by d Pines Ati SERIES I. Nos. 3&4, HOUGHTON FARM. EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT. eno URAL PHYSICS. 1&3. METEOROLOGY Sere TEM ie RATURES. NEW-YORK: PRINT OF “SagEGE Hone? EE 323 PEARL=STREET. A “YS 5 i née a ’ HOUGHTOR BAR. LAWSON VALENTINE, Proprietor. EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT. HENRY E. ALVORD, Manager. *D,-B.-PENBALLOW;: :B. Sc., WINTHROP. E. STONE, Bisse, Botantst and Chemist. Assistant, ROOST; TELEGRAPH AND EXPRESS OFFICES: se eve *Resigned Sept. 1, 1883. FHouUGH PON FARM. EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT SERIESH:. No. 3. Pie Obl OGY. BY De Po EEN HES eOW,; B..Sc., A REPORT OF OBSERVATIONS FOR TWELVE MONTHS, FROM NOVEMBER, 1882, TO OCTOBER, 1883, INCLUSIVE. 1883. NODE: Prof. Penhallow closed his connection with Houghton Farm in the Autumn of 1883, but he kindly consented to edit the data collected under his supervision, during the current season. Mr. Winthrop E. Stone (B. Sc., Mass. Agr. Col., 1882,) was the principal assistant of Prof. Penhallow, and since the resignation of the latter has been in charge of the office. The draw- ings, charts and tables in this pamphlet were prepared by Mr. Stone. HENRY E. ALVORD, January, 1884. Manager. METEOROLOGY,—HOUGHTON FARM,—1883. The present report upon the meteorology of Houghton Farm is the first one issued which gives a complete record for an entire year, and at the same time enables us to institute comparisons with a previous record. The plan of experi- ment work, as previously announced, is based upon an equal division of the year into the summer and winter months, making the former embrace those months from May to October, inclusive. While it is essential to consider the meteorology of the year as a whole, it is desirable to make a corresponding division in this report for the purpose of exact comparison, not only of the me- teorology of corresponding months, but of the meteorology and the experiments which such conditions are likely to affect. During the winter of 1882 and 1883 there were no records of soil tempera- ture, and as of necessity there were no other out-of-door experiments which would be influenced by atmospheric conditions, it is unnecessary to consider the meteorological conditions from November to April in a detailed manner, as suit- able summaries will exhibit the important facts. It should be remarked, however, with reference to the relative humidity, that the hygrometric determinations are of little value when the temperature goes below the freezing point. Thus during the month of January, there were so many occasions when an accurate determi- nation could not be made, although all precautions were taken, that the relative humidity for that month was. not calculated, and in the summary at the end of this paper, the annual mean of relative humidity is to be taken, exactly, as that of eleven months only. The following summaries will present the winter meteor- ology, together with the casual phenomena for the entire year. VELOCITY AND DIRECTION OF WIND FOR SIX MONTHS. November to April, inclusive, 1882 and 1883. PER CENT. OF OBSERVATIONS. Ses Ss Abbe ead Less than P : : Direction. Observations Sale: 1-14 miles. | 15-24 miles. 25 miles. : INOMET MEE utansals she \cpdisc = as. be 3On5 ,60.0 3. 5 N. 85 IDE COMMS ei Mert s|ccs cca nate 37.5 61.1 D4 IND WV. 72 AE UVUGR S56 Ane Aen eee ae 28.5 68.1 Rite) Ni ES. ol Ins ziiny ee ee ee 34-5 63.1 al N. W. 84 WAT Gah a ei ne 36.6 62.3 Teel N. W. 93 MATS crobt fas Mads Steis, S xiaycie' 42.8 56.2 ity () Savi 89 Totals and Means...... 36.6 61.8 2452 N. W. 514 TABLE OF STORMS AND RAINFALL FOR SIX MONTHS. November, 1882, to April, 1883, inclusive. Rain Number of Depth of Per cent. |Rel.Hum. . Storms hg Snow. ae Melted! Rainfall. | Per cent. now. INOVEDIDED scr a.sesstn sme cite 4 fe) 07,20, 205 15am: Tig | Fist 73 December s<)..cej--- + *° ATL ‘ul 10°% ‘YAS zO'b ol LL LS gl | S9°6z | to°6z | €9°6z | go°6z | pz |o'rh] Ig | 0°06 | S-zz | v'gS | 60g | g-gg | 6°SQ | HLL | g-g9 |***°** °° “oun “Ul ZZ°1 ‘pez fg-z 19 to gb ol Sg*6z S962 £9°6z 99° 6z yr oe wi9z o*£g E-bz | Q Sb ol $-9S £:06 | glo | EHS [ec cc sce eeee AeW = 4 0p So | a) Os) S& aes | ; | ‘Tea ysaqearyH “Tae M g 6 z Z ‘SUEO TY 6 z L 2 g a g go xo | 29 2 6 | eal eds jooeq =| omdoa | B fwalwalwy 9S) walwalwy) | 3 | % | 8 |e2 5) ke| § jwalwa;wy : ; ; @ 3 | Sika z | | “UIT “Xe jo sueoy ‘uley Jo yideq “AM PIUN “1A | “YR oc€ 07 poonpoy ee On| eee ere | | UALAWOIAN Td “AHLANOAUDAH | “AALANOUVEA UMIV AO FANLVAAINAL (‘aatsnpour ‘Eggt ‘1aqo0}Q 0} API) Leb ZL SL ZQ 6L | gl:6z | 64:62 | SL-6z | 0g*6z ncaa 9°9S | r°gt | 6"1z | L*6E | 61 | Gof | g°gf | gE | -* SUA ‘ur Sr°r *yqLr Chae gg |.9L ts | SL 69°62 | gg'6z | Lo‘6z | cL-6z pe |o6r | y361] ‘gg |x1z | eve | ]-SS | g-Sb | 1-€F |g: 1S ONOVA ier ais “Tuady ‘ur zL*o ‘YyQO1 zO°1 89 bL €¢ | LL | to-6z | €9°6z | 6S°6z | g9°6z | Y}6r]S-1 | YIgI] O'0g | Z-6r | 6°Gxr | Zot | V-of | L-6z PCE cal Roy ODM 2s 120 YOoIe ‘ur bL*o ‘39 mers SL bl 1L og | 16°62 | b6°6z | gg-6z | z6"6z | ySt/o7z | ySe|S°Lh | 1°61 | z-Lr | E-ge | ghz | 6-gz | 1-zt |g he |" Areniqeay “ul zg’ ‘YIgZ orb _— | | || ORE Oz igRiOz ecQrOaaleLe-On qi) speziS qstz| bb | L:Sr | £-2r | G6z | 6»re.|\e-2z |\82Se | o-Or |= = Arenuel “ul gto ‘YyII oL*o ol Og 1L gl GL-6z | gl:6z | bL-6z | LL-6z | yy |S-z | HI9 Ly |z°St |g°gt | g°€€ | ole | r°gz | Zot | Z°gz | °°" ** Iaquisdaq ‘ut Lb-o ‘yylz Tenn te tL og £2 | ¥g°6z | vg-6z | 1g°6z | 9g°6z | YIgz}o'S | ujet| €L|e-gr | Lge | e-Lb | 1°68 | c-Le | Sh | 6° |--*-** taquisaoN, ae ; if (eieiiecees | ater oleae 5 ‘T[eY seyesIyH “TOTEM g 6 z L ‘sues 6 z fi ian g 2 g go 9 a] 2 6 z fh jo aed jomdeg | B |W'd|W'd|W'V Wf We et Ve? ies Bates re Be | Re| 8 | Nd| Wd |W 'V| . 5 | we | “UII ‘XP jo suvoy ‘urey Jo yydaq “AV pIUIN EY “Oe “YeA oo 0} poonpoy Be ate eae UALANOIANTd UALANOUYDAH UALANOUVA ULV AO AYNLVAAINAL ‘WY giz ="W gtt'o9 ‘uoNeAZIA [RIO], ‘YOIMUIeID Wor ur gS ‘YP SuOT ‘N ,IZ ,IV ‘3eT (‘aatsnqour ‘Eger ‘prudy 0} ‘zggr ‘taquiaaoN) ‘SNOILVANHSAO IVOIDOTOXOAULYN AO AXNVWWOS ro hee T a AP ve EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT. SERIES [SeNO. 4. betwee MP eR ATLURES. Pee NET A ieee) W.. Be Sc. A REPORT OF OBSERVATIONS FOR THE SIX MONTHS FROM MAY TO OCTOBER, ,INCLUSIVE. 1883. is ie / Bail sy iy | : ie SUT LEM Pi ALES. s INSTRUMENTS. The work of the past season has been carried on in extension of that already reported upon for 1882. It has therefore involved the use of the mercurial ther- mometers which were found to work so admirably, and necessarily covered the same ground as before, the thermometers being placed in exactly the same tubes, which had not been withdrawn from the soil, and the same course of observa- tions and record being followed, with such slight modifications as experience seemed to render advisable. In order to facilitate the work of obtaining a complete record of soil temper- atures, as well as for the purpose of discovering an instrument which would com- bine greater accuracy, facility of reading and ease in transportation from one position to another, recourse was had to an electrical thermometer, the construc- tion being based upon Becquerel’s instrument, of which it is essentially but a modification. The construction of the apparatus is as follows: As many thermo-couples were formed as it was deemed probable would be needed, by soldering copper wires to an iron wire at such intervals as would correspond to the depths at which it was desired to determine the tempera- ture. All the wires were of No. 8 gauge. In all there were twelve (12) copper wires soldered to the one iron wire, thus making as many couples, separated from each other by spaces of three inches and one foot, according to the position they were to occupy in the ground. The bundle of wires thus arranged was then enclosed in a thin metal tube (Plate I, B), having a diameter of two inches and a length of eight feet six inches. In order to fully secure the wires in position, the iron wire forming the center of the bundle was stepped into the wooden plug which closed the lower end of the tube. The upper end of each wire then passed through a thick wooden cap, covering the upper and exposed end of the tube, the disposition being such that the iron wire was central, and the copper wires arranged ina circle about it. The extremities of the wires were further riveted, each to a binding post, which in turn was numbered for convenience of reference and identity. The wooden plug which closed the lower end of the tube, was fitted in so as to make a water tight joint, and after the whole appa- ratus was complete, it was further rendered impervious by soaking in linseed oil for twenty-four hours and coating with rubber. 14 When the wires were all in place in the tube, the latter was filled with fine and perfectly dry white sand. The wooden cap already referred to, was then secured in position, and connection made between the ends of the wires and the corresponding binding posts. The cap itself was made four inches thick and five inches in diameter, thus guarding against radiation of heat from the end of tube at the surface of the ground. The cap was also painted white for obvious reasons, and both it and its joints with the pipe rendered water tight. Further- more, its relation to the tube and the wires was such that, when the whole was in position in the ground, its lower surface would just come in contact with the surface of the ground. The wires were so placed in the tube that, when the latter should be in position in the manner just specified, the first thermo-couple would be at the surface of the ground—more exactly, one-half inch below—while the other couples were separated from it and each other by regular distances, thus giving the following series of depths at which temperatures could be obtained:—Surface, 3, 6, 9 and 12 inches; 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7 and 8 feet.* All the cop- per wires were thoroughly insulated throughout, before being inclosed, and every precaution was taken to guard against the possibility of short circuiting. The operations of the instrument seem to justify us in the belief that this object has been fully attained. With the thermo-couples in this very compact form, it is possible to plant them in the soil whenever temperatures are required, and the readings are then made for any depth at which there is a couple, by making an office connection through as many wires as there are couples, plus one iron wire to complete the circuit. It will thus be apparent that, while the observations of temperature are made 7” the office, the thermo-couples may be at any distance required. It simply has to be kept in mind that, as the resistance increases with the length of the circuit, there is a limit to the effective working distance which separates the two parts of the instrument. During the past summer, readings have been taken over an air distance of 105 feet with perfect ease, and doubtless there would be no difficulty in operating over 500 feet of wire. The difficulty to be contended with here, is the extreme feebleness of the current, which of course is generated solely by the varying degrees of temperature to which the opposite terminals are exposed; hence a slight increase of resistance beyond a certain limit might render it impossible to correctly read the deflections of the galva- nometer needle by which the temperature is determined. ) The office portion of the instrument (Plate I, A) consists of several parts. At eis seen a small well containing a thermo-couple exactly similar to those in the soil, which forms the office end of the full circuit. The iron wire a from this couple, connects with a very sensitive galvanometer d@, from which it again passes on and out through the window to connect with the apparatus in the soil. The copper wire 4, from the same couple, connects directly with the key post of a switch board c. With the isolated binding posts of the latter, there are connected as many copper wires as there are couples in use, the wires passing out of the window and connecting, each with a binding post of the apparatus in the soil. Thus the galvanometer being in the line of iron wire is always in circuit, while the circuit may be completed through any one of the copper wires; hence through any couple, at will, by simply moving the key of the switch-board as desired. *Equal to 7.6; 15.2; 22.8; 30.4; 60.8 and g1.2 centimeters, and 1.21; 1.52; 1.82; 2.12 and 2.43 meters. ao 15 The switch-board is of the most simple construction, consisting of a circular piece of black walnut of convenient diameter, in the center of which is placed the key post, with the other binding posts distributed.in a circle at regular inter- vals about the circumference. The galvanometer is really the essential part of the instrument, since upon its delicacy will depend the value of the observation. On account of the feeble- ness of the current, this instrument must be of the most sensitive kind. The one in use by us has an astatic needle, hung by an unspun thread of silk. The well e into which the office terminal dips, is designed for the use of water, by means of which the current shall be set in operation, or balanced as de- sired. The one in use was formed of oak by simply boring out a core two inches in diameter and several inches deep. The walls and bottom are of con- siderable thickness, to avoid uncontrollable changes in the temperature of the contained water. Near the bottom there is a stop-cock for discharge, and from near the top a small glass tube extends outward and downward to serve as an overflow pipe. From a support directly over the well, there are suspended a thermometer and two glass tubes for the introduction of hot and cold water. The thermometer has a long bulb and open scale, being sensitive in its action, and easily read to tenths of a degree Centigrade. The bulb is introduced into the well so that it is brought into the same horizontal plane with the thermo couple. The glass tubes enter the well and terminate, one just above the couple—cold water—and the other just below the couple—hot water. Rubber tubes provided with clamps, connect their upper ends with two copper vessels placed upon a high shelf, one containing warm water, the other ice water. When a given circuit is closed, so long as the couples at each end, 7. ¢., in the soil and in the office, are subjected to the same temperature, the needle of the galvanometer will show no deflection, but stand constantly at zero of the scale. As soon, however, as the couples are exposed to unequal temperatures, the needle is deflected to the right or left according to which terminal is warmest, the di- rection of deflection always being the same for the same relation of temperatures at opposite ends of the circuit. Again, the degree of deflection is proportioned to the difference of temperature between the two terminals, the greater the dif- ference of temperature the greater the deflection. Theoretically, therefore, it would be possible to determine the temperature of the soil by noting the abso- lute deflection of the needle, and comparing this with a table of values previously determined by experiment. Practically, this is not possible, as there are too many other considerations which interfere, and another method is found to be _ much better in all respects. As practiced the past year, the readings were taken as follows :— A given circuit is closed and the direction of deflection in the galvanometer noted. According to the movement of the needle, hot or cold water is gradually introduced into the well, until the couple therein is brought to the same tempera- ture as that in the soil. This condition is determined when the galvanometer needle swings to zero and stops there. As soon as that occurs, read the ther- mometer in the well, and that temperature so obtained will be the temperature of the soil at the depth operated upon. This method is expeditious after one is in practice, and is quite accurate if due care is observed in the various operations, 16 The operation of the instrument during the past season has demonstrated its value in many ways, but being a new instrument to deal with, there were several little practical difficulties which could hardly be anticipated, and had to be met and overcome as they developed. As others may have occasion to use similar instruments, it will be well to point out some of the principal difficulties encountered, and the method of overcoming them. First of all, it was necessary that two observers should operate during the day, as the readings were taken hourly, and it was soon discovered that there was an appreciable personal equation. Of course no remedy was possible in this case, beyond the exercise of the greatest care in order to reduce that equation to the lowest terms. Another important source of error arose from the great care and very close scrutiny required in reading the deflections of the needle. The latter moved over a plate about three inches in diameter, but the divisions of the scale were quite close, and close attention was necessary for an accurate reading. To ren- der this less difficult, and therefore the liability to error less, Mr. W. E. Stone, formerly assistant and now in charge of the office work, (Expt. Dept., H. F.) en- larged the scale plate by the addition of a graduated circle of paper. The length of the needle was then extended about an inch, by means of a fine filament of blackened glass. In this way it became easy to fix the position of the needle exactly. sO 11.9 9.8 | 8.0 28 20.3 2207 20.3 17.9 17.8 | 16.9 12.6 10.Q | 8.0 29 19.6 20.8 18.2 16.9 LF 16.5 13.0 10.1-~\|"3i9 31 2122 22.6 19.4 17.5 i785 16.4 13.0 10.6 |¢3.2 Means. | L7s2, 19.3 | 16.0 13.9 13.9 12.9 10.1 at 6.5 Means — pany ae — ner for 1882.| 13.9 15.9 137 11.7 10.8 10.4 8.5 7.6 |) ae 2s MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURES. | 1883. JUNE. Deg. Cent. - —— i ~ = i a= aa Date. Air. Surface. | 7.6c.m. | 15.2c.m. | 22.8c.m. | 304c.m. | o9r.3¢.m. | 1.5m. | 2.4m. I 19.7 22 ete | 17s | 17.0 | Gio a a | 16:9) | or3 2 20.0 24.6 20.2 | 17.3 | Zk) | 86.3 Ne ue | 11.0 | 8.4 4 24.1 24.9 25.5 |. 18 | 18.6 | [7 2a Tae | TU2) wior7 5 27.6 30.5 25.7 | 21.8 | 21,2 19.4 13.9 | Lise. ‘8.0 6 27.7 29.4 25.4 22.4 21.9 20.7 4.1 | Ibs (ge ‘. 7 24.1 26.0 24.2 22.5 22.1 20.9 14.9 | 11.8 9.0 8 25.4 28.4 24.9 | 23.0 21.9 20.6 | « Tige P! ‘Fie ree 9 252 28.7 24.5 21 Fae a8 20.6 155. ye teehee II 26.1 30.2 g63 | 23.QMN 0248 |. 2215 16.5 | 13.5 |10.0 TRIAS 25.0 30.4 25.7 22.6 | BPG 21.2 170 13th (EOS ia ae 252 28.1 25.1 | 23.0 | 22.2 | BR eae 14.0 10.5 1 a. 18:8 2610°| 22.0 | 20.9 | 20.5 19.8 | 17.0. | | 14:0) }EO@. Ty ie 2200 28.8 24.2 | 21.0 | 20.8 19.6 Lad) hee oes 16 21.8 27.6 | 240 21.3_| 20.9 | 208 17.0 | 14.0 |10.2 18 18.1 18.9-| 20.2 | 19.8 20.0 19.9 176 We ase i 19 23-9 27.0 | 22.4 | 20.2 20.0 19.0 17.0 | 14.5 |tie or 2133 24.8 21.9 20.6 20.8 20.4 17.0 14.6 |10.8 22 | 23.6 2613, 4|. > 2533 2X5 21.5 20;3 Wes 1530: || 016 23 | O77 30.8 25.0 | 22.0 | 21.8 20.6 17.4 150. \FES 25 | 24.0 29.5 26.0 | 23.5 22.7 21.6 17.8 15.0 |I1.2 26 21.5 23.5 22.5 | 22,1 22.1 21.65 18.0 | 15,0) hte 27 Ig.1 20.5 | 20.5 20.3 20.5 20.2 18.0 | E5.1 JETS 28 24.5 26.4 24.4 222 21.9 20.7 18.1 15.2) |UES 29 23.1 25.7 24.1 227, 227 21.6 18.0 ihe 5 30 23.3 27.5 24.6 227 22.5 21.2 BOVE) | “REA EO Means.) 23.3 26.4 23.5 21.4 21.1 | 20.1 16.2 13.0) |1O:3 Means” ae for 1882.| ° 22.6 26.7 23.8 20.5 19.9 18.5 18.8 12.301 916 26 MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURES. 188z- EY. Deg. Cent. Date. Air | Surface. 7.6c.m. | 15.2¢.m. | 22.8¢.m. | 30.4¢.m. 91.3 ¢.m 5m. | 2.4m 2 25.9 | 26.6 23.1 21.0 20.6 20.0 18.0 15.6 11.9 3 26.4 | 28.5 24.9 22.7 22 20a 18.1 15.8 |12.0 4 30.7 | B3.a" bP 25:0 25.6 24.9 23:5 18.1 15.9 |126 6 30.4 | 33-1 28.6 25.0 | Meesed 23.8 18.9 16.0 |12.2 7 30.3 | 32.4 28.8 26.4 | 25.8 24.5 19.1 16.0 |122 9 19.7 | 22.5 | 21.4 20.5 | 20.6 20.1 19.7 16.3. |T2a 10 22.4 | 26.0 | 23.5 21.6 | Dies 20.5 19.3 16.6 \02.5 II 24.4 | 26.4 | 23.3 2055 | 2Ie2 |) 20:6 19.0 16.9 |12:8 12 ae, 22.8 | 227i 2.5 | Bio |: 20:9 19.0 16.8 12.8 13 24.2 25.) | 23.6 22.1 | 21.8 |, 2exe 19.0 16.9. |12.9 14 24.5 | 28.4 25.9 22.6 22.2 ye tne 19.0 17.0 Nias 16 26.7 | 29.9 26.6 24.2 2o.7/ 22.3 19.2 17.0 |Pea 17 26.8 | 28.6 25.5 23.6 23.5 22.3 22. 17.0. \gor 18 24.1 | 28.2 25.1 23.2 23.1 22.0 19.6 17:0. ‘Kae 19 AUS 25.0 244 21.9 21.8 | 21.0 19.7 17.0" |1355 20 21,6 26.4 | 23.6 21.0 20.9 20.2 19.7 17.0. \Taee 21 23.6 | - 26.7 | er) 2131 20.8 20.1 19.5 17.0: |1435 23 25.6 | 26.9 25.6 23.6 | 23.4 22.3 19.5 17.1 ‘13.6 24 22.2 | 25.4 2A 1) 22.0 | 22.2 21.5 19.7 17.0" ete 25 233 | a7 2 26.5 22.3 1G eerseye [ aitgas 17.2 |Geee 26 24.1 28.1 26.9 23.4 4 23.5. |. 21.9 | 19.7 17.3 |14o 27 22 24.7 24.7 22.0 Mee ei.o: 21.5 19.8 L7.2 +/13-9 28 23.9 25.2 24.2 22.4 22.1 21.6 19.8 b7.4 13.9 30 20.8 | 24.8 23.7 21.2 | 20.9 20.5 19.9 17.6 14.0 31 23-2 26.7 25.4 21.8 | 21.2 20.7 19.8 7.5 ‘Vie Means. 24.4 27.1 24.8 227 22.4 21.4 | 19.3 16.8 13. Diane | rae ae for 1882.) 25.6 28.2 26.2 23.9 23.7 21.9 18.8 16.6 |12.6 27 MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURES. 1883. AUGUST. Deg. Cent | | 7 ees ’ ; ) i I | 25.5 | 28.4 | 25.8 22.8 22 21.6 | 19.8 | 176° |iAne 2 22 ware | Alig 20.7 20.9 20.9 19.8 | Was) |LARe 3 | 23.4 25.0, 24.8 220 DG 20.9 19.9 17 Ote LANE 4 | 20.5 22.8 | DOT | 20.2 | 20.2 19.8 19.6 | 170) ART 6 2255 26.1 | 23.6 20.8 20.3 19.7 19.1 | T7275 4lAS 7 | 22.8 | 26.6 | 23.7 20.8 20.0 19.6 19.1 17.6' |14:3 g 22,6 | 26.6 | 23.9 21.7 eos EQ.7 19.0 17.3 14.6 9 22.2 26.8 | 24.4 21.6 | 20.8 20.1 19.1 | 17.5 14.5 fe) 20.6 22 | 20.5 20.0 | 19.9 19.9 | 19.1 | L7 A. PASS II 25.40 6 26.0% || (23,9 20.4 19.9 19.2 | 19.1 7a SAS 13 22.8 | 27.8 | 24.9 BO | 21.9 21.8 | 19.2 17.4. |T4/6 16 17-8 |) Bee | ot 87 18.7 19.7 19.1 19.2 17.5 |14.8 17 23.4 25.9 23.1 19.7 19.1 18.6 19.0 17.5, |14.9 18 25.6 26.9 23.6 211 20.5 20.3 19.0 17.5 |t4.8 20 21.6 29.3 26.3 23.5 227 21.9 19.1 17.5 \15.0 21 27M 30.1 26.4 24.3 2355 22.8 19.4 I7-4 |14.9 22 26.9 30.1 2536 23.0 22.3 2.7 19.7 175ey ay 23 26.1 27.5 24.9 22.8 22:2 21.9 19.8 U75. NW5sO 24 23.4 29.6 | 26.5 23.6 2351 22 19.8 L7G Pee 25 21.9. 30.8 | 24.2 aie) 20.8 20.6 | 19.9 17.9. |T426 27 | 18.7 28.5 | 22.6 19.8 19.5 19.4 20.0 18.0 15.4 See WE LG.5) | 41.20.38 .| 22.0 19.1 18.7 18.7 19.8 17.8 |15.2 29 18.7 see 21.5 19.2 18.8 18.8 19.5 17.8 |15.0 30 20.1 25.6 21.9 19.5 19.1 19.1 19.2 7.68. je 31 21.4 28.6 23.5 | 20.2 19.6 | 19.2 19.4 17.9 15.2 Means. 22.6 26.7 | Puoeas 21.2 20.7 | 20.3 | 19.4 17.0: |tAy. Means ake : cul elie for 1882.) 25.2 26.8 24.4 22.9 22.5 220 | «20.0 19.2 |15.6 28 MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURES. 1883. SEPTEMBER. Deg. Cent Date Air. Surface. | 7.6c.m. | x5.2 ¢. m. (a28e m. | 3046. rice |) hupecy(Gs ae leer eee |a.4 am J Opa ee I 22 29.2 24.2 20.1 19.4 19.2 | 19.0 17.8 (15.2 3 18.3 28.4 NeW) 20.9 20.2 19.8 19.2 17.5 15.2 An), aIRG 27.0 21.3 18.6 18.0 18.0 | 19.0 iGy/46) see 5 | 18.7 26.4 225 20.0 19.3 19.1 | 19.0 r75 \15.2 6 19.0 30.3 22.4 19.1 18.0 18.0 19.0 F725 ree 7 21.3 30.5 22.5 19.1 18.2 18.1 18.8 17.5 |15.2 8 20.1 22.6 20.5 19.1 18.7 18.7 18.7 17:4 15-2 10 13.9 26.1 17.9 15.9 15.9 15.9 18.4 17.3 15.2 rat 16.6 23.4 18.3 15.8 15.3 15.4 17.9 r7.1 [15.1 12 13.9 16.1 16.3 16.2 16.2 16.4 17.8 17.0 |Uj2 13 17.3 18.3 17.7 16.8 16.8 16.8 177 17.0 115.2 14 22:7, 23.1 21.8 19.6 19.0 18.4 17.6 16.9 Fee 15 22.6 24.9 22:9 20.1 19.6 19.1 | 17.8 16.8 115.3 17 22 24.5 22. 20.8 | 20.3 19.8 | 180 | 16.6 15.0 18 17.6 23.7. 19.9 18.7 | 18.5 18.2 | 18.3 | 16.6 15.2 19 | 18.7 22.0 18.2 16.9 16.7 16.6 18.0 16.7 \nye 20 | 19.3 22.0 18.7 7.2 16.9 16.7 (78 16.8 |15.2 21 20.8 23.9 19.8 17.4 17.0 16.7 17.6 16.5 |¥5.0 22 17.2 22.0 19.0 07.3 16.9 16.6 Wal 16.6 15.0 24 17.6 17.5 17.1 16.5 16.7 16.5 172 16.4 |15.0 25 16.7 13.6 5-2 15.0 | 15.4 15.4 17.2 | 16.5 |15.0 26 12.7 18.0 14.5 13.6 | 13.8 13.8 16.8 | 16.4 15.0 27 17.0 17.8 14.0 12.2 12.8 12.9 16.4 | 16.2 rea 28 | 19.1 19.5 v7 15.4 ERe2 14.9 | 16.1 | 15.9 14.9 29 i Or 15.5 14.2 ie 14.0 14.0 | 16.1 15.9 |14.9 Monae 18.2 22.6 19.3 17.6 | aya LR 2 al E70 | 16.9 {15.1 Means | | | a for 1882. 19.5 ZG 18.6 lo 18.8 18.3 | 16.7 )> 18.3.5 Re rt eo “9 1883. MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURES, ius OCTOBER. Date. Air. | Surface | 7-6c.m. | 15.2¢.m. | 22.8-¢c. m Be | I 10.1 M5 slesn ee | L7, 13.5 | 13.6 Z 13.8 12.8 | 12.3 11.6 | 12.0 3 14.1 D4 nit igs 12.4 12.5 4 8.7 11.6 | 9.9 10.1 10.6 5 8.5 13:25) 9.8 9.0 9.4 6 8.4 10.3 | 8.7 8.0 8.4 8 12.8 | 16.7 12.9 11.2 11.2 9 14.5 | 15.9 | 13.4 124 12.3 10 19.2 | 21.0 | 14.9 12.7 12.6 II 18.5 20.8 15.8 13% 13.5 12 Ae 16.4 | 15.2 14.0 14.1 13 21 l | 22.6 19.8 172 16.5 15 109) 12.7 EL-2 12.9 £35 16 4.7 11.8 8.1 8.6 2 17 5.1 10.0 6.8 7.0 7.6 19 14.9 14.1 P21 11.2 10.3 20 | 14.9 Ebel 14.7 13.4 ius Wd 22 | 73 10.5 g.I 8.5 8.9 23 6.4 7.8 7.9 8.3 8.4 24 5.7 6.1 | 6.6 6.9 78 25 6.5 5 ee 7.5 6.7 7.0 26 | 6.2 | 7.3 Hs: 7.2 75 27 oak b, 10.5 9.1 8.2 8.3 29 15.4 | 13.8 12.8 10.7 10.5 Bh 9) 15.0 | 1233 127; [1:9' HA 12:.0 31 12.1 10.7 9.8 9.6 | 9.9 i ; 1d 13.1 11.4 10.6 | 10.8 Means | for 1882. 14.3 14.9 I4.1 14.2 14.4 gt-3 c. m. 5m. | 2.4m 15.6 15.4 |14.8 15.3 15.4 |14.8 15.0 LR2 Lb ARy 14.8 V5:0' eee 14.2 14.7 |14.7 13.8 T4. Su eae 13.5 14.0 114.6 1 Bhyil 14.0 14.6 14.7 14.0 14.5 13.8 13.8 pe 13.8 13.7 Pe 13.8 L317) \T4.2 14.8 13.6. |13.0 14.6 14.0 |13.9 13.8 13:9: -(13:6 12.8 13.4.0 (Soo 12.8 13.3 113.7 2,7 13,0 137 12.4 13.0 aa 12.2 12.7 13.5 1.7 125 134 EDS 12.3 13.3 11.4 12.3 13.3 11.3 12.0 |13.3 11.5 11.8 bigs 11.6 EL.7, | 23ee 13.3 13.6 14. 15.2 15.0 |14.8 30 The wave periods, both maximum and minimum, for 1883, are found to have been somewhat shorter, and so more frequent than for 1882. The follow- ing tabular view will give all the necessary details without further explanation. MAXIMUM WAVE PERIODS. May, 12 10. so, eiJ une. June, Mayer 51, out July. July, june si— fh. 10, jie Ade. August, july 4-7,="4, 0, Tie 4- Dept. September, Aug.+3,= 7, 6, Gas.) “4 + Oct: October, Sept.4-5,=0,, 11, aged Nov, MINIMUM WAVE PERIODS. May, 5. 2) «2, pe BGs | O, on Coreen June, May +3=4 4 3 4 3, 6 3. July, 3) 4, a 7) 5) Gee 2) + Ae August, July 5,13) 3) ee 4: 55.) Oy A SIEplCMIer 6.) 2.6 VO, 3, Me 5.) 2) Se eAOick. October, Seph ie 3) 4, Ree) 8 a 6 a oe Comparing the results for the two years, the mean length of the maximum and minimum wave periods in days, appears to be about as follows: Maximum 11.4. Minimum, 4.7. or the two periods stand to one another in the ratio of 1:2.42. In our last report, the time of occurrence of the daily maximum of soil tem- perature was not discussed, and these data are therefore introduced in com- parison for the two years. It will be observed that for most of the positions taken, there is but little difference in the mean time of occurrence for the entire season, but comparing the same months with each other, it will be seen that there are important variations, and doubtless our further studies will show that this bears a more or less important relation to the condition of soil humidity. MEAN TIME OF DAILY MAXIMA, | 7.6 15.2 22.8 | 30.4 Air Surface. Comms CG. my c. m. Gam: (3 in.) (6 in.) (g in.) (x ft.) May Bite ovo shots 3.002 ME 1.48 P.M ZesAeie.ML 4.54 Pee SO. so" eit 6.30 P. M uUMEt A ese Bers mea Sa aaa as Simcoe \ Ongolenrs 7-54. 1880) July --. 50-85: gure. aoa 5" Poesia AsASn 5 EGO da 12 AMIE USt yas ence herbed Teloim Serer ne WY (Raver 2 4 75 30a September....] 2.18 apeae, ee a argo: ot Synge | Gssus)e wrt 5 2a Oghoner bic 2.24 “8 TsO: Zea *! AGOn e Ce ae 7°30 ee — is — | 3 Means. set ccan ec! Zaigop Ue i308 Ponisi ta aS Cs Gia aa oy ee (Mayne wtccnin es cee 2.18 P, M. 1.30 P. M. 3ug0) PM: Bele) PMs 5.54 P.M 6.42 P.M | JUIMEK Feist sterols Peaieje 1G ToAuen ts Pits aed ROO. sae ezOl mos 6:12 ee 1883 Lys arerice ators SLOOlmi Tea O mins | Bas ay at rebated it eet eas GS 30nmee AUIPAISE mite ete) epi Ps PIRSA oe, Ses oe CLO ds 6.3005 September....| 2.36 * TeOOr | SoenSeeeee Ago ene 540) 6 6.12 October ......| 2 SAME! WieKOos Oy | S2sg0m | 4.30 ua Iasvow ase 6. 30hme IMGANS seventies 22205 5° freer a | eee mies Lace: ae Feysiey 00 6l2quee 31 MONTHLY VARIATIONS. The monthly variations for 1883 do not show so great extremes as for the previous year, the greatest variation for the year being 9.5° (17.1° F.) for 1882. In the latter year, the most marked differences were found between May and June, but for the former, the greatest differences have been found between Sep- tember and October. The generally more uniform rate of change corresponds well with the more general distribution of rain throughout the season. Com- paring the means of variations for the entire season, it will be observed that there is a close correspondence, the greatest difference being only 1.1° (1.1° F.) while the others run from this down to only o.1°. (0.18° F.) The following table will make these relations sufficiently obvious without further explanation: MONTHLY VARIATIONS OF TEMPERATURE. 7.6 |.» Gate 22.8 30.4 91.3 1.5 2.4 Air. || suttace: Gm, | came c.m. c.m. c. m. m. m. (3 in.) (6 in.) (9 in.) (x ft.) (3, ft.) (5 ft.) (8 ft.) MIAgy;.. cates) sis = 'ajorshers 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 WJTITES Sacctaiabares soi ale.s-a che 6.1 Gest 7-5 q'5 Hae ee 6.1 6.8 3.8 Jay © eager als" wie, ane Tak On7 ms Brie) ine} seyee| aa 2.9 2.8 MAUI SUS Earners: exe's! wiete 1.8 0.4 a2 Teh ree ing O.1 0.8 rs) September .......... 4-4 AnD 4.3 | 3.6 3.6 Bhat 1.5 0.7 0.4 Octobenmrree. GGERIOEICT 23.59 26.4 23.5 21.4 ira 20.1 16.2 13.9 10.3 YiGus? 63 onc onegpo bras 24.4 ey key 24.8 225 22.4 21.4 19.3 16.8 iz yal TNE EAL SES O8 n'o AS GO HORE 22.6 26.7 23.6 2ie 2067. 20.3 19.4 17.6 14.7 September... ....- - 18.2 22.6 19.3 17.6 Ii 11g a 17-9 16.9 Lesa Octobe ates es Pesce II.4 ToL 11.4 10.6 10.8 10.8 1333 13.6 14.4 IGEN &. 4. ice Rea nIoe 19.5 22.5 19.8 17-9 rig feiy a7 fest 16.0 14.3 12.4 Means, 1882 ......... | 19.9 22.3 20.1 18.6 18.4 17.6 Gea 14.8 12.6 Means, 1882, °F...... ht O78 728 68.2 65.5 65.1 63.7 62.8 58.6 54-7 Means, 1883, °F...... 67.1 72-5 67.6 64.2 63.9 62.8 60.8 GW/E7 54-3 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR EACH MONTH. Maximum. “Minimum. Mia. Sy aateroles aeisig.c ec 26th Ist MEM Cietersitetetar foiat isto sverave: t1th } Ist ill yiteeyareet teste reie s\cncros sc .0,0 7th oth AUPUSt ya mits siento ee 21st 16th Septembeteaeaersts 4-1. ¢ Ist 2oth Octobertkacruns sins.» | 13th 24th 32 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE FOR SIX MONTHS. Maximum. Minimum. ams | a ROA Gay Wen TettpeOEWeSSertele. oo, s ones | July 7th Oct. 24th OI.3.C. Mm. to 2.4.N.1(6 tO SO it.),...3 | Aug. 27th May 2d | The following table of soil depths for equivalents of air temperatures, is given without comment, in comparison with the means for the previous year. SOIL DEPTHS OF EQUIVALENTS FOR AIR TEMPERATURES, | MEAN TEMPERATURE OF AIR. | DEPTH. pee? Se» a=: | oG; oF. Centimetres. Inches. INAV: Paavo opel slo gsyn ess evs terctouaiel snsve | Tee 62.9 An OUCsaIne 1.93 IRS Gah cbbGadaad aoopeone Pew) | Fete} Out2rs 3-58 iUIllsyaesestetetar settenc cs) cc fos cy Asie arse 24.4 75-9 Cea ir ee 3-58 BATT ARIS Ueteleittincs he tets forces s sNe"eie 22.6 eg | TQ, Oe 4-25 SHOE LaSasogonoooens 18.2 64.8 Lids eset 4-93 Octobe Prem evs s stersiciere/oc II.4 52.5 7 kak OW 3-00 ee eee MEATISH: shatshoyetisis terehersyayett inet | 19.5 67.1 g.co) 4S 3-54 Oe se ee ——— = j— ee. — = MIG AMS iOS 2 rcieiaie ce « ve es ier 19.9 67.8 | Ta. hee 4.93 ELECTRICAL THERMOMETER. In considering the record of soil temperatures as determined by the electri- cal thermometer, it is first necessary to describe the general character of the soil and its formation. The thermo-couples were placed in position March roth, 1883. The soil was removed carefully, and the different layers kept as distinct as possible. When the tube containing the couples was in position, the earth was replaced as nearly in its original position as possible, and several weeks were allowed to elapse that it might settle thoroughly before regular determina- tions of temperature were made. At the time of excavation, the formation was found to be as follows : Surface. Alluyium 9..°... « 32.9 Cc. MBSE o ch im == 43:4 co mito ios) sandy loam .. . 48.1 . c. am or (78.9 in.) Coarse gravel; . | .. 10.37. diaper (3 ft-4,d"im.,) Quicksand to a depth of more than three meters (g ft. 10 in.) from the surface. The alluvium, originally 32.9 c. m (12.9 in.) in thickness, was afterwards in- creased by the addition of 5 c. m. (1.9 in.) of soil to compensate for an elevation 33 of the tube to that extent, doubtless as a result of the action of the quicksand upon the lower extremity. With regard to the source of material forming these strata, we have to con- sider that it was largely derived from the adjacent slopes, at the foot of which the couples are located. We thus see that Gneiss, Potsdam sandstone and Hud- son River slate are the principal components, and we would thus assign a chemical composition which would correspond in general with that of these rocks. The stratification as given above, shows us that, at a depth of 48.1 c. m.. (18.9 in.) from the general surface, we encounter a stratum which serves as an open drain for the water of percolation, and also serves to admit the water from neighboring streams. So far as color is concerned, the second stratum of sandy loam would correspond well with the second stratum of soil where the mercurial thermome- ters are located. In the surface strata, however, there is a marked difference both in color and mechanical condition, and as the color of the surface layers exerts an important influence upon its own temperature and that of subjacent layers, it is important to consider these differences in order that comparisons of temperature for the two localities may be made with some degree of accuracy. We find the surface stratum of soil at the position of the mercurial ther- mometers described as “Gravel with some clay, 30.5 c. m.” (1 ft.). *We also find the color to be light, yellowish brown. At the electrical thermometers, the surface stratum of alluvium is dark brown, or brownish black when moist, this to be taken as the normal color and condition of the stratum as a whole, though at the immediate surface, where exposed to the action of sun and wind, the color for a depth of one or two centimeters (0.4 to 0.8 in) becomes gray. It is thus apparent (1) that the alluvium has a much stronger tendency as a whole to ab- sorb an increased amount of heat, and (2) that the layer at the immediate sur- face, while having a greater absorptive power than the corresponding layer at the position of the mercurial thermometers, is variable in its relation to absorp- tion and radiation according to variation in color, We must further bear in mind that the very conditions of moisture which increase the depth of color, and so the tendency to absorb and radiate heat, also tend to counteract the absorptive power developed in this way. If we further inquire into the various strata penetrated by the thermo- couples in use, we shall find the relation to be as follows: Couples. PUM Go estoeomin- (ltt. 2.9.1.) 7.mme2o: 30.4. C. ml (3.in., 9 in., © ft) Sandy loam ~ w4oec.m. (i ff. 7 i.) Cosme gravel . 1e.470.00.(3 tf 4.9 in.) Gomec.m. (2 ft.) Quicksand . O. There were only four couples used the past year, taken at the depths shown *H. F. Series I. No. 2, p. 20. 34 above, so it will be seen that most of them penetrated the alluvium alone, and so to this stratum the record for this year chiefly relates. In order to more exactly determine the influence of humidity upon the soil temperature as affected by variations in the water table, an arrangement was devised, by means of which the rise and fall of the latter below. the surface of the soil, as expressed in decimeters, could be determined at pleasure. For this purpose, a well was formed of four-inch glazed tile, near the thermo-couples. A large float in the well was directly connected through a light chain which passed over a wheel, with a lead bob which moved on a vertical scale graduated to 0.5 c. m. (o.2 in.). By careful measurements in the first place, the scale was exactly placed so that the direct readings gave the true distance from the surface of the soil to the water table. Readings were taken daily at 2 o’clock, P. M., and the record will be found under its proper heading in the same tables with the mean daily soil temperatures. At a distance of but little over fifty feet from the thermo-couples, there is a natural brook, and owing to the open character of the sub-soil, it will be obvious that the water table, as determined at the float, is controlled by and dependent upon variations in volume of water in the brook. But this renders the position all the more valuable for determining the relation of humidity to soil tempera- tures, and it was this consideration among others, which determined a selection of the position. The variations of the record as shown, may thus be taken as representing the rise and fall of the stream as influenced by rainfall. It will be observed that on the 30th of September, the water table fell from 8.9 d. m. (2 ft. 11 in.) to 104 d. m. (3 ft. 4.9 in.), this great depression continuing until the 23d of October, when it again rose to 7.5 d.m. (2ft.5.6in.). This extreme variation was due to the fact that, on the former date the pond near by was drawn off, thus lowering the stream, and that on the latter date the flood-gate was again closed, bringing the water up to its former level. With regard to the changes indicated by these figures, it would be foreign to our present purpose to consider them otherwise than in their direct relation to variations of temperature. This relation, however, will for the present, be sufficiently shown by the tables given, as the figures are so arranged as to per- mit easy comparison, and it is only necessary at this time to indicate what we may look for as the result of the water in the soil. Whenever water is present, it exerts a strong equalizing influence upon extremes of temperature, modifying both heat and cold, and preventing sudden changes of temperature. We might therefore look for a reduction in the hourly variations, and also in the daily and monthly variations ; the thermal waves would probably show greater regularity and less amplitude ; the diminution of variation would decrease, and uniformity of temperature increase as the water table was approached. But other important factors here appear. As we come nearer the surface we shall meet with layers where there is a constant tendency to the formation and condensation of vapor within the soil, and this will tend to complicate matters to a degree which must not be neglected in our considera- tions. Again, in comparing the results thus obtained with those determined in a. less humid soil, we cannot make direct and exact comparisons, as we must further take into consideration not only the mechanical condition of the soil, but .) SARE eepSiacet ides oie rye 20 Thats 2o0 1.4 ATT OUST eerie ols cs. 5s6 a sree otaversrrs, » 1.8 Zee 2.6 Bie) | 1.4 Se@peemilewenes << va, a2 <6 et ieee ois 4-4 3.8 Diss 253 ea @OCHODEIaeeee tis sews wees 6.8 5.8 sry] 5-3 | 4-3 WWeANS TSG rere.) o.6 725 4 cl svc: datas 3s 4.2 4a) Br0 3.6 | 2.6 MCAT Sear ittrsg 5 ays ,0 wine able lernse a sores 7.6 70 6.5 6.5 AT, MEAN:MONTHLY TEMPERATURES. 7.6 22.8 30.4 60.8 Air c. ms e500 c. m. Game | (3 in.) (g in.) (x ft.) (2 ft.) MMi aiyerrertiteceicte's s.s\siee cuss clatalen,« ores. 17-2 15. 4. 14.1 ugar 12.1 RETO acs: SSO amore sea 23.3 25.4 19.6 18.7 17.0 Gita lipaeyeseuMetete olor s =) s,are)d stureveretetoeciozs'o)| 24.4 23.4. ela 20.8 18.4 USOT SUIS PEPER s o\(0 5:5 stay siereievavetterarete 22.6 20.2 18.5 17.8 17.0 SAKES: ABO Atop ate 18.2 160.4 16.0 15.5 15.9 OCTOBER itt = 3 oc wince isiaiers a os emt II.4 10.6 10.3 10.2 | 11.6 | IVE CANIS opto CO te cassis, <.2-01 of sie or overs ay eraye 19.5 17-9 16.6 ig 16.1 | 15.3 WIESE a1, SE Se eee ArCas Ons cir ani 67-5 64.2 61.9 60.9 | 59-5 s : ae 2 c & j ‘ OF ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE FOR EACH MONTH. | é \ i 7 Lf} ce al ' iv s a M Ne Pad SUE A Sento IOC Sne SOR em “September! «sci tetas - 4 ‘ a Maximum, | Minimum. 26th © 1st 6th = . cst. 7th gth TAS|E 9 16th ' 7th * 27th Octoberwy wee ens. Ist 2) ath MING sc iyetreeteh serene. « iiliy amis ceteeatenretts « ATIDUISES heats ae +> ~ 4 Ab thet ih = é > oy € vere o CENT. 100,00 99.00 98.00 97.00 96.00 95.00 94.00 93.00 92.00 g1.00 g0.00 89.00 88.00 87.00 86.00 85.00 84.00 83.00 82.00 81.00 80.00 79.00 78.00 77.00 76.00 75.00 74.00 73.00 72.00 71.00 70.00 69.00 68.00 67.00 66.00 65.00 64.00 63.00 62.00 61.00 60.00 59.00 41 TABLE OF COMPARATIVE TEMPERATURES. Centigrade to Fahrenheit. o FAHR. } Oo CENT. o FAHR. o CENT. | o FAHR. 212.00 58.00 136.40 16.00 60.80 210.20 57-00 134.60 15.00 59.00 208.40 56.00 132.80 14.00 57-20 206.60 55.00 131.00 13.00 55-40 204.80 54.00 129.20 12.00 53-60 203.00 53-00 127.40 11.00 51.80 201.20 52.00 125.60 10.00 50.00 199.40 51.00 123.80 9.06 48.20 197.60 50.00 122!00 8.00 ' 46.40 195.80 49.00 120.20 7.00 44.60 194.00 48.00 118.40 6.00 | 42.80 192.20 47.00 116.60 5-00 | 41.00 190.40 46.00 114,80 ZOO” | 39.20 188.60 45.00 113.00 3.00 37-40 186.80 44.00 111.20 2.00 35.60 185.00 43.00 109.40 1.00 33.80 183.20 42.00 107.60 0.00 32.00 181.40 41.00 105.80 — 1.00 30.20 179.60 40.00 104.00 | 2.00 28.40 177.80 39.00 102.20 — 3.00 26.60 176.00 38.00 100.40 — 4.00 24.80 174.20 37-00 98.60 —= 5.06 23.00 172.40 36.00 96.80 —— 6.00 21,20 170.60 35.00 95.00 — 47.00 19.40 168.80 34.00 93-20 i) 3.60 17.60 167.00 33.00 91.40 =— 9.00 15.80 165.20 32.00 89.60 —I0.00 14.00 163.40 31.00 87.80 —IT.00 12,20 161.60 30.00 86.00 ——12.00 10.40 159.80 | 29.00 84.20 | —I3.00 8.60 158.00 28.00 82.40 —1I4.00 6.80 156.20 27.00 80.60 —1I5.00 5.00 154.40 26.00 78.80 —16.00 3.20 152.60 25.00 77.00 | —1I7.00 1.40 150.80 24.00 75.20 —18.00 | —0.40 149.00 23.00 73.40 —I9.00 | —2.20 147.20 22.00 71.60 —20.00 | -—4.00 145.40 21.00 69.80 143.60 20.00 68.00 141.80 19.00 66.20 140.00 18.00 64.40 138.20 17.00 62.60 | THERMOMETRIC RATIOS. ES re: ....: 2 ie ee aren vg WP SAMICRAOG on oa 6 6 dis + ie Ee oe eke oo 5 IS EMRTOMUINC LI: 5 ca,, < oie 2» 4s - MMM mane 5) os = tis 9° we ge deg. R. + Gee C. or. dee. C, ; Beer --32, Converting to degrees F ahrenheit, add 32 degrees. Converting to degrees Centigrade or Reaumur, subtract 32 degrees Fahrenheit before performing the operation. : “99 Al ANC ett dafaate } eth eel dee |. Ate ke oa ov Vig 5 y ad yur. oe a0 t! care mee | | ae onaib a oon chee et f Geant + oe ’ ny SLE Oc. pat ae LE OoF: Rae PONT A: . | f ‘eee Wes ; a i ; P 2 Vials ® ; hats Ce 7 w aye a ot as a3 suAshifod Bis At WS aS LE RE t ‘ Rhos a - Cs + a i Zz ' f , * = . ha eo. t 7 — ; q -) t . 7 ae > ~ 5 _ * ~~ é «“ mt = * + ” a“ ’ e = 4 hae 2 L ‘ oa > Say . ‘2 7 SOIL TEMPERATURES AND BAROMETER CURVES. MAY, 1883, Rann = S Bee wth : == oA 5 Baas Eis i pacer etedanes 7\ao4aueee SSSR aa i iaBSe ian ia + S2aa imi 1 fates tee : 3 A SIC Le iM Soeo ee aE smal ee rt = = t 2 SOIL TEMPERATURES AND BAROMETER CURVES : JUNE, 1883: SOIL TEMPERATURES AND BAROMETER CURVES. JULY, 1883. [ a : : avisiaalia ai 44 : ‘ th is iat anus { ee SS dd al bad fal ile { | SOIL TEMPERATURES AND BAROMETER CURVES. AUGUST, 1883, inane wooo Tm an ie | , SEPTEMBER, 1883. ye SOIL TEMPERATURES AND BAROMETER CURVES. SOIL TEMPERATURES AND BAROMETER CURVES OCTOBER, 1883 ssp] res whey t eS aee eS rar y aaa 4 ig Ves te em ee! | HOUGHTON FARM LIBRARY OF CONGRESS @ 002 788 889 A