little remote at base, so
as to appear distinct on the flexuose rachis. Lower glume shorter, 5-nerved,
sometimes mucronate,—the upper one 7-nerved, obtuse or emarginate. Lower
palea obscurely 7-nerved, slightly pubescent near the apex,—the awn mostly
shorter than the floret, fiexuose (sometimes wanting, or a mere rudiment) ; upper
palea linear, awnless, pectinate-ciliate on the keel at each border, the scarious
margins being folded in. Caryepsis closely embraced by the lower palea, grooved
on the side with the upper palea doubled in the groove, and adherent. Cultivated
grounds,—chiefly among Wheat and Rye: introduced. Native of Europe.
Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This foreigner is a well-known pest among our crops of
Wheat and Rye,—and occasionally appears in the same fields, for
a year or two, after the grain crop; but being an annual, it is soon
choked out by the perennial grasses,—and the fallen seeds remain,
like myriads of others, until the ground is again broken up, or put in
a favorable state for their development. The best preventive of this
and all similar evils, in the grain-field, is to sow none but good
clean seed.

Among the curious vulgar errors, which yet infest the minds of
eredulous and careless observers of natural phenomena, may be
mentioned the firm belief of many of our farmers (some of them, too,
good practical farmers), that this troublesome grass is nothing more
than an accidental variety, or casual form, of degenerate Wheat,—
produced by some untoward condition of the soil, or unpropitious
season, or some organic injury :—though it must be admitted, I think,
by the most inveterate defender of that faith, that in undergoing the
metamorphosis, the plant is surprisingly uniform in its vagaries, in
always assuming the exact structure and character of Bromus !

A similar hallucination has long prevailed among the peasantry
of Europe, in relation to this supposed change of character in the

228 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Grasses: But, in the old world, they were even more extravagant
than with us ;—for they believed that Wheat underwent sundry trans-
mutations,—first changing to Rye—then to Barley—then to Bro-
mus,—and finally from Bromus to Oats! I believe the most cred-
ulous of our countrymen have not been able, as yet, to come up
with their transatlantic brethren, in this matter. There are one or
two other foreign species, partially naturalized in our pastures,—
and two or three native ones occur in and about our open woodlands ;
but none of them are of much importance, in any agricultural point
of view.

SUB-TRIBE 2. BAMBUSEAE. Nees.

Shrubby or arborescent Grasses. Stamens 3 to 6.

230. ARUNDINARIA. Rich. Endl. Gen. 904.

[A name signifying analogous to, or like, Arundo,—a large kind of Reed.]
Spikelets many-flowered, somewhat compressed,—the florets imbri-
cately distichous, distant, perfect or staminate. Glumes concave,
awnless, small,—the lower one much less than the upper. -Paleae
herbaceous,—-the lower one ovate, concave, sharply mucronate,
many-nerved—the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 3, entire, acute,
membranaceous, subciliate, longer than the ovary. Stamens 3.
Ovary sessile, glabrous; styles 3, terminal, very short; st¢gmas
plumose,—the hairs long, simple or sparingly branched. Caryopsis
free, ovoid-oblong, somewhat curved, terete.

1. A. MacrospeRMA, Mz. Leaves linear-lanceolate, green on both
sides, smoothish; panicle terminal, subracemose, simple; spikelets
few, distichous, 7 to 10-flowered. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 426.

LonG OR LARGE-SEEDED ARUNDINARIA. Vulgd—Cane.

Root perennial, cespitose (creeping rhizomas). Culm 3 to 15 feet high (30 feet,
or more, in the gigantic variety), terete, glabrous, fistular, rigid, branching to-
wards the summit,—-the branches distichous. Leaves disuchous, lanceolate, large,
flat, slightly acuminate, pubescent on the under surface ; sheaths much longer than
the internodes, marcescent,—the throat contracted ; ligule bristly. Panicle simple,
—the peduncles about an inch long, pubescent. Spikelets 1 to 2 inches in length.
Rich, occasionally inundated soils: South-western States. Fl. March-April. Fr.

Obs. Having only seen the small variety of this species, as it
grows in the vicinity of the Dismal Swamp, Virginia,—I cannot
speak, from personal observation, of the arborescent variety which
forms the celebrated Cane brakes of the Mississippi region. Al-
though this remarkable grass has but little connection with Agricul-
ture, I have supposed it might be intitled to a brief notice,*—for
which I am indebted to Mr. Etuiott’s valuable Skhetch of the Bo-
tany of South Carolina and Georgia.

TRIBE XI. HORDEACEAE. Kunth.

Spikelets usually 3 or many-flowered (sometimes 1-flowered), often awned,—
the terminal floret blighted. Glumes and paleae 2, herbaceous,—the former
rarely wanting. Stigmas sessile. Ovary mostly pilose. Inflorescence spicate ;
spike simple, solitary ; rachis rarely articulated, sometimes winged.

231. LOLIUM. ZL. Endl. Gen. 912.
[A classical Latin name,—applied to this genus.]
Spikelets many-flowered, distichous with the edge to the common

* The slender, straight, elastic cwlms,make very light convenient angling-rods,
for the disciples of the Izaak Walton school.

GRAMINEAE 229

rachis, sessile,—the florets imbricated, naked at base. Glwmes (in
the terminal spikelet) 2, nearly equal, awnless, channelled,—in the
lateral spikelets, the lower or inner one (next the rachis) wanting.
Paleae herbaceous,—the lower one concave, awnless or awned near
the apex—the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, acute, entire or 2-lobed.
Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, glabrous; styles2, very short; stigmas
plumose,—the hairs elongated, simple, sharply denticulate, hyaline.
Caryopsis adherent to the upper palea. Sprhelets in a simple ter-
minal spike.

1. L. perenne, L. Spikelets compressed, linear-lanceolate, longer
than the glumes, about 7-floweted,—the florets mostly awnless.
Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 436. Fil. Cestr. p. 87. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1.

PerenniIAL Lotium. Vulgd—Ray-grass, or Rye-grass. Darnel.
Fr. Ivraie vivace. Germ. Ausdauernder Lolch. Span. Joyo.

_ Root perennial, creeping. Culm1 to 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves 4to 8 or 10
inches long, lance-linear, shining green, smooth, somewhat scabrous near the
end; sheaths striate, glabrous; ligule truncate. Spike about 6 inches long,—the
rachis flexuose, channelled or concave opposite the spikelets. Spikelets 12 to 18
or 20, a little distant, alternately on opposite sides of, and with their edges to,
the rachis. Glumes1 to each spikelet (except the terminal one), lance-linear,
acute, nerved, resembling a short rigid leaf. Lower palea rather obtuse, obscure~
ly 5-nerved; upper palea a little longer, ciliate-serrulate on the two prominent
keels. Meadow banks, and Grass lots: introduced. Native of Europe. fF.
June. Fr. July.

Obs. This grass—which seems to be much esteemed in Europe—
has been partially introduced into this country, and has become nat-
uralized in many places,—though I believe it has been but little cul-
tivated, by our farmers. It affords a tolerably good pasture, and
makes a handsome sward for yards and lawns; but as a meadow
grass, for hay, it is doubtless inferior in value to both Timothy and
Orchard-grass.

There is another species, in Europe (L. temulentam, L. supposed
to be the “‘infeliz Lolium,’? of Vireit—the ** Darnel,”’ of the
English),—of which the seeds are said to be somewhat potsonous.
If so, it is the only instance known, in all the Gramineae, in which
the sound seeds are of that character.

232. TRITICUM. LZ. Endl. Gen. 913.

[Latin, tritwm, rubbed, or ground; the seeds being so prepared, for food.]
Spikelets 3- or many-flowered,—the florets distichous ; rachis mostly
articulated. Glumes sub-opposite, nearly equal, awnless or awned.
Paleae herbaceous,—the lower one concave, either awnless, mucro-
nate, or awned—the upper one with 2 more or less aculeate-ciliate
keels. Scales 2, mostly entire and ciliate. Stamens 3. Ovary ses-
sile, pilose at summit; st¢gmas 2, terminal, subsessile, plumose,—
the hairs elongated, simple, sharply denticulate. Caryopszs free, or
sometimes adherent to the paleae, convex externally, concave or
sulcate on the inner or upper side, pubescent at summit.

t Spike mostly 4-sided. Glumes ventricose-concave, ovate-oblong,
obtuse or truncate. (GENUINE OR LEGITIMATE TRITICUM).

1. T. vuteare, Vell. Spike somewhat 4-sided, imbricated, with a
tough rachis; spikelets 4 or 5-flowered, rather crowded, broad-ovate,
20

230 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

obtuse ; glumes ventricose, mucronate, compressed at apex: lower
palea awned, mucronate, or awnless; caryopsisfree. Kunth, Enum.
t Pp. 438. .

T. sativum. Lam. £1. Cestr. p. 86.
Common Triticum. Vukgd=+Wheat. Winter Wheat. Spring Wheat.
Fr. Le Froment. Bled. Germ. Gemeiner Waizen. Spaz. Trigo.

Root annual. Culm 2 or 3 to 5 feet high, terete, smooth,—the nodes striate,
pubescent. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, lance-linear, nerved, smooth or slightly
scabrous on the upper surface ; sheaths nerved, smooth; ligule truncate, dentate.
Spike 3 to 5inches long, dense, 4-sided, mostly simple, finally nodding ; rachis
compressed, broad, hirsute‘on the margin. Sprkelets sessile, broad, compressed
atapex. Glumes ventricose, boat-shaped at apex. Floreis usually 3 fertile and
2 abortive,—the penultimate one pistillate—the terminal one neutral and pedi-
cellate. Paleae nearly equal,—the lower one ventricose, awned or mucronate—
the upper one folded, ciliate on the two keels. Caryopsis ovoid-oblong, sulcate
on the upper side, yellowish, or brown. Fields: cultivated. Native country
uncertain,—perhaps Persia. Fl.June Fr. July.

Ots. Although it has been estimated that more human beings are
nourished by Rice, than by any other grain,—yet it is probable that
Wheat is the most intrinsically valuable ‘of all the Cerealia, or grain-
bearing grasses. — It is to this plant that civilized man—especially in
the temperate latitudes—is emphatically indebted for his bread ; and
it is consequently a promineut object of attention with the practical
agriculturist. The variety, called “ Spring Wheat,” is occasionally,
but rarely, cultivated in this countty,—while the “ Winter Wheat ”’
is cultivated every where, throughout the northern, middle, and
western States. A plant that has been so long under culture, in
almost every kind of soil and climate, of course presents specimens
of various character, and aspect ;—such as bearded, beardless, red-
chaff, white-chaff, &c. and the color of the grain also, varies from
whitish, or yellowish, to brown. ‘These fixed characters, or perma-
nent varieties of the plant (called races by the Botanists), have all,
in their turn, been favorites with the farmers,—according as they
were best adapted to the market, or the place of growth—or best
resisted the ravages of the “ Hessian fly.”? A bearded variety, with
a brown grain, called ‘*‘ Mediterranean Wheat,”’ is the present favor-
ite, in Chester County, Penn. In remarking on the character of the
grain, M’Cuttocn says, “ the finest samples of Wheat are small in
the berry (caryopsts), thin skinned, fresh, plump, and bright, slip-
ping readily through the fingers.’ *

One species of Triticum (T.turgidum, L.) is said to be cultivated,
in Italy, solely for the manufacture of Leghorn or straw hats.

tt Spike mostly distichous. Glumes lanceolate or linear-oblong,
often acuminate. [AGROPYRUMS, OR COUCH GRASSES. ]

2. T. repens, L. Spike distichous; spikelets about 5-flowered, dis-

*In the north of Europe, they have one or two other species of Wheat, of in-
ferior quality ;— namely, T. Polonicum, L. or Polish Wheat,—and T. Spelta, L.
commonly called “ Speliz.” This latter species, the German immigrants brought
with them, when they first came to Pennsylvania,—and many of them continued
the cultivation of it for some time; but they finally learnt—by observation, and
the experience of their Anglo-American neighbors—that, however the Speltz
might be adapted to the bleak regions from whence they migrated, it was not
worthy of culture in a soil and climate where the best species of Wheat could
be raised with equal facility, and to much greater advantage.

GRAMINEAE : Sox

tant, alternate, lance-oblong, acute; glumes acuminate; paleae
mostly awnless. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 440. Fil. Cestr. p. 86.
Creeping Triticum. Vzulgd—Couch-grass, Quitch-grass.

Fr. Chien dent. Germ. Gemeine Quecke.

Root perennial—a white, jointed, creeping rhizoma. Culm about 2 feet high,
smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long, lance-linear, nerved, scabrous and
somewhat pilose on the upper surface; sheaths nerved, smooth; ligule short,
truncate. Spike 3 to 5 inches long; rachis flexuose, compressed, scabrous on
the margin. Glwmes keeled, strongly nerved, roughish,—the outer margin
broader. Florets alternate, a little distant. Lower palea 5-nerved, mucronate,
smooth; wpper palea obtuse, ciliate-serrate on the two keels. Meadows; pas-
ture lots, &c.: introduced. * Native of Europe. Fv. July. Fr. August.

Obs. This species—which is quite distinct in habit from the genu-
zne Wheat—has found its way into some districts of our country; and
is a troublesome pest in cultivated grounds, when fully introduced,—
by reason of the great tenacity of life in its rhizomas, or creeping
subterranean stems. It is therefore desirable to keep our farms as
clear of it as possible. The Triticwms of this section—though
numerous—are of little agricultural value.

233. SECALE. ZL. Endl. Gen. 914.

[Latin, secare, to cut: or perhaps from the Celtic, Sega, a sickle.]
Spikelets 2-flowered,—the florets sessile, distichous, perfect, with
the linear rudiment of a third terminal floret. Glwmes sub-opposite,.
nearly equal, keeled, awnless or awned. Paleae herbaceous,—the
lower one awned at apex, keeled, with unequal sides—the outer side
broader and thicker; wpper palea shorter, 2-keeled. Scales 2, entire,
ciliate. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, hairy; stigmas 2, subsessile,
terminal, plumose,—the hairs elongated, simple, sharply denticulate.
Caryopsis free, hairy at summit. Spite simple, compressed, linear.

1. S. cerEatE, Z. Glumes subulate-linear and, with the awns,
scabrous; paleae smooth,—the lower one bristly-ciliate on the keel
and exterior margin. Kunth, Enwm.1.p. 449. Fl. Cestr. p. 82.
Harvest Secate. Vulgd—Rye. Common Rye.
Fr. Le Seigle. Germ. Gemeiner Roggen. Spaz. Centeno.

Root annual. Culm 4 to 6 feet high, glabrous, hairy near the spike. Leaves
6 to 18 inches long, lance-linear, smooth beneath, roughish above and on the
margin, glaucous; sheaths membranaceous, nerved, smooth; ligule short, den-
tate. Spike 4 to 6 inches long, 2-sided and flattish, linear. Spikelets mostly 2-
flowered, with an awn-like rudiment of a third. Glwmes a little distant from the
florets, opposite, scabrous, bristly-pilose at base. Lower palea ventricose, acu-
minate, compressed at apex, 5-nerved, terminating in a long scabrous awn;
keel and exterior margin bristly-ciliate,—the inner margin not ciliate, and the
nerves on that side less conspicuous: upper palea lanceolate, acuminate, often
bifid at apex, sparingly ciliate on the 2 keels. Caryopsis oblong, subeylindrical,
grooved on the upper side, hairy at summit, dusky brown. Fields: cultivated.
Native of the East. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This cereal grass seems to do best in light sandy soils; and
is consequently much cultivated in the lower districts of IVew Jersey,
and on the slaty hills of Pennsylvania. The grain, in such soils,
is of a better quality, and affords a whiter flour. Rye comes nearer
to Wheat, in bread-making qualities, than any other grain,—but is,
nevertheless, decidedly inferior to it. It is the principal bread-corn
of the northern parts of Europe—especially of Russia and Germany.

The seed is subject—particularly in wet seasons—to become
diseased, and enlarged,—producing what is called Ergot, or spurred

232 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Rye. This diseased grain is injurious to health, when made into:
bread ; but has been found to possess important medical properties,
in certain cases, when judiciously administered. |

234. HORDEUM. LZ. Endl..Gen. 917.

[An ancient Latin name; of obscure derivation.]
Spikelets 1-flowered, with a subulate rudiment of a second floret—
arranged in threes at the joints of the rachis, the lateral ones mostly
blighted. Glumes lance-linear, flat, rigid, subulate-awned, collateral
in front of the spikelets. Paleae herbaceous,—the lower one con-
cave, produced into a long awn at apex—the upper one 2-keeled.
Scales 2, entire or unequally 2-lobed, ciliate or pilose, rarely gla-
brous. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, pilose at summit; stigmas 2,
subterminal, sessile, plumose. Caryopsis hairy at summit, oblong,
suleate on the upper or inner side, adherent to the paleae, or rarely
free.

1. H. vunearr, ZL. Spikelets all fertile, awned,—the florets ar-
ranged so as to form a nearly four-sided spike. Kunth, Enum. 1.
p. 455. Fl. Cestr. p. 84.

Common Horpeum. Vulgd—Barley. Four-rowed Barley.

Fr. Orge commune. Germ. Gemeine Gerste. Span. Cebada.

_ Root annual. Culm 2 to 3 feet high,smooth. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, lance-
linear, keeled, striate, smoothish ; sheaths nerved, smooth, auriculate at throat ;
ligule very short. Spike about 3 inches long, rather thick and somewhat 4-sid-
ed; rachis compressed, smooth, pubescent on the margin. Spikelets with each
one fertile floret, and a pubescent awn-like rudiment of a second at the base of
the upper palea. Glwmes collateral, in front, shorter than the florets, terminating
in aslender awn. Lower palea 5-nerved, terminating in a very long awn, which
is keeled, somewhat 3-nerved, and serrulate on the margin: wpper palea acumi-
nate, obtuse or emarginate. Caryopsis lance-oblong, somewhat angular. adher-
ing closely to the paleae. Fields; cultivated. Native of Sicily, and Tartary.
Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. The ternate spikelets of this species being all fertile, the
spike often assumes somewhat of a stz-seded appearance; and I un-
derstand that in Western New York—the great Barley region of this
country—it is usually called Stz-rowed Barley,—though that name
would seem more properly to belong to another nearly allied species
(H. hexastichum, L.)—if, indeed, it be really distinct. This and
the following species are cultivated extensively in the middle and
northern States—and almost exclusively for the Breweries. The
grain is rarely given to cattle,—and Barley bread is unknown in the
U. States. The plant requires a good soil,—and hence serves as a
kind of index to the quality of the farms, in Pennsylvania: the fal-
low crop on good land being generally Barley,—while the occupants
of a poor soil have to be content with a crop of Oats.

2. H. pisticuum, Z. Lateral spikelets sterile, awnless,—the fer-
tile ones awned, distichous or forming a two-sided spike. Kunth.
Enum. 1. p. 455. Fl, Cestr. p. 85.

DisticHous Horprum. Vulgd—Two-rowed Barley.

Root annual. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, lance-
linear, nerved, scabrous on the upper surface; sheaths nerved, smooth, with 2
lanceolate auriculate appendages at throat; ligule short, truncate. Spike 3 to 4
inches long, compressed or ancipital, linear; rachis flatted, smooth, hirsute on
the margin. Perfect floret sessile ; lower palea subeoriaceous, smooth, keeled or
angular, partially 5-nerved, embracing the upper palea, and terminating in a
wery long, keeled; serrulate awn: upper palea with a pilose awn-like rudiment

GRAMINEAE 2338

at base. Sterile florets (or spikelets) pedicellate, staminate (sometimes neuter ?),—
the lewer palea awnless—the upper one with a naked awn-like rudiment at base.
Fields: cultivated. Native of Tartary. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This species is something later than the preceding, in coming
to maturity ; and on that account is preferred by many farmers, in
Pennsylvania,—as it interferes less with their Hay crops. It also
stands better than the preceding, after it is ripe,—and yields a hea-
vier grain—though not a greater quantity. The seed, of both spe-
cies, is usually sown (in Pennsylvania,) about the last of March.

TRIBE XII. ROTTBOELLIACEAE. Kunth.
Inflorescence spicate,—the rachis often articulated. Spikelets 1 or 2- rarely 3-
flowered—seated in an excavation of the rachis,—sometimes solitary—some-
times in pairs, with one of them pedicellate and often blighted: one floret of each
2-flowered spikelet {sometimes the lower—sometimes the upper one) often im-
perfect. Glumes 1 or 2—sometimes none—mostly coriaceous. Paleae membran-
aceous, rarely awned. Styles 1 or 2, sometimes very short or wholly suppressed.

235. TRIPSACUM. LZ. Endl. Gen. 930.

(Greek, tribo, to grind; the applicability of which is not obvious.]

Frowers Monoicous: Spies solitary, or often digitate in twos or
threes, articulated,—the staminate spikelets above. Spehelets ses-
sile, imbedded in the rachis: SPAMINATE SPIKELETS in pairs on each
joint, and longer than the joint, collateral, 2-flowered,—the florets
each with 2 paleae, and triandrous. PIsTILLATE SPIKELETS solitary,
as long as the joint, acuminate 2-flowered,—the florets each with 2
paleae—the outer or lower floret neuter—the inner or upper one
pistillate. Glumes coriaceous, awnless,—the outer one~ concave,
thick—the inner one thinner and boat-shaped. Paleae very thin
and membranaceous, hyaline, awnless,—the lower one of the pistzl-
late floret boat-shaped, acute—the wpper one shorter, narrowed at
apex, 2-nerved. Scales 2, somewhat fleshy, truncate and unequally
2-lobed. Ovary sessile, glabrous; style terminal, elongated; stig-
mas 2, long, densely villous,—the hairs simple. Caryopsis ovoid,
acute, free.

1. T. pacrytoipes, LZ. Spikes usually 2 or 3, aggregated or digi-
tate, sometimes solitary,—the upper-half staminate, the lower pistil-
late. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 469. Fl. Cestr. p. 95.

FINGER-LIKE Tripsacum. Vulgd—Gama Grass. Sesame Grass.

Root perennial. Culms somewhat cespitose, 3 or 4 to 6 feet high, hard and
glabrous, solid with pith,—the internodes broadly channelled on alternate sides ;
nodes smooth, with a dark-brown contracted ring at the base of the sheaths.
Leaves 1 or 2 to 4 feet long, and half an inch to an inch or more in width, lance-
linear, keeled, smooth beneath, roughish on the upper surface, serrulate on the
margin, contracted and sparingly pilose at base; sheaths nerved,. glabrous;
ligule very short, ciliate. Spikes 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, terminal,.usually digi-
tate in twos or threes—rarely in fours—but not unfrequently single; when soli-
tary, the pistillate portion of the spike is terete,—when in pairs, semi-terete as
if split down,—and when ternate, the spikes are somewhat triquetrous; rachis
articulated, separating at the joints in drying. SraMINATE SPIKELETs in pairs,
which alternate on two sides of the triquetrous rachis, each 2-flowered,—the —
inner floret sometimes neuter,.usually both staminate. Glwmes nearly equal,—
the outer ones of each pair of spikelets collateral, one inserted a little above the
other, oblong, coriaceous, nerved, the margins thin and inflexed,—the inner ones
subcoriaceous, boat-shaped. Paleae very thimand diaphanous, nearly as long
as the glumes. Stamens.3; anthers orange-colored, becoming reddish-brown,
opening by 2 pores at summit. Ovary-abortive,—often with a long slender style
and rudiments of stigmas. PIsTILLATE SPIKELETS imbedded in recesses of the
rachis, obliquely ovoid, acuminate, gibbous on the inner side, each 2? flowered
(3-flowered, Nwit.),—the inner? floret fertile. Glwmes nearly equal,—the outer
one ovate, acute, indurated and ae embracing. the florets, closing the ob-

2

Ii

234 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

lique boat-shaped cavity in the rachis, except a ciliate foramen, or sinus, on
each side of its base—the tuner one-thin and subcoriaceous, somewhat boat-
shaped, acuminate. Paleae very thin and membranaceous, 2 to each floret,—
but, by the abortion of one of the florets from pressure, they appear like several
paleae enveloping one ovary. Ovary roundish-ovoid, acute ; styles 2 united into
i, long and slender; stigmas 2, large, plumose, dark-purple. Caryopsis ovoid,
smooth,—the pericarp thin and tender. Moist meadows; banks of streams, &e. :
Middle and Western States. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. This stout and remarkable Grass is not very common on the
Atlantic slope of our continent; but it is said to be abundant m the
valley of the Mississippt. Some years ago, it was highly extolled,
by a few western correspondents of our Agricultural Journals, as an
article of fodder for Stock; but I have not heard much of it, latterly.
The leaves and young culms may probably answer a good purpose
—where better materials are scarce: but any one who will examine
the coarse hard stems of the full-grown or mature plant, may soon
satisfy himself that it can never supersede the valuable grasses, or
the good hay, now in use,—nor compete, in any respect, with com-
mon Indian-corn fodder.

TRIBE XIII. ANDROPOGONEAE. Kunth.
Spikelets 2-flowered,—the lower floret always imperfect. Paleae of more deli-
cate texture than the glumes, mostly hyaline.

236. SACCHARUM. L. Endl. Gen. 939.

[Latinized from the Greek, Sacchar : originally from the Arabic, Soukar, sugar.}
Sprkelets in pairs—one of them pedicellate, the other sessile—each
2-flowered, with a tuft of long silky hairs at base; the lower floret
neuter, with a single palea,—the upper one perfect. Glumes 2,
nearly equal, awnless. Pal/eae 3 (counting that of the neutral flo-
ret), minute, unequal, awnless, hyaline. Scales 2, obsoletely 2 or
3-lobed at apex, sometimes connate in a tube. Stamens 1 to 3.
Ovary sessile, glabrous ; styles 2, terminal, elongated ; st¢gmas plu-
mose,—the hairs simple, denticulate. Caryopsis free ?—Gigantic
tropical grasses, with large silky panicles.

1. S. orricinarum, L. Leaves flat; panicle large and expanding ;
spikelets racemose on the slender branches; florets triandrous ;
glumes obsoletely 1-nerved, or keeled, invested with long silky hairs
at base. Kunth, Enum. 1 p. 474.

OrricinaL Saccuarum. Veulgé—Sugar-cane. [Azucar.
Fr. Canne a Sucre. Germ. Aechtes Zucker-rohr. Span. Cafia de

Root perennial (a nodose rhizoma). Culm 8 to 15 or 20 feet high, and 1 to 2
inches in diameter, with numerous nodes, and solid with pith. JLcaves linear-
lanceolate, large (something resembling those of Indian Corn). Panicle a foot
or more in length, loosely branched,—the branches numerous, filiform, 4 to 6
inches long, remarkably plumose, or pubescent with vertieils or tufts of long
white silky hairs at the base of the racemose spikelets. Cultivated, in Lowisiana;
and other States in the extreme South of the Union. Native of Asia. Fl. Fr.

Obs. The Sugar Cane is rarely permitted to flower, under culti-
vation,—being propagated by sections of the culm. The value and
importance of this noble Grass, in the domestic economy and com-
merce of the civilized world, are too well known to require com-
ment. Not having the advantage of an acquaintance with the living
plant, and its culture, my descriptive details and remarks are neces-
sarily very imperfect. Some interesting notices may be found in
Rees’? Cyclopaedia (Art. Sugar); and in the Farmer’s Encyclopaedia.

—

GRAMINEAE 235

237. ANDROPOGON. ZL. Endl. Gen. 950. ~

[Greek; literally Man’s beard,—in allusion to the hairy spikelets.]
Spikelets in pairs (or the terminal ones in threes,—the middle one
fertile and sessile, the others sterile and pedicellate), 2-flowered,—
the lower floret neuter with a single palea—the upper one perfect or
unisexual. Glumes 2, finally somewhat indurated or coriaceous,
awnless. Paleae mostly 2, shorter than the glumes, hyaline,—the
lower one of the perfect floret usually awned—the upper one smaller,
awnless, sometimes wanting. Scales 2, truncate,“mostly glabrous.
Stamens 1 to 3. Ovary sessile, glabrous; styles 2, terminal;
stigmas plumose,—the hairs simple, denticulate. Caryopsis free,
enveloped by the glumes and paleae,

§1. Racuwis SPICATE.
| Spikes solitary at the apex of the culm and branches.

i. A scoparius, Mz. Culm paniculately branched above,—the
branches somewhat fasciculate, erect, elongated, slender and pur-
plish; sheaths villous; spikes simple, on long peduncles; florets
distinetly alternate, triandrous,—the sterile ones neuter, awned.
Kunth, Enwm. 1. p. 490. Fl. Cestr. p. 89, Syncim. Gray, Gram.
1. vo. 64.
Broom Anpropogon. Vulgi—Indian Grass. Purple Wood-grass.
Root perennial. Culm 3 or 4 feet high, rather slender, smooth, somewhat com-
pressed, sulcate on alternate sides of the internodes; modes smooth; branches
long, slender, in lateral fascicles, or sometimes in pairs, often subdivided.
Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long, lance-linear, acute, scabrous, a little hairy and
somewhat glaucous; sheaths striate, roughish; ligule truncate. Spikes about 2
inches long ; rachis compressed or plano-convex, pilose at the edges. Spikelets
distichously arranged: abortive spikelet minute, subulate, on a linear plumose
pedicel which is nearly as long as the perfect spikelet,—the floret neuter ; perfect
sptkelet sessile ; glumes lance-linear, much acuminated,—the lower one bifid at
apex ; paleae nearly equal, ciliate—the lower? one deeply bifid, with a twisted
awn between the segments. Old fields; sterile banks, and road-sides: through-
out the U.States. Fl. August. Fr. September.

Obs. This, and the other zative species, are remarkably worthless
grasses,—and are apt to abound in poor old neglected fields. Where
they prevail, no further evidence is required to demonstrate the un-
profitable condition of the land, or the miserable management of the
occupant.

tt Spikes conjugate or digitate, at the apex of the culmor branches.

2. A. Furcatus, Muhl. Spikes digitate, generally in threes or fours;
rachis hairy; florets in pairs,—the perfect one sessile, awned—the
staminate one awnless, pedicellate. Kunth, Enwm. 1. p. 492. Fl.
Cestr. p. 89.. Seecim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 63.

Forkep Anpropocon. Vulgd—Finger-spiked Wood-grass.

Root perennial, Culm about 4 feet high, smooth, terete below, semi-terete

above, often branching; nodes smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long, lance-
linear, nerved, smoothish, scabrous on the margin, pilose at base; sheaths striate,
smooth; ligule obtuse, sometimes ovate, fringed. Spikes 2 to 3 inches long,
usually in threes or fours (sometimes 5 or 6), frequently purple; rachis semi-
terete, pilose on the angles: abortive spikelet on a clavate, plumose pedicel:

perfect spikelet sessile. Slaty hills, and sterile low grounds. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is one of the native species which is very worthless,—
and very frequent on poor, neglected, badly managed farms.

§ 2. RacHIS PANICULATE.

236 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

3. A. saccHaRaTus, Roz. Culm stout, terete, solid with pith;
panicle large, loosely expanding,—the branches verticillate, elon-
gated, finally nodding; glumes of the fertile spikelets subcoriaceous,
clothed with glossy appressed hairs. Kunth, Enwm. 1. p. 502.
Sorghum saccharatum. Pers. Fl. Cestr. p. 90.

Sugar Anpropogon. . Vulgd—Broom-Corn. -

Root annual. Culm 6 to 8 or 9 feet high, and half an inch to.am inch in diame-
ter, smooth ; oes tumid, with a ring of short appressed hairs at the base of the
sheaths. Leaves about 2 feet long, and 2 to 3 inches wide, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, keeled, smooth, densely-pubescent at base adjoining the ligule;
sheaths smooth; legyle short, ciliate. Panicle 1 to 2 feet long.—the branches:

nearly simple, long, flexuose, scabrous with short hairs.. Sptkelets mostly in
pairs, one of which is abortive (the terminal ones in threes, two being abortive);

and these paws in racemose clusters of threes or fours, near the extremities of

the branches. Upper? or inner palea of the fertile spikelets with a purplish
flexuose awn, about twice as long as the spikelet. Gardens, and fields: culti-.
vated. Native of India, and Arabia. Fl. August. Fr. October..

Obs. This oriental grass is cultivated, on a small scale, by farmers:

generally,—for the domestic purpose of making brooms of its pani--
cles: and in some districts of the country, the culture of the plant,.
and the manufacture of brooms and brushes, are very extensively
carried on. It is said that Sugar has been obtained from it, in the
South of, Europe; but it must be much inferior to. Indian Corn (Zea
Mays, L.), in its sacchayine products: and neither of them, proba-
bly, will ever- come in competition, to any material extent, with the
true Swgar Cane. There are 2 or 3 Asiatic species, allied to this
one, which are cultivated in the East; namely, A. Sorghum, Brot. or.
* Indian Millet ?——A. eernewus,Rozb. known here as ** Guinea Corn,””
or “Egyptian Millet”’—and A. bicolor, Roxb. called ‘ Chocolate
Corn.” All these are occasionally seen, as curiosities, in our Gar-
dens; but they do not—and probably never will—belong to the Ag-
riculture of the country.
4. A nutans, L. Panicle oblong, or loose and spreading, finally
somewhat nodding; glumes of the perfect spikelets rufescent, shin-
ing,—the lower one hairy; awns contorted. Kunth, Enum. 1. p.
504. Fl. Cestr. p. 88. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no.. 67.

Also, A. avenaceus. Mz. Kunth, l. e p. 503.
Noppine Anprorocon. Vulgo—Wood-grass. Oat-like Indian grass.

Root perennial. Culm3 to 5 feet high, simple, terete, glabrous; nodes bearded
with white appressed hairs. Leaves. 6 to 18 inches long, lance-linear, rough,
serrulate on the margin; sheaths nerved, smcoth: ligule elongated, truncate,
bordered by a lanceolate extension of the margins of the sheath. Panicle 6 to
9 inches in length,—the ultimate branches, or pedicels of the upper spikelets,
plumosely hairy. Afortive spikelet pedicellate, often a mere awn-like plumose
Tudiment. Gluwmes of the perfect sptkelet lanceolate, indurated, of a light russet-
brown color,—the lower or outer one hairy, embracing the upper one, which is
smooth and rather longer. Padeae thin and membranaceous,—the lower? one
bifid, awned below the division; a@w2 contorted, bent obliquely. Sterile old
fields: throughout the W. States. Fl: Aug. Fr. September.

Obs. The three native species of Andropogon, here given, are the
most common and obtrusive ones, in our poor lands,—at least in
Pennsylvania.. There are a few others,—particularly one with the
spikes conjugate, in fastigiate bushy panicles (A. macrourus, Mz.)—

which is not unfrequent in wet, swampy meadows; but, though -

they are all equally worthless, these are scarcely of sufficient impor-
tance to require further notice, in this work.

—_—_—:

EQUISETACEAE 287

SERIES I... _ |
CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

ACROGENS, OR APEX-GROWING PLANTS.

ORDER CLXI. EQUISETACEAE. DC.

Leafiess plants. Rhizomacreeping. Stemsimple or verticillately branched, terete,
suleate, articulated—the articulations embraced by monophyllous sheaths. Fruc-
tification terminal. Receptacles of numerous angular peltate stipitate scales, col-
lected in the form of a strobile or cone. Sporanges in sixes and sevens, mem-
branaceous, adnate to the under surface of the receptacles, 1-celled, filled with
numerous spores, introrsely dehiscent. Spores embraced by 4 hygrometric cla-
vate filaments (eaters).
An unimportant Order, of a single genus,

238. EQUISETUM. LZ. Endl. Gen. 601.
[Latin, Equus, a horse, and Seta, a bristse ; resembling a horse’s tail.]
OS~ There being but a single genus, tts character is consequently
the same as that of the Order.

1. E. nyemate, Z. Stems all fertile, simple, naked, striate-sulcate,
very rough, bearing a terminal ovoid spike; sheaths short, cylindric,
whitish, with a black ring at base and summit, dentate,—the teeth
lance-subulate, awned, deciduous. Willd. Sp. Pl.5. p.8. Fl. Cestr.
p- 574. Icon, Fl. Lond. 4.

Winter Equisetum. Vu/gd—Scouring Rush.
Fr. La Préle. Germ. Das Kannenkraut. Span. Equiseto.

Root perennial. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, fistular, pale cinereous-green, or glau-
cous (purplish black at base), terminating at summit in an ovoid blackish spike,
or cone, about half an inch in length ; sheaths 2 to 4 lines long, nearly cylindric,
striate, whitish-cinereous, with a purplish-black band at base,—and at summit
a ring of small b&ckish teeth, which soon fall off, leaving the sheath truncate
and entire. Margins of swamps; knolls, &c. Fr. June.

Obs. This plant is common to Europe and America. The cuticle
abounds in silicious earth,—and its rough file-like surface is well
adapted to the scouring and polishing of hard wood, metals, &c. to
which uses it is often applied. There are several other species of
this genus,—but they are of no interest to the farmer.

ORDER CLXII. LYCOPODIACEAE. Swartz. DC.

Herbaceous or fruticose, mostly perennial, plants. Stem erect or prostrate, terete,
angular, or compressed, alternately or dichotomously branched, leafy. Leaves
spirally arranged, often crowded, imbricated, simple, sessile er decurrent, never
articulated. Sporanges (or sporocarps) sometimes in the axils of the leaves, along
the whole stem—sometimes 1n the axils of crowded bracts, forming ament-like
spikes at the ends of the branches.

A small Order, of little interest to the farmer.

239. LYCOPODIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 696.
Sporanges 1-celled, uniform, or of 2 forms,—those containing a fine
powder, subreniform and 2-valved—those containing globular grains,
subglobose, 3 or 4-lobed, and 3 or 4-valved.

1. L. DENDROIDEUM, Swartz. Stem erect, branched,—the branches
alternate, crowded near the summit, dichotomously subdivided ;
leaves scattered, somewhat 6-rowed, linear-lanceolate, equal, spread-

238 CRYPTOGAMOUS ACROGENS

ing; spikes terminal, solitary, sessile. Willd. Sp. Pl. 5. p21. Fl.
Cestr. p. 589.

TrEE-LIKE Lycopopium. Valgd—Ground Pine. |

Plant smooth, deep green. Root perennial. Stems (or rather branches of the
creeping rhizoma) 6 to 9 inches high, erect or ascending, terete, flexuose, clothed
with lance-linear acute leaves, branched and bushy near the summit,—the
branches dichotomously subdivided, slender. Leaves (on the branches) some-
what 4-rowed, about 2 lines long, obliquely subulate-linear, or slightly falcate,
acute, spreading, shining green,—those on the stem (or main branch) rather
appressed. Spikes.mostly several, (1 or 2 to 5 or 6), about 2 inches long, terete,
a little tapering upwards, yellowish,—the scales or bracts ovate, acuminate, with
= ipaerne margin. Woodlands, and shady thickets: throughout the U. States.

r. July.

Obs. This pretty little plant—of unfading verdure (together with
I. complanatum, L.—a trailing species, with pedately divided,
flatted branches)—is much employed in making garlands, and fes-
toons, to decorate country parlours; and is moreover regularly sought
after, by those who venerate pleasing ancient usages, for the pur-
pose of trimming churches, at Christmas. Every intelligent person,
therefore, would like to know the plant; and for that reason I have
inserted it.

ORDER CLXIII. FILICES. L. Juss.

Herbaceous plants, with a perennial rhizoma (rarely with an erect arborescent
trunk). Leaves (or fronds) scattered on the rhizoma, or rosulate-fasciculate at
its apex, circinnate in vernation, annual or perennial, simple or compound,
entire or pinnatifidly dissected. Sporanges placed along the veins on the back
or margin of the leaves,—collected in little clusters (termed Sort), which are
sometimes naked, but often covered by a membranaceous scale, or folded and
modified margin of the leaf (called an Industwm),—pedicellate or sessile, 1-celled,
indefinitely dehiscent. Spores numerous, free, globose or angular.

An Order of some 70 genera—very interesting to the curious student of Nature,
but unimportant to the practical American farmer. In tropical regions, however,
the Ferns occasionally assume the stature and appearance of trees,—and the
roots, or rhizomas, of some species, are esculent.

e
240. PTERIS. ZL. Endl. Gen. 622.

[The Greek name for a Fern; from Pteryx, or Pteron, a plume or feather.]

Sporanges placed on the apices of the veins, which are united into
a nerve-like receptacle, bordering the frond, and forming a contin-
uous linear marginal sorws. Indusiwm formed of the inflexed modi-
fied margin of the frond, scarious, opening along the inner side.

1. Pr. aquinina, LZ. Frond 3-parted; divisions bipinnate; pinnae
oblong-lanceolate,—the upper ones entire—the lower ones pinnatifid,
with oblong obtuse segments. Willd. Sp. Pl. 5. p. 402. Fl. Cestr.
p- O83. ,

AQUILINE.OR EaGne Preris. Vulgo—Brake. Bracken, of the Scotch.
Fr. Fougére femelle. Germ. Adler-Saumfarrn. Span. Helecho fem-
inino.

Root perennial. Frond very large (1 to 2 or 3 feet long), supradecompound,
spreading, the branches bipinnate, the divisions or pinnae oblong-lanceolate,
subsessile, pubescent, pale dingy green,—the upper ones entire—the lower ones
pinnatifid; segments half an inch to an inch and half long, and 2 to 4 or 5 lines
wide, lance-oblong, obtuse, entire or somewhat repand, with the margin reflexed,
confluent at base, or sometimes the lower ones nearly distinct; stipe (or foot-
stalk of the frond) 1 to 2 feet long, angular, smooth, tawny, or brown. Sori linear
and marginal, resembling a narrow russet hem, or border-trimming, along the
edge of the segments, on the under side. Moist woodlands, and thickets;
throughout the U. States. Fr. J uly—Aug.

FILICES 239

Obs. The Ferns have but little connection with our Agriculture ;
but, as this is a common one nearly all the world over,—and, in our
country, one of the msst conspicuous of that numerons and curious
family of plants,—I have given it a place in this work, merely as a
sample of the Order. It sometimes forms quite a thicket, of itself,
and affords a good shelter or hiding-place for Game, along the bord-
ers of woodlands.

ANOPHYTES, OR
SUPERIOR CELLULAR PLANTS.

ORDER CLXY. MUSCI. Déilen. Juss.

Mostly perennial herbs, small in size and wholly cellular in structure. Stems
terete, slender, erect or procumbent. Leaves scattered or distichous, simple, ses-
sile and obsoletely decurrent. Reproductive organs of two kinds: 1. Azillary
bodies (antheridia, or supposed analogues of stamens),—small cylindrical or fusi-
form pedicellate sacs, in the axils of the leaves, containing numerous spherical
or oval particles, mingled with minute jointed threads (called Paraphyses). 2.
Thecae (capsules, sporarges, or prstillidia—analogues of pistils),—hollow urn-like
cases, each elevated on a seta, or bristle-like peduncle—covered, in an early
stage, by a membranaceous caducous Calyptra {resembling a candle extin-
guisher), and closed by an Operculum (or lid), which opens at maturity. The
orifice at the summit of the theca, or capsule, is sometimes naked, but more
commonly protected by one or two rows of rigid little processes, calied teeth—
or collectively, the Peristome. These teeth are either distinct (free), or more or
less combined—ranging, numerically, from 4 to 64;—but always, when more
than 4, some multiple of that number. The centre of the theca is occupied by an
azis, or little column,—and the space between it and the sides of the theca is
filled with minute spores. The leaves which are aggregated round the base of
the seta, or fooistalk of the theca(forming what is called the Perichaetium), may
be regarded as the analogues of bracts,—being generally different from the rest
of the foliage, and are- known by the name of pertchactial leaves.

A numerous Order of small and insignificant plants—in the eye of the mere
farmer ; but by no means unimportant, in the economy of Nature.

241. SPHAGNUM. Dillen. Endl. Gen. 476.

[A Latin name,—anciently applied to some kind of Moss.]
Fructification terminal. Antheridia clavate. Pistillidia disk«form.
Calyptra irregularly torn in the middle,—the ragged base persistent.
Theea with a flat deciduous lid,—the orifice destitute of teeth; cen-
tral column obsolete at maturity. Soft, flaccid, spongy, pale-green
or whitish Mosses,—in dry situations erect—in pools floating and
branched, the branches in lateral fascicles. Leaves imbricated, con-
cave, nerveless, diaphanous. Thecae,or sporanges, sessile on pedun-
culate receptacles.

1. S. pantustre, ZL. Branches tumid, tapering, spreading or
recurved; leaves ovate or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, reticulated.
S. obtusifolium. Hook. Brit. Fil. 2. p. 6.

Mars Spuacnum. Valgo—Bog-Moss.

Stems 3 to 6 or 8 inches long (sometimes much longer, when floating), loosely
tufted by numerous branches near the summit. Leaves often closely mbricated,
glaucous, or whitish. Theca oval or subglobose, embraced at base by the per-
sistent remains of the calyptra or hood, sessile on a receptacle at the summit of
a transparent terminal peduncle. Swamps, and pools; throughout the U. States.
Fr. in early Spring.

Obs. Several species of Sphagnum are enumerated in the books,

240 CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS

—but they have been supposed, by good judges, to be little more
than varzeties of the original S. palustre, of Linnarus. This soft
spongy Moss—which is common to both hemispheres—affords an
excellent material for enveloping and protecting the roots of plants
which are to be removed to a distance. It is believed to have con-
tributed largely of the material of which Turf or Peat is formed.
The Mosses are a very numerous family (comprising about 800 spe-
cies); and although scarcely claiming the attention of mere practi-
cal Agriculturists, they are highly interesting to intelligent observers
of Nature and natural phenomena. “In the economy of man,”
says Prof. Linptey, “they perform but an insignificant part; but
in the economy of Nature, how vast.an end!” I have therefore
deemed it expedient to insert a sample of the Order.

THALLOPHYTES, OR
VEGETABLE EXPANSIONS.

ORDER CLXVII. LICHENES. Ach.

Perennial plants, varying exceedingly in form, appearance and texture—always
constituting a thallus, crust, or frond, (universal receptacle, Ach.) which frequently
spreads horizontally upon soil, rocks, bark of trees and dead wood,—and is pulve-
rulent, membranaceous, coriaceous, gelatinous, filamentous, and variously lobed
and divided: sometimes it is erect, shrub-like and much branched,—at others, pen-
dent; variously colored, rarely green: often the substance is simply composed of
cellules—at othef times the cellules are mixed with fibres. Imperfect roots are
sometimes found,—but more for the purpose of fixing the plant to its place of
growth, than of deriving nourishment— which appears to be afforded solely by the
air. Fructification is of two kinds ,—1. A powdery substance, forming indetermi-
nate masses, or collected into more or less evident receptacles ; and 2. (what is con-
sidered a higher state of fructification.) apothecia, or partial receptacles,;—which
have received different names, according to their forms :—as scutellae (shields) —
patellulae (spangles)—peltae (targets)—tubercula (tubercles)—cephalodia (knobs, or
heads—when the stalk which bears them is called the podetiwm)—&c. These
receptacles, for the most part, are sessile, perennial, and contain a waxy plate or
layer, in which are imbedded sporwies inclosed in little membranous tubes or thecae.
HOooKkER. —

A numerous Order of apparently very insignificant plants: but some of them
are nutritious, and slightly medicinal,—while others (as the Roccella,) afford
beautiful and valuable dyes. Lichens, says Sir W. J. Hooxer, “‘ are among the
first plants which clothe the bare rocksand form a humus (soil, or mould) for others
of a higher organization to live and flourish in,”

+ Thallus usually compressed and laciniated. Apothecia scutel-
leform [Scutellae, or shields].

242. CETRARIA. Ach. Endl. Gen. 175.

[Latin, Cetra, a buckler,—which the Apothecia are supposed to resemble. ]

Thallus foliaceous, somewhat coriaceously membranaceous, ascend-
ing or spreading, lobed and laciniated, naked and smooth on both
sides. Apothecia orbicular, obliquely adnate to the margin of the
thallus—the lower portion being free ; dzs& colored, plano-concave,
with a border formed of the thallus and inflexed.
1. C. Isuanpica, Ach. Thallus erect, tufted, olive-brown, paler on
one side, laciniated, channelled, and dentate-ciliate,—the fertile
laciniae very broad; apothecia brown, appressed, flat with an
elevated border. Hook. Brit. Fl. 2. p. 221.

IceLanp Cerraria. Vulgo—Iceland Moss.

LICHENES : 241

Obs. Dr. A. Gray informs me that he has collected this plant on
** Grandfather Mountain,”? North Carolina. He says it grows, also,
on the White Mountains of New Hampshire. It isamountain plant,
and usually grows in exposed situations, on the ground. That
which is found in our Shops, and employed as a remedy for coughs,
pulmonary consumption, &c. is procured from Norway, or from Ice-
land. Sir W. J. Hooxer informs us, that “immense quantities are
gathered in the latter country, not only for sale, but for their own
use as an article of common food. The bitter and purgative quality
being extracted by steeping in water, the Lichen is dried, reduced.
to powder, and made into a cake, or boiled and eaten with milk,—
and eaten with thankfulness, too, by the poor natives, who confess
‘that a bountiful Providence sends them bread out of the very
stones ’.”?

To this section of the Lichens, belongs the Roecella tinctoria, DC.
the Rock Aloss, or Archill,—so valuable in the arts, for its purple
coloring matter.

Tt Thallus shrub-like, rounded, usually much branched and erect;
—the branches (or Podetia) fistular. Apothecia hemispherical,
Jleshy (Cephalodia, or knobs).

243. CLADONIA. Hoffm. Endl. Gen. 168.

[Greek, Kiados, a branch,—ihe ramifications being ofien numerous.]
Thallus somewhat shrubby, branched or rarely simple, leafy with
scales which are finally often evanescent; Jranches (or podetia) car-
tilaginous, rigid, fistular, all attenuated and subulate, divided, fertile,
generally perforated in the axils. Apothecta (being Cephalodia) ses-
sile, orbicular, convex, capituliform, not bordered, fixed by the cir~
cumference, free beneath in the centre, the sides reflexed, uniform
within.

1. C. raneirertna, Hofim. Podetia erect, elongated, roughish, cy-
lindrical, greenish-white, very much branched; axils perforated; -
branches scattered, often intricate, divaricate,—the ultimate ones
drooping; apothecia subglobose, brown, on small erect branchlets.
Hook. Brit. Fl. 2. p. 235.

Rein-pEER Cuaponia. Vulgo—Rein-deer Moss.

Obs. This is very common in the colder woodlands, throughout
the middle and northern States. ‘*A very variable Moss,” says Sir
W. J. Hooxer, * especially in the length of the ramifications, and also
in color,—and an inhabitant of almost every part of the world—
even of the tropics; but in the colder and arctic regions it is most
abundant. The barren specimens are the most branched and tufted,
with the branches very intricate. It is this, which, for the greater
part of the year and especialiy in winter, is the support of the vast
herds of Reiz-deer, wherein consists all the wealth of the Lapland-
ers. No vegetable, Linnaeus tells us, grows throughout Lapland in
such abundance as this,—especially in woods of scattered pines,
where, for very many miles together, the surface of the sterile soil
is covered with it as with snow. On the destruction of forests
by fire, when no other plant will find nutriment, this Lichen springs
up and flourishes,—and, after a few years, acquires its full size.
Here the Rein-deer are ae garg and, whatever may be the depth

1

242 _CRYPTOGAMOUS THALLOPHYTES

of snow during the long winters of that climate, these creatures have
the powet of penetrating it and obtaining their necessary food.”
This, and the preceding Lichen, are here noticed—not as belonging
to American Agriculture, but—as interesting specimens of a vast
Order of plants, which even a farmer may with propriety become
so far acquainted with, as to have at least a general idea of their
character.

ORDER CLXVIII. FUNGI. Juss.

Plants consisting of a congeries of cellules, among which filaments are ocea-
sionally intermixed,—increasing in size by addition to their inside—their outside
undergoing no change after its first formation; chiefly growing upon dead or
decaying substances,—frequently ephemeral, and variously colored. Sporules
arranged in tubular cells,—the cells situated in some part of the external sur-
face. The partin which the reproductive organs are placed, is called the Hy-
71ENLUM.

_A very numerous Order—comprtising nearly 300 genera, and uncoufited spe-
cies ; some of them large, and often either esculent or poisonous,—others mi-
nute, and frequently destructive of the textures (whether living or dead) on
which they grow.

TRIBE I. HYMENOMYCETES. Fries.

Hymenium naked. Sporidia in little sacs (asc?).

SUB-TRIBE 1. HYMENINI, OR AGARICINAE. Fries.

Aymenium distinct. Receptacle long or expanded, superior.

DIV. 1. PILEATI. Fries.

Receptacle dilated, occasionally branched, tending to an orbicular form. Hy-
mentum inferior.

244, AGARICUS. L. Endl. Gen. 453.
[From Agaria, a town of Sarmatia,—where the plant was much used for food.]
Fungus inclosed in a wrapper (volva) when young,—with a pilews,
or cap, supported on a thick terete stzpe. Pzlews horizontal, dilated,
orbicular, gradually becoming flatted,—the lower surface occupied
by distinct radiating parallel lamellae, or gills (hymeniwm), on which
the sporuwles are situated.

1. A. campsstris, LZ. Pileus white, fleshy, dry, somewhat scaly
or sericeous; lamellae free, pink changing to dark fuscous; stipe
solid, white, with an annular veil. Lindl. Ency. p. 1002.

Fretp Acaricus. Vulgo—Common eatable Mushroom.
Fr. Champignon. Germ. Der Erd-schwamm.

Otis. This plant is a noted delicacy among Epicures,—and is
much cultivated for the table, in Europe. There seems, however,
to be some uncertainty in determining the characters, by which the
esculent specimens are distinguished from poisonous ones; and
therefore caution is always to be observed. Prof. LinptEey (in Lou-
pon’s Encyclopaedia of Plants) says, ** the gills of this species are
loose, pinky red, changing to a liver-color,—in contact with the stem,
but not united to it; very thick set, irregularly disposed—some
forked next the stem, some next the edge of the pileus—some at
both ends, and in that case generally excluding the intermediate
smaller gills. The pz/ews is white, changing to brown when old,
and becoming scurfy; regularly convex, fleshy, flatter with age,
from 2 to 4 inches, and sometimes 9 inches in diameter, liquefying in
decay,— the flesh white. The stem (or stipe) is solid, white, cylin-
drical, from 2 to 3 inches high, half an inch in diameter,—the ewr-

FUNGI 243

tain white and delicate. When this mushroom first makes its ap-
pearance, it is smooth and almost globular,—and in this state it is
called a bwtten. This species is esteemed the best and most savory
of the genus,—and is much in request for the table, in England. It
is eaten fresh, either stewed or boiled,—and preserved €ither as a
pickle, or in powder; and it furnishes the sauce called etchup.
The field plants are better for eating than those raised on artificial
beds,—their flesh being more tender; and those who are accustomed
to them can distinguish them by their smell. But the cultivated
ones are more sightly, may be more easily collected in the proper
state for eating, and are firmer and better for pickling. The wild
mushrooms are found in parks and other pastures, where the turf
has not been ploughed up for many years; and the best time for
gathering them [in England] is August and September.”

OS Veil uke a cob-web. Gills becoming discolored, cloudy, dis-
solving. Sporidia brownish-purple.

245. MERULIUS. Hall. Endl. Gen. 445.
[A name applied, by the ancients, to a species of Fungus.]

Pileus fleshy or membranaceous, without a stipe. Hymenium
veined,—the veins or folds a little tumid, anastomosing with each
other. Fungous parasites, sessile, effused or spread about. .

1. M. tacurymans, Schum. Effused, large, yellow-ferruginous or
deep orange-color; margin white and cottony; veins large, form-
ing irregular pores by their sinuosity. Lindl. Ency. p. 1007.
Weerine Meruuius. Vulgo—Dry Rot.

Obs. This Fungus (and some others—such as Polyporus, Sporo-
trichum, &c. which infest timber in places where a damp air is con-
fined) is known by the name of “ Dry Rot.” It is, says Prof.
Linpiey, “a pest to the wood of dwelling houses [and ships],
which it speedily destroys. It is said to be destroyed by a wash of
diluted sulphuric acid. The whole plant is generally resupinate,
soft, tender, at first very light, cottony and white. When the veins
appear, they are of a fine yellow, orange, or reddish-brown, forming
irregular plicae, most frequently so arranged as to have the appear-
ance of pores,—but never any thing like tubes. Sometimes the
pileus or substance of the plant, from its situation, produces pen-
dent processes like inverted cones. The whole fructification often
forms a circle of 1 to 8 inches in diameter. Except in favorable
situations, it does not produce fructification, and resembles a dry
pithy cottony substance,—whence it has been called dry rot. When
in a perfect state, its sinuses contain drops of clear water,—which
have given rise to the specific name.’? Various chemical processes
have been resorted to, to prevent the appearance, or growth, of this
destructive fungus—some of which, I believe, have been thought
worthy of Letters patent ; but of their value 1 am unable to speak.
There is a Fungus, which, from its resemblance to fibrous roots, is
called Rhizomorpha. It is often troublesome, by choking up trunks,
and bored logs, that are used for the conveyance of water. It has
so much the appearance of real roots, that it is generally mistaken
for them,—especially when the trunks are laid in woodlands: though
the question might very naturally occur, to observing minds, how
such coarse fibres could penetrate, or pass through the logs, or planks,
without being visible in their substance.

244 CRYPTOGAMOUS THALLOPHYTES

There is also aremarkable Fungus, called Oak-leather (Xylostroma
Corium, Pers. or Byssus gigantea, DC.),—often found in the fis-
sures or wind-shakes of old trees; which bears a striking resemblance
to a dressed sheepskin,—and is sometimes almost as large.

TRIBE II. GASTEROMYCETES. Fries.

Fungus entirely closed, bearing sporidia in an inierior or ventral sac.

SUB-TRIBE I. ANGIOGASTERES. Fries.
Ventral sac finally bursting forth, separate from the receptacle. Sporidia lodged
in the receptacle. ;

_ DIV. 2. TUBERACEAE. Fries.

Sporanges membranous, scattered in an hymenium which is ofien latticed with
small veins, and inclosed in a ventral sac. Sporida at first pulpy.

246. TUBER. Michel. Endl. Gen. 350.
[An ancient Roman name.]

Ventral sac subglobose, externally smooth or papillose-verrucose,
jindehiscent, somewhat coriaceously fleshy within, reticulately veined.
Sporidia sub-pedicellate, scattered among the veins. Swhierraneous
Fungi, ofien destitute of roots, roundish, fleshy,—the flesh variegated
with sporule-bearing veins.
1. T. crparium, S7zbth. Very rough with sub-prismatic warts,
blackish; roots entirely wanting; flesh firm or toughish. Lind.
Ency. p. 1022.
EatTasLte Tuser. Veulgo—Trufile.
Fr. Truffe. Germ. Trueffel. Span. Criadilla de tierra.

Obs. This is the Fungus so celebrated in the annals of cookery,
under the name of Truffle. It often attains to the size of a man’s
fist (pugnt saepe mole, Endl.),—and is found in light dry sandy soils,
in various parts of Europe and Asia. Dogs, it is said, are taught to
find it by the smell,—and to scratch it up out of the earth. The
Truffle, 1 believe, is but seldom met with, in the U. States. The late
Rev. Mr. ScuweEinitz mentions, that it was not unfrequently found
near Vazareth, in Pennsylvania, some 60 years since, by an old
German hunter, and his dog, which had been trained to seek for it.*
A subterraneous esculent Fungus, called “ Tuckahoe’? (probably
nearly allied to the Truffle), has been found in the Southern States.
See Farmer’s Encyclopaedia.

Some other Fuzgi are esculent, and much esteemed by Gastrono-
mers;—such as the Morchella esculenta, Pers. or Morel,—and the
Helvella esculenta, Pers. They are, however, less, known, in our
country, than the common eatable Mushroom.

SUB-TRIBE IV. MUCOROIDEI. Fries.

Peridium formed of flocci loosely woven together, vanishing in the middle.
Sporidia in heaps.

247. ASCOPHORA. Tode. Endl. Gen. 255.
[Greek, Askos, a sac, and phero, to bear; in allusion to the receptacle of sporules ]
Peridium membranaceous, stipitate, finally bursting, turned inside
out, convex and somewhat persistent; stzpe simple or branched,
tubular, pellucid, articulated.
_ *In reference to the Tuber cibariwm, Mr. ScuwE1nitz says—‘‘ Nunquam ipse
inveni—sed certior factus sum ante sexaginta annos In vicinitate Nazarethorum

ab antiquo venatore germano, caneque suo ad hoc olim educato, non rariter in-
ventum esse.”—Am. Philos. Transactions, 4. new Series. p. 252.

FUNGI 245

1. A. Mucepo, Lind. Stipe simple; heads inflated, spherical, at
first white, finally dark grey, bursting close to the long filiform stipe.
Lindl. Ency. p. 1036. ie
Mucor Mucedo. L. Valgd—Mould. Bread-mould.
Fr. Moisissure. Germ. Der Schimmel. Span. Moho.

Oés. This minute Fungus usually abounds on moist decaying sub-
stances,—and is well known to most persons—especially to house-
wives—as growing plentifully on dread and pastry which has begun
to *¢ spoil ;””—yet it is probable that many of them have never suspect-
ed it of being as genuine a plant,as any weed that grows on the farm.

TRIBE IV. CONIOMYCETES, Fries.

Sporidia naked, without any heterogeneous receptacle,

SUB-TRIBE II. ENTOPHYTI. Fries.

Sporidia naked, separate, without a receptacle.

DIV. 2. HYPODERMIA. Fries.
Parasites upon living plants,—originating in a diseased parenchyma, under th
epidermis, which being ruptured, the sporidia burst forth. tore Ley

248. UREDO. Pers. Endl. Gen. 181.

(Latin, uo, to burn, or scorch,—from the apparent effect of the plant.]
Peridium none,—or the epidermis of the leaves and stems forming
a pseuto-peridium. Sporidia 1-celled, free, sessile, mostly globose,
1- U. secerum, Pers. Clusters large, irregular, brown or black,
uSually occupying the organs of fructification; sporidia globose,
minute. Lindl..Ency. p. 1044.

Corn Unepo. Vulgd—Smut. Blight. Smut-Brand.

Obs. This Fungus is usually found within the glumes and fruit of
Wheat, Barley, and other Grasses,—spreading, and in a short time
filling the whole with a profuse Slack dust, which, under the micro-
seope, is found to consist of minute spherical sportdia. Where the
grain is but partially, or slightly affected, it may be freed from the
offensive fungus, by the operations of mechanical contrivances,
called “Smut Machines,’’ which have been invented for that purpose.

The fructification (both ears and tassels) of Indian Corn, is often
invaded by this destructive parasite,—and sometimes the spikes, or
ears, are enlarged to an enormous size. Prof. DE CanpouLe, and
others, have considered this as a distinct species, under the name of
U. Maydis, or U. Zeae. It is curious to observe the manner in
which the ears of Indian Corn—grains and all—retain something of
their original form, while undergoing the destructive proeess. Various
species of this blighting Fungus grow on, and are perhaps peculiar
to, different genera and species of plants.

249. PUCCINIA. Pers. Endl. Gen. 185.
[Perhaps from the Greek, puka, densely crowded,—from its manner of growth.]
Peridium none,— or the eptdermts of the leaves and stems forming a
pseudo-peridium. Sportdia 1 or many-celled, dehiscent at apex,
often pedicellate, emerging from under the irregularly ruptured epi-
dermis. Menute fuscous or blackish Fungi, aggregated in little
clusters. r
1. P. Graminis, Pers. Clusters dense, often confluent and forming
long parallel lines, changing from yellowish-brown to black; sporidia
‘ 21*

246 CRYPTOGAMOUS THALLOPHYTES

elongated, clavate, stipitate, 2-celled,—the upper cell larger. Lindl.
Grass Pucctnta. Vulgd—Mildew. Rust? [Ency. p. 1048.
Fr. La Nielle. Germ. Der Mehlthau. Span. El Tizon.

Obs. This is the Fungus which, under the name of Mildew (and
perhaps Rust—though this may be another species,) often appears
so abundantly and operates so injuriously, on our Wheat crops, in
warm, close, foggy, and cloudy or wet weather, near harvest time,—
especially where the crop is a little backward, and mingled with an
undue proportion of other grasses, or herbage. The species of this
genus are numerous,—and appear to be confined to certain plants,
from which they derive their specific names ;—as P. Rosae—P. Rubi
—P,. Pruni—P. Trifolii, &c.

There may, perhaps, be different kinds of these minute Fungi
(species of Aecidiwm, and other genera), infesting the various
Grasses, and cultivated crops. A little orange-colored one is very
prevalent, some seasons, on the leaves of the Washington Thorn
(Crataegus cordata, Ait.). Until they shall be better understood, and
a preventive remedy discovered, they deserve to be carefully studied,
both by Naturalists and Farmers.

ORDER CLXX. ALGAE. Juss.

Leafless flowerless plants, with no distinct axis of vegetation, growing 1n wa-
ter, and consisting either of simple vesicles lying in mucus, or of articulated
filaments, or of lobed fronds formed of uniform cellular tissue,—absorbing. the
ambient liquid only by the immersed portion and not conveying it to the other
parts; sometimes reddish, sometimes green,—emitting oxygen gas when ex-
posed under water to the sun. Reproductive matter either altogether wanting, or
contained in the joints of the filaments, or deposited in thecae (of various form,
size and position) caused by dilatations of the substance of the frond. Sporules
with no proper integument,—in germination elongating in two opposite directions.

An Order comprising more than 100 genera, some of which afford food—others
medicine, and materials used in the arts:—but few of them of any importance
in Agriculture,—and those chiefly as a manure, in the vicinity of the Sea shore.
The edible Swallow's nests, which are esteemed sucha delicacy by the Chinese,
are believed to be mainly constructed of a species of Seaweed.

250. FUCUS. Agardh. Endl. Gen. 119.

[Latinized from the Greek, Phuwios, a Sea-weed.]
Frond flat or compressed (rarely filiform), dichotomous, coriaceous.
Air vessels, when present, innate in the frond, simple, large. Recep-
tacles mostly terminal, turgid, containing tubercles imbedded in
mucus and filled with sporules and filaments.
1. F. vestcunosus, LZ. Frond flat, with a middle nerve or rib, linear,
dichotomous, entire; vesicles spherical, innate upon the frond in
pairs; receptacles terminal, compressed, turgid, mostly elliptical.
Hook. Brit. Fl. 2. p. 267.
Biappery Fucus. Vulgj—Sea-weed. Sea-wrack.
#r. Varec. Germ. Der Meer-tang. Span. Fuco.

Obs. This and some other Sea-weeds are attached to submarine rocks,
by leathery shield-like expansions; but are often torn loose, and thrown
on shore in great quantities, by the agitation of the Sea. Being col-
lected and burned, they leave an alkaline residuum, called Kelp,—
which is said to be valuable as a manure—as wellas an atticle of con-
siderable commercial importance. The poor half-starved cattle, on the
coast of Scotland, feed upon this Sea-weed, in times of scarcity ; but
in our country, such fodder is but little known. For an interesting
notice of Kelp, see the Farmer’s Encyclopaedia,—a highly valuable
Repository of information in every department of Agriculture.

247

Tur Plants enumerated in this work may be classified according
to their character and properties, as follows:
[N. B. Those which are cultivated, in Italies.]

I. Plants yielding esculent Roots, Herbage, or Fruits, for Man.

GENUs.

10.

16.
PALS

25.

33.

Brassica oleracea, L.

B— campestris, L.

B - Rapa, L.
Raphanus sativus, L.
Hibiscus esculentus, L.
Citrus Aurantium, Risso.
Vitis vinifera, L.

V Labrusca, L.

V. aestivalis, Mx.

NS vulpina, L.

. Cicer arietinum, L.

Arachis hypogaea, L.

. Faba vulgaris, Moench.

Ervum Lens, L.

. Pisum sativum, L.

Phaseolus vulgaris, Savi.
Yi lunatus, L.

. Persica vulgaris, Mill.

P— laevis, DC.
Armeniaca vulgaris, Lam.
A dasycarpa, Pers.

- Prunus domestica, L.

P
re

Americana, Marsh.
Chicasa, Mz.

» Cerasus avium, Moench.

C. vulgaris, Mill.

. Fragarta vesea, L.

¥F

Virginiana, Ehrh.

- Rubus Idaeus, L.

Rubus occidentalis, L.
R Canadensis, L.
R villosus, Ait.

. Pyrus communis, L.

E Malus, L.

- Ribes Uva-erispa, L.

R
R

rubrum, L.
nigrum, L.

. Cucumis Melo, L.
. Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad.
. Cucurbita Pepo, L.

C.
C

Melopepo, L.

verrucosa, L.

. Pastinaca sativa, L.

GENUS. m

73. Daucus Carota, L.
101. Cynara Sco’ymus, L.
104. Cichorium Endivia, Willd.
105. Tragopogon porrifolium, L.
107. Lactuca sativa, L.
109. Vaccinium corymbosum, L.
110. Oxycoccus macrocarpus, P.
113. Diospyros Virginiana, L.
139. Batatas edulis, Chois.
145. Solanum tuberosum, L.

— 8 esculentum, Dunal.

146. Lycopersicum esculentum,
Nai

152. Spinacia oleracea, L.

153. Beta vulgaris, L.

156. Rheum Rhaponticum, Ait.

157. Rumex crispus, L.

159. Fagopyrumesculentum, Mh

160. Phytolacca decandra, L.

168. Juglans nigra, L.

— ZJ- regia, L.

169. Carya alba, Nutt.

— C olivaeformis, Nutt.
171. Corylus Americana, Marsh.
174. Castanea vesca, Gaertn.

— C pumila, Mill.

181. Morus rubra, L.
184. Ficus Carica, L.
192. Sabal Palmetto, Loddig.
201. Allixm Porrum, L.
— A Cepa, L. © ‘

202. Asparagus officinalis, L.

208. Oryza sativa, L.

210. Zea Mays, L.

232. Trittexm vulgare, Vill.

233. Secale cereale, L.

244. Agaricus campestris, L.

246. Tuber cibarium, Sibth.
Eighty in number; of which

Fifty-seven are cultivated.
Note.—Many of the preceding,

afford food for Domestic animals,

also.

248

II. Plants yielding Food exclusively, or chiefly, for Domestic
Animals.

Trifolium pratense, L.

— T repens, L.

44, Melilotus leucantha, Koch.
45. Medicago sativa, L.

. Plantago lanceolata, L.
Quercus alba, L..

Fagus sylvatica, L.

. Zizania aquatica, L.
Phleum pratense, L.

2. Holeus lanatus, L.

Panicum sanguinale, L.
Setaria Italica, Kunth.
Muhlenbergia diffusa, W’ld.
M—— Mexicana, Trin.
Agrostis vulgaris, With.
€ynodon Dactylon, Pers.

. Anthoxanthum odoratum L..

222. Eleusine Indica, Gaertn.
223. Avena sativa, L.
224. Arrhenatherum avenaccum,
Beauv.

225. Poa annua, L.
P—— trivialis, L.

— P pratensis, L.

— P compressa, L.
226. Glyceria fluitans, R. Br.
227. Dactylis glomerata, L.
228. Festuca pratensis, Huds.
231. Lolium perenne,
235. Tripsacum dactyloides, L.
243. Cladonia rangiferina Hoffm.

Thirty in number; of which

Ten are cultivated.

—

Ill. Plants yielding Condiments and Drinks.

7, Nasturtium officinale, R. Br.
8. Barbarea praecox, R. Br.
11. Stxapis nigra, L.
— §S alba, Zz
12. Cochlearia Armoracia, L.
14. Lepidium sativum, L.
Tropacolum majus, L.
31. Acer saccharinum, L.
33. Vitis vinifera, L.
Pyrus Malus, L.
— P Coronaria, L.
58. Cydonia vulgaris, Pers.
60. Ribes rubrum, L.
62. Cucumis sativa, L.
— C Anguria, L.
67. Aptum graveolens, L.

68. Petroselinum,satevum, Hof.

69. Carum Carut, L.
Foeniculum vulgare, Gaert.
75. Cortsndrum sitivum, L.

LV. Medicinal Plants..

3. Cimicifuga racemosa, Ell.
25. Citrus Medica, Risso.
34. Polygala Senega, L.
74. Conium maculatum, L.
Aralia racemosa, L.
78. Cornus florida, L.

92. Anthemis nobilis, L..
Tanacetum vulgare, L.

Eupatorium perfoliatum, L..

89. Helianthus tuberosus, L.

96. Artemisiz Dracunculus, L.

. Martynia proboscidea,Gloz.

Ocimum. bastlicum, L.

. Lavandula vera, DC.

. Mentha viridis, L.

. Salvia officinalis, L.

. Mujarana hortensis, Moench

- Thymus vulgaris, L.

426. Satureja hortensis, L.

144. Capsicum annuum, L..

168. Juglans cinerea, L.

— J. regia, L.

201. Allium Schoenoprasum, L.

234. Hordeum vulgare, L.

— #£. distichum, L.

236. Saccharum officinarum, L.
Thirty-seven in number; of

which thirty-three are cultivated.

96. Arlemisia Absinthium, L.
108. Lobelia inflata, L.
112. Chimaphila umbellata, Nutt
122. Mentha viridis, L.

— M. prperita, L.
123. Salvia officinalis, L.

127. Hyssopus officinalis, L.
128. Hedeoma pulegioides, Pers.,
129. Melissa officinalis, L..

249

131. Nepeta Cataria, L.

134. Marrubium vulgare, L.

142. Nicotiana Tabacum, L.

143. Datura Stramonium, L.

147. Sabbatia angularis, Pursh.

151. Aristolochia Serpentaria, L.

154. Chenopodium anthelminti-
cum, L.

161. Sassafras officinale, Nees.

162. Benzoin odoriferum, Nees.

164. Ulmus fulva, Mx.

167. Ricinus communis, L.

168. Juglans cinerea, L. |

187. Humulus Lupulus, L.

193. Arum triphyllum, L.

195. Acorus Calamus, L.

201. Allium sativum, L.

242. Cetraria Islandica, Ach.
Thirty-five in number; of

which fifteen are cultivated.

VY. Plants employed in the Arts, in Commerce, in Domestic or
Rural Economy.

4. Magnolia acuminata, L.

5. Liriodendron tulipifera, L.
22. Gossypium herbaceum, L.
24. Tilia platyphylla, Scop. —
Americana, L.

26. Melia Azedarach, L.

27. Linum usitatissimum, L.

29. Rhus glabra, L.

— R typhina, L.

31. Acer saccharinum, L.

— A dasycarpum, Ehrh.

— A rubrum, L.

32. Aesculus Hippocastanum, L.

41. Robinia Pseud-acacia, L.

42. Indigofera tinctoria, L.

46. Cercis Canadensis, L.

47. Gleditschia triacanthos, L.

51. Cerasus serotina, DC.

56. Crataegus Crus-galli, L.

— C cordata, Att.

61. Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser.

77. Panax quinquefolium, L.

78. Cornus florida, L.

80. Rubia Tinctorum, L.

81. Dipsacus Fullonum, L.
115. Catala bignonioides, Wait.

as

149. Fraxinus Americana, ZL.
— F pubescens, Walt.
— F sambucifolia, Lam.

150. Ligustrum vulgare, L.
163. Nyssa multiflora, Walt.
164. Ulmus Americana, L.
165. Celtis occidentalis, L.
168. Juglans nigra, L.
169. Carya alba, Nutt.
— C tomentosa, Nutt.
— C porcina, Nutt.
170. Ostrya Virginica, Willd.
172. Quercus Phellos, L.

172. Quereus imbricaria, Mx.
Q—— virens, Ait.
Q— nigra, Willd.
Q—— tinctoria, Bartr.
Q coccinea, Wangenh.
Q tubra, L.

Q— falcata, Mx.

Q palustris, Mx.
Q—— obtusiloba, Mx.
Q—- alba, L.

Q bicolor, Willd.

Q Prinus, L.

Q—— montana, Willd.
Q Castanea, Muhl.
Fagus sylvatica, L.
Castanea vesca, Gaertn.
Betula nigra, L.

Pal taba sa

— B papyracea, Ait.
177. Saliz vitellina, L.

— §s Babylonica, L.
Populus tremuloides, Mx.
— P angulata, Ait.
P.Graeca, Ait. —

P. dilatata, Ait.
Liquidambar styraciflua, L.
Platanus occidentalis, L.
Morus rubra, L.

MM. alba, L.

- Maclura aurantiaca, Nutt.
Broussonetia papyrtfera,
Vent.

Cannabis sativa, L.
Humulus lupulus, L.

Pinus variabilis, Lam bert.
— P. palustris, L.

— Pp Strobus, L.

— P— Canadensis, L.

— P— microcarpa, Lamb’t.

250

189. Taxodium distichum, Rich. 237.
190. Thuja sphaeroidalis, Rich.

191. Juniperus Virginiana, L. 238.
192. Sabal Palmetto, Loddig. 239.

. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia,L.

. Typha latifolia, L.
. Tillandsia usneoides, L.

241.
Scirpus triqueter, L. 250.

- Arundinaria macrosperma,

Mx.

. Saccharum officinarum, L.

Pernicious and troublesome Plants—to be expelled:

Andropogon seccharatus,
Rozb.

Equisetum hyemale, L.
Lycopodium dendroideum,
Sw.

Sphagnum palustre, L.
Fucus vesiculosus, L.

Ninety-one in number; of which
Twenty-four are cultivated.

- The

eminently pernicious ones in SMALL CAPITALS.

1. Ranunculus bulbosus, L. 131.

2. Delphinium Consolida, L. , 133.

6. Papaver dubium, L. ,136.
13. Camelina sativa, Crantz. 138.
17. Hypericum perforatum, L. _140.

~ 18. Lycunis Girpaco, Lam. ~~ 141.
_ 23. Abutilon Avicennae, Gaert. , 143.
29. Rhus venenata, DC. 145.
— R Toxicodendron, L. © —

- 30. Atlanthus glandulosa, Desf | 154.
54. Rubus Canadensis, L. , 155.
— R villosus, Ait. —
55. Rosa Carolina, L. -—
66. Cicuta maculata, L. _ v5.

» 71. Archemora rigida,, DC. _
- 73. Daucus Carorta, L _—
79. Sambucus Canadensis, L. _ 158.

Dipsacus sylvestris, L. ¥
Vernonia Noveboracensis, .185.
Willd. 199.

88. Xanthium strumarium, L. +200.
— xX spinosum, L.
90. Bidens frondosa, L. » BGA:
— B chrysanthemoides, 203.
Mx. 204.
— B bipinnata, L. 206.
91. Maruta Cotula, DC. -—
94. LeucANTHEMUM VULGARE, » 214.
Lam. 217.
100. Centaurea Cyanus, L. / 229.
102. Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop. 232.

* 103.
104.
114.

117.

C discolor, Spreng. 245.
C—— pumilum, Spreng.
C horridulum, Mx.
C—— arvenss, Scop.
Lappa major, Gaertn.
Cichorium Intybus, L.
Plantago lanceolata, L.

Verbascum Thapsus, L.

118. Linaria vuuearis, Mill.

Nepeta Cataria, L.
Leonurus Cardiaca, L.
Ecuium vuueare, L.
Cynoglossum Morisoni, DC.
CoNnvVOLVULUS ARVENSIS, L.
Cuscuta epilinum, Wich.
Datura Stramonium, L.
Solanum nigrum, L.

s CaRoLINnENsE, L.
Chenopodium album, L.
Amaranthus albus, L.

A hybridus, L.

A sPinosus, L.

Rumex crispus, L.

R—— obtusifolius, L.

R Acetosella.
Polygonum sagittatum, L.
P arifolium, L.

Urtica dioica, L.

Smilax rotundifolia, L.
S——.caduca, L.
ORNITHOGALUM UMBELLA-
tum, L.

Allium vineale, L.

Juncus communis, E. Mey’
Carex acuta, Gooden.
C¥PERUS REPENS, Ell.

C Hypra, Mx.
Panicum sanguinale, L.
CENCHRUS TRIBULOIDES, L.
Bromus secalinus, L.
TRITICUM REPENS, L.
MERULIUS LACHRYMANS,
Schum.

. Ascophora Mucedo, Link.

. Uredo segetum, Pers.

. Puccin1a Graminis, Pers.
Seventy-three in number ;

which some 16 or 18 are eminent-

ly pernicious.

of

251

VII. Plants which are chiefly mere Weeds, upon Farms,—and
ought to be expelled, or superseded by more useful ones.
Sisymbrium officinale,Scop. » 130. Prunella vulgaris, L.

3 9.
AlAs

mh
Yn
29.
48.
5B
54.
59.

65.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris,
Moench.

Portulaca oleracea, L.
Malva rotundifolia, L.
Rhus glabra, L.

Trifolium arvense, L.
Potentilla Norvegica, L.

? Canadensis, L.
Rubus (all the wild species).
Oenothera biennis, L. (and
all others).

Saxifraga Pennsylvanica,L.

. Eupatorium (all the species)

Aster ericoides, L. (avd all
others).
Erigeron (all the species).

. Solidago nemoralis, Ait.

(and all others).
Ambrosia trifida, L.

. Achillea Millefolium, L.
. Gnaphalium polycephalum, .

Mx.
Erechtites hieracifolia, Raf.

. Senecio aureus, L.

Cirsium (all the species),
Taraxacum Dens-leonis,
Desf.

Lobelia (all the species).
Andromeda Mariana, L.
Plantago major, L.
Verbena urticaefolia, L.

/ 210.

. 237.

- 131. Nepeta Glechoma, Benth.
.132. Lamium amplexicaule, L.
135. Teucrium Canadense, L.

137. Lithospermum arvense, L.

148. Asclepias tuberosa, L.

158. Polygonum (all the species).
160. Phytolacca decandra, L.
166. Euphorbia (all the species).
176. Alnus serrulata, Willd.
194. Symplocarpus foetidus,
Salisb.

Sagittaria sagittaefolia, L.
Juncus (all the species).
Carex (all the species).
Scirpus (all the species),
Cyperus (all the species):
Leersia oryzoides, Swartz
Panicum (all the species).
Setaria glauca, Beauv.

Ss viridis, Beauv. |
Oplismenus Crus-galli, K’th
Phragmites communis, Trin
Andropogon scoparius, Mx.

197.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
215.

216.
220.

— A furcatus, Muhl.
— A nutans, L.
238. Equisetum (ald the species).

240.
241.

Pteris (and all other Ferns).
Sphagnum (and all other
Mosses).

About 120 species, which infest
the farm, as mere Weeds,

4

iy cae
aa = ear WaT ERY he ea
\ al rae eo ANE Veo, Pade wig
SERS police boc

Mae?

At

Citta och :
Petre oa ae i mallliens Py m-~Gy
joe tetas, SP ey Thien AWE RAG ake °
SRM, 4 Pats 4 Bi <
a Fie “nvigahnet
' ss
tw Sey Ny OME, Va
Son Ant La t's payee
‘es vain as
% f bs
‘ Sate a ,
4 “~ ad . x . sd c AO
24s 4 :stwyie 3 5 Ba Be a
S “nea ah.
Sy § NONE ine Mq>tint fi
Gat f a SOCohY
. pe
Sean UN, Sa fapeey Ve +t kal
4
oa eeeY AAD
. . ." ,,
* ty tr iby ee, 4,
- cay, « mt > pir Bas
f% WAPI A, e234
- ; ae is
f. Saar ae, te
a ee
ie), Senek,
} ~
‘a ’

atiecs§

i

saat wheats anisinl

TRUE, He fa gate

Node BF ;

Loser ng

te

ira Tet thos a
"owe x mela

+

1m Oued

a 2tes
does § Pts Bhd Satie
MS isbn aadnty
Oe ga ABT ae
ARB Mos aiee yk BY HAIRS
mre cas Abate 1 Pvt rynat AS
i Raqin ees Toy tre a. “wpe pa ft tte sand aati ‘|

dager’ wate

eat.
ah shy pe as wk ¥
Ah, 7 aoe:
Oa... Caan .
4 ‘ i
Wier. Capea Bethenny Ieee mere
ee Si en Rae nN She AT
. “~& vs herent 4 ‘. p : " sed
sie of 5 Re:
+ EE, Seep aie seapeii i rat

as,’ a
. tas ara Bhs fast ;

wats op #) ms
P ats : a on *
Na qi ip
~ “ey
sa .
es? sh Gi " ek

INDEX

ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

[Synonyms in Jtalics.]

PAGE. _ Pace.

ABELMOSCHUS, Medizé. 16|ALNUS, Tournef. 170
ABIES, L. 183] serrulata, Willd. 170
Canadensis, Mz. 183| ALyssinEaE, DC, 10
ABIETINEAE, Rich. 181)|AMARANTHACEAE, Juss.140
ABUTILON, Gaervtz. 17,;AMARANTHUS, ZL. 140
Avicennae, Gaertn. 18) albus, LZ. 141
ACER, Moench. 26| graecizans? Willd. 141
dasycarpum, Ehrh. 26| hybridus, L. 141
ertocarpum, Mz. 26] spinosus, ZL. 141
rubrum, ZL. 27|,|AMBROSIA, Tournef. 79
saccharinum, ZL. 26| artemisiaefolia, L. 80
ACERACEAE, Juss. 25} elatior, L. 80
ACHILLEA, L. 85| trifida, L. 80
Millefolium, L. 86|AmmineaE, Koch. 62
AcHYRANTHEAE, Endi, - 140|AmyepaLeag, Juss. Al
ACORUS, L. 190: AMYGDALUS, L. 42
Calamus, DL. 190/;ANACARDIACEAE, R. Br. 23
ACTAEA, L. 3;ANDROMEDA, L. 103
racemosa, L. 3} Mariana,Z. - 103
AESCULUS, L. 27| ANDROMEDEAE, DC. 103
Hippocastanum, L. 27,|ANDROPOGON, L. 235
AGARICUS, LZ. 242| avenaceus, Mz. 236
campestris, L. 242} furcatus, Muhl. 235
AGROSTEMMA, L. 15} nutans, ZL. 236
Githago, L. 15). saccharatus, Rozé. 236
AGRosTIDEAE, Kunth. 216) scoparius, Mz. 235
AGROSTIS, Z. 217| AnpRopoGonEaE, Kunth. 234.
lateriflora, Mz. 217,|ANTHEMIS, L. 85

_ polymorpha, Huds. 217| Cotwla, L. 84
vulgaris, With. 217) nobilis, Z 85
AILANTHUS, Desf. 25 ANTHOXANTHUM, L. 210
glandulosa, Desf. 25| odoratum, L. 210
AsuGOIDEAE, Benth, 121/ANTIRRHINEAE, Chav. 110
ALGAE, Juss. 246|APIUM, Haffm. 63
ALISMACEAE, DC. 191| graveolens, L. 63
ALIsMEAE, Rich. 191)/AraripEaAE, DC. 6
ALLIUM, LZ. 195|ARACEAE, Juss. 188
Cepa, L 197;ARACHIS, L. 32
Porrum, L. 196| hypogaea, L. 32
sativum, LD. 196|ARALITA, ZL. 69
Schoenoprasum, L. 197| racemosa, L. sapap Ge
vineale, L. 196|ARALIACEAE, Juss. 69

22

254 INDEX OF THE

ARCHEMORA, DC. 65|BETULA, Tournef.

rigida, DC. 65} lenta, L.

ARCTIUM, L. 97| nigra, L.

Lappa, L. ‘97| papyraceae, Azt.
ARISAEMA, Mart. 188) rubra, Mz.

atrorubens, Blume. 189|BETULACEAE, Richard.
ARISTOLOCHIA, Tournef. 137|BIDENS, L.

Serpentaria, ZL. 137| bipinnata, L.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, Js.137| chrysanthemoides, Mz.
ARMENIACA, Tournef. 42] frondosa, L.

dasycarpa, Pers. 43| quadriaristata? DC.

vulgaris, Lam. 43|BIGNONTA, L.
ARRHENATHERUM, Be. 221) Catalpa, L.

avenaceum, Beauv. 221|BIGNONIACEAE, Juss.
ARTEMISIA, LZ. 88|BienoniEakE, Bojer.

Absinthium, LZ. 88|BoraceaE, DC.

_ Dracunculus, ZL. 88|BORAGINACEAE, Juss.
ARUM, L. 188|BOTROPHIS, Raf.

triphyllum, Z. 488/BRASSICA, L.
ARuUNDINACEAE, Kunth. 218! campestris, DL.
ARUNDINARIA, Rich. 228] oleracea, L.

macrosperma, Mz. 228) Rapa, L
ARUNDO, L. 218|BrassiceaE, DC.

Phragmites, L. 218), BROMELIACEAE, Juss.
ASCLEPIADACEAE, R. Br133|BROMUS, L.
ASCLEPIADEAE, R. Br. 133 secalinus, L.
ASCLEPIAS, L. 133| BROUSSONETIA, Vezt.
_ tuberosa, ZL. 134; papyrifera, Vezt.
ASCOPHORA, Tode. 244/CAMELINA, Crantz.

Mucedo, Link. 245) sativa, Crantz.
ASPARAGEAE, Endl. 198)CametinEaE, DC.
ASPARAGUS, LZ. 198|CampyLosreRMaE, DC,

officinalis, L. 198|CanNABINEAE, Blume.
ASPHODELEAE, Endl. 194|CANNABIS, Tournef.
ASTER, Tournef. 76| sativa, D.

ericoides, L. 76};CAPRIFOLIACEAE, Juss.

tenutfolius, Fl. Cestr. 76};CAPSELLA, Vezt.
ASTEROIDEAE, Less. 76| Bursa-pastoris, Moench
ATRIPLICEAE, C. A. Meyer. 138|;CAPSICUM, Tournef.
AURANTIACEAE, Cerrea. 19] annuum, L.

AVENA, LZ. 220;}CARDUUS, L.

elatior, L. 221} arvensis, Sm.

sativa, L. 221| discolor, Nutt.
AvenacearE, Kunth. 220| Jlanceolatus, L.
BALSAMIFLUAE, Blume. 174} pumilus, Nutt.
BARBAREA, R. By 6] spinosissimus, Walt.

praecox, R. Br. 6\CAREX, ZL
BATATAS, Rumph. 124) acuta, Gooden.

edulis, Chots. 125} multiflora, Mzhl.
BENZOIN, Nees. 148} tentaculata, Muhl.

odoriferum, Nees. 148|Cariceag, Vees.
BETA, Tournef. 138|CARPINUS, L.

vulgaris, ds 139| Ostrya, L

ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES

CARUM, Koch.
Carui, L.

CARYA, Nutt.
alba, Nutt.
olivaeformis, Nutt.
porcina, JVutt.
tomentosa, [Vutt.

64|CICUTA, L.

64| maculata, L.
156|CIMICIFUGA, L.
156] racemosa, E/l.
158|Cimicitrucear, Torr. & Gr.
157|CINNA, L.
156| Mezicana, Kunth.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE, Juss.14|CIRSIUM, Tournef.

Cassteae, Bronn.
CASTANEA, Tournef.
pumila, Mzi/.
vesca, Gaertn.
CATALPA, Scop.
bignonioides, Walt.
cordifolia, Duham.
Crettipear, Rich.
CELTIS, Tournef.
occidentalis, L.
CENCHRUS, L.
tribuloides, Z.
CENTAUREA, L.
Cyanus, ZL.
CERASUS, Juss.
avium, Moeneh.
Caproniana? DC.
Chicasa, DC.
hyemalis, DC,
nigra, DC.
serotina, DC.
Virginiana, Mz.
vulgaris, Mill.
CERCIS, L.
Canadensis, L.
CETRARIA, Ach.
Islandica, Ach.
CHAMAEROPS, L..
Palmetto, Mz.

CHENOPODIACEAE, Veni.
€uenopopicaE, C. A. Meyer..

CHENOPODIUM, L.
album, L.
anthelminticum, LZ.

CHIMAPHILA, Pursh.
umbellata, Nutt.

CHLORIDEAE, Kuzth.

CHRYSANTHEMUM, L.

leucanthemum, L.
CICER, Tournef.

arietinum, L.
Cicuoraceag, Vaill.

CICHORIUM, Tournef.

Endivia, Willd.
Intybus, L.

41| arvense, Scop..

167| discolor, Spreng.
168| horridulum, Mz.
168] lanceolatum, Scop.
107| pumilum, Spreng.
107;CITRULLUS, Weck.
107| vulgaris, Schrad.
151)CITRUS, LZ.
151| Aurantium, Risso.
151| Medica, Risso.
215|CLADONIA, Hoffm.
215| rangiferina, Hoff.

91)CNICUS, L.

92| arvensis, Hoffm.

45|COCHLEARIA, Tournef.

45| Armoracia, L.

45|CoELosrpERMAE, DC.

44;\COMPOSITAKE, Vazii.
44|CONIFERAE, Juss.
44|Coniomycetes, Fries.

46|CONIUM, ZL.

46| maculatum, LZ.

45| ConvVALLARIEAE, Endl.

68
193

40) CONVOLVULACEAE, Juss.124

40|ConvotvuLEaE, Chois.
240|CONVOLVULUS, LZ.
240| arvensis, LZ.
188} Batatas, L.
188|}CorIANDREAE, Koch.
137;CORIANDRUM, Hoffm.

38| sativum, Z.
139|}|CORNACEAE, DC.
139|CORNUS, Tournef.
140| florida, L.
104;CORYLUS, Tournef.
104) Americana, Marsh.
219|\CoryeuinaE; Martius. —

86|CRATAEGUS, £.

86] cordata, Azz.

31) Crus-galli, D.

31|CrotToneaE, Blume,

97; CRUCIFERAE, Juss.

97|CUCUMIS, LZ.

98}. Anguria, L.

97| Citrullus, Ser.

124
125
125

256
Melo, Z.

sativus, L.
CUCURBITA, LZ.

Melopepo, L.

Pepo, L.

subverrucosa? Willd.

verrucosa, L.

CUCURBITACEAE, Juss.

CucurRBITEAE, DC.

_ CupressinEaE, Rich.
' CUPRESSUS, L.

disticha, L.

thyoides, L.

CUPULIFERAE, Richard.

CUSCUTA, Tournef.
' epilinum, Weth.
Europaea? L.
CuscuTEaE, Chois.
CycioropEaE, C..A. Mey.
CYDONIA, Tournef.
_ vulgaris, Pers.
CYNARA, Vaiii.
Scolymus, L.
Cynareak, Less.
CYNODON, Rich.
Dactylon, Pers.

CYNOGLOSSUM, Tournef.

Morisoni, DC.
CYPERACEAE, Juss.
Cyrereak, lVees.
CYPERUS, ZL.

Hydra, Mz.

phymatodes, Muhl.

repens, Ei.
rotundus? Th.

strigosus, L.
DACTYLIS, ZL.

glomerata, L.
DATURA, ZL.

Stramonium, LZ.
Datureaet, Endl.
DaucineakE, Koch.
DAUCUS, Tournef.

Carota, L.
DELPHINIUM, LZ.

Consolida, L.
DIGITARTIA, Scop.

- sanguinalis, Scop.
DIOSPYROS, Z.

Virginiana, ZB.
-DIPSACEAE, Juss.
DIPSACUS, Tournef.

Fullonum, Mili.

INDEX OF THE

58| sylvestris, Mii.
58|DrvyaveEaE, Vent.
59}|EBENACEAE, Vent.

73
46
104

60|ECHINOSPERMUM, Sw. 124

60| Virginicum, Lehm.
60;/ECHIUM, Tournef.
60} vulgare, L.
57|ELEUSINE, Gaerta.
57| Indica, Gaertn.
184, EQUISETACEAE, DC.
185|EQUISETUM, LZ. —
185} hyemale, L.
186)|ERECHTITES, Raf.
158} hieracifolia, Raf.
126|ERICACEAE, Juss.
127\|ErictnEAE, Desv.
127/ERIGERON, ZL.
126} annuum, Pers.
138} Canadense, DL.
54| heterophylius, Muhl.
54| strigosum, Mzuhl.
92;}ERVUM, Touwrnef.
92} Lens, L
91\/EupaTorRIaceak, Less.
219;/EUPATORIUM, Tourne/.
219) perfoliatum, LD.
124/EUPHORBIA, L.
124| hypericifolia, L.
199|EUPHORBIACEAE, Juss.
202\/EupHorBIEAE, Baril.
203\|FABA, Tournef.
204| vulgaris, Moench.
203|FAGOPYRUM, Tournef.
203} esculentum, Moench.
204|FAGUS, Tournef.
203| sylvatica, L.
225| sylvestris, Mz.
225|FESTUCA, ZL.
128] pratensis, Huds.
128/FrestucaceaE, Kunth.
128/FICUS, Tournef.
66} Carica, L.
66/FILICES, L. Juss.
67|FLaviFLoraeE, JVees.
2}FOENICULUM, Adans.
2| vulgare, Gaertn.
212;/FRAGARIA, Tournef.
212} vesca, L.
105| Virginiana, Ehrh.
105|FraxIneak, Bartl.
73|FRAXINUS, Tournef.
73) acuminata, Lam.
73| Americana, LZ.

124
122
122

ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES

pubescens, Wait.
sambucifolia, Lam.
tomentosa, Mz.
FUCUS, Agardh.
vesiculosus, L.
FUNGI, Juss.
Gatecear, Torr. & Gr.
GasTEROMYCETES, Fries.

GENTIANACEAE, Juss.

GENTIANEAE, DC.
GLECHOMA, L.
hederacea, L.
GLEDITSCHIA, LZ.
triacanthos, L.
GLYCERIA, R. Br.
fluitans, R. Br.
GNAPHALIUM, L.
polycephalum, Mz.
GOSSYPIUM, L.
herbaceum, L.
GRAMINEAE, Juss.
GROSSULACEAE, DC.
HEDEOMA, Pers.
pulegioides, Pers.
HELIANTHUS, L.
tuberosus, LZ.
HetiesoreakE, DC.
HIBISCUS, L.

esculentus, L.

HIPPOC ASTANACEAE,DC.27

HOLCUS, L.

avenaceus, Scop.

lanatus, L.
Horpracrear, Kunth.
EORDEUM, L.

distichum, L.

vulgare, L.
HUMULUS, L.

Lupulus, L.
HyacintTHEAr, Link.
HY DROCHLOA, Endl.
HY DROPYRUM, Link.

esculentum, Link.
HyMEnNomyYCETES, Fries.

HYPERICACEAE, Juss.

Hyprricrar, Chors.
HYPERICUM, L.
perforatum, Z.
HYSSOPUS, LZ.
officinalis, L.
INDIGOFERA, L.

tinctoria,

JUGLANDACEAE, DC.

135|JUGLANS, L. 154
135} alba, L. | 157
135| cathartica, Mz. 155
246) cinerea, L. 155
246) compressa, Mz. 156
242| glabra, Willd. 157
35| nigra, LD. 154
244| obcordata, Lam. 157
132} olivaeformis, Mz. 158
132] porcina, Mz. amir |
119} regia, D. 155
119] sguamosa, Mz. 156
41] tomentosa, Mz. 157
41|/JUNCACEAE, Juss. 198
224|/JUNCUS, LZ. 198
225} communis, E. Mey. 199
89| effusus, L. 199
89|JUNIPERUS, LZ. 186
17| Virginiana, L. 186
17|LABIATAE, Juss. 111
204|LACTUCA, ‘Tourney. 100
d5| sativa, ZL. 100
117;/LAGENARTA, Ser. 57
117} vulgaris, Ser o7
82;|LAMIUM, LZ. 119
82 dunpleticwelds DL. 120
2ILAPPA, Tournef. 96
16] major, Gaertn. 97
16|LARIX, Neck. _ 184
Americana, Mz. 184
209;ILAURACEAE, Juss. 147
221|LAURUS, L. 148
210| Benzoin, L. 148
228] Sassafras, DL. 148
232;|LAVANDULA, LZ. 112
232| Spica, DC. 112
232| vera, DC. 112
180|LEERSIA, Soland. 205
180} oryzoides, Swartz. 205
194)|LEGUMINOSAE, Juss. 31
206) LEONTODON, L. 99
207| Taraxacum, L. 99
207;|LEONURUS, ZL. 120
242} Cardiaca, L. 120
13|LepipineaE, DC. 1m
13} LEPIDIUM, R. Br. V1-
14] sativum, ZB. 11
14|LEUCANTHEMUM, Tournef.86
116} vulgare, Lam. 86
116) LEUCOTHOE, G. Don. 104.
35| Mariana, DC. 104
36|LICHENES, Ach. 240
154 LIGULAEFLORAE, DC. 97

22*

258

LIGUSTRUM, Tournef.

- vulgare, L.
LILIACEAE, Juss.
LINACEAE, DC.
LINARIA, Tournef.
vulgaris, Mill.
LINUM, L.
usitatissimum, ZL.
LIQUIDAMBAR, L.
styraciflua, L.
LIRIODENDRON, L.
tulipifera, L.

LITHOSPERMUM, Tournef. 123

arvense, L.
LOBELIA, L.
inflata, D.

LOBELIACEAE, Juss.

Lose icak, Presi.

LOLIUM, L..
perenne, L.

LYCHNIS, DC.
Githago, Lam,

LYCOPERSICUM, Tournef.

esculentum, Mill,

LYCOPODIACEAE, Sw.

LYCOPODIUM, L.. ©
dendroideum, on:

MACLURA, Nutt.
aurantiaca, lVutt.

MAGNOLIA, Z..

acuminata, L.

MAGNOLIACEAE, Juss.

Maenouiear, DC.
MAJORANA, Moench.
hortensis, Moench.

MALUS, Tournef.
coronaria, Mill.

MALVA, L.
robcudialin, L.

~- MALVACEAE, Juss.
MARRUBIUM, L..
vulgare, L.

MARTYNIA, LZ.
proboscidea, Gioz.

MARUTA, Cass.
Cotula, DC.

MEDICAGO, Tournef..
sativa, Z..

MELIA, L.
Azedarach, L.

MELIACEAF, Juss.

MELILOTUS, Tournef.
leucantha, ask.

INDEX OF THE

136)MELISSA, Benth.

piperita, L.
viridis, Z.
MentTuo1wEak, Benth.

alba, Z.
123) rubra, Z.
101; MUCOR
101} Mucedo

Cataria, ZL.
Glechoma, Benth.

multiflora, Walt.

sylvatica, Mz.
villosa, Willd.

basilicum, Z.
d4|;OENOTHERA, L.
16} biennis, L.

16|OLEACEAE,Hofimsgs Link.

16|OvernEar, DC.
121}ONAGRACEAE, Juss.
#21\Onacrear, DC,
108;j|OPLISMENUS, Beauv.
108} Crus-galli, Kuath.
84};ORNITHOGALUM, Link.
84} umbellatum, L.
39/OrTHOSPERMAE, DC.
39/ORYZA, LD.
20] sativa, D.
21/OryzEaE, Kunth.
20;0STRYA, Michel.
39} Virginica, Willd...
39}0XYCOCCUS, Tournef.

117
117
116
113
113
14a
113
243
243
114
176
176
176
176
245
245
. 216
216
217
239
6

6
118
119
119
118
127
127
127
149
149
149
149
111
111
112

ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES

macrocarpus, Pers.
PALMAE, EL. Juss.
PANAX, L.

quinquefolium, Z..
PaniceaE, Kunth.
PANICUM, L..

capillare, L.

Crus-galli, Le.

sanguinale, L.

wiride, L.
PAPAVER, L.

dubium, L.
PAPAVERACEAE, Juss.
Papiuionacesk, L.
PASTINACA, Tournef.

sativa, LD.
PEDALIACEAR, R. Br.
PepALINEAF, R. Br.
PENNISETUM, Rich.
PERSICA, Tournef.

laevis, DC.

vulgaris, Mill.
PETROSELINUM, Hofm.

sativum, Hoffm.
PreucepanEAE, DC,

_PHALACROLOMA; Cass.

obtustfolium, Cass.
PuHALARIDEAE, Kunth.
PuasEoLEAE, Broni.
PHASEOLUS, L.

lunatus, L.

vulgaris, Savz.
PHLEUM, Ee.

pratense, L.
PHRAGMITES, Treg.

communis, Trez.
PHYTOLACCA, Tournef.

decandra, L.

PHYTOLACCACEAE,R.Br 146

PINUS, L.
cistvadss, Mx.
Canadensis, L.
microcarpa, Lamb.
mitis, Mz.
palustris, L..
Strobus, L.
variabilis, Lamé.

PISUM, Tournef.

sativum, L.

103)PLATANACEAE, Lestid.

187|PLATANUS, L.
69| occidentalis, Z,

70|POA, L.
211} annua, L.
211) compressa, L.

212}. pratensis, L.
215} trivialis, L.
211] wiridis, Muhl.

213)/POLYGALA, Tournef.

5| Senega, L.

5 POLYG 4 ‘LACEAE, Juss.
4|POLYGONACEAE, Juss.

31|Potyeonrar, Endl,
66|;POLYGONUM, L.

66) arifolium, L.

108} Fagopyrum, L.
108} Hydropipes, L.
213} Pennsylvanicum, LZ.

42] Persicaria, kK.
42). punctatum, Ell?
42} sagittatum, L.
63}PomEak, Jzss.
64|POPULUS, Tournef.
65} angulata, Az¢.
78}; dilatata, Azt-
7&| Graeca, Att.

207|. laevigata? Ait.
34] tremuloides, Mz.
34}. treytda? Willd.
34,PORTULACA, Tournef.

34| oleracea, L.

209|PORTULACACEAE, Juss.

209;/POTENTILLA, L.
218}. Canadensis, L.
218) Norvegica. L.
146] simplex, Mz.
147;|PRUNELLA, ZL.
vulgaris, L.
181;/PRUNUS, Tournef.
182} Americana, Marsh.
18°} Chicasa, Mz.
184} domestica, L.
182|PTERIS, Z.
182} aquilina, LZ.
182;/PUCCINIA, Pers.
182 Craminis.. Pers.
33) PYROLA, L.
33| wmbellata, L.

PLANTAGINACEAE, Juss. 105|Pyrotrar, DC.

PLANTAGO, L.
lanceolata, Si
major, L..

105|PYRUS, Z.
106} communis, LZ.
10€/}' coronaria, %.

259

174
175
175
222
222
224
223
223
223
30
30
30
142
142
144
145
146
144
145
144
144
145
02
172
173
173
173
172
172
172
15
15
15
46
AT
47
47
AAS
118
43
At
44
44
238
238
245
245
104
104
104
53

9
o

ot

260

Malus, ZL.
QUERCUS, L.
alba, L.
bicolor, Willd.
Castanea, Muhl.
coccinea, Wangenh.
elongata, Willd.
falcata, Ma. :
ferruginea, Mx.
imbricaria, Mz.
montana, Willd.
nigra, Willd.
obtusiloba, Mz.
palustris, Mz.
Phellos, L.
Prinus, L.
Prinus acuminata, Mz.
«= discolor, Mz.
“ ~=monticolas Mz.
‘“< palustris, Mz.
rubra, L.
stellata, Wangenh.
tinctoria, Bartr.
virens, Art.
RANUNCULACEAE, Juss.
RanuncuLEAE, DC.
RANUNCULUS, ZL.
buibosus, L.
RarnHanEAE, DC.
RAPHANUS, Tournef.
sativus, L.
RHEUM, L.
Rhaponticum, Azt.
RHUS, L.
glabra, L.
radicans, L.
toxicodendron, L.
typhina, L.
venenata, DC.
werniz, L.
RIBES, L.
nigrum, L.
rubrum, L.
Uva-crispa, L.
RICINUS, Tournef.
communis, L.
ROBINIA, L.
Pseud-acacia, L.
ROSA, Tournef.
Carolina, L.
ROSACEAE, Juss.

Rosacear proPER, Torr. § Gr. 46

RosEAakE, Juss.

INDEX OF THE

53};ROTTBOELLIACEAE, X.

160)|RUBIA, Towrnef.
164; Tinctorum, L.
165|RUBIACEAE, Juss.
166|RUBUS, Tournef.

162} Canadensis, L.
163) Idaeus, L.

163] occidentalis, LZ.
161} odoratus, L.

161| trivialis, Pursh.
165| villosus, Az¢.

161/RUMEX, L.

164} Acetosella, L.
163} crispus, L.
160} obtusifolius, Z.

165|SABAL, Adazs.
166! Palmetto, Loddig.
165|SABBATIA, Adans.
166} angularis, Pitch
165|SACCHARUM, L.
162} officinarum, L.
164)SAGITTARIA, LZ.
162) sagittaefolia, ‘ie
161/SALICACEAE, Richard.
1/SALIX, Tournef.
1 Babylonisa, L.
1) vitellina, Z.
1|SALVIA, ZL.
13] officinalis, L.
13/SamBucear, Kunth.
13|SAMBUCUS, Tournef.
142| Canadensis, L.
142)|SA4NTALACEAE, R. Br.
23/SASSAFRAS, JVees.
23] officinale, JVees.
24|SaTUREINEAE, Benth.
24)SATUREJA, ZL.
23} hortensis, L.
24/SAXIFRAGA, L.
24) Pennsylvanica, L.
56/SAXIFRAGACEAE, Juss.
06|/SAxIFRAGEAE, DC..
56|ScaBroszak, DC.
56|Scireear, Nees.
153|SCIRPUS, LZ.
153| Amertcanus, Pers.
30| pungens, Vahl.
35| triqueter, L.

114
cat J
71
71

149

147

147

114

116

116
61
61
61
61
73

202

202

202

202

202

51/SCROPHULARIACEAE,Js. 109

§1|/ScurT+LuaRingag, Benth.
41|/SECALE, L.
cereale, L.

51|SENECIO, L.

118
231
231

‘90

ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES

aureus, L.
Balsamitae, Muhl.
hieracifolius, L.
obovatus, Muhl.
SENECIONIDEAE, Less.
SEsELInEAR, Koch.
SETARIA, Beauv.

Germanica, Beauv.

glauca, Beauv.

Italica, Beauv.

viridis, Beauv.
SIDA, L.

Abutilon, L.
Siueneagt, DC.
SINAPIS, Tournef.

alba, L

nigra, L.
SisyMBRIEAR, DC.
SISYMBRIUM, Adi.

officinale, Scop.
SMILACEAKE, R. Br.
SMILAX, Tournef.

caduca, LD.

rotundifolia, LZ.
Smyrniear, Koch.
SOLANACEAE, Juss.
SotangEak, Endl.
SOLANUM, L.

Carolinense, ZL.

esculentum, Dunal.

insanum, L

Lycopersicum, L.

nigrum, Z.

tuberosum, LZ.
SOLIDAGO, L.

nemoralis, Azt.
Sopuorrar, DC.
SORGHUM, Pers.

saccharatum, Moench.

SPHAGNUM, Dillen.
obtustfolivm, Hook.
palustre, ZL.

SPINACIA, Tournef.
oleracea, L.

SracuypgeaE, Benth.

Srevuatak, R. Br.

STENACTIS, Cass.
ambigua, DC.
annua, Cass.
strigosa, DC.

SYMPLOCARPUS, Sailisé.

foetidus, Sailisd.
TANACETUM, L.

90) vulgare, L.
90\| TARAXACUM, Hail.
90| Dens-leonis, Desf.
90|TAXODIUM, Richard.
79| distichum, Richard. |
64|TEUCRIOM, LZ.
213} Canadense, DL.
214} THLASPI, Dillen.
213| Bursa-pastoris, L.
214|/THUJA, Tournef.
213) sphaeroidalis, Rich.
18|THYMUS, Z.
18} vulgaris, L.
14|\TILIA, ZL.
9| Americana, Z.
10| Europaea, L.
9| glabra, Vent.
7| platyphylla, Scop.
7/TILIACEAE, Juss.
7/TILLANDSIA, Z.
193} usneoides, ZL.
193) TRAGOPOGON, Tournef.
194} porrifolium, Z.
193|TriroLigae, Bronn.
67|TRIFOLIUM, Tournef.
127} arvense, ZL.
129] pratense, Z.
129| repens, L.
131/TRIPSACUM, ZL.
131} dactyloides, L.
131/TRITICUM, LZ.
132] repens, L.
130|| sativum, Lam.
130| vulgare, V2i/.

78|TROPAEOLACEAE, Juss.

79|TROPAEOLUM, L.
40} majus, 4.
236|TUBER, Michel.
236} Cibarium, Szdth.
239|TupuLiFrLorak, DC.
239|TYPHA, Tournef.
939| latifolia, L.
138) TYPHACEAE, Juss.
138)UDLMACEAE, Miré.
119|Uumear, A. Gray.
72};ULMUS, ZL.
77| Americana, L.
78} fulva, Mz.
77| rubra, Mz. f.
77|;UMBELLIFERAE, Juss.
189}; UREDO, Pers.
189} Segetum, Pers.
87/URTICA, Tourzef.

262 INDEX OF THE ORDERS, TRIBES, ETC.

dioica, L. 179; VITACEAE, Juss.. 98
URTICACEAE, Juss. 7751s.) bs, L- ; 28
URTICEAE, Juss. 179| aestivalis, Mz. 29
Vaccinigak, Endl. 101; Labrusca, Z. 29
VACCINIUM, LZ. . 102| rotundifolia, Mz. 30

corymbosum, L. 102| vinifera, Z. 98
VeRBASCEAF, Benth. 109| vulpina, Z. 30
VERBASCUM, L. 109|XANTHIUM, Tournef. 80

Thapsus, L. 109] spinosum, L. 8l
VERBENA, L. 111) strumarium, Z. sl

urticaefolia, L. 11)|XANTHOXYLACEAE, Nees
VERBENACEAE, Juss. 110| & Mart... 24
VERNONIA, Schred. 74|ZEA, L. 207

Noveboracensis, Wellds 75| Mays, L. 208

praecalta, Willd. 75|ZIZANIA, L. 206
VeERNONIACEAE, Less. 74| aquatica, L. 207
VICIA, LL, 32| clavulosa, Mz, 207

Viciear, Broun. 3:

INDEX
OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES.

[French, German and Spanish names, in Italics.]

Pace, | x: PAGE. Pace.
LT? Abricotier 43| Artel de Castor 4| Beggar-ticks 83
Abridor 42) Arrow-head 192) Bérro 6
LP? Absinthe 88} Arroz 206} Berza 7
Acacia. Three-thor- | Artichaud 92; ‘* crespa 8
ne 41| Artichoke 92) ** florida 8
Acederilla jh) al Jerusalem 82) ‘‘ repolluda 8
Acélga 139| Artischoke. Die 92) Bette-rave 139
Achivoria 98|Ash. Black, Water 135) Bilsted 174
Acker-Lauch.:Der 196| ‘* Red 135| Bindweed 125
Ackerwinde. Die 125; ‘‘ White [eo Rough 193
Acore odorant 190' Asp. Quaking 172|Birch. Black, Red 169
Acoro Célamo 190;|Aspen. American 172} ‘*‘ Canoe, Paper 170
Agripalma 120) Asparagus 198} ‘* Cherry,Sweet 169
LT’ Agripaume 120| Asperge 198} Birnbaum. Der 53
L’ Ad 196| Aubergine rouge 131|Bitter-weed 80
Ail des Vignes 196| Avena 221|Blackberry 51
Ajedréa 116|Avoine cultivée 221}Dlack-Jack 161
Ajo 1 ‘* elevée 222| Bled. Le
Alamo de Lombardia 173| Axenjo 5 de Sarasin 146
Albahdaca 112;BALM. COM- Bleeding- Heart 45
Albaricoque 43 MON 117| Blight 245
Alcachofa 92| Barba Cabruna 99| Blue-berry 102
Alcaravéa 64| Bardéna Lampazo _ 97|Blue-bonnets 92
Alder. Candle, Com- |Barley. Four-rowed232|Blue-bottle 92
mon i T wo-rowed232| Blue-devils 123
Alehoof 119 Basil. Sweet 112| Bluet 92
Alfalfa 40 Basilic 112|Blue-weed 123
Algodon 17| Basil ienkraut. Ge- Blumenkohl. Der 8
Alhexa 136] meines 112| Bockbart. Der 99
Allspice. Wild 148| Bassinet 1| Bog-moss 239
Alouette. Pied d’ 2'Bass-wood 19| Bohne. Die gemeine 34
Amapola 5| Batata de Malaga 135) ‘* ie Sau 33
Amargon 99| Bataten Winde _125|Bolsa de Pastor 12
Ampfer. Krauser 143}Batatin 130] Bone-set 75
si Sauer 143| Baume verte 113| Bonnet de Prétre 60
Andorn. Der Weisse 121| Baumwelle. Die 17|Bore-cole 8
Anserine blanche 139|Bead-tree 21| Boton de Oro 1
Apfelbaum. Der 53| Bean. Carolina, Lima 34|Bottle-gourd 57
Apio hortense 63| ** Castor-oil 153) Bottle-grass 213
Apple-tree. Common53| ‘‘ Horse, Windsor 33] Bouillon blanc 109
Geni: 54] ‘* Kidney, Pole Bourse de Pasteur 12
Apricot. Black 43 String 34|Brake, or Bracken 238
- Common Bean-tree 107| Bramble 51

Moor-Park 43|Beech-tree. White 167| Br
Aprikosenbaum. Der 43) Beet. Garden,Sugar 139|Brier. Common 51
LT? Arachide 32! Beggar’s Lice 124| ‘* Green, 193

264 INDEX OF

Brier. Running 50;Castor-oil Bean 153 Clot-bur 81
Broccoli 8|Catawba 107; ‘* Thorny 81
Brombeerstrauch. Der 51|Cat-mint. Cat-nep 119|Clover. Bokhara_ -39
Brome-grass 227/Cat-tail -191} ‘* Common, Red 37
Brome Seigle 227| Cauliflower a. 2 Datel: White 38
Bromo 227| Cebada ‘ 232| ‘* French 40
Broom-Corn 236] Cebolla ' 197|- “© Stone, Welsh 37
Brugnon. Le 42) Cebollino, 197; ‘‘. Tree 39
Brunela 118|Cedar. Red 186|/Cockle. Corn 15
Brunelle. Gemeine 118} ‘ White 186] Cockle-bur 81
Brunelle ordinaire 118|Cedrat 20|‘‘ Coco-grass’?? 204
Brunnenkresse. Die 6\Ceguda 68 Cognassier. Le 54
Buche. Die 167|Celeri. Celeri. Der 63 Concombre. Le ——- 58
Buchwaitzen. Der 146|Celery 63| Corazoncillo 14
Buckwheat 146|Centaury 133} Coriander 68
Bugloss. Viper’s 123/Centeno . 231| Coriandre: 68
Bur-dock 97| Cerézo 45|Corn. Broom 236
Bur-grass 215|Cerisier. Le 45|-“* Indian” ~*~ 208
Bur- marigold 83|Chamomile. Garden 85| Correguela 125
Butter and Eggs (110) ~ Stinking 85|Cotonnier. Le =—-:17
Butter-cups | 1|\Champignon ———-242/Cotton-plant 17
Butterfly- weed 134|/Chantre. Herbau _7|Cotton-wood ——-:178
Butter-nut 155| Chanvre. Le 180} Cotufa 82
Butter-weed 77|Chardon aux Anes 95|Cowbane 65
Button-wood I ieee a@ Foulon 74| ‘‘ Spotted 62
CABBAGE. BULB- “J lanceolé 93|Crab-apple —~ 54
STALKED 8|Chataignier. Le 168)Crab-tree. Sweet
‘* Curled, Savoy 8) Chats. “Herbe aux 119| scented + oe
‘* Head, York 8|Cheat. Chess. 227 Cranberry 103
‘© Headless “8/Cherry. Bleeding Cress. Indian 22
e»' Swamp . 4 189 heart, English 45] ‘* Water 6
« “Tree 8| ‘* Morello, Red, * | Winter 6
‘* Turnep-rooted 9 Sour 45|Cresson—Alénois 12
Cabbage-tree 188} ‘* Mountain (44) ** de fontaine 6
Calabash 57|. ‘* Wild 46|Criadilla de tierra 244
Calabaza 57\|Chesnut. Horse = 27|Crow-foot 1
Calamus 190 Chesnut-tree 168} Cucumber 58
Callebasse 57|\Chicorée sauvage 98} ‘* Jerusalem
Cameline cultivée _ 11)/Chiccory 98 Prickly --58
Camomille romaine 85) Chien dent 231|Cucumber-tree 4
Caia 218)Chinquapin 16£|Currant., Black 56
“© de Azucar’ 234/Chirivia 56| Red 56
Caitamo ; 180|Chives, or Cives 197/Cuscuta 127
Cane 228) Chou fleur &/Cymling - 60
‘+ Sugar " 234) ** Navet - -9i/Cypress. Bald 185
Canne & Sucre 234), ‘‘ potager 7|/DACTYLE PEL- -
Cantaleupe ao =6= sae * € OTONNE 225
Capuchina 22} ‘* de Savoye &| Daisy 77 78
Capucine. Grande 22) ‘* de Swede 9) ** Ox-eye 86
Caraway. Common 64] ‘* en téte — €| Dame d’onze heures 195
Cardencha 74| ‘* sans téle &|Dandelion 49
Cardo 93| Cidno 92} Darnel 229
Carrot. Garden, wild 67| Ciboulette 197| Date-plum 105
Carotte 67|Cigue ordinaire 68| Dead-nettle 120
Carvi "+04 Cilantro 68| Dent de Lion 99
Cassis 56|Cinquefoil 47|Dewberry — 50
Castaiio 168| Ciruelo 44|Dock. Bitter, Broad-
‘¢ de Indias 27|Citronenbaum. Der 20 leaved 143

Castor. Arbol de 4| Citrouille. La grosse60!' ‘* Bur 97

ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 265

Dock. Curled, Ronnies Flax 21\Grass Crab 212
Dodder ‘* Mountain 3C| ‘* Crowfoot 220
Dog’s-Fennel "35 ‘© Toad 01, Cut 205
Dog-wood. Common 70: ‘* Wild 11} ‘** Dog?’s-tail 220
Dotter-weide. Die 171, Flaxvine 127} ‘* Dog’s-tooth 219
Dry-rot 243 Fleabane 77 7&| ‘* Drop-seed 216
EGG-PLANT. Flechiérecommune 192) ‘* Feather 210
PURPLE 131 Fleole des Prés 209} ‘* Fescue 226
Elder-bush. Com- Floeh-kraut. Das 144] ‘* Finger 212
mon 71! Flouve odorante 210} ‘* Foxtail 213
Elder. Poison 24 Foin de Mouton 210) ‘‘ Gama 233
Elm. Red, Slippery 151\Fougere femelle 238) ‘* Green 223
#f Weeping, white 150 Fox-tail 213} ‘* Hedgehog 215
Endibia 98|_‘* Green 213} ‘* Herd (of New
Endive 98 Fraisier. Le 48 England) 209
Endivie. Die 98 Framboisier 50m ef! Herd (of Penn-
eee des potagers138 Frambueso 50 sylvania) 217
quiseto 237|Fresera 4s} ‘* Indian 235
Erbse. Gemeine 33: Froment. Le. 23c} ‘* ** (Oat-like) 236
Erd-Artischoke. Die 82. ‘Fuco 246} ‘* Manna 225
Erdbeerpflanze. Die 48 ‘G@AENSEF USS. ‘¢ (Early) Mea-
Erd-nuss. Die 32 Der 139 dow 292
Erd-schwamm, Der 242 Galingale. ‘Bristle- ‘¢ ¢(Flat-stalked)
LEsdragon 88| spiked 202 Meadow 224
Espadajia 191,Gama-grass 233) ‘* (Rough-stalk-
Esparrago 198, Garance. La 72 ed) Meadow 223
Espinaca 138, Garavances 31| ‘* (Smoot-stalk-
Espliégo 112| Garbanzo 3] ed) Meadow 223
Tore de Cabellero 2\Garlic. Crow, Field 196} ‘* ‘* Nut’? 203-4
Estragon _ 88] * English 196} ‘* Oat 222
Estramonio 128|Garten-kresse. Die 12| ‘* Orchard 225
Eye-bright Sepia Gatera 119} ‘* Quitch 231
bra) 152)|Germander 122} ‘* Ray,orRye 229
- (Lobelia) 101|Gerste. Gemeine 232} ‘* Reed 218
FAERBER-ROE- (Gill 119} ‘* Sesame 233
THE. Die 72|Ginseng 70| ‘* Spear 223
Fasoles 34|Glouteron 97| ‘* Sweet-scented
Feigenbaum. Der 178|Gold of Pleasure 11 Vernal 210
Fenchel. Der 65|Golden-rod 79} ‘* Wire 224
Fennel. Dog’s 85|Goose-berry 56| ‘* Wood 235-6
a Garden 65|Goose-foot 139} ‘* (Finger spi-
Fenouil 65| Gordolobo 109} ked) 235
Fescue. Meadow 226|/Gourd. Bottle 57| ‘* (Purple) 235
Festuque des Prés 226|/Grape. Bullet, Bull 30|Gremil des champs 123
Féve de Marais 33} ** English, Wine 28|Gromwell 123
Fever-bush 148} ‘* Fox 29 30|Groseillier rouge 56
Fevier & trois Epines. ‘Little, Wild , , 29)-:‘ vrar 56
Le 41; ‘* Muscadine 30|Ground-Ivy 119
Fig-tree 178 Grass ofthe Andes 222)Ground-nut 32
Figuier. Le 178 Bengal 214|Groundsel 90
Fil de terre 127; ‘* Bermuda 219|Guisante 33
Filbert. Wild 159} ‘* Blue 224|Gum, Black, Sour 149
Fire-weed 9c} ** Bottle 213] ‘© Sweet 174
Five-finger Mogi Dae 215|Gundelrebe. Die 119
Flachs. Gemeiner 21| ‘‘ Cats-tail 209!Gurke. Die 58
Flachskraut. Das 110\ ‘‘ Cocksfoot 225|Gurkenbaum. Der 4
Flachs-seide. Die 127|. ‘* Coco? 204;HABA 33
Flag. Sweet 19¢! ‘* Couch 231! Hafer. Gemeiner 221

23

266 . INDEX OF

Hafer. Wiesen — 222\Isop. Der 11€\ auch. Der Acker 198
Hanf. Der 180) Ivraie vivace 225| ‘* Gemeiner 196
Haricot 34\Ivy. Ground 119} ** Der Schnitt 197
Hasenklee. Der 37| ‘* Poison | Nel Weinbergs 196
Haya 167),JAMESTOWN.: Lavande. La 112
Hazel-nut 159 WEED 128| Lavandel. Der 112
Heal-all 118| Jaramégo 7|Lavender. Garden 112
Heaven. Tree of _25| Johannisbeere. Ge- Lechuga 100
Hederich. Der 7 meine 56|Leek. Garden 196
Hedge-mustard and Schwarze 56|Leindotter. Der 11
Helecho feminino 238|Johanniskraut. Das 14|Lemon-tree 20
Hemlock. Common 68| Jone a méche 199| Lenteja 33
(Hemlock). Water 62|Joyo 2295) Lentil 33
Hemlock-Spruce 183/Judas-tree 40| Lentille. La 33
Hemp 180| Junco 195| Lepidio 12
Henbit 120;|KALAMUS. Der 190|Lettuce. Garden 100
Herbe au Chantre 7|Kamille. Die 85| Lever- wood 158

‘6 aue Chate "119)"* ** Stinkende 85\Lice. Beggar’s 124
‘* aux Viperes 123)Kannenkraut. Das 237|Liebes-Apfel. Der 132

Herd-grass (of New | Kartendistel. Aechte 74|Liebre. Pie de a7
England) 209| Kartoffel. Die 130} Lierre terrestre 119
** (of Penn’a.) 217|Kastanienbaum. Der 16§|Lievre. Pied de a
Hlerzgespann. Das 120|Katzenmuenze. Die 115|\Life everlasting 89
Hétre. Le 167| Kermesbeere. Die 147! Limonero 20
Hickory. Broom, Kicher. Gemeine 31|Lin. Lino 21
Pignut 157)Kirschbaum. Der 45| Linaria 110
‘* Pecan 158|Klee. Der Hasen 37|Linde. Die 18
** Shell-bark 156] ‘* Weisser 38] Linden, Linn,or Limel19
‘* White-heart 157) ‘* Der Wiesen 87} ‘S Europaean 18
Higuera 178| Klette. Die 97|Linse. Gemeine 33
Himbeerstaude. Die 50\Knauel-gras. Gemei- | Liseron des champs 125
Hinojo 65| nes 225) Llanten 106
Hirtentasche. Die 12|Knoblauch. Der 196|Locust. Honey 41
Hisopo 116) Knot-weed. Spotted 144| Locust-tree 35
Hoarhound 121| Kohl. Der 7|Loewenzahn. Der 99
Hoblon 180; ‘* Blatt §| Lolch. Ausdauernder229
Honey-Locust 41} ‘* Blumen &| Love-Apple 132
Honig-dorn. Der 41) ‘* Kopf &| Lucerne. Luzerne.La 40
Honig-grass. Wolli- |Savoyer 8|MADDER DY-
ges 210} Kohl- Rabi & ERS? 73
Hop-Hornbeam 158| Kohl-ruebe. Die 9| Madeira-nut 155
Hop-vine. Common 180| Koriander. Der 68| Magnolia 4
Hopfen. Der 180|Korn-blume. Die 92\ Magnolier. Le 4
Hornbeam. Hop = 158|Kratsdistel. Die 93| Maize 208
Horse-Chesnut 27| ‘* Die Acker 95|Majoran. Der 115
Horse-radish 10|Kresse. Die Brunnen 6| Majurana 115
Horse-weed 77|Kresse. Die Garten 12|Mallow. Indian 8
Houblon 160,.*** Kapuziner 22| ‘* Low, Running 16
Houque laineuse 210|Kwemmel. Gemeiner 64| Malva de hoja redondal6
Huckleberry. Swamp |Kuerbiss. Der 57, Malve, Rundblaet-
or Tall 102; LAD Y’S THUMB 144) _trige 16
Hysope 116|Laitue. La 100| Mangold. Gemeiner 139
Hyssop. Garden 116|Lamb’s Quarters 139) Mani 32
INDIA. PRIDE or 21|Lamier. Le 120| Manne de Prusse 225
Indigo-plant. Indigo 36|Lampazo pequeiio 81|Manzanilla 85
Indigopflanze. Die 36|Lampourde 81| ‘* fetida 85
EG Indigotier 36|Larch. Red 184| Manzdno 53
Iron- weed 75|Lark-spur 2|Maple. Red, Swamp 27

Iron- wood 158) Lauch. Der 196 -** Silver-leaved 26

ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES

Maple. Sugar 26 |Mother-wort 120\Oak Poison 24
‘¢ White 26| Mould. Bread DA5)e** - Past 164
Margarita mayor 86|Moutarde blanche 10) ‘‘ Red 162
Marigold. Bur 83} ‘* des Capucins 10) ‘‘ Scarlet 162
Marjolaine. La 115} ‘* noire 9| ‘* Spanish 163
Marjoram. Sweet 115|Muflier linaire 110} ‘* White 164
Maroute 85|Mulberry. Paper 178] ‘* Willow, Wil-
Marronnier d’Inde 27| ‘‘ Red 176 low leaved 160
Marrub blanc hs ea White 176} ‘* Yellow 166
Marrubio 121|Mullein. Common 109/Oats. Common = 221
Marygold. Bur 83| Murier blanc 176| ‘* Water 207
Masse d’eau 191|Mushroom. Eatable 242|L’ Oeil de Beuf 86
Maulbeere. Weisse 176|Mustard. Black 9\L’ Oignon 197
Mauve. Petite 16} ‘* Hedge ~ 7|Okra 17
May-weed 85} ‘* White 10|Onion. Garden 197
Meer-rettig. Der 10|NABA 9|Orange. China,
Meer-tang. Der 246|Nabiza 9 Sweet 20
Mehlthau. Der 246| Nachtschatten. Ez- ‘* Osage 177
Melilot blanc. Le 39 fruechtiger 131|L’ Oranger 20
Meliloto 39| ‘* Der Schwarze 130|Oranienbaum. Der 20
Melisa _ 117| Naranjo 20| Orge commune 232
Melisse. Die Mellisse |Nasturtium 22) Ornitogale 195
La 117|Natterkopf. Der 123) Ortie. Grande 179
Melocoton. El 42| Navet 9| Ortiga 179
Melon. Melone. Die 58) ‘‘ jaune 9| ‘* muerta 120
Melon armizcleio 58| Nectarine 42| Oseille. Petite 143
Melon d’eau 59|Needles. Spanish 84/Osier. Golden 171
Melon. Musk 58| Neguillon 15] Osier jaune 171
a Water 59| Nektar-Pfirschen- Oyster-plant, 99
Melone. Die Wasser 59 baum. Der 42;PALMA CHRIS-
Membrilléro 54|Nessel. Die taube 120 TL 153
Menta piperita 113} Nettle. Dead 120|Palmetto. Tall 188
- _ ** puntiaguda 113} ‘‘ Horse 131| Panais potager 66
Menthe. La 13h Stinging 179|Pappel. Lombardis-
Miagro 11| Nettle-tree 151 che 173
Mielga 40| Nielle. La 246) Parsley 64
Mildew 246| Nielle des Bles. La 15|Parsnep. Garden 66
Milenrama 86| Nightshade Ae be Pg Wild 65
Milfoil 86|Nimble Will 216|Pastinake. Die 66
Milk-wort 30| Noguera 155) Pastisson 60
Millefeuille. La 86| Noyer commun 155| Patate jaune 125
Millepertuis 14|‘* Nut-grass’’ 203-4| Patendtres. Arbre
Millet 214|Nut. Ground 32 aux 21
Mint. Common, ‘* Hazel 159| Patience frisée 143
Spear 113] ‘* Madeira 155|Paturin annuel 222
‘¢ Pepper 113}\, 44" Pea 2 applati 224
Moehre. Die 67| ‘* Pecan 158) >"* des Prés 223
Moho 245}0AK. BLACK _ 162/Pavot batard 5
Moisissure 245): ** Black-Jack, 161|/Pea. Chick, Coffee 31
Morelle 4 Grappes 147 Barren 161} ‘* Garden 33
" notre 130} ‘* Chesnut 166|Pea-nut 32
Morera 176} ‘* (Rock) Ches- - |Peach-tree 42
Moss. Bog 239 nut 166|Pear-tree 53
‘* Iceland 240| ‘* (Swamp) Ches- |Pecan-nut 158
** Long 193 nut 165|Pecher. Le 42
‘* Rein-deer 241} ‘‘ Laurel-leaved 161/Pennyroyal 117
DMostazo 9| ** Live 161|Peperidge 149
© ** blanco 10}, 4%. (Pin 163! Pepino 58

268 INDEX OF

Pepper. Cayenne, __ |Potato. Carolina Rice Wild 205
Red 12 Sweet 125) Ricin ordinaire. Le 153
* Water 144] ‘* Common, Irish 130) Ricino 153
Pepper-grass 11! Potiron 60| Rispengras. Jaehri-
Pepper-mint 113|Pourpier potager 15 ges 222
Peral. El 53|Préle. La 237| * Wiesen 223
Perexil 64|Prim. Privet 13€| Rittersporn. Der 2
Persicaire 144|/Primrose. Evening 55|Riz. Le 206
Persicaria 144| Prunier 44|Robin. Ragged 92
Persil 64|Pseudo-lotus. Der 105|Rod. Golden 79
Persimmon 105) Puérro 196|Roggen. Gemeiner 231
Petersilie. Dre 64|Pumpkin 60| Roggen- Trespe 227
Peuplier Italien 173|Purse. Shepherd’s 12|Rohkr Gemeines 218
Pfeffer. Spanischer 129|Purslane 15| Rohkrkolbe. Die 191
Pfeffermuenze. Die 113;}QUECKE GE.- Ronce. La 51
Pfeilkraut. Das 192 MEINE 231|Roquette des Jardins 6
Pfirschenbaum. Der 42|Quercitron 162|Rose. Swamp a1
Pflaumenbaum. Der 44|Quince-tree 54|Roseau a balais 218
Pied d’ Alouette 2|Quittenbaum. Der 54|Rosskastanie. Die 27
Pied de Lievre 37|RABANO 13/Rot. Dry 243
Pigeon-berry 147| Rabano picante 10| Rubea . 72
Pimentero. El -129/Rabbit-foot 37|Ruch-gras. Das —210
Pine. Ground 238) Rade. Gemeine 15|Ruebe. Die 9
‘* Long-leaved 182|Radis. Raifort 13}Rush. Chairmakers 202
‘¢ Weymouth, Radish. Black, Tur- ‘* Scouring 237
White 182 nep a3); ** Ser 199
‘* Yellow 182} ‘* Common, Gar- |Ruta baga 9
Pipsissawa 104 den 13|Rye. Common 231
Planetree 175} ** Horse 10'Rye-grass 229
Plantain. Common 106} ‘‘ Spanish 13;\SAAT-MOHN. Der 5
** Buckhorn, ‘* Turnep 13|Saeta Sea
English 106|Rag-weed 80|Sage. Garden er ae
Plantain ordinaire 106|Ragged Robbin 92| ‘* Indian 75
Plaqueminier. Le 105|Rainfarrn. Der 87|_ ‘* Wood 122
Pleurisy-root 134|Ranstead-Weed _—‘110|Salad. Garden 100
Plum. Chicasaw 44|Ranunkel. Knolliger 1\Salat. Der 100
‘* Common, Da-_ |Raspberry. Antwerp, |Salbie. Die _ 114
mascene 44 Garden 49|Salsifis. Salsify 99
‘- Date 105} ‘* Black 50| Salvia 114
‘* Red, Yellow 44} ‘* Rose-flowering 49|Sandia 59
Poirier. Le 53| Rave. Grosse 9| Sarriette. La 116
Pois Chiche. Le 31/Red-bud 46| Sassafras 148
Pots cultivé 33|Red-top 217|Saturey. Die 116
Poison-vine 24|Reed 207|Sau-Bohne. Die 33
Poivre d’ Inde 139} *‘* Cooper’s 191) Sauce 171
Poke. Poke-weed 147|Reed-grass 218} ‘* de Babilonia 172
Pomme d’ Amour 132|Reed-mace 191|Sauge. La 172
Pomme epineuse 128&| Rehwasen 224|Saule pleureur 114
Pomme de terre 130| Reiss. Der 206|Saumfarrn. Adler 238
Pommier. Le 53| Rettig. Der 13|/Savory. Summer 116
Poplar. Athenian 173) ‘‘ Der Meer 10\Saxifrage. Tall 61
‘* Carolina 173) Rhetzweide. Geme- Scarole. La 98
‘© Ttalian, Lom- ine 136|Schafgarbe. Die 86
bardy 173/Rhubarb. Pie 142!|Schierling. Der 68
‘* Tulip 4|Ribes negra 56|Schimmel. Der 245
Poppy. Field BE ia 56|Schneckenklee. Der 40
Porreau 196}Rice. Common = 206| Schkwingel. Essbarer 225

Portulak. Gemeiner 15} ** Indian ZO Wiesen 226

ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 269

Scurvy-grass 6, Tanaceto 87/Turnep Swedish 9
‘Sea-weed. Seawrack246| Tanaisie 87|Tussock-Sedge 201
Sedge. Sedge-grass 200/Tansey 87); UNICORN-

‘* Tussock 201) Tarragon 88 PLANT — 108
Seigle. Le 234|Taube-nessel. Die 120|Uva espina 56
Self-heal 148/'l'ear-thumb. Arrow- |VAREC 246
Senf. Schwarzer 3 leaved 145|Velvet-leaf 18

“Weisser Yo] ‘* Halbert-leaved 145) Verdolaga ° 45
Ser polet 115|/Teasel. Fuilers’ 74|Vervain. Common 1)1
Sesame-grass Sea, Wild 73| Vibora. Yerba dela 123
Shell-bark 156|Ten-O’ clock 195| Vid. La 28
Shepherd’s Purse 12/Thimble-berry 50| Vieh-gras. Das 223
Simse. Gemeine 199/Thisile. Canada, Vigne. La 28
Skunk-weed 189 Cursed -95|Vine. Flax 12
‘Smut. Smut-brand 245} ‘ Common 93] ‘‘ Grape 28
‘Snake-root. Black, Ke Yellow 94} ‘* Poison 24

Tall 3/Thorn. Cockspur, Viperes. Herbe aux 123

ie Seneka 30 New Castle 52}Vogelmilch. Die 195

us Virginia. 137) ‘* Virginia, Wash- |WAZLLINUSS.
‘Sorrel. Fieldjsheep 143 ington 53 DIE 155
Spanish-Needles 84/Thorn-apple 128| Walnut. Black 154
Spargel. Der 198)Thorough-stem Woe AD, English 155
‘* Sparrow-grass’”? 198/Thumb.Lady’s 144] ‘‘ White 155
Spice- wood 148|Thyme. Garden, Water-Cress 6
Spikenard 69 Standing 115} Water-Pepper 144
Spinach, or Spinage 138|Thymian. Der 115|Way-bread 106
Spinat. Der 138} Tilleul. Le 18| Wegetritt. Der gros-
Spitzklette. Die 81\Tilo - 18 se 106
Spitzmuenze. Die 113/Timothy 209| Wegewart. Der 98
Spruce. Hemlock 183} ‘* White 210| Werde. Babylon-
Spurge 152|Tizon. El 246 ache 172
‘Squash. Long, War- |Toad-flax 110} ‘‘ Die Dotter 171

ted 60|Tobacco. Common 128] Weinstock. Der 28

be Round 60} * Indian 101|Weitzen Gemeiner 230
Squaw-weed 90| Tomate 132| Wermuth. Der 88
Stachelbeere. Die 56|Tomato, or Toma- Wheat. Spring, Win-
Stagger-bush 104 toes 132 ter 230
Stechapfel. Der 128} Tomillo 115| White-weed 86
Steinklee. Weisser 39)Tongue-grass 11| White- wood 19
Steinsame. Acker 123) Topinambour 82| Wiesen-Hafer 222
Stone-weed 123} Trebol 37| Wiesen-Lieschgras.
Strawberry. English, ‘* blanco 38 Das 209

Garden 48| Tréfle blanche 38] Will. Nimble 216
os Wild 48] ‘* des Prés 37|Willow. Drooping,
Succory. Garden 98|Trefoil. Spanish 40 Weeping 172

ri Wild 98|Trespe. Roggen 527| ‘' Yellow 171
Sugar-berry 151| Trigo ‘230| Willow-herb. Night 55
Sugar-cane 234} ‘* Saraceno 146| Winde. Die Acker 125
Sumach. Chinese 25) Triolet . 38)" _ Bataten 12s

a Common, Troéne. Le 136| Winter-green 104
Smooth 23) Trueffel. Die 244| Winter-kresse. Die 6

- Poison 24| Truffe 244! Wood. Iron, Lever 158

“ Staghorn 23)Truffle 244| Wollkraut. Das — 109
Sycamore 175|Tulipier. Le 4|Worm-seed 140
TABAC. LE '128|Tulip-tree 4|Worm-wood 88
Taback. Der ‘128|Tulpenbaum. Der 4|Wort. St.John’s 14
Tabaco 128/Turnep. Common 9) Wucherblume. Die 86

Tamarack Te4r + Indian 189! Wunderbaum. Der 153

270 INDEX OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES

VARROW 86 66 de Santa Barbara 6|Zederach. Der 21
Vedra terrestre 119| ‘*dela Vibora 123\Zucher-rohr.Aechtes 234
Yerba Carmin 147|\ZANAHORIA 67|Zwiedel. Die. 197
‘* Mora 130|Zarza ‘51
©

r

bs whee 29 + 1
oes a
’ Yo, a)
anit ae

«< > ’
a dat
Oo / i Y
4 :
j

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

SU LLL

UO00e2 7630479