NRLF i m itlll CH1TECTURE REEF POINT GARDENS LIBRARY The Gift of Beatrix Farrand to the General Library University of California .Berkeley Mimulus Lewisii Pursh. (% Nat.) Red Monkey-Flower. Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains By Stewardson )Brown Curator of Herbarium Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Illustrated with Water-Colour Drawings and Photographs By Mrs. Charles Schaffer G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London ftnicfcerbocfeer press 1907 COPYRIGHT, 1907 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS idd'l LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Parrarfd 'GI?f QK.20I OFFERED TO THE LOVERS OF ALPINE FLOR/E IN THE MEMORY OF DR. CHARLES SCHAFFER OF PHILADELPHIA, WHO WAS AMONG THE PIONEER BOTANISTS OF THE CANADIAN ROCKIES, AND WHO EARLY RECOGNISED THIS REGION AS A NEW AND INTERESTING FIELD FOR STUDY 290 PREFACE THE present volume, though prepared in manual form, is meant only as a guide to the rich and interesting flora of the Canadian Rockies and Selkirks or those portions traversed by the Canadian Pacific Railway between Banff and Glacier. While many of the plants herein described are found through- out the entire region, yet the species charac- teristic of the two mountain ranges are vastly different. For the most part those of the Rock- ies might be characterised as plants adapted to the withstanding of severe conditions of drouth and cold, being mostly low and tufted, with small surfaces of leaf exposure, either thick and leathery or in many instances with an ample covering of protecting hairs ; while those of the Selkirks, owing to the more humid atmospheric conditions, are essen- VI Preface tially moisture-loving forms, with a luxuriant growth of stems and leaves; it is only where the conditions are similar in the two regions that we find the same or similar forms existing. Few of the more characteristic Rocky Mountain species extend west of the divide, while of those of the Selkirks, few extend east of it, except where there is a luxuriant forest growth, with the consequent retention of moisture, and then only at alti- tudes of from 2000 to 3000 feet greater. Contrasting the plants of this region with those of the European Alps it is interesting to note, that while the species are for the most part vastly different, yet there is a certain close resemblance in the families and genera which are represented; the Anemones are here, but not in the scarlets and crimsons, running more to whites and purples, and so are the Buttercups, dwarf many of them, but with large, showy flowers ; the Saxifrages and Drabas are innumerable as are the Vetches and also the Heaths, but Preface vii the latter with fewer and very different species. Some plants, however, like the White Mountain Avens (Dryas octopetala), the Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), the Moss Campion (Silene acaulis), the Mountain Cranberry (Vitis-id&a) and the Low Gran- berry (Oxycoccus) , the One-flowered Winter- green (M oneses uniflora) , the Forget-me-not (Myosotis alpestris) and others are found on both sides of the Atlantic, yet we have no such array of Primroses or Gentians as our European brothers, though both genera are represented with us, while on the other hand they can boast of nothing comparable to our Indian Paint Brush, found throughout the region on the river-shores and bars during late June and early July and later through the summer in its innumerable forms and colours in the moist alpine meadows and slopes. The ferns and their allies with the more striking of the trees and shrubs have been in- cluded in the present work, together with the viii Preface majority of the herbaceous flowering plants, though some of the largely represented but less striking groups such as the Grasses, Sedges, and Willows have been entirely omitted, not seeming of sufficient general interest to warrant the space required for their intelli- gent treatment. The species are -arranged in accordance with their scientific relationships, with keys to the genera and a general key to the families. Among the illustrations herein contained, many of the plants of the Northwest are figured for the first time. Acknowledgment is here made to Messrs. David McNicoll, Robert Kerr, and other officials and employees of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company through whose courtesy was made possible the gathering of the data for the basis of this work. S. B. ACADEMY OP NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, October 28, 1907. CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE . . . '. . '. v GLOSSARY xxv GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES . xxxiii ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY . . ' ." i FERN FAMILY . . . . .3 HORSETAIL FAMILY .... 14 CLUB-MOSS FAMILY . . V" . . 18 SELAGINELLA FAMILY . . . . 22 PINE FAMILY . . . . -23 YEW FAMILY .... V"r 34 ARUM FAMILY 35 BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY . . . 36 LILY FAMILY . . . 41 LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY . . 45 IRIS FAMILY . . . V1 . 52 ORCHID FAMILY -.- . ' ;; ;/ '. :v 53 Contents PAGE WILLOW FAMILY . . . .-68 BIRCH FAMILY 70 MISTLETOE FAMILY . . . 72 SANDALWOOD FAMILY .. . * . 73 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY i S'' . . 75 PURSLANE FAMILY. , . . .80 PINK FAMILY . . . . .. 81 CROWFOOT FAMILY . ." . . . 90 BARBERRY FAMILY . i* .•.; ,-•« I09 POPPY FAMILY * . . . , no MUSTARD FAMILY . . ,. ; *,,. , > m STONE-CROP FAMILY » f ,, ?_ 125 GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS FAMILY . .126 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY . ,; 128 GOOSEBERRY FAMILY . -. , * 146 ROSE FAMILY . . . . .15° APPLE FAMILY . .;; . . . 165 PLUM FAMILY . . . , ..,1 |^ 167 PEA FAMILY .... ., 168 FLAX FAMILY .... : * 182 CROWBERRY FAMILY ;. / I ,«{ 183 STAFF-TREE FAMILY . . . * 184 Contents xi PAGE MAPLE FAMILY „• . .; ,; . ^5 ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY ..> ;.. . 186 VIOLET FAMILY . . . &yfjt! . 187 OLEASTER FAMILY. .... 191 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY . . - 193 GINSENG FAMILY . . . . . 199 CELERY FAMILY ..... 201 DOGWOOD FAMILY . . . . 205 WlNTERGREEN FAMILY .... 207 HEATH FAMILY . . . . .211 HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY .... 220 PRIMROSE FAMILY .... 226 GENTIAN FAMILY . . . . .231 BUCKBEAN FAMILY .... 236 DOGBANE FAMILY .... 237 WATER-LEAF FAMILY .... 238 BORAGE FAMILY .... 240 MINT FAMILY ..... 244 FIGWORT FAMILY ..... 248 BUTTERWORT FAMILY .... 262 MADDER FAMILY ..... 263 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY .... 264 xii Contents PAGE VALERIAN FAMILY . . >/ • :-v 27X BELLFLOWER FAMILY ;•' "•* .' I &$$^ ;:Vr 273 CHICORY FAMILY . i . — iy ^ •' 275 THISTLE FAMILY ^; *, :-u ; -^ 283 INDEX w • * • * ' ILLUSTRATIONS LATB FACING PAGE Mimulus Lewisii Pursh. Red Mon- key-Flower . . Frontispiece i Firms albicaulis Engelm. White Pine 24 1 Pinus Murrayana Oreg. Com. Jack Pine . . . . , „ . . :,. 24 2 Larix Lyallii Parl. LyalVs Larch .. 26 2 Thuja plicata Don. Giant Cedar ,. 26 3 Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt. Bal- sam Fir . . ... . * 28 3 Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. Douglas Spruce .. ... . •> 28 4 Tsuga Mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock . . :. 30 4 Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Hemlock '' ' .:'"'' :1".*'' *'^ •. . 30 5 Picea albertiana. S. Brown. Alberta Spruce . ./' . *:^. . ••-•* 32 6 Zygadenus elegans Pursh. Tall Zy- gadenus 'v: t-v) • i. '•• -<^ --;- 38 xiv Illustrations PLATE FACING PAGE 6 Zygadenus gramineus Rydb. Zyga- denus , . . . . ." . 38 7 Stenanthella occidentalis (A. Gray). Rydb. Stenanthium . . . 40 7 Clintonia uniflora Kunth. Clintonia 40 8 Tofieldia intermedia Rydb. False As- phodel ' ; " 'r\ ;V:' Vi;- :' .'' 42 8 Vagnera stellata (L) Morong. Star- Flowered Solomon s Seal ' .' . 42 9 Erythronium grandiflorum. Pursh. Snow Lily . ". '. "-. -. 44 lo Lilium montanum A. Nels. Red Moun- tain-Lily . .- v . . '. 46 10 Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledeb) Kear- ney. Kruhsea . . . .46 11 Cypripedium passerinum Rich. Small White Lady's Slipper . '. ,: . 54 11 Cypripedium parvinorum Salisb. Small Yellow Lady's Slipper . ' '. 54 12 Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L). Karst. Coral-Root . * . . . . 56 12 Lyschiton kamtschatcense (L.) Schott. Western Skunk-Cabbage . 56 13 Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. Calyp- so ,. . ~ . . . . . 58 Illustrations xv PLATE FACING PAGE 13 Orchis rottmdifolia Pursh. Small Round-Leaved Orchid . ;•' . 58 14 Limnorchis dilatatiformis Rydb. Purplish-Green Bog-Orchid . . 62 14 Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. Menzies' Rattlesnake Plantain . .62 15 Ophrys borealis (Morong). Northern Twayblade . . . . .64 15 Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb. Heart- Shaped Twayblade . . .64 15 Cceloglossum bracteatum (Willd) Parl. Long-Bracted Orchid . . 64 1 5 Limnorchis fragrans Rydb. Fragrant White Bog-Orchid . . .64 15 Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. Small Northern Bog-Orchid . . 64 1 6 ComandrapallidaDC. White Coman- dra . 74 1 6 Eriogonum subalpinum Greene. Tall White Eriogonum . ' . . 74 17 Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. Spring Beauty ..... 80 17 Claytonia parvifolia Moc. Small- Leaved Spring Beauty ... 80 1 8 Silene acaulis L. Moss Campion -. 82 1 8 Lychnis apetala L. Nodding Lychnis 82 xvi Illustrations pLATE FACING PAGE 19 Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton. Northern Stitchwort . . .86 19 Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Blunt- Leaved Sandwort . . . .86 19 Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.) Regel. Rock Sandwort . .86 20 Caltha leptosepala Hook. . ;, o 104 20 Trollius albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb. Western Globe-Flower . • .;' s.i- 104 21 Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. Small Blue Columbine . ••; • '., .' 102 22 Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. Yellow Columbine .... - , ? 106 22 Aquilegia- formosa Fisch. Western Col- umbine :.. , .; . ;. . • »<:;, .> 106 23 Delphinium Brownii Rydb. Mountain Larkspur . ,<: . .> , ; . 108 23 Anemone globosa Nutt. Wind-Flower 108 24 Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. Al- pine Anemone if\ . •'; V ' %?. 92 24 Anemone parviflora Michx. Northern Anemone . . . . • \. 92 25 Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton Pasque-Flower . . . \. 94 25 Pulsatilla ^ occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. Western Anemone . _.' 94 Illustrations xvii FACING PAGE 26 Atragene columbiana Nutt. Purple Virgins-Bower ;-,;,- ;, , . ., , . 90 27 Ranunculus saxicola Rydb. ; - . 100 27 Ranunculus alpeophilus. A Nels. . 100 27 Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schl. Snow Buttercup . . . •. . .100 28 Ranunculus eremogenes Greene. Ditch Crowfoot . . . .98 28 Ranunculus Purshii Richards. Pursh's Buttercup . . . .98 28 Ranunculus inamcenus Greene . . 98 29 Thalictrum megacarpum Torr . . 96 29 Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. Western Meadow- Rue . . .96 30 Delphinium Menziesii DC. Blue Larkspur . . \v«: . .no 30 Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. Lithophragma . . .no 31 Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. Bladder-Pod . . . 116 31 Smelowskia calycina (Desv.) C. A. Meyer. Smelowskia . . .116 32 Draba oligosperma Hook. Whitlow- Grass . . . . . 112 32 Draba andina (Nutt.) A. Nels. Mountain Whitlow-Grass 112 xviii Illustrations FACING PAGE 33 Draba glacialis Adams Whitlow-Grass 114 33 Draba aurea Vahl. Golden Whitlow- Grass . . . . .114 34 Parnassia montanensis Rydb. & Fern. Marsh Grass of Parnassus . .126 34 Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp Gooseberry . . . . .126 3 5 Mitella nuda L . Naked Bishop' s-Cap. 132 35 Pectiantia pentandra (Hook.) Rydb. Mitrewort . . . . . 132 36 Saxifraga cernua L. Nodding Saxi- frage . . 136 36 Saxifraga rival aris L. Alpine Brook Saxifrage . . .. . i . 136 37 Micranthes Nelsoniana (D. Don.) Small. Nelson's Saxifrage . i . 140 37 Micranthes Lyallii (Engler) Small. LyalVs Saxifrage . . . .140 38 Muscaria caespitosa (L.) Haw. Tufted Saxifrage . . . ^.138 38 Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene) Small. Mountain Saxifrage . 138 39 Spatularia Brunoniana(Bong.) Small. Sail Saxifrage . . . .142 39 Leptasea austromontana (Wiegand), Small. Common Saxifrage . .142 Illustrations xix PLATE FACING PAGE 40 Tiarella unifoliata Hook. Western Foam-Flower .. . ^v l~*>w i.. •' 150 40 Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze. Cut-Leaved Lutkea . .;v 'u. j.' 150 41 Rubus pedatus Smith. Creeping Raspberry . I'W-* Pr? -1. 7 '•••; 152 42 Rubus parviflorus. Nutt. Salmon- Berry . . V •* ' . 156 43 Fragaria glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb. Wild Strawberry . J'»:-H •,-;-. • J58 43 Amelanchier flinda Lindl. Service Berry v; "> . ;. ,. ; . 158 44 Dry as octopetala L. White Mountain Avens. -Jt'u •* -i ->r '' •'.-. :'' ;;'i": : ;i 164 44 Dryas Drummondii Rich. Drum- mond's Mountain Avens &\&$\ . 164 45 Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens . 162 45 Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don. Long- Plumed Purple Avens . . ^162 46 Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. Arc- tic Vetch . ' . .. . .172 46 Homalobus aboriginorum (Rich) Rydb. Indian Vetch . "'1~.w ., 172 47 Aragallus deflexus. (Pall.) Heller. Drooping Vetch . • • . •i- ' ;.'• •- . 176 17 Aragallus viscidulus Rydb. Sticky Oxytrope . . ,;f.rf [Mx'-i i •^ I • xx Illustrations FACING PAGE 48 Aragallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene. Loco-Weed ... jg0 48 Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. White Vetch . . .180 49 Empetrum nigrum L. Black Crowberry 182 49 Linum Lewisii Pursh. Wild Blue- Flax .... . . . Ig2 • 50 Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. Mountain Lover . ' ". jg^ 50 Viola adunca longipes (Nutt.) Rydb. Dog Violet . . . . 184 5 1 Elaeagnus argentea Pursh. Silver-Berry 1 90 51 Lepargyrasa canadensis (L.) Greene Buffalo-Berry -^A . . .190 52 Epilobium luteum Pursh. Yellow Willow-Herb , ;V ^tp..^ ii:rf z 52 Chamaenerion latifolium (L.) Sweet. Broad-Leaved Willow-Herb . .194 53 Chamasnerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. Fire-Weed . . .s . . jg6 53 Berberis aquifolium Pursh. Trailing Mahonia . .-;.-;; . . 196 54 Echinppanax horriduni. (Smith) Dec. & Planch. Devil's Club 200 Illustrations I'LATE FACING PAGE 55 Cornus canadensis intermedia Farr. Bunch-Berry ', - ... ; ^*; •"... 204 56 Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Liver -Leaf Wintergreen . . ., . . 208 56 Pyrola uliginosa Torr. Bog Winter- green . . --,.; . . . .. 208 56 Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. One- Flowered Wintergreen . .. . 208 57 Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Prince's Pine . ... . .210 57 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Bear-Berry . . . . .210 58 Oxycoccus oxy coccus (L.) MacM. Small Cranberry . .-, . . 212 58 Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray. Ovate- Leaved-Winter green . . , . 212 58 Vitis-idaea Vitis-idaea (L.) Britton. Mountain Cranberry . . .212 59 Cassiope Mertensiana (Bong.) Don. White Heath . . . .216 59 Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith) Don. Red False-Heather . .216 59 Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Rydb. White False-Heather ^ 216 60 Ledum groenlandicum QEder. Labra- dor Tea 218 xxii Illustrations PLATE FACING PAGE 60 Azaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb. White Mountain Rhododendron . 218 6 1 Menziesia ferruginea Smith. Smooth Menziesea . . . . .220 6 1 Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller. Dwarf Swamp-Laurel . . .220 62 Vaccinium erythrococcum Rydb. Alpine Bilberry . . . .222 62 Vaccinium globulare Rydb. Thin- Leaved Bilberry -« . ^ : 2 2 2 62 Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Blue- berry . - ,. ' '. ^ . r^5 222 63 Primula Maccalliana Wiegand. Mac- calla's Primrose . . \.". 228 63 Androsace carinata Torr. Sweet Androsace . . . 228 64 Trientalis arctica Fisch. Arctic Star- Flower \_ ... . 230 64 Dodecatheon conjugens Greene. Shoot- ing-Star . ;. .., ,.: . -230 65 Gentiana affinis Griseb. Large Gen- tian .... • 234 65 Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. Ro- manzoffia . *"J1' . . • 234 66 Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray. Mountain Phacelia . . .238 Illustrations xxiii PLATE FACING PAGE 66 Phacelia heterophylla Pursh . c-nJ 238 67 Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. False Forget-me-not ,tj»:ij, •**« -V 242 67 Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. Narrow-Leaved Puccoon . _ _.,.-.. 2 42 68 Collinsia parviflora Dougl. Small- Flowered Collinsia . . v_ ,. , . . . 248 68 Elephantella groenlandica (Retz.) Rydb. Long-Beaked Elephantella . 248 69 Pentstemon confertus Dougl. Yellow Beard-Tongue . . . . 250 69 Pentstemon pseudohumilis Rydb. . 250 70 Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene. Large Purple Beard-Tongue . ". 262 70 Pinguicula vulgaris L. Butterwort . 262 71 Linnaea americana Forbes. American Twin-Flower Jt u '..--v .. ,. 266 71 Lonicera ebractulata Rydb. Fly Honeysuckle ' . ' ' u!; . ' . ' .'I ' 266 72 Lonicera involucrata (Rich.) Banks. Involucred Fly Honeysuckle ..' ! .. 270 73 Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Wild Heliotrope . . . . .272 73 Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora Rydb. Brook Lobelia . . . .272 xxiv Illustrations I>LATE FACING PAGE 74 Hieracium umbellatum L. Narrow- Leaved Hawkweed .•/*»•;., . . ... 276 74 Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. 276 75 Erigeron acris L. Blue Fleabane . 288 75 Erigeron salsuginosus (Rich.) A. Gray. Large Purple Fleabane . .. . 288 75 Saussurea densa Hook. Saussurea . 288 76 Erigeron discoideus Rydb. , ' J/ 292 76 Erigeron melanocephalus A. Nelson. Black-Headed Fleabone *"'."! r';1 292 76 Erigeron multifidus Rydb. Cut- Leaved Fleabane . . '•• — •' itr^ 2^2 77 Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. '. '. 298 78 Erigeron aureus Greene. Golden Fleabane . . .' . "' ^'^ 302 78 Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Great- Flowered Gaillardia .' * ' ^ ' ' ' ' . 302 79 Arnica cordifolia Hook. Heart-Leaved Arnica '. . . .;* " '.. 304 79 Arnica louiseana Farr. Pale-Flowered Arnica :i . " . ' ' ; v' l-\ :- ^ ^04 GLOSSARY ACAULESCENT : with' stem so short that leaves appear to arise directly from root. ACHENE: a small, dry, one-seeded indehiscent, seed- like fruit. ACUMINATE: tapering gradually to a point. ACUTE : with an abrupt point. ADNATE: growing together as the stamens with the petals, or the anthers with the filament. ALTERNATE: (leaves) not opposite but arising at different points on the stem. • Stamens are al- ternate with petals when they are situated in the intervals. ANTHER: the part of the stamen which contains the pollen. APICAL: pertaining to the top or apex. AURICULATE: with ear-like appendages at base. AXIAL: pertaining to an axis. BILABIATE: two-lipped. BLADE: the expanded portion of a leaf. BRACT: a modified and usually small leaf at the base of a flower or flower-cluster. In the latter case it is usually associated with others. BRACTEOLATE: furnished with small bracts. C^SPITOSE: growing in tufts. CALYX : the outer whorl of floral leaves forming usually a green cup. CAMPANULATE : bell-shaped. CANESCENT: greyish- white, due usually to fine hairs. CAPILLARY: hair-like. xxvi Glossary CAPITATE: arranged in a head; knob-like. CAPSULE: a dry, dehiscent seed-vessel. CARPEL: a pistil-leaf. The pistil is regarded as being composed of one or more such carpels. CATKIN : the scaly, cylindrical flower-cluster of Willow, Birch, .etc. CAUDATE: with a tail-like appendage. CAUDEX: the perennial rootstock of an otherwise annual plant. CHARTACEOUS: papery or parchment-like. CILIATE : fringed with marginal hairs. CINEREOUS : ashen or greyish. CLEISTOGAMIC: (flowers) never opening as the late flowers of violets, etc. CONNATE: united. CORDATE: heart-shaped. CORIACEOUS: leathery. CORM: a solid bulb. CORYMBOSE: with a flat-topped or convex flower- cluster, the flower-stalks of which arise at different points on the axis, and of which the outermost flowers are the oldest. CRENATE: with rounded teeth. CRENULATE: with small rounded teeth. CUNEATE: wedge-shaped. CUSPIDATE : ending in a sharp, hard point. CYME: a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the flower-stalks of which arise at different points on the axis, and of which the innermost flowers are the oldest. DECIDUOUS: subject to fall, as leaves of most trees and calyx and corolla of most flowers before the fruit forms. DECUMBENT: (stems) reclining on the ground with summit tending to rise. Glossary xxvii DECURRENT: (leaves) with base prolonged below in- sertion and forming a sort of wing. DELTOID: broadly triangular. DENTATE:' toothed, usually with teeth projecting outwards. DENTICULATE: with little, outwardly projecting teeth. DIOECIOUS: having staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants. Disc : the central part of a head as opposed to the ray, e. g.t in the sun-flower. Also a fleshy expansion of the receptacle of the flower. DRUPE: a stone-fruit. DRUPELET: a small stone-fruit. ELLIPTIC: with the outline of an ellipse. ENTIRE : with the margin even and not toothed, lobed, or divided. EROSE: irregularly margined. FIMBRIATE: fringed. FLOCCOSE : with loose tufts of wool-like hairs. FOLIACEOUS: leaf -like. FOLLICLE : a fruit of one carpel (pistil-leaf) which splits only by one suture. FUSIFORM : spindle-shaped. GALEA: a helmet-shaped body. GLANDULAR: with small prominences which appear to have a secreting function. GLAUCOUS: covered with a bluish or white bloom. GLOBOSE : spherical. INCISED: sharply and irregularly cut into. INDUSIUM: the membrane covering the fruit-dots of ferns. INFERIOR: (side of flower) the one away from the axis of the flower-cluster; (ovary) united with the calyx-tube, the other floral parts apparently growing from its summit. xxviii Glossary • INFLORESCENCE: the mode of arrangement of flowers on the stem; the flower-cluster. INTERNODE : the portion of the stem between the places where the leaves arise. INVOLUCRE: a whorl of small leaves at the base of a flower or flower-cluster. KEEL: the lower petals of the peculiar corolla of the pea, etc., which are united in the form of the keel of a boat. LACINIATE: with deep, triangular, narrow lobes. LANATE: woolly. • LANCEOLATE : narrow and tapering at each end. LATERAL: pertaining to the side. LEAFLET: one of the divisions of the blade of a com- pound leaf. LINEAR: narrow and flat with the margins parallel. LYRATE: lyre-shaped. MONOECIOUS: having the separate staminate and pis- tillate flowers on the same plant. MUCRONATE: with a short, abrupt point. NODE : the point of the stem from which one or more leaves arise. OBLANCEOLATE: lance-shaped with the base tapering downwards. OBTUSE: blunt. ORBICULAR: circular. OVATE: egg-shaped (applied to flat bodies). OVOID: egg-shaped (applied to solids). PALMATE: (compound leaf) with the divisions so arranged that they radiate from the petiole like the fingers- of the hand. PANICLE: a branched, flower-cluster with the older flowers outermost. PANICULATE: with much branched open flower clusters. Glossary xxix PAPILLA : minute, blunt projections. PAPPUS: the bristles, awns, or hairs which crown the fruit of the Composites. PARIETAL : (placentas) attached to the wall of the ovary. PEDUNCLE: a flower-stalk. PERENNIAL: lasting from year to year. PERFOLIATE : (leaves) havipg the basal part so extended and united as to make it appear as though the stem grew through them. PERIANTH: the calyx and corolla collectively. PETAL: a corolla-leaf. PETALOID: petal-like. PETIOLE: the leaf -stalk. PINNAE: the primary divisions of a compound leaf. PINNATE : compound with leaflets arranged along a common axis. PINNATIFID: pinnately cleft. PINNULES: secondary pinnae. PLACENTA : the parts of the ovary to which the seeds are attached. PLUMOSE : feathery. POLLEN : the fertilising powder of the anther. POLYGAMOUS: having both perfect and imperfect flowers. PROSTRATE: lying flat on the ground. PUBERULENT: covered with tiny almost imperceptible hairs. PULVINI: cushions or pads. RACEME: a flower-cluster in which the stalked flowers are arranged along an elongated axis. RACEMOSE: raceme-like. RACHIS: the axis. RADICAL : arising from the root, or portion of the stem resembling the root. RECEPTACLE: the usually somewhat enlarged portion xxx Glossary of the stem on which parts of a flower or of a flower-cluster are borne. RENIFORM : kidney-shaped. REPAND: wavy -margined. RETICULATE : arranged like a network. REVOLUTE : rolled backward. RHIZOME: an underground stem; a rootstock. RHOMBIC: having the- shape of a four-sided figure with parallel and equal sides which may be either perpendicular or oblique to each other. RHOMBOID: of a somewhat rhombic shape. ROTATE: wheel-shaped. RUNCINATE : coarsely cut into with the segments turned backward. SAGITTATE: shaped like an arrow-head with the lobes turned downward. SAMARA: a simple, indehiscent, winged fruit. SAPROPHYTE : a plant which grows on dead organic matter. SCALE : a minute, rudimentary leaf. SCAPE: a leafless or nearly leafless flower-stalk arising from near the ground. SCARIOUS: dry, thin, membranous. SCURF: minute scales on the epidermis (skin). SEPALS : the divisions of the calyx. SERRATE: with teeth pointing forwards. SERRULATE: with minute forward pointing teeth. SESSILE : (leaf) without any stalk. SHEATH: a tubular structure such as is formed by the lower part of the leaves of grasses, etc. SILICLE : a short and broad silique. SILIQUE: the elongated two-valved and usually de- hiscent fruit of the Cress family. It is divided by a partition and the placentae are parietal. SINUATE: with a strongly wavy margin. Glossary xxxi SINUS: the recess between the lobes of a leaf. SORI: the fruit-dots of ferns. SPADIX : a fleshy spike as in the Araceae. SPATHE: a large bract or pair of bracts enclosing a flower or an inflorescence. SPATULATE : spoon-shaped. SPIKE: a flower-cluster in which the flowers are stalk- less on an elongated axis. SPORANGES : the sacs containing the spores. SPORE: the reproductive body of ferns. SPOROPHYLL: leaf-like organ or receptacle containing spores. STAMEN: the organ of the flower which produces the pollen. STAMINODIA: sterile stamens or structures which are developed in the place of stamens. STELLATE : star-shaped. STIPE: the leaf-stalk of a fern. STIPULE : an appendage such as is found at the base of many leaf-stalks. STOLON : a trailing and rooting shoot. STRIATE: marked with slender, longitudinal stripes. STRICT : straight and upright. STYLE : (of pistil) the elongated portion at top of ovary. SUBULATE : awl-shaped. SUPERIOR: (side of flower) the one next the axis of a flower-cluster; (ovary) free from calyx tube. TERETE: cylindrical, circular in cross-section. TERNATE: in threes. TOMENTOSE: clothed with matted wool-like hairs. TORULOSE: knobby; swollen at intervals. TRUNCATE: as if cut off at the top. TUBERCLE: a small knob-like outgrowth. TURBINATE: top-shaped. UMBEL: an umbrella-like flower-cluster. xx*ii Glossary UNDULATE : wavy. VALVATE : (leaves in bud) meeting by the margins, not overlapping. VERTICILLATE: whorled. VEXILLUM: the standard of the peculiar flower of pea, etc. VILLOUS : with long soft hairs. GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES PLANTS WITHOUT FLOWERS FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES Leaves large, fern-like. Sporanges in a spike or panicle above the sterile leaf. Ophioglossaceae. Sporanges borne in sori, on the backs or margins of the leaves. Polypodiaceae. Leaves small, reduced to scales. Stems erect, hollow, jointed, rush-like; leaves re- duced to sheaths at the joints; Sporanges in the terminal, cone-like spike. Equisetacese. Stems not hollow, creeping; leaves numerous, scale- like; Sporanges of one kind, solitary in the axils of the leaves. Lycopodiaceae. Stems creeping, moss-like; leaves numerous; spor- anges of two kinds in the axils of the upper leaves, which are formed into a quadrangular spike. Selaginellaceae. PLANTS WITH FLOWERS WOODY STEMMED PLANTS; TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES TREES OR SHRUBS WITH RESINOUS JUICE', LEAVES USUALLY EVERGREEN. Fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like. Pinacese. Fruit a fleshy crimson berry. Taxaceae. xxxiv General Key to Families TREES, SHRUBS, OR VINES WITH WATERY JUICE. Leaves deciduous. Flowers in catkins. • Staminate and pistillate catkins on different plants; seed with white, silky hairs. Salicaceae. Staminate and pistillate catkins on the same plant; fruit cone-like. Betulacese. Flowers not in catkins. (A) Trees. Leaves simple, not lobed; flowers white. Drupacese. Leaves lobed; flowers greenish-yellow. Aceraceae. Leaves pinnate; flowers white. Pomacese. (B) Shrubs or vines. *Stems spiny erect or trailing, (a) Leaves simple or lobed. Flowers small in dense terminal racemes. Araliaceae. Flowers few in axillary clusters or ra- cemes. Grossulariaceae. (6) Leaves pinnate or palmate. Rosaceae. **Stems not spiny but with minute scales; fruit silver, scarlet or orange berries. Elaeagnaceae. ***Stems erect, smooth. • (a) Petals distinct. f Leaves simple. Flowers small, in flat heads or clusters. Petals 4 ; stamens 4. Cornaceae. Petals 5 ; stamens numerous. Rosaceae. General Key to Families xxxv Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes ; petals 5 ; stamens numerous. Fruit a berry. Drupaceae. Fruit a pome. Pomacese. ft Leaves pinnate ; flowers yellow. Rosaceae. (6) Petals united. Flowers small, short-campanulate in axillary or terminal heads. Caprifoliaceae. Flowers large, funnelform, in terminal or axillary clusters (Azaleastrwri) Ericaceae. Flowers bell or urn-shaped, few, axillary. Vacciniaceae. ****Stems creeping or twining, smooth or hairy. Flowers with distinct petals, blue or purple. (Atragene). Rammculaceae. Flowers with united petals. Corolla tubular. Caprifoliaceae. Corolla bell-shaped. Ericaceae. Leaves evergreen; shrubs or vines. Leaves pinnate ; flowers yellow. Berberidaceae. Leaves simple. Flowers inconspicuous; fruit a black berry. Empetraceae. Flowers showy, open, campanulate or urn> shaped, white or pink. Ericaceae. HERBACEOUS PLANTS Plants without leaves. Parasitic on branches or stems of evergreens. Loranthaceae. Not parasitic on trees ; roots coral-like. (Corallorhiza) Orchidaceae. xxxvi General Key to Families Plants with leaves. Leaves parallel-veined. (A) Flowers small, collected on a spadix. Aracese. (B) Flowers not collected on a spadix. *Flowers regular; corolla lobes 6; stamens 6. (a) Leaves grass-like, mostly at the base. Flowers white or greenish. Melanthacese. Flowers pink. (Allium). . Liliacese. Flowers blue. (Sisyrinchium} . Iridacese. (6) Leaves not grass-like, mostly on the stem. Flowers white or pink. Convallariacese. Flowers green. Melanthacese. Flowers yellow or orange. Liliacese. Flowers red or wine-color. (Kruhsea.) Convallariaceae. ** Flowers irregular, frequently with broad or inflated lip and spur. Orchidacese. Leaves not parallel-veined. (A) Flowers small, in close heads surrounded by an involucre. Flowers all alike, florets ligulate. Cichoriacese. Flowers not alike, central ones tubular, mar- ginal usually with rays. Carduacese (B) Flowers in umbels at the ends of the stems or branches. Umbels broad, flat or nearly so, flowers white, yellow, or purple. Apiaceae. Umbels round. Flowers greenish; leaves compound. Araliaceae. Flowers white or pink; leaves simple. (Eriogonum. ) Polygonacese. (C) Flowers not in umbels. * Flowers regular. General Key to Families xxxvii (a) Flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals ; corolla pink. Portulacaceae. (fc) Flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petals; seeds triangular. Polygonaceae. (c) Flowers with 4 sepals and 4 petals. Stem angular; leaves in whorls. Rubiaceae. Stem round; leaves not in whorls. Stamens 6, erect. Brassicaceae. Stamens 8, spreading. Onagraceae. (d) Flowers with 5 sepals or petals, distinct, f Stamens as many or twice as many as the corolla lobes. Stems swollen at the nodes. Caryophyllaceae . Stems not swollen at the nodes. Stem leaves numerous, entire, thin; flowers in terminal or axillary clus- ters, white or greenish. Santalaceae. Leaves basal, entire; flowers solitary on a i -leaved scape. Parnassiaceae. Leaves mostly basal, lobed or cut; flowers in a close spike or head. Saxifragaceae. Leaves and stems fleshy. Follicles 2. Saxifragaceae. Follicles 4. Crassulaceae. Leaves numerous, stiff, awl-shaped; stems low, tufted Saxifragaceae. ttStamens more than twice as many as the corolla lobes. §Leaves basal or mostly so. Leaves evergreen, simple or lobed, flowers yellow or white, solitary on naked scapes. (Dryas.) Rosaceae. xxxviii General Key to Families Leaves not evergreen, simple, lobed, or much divided. Smooth. Stems erect or floating. Ranunculaceae. Stems creeping. Flowers white or pink. Rosaceae. Flowers yellow. Ranunculaceas. Rough-hairy. Flowers yellow or pink. Rosacese. Flowers white, blue or purple. Ranunculaceae. §§Leaves mostly on the stem. Leaves finely cut; stems creeping; flowers white. Rosacese. Leaves entire. Leaves bright green, black dotted; flowers yellow. Hypericacege. Leaves glaucous, without black dots ; flowers blue. Linacese. (e) Flowers with 5 sepals and 5 united petals or lobes. tStamens 3; flowers small, in terminal clusters. Valerianacese. ft Stamens 5. Opposite to the corolla lobes. Primulaceae. Alternate with the corolla lobes. Stems smooth, leafy; corolla cam- panulate. Stem leaves broad; flowers pink. Apocynaceae. Stem leaves narrow; flowers blue Campanulaceae. General Key to Families xxxix Stems rough-hairy. Corolla salver-form: stamens in- cluded. Boraginaceae. Corolla tubular; stamens exserted. Hydrophyllaceae. ttfStamens 10; flowers mostly in terminal heads or singly. Pyrolaceae. ** Flowers irregular. (a) Leaves all entire and basal, forming ro- settes; flowers blue. Lentibulariaceae. (6) Leaves all heart-shaped ; flowers blue, white or yellow. Violaceae. (c) Leaves not heart-shaped, simple or much cut, not pinnate. Stems square; flowers in close verticels in the axils of the leaves or in terminal heads. Menthaceae. Stems round; flowers numerous in elon- gated terminal leafy heads or few on slender stems in the axils- of the upper leaves. Scrophulariaceae. (d) Leaves palmate ; flowers blue in elongated spikes. Ranunculaceae. (e) Leaves pinnately divided ; flowers pea-like. Papilionaceae. (/) Leaves compoundly lobed, not pin- nate. Stems low, spreading, flowers small in dense terminal or axillary spikes. Papaveraceae. Stems erect; flowers drooping in open ter- minal heads, either showy and spurred or not showy and without spurs ; leaves maiden-hair fern-like. Ranunculaceae. Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains OPHIOGLOSSACE^E Adder' s-Tongue Family More or less succulent fern-like plants, consisting of a stem and leaf growing from a fleshy root. Sporophyll in the form of a spike or panicle. Botrychium » 2~12 ^ches high. lunaria (L.) Leaf usually sessile, borne at or Sw. above the middle of the stem, Moon-won. pinnate with 2_8 pairs of moon. like or fan-shaped lobes which vary from cre- nate to entire and either close and folded together or distant; spore-bearing portion 2 Ophioglossaceae 2-3 pinnate, often dense, 1-2 inches long, about as high as the leaf. In open or exposed situations, frequently on the tops of the highest mountains, rather rare; occurring in midsummer. Botrychium Plant 2-6 inches high, slender and simplex E. very variable. Leaf ovate, ob- Hitchcock. ovate or oblong, entire, lobed or Small Moon- , -, -, « . , pinnately parted, borne near the wort. base of the stem; spore-bearing portion a simple or slightly compound spike, sometimes reduced to only a few sporanges; apex of the leaf and spore-bearing portion erect in fruit. In alpine meadows or grassy slopes, frequently through the Rockies but very inconspicuous; during summer. Stem slender, 4 inches to 2 feet Botrychium virginianum high. Leaf thin, ternately di- (L.) Sw. vided and spreading 3-12 inches vrgwvM across, pinnately much divided Grape Fern. into oblong-toothed segments ; spore-bearing portion long-stalked, much Polypodiaceae 3 above the leaf 2-3 pinnate, cinnamon brown, when ripe. In rich moist woods, sparingly throughout the region during the summer. POLYPODIACE.E Fern Family Ferns of various habits, the rootstocks horizontal, often elongated or short and erect ; the leaves simple, pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound, coiled at the ends when young. Sporanges borne in clusters (sort) on the lower side or margins of the leaves or their segments, with or without a membranous covering (mdusium). Represented in the region by the following 10 genera. Sori without indusia, leaves 2-3 pinnate or ternate. Phegopteris. Sori with marginal indusia formed by the more or less altered edge of the leaf. Sporanges at the ends of the veins, borne on a re- flexed portion of the leaf. Adiantum. Sporanges on a continuous vein-like receptacle which connects the apices of the veins. Pteridium. Polypodiaceae Sporanges at or near the ends of the unconnected veins. Leaves of two kinds, the spore-bearing ones con- tracted and more or less pod-like. Cryptogramma. Leaves uniform; sori minute, indusium usually interrupted. Cheilanthes. Sori not marginal, provided with spinal indusia. Sori oblong on oblique veins; leaves pinnate. Asplenium. Sori round. Indusium conspicuous. Leaves firm ; indusium peltate. Polystichum. Leaves membranous; indusium reniform. Dryopteris. Indusium inconspicuous. Indusium under the sorus, stellately divided. Woodsia. Indusium hooded, fixed by a broad base. Filix. ,,, Rootstock short, thick, erect or Fnegopteris alpestris oblique; stems 4-10 inches long (Hoppe) with a few brown spreading Mett- scales near the base; leaves 1-2 Western f , Beech Fern. feet long' oblong-lanceolate, thrice pinnate, the pinnae del- toid-lanceolate, the lower ones distant and smaller, pinnules oblong-lanceolate, finely cut-toothed; sori small, rounded and nearly marginal. Polypodiaceae 5 On moist banks in the Selkirks, frequent especially in the vicinity of Glacier, where it forms clumps of considerable diameter, up to 7000 feet elevation. Phegopteris R°otst°ck slender and creeping; Phegopteris stems 6-9 inches long; leaves (L.) Un- triangular, thin, usually longer than broad, 6-9 inches long, Long Beech . . 4-6 inches broad, hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinnae > linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward, segments oblong, obtuse, entire, the basal ones joined to the main rachis; sori small, near the margin. In moist woods in the Selkirks at the lower elevations, not common. Phegopteris Rootstock slender, extensively Dryopteris creeping; leaves or short black (L.) F£e. stipes, broadly triangular 4-8 inches wide, the three primary divisions 1-2 pinnate, segments oblong, ob- tuse, entire or toothed; sori near the margin. In moist woods and thickets throughout 6 Polypodiaceae the region at the lower altitudes, frequently forming beds of considerable size. Adiantum Rootstock slender, creeping; pedatum L. stems 9-18 inches long, dark Maidenhair chestnut brown or nearly black, shining, forked into nearly equal branches at the summit; leaves obliquely orbicular in outline, 8-18 inches broad, thin, the pinnae arising from the branches of the stem, somewhat radiately arranged, the* larger ones 6-10 inches long, 1-2 inches broad, pinnules triangular-oblong, or the terminal one fan-shaped, the lower margin entire and slightly curved, the upper cut, bearing the linear-oblong son. Sparingly throughout the region in woods or moist shaded situations, among rocks. Pteridium Rootstock stout, widely creeping, aquilinum subterranean; stems hairy, 1-2 pubescens feet high, erect, straw-colored Underw. or brownish, leaves soft hairy, especially on the under surface, Polypodiaceae 7 2-4 feet long, 1-3 feet wide, ternate, the three branches each bipinnate, the upper pinnules undivided, the lower more or less pinnatifid. In dry woods, thickets, and open hillsides, throughout the region. Rootstock stout, short, and chaffy; stems densely tufted, ma acrosti- choides R. straw-colored, 2-6 inches long, Br. Amer- very slender, chaffy below; ican Rock- leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate brake. . . .. , in outline, thin, smooth, 2-3 pinnate, the sterile shorter than the fertile, their segments and pinnules crowded, ovate- oblong or obovate, crenate or slightly sharply cut ; fertile leaves with linear or linear oblong segments half an inch long, the margins at first rolled back to the midrib, at maturity expanded and exposing the light brown sporanges. Forming tufts among rocks through- out the region but most frequent in the Selkirks. 8 Polypodiaceae Rootstock slender, creeping, Cryptogram- thread_lik gtems slender gcat_ ma Stellen (S. G. tered 2-3 inches long, dark Gmel.) brown; leaves thin, ovate in Prantl. outline 2-5 inches long, 1-2 C*7 xJ inches wide, 2-3 pinnate or Chff-brake pinnatifid above, the fertile taller, with narrower pinnules and segments, pinnae lanceolate-deltoid, cut to the rachis, in few lobed or entire segments; indusium broad; veins conspicuous. In crevices of damp or dripping rocks, preferably limestone, in the Rockies up to 7000 feet elevation; not common. Cheilanthes Rootstock creeping, covered with F£ei Moore, pale rusty-brown scales ; stems Hairy Lip tufted, wiry, chestnut brown, 2-4 inches long, hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline 4-9 inches long, gradually attenuate to' the apex, twice pinnate; pinnules somewhat distant, lance- olate-deltoid, acute, deeply pinnatifid or incised, more or less covered with stiff Polypodiaceae 9 hairs and usually somewhat glandular; sori numerous, covered by the infolded ends of the rounded oblong lobes. On rocks and among broken stones at the lower altitudes of the eastern Rockies; grow- ing in matted masses. Asplenium Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy viride Huds. with brown scales ; stems nu- Green merous, densely tufted, brown- Spleenwort. ish beloWj green aDOve; leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-8 inches long, once pin- nate, pale green, with 12-20 pairs of ovate or rhomboid, crenate, obtuse, unequal- sided pinnules; sori oblong, numerous, or scattered. On dry rocks and slides, frequent through the Rockies. Rootstock creeping, rather slen- Asplenium Filix-foem- ina (L.) stems tufted, 6-10 inches long; Bemh. straw-colored, brownish or red- Lady Fern. d{^ ^^ scattered brown scales which are large and numerous at the broad- ened base; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate, jo Polypodiaceae pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, 4-8 inches long; pinnules lanceolate, incised or serrate, sori short, the indusia straight or variously curved. In moist woods and thickets throughout the region but especially in the Selkirks, being a common fern in the woods in the vicinity of Glacier. Polystichum Rootstock short, stout, and Lonchitis densely chaffy ; stems 1-5 inches (L.) Roth. long, bearing large dark-brown Holly Fern. ^\e$, with some smaller ones; leaves rigid, leathery, and evergreen, nar- rowly lanceolate in outline, once pinnate; pinnae broadly lanceolate, scythe-shaped, 1-2 inches long, acute or acuminate at the apex, with an ear-like projection on the upper side at the base, and with a nearly straight edge on the lower, densely spiny- toothed ; sori large, nearer the margin than the midrib. In large tufts among rocks throughout the region. Polypodiaceae 1 1 Rootstock stout, ascending, or Dryopteris Filix-mas erect, chaffy; stems 4-6 inches (L.) Schott. long, very chaffy below; leaves Male Fern. broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed at the base, 1-3 feet long, rather firm, half evergreen, pinnate or, partly 2-pinnate; pinnae lanceolate, broadest at the base, gradually acuminate, 3-6 inches long, pinnatifid almost to the rachis, or pinnately divided into oblong, smooth lobes; sori large, borne near the margin, more numerous on the lower halves of the segments. In rocky woods in the Selkirks on the lower slopes of Mt. Macdonald. Rootstock stout, chaffy; stems 6- 1 8 inches long, bearing large spinulosa dilatata brown scales with dark centres: (Hoffm.) leaves broadly ovate or trian- Underw. gular ovate, commonly 3-pin- ptn ose ^^^ pinnules lanceolate-oblong, Shield Fern. the lowest often much elongated ; sori medium size; indusium smooth. In moist woods through the Selkirks, 1 2 Polypodiaceae probably the most abundant fern in the vicinity of Glacier. Dryopteris Rootstock short, erect or de- oreopteris cumbent, scaly; stems light bluish green, smooth, usu- Swamp ally producing upright branches Horsetail. after the spores are formed; sheaths appressed with about 18 dark brown or nearly black, short acute teeth. In sloughs and shallow ponds throughout the region, frequent. Stems stiff, evergreen, 2-4 feet Equisetum byemale L. hi£h> Toughf 8-34-furrowed, the Common ridges with two distinct lines Scouring- of tubercles ; sheaths rather long, rush' cylindric, marked with one or two black girdles, teeth dark brown or nearly black and membranous, soon deciduous; spikes tipped with a rigid point. Equisetaceae 17 In wet places and on banks and slides in the valley of the Kicking Horse River. Stems perennial, slender, ever- Equisetum . variegatum Sreen' 6~l8 lncheS lonS' r°USh' Schl. Vari- usually simple from a branched egated base, commonly tufted, 5-10 Equisetum. f urrowe(j ; sheaths companulate, distinctly 4-keeled, green variegated with black above; the teeth 5-10, each tipped with a deciduous bristle. In moist, sandy soil throughout the region up to an elevation of 7000 feet, sometimes forming large patches. Equisetum Stems perennial, evergreen, very scirpoides slender, 3-6 inches long, rough, Michx. flexuous and curving, growing in tufts closely matted to the ground, mostly 6-furrowed with acute ridges, simple or branching from near the base ; sheaths black, with three membranous rather persistent bristle-tipped teeth. On moist sandy shaded banks throughout the Rockies. 1 8 Lycopodiaceae LYCOPODIACE^ Club-moss Family Branching, moss-like plants with small lanceolate or subulate, sometimes oblong or roundish simple leaves, arranged in two or many ranks on trailing or sometimes erect, usually branched stems. Sporanges solitary in the axils of the leaves or on their upper surfaces. • Stems usually yellowish through- Lycopodium Selago L. oirt> 3~6 inches high, thick, rigid, Fir Club- erect, 2-5 times forked, the moss. branches forming a level topped cluster; leaves crowded, uniform, ascending, elongated, lanceolate with a spiny tip, the upper mostly 8 -ranked and sterile, those below bearing small sporanges in their axils, leaves of the lower half of the stems again sterile; plant propagated also by enlarged bud-like organs. Throughout the region in alpine meadows and slopes above 6000 feet elevation. Lycopodiaceae 19 Lycopodium StemS much branched> Bender, annotinum prostrate and creeping, rather L. Stiff stiff, 1-4 feet long, the branches Club-moss. simiiarj ascending 5-8 inches high, sparingly forked ; leaves uniform, spread- ing, 5 -ranked, rigid, linear-lanceolate, min- utely serrulate, nerved below, spikes solitary or several at the ends of the branches,, oblong, cylindric i-i J inches long, composed of ovate or ovate-cordate, short acuminate and denticulate bracts, each with a sporange in its axil. In woods throughout the region, frequent. Stems extensively creeping, 1-4 Lycopodium clavatum L. f66^ l°ng wn^n similar short, Running irregular ascending or decum- Pine. bent, densely leafy branches; leaves much crowded, many ranked, in- curved, linear-subulate, bristle-tipped, the lower denticulate, the upper nearly entire or slightly decurrent on either side; spikes 1-4 on long peduncles; bracts membranous, roundish, and irregularly denticulate below. 20 Lycopodiaceae In dry woods and open grounds, rather rare in the region, observed only in the Selkirks around Glacier and Roger's Pass. Sterns prostrate, 8— 1 2 inches long, Lycopodium sitchensis on or a n'ttle beneath the surface ; Rupr. sending up frequent branched Arctic Club- stems which form compact masses of vertical, compressed branches 2-3 inches high, with occasional stronger, spike-bearing branches; leaves lan- ceolate with a broad base, spreading and curving upwards, thick, entire, acute, in five rows on the branchlets; the spikes nearly sessile. On grassy alpine slopes 6000 feet and upwards in the Selkirks, especially in the region about Glacier. Stems extensively creeping, with Lycopodium com la • erect or ascending remform or natum L. fan-shaped branches, several Trailing times forked above with crowded Christmas- flattened branchlets; leaves minute, overlapping, flattened, Lycopodiaceae 2 1 4-ranked, the lateral row with somewhat spreading tips; peduncle slender, 2-6 inches high, forked, bearing 2-4 linear-cylindric spikes, bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, with pale irregularly cut margins. In mossy woods at the lower altitudes, more or less frequent throughout the region, especially in the Rockies. Lycopodium Stems P^strate, 8-20 inches alpinum L. long on or near the surface of Alpine the ground, forming numerous, Club-moss. several times branched clusters 2-3 inches high with glaucous leaves, and occasional stouter, compressed spike-bearing stems, extending above the others; leaves 4-ranked, erect, flattened, those of the lateral rows two to three times larger than those intermediate; spikes sessile, few, J-f of an inch long. In alpine meadows, on slopes, and in open woods throughout the region from 6000 feet upwards. 22 Selaginellaceae SELAGINELLACE^J Selaginella Family Moss-like plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves which are many ranked and uniform, or 4-ranked and of two types spreading in two planes. Sporanges solitary in the axils of the leaves which are so ar- ranged as to form more or less quadrangular spikes. Sterile stems, prostrate and Selaginella . n j 1 j r creeping, small and slender; fer- selagmoides (L.) Link. ^e stems thicker, ascending, Low Selagi- simple 1-3 inches high; leaves nella. lanceolate, acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate ; spikes solitary at the ends of the fertile branches, bracts lax, ascending lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strongly fringed. A light green moss-like plant growing in wet sandy grounds in the Rockies; not infrequent. Pinaceae 23 Selagineila Densely tufted sterile branches densa very short and crowded ; leaves, Rydb. densely crowded, many-ranked linear or needle-shaped in age, slightly flat- tened and grooved on the upper side, the margin fringed, tipped with a white bristle; fertile branches erect, the spikes quad- rangular ^-f of an inch long, bracts folded together, thick, triangular-ovate, fringed on the margin and tipped with a white bristle half as long as that of the leaves. In sterile dry ground and on exposed rocks throughout the region from the bases to the tops of the highest mountains, forming grayish-green mats on the ground. Pine Family Resinous trees and shrubs mostly with evergreen, narrow, entire or scale-like leaves; the pollen sacks and ovules borne in separate spikes; fruit a cone with numerous, several 24 Pinaceae or few, woody, papery or fleshy scales, some- times berry-like; seed wingless or winged. Scales of the fruit numerous, alternate; leaf buds scaly. Leaves in clusters. Clusters ensheathed at the base, containing 2, 3, or 5 leaves. Pinus. Clusters not ensheathed at the base containing many leaves. Larix. Leaves solitary. Cones erect ; scales deciduous. Abies. Cones pendent ; scales persistent. Branchlets smooth; bracts 3 -toothed. Pseudotsuga. Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases. Leaves petioled, not pungent. Tsuga. Leaves sessile, pungent. Picea. Scales of the fruit few, opposite ; leaf buds naked. Fruit fleshy and berry-like. Juniperus. Fruit a dry cone. Thuja. A tree 20 or 30 feet high generally Pinus albi- caulis En- with a short trunk 2-4 feet in gelm. diameter, stout, very flexible White-bark branches, often standing nearly erect and forming an open irregular broad head; often a low shrub and nearly prostrate at high altitudes; bark Pinaceae 25 thin with creamy- white plate-like scales; leaves stout, rigid, slightly incurved, clus- tered at the ends of the branches 1^-2 J inches long; cones- oval or subglobose horizontal, sessile, dark purple, 1^-3 inches long with thickened acute scales. On alpine slopes and exposed ridges from 5000 feet elevation upward, occurring oc- casionally in the Rockies, but frequent throughout the Selkirks at or near the timber line. A tree 40-80 feet high with Pinus Mur- « c . 1. a trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, tayana Oreg. Com. slender, strict; branches fre- Black Pine, quently persistent nearly to the Jack Pine. j^gg of the stem, somewhat pendulous below, ascending near the top of the tree, forming a pyramidal spire- topped head ; bark thin, close, light orange- brown with appressed scales; leaves 2 in a a bundle, yellowish green, 1-3 inches long, stout; cones yellowish-brown and shining oval to sub-cylindric oblique at the base, often 26 Pinaceae clustered f— 2 inches long, with slightly con- cave scales with slender deciduous prickles. The most abundant tree at the lower alti- tudes throughout the Rockies, frequently covering vast tracts, and rising on the moun- tain sides to 6000 feet or occasionally higher. A tree usually 40-50 feet high Lyallii with a diameter of 18-20 inches Parl. and remote, elongated, tough, Lyall's persistent, nearly black branches, with prominent winter buds with conspicuous long white matted hairs fringing the margins of their scales and often nearly concealing the buds; bark on the old trunks J to | of an inch thick, pale gray, divided into shallow irregular plates; leaves many in a cluster, 4-angled, slender, blue-green i-ij inches long; young cones showy with dark red or yellow-green scales and dark purple bracts; when mature, ovate iJ-2 inches long with reddish-purple scales and long tipped dark purple bracts. An alpine tree occurring with more or * i Pinaceae 27 less frequency throughout the Rockies from Banff to Field, from 6000 to 8000 feet elevation, at or near the tree limit, often much stunted and almost shrub-like; very abundant on the mountain^ in the region about Lake Louise. A tree usually 40-100 feet high Abies lasio- caipa w™ a trunk I-5 feet m diameter, (Hook) short crowded tough branches, Nutt. Sub- usually slightly pendulous near alpine Fir, ^ bage and forming dense Balsam Fir. spire-like slender heads; bark rough on the older trees, with thick, ap- pressed, cinnamon-red scales; leaves pale blue-green flat, i— if inches long on the lower branches, rounded or notched at the apex; on the upper branches thickened, not more than J an inch long,, flattened and closely appressed with long rigid points; cones, oblong-cylindric, rounded, truncate or de- pressed at the narrowed apex, dark purple and soft hairy, 1^-4 inches long with scales gradually narrowed from the broad rounded 28 Pinaceae apex to the base, about 3 times as long as the bracts. This tree the Balsam of the region is found throughout on the higher mountain slopes and summits, frequently forming the timber line in which case it is shrub-like and stunted. A magnificent tree 80-100 feet Pseudotsuga high> with a tnmk 2_3 feet {n macronata ,t i (Raf) diameter, or frequently larger, Sudw. with slender crowded branches Douglas and long pendulous lateral ones Spruce, forming, while the tree is young, Red Fir. an open pyramid, soon decidu- ous from the trees crowded in the forest and leaving the bare trunk naked for f of its height and surmounted by a comparatively small, narrow head; bark on the young trees, smooth, dark gray-brown and lustrous, on the old trunks several inches thick, divided into oblong plates broken into irregularly connected ridges; leaves crowded, yellowish- green, straight or slightly curved, narrow, f-ij inches long, obtuse or acute at the Pinaceae 29 apex; cones pendent on long stout stems, 2-4 J inches long, with thin slightly concave scales; bracts often extending half an inch beyond the scales. Throughout the Rockies in the lower wooded valleys, the handsomest tree of this section especially when young, now rather rare in the mature state along the line of the railway, but may be so seen to perfec- tion in the Yoho and some of the other out- lying valleys. A tree frequently 200 feet high, het^rophylla with a trunk 6~10 feet in diam~ (Raf.) Sarg. eter, with short slender usually Western pendulous branches forming a Hemlock. narrow pyramidal head; bark orange-brown, thin when young, an inch or more thick on mature trees and divided, into broad flat ridges; leaves flat, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, marked below by broad white bands; cones sessile, oblong or oval, f-i inch long with few yellow- ish-brown oblong scales abruptly contracted 30 Pinaceae at the middle and purplish toward the base. Abundant throughout the Selkirks. Tree usually 70-100 feet high with a tapering trunk 2-5 feet Mertensiana (Bong.) in diameter and gracefully pen- Carr. dent slender branches and droop- Mountain jng lateral Qnes; bark g^sh Hemlock. « n and scaly, on mature trees i-ij inches thick divided into rounded ridges with closely appressed cinnamon scales; leaves more or less in clusters, standing out all over the sides of the branches, rounded, light bluish-green or in some pale blue J-i inch long; cones sessile, cylindric, oblong, narrowed toward the blunt apex and some- what toward the base, pendulous, 1-3 inches long, with thin scales usually as broad as long,, with slightly thickened or erose mar- gins, purplish-brown, 4 times as long as the sharp, purple bract. On the slopes and exposed ridges through the Selkirks, a most attractive tree. V A Pinaceae 31 A tree 30-60 feet high, slender, bertiana S strict ; twigs smooth and shining Brown. or occasionally glandular, hairy, Alberta but never glaucous, yellowish- Spruce. brown when young becoming darker with age, leaf -bases long and stand- ing out at right angles from the stem; leaves pale blue or blue- green, J— i inch long, nearly straight or curved, acute or with a rigid tip, 4-sided ; cones ovate or ob- long, bright crimson when young, at maturity i-ij inches long and nearly as broad when expanded, scales stiff and rigid, broadly rounded at the apex, entire, broader than long, cinnamon brown with a chestnut edging;' bract very small with a sharply angular tip. The common spruce in the lower valleys and river bottoms throughout the Rockies. A tree often 150 feet high but PiceaEngel- usually much lower, with a manm (Parry) trunk reaching 4-5 feet in di- Engelm. ameter ; spreading branches, pro- Engelmann's duced ^ regular whorls and Spruce. forming a narrow compact py- 32 Pinaceae ramidal head, and gracefully hanging short lateral branches ; bark when mature reddish- brown and broken into thin scales; leaves soft and flexible, slender or slightly incurved, stouter on the fertile branches, J-iJ inches long, glaucous when young, becoming dark blue-green ; cones oblong-cylindric, 1-2 inches long, lustrous, light chestnut brown with thin flexible wedge-shaped scales, with erose- dentate margins. On the higher mountain slopes in the Rockies, but much lower in the valleys of the Selkirks, where it grows to a great size. . erug A depressed rigid shrub, with Siberica many slender, decumbent stems, Burgs. curving upward and forming a Alpine circular mass frequently 10 feet in diameter and 18 inches high; bark reddish-brown; leaves numerous J-J an inch long, awl-shaped, rigid, spreading nearly at right-angles to the branches, lin- ear-lanceolate, acute, and tipped with sharp, slender points; channelled and whitened c 4_ranked, acute, with a short spiny point; berry-like cones, light blue and glaucous, a third of an inch in diameter. On dry stony ground and slopes through- out the Rockies. Thuja A tree frequently 200 feet high plicata Don. with a broad, gradually tapering Giant Cedar, buttressed base sometimes 15 feet in diameter; branches short, horizontal, usually pendulous at the ends, bright yellow- green during the first year, becoming reddish brown and lustrous; bark thin, cinnamon- 34- Taxaceae red, divided into broad rounded ridges by shallow fissures; leaves ovate, long pointed, \ of an inch long or less; cones purplish- brown, much reflexed, clustered at the ends of the branches, J inch long with 6 oblong thin leathery scales with thickened spine- bearing tips. Occasionally met with in the lower valleys on the western slope of the Rockies; be- coming an immense forest tree in the moist valleys of the Selkirks where it forms a striking feature of the landscape. TAXACE.E Yew Family Trees or shrubs with narrow flat evergreen or deciduous leaves and a drupe-like fruit. Taxus brevi- A Sma11 straggling tree or shrub folia Nutt. seldom over 20 feet high and up Western to 12 inches in diameter; bark Yew- thin, covered with greenish pur- Araceae 35 pie scales; leaves about J an inch long, linear-lanceolate, flat, dark yellowish-green above, paler below with stout midribs and rigid points; fruit a fleshy crimson disc J of an inch long and as broad, surroundr ing the hard, nearly black, depressed seed. Occurs locally in the Selkirks, forming much of the underwood on Beaver Creek. Arum Family Smooth perennial herbs with tuberous or .corn-like rootstocks and mostly basal, large showy leaves; flowers small and numerously crowded on a spadix which is generally surrounded or subtended by a simple showy leaf -like organ called a spathe. A very numerous family found mostly in the tropics and represented in our region by but a single species. 36 Melanthaceae A stemless marsh plant with Lysichiton j j f t , g . kamtschat- * >' / cense (L ) inches wide, oblong or oblong- Schott. lanceolate, acute, narrowed be- We stem jOw into a short petiole. Flowers Skunk Cab- appearing before the ieaves; bage. spathe yellow with a broad acute blade 2-6 inches long, narrowed below to a sheathing petiole 3-10 inches long; spadix 2-4 inches long, densely flowered, on a stout peduncle 8 inches or more long. In wet and marshy spots through the Selkirks. Very abundant near Bear Creek Station on the railway, flowering in early spring. MELANTHACEAE • Bunch-Flower Family Lily-like plants with leafy stems, usually with tufts of grass-like leaves at the base and rootstocks or occasionally bulbs. The flowers small and distinctly 6-parted, Melanthaceae 37 with the same number of stamens and three styles ; the flowers grow in close heads at the top of the stems. Anthers, i -celled. Leaves broad, petioles sheathing. Veratrum. Leaves grass-like. Flowers erect with a gland at the base of each petal. Zygadenus. Flowers nodding, petals without glands. Stenanthella. Anthers, 2 -celled. Tofieldia. Stem 2-8 feet high, very leafy, Veratrum viride Ait s°ftly hairy especially above. American Leaves dark green above, paler White and hairy beneath, prominently Hellebore. veiny and sheathing at the base, oval or elliptic, acute, 6-12 inches long, 3-6 inches broad, the upper becoming suc- cessively narrower. Flowers yellowish-green, numerous in a spreading head often 2 feet long, with drooping branches; perianth seg- ments oblong or oblanceolate, acute, J— J an inch long, twice as long as the stamens. In swamps and on moist slopes and stream 38 Melanthaceae borders throughout the region, frequently growing in great masses. In the Rockies it seldom grows below 6000 feet elevation, but is found much lower in the moist valley of the Selkirks. Zygadenus Ver^ glaucous throughout, with elegans a cluster of narrow, grass-like Pursh. Tall leaves 5—10 inches long and J Zygadenus. ous root; stem whitish-green or purplish, 1-2 feet high, with scattered, purple, leaf -like bracts and an open head of flowers 4-12 inches long; flowers greenish- white, open, | an inch or more across the six petals and sepals with a large, bright green gland at the base ; stamens 6, erect, forming a central column, anthers scarlet on the opening of the bud, changing to yellow; styles 3. Throughout the Rockies up to 6000 or 7000 feet elevation, in all kinds of situations and soils, a most attractive plant worthy of a place in the flower-garden, blossoming during midsummer. 1 S> Melanthaceae 39 Zygadenus ^ slender, yellowish-green plant gramineus 8-12 inches high, from an elon- Grass-iike &ated ovoid bulb- Leaves nar- Zygadenus. row and grass-like, rough on the margins and midribs, all with sheaths around the stem. Flowers light yellow, \ of an inch broad in a compact head 2-3 inches long; stamens exserted, anthers yellow. On open grassy hill-sides in the Rockies from Banff to Castle Mountain, flowering in June. Stenanthella Smooth I2~l8 inches hiSh from occidentalis a bulbous base. Leaves 2-3 (A. Gray) from the same root, 8-10 inches Rydb. long, J an inch broad, spreading. Stenthium. Flowers 6-20, greenish purple, J an inch long, open, drooping, in a simple slender head; sepals and petals 3 each, with recurved tips; stamens 6, included. In moist woods throughout the Rockies, growing in moss; the dark green, widely spreading leaves and wand-like stem of drooping bell-like flowers, making a graceful 40 Melanthaceae and attractive plant during early summer. Low with numerous tufted grass- Tofieldia palustris like leaves J~2 inches long. Huds. Flowers 6-parted, minute, green- Scottish ish-white in a compact oblong Asphodel. of a gated in fruiting; stamens 6; anthers yellow not exceeding the perianth; head of flowers borne on a slender, smooth stem 3-7 inches high. Abundant throughout the Rockies in damp sandy or gravelly ground, on the flood-plains and banks of rivers and streams and on the gravelly shores of lakes and ponds; flowering in June. Plant with a cluster of grass-like Tofieldia intermedia leaves> 3~8 inches long and Rydb. about J of an inch broad, False yellowish-green, from an oblique Asphodel. and chaffy rootstock. Flowers few, less than J of an inch long, pale yellow, 6-parted, on very short pedicels; stamens 6, a Stenanthella occidentalis (A. Gray) Rydb. Stenanthium. 6 Clintonia uniflora Kunth. Clintonia. (% Nat.) Liliaceae 41 slightly excerted, with purple anthers; the whole in a compact head about J an inch long, on a stem 8— 10 inches high, with sticky hairs near the top. Frequent throughout the region at an alti- tude of 4000 to 5000 feet, in wet open situa- tions with shallow soil; flowering in June. Similar to the preceding but Tofieldia readily distinguished by its occidental tgller gtem and mQre Q head S. Wats. Western flowers, with longer sepals Fdlse-As- and pedicels, which are twice phodel. as long in each case. In the Selkirks only, but frequent there in the bogs around Roger's Pass. Lily Family Plants with bulbs or corms but never rootstocks; leaves either at the base or in whorls or pairs on the stem; the flowers brightly coloured, frequently large, borne 42 Liliaceae singly or in clusters at the summit of the frequently naked stem, the six parts though usually distinct, sometimes more or less united into a tube ; stamens 6 ; stigma 3-lobed. Bracts of the inflorescence thin and transluscent. Allium. Bracts of the inflorescence leaf-like or none. Bulbs scaly. Lilium. Bulbs corm-like. Erythronium. Plant 12-15 inches high with recurvatum an ODnclue base from an oblong- Rydb. ovoid bulb. Leaves narrow and Wild Onion, grass-like, 6-8 inches long, thick and half rounded on the back, the old ones persistent and forming a mat at the surface of the ground. Flowers num- erous, on slender pedicels, in a nodding terminal head ; sepals and petals J of an inch long, elliptic-ovate and obtuse, rosy pink with a darker mid-vein; stamens and styles exserted, anthers pale yellow. Frequent throughout the Rockies on dry grassy or stony slopes and slides; flowering in June. s § o c Liliaceae 43 Allium Stem 1-2 feet high from a nar- sibericumL. rowly ovoid bulb, with a single, Northern elongated, round, hollow, basal leaf and i or 2 similar leaves on the stem. Flowers numerous in a compact round head; the sepals and petals about J an inch long, slender, with a tapering tip, bright rose-purple with a darker midvein: stamens much shorter than the perianth segments. Not infrequent in moist open places throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. Stem 1 2-1 8 inches high, rather Lilmm montanum. stout, from a depressed globose A. Nelson bulb an inch in diameter. Leaves alternate except the uppermost Lily. which are in a whorl of 5-7, dark green above, paler beneath, minutely rough- ened on the edges, lanceolate, tapering but slightly toward the sessile base. Flowers erect usually one, but sometimes several, on a stem; sepals and petals 2j inches long, somewhat spreading, elliptic-oblong, tapering 44 Liliaceae gradually toward both ends, the base con- tracted into a claw, which is less than J the length of the blade; blade reddish-orange on the inner face, paler near the base, which is dotted with numerous purplish-black spots; outer face less brilliant, largely suffused with green ; stamens and stigma purplish. Frequent throughout the Rockies on the edges of woods and in the lower river valleys ; very abundant in early July in the valley of the Lower Kicking Horse and Columbia rivers from Golden to Donald. A foot or more high from a deep- Erythron- ,. rooted, slender, membranous- mm grandi- florum coated corm. Leaves 2 or oc- Pursh. casionally 3, opposite or in a Snow Lily. whorl> broaclly lanceolate, ob- tuse, 6-8 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, unequal,' dull and glaucous green. Flowers 1-6, nodding, bright yellow, sepals and petals lanceolate 2 inches long, tapering to a slender, strongly reflexed tip; stamens exserted, anthers yellow or purplish-brown. Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh. (% Nat.) Snow Lily. Convallariaceae 45 This beautiful lily is frequent on the slides and mountain slopes throughout the region at an elevation of 5000 feet or higher, ap- pearing immediately after the snows have melted, and lasting but a short time. It may be found flowering according to the elevation and condition of the snow, from May through- out the summer. The plant has derived its common name no doubt from its habit of blooming so close to the melting snows. Where the plant occtirs it is usually found in great numbers during the brief flowering period. CONVALLARIACE.E Lily -oj -ike-Valley Family Resembling the lilies, sometimes with naked but usually leafy stems, and simple or branched, frequently creeping rootstocks, flowers usually small and variously disposed on the stem, either scattered in the axils of the leaves or in terminal clusters, or occasion- 46 Convallariaceae ally solitary on a naked stem; either 4- or 6- parted, regular, perfect; stamens 6. Plant producing but one flower. Clintonia. Plant producing several flowers. Flowers in a raceme or panicle. . Vagnera. Flowers in an umbel or solitary. Flowers terminal on the branches. Disporum. Flowers axillary. Perianth narrowly campanulate. Streptopus. Perianth rotate. Kruhsea. More or less hairy throughout, Clintonia uniflora Wltil * to 3 or 4 dark green leaves, (Schult.) 4-8 inches long and 1-2 inches Kunth. wide, oblong-lanceolate with an Clintonia. abrupt tip> and tapering at the U base to sheathing petioles, from a creeping underground stem 2-3 inches long. Flower- w> ^ stem shorter than the leaves with one or rarely two blossoms which are pure white, very open, 6-parted; sepals and petals f— •f inch long, oblanceolate, obtuse; stamens 6, shorter than the petals, anthers yellow. In rich, moist woods throughout the region. I t Convallariaceae 47 Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. Star- flowered Solomon's Seal. Glaucous throughout, 8-20 inches high, smooth or with a few short hairs, leafy from a stout fleshy root; leaves al- ternate, 2-5 inches long, lan- ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with a clasping base, smooth and bright green above, glaucous and minutely hairy beneath. Flowers white, several forming a rather open terminal head. 1-2 inches long; petals and sepals narrow, \ to f of an inch long; stamens 6, about half their length, anthers nearly white. Common throughout the region in moist words and thickets; flowering through June and July. Vagnera amplexi- caulis (Nutt.) Greene. False Solo- mon's Seal. Tall, stout, and leafy, 18-30 inches high, from a fleshy root- stock; stem striate and slightly hairy especially near the top; leaves alternate, sessile or short- petioled, ovate or oblong, 3-7 inches long, 1^-3 inches broad, 48 Convallariaceae short, acuminate, often with a twisted tip. Flowers small, yellowish-white in a close terminal head ij~3j inches long; petals and sepals minute, .about TV of an inch long; stamens 6, the filaments petaloid and about | of an inch long, anthers yellowish white. Common throughout the region in the moist rich woods; flowering during June. Plant 1-3 feet high, from a short, Streptopus stout rootstock, covered with amplexi- folius (L.) numerous fibrous roots; stem DC. Tall glaucous, usually branching be- Twisted- low the middle, smooth above and covered with stiff hairs below. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, acuminate, smooth, bright green above, glaucous be- neath, heart-shaped and clasping at the base. Flowers numerous, i or 2 on a stem at the back of each of the upper leaves, stem bent or twisted about the middle; sepals and petals greenish-white or yellowish, narrowly lanceolate about J an Convallariaceae 49 inch long, spreading and turned back at the tips ; berry J-f of an inch in diameter, globose, yellow or bright scarlet, A rather striking plant throughout the region in the moist rich woods among rocks ; flowering in June. Streptopus curvipes A. M. Vail. Smaller Twisted- stalk. Plant 6-24 inches high, smooth except the flower-stalks and margins of the leaves, simple or slightly branched from a slender creeping rhizome, with a few fibrous rootlets at the nodes. Leaves yellowish-green, sessile, oval or ob- long-lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, acuminate at the tip and rounded or more or less clasp- ing at the base, the margins more or less scatteringly glandular-hairy. Flowers few at the backs of the upper leaves, solitary on glandular-hairy, curved stalks J-f of an inch long; sepals and petals pale purple or rose colour, darker spotted on the inner sur- face, slender, slightly more than J of an inch long; anthers beaked, the beaks slender; 50 Convallariaceae berry globose, about f of an inch in diameter, bright red. In the damp woods in the Selkirks, frequent, growing in colonies and spreading largely by the creeping rhizomes. Smooth and simple, 3-6 inches Kruhsea strepto- hign> from an extensively creep- poides ing rhizome, with a few fibrous (Ledeb.) roots at each node. Leaves 4-8, bright green and shining on both Kruhsea. surfaces, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1-2 inches long, the upper merely sessile, the lower clasping at the base. Flowers few, about J of an inch in width, stellate and solitary on very slender, curved stalks about | of an inch long in the axils, at the backs of the upper leaves; sepals and petals deep wine-colour at the base, with yellowish- green reflexed tips; stamens 6, anthers ovoid, 2-lobed, yellow and prominent, slightly below the centre of the sepals and petals; ovary broadly urn-shaped ; style none ; berry nearly globose at maturity and bright red. Convallariaceae 51 Known only in the Selkirks where it occurs in colonies of considerable size in the rich woods at Glacier; flowering in the middle of June. _. Stem 1-3 feet high, much Disporum Oreganum branched and finely hairy above. (S. Wats.) Leaves yellowish-green when B. and H. young, becoming darker with Disporum. age, ovate or oblong, acuminate, distinctly heart-shaped at the base, 2-4 inches long, hairy, especially beneath. Flowers appearing as the leaves unfold greenish-yellow or nearly white, drooping i or 2 together at the ends of the branches ; sepals and petals spreading half an inch or more in length, lanceolate and narrowed at the base into a broad claw ; stamens exserted, anthers yellow; style simple, larger than the stamens; berry ovate, half an inch in diam- eter, smooth or nearly so when ripe, bright red and few-seeded. In moist rich woods throughout the region, most abundant on the western slope of the 52 Iridaceae Rockies and in the Selklrks ; flowering in June. Plant 1-2 feet high with few Disporum . branches, hairy when young. majus (Hook). Leaves ovate or oblong-lance- Britton. olate, acute or short, acuminate, Large rounded at the base. Flowers greenish-yellow or nearlv white, Disporum. 1-3 together at the ends of the branches; sepals and petals not spreading, half an inch or less in length, narrowly ob- long or oblanceolate, stamens about equal- ling the sepals and petals ; style slightly longer than the stamens, 3 -cleft; berry a little less than half an inch in diameter, depressed, globose, and roughened with short papillas. In rich woods, most abundant on the eastern slopes of the Rockies ; flowering early in June. IRIDACE^S Iris Family Perennial herbs with narrow 2-ranked, Orchidaceae 53 grass-like leaves and mostly clustered, per- fect flowers, subtended by bracts; perianth of 6 segments, rolled together in the bud, stamens 3, inserted on the perianth opposite its outer series of lobes ; filaments slender, dis- tant or united; anthers facing upward. _. . Growing in small tufts, 4-10 Sisyrin- chium inches high, pale, glaucous, septentri- Leaves stiff and very slender onale Bick- about half the iength of the taller nell. Blue- ... ,. , e ed Grass scaPes> equalling the shorter ones. Spathe small purplish or green, often partly double and enclosing 3 or 4 small bright violet-blue flowers, less than half an inch broad, on erect pedicels. Throughout the Rockies in open moist ground at the lower elevations; flowering in June. ORCHIDACE.E Orchid Family Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs, or 54 Orchidaceae tuberous roots, sheathing entire leaves, some- times reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth superior of 6 segments, the 3 outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) dissimilar, often markedly so, usu- ally larger and often spurred; stamens and style variously arranged. An extensive family with great diversity of flower form, and habit of growth. Most abundant in the tropics, represented in the region as follows: Perfect anthers 2 ; lip large, sac-like. Cypripedium. Perfect anther i. Plants saprophytic, without green herbage. Corallorhiza. Plants with ordinary green herbage. Flower and leaf solitary ; root bulbous. Cytherea. Flowers several to many in racemes. Leaf only i. . Flowers white with purple spots. Orchis. Flowers greenish. Lysiella. Leaves only 2, cauline. Ophrys. Leaves more than 2. Stem leaves reduced to bracts. Basal leaves white veined. Peramium. Stem leaves not reduced to bracts. a Cypripedium passerinum Rich. Small White Lady's-Slipper. (% Nat.) b Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Lady's-Slipper. Orchidaceas 55 Flowers not spirally arranged. Glands surrounded by a thin membrane. Coeloglossum. Glands naked. Limnorchis. Flowers spirally arranged. Ibidium. Cypripedium passerinum Rich. Small White Lady's Slipper. Stem 8-10 inches high from a decumbent base, leafy, hairy throughout. Leaves 4 or 5, lanceolate, acuminate, veiny, 3-4 inches long, yellowish-green, and clasping at the base. Flowers solitary, small ; lip obovate, inflated half an inch long, white, spotted with purple inside, particularly near the base; sepals greenish, shorter than the lip, the upper forming a sort of hood; the lateral petals white, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, half an inch long, spreading. In damp shaded situations, frequent in the Rockies; flowers in July. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yel- low Lady's Slipper. Stem 1-2 feet high, slender, and leafy. Leaves elliptic or lanceo- late, 2-6 inches long, 1-2 1 inches wide, yellowish-green, veiny, scatteringly hairy. Flowers 56 Orchidaceae usually solitary, bright yellow; lip inflated, curved, an inch or more long, spotted and blotched inside with purple; sepals and petals longer than the lip, laterals twisted, iJ-2 inches long, lanceolate with an atten- uate tip, yellowish green or sometimes purplish. Not uncommon in the Rockies in moist ground, very abundant on the torrent fan among loose stones at the head of Emerald Lake ; flowering in June. Corallorhiza Stem smooth, greenish yellow or Corallorhiza purplish; 4-12 inches high from (L.) Karst. a mass of coral-like roots. Early Coral- Leaves absent but represented by 2-5 closely sheathing scales. Flowers 3-12 in a head 1-3 inches long; sepals and petals slender, J of an inch long, yellowish or dull purplish; lip not quite as long as the petals, white or whitish, oblong, nearly entire or slightly notched at the apex, 2 -toothed at the base, occasionally with purple spots. S w i e -s * •g s W J> Orchidaceae 57 Frequent in woods in the Rockies especially those of the "Jack Pine," flowering in May and early June. Stems 8-20 inches high, purplish, Corallorhiza multiflora with several appressed scales. Nutt. Flowers 10-30 in a head 2-8 Large Coral- inches long, brownish purple J- | of an inch long; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, about J of an inch long; lip white, spotted and lined with purple, oval in outline, deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe broadest; spur manifest and yellowish. Not infrequent in the rich woods in the Selkirks; flowering in late summer. Cytherea Stem 3~6 inches high, purplish, bulbosa (L.) from a bulb nearly half an inch House. in diameter. Leaf solitary, dark, Calypso. lustrous green, i-ij inches long, round, ovate, obtusely pointed at the apex, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, deeply veined. Flower solitary, nod- 58 Orchidaceae ding, an inch long, rosy purple variegated with pink and yellow; petals and sepals, linear, erect or spreading, half an inch or more long with longitudinal purple lines; lip } of an inch long, sac-like and spreading, divided into two below, with a prominent patch of yellow hairs near the point of division. This charming little orchid, by far the most dainty of any found in the region, is frequent, growing in deep moss on the shaded slopes of the Rockies ; very fragrant, flowering in early June. Plant slender, 8-10 inches high Orchis rotundifolia Wlth °ne leaf near the baSe» Pursh. varying from nearly orbicular Round- to oval, 1^-3 inches long, 1-2 leaved inches wide, sheathing at the Orchid. base. Spike 2-8 flowered; flowers half an inch or more long; lateral sepals spreading, somewhat longer than the petals, petals and sepals oval, rose-colour; lip white, purple-spotted, longer than the petals, a Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. (% Nat.) Calypso. b Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. Small Round-Leaved Orchid. Orchidaceae 59 three-lobed, the middle longest, dilated and two-lobed or notched at the tip ; spur slender, shorter than the lip. This beautiful little orchid is abundant throughout the Rockies in cool mossy spots and rich woods; flowering in June. Plant 6-8 inches high from a Lysiella short thick rootstock; stem obtusata (Pursh.) naked with a single obovate or Rydb. oblong leaf at the base ij-2j Small inches long, J-iJ inches wide, ort rn obtuse. Flowers few in a slender Bog-orchid. spike, yellowish-green ; upper sepal round, ovate, erect, surrounding the broad column; lateral sepals reflexed and spreading; petals lanceolate, smaller; lip entire, linear-lanceolate, and deflexed; spur slightly curved especially at the tip, shorter than the ovary. Frequent throughout the Rockies in the lower valleys, in cool shaded spots growing in moss, on the borders of streams, ponds, or lakes ; flowering in June. 6o Orchidaceae Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb. Heart- shaped Tway-blade. Stem slender and smooth, 3-8 inches high. Leaves sessile, cor- date or broadly ovate, J-i inch long; head of flowers rather loose, J-2 inches long, 4-2o-flow- ered; flowers very minute, pur- plish or greenish ; sepals ovate ; petals oblong, about TV of an inch long; lip two-cleft, twice as long as the petals, the segments linear or hair-like. This diminutive orchid is one of the com- monest species throughout the region in early summer, growing abundantly in mossy places in the moist woods, frequently not rising more than an inch or two above the surface of the ground; the flowers varying greatly in color from yellowish green to purple. Ophrys con- vallarioides (Sw.) Wight. Broad- lipped Tway-blade. Stem rather stout, 4-10 inches high, glandular- hairy above the leaves. Leaves smooth, round, oval or ovate, obtuse, 3-9 nerved, 1-2 J inches long, J-iJ inches Orchidaceae 61 wide. Flowers 3-12 in a loose head, yel- lowish-green, J an inch long; bracts nearly J of an inch long; sepals and petals narrow and strongly reflexed in flower, much shorter than the lip; lip nearly half an inch long, broadly wedge-shaped with two obtuse lobes at the apex and with a tooth at each side of the narrow base ; column elongated but shorter than the lip, and in- curved with two short projecting wings above the anther. In hemlock woods throughout the Selkirks ; flowering in July. Stems 3-5 inches high, smooth Ophrys borealis below, glandular and with long (Morong). silky scattered hairs among the Northern flowers. Leaves oval, slightly way-blade, sheathing, obtuse, an inch or more long, half as broad, generally smooth. Flowers few in a raceme; sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, obtuse, about J of an inch long; lip half an inch long, obtuse at the apex with very obtuse lobes. Yellowish- 62 Orchidaceae green with a purplish middle and purple nerves radiating into the apical lobes, col- umn slightly incurved, J of an inch long. Generally distributed throughout the Rockies but never abundant, seldom more than 3 or 4 plants being found together; flowering in July. Plant 8-15 inches high from Peramium Menziesi a ^airy, creeping rootstock. (Lindl.) Leaves basal, ij-2j inches long Morong. and a third as broad, tapering Rattlesnake to both endSj dark green and Plantain. . ,. 11^11 «,i veiny, sometimes blotched with white. Flowers \ to nearly J an inch long, yellowish- or greenish-white, in a slender spike; sepals and petals lanceolate, erect or nearly so about half the length of the lip, lip swollen at the base and with a long narrow recurved tip. Frequent in rich woods throughout the region, growing in moss, the evergreen leaves forming a rosette at the base of the stalk of flowers, which blossom in August. il fl 03 S.1 0> N ^ c f^H 0> Is I £ I" 18 -M Vl J C Orchidaceae Peramium repens (L.) Salisb. Northern Rattlesnake Plantain. Plant 6-10 inches high, glandu- lar-hairy in the upper part of the stem. Leaves oblong-lance- olate, an inch or more long and a third as wide, tapering to both' ends, green and usually blotched with white along the veins. Flowers small in a one-sided spike, greenish-white, about | of an inch long, densely glandular-hairy on the outer surface; sepals and petals erect, ovate; lip sac-like with a narrow recurved tip. Frequent in the woods throughout the Rockies, flowering in July. Stem stout and leafy, 6-18 inches high, from a root of numerous fusiform tubers. Leaves lance- olate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 inches long. Flowers in a loose spike 2-3 inches long with bracts an inch long; flowers yellowish- green, sepals ovate-lanceolate, dilated at the base, 1 of an inch long; petals very narrow or Cceloglos- sum bracteatum (Willd.) Parl. Long-bracted Orchid. 64 Orchidaceae sometimes thread-like; lip nearly half an inch long, oblong-spatulate, 2-3-toothed or lobed at the tip, more than twice as long as the white sac-like spur. Frequent in open grassy woods and meadows throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. Stem i, 2, or 3 feet tall, from Limnorchis a root of 2 or 3 fusifOrm, hairy formis tubers; leafy. Lowest leaves Rydb. oblanceolate, obtuse, 2-5 inches Purplish- long, upper ones lanceolate, acute, Green Bog- much ionger> Spike of flowers 4-12 inches long, loosely flow- ered, the bracts linear-lanceolate, the lowest much longer than the flowers, i— ij inches long. Flowers about J an inch long; sepals yellowish-green and thin, the upper one ovate, erect, about J of an inch long, the lateral ones obtuse and spreading, J of a," inch long, petals lanceolate, acute, greenish- purple or green; lip purple or greenish, linear, obtuse, thick, over J of an inch long; a Ophrys borealis (Morong). Northern Twayblade. b Coeloglossum bracteatuin (Willo) Parl. Long-Bracted Orchid. c Limnorchis fragrans Rydb. Fragrant White Bog-Orchid. d Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. Small Northern Bog-Orchid. e Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb. Heart-Shaped Twayblade. (% Nat.) Orchidaceae 65 spur about \ as long as the lip, sack-like. Frequent through the region in open swamps, wet meadows and sloughs, varying greatly in size; flowering during June and early July. Stem 8-1 8 inches high, strict Limnorchis !?V ' T and leafy. Lower leaves ob- vindiflora (Cham.) lanceolate, obtuse, 2-4 inches Rydb. long, upper lanceolate and acute ; Small spike of flowers short and dense, the bracts linear-lanceolate, the orchid. lower slightly exceeding the flowers. Flowers J an inch long or less, yellowish-green ; upper sepals broadly ovate, erect; lateral ones J of an inch long, acute, spreading; petals erect, lanceolate, acute ; lip lanceolate, obtuse, less than J of an inch long; spur club-shaped, curved, about as long as the lip. Differs from the last species in the bright green colour, slightly smaller flowers with broader based lip and the longer, club-shaped curved spur. In bogs throughout the region; flowering in June. 5 66 Orchidaceae Stem 1 8 inches to 2 feet high, Limnorchis , slender and leafy. Leaves, the boreahs (Cham.) lower oblanceolate and obtuse, Rydb. the upper lanceolate, acute. Spike Small White of flowers often rather dense> 4_8 inches long ; bracts lanceolate, the lower often much exceeding the flowers ; flow- ers | an inch or more long, white or sometimes yellowish or greenish- white ; upper sepals ovate, obtuse, J of an inch long, lateral ones oblong-lanceolate, spreading; petals lance- olate, slightly shorter than the sepals; lip rhombic-lanceolate, obtuse, about J of an inch long; spur club-shaped about the length of or shorter than the lip. Throughout the region in open boggy places and wet meadows; flowering in June. Stem slender, 8-12 inches high, Limnorchis fragrans from a narrow fusiform tuberous Rydb. root. Leaves linear, acute, 2-4 Fragrant inches long, about J an inch wide. Spike of flowers slender, lax; bracts, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower Orchidaceae 67 slightly longer than the flowers; flowers pure white with a spicy fragrance; upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, the lateral ones linear-lanceolate, acute, and strongly veined ; petals narrowly linear-lanceolate equalling the sepals; lip lanceolate with an ovate rhomboid base about J of an inch long; spur slender and curved, slightly exceeding the HP. In more or less shaded bogs through the Rockies, flowering during July. Stem smooth, 6-18 inches high, leafy below, bracted above; the roman- zoffianum lower leaves 3-8 inches long, (Cham.) linear or linear-oblanceolate. House. Head of flowers more or less Tresses glandular, hairy, 2-4 inches long, half an inch or more thick, bracts shorter than the flowers ; flowers waxy white or greenish, nearly half an inch long with an open mouth, spreading horizontally and very fragrant; upper sepals broad and obtuse; lip oblong, broad at the base, and 68 Salicaceae contracted below to the crisped apex, thin transparent, and veined, callosities merely thickenings of the basal margins of the lip. Throughout the region in springy places and wet alpine meadows; flowering toward the end of July. SALICACE^ Willow Family Trees or shrubs with light wood, brittle twigs, and simple alternate leaves; flowers borne in catkins ; the staminate and pistillate on separate plants, the seed provided with a covering of long, white, silky, hairs. Populus bal- A larSe tree with nearly smooth samifera L. gr&y bark, reaching a maximum Balsam height of 80 feet ; branches stout, Poplar. ascending, the larger buds very resinous. Leaves smooth, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, dark green and shining above, pale beneath, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, rounded or acute at the Salicaceae 69 base, petioles round. Flowers in slender catkins, the staminate and pistillate on separate trees. Throughout the region in the river valleys and on the surrounding slopes, usually a tree not over 20-30 feet high but sometimes attaining an immense size. Po ulus ^ s^enc^er ^ree with smooth, light tremuloides green bark, seldom more than Michx. 40-50 feet high, and less than American half th&t {n QUr region Leaves smooth when young except on the margins, ovate, short- acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, finely crenulate all around; petioles flattened laterally, very slender, causing the leaves to quiver with the slightest breeze. Flowers in rather stout catkins. Frequent in the low valleys and slopes through the Rockies, forming groves, or singly. The willows which are very largely repre- sented throughout the region, in the low 70 Betulaceae or moist ground and banks of streams, as shrubs or small trees; or on the drier slopes, and in alpine meadows and summits, fre- quently as very diminutive shrubs with stems less than an inch high, have been omitted entirely, owing to the extreme difficulty of distinguishing between them in a work of this kind. BETULACE^ Birch Family Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves ; staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate catkins on the same plant; the staminate usually long, slender, and droop- ing; the pistillate short and erect; fruit cone-like. V ' ^ Betula Becoming a large forest tree; papyrifera Dark chalky white, peeling in Marsh. thin layers. Leaves ovate, Paper Birch, acute> or acuminate, dentate and (X^ denticulate, smooth above, glan- Betulaceae .dular and hairy on the veins beneath, slender- petioled 1^-4 inches long. Staminate cat- kins 2-4 inches long ; pistillate catkins f of an inch or more long. Sparingly on the slopes in the vicinity of Field, British Columbia; not a common tree. A tree sometimes 100 feet high but much smaller in our region; the bark smooth dark bronze; twigs gray-brown, warty. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly sharply serrate, short-petioled, smooth on both sides or sparingly hairy beneath £-2 inches long. On river shores throughout the region, sparingly from Field west. Betula occi- dentalis Hook. Western Red Birch. orbicular, Betula glan- dulosa Michx. Glandular Birch, Scrub Birch. beneath, A shrub 1-8 feet with brown, glandular, warty twigs. Leaves orbicular, oval or ovate, smooth, rounded at the apex, crenate- dentate, bright green above, pale and sticky, glandular-dotted short petioled, J-i inch long. 72 Loranthaceae Staminate catkins, commonly solitary, about J an inch long; cones when ripe J-i inch long. In moist ground and thickets in the lower valleys through the Rockies, frequent. A shrub 4-20 feet high with Alnus tenui- folia Nutt brown bark. Leaves more or Slender- less broadly ovate, 2-3 inches leaved Alder. \ongt acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, acutely doubly toothed, light green and smooth on both sides or slightly hairy. Staminate catkins slender, drooping, 1-2 inches long; fruiting cones erect, J an inch or less long. In moist places and thickets and stream banks at the higher elevations throughout the region, very abundant in the Selkirks. LORANTHACE^ Mistletoe Family ParasnV'c herbs growing on woody plants and absorbing their food from the host plant through specialised roots; leaves opposite, Santalaceae 73 frequently reduced to scales; flowers dioe- cious or monoecious, regular; in terminal or axillary clusters. Greenish-yellow or brownish, smooth, fleshy; stems rather skya amer- icana(Nutt) slender, numerous, and tufted, Kuntze. forked or branched into 4-angled Dwarf jointed branches. Leaves re- Mistletoe. duced to opposite scales at the joints. Flowers very small, the staminate and pistillate on separate plants; staminate plants 2-4 inches long, with the flowers on terminal peduncle-like joints; pistillate plants much smaller and darker coloured; berries ovate, purplish brown, £ of an inch long. Throughout the Rockies, parasitic on Pinus Murrayana; locally abundant, ap- pearing in midsummer. SANTALACE^ Sandalwopd Family Low herbs parasitic on the roots of other 74 Santalaceae plants, with entire leaves and perfect, green- ish flowers, either terminal or axillary ; calyx 3-6-lobed; petals wanting; stamens as many as the calyx lobes and inserted near their bases or opposite them upon the disc ; fruit in the only genus represented in the region, drupe-like, crowned by the persistent style. Comandra Stem slender and leafy, 6-12 pallidaDC. inches tall, pale and glaucous. Pale Co- Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or the lowest of those of the stem, oblong-elliptic. Flowers small, less than \ of an inch high with short pedicels, clustered at the summit of the stems, calyx purplish or sometimes nearly white ; fruit ovoid-oblong, nearly half an inch high and crowned by the very short upper portion of the calyx tube. On dry hillsides throughout the Rockies; flowering during June. Comandra ^tem s^ender' usually quite sim- livida Rich, pie, 4-12 inches high. Leaves Northern thin, oval, obtuse or rounded at Comandra. ^ apex> narrowe(} at the base, Polygonaceae 75 short-petioled J-iJ inches long, nearly half as broad, yellowish or purplish-green when young, becoming bright green or often varie- gated with age. Flowers small, less than J of an inch broad ; purplish green, in axillary clusters of 1-5 flowers ; drupe globose-oblong, | of an inch in diameter, bright red when ripe. Throughout the Rockies in moist ground and shaded mossy places and borders of woods, flowering in June. While incon- spicuous early in the season, in midsummer it is apt to be quite showy on account of the striking, golden yellow veining of the other- wise green leaves; this condition is due to a fungoid or other disease of the plant. POLYGONACE^J Buckwheat Family Herbs and twining vines with alternate or sometimes opposite or whorled leaves, jointed 76 Polygonaceae stems and usually sheathing united stipules; flowers small, regular, perfect, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous; petals none, calyx 2-6-parted, the segments more or less folded over each other, sometimes petal-like; sta- mens 2-9 dilated at the base and distinct or united into a ring; ovary superior, one-celled with a solitary ovule. Flowers not involucrate; stipules sheathing. Leaves reniform, sepals 4. Oxyria. Leaves not reniform; sepals 6. Sepals unequal ; stigmas tufted. Rumex. Sepals equal; stigmas capitate. Polygonum. Flowers involucrate, many; stipules wanting. Eriogonum. Stems 2 inches to a foot high, Oxyria digyna (L ) scape-like and leafless, from a Hill. large chaffy rootstock. Leaves Mountain basal on long petioles, reniform or orbicular J-2 inches wide with a wavy margin, sometimes notched at the apex. Racemes 2-3 inches or more long, of many small flowers on slender pedicels; crimson or pinkish and .showy in fruit. Frequent at the higher altitudes through- Polygonaceae 77 out the region in moist grounds and beside streams, flowering in June. Rumex Stems a foot or more high, acetosa smooth. Leaves oblong, hastate Sour. or ovate-sagittate, 1-4 inches long, acute, the basal few and long petioled, stem leaves sessile, the acute auricles entire. Flowers, dioecious, minute, crowded in a slen- der head 3-6 inches long, yellowish-green tinged with red. In moist open ground at the higher ele- vations, more or less frequent throughout the Rockies, flowering in midsummer. Smooth, pale green, erect, and saiicifiolus spreading, 1-3 feet high. Leaves Weinm. lanceolate, acute or acuminate Pale-leaved t . ., ^ . at both ends, petioled. Flowers Dock. small greenish-white in erect or reflexed racemes, dense in fruit, interrupted below; wings of the fruit triangular-ovate, with a large ovoid tubercle. Frequent throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in summer. Polygonaceae Poiygonum Smooth, with a corm-like root- viviparum stock ; stems solitary or clustered, L. Alpine 2-io inches high. Basal leaves Bistort. lanceolate or oblong, 1-8 inches long, rather acute, cordate at the base on long petioles; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, upper sessile with revolute margins. Flowers in a dense terminal raceme several inches long; rose-coloured or white; stamens exserted; small bulblets frequently devel- oped among the flowers, which later produce leaves and young plants. Frequent in moist sandy soil and river banks throughout the Rockies, flowering in June and July. Several small weedy species of the genus are also found through the region but are not sufficiently striking to be here described. Eriogonum subalpinum Greene. Tall White Eriogonum. Stems depressed, much branched, prostrate and matted at the base. Leaves oblong to ovate- spatulate, 1-2 inches long, on slender petioles, smooth and Polygonaceae 79 green above, white- woolly beneath. Scape like peduncles, erect, 8-14 inches high, with a simple, large umbel of 8-12 rays subtended by a whorl of leaves. Flowers J-J of an inch high, cream-coloured or nearly pure white, and tinged with rosy pink especially in age. A striking plant growing in stony places and on rocky slopes, throughout the Rockies, flowering in June and July. Tufted from a large rootstock. Leaves white and woolly through- ochroleucum Small. oirt, densely crowded on the Yellowish- very short stems, elliptic to white obovate-spatulate, half an inch Eriogonum. . , or more long, narrowed at the base into slender, frequently spirally-twisted petioles; scapes slender, several, six inches or more high bearing a globular head of pale yellowish-white flowers fV of an inch high. On a moist rocky slope at an elevation of 4500 feet near Glacier, abundant, the 8o Portulacaceae plant may occur elsewhere in the region but has not been observed; flowers in June. PORTULACACE^ Purslane Family Fleshy herbaceous plants, with regular perfect, unsymmetrical flowers; sepals com- monly 2 ; petals 4 or 5 , folded together, sta- mens equal in number to the petals or fewer. Claytonia Stem 3~» inches high from a lanceolata round corm. Leaves oblong or Pursh. lanceolate, J-iJ inches long. Spring Flowers nearly half an inch Beauty. broad, few to several in a loose. head, on slender pedicels ; petals notched at the end or almost obcordate, white with pink veins. One of the first plants to appear in spring on the edges of the snow-banks, through- out the region, from the lower altitudes up to the alpine summits, flowering throughout *& $ g o Caryophyllaceae 81 the summer according to elevation and condition of the snow. Stems 6-12 inches high, diffuse, ascending or somewhat reclined parvifoha Moc. Small- or creeping, sometimes reduced leaved to slender naked runners. Leaves Spring fleshy, rhombic-ovate, acute, about half an inch long, con- tracted at the base, the upper a quarter of an inch long or less. Flowers few and race- mose ; petals somewhat obcordate J of an inch long, much surpassing the rounded sepals, rose- colour varying to white ; propagating freely by bulblet-like offshoots in the axils of the stem leaves, as well as by the usual method. In wet stony places and in the gravelly beds of Alpine brooks, frequent in the Sel- kirks, flowering in July. CARYOPHYLLACE^ Pink Family Herbaceous plants, often swollen at the 6 32 Caryophyllaceae nodes, with opposite entire leaves and perfect or rarely dioecious regular flowers; sepals 4 or 5 persistent, separated or united into a calyx-tube; petals equal in number to the sepals or none; stamens twice as many as the sepals or fewer. Sepals united; petals long clawed. Calyx lo-many nerved. Styles 3 ; capsule with 3 or 6 teeth. Silene. Styles 5; capsule with 5 or 10 teeth. Lychnis. Sepals free to the base or nearly so. Petals two cleft or rarely none. Capsule cylindric, usually curved. Cerastium. Capsule ovate or oblong, not curved. Alsine. Petals entire or notched, rarely none. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. Sagina. Styles fewer than the sepals. Seeds appendaged. Mcehringia. Seeds not appendaged. Arenaria. Silene Closely tufted, an inch or two acaulis L. high, forming cushion-like beds, Moss often 2 feet or more across. Campion. Leaves sessile, crowded, linear, | an inch or less long, the margins ciliate. Flowers J of an inch or more across, nearly Caryophyllaceae 83 sessile or raised on naked curved peduncles, often J an inch long; calyx narrowly cam- panulate, J of an inch long, smooth, the teeth short, rounded; petals rose-purple or rarely white, entire or notched. In alpine meadows, in stony ground, on the moraines and tops of the mountains throughout the fegion, flowering in June and July. Stems slender, decumbent at the oiiene Lyallii S. base, 1 2-1 8 inches high, min- Wats. utely hairy throughout, glan- LyaWs dular above. Leaves, the basal Catchfty. spatulate, obtuse 1-2 inches long on long petioles, those of the stem linear 1-2 inches long, sessile. Flowers on short peduncles in rather loose terminal heads; calyx oblong, inflated, about J an inch long, narrow, glandular, teeth purple- tipped; petals white, nearly half an inch» long, spreading, two-lobed. On grassy alpine slopes throughout the region, flowering in June and July. 84 Caryophyllaceae Lychnis More or less glandular-hairy, apetaia L. 2-6 inches high. Leaves linear Nodding or oblanceolate, \-2\ inches long. Lychnis. Flower solitary, J-f of an inch long, nodding; calyx inflated, strongly pur- ple veined, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute; petals purple, as long as or shorter than the calyx, narrow, 2 -cleft. Among loose boulders on the moraines and alpine summits throughout the region, flowering in July. Cerastium Stems tufted, ascending from a arvense decumbent base, 3-6 inches high, strictum hairy throughout, roughly so at (L.) Rydb. the b glandular at the sum- Field „, . , , mit. Leaves numerous, A— | of Chickweed. an inch long, narrowly lance- olate, acute, with a broad sessile base. Flowers several in a more or less close head, nearly half an inch broad, white; petals deeply notched. In dry stony ground in the lower valleys of the Rockies, flowering in June. Caryophyllaceae 85 Thick, silky-hairy below, with Cerastium sticky hairs above; sterns matted behrmgi- anum J~3 inches high. Leaves small, Cham, and oblong, \ of an inch long or less, Schl- rather thick, obtuse. Flowers „ } of an inch or more broad; Chick-weed. petals white, notched at the apex, sometimes little longer than the lanceolate sepals. In stony ground, alpine slopes and sum- mits throughout the Rockies, flowering during summer. Erect or ascending, tufted, sim- lon i es P^e or rarelv sparingly branched, (Goldie) 3-12 inches high, smooth and Coville. shining. Leaves light green, Long~ lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, stalked Stitchwort. *-Ji mcheS lonS' br°ad at the base. Flowers few, J-J of an inch broad, terminal, on long, slender, erect pedicels; sepals ovate or lanceolate, acute; petals 2 -cleft, exceeding the calyx. 86 Caryophyllaceae In moist open places throughout the Rockies, flowering in June. Low, smooth, or somewhat hairy, Alsine laeta (Richards.) ^4 inches high, very glaucous Rydb. throughout, densely leafy at the Glaucous base. Leaves keeled, lanceo- Stitchwort. > awl_shaped stiff, J-J an inch long. Flowers J of an inch or more across; sepals lanceolate, acute, J of an inch long; petals notched, longer than the sepals; stamens showy, with scarlet anthers. In alpine meadows and moist grounds at high altitudes, throughout the region; flower- ing in July. Erect or ascending, weak, much branched, smooth, or hairy boreahs (Bigel.) above, 6-18 inches long. Leaves Britton. thin, lanceolate or oblong-lance- Northern Q{ ^ {nch^ j & Stitchwort. sessile, thin, margins slightly hairy or naked. Flowers small and incon- spicuous in a leafy terminal compound head, Caryophyllaceae 87 ascending or spreading on slender pedicels; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals shorter than the sepals or none. In wet places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering through- out the summer from early June. 0 . Smooth, stems very slender and Sagina saginoides tufted, 1-4 inches high. Leaves (L.)Britton. j to nearly J an inch long with a Arctic spiny tip. Flowers small, solitary Pearl-wort. or few together, at the end of the slender stem, about f of an inch broad ; petals white minute, hardly exceeding the calyx. On rocks and moist sandy ground through- out the region; flowering in June. Stems erect or ascending, simple Moehrmgia lateriflora or a^ length, sparingly branched, (L.) Fenzl. finely hairy throughout, 4-12 Blunt- inches high. Leaves thin, oval, or oblong, J-i inch long, obtuse, Sandwort. spreading, the margins and nerves fringed with hairs. Flowers few in 88 Caryophyllaceae lateral and terminal clusters or sometimes solitary;' J of an inch or more broad, their parts in 4's or 5*5; sepals oblong, obtuse or acute, half as long as the nearly entire white petals. In moist places growing among grass, throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. Smooth throughout except the Arenana capillaris tops of the stems and sepals, nardifolia which are glandular; stems slen- (Ledeb.) fier, 4-8 inches high, numerous from a tufted, leafy base. Sandwort. Leaves mostly in bundles J-iJ inches long, smooth, very slender and curved, with a spiny tip, those of the stem few and much reduced. Flowers white, \ an inch broad in a loose branching head. A rather striking plant on grassy slopes throughout the region; flowering in June. Caryophyllaceae 89 Very slender, much branched Arenaria verna anc^ finely> sticky- hairy through- equicaulis out ; stems threadlike, numerous, A. Nelson. nearly of a uniform length in the same plant, 2-3 inches long. Sandwort. Leaves crowded at the base, few and much reduced above, linear, awl-shaped, thick, semi-cylindric, nearly smooth. Flow- ers small, little more than f of an inch across; sepals ovate-oblong, acute, strongly 3 -nerved ; petals white, acute, not exceeding the sepals. A small tufted plant with wiry stems and minute white star-like flowers, in moist or dry, sandy places throughout the region from the low valleys to the alpine summits ; flowering in May and June. Closely tufted, stems densely sajanensis. glandular- hairy, decumbent, very Willd. leafy below, J-2J inches long Alpine with 2 or 3 pairs of short, Sandwort. ... . - .. rather distant leaves and ter- minating in 1-3 flowers. Lower leaves, linear-obtuse, stiff, J of an inch or more long, 90 Ranunculaceae smooth or slightly hairy; calyx lobes linear- oblong, 1-3 ribbed, glandular, hairy, | of an inch long; petals white, broad, equalling or exceeding the sepals. On high alpine slopes and summits, throughout the Rockies; flowering in June and July. RANUNCULACE.E Crowfoot Family Herbs or rarely climbing shrubs with acrid sap; leaves usually alternate without stipules; flowers usually showy, blue, white, yellow, or scarlet; sepals 3-15, generally soon falling away, often petal-like; petals about the same number or occasionally wanting; stamens many; carpels many or rarely solitary. Carpels with solitary ovules; fruit an achene. Sepals valvate in the bud; leaves opposite. Atragene. Sepals folded on each other in the bud; leaves not opposite. Atragene columbiana Nutt. (% Nat.) Purple Virgin's-Bower. Ranunculaceae 91 Stem leaves three in a whorl. Styles short, smooth or hairy. Anemone. Styles long, plumose. Pulsatilla. Stem leaves alternate or basal. Petals none, flowers small; leaves compound. Thalictrum. Petals present. Flowers white. Batrachium. Flowers yellow. Achenes papillose or spiny. Ranunculus. Achenes longitudinally nerved. Halerpestes. Carpels with several ovules ; fruit, follicles or berries. Flowers regular. Leaves simple. Petals none; leaves cordate-orbicular. Caltha. Petals linear-spatulate ; leaves palmately parted. Trollius. Leaves compound. Sepals spurred; carpels becoming follicles. Aquilegia. Sepals not spurred; carpels becoming berries. Actsea. Flowers irregular; upper sepals spurred. Delphinium. A climbing or trailing vine with Atragene coiumbiana somewhat woody stems. Leaves Nutt. Pur- trifoliate, the leaflets thin, on pie Virgin's- sien(}er petioles, ovate, attenu- ate, acute, and entire, 2-3 inches long. Flowers purple, 1^-2 inches broad, on 92 Ranunculaceae long peduncles, solitary in the axils of the leaves; sepals 4-6, oblong lanceolate, acumi- nate, more than twice the length of the stamens; styles persistent, forming a plu- mose head of fruit. In rocky woods and on shaded mountain sides up to 6000 feet elevation, throughout the Rockies, trailing over the ground, or festooning the shrubs or lower branches of the trees; flowering in early June. Stem simple, sparingly hairy, 4-8 parviflora inches high. Basal leaves long- Michx. petioled, 3 -parted, the broadly Northern wedge-shaped divisions obtuse- Anemone. 1 1 1 -ix -1 r ly-lobed or crenate, those 01 the involucre nearly sessile, similarly lobed. Flower an inch or less in diameter, se- pals, oblong, very obtuse, white, blue on the outside near the base; stamens numerous; head of fruit globose. Common throughout the Rockies in moist ground and rich woods; flowering early in June. a Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. Alpine Anemone. b Anemone parviflora Michx. Northern Anemone. (% Nat.) Ranunculaceae 93 Anemone Sparingly pubescent, with long Drummondu whitish hairs, especially at the S. Wats. involucre, 4-6 inches high. Alpine Root-leaves, slender-petioled, 3- Anemone. parted, the divisions cut into linear, oblong obtuse lobes; leaves of the involucre similar on short petioles, their lobes slightly broader. Flowers usually soli- tary, half an inch or more broad on long peduncles; sepals 5, ovate or oval, obtuse, white, finely appressed-hairy and blue out- side. Throughout the region in alpine meadows and slopes near the snow, flowering in June and July as the snows disappear. Anemone Stems 3-i5 inches high, close, globosa silky-hairy. Root leaves long Nutt. Wind- petioled, nearly semicircular in flower. outline, 3- parted, the sessile divisions deeply lobed, with cleft, linear segments, involucral leaves similar, short petioled. Sepals 5-8, red, bluish or nearly pure white, half an inch or less long, soft, 94 Ranunculaceae hairy outside, receptacle oblong, in fruit densely woolly. The most abundant anemone through the Rockies in the low open valleys, and, occasionally on the slopes, presenting the greatest variety of colouring from deep rosy pink to pure white and occasionally blue; flowering in early June. Villous, 6-1 8 inches high. Leaves Pulsatilla . .. . . v much divided into narrow, linear, hirsutissima (Pursh.) acute lobes, the basal on slender Britton. petioles, those of the involucre Pasque sessile and erect or ascending. Flower. 11-1 1 Flowers bluish purple, some- times nearly white inside; sepals 5-7 ovate- oblong i-ij inches long, forming a cup; fruit a head of long silky achenes 2 inches or more in diameter. This is one of the earliest and most beauti- ful of all the spring flowers, in the open meadows and mountain sides, blossoming through May and June according to the situation. Probably its most common local a Fulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton. Pasque Flower. b Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. (% Nat.) Western Anemone. Ranunculaceae 95 name, in the Rockies where it is very abun- dant, is that of crocus, to which flower it does bear a superficial resemblance, in size shape, and colour, and in the habit of the flower appearing as soon as the snow has left the ground, and before the leaves. Stem rather stout, silky-hairy, Pulsatilla . . 6- 1 8 inches high, simple. Leaves occidentals (S. Wats.) biternate, the lower on long Freyn. petioles, the divisions deeply Western pinnatifid into deeply cut linear, Anemone. 1 u , , , acute lobes; those of the in- volucre similar but short- petioled. Flow- ers. iJ-2 inches broad, peduncled, the peduncles much elongated in fruit; sepals spreading, 6-7, oval-obtuse, white, the outside usually blue at the base; fruit of long plumose tailed achenes in a globular fluffy head. Frequent throughout the Rockies at an elevation of 6000 to 10,000 feet, blossoming on the edges of the snow banks as they recede, 96 Ranunculacese • ; 1 V o< Thalictrum megacarpum Torr. Veiny Meadow Rue. a conspicuous feature of many an alpine meadow during early June. Smooth, pale green, and glaucous ; stem purplish, erect, 6-18 inches tall. Leaves 3-4 ternate, long- petioled, leaflets firm, obovate, rounded at the apex, wedge- shaped or subcordate at the base, \-\ an inch long, 3~5-lobed, the lower surface prominently veined. Flowers dioecious, with 4 or 5 small, purplish-green sepals and large, linear, wedge-shaped anthers or slender styles; the achenes wedge-shaped and taper- ing into a short beak. A frequent plant in the dry open valleys in the Rockies at the lower altitudes ; flower- ing in June. Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. Western Meadow Rue. Stems slender, 1-3 feet high. Leaves 2-4 ternate, the lowest petioled ; leaflets thin, J to nearly an inch long, 3-9 lobed at the summit, sparingly glandular- hairy beneath. Flowers dice- Ranunculaceae 97 cious, nodding on very slender pedicels in an ample open panicle; calyx of 4-8 sepals which soon fall, filaments purplish and slender ; anthers linear and pointed ; achenes lanceolate or somewhat sickle-shaped, nearly half an inch long. Frequent in rich woods and moist shady places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June, like the previous species striking for its leaves, re- sembling a robust maiden-hair fern, and the large loose heads of delicate tasselled flowers. Aquatic herb with submerged Batrachium , stems, a foot long or more, tnchophyl- lum (Chaix.) Leaves petioled, 1-2 inches long, Bossch. finely dissected. Flowers white White with yellow centre, J-J of an inch broad, blooming on the Crowfoot. surface of the water on stout pedicels 1-2 inches or more long. Frequent throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes in shallow ponds and ditches; flowering in June and July. 98 Ranunculaceae Ranan 1 Aquatic or creeping, hairy, at Purshii least on the younger parts. Richards. Leaves slender- petioled, J-i inch, Pursh's wide, palmately-'divided nearly to the base, into obtuse lobes. Flowers less than J an- inch broad, bright yellow; petals 5 ; head of fruit globose, a little less than J of an inch broad. Frequent in shallow pools throughout the Rockies; flowering throughout the summer. Ranunculus Stems creePing> rooting at the reptans L. joints; flowering stems and pe- Creeping duncles ascending. Leaves lin- Spearwort. ear-lanceolate or spatulate J-2 inches long, entire, gradually narrowed into the petiole. Flowers nearly half an inch broad, solitary, on peduncles f-2 inches long; petals 4-7, much exceeding the calyx; stamens numerous; achenes flat. On muddy shores of ponds and streams throughout the Rockies, flowering in mid- summer, the creeping stems frequently inter- laced and forming dense mats. • g ID J3 13 O c s I cS ^ ^ ° .8 , w . I3 a S^ ^S S,^^ §j lga| §° ««P § 3 ^ § 8 Bj g « § Ranunculaceae 99 Ranunculus Erect 4-12 inches high, branch- pedatifidus mg. Basal leaves petioled, J. E. Smith. broadly ovate or nearly or- Northern Buttercup. bicular> about f of an inch broad, crenate or often lobed, those of the stem deeply and narrowly lobed, nearly sessile. Flowers about J of an inch in diameter, petals little surpassing the spreading sepals. In moist shaded situations near Banff; flowering in June. Ranunculus Stem branching, more or less eremogenes hairy, 6-1 8 inches high, sparingly Greene. leafy. Leaves rounded in out- D/ltch line, mostly 5-parted, the seg- ments cut into about 3 -toothed lobes. Flowers \ of an inch or more broad, the light yellow petals surpassing the sepals ; fruit in an obtusely ovoid head. In wet springy places, ditches and the margins of pools, frequent through the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in June and July. ioo Ranunculaceae Ranunculus Smooth» 3-" inches high, 1-3- Eschscholt- flowered. Leaves round in out- zii Schi. Hne, those at the root all 3-5- parted and deeply cut, their Buttercup. .. 1 , ,. . obovate or wedge-shaped divi- sions mostly lobed or narrowly cut, stem- leaves similar with oblong to spatulate or lanceolate, often entire divisions. Flowers bright yellow; petals 5, a third of an inch or more long. Frequent at the higher altitudes, blooming close to the melting snow, throughout the region; flowering in June and July. Ranunculus Similar in habit to the previous alpeophilus species though usually larger, A. Nelson. bright green and nearly smooth throughout. Leaves sparingly hairy on the margins, the basal broader and less divided. Flowers pale yellow, J of an inch or more broad; petals little longer than the calyx. Along streams and in moist grounds, an alpine species frequent throughout the Rockies; flowering in June and July. * X> SI * « «: Ranunculaceae 101 Ranunculus Stems about 4 inches long, de- saxicola. cumbent or ascending, smooth. Rydb. Basal leaves on petioles 2 inches long, rounded, somewhat hairy when young, 3-lobed, lobes spreading and toothed, stem- leaves 1-3, nearly sessile, cleft into 3-7 linear lobes. Flowers about J an inch broad, sepals tinged with brown, half the length of the petals, broad, obovate, obtuse, slightly hairy ; petals broadly obovate, bright yellow ; achenes more or less hairy, with a straight style. Throughout the Rockies in stony ground at the higher altitudes ; flowering in July. Ranunculus Stems rather stout, 6-12 inches inamoenus. high, slightly hairy. Root leaves Greene. on short petioles, rounded, cre- nate-toothed or 3-lobed, stem leaves sessile and cut into 3-6 oblong-lanceolate segments. Flowers | of an inch or more broad, usually several together on short slender peduncles; petals obovate-oblong, light yellow; achenes small, hairy. In open ground sparingly throughout the 102 Ranunculaceae Rockies at the lower elevations; flowering in June. Ranunculus Stem 3-6 inches high, smooth, Suksdorfii slender, 1-3 -flowered. Leaves A. Gray. i an 'm^ Qr more long, sub- reniform or broadly fan-shaped with wedge- shaped base, deeply 3-5-cleft or parted, the radical into cuneate 3-5 -cleft or incised divis- ions, those of the stem linear. Flowers bright yellow ; petals round-obovate, J-J an inch long. In moist ground on slopes, throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. StemS hair 6~10 incheS Ranunculus eximius branching. Leaves few, basal, Greene. rounded in outline, ternately Low lobed, sometimes deeply so, on slender petioles; stem leaves sessile or nearly so, cut into narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate lobes. Flowers f of an inch or more broad, petals spreading, bright yellow and shining on the upper surface; sepals not reflexed. A showy low buttercup in the dry open valleys in the Rockies; flowering in June. Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. (% Nat.) Small Blue Columbine. Ranunculaceae 103 Ranunculus montanensis Rydb. Meadow Buttercup. Stem stout, 1-2 feet high, branching with long rough hairs. Basal leaves long, hairy all over, 3 -parted, the divisions again divided or cut into linear or lanceolate segments; petioles 3 or 4 inches long; stem-leaves similar but short petioled. Flowers few, large ; sepals broadly ovate with silky hairs ; petals broadly ovate, nearly half an inch long, bright yellow; head of achenes, globose ; style long, slender, and much curved. Frequent in the Rockies at the lower altitudes in more or less shaded grassy situations; flowering in June and July. Stems creeping and rooting at the joints, 1-7- flowered. Leaves broadly ovate, coarsely crenate, clustered at the base and joints of the long slender runners. Flowers J of an inch across; petals light yellow, longer than the sepals; fruit in oblong heads. A common species throughout the Rockies Halerpestes Cymbalaria (Pursh.) Green. Creeping Crowfoot. 104 Ranunculaceae in damp ground, frequently forming mats several feet across; flowering continuously throughout the summer. Stems erect, 2-12 inches high, Caltha lep- tosepala 1-2 -flowered. Leaves roundish Hook. or oblong-cordate, longer than White broad, irregularly crenate- Marsh toothed; sepals 6-8, lanceolate, Marigold. -11 *-. i | of an inch long, white, strongly suffused with blue on the outside; stamens numerous; pistils 5-15. In springy ground and wet alpine meadows throughout the region, often growing in such abundance as to make the meadows brilliant with the blue and white flowers, which appear soon after the snow has left the ground in June and July. Trollius Stem erect, 6-12 inches high, albiflorus more or less branching. Leaves (A. Gray.) palmately divided, the segments Ry b> many cleft. Flowers solitary, Western Globe- I~Ii incnes broad, subtended flower by a wliorl of leaves; sepals a Caltha leptosepala Hook. 6 Trollius albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb. Western Globe-Flower. (% Nat.) Ranunculaceae 105 broadly obovate 5-6, pure white tinged on the back with greenish rose; petals 15-20, less than J of an inch long, narrowly truncate, bright yellow, nearly concealed by the num- erous stamens. One of the most abundant and conspicuous of the spring flowers of the alpine meadows, and marshy borders of alpine streams and lakes, commencing to flower when but a few inches high on the edges of the melting snow in May and June. slender, Aquilegia brevistyla sparingly branched. Leaves, the Hook. basal long-petioled, biternate, Small Blue lobed and crenate> the stem Columbine. leaves few, nearly sessile and lobed. Flowers J an inch or more long, nodding, sepals blue, petals creamy-white with a short blue spur not more than \ of an inch long; styles and stamens hardly exceeding the petals. In open rocky situations, rather local, common in the region around Banff, flower- ing in May and June. io6 Ranunculaceae Aquilegia StemS smootn> i~3 feet flavescens branched. Leaves ternate, leaf- S. Wats. lets round-cordate, 3-parted, the Yellow segments coarsely toothed, 2-3- Columbine. cleft. Flowers yellow, an inch or more long, nodding; sepals reflexed, ob- long-ovate, acute, longer than the spurs; petals spreading with a spur half an inch long; styles and stamens nearly equal, much exserted. The commonest columbine throughout the region, growing in woods and on slopes up to 8000 feet, varying greatly in colour; flowering in June and July according to the elevation. ) Aquilegia Stem 2~4 feet hi&h' brancnm§» formosa sparingly pubescent with spread- Fisch. ing hairs. Leaves, the lower Western triternately parted on long peti- Columbine. i ' ' j oles, the upper sessile and ter- nate or reduced to simple bracts, leaflets broadly wedge-shaped, 3 -cleft. Flowers scar- let, drooping, more than an inch long; a Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. Yellaw Columbine. b Aquilegia formosa Fisch. Western Columbine. Nat.) Ranunculaceae 107 sepals scarlet varying to orange, spreading or reflexed, an inch long, lanceolate, acute; petals yellow, more or less spreading, with a scarlet spur about the length of the sepals ; styles and stamens exserted. Throughout the Selkirks, in moist ground, on slopes and borders of rocky alpine streams, flowering during July and late June. Delphinium Stem tal1' 2~5 feet hiSh> leafY' Brownii Leaves mostly orbicular in out- Rydb. line, 5-y-parted, the upper into Western narrow-cleft, laciniate divisions, Larkspur. petioled. Flowers nodding, less than an inch long, dull purple, bluish or occasionally white, numerous in an elon- gated spike ; sepals 5 , blue, J of an inch long, not spreading, the upper one prolonged into a spur, half an inch long; petals white, nearly as long as the sepals. Frequent in the region around Banff in open woods at the lower altitudes, flowering in July. io8 Ranunculaceae Delphinium Sparingly leafy, 10-18 inches Menziesii tall, from a tuberous rootstock. DC. Blue Leaves, the lowest round-reni- ar spur. form, cut into irregular, oblong, obtuse lobes, the upper with linear, acute lobes. Flowers few in a simple panicle, sepals lanceolate, obtuse, f of an inch or more long, spreading, brilliant blue, about as long as the short curved spur; petals exserted, white with purple veins. Throughout the region in open ground and on grassy slopes ; flowering in early June or later according to the altitude. a ar Stems erect, 2-3 feet high, guta Nutt. smooth except the inflorescence. Western Red Leaves large, ternately com- Baneberry. pound, the basal leaf long peti- oled, the divisions long petioled and pin- nate, leaflets ovate, ij~5 inches long, cut with sharp teeth. Raceme ovoid, 1-2 inches long; flowers small, white, with petal-like sepals; petals, 4-10 spatulate and minute ; stamens numerous ; berries in a II 11 Berberidaceae 109 spreading raceme, small, spherical, and purplish red. Frequent in the rich woods throughout the region, at the lower altitudes; flowering in late May and early June. Actaea Similar to the preceding species eburnea an(j often growing with it and difficult to distinguish from it Western White when in flower: in fruit, how- Baneberry. ever, they are quite distinct. In A. eburnea the berries are fully twice as large, nearly half an inch long and a quarter of an inch in diameter and pure waxy white. In rich moist woods throughout the Rockies; flowering with the other species in May and early June; fruiting in late July. BERBERIDACEAE Barberry Family Shrubs or herbs with alternate or basal leaves, with or without stipules, and solitary or racemed, mostly terminal flowers; sepals 1 1 o Papaveraceae and petals generally overlapping in several series; stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; flowers perfect. Berberis ^ smooth, trailing shrub. Leaves aquifolium petioled, pinnate, leaflets 3-7, Pursh. ovate or oval, oblique, obtuse, Trailing truncate or slightly cordate at Mahonia. -, • -, the base, sessile thick, persist- ent, finely veiny, 1-2 inches long, with spine- bearing teeth. Flowers yellow, in several erect, dense, terminal racemes; berry globose, blue or purple. A straggling shrub with spiny glossy dark green leaves, which change to beauti- ful tints of scarlets and yellows during mid- summer and autumn. Frequent in the Rockies in woods; flowering in June. PAPAVERACE^J Poppy Family Herbs with milky or coloured sap and al- ternate leaves or the upper rarely opposite, flowers perfect, regular or irregular; sepals 2, a Delphinium Menziesii DC. Blue Larkspur. 6 Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. Lithophragma. (% Nat.) Brassicaceae 1 1 1 rarely 3 or 4, soon falling off; petals 4-6 or rarely more, folded together, often wrinkled ; stamens numerous. Smooth, 4-12 inches long, dif- fusely branching. Leaves all aureum (Willd.) but the uppermost petioled, Kuntze. finely cut into oblong-obovate Golden or wedge-shaped segments. Corydalis. Flowers numerous in an oblong head, bright golden yellow, nearly half an inch long; spur J the length of the body of the corolla, outer petals keeled, not crested; pods spreading or pendulose, torulose; seeds obtuse, margined, shining, obscurely ridged. Frequent throughout the Rockies in open ground at the lower altitudes where it has been recently burned or cleared; flowering during most of the summer. BRASSICACEAE Mustard Family Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with wa- tery acrid juice, alternate leaves and racemose 1 1 2 Brassicaceae or corymbose white, yellow, or pink flowers; sepals and petals 4; stamens 6, rarely fewer; pistil i, consisting of 2 united carpels. Pods short; silicles. Pod compressed parallel to the partition. Draba. Pod compressed contrary to the partition, ovate ; flowers white. Thlaspi. Pod inflated, obcordate; flowers yellow. Physaria. Pods elongated; siliques. Pod compressed parallel to the partition. Valves nerveless; flowers white. Cardamine. Valves i -nerved; flowers white or pink. Arabis. Pods terete, not at all compressed. Pods i£ inches long or more. Flowers yellow, stigma 2-lobed. Erysimum. Pods less than i J inches long. Leaves grey with fine hairs; flowers white. Smelowskia. Leaves not grey-hairy ; flowers yellow or white. Pubescence of simple hairs. Sisymbrium. Pubescence of forked hairs. Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid ; flowers yellow. Sophia. Leaves entire or nearly so; flowers white. Braya. Smooth throughout. Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid ; flowers white. Roripa. Draba Caudex much branched, branches glacialis short and slender. Leaves Adams strongly keeled, J-f of an inch long, more or less loosely stellate-pubescent, i! £3 W g Brassicaceae 113 sometimes ciliate at the base. Scapes slen- der, J-6 inches high, hairy or nearly smooth ; racemes few-flowered ; sepals . with a few long hairs or smooth petals § of an inch long, pale yellow, darker at the base; pod ' \ of an inch or more long, narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, on pedicels \ of an inch or more long; style distinct. In dry, exposed stony places throughout the Rockies, flowering in early spring. • Draba Stems much branched from the oligosperma root, densely tufted at the base. Hook. Leaves erect, linear, obtuse, tapering to the base, stiff, ciliate, with stel- late hairs on both sides, especially toward the apex. Scapes naked; flowers racemose; calyx smooth or with scattered hairs, petals white or pale yellow, obovate, | of an inch or more long, pods short, nearly orbicular, acute at the apex, more or less rounded at the base, sparingly short-hairy, | of an inch long; style \ its length. Alpine summits and dry ridges throughout ii4 Brassicaceae the Rockies; flowering in May and June. Draba Densely caespitose. Leaves lin- andina ear-oblong, obtuse, J of an inch (Nutt.) long or less, stiff and rigid, A. Nelson. densely imbricated, forming nu- merous small rosettes: stellate-pubescent on both sides. Scapes slender, 1-2 inches high, few-flowered, petals pale yellow or white, J of as. inch long; twice as long as the hairy calyx; pods | of an inch or less long with short stiff hairs. On exposed rocks and alpine summits throughout the Rockies, frequent in the vicinity of Banff, flowering in May and June. Caudex with numerous slender Draba nivalis matted branches. Leaves in Liljb. dense tufts, oblanceolate, acutish Arctic Whit- with a rather stout mid-nerve, entire, white-hairy, with dense stellate pubescence, not at all ciliate or slightly so near the base, J of an inch long or less. Scapes slender, hairy, 1-3 inches o I 03 03 S 2 .go Brassicaceae 1 1 5 high, calyx hairy; flowers | of an inch high, the white petals slightly exceeding the calyx; pods few, usually smooth, oblong, acute at each end, J of an inch or less long on short pedicels and with a short stout style and 2-lobed stigma. On alpine summits and exposed ledges throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. Draba Ion- Similar to the preceding species chocarpa but with the leaves obtuse; Rydb. pods J-f of an inch long, smooth, very narrow and usually more or less twisted, on slender pedicels J-J an inch long. In moist or shaded ground, on alpine summits or on ledges, throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. Pubescent throughout with short stellate hairs ; stems rather stout, erect, frequently several from the same root; leafy, 2-15 inches high. Leaves entire or few- toothed, oblanceolate. or lanceolate, stem Draba aurea Vahl Golden Whitlow- grass. n6 Brassicaceae leaves usually narrowed and frequently ciliate at the base, J-2 inches long. Flowers bright yellow in an elongated leafy raceme; calyx smooth or somewhat hairy; petals elliptic, less than J of an inch long; pods lanceolate to linear, acute, hairy, often twisted, J-J an inch long on peduncles half their length. Frequent in dry open ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. Draba in- Erect, simple, or somewhat cana L. branched, leafy, stellate- pubes- Hoary cent throughout, 6-12 inches Whitlow- higk Leayes lanceolatej oblan_ . ' ceolate or ovate, J-i inch long, acute or obtuse, dentate or nearly entire; flowers white, f of an inch or less broad ; petals notched, twice as long as the sepals; pod oblong or lanceolate, acute J-J an inch long on nearly erect pedicels about J their length. Throughout the region in moist ravines; flowering during June. •JUPPE? ' ^*£>«^. s Brassicaceae 1 1 7 Other species of Draba occur in the region but being neither common nor striking it is deemed out of place to describe them here. Thias i Decumbent or erect, 6-12 inches arvense L. high, simple or much branched Penny-cress, above. Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, obtusely- or runcinately- toothed or angled. Flowers small, white, in a compact head; pods large, J an inch broad, orbicular or nearly so, strongly winged and compressed. In moist low ground and waste places throughout the Rockies, flowering in June. Ph aria Densely stellate, canescent, pale didymo- green, root long and deep. Stems carpa decumbent or ascending, slender, simple, 3-12 inches long. Leaves A. Gray. Double spatulate, the basal ones ob- Bladder- tuse, entire or few lobed, nar- pod. rowed into margined petioles; stem leaves nearly sessile, acute, much n8 • Brassicaceae smaller. Flowers about J an inch broad, light yellow in a close raceme, 2-5 inches long in fruit; pods much inflated and vari- able, often | an inch thick. In dry clayey and stony soil and on slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. Smooth or rarely with a few scattered hairs; stems erect, pennsylva- nica Muhl. stout or slender, 8 inches to 3 Pennsyl- feet high , usually much branched , vama somewhat succulent, leafy up to the racemes. Basal leaves cress. 2-6 inches long, the terminal leaflet obovate, ovate or obcordate, usually narrowed at the base, J-f of an inch wide, the lateral 4-8 pairs oblong, oval or obovate, all toothed or some of them entire. Flowers about J of an inch broad, white; pods very narrowly linear, J-i} inches long, erect when mature on ascending pedicels. In wet shaded places, sparingly through- out the region; flowering during June and July. Brassicaceae 119 Arabis hir- Stem erect» nearly simple, 1-2 suta (L.) feet high, roughly hairy or nearly Scop. Hairy smooth. Basal leaves on mar- Rock-cress. petioles forming a rosette, obovate or spatulate, obtuse, denticulate, 1-2 inches long; stem leaves sessile, clasping by an auriculate base, lanceolate or oblong. Flowers \ of an inch or less long, white, in a strict, elongated raceme; pods narrowly linear, erect or appressed, 1-2 inches long. In open grounds throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes ; flowering in June. Finely stellately pubescent Arabis Hol- throughout; stems frequently Hornem. several, simple or branched, erect Stony i_2i feet high. Root leaves narrowly oblanceolate, entire, an inch or less long; stem leaves linear-lanceo- late to narrowly oblong, acute, sagittate. Flowers rosy pink or rarely white, becoming more or less reflexed, J of an inch long; pods more or less abruptly reflexed, straight or somewhat curved ij-2| inches long, very narrowly linear. 1 20 Brassicaceae On banks and stony slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. Slightly glaucous, stems erect; ... 1-2 feet high. Root leaves Drummondn A. Gray. narrowly oblanceolate more or Drum- less hairy; the stem leaves monds oblong or linear-lanceolate, 1-2 Rock-cress. . ' inches long. Flowers white or pinkish, \ of an inch long in a close panicle, elongated in fruit; pods erect when mature, slender, 1^-3 inches long, obtuse. In open ground and on slopes throughout the Rockies, flowering in June. Arabis Low, smooth, throughout, or Lyallii sometimes more or less stellace- S. Wats. pubescent below; stem simple, Lyall s several, or many from the same Rock-cress. root. Lower leaves spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, usually J-i inch long, sometimes longer; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong, sometimes scarcely auricled. Flowers rose-colour, \ of an inch Brassicaceae 1 2 1 long; pods erect or ascending, very slender, straight or nearly so, 1-2 inches long. Alpine meadows and slopes at the higher elevations throughout the Rockies, flowering in June and July. Erect, 10-18 inches high, cinere- ous and rough with 2 -parted hairs, spicuum Leaves narrowly linear-lanceo- (S. Wats.) late or oblong-linear, mostly MacM. entire, the root leaves crowded and sometimes repand dentate. Mustard. ' • •'•• Flowers sulphur yellow in a compact head, elongated in fruit, calyx cam- panulate, } inch high, petals J longer, the blades spreading; pods slender, erect or nearly so at maturity, 1-2 inches long. In gravelly places, common on the eastern slopes of the Rockies at the lower elevations, flowering in June. Smeiowskia Very variable in foliage, finely calycina stellate-pubescent and usually (Desv.) c A Me er cinereous-villous with larger sin- Smelowskia. gle hairs ; caud ex stout , branched . 122 Brassicaceae Leaves soft in texture, usually deeply pin- natifid with 2-several pairs of linear to obovate, obtuse segments. Stems several, 1-6 inches high, racemes at first dense and corymbose, becoming elongated in fruit. Flowers white with exserted broad rounded petals | of an inch or more long; pods usually lanceolate, tapering to each end. On alpine summits through the Rockies; not common; flowering in June and July. Erect, 2-4 feet high,freely branch- Sipymbrium altissimum ing» smooth or nearly so. Lower L. Tall leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, peti- Hedge oled, the lobes lanceolate, often auriculate; upper leaves smaller, short petioled, or usually sessile, very deeply pinnatifid, the lobes linear or lanceolate, dentate or entire, the uppermost often re- duced to linear, entire bracts. Flowers pale yellow, J of an inch broad on slender spread- ing pedicels, pods very narrowly linear, divergent, 2-4 inches long. At the lower elevations throughout the Brassicaceae 123 region as a weed, especially on the line of the railway, flowering in July. Stems 1-2 feet high, sparingly Sophia intermedia greyish-puberulent, especially be- Rydb. low, or sometimes nearly smooth, Western often glandular above; hairs more or less stellate. Leaves Mustard. twice or thnce-pmnatind, the primary divisions oblanceolate or obovate, divided to near the midrib into linear or linear-oblong segments, sparingly puberulent. Raceme rather long, flowers small, less than I of an inch high; petals yellow; peduncles diverging sometimes nearly at right angles; pod club-shaped. Common throughout the Rockies in open places at the lower altitudes, flowering, in June and July. Braya Erect 4-10 inches high, branch- humihs -ng below, sparingly hairy. Leaves spatulate or oblanceo- Robmson. Northern late, the lower obtuse, 1-2 inches Rock-cress. long, narrowed into a petiole, 124 Brassicaceae sharply dentate or rarely entire, the upper smaller, narrower, often acute. Flowers white or pink J of an inch or more broad, pedicels erect, J of an inch long in fruit; pods nearly terete, narrowly linear, J-f of an inch long, valves finely nerved. In moist gravelly or stony ground through- out the Rockies at the lower altitudes, flowering in June. Aquatic, smooth, branched, float- Ronps. Nasturtium ing or creeping, rooting from (L.) Rusby. the joints. Leaves odd pinnate Water-cress. of 3_9 segments, the terminal one larger than the lateral, all obtuse, ovate or oval or the terminal one near- ly orbicular Racemes elongated in fruit; flowers white, J of an inch or more broad ; pod J-iJ inches long, spreading and slightly curved upwards, on pedicels of about their length. In ditches and shallow pools through the Rockies, especially abundant at Banff in the warm water at the outlet Crassulaceae 125 from the Basin; flowering through June and July. CRASSULACE^ Stone-Crop Family Fleshy smooth herbs with alternate leaves, and perfect flowers in terminal, oftentimes i -sided cymes. Calyx 4~5-lobed; petals 4-5, distinct, stamens twice as many as the petals; carpels 4-5, styles short. Sedum Perennial, tufted, smooth, flow- stenopet- ering branches 3-7 inches long. Leaves alternate, crowded, sessile, Narrow Petaled linear J-J an inch long, entire. Stone-crop. Flowers bright yellow, nearly half an inch broad in a 5-7- forked, compact cyme, petals narrowly lanceolate, very acute. Common throughout the Rockies in moist, gravelly or sandy soil, on river shores, and on rocky slopes, flowering in June and July. i26 Parnassiaceae PARNASSIACE^ Grass-of -Parnassus Family Smooth bog-herbs with a rosette of basal leaves and generally one or a few alternate stem leaves and solitary, terminal flowers. Flowers perfect; calyx generally 5-lobed to near the base ; petals 5 ; perfect stamens 5 ; staminodia (imperfect stamens) in clusters at the base of each petal ; stigmas 4. Leaves tufted at the base on Parnassia fimbriata petioles 2-6 inches long; blades Banks. reniform or broadly cordate, Fringed |-i an inch wide, thin, smooth, Grass-of- with about 7 principal veins. Parnassus. . Flowers f of an inch or more broad on a scape 8-12 inches high with a small cordate clasping bract about the mid- dle; sepals i of an inch long, elliptic, obtuse; petals obovate, pure white, fringed at the base, staminodia united into 5 fleshy obovate scales. Common throughout the region in springy n' & •£ £-1 Parnassiaceae 127 places and damp mossy banks at the lower altitudes, flowering during July. Parnassia Leaves tufted at the base on montanensis short petioles', blades ovate with Rydb. and a cordate or rounded base } of Fernald. Marsh an inch long. Flowers solitary, Grass-of- on scapes 8 inches or more high Parnassus. with a large ovate bract below the middle; sepals lanceolate, acute, } of an inch or more long, petals oval to elliptic only slightly larger than the sepals; staminodial scales with 7-9 gland- tipped filaments. Throughout the Rockies in marshy ground and shaded river shores; flowering in June and early July. Scapes slender, 4-12 inches high, Parnassia . parviflora usually bearing a clasping oval DC. Small- leaf at the middle. Basal leaves •flowered on slender petioles, oval or ovate, Grass-of- narrowed at the base, not cor- Parnassus. -11 ™ date, J-i inch long. Flowers about J of an inch broad, sepals equalling or somewhat shorter than the elliptic sessile 128 Saxifragaceae petals; staminodia 5-7 at the base of each petal. In wet gravelly places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. Much smaller than the pre- Parnassia . -011 Kotzebuei cea-ing species. Basal leaves Cham, and ^ew on petioles less than an inch Schl. long; blades broadly ovate, J an Alpine jncn long. Flowers on slender Grass-of- . , ... . , scapes 2-4 inches high, without Parnassus. any bract; sepals oblong, abput J of an inch long, equalling or exceeding the elliptic or oval 3 -veined petals; staminodia short with 3-5 slender filaments. Throughout the Rockies at high altitudes on the gravelly borders of alpine ponds or brooks, a very diminutive species, flowering in July. SAXIFRAGACEAE Saxifrage Family Stemmed or stemless herbs with alternate or sometimes opposite or more frequently Saxifragaceae 129 basal leaves; flowers perfect, racemose, cymose or paniculate ; calyx 5-lobed or parted ; petals 4 or 5, white, yellow or greenish or sometimes rose-coloured; stamens equal or twice the number of the petals; carpels i- several, distinct or united. Placentae parietal. Flowers solitary and axillary ; sepals 4 ; stamens 4-8. Chr y so splenium . Flowers in more or less elongated racemes. Flowers with 2 or 3 equal carpels. Flower-stalk axial from a bulbiferous rootstock. Lithophragma. Flower-stalk a lateral shoot from a stout scaly rootstock. Inflorescence racemose. Petals pinnately cut or pinnatifid. Base of the calyx campanulate deeper than the length of the sepals. Tellima. Base of the calyx saucer-shaped, shal- lower than the length of the sepals. Ovary more than half superior; disc inconspicuous. Mitella. Ovary wholly inferior, covered with the prominent disc. Pectiantia. Inflorescence paniculate. Heuchera. Flowers with 2 very unequal carpels. Tiarella. Placentas axial. Base of the calyx well developed, at maturity longer than the sepals. 1 3° Saxifragaceae Stamens 5, plant with short bulblet bearing rootstock. Hemieva. Stamens 10. Plants without caudices; only producing annual flowering stems. Saxifraga. Plants with perennial leafy caudices, often with offsets. Muscaria. Base of the calyx only slightly developed, unchanged at maturity. Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal. Plants stemless. Corolla regular, petals about equal in shape and length. Micranthes. Corolla irregular petals of different shape and length. Spatularia. Plants with stems. Carpels distinct ; leaf -blades toothed. Leptarrhena. Carpels partially united ; leaf -blades entire. Leptasea. Leaves opposite except sometimes on the flower- stalks. Antiphylla. Perennial with a slender creeping Chrysos- plenium rootstock; stems iJ-6 inches tetrandrum high, branched above. Leaves al- Th. Fries. ternate, the lower ones on petioles Golden I-2 inches long; blades thick, Saxifrage. . remform, § an inch or less wide, crenate with 3-5 broad teeth, shining above, paler beneath, upper ones larger and more Saxifragaceae 13* or less wedge-shaped. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; sepals 4; stamens 4 opposite the sepals. In shaded damp ground in the wooded areas through the Rockies at an elevation of 5000 to 6000 feet, where it often forms dense green carpets, the inconspicuous little flowers coming into blossom in June. Litho- phragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. Lithophrag ma. Stems 4-12 inches high, slightly glandular-hairy, from a slender creeping rootstock with rosy bulblets. Leaves palmately divided to the base into 3-5 divisions, J-i inch long, twice ternately cleft into oblong or linear divisions; lower ones on petioles 1-2 inches long; stem leaves i or 2 similar, sessile. Flowers 3-8 in a slender raceme, base of the calyx and sepals J of an inch long; petals pure white, deeply 3-5 cut into narrowly oblong divisions. On grassy slopes and gravelly places throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. 132 Saxifragaceae T2llima Flowering branches 1-2 feet high, grandiflora with long rough hairs, glandular (Pursh.) above. Leaves reniform or cor- date, sparingly rough-hairy, lellima. round lobed, and toothed with broadly ovate teeth; 1^-4 inches broad on hairy petioles 4-8 inches long; stem leaves short- petioled with well-developed stipules. Flowers numerous in an elongated raceme ; sepals ovate J of an inch long; petals white, purplish or pink with a pinnately cut blade; claws broadly wedge-shaped, f of an inch long, erect, blade spreading or reflexed with a rounded ovate body and tapering thread- like lobes. Moist woods and crevices in the rocks, abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June. Perennial, from a slender Mitella nuda L Naked branched rootstock, producing Bishop's- long runners in late summer; CaP- flowering branches scape-like, naked, or rarely with a small leaf, 2-8 inches high, sparingly hairy. Leaves reniform •f \ Saxifragacese 133 f-2 inches in diameter, rounded, crenate or lobed, on petioles 1-3 inches long. Flowers few, in a loose raceme, saucer-shaped : calyx about J of an inch broad, greenish-yellow; petals spreading about twice as long as the sepals, greenish-yellow, pinnately divided into thread-like divisions, resembling snow crystals in form. Common in the cool woods and shaded mossy bogs throughout the Rockies; flower- ing in June. Flowering branches scape-like, Pectiantia pentandra 4-12 inches high, naked. Leaves (Hook.) broadly crenate with 9-11 more Rydb. or iess distinc,t round lobes, Mitrewort. . , . 1-1 i 1 ,• thin, 1-2 \ inches broad on peti- oles, 2-4 inches long. Flowers J of an inch . broad in a slender loose raceme, green or often purplish inside; sepals broadly tri- angular-ovate, obtuse, and recurved; petals yellowish, deeply cut into slender thread- like divisions, twice as long as the calyx; stamens 5, opposite the petals. i34 Saxifragacese Throughout the region in cool woods and shaded springy spots; flowering in early June at the higher altitudes. Pectiantia Flowering branches 4-8 inches Breweri high* leafless. Leaves thin, (A. Gray.) broadly reniform with many Rydb. shallow rounded lobes; petioles Mitrewort. 2-4 inches long. Flowers in a loose raceme, green, occasionally in pairs; calyx | of an inch wide; sepals obtuse and reflexed; petals deeply cut into thread-like divisions about twice as long as the sepals; stamens 5, opposite the sepals. In damp woods throughout the region, growing with the previous species; flowering in early June. \ Heuchera Flowering stems slender, 4-20 glabra' inches high, smooth, 1-3 -leaved. Willd. Basal leaves on petioles, 2-8 Smooth inches long, cordate, deeply 5-7- Alum-root. . lobed, thin, shining, 1-4 inches broad and as long or slightly longer, lobes Saxifragaceae 135 triangular-ovate, acute, doubly and sharply serrate. Flowers in a loose panicle 2-6 inches long; calyx with the turbinate base about | of an inch long, sparingly fringed with hairs ; petals white, broadly spatulate, acute, about twice as long as the sepals; stamens much exserted, with scarlet and orange anthers. On damp shaded rocks, especially abun- dant in the Selkirks in the vicinity of Glacier. Flowering branches naked, Heuchera » . ovaiifolia densely glandular-hairy, 1-2 Nutt. feet high- Leaves round-oval, J- Round- ij inches broad, }-2 inches long, leaved rounded, slightly heart-shaped Alum-root. at the base, round- lobed and crenate with bristle-tipped teeth. Flowers in a short dense raceme less than 4 inches long, the deeply campanulate, yellowish, densely hairy base of the calyx, with the broadly oblong sepals J of an inch long, petals usually wanting. On dry rocky banks and hillsides through- out the region, flowering in midsummer. 136 Saxifragaceae Flowering branches 6-15 inches Tiarella unifoliata hi£h' i-4-leaved. Leaves broad- Hook, ly cordate, coarsely 3~5-lobed Foam with broadly ovate-acute lobes, doubly crenate with mucronate teeth; stem leaves short- petioled, basal, on petioles 2-6 inches long. Flowers in a narrow panicle ; sepals whitish ovate-oblong, T\ of an inch long, the linear-subulate, white petals and stamens fully three times as long; car- pels oblong- acute, nearly half an inch long in fruit. Abundant in damp rich woods throughout the region often- times carpeting the ground ; flowering in June, Light yellowish-green; stems 8- Hemieva ranunculi- IO inches high from a rosy- folia bulbous rootstock. Leaves ter- (Hook.) nately divided to the base, the middle division broadly wedge- Hemieva. shaped, |-i inch long, rounded, 3-lobed, the lateral ones oblique and 4-lobed ; basal, on petioles 2-4 inches long, stem in. Saxifragaceae 1 3 7 leaves on short petioles dilated at the base, the uppermost sessile, merely 3-lobed at the apex. Flowers showy in a short dense corymb; the base of the calyx and sepals yellowish-green about J of an inch long; petals white or yellowish, broadly spatulate, 1 of an inch long; stamens 5, opposite the sepals, filaments and carpels more or less rosy in colour. On wet rocky slopes in the Selkirks at Glacier, not common; flowering in June. Stems 1-3! inches tall, tufted, Saxifraga rivularisL. smooth or nnelY glandular- Alpine- hairy. Leaves reniform in out- Brook line, |-i an inch broad, thick, Saxifrage. mainly 3_iobed, those of the stem sometimes entire, short petioled or sessile; basal leaves on slender petioles an inch or more long. Flowers small, base of the calyx and sepals | of an inch long ; petals oblong, or broadly wedge-shaped, white, slightly larger than the sepals. An inconspicuous little plant growing on 138 Saxifragaceae wet rocks and beside alpine brooks at high altitudes throughout the region; flowering during midsummer. 0 ,f Stems 3-8 inches tall, leafy, Saxifraga cemua L. somewhat glandular-hairy, Nodding growing in groups. Leaves reni- Bulbous £orm in outiine i-i inch wide; the basal and lower stem-leaves long-petioled prominently, 3-7 lobed, the lobes linear to triangular-lanceolate; the upper stem leaves, 3-5-lobed. Flowers repre- sented by clusters of rosy bulblets, except a single terminal one with the base of the calyx and sepals J of an inch long, and wedge- shaped, the clawless white petals nearly half an inch long. A rather -striking alpine plant growing on wet rocks at Lake Louise and Moraine Lake;' -flowering in midsummer. Muscaria Somewhat glandular-hairy, 1-4 adscendens inches tall. Leaves J-J of an (L.) Small. inch long, mainly wedge-shaped QT spatulatej 3_toothed or those Sfc a g> Saxifragaceae 139 of the stem entire. Flower-stalks spar- ingly branched above or throughout; sepals ovate or oblong-ovate ^-J of an inch long, acute or obtuse; petals white, wedge-shaped to oblong wedge-shaped, a third longer than the sepals, the claws slender or stout. An alpine species with rosettes of basal leaves, not infrequent throughout the Rockies, along streams, and on shaded rocks ; flowering in midsummer. Glandular-hairy, 2-6 inches tall. Muscaria T cses itosa Leaves crowded at the base, (L.) Haw. sometimes densely so; blades Tufted J-J of an inch long, 3-lobed at Saxifrage. ^Q apex> the lobeg lanceolate or linear. Flower-stalks stout, 3-few- flowered, each bearing 2-3 leaves, base of the calyx | to fV of an inch high, tur- binate at the base, sepals ovate to ovate- lanceolate, TV-J of an inch long; petals white, narrowly obovate or oblong-ovate, J of 140 Saxifragaceae an inch or more long, rounded at the apex. An alpine species growing on moist, shaded rocks throughout the Rockies, frequent, often forming tufts of considerable size; flowering in June. Leaves forming a rosette, spread- Micranthes . . rhomboidea lng or ascending f-2 inches long, (Greene) ovoid or rhombic-ovoid, obtuse, Small. crenulate or dentate-serrate, Alpine nearly smooth except the .ciliate Saxifrage. margins, mainly green, some- times purplish beneath, abruptly or gradu- ally narrowed into petiole-like bases, which are occasionally larger than the blades. __ Flowers in a compact terminal head on a copiously glandular, naked scape 3-10 inches ^*~ x~ high ; sepals ovate to triangular TV-| of an inch long barely if at all ciliate, 3-veined; petals white, obovate or oblong-ovate, twice as long as the sepals, notched at the apex, seed pods green or purplish, the points spreading. A frequent alpine plant in the more or o . 03 II ¥ 13 Saxifragaceae 14 r less moist, shaded situations throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. Leaves erect or ascending \-2\ Micranthes Lyallii inches long, fan-shaped varying (Engler) to suborbicular, typically wedge- Small, shaped at the base, coarsely LyalVs few-toothed above with the teeth mainly directed forward, smooth or nearly so, the petiole-like bases often longer than the blades. Flowering stems 3-24 inches tall, smooth or nearly so, spar- ingly branched above, commonly purple, few-flowered; petals white with 2 yellow blotches below the middle, broadly oblong or suborbicular, often slightly notched at the apex, twice as long as the sepals, often tinged and streaked with red on the outside; seed pods nearly J an inch high, purple or purple-tinged, usually 3 or 4 together, with pointed beaks. An alpine form frequent throughout the region in damp, shady, or open places and along the borders of mountain streams; i42 • Saxifragaceae a rather striking plant, flowering in July. Leaves erect or ascending, 1-5 Micranthes . , Nelsoniana lnches long' suborbicular or (D. Don.) reniform, f-if inches in diam- Small. eter, deeply cordate at the base, Nelson's usually sparingly hairy on both sides, coarsely few-toothed with crenate, gland-tipped teeth. Flower-stem erect, ij-y inches tall, glandular- villous, especially above, terminating in a compact head usually with purple or purplish bracts; sepals ovate or oblong-ovate J— | of an inch long, ciliate; petals white, broadly oblong to ovate, twice as long as the sepals. A rather rare though very beautiful al- pine flower found throughout the region in moist places and along alpine brooks ; flower- ing in June. Spatularia Copiously glandular-hairy, 4-15 Brunoniana inches tall. Leaves crowded on Bong. Tall the short roots tock, spatulate Saxifrage. to ODlanceolate-spatulate, 1-3 inches long, sharply and sometimes broadly V VI Saxifragaceae 143 toothed, mostly above the middle. Flower- stems solitary or several together, widely branching, bracts much smaller than the leaves ; flowers terminating the stem, branches, and branchlets, but on many of the ultimate branchlets represented by clusters of green bulblets; sepals oblong-ovate to triangular- ovate, J of an inch or less long, purple, reflexed; petals white, J of an inch long or less, the three upper with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate blades; two lower with elliptic or spatulate-elliptic blades ; seed pods 1 of an inch long with diverging tips. The commonest form in the Selkirks, everywhere along streams and banks. Caudex horizontal or ascending, Leptarrhena pyrolifolia clothed with folded leaf bases. (D. Don.) Leaves leathery, oblong, orsome- R- Br- times slightly broadest above or Leptarrhena. ^Q^ ^Q middle, lj-3l inches long, obtuse, serrate or crenate-serrate, deep green and lustrous above, paler beneath, nar- rowed into winged petiole-like bases. Flower- 144 Saxifragaceae stalks 4-18 inches high, bearing i or 2 clasp- ing leaves; flowers small and inconspicuous, at first congested in a compact head, becom- ing separated ; sepals ovate, about as long as the base of the calyx, each with a terminal gland and usually some lateral glands ; petals narrowly spatulate, white, J of an inch long ; seed pods J of an inch long with slightly spreading tips; purplish. Along alpine streams and in damp shaded places, rather abundant throughout the region at the higher altitudes ; flowering in June. Le tasea Stems decumbent. Leaves J-| Van-Brun- of an inch long, the blades very tiae Small. thick, flattish, smooth, ciliate Fleshy Qn ^Q margins, spine- tipped. Flowers i-several on stalks, ij- 3 inches tall, finely glandular-hairy, leafy, bearing larger leaves than the decumbent stems; sepals ovate to oblong ovate, | of an inch long, smooth, more or less eroded at the apex; petals deep yellow, oblong, much Saxifragaceae 145 longer than the calyx ; seed pods J of an inch or more long. A common species throughout the Rockies, forming mats on the wet gravel and sand of the shores and flood -plains of the rivers and torrent fans at the bases of the moraines; flowering throughout June and July. Leaves of the caudices \ an inch or less long, stiff and crowded, austromon- tana (Wie- but fliore °r IGSS. spreading, the gand) blades narrowly lanceolate to Small. subulate, ciliate, slender, spine- tipped. Flower-stalks ii-6 Saxifrage. inches tall, nearly smooth or finely glandular- hairy, bearing several leaves which are smaller than those of the caudices; sepals ovate, sometimes rather narrowly so, |- of an inch long, smooth or sparingly ciliate, obtuse; petals white, usually yellow- spotted, oblong to oblong-lan- ceolate, \ of an inch or more long, filaments slender ; seed pods often nearly | an inch long. Common everywhere throughout the 1 46 Grossulariaceae Rockies at the lower altitudes on bare rocks and stony slopes, frequently forming mats a foot or more across; flowering in June. Plants in dense mats, leaves Antiphylla 1 ' ositi- densely folded together except folia (L.) on the flower-stalks and some- Fourr. times on the elongated stems, Purple 4-ranked, the blades obovate to Saxifrage. -11 spatulate, J of an inch long, ciliate, keeled. Flower-stalks J-i inch long or sometimes shorter when young, leafy; sepals oblong to ovate, J of an inch long, ciliate all around ; petals lilac or purple, ellip- tic or oval, showy, J of an inch long, each narrowed into a stout claw. Usually a high alpine species and not infrequently forming mats of considerable size; throughout the region, flowering in July. GROSSULARIACE^J Gooseberry Family Shrubs, usually with lobed, petioled leaves and racemose or subsolitary axillary or Grossulariaceae 1 4 7 lateral flowers, the pedicels bracteolate; calyx tube attached to the ovary, the limb 4-5-lobed, often coloured; petals, 4-5, in- serted on the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like, often included; stamens 4-5, in- serted with the petals; berry globose or ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent on its summit. Stems prostrate or ascending, Ribes lacus- tre (Pers.) 3~4 feet long, very prickly when Poir. young, spines slender and weak, Swamp generally clustered. Leaves nearly orbicular, thin, smooth or hairy along the veins beneath, deeply 5-7 lobed, 1-2 inches broad, the lobes acutish, incised-dentate. Flowers in racemes of 5-9 ; calyx rotate, £ of an inch broad, spreading, green or purplish; petals exceeding the calyx; ovary glandular-hispid; berry black. A very* abundant gooseberry throughout the region in cool damp woods and bogs at the lower elevations; flowering in June. 1 48 Grossulariaceae Ribes seto- Stems erect, 3-4 feet high, with sum Lindl. numerous stout bristles, es- Bristly pecially on the young wood; Gooseberry. axillary gpines ^ together, rather stout and spreading. Leaves slender- petioled, more or less finely hairy, at least when young, J— i inch wide, broadly ovate or orbicular, 3~5-lobed, the lobes incised or coarsely toothed. Flowers 2-3, J-J an inch long on very short pedicels; calyx tube cylindric, greenish- white or pinkish; petals white; berries small, purple or blue and very sour. Frequent throughout the Rockies on lake shores and in thickets at the lower altitudes ; flowering in June. Ribes oxya- SPines generally solitary, light- canthoides coloured, J-J of an inch long; L. Northern prickles commonly wanting. Gooseberry. Leaves petioled, roundish, sub- cordate and 5-lobed, hairy or nearly smooth, the lobes deeply toothed or crenate. Flowers greenish- purple or white, little more than Grossulariaceae 149 J of an inch long; berry half an inch in diameter, smooth, reddish-purple and sweet when ripe. Throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, in open ground and on stony hillsides; flowering in June; fruit ripening in July. Stems ascending, crowded, 2-5 Howellii ^eet mgh> without spines. Greene. Leaves triangular, 2-3 inches in HowelVs diameter, cordate at the base, deeply 5-lobed, the acute lobes doubly serrate, smooth above, often resinous- dotted beneath, petiole as long as or longer than the blade. Flowers J of an inch broad in a loose raceme, bracts linear, about -^ of an inch long, much shorter than the slender, glandular pedicels; calyx rotate with broad spatulate lobes; petals red, narrowly spatu- late, shorter than the calyx lobes ; berries red . A rather showy plant with a pungent, skunk-like odour when bruised, growing on wet, shaded rocks and in springy places 150 Rosaceae throughout the region, at the lower altitudes ; flowering in June. ROSACES Rose Family. Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate leaves and perfect flowers; calyx free or ad- nate to the ovary, 5-g-lobed; petals equal in number to the calyx lobes, distinct or none; stamens usually numerous and dis- tinct; fruit mostly follicles or achenes. Carpels few; in fruit becoming 2 -several sided. Stamens united at the base; flowers racemose. Lutkea. Stamens not united at the base; flowers in panicles or corymbs. Shrubs with simple leaves, flowers perfect. Spiraea. Herbs with compound leaves; flowers dioecious. Aruncus. Carpels, few or many; in fruit becoming achenes or drupelets. Fruit consisting of drupelets, usually united. Rubus. Fruit consisting of achenes. Achenes enclosed in a fleshy fruit; prickly shrubs. Rosa. Achenes on a plane or concave receptacle; herbs. Styles deciduous, naked. Rosaceae 151 Styles terminal. Potentilla. Styles lateral. . Carpels hairy ; shrubs. Dasyphor a Carpels smooth ; herbs. Stamens 5; carpels 10-15. Sibbaldia. Stamens 20; carpels numerous. Leaves trifoliate ; receptacle fleshy. Fragaria. Leaves pinnate, receptacle not fleshy. Flowers dark purple. Comarum. Flowers yellow. Plant with stolons; flowers solitary. Argentina. Styles persistent, mostly plumose. Calyx lobes and petals 8 or 9. Dry as. Calyx lobes and petals 5. Style jointed, upper part deciduous. Geum. Style not jointed, upper part plumose. Sieversia. Smooth, stems caespitose, very Lutkea e tinata leafy. Leaves trifoliate, per- (Pursh.) sistent, leaflets deeply 2-4-lobed, Kuntze. the lateral ones decumbent, Cut-leaved forming a broad petiole. Flower- Lutkea. ing stems 2-6 inches high with a dense terminal raceme of many white flowers, about J of an inch broad; calyx lobes ovate, acute; petals 5, obovate, exceed- i52 Rosaceae ing the calyx; stamens numerous, shorter than the petals. Frequent throughout the Selkirks, on alpine slopes and beside streams at the higher elevations; flowering in June. cxi • S irsea Stem 2-4 feet high, reddish, densiflora Leaves ovate or elliptical, ser- Nutt. Pink rulate at the apex, entire below, ^ir narrowed at the base to a very short petiole or the lowest sessile, dark green on both sides, f-i inch long. Flowers small, deep rose-colour in dense, round, leafy, bracted corymbs, terminating the numerous branches. In moist, exposed, rocky places and on slopes at the lower altitudes, frequent in the Selkirks; flowering in June. Spiraea Stems erect, mostly simple, 1-2 lucida feet high> from horizontal run- ning rootstocks. Leaves, the BiTch- leaved lower ones small, obovate; upper, Spiraa. oval to oblong, 1-2 inches long, often obscurely lobed and doubly serrate Rubus pedatus Smith. (% Nat.) CreeDiner Rasoberrv. Rosaceae 153 above the middle, smooth throughout, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers white or tinged with pink in a large flat branching terminal corymb. Abundant throughout the region on hill-- sides and dry banks ; flowering during July. ^ Smooth throughout, stem erect, Aruncus(L.) somewhat branched, 2-4 feet Karst. high. Leaves long-petioled, 2-3 Goat's- pinnate, leaflets 1-3 inches long, ovate or lanceolate, thin, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, doubly serrate or incised. Flowers small, white, in an elongated spike. Frequent along streams throughout the Selkirks; flowering during June and July. Stems slender, trailing, 1-3 feet pedatus l°ng» unarmed, rooting at the Smith. nodes, pubescent. Leaves tri- Creeping foliate, leaflets obovate, cuneate Raspberry. , , at the base, f-i inch long in- cised, lateral leaflets often parted to the 154 Rosaceae base, smooth or sparingly hairy. Flowers usually solitary, on long slender pedicels, white or rosy, J of an inch or more broad ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, entire or incised, exceeding the petals; berry of 1-6 large red, juicy drupelets. Frequent throughout the region in cold damp woods, forming masses of considerable size; flowering during June. Stem low, herbaceous, unarmed, Rubus arcticusL. finelY hailT» 3~i° inches high, Arctic sometimes leafless below. Leaves Raspberry. 3-foliate, leaflets sessile or short- stalked, rhombic-ovate or obovate, coarse- ly and unequally serrate or slightly lobed, f— i inch long. Flowers solitary or occasionally 2, slender-peduncled ; petals obovate, pink, J-i inch long; sepals acute, equalling or shorter than the petals, reflexed; berry light red, fragrant and edible. In cold mossy thickets and swamps throughout the region, the first flowers ap- Rosaceae 155 pearing in May and early June when the stems are but a few inches high, with the leaves hardly unfolded; in midsummer it frequently flowers again from branched stems 8-10 inches high and appearing like- a different plant. Stems herbaceous, trailing or ascending, unarmed, 6-18 inches Amencanus (Pers.) or more long, somewhat hairy. Britton. Leaves petioled, 3 -foliate or Dwarf rarely 5-foliate leaflets rhombic- Raspberry. ovate, smooth or nearly so, acute, the lateral ones mostly rounded, terminal, wedge-shaped at the base, all sharply serrate. Flowers 1-3 on a slender glandular-hairy peduncle, J an inch or less broad; petals 5-7, white, spatulate-oblong, erect, rather longer than the acuminate calyx lobes; fruit red-purple, half an inch long. In cold moist woods and swampy places throughout the region ; flowering in May and June. 156 Rosaceae Stems shrubby, 3-8 feet high, Rubus parviflorus smooth or more or less glandular- fNutt. hairy. Leaves round-cordate in Salmon- outline, palmately 3~5-lobed, the lobes acute or acutish, rarely acuminate, coarsely and unequally *3fc- ««> serrate. Flowers few, 1-2 inches broad, white, in corymbose, terminal heads, calyx lobes tipped with a long slender appendage. Borders of woods, and in thickets among rocks, throughout the region, but most abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June and July. Rubus Stems shrubby, biennial, 18 Cstrigosus inches to 4 feet high, usually densely clothed with weak glan- Raspberry. dular bristles or the older stems with small hooked prickles. Leaves pinnately 3-5 -foliate, leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply and irregularly serrate or slightly lobed, rounded at the base, 1-3 inches long. Flowers | an inch broad in a loose raceme on slender Rubus parviflorus Nutt. (% Nat.) Salmon-Berry. Rosaceae 15 7 pedicels, curved in fruit ; petals white, ascend- ing, about equalling the spreading acuminate sepals; fruit dark red, sweet and very juicy. The common red raspberry throughout the region in dry and rocky places ; flowering in June. Shrubby, much branched ; stems Dasyphora fruticosa erect or ascending, very leafy, 6 t? (L.) Rydb. inches to 3 feet high, the bark Shrubby shreddy. Leaves pinnate with Cinquefoil. with long silky hairs and re volute margins. Flowers bright yellow, |-ij inches broad, usually solitary at the ends of the branches. A very abundant plant throughout the region, in swampy grounds, gravelly river shores, on dry slopes and alpine meadows, flowering throughout the summer. Sibbaldia Stems densely tufted, decum- procumbens bent or creeping, 1-4 inches L- long. Leaves 3 -foliate, leaflets Sibbaldia. Wedge-shaped, 3-5-toothed at the apex with scattered hairs on both sides. 158 Rosaceae Flowers J of an inch broad, greenish-yellow; petals very small, not exceeding the calyx. Frequent throughout the region on rocks, usually in dry, exposed situations at ele- vations varying from 4000 to 10,000 feet; flowering during June and July. Plant spreading, 3-6 inches tall, huf^aTs nairy» forming new plants by Wats.) the running stems after flower- Rydb. ing. Leaves tufted from the ld root, very hairy, palmately 3- foliate; leaflets obtuse, strongly serrate, the teeth gland-tipped; lateral leaf- lets ovate, oblique on the inside, shorter than the terminal one; terminal leaflet broadly ovate with a wedge-shaped base. Flowers white, | of an inch broad; petals slightly longer than the sepals, borne on a scape about J longer than the leaves. Fruit ovoid, rather small. On grassy banks and roadsides throughout the Rockies; flowering in late May and early June. Rosaceae 159 « Smooth, decumbent at the base, Comarum palustre (L.) 6 inches to 2 feet long. Leaves Marsh pinnate, the lower long-petioled CinquefoU. with 5_? oblong or oblanceolate, sharply serrate leaflets, which are lighter- coloured and more or less hairy beneath; upper leaflets similar, 3^5. Flowers few, in an open cyme; calyx lobes purple within, acuminate, nearly J an inch long, enlarging in fruit; petals much shorter than the sepals. A marsh plant frequent throughout the region in very wet situations, at the lower altitudes ; flowering in July. Argentina Herbaceous, spreading by run- Anserina ners. Leaves all at the root, (L.) Rydb. interruptedly pinnate with 7-21 Silver-weed. leaflets and smaller Qnes inter. posed; oblong, sharply serrate, dark green above, soft, white-hairy beneath. Flowers bright yellow, J-i inch broad, solitary on long pedicels, petals exceeding the ovate, acute, calyx lobes. In open and waste ground and meadows 160 Rosaceae throughout the Rockies at the lower alti- tudes; flowering during June and July. Potentilla Stem 4~8 inches high> woody at nivea L. the base, with long silky hairs. Snowy Leaves 3 -foliate, the lower peti- Cinqmfoil ded . leaflets oblong or obovate, usually deeply cut, densely, white-hairy be- neath, green and loosely soft-hairy above, f-i inch long. Flowers 1-5, bright yellow, J-f of an inch broad ; sepals silky, lanceolate, shorter than the broadly-ovate, notched petals. Frequent throughout the Rockies in open, rocky situations; flowering during June and July. Stem decumbent or ascending Potentilla dissecta 4~8 inches high from a woody Pursh. base, more or less silky-villous Cut-leaved or nearly smooth. Leaves pin- Cinquefoil. ^^ Qr tripinnate with ^ lanceolate, deeply cut leaflets, usually glau- cous and with ciliate edges. Flowers few, bright yellow, J an inch or more broad with notched petals, in an open cyme. Rosaceae- 161 In open alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region at the higher altitudes ; flowering during June and July. Much like the preceding species multisecta ^^ mucn more hairy throughout (Wats.) and' with more divided leaves. Rydb. Flowers in a loose cyme on scapes 4-6 inches high, not quite so large -as in the preceding nor as brilliantly coloured. Dry rocky summits and ledges through- out the Rockies; flowering in June. Densely caespitose from a woody Potentilla uniflora base.. Leaves closely tufted, (Ledeb.) small, palmately divided, leaf- Alpine lets deeply cut, densely white- CinquefoX. woolly Qn both surfaces. Flowers solitary on short peduncles, bright yellow, half an inch or more broad; petals broadly obovate, notched at the apex, much longer than the densely soft-hairy lanceolate sepals. A high alpine species in dry stony ground throughout the Rockies, not common ; flower- ing in July. 1 62 Rosacese Geum Stout, erect, stiff -hairy, 1-3 feet macro- high. Leaves lyrate-pinnate with phyllum broad foliaceous stipules, basal leaves petioled, the terminal seg- Large- leaved ment much the largest , renif orm, Avens. dentate, 3-y-lobed; lateral leaf- lets 3-6 oval or obovate with smaller ones interspersed. Flowers several, short pedun- cled, borne in a terminal head ; bright yellow, nearly \ an inch broad ; petals longer than the acuminate sepals ; receptacle nearly smooth. In damp places and low grounds through- out the region, most abundant in the Selkirks ; flowering in June. Hairy, branched above, 2—4 feet Geum strictum high- Stipules broad, foliaceous ; Ait. Yellow basal leaves lyrate-pinnate ; leaf- Avens. iets 5-7, obovate, cuneate, den- tate or lobed, the terminal one largest, broadly ovate or cuneate, stem leaves sessile or short-petioled with 3-5 ovate or oblong/ acute segments. Flowers yellow, | an inch broad; receptacle downy. a Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens. b Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don. Long-Plumed Purple Avens. (% Nat.) Rosaceae 163 Ih swamps or low grounds throughout the region; flowering in June. Soft-hairy, scapose; scape 4-18 Sieversia inches high, simple, 3-8-flowered . ciliata at the summit. Basal leaves (Pursh) petioled, interruptedly pinnate Don. Long Plumed with many small leaflets, among Purple the numerous obovate, deeply Avens. cu£ }arger Ones. Flowers \ an . inch broad of 5 pale purplish-pink petals hardly exceeding the calyx and spreading linear red bractlets; styles plumose in fruit, 1-2 inches long. In dry open grounds extending into the Rockies from the plains, where it is especially abundant, to the lower slopes and valleys throughout the region; flowering in June. Stems prostrate, branched, 3-6 Dryas octo- etala L inches long. Leaves oblong or White ovate, J-i inch long, obtuse at Mountain- each end, closely crenate, dark green and shining above, densely white- woolly beneath. Flowers solitary on 164 Rosaceae slender pedicels, white, an inch or more broad'; petals longer than the 6-8 spreading linear sepals ; stamens numerous, anthers bright yel- low; styles conspicuously plumose in fruit. Frequent in dry stony ground throughout the Rockies at elevations ranging from 4000 to 10,000 feet, forming dense mats of con- siderable size on the surface of the ground; flowering in June. Dryas Similar in manner of growth Drum- and general appearance to the mondu preceding species. Leaves gen- Richards. Drummond's erally narrower at the base, the Mountain- lobes dentate-crenate. Flowers J Avens. an inch long, campanulate, droop- ing on a densely woolly pedicel; sepals ovate, acute, black glandular-hairy; petals lance- olate, obtuse, bright yellow, about twice the length of the sepals ; stamens included ; styles numerous, conspicuously plumose in fruit. In gravel and loose stony soil throughout the Rockies, especially abundant on river shores and flood-plains, like the previous a Dryas octopetala L. Dryas Drummondii Rich. White Mountain Avens. Drummond's Mountain Avens. (% Nat.) Pomaceae 165 species frequently forming mats of con- siderable size ; flowering in June. Stems branched, 2-3 feet high, Ktcoumii prickly. Leaves pinnate, leaf-. Greene. lets large, f-ij inches long, Mace Rose. Macoun's ova^ coarseiy toothed. Flowers solitary, on slender pedicels, bright pink, petals broadly obovate, an inch or more long, sepals entire with a long acuminate obtuse tip, persistent and erect in fruit, fruit globose, bright scarlet. The wild rose of the region, in open ground, on slopes, borders of woods, stream and river banks throughout the Rockies; flowering in late June and early July. POMACES Apple Family Trees and shrubs with alternate leaves, and regular, perfect flowers; calyx superior, 5 -toothed; petals 5 ; stamens numerous; fruit a more or less fleshy pome. Leaves pinnate. Sorbus. Leaves simple, entire-toothed or lobed. Amelanchier. 1 66 Pomaceae Sorbus sambucifolia (Cham, and Schl.) Roem Western Mountain- ash. A small tree with smooth bark. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-15, ovate-lanceolate or oval, obtuse or short-pointed, serrate, smooth and dark green above, pale and usually more or less hairy be- neath, especially along the veins, seldom over 2\ inches long. Flowers white, nearly J an inch across in a compound flat cyme, 2-4 inches broad; petals spreading, short-clawed, obovate; stamens numerous; fruit bright scarlet, more than J of an inch in diameter. In moist stony ground throughout the region; flowering in June. A shrub, soft-hairy when young, at length nearly smooth. Leaves thick, broadly elliptic or almost orbicular, very obtuse and often truncate at the apex, round or subcordate at the base ; coarsely dentate above the middle, 1-2 inches long. Flowers in rather short, dense Amelan- chier alnifolia Nutt. North- western June-berry. Drupaceae 167 racemes, pedicels short; petals oblanceolate, J-f of an inch long, 2-4 times the length of the calyx ; fruit purple when ripe and very sweet. On slopes at the lower altitudes throughout the region, flowering in June. DRUPACE^E Plum Family Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum. Leaves alternate, petioled, serrate, the teeth and petiole often glandular; flowers regular, perfect; calyx 5-lobed inferior, deciduous; petals 5, inserted on the calyx; stamens numerous, inserted on the petals; fruit a i- seeded drupe. A shrub or small tree. Leaves Primus demissa thick ovate or broadly oval, (Nutt.) acute or slightly obtuse, serru- WalP- late with short teeth. Flowers Western - f , , -, . J of an inch or more broad, in Wild Cherry. drooping racemes at the ends of the leafy branches; drupe dark purple or 1 68 Papilionacese black, globose, over J of an inch in diameter. In thickets in the Rockies, frequent in the vicinity of Banff; flowering in May and early June. PAPILIONACE^ Pea Family Herbs or vines with alternate, compound leaves and irregular, perfect, yellow, purple, blue, or white flowers, mainly in racemes; calyx 4-5-toothed ; petals more or less united or separate, consisting of a broad upper one (standard) , two lateral ones (wings) , and two front ones more or less united (keel). Herbs; leaves unequally pinnate, not tendril bearing. Pods not jointed. Keel of the corolla blunt. Pod not much swollen, fleshy, leathery or ' papery; flowers blue or purple. Astragalus. Pods much inflated, membranous; flowers white. Phaca. Pods flat, both sutures prominent externally. Homalobus. Keel of the corolla acute. Aragallus. Pods jointed, flowers purple or white. Hedysarum. Herbaceous veins ; leaves evenly pinnate, with tendrils. Papilionaceae 169 Style slender with a tuft of hairs at the summit. Vicia. Style flattened, bearded along the inner side. Lathyrus. Stems whitish with close hairs Astragalus adsurgens or nearly smooth, ascending or Pall. decumbent, 4-18 inches long, Ascending simpie Or branched at the base. Milk-vetch. T ,, , Leaflets 15-25 oval or linear- oblong, sometimes notched at the apex, narrowed at the base, J-i inch long; pe- duncles exceeding the leaves. Flowers pur- plish, J-f of an inch long in dense short spikes; calyx villous with long partly black hairs, J the length of the corolla, with slender teeth, half the length of the campanulate tube. In open ground at low altitudes, probably the most frequent of the vetches on the eastern slopes of the Rockies, often forming great patches of blue during June. Astragalus Hairy or nearly smooth, stems hypoglottis decumbent or ascending, slender, L. Purple branched at the base, usually Milk-vetch. low, but ranging from 6-24 inches long. Leaves 2-5 inches long with 1 70 Papilionaceae 17-25 leaflets which are oblong or elliptic, obtusish and usually notched at the apex, rounded at the base J-J an inch long. Flowers violet-purple, \ to nearly an inch long in dense heads, calyx nearly \ the length with long black and white hairs. Frequent at the lower altitudes, in dry ground and roadsides on the eastern slopes of the Rockies, particularly in the region around Banff; flowering in early June. Astragalus Ascending or decumbent, alpinus L. branching from the base, 6-15 Alpine inches high, slightly hairy or Milk-vetch. T smooth. Leaves 2-5 inches long, with 13-25 oval or elliptic, obtuse or retuse leaflets, narrowed or rounded at the base, J-i an inch long. Flowers J an inch or more long, pale violet, the keel commonly darker, in short rather open racemes; calyx about J the length of the corolla, with short black hairs. The most dainty of any of the vetches, frequent in rocky soil in slightly shaded Papilionaceae 171 situations throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering during June and July. Sterns slender, ascending and Astragalus convallarius rigid> Io~l8 incheS hiSh' branch- Greene. ing from the base ; hairy through- Slender QU^ Leaves 3-6 inches long Milk-vetch. , v M1 with 9-17 narrowly linear, silky leaflets J-i inch long, remote. Flowers pale violet or mauve, half an inch or more long, scattered in a slender raceme 3-5 inches long ; peduncles much longer than the leaves ; calyx about -J- the length of the corolla with scattered white or brownish hairs. On the eastern slopes of the Rockies in dry stony ground at the lower altitudes; flowering in early June. Stems 18-24 inches high, stout Astragalus Macouni and leafy, slightly striate and Rydb. nearly smooth. Leaves 2-4 Macoun's mches long, thin, odd-pinnate Vetch. with 4-8 pairs of obtuse, oblong, or oval leaflets, J-i inch long. Flowers 1 72 Papilionaceae cream-coloured, tinged with blue, in heads iJ-3 inches long, on peduncles 4-10 inches long, from the axils of the upper leaves; calyx | of an inch long, black-hairy, lobes very slender and short ; corolla J of an inch or more long. Frequent in more or less moist open ground throughout the Rockies at varying altitudes; flowering during June and early July. Erect, nearly simple and smooth, Americana T~2 feet mgn- Leaves 3-6 inches (Hook) long with 7-17 oval or ovate- Rydb- lanceolate obtuse leaflets, j-ij inches long. Flowers white, f Milk-vetch. of an inch long in loose racemes on peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; pedicels slender, J an inch long in fruit; 'pod membranous, inflated, an inch long. In moist or wet rocky shaded places throughout the Rockies; flowering during June and early July. Papilionaceae Stems erect and branching, 6-18 Homalobus inches high, hairy throughout, aborigin- trom an enlarged root. Leaves orum (Richards) pinnate with 7-11 linear leaflets; Rydb. stipules ovate, acute, foliaceous. Indian Flowers white, tinged with mauve, Vetch. . , -11 in a loose raceme 1-2 inches long ; peduncles longer than the leaves, calyx black-hairy, about J of an inch long, with slender teeth nearly half as much longer; corolla more than twice the length of the calyx. An abundant species at the lower altitudes in open dry ground on the eastern slopes of the Rockies; flowering in early June. Aragallus Silvery-pubescent throughout, monticola with appressed or slightly spread- (A. Gray) ing hairs ; tufted. Leaves basal, Greene. ^_^ jndnes ^ong w{th g_I(^ h'near- Mountain Ox oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtusish leaflets j-i inch long. Flowers pale yellow or creamy- white f of an inch or more long in dense heads, on 1 74 Papilionaceae peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx nearly half as long as the corolla, with long white and short black hairs. Frequent throughout the Rockies in dry stony and alpine meadows and slopes, at varying elevations; flowering from June to early July. Tufted, the branches of the Aragallus L mb rt' caudex short; scapes few or sev- (Pursh) eral, erect, rather slender, 4-20 Greene. inches high. Leaves several, Loco Weed. mostly erect> shorter than the scapes; leaflets 10-15 pairs, mostly oblong- lanceolate, from sparsely soft- pubescent to lightly canescent, acute, J-i inch long. Flowers pale yellow, J an inch long and twice as long as the calyx, in a loose head, 2-4 inches long. Abundant in the open ground on the east- ern slopes of the Rockies; a strikingly hand- some vetch frequently found in masses of considerable extent, especially in the region around Banff; flowering in June and early July- Papilionaceae 175 Densely silky, silver y-villous, acaulescent, and tufted. Leaves splendens (Dougl.) 4~9 inches long, erect; leaflets Greene. very numerous, in verticels of Showy 2-6, ODlong or oblong-lanceolate, Oxytrope. acute or acutish at the apex, rounded at the base, J to nearly an inch long. Flowers deep purple, about J an inch long in dense spikes on peduncles exceeding the leaves. A very showy plant frequently flowering in considerable masses in the open grounds on the eastern slopes of the Rockies and dry alpine meadows; flowering in June. Aragallus Tufted, with parts of the old viscidulus leaves remaining. Leaves all Rydb. basal, 4-6 inches long with 8-15 Sticky pairs Q£ ieaflets> loosely villous- Oxytrope. pubescent, oblong, obtuse or acutish, J to nearly J an inch long, glandular on the margins. Flowers nearly J an inch long varying from pink to dark purple, in loose spikes on glandular sticky scapes, 176 Papilionaceae much longer than the leaves; calyx more than half as long as the corolla with white and shorter black hairs; calyx teeth and bracts of the inflorescence densely glandular. In dry open ground and alpine meadows through the Rockies at the lower altitudes, flowering in early June and forming dense tufted masses of brilliant pink, blue, or purple flowers; probably the most striking species in the vicinity of Banff. Loosely soft- pubescent or silky, "decumbent or ascending 10-18 deflexus (Pall ) inches high. Leaves 4-6 inches Heller. long with 1 2-1 6 pairs of lance- Drooping- ojate to oblong, acute leaflets, J-J an inch long. Flowers small, Oxytrope. l-/- pale purple, little more than J of an inch long in slender spikes 2-4. inches long 'on peduncles much surpassing the leaves. Calyx nearly as long as the corolla, with short black and longer white hairs; fruit strongly reflexed. In moist open ground throughout the Papilionaceae 177 eastern Rockies at the lower altitudes; flow- ering in July. Acaulescent or more or less so, Aragallus . , . , , . 1-4 inches high, soft-hairy. (Hook) A. Leaves pinnate with 5-11 pairs Nelson. of short linear-lanceolate or Inflated oblong leaflets. Flowers violet- Oxytrope. purple, i or 2 on the peduncles which scarcely exceed the leaves; calyx densely dark-hairy; pods much inflated. On high alpine slopes and summits through the Rockies, not a common plant but prob- ably more general than is now known ; flower- ing in July. Stem erect or somewhat decum- Hedysarum americanum bent» smooth or nearly so, 6 CMichx.) inches to 2\ feet high, generally Britton. simple. Leaves 2-8 inches long urf e with 1 1-2 1 oblong or oblance- Hedysarum. olate-obtuse leaflets, J to nearly i inch long. Flowers violet-purple or nearly white, deflexed, J-J of an inch long in rather 1 78 Papilionaceae loose elongated racemes; calyx teeth ovate- acute, shorter than the tube. One of the taller of the vetches growing in open stony places and slides throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes, flowering in July. Hedysarum Erect, 12-15 inches high, min- suip ur- utely hairy. Leaves with 5-6 escens Rydb pairs of oblong-elliptic, obtuse- Yellow cuspidate leaflets, J-f of an Hedysarum. mcn long^ finely hairy beneath. Flowers bright yellow, over J an inch long; 1 5-30 in a rather dense raceme ; wings exceed- ing the vexillum but shorter than the keel. Throughout the Rockies in open woods and meadows up to 8000 feet elevation ; flowering in June and July. Stems erect or decumbent, 12-18 Hedysarum Mackenzii inches high, usually minutely Richards. hairy. Leaves 3-6 inches long Mackenzie's wjth 1 1-19 oblong-elliptic leaflets Hedysarum. about ± ^ {nch ^ plowers j of an inch long, reddish-purple, 20-30 in loose Papilionaceae 179 racemes on peduncles longer than the leaves ; calyx teeth very slender, longer than the tube. On slides and in loose stony soil throughout the Rockies at varying altitudes; flowering during June and July. Finely hairy or sometimes nearly ViciaCracca smooth; stems tufted, slender, L. Cow and weak, climbing or trailing 2-4 feet long. Leaves tendril- bearing 2-3 inches long of 18-24 thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, mucro- nate leaflets, J— f of an inch long. Flowers deep bluish-purple, J an inch long or less in ciense spike-like racemes 1-4 inches long on peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves. In dry or moist soil throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, flowering during June and July. Smooth or some with appressed americana hairs> trailing or climbing 2-3 Muhl. feet long. Leaves nearly sessile, American 2_^ inches long, tendril- bearing, with 8-14 elliptic, ovate or ob- 180 Papilionaceae long leaflets, J-iJ inches long, obtuse or sometimes notched or mucronulate at the tip. Flowers bluish-purple about } of an inch long, 3-9 in loose racemes, on peduncles usually shorter than the leaves. In moist ground at the lower, altitudes throughout the Rockies, climbing over the surrounding shrubs and herbaceous plants; flowering in July. Smooth or nearly so ; stems weak, Vicia often zigzag, 1-2 feet long. hnearis Leaves tendril-bearing, with 4-7 (Nutt.) . Greene pairs of narrowly linear or Imear- N arrow- oblong leaflets, 1-3 inches long, leaved entire, acute and mucronate at American ^ t- FloweTS ^ Qr Vetch. purplish, about j of an inch long, 2-6 in loose racemes, on peduncles shorter than or about equalling the leaves. In dry soil at low altitudes throughout the Rockies especially near the line of the railway; flowering during July. Papilionaceae 181 Lathyrus Smooth or sparingly hairy, stems palustris L. angled and winged, slender, 1-3 Marsh feet long; stipules half sagittate, Vetchling. , . lanceolate-linear or ovate-lance- olate, J to nearly an inch long. Leaves with branched tendrils and 2-4 pairs of lanceolate oblong or linear, acute, mucronate leaflets; iJ-4 inches long. Flowers purple, half an inch or more long, 2-6 in loose-headed ra- cemes on peduncles about equaling the leaves. In wet ground and swamps at the lower altitudes throughout the region; flowering during July. Stems slender, somewhat angled, Lathyrus ochroleucus trailing °r climbing, smooth and Hook. slightly glaucous, 2-2 J feet long, Cream- stipules broad foliaceous, half coloured oyate and hglf cordate> j_x inch Vetchling. long. Leaves with branched tendrils and 3-5 pairs of thin, ovate or broadly oval, obtuse leaflets, 1-2 inches long, green above, whitish beneath. Flowers 1 82 Linaceae yellowish or creamy-white J-f of an inch long, 5-10 on peduncles shorter than the leaves. On shaded river banks and hillsides at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies ; flowering during June. LINAGES Flax Family Herbs with perfect regular nearly sym- metrical flowers; sepals 5, persistent; petals 5 and alternate with the sepals; stamens 5 opposite the sepals. Perennial from a woody root, 1-2 feet high, densely tufted, Lewisii Pursh. smooth, glaucous. Leaves Lewis's crowded, oblong or linear, J-iJ Wild Flax. jnches long, acute or acutish, 3-5 nerved. Flowers bright blue, i-ij inches broad; petals 5, soon falling; sepals 5, oval, mainly obtuse, | or \ the length Empetraceae 183 of the petals; stigmas shorter than the styles; stamens 5, longer than the styles. In open, dry, stony ground and slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June and July. EMPETRACEAE Crowberry Family Low evergreen shrubs with narrow nearly sessile leaves jointed to short pulvini, chan- nelled on the lower side by the revolute margins and small monoecious, dioecious or rarely polygamous flowers; sepals, petals, and stamens each 3, fruit a black, berrylike drupe. Empetrum Smooth or the young shoots nigrum L. hairy, usually much branched, Black the branches diffusely spreading, 2-10 inches long. Leaves crowded, dark green, linear-oblong, thick and obtuse, about \ of an inch long with strongly revolute, roughish margins. Flow- 1 84 Celastraceae ers very small, purplish; stamens exserted; berry nearly J of an inch in diameter, black. Frequent throughout the Rockies in damp woods, especially those of the "Jack Pine" where it frequently forms a considerable part of the forest floor, in dense, close mats, s CELASTRACE^ ' Family Shrubs with simple evergreen leaves, and regular perfect flowers, sepals, petals, and stamens each 4 in our species. Low evergreen shrub, densely Pachystima • , 1 . . M r inites branched or nearly simple, 1-3 (Pursh) feet high. Leaves opposite, Raf. smooth, ovate to oblong or Mountain lanceolate, cuneate at the base, Lover. ' ir the upper half serrate or serru- late |-i inch long on very short petioles, Flowers small in axillary cymes; petals 4, stamens 4, inserted at the edge of the broad disc. . C O Aceraceae 185 In gravelly and stony situations extending from the Valley of the Columbia River at Beavermouth, westward throughout the Sel- kirks, the minute blossoms appearing in the latter part of May; a pretty but very varia- ble shrub in habit and leaf form. ACERACE^ Maple Family Trees or shrubs with watery often saccha- rine sap, opposite, simple and palmately lobed leaves and axillary or terminal, cy- mose or racemose, regular, polygamous or dioecious flowers; fruit of 2 long- winged samaras, joined at the base. Acer lab ^ shrub or small tree 6-30 feet rum Torr. high, 2-8 inches in diameter, Smooth smooth throughout except the aP e' scales which are densely soft hairy inside. Leaves round cordate with shallow sinus, 2-4 inches broad and near- ly as long, more or less deeply 3 -lobed 1 86 Hypericaceae or parted, the ovate -acuminate lobes doubly serrate with slender teeth; conspicuously veined. Flowers greenish-yellow, somewhat corymbose on short 2 -leaved branchlets appearing after the leaves. Fruit smooth with slightly spreading wings about an inch long. One of the few deciduous trees of the region, growing on slopes with the other forest trees and in the moist valleys. HYPERICACEAE St. John's-Wort Family Herbs in our species with opposite, black- dotted leaves, and cymose yellow flowers; sepals and petals 5, twisted in the bud; stamens many. Simple or sparingly branched Hypericum , „ above often with numerous small Scoulen Hook. branchlets from running root- Scoukr's St. stocks, 1-2 feet high. Leaves John's- thmj shorter than the internodes, about an inch long, mostly obtuse, more or less clasping and usually Violaceae 187 black-dotted along the margin.' Flowers bright orange, J-i inch in diameter in more or less panicled cymes, sepals oval or oblong, much shorter than the petals, stamens numerous in three fascicles. In moist gravelly soil in the Selkirks at Glacier ; flowering in July. VIOLACEAE Violet Family Herbs in our species with basal or alter- nate simple leaves and solitary or clustered perfect irregular flowers; sepals 5, petals 5, the lower one larger or with a posterior spur. Acaulescent ; rootstock short and Viola cognata thick. Leaves long-petioled, Greene. smooth or more or less hairy, Early Blue slightly fleshy, cordate with a broad sinus, acute or acuminate, crenately toothed. Flowers large, blue or violet, scapes 2-10 inches long, equalling or surpassing the leaves; petals narrow, J-J 1 88 Violaceae of an inch long, all villous at the base, the 3 lower strongly so. In moist shaded ground, on stream banks and in marshes, frequent throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June. Acaulescent, smooth, petioles Viola palustris L. an^ scapes arising from a very Marsh slender, creeping or horizontal Vwlet. rootstock, the scapes mostly exceeding the leaves. Leaves thin, cordate, broadly ovate, orbicular or reniform, i-2j inches wide, crenulate. Flowers pale lilac or nearly white with darker veins; petals broad, J-J an inch long, spur short. In marshy places among moss in the Sel- kirks near Glacier; flowering in June; not a common species in the region. Viola Sparingly hairy, stems weak and semper- decumbent, multiplying by long virens Greene slender rootstocks. Leaves Low Yellow mostly basal, rounded, cordate, Violet. reniform or sometimes ovate Violaceae 189 J-i| inches broad, finely crenate ; peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves. Flowers yel- low; petals oblong, J of an inch or more long, sparingly veined with brown toward the base; spur short and sac-like. In open woocls throughout the region at elevations ranging from 5000 to 7000 feet, blossoming very early in May or June shortly after the melting of the snow. Minutely hairy or smooth, stems fleshy from a short fleshy hori- glabella Nutt. Tall zontal rhizome, naked or spar- Yellow ingly leafy below, 5-12 inches Violet. high. Basal leaves on long petioles, the upper short- petioled reni- form-cordate to cordate, acute, crenate- toothed, 1-4 inches broad. Flowers bright yellow on peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves; petals broadly oblong, J-J an inch or more long, the lateral and lower with brown lines at the base. A striking plant on shaded banks and borders of streams and rills at the higher 1 90 Violaceae altitudes, very abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June. Smooth or nearly so; stems 3-14 canadensis inches high, tufted, leafy L. Canada throughout. Leaves broadly Violet. ovate or nearly orbicular, cor- date, acuminate or acute, i-2| inches long, serrate, the veins on the lower surface often hairy. Flowers on peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves, pale violet or nearly white, veined with purple, and often tinged with purple on the outside, J-f of an inch broad ; petals nearly in the same plane. In rich moist woods throughout the Rockies and occasionally in the open alpine meadows, continuing in flower from June until September. Viola Slightly hairy or nearly smooth, adunca branching from the base, usually longipes , . , V-i i inches high, at length send- (Nutt.) Rydb. ing out runners that bear cleis- Dog Violet. togamic flowers. Leaves ovate, more or less cordate at the base, J-iJ inches Elaeagnaceae 191 long, obscurely crenate. Flowers on peduncles usually longer than the leaves, violet-purple to white ; petals J an inch or more long ; spur f of an inch long, rather slender and curved. A low-stemmed violet usually with brilliant blue flowers, growing in dry, sandy, shaded or open ground at varying elevations through- out the Rockies: flowering in June and July. Oleaster Family Shrubs or trees mostly silvery-scaly or stellate-pubescent with entire leaves and flowers clustered in the axils or at the nodes of twigs of the preceding season; fruit drupe-like. Stamens as many as the perianth parts ; flowers perfect or polygamous ; leaves alternate. Elaeagnus. Stamens twice as many as the perianth parts; flowers dioecious; leaves opposite. Lepargyraea, ,,. A stoloniferous much branched Elaeagnus argentea shrub sometimes 12 feet high, Pursh. the young twigs covered with Silver Berry. Drown scurf , becoming silvery. 192 Elaeagnaceae Leaves oblong-ovate or. ovate-lanceolate, densely silvery-scurfy on both sides, acute or obtuse short petioled, 1-4 inches long, Flowers usually numerous in the axils of the leaves, fragrant, silvery, | an inch or more long; perianth silvery without, yellowish within, the lobes ovate and short. On the eastern slope of the Rockies, on the banks of the rivers and streams, very abundant at Banff on the Bow and Spray rivers; flowering in June. A shrub 4-8 feet high, with Lepargyraea canadensis brown-scurfy young shoots. (L.) Greene. Leaves with short petioles, ovate Canadian or oval, obtuse at the apex, Buffalo- rounded or some of them nar- rowed at the base, i-ij inches long, green and sparingly scurfy, stellate above, densely silvery, stellate, scurfy be- neath, some of the scurf usually brown. Flowers small, yellowish, in short spikes at the nodes of the twigs, expanding with or before the leaves; fruit showy, Onagraceae 193 J of an inch in diameter, translucent, varying in colour on different plants from orange to brilliant crimson. Thickets and wooded banks throughout the Rockies; flowering in May or early June. ONAGRACEAE Evening Primrose Family Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves and perfect flowers; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, 2-6 lobed; petals white, yellow, pink, or purple, folded on each other in the bud; stamens usually as many or twice as many as the petals. Parts of the flower in 4*3; seeds with tufts of hair on the ends- Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers large. Chamaenerion. Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers usually small. Epilobium. Parts of the flowers in 2's; fruit with hooked hairs. Circaea. 13 f 194 Onagraceae thin> acute or rarely obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, crenulate -serrate, 14 210 Pyrolaceae f-2 inches long, longer than the petioles. Flowers greenish- white, J of an inch or more broad, many, at first erect but soon drooping, in a dense one-sided raceme; style straight, exserted; stamens not declined, Common in woods throughout the region at theloweraltitudes ; flowering during early July. Stem bearing 1-3 pairs or Moneses uniflora (L.) whorls of leaves at the base, A. Gray. continued above into a bracted 'One-lowered or naked scape 2-6 inches high. Winter green. T i • 1 1 Leaves orbicular or ovate, ob- tuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded or sometimes subcordate at the base, rather thin, J-i inch long, longer than or equalling the petioles. Flowers white, \-\ of an inch broad, nodding at the summit of the stem; petals spreading; capsule J of an inch in diameter, about as long as the persistent style and lobed stigma ; the stamens in pairs opposite each petal. In mossy spots in the woods throughout the region ; flowering in early July. Ericaceae 2 1 1 Stems extensively creeping, send- Chimaphila . ' ing up both stenle and flowering (L.) Nutt. branches 3-12 inches high. Pipsissewa, Leaves numerous, crowded near Prince's ^ summjt of the stem, spatu- late or cuneate-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, sharply ser- rate, bright green and shining, 1-2 1 inches long, J— i inch wide above the middle. Flowers several in an umbellate head, waxy white or pink, the form of the region being usually bright, rosy pink, \ an inch or more broad, petals spreading with the rosy pink anthers opposite them in pairs; capsule about J of an inch broad surmounted by the short style. Locally abundant throughout the region; flowering during July. ERICACEAE Heath Family In our species, shrubs with simple leaves and perfect flowers; calyx free from the 2 1 2 Ericaceae ovary 4-5 -parted, mostly persistent; corolla regular, 4-5 -toothed, -lobed or -parted; stamens usually as many or twice as many as the corolla lobes; anthers 2 -celled, at- tached to the filaments by the back or base, the sacs, often prolonged upwardly into tubes; ovary 2 -5 -celled; fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. Fruit a berry or drupe. Calyx becoming large and fleshy. Gaultheria. Calyx small. Leaves thick and leathery; drupe reddish-brown. Arctostaphylos. Leaves membranous, veiny; drupe scarlet. Mairania. Fruit a dry capsule. Anther cells each with a recurved tip. Cassiope. Anther cells not appendaged. Corolla with united petals. Bracts firm, persistent; no scaly leaf -buds. Leaves heath-like ; corolla without pouches. Phyllodoce. Leaves lanceolate; corolla with pouches. Kalmia. Bracts thin, deciduous ; leaf-buds scaly. Corolla funnel-form, 5 -lobed. Azaleastrum. Corolla globose, 4-toothed. Menziesia. Corolla with distinct petals. Flowers white, umbelled; leaves evergreen. Ledum. a Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM. Small Cranberry. b Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray. Ovate-Leaved Wintergreen. c Vitis-icUea vitis-idaea (L.) Britton. Mountain Cranberry. (% Nat.) Ericaceae 213 Gaultheria Depressed, trailing, with as- ovatifolia cending branches with rusty A. Gray. hairs. Leaves broadly ovate, Ovate-leaved i_T inch long> serrulate, dark Winter green . green and shining above, lighter beneath. Flowers pink or nearly white, campanulate, less than J of an inch long, on short solitary pedicels in the axils of the leaves; fruit bright scarlet, J of an inch in diameter. A rather rare plant in the region but abundant in places on the slopes of Ava- lanche Mountain at Glacier. Tufted, creeping or depressed, smooth, the flowering branches 1-5 inches long. Leaves oval or rounded, mostly only | an inch long; pedicels solitary in the axils, very short, 3-5 bracteo- late. Flowers depressed-campanulate, white or pinkish, little surpassing the calyx; fruit scarlet, J of an inch in diameter. Common in alpine meadows through- Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. Low Winter green. 214 Ericaceae out the Rockies and Selkirks; flowering in July. Trailing or spreading on the Arctosta- ground; branches 6-24 inches phylos Uva- j the twi soft_hairy. Ursi (L.) Leaves leathery, evergreen, spat- Bear-berry. ulate, obtuse, entire, smooth or minutely hairy toward the base, |-i inch long, J as wide, short-petioled. Flowers J of an inch or less long, ovoid, con- stricted at the throat, rosy-pink or white, few, in short racemes at the ends of the branches. In dry sandy or stony soil throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations; flowering in early June. Tufted or depressed-prostrate, Mairania alpina (L.) branches 2-5 inches high, the Desv. twigs smooth or nearly so, Alpine Leaves thin, obovate, crenulate, Bear-berry. conspicuously reticulate- veined , |-i inch long, J as wide. Flowers few, Ericaceae 2 1 5 appearing before or with the leaves from scaly buds; corolla \ of an inch long, white, ovoid, constricted at the throat ; berry bright scarlet. Growing in moss on the wooded slopes throughout the Rockies, flowering in May and early June. Rather stout with rigid, ascend- Cassiope Mertensiana ing> woody, much branched (Bong.) stems, a foot or less high. Leaves Don- J an inch long, smooth, not furrowed on the back, closely Heath. crowded in 4-ranks. Flowers pure white, nodding, campanulate, J of an inch long with 5 deeply cut obtuse spreading lobes, on smooth peduncles half an inch or less long, near the tips of the apparently 4- sided stems; calyx 'smooth, usually red, making the bell-like flowers appear red and white. Throughout the region at the higher elevations, frequently carpeting the ground ; flowering in late June and early July. 2l6 Ericaceae Phyllodoce gland uli- flora (Hook.) Co- ville. White False- heather. Stems rather rigid, much branche'd, 3-12 inches high. Leaves numerous and crowded but spreading, linear, oblong, obtuse, J-J an inch long, thick, leathery with a white line through the centre below and deeply furrowed above, the margins thick and rough. Flowers ovoid, glandular through- out, less than J of an inch long, much contracted at the throat, short -lobed, on glandular pedicels i-i inch long at the ends of the branches. In alpine meadows and woods at the higher elevations throughout the region; flowering during June and early July, often in clumps of considerable size. Phyllodoce intermedia (Hook.) . Rydb. Pink False- heather. Much branched, from a more or less decumbent base, 6-12 inches high. Leaves linear, J-J an inch long, obtuse, leathery, with thickened re volute, slightly glan- dular-toothed margins. Flowers pale pink, a Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith) Don. Red False-Heather. b Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Rydb. White False-Heather, •c Cassiope Mertensiana (Bong.) Don. (% Nat.) Ericaceae 2 1 7 J of an inch long, urn-shaped, slightly contracted at the throat, with 5 spreading lobes ; at the ends of the branches on gland- ular pedicels J-i inch long; calyx slightly glandular; corolla smooth; slightly fragrant. Throughout the region growing in the same situations as the other heathers, and often associated with them, perhaps a hybrid ; flowering in late June and through July. Much branched from the base, Phyllodoce 6_i2 incheg hi h Leaveg linear? empetri- ... formis obtuse, i-J an inch long, with (Smith) strongly revolute, thick rough D. Don. Red margins. Flowers J of an inch long, bright rose-colour, cam- heather. panulate, with broad, spreading obtuse lobes, very fragrant, on slender, slightly glandular pedicels J-i inch long at the ends of the stems; calyx and corolla smooth. Abundant throughout the region at the higher elevations, in the same situations as the two previous species and flowering with them during late June and early July. 218 Ericaceae Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller. Small-leaved Swamp Laurel. A smooth shrub, 2-6 inches high with erect or ascending branches, the twigs 2-edged. Leaves op- posite, short petioled, less than \ an inch long, oblong or ovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, the margins revolute. Flowers on slender pedicels i-ij inches long, few in simple umbels terminating the branches; corolla saucer- shaped, bright rosy pink about \ an inch in diameter. Frequent in mossy alpine bogs and mead- ows throughout the region at the higher altitudes; flowering during June and early July. Azaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb. White Rhododen- dron. slightly A shrub with stems 2-6 feet high, with slender hairy branches more or less glandular when young, nearly smooth with age. Leaves thin, light green and shining above, paler beneath, oblong, 1-2 inches long, with wavy margins. Flowers white, Ericaceae 219 nearly an inch broad, open, with 5 -spread- ing lobes; on short nodding stems in numerous clusters of 1-3 near the ends of the branches, on wood of the previous year; sepals nearly J an inch long and leaflike, filaments bearded at the base; stigma peltate, 5-lobed. On the wooded hillsides at the higher elevations through the Rockies, but much lower in the Selkirks; flowering in June and July. Menziesia A shrub 2~6 feet high» twigs ferruginea more or less chaffy. Leaves Smith. obovate, obtuse and glandular- tipped at the apex, pale, glau- Menziesia. cous and smooth or very nearly so beneath, sparingly hairy above, f-ij inches long, the margins ciliolate. Flowers 1-5 on glandular pedicels J-i inch long in spreading umbels, becoming erect, corolla 4 of an inch long, cream and pink or salmon, urn-shaped, with 4 spreading teeth; stamens 8, included, with hairy filaments. 22o' Vacciniaceae Throughout the region in moist woods and slopes; flowering during June. A shrub 1-4 feet high, with Ledum Greenland- twi^s densely ™sty woolly. icum Oeder. Leaves oblong, obtuse, 1-2 inches Labrador long, J-J an inch wide, green and deeply veined above, densely brown woolly beneath, the 'margins strongly revolute. Flowers numerous, white, nearly \ an inch broad in close umbels or corymbs ; petals 5, narrow, spreading. Abundant throughout the region at the lower altitudes in bogs and swamps; flower- ing during June. VACCINIACEAE Huckleberry Family Shrubs or small trees with alternate leaves and small perfect flowers; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, 4-5-lobed or cleft; corolla 4—5- lobed, rarely divided into single petals, de- ciduous; stamens twice as many as the !*# Ul Vacciniaceae 221 corolla lobes, inserted at the base; filaments mostly short; anthers attached on the back 2-celled; fruit a globose berry or drupe. Erect deciduous shrubs; corolla cylindric or urn-shaped, white, pink or greenish. Vaccinium, Low evergreen shrub ; corolla open-campanulate, pink ; berry red. Vitis-Idaea. Trailing or creeping evergreen shrubs. Corolla short-campanulate, white; berry white. Chiogenes. Corolla with spreading curved petals, pink; berry red. Oxycoccus. A shrub 3-7 inches high, much Vaccinium csespitosum branched and nearly smooth Michx. throughout. Leaves obovate or Dwarf oblong, cuneate, obtuse or acute, green and shining on both sides, nearly sessile, serrulate, with close bluntish teeth. Flowers white or pink, small bell- shaped, | of an inch long, mostly solitary in the axils and longer than their drooping pedicels; berry J of an inch or more in di- ameter, blue with a bloom. On slopes and in alpine meadows through- out the Rockies at the higher altitudes; 222 Vacciniaceae flowers appearing with the leaves in early June. Vaccinium Stems erect with numerous erythro- slender, strict, green branches coccum and branchlets, 3-18 inches high. y ' Leaves ovate or oval, J an inch Alpine Bilberr l°ng or less» bright green. Flow- ers ovate, | of an inch long, white or pink, 5-lobed, solitary in the axils of the leaves; berries small, bright red. On slopes and in alpine meadows through- out the Rockies at the higher altitudes; flowering during June. Vaccinium A straggling branched shrub, ovalifolium 3-12 feet high, the branches Smith. slender, twigs smooth, joints Blueberry. sharply angled. Leaves OVal, short-petioled, smooth on both sides, green above, pale and glaucous beneath, rounded at both ends or somewhat narrowed at the base, thin, sometimes spine tipped, entire or nearly so, 1-2 inches long. Flowers commonly solitary in the axils on rather Is si •is C o °o o O CJ Vacciniaceae 223 recurved pedicels; corolla pink or white, ovoid, 1 of an inch or more long; berries blue with a bloom \ an inch in diameter. In the beds of snow slides, occasionally in the Rockies, and abundant through the Selkirks, where it is also found in the woods1; flowering in May. A branching shrub 1-3 feet high, Vaccinium globulare nearly smooth throughout, stems Rydb. round, only the youngest twigs Thin-leaved slightly angled, bark grey and Bilberry. somewhat shreddy. Leaves broadly oval or obovate, obtuse to acute, somewhat pale beneath, veiny, sharply and finely serrate, J-iJ inches long. Flowers on pedicels J an inch long; calyx teeth almost obsolete; corolla depressed-globose, fre- quently more than J of an inch in diameter, greenish-white; berry dark, purple, J of an inch in diameter. In beds of snow slides and in woods in the valleys of the Selkirks; flowering during June. 224 Vacciniaceae A low evergreen shrub with Vitis-idsea Vitis-idsea creeping stems, the branches (L.)Britton. erect, 3-8 inches high, nearly Mountain smooth. Leaves thick and leathery, crowded, green and shining above, paler and black-dotted be- neath, ovate or oval, short-petioled and entire or sparingly serrulate J-f of an inch long, the margins re volute. Flowers in short terminal i -sided racemes or clusters, nodding, longer than their pedicels; corolla white or pink nearly J of an inch long, open campanulate, 4-lobed; berries dark red, acid, nearly J an inch in diameter. In bogs and moist mossy places through- out the Rockies; flowering during June. Creeping, branches rough hairy, slender, 3-12 inches long. hispidula (L.)T.andG. Leaves leathery, persistent, oval, Creeping ovate or slightly obovate, acute Snowberry. at the apex, rounded or nar- rowed at the base, dark green and smooth above, sprinkled with stiff, brown hairs be- Vacciniaceae 225 neath and on the re volute, entire margins; 1 to nearly J an inch long. Flowers white, ovoid, about J of an inch long, few, solitary in the axils, nodding, on the lower side of the creeping stems; berry about J of an inch in diameter, white, bristly, aromatic. Throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, growing in moss and on damp, decaying logs; flowering in May. Stems slender, creeping and root- Oxycoccus Oxycoccus in& at ^e n°des, 6-18 inches (L.) MacM. long; branches ascending or erect Small !_6 inches high. Leaves thick, evergreen, ovate, entire, acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, dark green above, white beneath, | of an inch or less long, J as wide, the margins re volute. Flowers 1-6, from terminal scaly buds, nodding on slender erect pedicels; corolla pink, J of an inch broad, the petals curled backwards; stamens and style pro- truding; berry globose, } of an inch or more in diameter, acid, often spotted when young. 226 Primulaceae In sphagnum bogs throughout the Rockies, though not common; flowering during July. PRIMULACEAE Primrose Family Herbs with perfect regular flowers; calyx free from the ovary, usually 5-parted; co- rolla 5 -cleft; stamens as many as the corolla lobes and opposite to them; flowers purple, yellow or white. Lobes of the corolla erect or spreading. Leaves in a rosette at the base of the scape. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx; flowers pink. Primula. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx ; flowers white or yellow. Androsace. Leaves whorled at the top of the stem; flowers white. Trientalis. Lobes of the corolla reflexed. Dodecatheon. Primula Leaves spatulate or oblong, americana obtuse at the apex, narrowed or Rydb. somewhat wedge-shaped at the Bird's-eye base, tapering into petioles, Primrose. .... \ ., -, « green, usually white -mealy be- Primulaceae 227 neath, at least when young; 1-4 inches long, the margins crenulate-dentate. Flowers um- bellate 3-20, on scapes 4-18 inches high; corolla pink or lilac, usually with a yellowish eye, the tube slightly longer than the calyx, the lobes wedge-shaped, notched at the apex, J of an inch or more long. In swamps and wet meadows in the lower valleys of the eastern slopes of the Rockies not penetrating far into the mountains; flowering in June. Primula Similar to the preceding species Maccalliana but much smaller. Leaves Wiegand. gpatulate or obovate, mostly Maccalla's Primrose. Pale green above, more or less mealy beneath, den- ticulate or repand, obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed or cuneate at the base, petioled or sessile, J-iJ inches long, forming a rosette at the base of the scape. Flowers f of an inch broad or less, umbellate, on a peduncle 1-6 inches high; pale pink or bluish with a conspicuous orange eye ; the lobes obcordate ; 228 Primulaceae corolla tube yellow, slightly longer than the calyx. The commonest primrose of the region on wet banks and moist, sandy or gravelly places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June, also occurs sparingly in the Selkirks. Proliferously branched at the Androsace carinata ^ase an^ casspitose. Leaves Torr. Sweet folded over each other, forming Flowered rosettes at the bases of the many flowered scapes; from lanceolate to oblong-spatulate or ovate, keeled, i- nerved, J— J an inch long, acute, fringed with hairs on the margins. Flowers \ of an inch or more broad, cream coloured with a brilliant yellow eye; 4-10 in a close umbel, on slender hairy scapes 1-3 inches high; flowers deli- cately fragrant. Throughout the Rockies in open situa- tions either dry or moist, and at low or high altitudes; flowering from early June to mid- summer according to the altitude. si ^< OJ £ 8 Is n3 "S obtuse Qr ^^ sharply Androsace. serrate above the middle or sparingly toothed. Scapes erect and spread- ing, often diffusely branched at the base, 2-4 inches long; pedicels thread-like from J~3 inches long in the same umbel. Flow- ers white or pink, the corolla included or sometimes equalling the tips of the calyx segments. 230 Primulaceae On grassy banks and slopes in the Rockies flowering in June. Trientalis StemS slender' x~4 inches high, arctica with small scattered obovate Fisch. leaves below; upper leaves ob- Arctic ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate Star-flower. . obtuse, i-ij inches long. Flow- ers white on slender pedicels as long as the leaves; calyx reddish with 7 narrowly liriear acute sepals; petals 7 white, lanceolate, acute, about twice the length of the sepals; stamens 7. In moist woods throughout the region, rare in the Rockies but common throughout the Selkirks; flowering in June. Dodeca Smooth. Leaves dark green, theon lanceolate, acute, entire, 2-3 pauciflorum inches long. Flowers few in (Durandj an umbel . scape 6_g mches tall; Sl , segments of the corolla rich Shooting lilac purple, the undivided part Star. yellow with a narrow scalloped Gentianaceae 231 ring, midway between the base of the seg- ments and the stamen tube; stamen tube often nearly as long as the anthers, yellow ; anthers purple. In damp, open ground and grassy slopes throughout the eastern Rockies ; flowering in June. Dodeca- Plant smooth. Leaves obovoid theon and elliptic, 2-5 inches long, conjugens inciuding the distinct petiole, Greene. Shootin - obtuse, entire. Flowers large, in star. a few-flowered umbel, scape 3-8 inches high ; corolla deep purple varying to rose-red; anthers, distinct, obtuse, the con- nective lanceolate, acuminate to a linear point. In the open ground and plains in the lower Valleys of the Rockies; flowering in June. GENTIANACE^E Gentian Family Smooth herbs with opposite entire leaves, and regular perfect flowers in clusters or 232 Gentianaceae solitary at the ends of the stems or branches. Calyx 4-i2-lobed; corolla 4- 12 -parted; sta- mens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Corolla funnel-form or campanulate ; without glands, spurs or scales. Gentiana. Corolla campanulate; spurred at the base. Tetragonanthus,. Gentiana Stem leafy, slightly angled, sim- acutaMichx. pie or branched, 6-20 inches Northern high gasal and lower leaveg Gentian. spatulate or obovate, obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile or somewhat clasping, -J- 2 inches long. Flowers numer- ous in clusters in the axils of the upper leaves ; pedicels -J— i inch long, leafy bracted at the base; calyx deeply 5 -parted, lobes lanceolate; corolla tubular campanulate, J an inch long, 5-parted, pale blue or greenish; lobes lance- olate, acute each with a fimbriate crown at the base. Along stream banks and grassy slopes throughout the Rockies, common; flowering in July. Gentianaceae 233 . na Stems slender, usually much propinqua branched from the base and Richards. sometimes also above, slightly Four-parted wing_angied, 2-7 inches long. Basal leaves spatulate obtuse, the upper distant, oblong or lanceolate, J-i inch long, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the slightly clasping base, ob- scurely 3 -nerved. Flowers sometimes nu- merous, solitary on slender peduncles, mostly 4-parted, J-£ of an inch high, seldom open- ing; calyx 4-cleft, two of the lobes oblong, the others linear lanceolate; corolla blue or bluish, glandular within at the base, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, entire or denticulate. Frequent throughout the Rockies on slopes and open ground beside the trails; flowering through July. Gentiana Stems slen^er, 1-5 inches long, prostrata when prostrate the lateral ones Haenke. often creeping. Leaves ovate, Dwarf rather spreading, bright green Gentian. . with slightly whitened edges. 234 Gentianaceae Flowers solitary, 4- parted, azure blue, \ an inch high, the lobes rather spreading. A very small and rather rare plant found throughout the Rockies at the higher altitu- des, on the alpine slopes and summits ; flower- ing in July. Gentiana Perennial ; stems 2-4 inches high, glauca Leaves oval, glaucous, J— J an Pale- inch long, obtuse, the basal glaucous forming a rosette. Flowers few Gentian. or several at the top of the stem, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, usually sub- tended by a pair of bracts; calyx campanu- late, the teeth shorter than the tube ; corolla blue or blue-green, -J an inch or more long, the tube cylindrical with short ovate obtuse lobes. In wet alpine meadows and slopes through- out the region, a rather rare but very striking little gentian, flowering in July. Gentiana Stems clustered, 6-12 inches high, mostly ascending. Leaves Griseb. Lar e from oblong or lanceolate to Gentian. linear. Flowers from numerous 03 0) '3 Gentianaceae 235 and racemose to few and almost solitary; calyx lobes linear or linear-awl-shaped, unequal, the largest rarely equalling the tube; corolla an inch or less long, bright blue or bluish; funnel-form, spotted inside with white, the lobes ovate, acute, and spreading. . A showy species in damp open meadows in the lower valleys throughout the Rockies, especially abundant at Banff; flowering during August. Annual, stems simple or branched, Tetragon- slender, erect, 6-20 inches high. Basal leaves obovate or spatu- deflexus Q E late, obtuse, narrowed into peti- Smith) oles; stem leaves ovate or Kuntze. lanceolate, acute, sessile, 3-5- purre nerved, 1-2 inches long, the Gentian. uppermost smaller. Flowers J of an inch or more long, few, on peduncles about their own length, in the axils of the upper leaves; corolla purplish-green or white, 4-5 -parted, the lobes ovate, acute, each 236 Menyanthaceae with a hollow deflexed or descending spur about half the length of the corolla. In moist places and shaded slopes through- out the Rockies ; a rather frequent but incon- spicuous plant owing to its green colour; flowering in July. MENYANTHACEAE Buckbean Family In our species a smooth marsh herb, with creeping rootstock, long-petioled, 3-foliate leaves and white or purplish flowers, in racemes on long lateral scapes. Menyanthes Creeping rootstocks sometimes trifoliata L. a foot long marked by the scars Buckbean. of kases Qf former petioles. Leaves 3-foliate, petioles sheathing at the base, 2-10 inches long; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed to the sessile base, ij~3 inches long. Flowers half an inch long, pure white or purplish in io-20-flowered racemes on Apocynaceae 237 scape-like naked peduncles; calyx shorter than the corolla which is bearded with white hairs within, giving the flower a feathery appearance. In open marshes throughout the region, local in distribution; flowering in May and early June. APOCYNACE^J Dogbane Family In our species, perennial herbs with opposite, entire leaves and small, 5 -parted, campanulate, pink flowers in corymbed cymes, and slender elongated terete seed pods. Apocynum Stems 1-3 feet high, branches androsaemi- broadly spreading, mostly folium L. smooth. Leaves ovate or oval, Spreading spine tipped, smooth above, pale Dogbane, . „ ,, and usually more or less hairy Honeybloom. beneath, 2-4 inches long. Flow- ers pink, open campanulate, f of an inch 238 Hy drophy llaceae broad, with 5 spreading lobes, numerous, in loose, terminal and axillary cymes; seed pods round, slender, curved, 4-6 inches long, narrowed at the apex, usually in pairs; plant with a milky juice. Frequent on the line of the railway from Field westward through the valley of the Kicking Horse River. HYDROPHYLLACE^ Water-Leaf Family Herbs, mostly rough-hairy, with alternate or basal leaves, and perfect regular 5 -parted flowers in cymes, spikes or racemes, curled when in bud and uncoiling as they flower; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla and alter- nate with its lobes; filaments thread-like; flowers -yellow, purple or white. Plant rough-hairy; leaves lanceolate and simple or pinnate; flowers blue or violet-purple. Phacelia. Plant smooth; leaves round reniform or cordate; flowers white. Romanzoffia. Hydrophyllaceae 239 Phacelia Rough-hairy; stem stout, 6-24 heterophylia inches high. Leaves white hairy, lanceolate to ovate, acute, pin- nately and obliquely, striately veined, the lower tapering into petioles, commonly with 1-2 pairs of small lateral leaflets. Flowers in a dense spike; corolla bluish, longer than the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx lobes; filaments much exserted, sparingly bearded. In the Cougar Valley in the Selkirks; flowering in July. Silky-hairy or canescent through- Phacelia sericea Otrt' ^"^ mcnes mgn> leafy to (Graham) the top. Leaves pinnately A. Gray. parted into linear or narrow Mountain oblong> numerous, often pin- Phacelia. natifid divisions, the lower peti- oled, the upper nearly sessile. Flowers crowded in an elongated spike, corolla violet, blue or white, open-campanulate, cleft to the middle; stamens much exserted. In dry ground and open slopes throughout the region ; flowering in June and July. 240 Boraginaceae Stems slender, weak, 3-6 inches Roman- ffia long. Leaves mainly at the sitchensis root, with slender petioles, Bong. alternate, round-cordate, or reni- Roman- form, with ^_^ crenatCj glandu- lar-tipped lobes. Flowers more or less racemose on slender, weak scapes with spreading pedicels longer than the flowers; calyx lobes smooth, much shorter than the delicately veiny pale pink or usually white funnel-form corolla with yellow throat and broad rounded lobes. On constantly dripping ledges of wet rocks, rare in the region generally but rather fre- quent about Lake Louise and Lake O'Hara; flowering during July. BORAGINACE^ Borage Family Herbs with alternate or rarely opposite, entire, leaves and usually rough hairy stems. Flowers perfect, regular, mostly blue, in Boraginacese 241 i -sided curled spikes; corolla 5-lobed, sta- mens as many as the corolla lobes and alter- nate with them; fruit mostly of 4 i -seeded nutlets. Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. Lappula. Nutlets not armed with barbed prickles. Racemes without bracts; corolla flat, round. Myosotis. Racemes with bracts; corolla funnel form. Lithospermum. Rough hairy, stem stout, panicu- lately branched, 2—5 feet high, flonbunda (Lehm ) the branches nearly erect. Greene. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate False or linear-lanceolate, 2-4 inches long, sessile, obtuse or acute at not. the apex, the lower narrowed into long petioles. Flowers 5-lobed, bright blue with a yellow centre J to nearly J of an inch broad in numerous erect, dense racemes, nutlets J of an inch long, keeled tuberculate on the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat barbed prickles, on pedicels less than their own length. 16 242 Boraginaceae In moist, open ground, frequent through- out the Rockies ; a striking plant with heads of bright blue flowers, resembling large forget-me-nots flowering in June. Similar to the preceding species, but not so tall and with broader diffusa (Lehm.) acute leaves. Flowers larger, Greene. J an inch broad, not so numer- False ous; and larger, more densely prickled nutlets, J of an inch not. long, on pedicels more than their own length. Throughout the Rockies, probably more common than the previous species, in moist, more or less shaded or open ground ; flowering in June. Pale, leafy, rough, 1-2 feet high, Lappula Lappula t^le branches erect. Leaves lin- (L.) Karst. ear and linear-oblong, sessile Stickseed. or -^he lowest spatulate and narrowed into petioles J-iJ inches long, ob- tuse. Flowers very small, about the length a Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. False Forget-me-not. Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. (% Nat.) Narrow-Leaved Puccoon. Boraginaceae 243 of the calyx, blue, in one-sided leafy-bracted racemes; nutlets papillose on the back, armed with 2 rows of slender barbed prickles. In open or waste ground throughout the region, especially on or near the railway; flowering throughout the summer. M osotis Stems tufted, erect, 3-9 inches alpestris high. Leaves oblong, linear, or Schmidt. lanceolate, hairy, 1-2 inches Forget-me- lon plowers in rather dense not. heads; corolla flat, bright blue with a yellow centre J of an inch or more broad, 5-lobed. Frequent throughout the Rockies in alpine meadows and on grassy slopes; flowering during June and early July. Lithosper- Erect or diffusely branched from mumlineari- t^e base> 6-12 inches high, mi- nutely rough-hairy. Leaves all Narr&w- linear, sessile, acute, 1-2 inches leaved long. Flowers of two kinds, Puccoon. leafy-bracted, at the ends of the branches, the earlier bright yellow, \ an 244 Menthaceae inch broad with a tube an inch or more long, the rounded lobes crenately erose; the later flowers small, inconspicuous and pale. Dry sandy soil in the valley of the Bow River at Banff, the showy flowers in May and early June. MENTHACE.E Mint Family Aromatic herbs mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves ; flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically cymose; calyx persistent, 5-toothed or lobed; corolla with a short or long tube, the limb 4-5 -lobed, mostly 2-lipped, but some regu- lar; stamens borne on the corolla tube, typically 4. Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper arched, tube long, blue. Scutellaria. Calyx without a protuberance on the upper side. Corolla tube longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped purple. Prunella. Menthaceae 245 Corolla tube not longer than the calyx; flower 2- lipped, pink. Stachys Corolla tube shorter than the calyx; nearly regular, 4-lobed. Mentha. Scutellaria Perennial by slender stolons, galericulata leafy; stem erect, usually L. Marsh branched, 1-2 feet high. Leaves Skullcap. oblong-lanceolate to ovate-ob- long, thin, short petioled or the upper sessile, acute at the apex, dentate with low teeth or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at the base, 1-2 J inches long, the uppermost usually much smaller. Flowers an inch long, bright blue with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat, solitary in the axils of the leaves, on peduncles shorter than the calyx. In swamps and wet places, frequent along the railway from Field west to Beavermouth. Prunella Hairy or nearly smooth; stems vulgaris L. slender, creeping or ascending, Heal-all, or erect, usually simple but some- times considerably branched, 2 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves ovate, oblong 246 Menthaceae or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, thin, entire or crenate, 1-4 inches long. Flowers 'in dense terminal spikes J-i inch long, be- coming 2-4 inches in fruit; corolla violet- purple, or sometimes pink or white, J— J an inch long, twice as long as the purplish- green calyx. Common throughout the region in moist, open or shaded places at the lower altitudes, frequently forming clumps of considerable size; flowering throughout the summer. Erect, usually slender, simple ota.cnys palustris L. or somewhat branched, hairy Marsh throughout; 1-4 feet high. Wound- Leaves lanceolate, sessile or very short petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, wedge-shaped or cor- date at, the base, 2-5 inches long, J-i inch wide, crenulate or dentate, flowers clustered, forming an elongated, interrupted spike, or sometimes in the axils of the upper leaves, 6-10 in a whorl; calyx hairy, its slender Menthaceae 247 teeth more than \ the length of the tube; corolla deep pink spotted with purple, \-\ of an inch long, the upper lip erect, hairy, the lower spreading 3 -cleft. In swamps and wet places throughout the region from Field west to Beavermouth along the railway; flowering during July. Perennial by runners ; stem more Mentna canadensis or less nairY witn spreading L. American hairs, simple or branched, 6 Wild Mint. inches to 2 \ feet high. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slender -stemmed, acute at the apex, sharply serrate, smooth or sparingly hairy, the larger 2-3 inches long, J-i inch wide. Flowers numerous, small, J of an inch long, white, pink or pale purple, all in whorls in the axils of the leaves, the calyx about \ the length of the corolla. In moist soil and marshy places, fre- quent along the line of the railway from Field west to Beavermouth; flowering during July. 248 Scrophulariaceae SCROPHULARIACE^E Figwort Family Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves without stipules and mostly perfect, com- plete and irregular flowers; calyx 4-5 -toothed, -cleft, or -divided; corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular and stamens 2, 4, or 5, nearly equal. Stamens 5, the fifth sterile or rudimentary. Sterile stamen represented by a gland on the upper side of the corolla tube. Collinsia. Sterile stamen nearly as long as the rest. Pentstemon. Stamens 2, leaves opposite or whorled. Veronica. Stamens 4. Stamens not enclosed in the upper lip. Mimulus. Stamens enclosed in the upper lip. Anther cells unequal. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower. Castilleja. Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer and much narrower than the inflated lower one. Orthocarpus. Anther cells equal and parallel. Galea not prolonged into a beak; throat with- out teeth. Pedicularis. Galea prolonged' into a very slender, recurved beak; throat with a tooth on each side Elephantella. Scrophulariaceae 249 Collinsia Stems slightly hairy at length, parviflora diffusely branched, very slender, Small- 3"1 5 mcnes l°ng- Leaves oblong flowered or lanceolate, mostly obtuse at Collinsia. the apex, narrowed at the base? J-i inch long, entire or sparingly toothed, the lower opposite, petioled; the floral ses- sile, opposite or verticillate. Flowers few, in whorls in the axils of the leaves, on long slender pedicels; corolla blue or. whitish, the throat longer than the limb; the upper lip erect, 2-cleft, the lower lip ^-lobed, spreading. An inconspicuous little plant on rocks and in damp places throughout the region; flowering during June and July. Pentstemon Decumbent, diffusely spreading, fruticosus 6-12 inches high, woody at the (Pursh.) base. Leaves ovate, obovate or Greene. , * , « oblong, J an inch or more long, Purple serrulate or entire, smooth or Beard- hairy when young. Flowers in tongue. glandular hairy terminal ra- cemes; corolla violet, blue or pinkish purple, 250 Scrophulariaceae an inch or more long, tubular funnel-form, 2-lipped, the upper deeply 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Throughout the region in exposed stony places and on slides up to an elevation of 10,000 feet, frequently growing in patches of considerable size; flowering in June and early July. Smooth throughout or the in- Pentstemon _ . . florescence and calyx sometimes confertus Dougl. with viscid hairs ; stem a foot or Yellow two high. Leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceolate to some- what linear, usually quilte entire. Flowers in a terminal head of 2-5 dense, many-flowered clusters; corolla with a nar- row tube about ^ an inch long, pale yel- low; the lower lip conspicuously bearded within. In moist or dry open ground throughout the Rockies, especially abundant in the valleys of the Bow and Pipestone in the Scrophulariaceae 2 5 1 region about Laggan; flowering during late June and early July. Pentstemon Smooth throughout, stems slen- procerus der, 2-12 inches high. Leaves Dougl. lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, those ' Blue Beard- Q£ the middle Qf the stem largest, tongue. . usually entire. Flowers in dense verticillate clusters, in a more or less elon- gated head ; corolla bright blue with a slender funnel-form tube \ an inch or more long; the lower lip bearded within. In open dry or moist ground throughout the Rockies, not common ; most abundant in the valley of the Kicking Horse River at Field; flowering in June. Pentstemon Smooth; stem 8-12 inches high, pseudo- simple. Basal leaves broadly humilis spatulate or elliptic, thin, firm, obtuse, or acute, contracted into a slightly winged petiole, with entire margins ; stem leaves oblanceolate, oblong or lanceolate, 252 Scrophulariaceae mostly all opposite. Flowers blue or bluish- purple in a loose panicle, with more or less glandular-hairy branches; calyx glandular- hairy, i of an inch long, deeply cleft into lanceolate lobes; corolla slightly hairy, about f of an inch long, funnel-form, slightly oblique. In open ground and slopes in the Selkirks; flowering in July. Veronica Smooth throughout; stems de- americana cumbent, rooting at the lower Schwein. nodes, 6 inches to 2 feet long. American Leaves oblong, ovate, or oblong- Brooklime. . lanceolate, all distinctly petioled, sharply serrate with a wedge-shaped or rounded base, obtuse or acute at the apex, 1-3 inches long, J-i inch broad. Flowers in racemes on slender peduncles in the axils of the leaves; corolla blue or nearly white, striped with purple, nearly J of an inch broad, rotate, with 4 unequal lobes. In brooks and swampy places in the Sel- kirks, especially around Glacier; flowering throughout the summer. Scrophulariaceae 253 Veronica Wormsk- Hairy throughout with brown glandular hairs; stems ascend- joldii R. and ing or erect, slender, usually S. Alpine simple, 2-12 inches high. Leaves Speedwell. . oblong, ovate or elliptic, sessile, mostly rounded at both ends, crenulate or entire, J-i inch long. Flowers light blue, in a short, narrow raceme; corolla, J of an inch broad, rotate, lobes nearly equal and rounded. Throughout the region in open woods, and in alpine meadows and slopes up to 7000 feet elevation; flowering during June and July. Slightly hairy or smooth; stems slender, decumbent, the branches ascending or erect, 2-10 inches high. Leaves all opposite and petioled or the uppermost sessile, oblong, oval or ovate, J— J an inch long, crenulate, entire. Flowers in short spicate racemes at the ends of the stems and branches; corolla pale blue or Veronica serphylli- folia L. Thyme- leaved Speedwell. 254 Scrophulariaceae sometimes white, with darker stripes, nearly J of an inch broad. In open grassy ground at the lower alti- tudes throughout the Selkirks, very abundant and striking in the lawn at Glacier House; flowering during June. Mimulus Stems viscid-hairy, 2-4 feet Lewisii high. Leaves from oblong-ovate Pursh. Red to lanceolate, acuminate, den- Monkey- ticulate, opposite, 2-4 inches "fyoiJUCY long and J as broad. Flowers on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx campanulate, f of an inch long, with tri- angular acute teeth; corolla rose -red or paler, the tube twice as long as the calyx, throat open, limb two-lipped; lobes of the upper lip erect or turned backward, obcordate, the lower lip spreading, the lobes obovate. In wet ground and along streams through the Selkirks, frequently growing in such abundance as to practically exclude all other vegetation; the large showy, rose-purple Scrophulariaceae 255 flowers, each with two bright yellow patches in the throat. Mimulus Smooth, stems flattened, de- cumbent and rooting at the Greene. Yellow nodes, the branches rising 3-6 Monkey- inches high. Leaves orbicular or flower. ovate, J-i inch long, dentate or denticulate, usually sublyrate, purple beneath. Flowers axillary on long peduncles ; calyx cam- panulate, ^ of an inch long, mottled with dark purple; corolla bright yellow, f-i inch long, throat spotted with dark red, lobes of the up- per lip erect, J-J an inch long, the middle lobe of the lower lip broadly cordate, pendulous. In wet, gravelly soil around springs and in the beds and banks of alpine brooks, through the Selkirks, often forming large patches; flowering in July. Mimulus Hairy with soft and glandular moschatus hairs, musk scented ; stems creep- Dougl. ing or ascending, branched, slen- Musk Plant. -. ^ -11 T der, 6-12 inches long. Leaves ovate or oblong, short petioled, acute or 2 56 Scrophulariaceae obtuse at the apex, denticulate, rounded or subcordate at the base, 1-2 inches long, half as broad. Flowers f of an inch long on axillary peduncles, shorter than the leaves ; corolla funnel-shaped with a spreading limb nearly J an inch broad, bright yellow. In wet shaded ground at the lower altitudes, throughout the Selkirks; flowering during June and July. Perennial more or less purplish Castilleja purpuf - throughout, stems erect or nearly ascens so, 4-12 inches high, usually, Greenm. several from the same root, Painters smooth or somewhat hairy be- Brush. low, soft hairy above. Leaves sessile, clasping, linear or narrowly lanceolate, J-2 inches long, usually attenuate and acute, entire and undivided or occasionally 3-cleft near the apex, smooth or the uppermost soft-hairy, 3 -nerved. Inflorescence in a close terminal raceme, later elongated, about 3 inches long, close-hairy; bracts ovate- lanceolate or oblong-ovate, i-ij inches long, Scrophulariaceae 257 usually entire or occasionally cleft, from deep purple-red to scarlet and rarely yellow to tinged with red or pink; calyx f-i inch long, ranging in color with the bracts ; corolla i-ij inches long, galea green or greenish- yellow with scarlet margins and exserted . beyond the calyx and floral bracts. Frequent in the lower altitudes through the Rockies; very abundant and striking on the flood -plain of the Kicking Horse River at Field; flowering during June. Commonly hairy with weak cob- Castilleja pallida webby hairs, a foot or less high. Kunth. Leaves linear to lanceolate or White the upper ovate lanceolate. Flowers in dense leafy-bracted Paint-brush spikes; bracts oval or obovate, partly white or yellowish, cobwebby-hairy, equalling the corolla; calyx 2-cleft, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, corolla J-i inch long; galea not exceeding the calyx. In moist open grounds at the higher alti- tudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. 258 Scrophulariaceae A foot or two high, mostly sim- ple and strict, smooth or nearly so. Leaves lanceolate or linear or the upper ovate-lanceolate acute, entire or rarely 3 -cleft. Flowers in a dense, short, hairy spike; bracts from lanceolate to oval, mostly bright red or crimson, occasionally pinkish, rarely whitish, seldom lobed; calyx lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft; corolla over an inch long; galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube. In moist alpine meadows throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. Perennial with a long creeping Castilleja lanceifolia rootstock, not growing in clumps, Rydb. 1-2 feet high, sparingly close- Scarlet hairy or nearly smooth, very leafy. Leaves lanceolate; often Cup. acuminate, ij-2j inches long, rather firm, 3 -veined, the upper seldom if ever cleft. Flowers hi a compact terminal head; bracts bright scarlet, oblong, obtuse; Scrophulariaceae 259 calyx i inch long, crimson or scarlet with a green base about equally cleft ; corolla yel- lowish-green, \ an inch longer than the calyx. In moist open woods throughout the Rock- ies at the lower altitudes on the eastern slope; flowering in June and July. Orthocarpus Annual> rough-hairy; stems luteus stout, erect, branched above Nutt. or simple, 6-18 inches high, Yellow densely leafy. Leaves erect or Orthocarpus. ascending, linear or lanceolate, entire or sometimes 3-cleft, i-ij inches long, sessile, long acuminate; bracts of the dense spike lanceolate, broader and shorter than the leaves, entire or 3-cleft, green, mostly longer than the flowers. Flowers bright yellow, an inch long or less, the upper lip ovate, obtuse, about as long as the sac-like 3 -toothed lower one. In open ground in the lower valleys throughout the region as far west as the valley of the Columbia River at Beaver- mouth; flowering throughout the summer. 260 Scrophulariaceae Whole plant usually purple, Elephantella groenlandica smooth; stem simple, erect, i-ij (Retz.) feet high. Leaves alternate, Rydb. lanceolate in outline, pinnately Long-beaked ^ ^ h j innatel Elephan- tella divided into lanceolate, acute, crenulate, or incised segments, the upper sessile, the lower slender-pet ioled 2-6 inches long. Flowers in a very dense spike 1-6 inches long; calyx short, acutish; corolla red or purple, the galea produced into a slender beak J-f of an inch long, which is decurved against the lower lip and up- wardly recurved beyond it; body of the corolla about \ of an inch long. In open bogs and wet alpine meadows at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies ; flowering in July. Smooth throughout, simple or Pedicularis , racemosa sometimes branching, 6- 1 8 inches Dougl. high. Leaves lanceolate, un- White divided, minutely and doubly Lousewort. . 1 , -^, crenulate, 2-4 inches long. Flow- •I Scrophulariaceae 26 1 ers short -pedicelled in a short leafy raceme •or spike, or the lower remote in the axils of .the leaves; corolla white, showy, the galea which is half an inch long produced into a slender, elongated, incurved beak nearly reaching the apex of the broad lower HP, At the higher altitudes in the Rockies in moist open ground and alpine meadows, flowering in July. Smooth, 1-3 feet high; leaves Pediculans bracteosa 3~10 inches long, all pinnately Benth. parted, the lower divided, ample ; Wood divisions of the leaves ^-2 inches Betony. . long, linear-lanceolate. Flowers crowded in a cylindrical, leafy-bracted spike, 2-6 inches long; corolla less than an inch long, pale yellow or reddish, the galea much longer than the lip with a hooded summit. Frequent throughout the Rockies in moist open woods and alpine meadows at the higher elevations ; flowering during July. 262 Lentibulariaceae LENTIBULARIACE^ Butter-wort Family In our species, stemless herbs with fibrous roots and i-flowered scapes; basal, tufted, entire leaves, the upper surface covered with a viscid secretion, to which insects adhere and are caught by the curling of the sensitive leaf margins; calyx 4~5-parted or 2-lipped; corolla sac-like and contracted into a spur. Leaves pale yellowish -green, 3-7 in a rosette at the base of vulgaris L. Butterwort. the SCaPe> greasY to the touch on the upper surface, ovate- lanceolate, obtuse, 1-2 inches long, J as wide. Flowers solitary on a slender scape, violet-purple, nearly J an inch broad when expanded, 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed, larger; the tube gradually contracted into an obtuse or acute nearly straight spur, J of an inch long. In wet mossy places, on rocks, or edges of gravelly stream beds throughout the a Pinguicula vulgaris L. Butterwort. Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene. (% Nat.) Large Purple Beard-Tongue. Rubiaceae 263 Rockies, at the lower altitudes; the bright little flowers suggesting violets; flowering during June. RUBIACE.E Madder Family In our species, herbs with 4-angled stems and branches, with verticillate leaves and small 4- parted flowers, regular and perfect and fruit separating into 2 -carpels. Galium Smooth, erect, simple or branched , boreale L. leafy, 1-2^ feet high. Leaves Northern in 4>S) ianceolate or linear 3- Bedstraw. nerved, obtuse or acute, 1-2$ inches long, the margins sometimes fringed with hairs. Flowers white, numerous in a terminal panicle; corolla 4-parted, J of an inch across, the lobes lanceolate, acute. In open ground and in open woods or thickets at the lower altitudes, throughout the Rockies ; flowering in July. ' 264 Caprifoliaceae CAPRIFOLIACE,® Honeysuckle Family Shrubs, trees, v^nes or perennial herbs with opposite leaves and mostly cymose flowers; calyx 3-5 -toothed, the corolla 5-lobed or sometimes 2 -lipped; stamens 5 -inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with the lobes; fruit a berry, drupe or capsule. Corolla rotate or urnshaped; flowers in compound cymes. Leaves pinnate. Sambucus. Leaves simple. Viburnum. Corolla tubular or campanulate, often 2 -lipped. Creeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers in pairs, pink. Linnaea. Shrubs, erect or climbing. Corolla short campanulate, regular or nearly so. Symphoricarpos. Corolla tubular and irregular. Lonicera. A shrub 2-12 feet high, the Sambucus pubens ' twigs and leaves commonly Michx. hairy; stems woody, the younger Redbemed wfth reddish brown pith. Z77 J Leaves pinnate with 3-7 ovate- lanceolate or oval, acuminate leaflets 2-5 Caprifoliaceae 265 inches long, sharply serrate. Flowers nu- merous, less than J of an inch broad, white, in a close oblong head 3-4 inches high, longer than broad; berries in a compact head, bright scarlet, J of an inch in diameter. Rocky places and thickets throughout the region though most abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June, the bright red berries ripe in late summer. A shrub 2-12 feet high, smooth Sambucus melanocarpa or tne young leaves slightly A. Gray. hairy. Leaves pinnate with Blackberried 3_y Qr rardy g ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate leaflets, 2-5 inches long, sharply serrate. Flowers small white in a close compound cyme 3-4 inches high and as broad; berries } of an inch broad, black and shining in a close head. Rocky places and thickets in the Selkirks, growing with the other species and difficult to distinguish from it except by the colour of the berries. 266 Capriofoliaceae Viburnum A straggling bush 2-6 feet high Sm°°th Few-flowered °r nearly SO' LeaveS broadly Cranberry oval, obovate or broader than Tree. long; 5-ribbed, mostly with 3 rather shallow lobes above the middle, coarse- ly and unequally dentate, smooth above, more or less hairy on the veins beneath, 1^-3 inches broad. Flowers small, pure white or pinkish, \ of an inch broad in compact axil- lary heads an inch or so broad; drupe • globose, bright red, acid, about half an inch long. A most attractive shrub in thickets and woods at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June; the acid fruit is frequently used for preserving. Branches slender, woody, Lmnaea americana slightly hairy, trailing, 6-24 Forbes. inches long. Leaves evergreen, opposite, obovate or orbicular, » obscurely crenate, thick, J-f of Caprifoliaceae 267 an inch wide, sometimes wider than long. Flowers nodding in pairs, rarely in 4*5, on slender pedicels J-} of an inch long, very fragrant; corolla tubular -campanulate with 5 equal lobes, pink or nearly white, deep pink within. In moist cool woods, frequent throughout the region, especially in the Rockies; flower- ing in late June and early July. Symphori- An 6reCt shmb> J~4 feet hi^h' carpos smooth or nearly so with slender racemosus branches. Leaves oval, obtuse kichx- at each end, 1-2 inches long, Snowberry. entire, undulate or sometimes dentate. Flowers pale pink or white, few, in axillary clusters; corolla campanulate, J of an inch long, equally 5-lobed, slightly inflated at the base and bearded within; berries snow-white, nearly J an inch in diameter. On rocky banks and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies ; flow- ering during July. 268 Caprifoliaceae Symphori- carpos pauciflorus (Robbins) Britton. Low Snowberry. A low, spreading, diffusely- branched shrub 6-9 inches high. Leaves broadly oval or orbicu- lar, entire, softly hairy, es- pecially along the veins beneath. Flowers about J of an inch long, solitary in the upper axils, and 2 or 3 in the terminal spike; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, bearded within; berry globose, white, J of an inch in diameter. In rocky places and on wooded slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. Smooth, more or less shrubby or twining. Leaves smooth above, glaucous and hairy at least on the veins beneath, iJ-2 inches long, papery on the margins, usually only the upper pair connate-perfoliate. Flowers in a short ter- minal interrupted spike, corolla i inch long or less, yellow changing to reddish, slightly Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Douglas's Honey- suckle. Caprifoliaceae 269 hairy without, long-hairy within, the tube rather strongly inflated at the base, the 2-lipped limb shorter than the tube, stamens and style exserted. In rocky places and along river banks throughout the Rockies; flowering during July. Lonicera Shrubby, 3-6 feet high with grey ebractulata bark. Leaves light green, ' glau- Rydb. cous and hairy beneath, fringed Fly Honey- with hairg Qn the margins> ellip. suckle. tic-ovate or broadly-ovate, ob- tuse, rounded or cordate at the base, rounded at the apex, 1-2^ inches long, J-iJ inches wide. Flowers in pairs from the axils of the leaves; peduncles about \ an inch long; corolla light yellow, about J of an inch long, funnel-form, and spurred at the base on the inner side; berry bright red, \ of an inch in diameter. In moist woods throughout the region at the lower altitudes; flowering in May and early June. 270 Caprifoliaceae A nearly smooth shrub 3-10 feet high. Leaves short-petioled, mvolucrata (Richards) ovate, oval or obovate, 2-6 Banks. inches long, acute or acuminate Involuted ^ faQ apex, narrowed or round- ed at the base, more or less hairy suckle. at least when young. Flowers greenish-yellow, 2 or 3 on axillary peduncles, 1-2 inches long, bracts foliaceous, ovate or oval, often cordate, bractlets larger, greenish- yellow, at length turning rich maroon and surrounding the fruit; corolla hairy, funnel- form; the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; stamens and styles slightly exserted; berries separate, globose or oval, nearly black, about J of an inch in diameter. In rich moist woods and thickets at the lower altitudes throughout the region, in- conspicuous when in flower in late June and early July, but especially showy when in fruit, -the blue-black berries subtended by the showy maroon bracts, making it a most striking shurb during summer and early autumn. Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks. (% Nat.) Involucred Fly Honeysuckle. Valerianacese 271 VALERI AN ACE^E Valerian Family Perennial strongly smelling herbs, with opposite leaves and paniculate heads of small pink or white, funnel-form, more or less gibbous flowers, commonly with 3 exserted stamens. Erect, perfectly smooth through- Valeriana septentri- out or tne inflorescence minutely onalisRydb. hairy, 8- 1 6 inches high. Basal, Northern leaves petioled, spathulate or oval, 1-5 inches long, entire; stem leaves usually 3 pairs, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, segments, 5-7 oval or linear-lanceolate, entire or merely undulate on the margins. Flowers cymose- paniculate, usually congested ; corolla white, about t of an inch long; fruit smooth, J of an inch or slightly longer. In moist shaded places and on slopes in the lower valleys of the Rockies; flowering in July. 272 Valerianaceae Smooth throughout ; stem rather Valeriana Scouleri stout> J~3 feet nign- Leaves, Rydb. the basal on long petioles, ob- Scouler's long, 1-2 inches long, 3-lobed, the centre one much the largest, oblong, tapering to both ends, the lateral lanceolate; stem leaves, 2-4 pairs pinnately parted in 5-7 lanceolate, acute, entire, or undulate segments, 1-2 inches long. Flowers pink in a flat, cymose panicle, 2-2 J inches broad; corolla nearly | of an inch long, funnel-form; stamens and style exserted. In moist open ground throughout the Rockies at the higher elevations ; flowering during June and early July. Valeriana Smooth; stems rather stout, sitchensis 1-5 feet high, often branching. Bong. Wild Leaves in 2-4 pairs, pinnately Heliotrope. 3_5_iobed, leaflets ovate to ob- long or lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely den- tate, 1-2 inches long, densely white-hairy at the base of the petioles ; basal leaves lack- ing at the time of flowering. Flowers very .2 Campanulaceae 273 fragrant, pink, in a compact cymose panicle, corolla broad, funnel-form, J of an inch long with spreading rounded lobes; stamens and style much exserted. Common along the streams and in damp places in the Selkirks, at times forming vast masses of pink when in flower in June and early July. CAMPANULACEAE Bell] 'lower Family Herbs with alternate simple leaves, usually milky juice, and perfect flowers ; calyx mostly 5-lobed; corolla regular or irregular, the tube entire or deeply cleft on one side, its limb 5-lobed, regular or more or less 2-lipped; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes. Campanula Smooth or nearly so, simple, 1-6 uniflora L. inches high. Leaves linear Arctic or linear-oblong, acute, sessile, Harebell thickish entire or sparingly den- tate, f-i J inches long or the lower and basal ones spatulate, obtuse and narrowed into 18 274 Campanulaceae petioles. Flowers erect, calyx tube top- shaped, smooth or hairy, shorter than or equalling the lobes; corolla narrowly cam- panulate, J— J an inch long, bright blue, with 5 slightly spreading lanceolate lobes. Alpine summits in the Rockies not com- mon; flowering in July. Campanula Smooth or nearly so, stems erect rotundifolia or spreading, often several from L. Harebell, the same root, simple or Bluebell. branched, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Basal leaves nearly orbicular or broadly ovate, usually heart-shaped and slender petioled, J-i inch wide, dentate or entire, often wanting at flowering time ; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong acute, mostly entire and sessile or the lower narrowed into short petioles and somewhat spatulate. Flowers several or numerous in racemes, drooping or spreading, slender pedicelled; calyx lobes hair-like, spreading, longer than the tube, co- rolla bright blue, campanulate, J-i inch long. On moist rocks or stony places, on slides Cichoriaceae 275 or gravelly stream banks, frequent through- out the region; flowering during most of the summer. Lobelia Smooth throughout or slightly hairy below; stem simple or strictiflora Rydb slightly branched, erect, leafy, Brook 4-8 inches high. Leaves basal, Lobelia. small, J-J- an inch long, obovate, hairy ; stem leaves linear. Flowers light blue or white, J or nearly J an inch long on erect pedicels slightly more than their own length; petals 5, the two upper erect, J of an inch long, very slender, the 3 lower broader, \ of an inch long and spreading, in loose racemes , lower bracts linear lanceolate, the upper hair-like. On wet banks or wet gravelly or sandy ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies, abundant locally; flowering in July. ClCHORIACE^ Chicory Family Herbs almost always with milky juice, 2 76 Cichoriaceae alternate or basal leaves and yellow or rarely pink, blue, purple, or white flowers in in- volucrate heads ; bracts of the involucre in i to several series; flowers all alike and perfect; corolla with a short or long tube and a strap - shaped (ligulate) usually 5 -toothed limb (ray) . Heads solitary; leaves all basal. Achenes smooth at the apex. Agoseris. Achenes spinulose at the apex. Taraxacum. Heads several ; leaves not all basal. Achenes flattened. Flowers yellow. Sonchus. Flowers blue. Lactuca. . Achenes rounded. Pappus white. Crepis. Pappus tawny. Hieracium. Pale and smooth throughout or a little woolly below. Leaves glauca (Pursh.) linear-lanceolate or oblong, en- Greene, tire, dentate or pinnatifid, 2-10 Large- inches long, acuminate. Scapes stout, smooth or slightly hairy, Agoseris. J ' longer than the leaves, 6-18 inches high, head 1-2 inches broad, rays bright yellow, involucre oblong, campanulate, usually smooth. Open grounds and on grassy alpine slopes a Hieracium umbellatum L. Narrow-Leaved Hawkweed. b Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. (% Nat.) Cichoriaceae 277 and in meadows; flowering during June and July. Nearly smooth, not glaucous. Agosens Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, en- aurantiaca (Hook ) tire or w lanceolate lobes Greene. toward the base, narrowed into Orange- slender petioles, 4-8 inches long. flowered Scapes longer than the leaves, Agoseris. smooth below, woolly at the top ; involucre J— f of an inch high, bracts lance- olate, more or less woolly, flowers orange or copper-coloured . In open ground and alpine meadows throughout the region; flowering in mid- summer. Agoseris Smooth, leaves lanceolate or graciliens linear-lanceolate entire, 6-8 (A. Gray) 01 Greene inches long, acute. Scapes slen- Slender der, 10-18 inches high, woolly Agoseris. at the summit; involucre J-J of an inch long, bracts narrow, smooth with hairy-fringed margins; flowers deep orange. In grassy alpine meadows throughout the 2 78 Cichoriaceae Rockies at the higher altitudes; flowering during July. Taraxacum R°ot thick and deeP' LeaveS Taraxacum oblong to spatulate in outline, (L.) Karst. usually rough-hairy at least Dandelion. when young, acute or obtuse, pinnatifid, sinuate-dentate or rarely nearly entire, rather succulent, 3-10 inches long J-2J inches wide, narrowed into petioles. Scapes erect, 2-18 inches high, head 1-2 inches broad, containing very numerous golden-yellow flowers, inner bracts of the involucre, linear or linear-lanceolate, the outer similar, shorter, not glaucous, reflexed, acute; achenes greenish brown. In waste places and open ground through- out the region, along roadsides and near the railway; established as a weed; flower- ing" in early summer. Smooth; scapes and leaves from Taraxacum montanum Nutt. Mountain root' Leaves spatulate, oblong, Dandelion. nearly entire or runcinately Cichoriaceae 279 toothed, obtuse, the teeth shallow and simple, 3-4 inches long, J-J of an inch wide. Flowers bright orange or yellow on smooth scapes, 4-8 inches high; invo- lucral bracts all appressed, in 2 -series, the outer ovate to lanceolate, frequently reddish ; inner ones narrowly lanceolate. Throughout the Rockies in the lower valleys and slopes; flowering in early June. Sonchus Stems smooth, leafy below, arvensis L. branched and nearly naked MM above, 2-4 feet high. Lower and basal leaves runcinate-pin- natifid, often 12 inches long, spinulose den- tate, narrowed into short petioles, the upper pinnatifid or entire, clasping. Flowers bright yellow, numerous in showy heads, 1-2 inches broad; involucre nearly an inch high. An introduced weed, occurring more or less frequently along the line of the railway throughout the region; a showy plant when in flower, during the early part of the day. 280 Cichoriaceae Smooth throughout and some- what glaucous ; stem rather slen- der and leafy, 1-3 feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, lan- ceolate or oblong, acute, entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, 2-8 inches long. Flowers bright blue or violet in numerous heads J an inch or more broad, in an open panicle. Frequent along the railway in moist open places throughout the region; flowering in midsummer. Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC Large- flowered Blue Lettuce. Alpine Hawk's- beard. Crepis nana Smooth, forming depressed tufts Richards. on slender, creeping rootstocks. Leaves chiefly at the root, 1-2 inches long including the petioles, obovate to spatulate, entire, repand-dentate or lyrate, commonly equalling the clustered stems. Heads few-flowered, nearly J an inch high, narrowly cylindric, J of an inch in diameter; flowers bright yellow, spreading J of an inch across. A small alpine plant growing among loose Cichoriaceae 281 stones and on the moraines and on slides and summits throughout the Rockies ; flower- ing in midsummer. Smooth, many-stemmed from a perennial tap-root, 6-12 inches high, diffusely branched. Leaves entire or nearly so; root leaves spatulate ; stem-leaves from lanceolate to linear. Heads nu- merous, narrowly cylindric, J-J of an inch high, the pale yellow flowers little more than J of an inch across. In gravel beds along the rivers and larger streams throughout the Rockies; flowering during July. Crepis elegans Hook. Many- flowered Hawk's- beard. Stem rather slender, smooth or puberulent, sometimes rough hairy below, leafy, simple, 1-2^ feet high. Leaves lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, entire, denticulate or sometimes laciniate-dentate, acute or acuminate, 1-3 inches long, smooth above, usually hairy beneath with the Hieracium umbellatum L. Narrow- leaved Hawk-weed. 282 Cichoriaceae margins fringed with hairs. Heads of flowers nearly an inch broad, umbellate, bright yellow. On banks and near rivers in the Rockies; flowering in July. Hieracium throughout with Scouleri so^ na-irs 5 I~2 feet high. Leaves Hook. lanceolate or spatulate-lanceo- Hairy iat6) 3-6 inches long. Flowers Hawk-weed. • • 1 i_ 1 • • 1 in an irregular branching panicle. Head J an inch high; involucre with copious long bristly hairs; flowers bright yellow, J an inch or more broad. ,- '' On banks and stony open ground through- out the region flowering during July. Growing in tufts, pale green. Hieracium gracile Leaves nearly all in clusters Hook. at the root, obovate to oblong- Slender spatulate, 1-3 inches long, at- Hawk-weed. • , ,• 1 , • tenuate into petioles, entire or repand denticulate. Stems 8-18 inches high, brownish-hairy above, bearing few or several heads of flowers near the top; involucres Carduaceae 283 about J of an inch high, usually blackish- hairy at the base; flowers bright yellow in heads J of an inch or less broad. In dry open or shaded places at the higher elevations throughout the region, growing in sand ; flowering in July. Loosely branching and hairy Hieracium albiflorum with long hairs' x~3 feet high. Hook. Leaves oblong, thin, 2-6 inches White- long. Involucres narrow-cam- panulate, 4- to nearly \ an inch Hawk-weed. high; flowers white, J of an inch across or more; several in a compound cyme. On sandy banks and open mountain sides, frequent throughout the region at the lower elevations; flowering during June and July. CARDUACE.E Thistle Family Herbs with watery or resinous sap and alternate, opposite or basal leaves; flowers 284 Carduaceae perfect, pistillate or neutral; borne on a common receptacle forming heads, sur- rounded by an involucre of few to many bracts in one or more series; calyx tube attached to the top of the ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, crown-like or wanting; corolla tubular, usu- ally 5-lobed or -cleft, the marginal flowers frequently expanded into a ligule (ray) ; when the ray flowers are absent the head is said to be discoid, when present, radiate; the tubular flowers form the disc. The largest of all the families of flowering plants com- prising about 760 genera and not less than 10,000 species, represented in the region by the following: Anthers not tailed at the base ; heads rayed or rayless. Style branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with terminal appendages. Rays yellow or sometimes wanting. Pappus double, the outer very short. Chrysopsis. Pappus simple; panicle compact. Solidago. Rays white, purple, or blue, rarely wanting. Involucral bracts in 1-2 series, narrow; rays usually narrow and numerous. Erigeron. Involucral bracts in 2-5 series; rays broader and less numerous. Carduaceae 285 Scales of the involucre dry, papery and ap- pressed. Bucephalus. Scales of the involucre more or less herbaceous, and spreading. Aster. Style branches of the perfect flowers straight edged or with hairy tips. Involucre not scarious. Pappus never capillary; receptacle chaffy or bristly. Receptacle conic, chaffy; pappus none. Rudbeckia. Receptacle flat, chaffy ; tall herbs ; pappus 2 scales. Helianthus. Receptacle bristly; pappus a crown of scales. Gaillardia. Pappus capillary. Leaves all or mostly opposite. Arnica. Leaves alternate. Flowers white or pinkish ; leaves large. Petasites. Flowers yellow, leaves small. Senecio. Involucre scarious. Receptacle chaffy; rays short. Achillea. Receptacle naked ; rays conspicuous. Chrysanthemum . Receptacle naked; rays none. Artemisia. Anthers with tails at the base; heads without rays. Receptacle not bristly; corolla not deeply cleft. Pappus hair-like% in pistillate flowers; club shaped in staminate. Antennaria. Pappus of all the flowers similar. Anaphalis. Receptacle long bristly; corolla deeply cleft. Leaves and usually the involucral bracts prickly. Carduus. Leaves and involucral bracts not prickly. Saussurea. 286 Carduaceae Stems numerous from a woody his id rootstock, rough-hairy through- (Hook.) ou^» spreading, 6-12 inches long. Nutt. Leaves spatulate to oblong, en- Hispid tire, spreading, f-ij inches long, Golden obtuse at the apex, narrowed at Aster. the base, often into petioles half as long as the blade or more. Heads very numerous, about J an inch broad; in- volucre less than J an inch high, its bracts lanceolate, rough-hairy; ray flowers bright yellow, 1 of an inch or more long. In dry soil through the lower valleys throughout the Rockies; flowering in mid- summer. Solidago Stems smooth or somewhat hairy multiradiata " above, slender, 6-15 inches high. Ait. Leaves firm, smooth or nearly Northern ^ the bagal and lower oneg Goldenrod. spatulate or oblanceolate, en- tire or sparingly serrate, obtuse, finely reticulate- veined, 3-5 inches long, the upper smaller and narrower, entire. Heads about Carduaceae 287 J of an inch high, usually few in a rather compact terminal cyme; bracts of the in- volucre thin, linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth; rays 8-15, large. On open hillsides throughout the region; flowering in July. Stems clustered at the summit Sohdago decumbens of a strong, perpendicular root, Greene. stout, decumbent, 6- 1 8 inches Field high, usually dark red and Goldenrod. . . sparsely hairy. Leaves spatu- late-obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse or acut- ish, more or less distinctly serrate toward the summit, upper cauline leaves similar but few and reduced, all rough on the margins. Heads large in a thyrsoid panicle; bracts of the involucre glandular-viscid, linear, obtuse, of firm texture, nerved; rays large. Smooth, rather slender, 3-5 Solidago missourien- feet high- Leaves firm or thick, sis Nutt. those of the stem linear-lanceo- Missouri iate and sessile, acuminate at Goldenrod. b 288 Carduaceae 2-4 inches long, rough-margined, triple- nerved, entire or sparingly serrate with low sharp teeth, the basal and lowest ones longer ? spatulate and petioled. Heads J-J of an inch high on one side of the spreading or recurving branches of the short panicle; bracts of the involucre oblong, greenish- tipped, obtuse; rays 6-13, short. In dry soil on the edges of woodland at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in August. Solidago Stout' rougn-hairy or slightly canadensis so, 2-8 feet high. Leaves lan- L. Canada ceolate, triple- nerved, acute at Goldenrod. V^C^V^IA VxXJ.vj.* L'J.AV' j.wvv\~/J. \-/AJ.v/kj Ollciri-/-Ly ij \ serrate and petioled, 3-6 inches long, J-i r ** inch wide, the upper smaller, entire. Heads small, | of an inch or less high, very numerous on one side of the spreading or recurved branches of the usually large and dense panicle; involucral bracts linear, obtuse or acutish; rays 9-15 small. In open usually dry soil at the lower alti- (i Erigeron salsuginosus (Rich.) A. Gray. Large Purple Fleabane. 1> Erigeron acris L. Blue Fleabane. c Saussurea densa Hook. Saussurea. (3/ Nat.) Carduaceae 289 tudes throughout the Rockies; flowering during July and August. Eri on simplex Greene. Fleabane. Heads Stems 1-6 inches high, several from the same root. Leaves few, the basal spatulate or oblanceolate, 1-2 inches long; stem leaves linear and few. of an inch in diameter, solitary; involucre usually rough-hairy as well as woolly, bracts linear-acute, rather close, rays J— J of an inch long, white, very numerous. An alpine plant in dry ground at the higher elevations, among stones and on the moraines, flowering in July. Soft hairy above, 12-20 inches Leaves smooth, thick, §reen> spatulate or nearly ovate, acute or con- spicuously bristle-tipped, the up- permost small and bract-like. . . Heads over ij inches in di- ameter; rays 50-70, purple or violet, J-f of Erigeron salsuginosus (Richards) A. Gray. Large Purple Fleabane. 2 go Carduaceae an inch long; disc bright yellow; involucral bracts linear, attenuate and spreading, glandular-hairy. A most striking violet or purple daisy on moist banks, slopes, and in moist, open wood- lands; flowering during July. Eri eron Stem simple or branched above, asper Nutt. more or less hairy, sometimes Rough roughly so, 6-24 inches high. Fleabane. Leaves smooth, hairy or fringed on the margin with hairs, entire, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, 2-4 inches long, narrowed into a margined petiole; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, the upper smaller. Heads several or solitary, slender peduncled, J— J- an inch broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, or rough hairy ; rays 100-150, very narrow, violet-purple or nearly white, J to nearly half an inch long. In dry soil in the lower valleys and slopes of the Rockies; flowering in July. Carduaceae 291 Stems tufted, closely white-hairy Erigeron csespitosus from a deeP root5 simPle or Nutt. branched above, 6-12 inches Tufted high. Leaves white-hairy, en- tire, narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 1-3 inches long; stem-leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, the upper gradually shorter. Heads solitary or several, short-peduncled, J-J an inch broad; involucre hemispheric its bracts lanceolate or linear-oblong acute, white-hairy; rays 40-60, J— J- of an inch long, white or pinkish. In dry open places in the Rockies at the lower altitudes, a pretty tufted plant re- sembling an Aster; flowering during July. Eri eron Rough-hairy or somewhat multifidus smooth, stems slender, numer- Rydb. ous, 3-6 inches high. Leaves Daisy crowded on the crowns of the Fleabane. caudex, usually twice ternately parted into linear or spatulate hairy lobes; an inch long or less including the petiole; 292 Carduaceae • stem-leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers solitary at the top of the nearly leafless hairy stem; involucre \ of an inch high and nearly J an inch in diameter, outer bracts shorter and spreading; rays 40-60, white, purple or violet, from J to nearly \ an inch long. On dry rocks throughout the Rockies up to 6000 feet elevation or above, flowering during June or July. Erigeron multifidus discoideus (A. Gray.) Rydb., differing from the species in the en- tire absence of ray flowers and smaller heads, and Erigeron multifidus nudus Rydb., differ- ing from the species in being almost en- tirely smooth except a few hairs on the petioles and involucral bracts, are found in similar localities throughout the Rockies, often growing with the species and frequent- ly much more abundant. Erigeron Ashy-hairy, 3-6 inches high from a tufted caudex. Leaves Greene Golden ovate, spatulate or roundish, Fleabane. 2 an inch or more long, con- Carduaceae 293 tracted into a petiole; stem leaves J of an inch long, few, and very narrow. Flow- ers solitary, about J of an inch high and broad ; involucre usually reddish or purplish, covered with woolly hairs; bracts nearly equal, lanceolate, rather loose; rays numer- ous, J-J of an inch long, deep golden yellow. In open ground on alpine meadows and among rocks, at the higher altitudes, through- out the region ; a striking little plant, flower- ing in July. Erigeron Stems few or several, slender, melanoce- e 2_6 ^^ ^ h ^^ phalus A Nelson. purplish-black hairs. Leaves Black-wool- numerous, elliptic or narrowly ly Fleabane. oblong, f-ij inches long, nearly smooth; stem leaves broadly linear, acumi- nate, f-i inch long, hairiness similar to that of the stem. Head solitary, £ of an inch broad; involucral scales nearly equal, with attenuate tips, densely covered with pur- plish-black wool ; rays 50-60, white or pinkish, | of an inch long. 294 Carduaceae In open stony or more or less grassy ground at the high altitudes; flowering during July. Erigeron More or less hairy, varying to acris L smooth, 3-18 inches high, simple Blue or branching. Leaves spatu- Fleabane. inches long, hairy and entire. Heads \ of an inch or more broad, single or several, more or less paniculately disposed; involucre hemi- spheric, its bracts linear and hairy; rays numerous, very narrow, only slightly ex- ceeding the yellow disc, blue or purple. In dry stony ground and slopes throughout the region, very variable as to size ; flowering during July. Erigeron Nearly or quite smooth, 1-2 drobrachi- feet high, usually paniculately ensis O. , branched. Leaves spatulate to lanceolate, acute, rather nu- merous. Heads on peduncle-like branches, an inch or more long, involucre, J of an inch or more broad, scales narrowly lanceolate, Carduaceae 295 attenuate and glandular, green; rays nu- merous and thread-like, pink, but slightly exceeding the disc. On banks and more or less shaded places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering during July. Soft-hairy or sometimes nearly Engeron philadel- smooth, stems slender, mostly phicus L. branched above, 1-3 feet high. Philadelphia Leaves spatulate or obovate, Fleabane. u . obtuse or acute, dentate or entire, 1-3 inches long. Heads several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate, J-J of an inch broad ; involucre depressed hemispheric, its bracts linear with roughened margins ; rays 100-150, J-Jof an inch long, bright rose-colour. In open grassy and wet places at the lower altitudes, throughout the Rockies ; flowering in June and July. This species, the most widely distributed of any member of the genus is found throughout North America; though locally rare, where found it is usually in great abondance. 296 Carduaceae Agter Hairy, often much branched Richardsonii from tne base, 3-12 inches high. Sprang. Leaves oblong, spatulate to Richardson's broadly lanceolate, more or less Aster. i ! sharply serrate, an inch or more long. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches; involucre broadly campanulate, J of an inch high, shorter than the disc the bracts narrowly lanceolate, with mostly acute and loose herbaceous tips; rays nearly half an inch long, violet-purple. In gravelly ground and river bottoms frequent in the region; flowering during July. Aster Rough, stout, and rigid, 2 feet conspicuus high Leaves firm> ovate> ob_ Lindl. Lar e long, or the lower obovate, acute, Purple 4-6 inches long, 1^-4 inches Aster. broad, acutely serrate, reticu- late-veiny. Flowers numerous in a broad head, involucre, broadly campanulate, equal- ling the disc, half an inch high; bracts in several series, minutely glandular, lanceolate, Carduaceae 297 acute, the greenish tips a little spreading; rays \ an inch long or more, violet. The most showy of all the Asters, frequent in the Rockies at the lower altitudes, on slides and on gravelly river banks, forming great masses of colour when flowering in late July and early August. Stem stout, leafy to the summit, Aster major . ,„ ,. densely long-hairy, or rarely Porter. smooth, branched above, 2-6 Great feet high. Leaves rather thin, Northern lanceolate, partly clasping by a narrowed base, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate with low distant teeth, dark green and lightly hairy above, densely soft-hairy on the veins beneath, 3-5 inches long, \ to nearly an inch wide. Heads mostly solitary, at the ends of short branches, ij inches broad; involucre hemi- spheric, its bracts little imbricated, green, linear- subulate, densely glandular; rays 35-45 purple, about \ an inch long. In moist soil in the valleys of the Selkirks ; flowering during August. 298 Carduaceae Stem usually stout, smooth, or Lindleyanus sparingly hairy, 1-3 feet high, T. & G. branched above. Leaves rather Lindley's thick, smooth or slightly hairy, Aster. • 11 .1 especially on the veins, the lower and basal ones heart-shaped at the base, sharply serrate, ovate-acute or acumi- nate, 2-4 inches long, with slender, naked petioles ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate or lan- ceolate, more or less serrate or entire, sessile or with margined petioles. Heads usually not numerous, J of an inch or more high; in- volucre broadly top-shaped; bracts linear- lanceolate, acute, rather loosely imbricated, smooth or nearly so, their tips green, rays 10-20, blue or violet, J— £ an inch long; pappus nearly white. In open places and along the rivers throughout the region; flowering during July and August. Aster cilio- Stems 1-2 feet high, round, marginatus slightly striate and tinged with Rydb. Te^ smooth below, more or less hairy in lines above. Basal leaves smooth Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. (% Nat.) Carduaceae 299 except the hairy-fringed margins, thin, dis- tantly serrate or subentire, tapering into wing- margined petioles, oblanceolate-acute, 4-8 inches long; the upper oblong or lan- ceolate sessile. Heads about \ an inch high, J-f of an inch in diameter, rather few in an open panicle; involucral bracts linear, fringed with hairs on the margins, the upper part ' foliaceous and the outer somewhat spreading; rays numerous \ an inch long, light-blue. In moist, more or less shaded places, edges of woods and thickets, throughout the Rockies; flowering in late July and August. Simple, stem smooth, with spar- Aster ing, erect, flowering branches, frondeus (\ Gray) Leaves few, broadly lanceolate Greene. to oblong or spatulate, entire Leafy- or nearly so, the lower tapering bract* . ^ winged petioles. Heads soli- Aster tary or few, on naked peduncles ; involucre J of an inch high, or less; bracts linear-lanceolate, loose, all equalling the disc; 300 Carduaceae rays violet or purple, nearly J an inch long. In wet places and along streams through- out the Rockies; flowering during July and August. Slightly hairy or smooth, simple Bucephalus or somewhat branched, 1 8 inches Engelmanni p c to 2 feet high, bnght green. Eaton) Leaves thin, ovate-oblong to Greene. broadly lanceolate, 2-4 inches Engel- long, loosely veined, tapering at mann's Aster apex into a slender- spined tip, the larger sometimes with a few small acute teeth. Heads \ an inch high, hemispherical, either racemosely dis- posed on slender axillary peduncles, or somewhat cymose; involucral bracts mostly acute or acuminate, some outer ones loose, narrow, and partly herbaceous, or with loose pointed tips; inner purplish; rays about \ an inch long, spreading, violet or pinkish. In open woods and on slopes, principally in the Rockies at the higher elevations; flowering during July. Carduacese 301 Rough-hairy throughout, stems Rudbeckia , , * j , . simple or sparingly branched, nirta L*. Black-eyed often tufted, 1-3 feet high. Susan, Leaves thick, sparingly serrate ^ c* Yellow with low teeth or entire, lan- ceolate or oblong, the lower and basal ones petioled, mostly obtuse, 3-5- €/* nerved, 2-7 inches long, £-2 inches wide, the upper sessile, narrower, acute or acutish. Heads commonly few or solitary, 2-4 inches broad; rays 10-20, deep yellow or orange; bracts of the involucre very rough-hairy; spreading or reflexed, much shorter than the rays; disc globose-ovoid, purple-brown. Throughout the region, not infrequent along the railway from Field west to the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in July and August. Stems simple or a little branched, Helianthus scaberrimus rough-hairy or only slightly so, Ell. 1-8 feet high. Leaves thick, leath- Strff ery, serrate, rough-hairy on both Sunflower. • -\ 1 1 i • 1 sides, 2-7 inches long, J-2 inches Mir 3o2 Carduaceae wide, acute at the apex,, narrowed at the base, the lower ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, ses- sile or short-petioled, all opposite, or the uppermost bract-like and alternate. Heads M solitary or few, 2-3 inches broad, involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute or obtuse, fringed with hairs; disc brown or purple; rays 15-25, light yellow. Frequent along the railway in the valley of the Kicking Horse River and in the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in August. Stem smooth, except the summit Helianthus Nuttallii which is soft-hairy, slender, Ton- and mostly simple, 2-4 feet high. Gray. Leaves rough on both surfaces, Nuttall's lanceolate or the upper linear, Sunflower. 3-6 inches long, J— f of an inch wide, frequently opposite, serrulate or entire. Heads ^ an inch high, scattered; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate with a subulate tip, hairy at the base; a Erigeron aureus Greene. Golden Fleabane. b Gaillardia aristata Pursh. (3/5 Nat.) Great Flowered Gaillardia. Carduaccae 303 rays narrow, acute, deep yellow, i-ij inches long. In moist grounds and on river banks throughout the Rockies at the lower alti- tudes; flowering during July. Rough-hairy, stems simple or Gaillardia . aristata httle branched, 1-3 feet high. Pursh. Leaves firm, densely and finely Great- hairy, the lower basal ones peti- flowered ole(^ oblong or spatulate, lacini- Gaillardia. . ate-pmnatmd or entire, mostly obtuse, 2-5 inches long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, entire or dentate, rare- ly pinnatifid. Heads 1^—4 inches broad, long peduncled; bracts of the involucre, spreading, lanceolate, acuminate, rough- hairy, rays 10-18, bright yellow, wedge- shaped, deeply 3-lobed; disc reddish-purple. One of the most showy of the midsummer plants, in the lower valleys of the Rockies, in dry ground and on slopes, -especially in the Bow Valley at Banff and in the open country around Golden. 304 Carduaceae Somewhat hairy, stem simple Arnica cordifolia or sparingly branched, 1-2 feet Hook high. Leaves hairy, the basal Heart- ovate or orbicular, obtuse or leaved acute, deeply cordate at the base, dentate, 1-3 inches long with slender sometimes margined petioles; stem leaves in 1-3 pairs, ovate or oblong, sessile or short- petioled, much smaller. Heads 1-8, 2-3 inches broad, bracts of the involucre, acute or acuminate, J-f of an inch long; rays 12-16, deep yellow, an inch or more long, toothed at the apex; pappus white. In woods and thickets at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June. Smooth, slender and branched Arnica gracilis 6-12 inches high. Leaves with Rydb. short glandular hairs on both surfaces or smooth, the basal broadly ovate, petioled, dentate, 3-ribbed; stem-leaves about 2 pairs, similar, the upper sessile. Heads several on slender glandular peduncles, disc \ an inch or less a Arnica cordifolia (Hook.) Heart-Leaved Arnica. 6 Arnica louiseana Farr. Pale-Flowered Arnica. (3/r Nat.) Carduacese 305 high; involucral bracts, 12-15, lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-hairy as are also the seeds ; pappus white ; rays about f of an inch long, narrow, bright yellow with a single notch at the apex. On alpine slopes throughout the Rockies ; flowering in July, not common. Minutely hairy or nearly smooth, Arnica lati- folia Bong simple or branched. Leaves Broad- thin, nearly smooth, or with leaved long scattered hairs; the lower Arnica. 1 cordate ; stem leaves in 2-3 pairs, e'qual, ovate or oval, sharply dentate, closely sessile by the broad base, or the lowest with contracted bases. Heads } of an inch high on long, slender, hairy peduncles ; involucral bracts \ an inch or more long; oblong-lan- ceolate, acuminate, with scattered hairs, rays yellow, } of an inch long, with 2 notches at the apex; achenes nearly smooth; pappus white. Throughout the region in woods and open ground usually at an elevation of 5000 to 7000 feet; flowering during July. 306 Carduaceae From lightly hairy to densely Arnica Chamissonis so or nearly smooth, 1-2 feet Less. high. Leaves rather thin, hairy, Chamisso's oblong to oblong-lanceolate, den- Armca. ^Q Qr denticulate, acute or obtuse, lowest tapering into a margined petiole, upper broad at the base and some- what clasping. Heads J an inch or more high, single or several on hairy peduncles; involucral bracts J of an inch or more long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glandular- hairy; ra}is bright yellow, J an inch or more long with a single notch at the apex, rather broad; achenes with a few scattered hairs; pappus tawny. On the borders of streams and wet places at the lower altitudes throughout the region ; flowering in July. Slender, hairy, 3-8 inches high. Arnica louiseana Leaves in about 3 pairs, the Farr. two lowest at the base of the Pale-flow- stem, iJ-2 inches long, elliptical ered Arnica. QJ, o]DOvate) entire or denticulate, glandular-hairy on both surfaces, as are the Carduaceae 307 margins. Heads of flowers, 1-3, nearly half an inch broad, on long, slender, nodding, hairy peduncles; rays 8-10, light yellow, about J an inch long; involucre J of an inch high, cam- panulate, densely glandular-hairy at the base, brownish-purple, the bracts lanceolate, acute, with scattered white hairs ; pappus white. Among loose stones at the base of Mt. Fairview at Lake Louise; flowering in July. Glandular-hairy throughout, 8- fulgens I2 mcnes high. Leaves oblong Pursh. lanceolate to lanceolate, acute, Alpine the lower denticulate and peti- oled, the upper sessile and entire. Heads of flowers several on long, slender, glandular-hairy peduncles; involucres cam- panulate, J an inch high, bracts lanceolate acute, glandular and with long white hairs; rays bright yellow j-i inch long, J of an inch wide, twice notched at the apex; achenes hairy; pappus white. On stony alpine slopes at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. 3o8 Carduaceae Arnica eradiata (A. Gray.) Heller. Rayless Arnica. Densely soft -hairy throughout ; simple or branched, 12-18 inches high. Leaves oblong, ovate- lanceolate or the upper ones lanceolate, obtuse or acute, en- tire or sharply denticulate, 1-3 inches long. Heads of flowers on short, hairy peduncles, without rays; involucre \ an inch high, bracts lanceolate, acute ; achenes black, smooth or nearly so; pappus tawny. On grassy alpine slopes through the Rockies at the higher elevations; flowering in July. Senecio pseudaureus Rydb. Western Golden Ragwort Smooth from a creeping root- stock, 1-2 feet high. Leaves smooth, basal broadly ovate, somewhat cordate, serrate, i-J— 3 inches long, long-petioled ; stem leaves more or less laciniate at the base, the upper sessile. Heads of flowers J of an inch high in a flat-topped corymb, rays bright orange-yellow, J of an inch long. In moist ground and borders of woods and slopes throughout the Rockies at the Carduaceae 309 lower altitudes; flowering during June and early July. Smooth except for the small Senecio discoideus tufts of wool in the axils of the (Hook.) lower leaves; stem rather stout; Britton. j-2 feet tall. Basal leaves oval Northern QT Qvai^ thin> sharply dentate, Squaw-root abruptly narrowed into petioles longer than the blade ; stem leaves few, small, more or less irregularly cut. Heads few or numerous, corymbose ; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, nearly J an inch high ; rays very short or wanting; achenes smooth. Frequent throughout the Rockies on river shores and borders of woods and thickets; flowering in July. Light or yellowish-green, slender, Senecio . flavovirens wo°Uy m tufts at the base of the Rydb. leaves or smooth in age; stem Western 12-18 inches high, striate, pale. Balsam Leaves 1-3 inches long, at the Groundsel. base obovate or broadly oval, generally tapering into the petiole but some- 3io Carduaceae times truncate at the base, obtuse, crenate or sinuate, light green; lower stem-leaves lanceolate in outline and petioled, the upper lanceolate or linear and sessile, deeply pinnatifid with narrow oblong or linear seg- ments, cymes contracted, corymbose. Heads J of an inch or more high; bracts linear, acute, yellowish-green and occasionally with brownish tips; rays pale yellow, J an inch long, 4-nerved or often lacking. In the lower valleys of the Rockies, on the borders of woods, thickets, and marshes; flowering in July. Senecio Permanently silvery-hairy with canusHook. felted hairs; stems several, 6-12 Silvery inches high from a woody base. Leaves sometimes all undivided, the radicle and lower from spatulate to oblong or roundish-oval, J-iJ inches long, slender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed, or pinnatifid. Heads of flowers few and ter- minal, J to nearly half an inch high ; rays yellow, nearly J an inch long. Carduaceae 311 In stony dry ground and slopes throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in June. More or less woolly when young, Senecio lugens soon smo°th; stem stout, 1-3 Richards. feet high. Basal and lower Black-tipped leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or Groundsel. acute? denticulate or dentate, 2-5 inches long, J— ij inches wide, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves few, sessile, small and bract-like. Heads of flowers sev- eral or numerous, corymbose, often short - peduncled, J to nearly an inch broad; involucre campanulate, J— J of an inch high, its bracts lanceolate to oblong-lance- olate, acute, green with conspicuous black tips; rays 10-12, bright yellow, J an inch long. In moist soil at the lower altitudes through- out the Rockies; flowering in June. Senecio Rather stout, simple, 2-5 feet triangularis hi , Leaves thin, all more Hook. or *ess etlo^e(^ an(^ dentate, Giant Ragwort. deltoid-lanceolate or the lower 312 Carduaceae triangular-hastate or deltoid-cordate, the uppermost lanceolate, with cuneate base. Heads of flowers about J an inch high, numerous in a flat open cyme; involucre campanulate; rays 8-12, bright yellow, ob- long-linear, J-J of an inch long. In wet ground and along the borders of streams and wet slopes at 5000 to 6000 feet elevation throughout the Rockies ; at much lower altitudes in the Selkirks where it is a very abundant plant ; flowering in June and early July. Scape slender and scaly, 6-24 inches high. Leaves nearly or- bicular in outline, 3-12 inches (Alt.) A. Gray. broad, deeply y-n-cleft to much Palmate- beyond the middle, green and leaved smooth above, densely white - Coltsfoot. . 1 « woolly beneath, at least when young; the lobes oblong to obovate-acute, often somewhat wedge-shaped, sharply den- tate or cut. Heads mostly dioecious, nu- merous, corymbose, J— £ an inch broad; Carduaceae 313 flowers usually white, fragrant, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads with narrow pink- ish or white rays about J of an inch long ; cot- tony in fruit. In wet places and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June before the leaves appear. Scape slender and scaly, 6-12 in- sagittata Petasites ches high Leaves deltoid-ovate (Pursh ) or remf°rm-°vate, persistent- A. Gray. ly white-tomentose beneath; Arrow- smooth or nearly so above leaved ^_IO ^£^5 long, thin, margins Coltsfoot. . , sinuate-dentate, not cleft or lobed. Heads dioecious, loosely corymbose, involucre campanulate, J of an inch high; flowers nearly white, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads with white rays. In similar situations to the preceding; in wet places and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; readily distinguished by the shape of its leaves; flowering in May and early June. 314 Carduaceae Petasites Scape very scaly, 3-10 inches frigida (L.) high. Leaves thin, hastate-reni- Fries. form to triangular-ovate, 1-4 inches long, irregularly and an- gulately lobed and incised, smooth and green above, persistently white- woolly beneath, the lobes entire or few- toothed. Heads usually few, \ an inch or more high in a capitate corymb; involucre short, campanulate ; flowers nearly white and fragrant, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads with white or pinkish rays } of an inch or more long. In shaded wet places and along alpine brooks at the high altitudes throughout the region; flowering during June and July with the expanding leaves. Achillea Woolly throughout ; stems simple , lanulosa 6 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves Nutt. narrowly oblong in outline, bi- Y 'arrow. pmnately dissected into numer- ous small linear divisions. Heads numerous, crowded into a rather contracted cyme; Carduaceae 315 involucre oblong, nearly J of an inch high; bracts lanceolate, green with brown trans- lucent borders; rays 4-5, white, broadly obovate, notched and spreading, about the length of the involucre. Open ground, slopes and meadows through- out the region ; flowering during July. Smooth, simple, 1-3 feet high, Chrysan- often tufted, the branches nearly erect. Leaves smooth, the basal leucan- themum L. oblong or spatulate, coarsely Ox-eye dentate or incised, narrowed Daisy. jn^o long, slender petioles ; stem- leaves mostlv sessile or partly Daisy. clasping, 1-3 inches long, linear, pinnately-incised or toothed, the uppermost small, nearly entire. Heads few or solitary, 1-2 inches broad on long naked peduncles, rays 20-30, white and spreading; disc flat, bright yellow, bracts of the involucre lanceo- late or obtuse, smooth with translucent margins. In open ground throughout the region; flowering during July. 3J6 Carduaceae Artemi i Simple or branching, silky-hairy frigida anc^ silvery throughout; stems Willd. numerous and spreading, about Pasture a foot fogj^ Leaves mainly Wormwood. . , + -. . 1 ., . J .. I . twice ternately divided into lin- ear crowded lobes. Heads globular, about J of an inch in diameter, numerous, in more or less racemose heads ; involucre pale, greenish- ^XJ '& yellow, woolly ; bracts narrow and herbaceous. In open dry ground and on banks through- out the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in July. A . . Stems slender, 9-12 inches high, discolor spreading from a woody base. Dougl. Leaves pinnately parted into Green narrow, linear or lanceolate, en- Wormwood. . . tire or spreading cut divisions and lobes, white beneath with cottony hairs, green and nearly smooth above. Heads J of an inch high, numerous in a wand-like panicle ; involucre hemispherical-campanu- late, greenish and smooth or nearly so, 20-30 flowered. Carduacese 3 1 7 On Rocky slopes throughout the region; flowering in June or July. Densely white-woolly ; stem sim- Antennaria T pie, 2-6 inches high. Lower lanata (Hook.) leaves spatulate-lanceolate, i-ij Greene. inches long, the upper linear Alpine with conspicuous papery tips. Everlasting. Heads several in a close cluster at the end of the stem, \ an inch high; in- volucre nearly \ of an inch high, conspicu- ously woolly at the base, the inner bracts with conspicuous white tips, the outer straw- colour or greenish. An alpine plant in meadows and on slopes from 7000 feet up ; flowering during July. White- woolly throughout, stem Antennaria simple, 6- 1 8 inches high. Leaves pulcherrima tulate to ianceolate or linear, (Hook.) Greene. x~4 incnes l°ng> acute, nerved. Tall Alpine Heads numerous in a close capi- Everlasting. tate cluster, £-1 inch high, outer bracts of the involucre straw-colour or 318 Carduaceae greenish, rounded and often notched at the apex; inner ones nearly white. In moist open ground in the Rockies at the lower elevations; flowering in July. Antennaria Lightly woolly , becoming smooth, racemose stems 6-20 inches high, slender, Hook. sparsely leafy. Leaves thin, Whit*mEver- the radicle broadly oval, an lasting. . inch or two long, obscurely 3-nerved at the base, rather veiny, the lower stem leaves oblong, the upper smaller and lanceolate. Heads of flowers about \ of an inch high, all on slender peduncles in a loose raceme, involucral bracts, thin and translucent, greenish-yellow or brownish. On shaded slopes throughout the Rockies, at the higher altitudes; flowering in June. More or less woolly; stem 6-10 Antennaria Howellii inches high. Leaves rather thin, Greene. the lower spatulate, acute, 1-2 HowelVs inches long, green above, woolly lng' beneath; stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, i inch long, becoming smaller Carduaceae 319 toward the summit. Heads in a compact capitate cluster, J an inch or more in di- ameter, woolly at the base ; involucral bracts very narrow, acute, thin, and translucent, straw-colour, the outer ones densely woolly and occasionally rosy. In dry ground and on slopes, frequent in the Rockies at the lower altitudes. Plant silvery throughout, freely Antennana parvifolia spreading; stems prostrate and Nutt. leafy, forming mats of con- Mountam siderable extent ; flowering stems 2-8 inches high. Leaves from obovate to spatulate, J an inch or less long persistently white-woolly. Heads in compact terminal clusters about J of an inch broad; involucral bracts, lanceolate, obtuse, thin and translucent, yellowish. In dry sterile ground at the lower alti- tudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June, frequently growing with the next species which it closely resembles in man- ner of growth. 320 Carduaceae Silvery throughout, stems pros- Antennaria . trate and leafy, forming broad Eaton) mats; flowering stems 6-15 Greene. inches high. Leaves very thin Pink Ever- jn texture, densely hairy, lan- ceolate to linear, ^-i^ inches long, acute. Heads small, closely compacted into a rounded terminal cluster, \ an inch or more in diameter; involucral bracts in 2 series, lanceolate, the outer greenish and woolly, the inner from pink to bright rose- colour. In dry sterile or moist open ground through- out the Rockies up to an elevation of 6,000 feet; flowering in June and July. A foot or two high in tufts, very leafy, the white tufts of woolly subalpma (A. Gray) hairs rarely becoming tawny. Rydb. Leaves 2-5 inches long, broadly Pearly^ lanceolate, green above, white - Everlasting. n i ,-. TT j woolly beneath. Heads numer- ous, J of an inch high in a contracted corymb ; involucral bracts numerous, ovate-lanceo- late, pearly white, spreading in age. Carduaceae 321 Abundant throughout the region in dry or moist ground and on slopes up to an altitude of 7000 feet; flowering in June and July. ~ . Stems 1 8 inches to 4 feet tall, Carduus Kelseyi striate, more or less cobwebby- Rybd. woolly. Leaves linear, sinuately Whlte toothed and fringed, with rather Thistle. . weak spines, green above, cot- tony beneath. Heads several in a leafy spike, i-ij inches high, subtended by linear, cut and bristly-fringed and cobwebby-hairy leaves; bracts rather unequal, lanceolate, a few of the outermost with weak spines, the rest unarmed but with a long slender tip; corolla cream-colour. Open ground and on slopes at the lower alti- tudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. Persistently white tomentose, i- Carduus undulatus 3 feet high, branching. Leaves Nutt. rarely pinnately parted, moder- Wavy- ately prickly. Heads of flowers Uaved about ij inches high, usually Thistle. solitary at the ends of the 322 Carduaceae branches; principal bracts of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broader glandular-sticky ridge, comparatively small and narrow, tipped with a short spreading prickle ; corollas rose-colour or pale purple. In open grounds throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering during July and August. Saussurea Nearly smooth, with a decum- densaHook. bent base; 3-12 inches high. Saussurea. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate-dentate, or entire. Heads of flowers several in a compact terminal corymb, involucre campanulate, \ an inch high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal; corolla purple or violet-blue. On stony slopes or on the moraines at the higher altitu'des throughout the Rockies, not common, but freqeunt in the region around Lake Louise; flowering during July. INDEX Abies, 24 lasiocarpa, 27 Aceraceae, 185 Acer glabrum, 185 Achillea, 285 lanulosa, 314 Actaea, 91 arguta, 108 eburnea, 109 Adder 's-Tongue Family, i Adiantum, 3 pedatum, 6 Agoseris, 276 aurantiaca, 277 glauca, 276 graciliens, 277 Large-flowered, 276 Orange-flowered, 277 Slender, 277 Alder, Slender-leaved, 72 Alexanders, Heart-leaved, 203 Allium, 42 recurvatum, 42 sibericum, 43 Alnus tenuifolia, 72 Alsine, 82 borealis, 86 laeta, 86 longipes, 85 Alum-root, Smooth, 134 Round-leaved, 135 Amelanchier alnifolia, 166 323 324 Index Anaphalis, 285 subalpina, 320 Androsace, 226 carinata, 228 diffusa, 229 septentrionalis, 229 Alpine, 229 Spreading, 229 Sweet-flowered, 228 Anemone, 91 Drummondii, 93 globosa, 93 parviflora, 92 Alpine, 93 Northern, 92 Western, 95 Antennaria, 285 Howellii, 318 lanata, 317 parvifolia, 319 pulcherrima, 317 racemosa, 318 rosea, 320 Antiphylla, 130 oppositifolia, 146 APIACE.E, 201 APOCYNACE^;, 237 Apocynum, androsaemifolium, 237 Apple Family, 165 Aquilegia, 91 brevistyla, 105 flavescens, 106 formosa, 106 Arabis, 112 Drummondii, 120 hirsuta, 119 Holboldii, 119 Lyallii,. 120 ARACE^E, 35 Aragallus, 168 deflexus, 176 inflatus, 176 Lamberti, 174 monticola, 173 Index 325 Aragallus — Continued splendens, 175 viscidulus, 175 ARALIACE^, 199 Aralia nudicaulis, 199 Arctostaphylos, 212 uva-ursi, 214 Arenaria, 82 capillaris nardifolia, 88 sajanensis, 89 verna equicaulis, 89 Argentina, 151 anserina, 159 Arnica, 285 Chamissonis, 306 cordifolia, 304 eradiata, 308 fulgens, 307 gracilis, 304 latifolia, 305 louiseana, 306 Alpine, 307 Broad-leaved, 305 Chamisso's 306 Heart-leaved, 304 Pale-flowered, 306 Rayless, 308 Slender, 304 Artemisia, 285 discolor, 316 frigida, 316 Arum Family, 35 Aruncus, 150 Aruncus, 153 Aspen, American, 69 Asphodel, False, 40 Scottish, 40 Western False, 41 Asplenium, 4 Filix-foemina, 9 viride, 9 Aster, 285 ciliomarginatus, 298 326 Index Aster — Continued conspicuus, 296 frondeus, 299 Lindleyanus, 298 major, 297 Richardsonii, 296 Engelmann's, 300 Great Northern, 297 Hispid Golden, 286 Large Purple, 296 Leafy-bracted, 299 Lindley's, 298 Richardson's, 296 Astragalus, 168 adsurgens, 169 alpinus, 170 convallarius, 171 hypoglottis, 169 Macouni, 171 Atragene, 90 columbiana, 91 Avens, Drummond's Mountain, 164 Large-leaved, 162 Purple-plumed, 163 White Mountain, 163 Yellow, 162 Azaleastrum, 212 albiflorum, 218 B Baneberry, Western Red, 108 Western White, 109 Barberry Family, 109 Batrachium, 91 trichophyllum, 97 Bearberry, 214 Alpine, 214 Beard- tongue, Blue, 251 Large Purple, 249 Yellow, 250 Index 327 Bed-straw, Northern, 263 Bell-flower Family, 273 BERBERIDACEyE, IOQ Berberis aquifolium, no Betony, Wood, 261 Betula, glandulosa, 71 occidentalis, 71 papyrifera, 70 BETULACE^, 70 Bilberry, Alpine, 222 Dwarf, 221 Thin-leaved, 223 Birch, Canoe, 70 Family, 70 Paper, 70 Scrub, 71 Western Red, 71 Bishop's Cap, Naked, 132 Bistort, Alpine, 78 Black-eyed Susan, 201 Bladder-pod, Double, 117 Bladderwort Family, 262 Bluebell, 274 Blueberry, 222 Blue-eyed Grass, 53 Borage Family, 240 BORAGINACE^E, 240 Botrychium, lunaria, i simplex, 2 virginianium, 2 Bracken, 6 Brake, American Rock, 7 Slender Cliff, 8 BRASSICACEJE, in •Braya, 112 humilis, 123 Brooklime, American, 252 Buckbean, 236 Family, 236 328 Index Buckwheat Family, 75 Buffalo-berry, Canadian, 192 Bunch-berry, 205 Bunch-flower Family, 36 Buttercup, Low, 1 02 Meadow, 103 Northern, 99 Pursh's, 98 Snow, 100 Butterwort, 262 Caltha, 91 leptosepala, 104 Calypso, 57 Campanula, rotundifolia, 274 uniflora, 273 CAMPANULACE.-E, 273 Campion, Moss, 82 Capnodes aurea, 1 1 1 CAPRIFOLIACE^E, 264 Cardamine, 112 pennsylvanica, 118 CARDUACE.E, 383 Carduus, 285 Kelseyi, 321 undulatus, 321 CAROPHYLLACE^E, 81 Cassiope, 212 Mertensiana, 215 Castilleja, 248 lanceifolia, 258 miniata, 258 pallida, 257 purpurascens, 256 Catchfly, Lyall's, 83 Cedar, Giant, 33 Shrubby Red, 33 CELASTRACE^E, 184 Celery Family, 201 Index 329 Cerastium, 82 arvense strictum, 84 behringianum , 85 Chamaenerion, 193 angustifolium, 194 latifolium, 194 Cheilanthes, 4 Feei, 8 Cherry, Western Wild, 167 Chickweed, Alpine, 85 Field, 84 Chicory Family, 275 Chimaphila, 207 umbellata, 211 Chiogenes, 221 hispidula, 224 Christmas-green, Trailing, 20 Chrysanthemum, 285 leucanthemum, 315 Chrysopsis hispida, 286 Chrysosplenum, 129 tetrandum, 130 CICHORIACE.E, 275 Cinquefoil, Alpine, 161 Cut-leaved, 160 Marsh, 159 Shrubby, 157 Snowy, 160 Circasa, 193 alpina, 197 pacifica, 198 Claytonia, lanceolata, 80 parviflora, 81 Clintonia, 46 uniflora, 46 Club-moss, Alpine, 21 Arctic, 20 Family, 18 Fir, 18 Stiff, 19 33° Index Coeloglossum, 55 bracteatum, 63 Collinsia, 248 parviflora, 249 Small, 249 Coltsfoot, Arctic, 314 Arrow-leaved, 213 Palmate-leaved, 312 Columbine, Small Blue, 105 Western, 106 Yellow, 1 06 Comandra, livida, 74 pallida, 74 Northern, 74 Pale, 74 Comarum, 151 palustre, 159 CONVALLARIACE^E, 45 Coral-root, Early, 56 Large, 57 Corallorhiza, 54 Corallorhiza, 56 multiflora, 57 CORNACE.E, 205 Cornus, canadensis intermedia, 205 stolonifera, 206 Corydalis, Golden, in Cranberry, Mountain, 224 Small, 225 Tree, Few-flowered, 266 CRASSULACE^E, 125 Crepis, 276 elegans, 281 nana, 280 Cress, Drummond's Rock, 120 Hairy Rock, 119 Lyall's Rock, 120 Index 33 T Cress — Continued Northern Rock, 123 Pennsylvania Bitter, 118 Penny, 117 Stony Rock, 119 Water, 124 Crowberry, Black, 183 Family, 183 Crowfoot, Creeping, 103 Ditch, 99 Family, 90 White Water, 97 Cryptogramma, 4 acrostichoides, 7 Stelleri, 8 Currant, Howell's, 149 Cypripedium, 54 parviflorum, 55 passerinum, 55 Cytherea, 54 bulbosa, 57 Daisy, Ox-eye, 315 White, 315 Yellow, 301 Dandelion, 278 Mountain, 278 Dasyphora, 151 fruticosa, 157 Delphinium, 91 Brownii, 107 Menziesii, 108 Devil's Club, 200 Disporum, 46, 51 Large-flowered, 52 majus, 52 oreganum, 51 Dock, Pale-leaved, 77 Sour, 77 332 Index Dodecatheon, 226 conjugens, 231 pauciflorum, 230 Dogbane, Family, 137 Spreading, 237 Dogwood, , Family, 205 Red-stemmed, 206 Draba, 112 andina, 114 aurea, 115 glacialis, 112 incana, 116 lonchocarpa, 115 nivalis, 114 oligosperma, 113 DRUPACE^:, 167 Dryas, 151 Drummondii, 164 octopetala, 163 Dryopteris, 4 Filix-mas, n oreopteris, 12 spinulosa dilatata, n Echinopanax horridum, 200 EL^EAGNACE^;, 191 Elaeagnus, 191 argentea, 101 Elder, Black-berried, 265 Red-berried, 264 Elephantella, 248 groenlandica, 260 Long-beaked, 260 EMPETRACE.E, 183 Empetrum nigrum, 183 Epilobium, 193 alpinum, 196 Index 333 Epilobium — Continued anagallidifolium, 196 Hornemanni, 197 luteum, 195 EQUISETACE^, 14 Equisetum, arvense, 15 fluviatile, 16 hyemale, 16 scirpoides, 17 sylvaticum, 15 variegatum, 17 Variegated, 17 ERICACE,^ 211 Erigeron, 284 acris, 294 asper, 290 aureus, 292 caespitosus, 291 drobrachiensis, 294 melanocephalus, 293 multifidus, 291 philadelphicus, 295 salsuginosus, 289 simplex, 289 Eriogonum, 76 ochroleucum, 79 subalpinum, 78 Tall White, 78 Yellowish White, 79 Erysimum, 112 inconspicuum, 121 Erythronium, grandiflorum, Bucephalus, 285 Engelmanni, 300 Everlasting, Alpine, 317 Howell's, 318 Mountain, 319 Pearly, 320 Pink, 320 Tall Alpine, 317 White, 318 334 Index Fern, Beech, Long, 5 Beech, Western, 4 Brittle, 13 Family, 3 Grape, Virginia, 2 Holly, 10 Lady, 9 Lip, Hairy, 8 Maidenhair, 6 Male, ii Oak, 5 Shield, Spinulose, u Figwort Family, 248 Filix, 4 fragilis, 13 montana, 14 Fir, Balsam, 27 Red, 28 Sub-alpine, 27 Fireweed, 104 Flax, Family, 182 Lewis's Wild, 182 Fleabane, Arctic, 289 Black- woolly, 293 Blue, 294 Daisy, 291 Golden, 292 Large Purple, 289 Philadelphia, 295 Rough, 290 Tufted, 291 Foam Flower, 136 Forget-me-not, 243 False, 241, 242 Fragaria, 151 glauca, 158 Gaillardia, 285 aristata, 303 Index 335 Gaillardia — Continued Great-flowered, 303 Galium boreale, 263 Garlic, 42 Northern, 43 Gaultheria, 212 humifusa, 213 ovatifolia, 213 Gentian, Dwarf, 233 Family, 231 Four-parted, 233 Glaucous, 234 Large, 234 Northern, 232 Spurred, 235 Gentiana, 232 acuta, 232 affinis, 234 glauca, 234 propinqua, 233 prostrata, 233 GENTIAN ACE--E, 231 Geum, 151 macrophyllum, 162 strictum, 162 Ginseng Family, 199 Globe-flower, Western, 104 Goat's Beard, 153 Golden Rod, Canada, 288 Field, 287 Missouri, 287 Northern, 286 Gooseberry, Bristly, 148 Family, 146 Northern, 148 Swamp, 147 Grass, Blue-eyed, 53 Grass of Parnassus, Alpine, 128 Family, 126 Fringed, 126 336 Index Grass of Parnassus — Continued Marsh, 127 Small- flowered, 127 GROSSULARIACE^E, 146 Groundsel, Black-tipped, 311 Silvery, 310 Western Balsam, 309 H Halerpestes, 91 Cymbalaria, 103 Harebell, 274 Arctic, 273 Hawk'sbeard, Alpine, 280 Many-flowered, 281 Hawkweed, Hairy, 282 Narrow-leaved, 281 Slender, 282 White-flowered, 283 Heal-all, 245 Heath, Family, 211 White, 215 Heather, False Pink, 216 False Red, 217 False White, 216 Hedysarum, 168 americanum, 177 Mackenzii, 178 sulphurescens, 178 Mackenzie's, 178 Purple, 177 Yellow, 178 Helianthus, 285 Nuttallii, 302 scaberrimus, 301 Heliotrope, Wild, 272 Hellebore, American White, 37 Hemieva, 130 ranunculifolia, 136 Index 337 Hemlock, Mountain, 30 Western, 29 Heracleum, 201 lanatum, 204 Heuchera, 129 glabra, 134 ovalifolia, 135 Hieracium, 276 albiflorum, 283 gracile, 282 Scouleri, 282 umbellatum, 281 Homalobus, 168 aboriginorum, 173 Honey bloom, 237 Honeysuckle, Douglas, 268 Family, 264 Fly, 269 Involucred, 2 70 Horsetail, Family, 14 Field, 15 Swamp, 1 6 Wood, 15 Huckleberry Family, 221 HYDROPHYLLACEJE, 238 HYPERICACE.E, 168 Hypericum Scouleri, 186 I Ibidium, 55 romanzoffianum, 67 IRIDACE^E, 52 Iris Family, 52 June-berry, North-western, 166 Juniper, Alpine, 32 Juniperus, 24 prostrata, 33 siberica, 32 Index K Kalmia, 212 microphylla, 218 Kruhsea, 46, 50 streptopoides, 50 Labrador Tea, 220 Lactuca, 276 pulchella, 280 Lady's Slipper, Small White, 55 Small Yellow, 55 Lady's Tresses, 67 Lappula, 241 diffusa, 242 floribunda, 241 lappula, 242 Larch, Lyall's, 26 Larix, 24 Lyallii, 26 Larkspur, Blue, 108 Western, 107 Lathy r us, 169 ochroleucus, 181 palustris, 181 Laurel, Small-leaved Swamp, 218 Ledum, 212 groenlandicum, 220 LENTIBULARIACE^E, 262 Lepargyraea, 191 canadensis, 192 Leptarrhena, 130 pyrolifolia, 143 Leptasea, 130 austromontana, 145 Van Bruntiae, 144 Leptotaenia, 201 multifida, 202 Lettuce, Large-flowered Blue, 280 Ligusticum, 201 apiifolium, 203 Index 339 LILIACE.E, 41 Lily Family, 41 Mountain, 43 Snow, 44 Lily-of- the- Valley Family, 45 Lilium, 42 montanum, 43 Limnorchis, 55 borealis, 66 dilatatiformis, 64 fragrans, 66 viridiflora, 65 LINAGES, 182 Linnaea, 264 americana, 266 Linum Lewisii, 182 Lithophragma, 129 parviflora, 131 Lithospermum, 241 linearifolium, 243 Lobelia, Brook, 275 Kalmii strictiflora, 275 Loco Weed, 174 Lomatium, 201 macrocarpum, 201 triternatum, 202 Lonicera, 264 ebractulata, 269 glaucescens, 268 mvolucrata, 270 Lousewort, White, 260 Lutkea, 150 pectinata, 151 Cut-leaved, 151 Lychnis, apetala, 84 Nodding, 84 LYCOPODIACE^E, 18 Lycopodium, alpinum, 21 annotinum, 19 clavatum, 19 complanatum, 20 340 Index Lycopodium — Continued Selago, 1 8 sitchensis, 20 Lysichiton kamtschatcense, 36 Lysiella, 54 obtusata, 59 M Madder Family, Mahonia, Trailing, no Mairania, 212 alpina, 214 Maple, Family, 185 Smooth, 185 Marigold, White Marsh, 104 Meadow Rue, Veiny, 96 Western, 96 MELANTHACE.E, 36 Mentha, 245 canadensis, 247 MENTHACE.E, 244 MENYANTHACE.E, 236 Menyanthes trifoliata, 236 Menziesia, 212 ferruginea, 219 Smooth, 219 Micranthes, 130 Lyallii, 141 Nelsoniana, 142 rhomboidea, 140 Mimulus, 248 caespitosus, 255 Lewisii, 254 moschatus, 255 Mint, American Wild, 247 Family, 244 Mistletoe, Dwarf, Mitella, 129 nuda, 132 Mitrewort, 133, 134 Index 341 Moehringia, 82 lateriflora, 87 Moneses, 207 uniflora, 210 Monkey Flower, Red, 254 Yellow, 255 Moonwort, i Small, 2 Mountain-ash, Western, 166 Mountain Lover, 184 Muscaria, 130 adscendens, 138 casspitosa, 139 Musk Plant, 255 Mustard, Family, in Hedge, 122 Tansey, 123 Treacle, 121 Myosotis, 241 alpestris, 243 N Nightshade, Smaller Enchanter's, 197 Western Enchanter's, 198 Oleaster Family, 191 ONAGRACE^E, 193 Onion, 42 OPHIOGLOSSACE.E, i Ophrys, 54 borealis, 61 convallarioides, 60 nephrophylla, 60 ORCHIDACE^;, 53 Orchid, Family 53 Fragrant Bog, 66 Long-bracted, 63 342 Index Orchid — Continued Purplish-green Bog, 64 Round-leaved, 58 Small Green Bog, 65 Small Northern Bog, 59 Small White Bog, 66 Orchis, 54 rotundifolia, 58 Orthocarpus, 248 luteus, 259 Yellow, 259 Oxy coccus, 221 Oxy coccus, 225 Oxyria, 76 digyna, 76 Oxy trope, Drooping-fruited, 176 Inflated, 177 Mountain, 173 Showy, 175 Sticky, 175 Pachystima myrsinites, 184 Paint-brush, White Indian, 257 Painted Cup, Bright, 258 Scarlet, 258 Painter's Brush, 256 PAPAVERACE^E, no PAPILIONACE^E, 168 Parnassia, fimbriata, 126 Kotzebuei, 128 montanensis, 127 parviflora, 127 PARNASSIACE^, 126 Parsley, Cut-leaved, 202 Large-seeded, 201 Narrow-leaved, 202 Wild, 203 Index 343 Parsnip, Cow, 204 Pasque Flower, 94 Pea Family, 168 Pearlwort, Arctic, 87 Pectiantia, 129 Breweri, 134 pentandra, 133 Pedicularis, 248 bracteosa, 261 racemosa, 260 Pentstemon, 248 confertus, 250 fruticosus, 249 procerus, 251 pseudohumilis, 251 Peramium, 54 Menziesii, 62 repens, 63 Petasites, 285 frigida, 314 palmata, 312 sagittata, 313 Phaca, 1 68 americana, 172 Phacelia, 238 heterophylla, 239 sericea, 239 Mountain, 239 Phegopteris, 3 alpestris, 4 Dryopteris, 5 Phegopteris, 5 Phyllodoce, 212 empetriformis, 217 glanduliflora, 216 intermedia, 216 Physaria, 112 didymocarpa, 117 Picea, 24 albertiana, 31 Engelmanni, 31 PINACE^E, 23 Pine, Black, 25 344 Index Pine — Continued Family, 23 Jack, 25 Prince's, 211 Running, 19 White-bark, 24 Pinguicula vulgaris, 262 Pink Family, 81 Pinus, 24 albicaulis, 24 Murrayana, 25 Pipsissawa, 211 Plantain Rattlesnake, 62 Northern Rattlesnake, 63 Plum Family, 167 POLYGONACEyE, 75 Polygonum, 76 viviparum, 78 POLYPODIACE^E, 3 Polystichum, 4 Lonchitis, 10 POMACES, 165 Poplar, Balsam, 68 Poppy Family, no Populus balsamifera, 68 tremuloides, 69 PORTULACACE^E, 80 Potentilla, 151 dissecta, 160 multisecta, 161 nivea, 160 uniflora, 161 Primrose Bird's-eye, 226 Evening, Family, 193 Family, 226 Maccalla's 227 Primula, 226 americana, 226 Maccalliana, 227 PRIMULACE^E, 226 Prince's Pine, 211 Index 345 Prunella, 244 vulgaris, 245 Prunus demissa, 167 Pseudotsuga, 24 mucronata, 28 Pteridium, 3 aquilinum pubescens, 6 Puccoon, Narrow-leaved, 243 Pulsatilla, 91 hirsutissima, 94 occidentalis, 95 Purslane Family, 80 Pyrola, 207 asarifolia, 208 chlorantha, 207 minor, 209 secunda, 209 uliginosa, 208 PYROLACE^E, 207 Ragwort Giant, 311 Western Golden, 308 RANUNCULACE^;, 90 Ranunculus, 91 alpeophilus, 100 eremogenes, 99 Eschscholtzii, 100 eximeus, 102 inamoenus, 101 montanesis, 103 pedatifidus, 99 Purshii, 98 reptans, 98 saxicola, 101 Suksdorfii, 102 Raspberry Arctic, 154 Creeping, 153 Dwarf, 155 Wild Red, 156 Rattlesnake Plantain, 62 Northern, 63 346 Index Razoumofskya americana, 73 Rhododendron, White Mountain, 218 Ribes Howellii, 149 lacustre, 147 oxyacanthoides, 148 setosum, 148 Romanzoffia, 238 sitchensis, 240 Roripa, 112 nasturtium, 124 Rosa, 150 Macounii, 165 ROSACES, 150 Rose Family, 150 Macoun's, 165 RUBIACE^E, 263 Rubus, 150 americanus, 155 arcticus, 154 parviflorus, 156 pedatus, 153 strigpsus, 156 Rudbeckia, 285 hirta, 301 • Rumex, 76 acetosa, 77 salicifolius, 77 Rush, Common Scouring, 16 Sagina, 82 saginoides, 87 St. John's-wort Family, 186 Scouler's, 186 SALICACE^J; 68 Salmon-berry, 156 Sambucus, 264 melanocarpa, 265 pubens, 264 Sandal wood Family, 73 Index 347 Sandwort Alpine, 89 Blunt-leaved, 87 Rock, 88 Vernal, 89 SANTALACE^E, 73 Sarsaparilla, Wild, 199 Saussurea, 285 densa, 322 Saxifraga, 130 cernua, 138 rivularis, 137 SAXIFRAGACE^E, 128 Saxifrage Alpine, 140 Alpine Brook, 137 Common, 145 Family, 128 Fleshy, 144 Golden, 130 Lyall's 141 Nelson's 142 Nodding Bulbous, 137 Purple, 146 Tall, 142 Tufted, 139 Scouring Rush, Common, 16 SCROPHULARIACE^E, 248 Scutellaria, 244 galericulata, 245 Sedum stenopetalum, 125 Selaginella densa, 23 selaginoides, 22 Family, 22 Low, 22 SELAGINELLACE^E, 22 Self-heal, 245 Senecio, 285 canus, 310 discoideus, 309 flavovirens, 309 lugens, 311 pseudaureus, 308 34-8 Index Senecio — Continued triangularis, 311 Shooting Star, 231 Slender, 230 Sibbaldia, 151 procumbens, 157 Sieversia, 151 ciliata, 163 Silene, 82 acaulis, 82 Lyallii, 83 Silver Berry, 191 Silverweed, 159 Sisymbrium, 112 altissimum, 122 Sisyrinchium, septentrionalis, 53 Skullcap, Marsh, 245 Skunk Cabbage, Western, 36 Smelowskia, 112 calycina, 121 Snowberry, 267 Creeping, 224 Low, 268 Solidago, 284 .... canadensis, 288 decumbens, 287 missouriensis, 287 multiradiata, 286 Solomon's Seal, False, 47 Star-flowered, 47 - Sonchus, 276 arvensis, 279 Sophia, 112 intermedia, 123 Sorbus, 165 sambucifolia, 166 Sorrel, Mountain, 76 Spatularia 130 brunoniana, 142 Spearwort, Creeping, 98 Speedwell Alpine, 253 Thyme-leaved, 253 Index 349 Spiraea, 150 densiflora, 152 lucida, 152 Beech-leaved, 152 Pink, 152 Spleen wort, Green, 9 Spring Beauty, 80 Small-leaved, 81 Spruce Alberta, 31 Douglas's, 28 Engelmann's, 31 Squaw-root, Northern, 309 Stachys, 245 palustris, 246 Staff-tree Family, 184 Star-flower, Arctic, 230 Stenanthella, 37, occidentals, 39 Stenanthium, 39 Stickseed, 242 Stitchwort Glaucous, 86 Long-stalked, 85 Northern, 86 Stone-crop Family, 125 Narrow- petaled, 125 Strawberry, Wild, 158 Streptopus, 46 amplexifolius, 48 curvipes, 49 Sunflower Nuttall's, 302 Stiff, 301 Symphoricarpos, 264 pauciflorus, 268 racemosus, 267 Taraxacum, 276 montanum, 278 Taraxacum, 278 35° Index TAXACE.E, 34. Taxus brevifolia, 34 Tellima, 129 grandiflora, 132 Tetragonanthus, 232 deflexus, 235 Thalictrum, 91 megacarpum, 96 occidentals, 96 Thistle Family, 283 Milk, 279 Wavy-leaved, 321 White, 321 Thlaspi, 112 arvense, 117 Thuja, 24 plicata, 33 Tiarella, 129 unifoliata, 136 Tofieldia, 37 intermedia, 40 occidentals, 41 palustris, 40 Trientalis, 226 arctica, 230 Trollius, 91 albiflorus, 105 Tsuga, 24 heterophylla, 29 Mertensiana, 30 Twayblade Broad-lipped, 60 Heart-shaped, 60 Northern, 61 Twin-flower, 266 Twisted stalk Smaller, 49 Tall/ 48 V Vaccinjaceae, 220 Vaccinium, 221 caespitosum, 221 Index 351 Vaccinium — Continued erythrococcum, 222 globulare, 223 ovalifolium, 222 Vagnera, 46 amplexicaulis, 47 stellata, 48 Valerian Family, 271 Northern, 271 Scouler's, 272 Valeriana Scouleri, 272 septentrionalis, 271 sitchensis, 272 VALERIANACE^E, 271 Veratrum, 37 viride, 37 Veronica, 248 americana, 252 serphyllifolia, 253 Wormskjoldii, 253 Vetch Alpine Milk, 170 American, 179 Arctic Milk, 172 Ascending Milk, 169 Cow, 179 Indian, 173 Macoun's 171 Narrow-leaved American, 180 Purple Milk, 169 Slender Milk, 171 Vetchling, Cream-coloured, 181 Marsh, 181 Viburnum, 264 pauciflorium, 266 Vicia, 169 americana, 179 cracca, 179 linearis, 180 Viola adunca longipes, 190 352 Index Viola — Continued canadensis, 190 cognata, 187 glabella, 189 palustris, 188 sempervirens, 188 VlOLACE^E, 187 Violet Canada, 190 Dog, 190 Early Blue 187 Family, 187 Low Yellow, 1 88 Marsh, 188 Tall Yellow, 189 Virgin's Bower, Purple, 91 Vitis-idaea, 221 Vitis-idaea, 224 W Water-leaf Family, 238 Whitlow-Grass Arctic, 114 Golden, 115 Hoary, 116 Willow-Herb Alpine, 196 Broad-leaved, 194 Great, 194 Hornemann's, 197 Nodding, 196 Yellow, 195 Willow Family, 68 Wind-flower, 93 Wintergreen Bog, 208 Family, 207 Greenish-flowered, 207 Lesser, 209 Liver-leaf, 208 Low, 213 One-flowered, 210 • One-sided, 209 Ovate-leaved, 213 Index 353 Woodsia, 4 oregana, 13 scopulina, 12 Oregon, 13 Rocky Mountain, 12 Wormwood Green, 316 Pasture, 316 Woundwort Marsh, 246 Yarrow, 314 Yew Family, 34 Western, 34 Zizia, 201 cordata, 203 Zygadenus, 37 elegans, 38 gramineus, 39 Grass-like, 39 Tall, 38 CD3MED7EME