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THE

WESTERN FRUIT BOOK,;

OR,

l^merican ^xmi-§xtibtfs §mk

FOR THE

ORCHARD AND FRUIT-GARDEN.

BEING A COMPJWP OP THE HISTORr, MODES OF PROPAGATION, CULTURE, *0., OF

FRUIT TREES AND SHRUBS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OP NEARLY ALL THB

VARIETIES OP FRITITS CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY I llOTEg

or THEIR ADAPTATION TO LOCALITIES AND SOII«»

AND ALSO A COMPLETE IJST OF FRUITS

WORTHY OP CULTIVATION.

BY F. R. ELLIOTT.

NEW EDITION — BEVISEO, ENLARGED, AND IXPROVBD.

NEW-YORK:
ORANGE JUDD & COMPANY,

245 BRO^DTV-A.Y,

MRY

ifiMTBBKD, according to Act of Congress, in the year xiDtr,

By a. O. MOOEE & CO,

b the Clerk'* Offlr« ^£ the District Court of the United States, in and for the Southern Di^
trlct of Kew York.

^ ^* v. ^

TO

PROF. JARED P. KIRTLAKD,

is i0lum^ is gtMtKt^Jr,

BY HIS FRIEND,

THE A.TJTI3:OXl.

/" f;>t^/i.tx

Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive

in 2007 witii funding from

IVIicrosoft Corporation

littp://www.arcliive.org/details/amerfruitgrowersgOOellirich

PKEFACE.

It was my original intention to prepare only a email work,
giving descriptions of new Western fruits, or those only that
succeeded in the West. As I progressed, my friends urged me
to extend it, and make a work for the whole Union ; at the same
time, it was desired to have the work issued previous to the Spring
of 1854, consequently, I was compelled to prepare sOme of it
hastily. The first Edition was, therefore, sent out mider circum-
stances very unfavorable to its successful reception by the public ;
but, as it has been generally well received, I have thought it due
to myself, as well as to the public, to revise and correct it ; and,
so far as possible, make it the most complete of its kind. In doing
this, I have availed myself of Uberal and generous notes and com-
ments made for me by a large number of the best pomologists in
the United States ; of the published transactions of all large
pomological conventions, public journals, etc., and of an extensive
and careful examination of trees and fruits.

The present Edition has had a careful revision, and the addition
of all important knowledge relating to cultivation, diseases, insects,
&c. ; revision of synonyms ; notes of adaptation to localities,
embodied in the text descriptive of varieties, and descriptions of
over one hundred additional varieties. I have endeavored to add
all new sorts worthy of notice. I may have omitted some, but
not intentionally.

From what has been previously written upon the subject of
fruits and their culture, it may be said to be nearly impossible to
embody much of originality with correct teachings. It has not,
therefore, been so much my aim to be original, as to present, in a
comprehensive and practical form, the entire knowledge of fruits
and their culture, from the earliest writers down to the present

y

VI PREFACE.

day. My designs and illustrations of fruits, with their cores and
seeds, concentric lines, etc., have been very generally approved
by horticulturists throughout the Union. I have ever considered
these features essential to a scientific description, and my only
regret is, that the public, as yet, are unwilling to pay a sum war-
ranting the pubUcation of a work wherein every variety of fruit
should be fully figured and described.

It will be found, on examination, that I have credited every
author with whatever I have extracted from his works : that all
descriptions of fruits, made by others, have attached thereto the
initials of the author's name, or abbreviations of the title of the
work from which they were taken.

I have continued my classification mainly as in previous Editions,
simply changing the terms designating their classes. Of the
descriptions of fruit, some explanation may be necessary. First,
is given the standard name in capitals. Below this are placed, in
smaller type, the various syjionyms^ or local names, by which the
*dme fruit is known in various countries, or parts of the country.

The text, descriptive of nearly every valuable variety, will be
ibund to explain in what section of country, and in what soil, it
succeeds best. Having given more attention to Southern fruits,
and their seasons, than formerly, and finding many to succeed
well South, that have been superseded North and East, I have
introduced them throughout the work ; hence, I think it will be
found as well adapted to that as to other portions of the United
States.

It would have given me satisfaction to append to each and every
variety its habit of growth, color of wood, form of buds, leaf,
&c., &c., but I have been compelled to omit this, except wiih the
most popular sorts, from the fact that such additional laatter
would swell the volume beyond the intended Umits of the work,

F. R £.

St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 1859.

2:?£^3^

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

In the difficult task of obtaining correct and adequate specimens of fruit to
correspond with the varieties named and described — in preparing my texts of
the value of fruits, as modified by locaUties and soils — in supplying descriptions
and specimens of new varieties — I have been greatly assisted by, and- my
thanks are due to, various pomologists, nurserymen, &c., especially to Charles
Downing, Esq., Newburg, N. Y. (from whom I received descriptions of many
new kinds of fruit) ; also Hon. M. P. Wilder, Boston ; W. D. Brinckle, Phila. ;
Robt. Buchanan, Esq., A. H. Ernst, Esq., W. Heaver, Esq., and Prof. J. A.
Warder, Cincinnati ; C. H. Havens, St. Louis ; M. B. Bateham, Esq., Columbus ;
Chag. Carpenter, Esq., Kelly Island ; J. P. Kirtland, and Thos. Brown, Esq.,
Cleveland ; Jno. C. Teas, Raysville, Ind. ; Doct. J. A. Kannicott, West North-
field, Cook Co., IlL

ASBI^E-VT-A.TT01SrS .AJSTID BOOKIS GiTTOTEI^.

Of these, we enumerate here those only that we have used
most fi-eely, either by extract, or as serving for authority to our
decisions.

Allen. A Practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of tli« Grape Vine. By J. Fisk

Allen. 1852.
Arboretum BrUtanicum ; or, the Trees and Shrubs of Jsntain, pictorially and botanically

delineated, and scientifically and popularly described. By J. C. Loudon. London.

1845.
Annales de, la Somcte W HorUcultatre de Paris. Paris. In monthly numbers, 8vo., from

1827 to 1845.
Adlum. A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in America, and the best Mode of Making

Wine. By John Adlum. Washington, 1828.
Berchmana' Cat. Catalogue of L. C. Berckmans «fe Son.
Buchanan. A Treatise on the Grape. By E. Buchanan. Cincinnati, 1854
Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour TAnnee 1844. Contenant des principes generaux de cul»

ture, etc. Par A. Poiteau et M. Vilmorin. Yearly volume. Paris.
Bridgeman. The Young Gardener's Assistant By Thomas Bridgemaa, Tenth ed. New

York, 1844.
Baumanai's Cat. Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre disponible dans TEtablissement de»

Freres, a Bolwiller, 1842.
Cole. American Fruit-Book. By S. W. Cole, 1851.
Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees in the United States, and of the Management

of Orchards and Cider. By William Coxe. Philadelphia, 1817.
Cha^tal. Chemistry Applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony ChaptaL American ed.

Boston, 1835.
Cohbett, The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London, 1821.
Colenujun. Eeports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman. Boston,

1840-41.
CvMi/cator. The Cultivator, a monthly Journal of Agriculture, &c, edited by Luther Tucker.

Albany ; continued to the present time.
Downing. Downing's Fruit and Fruit Trees of America. 1845.
Dom. Card. The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By John Towers. London, 1889.
Duhamel. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. 2 vols., Paris, 1768.
Dec. Physiologie vegetale, ou Exposition des Forces et des Fonctiona vitales des V6g6taux.

Par A. P. De Candolle. 8 vols., Paris, 1832.
Ernst Mans. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By A. H. Ernst, Esq. Cincinnati.
Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By William Forsyth,

7th ed. London, 1824.
floy. Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by Michael Floy.

New York, 1845.
Fessenden. New American Gardener; containing Practical Directions for the Culture of

Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston, 1828.
Gard, Mag. The Gardener's Magazine, conducted by J. C. Loudon, in monthly nambonu

19 vols., to 1844. London.

X ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.

Ga. Pom, 8. Rep. Eeport of Pomological Society of Georgia.

Sort. The Horticulturist, a monthly Journal of Horticulture, Etc, Published by Luthe?

Tucker, and edited by A. J. Downing, from 1846 to 1852, and continued to the present

time. J. Jay Smith, editor.
Eoare. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine on open walls. By

Clement Hoare. London, 1840.
nort.Soc. Cat. See Thompson.
Harris. A Eeport on the Insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation. By Dr. T. W.

Harris. Cambridge, 1852.
JTov. Mag, or E. M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Rural Affairs. Conducted

by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo., monthly numbers, 1834 to the present time.
Johnston. Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. By James "W. F. Johnston

American ed. 2 vols.. New York, 1842.
Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier, par Louis Noisette, 2 ed. 2 vols., Paris, 1839.
Xn4ght, Various Articles in the London Horticultural Society's Transactions. By Thoma«

Andrew Knight, its late President.
Kenrick or Ken. The New American Orchardist. By "William Kenrick. Boston, 1844.
KoUar. A Treatise on Insects Injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers. By Vincent

Kollar ; notes by "Westwood. 12mo., London, 1840.
Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. By J. C. London. One thick vol., London, 1885.

■ — An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the Same. 1 thick vol., London, 1836.

■ An Encyclopedia of Agriculture. By the Same. 1 thick vol., London, 1831.

• Hortus Brittanicus. A Catalogue of all the Plants in Britain. By the same.

London.
— — — The Suburban Horticulturist. By the Same. London, 1842.
The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion, By the same. London, 1838 to

1842.
— Arboretum et Frnticetnm Britannicnm. By the same, London,

Ziebig. Organic Chemistry, in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology. By Jostui
Lieblg. American ed., Cambridge, 1844.

JAnd. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden ; or, an Account of the Fruito and Vege-
tables Cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley. London, 1831.

JAndley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London, 1832.

An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley. London,

1836, 2d ed.
■ British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine ; it is the same work.

• The Theory of Horticulture ; or, an Attempt to Explain the Operation of Garden-

ing upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley, London, 1840.

■ The same work, with Notes, by A Gray, and A, J. Downing. New York, 1841.

Z. or ZinncBUS. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, 1810, 5 vols.

Mass. Jlort. Society. Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 1842 to the

present time.
Ma/n. The New England Fruit Book. By E. Manning, 2d ed., enlarged by John M. Ives.

Salem, 1844.
Man. in IF. M. Manning's articles In Hovey's Magazine.
Me. P. S. R. Maine Pomological Society's Eeport
Michatix. The North American Sylva, or Descriptions of the Forest Trees of the United

States, Canada, &c. By A. F. Michaux. Paris, new edition. Philadelphia, 1852.
MTntosh. The Orchard and Fruit Garden. By Charles M'Intosh. London, 1819.
If. T. Trans. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, from 1842 to the

present time.
2fois. See Jardin Fruitier.
New England Farmer. A weekly periodical devoted to Agriculture, HorticTiltxire, Jbo

Boston, continued to tke prcsoQt time.
0,I>uk. SeeDuhanxel

ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. XL

Pvnu Mag. or P.M. The Pomological Magazine ; or, Figures and Descriptions of the moat

Important Varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. London, 1828.
Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual. Ey William K. Prince. 2 vols.. New York, 1881.
Prince. A Treatise on the Vine. By William R. Prince. New York, 1830.
Prince. A short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York, 1828.
PoU. or Poiteau. Pomologie Francaise. Eecueil des plus beaux Fruits, cultives en France.

Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to numbers.
Pivers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Eivers. Bawbridgeworth.
Pon. or Bonalde. Pyrus Mains Brentfordienses ; or, a Concise Description of Soiected

Apples, with a figure of each sort. By Hugh Konalds. London, 1831.
Revue Horticole. Journal des Jardiniers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur. Paris, 1844^ et

chaque mois.
Torrey dk Gray. A Flora of North America : containing abridged deseriptions of all th©

known plants growing North of the Gulf of Mexico. By John Torrey, M.D., and Asa

Gray, M, D. New York.
T^iomp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticultural Society of

London. 3d ed., London, 1845. [Prepared with great care, by Robert Thompson, th«

head of the Fruit Department.]
Thacher. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M. D. Boston, 1822.
Wilder., MSS. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By M. P. Wilder, Esq.

W. D. B. Doct. W. D. Brinckle, in ad interim Reports of Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
W. P. P. Articles and Descriptions, by Wm. R. Prince, in various Horticultural JoumalSk
Warder Review. Western Horticultural Review. J. A. Warder, editor and publisher. A

Monthly Journal of Horticulture, &c. Cincinnati, 1850, to the present time.
WUdor in JTori. Articles and Descriptions written by Hon. M. P. Wilder, and pubUshed ts

Horticulturist.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS — HISTORY AND ADVANCEMENT OF FRUI73
IN OHIO AND THE WEST — VALUE AS FOOD.

In almost every country, fruits are regarded as necessaries of life,
and have been gradually transferred from the wilds of nature to the
cultivated portions of the earth, around the dwellings of man.

Many of the original fruits were unpalatable, but, in the course
of cultivation, they have become ameliorated. Superior varieties
have been obtained from time to time, to requite the industry and
care of the cultivator, until domesticated fruits are not only improved
in size and flavor, but increased in number almost innumerable.

In their cultivation, they are affected by soil, situation, and seasons.
The Winter of 1855-56 destroyed, by extreme cold, nearly every
variety of fruit, the apple only excepted, throughout the entire
Western States.

When a fruit tree is to be planted, the object is, to enable it to
grow up a healthy and, at the same time, a fruitful tree ; and,
whether planted in an orchard or in a garden, as a standard or as a
dwarf, a certain space is contemplated, that it will, in its maturity,
occupy. In order that this may be apportioned properly, the natural
habit of ihe kind must be considered ; also, whether it is worked on
a free or dwarf-growing stock, whether it is a delicate or hardy sort,
and what aspect will be most favorable. All these circumstances
must be duly weighed by the fruit-grower, in order to ensure success.

A tree may have too much or too little space. If too much, a
part of the intended space is lost ; and, if too little, the branches
soon interfere, and the trees become crowded, to the manifest injury
of each other.

Aspect is a very material circumstance, and should be modified
by the climate and the variety of fruit to be grown. But the nature
of the soil, its composition, and depth, requires far the greatest share
of the planter's attention. According as this is adapted to the
growth of the variety planted, will be his success. Many cultivators
imagine that if they can make their trees grow luxuriantly, they will
certainly be fruitful. This is a mistake, to prove which, we have
only to consider where the most prolific orchards are found, and
what are the circumstances which render them so. We find a light,
dry, sandy loam, reposing on a subsoil of gravel or rock, invariably

13

14 INTRODUCTOKY REMARKS.

most congenial to the kindly growth and fruitfulness of the trees.
Perfectly thorough drainage is, in all cases, absolutely essential to
productiveness.

Some of the most valuable orchards we have ever seen, stood on a
thin, light, loamy soil, on a basis of rock, and constantly pastured.
An elevated situation, with a light, loamy soil, will produce the most
healthy and fruitful trees, as all fruit trees are more prolific when their
growth is moderate ; but it will not grow trees as rapidly as the
more level, deeper, and richer soils, and would, therefore, be unsuited
to the commercial nurseryman.

The increase of the curculio, aegeria, codling moth, and other insects,
which are treated of under their appropriate heads, is a subject which
has called forth more of ingenuity, practical tact, and scientific experi-
ment, than perhaps any other connected with fruit-growing. The
early settlements of the Western States were comparatively exempt
for a few years, but the transit of insects is so rapid, that they are
soon overrun. This may, perhaps, be termed the " dark side," in
fruit culture, and is to be met only by a general diffusion of know-
ledge.

The Eastern States being possessed of great advantages and faci-
lities for obtaining trees, with various treatises upon fruits, and
numerous journals, devoted, in part, to this branch of horticulture,
have, until within a few years, been looked to by the South and
West for such information and knowledge as was requisite to the
successful culture of fruit trees. Experience has proved that such
knowledge was often erroneous, when applied in a different climate
and soil. It is presumed that this has induced, in the new States,
much more attention and discussion than would have occurred under
other circumstances.

At this time, horticulturists number in their ranks some of the
most intelligent and devoted men from nearly every State in the
Union, and their annual and biennial assemblings are diffusing the
knowledge acquired by the practice of skillful persons, rendering it
accessible to all.

Previous to 1796, there was very little other than the natural
fruit of the soil cultivated in Ohio ; and not until about 1820 or
'22 was there any considerable introduction and planting of " grafted
fruits" in the north part of the State. At that time, the nursery of
William Coxe, Esq., Burlington, New Jersey, seemed the nearest
from which to obtain trees, and, therefore, from thence came most of
the first plantations of good fruits. Later, the nurseries of Prince,
Kenrick, and Buel, supplied our Northern pioneers; and from these,
with the liberal hand which always characterises a fruit-culturist,
grafts were distributed freely to whoever would. As early as 1796,
or 1797, Israel Putnam introduced and propagated many of the older
and best Eastern varieties on the borders of the Ohio river, and

ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 15

there cultivated both trees and fruits, from whence most of the older
orchards of southern Ohio, and probably Indiana, were procured.
Governor Worthington, at an early day, 1803, or previous, intro-
duced many fine varieties of fruits into central Ohio. In 1824,
Prof. Kirtland imported, from New Jersey to Trumbull County,
Ohio, some two hundred sorts of the best fruits then known ; and
in 1827, or '28, George Hoadley, Esq., sent about one hundred kinds
to Cleveland. Alfred Kelly also introduced many fine Eastern
varieties ; and, as before mentioned, grafts from all these were libe-
rally distributed, followed by additional introductions of new varie-
ties in succeeding years. Add to these, that nearly every pioneer
brought with him seeds of the best fruits known in the vicinity of his
former residence East, which he planted and grew with care, and we
have the heads of the principal introduction of varieties up to about
1832. Since that period, not only have importations of extended
varieties been largely made from Eastern nurseries, but the nurseries
of trees grown for sale have so multipled in the whole West, that
millions of trees are now annually grown and planted.

For the history that follows, relating to Illinois and Wisconsin, we
are indebted to the zeal, enthusiasm, and courtesy of Doctor J. A.
Kennicott :

"The first permanent settlements in Illinois were made by the
French about 1682, in and about Kaskaskio and Cahokia; and it is
said, that ' the first generation of fruit trees, there planted, had done
good service, and gone the way of all the living,' long before the
advent of the present race who people * Lower Egypt.' The Kev.
John M. Peck (whom I quote from memory) affirms, that he ate
most luscious fruits, some twenty or thirty years ago, the product of
the second generation of these old French trees, even then of almost
forest size.

" From many sources I gather the fact, that among these old trees
w^ere, and still are, perhaps, individuals producing very desirable
fruit ; all, doubtless, of mature growth, though some may have been
brought from Canada, whence the seeds very evidently came, in their
route from the old world.

" From this you perceive that Illinois is one of the oldest fruit-
growing states ; and it is very certain, that our seedling trees gener-
ally yield better fruit than the mass of chance varieties in the East ;
though, good sooth, I have been unable to trace any of our celebrated
varieties in cultivation, to these glorious old trees, so graphically
described by the Rev. Mr. Peck ; and yet, I am by no means certain,
that some of our most valuable local varieties did not originate in
that classic fruit-land of Southern Illionois.

" It is very probable, also, that, in Central and Northern Illinois
there may now be native varieties, surpassing in value, for local cul-
tivation, at least, a large majority of the sorts named in the bocks.

16 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

Analogy would lead to such a conclusion ; for, as a general rule here,
of fifty seedling trees, in almost any orchard, at least five will be
found worthy of notice, and worth preserving in their natural state,
though not desirable for propagation.

"From personal observation, you are already aware that some
fruits of high repute East, are nearly worthless here ; and that others
are wonderfully improved by the peculiarities of our soil and climate.
It is thought, too, that many old fruits have become so changed as to
be no longer easily recognized ; and, as their history has been lost,
and several local synonyms have been used to designate them, much
difficulty and doubt attend our Western nomenclature.

" Perhaps these difficulties will soon be removed, and the doubts
cleared up, as in Ohio, by the re-fruiting of our celebrated varieties
at the East, from scions obtained here, or by further observation on
the fructification here, under the true names.

" Many of our varieties, of the first trees transplanted in Western
Illinois, and Southern Wisconsin, were disseminated by tree pedlars
from the region of the Wabash, in Indiana, and central-eastern Illi-
nois ; and I am only aware that some of their sorts came from Ohio,
and others from Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina,
and a few, doubtless, from the Eastern States ; though what propor-
tion, or what varieties of those brought us by these tree pedlars, I am
unable to determine. Very few were sold under eastern names,
however, and, now and then, a variety is, doubtless, of native origin.

" Among these pedlars' trees, the Red June is decidedly the most
valuable, and the Milam the most abundant.

" Here-away, I know the origin of four-fifths of the trees planted
out in the last ten or twelve years, apart from the pedlars' trees,
which continued to arrive up to three or four years ago. The Buffalo
nurseries, and the Cleveland dealers, have furnished the most. The
nurseries of Chatauque County sent some early, and the Rochester
establishments a great many more recently, and a few ten or twelve
years ago. The Flushing nurseries are also represented in our
orchards, and, quite lately, those of Michigan and Northern Indiana ;
and, in fact, there is scarce an eastern establishment which has not
sent trees to the lake region of Illinois and Wisconsin."

Similar to those named, is that of most Western States, in the his-
toric introduction and origin of fruits. Chance seedlings, of value
sufficient to retaining of the original tree, are abundant, while those
meriting a first place are rare. The character of " very good " will
apply to probably one-tenth of the fruit, while that of "best" will
hardly apply to one-thousandth.

Of the value of fruits as food, and the tendency to promote health
of system and morality of character, much has been written; but the
following, by Doctor Kennicott, sums up all in few words ;

ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES. 17

"The free use of ripe fruits not only preveiits disease, }Sut their
regulated enjoyment helps to remove that which already exists. All
ripe fruits are, also, more or less nutritious. Professor Salisbury
has clearly demonstrated that the apple is superior to the potato,
in the principles that go to increase the muscle and the brain of man,
and in fattening properties, it is nearly equal, when cooked, for swine,
or fed raw to other domestic animals."

Ripe grapes have cured epidemic dysentery. Physicians have,
occasionally, advised the use of " cooling acid fruits ;" and the earliest
writers have directed the sugary ones, as " figs," for food in conval-
escence. Families, where fruits are most plentiful and good, and
prized as an article of daily food, are most free from disease of all
kinds, and more especially from fevers and "bowel complaints."
Most fruits aid digestion, some directly, some indirectly, and lessen
the desire for alcoholic or stimulating drinks. The juicy ones act as
" diluents," and all as " diuretics ;" the free acids neutralizing, or
rendering soluble the earthy matters in the blood, and carrying them
off rapidly through the natural channels.

CHAPTER II.

ORIGINATING OP VARIETIES THEIR PROPAGATION, BY BUDDING,

GRAFTING, LAYERS, CUTTINGS, RUNNERS, AND SUCKERS.

" Our garden varieties of fruits are not natural forms. They are
the artificial productions of culture. Seedlings from them have
always a tendency to improve, but they have also another and a
stronger tendency to return to a natural or wild state" Of this, we
have a strong evidence, in the production of seedling cherries by
Prof. Kirtland, where from several hundred grown from seed
gathered from the same tree, only about one-tenth have surpassed,
and two-tenths equaled, the parent ; the remainder mostly failing
back toward the original Mazzard.

Most of our choice varieties cultivated, are from seeds of chance
cross-impregnation ; few have been the result of artificial skill and
care ; cross breeding and hybridizing are too often confounded, and
while we are constantly in the production of new varieties from cross
breeding, none are known in fruits from hybridizing, Lindley says :

18 PROPAGATING OF VARIETIES.

" If the pistils of one species be fertilized by the pollen of an, thcr
species, which may take place in the same genus, or if two distinct
varieties of the same species be in like manner intermixed, the seed
which results from the operation will be intermediate between its
parents, partaking of the qualities of both. In the first case, the
progeny is hyhrid or male ; in the second, it is simply cross-bred.'*
Although of the same genus, no hyhrid has ever yet been created
between the apple and the pear, or the gooseberry and currant.
These cross-breds, when closely resembling the female parent are
termed sub-varieties.

This practice of producing new varieties by cross fertilization was
advocated by Thomas Andrew Knight, a distinguished horticultur-
ist of England : while that of Dr. Van Mons, of Belgium, was the
re-production of seedlings from seedlings in succession ; selecting
each time those of the seedlings to procure the seed, which proved
the best in the fruit. At the eighth generation, in growing from the
pear, his seedlings produced fruit at four years old, while at the com-
mencement it required twelve to fifteen years. This he regarded as
the correct course to pursue in the amelioration of varieties. The
Frederic, of Wurtemburg, originated by him in this way, it is well
known, produces its fruit often in the nursery at two years from the
bud ; while the Dix, a seedling from we know not what variety,
requires twelve or fifteen years. This process, however, if taken, as
by Van Mons, from the commencement, ^. e., a wildling, would require
a life-time ; but our people have all around them seedlings which at
an early age are producing fruit ; if, therefore, seed be taken from
the best of them, and the choicest again selected, it is not probable
that more than ten years would elapse without producing something
very superior.

On the other hand, the process of Mr. Knight, of producing by
^ crossing, gives the grower the choice of selecting and growing to
whatever form, size, or character he may desire, and this with an
almost absolute certainty of success. This process being fully de-
scribed by Thomas, in his Fruit Culturist, we extract therefrom :

" A familiar instance of cross-impregnation in plants occurs in the
Indian corn. The pistillate, or seed-bearing flowers, covering the
young ear, are remotely situated on the plant from the staminate, or
fertilizing flowers, on the summits, or tassels. Hence, from this re-
mote position, the pollen, or fertilizing dust, from the summits may
not certainly fall on the ear ; and, if different sorts grow near, a mix-
ture will probably result. It is well known to farmers, that if dif-
ferent sorts, as white, yellow, and purple, are planted in the same
field ; or, if common and sweet corn are planted together, each sort
no longer remains distinct, but each ear, the second year, is speckled
with a promiscuous assemblage of white, yellow, and purple, and of
common and sweet corn, of various grades. In fruit trees, the

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC. 19

stamens and pistils are in the same flower, and the chances of acci-
dental mixture from other trees, become very small unless affected by
insects, which, becoming thickly dusted with powder from one flower,
plunge into the recesses of another, and affect a cross fertilization.
Where many varieties grow in one garden, in close proximity, cases
of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring, which can be
developed only by raising fruit from the seedlings.

"In the annexed figure of the pear blossom (Fig. 1), the five cen-
tral organs a, are the pistils ; the upper extre-
mity of each is the stigma. The surrounding
thread-like organs, h, are the stamens, surmount-
ed by the anthers. The anthers are little bags
or cases, filled with the pollen, or fertilizing
dust. When the flowers open, the anthers
burst, and discharge the pollen on the stigma,
Fig. 1. which operates on the embryo fruit at its base.

" The production of new varieties is greatly facilitated by cross-im-
pregnation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety with the pollen
of another. This was performed with great success by Knight.
Selecting two varieties, while yet early in flower, and before the
anthers had burst and discharged the pollen, he
cutout with a fine pair of scissors all the stamens,
leaving the pistils untouched (fig. 2). When the
stigma became sufficiently mature, which was in-
dicated by its glutinous surface, he transferred the
pollen of the other sort on the point of a cameFs-
Fig. 2. hair pencil. The fruit, thus yielded, was un-

changed ; but its seeds partook variously of the nature of both
parents, and the trees growing from them bore new and intermediate
varieties.

" For the success of such experiments, several precautions are requi-
site. The flower must be deprived of its stamens before it has fully
expanded, or before the anthers have already burst and scattered their
dust ; the pollen must be procured from a bursting, or fully matured
anther, when it will be dry and powdery ; the stigma must be inocu-
lated as soon as it becomes adhesive or glutinous, otherwise it may be
fertilized from another source, and then the intended pollen cannot
possibly take effect. For a stigma once inoculated, cannot be inocu-
lated again. It is safest, where practicable, to force the trees by artifi-
cial heat into flowering a few days earlier than others, so as to
be secure from accidental inoculations of pollen floating in the air ;
and to prevent its spread by bees, to apply a temporary covering of
gauze. A want of attention to these minutiae, has led some experi-
menters to fancy they had obtained crosses, when they had only
natural seedlings."

Budding. — This process of propagation, as well as that by grafts

20

OEIGINATING OP VARIETIES.

layers, and cuttings, is performed for the purpose of increasing the
number of trees or plants of any variety ; and is performed on stocks
of the same, or closely allied, species. These are designated under
each particular head of Apples, Pears, &c., on other pages. The
process is also one, which, although well and truly described, in all
fruit works, and most of the leading journals, is nevertheless so often
attended with failure, that while we here repeat descriptions, we, at
same time, advise every new beginner to visit the leading nursery-
man, or successful amateur grower, in his immediate neighborhood,
and learn more in half a day from practical example, than could be
told him were one to write a month. In order to be successful, it ia
requisite that the stock on which it is intended to operate should bt
in a thrifty, healthy state, not too early or late in the season, but the
best time is just when the terminal bud is forming, in August or
September. Various modes of budding are known and described ;
but that most successful, most rapid, and in common use, is the one
termed incorrectly, American shield budding, described by Forsyth in
1802 — which differs from the common shield budding, only in leaving
a small piece of wood at base of the bud inserted, instead of taking
all out. An incision is made lengthwise through the bark of the
stock, and a small cut at right angles at the top, the whole somewhat

resembling the letter T (fig. 3). A bud
is then taken from a shoot of the present
year's growth, by shaving off the bark an
inch or an inch and a half in length,
with a small part of the wood directly
beneath the bud (fig. 4). The edges of
the bark, at the incision in the stock, are
then raised a little (fig. 5), and the bud
pushed downward under the bark (fig. 6).
A bandage of bass-bark, woollen-yarn,
or other substance, is then wrapped around, commencing at the bot-
tom and passing the bud, returning again and tying just below, cover-
ing all but the bud (fig. 7). The pressure should be just sufficient to
keep the inserted portion closely to the stock, but not such as to
bruise or crush the bark. In about ten days, or two weeks, after in-
sertion, the strings will require to be loosened, and at expiration of
three weeks removed altogether. The ensuing Spring, as soon as
the buds begin to swell strongly, cut off the stock about six inches
above the bud ; and as the shoot, or bud, grows, tie it to the piece of
stock above its insertion until about midsummer, when it will be time
to cut away the piece of stock above the bud, leaving a sloping cut
downward from the top of insertion of bud. An improper practice
with some is, to place the buds in water ; this so saturates them with
moisture, that they have no attractive force left to imbibe the sap of
©f the stock, and hence often fail to grow. In cutting the shoot

Fig. 8. Fig. 5. Fig. 4. Fig. 6. Fig. T.

PEOPAGATION BY BUDDING, GEAFTING, ETC. 21

containing buds intended to be inserted, the leaf should immediately
be cut off to within half an inch of the bud, otherwise the evaporation
will exhaust and injure its vitality. If buds are to be kept a number
of days, they should be wrapped in damp moss, or wet cloths ; or if
to be sent to a distance, the whole wrapped in oiled silk. In this
way they will keep without injury ten days or more.

" Annular budding is applicable to trees of hard wood, or thick
rigid bark, as the walnut and magnolia. A ring of bark
is removed from the stock, and another corresponding
ring, containing the bud, §lit open on one side, is made
to fit the denuded space. (Fig. 8.)

" Trees which have been girdled in winter by mice, may
be preserved by a process similar to annular budding,
by cutting away evenly the gnawed portions, and apply-
ing one or more pieces of bark peeled from the branch
of another tree, so as to restore the connection between
the two severed portions. This is done as soon as the bark will
separate ; the same end may, however, be accomplished early in
Spring, by cutting away portions of the sap-wood with the bark, and
connecting the two parts by several pieces of a branch, care being
taken that they coincide accurately, as in grafting. The whole, in
either case, is then covered with wax."

Grafting, like budding, has numerous modes and forms, all resolv-
ing into the same thing — that of transferring one variety on to ano-
ther. Such methods as are in most common practice, we describe.

Whip or tongue grafting. This is most generally practiced when
the stock and scion are nearly of equal size. The whole gist of it
lies in so forming the graft and stock that the two outer surfaces of
albumen, or wood of last year's growth, match one with the other, or
if the stock is too large that they match on one side. (See fig. 10.)
The tongue is a notch cut in the stock corresponding with one cut in
the graft, and, when put together, to serve as support in steadying the
graft, until the circulation of the sap has united it with the stock.
This is practiced to a large extent by nursery-men on pieces of roots,
and is then termed " root-grafting."

Splice Grafting is similar to tongue grafting, except that no slit is
made in either stock or graft. (See fig. 11.)

Crown Grafting is performed in the same manner, only that it is
done on small stocks standing in the ground, at a point near the upper
rootlet or fibre. (See fig. 12.)

22

ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES.

Saddle Grafting. In saddle grafting, the stock is pared obliquely
on both sides, till it becomes an inverted wedge, and
the scion is slit up the centre, when its sides are pared
down till they fit the sides of the stock, (See fig. 13.)
This is the best mode to pursue with the cherry and
other stone fruits.

Side Graftivg, as seen in the cut (fig. 9), is per-
formed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch
long in the side of the stock, paring the outer por-
tion, splitting the graft, and paring the inner portion,
then inserting it so as to give a union of the bark
and wood — leaving meanwhile the top of the stock
to carry on the circulation of sap until the graft
becomes united, when it is to be cut away. This is
tht, best for the magnolia and for the hickory, ash, &c. ; and also
when scions may have been received late in the Spring, or the work
of grafting unavoidably delayed.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Cleft Gi'ofting is an easy, though clumsy mode, rarely practiced,
except on limbs, or branches, too large for whip grafting. In this the
scion is cut like a wedge, sloping on both sides. The stock is split
with a grafting chisel, or large knife, which is drawn to one side, and
holds open the split while the scion is pressed in, so that the albumen,
or inner barks, match, when the chisel or wedge is drawn away.

Wrapping or Tying. After the operation of grafting is performed,
bass-bark, or bass matting, or soft woolen or cotton yarn, is then
wrapped around to retain them perfectly in their places. Where
small trees or roots are engrafted, and to be planted in nursery-rows,
this is all that is necessary ; but when grafting is performed on stand-
ard trees, it is better to cover the matting with a wax, made in the
following manner;

PROPAGATION BY B [TIDING, GRAFTING, ETC.

23

Grafting Wax. 4 parts rosin, 3 parts beeswax, 3 parts lard. This
should be well incorporated together while warm, strips of cotton
cloth dipped into it, and when cold, cut to the length and width re-
quired for the size of limbs you are to engraft, will facilitate the labor ;
and when this is done, the first tying of bass mat or woolen string,
may be dispensed with.

Grafts which have become dry, may be restored if the moisture is
applied so gradually, that its absorption may require several weeks.
In one instance, shoots cut early in Autumn, and subjected to thorough
drying, were restored to perfect freshness by the next Spring, by
wrapping them well in moss, and burying them in the ground ; and,
being set, they all grew.

Scions for sending to a distance, are usually packed in damp moss,
saw-dust, or fibrous peat. They may be sent by mail, within a very
small compass, with great safety, by enwrapping them with oil-silk, or
thin oil-cloth, drawing it closely round them, to include the moisture
by means of small thread. Partially decayed wood from the fores*^
is also used successfully for keeping scions.

Layering. This is practiced in low shrubs and vines, as the quince
and grape. It consists in bending down carefully without breaking a
branch, cutting a notch, or slit, on the under side, immediately below

a bud, and pegging it securely,
so that the centre will be
about four inches under
ground (see fig. 14). With the
grape, trailing the vine on the
surface, as shown in fig. 15,
and after buds have started a
few inches, cover with soil the
Fig. 14. vine ; each bud will throw

out roots, and if the operation
be performed in Spring, they may be taken up and separated in the

24

ORIGINATING OF VABIETrES.

Cuttings. Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of multi-
plying a variety. It consists simply in the insertion of a shoot of
one year's growth into the soil ; the moisture of the soil renews
the supply of sap, the buds swell, the leaves
expand, and the descending juices expend them-
selves in the production of new roots, which shoot
downwards into the soil (fig. 16). Under ordinary
circumstances^ or in open ground, this mode is
only applicable to such species as readily throw
out roots, as the currant, gooseberry, quince, and
grape. The cutting should be made from eight
inches to a foot long, and have all the lower
buds cut out, in order to prevent its throwing
up suckers. Wood of the last year's growth is
used, and the lower end cut square across at the
base of a bud. They should be inserted perpen-
dicularly, or when long enough, curved, as see,
under the head of Grapes ; the earth should be
pressed securely at the bottom, and lightly at the
top, and, when possible, a mulch of two inches
of tan bark, saw-dust, etc., thrown over them to preserve mois-
ture.

Fig. 16.

Runners, are the mode of self-propagation in the strawberry ; as
soon as well rooted, they are suited to be removed.

Suckers, are underground runners— often the result of careless
cultivation in breaking off roots. They should always be destroyed,
but never replanted. The Frost Gage plumb, from having been
propagated thus, has become so diseased, as to be nearly discarded^
and this in the short space of about fifteen years.

CHAPTER m

TRANSPLANTING TREES HOW, WHEN; PACKING, CARE OF WHEW

RECEIVED ; PRUNING — TIME WHEN, HOW ; THE TOPS, THE ROOTS ;
LABELS FOR ; PROTECTION FROM SHEEP, RABBITS, ETC. ; TRAIN-
ING ; FORM OF YOUNG TREES.

The first care in the removal of trees, should be not to destroy the
roots in digging. Small trees are less liable to injury from such
cause than large ones, but too often have we seen them wrenched out
of the ground, by the strong arm of man, apparently not to injury
of roots, but really they were cracked through every portion, and
all the tissues through which the circulation of sap is had, broken and
injured, often more to injury of tree, than if one-half the roots had
been cut off. Again, have we seen trees cut out with spades, leaving
only about four to six inches of main root, and a few small fibres.
Such trees require a whole year's nursing, with severe shortening-in
of limbs, to recover anything like their native vigor, and are not
worth, to the planter, over one-half as much as trees well and care-
fully dug, with roots nearly entire.

Preparing the soil. If an orchard is to be planted, on soil reten
live of moisture, or, in other words — level clayey soil — it should first
be thoroughly subsoiled, at least twenty-two inches deep ; it should
then have sufiicient number of under-drains, so that no surplus water
would ever remain on it over forty-eight hours. Digging deep holes
should never be practiced, but the whole soil should be made of fine
tilth, and if the ground is well-drained, or naturally dry, dig broad
spaces, four feet diameter, and one foot deep. If the ground is not
drained, and naturally wet — a location and condition which should
never be adopted— let the planting be made by placing the tree on the
level ground, and earthing up around it. Upon the level prairies this
course has been found most successful, and at times, without even
removing the sod beneath the tree.

Many suppose, that a tree grown in the nursery on sandy soil, will
not succeed on clay, and so the reverse ; this, if they will only use
reason, and study the nutritive process in the tree, they will see, at
once, has no foundation in fact ; but a tree taken from the rich ground
of a well-kept nursery, and placed in a barren, half-starved soil,
amid grass and weeds, has no more chance of continuing in vigor and
2

26

TRANSPLANTING TREES.

health, than an animal raised upon the rich pastures of our Western
country would have, transplanted to some of the bleak, barren hills,
of New England. Food for the plant is, therefore, requisite, and
this should be prepared in a well, and previously cultivated and en-
riched soil, and not expected to be supplied in a raw state by appli-
cation of animal manures immediately to the roots. Prof. Lindley
says, " that a small quantity of super-phosphate of lime, as it is called,
that is to say, a mixture of oil of vitriol and burnt bones, mixed with
dry mould, and thrown in around the roots of a newly-transplanted
tree, will generally aid in the formation of root fibres, and consequently
assist very much in establishing the plant in its new situation ; or, if
scattered over the soil next the roots, the rains will distribute it to the
places where most required."

Ifow to Plant. Having prepared the place and the soil, we next

proceed to plant the tree.
Supposing that the roots,
in removing, have been
carefully preserved, our
tree will present, when
placed in the hole pre-
pared for it, the appear-
ance represented in our
figure 17, the upper root
being about four inches
lower than the level of
the surrounding soil. If
the roots are broken, prune,
by a cut from the under
side of each end. Now,
one man should scatter
in carefully the fine earth,
while another holds the
body of the tree with one hand, and with the other carefully presses
the earth around and beneath every root, taking care to keep the
small roots and fibres, each in its place, lifting them as the work pro-
gresses to a nearly horizontal position. Leave the earth, if the plant-
ing be done in Spring, level around the tree, and with the surround-
ing surface ; if planted in the Fall, earth up a little mound around the
stem-end, and over the entire circle of roots, to be drawn away again
in the Spring. Avoid treading or other pressure around the tree,
other than that made by the hand, in firmly placing the earth around
the roots in the process.

Ti7ne to Plant. With nearly all trees and all locations. Fall is
the best time to transplant ; new granulations have to ^o made, ere
the roots broken by removal can again supply themselves, or the
plant, with food. This process, if trees aro removed in Fall, will

/ / //////

PACKINGS, PKITNING, PEOTECTION, ETC. 27

often be found to have taken place during winter, and ere the ex«
haustion by the leaves from growth in Spring, of their food laid up
in bud and bark the year previous, and the roots are again furnishing
their support. If, however, trees are removed in Spring, it often
happens, especially with cherries, that the supply of food previously
laid up is exhausted ere new rootlets are formed. Mulching, and
other cares, are often, therefore, more requisite, in order to keep the
roots, and prevent too rapid exhaustion in Spring-planted trees.

Packing. Amateurs, as well as nurserymen, often have occasion
to forward trees to a distance, and it' is desirable that they be so
packed, as to ensure success when received. In order to do this,
they should be made into a bundle, with damp moss liberally mingled
among the roots, the larger trees upon the outside of the bundle, and
the small within ; tie securely with twisted straw bands, then take
long straw, lay it down about two inches thick, with its butts near
the centre of the roots of the bundle ; lay another layer, with the
butts four inches below the tops of the last, and so on, until you have
the length of the bundle. Now, lay down the bundle, and carefully
lay straw over it, in same manner as underneath, only commencing
at the top, so that when the cords are around it, all will be covered j
proceed with one end of the cord, first lashed to a strong root, t«
bind it around, once in about ten inches, all the way to the top. If
intended to go any considerable distance, with risk of rough handling,
a stout stick should be packed in the centre of each bundle, extend-
ing about four inches beyond the tops of the trees. Next, lay down
a strong bass matt, or strong cloth, scatter on it straw, then moss,
and placing the roots of the bundle upon it, draw it up carefully
over, and secure it by strong pack-thread. If moss is not obtainable,
let the roots be well puddled, as it is termed, that is, dipped in a
thick clayey mud, but avoid packing leaves, grass, etc., among them.

Care of Trees when received. Trees are often lost by not knowing
how to care for them when received after long voyages. If dry,
withered, or frozen, they should be unpacked and immediately bur-
ied, roots and tops, underneath the earth, and there left for some
days ; or, if late in the Fall, and they are buried where the water
drains off readily, let the roots be buried deep, while the tops have
only a couple of inches upon them. Trees received dry in Spring, may
be immediately immersed in a running stream of water, and after
the buds are swollen, planted out in some location for the season,
where the mid-day sun will not strike them, and where the earth can
be always kept moist by mulching, etc.

Pruning. That certain principles of the nature and habits of a
tree, must ever be borne in mind in pruning, to ensure success, is
evident ; but that the cutting away of small branches, or twigs, if
correctly made, will materially affect the health and longevity of a
tree, whether made in Spring, just before midsummer, in Fall or Win-

28

TRANSPLANTING TREES.

ter, we do not believe. In pruning an old tree, long neglected,
where it is requisite to cut away many large branches, attention to the
circulation of sap, the new formation of wood, &c., fcc, should, by
all means, be the guide. Experience, as well as theory, teaches,
that the most healthy formation of wood commences in July ; that
all growth previous is imperfect, and, were it not for that and ensu-
ing months, would rapidly decay ; that while wood is not made as
rapidly at that time, and afterward, as previous, it is of a firmer,
closer, and more healthy character. If, therefore, large limbs are to
be removed, let the time from July to September, inclusive, be se-
lected. A subject so liberally treated upon as this has been from
the earliest authors down, it would seem should be better understood
than appears from the quantity of ill-shapen, malformed trees, to be
seen in almost every orchard. Barry says :

" It is not only necessary to know what and why, but also how to
prune. Theory is only useful as it serves to guide in practice.

" The great point to be observed in making incisions on the stems
and branches of trees, is to provide for the speedy and perfect heal-
ing of the wounds or cut surfaces. In removing a portion of a branch
or stem, if we cut between two joints, so as to leave a portion of
y^ •. wood above the bud,

//n/A y^sK /^lk\ Wi/\^ intended to be cut to,

i(Y\ /llln lrJf\ \ m rtO as in fig. is, this wood

dies, and we have
the trouble of another
pruning to remove it.
If we cut too close to

Fii

Fi

F1G8. TO Pruning.
Ig. 18, cutting too far above the bud.

close. Fig. 20, the cut as it should be. Fig. 21, removal of
a branch, the cross line indicating the proper place lor
the cut.

ig.. 19, cutting too
Fig.-- - -

the bud, and thus re-
move a portion of the
wood with which it is
connected, as in fig.
19, the bud will either
die or disappoint us
by producing a very
feeble growth. The
proper way is to take
the branch to be operated on in the left hand, place the edge of the
knife on it, opposite the lower part of the bud to be cut to, and then
make a firm, quick, smooth draw-cut, sloping upwards, so that the
knife will come out on a level with the point of the bud, as in fig.
20. In soft-wooded, pithy plants, like the grape vine, for example,
half an inch of wood ought to be left above the bud. The cut should
also be made, as much as possible, on the lower side of the branch,
to prevent rain from lodging in the centre. The position of the bud
cut to, is also worthy of consideration in pruning, to produce or mod-
ify certain forms When we wish the new shoot of a lateral

PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 29

branch to take as much as possible, an upright direction, we prune
to a bud on the inside ; and if we wish it to spread, we choose one
on the outside. In the annual suppression, or cutting back of young
trees, the bud selected to form the leader is chosen on opposite sides
every successive year, in order to maintain the growth in a straight
line. If cut every year to a bud on the same side, it would, in two
or three seasons, show an inclination to that side injurious to the sym-
metry of the tree.

"2%e Removal of Large Branches, vihevQ they are to be entirely
separated from the tree, is often very clumsily performed. In
orchards it is not at all uncommon to see them chopped off with a
common axe ; and even in gardens there seem to be few persons
who take the proper care in this matter. They are either cut so that
a portion of the base of the branch remains, and sends out vigorous
shoots, defeating the objects of the pruning, or they are cut so close
that a portion of the wood of the main branch or stem is taken with
them, and a wound made that years are required to heal up. Both
these extremes ought to be avoided.

" The surface of the cut made by the removal of a branch, should
in no case be larger than the base of the branch. Where a branch
is united to another, or to the main stem, we notice, both above and
below the point of union, a small projection or shoulder, as at the
cross line in fig 21. The knife must enter just below that shoulder,
and, by being drawn upwards in a straight line, the base is so com-
pletely removed that no shoots can be produced there ; and yet the
cut surface on the stem is no larger than the base of the branch.
When the saw is used, the surface of the cut should be pared smoothly
with the knife, to prevent water lodging on it, and facilitate the heal-
ing of the wound."

Pruning at the time of Transplanting. This is performed, not
only to remove bruised and broken roots and branches, but to re-
store the tree to a proper balance. As trees are ordinarily taken
from the ground, the roots are bruised, broken, or mutilated, to a
greater or less extent. This obviously destroys the natural balance
or proportion that existed between the roots and stem, and in such
a condition the tree is unable to grow. The demand upon the roots
must, therefore, be lessened, by reducing the stem and branches in
length or number, or both ; and the more the roots have suffered,
the greater must be the reduction of the stem and branches, to bring
them to a corresponding condition.

Disbudding. When a tree is unfruitful by. reason of its rampant
growth, and the cultivator desires to bring it into a bearing state, the
best and easiest way is by the simple method of disbudding during
the months of April, May, and June. This we consider preferable
to " pinching in," of which, extended directions are to be found on
future pages. At the commencement of the Spring growth, the mana-

30 TRANSPLAJSTTma TEEES.

ger has only to mark tlie swelling buds, preserving all those which
he wishes developed for the formation of spurs, or for extending the
leaders, and rubbing off all the rest. This will check the demand
upon the roots, consequently stop their extension, and they will send
up a diminished supply of sap. Thus, a check upon the vigor of the
whole system will be induced.

In the course of a month, more or less, another set of young buds
will be produced ; and yet another, some four to six weeks ensuin^^.
These must be rubbed closely off, checking the growth, and causing
the production of fruitful spurs and buds.

" Pruning the Roots. This is practiced as well to promote fruit-
fulness as to lessen the dimensions of trees. The roots are the organs
that absorb from the ground the principal food of the tree, and in
proportion to their number, size, and activity, other things being equal,
are the vigor and growth of the stem and branches. Hence, when a
tree is deprived of a certain portion of its roots, its supply of food
from the soil is lessened, growth is checked, the sap moves slowly in
its channels, is better elaborated in the leaves, and the young
branches and the buds begin to assume a fruitful character.

"Roots are also pruned to prevent them from penetrating too deeply
into the earth, and induce the formation of lateral roots near the sur-
face, similar to the cutting back of a stem to produce lateral branches.
The principle is the same.

" The work is performed by opening a trench around the tree, the
distance from the tree will depend on its size, and the spreading
character of -the roots. The trench should be the width of a common
garden spade, and deep enough to reach all the roots of the tree. If
the lateral roots are to be shortened, this is done first. The knife
should be placed on the lower side of the root, and the part separated
with a clean draw cut, such as would be performed on a branch. If
the tree has vertical, or tap roots, they are most easily operated on
with a sharp spade, prepared and kept for the purpose. A smart
stroke with such a spade, in as nearly a horizontal direction as possi-
ble, will separate a pretty strong root. The extent to which root
pruning may be performed, depends on the character of the species,
the condition of the tree as regards growth, and the object aimed at.
Those practicing it for the first time should go to work with great
caution. It will be better to operate too lightly than too severely.
As regards the season, it may be performed either at the end of the
first growth, in July or August, or in the Autumn or Winter, when
vegetation is quite suspended. We have operated on cherry trees,
with complete success, in August, in a dry time when little growth
was going on. At this season, a copious watering should be given
after the pruning is performed."

Pruning, to form particular shapes, to promote the formation of
blossom buds, to enlarge the fruit, to cure disease, to increase or les-

PACKING, PRUNING, PKOTECTTON, ETC. 31

sen bulk, are all treated of at length by Loudon and others ; but all
seems to us summed up in the following, written by M. Dubreuil, in
France, and first published in this country in Barry's " Fruit Gar-
den." It is more especially applicable to training of trees in gardens,
than of standards in orchards. He says :

" The theory of the pruning of fruit trees rests on the following
six general principles :

" I. The vigor of a tree, subjected to pruning, depends, in a great
measure, on the equal distribution of sap in all its branches.

" In fruit trees abandoned to themselves, the sap is equally distri-
buted in the different parts without any other aid than nature, be-
cause the tree assumes the form most in harmony with the natural
tendency of the sap.*

" But in those submitted to pruning, it is different ; the forms im-
posed on them, such as espalier, pyramid, vase, &c., change, more
or less, the normal direction of the sap, and prevent it from taking
the form proper to its species. Thus nearly all the forms given to
trees require the development of ramifications, more or less nume-
rous, and of greater or less dimensions at the base of the stem.
And, as the sap tends by preference towards the summit of the tree,
it happens that, unless great care be taken, the branches at the base
become feeble, and finally dry up, and the form intended to be ob-
tained disappeafs, to be replaced by the natural form — that is, a
stem or a trunk with a branching head. It is then indispensable, if
we wish to preserve the form we impose upon trees, to employ cer-
tain means, by the aid of which the natural direction of the sap can
be changed and directed towards the points where we wish to ob-
tain the most vigorous growth. To do this, we must arrest vegeta-
tion in the parts to which the sap is carried in too great abundance,
and, on the contrary, favor the parts that do not receive enough.
To accomplish this, the following means must be successively em-
ployed :

" 1. Prune the branches of the most vigorous parts very short, and
those of the weak parts long. We know that the sap is attracted by
the leaves. The removal of a large number of wood-buds from the
vigorous parts deprives these parts of the leaves which these buds
would have produced ; consequently, the sap is attracted there in less
quantities, and the growth thereby diminished. The feeble parts
being pruned long, present a great number of buds, which produce
a large surface of leaves, and tliese attract the sap, and acquire a
vigorous growth. This principle holds good in all trees, under what-
ever form they may be conducted.

* This is not in all cases true. Peach trees, we know, left to themselves, exhibit a very
striking example of the unequal distribution of the sap. The ends, of the branches attract
nearly the whole, leaving the lateral shoots and lower parts to die out. In other species,
similar instances might be quoted, and, as a general thing, the proposition is unsound, except
In a comparative sense.

S^ TRANSPLANTING TREES.

" 2. Leave a larje quantity of fruit on the strong part^ and rC"
wove the whole, or greater part, from the feeble. We know already
that the fruit has the property of attracting to it the sap from the
roots, and of employing it entirely to its own growth. The necessary
result of this is, what we are about to point out — viz., that all the
sap which arrives in the strong parts will be absorbed by the fruit,
and the wood there, in consequence, will make but little growth,
while on the feeble parts, deprived of fruit, the sap will all be ap-
propriated by the growing parts, and they will increase in size and
strength.

" 3. Bend the strong parts, and keep the weak erect. The more
erect the branches and stem are,'the greater will be the flow of sap
to the growing parts ; hence, the feeble parts being erect, attract
much more sap than the strong parts inclined, and, consequently,
make a more vigorous growth, and soon recover their balance. This
remedy is more especially applied to espalier trees.

" 4. Remove fro7n the vigorous parts the superfluous shoots as early
in the season as possible, and from the feeble parts as late as pos-
sible. The fewer the number of young shoots there are on a branch,
the fewer there are of leaves, and, consequently, the less is the
sap attracted there. Hence, in leaving the young shoots on the
feeble parts, their leaves attract the sap there, and induce a vigorous
growth.

" 5. Pinch early the soft eodremities of the shoots on the vigorous
parts, and as late as possible on the feeble parts, excepting always any
shoots which may be too vigorous for their position. By thus pinching
garly the strong parts, the flow of sap to such point is checked, and
naturally turns to the growing parts that have not been pinched ;
this remedy is applicable to trees in all forms.

" 6. Lay in the strong shoots on the trellis early, and leave thi
feeble parts loose as long as possible. Laying in the strong parts
obstructs the circulation of the sap in them, and, consequently,
favors the weak parts that are loose. This is only applicable to
espaliers,

" 7. In espalier trees, giving the feeble parts the benefit of the lights
and confining the strong parts more in the shade, restores a balance,
for light is the agent which enables leaves to perform their functions
and their actions on the roots, and the parts receiving the greater
proportion of it acquire the most vigorous development. .

" II. The sap acts with greater force, and produces more vigorous
growth on a branch or shoot pruned short, than on one pruned long. This
is easily explained. The sap acting on two buds must, evidently,
produce a greater development of wood on them than if it were
divided between fifteen or twenty buds.

" It follows from this, that if we wish to obtain wood branches,
we prune short, for vigorous shoots produce few fruit-buds. On

PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 33

o>

the contrary, if we wish to obtain fruit branches, we prune long,
because the most slender or feeble shoots are the most disposed to
fruit.

" Another application of this principle is, to prune short for a year
or two such trees, or parts, as have become enfeebled by over-bear-
ing. (This principle deserves especial attention, as its application is
of great importance.)

" III. The sap tending always to the extremities of the shoots, causes
the terminal bud to push with greater vigor than the laterals. Accord-
ing to this principle, when we wish a prolongment of a stem or branch,
we should prune to a vigorous wood-bud, and leave no production
that can interfere with the action of the sap on it.

" IV. The more the sap is obstructed in its circulation, the more
likely it will be to produce fruit-buds. This principle is founded on a
fact to which we have already had occasion to refer — viz., that the
sap circulating slowly, is subjected to a more complete elaboration
in the tissues of the tree, and becomes better adapted to the forma-
tion of fruit-buds.

" This principle can be applied to produce the following result :
When we wish to produce fruit-buds on a branch, we prevent a
free circulation of the sap by bending the branches, or by making
annular or circular incisions on it ; and, on the contrary, when we
wish to change a fruit branch into a wood branch, We give it a ver-
tical position, or prune it to two or three buds, on which we con-
centrate the action of the sap, and thus induce their vigorous devel-
opment.

"V. The leaves serve to prepare the sap absorbed by the roots for
the noiii'ishment of the tree, and aid the formation of buds on the
shoots. All trees, therefore, deprived of their leaves are liable to
ferish. This principle shows how dangerous it is to remove a large
quantity of leaves from trees, under the pretext of aiding the growth,
or ripening of fruits, for the leaves are the nourishing organs, and
the trees deprived of them cannot continue to grow, neither can the
fruit ; and the branches so stripped will have feeble, ill-formed
buds, which will, the following year, produce a weak and sickly
growth.

" VI. Where the buds of any shoot or branch do not develope before
the age of two years, they can only be forced into activity by a very
close pru7iing, and, in some cases, as the peach, this, even, will often
fail. This last principle shows the importance of pruning the main
Lranches of espaliers particularly, so as to ensure the development
of the buds of their successive sections, and to preserve well the
side shoots thus produced, for, without this, the interior of the tree
will become naked and unproductive, and a remedy will be very
difficult.

" If these principles and practices of pruning be carefully studied
2*

M

TRANSPLANTING TREES.

in connection with the habits of growth and bearing of the different
fruit trees, pruning will be comparatively an easy matter. The
mode of obtaining any particular form or character cannot fail to be
perfectly plain and simple : yet no one need hope to accomplish, in
all things, the precise results aimed at, for even the most skillful
operator is sometimes disappointed ; but those who give constant
attention to their trees will always discover a failure in time to apply
a remedy."

Training. We give the accompanying (fig. 22), taken from
" Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Gardening," merely as illustrative of
the varied modes of training trees in England. Our more favored
land requiring no such practice to enable trees to produce abundantly,
the forms are only seen in some small gardens, or when the useful
and ornamental are attempted to be combined, in training a tree to
hide some out-building or unsightly prospect. As the foregoing
principles are sufficient, connected with the illustration, to enable
almost any one to practice, we add only the terms by which each
form is known : a, the herring-bone fan ; b, the irregular fan ; c, the
stellate fan ; d, the drooping Ian ; e, the wavy fan ; }\ the horizontal ;
g, the horizontal, with screw stem ; /i, the vertical, with screw or
wary shoots ; *', same, with upright shoots.

Labels, For nursery rows, the best are stakes of red cedar or
pine, about eighteen inches long, and four wide, having one side
smooth, painted with white paint, or even oiled, and written on with
a soft lead pencil, before the oil or paint has dried, and driven down
one foot into the ground, at the commencement of each variety.

For standard trees, slips of wood, three inches long, and half an
inch wide, and either painted and written on as above — or, having
the name burned in with iron type, which is better— then secured to

PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 35

a side branch by strong copper wire, are those most in use. Labels
are also made of sheet zinc, written upon with a mixture of two parts
(by -weight) of verdigris, two of sal-ammoniac, one of lamp-black,
and thirty of water. The ingredients are to be mixed in a mortar,
with a small portion of water at first, and the whole added after-
wards. Preserve the mixture in a well-corked bottle, shaking it
repeatedly at first, and keep the cork downwards, to prevent the
escape of ammonia, and it will remain fit for use for years.

If the pieces of zinc are suspended by copper wire, it should be
firmly twisted round the zinc, so as not to remain loose, or else the
constant motion, from wind, will soon wear off the wire. The wire
should be nearly as large as a small knitting-needle, to prevent
cracking off by long use. The loop should be large, and passed round
a side-shoot, instead of a main branch, to prevent the danger of cut-
ting in by the growth of the tree, and should be attached below a
small fork, to prevent its blowing off the end of the branch.

The wire may be wholly dispensed with by the following contriv-
ance : cut the zinc "into long triangular strips, half an inch wide and
six to ten inches long. Draw the narrow or slender end round the
twig, bring it through a hole punched mid-way between the ends, and
clinch or twist it with the fingers or a small pair of pincers. These
labels may be punched by a tinman at a cheap rate.

Sheet tin may be used instead of zinc, using a sharp awl to write
the name, and being particular to cut through the tin coating. Oxyda-
tion soon renders the letters distinct. Common pasteboard printed
with printers' ink has recently been introduced.

Protection. It often happens that young orchard trees are injured
by sheep and rabbits. A simple method for protection is to take
three strips of common lath, set them up around the tree, and with
strong wire secure them one to another. If closely placed, they will
also serve to protect in a great measure from mice ; but for protec-
tion from the latter, strung "hardware paper," as it is termed,
secured around the tree by fine wire, and coated with' coal tar,
is best.

The form of young trees most desirable for planting, are those so
grown as to present a regular tapering form of stem from the root to
the terminal bud. This is only obtained by permitting the side
branches to grow, and be regularly shortened-in in the nursery, so
that not only the stem but the whole tree presents the form of a pyra-
mid. One tree so grown is worth more to the planter than ten grown
with long slender stems of uniform size, six or seven feet high. A
tree rightly grown (as first described) will have double the quantity
of roots, and when removed will need no staking, while the latter will
require staking four or five years, and then never make a fine tree.

CHAPTER IV.

DEGENERACY OP VARIETIES LIMITED AGE, ETC. — INFLUENCE OF

SOILS CLIMATE STOCKS.

The theory of degeneracy of varieties at certain periods of exist
ence in the parent tree, once had strong supporters ; but we have
never been able to reconcile it with any known laws of vegetable life.
That all cuttings taken from a seedling plant, no matter how propa-
gated, are but the continuation of a single plant, having existence in
a healthy state only so long as the original exists in vigor and health,
although advocated, and with considerable reason, is a proposition we
cannot accede to. Not only is this adduced as correct, but also that
no variety can be procured of a healthy origin except grown on the
principle of Van Mons, from seed of a wildling. The failure of varie-
ties to produce fruit on trees of an advanced age, and without care,
of size equal to its first appearance when the trees were young, is
often cited as evidence of the " running out " of that variety ; those
BO citing seeming not to know that fruit is being produced elsewhere
on younger trees, under good treatment, fully equal or surpassing the
original. All seedlings are not equally vigorous and healthy, whether
grown from a wildling or a cultivated variety ; and some varieties
are undoubtedly unhealthy when propagated ; but that they are more
so on account of the term of years they have been continued, admits
of doubt. That every tree has its natural limit of life, and this natu-
ral limit shortened or lengthened as the tree is over stimulated or
evenly treated, we do not question ; but that every bud taken from a
tree, propagated in various sections of soil and climate, on seedling
stocks, or otherwise, must decay at or near the time of the original
tree, is a point of belief to which we have not yet arrived. The
white Doyenne Pear, the Pennock Apple, the Golden Pippin, have
all been cited as evidence to sustain the theory, and yet we have
grown all in as perfect state as could be desired by the most critical.

I'he influence of soils on both tree and fruit is now well known
♦.aong horticulturists, and the exhaustion of the soil is too often,
inwittingly, made to support the theory of degeneracy of varieties.
We have repeatedly remarked that it is requisite for the oichardist
to fully understand the nature of soil requisite for each distinct variety.
We do not believe a fruit originating in soil abundantly supplied with
lime will preserve the same character and quality when grown in one
deficient in that material. Analysis has shown us somewhat of this,

36

FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING. 37

while practical experience is teaching it yearly, in the evidence of
rot, &c., exhibited in varieties grown on trees long unsupplied with
aught but the natural ingredients of the soil. As under the head of
each variety of fruit we give the analysis belonging thereto, we shall
not extend remarks here on a subject too well understood and accepted
to require argument in its support. The influence of climate on
varieties has the effect to create more or less rapid growth of both
tree and fruit, as we go north or south, causing in the tree a coarser,
more spongy, soft wood, and more subject to injury from sudden
changes of atmosphere, when grown south ; and in the fruit, greater
size, more open and coarser texture of flesh, and corresponding
depreciation in flavor, with earlier maturity in the apple and pear ;
but the peach, apricot, and nectarine, have additional character and
sweetness, as the juices are more elaborated.

The influence of Stocks on varieties seems one not easily explained ;
for while all know that to propagate a strong growing variety upon
a slow growing stock has a tendency at once to reduce its growth of
wood and create a fruitful habit, and the reverse, when a slow grower
is placed on one of vigorous habit, yet the reason why fruit is bet-
ter or worse in quality when grown on varied stocks and subject to
like soil, has not been explained. Seedling stocks, as most used by
nursery-men, are not all alike vigorous or hardy ; hence the apparent
difference in trees propagated on them and removed to various loca-
tions. Under each variety of fruits, we give such information aa
we have been enabled to gain of the adaptation of certain stocks to
the variety, and refer thereto for further remarks.

CHAPTEE V.

GATHERING FRUIT — TIME WHEN — FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING AND

RIPENING.

The gathering of hardy fruits, such as apples, pears, quinces,
grapes, etc., should be performed in the middle of a dry day, not in
the morning before the dew is evaporated, nor in evening when it is
depositing ; neither should they be gathered immediately after a
lain. All fruits should be left until the full size is acquired; but
under our clear sun, most varieties of pears are improved if they

38 GATHERING FRUIT.

are gathered and permitted to mature their juices in the house. If

on raising the fruit level with the foot-stalk it

separates, it may be accounted ripe ; or, if one be

cut open, and the seeds found well colored brown

or blackish, it is time to pull them. Gathering,

with " fruit gatherers," is esteemed most perfect,

but if we could induce all our orchard farmers

to gather by the hand, we should consider we had

accomplished very much. Step-ladders, as seen

in fig. 23, are used to facilitate the operation.

n The delicate thin-skinned varieties of winter

\[ ■ apples should be gathered some ten days earlier

Fig. 23. than the thick-skinned varieties, if it is intended

to have them keep well.

Of the quality of pears being varied by the process of ripening,

much has been said, and often with great reason and truth.

The following description of a fruit room is from a foreign jour-
nal, and regarded as valuable. Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, has
a house built after this manner, except, that in place of the cavity
between the inner and the outer walls, the space is filled with char-
coal, as a non-conductor, and deemed an improvement, in that it
produces a cooler temperature in Summer.

" Experience has shown that fruit will not keep well on the tree,
after the latter has ceased to grow ; nor will its fiavor be so good,
because the stoppage of vegetation implies a corresponding fall of
the temperature ; consequently, the elaboration of the fluid in their
tissues cannot be effected. On the contrary, we commonly see fruit
become shriveled and dry, if gathered too soon. Hence, the neces-
sity of gathering fruit at two different periods, from one and the
same tree. First, from the lower half of the tree, where vegetation
ceases first, and eight or ten days later, from the upper half, or ex-
tremities of the tree. For this reason, fruits are sooner fit for gath-
ering from espalier trees than from standards ; and likewise, sooner
from old trees than from young and luxuriant ones. The best guide
for ascertaining whether they are fit for gathering, is their easy part-
ing from the tree. The different kinds of nuts, walnuts, chestnuts,
etc., are better in flavor, and preserve best, if left on the tree until they
drop of themselves. Grapes, destined for either immediate consump-
tion, or to be preserved, must first have attained complete maturity.
The longer grapes are allowed to hang, the more their saccharine
properties will be enriched. In localities where grapes ripen in the
open air, they should be kept from those ripened in houses or on
espaliers. In storing fruit, fine dry weather should be chosen,
as then it is charged with less humidity, consequently, in the best
condition for being laid on the shelves of the fruit room. The best
method of gathering fruit is to pluck it off singly with the hand, care

FBUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING.

39

being taken not to cause the least pressure, which would produce a
brown speck, and, ultimately, decomposition. Various contrivances
have becH introduced for the purpose of gathering fruit without the
aid of a ladder, but practically, they require too much time, and
therefore, a common ladder is, perhaps, the most convenient after all.
Long, shallow, and wide cross-handled baskets, having a piece of car-
pet at the bottom, are in general use about Montreuil. In these
baskets the fruit is placed in layers — three layers, separated by
leaves, being the usual contents of each basket, which, as they are
filled, are carried gently to the fruit room on the head. The fruit,
we shall now suppose, having been gathered with due care, and at the
proper time, the first condition necessary to preserve it during the
winter, is perfect immunity from frost. The process of ripening
should also be promoted or retarded, according to circumstances, so
as to have only a certain number ready for dessert at one time, thus
keeping up a succession from the time they are gathered till the
succeeding year's fruit come in. For this purpose, the fruit room
should have the temperature uniform and equal ; for frequent change
of temperature absorbs the fluids, and fermentation soon follows.
The temperature should be from 46 to 48 deg. Fahr. A higher
temperature would accelerate the process of ripening too much, and
a lower would retard it. If fruit is placed in a room or cellar where
the temperature is very low — say an ice-house — it will keep a long
time, if not destroyed by moisture; but, before it is wanted for
dessert, it should be exposed for some time in a higher temperature
to attain complete maturity. Light is found unfavorable to the
.keeping of fruit, and therefore, it should be excluded. The atmos-
phere should be kept
rather dry than humid,
and the fruit should be
placed separately, so as
not to touch one another.
We would select a
northern aspect, and dry
place, sheltered, if pos-
sible, by high evergreen
trees, for the purpose
of building the fruit
room ; the quantity of
fruit to be preserved
must determine its di-
mension. The annexed
plan is fifteen feet long

Fig. 24. Ground Plan of a Fruit Eoom. ^^ ^^,^^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^^

nine feet high (inside measure). In a room of this size, 8,000 fruit
can be conveniently preserved. It is surrounded by two walls (fig.

40

GATHEKING FEUIT.

24, a and h\ A body of air is interposed betw»>en the two walls,
and c, and which serves to keep the interior from exterior atmospheric
influence. The walls are one foot and a half thick, and are built
of wood, clay, and straw, which on account of being bad conductors,
are preferable to common masonry. The ground (or floor), both
in the interior, and at c, are made of the same material as the
walls. The entrance door is at the north side. In the exterior wall
is a double door, cf, one to open at the outside, and the other in the
inside. The door e, which is a single one, opens direct into the fruit
room, and in severe weather, it is filled up with straw. Four >^ooden
shutters, y, two in the interior, and two at the exterior wall, are
placed four feet off the ground, and level, for the purpose of clean-
ing and airing the fruit room, before fruit is put into it. The ceil-
ing is composed of a layer of moss, maintained and covered with
laths ; the outside is thatched, projecting beyond the exterior wall.
In the interior, benches, or shelves, (fig.
25), from the bottom up to the ceilings,
are placed a foot above one another. To
facilitate the inspection of the fruit, the
shelves above four feet from the ground
are placed at an angle of 45 deg., a, in
the form of a stage ; the lower ones are
fixed horizontally, h. To ensure the
circulation of air between the shelves,
they are divided in five parts, and a
space of an inch left between each of
Fig. 25. Section showing the ar- them ; thosc in front, c, are provided with
rangement of the Shelves. ^ ledgeboard. The Centre of the fruit room
is reserved for a table (fig. 24), of about six feet long by three feet
broad, for the purpose of receiving the fruit previously to being ar-
ranged upon the shelves. Such, then, is the mode of constructing a
fruit room, by the aid of which we are eanbled to furnish the table
with an equal quantity of dessert fruit every day throughout the
year. "When the fruit is brought into the fruit room, they are at
first placed upon the central table, which is provided with a quantity
of dry moss or cotton ; and after having been sorted, all the bruised
ones are removed ; the sound ones are left for three or four days,
to throw off the superabundant moisture ; when this has been effected,
the shelves are covered with a thin layer of perfectly dry moss or
cotton. The fruit are wiped with a piece of flannel, and placed one
by one upon the shelves, not touching one another. Grapes can,
also, bo preserved for a length of time in this place, having been
gathered as described above, and taken to the fruit room. Every
branch is examined, and the injured berries cut out carefully with a
pair of scissors, and fixed the reverse way to a metallic hook, of the

FEUIT-KOOM FOR ^EPING.

41

Fig. 27. Movable frame for sus*
pendin g the Grapes.

form of an S. (Fig. 26.)
Attached thus, they are
less likely to rot, because
the berries are placed in a
freer position, and do not
touch each other. They
are hooked to one or two
hoops, as shown at fig. 27,
and suspended with a cord
to the ceiling, and made
movable with two pulleys.
Having thus all the fruit
Fig. 26. Method of disposed in the fruit room,

Buspen^^ngclustera ^j^^ ^^^^^.g ^^^ ghuttcrs are

opened during eight or ten
days, to deprive the fruit of the superabundant moisture ; and after
this has been done, a fine dry day is chosen to close the fruit room
hermetically. The doors are no more opened, except for the work
necessary to be done in the interior. Until now, no other mode was
known of drying-up superabundant moisture in fruit rooms during
winter, except by permitting a greater or less current of air to pass
through the apartment. The inconveniences this plan presents are
obvious ; the interior temperature will change according to the ex-
terior ; and, bad as this plan is, if the thermometer stands under
freezing point, no use can be made of it at all ; hence, the fruit must
be abandoned to chance, and disappointment will soon follow. la.
this case, we recommend the use of chlorine of calcium. This
substance has ihe property of absorbing about double its own weight
of moisture, when it becomes liquid after being exposed for a certain
length of time to a humid atmosphere, produced by the moisture
emitted by the fruit. It is thus suited to maintain the atmosphere
in the best condition. To use chlorine of calcium, a wooden box is
made (fig. 28, a,) one foot and a halt
square by three inches deep, and placed
upon a table, b, which is at the side, c, an
inch lower than on the other. The chlo-
rine of calcium, after having absorbed a
certain quantity of moisture, becomes
liquefied, and runs into the earthenware
vase, dy placed underneath for the pur-
pose. Should the chlorine become dis-
solved before the total consumption of tho
Fig.28.Boxforusm^theChloriBe fj.yi^g^ ^j^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ renewed; in

which case, the liquid in the vase, if put
in a pan, and placed above the fire, becomes again chlorine of calcium,
and as good for use as before.

4:2 THE ALMOND.

Fruit in Cellars. — "A great deal of winter fruit suffers early decay,
in consequence of a deficiency of ventilation, especially during Autumn,
and after the fruit is deposited. Another cause of decay, is the im-
proper location of the shelves or bins, which are placed against or
around the walls. By this inconvenient arrangement, the assorting
of decayed specimens must be done all from one side, and the shelves
must hence be very narrow, or the operator must stretch himself in
a most irksome horizontal position. The circulation of the air is, at
the same time, greatly impeded by the want of space next the walls.
To avoid these evils, the shelves should be in the centre, with a pas-
sage all around. This allows circulation of air ; and the shelves may
je twice the width, with the same conveniences in assorting or pick-
ing. If suspended from the joists above, on stiff bars, rats cannot
reach them. It is said, that the Germans are very successful in the
ventilation of their cellars, by a communication with the principal
chimney, the heated air in which necessarily maintains a current,
which sweeps out the noxious and stagnant gases from the vegetable
and other contents."

THE ALMOND.

Amygdalus communis — Dec. Hosacece of Botanists.

The almond tree is a native of the north of Africa, of the moun-
tains of Asia, and of Russia. Linnaeus places it in the same genus
with the peach and nectarine, and many botanists regard it as the
parent of both — the fruit of almond, peach, and nectarine, it is said,
have been found growing naturally upon the same branch. How
true this may have been, when so recorded, we do not know ; but
we do know that nature produces no such variations in the present
age. The tree bears a general resemblance to the nectarine, but is
easily distinguished by its more glossy leaves, and the peculiar color
and hardness of the wood. The flowers resemble those of the peach,
but are larger than most varieties, and produced in greater profusion.
It is a fruit which has been too much neglected, and especially in our
South- Western States, where it should be grown in such quantities
as to entirely exclude importation from Europe.

Propagation. Easily grown from seed, which should be placed
in sand, kept moist during the Winter, cracked in Spring, and sown in
drills three feet wide, and one pit every eight inches in the drill,
covered two inches deep. Varieties are continued by budding on the
wild plum (which is best) the peach and almond. In light soils, the
peach answers a very good purpose, but for strong, rich soils, the
plum is best.

SUPERSEDED BY BETTEK SORTS. 43

Soil, JUardihood, and Cultivation. The soil should be well diained,
but in our clear, sunny clime, a warm, sandy soil is not essential.
The long, hard shell variety is hardy, and productive in the middle
and portions of the Northern States ; while South, the soft shell, or
ladies' almond, is grown without difficulty. The cultivation needed
is the same as that of the peach.

Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is esteemed as an article
of food, and used in confectionery, cookery, and perfumery. Bitter
almonds are used in medicine, furnishing somewhat of the prussic
acid of the shops.

VARIETIES.

CLASS I. Varieties generally esteemed.

Long Hard Shell.
Long Hard Shell Almond, » | Amandler a gros fruit, | Amandier a gros doux.
Flowers, large, pale rose color, opening before the leaves ; stone, about as
large as the soft shell, but the kernel larger and plumper ; very hardy ;
ripens about last September.

Languedoc.

Great-fruited Sweet, | Great Soft Shell, | Large Persian.
The trees are hardy, but its fruiting qualities we do not know. It is said
to be very large and sweet.

Soft Shell Sweet.

Soft Shell Sweet Almond, I Ladies Thin Shell, I Amandier des Dames.

Doux a coque tendre, Sultan a coque tendre, Ou Amande Princesse.

Amandier a coque tendre, | |

This is the variety common in the shops of the confectioners, with a shell
so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers, and the kernel of which
is so generally esteemed at the dessert. The flowers open at the same timo
with the leaves, and are deeply tinged with red. Fniit, oval, compressed;
nut, oval-pointed, one-sided, tender shell ; kernel, sweet ; ripens in August
or in July at the South, where it is only adapted.

CLASS in. Varieties superseded by better sorts.
Common Almond.
Common Sweet, | Amandier a petit Fruit, | Amande Commune.
A variety usually found in nurseries ; inferior to the Long Hard Shell.

Sultana Sweet Almond.

Amande Sultane, | Sultan.

A tender-shelled variety ; inferior to the Soft Shelled Sweet.

PiSTAcniA Sweet.

Amande Pistache.

Small, pointed, inferior fruit.

Peaoh Almond.

Pecher, | Amandier Pecher.
A cross between the peach and almond. Nearly sweet — often bitter.

Bitter Almond.
Differing from the oommon almond in its bitter kerneL

THE APRICOT.

Armeniaca vulgaris — Dec. Rosacece of Botanists.

The common apricot is a fruit tree in occasional, but not geneial
cultivation. It is of olden date, having been mentioned by Colu-
mella, and, afterward, by Pliny and Dioscorides. The latter describes
it as known in Italy under the name prcecocia ; while the former
mentions that it was introduced into that country about the sixteenth
year of the Christian era. Thunberg describes it as abounding in
Japan, and attaining the size of a large spreading tree. " The
Chinese," says Grossier, " have many varieties, which they cultivate
both for ornament and use." The barren mountains west of Pekin
are described by the same author as being covered with these trees ;
and Professor Pallas states it to be " a native of almost the whole
range of the Caucasus." It is also stated to be from Armenia and
Arabia, and its name, derived from the Arabic, herkoche, whence the
Tuscan, bacoche or albicoco, and the English apricock^ and, finally,
apricot, about the end of the last century. Coxe, in his work, pub-
lished in 1817, says of the apricot: "This fruit is extremely tender
in our severe Winters, in exposed or open situations, unprotected by
a wall ;" and similar statements have been made by writers, from
time to time, until, on account of this erroneous impression, of late
years its cultivation has been too much neglected. It is not more
tender as a tree than our sweet cherries; and, contrary to general
statements, they do not require sheltered southern positions, for, in
climates like ours, such situations are the most objectionable, tending
suddenly to excite or check the circulation of sap, expanding and
breaking the tissue of liber, often destroying the tree in an hour,
during the months of February or March, although not, perhaps,
apparent until the flow of sap commences returning toward the root,
in June or July following. Northern or eastern exposures are best,
but, in southern or western positions, shielding the bodies and lower
limbs with cotton cloth dipped in whitewash, will often act as a
preventive. The trees should be shortened-in " freely," as with the
peach ; and standards should always be grown more in manner of
round-headed dwarfs, than otherwise ; for, if so grown, injury to the
fruit from late Spring frosts can often be prevented, by covering
them with a cloth.

Propagation. The apricot is generally propagated by budding on
the plum. The small, yellow wild plum of our Western States makes

4A

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 45

one of the best stocks for it. Some use the peach, which answers
very well on light, sandy soils, but generally gives too much ten-
dency to wood growth, rather than producing fruit. The seeds grow
readily, and pits from isolated trees often produce very good sorts ;
few, however, ever get into notice, from not surpassing the parent in
size, although often proving more hardy and productive. Budding
into the limbs of a standard peach, or plum tree, has been thought
to add hardihood to the apricot.

Soil and Diseases. Deep, strong, loamy, but not wet soils, are best
adapted to successful fruiting the apricot, although they are often
grown readily and beautifully on light sand. In the latter case, how-
ever, it requires mulching or free watering, otherwise the tree ripens
its wood and drops its fruit before fully matured.

The diseases belonging to the apricot as a tree are only the result
of exposure, as stated previously ; but the fruit is a favorite of the
curculio, and frequently destroyed ere half grown. Trees trained
against buildings and near walks are often exempt from attacks of
this insect.

Uses, " A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior
to the peach, ripening about Midsummer, after cherries and before
plums, at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving
in sugar or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and,
where it is abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ; it
is also dried for winter use." It is also used, when partially grown,
in the preparation of tarts.

VARIETIES.

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed.
Breda.

Amande Aveline, I Ananas, I HasselnussmandeL
De llollande, | Persique, j

This old variety withstands severe frosts in Spring, is hardy as a tree, a
good grower, productive although small, and hangs well, even after ripe.
Fruity small, roundish, often approaching four-sided ; suture^ well marked ;
skin^ orange, becoming rich, brownish orange in the sun ; jiesh^ deep orange,
parting freely from the stone, juicy, rich, and high-flavored ; stone^ small,
roundish, compressed ; kernel^ sweet. Season, first of August.

Hemskirke.

A foreign variety, ripening at same time as the peach apricot. Tree very
ihort-jointed wood. Fruit, above medium, roundish, compressed ; skin,
orange, with a brownish red cheek ; Jlesh, bright, clear orange, tender^
juicy, rich flavor ; stone, small : kernel, partially bitter. Season, last of
July.

*6

THE APRICOT.

Large Early.

Gros Precoce, j De St. Jean Eouge, I Gros Freche.
De St, Joan, | Gros D'Alexandrie, |

This proves to be the finest large early apricot known, and an abundant
bearer ; foliage large, leaves tapering toward the footstalks, with little ear-
Uke appendages in place of glands.

Fruity medium size, oblong, compressed ; suture^ deep ; skin^ downy, pale
orange in the shade, fine bright orange, with a few ruddy spots, in the sun ;
jiesh^ pale orange, rich, juicy, separates freely from the stone ; stone, brown,
much flattened, oval, perforated along the back from base to apex; kerneij
bitter. Season, 10th to 15th July.

MOORPARK,

Anson's,
Dunmore,
Sudlow's Moorpark,
Oldaker's Moorpark,
De Nancv

Peche,
Pecho Gros,
Temple's,
Dunmore's Breda,
Hunt's Moorpark,

Walton's Moorpark,
Peacli,

Eoyal Peach,

Abricot Peche,

Wurtemburg.

J,
Anson's Imperial,

This variety has its name from Moorpark, the seat of Sir William
Temple, who began gardening in England about 1672, and previous to his
decease, in 1698, this variety was cultivated. Moderate bearer. Fruit,
large, roundish, about two and a quarter inches diameter each way, larger
on one side of the suture than the other ; skin, orange in the shade, but
deep orange, or brownish red, in the sun, marked with numerous carmine
specks and dots ; Jlesh, firm, bright orange, parting free from the stone, quite
juicy, with a rich and luscious flavor ; stone, uneven, peculiarly perforated
along the back, where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end
to the other ', kernel, bitter. Season, early in August.

We have been unable to detect any difference between the Moorpark
and Peach apricot, and have, therefore, made the Peach a synonym of
Moorpark.

MuscH.
Mosch Mosch, | D'Alexandr io | Gro3 Mnsch.

This variety takes its name from the city of Musch, on the froDti«jrs of
Turkey in Asia. The Moorpark is often sent out for this variety, and so,
receiving it from three diflferent sources, we for a long time supposed them
identical. The true variety is not of quite as strong growth as Moorpark,
wood being very short-jointed. Fruit, medium, roundish, about one and a
half inch in diameter ; skin, rich yellow, with orange red spots and
marblings on the sunny side } Jlesh, yellow, tender, mdting, sweet ; kernel^
sweet. Season, last of July.

Roman.

Abricot Commun, I Grosse Germlne,
G ermine, | Transparent.

A strong grower, hardy tree, suited to cold, unfavorable situations ; good
bearer; poor flavor. Fruit, medium, oblong, compressed, pale yellow,
dotted with a few red spots; flesh, dull yellow, soft, dry; stone, o'^long;
kernel, Ditter.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 47

CLASS II. Embraces vg-rieties^ of which many are new and untested.^ and
others suited only to large orchards or certain localities.

Black.

Purple, I Noir, I Du Pape.

Angoumols, | Violet, |

Fruit, small, resembling a plum, round, reddish violet, or purple : fleshy
tender, juicy, adhering to the stone, astringent ; kernel^ sweet. Season^
August. George Hoadley, Esq., informs us that this variety has been brought
from Germany under name of "Hamburg Apricot/' probably from Booth's
nursery, near Hamburg.

Brown's Early.

Origin, Chelsea, Mass. Fruity large, short oval, yellow, bright red
cheek ; fleshy yellow, melting, rich, juicy, luscious flavor. Season^ middle
to last July.

Burlington.

This variety originated at Burlington, N. J., from a seed of the peach
apricot, planted by Mrs. Sarah Woolman, in 1838. Native soil, poor
gravel. Tree, vigorous ', young wood, reddish. Fruit, medium size, ob-
long, somewhat compressed at sides, with distinct suture; skin, golden
yellow, with red spots, and a ruddy cheek in sun; flesh, yellowish, juicy,
fine flavor; stone, rough, perforated. Season, last of July.

Early Golden.

Dubois' Early Golden, | Dubois' Early Golden Apricot.
Raised by Charles Dubois, Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Tree, thrifty yet
close wood, hardy, productive.

Fruit, small, one and a quarter inch diameter, roundish oval, narrow
suture ; skiii, smooth, pale orange ; flesh, orange, moderately juicy and
sweet, but not high flavor ; separates from the stone ; kernel, sweet. Sea-
son, 10th to 15th July.

Kaisha.

From Syria, new, and but recently introduced into this country. The
Journal of the London Horticultural Society, describes it as " roundish,
semi-transparent, skin slightly downy, pale citron color in shade, tinged,
and marked with red in sun. Flesh, tender, juicy, citron color, sugary and
delicious, parting freely from the stone, which is small roundish, with a
sweet kernel.*'

Lafayette.

Origin, City of New York. Tree, remarkably vigorous ; fruit, very large,
oval : skin, light yellow, marbled with red next the sun ; flesh, high-flavored
and excellent. Ripens in August. (W. R. Prince.)

Large Red,

Under this name we received a tree three years since, but it has not yet
f'-n'ted. Mr. Downing, in the Horticulturist, speaks of it as large, rouad
dark orange red, sweet, and juicy.

48 THE APRICOT.

Newhall's Early.

Origin, Lynn, Mass. Fruity medium, short, oval, bright orange, deep
red cheek, tender, juicy, rich delicious flavor ; clingstone. Season, last July,
early in August. ^Cole.)

RiNGOLD.

Originated, Athens, Ga. Fruit, large, roundish, a little ohlong ; suture
slight ; skin, light orange, darker in the sun, where it is beautifully dotted
with carmine ; flesh, deep yellow, juicy and excellent. Ripens just after
the orange ; hardy and productive. (Wm. N. White.)

Royal.

/ Abricot Eoyale.

I A French variety, with large leaves, and vigorous habit of growth. Frutty
' above medium, roundish oval, slightly compressed, dull yellow, with a little
red ; flesh, pale orange, firm and juicy. Last of July.

Shaker Para.

A variety not yet, to our knowledge, introduced. 'We have only seen it
in the Journal of the London Horticultural Society. Its name, meaning
" bit of sugar," is the only description given.

Shipley's.

Shipley's Large, I Blenheim.

From England ; a good grower, and productive. Fruit, large, ovaP
orange yellow, juicy, sweet ; kernel, bitter. Season, last July.

Texas.

Originated, Athens, Ga. Fruit, small, round, color dark maroon, darker
in the sun ; suture, slight, a mere line ; flesh, juicy and pleasant, except
at the stone, where it is astringent. Adheres to the stone. (W. N. White.)

TURKEV.
Large Turkey, | De Nancy.

Fruit, medium, round, deep yellow in the shade, mottled with brownish
orange in the surt; flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy ; kernel, sweet. Season,
middle August.

The Blotched Leaved Turkey, or Gold Blotched, is a sub-variety, in all
respects resembling the common Turkey, except having most of the leaves
more or less blotched with yellow.

CLASS III. — Varieties superseded hy letter sorts.

Albeege.
Albergler.
Fruit, small, roundish, yellow ; flesh, firm, vinous. Middle of August

Bettssem.

Fruit, medium, oval, compressed, pale yellow, wilh dark brown specks ; flesh, yelloVf, fliu^
tfrisk flavor ; kernel, bitter. Middle of August,

THE APPLE 49

Obakge.

Early Orange, i Eoyal George,
lioyal Orange, j Persian,

Eoyal Persian.

Fruit, medium, roundish, orange color, -with a ruddy tint in the sun; flegh, dsrk orange, dry,
insipid ; kernel, sweet. Season, middle July.

Bed MA8CT7LiirE.

Early Masculine, | Abricot Precoce, I Abrlcotier.
Brown Masculine, | Abricotier HatLf, |

Fruit, small, round, yellow, spotted with dark red on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow, poot
Aatoi ; kernel, bitter. Season, middle July.

■White MAScrrLiiTE.

"White Apricot, | Abrlcotier Blanc, I White Algiers.

Abricot Blanc, j Early White Masculine, |

DifTering from the above only in its color, and ripening a few days later.

THE APPLE.

Pyrus Malus, L. — Rosacece of Botanists.

Of all fruits natural to temperate climates the apple has ever had
preference. The " crafte of graftynge, alterynge, and plantynge of
fruits," was written on by a British writer in 1502, but it had then
long received the attention of " wise men of the East," and had ar-
rived at all the perfection of the present day ; the art of producing
and propagating varieties, probably, being then as well understood as
now, except however, as compared to the population, by a less num
ber of persons. A native, in its wild state, of this country and of
Europe, it is generally understood that, from the variety pyrus malus
of Lindley, our cultivated sorts have originated. Twenty-two varie-
ties are the number first mentioned and named by Roman writers ;
these have increased, until now, probably, 2,000 would not include the
whole number named and partially or wholly described.

To the labors of Thompson, Downing, Thomas, and others, as well
as of local and national Pomological Societies, we owe much for aid
in winnowing this immense number, the wheat from the chaff; and
yet such is the extent of our country, and the habit of all our pioneer
settlers to sow seeds of the best apples, that we are yearly in the
production of vast numbers of new seedlings, adapted mainly to
their own locality only, but occasionally of such excellence as to
warrant their general introduction. It is owing to this, that, not-
withstanding pomological writers are daily condemning, our list of
esteemed varieties is constantly swelling, to the almost utter con

60 THE APPLE.

founding of the seeker after a knowledge relative to " what varieties
to plant."

The pecuniary profits of the orchard, especially of apples, is well
understood, and no one, who has land in any way suitable, now hesi-
tates to plant. We have no certain data, but think we do not over-
state when we say, that, besides large quantities imported from East-
ern States, there are propagated and planted annually over 6,000,000
trees in the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wiscon-
sin. The Western country is already producing by millions of
bushels, and her " orchards," so to speak, are not yet planted. Such
is the value placed on fruit, such the rapid increase of people in
cities, that no one should be at all deterred from continued planting ;
for, we have not only the wants of increased population of our own
land to supply, but that of foreign countries. Already our fruits are
sent to England and other distant shores, and eagerly sought for and
purchased, at what would here be termed high prices. Although the
Newtown pippin, as sent from the Pell orchard, on the Hudson river,
has done much toward establishing our reputation abroad, we antici-
pate an advance in good favor, when the same variety grown on our
Southern Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois soils, shall be shown ;
for certainly they are, like all our Western growths, when compared
ywith those of the East, far superior in size.

/ , The duration of the apple when worked and grown on a healthy
/ seedling stock, was regarded by Mr. Knight, of celebrity in horticul-
/ ture, at 200 years ; yet trees are recorded as being over 1,000 years
old, and in annual healthy fruiting condition. So also Mr. Knight
regarded " many varieties " as in his time " already on the decline,"
which Coxe, in his " View of Fruit Trees" published in 1817, says
" grow and appear more healthy than any variety in the orchard."
Trees of over 200 years are known, in this country, to be healthy
and yearly producing their abundance of fine fair fruit.

The puberty or fruit-bearing age of the apple tree varies accord-
ing to variety, climate, and cultivation. In the rich deep soils, and
under the clear sun of our Western States, most varieties come into
bearing at about eight years from the bud ; or about four or five
years from planting out. We speak here only of the cultivated va-
rieties. Wild seedlings would probably require from twelve to fif-
teen years.

Propagation — By seeds. These should be selected, if intended for
stocks, from native seedling trees of strong, vigorous, healthy growth.
The common practice is to visit a cider mill in the months of October
or November, and take therefrom indiscriminately such as first come
to hand ; but he who desires to grow fine healthy trees had much
better purchase the apples from such trees as we describe, and, if ho
choose, take them to the press himself. The seed should be entirely
separated from the pumice or pulp, although much of it will grow

BUDDING. 51

if spread immediately on the land thinly and plowed in lightly ; but
this is a coarse, unworkmanlike method. To free it from the pulp,
take a coarse sieve, and after it has lain upon boards for forty-eight
hours, proceed to sift it ; the next process is washing in tubs, when
most of the pulp which passed through the sieve will rise to the top
of the water and may be taken off. If the ground is ready it may
now be sown, the ground being made rich in vegetable, or partially
mixed with well rotted animal manure, trenched or plowed twenty
inches deep ; sow the seed in drills of about one foot wide and two
feet between each drill ; scatter the seed so that when it grows there
will be one plant to every two inches, and cover with about one inch
of earth, and one inch of leaf mould, or tan bark, or sawdust. Fresh
raw manure induces insects, and consequently diseased roots. If the
seed is intended for shipment, or keeping over until the Spring
planting, boxes not over six inches deep should be procured, with
holes made in the bottom for drainage, and then the seed packed in
shallow layers with sand or moss, and placed in the open air on the
north side of some building or fence.

By Grafting, All of the modes described in previous pages are
used in propagating the apple. Seedling stocks of a diameter at the
crown of from one-quarter to three-eighths inch are the best ; these
are generally obtained from seedlings of one year's growth in our
rich western soils ; they should be dug up, have their side roots
trimmed to within one inch of the main root, and that cut off to about
eight inches ; the graft should then be inserted, in the whip or tongue
method, just at the crown or union of top and root. The same course
may be adopted with seedlings in the ground, with exception of
shortening the roots.

Grafting on small pieces of roots, may answer for the growing of
some varieties in the nursery ; but very few, when removed, are
found to have made much but small fibrous roots ; and when planted
in the orchard, require staking for years, and rarely ever make good
trees. The practice has been largely followed, but is now condemned
by most nurserymen, and that of grafting only on the whole of a root,
as first mentioned, advised. Cleft grafting is generally pursued on
trees of large size in the orchard, and may be done in October or
November often with as good success as in Spring.

Nurserymen generally practice taking up the seedling trees late in
Autumn, and heeling them in, as it is termed, viz., covering them,
when laid down at an angle of 45°, with earth. This is done in the
cellar or root house, from whence they are taken and grafted in
February and March, and repacked in boxes just deep enough to
allow one inch of sand on the bottom ; and the stock grafted ju^t
coming level with the tops, sand is mixed intimately among them,
covering all of root and union of graft. They are then set away in
a cool Dlace but free from frost, until the day of planting.

52 THE APPLE.

By Budding. This course, from the immense demand for trees
and the more ready and extended propagation by means of roots,
has almost been discarded during the past six or eight years. Bud-
ding is now again, however, coming into favor. Stocks for budding
should be thrifty, of about half inch diameter, and the bud, inserted
about four to six inches above the ground, and as much on the north
side of the stock as possible. The time for this is usually the month
of August, varying from early to late in month, as the location is
South or North, and the season early or late.

By layers and cuttings. This course is only pursued to increase
the quantity of stocks of the Paradise apple on which to dwarf va-
rieties. Some growers West, however, have reputation for increasing
largely, and making fine saleable trees more rapidly by means of
layers, than otherwise. We have never seen them.

Cutting of Scions. These may be cut at any time from the fall
of the leaf in October, to the swelling of the bud in Spring — always,
however, taking care that there is no frost in the wood at the time of
cutting. We consider the best time late in the Fall, when they may
be packed in moss, damped, and wrapped in oil silk, laid in a cool
cellar, where they will usually keep well until Spring. The wood
of the past season's growth is that required, and best to cut, if possi-
ble, from bearing trees. When the cuttings are not made until
toward Spring, a black and diseased appearance at the pith will oft
be seen in those of vigorous growth. This, while it would, perhaps,
be of no moment on the original tree, sometimes is thought to lessen
the vitality and success of the scion.

Selection of Trees from a Nursery. Trees of thrifty, not over
luxuriant habit, five to seven feet high, three years from bud or graft,
with branches from three feet up, well formed into rounded heads,
are worth twice as much as trees six years old, ten and twelve feet
high, without a branch within eight feet of the ground. It should,
however, always be recollected by the purchaser, that all varieties
have not the same habit and regular form of growth ; that while a
nursery-man can supply a tree of the Baldwin, straight, and just to
the fancy, he may often find it difficult, nay, impossible, to do so with
the Fall Wine, American Pearmain, and many other varieties, at the
same age ; and in his selection he should be guided more by the stocky
pyramidal form of the stem, and the position of branches, rather
than height of tree.

Influence of Climate and location. Climate, as we have said on a
previous page, has no farther influence than to enhance maturity an d
vigor as we go South ; but location, in its preventing of injury from
frosts or severe cold, is quite another thing, and deserving the atten-
tion of every planter. Too often do we see orchards planted out in
the rich level valley of a farm, when the hills around are neglected.
Too often on small farms is this done also, to the loss comparatively

TRANSPLANTING. o3

of the best piece of plow land, when, had the planter known that
trees planted on his hills would have been more hardy, and have
produced fruit five years to every three when grown in the valley, he
would have, without doubt, made his orchard on his hills. There are
some parts of the West, and very much at the East, where the hills
are entirely unsuited to the plow ; yet by planting with trees, and
digging around until of twelve or more years old, they will make the
most profitable of orchards.

On the prairies, a belt of trees around the orchard is considered
of great benefit in protecting from the sweeping winds, sometimes
destructive to fruit and tree. Here also the selection of the highest
knolls and oak groves is found best for success in fruit growing.

Influence of Stock on the hardihood. Recently there has beeir
much speculation respecting the hardihood as well as bearing of
budded or grafted trees, all of which has doubtless arisen from the
indiscriminate use fOr stocks, of small pieces of roots. That budding
will be found in the main any better than the grafting process, when
the latter is performed at the crown of a seedling root, we are dis-
posed to doubt, although many good orchardists now favor it. The
only point we can see in its favor, is the hardihood of the stock as
compared with that of the variety intended to be grown ; this will
in some varieties make budding the preferable mode, as it is now
well known that some, indeed most, of the strong rapid-growing sorts,
of Northern or Eastern origin, are somewhat disposed to " bark-burst"
near the ground, and to remedy this, budding will be adopted. But
again, all seedlings are not alike hardy — although _^s a whole, more
so than worked varieties ; and undoubtedly cultivated sorts may be
found, which, if worked as grafts on whole roots, and again re-
worked at three feet from the ground, would ensure as much hardi-
hood as is in the nature of trees ; yet this will never be practiced to
any considerable extent, on account of its expense in the growing a
tree. That the habit of bearing will be increased or lessened by
budding or grafting as we advise, is also another feature at this
time in dispute, but we can see nothing to favor it, excep the fact
that trees budded do produce better than roots grcafted on the old
common indiscriminate practice of using anything in shape of a
piece of root, depending on the richness of soil to create from it a
tree for sale. For other remarks on influence of stock, see previous
pages.

Transplanting. Trees when taken from the nursery should have
their roots immediately covered in the ground, on arriving at their
destination. Often trees are left out over night on wagons, subject
to severe cold and frost, by which, if not ruined, they are frequently
so far injured as to check their entire growth one season. We do
not like the practice of shortening back the tops of apple trees where
they have been taken up with care ; but as usually dug, it is requi-

54: THE APPLE.

Bite to success that the top be shortened back, to correspond with the
diminished root. One reason for objecting to the shortening-in, is,
that it has a tendency to start the top of the tree too thick, and we
prefer with the apple to thin out, rather than increase the number of
branches.

The mode of planting has been written on a previous page.

The distance apart, for an apple orchard, depends very much on
the soil and the variety — rich deep soils requiring a greater distance
than shallow ones of inferior quality. And of varieties, such as the
Harvest, American Pearmain, Lady Apple, and other stocky or up-
right growing sorts, twenty-five feet apart would be sufficient; while
the Baldwin, Gravenstein, Sweet Bough, &c., or those of rapid broad
growth, would need, on rich soil, forty feet.

Soil and Manures. Of the soil, it is impossible to designate any
one that will suit all varieties ; we therefore, in our text descriptive
designate the principal character of the soil suited to each. " All
deciduous trees require a considerable proportion of potash for the
elaboration of their juices in the leaves, and are prosperous, or other-
wise, in proportion to the supply of that substance in the soil. Liebig
bsis shown that the acids generated in plants are always in union
with alkaline or earthy bases, and cannot be produced without their
presence. * * * Now, the apple tree during its development, pro-
duces a great quantity of acid ; and therefore in a corresponding de-
gree, requires alkaline, and probably, earthy bases, as an indispensa-
ble condition to the existence of fruit."

" It cannot be denied that ammonia, and also the humus of decay-
ing dung, must have some influence on the growth of the tree in
such soils, and also in the development of the fruit ; but it is most
certain, at the same time, that these alone would be inefficient for
the production of the fruit without the co-operation of the alkaline
bases. The size, and perhaps the flavor of the fruit may be some-
what affected by the organic part of the manure, but its very exis-
tence depends upon the presence in the soil of a sufficient quantity
of those inorganic or mineral substances which are indispensable to
the formation of acids."

" The analysis of the apple (fruit) shows in 100 lbs. of ashes, de-
prived of carbonic acid, about 13 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 7 lbs. of
sulphuric acid, 38 lbs., of potash, and 25 lbs. of soda ; these four
bodies forming about 83 per cent, of the whole ash :" while analysis
of the ash of the wood exhibits about 16 per cent, of potash, 19 of
lime, and 17 of phosphate of lime ; and in the ash of the bark, about
5 per cent, of potash, 50 pe^ cent of lime, and 3 of phosphate of
lime. Another analysis gives 45 per cent, of lime in the ash of the
wood. From these it is apparent that on most of our Western soils,
application of lime and potash will be found requisite to the produc-
tion of healthy wood and fruit. Upon much of the heavily timbered

ESrSECTS AND DISEASES. 65

lands of the West, which have been cut and burned, the ashes from
the burned wood has furnished all the hme and potash requisite
to success for a certain length of time ; but, already there are or-
chards in Ohio, where application of lime and potash in the form of
wood ashes or otherwise, is required in order to retain health of trees,
and perfection in fruit. The Western prairie, soils require these
only ; of all other ingredients they are naturally abundantly sup-
plied, and application of animal manure is not needed.

Cultivation. Cultivation of the soil of a young orchard is as re-
quisite to success as cultivation of a crop of corn ; but while the trees
should be kept free from weeds, suckers, insects, and the like, they
should not be so stimulated by application of animal or liquid man-
ures as to induce rank growth. All such over-supply of stimulus
induces a degree of tenderness in the constitution, early fruitfulness,
and consequent early decay. We recall to mind as we write, two
orchards planted about thirty-five years since, one of which has always
been highly, even excitingly, cultivated, and is now decaying ; while
the other has been more regularly and moderately grown, and is
now in a healthy fruiting state. All crops besides wheat, rye, oats,
and clover, may be grown in an orchard. Potatoes, peas, and corn
are most advisable.

Pruning. The pruning of the apple, as an orchard tree, if an-
nually attended, is but a light task ; it should consist mainly of
cutting away all branches that have a tendency to cross or overlap
one another — to stop back side limbs that are apparently drawing
too rapidly and creating irregular form, and to cut out rank shoots.
This is the main of orchard pruning, after the heads are once formed,
as they should be at planting, or the first year thereafter, by cutting
to a regular rounded form. Some varieties produce their fruit upon
short spurs on the limbs ; others on the extreme ends of slender
shoots of previous year's growth, and must be pruned with reference
thereto ; others, again, naturally grow upright and thick, these require
thinning out ; while others, are of straggling, rampant habit, requir-
ing only the checking of branches at the ends to maintain an evenly
balanced tree ; these points will be found partially noted in our des-
criptions of varieties. For the art of pruning, to create particular
forms for the garden, and of dwarf trees, we refer our readers to a
previous chapter.

Insects and diseases. Of insects injurious to fruit trees. Western
cultivators have, until within a few years, been comparatively ex-
empt ; they are now, however, through the great amount of importa-
tions of trees from the Eastern States, becoming numerous and
troublesome.

I'he Borer, [Saperda hivittata), is increasing ; destroying yearly
many trees, and impairing still more. It is an insect that should be
watched and checked on its first appearance. It is destructive, not

56 THE APPLE.

only to the apple, but the quince, thorn, mountain ash, suffer equally.
The perfect insect is a brown and white striped beetle, about half an
inch long, which, flying at night, may be destroyed in the month of
June by building bonfires in the orchard. In its larva state, in which
it does its work of destruction, it is a fleshy white grub, which enters
the tree at the collar, just at the surface of the ground, girdling or
perforating the wood to such an extent as often to cause death before
its attack is noticed ; the small round holes from which dust is ejected
indicate its presence. Some cut out the worm with a knife, others
use a barbed wire, which is either thrust into the hole and destroys
the worm, or on withdrawing brings it out. • Downing advises as a
preventive, washing the bodies of trees with the following mixture :
"one pint of sulphur, one gallon soft soap, and sufficient tobacco
water to reduce to the consistence of paint."

The Caterpillar .f (^Glisiocampa Americana^) or common orchard
caterpillar, has been long known as destructive of the foliage of
orchards. " This," says Thomas, " is hatched in Spring as soon as the
leaf buds begin to open. At this time, it is not the tenth of an inch
long, nor so large as a cambric needle, but it continues to increase
constantly in size for several weeks, until two inches long, and a
quarter of an inch in diameter. It then spins a cocoon, and passes
to the pupa state. In the latter part of summer, it comes out a
yellowish brown miller, lays its eggs, and dies. The eggs are de-
posited in cylinders or rings, containing three to five hundred each,
encircling the smaller branches, and usually within a few inches of
the extremity. They remain through Winter, protected from the
weather by a vesicular water-proof varnish, and hatch in Spring, as
just stated. Each collection of eggs makes a nest of caterpillars."

A mode for their destruction, is to cut off the small branches which
hold the eggs, during Autumn or Winter, and burn them. Those that
escape this mode, may be destroyed in May and June, by attaching a
sponge or round brush to a pole, and saturating the first with spirits
of ammonia, turn it around among their nests. For this work, one
hour in the morning early, is worth four at any other time in the
day. A little care will correct the evil.

The Canker Worm. [Anisopteri/x pometaria.) Of this insect, there
are several allied species. They are not confined to the apple, but,
if anything, prefer the elm to all others.

" The male is a moth, with pale, ash-colored wings, with a black
dot, a little more than an inch across. Tlie female is wingless, oval,
dark ash-colored above, and gray beneath.

" The worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the Spring,
as soon as the ground is free from frost, though a few find their way
up in the Autumn. The females, having no wings, climb slowly up
the trunks of the trees, while the winged males hover about to pair
with them. Very soon after this, if we examine the trees, we shall

INSECTS AND DISEASES. 67

rsee the eggs, of which every female lays some sixty or a hundred,
glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in the forks of
branches, and among the young twigs. About the twentieth of May,
these eggs are hatched, and the canker worms, dusky-brown, or ash-
colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, and commence
preying upon the foliage."

The remedies preventive of their injuries, are, a belt of canvas
saturated with tar and train oil, and encircling the body of the tree.
Another is a leaden trough, encircling the body, secured by wooden
wedges, between it and the tree, and filled with oil. Another, is
spading up the ground underneath all trees on which they appear, in
the Fall, and dressing liberally with lime. Another, is bands of straw
and cotton-batting tied around the tree, and examined daily to kill
all that have become entangled therein.

" Apate Bicaudatus. — This is the scientific name given by Mr. Say
to a little beetle whose injurious habits have lately been observed.
The insects are found burrowing in the pith of the young branches
of the apple tree, during the Spring. The branches above the seat
of attack soon die. These beetles are from one-quarter to more
than three-tenths of an inch long, cylindrical, 4ark chestnut brown,
roughened like a grater, on the fore part of the thorax, with short
spines pointing backwards, and armed, in the males, with an incurved
spine, near the tip of each wing-cover.

" The Palmer Worm, a wanderer, as its name signifies, is a small
worm, about half an inch in length, with many legs, and extremely
nimble. It appears at difierent times, in different parts of the coun-
try, and on apple, oak, cherry, plum, and other trees. They give the
trees the same appearance as the canker worm does ; and not only
the leaves, but sometimes the fruit is injured or destroyed by them.
Their appearance is generally directly after the canker worm ; and
they differ from them in having sixteen legs, in being much more
active in their motions, and in creeping without looping or arching
up their backs at every step. They are also smaller and differently
colored. The same remedies are applied to prevent their depreda-
tions as with the canker worm." For further information respecting
this insect, see N. Y. State Agricultural Society's Transactions, 1853.

" The JSfew York Weevil, ( Curculio Noveboracensis,) attacks in May
and June the buds and young shoots of trees ; gnawing them so
that they break off and die. They work most in the night, and still,
cloudy weather. They may be destroyed or their ravages prevented,
by pursuing the same remedies as for the plum weevil." For further
description, see as above, N. Y. S. Transactions, 1853.

" 7'he Oak-pruner, (^Stenocorus puiator,) occasionally attacks the
small branches of the apple tree ; and the blight beetle, Scolytus or
Tomicui pyri, whose perforations blast and kill the branches of the
3*

58 THE APPLE.

pear tree, has also been found equally injurious to those of the apple
tree."

The Apple Moth (Carpocapsa pomonana), is the insect which dis-
figures so many of our apples and pears, causing them to fall prema-
turely from the tree. The moth has a head and thorax of brown
mingled with gray, four wings light gray and brown, and a dark
brown oval spot on the hinder margin. In the months of June and
July, they deposit their eggs in the eye or blossom end of the fruit ;
these hatch in a few days, and the worm, a reddish white grub, eats
its way to the core, soon after which the apple falls to the ground,
when the worm leaves and seeks shelter and protection in the crevi-
ces and underneath the rough bark of the tree, where it spins a white
web-like cocoon, and remains until the next season.

Eemedies. — Keeping the bodies well scraped, and annually washed
with lye-water early in Spring, picking up all the fruit as fast as it
falls, or letting swine run in the orchard to eat it. Old cloths or
tufts of grass, laid in the branches of the trees, attract them, from
whence the cocoons may easily be destroyed.

The Bark Louse^ a species of coccus^ or scale insect, is of a brown
color, about one-tenth of an inch in length, of oblong oval form, at-
taching itself to the branches, and injuring the tree by sucking the
sap. It is destroyed by strong lye-water, by whale-oil soap, or a
mixture of lime, soft soap, and water, of the consistency of common
whitewash, and applied to the bark with a hard brush, in Winter or
early Spring.

The Wooly Aphis [Aphis lamgera), makes its appearance in the
form of minute white down, in the crotches and crevices of branches.
It is easily destroyed by washing the tree with lye-water, lime wash,
or whale oil soap. A good wash for all insects is made of, say five
gallons of weak lye, one pound powdered sulphur, and four ounces
soot, or *'lamp black," thoroughly mixed.

The Blight, or blackening and decay of terminal shoots, we have
elsewhere written on, and refer thereto. Boring holes in the trees,
and plugging them with sulphur, are about as remedial as whistling
to the moon.

Hust on the surface of the leaf is a disease said to affect some of

the older plantations in Southern Ohio. We have never seen it,

\ but suspect that it arises, from an unhealthy state of the tree, caused

by a deficiency of some elements in the soil, and therefore a result,

not a cause of disease.

0/ Terms used in Description of Varieties. — Thomas, in his *' Fruit
Culturist," has the most perfect explanation of terms in general use
in the description of fruits, form of trees, etc., as yet published. We
therefore adopt most of them, in order to continue uniformity. These
terms, as applied to the growth of a tree, in its shoots, have reference
mainly to young trees, and comparatively as follows : £rect as in

FORMS OF THE APPLE. - 69

the Early Strawberry. Diverging, as in the Domine, or Ribston
Pippin. Spreading, as in Rhode Island Greening. Drooping, when
they fall below the horizontal, which many spreading trees do, as
they grow into the larger branches of older trees. Ascending, when
they curve upwards, as in Gravenstein. Irregular, as in black Gilli-
flower. Straggling, similar to preceding, but more slender and
curved, as in Jonathan. Straight, as in Northern Spy, Stout, as
in Red Astrachan.

" The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety at dif-
ferent periods of the year, as well as with different degrees of expo-
sure to the sun, and with a change of soil, climate, and season.
When fresh, or very young, all have a greenish color, but gradually
assume various shades of yellow, olive, brown, red, purple, and
nearly black, as the season advances, and as they become bare, and
are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason, in describing
the color, the terms must be relative, and can only be correctly ap-
plied by a comparison, at the time, with the color of other sorts.
During Winter, and early in the Spring, the shoots of most trees be-
come so much darker than at other times, that it is only practice and
by placing the different sorts side by side, that accuracy may be ob-
tained. Skillful culturists will readily distinguish, by a glance at the
color of shoots, many of the kinds they cultivate ; but the peculiar
cast is hard to describe in words, in the same way that it is impos-
sible to describe the hand-writing of an individual, so as to be known
from fifty others, although many can, at a glance, know the penman-
ship of hundreds of different persons. A few of the most strongly
marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color which form use-
ful points of distinction. No one, for instance, could easily mistake
the yellow shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown,
or purple, of the Tyson and Forelle ; or the light greenish cast of
the Bough and Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the
Northern Spy, or dark brown of the Baldwin ; nor the downy or
grayish appearance of the Ladies Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburg,
for the clear, shining brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astra-
chan."

The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description, as light
green in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo ; deep green, as in the
Rhode Island Greening ; hluish green, as in Feck's Pleasant.

Forms of the Apple. — In these we follow the general understand-
ing of terms by most horticulturists, and represented by Barry, from
whom we extract :

Round or Roundish (fig. 29), when the outline is round, or nearly
80, the length being about equal to the breadth.

Flat (fig. 30), when the ends are compressed, and the width con-
siderably greater than the length.

60

THE APPLE.

Conical (fig. 31), in the form of a cone, tapering from the base to
the eye.

Ovate, or Egg-shaped (fig. 32).

Oblong (fig. 33), when the length is considerably greater than the
width, and the width about equal at both ends, not tapering, as in the
conical.

'v3*i

In addition to these forms and their various modifications, some
varieties are —

Angular, having projecting angles on the sides.

One-sided, having one side larger than the other.

Ribbed (34), when the surface presents a series of ridges and fur-
rows running from eye to stem.

Of size — Small, as in Gilpin, medium, as in Fameuse, and large,
as in Khode Island Greening.

Of many terms, as Calville, Pippin, Greening, &(*., there seems to
be no certain definition beyond that of accepted usage. Calville,
generally intended to convey the idea of a fruit of light specific weight,
and somewhat ribbed or furrowed, especially about the calyx. Pip-
pin generally conveys the idea of a firm brittle texture of flesh, in the
apple ; while Greening is understood to imply a breaking, tendei
character. Pearmain, to indicate a particular, roundish conical form,
with an aromatic perfume in the flesh.

Uses. — The uses of the apple are so generally known, that it seems
superfluous here to mention aught of them. Aside from table use,
raw and cooked, making of cider, drying, &c., &c., the apple deserves
more attention as food for animals ; analysis having shown that it is
about equal to the potato in fattening properties.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

01

VARIETIES.

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed.

American Summer Pearmain.
■Watkin's Early, | Early Summer Pearmain,

This variety rarely ripens earlier than September, except at the South.
In the nursery, the growth of the tree is slow, and, as an orchard fruit, it
will not " pay." It cannot, however, be dispensed with for supplying home
wants, ripening gradually, as it does, during the whole of September. The
tree requires thinning out of small branches, but, as it fruits mostly on the
ends of branches, should never be shortened back. It requires a deep,
warm soil, well supplied with lime and potash, when it succeeds admirably
in all sections.

Size^ medium; form^ roundish oblong, sometimes angular; the form
varies, and also size, as grown on top or bottom limbs, and in good or poor
soil ; color ^ red, streaked and dotted with grayish yellow ; stem^ medium,
projecting about even with the surface ; cavity^ narrow ; calyx^ open, erect,
slightly recurved ; hasin^ deep, round, smooth ; fleshy tender, sub-acid — ^best ,*
core^ small ; seeds, ovate pyriform.

62

THE APPLE.

Autumn Strawberry.

Late Strawbeny, ^ I Strawberry,

Autumn Sweet Bough,
Summer Bellflower,

Autumn Bwaar,
Fall Bough.

American : originated Western New York. Size, medium, or rather
below ; form, roundish ; color, light and dark red, streaked, and, in the sun,
the dark red prevailing, and with a bloom like a plum; stem, slender,
medium length ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basirij
shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ;
core, medium ; seeds, large, full. October.

Autumn Bough.

Philadelphia Sweet, I
Late Bough, |

American. Tree, vigorous, productive ; size, medium, or above ; form,
obtuse conical ; color, clear light yellow, with occasionally a russet blotch,
and a few small russet dots • stem, slender, curved to one side ; cavity^
deep, regular; calyx, closed with long segments; basin, ribbed or fur-
rowed; flesh, white, crisp, tender, deliciously sweet; core, small; seed
cavity, hollow ; seed, plump, full. September,

Autumn Seek-no-Further.
American. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale green, faintly striped with red
in sun ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, open, erect segments
basin, round, medium depth ; core, medium ; flesh, white, juicy, tender,
sprightly, sub-acid ; " very good." October.

Autumnal Swaar.
Grown at the West. Fruit, large, roundish conic ; skin, yellow, sprinkled
with star-shaped dots; stalk, TRtlier short; cavity, broad, deep, slightly
russetted ; calyx, small and closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, and corrugated ;
flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, with a pleasant, rich, mild, sub-acid flavor.
September. (Downing.)

Autumnal Sweet Swaar.
Sweet Swaar, | Sweet Golden Pippin.
Tree, spreading ; shoots, vigorous, diverging ; fruit, large, round, flat-
tened, slightly ribbed, rich golden yellow ; stem, long ; cav%, open, shallow:

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

63

calyXj half closed; hasin^ slightly ribbed, deep; fleshy tender, yellowish,
spicy, sweet, not juicy : " very good." October.

Autumn Pearmain.

English Summer Pearmain,
Summer Pearmain,

Eoyal Pearmain,
Parmain d'Ete,

Sigler'8 Bed.

Foreign. Tree^ slender, slow growth, irregular, popular in Kentucky and
South; fruity medium, oblong conical, brownish yellow and green, red,
blended with yellow, in sun, small brown specks ; stalky short ; calyx^ in a
broad, shallow basin, slightly plaited ; Jlesh^ pale yellow, crisp ; nearly
*' best." September.

Baldwin.

Late Baldwin,
Pecker,

American : originated in Massachusetts. This variety inclines to bitter
or dry rot on soils deficient in lime and potash, and, for the Western soils,
should be worked where intended to have the head commence. It has
proved tender on "Western prairie soils, and, in Southern sections, is liable
to drop prematurely. Trees fifteen years old do better than while young.
Tree, vigorous, upright, dark brown shoots, very productive. Our drawing
was taken from an Eastern-grown specimen, and is not more than one-half
the size of this variety when grown in Illinois.

Size^ large ; form^ roundish, narrowing a little to the calyx ; color^ yel-
lowish, nearly covered and striped with red, dotted with a few russet spots,
and with radiating streaks of russet about the stem ; stem, three-fourths
inch long, slender ; cavity^ deep ; calyx^ closed ; hasin^ rather narrow,
plaited ; jlcsh^ yellowish white, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; core^ small, com-
pact ; capsules, ovate hollow ; seeds^ long ovate, pyriform. December to
March.

64: THE APPLE.

Baltimore.
Baltimore Pippin, | Cable's Gilliflower, | poyal Pippin.

Origin, unknown. Tree, thrifty, slender, very productive, on warm, rich
soils ; size, medium to large ; form, round, or roundish ovate ; color, light
yellow, striped, and splashed with purplish red, a little bronzed russet about
the stem, large whitish dots, and often a blue tinge marbled toward the
stem, resembling a bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep, regular ; calyx,
small, half open; basin, shallow, Tegn\a.v : flesh, white, with a slight tinge
of yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly j core, medium, or small ;
seeds, obovate pyriform. December to March. This is distinct from the
Baltimore of Lindley, which is of pale lemon color, tinged with red, and
with large open calyx.

Batcheloh.
Gross, I King, erroneously.

From North Carolina. Fruit, very large, roundish, flattened, angular,
lemon yellow, washed with lively red on sunny side, gray dots, russet
around stem ; stem, short ; cavity, deep • calyx, small, open ; basin, deep ;
flesh, white, tender, fine-grained, juicy, mild, sub-acid ; core^ medium.
October, November. Very valuable in Southern States.

Benoni.

From Massachusetts. Growth, vigorous, erect, good bearer ; .fruity
medium, roundish, narrowing towards the eye, deep yellow, striped with
crimson, dotted with white specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, naryo'V j
calyx, large, open ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, tender, juicy,
vinous; "very good;" core, close; seeds, pale brown. August and Sep-
tember. Succeeds finely on the Western prairies.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

65

Bentley's Sweet.

From Virginia. Tree^ moderately vigorous, hardy, good bearer, great
keeper ; valuable South, in rich soils ; fruity above medium, oblong irre-
gular, flattened at ends, red and yellow striped, or blotched ; stem^ long,
curved ; calyx^ large ; hasin^ open, deep, furrowed ] core, compact ; seeds^
large, ovate pointed; jlesh^ yellowish, firm, tender, juicy; "very good.''
January to September.

Belmont,

Gate,
Mamma Beam,

Golden Pippin ofaome^
White Apple,

KftUy White,
Waxen of some.

' American. By some stated to have originated in Virginia, by others, in
Pennsylvania, and, on the authority of Prof. Kirtland, Mr. Downing, in his
first edition of '•• Fruits and Fruit Trees," made it synonymous with the
" Waxen" of Coxe.

Tree^ healthy, vigorous, spreading, wood yellowish, good bearer, does not
succeed on the alluvial soils of the West, but on all high, warm, or lime-
stone soils does finely, and makes a large tree.

Size, medium to large ; form, irregular, usually roundish, sometimes
oblong rounded. South it grows very large, and also West, on new rich
soils in Wisconsin; but grown South its delicacy, fine grain, and flavor are
lost. Skin, thin, smooth, glossy, or oily ; color, rich clear light yellow ; at
South with a few dark brown specks, and North with a clear Vermillion
red cheek, with carmine spots ; South slight russet marblings, and much of
mould or fungus ; stem, medium length, projecting slightly beyond the sur-
face, always slender ; calyx, varying from small and close to open and
reflexed ; basin, from shallow to rather deep, always furrowed ; jlesh, yel-
lowish white fine-grained, very tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-aciJ ; core

bb THE APPLE.

rather large : seeds, ovate pointed, abundant, brownish red. November to
February, October to January in South-Western States.

Bellflower.
Yellow Bfellflower, I Yellow Belle-flenr, [ Lady "Washington.

American. Tree, of slender, yet healthy growth, with yellowish, rather
upright shoots ; fruit, on ends of limbs, very hardy ; grafted on pieces of
roots, does not bear well ; otherwise, very productive. Size, large ; form,
oblong, a little irregular, tapering to the eye ; color, pale yellow, with a
blush next the sun ; stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx
closed ; basin, plaited, deep ; flesh, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid ,
core, large ; capsules, long, hollow ; seeds, large, ovate pyriform, angular
at broad end. December to March. October to February, South.

Berry.

Bed Hazel, | Pound.

From Virginia. Fruit, above medium, oblate irregular, red, striped, and
splashed on greenish yellow, large* dots ; stem, short ; cavity, broad ; calyx,
open: basin, shallow; flesh, juicy, vinous; "very good;" core, small.
December to March. Esteemed South, and will probably prove valuable
all South West.

M06T GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

Bethlehemite.

67

This is a variety somewhat resembling the Newtown Spitzenberg, and we
have testimony of one or two who say they know it under that name. Thus
far all specimens we have seen were from trees grown in rich, loamy soils,
and all we can learn of its history is, that it came from Bethlehem, in
Ohio. Size^ medium ] form^ roundish, flattened, tapering slightly to the
apex ; color, pale yellow ground, striped and stained with two shades of
bright red. dotted with irregular-shaped brown dots, some russet about the
stem ; calyx, medium, sometimes large ; basin, deep, broad, irregular, some-
what furrowed; stem, short; cavity, narrow, irregular; ^e^A, yellowish
white, tender, with a mild, sub-acid juice, and exceedingly pleasant flavor;
core, small, compact ; seeds, obovate obtuse pyriform. November to
January, but keeps until April. Trees upright, strong growers.

BOHANON.

A variety probably originally of Virginia, and is highly esteemed in
Kentucky and South. It much resembles Maiden's Blush. Fruit, large,
roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, with inclination to the ribbed sur-
face ; light pale yellow, crimson blush on sunny side, russet about stem ;
stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, partly closed ; basin, deep, expanded ;
core, open ; seeds, numerous, light brown ; Jlesh, yellowish white, tender,
slightly aromatic, sub-acid. September. An excellent regular bear«r. *

Broadwell.

Broadwell Sweet.

American. Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading, light yel
lowish shoots, good bearer. Size, medium to large ; form, regular, roundish,
flattened at base, and tapering slightly toward the calyx ; skin, thin, smooth ;
color J light yellow, cloudy flakes, sunny side brownish bronze; sterrij short*

68

THE APPLE.

cavity^ expanded ; calyx, open ; segments, short; basin, na.rrow, flesh, white,
fine-grained, sweet, juicy ; core^ close, compact ; seeds, small, plump, light-
brown. November to March.

Bullock's Pippin.

Araerican Golden Eupset,
Sheepnose,

ITiint's EuBBet,

Fall Winesap, erroneously.

American. Tree,
ultimately of only
medium size, with a
round regular head,
shoots erect, rather
slender, admirably
suited to rich soils of
Southern Ohio, Indi-
ana, the South-west,
etc., etc. Grown
South, the fruit is
almost entirely cov-
ered with russet ;
North, on sandy soils,
it is a warm, rich
yellow, with only
marblings of russet.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

69

Size, small to medium ; form, roundish ovate, tapering much toward the
eye ; color, generally rich golden yellow, overspread with soft russet, and
in sun, a marbling of red; stem, slender; cavity, narrow, regular; calyx.
small, closed ; basin, shallow, sometimes furrowed ; Jlesh, yellowish, tender,
juicy, almost buttery, delicate, sprightly; core, large for size of fruit; seeds^
full, ovate pyramidal. December to March. November to January, South,

Canadian Eeinette,
Pomme do Caen,
Eeinetto Grosse du Canada,
De Bretagne,

Canada Reinette.

Januarea,

German Green,

Eeinette du Canada,

Grosse Eeinette d'Angleterre,

Yellow Newtown Pippin, erroneously.

Eeinette du Canada Blanche^
Eeinette du Canada a'Cortea^
Portugal,
Wahr Eeinette,

Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive, very
hardy. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened, irregularly angular, much
ribbed, sometimes almost oblong and smooth ; color, light greenish-yellow,
a blush in sun, and small dark green specks, surrounded with light green,
Buffused beneath the skin ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, slightly russeted ;
calyx, large ; basin, deep, angular, with prominent ribs ; flesh, yellowish
white, crisp, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ; core, small, compact ; seeds,
dark, almost black. January .to May.

Carnation.

Fruit, medium size ; a delicious sub-acid apple, fully first-rate ; color, dark-
red, splashed with russet ; flesh, white, brittle, and very juicy ; both the calyx
and stem are sunk in deep depressions; no Autumn apple is superior
August, at South.

70

THE APPLE.

Carolina Winter Queen.
Ladies Sweet, erroneomly, | Nix's Green.

American. We have seen but little of this apple, but are impressed
with the idea that it is destined to be a valuable and popular variety
South, far superior to Northern Spy. Fruity above medium, roundish
conical ; greenish yellow, streaked and stained with red from the stem, a
little russet at stem, and few small faint dots ; calyx^ open, segments, re-
flexed ; basin, round, medium ', stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; core, medium ;
seeds, abundant; flesh, yellowish, sprightly, crisp, juicy; "best." No-
vember and January.

Challenge.

American. Origin, near Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, productive, hardy.
Size, large ; form, roundish flattened ; color, rich yellow, with many rus-
set dots, and occasionally a russet patch ; when fully exposed to sun, the
russet spots become vermillion red ; stem, projecting even with surround-
ing surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, with long irregular segments;
basin, broad, open, medium depth, always furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white,
crisp, juicy, sweet, tender; core, medium; seeds, large, plump. October
and November. »

Cogswell.

Cogswell's Pewrmain,

Ohio Nonpareil, incorrectly of some.

American. Native of Connecticut. It has been grown in Mass. and
Ohio, and thus far, where the variety has been fruited, it has proved every-
thing that can be required to class it as a first-rate fruit worthy of general
cultivation. The tree is a good bearer, producing always fair and even
fruit. Tree, moderately vigorous, making rather long annual shoots, of a
dark, reddish brown color. The fruit is above medium size, roundish
flattened , often angular ; and also often, on the same tree, somewhat round-

MOST GEITERALLT ESTEEMED. 71

wh conical ; the color is rich yellow, covered with stripes, splashes, and
dots of red ; some russet specks and russet about the stem ; stem^ short ;
cavity^ open ; calyx^ medium, nearly closed ; hasin^ shallow j jiesh^ yellow-
ish, crisp, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, sub-acid; core^ small; seeds^ medium
size, dark brown. January to March.

Cooper.
Beauty Bed, j Lady "Washington, | Seck-no-further, <j/'«(ww erron«<M«^.

An Eastern variety, recovered at West, where it was brought in 1796;
its identity with any variety now known East, is not established ; henca
we must continue under its present name. Growth, upright, stout ; branches
at right angles ; wood, reddish, " subject to canker ; " a good bearer,
maturing its fruit nearly all at the same time. Succeeds best on rich
limestone clay.

Fruity large, often very large ; roundish flattened, greenish yellow, with
stripes and blotches of pale red ; calyx^ closed ; hasin^ deep ; stem^ slender,
short ; cavity^ deep ; fleshy yellowish, not fine grained, crisp, juicy ; " very
good." September, but often keeps to November.

Cooper's Early White

Grown in Illinois and Wisconsin, where it is regarded as productive and
profitable. Fruity medium ; roundish, little flattened ; pale yellow, with
faint blush, greenish tinge at stem ; stem^ short ; cavity^ narrow, deep ;
calyx^ closed ; basin^ deep, abrupt, slightly furrowed ; Jlesh^ white, crisp,
sprightly. September and October. Requires soil supplied with potash.

Cornish Aromatic.

Foreign : requires rich, warm, sandy soil. Size^ medium ; /o/w, round-
ish regular, sometimes a little conical ; color ^ yellow ground, mostly over-

72

THE APPLE.

Bpread with rich red, dotted with yellow russet spots ; stem, long, slender ;
cavity, regular, open, rather deep ', calyx, small ; basin, abrupt, furrowed ,
Jlesh, yellow, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, of flavor closely allied to Esopus Spit-
zenberg ; core, open, hollow, regular form ; seeds, large. November to
February.

Danver's Winter Sweet.
Epse's Sweet.

American. Tree, vigorous, spreading, shoots yellowish, yearly produc-
tive ; valuable winter fruit for baking or stock.

Size, medium ; form, roundish oblong ; color, dull yellow, with orange
blush, and small russet specks ; ste7n, slender, inclining to one side ; calyx,
small, woolly ; basin, shallow, rather narrow • flesh, yellow, firnii, sweet ;
core, large, open ; seeds, ovate pointed, dark rich brown. December to
April.

Drap D'Or.

Vrai Drap d'Or, I Bay Apple,

Early Summer Pippin, of some, \ Bonne du Mat,

This is, by some, said to be identical with " Cooper." We do not yet so
recognize it. Tree, strong grower, wide, broad foliage, moderate beaver.
Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, dull yellow or gold color, with
distinct brown or russet specks; stem, short; cavity, v^ide, open; calyx,
small, half closed ; basin, shallow, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, mild,
sub-acid, not fine-grained, tender, juicy, well flavored ; core, with open,
hollow capsules ; seeds, short, ovate, dark reddish brown. August t
October.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 73

DiSHAROON.

From Georgia. Fruit, large, regular, slightly conical j calyx, small, in
a narrow basin ; skin, yellowish green, with many roundish spots made
darker by minute specks ; flesh, fine aromatic, sub-acid. Early Winter, or
late Autumn at the South.

DOMINE.

er, I

Hogan, I Ked Streak, o/eome^ \ Wefl Apple,

Wella, I English Winter, | Striped E. J. Greening,

Origin, uncertain. Tree, strong, vigorous grower ; shoots, long, diverging ;
early, good bearer, profitable orchard sort. West ; succeeding finely in most
soils. Fruit, medium to large, flat, greenish yellow, with stripes ancUsplashes
of bright red and large russet specks ; stem, long, slender, inclining to one
side ; cavity, wide ; calyx, small ; basin, broad j core, medium ; seeds.
abundant, purplish brown ; fl^sh, white, tender, juicy ; " very good."
November to April.

Duchess of Oldenburgh.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with dark, upright shoots, productive, valued
for cooking and market. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, light
red, striped and splashed on yellow ; stem, short ; cavity, accuminate ; basin^
deep J flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-acid. August and September
Very fine at the North in Canada.

Dutch Mignonne.

The Dutch Mignonne — Darling, or Favorite — is from Holland, and a fruit
which has proved valuable wherever grown. Tree, with strong, upright
shoots, and producing abundantly ; very fine in South Ohio. Size, large ;
form, roundish regular ; color, dull orange, mostly covered with rich dull
red, dotted and mottled with large yellow russet specks, and a dash of
russet about the cavity of stem ; stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, nar-
row, deep; calyx, open; feasin, deep, round, regular ; flesh, whitish, firm at
first, becoming tender when well matured, sub-acid, aromatic flavor ; corCj

November to January.

Pomme Eoyal,
Golden Spice,
Tompkins,
Beard Burden,

Dyer.

Pomme "Water,
Bullripe,
Mygatt's Bergamot,

Bard Apple,
White Spice,
Smithfleld Spioe.

American. Tree, a fair grower, not strong, shoots spreading irregular,
?noderately productive. Size, medium ; form, round, or roundish flattened ;
color, clear yellow, with russet marbled more or less over the surface ; stem,
^ong, slender; cavity, deep, slightly furrowed ; calyx, with long, recurved
segments; basin, medium; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sprightly, tender,
wb-acid: core, medium ; seedsj Bmsll. October and November.
4

74

THE APPLB.
Early Jok.

American : origin, claimed Ontario Co., N. Y. It is somewhat question-
able if it is not an old Connecticut variety. This apple has the most of
delicate-pear flavor of any variety, and, while it is all unsuited to orchard-
ing, one tree should always be planted. While young, it is of slow growth,
but, as the trees get older, it improves, and makes a tree of round irregular
spreading form, of medium size. It is very hardy, but should have rich,
strong soil. Shoots, dark-colored, and so foliage.

Size^ medium, or rather below ; form, roundish flattened ; stem, rather
slender ; cavity, open, deep, a little russetted ; color, pale yellowish green,
overspread and striped with deep and pale red : calyx, small, nearly closed ;
basin, shallow ', flesh, yellowish white, tender, very delicate ; core, medium,
centre open; seeds, short ovate pyriform. Last of August.

Early Strawberry.

American Eed Juneating, | Eed Juneatlng.

American. Tree, very erect in growth, dark wood, numerous leaves erect,
with long footstalks ; productive, and successful in all localities, and,
although not best in quality, yet generally esteemed.

Size, small : form, roundish, varying to angular and conical ; color, yel-
lowish white, striped and stained over with bright and dark red ; stem,
varying from long straight and slender, to medium, curved ; calyx, small ;
basin, narrow and shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, tinged with red, sub-
acid, sprightly, tender; core, medium ; seeds, small. July.

Equinteley.

Sol. Carter.

i

Origin, Yancey Co., N. Carolina. One of the best of the Southern
apples.

Fruitj large, oblate, conic, angular, slightly oblique; skin, whitish
yellow, mostly overspread with beautiful bright crimson, and thinly

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 75

Bprinkled with whitish dots; stalk, short and fleshy, inserted in a hroad,
deep cavity ; calyx, closed, set in a deep, rather narrow, irregular basin ,
fiesh, yellowish, very tender, almost melting, juicy, with a very mild, sub-
acid flavor. November to May. (Downing.)

Esopus Spitzenberg.

American : origin, on the Hudson River. Tree, healthy, slender shoots j
when in bearing, drooping and spreading, making an open head ; requires
a strong soil and age to produce much or good fruit, and much of lime and
potash, when it is a good bearer.

Size, above medium, large when carefully grown ; form, flattened a1
Dase, oblong, tapering roundly toward the eye, considerably ribbed and irre-
gular in its surface, and almost always slightly angular ; color, rich, lively
red on yellow ground, dotted and marbled with yellow russet; stem, vary-
ing, sometimes short and stout, at others long and slender ; cavity^ deep
regular, open; calyx, small, closed ; basin, almost abrupt, furrowed; jlesh
yellow, crisp, a little tough, exceedingly high flavored and delicious ; core^
regular, ovate, rounded in form ; seeds, large. January to March.

Faldwalder.

Fallawater, I "Waldenner, I Pound, erron«<mily^

Green Mountain Pippin, Tulpahocken, Mountain Pippin,

Dutch Codlin, «rrwwott«Zy, | Pirn's Beauty of the "West, 1 Burbacker.

American: originated in Berks Co., Penn. Its name is from a Mr
Faldwald, with whom it originated. Not worthy a place in small orchards
or gardens, but, on rich limestone soils, when grown for distant market, it
is highly valuable, being of thick skin, fruit always fair and large, and
keeping a long time, even in Southern latitudes. Tree, strong, vigorous
grower ; shoots, stout, partially spreading.

76

THE APPLE.

Fruit, large ; form, round, varying to roundish, flattened and roundish
ovate ; color, pale yellowish green, dull red cheek, dotted with a few small
irregular-shaped russet dots, suffused or surrounded with a shade of light

green, presenting, at first glance, appearance as of white specks ; stem, short
cavity, open, generally regular ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, open,
broad, often slightly furrowed ; Jlesh, yellowish white, rather coarse texture,
tender, juicy, mild, sub-acid ; core, medium, somewhat open ; seeds, ovate
pointed. December to May.

Fall Pippin.
Philadelphia Pippin.

This is, unquestionably, an American seedling, and probably from the
*' White Spanish Reinette," which it closely resembles in all but its period
of ripening. Great confusion exists among growers respecting it, as the
Holland Pippin is often grown under this name, as well as its parent. It
is extensively grown at the West and in the Eastern States, and universally
succeeds well ; but, where the soil is of a clayey nature, on the alluvial
bottoms and deep prairies, it does not answer as well. Tree, of growth
vigorous ; shoots, dark ; diverging or spreading ; becomes large ; not always
productive; proves tender on prairie soils.

Size, large ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at ends ; color, greenish
yellow until fully ripe, then rich yellow with a faint blush, when grown in
good soil and exposed to sun ; stem, long, moderately stout ; cavity, deep,
round ; calyxj above medium, with segments in divisions ; basin, deep, wide,

MOST GENEEAILT ESTEiaiED.

7T

and open : fleshy yellowish white, tender, sub-acid, aromatic ; core^ medium,

October to December

for size of fruit ; seeds^ ovate

Summer Horse,
Yellow Horse,

Fall Queen.

Horse Apple, I
Oldfield, I

Eed Gloria Mundl?
Fall Beauty.

Origin, unknown. Valued highly South and West for cooking. Fruity
medium to large, roundish conical, little irregular; greenish yellow to
orange, blush in sun, russet lines about stem ; stem, short; cavity, shallow;
basin, narrow ; core^ large, hollow ; jiesh, yellow, coarse, acid. Last July.

Fall Queen of Ky.

"Winter Queen, | Ladies' Favorite of Tenn.

Origin, uncertain. Much grown at the South and Southwest, where it is
highly esteemed. Tree, very vigorous, upright, an early and abundant
bearer. Fruit, large, oblate inclining to conic, slightly oblique, angular ;
skin, yellow, striped and marbled with crimson, and thickly sprinkled with
brown and whitish dots; stalk, short, inserted in a broad, deep-russetted
cavity ; calyx, large, partially closed, set in a large open basin ; flesh, yel-
lowish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a sprightly mild sub-acid flavor. January
to March. (Downing.)

78

THE APPLE.

Fall Wine.

Sweet Wine,
Ohio Wine,

Uncle Sam's Beet

American : its origin unknown ; introduced West from the garden Oi
Judge Buel, Albany, about 1832. Tree, of slender, slow growth ; drooping
when in bearing state ; very healthy ; producing moderately, but annually,
large, beautiful fruit on the rich Western soils, and fruit of medium size
on soils of moderate quality. Our figure exhibits from the two soils. It is
now much grown in Indiana and Illinois, as "Wine," from which it is quite
distinct.

Size, medium to large; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich red marbled
over clear yellow, and with many spots or specks of brownish — sometimes
it is faintly striped ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin,
open, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, delicious, sub-acid,
vinous. September to November.

Although evidently an old Eastern fruit, it appears now unknown there,
if we except the short description made of it by Cole, and his notice of
where grown.

Fameuse.

Pomme de Neige, | Sanguineus, | Snow.

Foreign, or rather Canadian origin. It is admirably adapted to all
Northern sections, producing yearly, and always fair, smooth fruit. Tree,

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

79

of moderate, rather diverging, habit ; shoots dark ; ani, as an orchard tree,
only of second size. Without being a fruit of high character, it is just so
good that, taken with its production of regular, handsome fruit, it cannot
be dispensed with. Tree, hardy and rich; stronger heavy soils suit it
best ; proves hardy West.

Size, medium ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color, greenish
yellow, mostly overspread with pale and dark rich red ; stem, slender ;
cavity, narrow; calyx, small; basin, shallow, narrow; Jlesh, remarkably
white, tender, juicy, with a slight perfume ; core, close, compact ; seedsj
light brown, long pointed. October to January.

Fort Miami.

Scandiana Mala.

American. Originated near Fort Miami, in Ohio. In April, 1846, wo
made our outline and descriptions from specimens sent us by A. Spafford,
Esq., Perrysburgh, Ohio., since which we have been unable to obtain any of
^the fruit. Trees, thrifty, healthy growth ; shoots, dark color, nearly upright,
spreading ; not an early bearer, but the original tree said to be very pro-
ductive, w

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish oblong, flattened at both ends,
widest at base, uneven, somewhat ribbed; color, brownish red, more
or less russeted ; stem, medium size, three-fourth inch long ; cavity, deep,
open, uneven ; calyx, medium size, closed ; basin, medium depth, furrowed ;
flesh, yellowish white, crisp, breaking, exceedingly high, spicy, sub-acid
flavor. February to May.

Fulton.

Native of Fulton Co., 111. Original tree, when 19 years old, gave 36^-
inches circumference, 3 feet from ground, 25 feet high, and 28 feet across

80

THE APPLE.

top, and had produced large crops ten years in succession. Fruit, medium,
roundish flattened, pale clear yellow, bright red cheek, little russet in stem
cavity, small dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; cali/x, short segments ; basin,
rather deep ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed 3 Jlesh, tender, juicy, mild
sub-acid ; " very good." November to March.

Garden Royal.

American. Originated in Mass. Tree, slender, slow grower while young ,
hardy, and makes a tree of medium size, annually productive ; suited to
small orchards or gardens where a delicious fruit is desired for table use.

Fruit, rather below medium ; form, roundish, inclining to flat, very regu-
lar ; color, a yellowish ground, with dull red stripes, becoming brighter in
sun ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large, open ; basin, shal-
low ; Jlesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, mild, sub-acid. Last 0/
August and September.

Golden Sweet.

Orange Sweet.

American. Originated in Connecticut. Tree, free grower while young,
making, however, an orchard tree of only medium size; spreading, irregulai
branches ; succeeds well in all soils ; productive annually of large crops of
fair fruit.

Fruitj medium to large ; form, roundish, rather deeper than wide ; colory

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 81

yellow on green, suffused slightly underneath skin, and with many small
greenish dots that become russety in sun ; stem, medium to long ; cavity ,
round, shallow, regular; calyx, closed; basin, round, moderately deep'
slightly furrowed or crimped at base of calyx ; flesh, yellowish white, very
rich, sweet, hardly tender; core, medium, round ovate; seeds, abundant,
ovate pointed. As a baking fruit, or to grow for stock feeding, this is
unsurpassed. July and August.

Golden Pippin.

American Golden Pippin, I Eibbed Pippin,
New York Greening, | Newtown Greening.

An old American sort, of strong growth, not an early, but productive
bearer. Fruit, large ; form, variable, sometimes ribbed, roundish flattened ;
golden yellow, with a few dots, sometimes net russet ; stpm, short, stout ;
cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, vinous, aro-
matic ; core, large. November, February.

GoirEH Ball.
Belle et Bonnes | Coan^cMcat Applo.

The origin of this variety is somewhat in doubt, but it is probably a
native of Connecticut, from whence it has b**en la<-gely distributed East.
The trees do not bear well while young, but improve o« they advance in
years. Tree, hardy, forming a large round head, with large, glossy, rich
green foliage; exceeding valuable for cooking; requires a rich, strong,
heavy soil.

Fruit, large ; form, roundish, narrowing to the eye ; color, rich yellow,
sometimes a faint blush near the stalk, and with rough dots ; stem, short,
stout ; cavity, broad ; calyx, half closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish,
lender, sub-acid, nearly acid, perfumed ; core, medium ; seeds, large and
plump. October to December.

The Belle Bonne of Lindley is quite another fruit, and should not bo
confounded with this.

Gravenstein.
Kingof Pippins, «rroneotwZy, | Grave Slije.

Foreign .A variety indispensable to every collection, succeeding finely on
all soils, annually productive, fruit always fair, fit for cooking in August,
and eating in September and October; shoots, strong, smooth, upright.
Tree, large, regular, round head, foliage broad.

Fruit, large ; form, roundish flattened, a little irregular, somewhat rib-
bed, on surface undulating ; color, at first pale greenish, yellow ground,
becoming rich yellow, beautifully striped, and splashed with bright red ;
exposed to sun, red prevails, and becomes of a dark hue, beautiful, few
faint light green dots ; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, with open
half reflexed segments ; basin, rather deep, irregular, ribbed ; flesh, yellow-
ish, crisp, tender, sub-acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, large, cap-
Bules open, hollow ; seeds, ovate pyriforra, reddish brown.
4#

THE APPLE.
Gray Vandervere.

"Windower,
Green Vandervere,
White Vandervere,

Betsey's Fancy,
Vanderrere Pippin, ofaomt.

A great bearer, good keeper, by some preferred to the Vandervere. This
is the variety common in Philadelphia market, and esteemed highly for
cooking. Fruity medium or slightly above, round flattened ; slcin^ rough,
uneven, mostly a dull red, with gray bloom, small specks of russet, a little
bronze at the stem ; stem^ long ; cavity^ open ; calyx, with short segments ;
basin, broad, open ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, breaking, moderately
juicy. December to March.

Hawley.
Douse, I Dow's.

Native of Columbia Co., N. Y. Much resembles Fall Pippin, but larger,
and ripens earlier, and is invariably affected with dry rot in all soils. Fruit,
large, roundish, flattened conical, yellowish green to yellow, with few
brown dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, wide ; calyx, small, partly closed ; basin,
medium, slightly plaited • flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid.
October, sometimes in September.

Green Sweet.

Honey Greening.

Tree, hardy, productive, half spreading ; shoots rather slender ; fruit valu-
able for cooking and for stock ; wants deep, rich, strong soil • fruit always
fair.

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish ; color, dull greenish w^hite or
yellow, with greenish white, or sometimes pale russet dots ; stem, varying ;
cavity, narrow, russeted ; calyx, above medium size for the fruit, closed ;
basin, medium, slightly furrowed ; flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, and

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

quite sweet ; core, medium, round ; seeds, ovate. December to March.
Grown in Indiana, it is large, has a brownish cheek, and matures in October
and November.

Early Harvest.

Yello-w Harvest,
Prince's Harvest,
Early French Eeinette,

Bracken,

Early June,
July Pippin,

Large White Juneatinft
Yellow Juneating.

American. Universally esteemed; requires a soil well supplied with
lime and potash, otherwise the fruit is unfair. Shoots, erect, straight J slow
growth, not successful ; root-grafted as an orchard tree.

84 THE APPLE.

Fruitj medium ; form, roundish, rarely a little flattened ; color, pale light
yellow, with a few dots of white ; stem, medium length, rather slender,
often short, and a little stout; cavity, open, deep, regular; calyx, closed;
basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly,
sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant, light brown, ovate. July.

Herefordshire Pearmain.

Winter Pearmain, erroneously^ I Parmin Eoyal, I Boyale d'Angleterre.
Eoyal Pearmain, ^^^ ^ *.

Foreign. Tree, hardy, requiring rich, strong soil, when the fruit is of
the highest excellence ; some regard this as first-rate, others as only second ;
cultivation, soil, and location, make the difference. It is best in Northern
sections. Shoots, diverging, partially drooping.

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical ; color, brownish red, mottled,
and slighty striped, on a dull, rusty green, or, when fully matured, yellow
ground, with stripes and marblings of russet, from the stem, dotted with
greyish specks ; stem, slender; cavity, acuminate, russeted ; calyx, open;
basin, medium ; flesh, yellowish, tender, mild sub-acid, aromatic ; core, me-
dium, laying nearest the stem end; seeds, large, ovate, light brown. De-
cember to February.

HUBBARDSTON NoNSUCH.
Hubbardton Pippin.

American : originated in Mass. A superior fruit, succeeding even better
when grown West than in its native locality, but not always hardy. Tree,
vigorous grower ; shoots, rather slender, very different from the Baldwin,
which has often been disseminated as this variety ; spreading ; very pro-
ductive.

Fruit, large, West very large ; form, roundish ovate, very regular ; color,
yellow ground, mostly overspread, and partially striped with rich red ; stem,
short; cavity, narrow; calyx, with short open segments; basin, deep^

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

85

round, rarely ribbed ; fiesh^ yellowish, mild, sub-acid, juicy. October to
February.

High Top Sweet.

Summer Sweet, of Ohio | Sweet June, of Illinois.

From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, upright, productive. Fruit, medium,

roundish, greenish yellow, with greenish white dots ; stem, slender ; calyXj

closed; Jiesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet; "very good." Last of

July. Very popular Southwest and West.

Jersey Sweeting,

Amerioan. Succeeds in all localities, and produces abundantly of fair
fruit in all soils — warm, sandy ones giving a closer texture, and more cha-
racter to the flesh. Shoots, stout, short-jointed, reddish ; tree, spreading,
round head. For dessert, cooking, or stock, valuable. Is said to decay
young ; we think incorrect.

Fruit, medium ; for7n, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye ', color,
greenish yellow, marked and streaked, often nearly covered with stripes of
pale and dull red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ', calyx, half closed ; basin,
not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy,
tender, sweet ; core, rather open, medium, round ovate j seeds, full, ovate
pointed. September and October.

Jefferson.

Tree, good habit, spreading ; much grown and esteemed in some parts of
Kentucky, from whence we once received specimens in April (after lying
in a warehouse during Winter), in fine condition. Fruit, medium to large,
roundish conical, dull red on yellow, splashed ; stem, slender ; cavity, mod-
erate ; calyx, small, partially closed ; basin, open ; core, compact ; seeds,
light brown : flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid : almost " best."
October to March.

86

THE APPLE.

Jefferis.

From Chester Co., Pa. Tree, moderate grower, upright habit, constaut
and abundant bearer. Fruit, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and
stained with red, becoming dark in the sun, dotted with white spots and
russet at stem ; stem, half inch, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep , calyx, nearly
closed, woolly; basin, deep, regular ; ^e^A. white, crisp, tender, juicy;
best." September and October.

Jewitt's Best.

From Torybridge, Vt. Fruit, large, nearly globular, irregular, greenish,
shaded with deep red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed : basin.
small ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, sub-acid ; almost " best.''
December to February.

Jonathan.

Philip Eick.
King PMlip;

Winesap, erroneotulfft
Wino, *♦

American : originated Kingston, N. Y. Shoots, light brown, slender,
diverging ; when grown and fruiting, tree has a drooping and pendent
habit ; very productive ; needs rich, strong soil.

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, regular ; color, light yellow
ground, mostly overspread, streaked, or stained with rich light red, and
with few minute white dots ; stem, rather long, slender ; cavity, open, wide ;
calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh, yel-
lowish white, tender, juicy, slightly acid unless fully matured, when it is
sub-acid, sprightly ; core^ medium ; seeds, full, abundant, dark browa
December to February.

MOST GENEEALLT ESTEEMED. 8T

JULIN.
Jullng.

Fruit, medium size, roundish, tapering somewhat to the eye, rather one-
sided; calyx, small, in a narrow basin; stem, short, in a moderate cavity;
skin, thin, yellowish white, striped and marbled w;ith carmine, of a beau-
tiful waxen appearance, sprinkled sparingly with whitish dots ; flesh, white,
tender, juicy, and fine flavored ; indeed, the finest summer apple known
North and South. Ripens about the middle of July at South ; August at
North.

Keswick Codlin.

Foreign. Very productive. Tree, hardy ; valued for cooking, and suited
to Western soils ; one of best. Fruit, medium or above, roundish ovate,
conical ; greenish yellow, with brownish cheek in sun, and light dots, one
or .two raised lines from stem to apex ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ;
calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed imperceptibly ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ;
flesh, greenish or yellowish white, tender, acid, September and October.

KiNGSLEY.

From Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree, erect, moderate grower, hardy, profuse
early bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish oval ; yellowish, striped and splashed
with pinkish red, white dots, russet near calyx ; stem, slender ; calyx, small,
closed ; basin, shallow : core, medium, open ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh,
fine-grained, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." November to July. (H. Wendell in
Pom. Trans.)

King of Tompkins County.

Winter King j King.

This variety we have had more or less acquaintance with for the past
ten years. It is really one of the most valuable apples grown at the North.
Its origin is uncertain. Supposed to have been brought at an early day
from New Jersey to Jacksonville, Tompkins Co., N. Y. It is distinct from
" King" of Ky., and Newark King of N. J. Tree, annually productive.

Fruit, large, roundish oblong, somewhat ribbed, pale yellow ground,
mostly covered with two shades of red, striped and splashed, brown dots,
and russet patches on sunny side ; stem, stout, thick ; cavity, open, regular
calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, slight furrows, and pro-
jecting ribs surrounding ;/e5A, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. December
to February.

Lady Apple.

Api, I Pomme Eose, j Petit Api Eonge,

Petit Api, Pomme d'Api Eouge, Gros Api Eouge.

Pomme d'Api, | I

Foreign. Trees, very upright, forming almost pyramidal heads, like that
of a Pear tree, producing the fruit in clusters ; require to be ten or more
years old, ere bearing much ; after which, very productive. Shoots, very
dark color, straight, erect, leaves small ; appears to succeed in all soils,
and the fruit, though small, from its beauty, always commands a high
price.

Fruit, small ; form, flat ; color, brilliant red, on light, clear yellow ; very
glossy ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, furrowed ; flesh,
white, crisp, tender, juicy ; core, small. December to May.

88

THE APPLE.

Ladies' Sweeting.

American. We have repeatedly fruited and met with this variety West,
where it seems generally to succeed, but varies much in different soils —
often not more than second-rate quality ; always fair, handsome fruit ; pro-
fitable for marketing, or stock feeding. " Wood, not very strong : grows
thriftily ; bears abundantly."

^^ Fruit, large, roundish*. ovate, narrowing rapidly to the eye ; skin^ very
smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, pale yellowish green in the
shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is sprinkled with w^ell-
marked yellowish gray dots, and covered, when first gathered, with a thin
white bloom. There is also, generally, a faint marbling of cloudy white
over the red, on the shady side of the fruit, and rays of the same around
the stalk. Calyx, quite small, set in a narrow, shallow-plaited basin; stalky
half an inch long, in a shallow cavity ; flesh, greenish white, exceedingly
tender, juicy, crisp, delicious, sprightly, agreeably perfumed flavor ; keeps
without shelving, or losing its flavor, till May."

London Sweet.

London Winter Sw^eet, | Winter Sweet, I Heicke's "Winter Sweet.

American. Much cultivated in Southern Ohio ; often abundant in Cin-
cinnati market. We have been unable to connect it with any other named
variety, though it nearest resembles Broadwell. Adapted to the rich deep
soils of the West ; annually productive.

Fruit, medium, occasionally large ; form, roundish flattened ; color, pale
yellow, with rarely an irregular patch of bronzed russet ; very smooth j
grown South, has the fungus or mould, as we think, marring its beauty ;
stem, short, slender ; cavity, open, medium depth, round, regular ; calyx,
small, closed; basin, deep, round, regular; flesh, yellowish white, juicy,
tender, pleasantly sweet ; core, rather small ; seeds, ovate pointed. Novem-
ber to January, but will keep through February.

MOST GENEKALLY ESTEEMED.

89

Lowell.

Orange, of some^
Tallow Apple,
Tallow Pippin,

Greasy Pippin,

Queen Anne,

Pound Eoyal, erroneously.

American. The early habit of productiveness, with the large fair fruit,
will always command a place in large orchards, where this variety i*
known. Trees, thrifty, rather strong growers, spreading ; most valuable on
rich heavy soils.

Fruity large : form^ roundish oblong, slightly conical ; color^ green, be-
coming rich yellow; oily surface; stem^ long, slender; cavz'^y, narrow;
calyx, small, nearly closed; basin^ deep, furrowed; fiesh^ yellowish white,
rather coarse, sub-acid, fine aroma; core^ medium or small; seeds^ ovate,
August and early September.

Maiden's Blush.

American. Tree a rapid grower, forming a fine spreading head ; suc-
ceeds, so far as producing annually and abundantly, in all soils ; much the
best, however, in those termed " limestone clay." Valued for cooking, for
drying, and salable in market on account of its handsome appearance.

Fruit, medium to large ; form^ roundish flattened ; cohr, clear lemon
yellow, with red cheek, varying from faint blush to rich crimson ; sterriy
short ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt ; core, medium ; flesh, white,
fine-grained, tender, sprightly, rather sharp sub-acid unless fully ripened.
September and October

90

THE APPLE.

Mangum.

Beago, I Maxfleld.
From Georgia. Fruit, medium, roundish, conical; yello-vrishj striped
and shaded with red ; whitish brown dots ; stem, short, small ; cavity^
broad, often russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; core, small ; fiesh^
yellow, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid, excellent. October and November
Valued South as keeping until March.

Maverack's Sweet.
Southern origin. Fruit, very large; roundish, irregular, slightly conical ;
striped with bright red, and a few greenish dots ; stem, short ; cavity, regu-
lar ; calyx, open ; basin, medium ; skin, thick : flesh, fine-grained, tender,
sweet, excellent. November and December at the South; December to
March at the North.

Melon.
Norton''8 Melon, | 'Watennelon.

American. Origin questioned — ^whether New York or Connecticut. It
proves jEine so far, wherever it has been tested. Tree, vigorous, spreading;
shoots, reddish brown ; requires deep, strong soil.

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish flattened, regular ; surface,
glossy, uneven ; color, pale yellowish white, much overspread with broken
streaks and stripes of reddish purple, becoming rich and dark in the sun ;
stem, medium, slender ; cavity, wide, round, open, marked with greenish
russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, finely plaited at bottom ; flesh, white,
fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly; core, rather small ; seeds broad,
nearly black. October to December.

McLellan.
Martin.

From Woodstock, Conn. Trees, moderate growth, annual productive
bearers. Fruit, medium, round ; bright straw color, striped and marbled

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

91

"with lively red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, round ; calyXj nearly closed j
basin, medium, slightly plaited ; core, medium ; seeds, small ; flesh, white,
fine-grained, tender, mild sub-acid ; nearly " best." November to March.

Minister.

From Massachusetts. Tree, productive. Fruit, . large, oblong conical,
ribbed ; red striped on greenish yeUow ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ;
hasin, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, spongy ; " good j" showy
and salable. October to December.

Michael Henry Pippin.

American. Native of New Jersey. It is in extensive cultivation
throughout the West, and is very successful. Trees very productive.

Fruit, medium to large ; form, angular, roundish conical ; color, light
yellowish green, with a flush of red, in sun, dotted with irregular formed
specks of russet ; often there is a shade of rich yellow, marbled or striped,
apparently underneath the skin ; stem, usually short ; cavity, narrow, regu-
lar ; calyx, with long segments in divisions ; basm, shallow, narrow, some-
what furrowed ; flesh, white tender, juicy, sweet : much valued for cooking
and keeping well, being in use from October to March ; core, small, com-
pact, surrounded by a broad, coarse vein, giving semblance of a large core j
seeds, ovate pointed, light brown.

Mother.
Queen Anne, 0/ some, incorrectly.
From Massachusetts, Tree, hardy, moderate growth, annual "bearer.
Fruit, large, roundish ovate; yellow, mostly overspread, marbled and

92

THE APPLE.

striped with shades of dark red, few russet dots ; sterrij slender ; calyx^ small,
nearly closed ■ basin, plaited ; Jlesh, yellowish, tender, spicy, sub-sxcid «
" best." October to January.

Monmouth Pippin.

Bed Cheek, of some, | Bed Cheek Pippin.

American. Native of Monmouth County, N. J. It is stated as very
productive, and of healthy, vigorous growth. We are conversant only with
the fruit.

Fruit, large; form, roundish flattened; sometimes roundish conical;
color, pale greenish yellow, with blush-red cheeks, small, raised, rough,
brown specks, with a shade of light green sufiused around them underneath
the skin ; stem, rather short ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, medium, seg-
ments woolly and often nearly closed; basin, wide, abrupt, deep, much
plaited , flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse-grained ; breaking tender,
moderately juicy, sub-acid, with considerable aroma, or perfume: core^
small, compact ; seeds^ oblong ovate, abundant. December to February,
and often till April.

Myer's Nonpareil.

Ohio Nonpareil, | Cattail Apple.

The original tree, in orchard of Mr. Bowman, Massillon, 0., is over fifty
years old. It has been claimed as identical with " Cogswell," but it is
only a Fall fruit, and the tree a far more upright grower. In our experience,
it is one of the most valuable of Fall apples.

Tree, straight, stout growth, forming a compact head ; an annual bearer
of fruit uniform in size. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; red and yellow
marbled and splashed: steins medium; cavity, regular; calyx^ partially

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

open ; basin, not deep ; fleshy yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ;
"best." October to December.

Newtown Pippin.

ppin, I Greei

American Newtown Pippin, | Petersburg PippiK

Green Newtown Pippin, I Green Winter Pippin,

y± THE APPLE.

American. Native of Newtown, Long Island. It requires a rich lime-
stone clay soil, or a warm, sandy, rich loam, well dressed with lime and
bone dust, in order to secure healthy wood, and fair, smooth fruit. On
sandy soils, abounding more or less with iron, we have never seen good
fruit grown of this variety. It is distinct in fruit from the Yellow Newtown
Pippin, for which see further pages ; but it is difficult, if not impossible to
detect one from the other by the wood. Growth slender, slow ; as an
orchard tree, a fine round head, with branches diverging, pendent. On the
rich limestone soils of Ohio, and farther west, this and the Yellow New-
town Pippin succeed, and produce fruit even superior to the world-renowned
Pell Orchard.

Fruity medium ; fornij roundish, oblong flattened ; color, dull green when
first gathered, becoming, when ripe, a yellowish green ; small minute rus-
set dots, with occasional spots or blotches of russet, and, grown on alluvial
soils South, patches of dark green mould ; stem, slender ; cavity, acuminate
regular ; calyx, small ; basin, deep, abrupt, hollowed, and slightly wrinkled
flesh, greenish white, very fine-grained, juicy, crisp, sprightly, perfumed
core, compact ; seeds, dark brown, ovate. February to May.

Newtown Spitzenberg.

Spiced Ox-eye, I Matchless, I Joe Berry,

Ox-eye, Kountz, Vandervere of New York, and

Burlington Spitzenberg, J 1 Eastern States,

American. From Newtown, Long Island. Originally described by
Coxe, in 1817. It is extensively and successfully grown in the West as
Ox- Eye, and highly estimated. When Mr. Downing wrote his description
of Vandervere, he evidently had this apple before him ; and was not ac-
quainted with the true Vandervere.

Fruit, medium ; form, round, flattened ; color, yellow ground, mostly
striped and splashed with red, which often has appearance as of a bloom ;
russet dots and lines that near the calyx look like the crests of waves ;
stem, long, slender j cavity, narrow, deep, regular; calyx, small, segments

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

05

erect ; basin, open, regular, not deep j Jlesk. yellow, tender, slightly sweet,
rich, aromatic; core, small ; seeds, few, ovate pointed. December to
February.

Northern Spy.

American. Native of East Bloomfield^ N. Y. While the quality of
this variety secures it a place among first class fruit, it cannot be con-
sidered a profitable variety until the trees have acquired at least twenty
years of age, as it is tardy in coming into bearing. It is of thrifty, vigor-
ous growth, requiring a rich soil, high state of cultivation, and as an
orchard tree, severe thinning out of the tops, as it inclines to make an
upright, close head ; young shoots, stout, dark, spotted : blooms late, often
escaping late frosts in Spring.

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, sometimes ribbed ; skiUy
thin and tender; color, light yellow, mostly overspread with light red,
striped and slashed with streaks of carmine red, and, when first gathered,
covered with a fine bloom; stem, slender, projecting about even with the
surface ; cavity, open, wide, deep ; calyx, small, closed; basin, open, regu-
lar, other than the furrows produced by ribs of the fruit — not deep, but
rather abrupt ; flesh, yellowish white, very tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ;
core, large, capsules open: seeds, abundant, many of them triangular ovate
pointed. January to April. South, it will probably become an early
Winter variety.

36

Ortley Pippin
"Woolman's Long,
White Bellefleur,
White Bellflower,
Green Bellflower,
Willow Leaf Pippin,
Ohio Favorite,
Detroit,
White Detroit,

the apple.
Ortley.

Van Dyne,
Jersey Greening,
Davis, erroneously.
Hollow Core Pippin,
Greasy Pippin,
Melting Pippin,
Crane's Pippin,
Warren Pippin,

White Pippin, erroneously/.
Yellow Pippin,
Golden Pippin, of some.
Woodward's Pippin,
Tom Woodward Pippin,
Inman,

White Seek-no-further, q^
some, erroneously.

American. Native of New Jersey. First described by Lindley as
Drtley, and we therefore follow, as it is as well known by that as any
other one of its names. In strong rich soils, throughout the entire West-
ern States, it proves one of the hardiest, most productive, profitable, as
well as best varieties known. In size, it is also largely increased over
specimens grown North, where the form is more oblong, the texture some-
what closer, and sprightliness a little enhanced. Shoots, slender, brown-
ish, yellow, upright, long jointed.

Fruity large, when grown on rich soils ; skin^ smooth ; form^ oblong
oval, occasionally or often roundish conical ; color ^ pale yellowish white, at
the North — South it becomes a richer yellow, with specks of dark red, and
a Vermillion tinge surrounding when exposed to sun ; stem^ varying from
short and stout to long and slender; cavity^ deep, narrow; calyx^ small,

MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED.

W

closed ; basing furrowed or plaited, from the surrounding angles or nhar
that are often apparent in the fruit ; Jlesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp,
sprightly, mild acid ; core, large, open ; seedsj abundant, loose in the cap-
sules. January to April.

Peck's Pleasant.

"Waltz Apple.

American. Native of Rhode Island. Shoots, rather erect, slightly di-
verging, vigorous, productive. If on sandy soils, it is of firmer texture
than on clays, and keeps better, but is not so large.

Fruit J medium to large ; form, roundish, slightly (sometimes very much)
flattened, with an indistinct furrow on one side ; color, when first gathered,
green, with a little dark red — when ripe, a beautiful clear yellow, with
bright blush on sunny side, marked with scattered gray dots, which become
small and almost indistinct near the apex ; stem, varies, mostly short and
fleshy ; cavity, broad, open, and almost always with a slight ridge or wave
on one side, connecting with stem; calyx, medium size, usually segments
half open ; basin, round, regular ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained,
firm, yet tender, juicy, mild, aromatic, sub-acid; core, medium; seeds,
abundant, ovate, dark reddish brown. December to February, often keeps
to April.

Paradise Winter Sweet.

Honey Sweet, of some.

From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, productive . Fruit, large, roundish flat-
tened ; dull green, with a pale brownish blfeh ; stern, short ; cavity, rather
deep ; calyx, medium ; basin^ not deep ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate pyri
6

n

THE APPLE.

form; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sweet; "very good." Novembei
to March. Quality a little variable.

Peach Pond Sweet.

From Dutchess County, N. Y. Tree, moderate growth, spreading ; an-
nual moderate bearer. Fruity medium, roundish ; pale red, marbled and
striped on yellow j stem, slender ; cavity, open, slightly russeted ; cali/x,
with segments in divisions ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds^ ovate pyri-
form } flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet ; " very good." October,

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.
People's Choice.

99

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree, hardy ; shoots, slender, diverging ; fruit
Dorne mostly on ends of limbs ; requires rich soil, abounding in lime ; on
young trees, fruit quite small ; improves and increases as they advance in
years and size, and under good culture.

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly flattened ; color, yellow ground,
overspread with warm yellow red, dotted and marbled with yellow russet ;
stem, short ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, with short, erect segments j
basin, shallow, broad, open; flesh, yellowish crisp, juicy, tender, sub-acid;
core, small, compact ; seeds, long; oval-pointed, abundant. January to

April.

PoMME Grise.
Grlse, I Gray Apple.

too THE APPLE.

A delicious little apple from Canada, that is especially adapted to
Northern and Southwestern sections, and only to gardens. It is a good
bearer, of slender growth, forming a tree of small size.

Fruit, below medium ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color j yel-
low, gray, or russet, with a little red towards the eye ; stem, slender ;
,avity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, round ; flesk, yellow, tender, sprightly ;
orCj medium ; seeds, abundant. December to February.

Porter.
Golden Pippin of MicUgan.

American: native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender, slow growth, a
tegular, even bearer, requires strong soil in which there is good supply of
lime and phosphates ; succeeds wherever grown — one of the best at South ;
hardy all West.

Fruit, medium to large ; form, oblong conical ; color, bright, clear yellow
— ^when exposed to sun, a fine blush cheek ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow j
calyx, medium, closed ; basin, narrow, deep ; flesh, fine-grained, juicy, firm
yet tender, acid. September and October.

POUGHKEEPSIE RuSSET.
English Basset, | Winter Basset?

is variety, described by Downing as the " English Russet," is prob
ably an American seedling, and as there are so many sorts known under
the general term of English Russet, we prefer to adopt the name of Pough-
keepsie Russet, as commemorative of the section whence it was first dis-
seminated. Growth, upright. Shoots, lively brown, profuse bearer, and
although only of medium size, its quality of keeping over year renders it
very profitable. There is also another called " Crow's Nest," sometimes
sold under this name, of which the fruit is larger, does not keep as well,
and the tree when grown makes a dense top.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

101

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, or roundish ovate, regular ; eolor^
light greenish yellow, mostly overspread with brownish russet ; when well
matured, becomes yellowish ; stem, rather short ; cavity round ; calyx, small,
close ; basin, abrupt, regular, round ; flesh, yellowish white, fine texture,
rather firm, aromatic; core, small; seeds, ovate, reddish brown. All Win-
ter and Spring.

There is cultivated in Central Ohio, a Golden Russet (see our figure)
which resembles this, but is larger, and with an open calyx, and often
beautifully bronzed with russet yellow. We think they may prove identi-
cal, and the soil and location make the apparent difierence.

Primate.
Eough and Keady^ | Summer Pippin, erroneously.

A variety lately come into favorable notice in Central New York, that
may yet prove an old sort improved by soil and location. Fruit, medium,
roundish, tapering to the eye — pale yellow— occasionally, blush red cheek ;
calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; stem, varying ; cavity, rather narrow ; core, with
open seed-capsules ; seeds, pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, very tender,
delicate, juicy, mild sub-acid ; " best." September and October.

Prtor's Red.
Prior's Bed. 1 PitzerHUl, I BigHlU.

This is evidently a seedling from seed crossed with Westfield Seek-no-
further and Roxbury Russet, partaking most largely of the Seek-no-further.
Its certain origin w*e have not learned. It is not regarded as an early
bearer, but as very hardy, and the fruit keeping well when grown South,
and on rich alluvial soils. Grown at the North, the trees come into bear-
ing at about eight years, and the fruit has very little russet (unless unusu-
ally warm seasons), except at stem end ; South, in good culture, it attains

102 THE APPLE.

» size of four inches diameter, by three inches from stem to eye, and mostly
•overed with russet. Popular in Kentucky, not so, farther North.

Fruit, medium to very large ; fornij at North, regular roundish, tapering
to the eye — South, always angular, sometimes even broad at apex, being
roundish angular, flattened ; color, pale yellow, ground mostly overspread
with rich, warm rea and russet, marbled and splashed with bronzed yellow
near the stem, dark yellow russet spots surrounded with a lighter shade ;
stem, short; cavity, narrow; calyx, small, segments erect; basin, abrupt,
pretty deep, round and even, occasionally shallow ; Jlesh, yellowish, tender,
mild sub-acid, much resemblimg Westfield Seek-no-further; core, medium,
marked at distance with a line encircling ; seeds, varying, generally ovate.
January to April.

Pumpkin Sweet.

Pound Sweet, I French's Sweet,

Lyman'a Pumpkin Sweet, \ Yankee Apple.

An old Connecticut fruit, valued for baking. In wet soils or neavy clay,
liable to be watered-cored. Bears regularly, and evenly distributed. Fruit,
large, roundish, ribbed at base — yellowish green, whitish dots and streaks ;
stem, short ; cavity, deep greenish, russeted ; calyx, small ; basin, irregular ;
Jksh, white tender, sweet ; " good." September to November.

Rambo.

Komanite, | Seek-no-further,

Bread and Cheese Apple, | Terry's Eed Streak.

American. A native of Delaware, it succeeds in all soils and locations,
and has no superior, as a whole, in the general estimation. It succeeds on
sandy soils, but the largest and best fruit is grown on strong limestone soils,
giving evidence of the food suited best to it, clay or loam.

Fruit, medium; form, flat, or roundish flattened, sometimes ribbed or
angular ; color, yellowish white, marbled and streaked with yellow and

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

103

red, ind with large rough spots ; stem^ long, slender, often curved ; basm^
acuminate ; calyx^ nearly closed ; hasin^ broad, slightly furrowed ; fleshy
greenish white, tender, sprightly, mild sub-acid ; core^ large, rather hol-
low; seeds^ abundant, ovate pyriform. October to December, but often
keeps to March.

Raules' Janet.

Baafs €^ennetting,
Eftwrs Janet,
Winter Genneting,
Bock Eemain,

Jennette,
Jeniton,

Raules' Janette,
Eawle's Jennette,

Eock-Eimmon,
Neverfail,
Yellow Janette,
Indiana Jannetting.

This variety, according to H. P. Byrara, Esq., was first brought to the
South-western sections, from Amherst Co., Va., near the Blue Ridge, where
it was originated by Caleb Raules, who named it Janet, hence the name.
According to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., Gov. Worthington had it in his orchard
40 years since, and from thence it was brought to northern Ohio. The
Scriptural name of Rock-Rimmon, given it in the Sciota valley, Was prob-
ably on account of its sure bearing, and long keeping qualities. The tree
is tardy in Spring in leaving out, and blossoms some ten days after other
varieties ; thus escaping late Spring frosts. In quality it is only second
rate, and at the North is not desirable, but south of Cincinnati is highly so,
as it succeeds when many others often fail. In Missouri it is regarded as
essential to every orchard.

Fruity medium to large ; form^ roundish conical, flattened at stem end ;
skin, thick, tough ; color ^ a ground of light pale yellowish green, mostly
overspread, striped and stained with dull red, and with a blue or grayish
shade lying within as of a bloom ; small russet dots, that show most when
the fruit is high colored — South, many patches of mould or fungus ; stem^
slender, rather long j cavity^ deep, regular ; calyx^ nearly closed, short seg-
ments ; basin^ open, regular, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed near

104

THE APPLE.

the calyx ; fleshy yellowish, tender, mild sub-acid ; corCj medium ; seed$^
angular ovate. Late Spring.

Red Astrachan,

Foreign. Most valuable as a hardy, strong grower, regular, moderate
bearer of fruit, always fair. As a dessert fruit, it is rather acid, unless

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

105

fully ripe ; but, for marketing or cooking, it has few equals, at its time.
Shoots stout, dark brown, broad foliage.

Fruit, medium to large; fomiy roundish, tapering toward the apex;
color, greenish yellow, mostly overspread with rich purplish crimson, a
little russet near the stem and a white bloom ; stem, varying, generally
short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow,, uneven ; flesh, white,
crisp, juicy, acid ; core, small ; seeds, ovate, dark browish black. August.

Red Canada.
Steele's Eed Winter of Mich., I Old Nonsuch, | Elchfleld Nonsuch.

American : probably a native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender growth ;
shoots diverging ; requires rich, strong soil, when it is productive, and
always fair and uniform size of fruit. One of the most valuable for orchard,
or garden.

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, flattened at stem end ; coIoTj
rich, clear, yellow ground; when exposed to the sun, overspread with bright,
handsome red, two shades, light and dark, intermingling, or striped, many
light gray dots, presenting at first sight an appearance of a somewhat rough
exterior ; skin, thin, tender ; stem, varying from short and stout to slender
and long, usually as seen in our figure ; cavity, deep, regular, a touch of light
russet ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, open, moderate depth, slightly furrowed,
or uneven ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid,
aromatic; core, small, compact; seeds, ovate pyrijform. January to April.

Red June.

CaroMna Bed June, | Blush June, | Carolina June.

A vigorous grower ; early and abundant bearer ; popular West and

South. Fruit, medium, generally oblong conic, but occasionally fiat ; skin^

smooth, green in the shade, changing rapidly at maturity to a fine dark

106

THE APPLE.

crimson ; stem and cavity, varying in specimenB ; calyx, closed, segments
long, reflexed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, brisk
sub-acid, not rich ; core^ large. Ripens in June at the South and South-
west.

Red Russet.

Origin, Hampton Falls, N. H. Tree, very vigorous and productive.

Fruit, large, roundish conic ; skin, yellow, shaded with dull red, and
deep carmine in the sun, and thickly covered with gray dots, with a slight
appearance of rough russet on most of the surface ; stalk, rather short and
thick, inserted in a medium cavity, surrounded with thin russet ; calyx,
nearly closed, segments long, recurved in a narrow, uneven basin; flesh,
yellow, solid, crisp, tender, with an excellent rich, sub-acid flavor, some-
what resembling Baldwin. January to April. (Downing.)

Rhode Island Greening.
Barlington Greening, | Jersey Oreening ? Coxe^ | Hampshire Oreening.

This variety has been condemned in many sections, because of not pro-
ducing as fine fruit on the same trees without care, as when the trees were
young. Testimony has shown that it is a gross feeder, and needs soil well
drained, rich in lime and phosphates ; on usual soils, where the variety is
defective, liberal dressing with wood ashes will answer. On sandy soils,
well manured, the texture is closer than on clay. It is unreliable, South ',
drops too early.

Fruity large ; form, roundish flattened, sometimes a little angular at the
base end ; color, green, yellowish green when ripe, with a dull blush, on
fiuu-grown specimens, near the stem ; stem, medium ; cavity^ open ; calyx^

MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED.

107

rather small, woolly ; basin^ medium depth, slightly furrowed ; fleah, yel-
lowish, fine-grained, tender, slightly aromatic, lively acid juice; core,
small; seeds, ovate pointed. December to February. The best cooking
apple as yet known.

BiBSTON Pippin.

Glory of York, | Travers, 1 Formosa Pippin.

Foreign. Valued in Northern sections ; not esteemed South or Central.
Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, russet near the stem, dull red in
pun; stem, slender; calyx, small closed; basin^ open; core, small; seedsj
flattened ovate ; Jlesh, yellow, firm, crisp, aromatic, sub-acid. November
to February.

Richmond.

We received this fine variety from D, C. Richmond, Esq., near San-
iusky, as a native seedling, and are unable to identify it with any known
sort.

Fruit, large ; form roundish ; occasional specimens have one side a little
enlarged ; color, light yellow ground, mostly or quite overspread with light
and dark red stripes, many dots or specks of light russet ; stem, varying,
mostly short, slender; cavity, deep, open, regular, a little brownish at
bottom ; calyx, large, segments long ; basin, deep, open, uniformly fur-
rowed ; jlesh, white, tender, juicy, delicate sweet ; corCj medium ; seeds,
large, full. October to December.

Roman Stem.

French Pippin, of some.
From New Jersey. Shoots, slender, diverging; succeeds finely on the
dry prairies, and on all rich limestone soils ; productive. Fi'uitj mediunii

108 THE APPLE.

roundish oblong, whitish yellow, with brownish or red russet, and patches ol
blackish russet, unless well grown ; stem, with a fleshy knob one side ;
tavityy russeted; calyx, small, closed: hasin, narrow; core, open, long
ovate ; seeds, ovate pointed ; jiesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ; " very
good." November to February. One of the best at the Southwest.

Rome Beauty.

Eoman Beauty, | Gillett's Seedling.

American. Native of Southern Ohio. Requires, to perfect good fniit,
a rich, warm, loamy soil. On poor land, it is undersized, deficient in char
acter, and inclined to overbear.

Fruit, large ; form, roundish ; color, rich light yellow, mostly overspread
and striped with shades of clear, bright red ] stem, slender ; cavity^ open,
regular ; calyx, nearly closed, segments distinctly separate ; basirij round,
open, moderately deep ; flesh, yellow, crisp, mild, sub-acid ; core, medium,
somewhat hollow; seeds, long ovate, large and full. October to December.

Ross Nonpareil.

Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, below medium, roundish, dull red,
blotched and striped, over which is a marbling of thin mellow russet ; stem,
slender ; calyx, medium ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ;
*' very good,'' nearly " best." October to November,

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

109

Boston Eusset,
Marietta Eusset,

RoxBURY Russet.

Putnam Eusset,
Belpre Eusset,

Sylran Basset.

American. Origin uncertain, either Connecticut or Massachusetts. It
was introduced to the Ohio Valley, in 1796 or "97, by Israel Putnam, and
from thence distributed throughout the Southwest. It is a thick-skinned
fruit, generally a good keeper, but hardly above second rate in quality ;
grown on rich prairie soils, it is sometimes liable to " bark burst " near the
ground, but elsewhere perfectly hardy, and very productive. Spreading
growth, with rather dowTiy shoots ; young trees often crooked. Unreliable,
West or South.

Fruitj medium to large ; form, roundish flattened, and often angular ;
color, dull green, overspread With brownish yellow russet, occasionally a
faint blush on the sunny side ; stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, closed ;
basin, round, moderate depth ; flesh, greenish white, moderately juicy, mild
sub-acid ; core, compact ; seeds, ovate, defective. January to June.

Gibbon's SmatUiouse,
Millcreek Vandervere,

Smokehouse.

Gibbon's Smokehouse,
English Yandervere,

Bmathhonse,
Millcreek,

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Has been in cultivation about twenty years.
Tree, a free grower, bearing early and abundantly. Fruit, above medium;
flat; red, striped and mottled on greenish yellow; stem, short, slender;
Cavity, narrow ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, medium ; seeds, long,
brown; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, delicate, aroma agreeable
October, November.

Summer Rose.

Wolman's Harvest, | "Woolman's Harvest, \ Lippincott.

This variety is not valuable for market purposes, but its juicy, sprightly,
Bub-acid character makes it very desirable for the dessert. Tree, a slow
grower, diverging — shoots downy; requires rich, strong soil, lime and

110

THE APPLE.

phosphate to perfect the fruit, or keep the tree healthy. Moderate, regular
bearer.

Fruity medium, or rather small ; form, roundish, sometimes flattened *
color, rich glossy yellow, blotched and streaked with red ; stem, varying
from stout to slender, short ; cavity, shallow; calyx, partially closed ; basing
round, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core,
medium ; seeds^ ovate. Last of July and August.

Smith Cider.
Oregon Spitzenberg, 1 Smith's Superb.
Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Extensively grown West. Fruit, medium, round-
ish flattened ; bright red and yellow, mostly red ; stem, varying ; cavity,
regular ; calyx, half closed, long segments ; flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid ;
" very good ;" varies much in soils. November to December. It is a
variety more grown for eating than for cider.

American. "Produced by the Dutch settlers, on the Hudson; its name
in low Dutch meaning heavy." It is one of the very best apples, growing
well and producing abundantly on all rich, strong soils.

Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, slightly ribbed or unequal on
its surface and often a little angular; color, greenish yellow at first, becom-
ing a dull rich yellow, dotted with distinct brown specks, sometimes marbled
with gray russet on the side and round the stem, and often tinged with dull
red ; stem, slender ; cavity, round, deep ; calyx, small, half closed ; basin-,
shallow, somewhat plaited: flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, tender,

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. Ill

spicy aromatic perfume ; core, small, to modium ; seeds, broad ovate. Jan-
uary to March.

Sweet Bough.

Bough. I

Nyack rippl

"Washington,
Pippin.

American. First described by Coxe as Bough; we add Sweet, as
expressive of its character. Valued as a dessert fruit. Young shoots, yel-
lowish, somewhat irregular, ascending. Tree, a moderate, annual bearer,
succeeding in all good soils not wet.

Fruit, large (our figure hardly medium) ; form, roundish, conical ovate,
color, greenish, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe ; stem, varying in
lengtii ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open ; basin, narrow, deep ; flesh, white, ten-
der, crisp, sprightly, sweet ; core, medium, open capsules ; seeds, ovate, light
brown. August.

Sweet Pearmain.

Henry Sweet, 1 Henrick Sweet, | Ladies' Sweet, &rrone<ymh/.

This variety, according to Downing and Thomas, is the " English Sweet-
ing ;" but, according to Mr. Manning, the "English Sweeting'* is the
" Ramsdell's Sweeting," of Downing. (See Hovey's Mag. vol. 1 2, page 150.)
This variety is extensively grown in central Ohio, and farther West, suiting
well the rich soils ; keeping finely all Winter; highly valued for baking or
eating.

Fruit, medium size or often above ; form, roundish, slightly angular ,
color, dull red, rough russet dots and bluish bloom ; stem, long, slender ;
cavity, deep, wide, and open ; calyx, woolly; basin, medium ; flesh, yellow-

112

THE APPLE.

'sh, tender, moderately juicy, sweet ; core, medium, with outer or coiisecu-
iive lines ; seeds^ ovate pyriform, dark brown. December to March.

Talman's Sweeting.
Tollman's Sweeting, | Tolman's Sweeting, I Brown's Golden Sweet,

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

113

American. Native of Rhode Island; its name from a family T)y name
•f Talman. Its value is for baking and stock feeding. Tree, great bearer,
fruit keeping well; growth, rapid, upright, strong; wood, dark.

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yellow,
with a greenish line from stem to apex ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, wide,
regular ; calyx, medium ; basin, moderate depth, furrowed ; flesh, white,
firm, very sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, light brown, ovale pointed. Novem-
ber to April.

Tift's Sweet.

American. Tree, moderate grower; productive. Fruit, medium, round-
ish flattened, greenish yellow with slight net- work of russet ; stem, slender ;
cavity, varying ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; segments, long ; core, small ;
flesh, yellow, firm, sweet, rich, very best for baking. September, Novem-
ber.

Vandervere.

Vandervere Pippin,
Ked Vandervere,
Fall Vandervere,
Tellow Vandervere,

Baltimore, of some incorrecUy^
Imperial Vandervere,
Pennsylvania Vandervere,
Striped Vandervere,

Staalclubs,

Watson's vandervere,

White Wine, of some.

American. Native of Delaware. For other synonyms heretofore used in
connection with this variety, see '• Newtown Spitzenberg," page 94, Gray
Vandervere, page 82, and Smokehouse, page 109. We do not think the true
Vander vere has ever been grown to any extent east of Pennsylvania.

The tree is a free grower, productive, and early bearer. Grown on soils
deficient in lime, like many of our Western bottoms, and some of prairie, it
has always more or less of dry bitter rot, but, when supplied with lime,
the rot disappears, the fruit increases in size, and improves in quality ;
needs good culture. Grown North, it is smaller in size, and much moro
conical, and less highly-colored than South. Young shoots, spotted.

114

THE APPLE.

Fruit, from medium to large ; form, round flattened, sometimes angular ;
color, orange yellow, striped and stained with yellow red, few streaks of
deeper red when grown exposed to the sun, dotted at intervals of a quarter
to half-inch with large yellow russet specks ; when grown North, these
specks are more of gray and much smaller, often russeted about the stem ;
stem, projecting about even with surrounding surface ', cavity, deep, open,
regular; calyx, with small segments; basin, open, broad, sometimes slight
waves or furrows '.flesh, yellowish white, crisp, aromatic, tender, sprightly,
mild sub-acid; core, round, compact; seeds, large, ovate pyriforra. De-
cember to February.

Wagener.

American: "origin, Penn Yan, Yates Co., N. Y. ; seed sown in 1791.
Tree, thrifty : young shoots, pale green ; old wood, dark red ; requires free
trimming, in order to produce large sized fruit abundantly ; annual
bearer."

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish flattened, slightly ribbed at base ; color,
yellow ground, mostly covered with deep, glossy red, with stripes and
splashes of light red, and marked with irregular light russet specks ; stem,
slender ; cavity, wide, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, broad, open ; flesh, yellow-
ish white, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid ; core, small,
oblong ovate ; seeds light brown, ovate pyriform. November to March,
but will keep to May.

Westfield Seek-no-further.
Connecticut Seek-no-further, | Seek-no-further, | Eed "Winter Pearmain, of some.
An old variety from Connecticut. For all qualities of tree and fruit has
no superior. Very popular in its native State all South and West. Grown

MOST GENEEALLT ES'IEEMED. 115

In rich loamy alluvial soils of the South, it is much russeted, and about
the stem the russet has appearance of rich bronze ', progressing Northward,
it gradually loses its russet, until, on light sandy soils, in Michigan, it be-
comes a pale yellow ground, with stripes and splashes of clear red and
minute dots.

Fruit, medium ; form, regular, roundish conical — Abroad at base ; color,
light yellow ground, the sunny side striped and splashed with red, small
russet dots shaded around with light russet yellow; often considerable rus-
set about both stem and calyx ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, open, regular ;
calyx, usually small, closed, sometimes open, with short segments ; basin,
regular form, moderate depth ; flesh, yellowish, tender, sub-acid, pearmain
flavor; core, medium; seeds, ovate. November to February.

Wood's Greening.
Coate's Geening, | Onstlne.

American : native of New Jersey. First described by Coxe, from whose
nursery it was introduced to the West by Prof. Kirtland, about 1820. This
variety has been too little noticed. It should be extensively planted in our
Southwestern States and territories. Tree, hardy, slender growth, becoming
somewhat spreading. It is well adapted to strong, heavy soils, producing
abundantly fruit of uniform medium size, and always fair and of " best "
quality.

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, flattened ; dolor, pale green, be-
coming yellowish, with a few rough spots ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ;
calyx, rather large ; basin, slightly plaited ; flesh, greenish white, fine-

116

THE APPLE.

grained, juicy, tender, sprightly, sub-acid j corej small ; seedsj ovate. Jan*
uary to March.

Wine.

Wine Apple, I Hay's Winter, I Hollow Crown Pearmnin.

Hay's Winter Wine, | Winter Wine, |

American : native of Delaware. Extensively disseminated, and every-
where successful. Strong, heavy clay loams produce the largest fruit, while
best quality are grown on sandy loam. Tree, thrifty ; shoots, rather slender,
spreading ; foliage small.

Fruitj medium to large ; form, round flattened ; colorj light pale yellow
ground, mostly overspread and striped with lively red, russet about cavity
of stem ; sterrij short ', cavity, acuminate or narrow, deep ; calyx, large ;
basin, broad, open, slightly plaited ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, vinous, sub-acid ;
corCj small -j seeds, large. November to February.

White Seek-no-farther.

I Green Seek-no-farther, I Pomme Royal, of some^

Flashing Seek-no-farther, I Pound Eoyal,
Seek-no-farther of Coxe, J Bracy's Seek-no-fiirther.

From Long Island. Tree healthy, not strong grower ; abundant, not
regular bearer. Fruit, medium to large, roundish oblong, conical, uneven
or waived surface ; yellowish green, rarely a faint brownish blush, small
brownish dots, light shade of green suffused around underneath skin ; stem,
slender ; cavity, irregular, acuminate ; basin, broad, abrupt, furrowed ;
core, open ; flesh, fine-grained; very juicy, tender, sub-acid : " best." No-
vember to February.

MOST GEinEEALLT ESTEEMED, 117

Wine Sap.

Wine Sop.

Probably originated in New Jersey. First described by Coxe. It is one
of the very best throughout the Southwest, and also in Oregon Territory.
The tree is hardy, an early and very productive bearer, irregular in its
growth, not forming a handsome head, but producing fair, fine fruit in all
soils, from poor sand to limestone clay — largest in the latter, and finest
texture in the former — fine on dry prairies.

Fruity medium ; form, ovate conical, flattened at base, sometimes round-
ish conical, occasionally angular and slightly ribbed ; coIoTj grown North,
a bright clear red, stained and striped with darker shades, and with spots
of light yellow ; grown South, thje dark red becomes most prominent, while
the patches of light yellow at base are more often seen; it is also more
irregular or angular in form, and oft with russet about the stem ; stem, vary-
ing in length, slender j cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, nearly closed ;
basin, abrupt, furrowed ; Jlesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sub-acid, sprightly ;
core, medium j capsule, hollow ; seeds, short, ovate. October to January
often keeps till March.

Wood'§ Sweet.

i
Hyde's Sweet.

From Sudbury, Vt. Growth, similar to Baldwin ; productive. Fruit,
large, irregular, roundish flattened; whitish yellow, oily, shaded and
striped with red ; stem, short ; cavity, broad, deep, furrowed ; calyx, small,
closed ; basin, deep ; Jlesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, saccharine ; " very
good '' or " best ;" corej small. September to November.

118

THE APPLE.

White Pippin.

This variety we have heretofore considered identical w^ith Canada Rei-
nette ; probably it is distinct. It is much grown in the Southwestern sec-
tions ; proves hardy as a tree, productive, and is a good keeper. Tree
strong, upright, vigorous grower. Fruity large ] form, roundish oblong,
smooth ; color j greenish yellow, with dark green specks and light green
surrounding and suffused beneath skin, when fully ripe, yellowieh green ;
stem, varying ; calyXj medium j segments, long ; Jlesh, yellowish white,
crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; core^ small, compact ; seeds^ dark.
January to May ; December to March at South.

White Winter Pearmain.

This variety is extensively grown and much esteemed throughout the
Southwest, and in Oregon it is one of the most desirable of apples. In our
first edition we made it a synonym of Michael Henry Pippin, from the fact
that all the specimens we gathered from various places were identical with
that variety. Having since tested it on our own grounds, we are confident of
its distinctness. It is undoubtedly an old variety, but what we are unable to
determine, therefore retain it under the name by which it is generally
known. Tree, thrifty, not rampant grower, young wood, dark speckled, buds,
prominent. Fruit, above medium, oblong conical, angular or oblique j
pale yellow, with slight blush cheek and minute brown dots ; stem, short ;
cavity, deep ; calyx, nearly closed ; hasin, uneven, surrounded by five prom-
inences, continued in obscure angles along its sides ; jtesh, yellowish, ten-
der, crisp, juicy, pleasant, very mild sub-acid ; " very good." January to
April.

Willow Twig.
"Willow, I "Willow Leaf?

Under these names we have examined specimens, and although there is

MOST GENEKALLT ESTEEMED.

119

a slight difference, we are inclined to think it only from yaried location
and soil. The variety came from New Jersey. It is esteemed for orchard
ing on rich bottom lands or prairies, being a good bearer, great keeper, and
valuable for Southern exportation. Fniit, above medium to large, round-
ish ; dull yellow, striped, splashed, or mottled with light and dark red ;
calyx and basin, medium ; stem, generally short, slender ; cavity, roundish
acuminate ; core, rather small ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, yellowish,
rather dry, breaking, mild sub-acid ; not quite " very good." December to
May.

Williams' Favorite.

"Williams' Favorite Eed,
Williams' Early,

"Williams' Red,
"Williams'- Early Bed.

From Massachusetts. Tree, medium growth ; shoots, reddish bro"vni.
Fruit medium to large, oblong ; fine clear red, very dark in sun ; calyx^
closed ; basin, narrow ; stem, slender ; flesh, yellowish white, tender ; " very
good." August.

Yellow Newtown Pippin.

This variety is extensively grown ; West it becomes large ; keeps well.
TreeS; though slender growth, good bearers, are apparently perfectly at
home in rich limestone soils. That there are two Newtown Pippins, we do
not question ; see " Newtown Pippin ;" but we have supposed there might
be three, but whether the distinction is without a difference we are yet un-
prepared to decide. We give here two figures, and descriptions, of which
the latter Newtown Pippin of Lewis Sanders, Esq., may possibly prov«
identical with Y. N. P.

120

THE APPLE.

Fruity medium, to large ; form^ roundish flattened, angular, or "broaaer
than long; color^ clear yellow, with considerable russet from the stem,
many small russet dots, and, where exposed to the sun, the yellow becomes
very rich and dotted with carmine dots ; stem^ short ; cavity^ deep ; calyx^
large, open ; segments, short, stiff, broad ; basin^ broad, irregular only from
the slight ribbing of the fruit ; fiesh^ yellowish, very firm, crisp, juicy ; corCy
medium ; seedsj purplish black, oblong pyriform. Keeps to June.

Newtown Pippin, of Lewis Sanders, Ky.

Fruity large ; form^ angular, roundish conical, prominently ribbed ; cjlor^
dull pale yellow, -with whitish yellow marbled and splashed, the latter pre-
vailing mostly at stem end ; stem, short ; cavity^ acuminate, somewhat rus-
seted; calyx^ medium, short segments; basm, pretty deep, irregular,
ribbed ; Jlesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, vinous, juicy, sub-acid, with
tinges, and lines, and specks throughout, as if decay had partially taken
place; core, medium, or rather large; seeds, dark, rich reddish brown,
9Vate pyriform.

mrrESTED varieties, etc. 121

CLASS II. Embraces varieties, of which many are new and un-
testedy and others suited only to large orchards or certain localities,

Abbott.
Abbott's Sweet.
American. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly conical, dull green, tinged,
striped and blotched with red ; flesh, tender, juicy, wants flavor. Decem-
ber to March. (Hov. Mag.)

AdAxMs.
Noll's No. 1.
A Pennsylvanian seedling of White Deer Township, Union County.
Large ; roundish oblate ; faintly mottled and striped with red on a greenish
yellow ground ; stem, half an inch long ; cavity, broad, acute ; calyx,
rather large ; segments closed ; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited : flesh,
greenish white, of fine texture, rather juicy ; " very good.^^ (W. D. B.)

Adam's Pearmain.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, conical, pale greenish yellow, with gray rus
Bet; stem, slender; flesh, yellowish, crisp, aromatic. Early Winter.
(Lindley.)

Agnes.

American. Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened; stem, short,
eavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; color, yellowish, striped and
shaded with red; brown dots; flesh, white, spicy, sub-acid; "good."
August to September.

AlLES.

From Chester County, Pa. Tree, upright, free grower, profuse bearer.
Fruit large, nearly globular ; stem, in a narrow cavity ; basin, round,
medium ; yellowish, shaded and striped with red ; flesh, yellow, firm, rich
vinous ; " verv good ;" core, small. December to May. For baking and
stewing.

Albemarle Pippin.

Fruit, meaium or large, round, yellow, with brown specks ; flesh, pale
yellow, sub-acid. Grown in Virginia; keeps well. (Thomas.)

Alexander.
Emperor Alexander.
Foreign. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at base, red streaked on green-
ish yellow ; stem, small ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large ; basin deep ; fl'esh,
coarse, crisp ; showy ; poor bearer. October.

Allen's Choice.
From Brownsville, Pa. Fruit, medium ; roundish flattened ; red, shaded
and striped, often a dark cheek sprinkled with small white dots ; stem,
Bhort : cavity, open, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ;
flesh, white, coarse, aromatic ; "good." January.

Allum.
Hallum, I Eockingbam Red.

Much grown in northern N. Carolina, valuable chiefly for its keeping
6

122 THE APPLE.

properties. Fruit, medium, oblate irregular; skin, deep red; flesh, "whit-
ish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a brisk acid flavor. January to April.
(Downing.)

American Beauty.
Sterling Beauty.

Origin, Sterling, Mass., received from 0. V. Hills. Tree, vigorous and
productive. Fruit, above medium, globular, somewhat elongated ; color,
chiefly deep red, thickly dotted with light gray ; stalk, medium, inserted in
^a^ rather deep, round cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, broad and shallow ;
flesh, white, crisp, and juicy, with a sweet, rich, vinous flavor. Decembei
to April. (Downing.)

Anglo American.

From Canada West. Tree, strong grower, productive. Fruit, medium,
roundish conical, slightly angular ; yellowish, marbled, striped and splashed
with bright red ; stem, slender ; cavity medium, a little russeted ] calyx,
large, open ; basin, uneven ; flesh, white, very tender, juicy, sweet, slightly
aromatic, excellent ; core, medium. August to September.

ASHMORE.

Bed Ashmore, | Fall Wine, erroneouily.
Striped Ashmore.

American. A desirable variety, deserving attention. Fruit, above me-
dium, regular roundish, slightly conical, few white dots, bright clear red ;
short, slender stem ; deep cavity ; calyx, small, closed ; deep, regular
basin ; core, large ; capsules hollow ; seeds, plump j flesh, white, crisp, ten-
der, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly. September and October. The Black Van-
dervere, a third rate fruit, is sometimes grown as this variety. The true
Ashmore is one of the most showy and desirable market sorts in the Souths
western States.

Ashland.

American. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical, dull
greenish yellow, striped and splashed with dull red mingled with bluish
gray, and large russet dots ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet, dry ;
hardly " very good ;" stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small ;
basin, shallow; core, small ; seeds, ovate flattened. November to January.

Aromatic Carolina.
From South Carolina. " Tree, spreading, pendent, short fruit wood,
abrupt terminal buds. Fruit, large, oblate conical, pale red, slightly
streaked ; heavy bloom ; wide basin ; open calyx ; flesh, tender, melting,
aromatic. July. Abundant bearer." (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.)

Aunt's Apple.
Fruit, medium to large, ovate flattened, light yellow, streaked with red,
radiating from stem, which is short, stout ; cavity, open, broad, russeted ]
calyx, closed; basin, finely folded ; flesh, yellow, breaking, sub-acid, musky
perfume, juicy ; " very good ;" core, medium. November to January,

Aunt Hannah.
From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish, light yellow; flesh
tender, crisp, sub-acid; "very good." Winter.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 123

Autumn Pippin.
Fruit, above medium ; oblong conical ; greenish yellow, slight bronzed
cheek, sparse green dots; stem, short; cavity deep; calyx, small, closed;
basin, deep, narrow ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender, mild sub-acid ; core,
medium. December. As yet little known out of Vermont.

AVERILL.

wolfs Den.
Origin, Pomfret, Conn. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit rather large,
irregularly conic, angular ; skin, greenish, yellow striped, and shaded with
red; stem, short and stout, inserted in a narrow cavity ; calyx, closed, set
in a very shallow, slightly furrowed basin ; flesh, whitish, tender, juicy,
with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. February to June. (Downing.)

Baer.
American. From Berks County, Pa. Fruit, below medium, roundish
oblong ; skin, mottled with red, and striped with dark crimson on a green-
ish yellow ground, with numerous gray dots ; stem, long, inserted in a
wide, deep cavity ; calyx, closed, set in a moderately wide, shallow, plaited
basin; flesh, tender, pleasant, "very good." April. (Ad. Int. Rep.)

Bailey Spice.
American. From Plattsburg, N. Y. Growth, moderate ; shoots, reddish
brown. Fruit, medium, round ovate, tapering to eye, light yellow, faint
blush in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, nar-
row ; flesh, yellowish, greenish tint, sprightly, spicy ; core, large, open ;
seeds, light brown. October. " Very good."

Bailey Sweet.

Patterson Sweet, | Edgerly Sweet,
Howard's Sweet.

From Perry, N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, round, ovate flattened, some-
times ribbed, clear yellowish red, with an occasional russet patch ; stem,
slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt, often
plaited; flesh, yellow, rather dry, sweet; "very good;" core, medium;
seeds, ovate pyriforra. November to December.

Bailey Golden.
From Maine. Fruit, medium, round flattened, yellowish russeted^
flesh, white, sub-acid; "good," January.

Baker's Sweet.

Long Stem Sweet, | Late Golden Sweet,
White Golden Sweet

An old fruit of Tolland County, Conn. Tree, crooked grower, produc-
tive. Fruit, above medium, roundish elongated ; golden yellow, some
patches of russet ; stem, long; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed; flesh, yel-
low, coarse, sweet ; baking ; core, large. November and December.

Barbouh.

Originated with J. Barbour, Lancaster Co., Pa. Size, medium, roundish

oblate, inclining to conical ; skin, mottled, and striped with red of different

hues on a grayish ground, with numerous gray specks ; stem, rather short,

in a moderately deep, rather narrow cavity ; calyx, small, closed, set in a

124: THE APPLE.

shallow plaited basin; flesh, yellowishj white, tender, juicy, flavor pleji-
sant, quality very good. (Ad. Int. Rep.)

Bean Sweet.

" This fruit I procured of the late Judge Buel. Medium size, ovate
oblong. Color, nearly white, producing a splendid appearance when ripe
on the tree • crisp and juicy ; ripe in October ; will keep till February or
March ; a good baking apple." (B. V. French, Esq., Ms.)

Beef Steak.

Oftrden Apple.

Origin, Massachusetts : Habit, like Baldwin. Fruit, medium, roundish

oval ; greenish yellow, marbled and striped with red ; stem, medium ;

cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, open, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, tender,

mild sub-acid 3 ".very good;" core, medium. October and November.

Belden Sweet.
American. Fruit small, globular, light yellow ; stem, medium ; cavity,
deep ; flesh, white, tender, good ; core, large, open. February and March.

Ben Davis.
From Kentucky. Tree, vigorous grower, constant and abundant bearer.
Fruit, large, roundish, striped and splashed with red and yellow ; stem,
short ; cavity, narrow, deep, uneven ; calyx, closed ; basin, angular ; flesh,
white, sometimes tinged with red, mild sub-acid, pleasant flavor; core,
medium ; seeds, large, dark brown. Winter and Spring.

Belzer.

American: Ohio. Fruit, medium, red striped on greenish yellow;
flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid. August. (T. S. Humrickhouse^
in Hov. Mag.)

Better than Good.

Juicy Bite.
From Pennsylvania. May prove identical with some already described.
Tree, slender, irregular. Fruit, medium, roundish, tapering to the eye;
yellowish white ; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Early
Winter.

Betsy's Fancy.

Origin, unknown, a free grower, rather spreading, good bearer.

Fruit, scarcely medium, oblate ; skin, yellowish, shaded with dull red ;
stem, short, inserted in a moderate cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow,
and uneven ; flesh, compact, tender, pleasant, mild sub-acid flavor. De-
cember to March.

Bevan.
Bevan Favorite, | Striped June.

From New Jersey. .Valuable as a market fruit, to transport long dis-
tances. Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical, distinct,
broad red stripes on yellow ; stem, varying from short to long ; cavity, shal-
low ; calyx, large ; basin, plaited ; flesh, firm, tough, sub-acid ; seeds,
plump, ovate pyriform. August.

UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 125

Black Coal.

Welcome.

This is also another of the Black apples grown West. Fruit, ahove me-
dium, round, regular smooth, glossy, rich dark red striped, and mostly over-
spreading a lighter red, numerous specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, slightly
russeted ; calyx, closed, woolly or downy ; basin, open • core, large, hollow ;
seeds, loose; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, crisp, juicy, tender,
rather acid. November to February.

Blakely.

Origin, Pawlet, Vermont, on the farm of Mr. Blakely. Vigorous, up-
right growth, regular bearer.

Fruit, large, regularly oblate, slightly conic; skin, yellow, with a sunny
cheek, thinly sprinkled with reddish dots ; stem, small and short, inseited
in a broad cavity of moderate depth ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, small
and shallow ; flesh, tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, mild, sub-acid fla-
vor. January and March. (Downing.)

Bledsoe.

Bledsoe Pippin.

" From Kentucky. Resembles White Pippin. Fruit, large, conical,
flattened at base, greenish yellow, light bronze at base, brownish specks ,
skin, smooth ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shal-
low ; core, open ; seeds, large, light brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy ;
'very good.' March and April. Claimed as a seedling — ^new." (A. H.
Ernst, Ms.)

Blood.

From Central Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, occasionally angular, dull
red, marbled and striped with shades of purplish red, occasional rough gray
dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, funnel shaped ; calyx, half open ; broad seg-
ments ; basin, furrowed ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong ovate, dark
red ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with red near the surface, breaking mild, al-
most sweet; "very good." December to March.

Blue Pearmain.
Tree, hardy ; shoots stout, dark color ; buds, large, unsuited to exposed
situations, the fruit being large and heavy is easily blown off. Fruit, very
large, roundish, slightly conical, striped and blotched with purplish red
over a dull ground— white bloom ; stem, short; calyx, small; basin, deep ;
core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, mild sub- acid ; " very good." Early
Winter.

BOALSBURG.

A seedling of Centre County, Pennsylvania. Large, oblong, inclin-
ing to conical, delicately mottled, and striped with red on a yellow ground ;
stem, short, thick ; deep, acuminate, russeted cavity ; basin, deep, modera-
tely wide ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sprightly, and refreshing; " very good."
(W. D. B.)

Boas.

American: From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish oblate,
crimson red stripes or greenish yellow, whitish yellow blotches; stem,

1^6 THE APPLE.

short, stout; calyx, in a plaited basin; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, plea-
sant J " very good ; " core, small. February to June.

BONUM.
Magnum Bonam.

From North Carolina. Tree, hardy and vigorous, an early and abun-
dant bearer.

Fruit, large, oblate ; color, light to dark red ; basin and cavity, shallow ;
flesh, yellow, sub-acid, rich, delicious. (Downing.)

Bowling's Sweet.

Raised by Louis Bowling, Spottsylvania County, Virginia. A very vig-
orous grower, and very productive.

Fruit, medium, roundish ; color, dull red, on a yellow ground ; flesh, rich,
juicy, sweet, and. entirely free from acid. October to January. (H. R.
Roby, Ms.)

BOWKEA.

From Western New York. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened, angular,
pale yellow, with crimson in sun, small, brown gray dots ; stem, slender ;
cavity, medium; calyx, closed; flesh, whitish tender, mild sub-acid;
*' good." October.

BOURASSA.

Foreign. Succeeds finely in Canada and northern sections, Vermont,
North Michigan, on poor soil, etc. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, slightly
ribbed, occasionally irregular ; color, rich, orange russet on yellow, reddish
brown in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, small, iregular ; calyx, with
long segments ; basin, narrow ; core, rather large ; seeds, few ; flesh, white,
fine grained, sub-acid. October to January.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 127

Brabant Bellflower.
Brabant Belle-fleur, | Iron Apple.
Foreign. Tree, strong, irregular growth, making, however, a good head.
Valuable for cooking. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, flattened
at ends ; pale yellow, mostly covered with red, striped and splashed ; calyx,
large ; basin, wide ', flesh, firm, crisp, sharp sub-acid. November to Janu-
ary.

Brennaman.

Origin, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit, above medium, yellow-
ish, mostly covered with stripes of red; stem, short : calyx, closed ; basin,
deep; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid — good for cooking. August.

Briggs' Auburn.

Origin, Auburn, Maine. Fruit, large, oblate, very much depressed : skin,
light yellow, with a slight blush on the sunny side ; stem, rather long, in
a very large cavity ; basin, broad and shallow ; flesh, fine, white, with a
very pleasant sub-acid flavor. Tree, hardy and productive. September to
October. (Me. P. S. Report.)

Brittle Sweet.

Origin unknown — good grower, and very productive.

Fruit, above medium, roundish, approaching conic, sometimes elongated,
angular ; skin, greenish yellow, shaded and splashed with crimson, sprink-
led with gray dots ; stem, short, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity ; calyx,
closed, set in a small corrugated basin ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy,
sweet, and excellent. September, October. (Downing.)

Brooke's Pippin.

A native of Virginia. Large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely
ribbed, greenish yellow, with a faint blush ; stem, short, rather stout, deep,
irregular, russeted cavity ; basin, small, shallow, waved, sometimes furrow-
ed ; seeds, long, slender, acuminate ; flesh, crisp, juicy, of fine texture, with
a pleasant aroma: "best." Winter; bearing abundantly every year in
localities where the Newtown Pippin, to which it bears some resemblance,
does not succeed.

' Buck's County.
Buck's County Pippin.
A Pennsylvania Seedling. Large, roundish oblate, inclining to conical ;
greenish yellow, with sometimes a faint brown cheek; stem, short, not
stout, inserted in a deep, open cavity ; basin, wide, deep, slightly plaited ;
seeds, small, short ; flesh, tender ; texture, fine : flavor, excellent ; " very
good." (W. D. B.)

Buff.
Granny Buff.
Origin, uncertain. Tree, vigorous, erect. Fruit, very large, irregular,
roundish flattened, and slightly angular ; skin, thick, yellow, striped, and
shaded with red, very dark next the sun, marked with a few greenish rus-
set spots ; stem, three-fourths of an inch long, in a medium cavity ; calyx,
in a large, irregular basin ; flesh, white, and when well ripened, tender
and excellent, sometimes indifierent. November to March. (White's
Gard.

1

128 THE APPLE.

Buffington's Early.
A moderate bearer — origin unknown. Fruit, below medium, flattened,
little ribbed, yellowish white, with faint blush ; cavity deep : basin, shal-
low, furrowed; flesh, tender, delicate sub-acid ; " best." Last of July.

Burr's Winter Sweet.
Native of Higham, Massachusetts. Tree, good grower, spreading.
Early and abundant bearer. Fruit, large, roundish oblate, flattened at
base, full at crown — smooth, greenish yellow, striped and splashed with
vermilion, russet at stem — small gray specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity,
broad, open ; eye, medium, closed ; segments, short ; basin, open, ribbed j
core, small ; seeds, medium ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, slight aroma-
tic perfume. December to March. (Hov. Mag.)

Bush.

Native of Boalsburg, Pa. Size, medium, oblate conical ; greenish yel-
low, russet dots near the crown ; calyx, small ; basin, deep plaited : flesh,
"very good." (W. D. B.)

Butter Apple.

American — probably from Pennsylvania. Fruit, below medium, regu-
lar roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few yellow russet
dots, russet near and in cavity of stem j stem, long, slender ; cavity, nar-
row, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, abrupt, ribbed ; core, medium ; seeds,
roundish ovate : flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet ; " very good." No-
vember to February.

Blockley.

Probably from Pennsylvania. Growth upright ; fruit, large, round flat-
tened, occasionally a little uneven, pale yellow, with occasional patches of
light thin russet ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, with short
segments ; basin, broad, deep ; flesh, yellowish white,' crisp, tender, sub-
acid ; core, large ; capsules, open. October to January.

Buchanan's Pippin.
Buchanan's Seedling.

Raised by Robert Buchanan, of Cincinnati, 0. Tree, vigorous, and very
productive.

Fruit, medium, oblate, very much flattened, slightly angular; skin, yel-
lowish, somewhat waxen, deeply shaded with maroon, sometimes very ob-
scurely striped and thickly covered with light conspicuous dots ; stalk, very
short and small, surrounded by thin, scaly russet, inserted in a large cavity ;
calyx, partially closed, set in a round, abrupt basin, slightly ribbed ; flesh,
greenish, very solid, crisp, and juicy, with a fine, refreshing, sub-acid flavor.
March, April.

Buckingham.

Fruit, large, round conical, angular, greenish yellow, shaded with
crimson and whitish gray dots ; stem, short ; cavity, broad, deep ; calyx,
closed; basin, deep; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, mild sub-acid ; "very-
good ;" core, medium. December.

Buck Meadow.
From Norwalk, Conn. Tree, drooping habit ; productive. Fruit, above
medium, roundish conical, angular, yellow, marbled and streaked with red ;

UKTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. . 129

Btem. short ; cavity, deep, abrupt, thin russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ,
flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, vinous ; "very good." November
to March.

Buel's Favorite.

Spotted Pippin, | Gray Pippin.
Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow; stem, slender; cavity, deep,
russeted ; calyx, medium ; flesh, a little tough. November.

BuRNHAP Greening.
From Vermont. Tree, a good grower and regular bearer. Fruit,
medium, roundish conical, flat at base, greenish yellow ; stem, medium ;
cavity, deep, abrupt; calyx, closed; basin, open; flesh, juicy, crisp, firm,
Bub-acid; "good;" core, large, open. January, February.

Callasaga.
American : from Macon, N. C. Fruit, above medium, roundish, dull
brown on greenish yellow russet ; calyx, large ; wide furrowed basin.
October, November. Valued highly South.

Camack's Sweet.

Camack's Winter Sweet, I Orape Vine.

Southern. Fruit, below medium, roundish conical, whitish green,
slouded with green russet ; calyx, large, closed : flesh, firm, slightly sweet,
juicy; " very good." December to March. Will prove valuable through-
•out the Southwest.

Campfield.

Newark Sweeting.
American. Tree, vigorous, nearly upright, spreading. Fruit, medium,
roundish flattened, greenish yellow, with dull red in sun ; flesh, white,
dry, sweet. Valued for stock and cider.

Cann.
American. Fruit, medium, nearly conical, dull green, little red in sun
and near the stem; flesh, white, sweet; "very good." October to Decem-
ber. Tree, thrifty, spreading.

Cannon Pearmain.
American. Tree, good grower, branches diverging. Fruit, small,
roundish, yellow, with dull red and large yellow specks; stem, short;
cavity, shallow, russety ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh,
yellow, crisp, sprightly. December to March.

C apron's Pleasant.
Fruit, medium or above, roundish oblate ; skin, greenish yellow, with a
brownish tinge ; stem, rather stout, inserted in an open cavity ; calyx,
large in a medium basin ; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, mild sub-acid, and
very agreeable. September to October. (Downing.)

Carnahan.
Cannahan's Favorite,
Native of Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, large^
roundish, tapering to the eye, yellow, with stripes of red, greenish russe^
6*

IBO . THE APPLE.

dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, large ; long segments , basin,
ribbed j core, compact j seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy; " very
good." December to February.

Caroline.

Origin, premises of A. G. Baldwin, Hanover, New Jersey. Tree, vigorous
and productive.

Fruit, medium, oblate angular ; skin, yellowish, mostly shaded with
maroon, obscurely striped, and thickly covered with light dots ; stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, inserted in a cavity surrounded by green russet
with rays ; calyx, closed, set in a shallow, uneven basin ; flesh, greenish,
tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant, sub-acid flavor. January to April.
(Downing.)

Carpenter.

American. New, originated with Charles Carpenter, of Kelly Island.
Tree, strong, healthy grower — an annual, abundant bearer.

Fruit, above medium, roundish flattened, oblique ; skin, rather rough,
rich lemon yellow, deepening in sun, often with a rich red cheek, thickly
dotted with small gray dots, apparently raised upon the surface ; stem,
varying, sometimes thick, short, and stout ; again, medium in length and
size ; cavity, open, deep, regular ; calyx, large, open ', segments five, dis-
tinct, long, reflexed ; basin, deep, round, regular, slightly furrowed ; flesh,
yellowish white, crisp, breaking juicy, sharp sub-acid ; core, medium or
small, compact ; seeds, long, ovate pointed. February to May. Valuable
for cooking from November to May.

Carter.
Eoyal Pippin.
Southern. Fruit, above medium, roundish, yellow and red ; flesh, tender,
mild, pleasant ; almost " very good." October to January.

Cat Face.
From Kentucky. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at ends, greenish yellow,
streaked with light and dark red; stem, long, slender; cavity, deep, wide;
calyx, prominent; basin, deep; core, small; seeds, light brown; flesh,
white, tender, brisk, sub-acid. April and May. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.)

Catooga.
Large to very large, irregular, broadest at the base, yellow mottled, with
black dots, and sprinkled with flecks of green ; stalk, of medium length,
slender; cavity, deep; calyx, open, in a deep basin; flesh, yellowish, with
a mild, pleasant, sub-acid flavor.

Cat Pippin.

West's Spitzenberg, I Honemakcr Pippin,
Haymaker, | Hommacher Apfel.

Western Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous, productive,
large, greenish ; flesh, greenish, juicy, sub-acid. December to April.

Cayuga Red Streak.

Twenty Ounce, I Twenty Ounce Pippin, erroneously, I Colman,

Eighteen Ounce, Gov. Seward, Dunlap's Aurora.

Twenty Ounce Apple, I |

From Western New York. We adopt the name •' Cayuga Red Streak,"

to prevent «antinued confusion with *' Twenty ounce Pippin." Fruit, large,

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 131

roundish conical, dull yellowish green, striped and marbled with yellowish
red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse,
crisp, sub-acid. November, December. Esteemed for cooking.

Caywood.

Origin, Ulster Co. N. Y., valuable only for its late keeping.

Fruit, medium, oblate ; skin, bright yellow, with a tinge of red on the
sunny side ; stalk, rather long, in a broad shallow cavity ; calyx, small,
closed ; basin, broad and wrinkled ; flesh, yellowish, rather firm, pleasant,
but not juicy or rich. Keeps until July or September.

Champlain.

Tree, moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, roundish conic;
skin, greenish, with a fine blush ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ;
basin, narrow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, pleasant, sub-acid. September.
(Downing.)

Chester.

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, oblate ; skin, whitish yellow,
sometimes with a sunny cheek, and sprinkled with carmine dots ; stalk,
short; inserted in a broad shallow cavity: calyx, closed, set in broad open
basin ; flesh, crisp, tender, juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. Novem-
ber, December.

Christiana.

Origin, on the premises of John R. Brinckle, near Wilmington, Delaware.
Size, medium, roundish, inclining to conical ; skin, beautifully striped, and
mottled with carmine on a yellowish ground ; stem, half an inch long,
inserted in a deep, rather narrow cavity ; calyx, partially closed, set in a
deep, moderately wide, plaited basin ; flesh, yellowish white, fine texture,
juicy ; flavor, pleasant, delicate, sprightly, vinous, quality " very good.''
November. (Int. Rep.)

Churchill Greening.

Origin, uncertain. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, oblate,
somewhat conic, ribbed, angular ; skin, yellowish green, shaded with dull
red, and thickly sprinkled with green dots ; stem, rather long, slender ;
cavity, broad ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, somewhat furrowed ; flesh, yel-
low, tender, granular, with a brisk, vinous, almost saccharine flavor.
December to February.

Clarke's Pearmain.

Gloucester Pearmain, I Golden Pearmain.
American. From Virginia. Fruit, medium, roundish ; yellow-, mostly
covered with bright red, and sprinkled with large whitish dots ; stem,
medium; cavity, narrow; calyx, closed; basin, shallow, furrowed; flesh,
yellowish, crisp, sub-acid ; •' good," or " very good." December.

Clyde Beauty.

Mackle^s Clyde Beauty.

From Clyde, N. Y. Productive. Fruit, large, roundish conical, slightly
ribbed ; pale greenish yellow, striped and mottled with light red, deep
crimson in the sun; stem, short, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, closed;
basin, furrowed; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, sub-acid. October to
December

IS2 THE APPLE.

Cole.

Scarlet Perfume.

Foreign. Tree, slender growth, irregular, diverging or spreading, hardy,
an early bearer of a pleasant sprightly fruit. Fruit, medium, roundish,
little conical, bright red ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, medium, partly closed;
flesh, white, juicy ; " very good." August.

Connett's Sweet.
Tree, strong, upright grower, early and abundant bearer. Fruit, large,
roundish flattened ; rich yellow ground, mostly covered with dark red ; stem,
slender ; cavity, wide, deep ; calyx, closed ■ basin, broad ; flesh, yellow, fine-
grained, tender, sweet, excellent; promises great value. December to
March.

CONWAT.

American. Fruit medium, roundish flattened ; color, greenish yellow,
few brown dots ; stem, short ; cavity, broad, shallow ; calyx, closed ; basin,
furrowed ; flesh, crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic sprightly flavor. January
to February.

Chief Good.

Bummum Bonum.

From Kentucky, near Louisville. Fruit, medium to large, roundish,
flattened at base, light yellow, streaked and mottled with red, few splashes
of green : stem, short, slender ; cavity, open ; calyx, small, partly closed ,
basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, open ,
seeds, large, light brown. September and October. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.)

Cocklin's Favorite.
Small, roundish, truncated apple, native of Allen Township, Cumberland
Co. ', quality, " very good." (W. D. B.)

Cooper's Market.

Cooper's Eedling.

Tree, vigorous, upright, with long slender branches. Productive, and a
late keeper.

Fruit, medium, oblong conic- skin, yellowish, shaded with red, and
striped with crimson: stem, short j cavity, deep, narrow; calyx, closed;
basin, small ; flesh, white, tender, with a brisk, sub-acid flavor. Decembw
to May. (Downing.)

Cornell's Fancy.
ComeFs Favorite.
From Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium,
oblong conical ; skin, waxen yellow, shaded and splashed with crimson ,
stalk, of medium length; cavity, rather large; calyx, closed, abrupt, corru-
gated ; flesh, white, tender, crisp, juicy, with a pleasant, sub-acid flavor.
September. (Downing.)

CouRT-PENDu Plat.

Conrt-pendn,
Garnon's Apple,
Cour Pendu, Bond Gros,
" " Musque,

Coriandra Kose,

WoUaton Pippin,

Capendu,

Cour pendu Extra,

Foreign. Tree, slender, early and prolific bearer. Fruit, medium re-

gular, flat; pale greenish yellow, crimson in sun; stem, short; cavity

Cour pendu, Eonge Muaqufe,

Pomme de Berlin,

Russian,

Princisse Noble Zoete.

UNTESTED NTAKIETIES, ETC.

13a

deep ; calyx, large ; basin, wide, shallow ; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly
little acid. " Very good." November to February.

Bariow,

Coartde Wick,
Fry's Pippin,
Wood's Huntingdon,

Court of Wick,

Philip's Eeinette,
Week's Pippin,
Court of Wiclc Pippin,
Eival Golden Pippin,

Golden Drop,
Transparent Pippin,
Knightwick Pippin,
Yellow.

Foreign. For those who like a firm, spicy, sprightly fruit for dessert,
this may be esteemed. Tree, very hardy — suited to the North. Fruit,
small, regular, roundish ovate, flattened, greenish yellow in shade, little
red and dotted with russet specks in sun ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, with
long, wide-spread segments ; basin, shallow ; core, large ; seeds, ovate j
flesh, yellow, sharp sub-acid, crisp, juicy. October to February.

Cracking.

- From Harrison County, Ohio. Tree, strong grower; requires little
pruning. Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, slight tinge of red in
sun, and large green dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin,
furrowed; flesh, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid. October to
January. New ; highly esteemed where known.

Cranberry.
American. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, red, striped with carmine,
gray russet dots ; stem, in a narrow, russeted cavity ; calyx, small,
closed.

Gulp.

A native of Jefferson Co., Ohio. Tree, a fine, upright grower. Fruit,
medium to large, conical, irregular; skin, yellow, with dull blush, dotted

134 ' THE APPLE.

with russet specKs ; calyx, closed ; basin, uneven ; flesh, firm, crisp, very
hard until ripe, juicy, with an agreeable sub-acid flavor and light perfume.
January to March.

Cumberland.

Cumberland Seedling.
From Cumberland County, Pa. Tree, fine grower. Fruit, esteemed,
valuable for market, large, roundish flattened; flesh, white, sub-acid;
*' good," new.

Cumberland Spice.

The Blenheim Pippin has been received at the West as this variety. In
absence of fruit to examine, we copy Thomas's description :

" Rather large, varying from roundish conical to long conical, the taper-
ing sides being nearly straight and not rounded ', color, waxen yellow, with
a slight Vermillion tinge near the base, and with black specks on the sur-
face ; stalk, half to three-fourths of an inch long ; cavity, wide, slightly
russeted * calyx, open ; basin, even ', flesh, yellowish white, breaking,
rather light ; core, hollow ; flavor, mild sub-acid, with a peculiar and
agreeable spiciness j of good second-rate quality."

Curtis Sweet.
Origin, unknown. Fruit, large, oval, ribbed, yellow, sprinkled and
marbled with crimson, whitish gray dots ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ;
flesh, white, tender, juicy, esteemed ; core, large. ' August to October.

Dapper.
American. Fruit, small, roundish, yellow, clouded with dull green, and
speckled with crimson in sun; calyx, small, closed.

Davis.
From Wayne Co., Mich. Fruit, below medium, ovate regular, flattened
at base and crown ; color, yellowish, shaded with red-gray dots ; calyx,
closed; basin, small; flesh, whitish, firm, sub-acid; great bearer and
keeper. March to April.

Darlington.

Darlington Busset.
Native of Northern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, clear, smooth russet ;
stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, white ;
hardly " very good." January to June.

Derry Nonsuch.
Dinsmore, | Londonderry.
Origin, unknown ; from Keene, N. H., and held in estimation there.
Tree, thrifty and productive ; a late keeper. Fruit, above medium, oblong
or conic angular; skin, yellow, sprinkled, shaded, and splashed with
crimson ; stem, short, in a moderate cavity ; calyx, large, closed ; basin,
shallow, uneven ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, slightly aromatic, agree-
ably sub-acid. January to April. (Downing.)

Dickson's Emperor.
From Scotland. New. Fruit, large, irregular, slightly ribbed, yellow,
with dashes of carmine red and minute specks of straw color, dull red cheek
in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, irregular ; core, small ;
flesh, yellowish white, juicy ; '-very good." November to January.

ttntested varieties, etc. 135

Delight.

From R. Buchanan, Esq., Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish

flattened, slightly angular, yellow russet at stem, irregular russet spots,

vermilion red cheek in sun ; stem, very short ; cavity, deep ) calyx, large,

short segments; basin, round, slightly furrowed; core, compact; seeds,

ovate angular ; flesh, yellowish, firm, mild sub-acid, almost sweet ; " very
good." New. December to March.

Detroit.

Bed Detriot, I Jacksonia,
Black Detroit, | Crimson Pippin.

Foreign. Introduced to Detroit, Michigan, by early French settlers.
Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, dark, blackish crimson, dotted
and marbled with fawn specks in sun ; cavity, deep : calyx, closed ; basin,
plaited ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, white, often stained with red to the
core, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. October to February. This is sometimes
grown as the Black Apple.

Dillingham.

From D. C. Richmond, Esq., Sandusky. Ohio. Native. Fruit, medium,
round regular, whitish yellow, dots of red in sun ; cavity, deep, russeted ;
calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; core, small ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white,
fine grained, juicy, sweet; "very good;" great bearer. October and
November.

Doctor.
Bed Doctor, | De Witt.

Native of Pennsylvania. Much grown in Southern Ohio and Indiana,
producing abundantly of second-rate fruit. Fruit, medium to large, flat,
yellow striped and washed with several shades of red and occasional spots
of russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; cavity, deep ; core, small ; seeds,
oblong pyriform ; flesh, tender, juicy. October to January.

Ducket.
Southern. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, light waxen yellow, often

1S6 THE APPLE.

a red cheek, grayish dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; flesh,
"white, crisp, juicy, tender, vinous j core, small; "very good." October to
November.

Early Long Stem ?

Early Spice,

Origin unknown. Specimens received from Henry Avery, Burlington.
Iowa.

Fruit, small, oblong conical, slightly ribbed; skin, greenish yellow;
stem, long, slender, in a large cavity, slightly russeted ; calyx, closed ;
basin, shallow, corrugated ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic,
ub-acid. August. (Downing.)

Eault Pennock.

Shakers' Yellow, I August Apple, I "Warren Pennock,

Indian Queen ? | New Jersey Eed Streak? | Harmony.

This is probably an old Eastern variety, so changed by our Western soils as
not to be recognized. It was distributed West from Harrison or Belmont
counties, Ohio. Trees, thrifty, hardy, early, prolific bearers of fruit, rather
below second-rate quality. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering to the eye,
greenish yellow, blotched and streaked with lively red ; stem, long ; cavity,
deep, irregular; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid. August. Re-
sembles, but is distinct from. Summer Queen.

Early Red Margaret.

Early Jane, ) ^ arytifh I ^®^ Juneating, I Eve Apple, of the Irish,

Bed June, ^ ^J ^^^^^ Striped Juneating, Margaretha Apfel, 0/ GfermaJM.

June, of some in Ohio, \ Early Eed Juneating, |

This should not be confounded with Early Strawberry — oftener grown as
Red Juneating. Tree, a regular, moderate bearer, upright, downy shoots.
Fruit, medium or below, roundish oblong conical ; green in shade, dark
crimson red in sun ; stem, short, thick ; cavity, medium ; calyx, half closed ,
basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender ; " very good." July.

Early Sweet.
American. Originated with W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Tree, productive,
growth, upright. Fruit, medium, roundish oblique, clear lemon yellow,
light blush red in sun, a few small russet dots, and consecutive russet lines
about the calyx, suff'used white spots on the blush side ; stem, medium to
long, slender ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, half closed, with long, partially
reflexed segments : basin, deep, regular ; flesh, white, very tender, juicy,
sweet and delicious as an eating apple. July, August.

Enfield Pearmain.

American. Fruit, medium, globular ; color, deep red, with many small
dots ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, large, thinly russeted ; calyx, partially
closed ; basin, broad, shallow ; flesh, tender, juicy, pleasant, rich flavor.
November to January.

English Golden Russet.

Golden Eusset, of New York.
Foreign. Growth, irregular ; fruit, medium, roundish, russet on yel
low ; stem, slender ; flesh, fine grained, crisp ; nearly " best." December
to March.

Uin^ESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 13?

English Sweeting.

Ramsdell's Sweeting, j Eamsdell's Red Pumpkin Sweet, I Averj Sweeting.
Earadell's Sweet, | Ked Pumpkin Sweet, |

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, early, prolific bearer. Fruit, medium
to large, oblong, tapering to the eye, green and rough in shade, dark red
dotted with fawn specks, and with a blue bloom in sun ; stem, short ;
cavity, narrow, angular, often a fleshy knob ; calyx, with short stiff seg-
ments; basin, round, regular; core, long, ovate; seeds, imperfect, flesh,
yellowish white, sweet ; " very good." October to February.

Ernst's Pippin.

Ohio Pippin.
American. Originated with A. H. Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati, Ohio.
Tree, strong, vigorous grower, productive and hardy. Fruit, large, round-
ish flattened, sometimes slightly oblong ; color, light greenish yellow, faint
blush when exposed to sun, small dark green specks, surrounded with
light green, suffused beneath the skin ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ;
c^yx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy,
sprightly, sub-acid ; core, small, laying nearest the stem end ; seeds, dark.
December to February. The general appearance of this apple closely re-
sembles the Canada Reinette, from a seed of which it probably originated.

Esten.
From Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, oblong
ovate, slightly ribbed ; yellow, faint blush in sun, large green dots ; stem,
slender ; cavity, deep ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, sub-acid. October.

Eustis.

Ben.

Native, Mass. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened ; red

and yellow striped or splashed ; stem, slender, inclined to one side ; cavity,

deep, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; core small ; seeds, ovate angular ;

fleshy yellowish, crisp, tender, aromatic, sub-acid. December to January.

Evening Party.
From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium,, roundish' flattened, greenish yel-
low, shaded with red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin,
■>pen ; flesh, juicy, tender, crisp, fine dessert fruit ; core, medium. Decem-
ber to March. Young shoots, reddish ; old wood, gray. A new variety
^hat promises valuable for small gardens.

Ewalt.
Origin, farm of John Ewalt. Size, full medium ; form, truncated, some-
»\rhat angular ; color, greenish yellow, with a bright red cheek, and many
greenish russet spots, especially about the base ; stem, very short, rather
stout, inserted in a narrow, not very deep, cavity ; caly, closed, set in a
narrow, moderately deep, slightly plaited basin ; flesh, fine texture, tender ;
flavor, sprightly and pleasant, with an exceedingly fragrant odor ; quality,
ery good. April. (W. D. Brinckle.)

Excel.
From Sharon, Conn. Tree, strong grower, productive. Fruit, medium,
oundish flattened, marbled and splashed with red, light gray dots ; cavity

138 THE APPLE.

deep ; calyx, closed ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good ;"
core, large. December, February.

Exquisite.

Named and introduced by C. R. Overman, of Canton, 111. Tree, mode-
rate, upright grower, productive, hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened ;
yellow striped and marbled with red ; stem, short, russet at base ; cavity,
broad, deep ; calyx, small, partly closed ; basin, small ; flesh, white, juicy,
melting, fine grained, tender, rich, vinous, almost sweet; promises to be
valuable. September, November.

Fairbanks.

Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Fruit, medium, oblate conic, light yellow,
striped with red and patched with russet ; stem, long ; cavity, broad and
shallow ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. September to
October. (Me. P. S. R.)

Fall Harvey.

Native of Mass. Not productive. Fruit, large, roundish flattened,
greenish yellow, with scattered brown dots; stem, slender: cavity, deep;
flesh, white, mild sub-acid, juicy ; •' very good.'' October and November.

Fall Jennetting.
Fall GennettiR g.
Probably American. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, ribbed at base,
narrowing to the eye, pale greenish yellow, blush in sun, russety specks ;
stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx^ closed ; basin, round ; core, small ; seeds,
angular ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy ; "very good." October and
November. There is another Gennetting grown in Ohio, maturing from
July to September, which is sour and unworthy.

Fall Pearmain.

A variety considerably grown in Connecticut. Trees, moderate bearers ;
healthy. Fruit, medium size, roundish conical; color, yellow ground,
mostly overspread with red in stripes, patches, &c., and many grayish green
dots; stem, medium; cavity deep, slightly russeted; calyx, partly closed;
basin, deep, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, ricl^,
aromatic flavor. September and October, So far as we have met with
this, at the West and Southwest, it proves successful.

Fall Seek-no-Further.
"Winter Seek-no-Further.
Tree, thrifty and productive. Origin, unknown ; grown in Connecticut,
and much prized there.

Fruit, very large, oblate ; skin, yellow, mostly shaded with red, striped
with darker red and covered with numerous grayish dots ; stalk, rather long,
inserted in a broad, deep, russeted cavity ; calyx, closed, in a very broad,
uneven basin; flesh, whitish, tender, moderately juicy, with a pleasant, sub-
acid flavor. October, January. (Downing.)

Farley's Red.

From Kentucky. Tree, hardy and productive. Fruit, roundish conical

angular ; color, yellowish, shaded and striped with bright, rich red, dotted

UNTESTED VAEIETTES, ETC. 139

with light dots; stem, short; cavity, deep, irregular, t!iinly russeted ;
calyx, open ; basin, shallow, uneven ; flesh, firm, crisp, '(uicy, pleasant.
January to April.

Father Abraham.
From Virginia ; considerably grown in Kentucky. We copy Coxe's
description : " Small, flat, red, little yellow, spots and blotches of darker
red ; texture, thin, tender ; flesh, white, tinged with red next the sun, juicy,
agreeable. Early Winter. Keeps till April."

Favorite.
Fr*jm Kentucky. Fruit, small, roundish, tapering to the eye, pale yellow,
striped and splashed with red, and small rough dots ; stem, short ; cavity,
deep ; calyx, small ; basin, medium, regular ; core, medium ; seeds, long,
ovate ; flesh, yellow, juicy, mild sub-acid ; not quite " very good." Novem-
ber to January.

Fay's Russet.
From Vermont. Tree, moderate grower, productive. Fruit, small,
conical, light yellow russet, faintly striped with red ; stem, short ; calyx,
with long segments; basin, furrowed; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid.
March to April.

Ferdinand.
Native South Carolina. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright. Fruit,
large, oblate irregular, pale greenish yellow ; stem, thick ; calyx, open ;
basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish, tender. November to March. New
(Wm. Sumner in Hort.)

Ferris.

"Westchester Seek-no-Farther.

Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, yellow shades and stripes of red,
stem, slender ; cavity, broad, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh,
yellow, crisp, tender, mild sub-acid ; " very good ;'"' core, small. Novem-
ber, December.

Fisk's Seedling.

Origin, Keene, New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous and productive ; highly
esteemed in its locality.

Fruit, medium, oblate oblique ; skin, deep red on the sunny side, india •
tinctly striped with darker red and yellow, and sprinkled with yellow dots ;
stalk, medium length, in a round, deep, russeted cavity ; calyx, large, seg-
ments reflexed, in a broad basin of moderate depth : flesh, greenish white,
tender, melting, with a rich vinous, saccharine flavor. October, November.
(Robert Wilson's MS. ; Downing.)

Fleiner.

Foreign. Tree, great bearer, growth upright. Fruit, medium, oblong,
lemon yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; " good." Septem-
ber and October. Productiveness its chief merit.

Ford Apple.

Origin, farm of David Ford, Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y. Fr.iit, large,
roundish, slightly conical ; color, rich yellow ; stem, long; cavity, shallow ;
basin, small, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, solid, moderately tender, with

October, January. (Cult.)

140

THE APPLE.
Flushing Spitzenberg.

American. Tree, vigorous, strong brown shoots. Fruit, medium, round-
ish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, mostly covered with warm yellowish
red, russet dots, with suffused fawn shade surrounding 3 stem, slender ;

cavity, narrow; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, rather large; flesh,
white, tinged yellow, juicy, mild, crisp, nearly sweet; '-very good."
November to February.

FOCHT.

A seedling of Lebanon Co., Pa. Tree, a low open head ; productive.
Fruit, large, oblate, slightly conic angular ; skin, pale yellow, sometimes
with a blush ; stem, short ; cavity, broad, deep, russeted ; calyx, almost
closed ; cavity, broad and shallow ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy, with
a good sub-acid flavor. October, December. Excellent for culinary
purposes. (Downing.)

Foundling.
Funtling, | Shirley, | Groton.
Native of Mass. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye,
yellowish green, with broken stripes, pale red, greenish specks ; stem, short,
slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, medium ;
seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sprightly, sub-acid. August
and September.

Franklin Golden Pippin.

Budlow's Fall Pippin.
American. Tree, upright, vigorous, early annual bearer. Fruit,
medium, roundish ovate conical, pale light greenish yellow, interlined with
fine whitish net- work, few russet dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ;
calyx, small, closed ; basin, narrow, slightly plaited ; flesh, crisp, juioy j
" very good." October.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC.

141

French's Sweet.

The seedling trees are still standing in Braintree, Mass. Large, round
ovate, green, inclining to a yellow when fully ripe, great bearer, highly
perfumed ; flesh, firm. Ripe, October and November, and will keep till
January or February. Richest baking I know. (B. V. French, Ms.)

Fronclin.
Native of Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, rapid grower, great bearer. Fruit,
medium, regular, round, bright red ; flesh, yellowish, acid, vinous. New.
(Pom. Trans.)

Gabriel.
Ladies' Blush, erroneotulff.

The origin of this variety is uncertain. It will most likely yet prove
identical with some variety heretofore described. Our engraving is under
medium size of the apple. Trees, moderate growth, good bearers ; fruit,
medium or below, roundish conical, yellowish, striped, and splashed with
pale red ; stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ;
core medium ; seeds, long ovate, pointed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid j
'•best." October and November.

Garretson's Early.
John Garretson's Early.
Native probably of New Jersey. Tree, vigorous growth, early, abun
dant bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish flattened ; pale green, becoming yel
lowish, dotted with whitish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx
closed ; basin, ribbed ; core, large ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, crisp, tender,
sub-acid ', '' very good." August.

George.
From Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree, spreading, free bearer. Fruit, me-
dium, roundish flattened j pale yellow, with russety blotches and specks,

142 THE APPLE.

oft quite russety ; calyx, large, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, firm,
juicy, mild acid. July.

Giles.

From Wallingford, Conn. Fruit, medium, conical, dark red j flesh, ten-
der, juicy ', " very good." October to November.

Gilpin.
Carthouse, I Eomanite of the "West,
From Virginia. Its keeping and bearing qualities will always render it
more or less popular. Fruit, below medium, roundish, flattened at apex,-
deep red and yellow ; stem, varying ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin,
sometimes furrowed j core, medium; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy ;
will keep a year.

Gloucester White.
American ; medium, roundish oblong, bright yellow, black patches ; flesh,
breaking, dry. October and November.

Goble Russet.
Sweet 8cek-no-further.
Medium to large, oblong flattened, yellow russet, marbled w^ith red ; flesh
whitish yellow, dry, sweet. October and December.

Golden Goss.
Fruit, roundish flattened, angular, yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, nearly
closed ; flesh, whitish, juicy, brisk; " very good ;" core, medium.

Grandfather.
American. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; color, yellowish white, striped,
splashed, and shaded with rich red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted ;
calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, with prominent angles j flesh,
white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October.

Granniwinkle.
Tree, slow grower, compact head, first described by Coxe ; esteemed only
for cider. Fruit, medium, roundish oblong, dark red; flesh, yellowish, sweet.
October and November.

Granny Earle.
Fruit, small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red ; flesh,
white, crisp, tender. November to January. (Hov. Mag.)

Green's Choice.
Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, me-
dium, roundish conical; skin, yellow, striped with red : flesh, tender, juicy,
very mild sub-acid or almost sweet ; ripe, last of August and first of
September.

Green Cheese.

Winter Cheese, | Turner's Green.
Origin, Tennessee. Tree, of rather slow growth, an early and abundant
bearer. Fruit, medium, oblate, obliquely depressed ; skin, greenish yellow,
covered with brown dots ; stalk, very short, in a broad, deep cavity, sur-
rounded by russet; calyx, partially closed, in a broad, shallow, uneven
basin ; flesh, rather fine, juicy, with a brisk sub-acid flavor. November ta
April. (Downing.)

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. Id'*?

Green Mountain Pippin.
From Georgia, and much grown there as a market fruit. Fruit, medium,
oblate, inclining to oblong, flattened at base and crown ; skin, greenish yel-
low; stalk, medium, curved, in a rather broad, deep cavity, surrounded
with russet ; calyx, open, in a broad, shallow basin ; flesh, white, crisp,
juifcy, tender, with a pleasant vinous flavor. November and February.

Greenskin.
Southern Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened,
greenish yellow, oily ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin,
broad, open ; flesh, juicy, core, sweet, vinous, very good dessert apple ; core,
email. October to January.

Grimes' Golden Pippin.
From Brooke Co., Va. Fruit, medium, oblong flattened, golden yellow,
flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid; " very good." December to March.

Gully.
From Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit, small to medium ; white, with blush
cheek ; flesh, white, juicy. New. (Pom. Trans.)

Hagloe.
Summer Hagloe.
Tree, medium bearer, dark colored strong shoots ; valued for cooking,
often fine for dessert. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, bright red on yel-
low; flesh, tender. July. Distinct from Hagloe Crab, a small, ovate, cider
fruit.

Hain.
Origin, Berks Co., Pa. A vigorous grower and profuse bearer. Fruity
large, globular, inclining to oblong ; skin, yellow, striped, marbled and
mottled with red ; stalk, rather long, slender, set in a deep, abrupt cavity ;
calyx, nearly closed ; basin, open, slightly corrugated ; flesh, white, juicy,
tender, rich, sweet and slightly aromatic. November, March. (Downing.)

Hall.

Hall's Eed, | Jenny's Seedling.

From North Carolina. Fruit small, roundish flattened, mostly red, with
many dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, open ; basin, small ; flesh, yellowish,
fine-grained, juicy, rich, vinous aromatic ; '• best." January. This variety
should be introduced Southwest as a dessert apple. The trees are very
hardy.

Hamphill.

From North Carolina. Tree, erect, vigorous grower ; very productive ;
young wood, reddish gray. Fruit, medium, roundish, straw color marbled
and washed with, red ; stem, long ; basin and cavity, smaJl ; flesh, firm,
sub-acid, juicy; "very good." November to May.

Harris.

Originated with Mr. Harris, Rockingham Co., N. C. Tree, vigorous,

erect, productive, popular in its native locality. Fruit, large, oblate ; skin,

bright straw color, occasionally with a pink blush ; stem, very short and

fltout; cavity, broad and shallow; basin, large and deep; flesh, coarse,

^14 TnE APPLE.

pleasant, sub-acid. Last of August and continues a long time ; valuabl*
for culinary purposes. (G. W. Johnson.)

Harrison.

Generally grown for cider, but, in absence of better fruit, and kept until
March, it becomes " very good " for dessert. Tree, thrifty, hardy, very
productive. Fruit, medium or small, roundish ovate ; yellow, with black
specks, light-suffused shade around ; stem, one inch ; cavity, wide ; calyx,
closed ; basin, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, firm, spicy, sub-acid ; core,
large ; seeds, long, ovate. November to March. It is from this variety,
mixed with a small proportion of Campfield, that the celebrated Newark
cider is made.

Harnish.

Fruit, medium, oblong oval, slightly angular ; skin, mostly shaded with
dark red, and sprinkled with grayish dots ; flesh, compact, tender, not juicy,
almost sweet, pleasant. September to October. From Pennsylvania, said
to have originated in Lancaster County. (Downing.)

Hartford Sweeting.

Bpencer Sweeting, | Champ Sweeting.

Native of Hartford, Conn. Growth, slow, hardy, productive. Fruit,

large, roundish flattened, red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ;

cavity', shallow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender ;

" very good." December to March.

Haskell Sweet,
Sassafras Sweet.

Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific, deserves more general culture. Fruit
large, nearly flat, greenish, with dull brown cheek in sun ; stem and cavity!
medium ; flesh, tinged with orange yellow, tender, sweet ; almost " best."
October.

Hawthornden.
White Hawthornden, | Mountaineer.
Foreign. Above medium, roundish flattened, pale yellow, blush in sun ;
flesh, white, acid. October, November. Not equal to Maiden's Blush.

Heart's Pippin.

Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened at ends, oblique ; color, pale yellow,
with suffused shades of whitish yellow, and faint blush cheek in sun ;
stem, medium ; cavity, regular, even, moderately deep, russeted : calyx,
with five distinct, erect, open segments ; basin, regular, medium depth ;
flesh, white, very tender, acid, juicy, fine for sauce ; core, medium ; seeds,
roundish oval. November.

Hector.

From Chester County, Pa. Large, oblong conical, striped and mottled
with red on a yellow ground ; stem, slender ; deep, open russeted cavity ;
basin, narrow, deep, furrowed ; flesh, crisp; texture, fine; "very good."
(W. D. B.)

Helen's Favorite.

From Troy, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, dark red shades, light spots,
Btem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; core, compact ; seeds,

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 145

■mall; fiesh, white, streaked with red, tender, juicy; "very good." Jan«
wary and February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.)

Henry.

From Vermont. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, conical ; color,
yellow, bronzed red in sun, small gray dots ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ;
basin, small ; flesh, yellow ; " good." October, December.

Herman.

From Cumberland County, Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, medium, oblong,
red striped on greenish yellow; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy; '' very good.^'
December to April. (Pom. Trans.)

Hess.

American. From Lancaster County, Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish
conical ; shades of red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, narrow ; basin, deep,
narrow; flesh, greenish white, tender, aromatic. December to March.
*•' Good to very good."

Higby's Sweet.

According to present information, this variety origmated in Trumbull
County, Ohio. It is a good and regular bearer, and extremely valuable as
a table fruit. Fruit, Qiedium, occasionally large ; form, roundish flattened,
often one side enlarged or oblique ; color, pale, clear yellow, with faint
tinge of red is seen small obscure dots, and mostly apparently underneath
the skin ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, regular, moderate depth, russeted
regular ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, deep, pretty regular, slightly
furrowed ; flesh, white, very tender, pleasantly sweet, juicy and well fla-
vored ; core, small ; seeds, plump, round ovate. October to March.
7

146 THE APPLE.

Highlander.

Origin, Sudbury, Vermont. Tree, a good grower, very producti'/e;
fruit, medium, oblate, approaching conic- skin, greenish, mottled and
striped with red ; stalk, short, rather slender, inserted in a rather deep
cavity ; calyx, small and closed ; basin, small ; flesh, white, juicy, tender,
with a pleasant vinous flavor, September, October. (Downing.)

Hilton.
Origin, Columbia County, N. Y. Tree, vigorous and productive ; apples
making the finest tarts and pies. It is not equal to the Fall Pippin for
eating. Fruit, very large, roundish, a little more square in outline than
the Fall Pippin, and not so much flattened, though a good deal like it ; a
little narrowed next the eye ; stalk half an inch long, thick, deeply sunk ;
calyx, small, closed, moderately sunk in a slight plaited basin ; skin, green-
ish yellow or pale green, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe, washed on
one side with a little dull red or pale brown, with a few scattered, large
greenish dots. (Downing.)

Hill's Favorite.

From Mass. Tree, thrifty, productive. Fruit, above medium, roundish
conical, yellow shaded and striped with red, whitish dots, thin bloom ,
stem, short ; cavity, uneven ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yel-
low, firm, tender, juicy, aromatic ; core, medium ; " very good." Septem-
ber, October.

Hixon's Favorite.

American. The fruit resembles Houghton Seedling in size and quality.
The plant is of dwarf habit ; upright growth, hardy and productive.

Hocking.

Western. Fruit, medium to large ; red and yellow striped, sometimes
slightly russeted; stem, medium length; cavity, open, broad; basin,
shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, fine grained, tender, mild sub-acid ; core,
small. August. Tree, upright, vigorous grower, hardy and productive.
Origin, uncertain ; may prove identical with some Eastern sort — as yet
only known West.

Hollady's Seedling.

Raised by John Hollady, Spottsylvania County, Va. A very thrifty,
upright grower, a good bearer. Fruit, medium, oblate ; color, yellow, with
a faint blush, and sprinkled with gray dots ; flesh, yellowish, compact^ ten-
der, rich, aromatic. November to March. (H. R. Roby.)

Hooker.
Origin, Windsor, Conn. Growth upright, vigorous, productive. Fruit,
medium, conic, slightly oblique ; skin, greenish yellow, shaded with dull
crimson, striped with red, and sprinkled with large russet dots : stalk,
short, inserted in a very shallow cavity ; calyx, small, partially closed, in
a small, abrupt basin ; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, with a pleasant sub-
acid flavor. November to January.

Hoover.
Raised by Mr. fioover, of Edisto, South Carolina. Fruit, large and
lieautiful, nearly globular, inclining to conic ; color, rich, dark crimson,

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC.

147

peculiarly marked with round, white spots, of about an eighth of an inch
in size ; stem, half an inch long, fleshy ; calyx, open, in a smooth, green-
iih yellow basin ; flesh, white ; flavor, brisk acid. November to February

Holland Pippin.

Eeinette d'HoUand,
Summer Pippin,

Pie Apple,

French Pippin, ofaoTne*

Tree, resembles Fall Pippin, with which it is often confounded, but
from which it is distinct. It is esteemed for cooking, for which it is fitted
in August, but we think surpassed by Gravenstein. We refer for descrip-
tion to Fall Pippin, with this difference, more regular round, stem shorter,
cavity not as deep, more broad and open ; calyx smaller, and basin not as wide.

Housum's Red.

From Berks County, Pa. Large, oblong, compressed at the sides ; skin,
red, in stripes, yellow at base ; stem, short, thick ; cavity, narrow, not
deep, slightly russeted ; basin, moderately deep, plaited ; flesh, fine tex-
ture, tender, with delightful aroma ; " very good," at least. October to
February. (W. D. B.)

Howe's Russet.

Origin, Shrewsbury, Mass. Very much resembles Roxbury Russet, and
maj be seedling of it. Fruit, large, oblate, often conic, angular ; skin,
greenish yellow, mostly covered with russet, and generally with a bronzed
check; stalk, short, inserted in a broad cavity; calyx, partially closed ;
basin, abrupt, uneven; flesh, yellowish, compact, brisk vinous flavor.
January to May. (Downing.)

148 THE APPLE.

Hughes.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. From Thomas Hughes, said to be an abundant
bearer ; large, roundish. Skin, greenish yellow, with a blush, and numerous
gray dots ; stem, variable in length, slender, inserted in a moderately deep,
open cavity ; calyx, large, open, set in a wide, deep, sometimes plaited basin ;
flesh, fine texture, tender, juicy ; flavor, very agreeable, saccharine with-
out being sweet, with a delicate and delicious aroma; quality, "very
good," if not "best." March, April. (Ad. Int. Rep.)

Hunter.
From Delaware Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, striped
and splashed bright red on yellow; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx,
small ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tinged wilh pink, tender, crisp, juicy
October.

Hunt's Russet.

Origin, Mr. Hunt's Farm, Concord, Mass. Growth, rather slow, bears
annually and abundantly.

Fruit, small, conic ; skin, russet, shaded with dull red, on a greenish
yellow ground ; stalk, short, slender ; cavity, deep and broad ; calyx, closed ;
segments, long, recurved in a round open basin ; flesh, juicy, fine grained,
rather rich, sprightly, sub-acid flavor. December to April. Little known
at the West.

Hurlbut.

Hnrlbut Stripe.

Origin, farm of Gen. Hurlbut, Winchester, Conn. Tree, very vigorous,
and great bearer. Fruit, medium, oblate, slightly conic angular ; skin,
yellow, shaded with red stripes, and splashed with darker red, and thinly
sprinkled with light dots ; stalk, short, rather slender, inserted in a broad,
deep cavity, surrounded by russet ; calyx, closed, basin rather shallow ;
flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy, with a mild sprightly sub-acid flavor. No-
vember, December. (Downing.)

Indiana Favorite.

From Fayette Co., Ind. Tree, spreading head, good bearer. Fruit,
medium to large, round, flattened at ends, tapering to calyx, angular ; yel-
low, mostly covered, splashed and striped with two shades of red, many
russet specks ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, irregular, short
segments ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, slightly sub-acid, almost sweet, plea-
sant ; " very good ;" core, compact ; seeds, pointed, light brown. January
to April.

loLA.

Southern origin. Fruit, large, oblate angular, compressed horizontally ;
skin, yellow, mottled, marbled, striped and shaded with crimson ; stem,
short, in rather large cavity ; calyx, large, partially closed, in an abrupt
furrowed basin ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, juicy, vinous, rich and
agreeable. A very delightful apple: core, small. December to Feb-
ruary.

Jabez Sweet.

From Middletown, Conn. Fruit, medium, nearly round, pale green, dull
red in sun, sweet. October to April. (Hov. Mag.)

UNTESTED VABIETIES, ETC.

14:9

Jackson.
From Bucks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish ; color, greenish yellow,
with dark blotches and gray dots in sun, faint stripes and mottlings of red ;
stem, in a deep narrow cavity; calyx, closed; basin, slightly furrowed;
flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, aromatic flavor. October, December.

Jefferson County.
From Jefierson Co., N. Y. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium,
globular ; color, greenish yellow, with marblings and shades of red russet
in sun ; stem, in a deep cavity ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; flesh, crisp,
juicy, mild sub-acid. October, December.

Jenkins.
Native of Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, small, roundish ovate ;
red, interspersed with numerous large white dots, on a yellowish ground ;
stem, slender ; cavity, deep, rather wide, sometimes russeted ; calyx, closed ;
basin, deep, open, furrowed ; core, above medium ; seeds, grayish brown,
acute-ovate ; flesh, white, tender, fine texture, juicy ; flavor, agreeably
saccharine, exceedingly pleasant and aromatic ; "very good," if not " best."
The Jenkins is one of those delicious little apples peculiarly fitted for the,
table at evening entertainments. (W. D. B.)

Jewett's Red.
Jewett's Fine Red, | Nodhead.

Tree, slow, rather slender, diverging growth ; fruit, unfair while young ;
best adapted to strong clay soils North, where it is hardy, and said to suc-
ceed well. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, tapering to the eye,
sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, mostly overspread or striped with red,
numerous white dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small, par-
tially closed ; basin, shallow, wrinkled ; core, medium ; seeds, ovat/^

rounded ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, mild aromatic sub
acid. November to February.

150 THE APPLE.

Jersey Pippin.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, round oblong conical, flattened, pale yellow-
ish green, faint stripes red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx,
rather large ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; flesh, green-
ish yellow, juicy, vinous, sub-acid ; '' very good." November to February.
New.

Johnson.

From Brookfield, Conn. Fruit, above medium, roundish ; smooth, strip-
ed red on yellow, dark red in sun ; flesh, tender, crisp, juicy ; very fine.
August, September.

John's Sweet.

Origin. Lyndsboro, New Hampshire. A good grower, somewhat straggling;
a prolific bearer.

Fruit, medium, oblong or conic ; skin, whitish yellow, sprinkled, striped,
and splashed with red ; stem, short, inserted in a narrow cavity, surrounded
by russet ; calyx, closed, set in an abrupt basin ; flesh, juicy, tender, with
a sweet peculiar flavor. January to May. (Downing.)

JUNALIESKA.

Raised in Cherokee Co., North Carolina, by J. Whittaker. Fruit, largei
globular, inclining to conic ; skin, fine yellow color, speckled with dark
brown russet ; stem, short and fleshy ; cavity, narrow ; basin, very small ;
flesh, yellow, with a sprightly sub-acid flavor. November to March. (J.
Van Beuren.) (Downing.)

Keim.
Fruit, below medium, roundish conical, pale waxen yellow ; stem, long,
slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, plaited ;
core, medium } flesh, white, tender, mild, pleasant ; " very good." January
to March.

Keiser.

Eed Seek-no-farther.

An old variety much grown in Jeflerson Co., Ohio, and highly prized,
growth of tree like Rambo.

Fruit, medium, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, angular ; skin, pale
yellow, shaded with red, indistinctly striped and thickly sprinkled with
large grayish dots ; stalk, short, inserted in a large cavity ; calyx, small,
closed in a broad, shallow, corrugated basin; flesh, yellowish, not very
juicy, but mild sub-acid. November to February.

There is another Red Seek-no-further, grown near Lebanon, Pa., distinct,
and a universal favorite there. December to April.

Kelsey.
Origin, Berks County, Pa., on the premises of John Kelsey. Size, me-
dium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conical ; skin, greenish yel-
low, with occasionally a faint blush and numerous gray dots ; stem, short,
inserted in a deep, moderately open cavity ; calyx, closed, set in a very
shallow, plaited basin ; flesh, tender, fine texture, greenish white ; flavor,
mild, and exceedingly pleasant, fragrant aroma ; quality, very good. March.
{W. D. Brinckle.)

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC.

151

Bed Spitzenbei^,
Eed Pearmain,
Red Winter Pearmain,
Long Pearmain,

Kaighn's Spitzenberg.

Long John,
Red Pippin,

Red Phcenix,
Sheepnose, of sotm^
Russam.

This variety is showy, annually productive, and that is all of its good
qualities. We present the drawing to aid the unacquainted to detect it, as
the name often aids in its sale. Dr. Warder, at the late Ohio Pom. Meet-
ing, stated that it came originally from Kaighn's Point, and the name, Spit-
zenberg, was derived from a mountain "berg." Fruit, large, oblong rounded ;
yellow, mostly overspread with bright clear red ; stem, about even with
surrounding surface : cavity, deep, regular 5 calyx, small ; basin, slightly
furrowed ; core, small ; seeds, irregular in form ; flesh, yellowish, coarse,
dry ; " good." November and December. Often grown in Michigan as
Red Belleflower.

Ketchum's Favorite.

Origin, farm of Mr. Ketchum, Sudbury, Vt. Tree, vigorous and product,
ive. Fruit, medium, irregularly oval, inclining to conicr; skin, light waxen
yellow, slightly shaded with rosy blush, irregularly sprinkled with carmine
dots ; stalk of medium length, inserted in a narrow cavity, surrounded by
russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep and narrow; flesh, white, with a very mild,
rich, and excellent flavor. September to January. (Downing.)

162 THE APPLE.

King Apple.

From Mason Co., Ky. Fruit yellow, clouded, and mostly obscured with
dull red, small specks, and large patches of mould or fungus peculiar to
the Southern grown fruits ; oblong, flattened at base ; calyx, small ; basin,
shallow i stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; core, small ; seeds, medium ;
flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. January to February.

KiRKBRIDGE WhITE.

Medium in size or rather large, oval, ribbed, tapering equally to each end,
and blunt at the ends ; skin, smooth, pale yellow ; stem, short ; cavity and
basin both very narrow ; flesh, very tender, sub-acid, fine-grained ; " good."
Latter part of Summer.

Klaproth.

From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, vigorous, prolific. Fruit, medium, round-
ish flattened, greenish yellow, streaked and stained with red, light specks
and russet spots ; stem, short ; cavity, smooth, deep ; calyx, small, closed ;
segments, reflexed; basin, broad ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, sub-acid; " very
good." August to October. Valuable for market.

Kohl.

From Germany. Tree, thrifty, good grower ; new. Fruit, small, round-
ish J crisp, juicy ; good keeper. December, May.

Krowser.

Origin, Berks Co., Pa., where it is exceedingly popular. Tree, a hand-
some grower and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish conic ; color,
whitish yellow, striped and splashed with carmine ; stalk, rather short,
inserted in a medium cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, small and corrugated 3
flesh, white^ tender, mild sub-acid flavor. December, March.

Lancaster.

Lancaster Greening.

From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit,
medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with brown dots and blotches ;
stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; flesh, greenish white, j uicy, sub-
acid ; valued for keeping till April.

Landon.

From Vermont. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow ground, mottled with
two shades of red, minute dots with grayish suff'used skin surrounding ; stem,
medium ; cavity, regular, with a tinge of greenish russet ; calyx, with broad
segments nearly closed ; basin, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, crisp,
firm, tender, juicy, aromatic; '-very good," or "best;" core, medium;
seeds, abundant. January to March. A new variety that promises high
value.

Landrum.

American. Fruit, medium, conical, deep crimson sprinkled with large
white dots; stem, slender; cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, small, closed;
basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, vinous j
" very good ;" core, small. October, November.

UlfTESTED VAEIETIE8, ETC. 163

Lane's Red Streak.
Origin, orchard of Mr. Lane, Edgar Co., Illinois. Tree, of moderate
growth. Fruit, large, round conical, regular ; color, yellow, with very fine
short stripes, and specks of bright red, beautiful ; flesh, white, fine, tender,
pleasant sub-acid, of fair quality. October. (McWhorter.)

Lake.
Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, abundant bearer, fruit
hangs well. Fruit, below medium, round ovate conical, yellow, mostly
overspread and striped with deep lake red, many dots ; cavity, deep ; calyx,
closed ', basin, open ; core, medium ; seeds, plump ; flesh, yellow, tender,
juicy, sub-acid ; *' very good." October.

Late Queen.

Brown's Late Queen.

American. Native of Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish conical, pale red on

yellow, bluish tinge at stem end, and many large russet dots ; calyx, closed ',

basin, deep, round, slightly furrowed ; stem, medium ', cavity, deep ; flesh,

yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." September and October.

Lecker.
Laquier, | Lacker.
From Lancaster, Pa. Described by Thomas as Laquier. Medium, round-
ish oblate J skin, striped with crimson on a pale red, with numerous large
dots ; stem, short and slender, sometimes stout ; cavity, russeted, narrow,
rather deep ; basin, wide, deep, plaited ; core, small ; seed, dark cinnamon,
short, plump ; flesh, whitish, fine texture, tender, juicy, " good," at least.
December to March, (W. D. B.)

Ledge Sweet.
From Portsmouth, N. H. Tree, productive, regular bearer. Fruit, large
roundish flattened ; yellowish green tinged with blush in sun, reddish rus-
set specks ; stem, short, stout : cavity, open, deep ; calyx, partially closed;
basin, shallow ; core, open ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, fine,
juicy, crisp, sweet. January to June. (Hov. Mag.)

Leland Spice.
Leland Pippin, I New York Spice.
From Mass. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, and ribbed ; green-
ish yellow, mottled with crimson stripes, dark crimson in sun ; stem, half-
inch ; cavity and basin, ribbed; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sub-acid;
" best." October to December. Deserves more attention than yet received.

Leicester Sweet.
Potter Sweet
Rather large, flattish, greenish yellow and dull red ; tender, rich, excel-
lent, fine for dessert or baking. Winter. Tree, vigorous, not very pro-
ductive. Origin, Leicester, Mass. (Cole.)

Lewis.

Origin, Putnam Co., Indiana. A good grower, and productive. Fruit,
medium, oblate conic ; skin, yellowish, striped with crimson, and partially
covered with thin cinnamon russet, and sprinkled with gray and brown
7*

154 THE APPLET.

dots ; stalkj short, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, closed, or nearly so, in
a moderate basin ; flesh, yellow, compact, with a rich sub-acid flavor ; not
very juicy. November, February. (Downing.)

Liberty

The Liberty Apple, as exhibited at the Ohio State Fruit Conventions, is
claimed to be a seedling of Delaware county, in that state. Its claim for
introduction to the West, we think, rests upon its character as a long keeper,
even when grown on rich prairie lands.

Fruit, medium to large ; form, oblong oblique conical ; color, yellowish,
striped and splashed with shades of red — often the red is most prominent at
flrst glance, and it appears as though there was a shade of rich yellow
marbled underneath, small, irregular, russet dots, and occasionally a large
oblong rounded russet patch ', stem, usually medium height ; cavity, narrow,
of medium depth, regular ; calyx, large ; segments, half open, slightly
recurved , basin, open, broad, acute ; flesh, yellow, firm, a little tough, juicy,
rich, mild sub-acid ; skin, thick, tough ; core, medium, central, compact ;
seeds, light brown, ovate long, pointed. February to June.

LocY.

Globular, sometimes inclining to oblate, and sometimes oblong or conic ;
skin, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red ; stalk, short, inserted in a
small, acute cavity ; calyx, closed, in an open, furrowed basin ; flesh, green-
ish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, brisk, vinous flavor. Novem-
ber, February. (Downing.)

tJNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC,

156

Limber Twig.

James Eiver.

A valuable fruit in Southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Tree, hardy,
productive. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering a little to the eye ; light yel-
low, striped and splashed with red in sun, rough russet specks, and occa-
Bional patch of russet ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, open, funnel shape,
russeted ; calyx, rather small ; basin, irregular, round ; core, large, hollow;
seeds, plump, pyriform ; flesh, whitish, tender, sub-acid ; " very good.**
Keeps to May. For varieties of this, see Willow Twig, &c.

Long Stem.

From Berks Co., Pa. Below medium, roundish oblong, sometimes angu-
lar ; skin, red, in faint stripes, with a number of gray russet dots ; stem,
long ; cavity, medium, acuminate ; basin, small, shallow, plaited ; flesh,
greenish white, tender, agreeably sub-acid flavor, with Spitzenberg aroma;
quality, ^' very good." This is distinct from the " Long Stem " of Cole,
which is large, roundish, pale yellow, brown in sun ; calyx, large ; basin,
broad, shallow ; flesh, white, juicy, aromatic. September and October. A
native of Mass. And also distinct from the '' Long Stem " of Count.

LoRiNG Sweet.

Native of Mass. Fruit, medium, oblate ; greenish yellow, tinged with
pale red in sun, brownish specks; stem, short; cavity, deep, open; calyx,
medium, closed; basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, plump; flesh, yel-
lowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet • " very good." Nov. to Jan.

156 THE APPLE.

Loudon Pippin.
Tree, productive ; most grown in Northern Virginia. Fruit, large, lound-
ish conical ; greenish yellow : stem, short ; calyx, large ', flesh, greenish
white, sub-acid ; valued only for its size, where people know what apples
should be.

LowRE Queen.
Loure Queen.
Trees, upright, early bearers, extensively grown in Central Ohio ; some-
what resembles the Vandervere. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, oft
angular ; yellow, striped and splashed with dull red, rough irregular dots,
or specks of dull russet, russet at stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, regular,
deep ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, broad, slightly
furrowed ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy ]
'■' very good." November to February.

Lyscom.
Matthew's Stripe, | Osgood's Favorite.
From Mass. Fruit, large, round; greenish yellow, hroken stripes,
and splashes of red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; hasin
plaited ; flesh, fine-grained, mild sub-acid . September to November.

Macomber.
Origin, Guilford, Maine. Fruit, full medium, oblate angular ; skin, yel-
lowish, shaded and striped with red; stalk, short; cavity, large; calyx,
closed; basin, large and regular; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender; flavor
8ub-acid, December to January. (Downing.)

Magnolia.

Origin, Bolton, Mass. Growth moderate, productive. Fruit, medium,

oblate conic ; skin, yellow, beautifully striped and mottled with crimson ;

stalk, short, in a broad, uneven cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, small ; flesh,

white, tender, juicy, with a brisk, aromatic flavor. October. (Downing.)

Maiden's Favorite.
Maiden's Apple.
From Stuyvesant, N. Y. Tree, a slow grower, productive. Fruit, below
medium, oblong rounded, pale yellow, shaded with blush, sometimes mot-
tled carmine, and few minute dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, thin, russeted ;
calyx, closed; segments persistent ; basin, regular; flesh, whitish, crisp,
very delicate, vinous ; " very good ;" a dessert apple. December to
February.

Mansfield Russet.
American. Tree, good grower, productive. Fruit, small, oblong conical ;
cinnamon russet ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, with long segments ; flesh, white,
aromatic • " very good;" core, small.

Manomet Sweet.

Horseblock.

From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, vigorous, good bearer. Fruit, medium,

roundish ; lemon yellow, bright red in sun, dotted wuth russet specks, and

trace of russet at stem; stem, short, slender; cavity, shallow; calyx, large,

closed ; long segments j basin, shallow ; core, compact ; seeds, medium ;

UNTESTED VARIEIIES, ETC.

157

flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sugary sweet; "very good.*' August and
September.

Male Carle.

Mela Carla, I Pomme de Charles, I Charles Apple,

Mela de Carlo, | Pomme Finale, J

Foreign. In our Southern and Southwestern sections, where the soil is
rich and summers long, this is one of the very finest apples, and should
always have a place. North, it does not answer. Fruit, medium, globu-
lar, slightly tapering to the eye ; pale waxy lemon yellow, with distinct
brilliant crimson cheek in sun, irregular russet dots, and oft marred by
patches of mold or fungus when grown on the alluvial bottoms ; stem, slen-
der ; cavity, narrow, deep, regular; calyx, small; basin deep; core, small;
seeds, round, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, delicate rose perfume ;
" best," October to January.

Maria Bush.

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania. A healthy grower and good bearer
Fruit, large, roundish oblate ; skin, yellow shaded, striped and splashed
with red, and thinly sprinkled with russet dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, large ,
basin, abrupt and open ; flesh, white, very tender, juicy, sub-acid. Octobei
and November.

Marks.

Origin, Berks Co., Pennsylvania, on the lands of Mr. Klinger. Tree^
vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit, medium size, roundish, taperinj
slightly to the crown, somewhat angular ; skin, yellowish white, with a few
russet dots, and nearly covered with a faint orange blush; stem, half an
inch long, rather stout ; cavity, narrow, deep, acuminate ; calyx, small.

158 THE APPLE.

closed : basin, narrow, rather deep, slightly russeted ; flesh, whitish, tend'jr.
fine texture, delicately perfumed : quality, " very good," if not " best.''
January to March. (Ad. Int. Rep.)

Marks.

From Berks Co.. Pennsylvania. Size, medium, roundish, tapering slightly
to the crown, somewhat angular ; yellowish white, with few russet dots,
nearly covered with a faint orange blush ; stem, half inch long : cavity,
narrow, deep, slightly russeted ; seed, yellowish gray ; flesh, whitish, ten-
der, fine texture ; flavor, delicately perfumed: quality, "very good," if not
" best." (W. D. B.)

Marston's Red Winter.

From New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, round-
ish oval ; yellow in shade, red in sun, russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ;
cavity, deep ; calyx, partly open • basin, abrupt ; core, compact ; seeds, dark
brown; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy ; " very good." January to April.

Major. *

Native of Pennsylvania, Northumberland Co. Size, large, roundish ;
red, sometimes blended with yellow on the shaded side ; stem, variable in
length, of medium thickness ; cavity, rather wide, moderately deep • basin,
uneven, shallow : flesh, yellowish, crisp ; flavor, pleasant, agreeably sac-
charine, and resembles, in some measure, that of the Carthouse, to which,
however, it is superior ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.)

May.
Medium sized, roundish conical, flattened ; greenish yellow, with dull
red streaks; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid; valued only for its earliness,
which, in the South, is the latter end of May.

McAfee's Nonsuch.
From Kentucky ; somewhat grown Southwest. Fruit medium, roundish
flattened, oblique angular ; yellowish, mostly overspread with two shades
red, bluish tinge, and grayish dots apparently raised on surface ; stem, short,
slender; cavity, open, little russeted, broad, deep; calyx, medium; seg-
ments, short, stiff", half open, erect, reflexed ; basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish,
firm, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, medium, compact ; seeds, short,
ovate ; " very good." December to February.

McHenry.

Origin, Hamilton Co., Ohio. Growth upright and free, moderately pro-
ductive ; color, and quality similar to American Summer Pearmain. Sep-
tember to December. (Jackson.)

Meach.

From Vermont. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conic; skin, greenish
yellow, striped and mottled with light red, and sprinkled with brown dots ;
stalk, long, rather slender, set in a pretty large cavity ; calyx, closed in a
corrugated basin; flesh, yellowish, rather fine, juicy, rich, mild sub-acid,
aromatic. October and November.

Meigs.
Fruit, large, regular oblong, narrowing to the eye, sometimes slightly
fibbed; skin, yellow, but mostly concealed with a marbling of red, and

TTNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 169

sprinkled with prominent yellow dots; calyx, small and closed, set in a
narrow basin ; stem, very short, thick, in a narrow, deep cavity ; flesh, yel-
lowish white, tender, juicy, with a rich, slightly sub-acid flavor. Autumn.
^White's Gard.)

Meister.
From Berks Co., Pa. Size, below medium ; roundish conical ', skin,
greenish yellow, striped with red, with numerous white spots, and russet
dots ; stem, nearly half an inch long, inserted in a wide, moderately deep
cavity ; calyx, smajl, closed, set in a narrow, shallow basin ; flesh, tender •
flavor sprightly and pleasant; quality, "very good." October. (Int. Rep.)

Melvin Sweet.
From Concord, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, striped
ff-ith pale red ; flesh, juicy, sweet. November to February. (Hov. Mag.)

Melt in the Mouth.

Melting Mouth, I Melting.
Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical ; deep red on a green
ground, small white dots ; stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, broad, deep ;
calyx, small, closed; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, mild sub-acid; very
good.' October and November.

Mifflin King.
From Mifflin Co., Pa. Fruit, small, oblong, red on yellow ; flesh, tender,
juicy, sub-acid ; " best." October to December. (Pom. Trans.)

Milam.
Harrigan, | "VTlnter Pearmaln, of some.
American. Small to medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped dull
red ; flesh, greenish, insipid. December and March. This variety con-
tinues to have its friends South and West. It should be superseded, for it is
unworthy.

Miller Apple.
Supposed to be a seedling, and brought to notice by James 0. Miller,
Montgomery, Orange Co., N. Y. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit,
rather large, oval or conical; skin, yellow, striped with red; stalk, short,
inserted in a deep, large cavity ; calyx open, in a broad, uneven basin ;
flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, with a rather mild, rich, pleasant flavor. Sep-
tember and October. (Downing.)

Monarch.
A fruit considerably grown, West ; will yet probably prove identical with
some variety already described. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; rich dark
red over a lighter shade, with many specks ; stem, long, slender ; cavity,
deep, open ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow, furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds,
ovate pointed ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, tender, perfumed ;
" good." October.

Monk's Favorite.

From Randolph Co., Indiana. Tree very thrifty, rapid growth, annual
bearer. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, slightly angular ; yellow, mottled,
striped and splashed with dark red, gray russet dots ; stem, short ; cavity,
open, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, broad, obscure furrows ; flesh, yellow-
ish white ; sub-acid, tender ; " very good." December to June.

160 THE APPLE.

Morrison's Red.
From Medfield, Mass. Tree, good grower, productive. Fruit, above
medium, conical, angular ; whitish yellow, shaded and striped with deep
red ; stem, short, stout ', cavity, narrow ; calyx, closed ; basin, small ; flesh,
tender, crisp, mild, pleasant: core, large, open. January.

Mountain Sprout.
American. Fruit, medium, oblong truncate, red striped, numerous white
dots.

Mouse.
Moose.
From Ulster Co-, N. Y. Fruit, large, roundish conical ; pale greenish
yellow, brownish blush in sun, russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, closed ;
flesh, white, sprightly, faintly perfumed ; not more than •' very good." De-
cember to March.

Murray.
Southern. Fruit, medium, oblong conical, rich yellow j stem, short ,
cavity, deep; basin, deep; flesh, whitish, brisk sub-acid. January to
March. South.

Musk Spice.

Fruit, small, roundish flattened, yellowish, bright, clear red cheek ; stem,
long ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ;
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, sub-acid j " very good." October.

MuNsoN Sweeting.
Orange Sweet, | Bay Apple, | Meachum's Sweet
From Massachusetts. Tree, strong, upright grower, dark-colored ; short-
jointed shoots, good bearer. Fruit, medium or above, roundish flattened ;
pale yellow, blush in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, rather dry, sweet ;
" very good." October to December.

Nantehalee.

Maiden's Bosom.

Origin, Alabama ; introduced by Dr. W. 0. Baldwin, of Montgomery.

In size large, in shape quite conical, and deeply ribbed; in color abeau'

tiful pale waxen yellow ; stem, three-fourths of an inch long, in a narrow,

deep cavity ; calyx, rather large, basin deep, very much ribbed ; flesh,

white, juicy, and pleasant. Middle of July to first of August. (J. Van

Beuren, MS.)

Ne Plus Ultra.

Southern. Fruit very large, roundish flattened, angular; jhades of
crimson with large brightish dots; stem, short; cavity, deep, bioad, sur-
rounded by russet; calyx, open; basin, large, deep, furrowed, downy;
flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, juicy^ vinous ; core, small ; " very good ''
or "best." October.

Nequassa.

Origin, Franklin, Macon Co., North Carolina.

Fruit, large, oblate ; color, yellow, striped with red ; stem, of moderate
length, inserted in a large, open cavity ; basin, smooth and open ; flesh, white,
and very sweet. November to January. (J. Van Beuren's MS. in Dbwning.)

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 161

Neversick.
From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, roundish; exterior of an
exceedingly beautiful waxen orange yellow color, with a few russet dots,
and a delicately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek ; stem, short
and rather stout ; cavity, narrow, acuminate, shallow ; calyx, large j basin,
deep, rather wide, furrowed ; seeds, grayish yellow, acute ovate j flesh,
yellowish, somewhat tough, owing probably to the fruit being much shriv-
eled ; flavor, approaching that of the Pine Apple ; quality, " very good."
(W. D. B.)

Newark King.

Hinchman.
An old variety from Newark, New Jersey ; originally described by Coxe.
It is sometimes shown as " King " of New Jersey, and it is for this we have
taken it from our list of unworthy sorts. It is unworthy attention along
side of " Tompkins County King." Tree strong, spreading grower, pro-
ductive. Fruit medium, roundish conical ; striped and shaded with two
shades red on a yellow ground, grayish dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, me-
dium ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, white, firm, pleasant ;
core small ; " good." October to February.

Newark Pippin.
French Pippin, | Tellow Pippin.
Tree, crooked, irregular growth. Fruit, large, roundish^^ oblong ; greenish
to clear yellow, small black dots ; cavity and basin, deep ; flesh, yellow,
tender, sub-acid; "very good." Novejnber to February.

NiCKEJACK.
Summerour.
American. From North Carolina. Fruit, large, oblate, red striped and
mottled on greenish yellow ; cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, large, partially
open ; core, small ; seed, light brown ; flesh, tender, juicy, delicate ; "best."
Well adapted to the Southern and Southwestern States. November to
April.

Northern Sweet.
Northern Golden Sweet.
From Vermont. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, early abundant bearer
Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, occasionally ribbed and angular ; rich
yellow, often carmine red cheek ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, slightly fur
rowed ; stem, rather stout, swollen at base ; cavity, shallow ; flesh, white,
tender, sweet ; nearly " best." November.

Oconee Greening.
Origin, banks of the Oconee river, a little below Athens, Ga. Fruit very
large, roundish flattened ; skin, yellow, a little brownish in the sun, russet
about the stem, with a few scattered russet dots; calyx, open, in a shallow,
slightly- furrowed basin; stalk, very short, in a rather regular, deep cavity;
flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, abounding in a delightful aromatic,
lively, sub-acid juice ; quality, " best." — (Ad. Int. Kept., Ga. H. Sc.)

Ohio Red Streak,
Originated with James Mansfield, Jefferson Co., Ohio. Growth, vigorous,
upright. Fruit medium, oblate ; skin, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped

162 THE APPLE.

with red ; stalk, short ; cavity, large, russeted ; calyx, large, closed ; basin,
shallow, uneven; flesh, rather compact, juicy, rich, sub-acid. January to
April. (Downing.)

Old Town Crab.
Spice Apple, of Ya.
Growth, strong, compact ; fruit, small ; greenish yellow, brown specks j
flesh, crisp, fragrant, juicy, sweet. December to April. (Thomas.)

Orange.

Holden, 1 Holden Pippin, | Bed Cheek.
Hog Pen, I Jones' Pippin,

From Connecticut. Tree, with dark colored stout shoots: early and
productive bearer. Fruit, large, roundish ovate ; greenish to yellow ; stem,
short ; cavity, deep • calyx, closed ; basin, slightly plaited : core, small ;
flesh, greenish white, perfumed, tender, sub-acid 3 best when fresh from
tree. October to December.

Orndorf.

From Putnam, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly angular ; lemon
yellow, rich red blush in sun, and few stripes and blotches of red ; stem,
slender : cavity and basin, deep ; calyx, open ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ;
flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, tender, sub-acid; nearly "best." October
and November.

Orne's Early.

Foreign. Fruit, large, somewhat ribbed ; pale yellow, sprinkled with
thin russet, dull red cheek towards the sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy.
September. (Thomas.)

Osborn's Sweet.

Osborn's Fall Sweet,

Fruit, large, roundish ; lemon yellow, with specks ; flesh, yellow, crisp,
tender, sweet. October.

Overman's Sweet.

From Fulton Co., 111. Fruit, medium, conical : pale yellow, striped with
red ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, obscure ; flesh, white,
firm, crisp, juicy, sweet ; " very good ;" baking. October and November.

Osceola.
From Indiana. Fruit, above medium, flat ; yellow, striped with red,
dotted with dark spots ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, juicy,
sub-acid \ keeps till May- Resembles the Newtown Spitzenberg.

Paragon.

Downing's Paragon.
Origin, Canton, 111. Fruit, above medium, round ovate, flattened at ends ;
pale yellow, faint blush ; stem, short, slender \ cavity, deep ; calyx, half
open J basin, deep, slightly ribbed ; core, medium \ capsules, open ; seeds,
ovate pointed; flesh, yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, slightly sweet; nearly
" best." September to November. Good regular bearer.

Pawpaw.
Originated Little Bain, Ronde, Mich. Size, medium; color, red, ob»
Bcurely striped ; flesh, yellowish, iuicy. mild sub-acid ; sprightly.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 163

Pfeiffer.

From Berks County, Pennsylvania. Size, below medium, roundish,
sparsely streaked with red on a yellowish green ground, (on the shaded
parts, the streaks being more numerous,) and on a fawn colored ground, on
the side exposed to the sun ; stem, slender ; narrow cavity ; calyx, rather
large ; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited. July.

Phillips' Sweet.

American; native of Ohio. Growth, vigorous, upright, wants strong
heavy soil.

Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish conical, slightly flattened ; color,
yellow ground, mostly overspread and mottled with red ; flesh, yellowish^
tender, juicy, crisp. December and January.

Phillippi.
From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, large, oblate conical ; skin, greenish-yellow,
with numerous blotches and gray dots, and a blush on the exposed side ;
stem, short and slender, inserted in a wide, moderately deep cavity ; calyx,
small, closed, set in a narrow superficial basin ; flesh, tender, fine texture,
juicy, fragrant; flavor delicate and fine quality; " very good " or " best."
January. (W. D. Brinckle.)

PiCKMAN.
Pickman Pippin.

From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish ; yellow, with scattered
shades of russet and small russet specks ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ;
calyx, large, half closed ; core, medium, centre somewhat hollow ; seeds,
light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sharp acid ; valued for cooking.
January to April.

Pink Sweeting.

Originated Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, spreading, producing
enormous crops. Fruit, small, greenish, nearly covered with bright red,

164 THE APPLE.

perfect in form ; rich, pleasant, sweet flavor, and a general favorite -wher*
known, but think it too small for general use. September and October.

Pine Apple Russet.
Hardingham's Eosset
Foreign. Fruit above medium ; roundish ovate, greenish yellow, over-
spread with thin russet; stem, long; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, plaited;
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, crisp, spicy, sub-acid. October to November.

Pittsburg Pippin.

Flat Pippin, I Swiss Apple, I WiUIam TeU.
Father Apple, | Switzer Apple, |

Supposed origin, Pittsburgh, Pa. Tree, irregular grower, moderate

bearer. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; pale yellow, with brown dots ;

stem, short ; cavity, deep, slightly russeted; calyx, nearly closed, segments

long; flesh, whitish, sprightly sub-acid; core, medium. December to

January.

POWNAL SpITZENBERG.

From Pownal, Vermont. Worthy more attention. Fruit, above me-
dium, roundish oblong ; yellow, striped and overspread with red in sun,
large russet specks ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, a little coarse ; " good." De-
cember to February.

Press Ewing.

Origin, Kentucky. Tree, hardy, vigorous, and productive. Fruit,
medium, roundish, flattened at base and crown, angular, slightly oblique ;
skin, yellow, shaded and striped with crimson, and thickly covered with
dots, having a dark centre ; stalk, medium, inserted in a very deep, narrow
cavity ; calyx, closed, set in an uneven, abrupt, peculiar basin ; flesh, yel-
lowish, firm, juicy, crisp, tender, with a very agreeable sub-acid flavor,
aromatic. February till April. (Downing.)

Progress.
Esquire, j Miller's Best Sort.
From Connecticut. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, yellow,
specked with greenish russet, blush in sun, conical ; flesh, tender. Keeps
till Spring.

Pumpkin Russet.
Bweet Basset, | York Busset, | Flint Busset
Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish green, thinly russeted ; stem, long;
cavity, wide, shallow ; basin, small; flesh, dry, sweet; "good." Septem-
ber to December.

Putnam Harvey.

American. Origin, uncertain; first received by me from A. H. Ernst,
Esq., Cincinnati. Fruit, of size medium or above, roundish flattened, pale
green, with suffused white specks, patches of russet about the stem ; stem,
long and slender, with a strong knob at end where joined to the tree ;
Cd,vity, narrow, rather deep; calyx, closed; segments long, connecting, re-
flexed ; basin, varying, sometimes moderately deep and regular, sometimes
slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp, very tender, juicy, sub-acid, agree-
able; core, medium, centre capsule open, seed capsules closed ; seeds, ovate
pointed. August and September

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC.

165

Quince.
Cole's Quince.

From New York. Originally described by Coxe. Great bearer : should
be better known. Fruit, medium, roundish ovate, with ridges, pale yellow,
occasional faint blush, little russet from the stem, distinct line or ridge from
stem to calyx ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, with long segments ;
basin, shallow, much ribbed ; core, small, surrounded by broad concentric
lines ; seeds, short ovate, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy,
aromatic perfume, sub-acid : " very good." December to March.

Ragan.

Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. Fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, over-
spread, striped, and marbled with light red, an occasional russet patch ;
stem, long, rather stout, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, nearly closed ;
basin, open, deep, slightly plaited ; core, small ; seeds, alaundant ; flesh,
white, crisp, little coarse, sharp sub-acid. Promises valuable as an early
Winter market variety.

Randel's Best.
Eandel Bert.

Fruit, medium, globular, slightly flattened, greenish yellow, mostly striped
and overspread with dark red ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ;
core, compact ; seeds, brown ; flesh, white, tender, smooth-grained, sweet.
November to February {A. H. Ernst, MS.)

166 THE APPLE.

Raritan Sweet.

From New Jersey. Tree, productive; valued for baking and stock.
Fruit, medium, roundish ovate, dull yellow, tinged with red in sun, irre-
gularly scattered brownish red spots; stem, short; cavity, deep, little
russeted ; calyx, with bold, stiff segments ; basin, deep, irregular, slightly
wrinkled : core, medium ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, sweet
October, November.

Rebecca.

From Delaware. Fruit, above medium, roundish flattened, whitish yel-
low, red cheek in sun ; s'tem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open ; basin,
deep ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." September.

Red Cathead.
Southern. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow, shaded with red, whitish
dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half open ; flesh, yellowish, tender,
juicy, pleasant ; " very good." October, November.

Republican Pippin.

Bed Eepublican.
From Lycoming Co., Pa. Considerably distributed South and West.
A poor bearer, on deep, rich limestone soils. Tree, strong grower, spread-
ing habit. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, mottled and
striped with red, few large gray dots; stem, slender; cavity, narrow,
calyx, small, nearly closed ; core, small ; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish
white, tender, sub-acid. September to October.

Red Quarrenden.

Devonshire Quarrenden, I Sack Apple.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, clear, deep red, with specks

of russet green ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted at base ; calyx, large,

half closed ; basin, Shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ;

" very good." August.

Red Sweet.

Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, good bearer. Fruit,
uniformly fair, regular, heavy specific weight, valuable for dessert or cook
ing. Fruit, medium, round flattened, yellow, overspread and striped with
lively red ; stem short ; basin, deep ; calyx, with stiff closed segments ;
core and seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet.
November to February.

Richard's Graft.

Derrick's Graft, | Wine Strawberry,
Bed Spitzenberg.

An old fruit, supposed from Ulster County, N. Y., but as yet little known.
Tree, a free, upright grower, good bearer of an apple, fine for the dessert.
Fruit, above medium, roundish flattenened ; yellow, striped with red ;
stem, inch long ; cavity, deep, broad ; calyx, closed ; segments reflexed ;
basin, deep ; flesh, fine grained, tender, juicy, vinous. September to October.

Ritter.
American. From Berks County, Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish oblong,
shades of red striped, white dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, narrow ; seed,
short, plump ; flesh, tender* " very good." October, November.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 167

Ridge Pippin.
Fruit, rather large, roundish conical, very much ribbed ; skin, yellow,
"very slightly shaded, sprinkled with russet and crimson dots ; stalk, rathei
short, inserted generally in a large cavity ; calyx, closed, set in an abrupt,
uneven basin ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, with a mild, almost saccharine,
slightly aromatic flavor. March, April. (Downing.)

RiEST.

From Simon S. Riest, Lancaster, Pa. Size, large, roundish, ribbed at
apex ,• skin, fair yellow ; stem of medium length, in a narrow, moderately
deep cavity, with some stellate russet rays ; calyx, small, closed, set in a
narrow, contracted, ribbed basin; flesh, fine, flavor pleasant; "very good."
August. (W. D. Brinckle.)

River.

Origin, Mass. Tree of slow growth, but productive. Fruit, medium to
large, oblong oval, slightly conic, ribbed ; akin, yellow, striped and shaded
with dark red, with a slight bloom ; stalk, medium, deeply planted ; calyi,
small, closed, set in a basin of moderate depth ; flesh, coarse, juicy, tender,
pleasant sub-acid. August, September. (Downing.)

Rock Sweet.
From Newbury, Mass. Tree hardy, strong grower, regular bearer.
Fruit, medium, roundish conical, splashed and shaded with red, large
whitish dots ; stem, short ; cavity, russeted ; calyx, closed : basin, shallow ;
flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " good." September.

Rock Apple.
From New Hampshire. Fruit, large, roundish ; red on yellow ; flesh,
white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. September.

RocKPORT Sweet.
Originated with H. R. Spencer, Rockport, 0. Tree, a moderate healthy
grower. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, flat at base ; waxy yellowish
green, with brown russet or occasionally a dull red cheek ; stem, slender ;
cavity, russeted ; calyx, nearly closed; basin, regular, open; flesh, white,
juicy, pleasantly sweet: core, open; seeds, ovate pointed : "very good;"
January to April. There is also a Rockport Sweet, originated in Mass.,
with a short, thick stem, set in a ribbed cavity.

RoADSTowN Pippin.

From Roadstown, N. Jersey. Tree, strong, erect grower, good bearer ;

market sort. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, angular ; greenish yellow,

with green dots; stem, short, stout; cavity, deep; calyx, small, closed;

basin, deep; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid; "good." August, September.

Rum Apple.
Bromley's Earn.

American. Tree, vigorous, upright, hardy, shoots slender, productive.
Fruit, medium, oblate, yellow, slight crimson shades ; stem, short; cavity,
deep ; calyx, half closed j basin, open ; flesh, whitish, juicy, sub-acid.
November to March

168 THE APPLE.

Sailly Autumn.
Origin, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree, upright, vigorous and productive.
Fruit, medium, oblate conic ; skin, greenish yellow, the exposed side fre-
quently deep red ; stalk, short, in a medium cavity ; calyx, small, closed ;
basin, small, narrow ; flesh, very tender, rich, high flavored, with a pecu-
liar aroma. September.

Seever.

Seever's Eed Streak.

From Coshocton County, 0. Fruit, medium, globular ; lemon yellow,
striped with bright clear red ; stem, short, slender ; calyx, with long seg-
ments ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; seeds, roundish ovate ; flesh, yel-
lowish, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." October to November.

Selma.

From Clark County, 0. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened
yellow, with pale russet patches, especially around stem, dull, faint red in
sun ; stem, long ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, decR
abrupt ; core, medium ; capsules, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish
white, breaking, mild sub-acid ; " very good." November to December.

Scollop Gilliflower.

This is entirely distinct from Red Gilliflower, with which it has been
confounded. It requires rich, strong soil; is largely grown, and much
esteemed in Central Southern Ohio, Fruit, medium to large, roundish
conical, flattened at base, tapering towards the eye, sometimes angular,
•Iways much ribbed or scolloped ; light yellow, striped and splashed with

ETC. 169

' shades of light and dark red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted,
irregular ; calyx, with long segments ; basin, abrupt, deep, ribbed ; core,
large, hollow ; seeds, ovate rounded ; flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, tender,
juicy, slight tinge of sweet. November to February.

Scarlet Pearmain.

Bell's Scarlet Pearmain, | Oxford Peach.

Foreign. A good bearer, valued on poor, light soils Fruit, medium,
conical, red on yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, crisp,
juicy, sub-acid ; " good." September to October.

SCHOONMAKER.
Schoolmocker.

Probably Foreign. Grown in Detroit, in 1804. Fruit, large, roundish
flattened, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, bronzed blush in sun j
skin, little rough ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ,
basin, open ; core, small, compact ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, brisk sub-
acid ; "very good." January to March.

September.
Pride of September.

Origin, Canton County, Pa. Tree, hardy and vigorous, a good and regu-
lar bearer. Fruit, large, globular, somewhat depressed, very slightly conio
angular ; skin, yellow, slightly shaded, and thinly sprinkled with brown
dots ; stalk, short, inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity, surrounded by thin rus-
set ; calyx, partially closed, set in an open basin ; flesh, yellowish, tender,
juicy, with a very agreeable sub-acid flavor. October. (Downing.)

Sheppard's Sweet.

Origin, Windham County, Conn. Tree, thrifty, upright, and a great
bearer. Fruit, medium, angular oblong, approaching conic ; skin, yellow,
striped with red ; stalk, long, slender, inserted in an acute cavity ; calyx,
firmly closed, set in a small basin ; flesh, white, tender, sweet, and pleas-
ant. October, November.

Siberian Crab.

The Pyrus baccata of botanists. There are a number of varieties, as
Red, Large Red, Yellow, Purple, Striped, Transparent, Oblong, Double
White, Fragrant, Cherry, Showy, Astrachan, Currant, all used only for
preserving, or grown for ornament. All Crabs, if left on the tree, will
naturally dry and preserve themselves.

Sinclair's Yellow.

Fruit, small to medium, flat or roundish ; skin, smooth, of a fine orange
color, darkened in the sun ; flesh, pale yellow, with a rich, sub-acid flavor ;
a good bearer, and excellent for both the table and kitchen. June and
July.

Sine-qua-non.

From Long Island. Slow, poor grower, and an indifferent bearer. Fruit,
medium, roundish, greenish yellow; stem, slender; calyx, closed; flesh,
gp-eenish white, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid. August.
8

170 TIIE APPLE.

Slingerland Pippin.

From Albany Co., N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, oblate angular, inclin-
ing to conic, or distinctly conic; skin, yellow, shaded with red. and sprinkled
with minute dots ; stalk, short and stout, inserted in a broad, deep cavity,
surrounded with very thin russet ; calyx, small, partially closed, set in a
fine angled basin of variable size; flesh, wiiite, tender, juicy, with a very
briskj rather rich, sub-acid flavor. December, February. (Downing.)

Smalley.

Spice.

From Kensington, Conn., where it was much esteemed. Medium size,

oblate conic ; skin, yellow, with a slight blush ; stalk, short and large;

cavity, russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, uneven, shallow ; flesh, tender, juicy,

brisk, with a pleasant aromatic flavor. September, October.

Sops of Wine.

Sops in Wine, | Sapson, | Bennington.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous early bearer ; esteemed for its peculiar pink
flesh, as a curiosity for dessert. Fruit, medium or small, roundish ; light
red, nearly covered with bright purplish red, in streaks, yellowish in shade
with yellow specks, whitish bloom ; stem, short, slender ; calyx, with
broad segments ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; core and seeds, me-
dium; flesh, yellowish, stained with pink, juicy, mild, sub-acid; "very
good." August to September.

Spice Sweeting.

Moderate bearer, large, roundish, yellowish ; flesh, firm, sweet. August
and September.

Spice Russet.
Sweet Eusset, of some erroneoxialy
Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened : light yellow russet, numerous
small fine dots ; exposed to sun, carmine and yellow bronzed ; stem, slen-
der ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, closed ; basin, sliallow ; core, large, some-
what hollow ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, slightly tinged wdth yellow, fine-
grained, juicy, slightly sweet, aromatic ; " very good." December to
March.

Sponge.

Fruit, large, round, flattened at base ; yellowish green, with blotches
and stripes of red : stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; core, large open ;
flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid; " very good." October.

Spring Pippin.
Springport Pippin.
Tree, unproductive, upright, thrifty. Fruit, above medium, roundish ,
yellowish green, with few scattered minute dots : calyx, closed ; stem,
short; flesh, crisp, sprightly sub-acid. December to May.

Stanard.
Stanard's Seedling.
From Erie Co., N. Y. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, roundish, yel-
low, overspread with red ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin,

UNTESTED VARIETIESj ETC. 171

fibbed ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy,
acid ; not quite " very good." November to February.

Stehly.
Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, large, oblate conic, an-
gular ; skin, yellow, striped and shaded with red, and covered with large
brown dots ; stem, very short, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, partially
closed, set in a small, uneven basin ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant,
mild sub-acid. January to April.

Stillman's Early.

Origin, Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y. Tree of moderate, upright growth,
productive.

Fruit, small, roundish conic ; skin, yellow, sometimes a slight blush,
and a few brown dots; stalk, long, stout: cavity, shallow; calyx, closed;
basin, very shallow, plaited , flesh, yellow, tender, pleasant sub-acid. Last
of July and first of August.

St. Lawrence.
MontreaL
From Canada. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and
splashed with red and deep crimson; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx,
closed; basin, slightly furrowed; core, large; seeds, small; flesh, white,
fine-grained, tender, juicy, sharp, sub-acid ; " very good." September to
October.

Straudt.

From Berks Co., Pa. Size, large, roundish, inclining to conical ; skin,
deep crimson, with stripes of paler red, and numerous light dots : stem,
short, in a wide, deep, russeted cavity; calyx, small, closed, set in a narrow,
shallow, furrowed basin ; flesh, fine-grained, tender, white ; flavor, sub
acid and pleasant; ''very good." November. (W. D. Brinckle.)

Sturmer Pippin.

Foreign. Tree, healthy, good bearer. Fruit, rather small, roundish
conical, yellowish green, with brown dull red in sun ; flesh, firm, crisp, juicy,
\cid : keeps well. January to June.

Stroat.

Strait

The Dutch name for Street, where the original tree is said to have grown.

Fruit, above medium, roundish conical ; yellowish green ; stem, short ;

cavity, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, tender, brisk sub-acid. September

to November.

Striped Pearmain.

Large Striped Pearmain, | Snorte*.

Grown in Ky., from whence we have received fruit. We copy descrip-
tion from Mr. Ernst's manuscript. Fruit, medium to large, globular,
slightly flattened, yellow, striped and blended with two shades of red ;
calyx, small closed; basin, shallow; stem, short, slender; core, open:
seeds, large ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid. December to Feb
".uary.

172

THE APPLE.

Sugar Sweet.

This apple I received from Hingham. Size, medium, ovate ; dull yel-
lowish, inclining to a russet; abundant bearer; ripe, September. October;
a very rich baking apple ; flesh, breaking and juicy. (B. V. French.)

Summer Sweet Paradise.

From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, abundant, early bearer, spreading shoots.
Fruit, large, roundish oblong, flattened at ends ; pale green, yellow in sun,
dark russet marblings and gray dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, oft rus-
seted ; calyx, with coarse segments partially closed ; basin, deep ; core,
small : seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet ;
" very good." September.

Summer Queen.

Sharpest Early, | Lancaster Queen, | Homony.

Popular and profitable in some sections of the Southwest. Fruit, me-
dium to large, roundish conical, tapering to the eye, yellow, striped and
splashed with purplish red ; stem, medium ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large,
open ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, sometimes a pink tinge, juicy,
aromatic, sub-acid ; " very good." August to September.

Summer Bellflower.
Bammer Belle-flenr.
From Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree, strong, upright growth, spreading nead,
early regular bearer. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, slightly
conical, two or three obscure ribs : clear yellow, few greenish dots, faint
orange blush ; stem, long, stout at base ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed,
small reflexed segments ; basin, five-sided ; core, medium, hollow ; small
seeds ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, sub-acid ; " best." New. Aug.
to Sept. (Hort.) There is a Summer Bellflower grown in Ohio, which we
have only once seen, which is an inferior fruit, distinct from above.
There is also a

Summer Bellflower

which is distinct from the above, and very much resembles Yellow Bell-
flower in shape and color, but has a very wide and deep cavity, and closed
calyx. Flesh, yellowish white, firm and fine texture, not very juicy, with
a brisk, agreeable, very pleasant flavor, and decidedly the best of its season.
Last of August and first of September.

Summer Pippin.

Sour Bough.
American. Tree, vigorous, profitable market sort ; valuable for cook-
ing. Fruit, medium to large, oblong oval, irregular, waxy yellow ; shaded
with crimson blush, green and grayish dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, deep,
abrupt ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, plea-
Bant, sub-acid ; core, large. August, September.

Superb Sweet.

Raised by Jacob Dean, Mansfield, Mass. Tree, vigorous, productive. /
Fruit, rather large, roundish, pale yellow, much red in the sun ; stalk, long,
inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, large, open ; basin, broad ; flesh, white,

UNTESTED VABIETIES, ETC. 173

very tender, juicy, sweet, rich, high-flavored. September and October.
(Cole.)

Superb.

Origin, Franklin Co., North Carolina. Tree, tolerably vigorous, and a
prodigious bearer. Fruit, medium or above, roundish oblate, regular; skin,
green, rarely with a blush ; stalk, of medium length, in a shallow cavity ;
calyx, large and open ; flesh, yellow, solid, slightly coarse-grained, rich, and
particularly high-flavored. November to March.

Sutton Beauty.

Beauty.
Originated in Sutton, Mass. Tree, upright, thrifty grower, good bearer ;
fruit, very handsome, fair and regular in form. Fruit, medium, roundish
conical ; yellow, shaded and striped with fine crimson, slightly sprinkled
with whitish dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, with a slight greenish russet ;
calyx, closed ; basin, open, round ; flesh, whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, sub-
acid ; " very good ;" core, small. November to February.

Sweet Bellelower.
Butter, of some.
There are two apples cultivated in Southern Ohio under this name. We
append Mr. Ernst's descriptions. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base,
slightly ribbed ; lemon yellow, slight blush in sun, numerous light and
dark specks ; calyx, closed ; basin, ribbed ; stem, long, slender : cavity,
deep; core, open; seeds, small; flesh, whitish yellow, breaking, juicy,
slightly sub-acid. October, November.

Sweet Bellflower of Wyandott County.
Fruit, large, globular, slightly conical ; light yellow, dark cloudy flake*
and reddish specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large, partly closed ; basin, shal-
low ; core, small, compact ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, tender, sweet. No-
vember, December. There is also a Sweet Gilliflower, which closely re-
sembles this, and may prove identical.

Sweet Fall Pippin.

From Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large,
oblate ; skin, greenish yellow, slightly sprinkled with brown dots ; stalk,
short, in a large cavity ; calyx, closed, in a very shallow basin ; flesh,
juicy, sweet, and rich. October, November.

Sweet Pippin.
Moore's Sweeeting, | Bed Sweet Pippin, of Indiana^ \ Pound Sweet, q/* some. West.
Fruit, medium to large, round, flattened; yellow striped and mostly
covered with red, white bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ;
basin, broad ; core, small ; flesh, firm, rather dry, sweet, good baking.
December to February. There is also a Sweet Pippin grown in South
Ohio, which is globular, pale green, tender, juicy, open texture, sweet.
Early Winter.

Sweet Vandervere.
Sweet Eedstreak, | Sweet Harvey.
Origin, unknown. Tree, of crooked growth ; a profuse bearer. Fruit,
medium size, oblong, slightly conic, obscurely angular, sometimes nearly

174

THE APPLE.

cylindric ; skin, greenish yellow, shaded and striped with dull red ; stalk,
short, rather slender, inserted in a large, irregular cavity ; calyx, partially
closed, set in a broad, open basin ; flesh, tender, juicy, almost melting,
with an exceedingly saccharine, aromatic flavor. November, March.
(Downing.)

Sweet Winesap.

From Clark County, Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, rough skin,
greenish yellow, with blotches of dark green ; calyx, medium ; basin, open ;
stem, short ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, mild
sub-acid, almost sweet. November, December.

Sweet Winesap.
From Pennsylvania. Tree of moderate, upright growth, productive.
Fruit, medium, oblate, slightly approaching conic ; color, red, splashed
with deep crimson ; stalk, long and slender, inserted in a deep cavity, sur-
rounded with russet ; calyx, large, open, set in a rather deep, open basin •
flesh, tender, juicy, almost melting, with a very sweet, rich, peculiar flavor.
November, December. (Downing.)

Sweet Romanite.
Bweet Nonsuch, | Orange Sweet, erroneously.

This is a variety introduced to the Ohio Pomological Society by W. B.
Lipsey. of Morrow County, Ohio. We have not been able to identify it
with any variety heretofore described. The ,flesh being fine-grained and
firm — somewhat like the Gilpin or Romanite — probably induced the name.
It is grown in Illinois, under the name of " Sweet Nonsuch," and intro-
duced there under the erroneous name of " Orange Sweet." Tree, hardy,
moderate but regular bearer.

Size, medium ; form, roundish flattened, very regular : color, greenish
yellow ground, mostly striped and overspread with bright red, and covered

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC.

175

with a fine bloom; stem, short; cavity, open, regular, with little russet,
calyx, large, segments in divisions, short, half erect ; basin, broad, shal-
low, furrowed ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet — superior
to llamsdell's or Danvers' Sweeting; core, medium, or rather small, com-
pact.— centre, slightly hollow ; seeds, ovate, oblong pyriform. November
to March.

There is another Sweet Romanite grown in the Western States, which
IS oblong ; stem, long and slender : core, light yellow, striped with red ;
flesh, more yellow and dry — an inferior or unworthy variety.

There is also a Sweet Nonsuch grown, which is flat, with slender stem ,
cavity, deep, light red on pale yellow ; flesh, white, sweet, dry, and tough :
inferior.

SwERT Pippin.
Hog Island.

American. Tree, good grower, productive. Fruit, large, roundish
conical or angular : yellow, shaded and striped with red ; stem, short ;
calyx, closed ; basin, small, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy,
sub-acid ; " very good ;" core, large. November to March.

SwERT Rambo.

From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish oblate ; yellow with
shades of red, large gray dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted : calyx,
closed ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; flesh, yellowish, rich, sugary ;
" very good." November, January.

Sylvester.

Originated at Lyons, N. Y. Growth, upright, vigorous, productive.
Fruit, medium size, roundish ; color, yellowish white, red cheek in sun,
occasionally net work of russet ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, fine-grained, sub-
acid, negative but pleasant flavor. October.

Tetofskt.

A Russian variety. Trees, very stout and upright growth ; leaves larga

176 THE APPLE.

broad, light green, peculiar ; regular annual bearer ; in quality abcut with
Bed Astrachan, but maturing some ten days or two weeks earlier ; very
valuable for cooking or marketing ; a gross feeder, requiring good soil ;
needs little pruning. Our figure does not well represent it, being far too
small for an average.

Fruit, medium; form, roundish, slightly conical; color, light yellow
ground, striped and splashed with red, and a beautiful white bloom ; stem,
shorty stout ; cavity, deep, furrowed ; calyx, rather large, long segments ;
basin, abrupt, deep, irregular, furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, sprightly,
juicy,'slight]y acid or sharp sub-acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste ; core,
small, fleshy ; seeds, plump, light brown. Last of July.

Tewksbury Blush.

Tewksbury "Winter Blush.

From New Jersey. Tree, rapid, rather upright growth, very productive,
always fair, great keeper. Fruit, small, round ovate flattened, yellowish
green, with minute russet dots and occasionally a red cheek ; stem, slender;
calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, light brown ; flesh,
yellowish white, juicy, firm, tender, sub-acid. January to August. Fink's
Seedling so closely resembles this, as to be by many thought identical.

TiNMOUTH.

Origin, Tinmouth, Vt. Tree, a good grower and productive. Fruit,
above medium, oblate ; skin, whitish yellow, considerably shaded with car
mine, and sprinkled with a few brown dots ; stem, short, inserted in a deep
cavity; calyx, partially closed, set in a rather large basin : flesh, whitish,
juicy, tender, pleasant, mild sub-acid. November to February.

ToccoA.

Muskmelon.
Originated Toccoa Falls, Habersham Co., Georgia. Fruit, rather large,
conical irregular ; skin, yellow, striped with red ; stem, short, in an irre-
gular cavity ; calyx, closed in a small, irregular basin ; flesh, yellow, with
a brisk, rich, Spitzenburgh flavor, moderately juicy. First of August.
(White's Gard.)

TOWNSEND.

From Pennsylvania. Tree, moderately spreading growth, abundant
early bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale yellow, overspread and
streaked with red in sun, marblings of russet at stem, grayish white dots,
rough, blue bloom ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; segments,
narrow, in divisions ; basin, abrupt, medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ;
flesh, yellowish white, breaking rather dry, sub-acid; "very good."
September. This may prove same as Hocking.

Trenton Early ?

History unknown. We think it an old English apple belonging to the
class of codlins. Our warm suns and rich soils have so improved it that
it is often a right good table fruit, and always valuable for cooking.

Fruit, medium or above, roundish conical, slightly ribbed ; color, yellow-
ish, with suffused patches of green ; skin, smooth, oily ; basin, often fur-
rowed ; flesh, white, tender, pleasant, sub-acid. July and August.

untested varieties, etc. 177

Trumbull Sweeting.

Fenton Sweeting.

From Trumbull Co., Ohio. Fruit, above medium, roundish flattened,
pale yellow, slight blush and red spots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx,
large; basin, deep; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet : "very good." Sep-
tember to November.

Twitchell's Sweet.

From New Hampshire. Fruit, medium, conical, red, with small gray
dots ; fleshj white, veined with red, sweet. November, December.

Vandyke.
Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conic ; skin, yellowish, with a tinge of
red, and slightly sprinkled with brown and reddish dots : stalk, rather
slender, in a large cavity ; calyx, closed, in a deep, uneven basin ; flesh,
white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, agreeable. October.

Vaughan's Winter.
Origin, Kentucky. Tree, hardy, vigorous and productive. Fruit,
medium, oblate oblique angular; skin, whitish waxen yellow, shaded with
crimson and lilac, and sometimes obscurely striped and thickly covered with
conspicuous light dots ; stalk, small and short, inserted in a deep, uneven
cavity, surrounded by very thin green russet ; calyx, open, or partially
closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, open, slightly corrugated ; flesh, yellowish,
tender, juicy, with a brisk, very agreeable vinous flavor. January to March.

Virginia Greening.
Fruit, large, roundish oval, flattened at ends, slightly angular, dull green-
ish yellow, brownish in sun, scattered brown specks with whitish green
circle suffused around them; stem, medium; cavity, acuminate; calyx,
large, short segments ; core, small ; seeds, long ovate ; flesh, yellowish
white, mild sub-acid ; not quite " very good." December to March.
Esteemed at the South as a keeper.

Waddel's Hall.

Shockley.

Southern. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, yellow, clouded and

striped with red, little russet ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, narrow ;

calyx, closed ; basin, shallow; flesh, firm, juicy, saccharine ; " very good."

October to March.

Walker's Yellow.

This apple is a native of Pulaski Co., Georgia. Fruit, large, conic, fine
golden yellow, with a faint blush on the sunny side ; stalk, of moderate
length, in a deep, acute cavity ; basin, small ; flesh, white, juicy, rather
too acid for a dessert fruit. November to April. (White's Gard.)

Walpole.
From Massachusetts. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering to the eye, yel
low, with bright red stripes, deepest in sun, and yellowish specks ; stem,
short; cavity, open; calyx, closed; basin, slightly ridged; core, large,
open ; seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with pink, tender, juicy, brisk
sub-acid. August and September. (Hov. Mag.) The following descrip-
tion of the Sparhawk is from B. V. French, Esq. We suspect the two
8*

178 THE APPLE.

identical : " The Sparhawk originated in WalpolCj N. H., and is known in
♦he family of Mr. Sparhawk, on whose farm it was found, as the 'Gall'
Apple. It was introduced to our Society by A. de Copen, of Dorchester,
aiid the Society gave it the name of Sparhawk. It is a large apple, oblate ;
skin, smooth and glossy ; color, yellowish ground, striped with red ;
abundant bearer; the size, color, and gloss, serve to give it a desirable
appearance ; flesh, firm, with a sprightly acid. Highly desirable for cook-
ing, and is ripe September, October, but will keep longer. It will class
well with the Twenty ounce Pippin."

Walworth.

Vermont, | Large Golden Pippin.
From New Jersey. Fruit, large, roundish conical, clear yellow, bright
red in sun, dotted with greenish russet specks; stem, short, slender;
calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed; core, large, open; seeds, plump;
flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. (Hov. Mag.)
We suspect this is an old variety under a new name.

Washington Royal.

Origin, farm of Joseph P. Hayward, Sterling, Mass. Fruit, above
medium size, flattish round, yellowish green, with numerous small gray
dots, and a clear red in the skin ; calyx, in a broad basin ; stem, slender,
half an inch long; flesh, crisp juicy, and fine flavor, keeping till July.
(N. E. Farm.)

Waxen.

American. Fruit, above medium, oblate, pale yellow, oily skin, sprinkled
with a few dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin,
shallow ; flesh, whitish yellow, crisp, tender juicy, mild sub-acid ; core,
small; " good," or " very good." November, December. Formerly much
grown and esteemed in Virginia. This must not be confounded with " Bel-
mont," which is sometimes grown under the erroneous name of Waxen.

Wellfoud's Yellow.

Origin, Essex Co., Virginia. A rapid grower and a great bearer. Fruit,
rather small, roundish flattened ; skin, pale yellow, with faint red streaks on
one side ; flesh, yellow, fine-grained, very juicy, with a ich aromatic flavor.
Keeps well until June, retaining its flavor.

Well's Sweeting,

From''^ewburgh, N. Y. Tree, strong, upright growth. Fruit, medium,
roundish, dull light green, brownish red cheek ; stem, slender ; calyx,
small ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " very good."
November to January.

Western S?r.

From Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, slender, spreading. Fruit, large,
roundish flattened, pale yellow, with red, becoming brilliant on sunny side,
small white specks; stem, short; cavity, narrow; calyx, large; basin,
deep ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ; " very good." De-
cember to March.

Weston.

Origin, Lincoln, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; skin, yellow,
striped and marbled with red ; flesh, white, tender, pleasant. September,
October.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 179

Wheeler's Sweet,

American. Introduced by W. C. Hampton, 0. Fruit, large, conical,
flattened at ends ; color, rich lemon yellow, with reddish cheek in sun and
ru.sset marblings at blossom end; surface, uneven or ribbed; stem, short;
cavity, deep, russeted at bottom ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, deep, uneven,
slighly corrugated; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sweet, pleasant.
October.

White.

Medium to large, regular, slightly conical; calyx, in a hollow basin;
color, lemon yellow, with spots and splashes made darker by minute black
gpecks on a greenish ground ; flesh, crisp, tender, juicy. Keeps until January.
Rather acid for the table, but fine for cooking.

White Beauty.

Ashtabula Co., 0. Medium, globular, smooth, even surface, dull
greenish, grayish specks ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, in a
broad, open basin ; flesh very white, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ;
negative character. September to December. Good grower; wood, red-
dish, with gray specks.

White Doctor.

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large>
roundish oblate ; skin, greenish yellow ; stem, short, set in an acute cavity ;
calyx, closed ; basin, shallow and furrowed; flesh, white, tender, acid,
sprightly but not rich. September, October,

White Juneating.

Juneating, I Owens' Golden Beauty, | Carolina, of some.
Caroline, | Early May, J

Foreign. Its early maturity its chief merit. Tree, fair upright growth,
moderately productive. Fruit, small ; pale green, marbled slightly with a
darker shade, small russet dots ; siem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx,
closed ; broad basin ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-
acid. Last of June, early July.

White Spanish Reinette.

Relnette Blanche d'Espagne, I D'Espagne,

De Eatteau, | Concombre Ancien.

Foreign. Probably the parent of Fall Pippin. Fruit, large, roundish
oblong, sometimes ribbed ; calyx, largfe, open ; basin, deep, irregular ;
stem, half inch long ; cavity, even ; color, yellowish green ; flesh, yellow-
ish white cri.sp, sharp sub-acid ; valued for cooking. November to Feb-
ruary.

White Winter.

Origin, farm of Mr. Cacklin, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. Tree.
moderately vigorous, very productive. Fruit, small, n(?arly globular ;
skin, light yellow, with a dull crimson cheek; stem, medium, in an acute
cavity ; calyx, firmly closed, a little sunk, in a very small basin ; flesh,
whitish, juicy, almost buttery, with a mild, sub-acid, but not a rich flavor.
January to May.

180

THE APPLE.
White Rambo.

Considerably grown and esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fniit,
large, roundish, flattened at ends ; skin, rough, yellow, russet dot* and
epots, which, in sun, are of a reddish tinge ; stem, stout ; cavity, broad,
open ; calyx, large ; segments, in divisions ; basin, large, open, deep ; core,
•mall ; seeds, round ovate, plump ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, breaking,
mild sub- acid ; ^' very good." November to February.

White Sweeting.
"Wetherffl's "WTiite Sweeting.

From New Jersey. Tree, vigorous ; productive on light soils. Fruit,
large, roundish oblong, pale yellow ; stem, short ; flesh, white, sweet ;
valued for baking and for stock. September.

Whitewater Sweet.

From Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, round, bright yellow, with dark
gpots ; stem, short ; calyx, slightly sunk ; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy,
sweet ; keeps till May. (Hov. Mag.)

Whitney's Russet.

From Canada. Medium, oblate, almost wholly covered with thick yel.
low russet : flesh, white, with a very smooth, pear-like texture, and rich.'
brisk, spicy flavor ; keeps well till March ; tree, is a good bearer, but mus*-
be stock-worked the same as Rambo, when planted in Western orchards.

untested vakieties, etc.
William Penn.

181

A native of Columbia, Pennsylvania. Rather large, roundish oblate,
Blightly conical ; color, grayish, delicately mottled, and striped with red on
a greenish yellow ground, with numerous white specks, in the centre of
which is a minute russet dot ; stem, short, not very stout, sometimes fleshy,
inserted in an open, rather deep, russeted cavity ; basin, sometimes wide
and shallow, usually narrow, rather deep and furrowed; flesh, greenish
yellow, juicy, with a delicious Spitzenberg aroma; quality, "very good,"
if not " best ;" represented as being an abundant bearer. (W. D. B.)

WiNSLOW.

From Virginia. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, rounded towards
calyx ; dark and light red, somewhat streaked, little russet near calyx, light
browTi specks, and dark flakes ; calyx, open, segments, short ; basin,
expanded ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow, rather deep ; core, small,
compact ; seeds, plump, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy,
sub-acid. Fall and early Winter. (A. H. Ernst's MS.)

Winn's Russet.

Origin, Sweden, Maine. Tree, of slow growth, hardy and productive.
Fruit, large; cavity, deep ; basin, broad and shallow; color, dark russet,
with obscure stripes of red, covered with whitish spots ; flesh, fine grained,
sub-acid ; keeps till May. (Me. P. S. Rept.)

182 THE APPLE.

Wing Sweeting.
Fruit, small, round flattened ; light and dark red indistinctly striped on
light yellow* calyx, small, closed; basin, broad, deep; stem, long; cavity,
-narrow ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, reddish yellow, di-y, sweet ; pro-
ductive. Winter.

Winter Pippin of Vermont.

Origin, unknown, much cultivated in Vermont ; a fair grower, and pro-
ductive. Fruit, large, to very large, nearly globular, inclining to conic,
obscurely angular; skin, greenish yellow, sprinkled with star-like crimson
dots, cheek shaded with dull crimson; stem, short, inserted in a deep com-
pressed cavity ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; segments, long, in a rather
deep, uneven basin ; flesh, white, tender, and agreeable. November to
March. (Downing.)

Winter Pippin of Geneva.

The appearance of the tree and fruit is strikingly like that of the Fall
Pippin, but is a very late keeper, continuing in perfection until May.

Fruit, large, oblate, slightly angular; skin, fine yellow with a crimson
cheek, sparsely covered with gray dots ; stalk, short and small, inserted in
a narrow cavity ; calyx, open ; segments, long ; basin, open ; flesh, yellow,
tender, juicy, vinous, excellent. January to May. (Downing.) A variety
of Northern origin ; will not keep South later than January.

Winter Harvey.

Fruit, large, conical, slightly ribbed ; pale yellow ; stem, short ; flesh,
yellowish, tender, firm, juicy.

Winter Pearmain.

This is distinct from, and far inferior to the Herefordshire Pearmain
Fruit, medium, oblong ovate ; dull red on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ;
cavity, narrow ; basin, small ; flesh, greenish yellow, not juicy, tender,
Rub-acid ; not quite " very good." December to March.

Winthrop Greening.
Lincoln Pippin, | Howe Apple.
Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Fruit, large, golden yellow, with slight rus
Bet tinge of red in the sun ; flesh, tender, crisp, very juicy, with a sprightly
rich flavor. September. (Cole.)

Winthrop Pearmain.
Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Size, large, roundish ovate ; skin, yellow,
striped with red, and deep red in the sun ; stem, in a large cavity; basin,
shallow; flesh, white, juicy; flavor, spicy and pleasant. September to
January. (Me. P. S. R.)

Wonder.

A Southern variety. Size, large ; mostly covered with red on yellow
ground ; flesh, white, tender, jucy, well-flavored. August.

Wright Apple.
Origin, Hubbardton, Vermont. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit,
medium, roundish oblate; skin, fine lemon yellow; stalk, short, inserted
in a deep cavity ; calyx, closed; basin, rather large and corrugated ; flesh,
white, very tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, aromatic. Middle of Sep-
tember to middle of October.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 188

Yacht.

Origin, Montgomery County, Pa. Tree of moderate growth, a regular
bearer. Fruit, large, roundish, striped with red, with various hues ou yel-
lowish ground ; stalk, short, inserted in a small cavity ; calyx, open, set in
a large, shallow basin ; flesh, yellowish, tender, with a pleasant, sub-acid
flavor. November to March.

Yacht.

Medium, roundish, striped with red of various hues on yellowish ground ;
stem, half an inch long ; cavity, open, obtuse ; basin, very shallow, plaited;
flesh, fine texture, tender, pleasant flavor ; " very good." (W. D. B.)

Yellow Crank.
Medium size, flat, greenish yellow j high flavor. January to March.

Yellow Meadow.
A Southern fruit. Fruit, large, oblate ; skin, greenish yellow ; stem,
rather slender, in a deep, irregular cavity ; calyx, large and open, in a
shallow basin J flesh, yellow, compact ; flavor, vinous, rich and excellent.
November.

Yellow Pearmain.
Golden Pearmain.
Origin uncertain; probably a Southern fruit, moderate in growth and
productiveness. Fruit, medium, obliquely conic, inclining to oblong; skin,
yellowish, slightly shaded with dull red ; stem, short, inserted by a lip in
a very narrow cavity ; calyx, small and closed ; basin, deep, round and
open ; flesh, yellowish, tender, with a pleasant, rich, vinous flavor, slightly
aromatic. January to March.

Yopp's Favorite.

Fruit, larfre, roundish, slightly conic ; skin, smooth, oily, greenish yel-
low, with a blush in the sun, sprinkled sparingly with russet dots, and a
little russet about the stem; calyx, open, in a deep basin ; stalk, short;
cavity, deep ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, juicy, almost melting, of a
most grateful, sub-acid flavor. From Thomas Co., Georgia. (Robert
Nelson.)

York Imperial.
Johnson's Fine "Winter.

From York County, Pennsylvania. Size, rather below medium ; trun-
cated oval, angular ; the unexposed side is mottled and striped, so as to
present a grayish red aspect on a greenish yellow ground, and, on the sunny
side, the color is a dull crimson ; stem, short and moderately stout ; cavity,
wide, and rather deep ; calyx, small, closed, and set in a deep, wide, plaited
basin ; flesh, greenish white, tender, crisp, juicy ; flavor, pleasant and
agreeably saccharine ; quality, at least " good " — to many tastes, " very
good." (W. D. B.)

Yost.

Rather large ; roundish oblate, beautifully striped and delicately mottled
with crimson on a yellow ground ; stem, short ; wide, deep, cavity ; flesh,
yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant flavor ; '' very good " quality. (W. D. B )

184 THE APPLE.

CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts.

Alfeistoit.
Foreign. Large, oblong, pale green, orange in sun ; flesh, crisp, acid. October, Decembee.

Ambeican Pippin.
Grindstone, | Green Everlasting.
Medium, roundish flattened, dull green, patches of dull red ; flesh, white, firm, acid. January
to June.

Angus.

Medium, roundish yellow, nearly covered with stripes and splashes of light ^and dark red,
with white dots ; flesh, yellow, tender, sweet September.

AlTQUSTINK.

American. Large, conical, red striped on yellow ; flesh, sweet, dry. August.

Autumn Bomakitb.
American. Medium, round, red ; flesh, yellow. September.

Basbett.

American. Bather lai^e, conic; skin, yellow, striped and splashed with crimson; flesh,
yellow. Juicy, tender. January.

Babe.

Bars.

American. Medium, roundish oblong, red striped on greenish yellow; flesh, greenish
white, poor.

Baenhilt.

American. Small, conical, yellow striped with red; flesh, white, tough, dry. October,
November.

Beauty of Ajieeioa.

Large, roundish flattened, yellow with blush cheek; flesh, yellowish, tender; poor bearer.
November to January.

Beauty of the "West.
Large, round, red striped on greenish yellow ; flesh, coarse, sweet. October, November.

Bbauty of Kent.

Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, striped with purpled red ; flesh, tender. Inferior.
October, November.

Bedfoedshibb Foundling.

Foreign. Large, roundish, green ; flesh, yellowish, acid. November, December.

Black Annette.
American. Small, roundish, dark red. November.

Black Lady Apple.
Api Noir.
Foreign. Small, roundish, blackish red ; flesh, white stained. November to March.

Black Gilliflowee.

Large, oblong conical, dull reddish purple; flesh, greenish white, dry, sub-acid, poor.
November to March.

Black Oxfobd.

Fruit small, roundish, yellowish, nearly covered with red, light dots; stem, long, slender;
calyx, half open ; basin, slightly russeted ; flesh, whitish, compact, not juicy, sub-acid. March
to May.

Blenheiu Pippin.
Blenheim Orange, | Woodstock Pippin.

Foreign. Large, roundish, yellow and dull red; flesh, yellowish, sweet, dry, October,
November*

SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 185

BOESDOEFFEE.

Borsdorfl^ King George the Third, I Queens.

Foreign. Medium, roundish oval, pale yellow, with red check; flesh, yelljwlsh white,
frisp, sub-acid. November, December.

BOXFOED.

Fruit, medium, oblate ; skin, whitish striped with red; flesh, compact, not very juicy, nor
high flavor. September, October.

Beewee.

From Mass. Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, with a slight blush ; flesh, yellowish, ten-
der, pleasant, mild sub-acid. October, November.

BtTENHAP GEEENINa.

Origin, Vergennes, Vt. Medium, nearly globular, inclining to conic; skin, greenish yellow ;
flesh, solid, juicy, crisp, with a pleasant, sub-acid flavor. January and February. ;

BOEOVITSKT.

Foreign. Medium, roundish, pale green striped red; flesh, white, sub-acid. August, Sep
tember.

Bullet.

Bartlett, | Priestly, of some.

American. Medium, oblong, bright red on yellow ; flesh, light yellow, inferior ; January to
June.

Cake Apple.

From Connecticut. Medium, oblate, much depressed; skin, yellowlah, with ablush ; flesh,
*uicy, tender, pleasant. January to March.

Chandleb.
Winter Chandler.

American. Large, roundish, imperfect, dull red on yellow ; flesh, greenish white, sub-aoid.

November, February.

Caeoline.

Foreign. Medium, round, yellow, streaked with red ; flesh, firm, acid. November, Feb-
ruary.

Cathead.

Cathead Greening, | Bonnd Catshead.

Large, roundish, yellowish green; flesh, white, coarse, sharp acid. October, November.
There is another one of this name, equally worthless, same shape, but striped yellow and red.

Catlike.
Gregson, | Winter Grixon.

Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red in sun ; flesh, pale yellow, nearly sweet, for cider.
October, December,

Cash Sweet.

American. Medium, round conical, light red ; flesh, white, coarse, sweet, dry. October,
November.

Cheesebobottgh Bitsset.

Howard Eusset, I York Russet, of some,

Kingsbury Kusset, | Forever Pippin, ofsome^ West

American. Large, conical, thin russet on greenish yellow; flesh, greenish white, coarse, dry,
sub-acid. October, November.

Cos, OE Caas.

American. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, red streaks ; flesh, white, tender, sab>acid.
December to March.

COBNISn GlLLIFLOWEB.

Cornish July Flower, | Pomme Eegelans, | Egg Top, of some.

Foreign. Medium, oblong ovate, pale yellowish green, brown cheek; flesh, yellowish, acid.
November to February.

Connecticut Sttmmeb Sweet.

American. Medium, roundish, yellow and red striped; flesh, yellowish, sweet, toogh.
August

136 THE APPLE.

Ceanbeket Pippin.

American. Above medium, roundish, clear yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, juicy, sub- acid.
November, December,

Donnelan's Seedling.
American. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes ; flesh, yellowish, dry, sub-
acid. September.

DowNTON Pippin.
Downton Golden Pippin, | Knight's Golden Pippin, | Elton Pippin.
Foreign. Small, roundish, yellow ; flesh, yellowish, sharp acid. October, November,

DxxMELOw's Seedling.
Dumelow's Crab, | Wellington Apple.

Foreign. Medium, round, yellow with blush red, brown spots ; flesh, yellow, acid. No
vember to March.

Dumpling.
Crooked Limb Pippin, | French Pippin, of Indiana^ \ Watson's Dumpling.
Large, roundish oblong, light yellow, blush in sun: flesh, white, indifferent October
December.

Dutch Codlin.
Chalmer's Large.

Foreign. Large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, orange in sun ; flesh, white, sub-acid. Octo-
t«r, December.

Eastee Pippin.

Young's Long Keeper, I Ironstone Pippin,
Claremont Pippin, | French Crab.

Foreign. Medium, roundish, deep green, brownish blush ; flesh, greenish, inferior. Novem-
ber to June.

Egg Top.

Eve, 1 Pound Top,

Sheep Nose, of some, \ Wine, of some, West.

Foreign. Medium, oblong ovate, pale yellow, striped with red ; flesh, yellowish white, ten-
der, inferior. November to February.

Ellis.

From Conn. Small, roundish, greenish yellow, brown check ; flesh, firm, juicy, pleasant ;
a long keeper. April, May.

Epst.

From Vermont. Handsome, productive, small, elongated conic, deep red, almost crimson ;
flesh, whitish, sweet. December, January.

Fall Cheese.

Gloucester Cheese, | Summer Cheese.

American. Medium to largo, roundish, greenish yellow, flush of red in sun ; flesh, criflp,
often mealy. September to November.

Fama Gusta.

Foreign. Large, conical, pale green ; flesh, white, acid. October.

Fekkis.

American. Medium, roundish, red, sub-acid ; new, but surpassed by many others. Norem-
ber to February.

Fennouillet Eouge.
Black Tom, | Bardin.
Foreign. Small, roundish, dark red ; flesh, firm. November to January.

Fennouillet Geis.
Pomme d'Anis, | Caraway Eusset.
Foreign. Small, roundish, russet on yellow ; flesh, firm, acid.

SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 187

Flower of Kent.

Foreign. Large, roundish, flattened, dull yeHow and red ; flesh, greenish yellow, coarse,
Bub-acid. October, January,

Gault's Bellfloweb.

American. Large, roundish, pale yellow ; flesh, white coarse. October, December.

GlAKT.

American. Large, roundish, dull red striped ; flesh, greenish white, tender ; " good."

Golden Apple.

American, Large, oblate ; skin, golden yellow, slightly sprinkled with brown dots ; flesh,
yellow, coarse, juicy, sub-acid flavor. October to December.

Golden.
American. Medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow ; flesh, yellowish, acid. July.

Golden Keinette.

Aurore, I Kirke's Golden Eeinette,

Yellow German Eeinette, | Wyker Pippin, &c., &c.

Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow, a little red ; flesh, yellow, crisp, mild sub-acid.
October, January.

; Golden Haevey.

Brandy Apple.

Foreign. Small, roundish, russet on yellow, reddish cheek, sub-acid. November to March.

Golden Pearmain.

Buckman's Pearmain, j' Dutch Pearmain, | Bed Eusset.

Medium, roundish flattened, red, russet ; flesh, yellowish, dry, sub-acid. November, D©^
oember.

Goodyear.

Goodyear's Seedling.

American. New, medium, roundish, red ; flesh, juicy ; only valuable as a keeper.

GOVBENOE.

American. Large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking. October, January.

Golden Pippin.

English Golden Pippin, | Old Golden Pippin, &c. | Eleven other names.

Foreign. Small, round; yellow, with irregular russet marblings; stem, long, slender;
basin, shallow ; flesh, yelloAv, fine-grained, sub-acid, sprightly. December to March. There
is an " English Golden Pippin " grown at the West, which is large, oval, basin deep, entirely
distinct from above.

Grand Sachem.

Large, roundish, ribbed, dull red ; flesh, white, dry. September.

Gkeen Domine.

Medium, oblate, greenish yellow, washed or obscurely striped with dull red ; flesh, whitish,
firm, with a pleasant, peculiar flavor. December, February.

Gbeyhouse.

Medium, oblate, nearly globular, dull red, with faint stripes ; flesh, firm and dry ; said to bo
.^e for cider. Winter.

Hannah.

American. Medium, conical, pale yellow and dull red ; flesh, white, dry. October, November.

Harvest Bed Streak.

From Michigan. A local name; probably an old variety ; small or medium, oblate angu-
lar ; skin, whitish, striped and splashed.

Heppbb,

Hepler, of some.

American. Small, roundish, yeUow ; flesh, dry.

188 THE APPLE.

Hewitt's Sweet.

Large, oblate, yellow, splashed with red ; flesh, whitish, sweet, tender, and pleasant. Octo-
ber, iTovember.

Heteeich.
American. Medium, round, yellow ; flesh, whitish, acid. November, January.

Holland Sweet.
Fruit, medium, conic, green, with stripes of dull red ; flesh, firm, sweet. January to May.

HOLLAJIDBtrEGH.

Hollandbury.
Medium, roundish flattened, red on yellow ; flesh, white, sour. December, February.

Hoary MoBNura.
Dainty Apple, | Downy, I Sam Eawling's.
Foreign. Large, roundish, red striped on yellow ; flesh, pinkish. October, December.

HUNGB.

Hunger.

Origin, uncertain. Popular, and long cultivated in North Carolina. Fruit, large, roondisb ;
Bkin, green, with a blush ; flesh, soft, sub-acid, pleasant. September, October.

Ibish Peach Apple.
Early Crofton.

Foreign. Medium, roundish conical, yellowish, streaked with red ; flesh, whitiflli, watery.
September, October.

Kane.
Cane, | Cain.
American. Medium, roundish, striped crimson ; flesh, yellowish ; beautiful to look at An-

EIebbt Pippin.
Edmonton's Aromatic.

Foreign. Medium, roundish oval, yellow, streaked with red ; flesh, firm, crisp. September*
October.

Kentish Fill Basket.
Potter's Large Grey Seedling, | Lady de Grey's.

Foreign. Large, roundish, ribbed, yellowish, brownish blush; flesh, tender. October,
January.

Keneiok's Atttitmn.

American. Large, roundish, yellowish green, striped red; flesh, white, acid. September.

TrTT.H*>f Hill.
. American. Large, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow and red ; flesh, dry. September.

King of the Pippins.

Hampshire Yellow.

Often grown "West as Gravenstein. Medium, roundish oblate, yellow and red splashed ; flesh,
white, slightly sweet, not agreeable. October, November.

Kibke'sLoed Nelson.
Foreign. Large, roundish, red on pale yellow; flesh, firm, juicy, acid. October, December.

Ladies' Blttsh.
American. Medium, yellow, with red blush ; flesh, dry.

Lady Fingee.
Sheep Nose.
Medlom, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush ; flesh, firm, watery. November, December.

STTPERSEDED BY BETTEE SORTS.

189

Lanb Swbbt.
Bmall, roundisli flattened, yellow with red ; flesh, yellowifih, dry. November.

Lemon Pippin.
Kirke's Lemon Pippin.
Foreign. Medium, oval, pale greenish yellow ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. October, January.

Long Island Eusset.
Medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish russet ; flesh, greenish, dry. December, March.

Loan's English Peabmain.

Small, roundish cohical, dull red and russet ; flesh, firm ; almost worthy culture. Septem>
fcer, October.

Longville's Kebnel.

Sam's Crab.

Foreign. Below medium, oval flattened, brownish red on yellow; flesh, firm, sub-acid.
August, September.

Long John.
American. Large, conical, greenish yellow ; flesh, yellowish white dry } great keeper.

Lttcombb's Seedling.

Foreign. Large, roundish conical, yellow, spotted with red in sun ; flesh, whitish, firm •
cooking. October, December.

Ltjoe's Eablt Job.

American. Small, round, bright red on yellow ; flesh, crisp, inferior. September.

Lovett's Sweet,

American. Fruit, medium, roundish conic ; skin, yellow ; flesh, yellow, moderately juicy
Bweet. October to February.

Mebbitt's Sweet.

Fruit, medium, oblate, yellow, sometimes with a blush; flesh, compact, very sweet Last
of August.

Methodist.

From Connecticut. Medium size, oblong oval; skin, greenish, marbled and striped 'vita
red ; flesh, white, tender, mild sub-acid, not rich. November.

Mank's Codlin.

Irish Pitcher, | Frith Pitcher.

Foreign, Medium, roundish oblong, pale yellow, red cheek in sun ; cooking only. August.

Maegil.

"White Margil.

Foreign. Small, roundish, dull yellow, streaked with red; flesh, white, tender. Early
Winter.

Maeblk Sweeting.

"Virginia Sweet, | Mclntire's Sweeting.

American. Medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled, dull red and yellow ; flesh, sweet,
dry. November, February.

Mat Seek no-Fitetheb.

Pilliken, [ May Apple, | Lop-sided Pearmain.

Outwardly like Pryor's Red; flesh, dry, coarse ; only valued as a keeper; skin, thick,

Matick.
Large, greenish yellow, blush in sun, conical ; flesh, " good."

Menagebb.
Menagerie.
Foreign. Large, flat, pale yellow. September to January.

190 THE APPLE.

MoNSTKOUS Pippin.

Gloria Mxandi, I New York Gloria Mundi, I Baltimore Pippin.

American Mammoth, | Ox Apple, |

Very large, greenish yellow, roundish ; flesh, white, acid. October, December.

Mother Da vies.
Medium, round oblong, greenish yellow, little red ; flesh, crisp ; " good." October, November,

Molasses.
Priest's Sweet, | Butter, ] Blue Sweet,
American. Small, roundish, red, dry, sweet October.

Mttepht.

Murphy's Bed, I Jack Murphy.

American. Large, roundish oblong, pale, and dark red streaked; flesh, greenish white ;
• good." November, February.

NOEFOLK BeATTFIN.

Bead's Baker, | Catshead Beaufin.
Foreign. Large, flat, dull red on greenish ; flesh, sub-acid, good drying. November to May.

NoNStrcH.

English Nonsuch.

Foreign. Medium, flat, greenish yellow, with dull brick red; flesh, white. October,
November.

Old Field.

Origin, Connecticut. Fruit, medium, oblate conic ; skin, yellow, with a slight blush ; flesh,
yellowish, tender, mild sub-acid. January to April.

Old English Codlin.^
English Codlin.
I^arge, oblong conical, lemon yellow; flesh, white, tender, cooking. July to November.

Old Eotal Ecsset.

Leather Coat Eusset.

Foreign. Medium, roundish, gray russet on green; flesh, greenish white, sharp sub-acid,
November, February.

Old Nonpaeeil.
Non Pareille.
Foreign. Medium, flat, yellowish reddish brown ; flesh, firm, crisp ; poor bearer. Decern
ber, January.

OSLIN.

Arbroath Pippin.
Foreign. Small, roundish, pale yellowish ; flesh, firm, crisp, acid. August

Paeson's Eaelt.

American. Medium or above, roundish, pale yellow ; flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-acid.
August, September.

Pftneyite.
American. Medium, roundish, light yellow, coarse, dry, acid. December, January.

Origin, Buck's Co., Pa. Bather large, oblate; skin, whitish yellow, striped and splashed
with red ; flesh, juicy, tender, mild sub-acid. March.

Peolifio Sweet.

From Connecticut Eoundish conic ; skin, greenish ; flesh, whitish, tender, sweet Noveov
ber to February.

SUPEESEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 191

Pomme Eoye, ofsome^ West,
Big Romanlte,
Peunock's Red "Winter,

Pennock.

Large Romanlte, [ Penick,

Red Pennock, Neislcy's Winter.

Prolific Beauty, |

American. Large, roundish conical, angular, dull red, little yellow ; flesh, coarse, dry rot.
November to March. This is largely grown through the Southwest, but intelligent persons do
not now plant it.

POLLT BkIGHT.

Resembles Maiden's Blush. Sharp acid. September, October.

Pound.
Large, roundish oblong, yellowish green, coarse, poor. October, January.

Pomme de Rose.

Large, roundish flattened, red on yellow, small dots ; flesh, white, coarse, acid. December
Febrijary.

Peiestley.

Priestley's American, | Red Cathead.

Large, roundish oblong, dull red, streaks of yellowish green; flesh, greenish white, inferioi.
December to March.

Quaker Pippix.

American. Medium, greenish yellow, very acid. October.

Red and Geeen Sweet.

Prince's Red and Green Sweet, | Large Red Sweeting, [ Red Bough.

American. Very large, oblong conical, green and red striped ; flesh, sweet, poor. August,
September.

Red Ingesteie.

Foreign. Small, oblong ovate, yellow, marbled with red ; flesh, firm, sprightly. September,
October.

Red Gilliflowee.

Red Seek-no-Further, | Harkness' New Favorite.

American. Medium, oblong conical, fine red ; flesh, white, mild sub-acid. November to
January.

Red Calville.

Red "Winter Calville, I Calville Rouge,

Calville Rouge d'Hiver, ] Spice, of some. West.

Foreign. Above medium, roundish oblong, pale red, dark red in sun ; flesh, tender, poor.
November, February.

Red Bellflowee.

Red Belle Fleur, I Belle Fleur,

Belle Fleur Rouge, | Striped Belle Fleur, of some.

Foreign. Large, oblong conical, greenish yellow, covered and striped with red ; flesh, white,
dry. November, January.

Red Steeak.
Herefordshire Red Streak, | Scudamus Crab.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, red, yellow streaks ; flesh, yellow, dry, cider only. October,
December.

Rtmee.

Foreign. Above medium, roundish flattened, clear red, glossy ; flesh, white, sharp acid.
October, December,

RoSEAir D'AUTOMNE.

Roseau, incorrectly, of some.

Foreign. Medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, blush red cheek ; flesh, yellowish,
erfsp, acid. November to January.

X92 THE APPLE.

KOSEATT.

Foreign. Large, d&rk red, irregular in size and form ; nnprofltabl*.

BuXB'S StTMMEB S-WEBTrNft.

American. Medium, oblong, yellow, poor. August.

Scarlet NoNPABEiL.
New Scarlet NonpareiL

Foreign. Medium, roundish, deep red on yellowish green ; flesh, firm, acid. November to

February.

Shippen's BirSBET.

Large, roundish, flattened, russet on greenish yellow; flesh, white, spongy, acid. January
to March.

Shipley Gbeen.

American. Medimn, oblong, rusty red, acid ; cooking only. All'Winter.

Skvusk.

Polecat >

American. Large, flat, dull dark red on yellow ; flesh, yellowish, dry. December, January.

Speague.

Size, small, oblong oval, slightly conic; skin, yellow; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, sprightly,
sub-acid. October.

Steel's Sweet.
Origin, Kensington, Conn. Fruit, medium, globular angular, yellowish, slight blush ; flesh,
white, compact, juicy, with a peculiar saccharine flavor. December to March.

Speing Geove Codlik.
Foreign. Medium, oblong rounded, greenish yellow; flesh, greenish, sub-acid; cooking.
August, November.

Spbikgeb's Seedlhtg.
American. Small, oblong oval, dull yellowish green, stripes of red ; flesh, flrm, negative
January to May.

Stbiped Mohawk.
Above medium, round, red striped on yellow ; flesh, dry, poor. Late Autumn.

SxTGAB Loaf Pippin.

Sugar Loaf Greening.

Foreign. Large, oblong conical, dull greenish yellow, brownish in sun; flesh, "good.*
August, September.

BrrMMEB Golden Pippin.
Foreign. Small, roundish oblong, yellow; flesh, whitish, firm, sweet August, September.

Sttmheb Bahboub.

Bummer Eambo, | Kambour Franc, I Eambour d'Ete.
Foreign. Above medium, greenish yellow, streaked with red, roundish flattened, apt to ba
mealy. August

Stjmmeb Eusset.
American. Small, roundish conical, yellow, partly russeted, sweet, dry. September.

Sweet and Sotje.
Medium, roundish flattened, greenish ; only valued as a curiosity. From a diseased pr<9ft*
gation.

SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 193

SUEPEISE.

Torelgn. Small, round, whitish yellow ; flesh, stained with red. November, December.

Sweet Baldwin.

American. Medium, roundish, deep red, striped on yellow ; flesh, sweet, dry. Septembci,
October. There are, we think, two apples prown under this name, as Thomas describes one
as ** nearly first-rate," and ripening " early Winter."

Tart Bough.

Resembles Early Harvest, but trees more rapid in growth, and ripens ten days late?; ir«^
acid.

Turkey Greening.

From Connecticut. Fruit, fair, and very productive, large, oblate, slightly conic; skin,
creen, with a dull blush, and many light dots; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, sub-acid, not rfch.
January, February.

Trrus Pippin.

Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, oblong conic ; skin, light yellow ; flesh, tender
juicy, not high flavored. November, December.

Transparent db Zurich.
Bmall or medium, beauty its only merit, waxen white, clear, translucent, SepteicbcT.

Thems Bed Streak.
American. Medium, round, pale green, red stripes ; flesh, sour. Winter, (Hov. Mag.)

Twenty Ounce Pippin.

Large, roundisli conical, brown red, very distinct from Twenty Ounce, or Cayuga Eed
Streak.

\I0TUAM AND DEINE.

Big Sweet, | Pompey.
American. Large, oblong, rough, dull yellow, russet blush, sweet, dry. October, January.

ViCTOEIEUBB EkINETTB.

Eeinctte Trioipphante.

Foreign. Large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, rough dots ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. December,
January.

White Doctor.
Small, pyramidal, greenish white, sweet, dry. September, October.

White Calvillb.

White Winter Calville, I American White Winter Calville,

Calville Blanche d'Hiver, | Niger,

Foreign. Above nTedium, roundish flattened, whitish or greenish yellow; flesh, whito
•egative. November, February.

White Astrachan.

Transparent de Moscovie, | Glace de Zelande.

Foreign. Medium, roundish conical, whito, faint streak of red ; flesh, white, dry, poOf
Auifust.

9

194: THE APPLE.

"WiNTEB Cheese.

Amei tcan. Mediam, greenish, with stripes of dull brownish red in snn, mealj, poor. 0«>
cember, January.

"Willis Sweet ?

Larp» Toundish oblong conical, yellow, marbled with dull red ; flesh, white, sweet, cooklwc.
Octobiff November.

"WoBMSLET Pippin.
Knight's Codlin.
imw^u, MedlnTn, roundish, greenish yellow, acid. October, NoyezTiber.

WXNTEX QlTEEir.

"Winter Queening.
American. Medium, conical, crimson and pale red ; flesh, yellowish, sab-acid. December.

YKLtow Ikgestkib.
Foreign. Small, clear yellow, crisp, spicy, not ralued. October.

TOEKSHIBE GbEENINO.

Poreign AiHrge, roundish flattened, dull dark green, striped with dull red ; flesh, greenUli
white, acid. Winter.

Zane Greening.
American. Large, roundish, dull greenish yellow, poor. February to June.

ZlSBEB.

American. Small, ronndish, yellow, striped red chee't; flesh, dry; **good."

THE BLACKBERRY.

Mubus Villosus.

A WELL known bramble, indigenous to this country. The fruit is
80 easily procured in its wild state, as not to have received due at-
tention from cultivators.

Ripening, as it does, just as Raspberries are gone, when there is a
dearth of the smaller fruits, it is surprising that more exertions have
not been made to grow improved varieties from seed. Plants se-
lected from the wild state, placed in the garden, and well cultivated,
have produced fruit of double the usual size and improved in flavor.

In 1845, Colonel Coit, of Cleveland, exhibited at one of the Cleve-
land Horticultural Society's meetings, a plate of Blackberries grown .^
from plants he had carefully selected from the woods. Many of the
berries measured, five inches in circumference. He stated that he i
had selected the plants when in fruit, transferred them to his garden
in the Fall, and those on exhibition were a sample of the produce,
having been increased in size fully one half, and much improved in
flavor.

Our fields throughout the Middle States contain many plants worthy
cultivation. The " New Rochelle," or Lawton, the " Newman," Crys-
tal White, and others, are instances of what has been done by the
use of a little attention to the subject.

As a crop for profit, there is no question but that it will prove more
valuable than any Raspberry yet known.

Cultivation of the Blackberry, Prepare ground by digging or
plowing very deep; if not naturally rich, add plentifully of well
rotted manures or leaf mold. Set the rows six feet apart, running
north and south, and place one plant every four feet distant in these
rows.

When planting, cut the plant back to a stem of not more than ten
inches long. After having finished planting, run the plow north and
south, throwing earth up to the plants and leaving the centre with an
open furrow, that perfect drainage may ensue.

The first season, permit but one shoot to grow from the parent ; this
course will cause the shoot to be very strong and healthy.

The second season, early in Spring, cut back the shoot of the pre-
vious year's growth one half; permit but one other shoot to spring
from the ground until after the fruit crop is ripened. After the fiuit
is gathered, any number of shoots may be permitted to grow, pre-

196 THE BLACKBERRY.

vided extra plants are wanted for forming new beds ; but if plants
are not wanted for re-setting other beds, then more than two shoots
should never be permitted to grow from one stool at a time. Keep
the ground well stirred with plow or hoe from time to time, or better,
cover the entire surface with three to four inches deep of leaves or
chopped straw.

Seedlings may be grown in the same way as Raspberries.

There are, in its wild state, many varieties, but all answering the
same botanical description. They are known under the common
names of High Blackberry, Bush Blackberry, Low or Trailing Black-
berry, etc. ; the stems being tall and more or less branching. The
fruit ripens from 20th July to 10th August, and is highly esteemed
for making syrup, which is regarded valuable as a preventive as well
as a curative of diarrhoea, dysentery, etc. As a dessert fruit, and
for cooking, when well grown and ripened, it is esteemed, and often
advised by physicians, on account of its healthful character.

There is a variety known as the White Blackberry, differing not
in habit, but with shoots and fruit of a greenish-white.

Of the varieties named and offered for sale by dealers, we select
the following as most esteemed.

Crystal White.

Originated from seed, in Albion, 111. This is a new variety, and entirely
distinct from the old white blackberry, being free from spines. The canes
are a bright, clear, light green ; vigorous, strong growers ; hardy and very
productive. Fruit, very large, oval roundish ; when fully ripe, a clear,
rich white, juicy, tender, sweet, and high flavor. Ripens last July to
middle of August.

Dorchester.

Introduced to notice by the late Capt. Lovett, of Beverly, Mass, ; nearly
equal in size to New Rochelle, of a more elongated form, grains rather
smaller, somewhat sweeter, and producing large crops of high-flavored
fruit ', a vigorous grower. Fruity large, oblong conic, sometimes measur-
ing an inch and a quarter in length, of a deep shining black. The berries
should be fully matured before they are gathered j it bears carriage well.
Ripens about the first ol August.

Hiuri Blackberry.

Bush Blackberry, , I Eubus Villosus.
This is an erect growing blackberry, the stems tall, and more or leas
branching. The fruit is small, round, reddish-black, and good; seldom
j*icy or high-flavored. There is a variety cultivated with greenish white
fruit, that is unworthy. Not the Crystal White.

New Rochelle.

Seacor's Mammoth, | Lawton.

TLJff variety was found by Lewis A. Seacor, by the road-side in the town

f J New Rochelle, Westchester Co., N. Y. It is of very vigorous growth,

•with strong spines which belong to the bramble ; is hardy and exceedingly

THE CHERRY. 197

productive. Fruit, very large, oval, and when fully ripe, intensely black :
when mature, the fruit is very juicy, rather soft and tender with a sweet
excellent flavor; when gathered too early it is acid and insipid. The
granules arc larger, consequently the fruit is less seedy than any other
variety. Ripens about the first of August, and continues' in use five or six
weeks.

Newman's Thornless.

A new variety discovered by Jonas Newman, Ulster* Co., N. Y. Pro-
mises to be valuable ; growth not so vigorous as New Rochelle and Dor-
chester, but produces abundantly of good-sized oval berries of excellent
flavor; the canes have but few spines or thorns in comparison to the others,
which ia an important consideration. We have too little personal know-
ledge of it to speak decidedly of its merits. Ripens about the first of
August.

THE CHERRY.

Cerasus Sylvestris, and G. vulgaris^ Arb. Brit. Bosacece of Botanists.

The Cherry, in its wild state, is a native of most parts of the
United States, and also of Britain ; but the cultivated variety is re-
corded as having been brought from Cerasus (whence the name), a
city of Pontus, in Asia Minor, and planted in the gardens of Italy
by the Roman General, LucuUus, after he had vanquished Mithri-
dates, in the year 69, B. C.

In 1824, Rev. Dr. Robert "Walsh made communication to the
London Horticultural Society, stating the Cherry to be now growing
in the land of its origin, whence it was brought near 2,000 years ago.

He describes two varieties. " The first of these varieties is a
Cherry of enormous size which grows along the northern coast ol
Asia Minor, from whence the original Cherry was brought to Eng-
land. It is cultivated in gardens always as a standard, and by a
graft. The second variety is an amber-colored transparent Cherry,
of a delicious flavor. It grows in the woods, in the interior of Asia
Minor, particularly on the banks of the Sakari, the ancient Sanga-
rius. The trees attain gigantic size — the trunk of one measured
in circumference five feet ; height to where the first branch issued,
forty feet ; summit of highest branch, ninety feet — and this immense
tree loaded with fruit."

From Italy it was introduced into England as early as the forty-
second year B. C, although some authorities date its introduction
as late as fifty-five years after the Christian Era— that is, in the early
part of the reign of Nero. The former date appears to be confirmed

198 THE CHERRY.

by Plmy, who says : " Italy was so well stocked, that in less than
twenty-six years after, other lands had Cherries, even as far as Britain,
beyond the Ocean." The poet Lydgate, who wrote in or about 1415,
says that Cherries were then exposed for sale in the streets of Lon-
don, much as they are at the present day ; and in a curious poem,
entitled Lickpenny, is found the following allusion to them :

" Hot pescodes one began to cry,
Straberys rype and Cherreys in the ryse."

From England and Holland both seeds and trees were introduced
into this country, early after its first settlement.

" Pliny mentions eight kinds of Cherries as being cultivated in
Italy when he wrote his Natural History, which was about 71, A. D. ;"
and from tliis date up to the presgit time, the varieties have been
gradually increasing, until we have now described, in various works,
upwards of one hundred and fifty.

The disposition of Americans to combine the useful with the or-
namental, has induced the planting (where the Cherry succeeds) of
many as ornamental or shade trees ; while examples of reward
pecuniary, from sale of fruit on trees so planted, has probably been
additional inducement. The symmetrical form and rapid growth of
the Cherry fit it well for a street tree throughout the country, and
we wish we could induce the following of example of our Connecti-
cut forefathers in 1760, and recently renewed by Prof. J. P.^Kirt-
land, of Cleveland, Oliio, who has planted the Cherry as a street
tree upon the entire front of his grounds. Mr. Loudon, in his Ar-
boretum, gives an account of long avenues of the Cherry in Ger-
many ; and more recent travelers have written repeatedly of, and
described them in such manner, that it is not a little strange our
people, as a body, have not as yet seen and acted upon the plan, to
the advantage of their pecuniary as well as social interests. Says
Mr. Loudon : " These avenues in Germany are planted by the de-
sire of the respective Governments, not only for shading the trav-
eler, but in order that the poor pedestrian may obtain refreshment
on his journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the Cherries,
on condition of not injuring the trees ; but the main crop, when
ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which
it grows."

In our view, this practice, if extensive in this country, would ren-
der less of one crime in the summing up of her annals — i. e., the
robbing of orchards ; and possibly a law like that enacted in the ter-
ritory of Erfurth in 1795, would be beneficial. It provided that, in
case of the robber not being discovered, the district in which the of-
fence was committed should be obliged to make compensation for the
damage sustained. This made every individual interested in pre-
Tenting depredations on his neighbor's property.

PROPAGATION. 199

Propagation. The Cherry is propagated from seed — by budding —
by grafting — and occasionally, by pieces of roots.

By Seed. The seed of the black Hazard is that generally used,
and considered best for propagating the Heart and Duke varieties
upon, while the Mahaleb is used only for the purpose of creating a
dwarf habit. Seeds of the Graffion or Yellow Spanish will occa-
sionally reproduce trees bearing fruit similar to the parent ; while
seeds of niany of the cultivated kinds w411 not vegetate, there being
no germ or seed bud within the stone. The seed should not be per-
mitted to get dry, but immediately when gathered, rubbed and washed
clean of pulp, and mixed half and half with sand, placed in boxes, of
say four inches deep, having holes in the bottom for drainage, and
then set in the open air, on the north side of a building, clear of di-
rect sunlight. The ground should be well drained, and if possible
fresh turf ; and spaded or plowed in the Fall one foot deep. As soon
as the frost is out in the Spring, rake down the ground level, mark
out drills six inches wide and one inch deep, sow seed so that it will
be about three inches apart, cover with the soil one inch, and add one
inch of sand or leaf mold.

By Budding. This is done as described on page 20 ; but in the
Cherry, and especially when the buds are a little unripe, it is best in
cutting the bud from the scion to take liberally of the wood, thereby
preventing its drying as soon as otherwise. The season for budding
the Cherry is, when the tree on which you are going to operate is
forming its terminal bud, and varies in seasons, as also in the age of
the trees ; trees of four or five years old, in sections south of Cincin-
nati, being ready by middle of June, while plants transplanted the
past Spring will not be ready until early in July. North of this sec-
tion line, the season will vary from two to four weeks later. Occa-
sionally it will answer to bud in September, as it sometimes happens
that a second growth is made about that time.

By Grafting. This should be performed in all sections south of
Cincinnati early in February, and for those north, from the last week
in February to middle of March. Saddle grafting is best where both
stock and scion are equal in size ; whip or tongue grafting is best
where the stock is not over half to three fourths inch diameter ; and
cleft grafting, where large stocks are to be changed. This last is
dangerous, inasmuch as it gives too great a check to the tree ; it is
better to graft the small limbs and branches. Side grafting is the
mode most advisable for young beginners, and also where the work
has been put off a little too late.

By Roots. The root of the Hazard Cherry, cut into pieces of
about four to six inches long, and having the upper end set about
one inch under ground early in Spring, will often throw up strong
shoots, and where a person is unable to get seedlings, this is the next

200 THE CHERRY.

best mode of obtaining stocks, as they are no more liable to sucker
than if from seed.

Transplanting. When from the seed bed to the nursery row, it
should be done in the Fall on dry soils, and early in Spring on soils
not perfectly dry in Winter, They should be set in rows four feet
apart, and one foot apart in the row, and the plants should have one
half of last year's growth cut off, and all long, straggling, as well a?
the tap root, cut back to six inches. These, if the season is good,
will be suitable for budding the same Summer. Orchard trees, and
also dwarfs for gardens, should have one half of the previous year's
growth cut off, and the roots trimmed smootlily at ends with a sharp
knife. The distance apart for standard trees in orchard, should be
about twenty-five feet, while dwarfs may be planted at distances of
eight feet each way.

Standard Trees. Are best for orcharding, and should, in no situa-
tion, have their heads formed more than four feet from ground, and
throughout the West and South not more than two feet.

Dwarf Trees. Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke
varieties on the Mahaleb, or Morello roots. They should in all cases
be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union is best
formed; and also, by means of pruning (see page 28), they should
be made to form heads branching immediately from the ground.

Soil and Situation. The soil best suited to most Cherries is that
of a rich light loam on a gravelly sub-soil, but they will grow and
produce fruit freely in all soil not wet. The roots of the Mazard or
Sweet Cherries are very impatient of water, and will only endure a
few seasons in strong soils void of drainage, or where water stands
most of the Winter. To this want of drainage, in great measure, is
attributable the destruction of the Cherry in most rf the prairie soils
throughout Southern and Western States: and not until we manage
to drain freely our rich alluvial deposits, can we succeed perfecdy with
the Sweet Cherri^. The roots of the JDukcs, Morellos, and Mahaleb,
are less open and spongy in texture, and therefore less impatient of
water. They, however, do not flourish vigorously for any length of
time unless drainage is effected. To this point in the culture of the
Cherry we beg especially to call attention of our Western and Southern
readers, assuring them, that whatever of theory may have been advanced
referable to climate, they will find drainage, or the want thereof rather,
to be the primary cause of destruction. Situated at a point where
the Cherry probably does as well as at any place in the United
States, we have had occasion to notice the result of trees situated in
what appeared suitable soil, but where, on examining, after, having
lost several trees, we found water to have stood a long time about
the roots.

Naturally, most of the soil of Western and Southern States is rich
in vegetable matter, giving vigorous, even rampant growth to the

CULTIVATION', ETC. 201

Cherry tree ; which, added to the fact that most trees have their
roots standing in stagnant cold water, induces tendency to disease
from the first. If, then, when about to plant Cherry trees, perfect
drainage is made, so that no water will stand for twenty-four hours
together about the roots, an application, on prairie soils, of sulphur
and finely broken or ground bones be made, the ground-work to suc-
cess will be performed.

Situations sloping south will affect the producing of early bloom,
rendering less chance of fruit from effect of late vernal frosts, and
also render the tree more liable to second growth in the Fall, and thus
unfit it for the severe changes of temperature throughout Winter.
Northern exposures are recommended, but an eastern one we regard
best. The forenoon sun may excite circulation, but not as rapidly
as the mid-day, or from one to three o'clock, p. m. ; while there is,
also, more or less of moisture in a morning atmosphere, and none
in the afternoon ; the tree, also, has a chance to have its circulation
gradually checked ere the cold of night, which it has not when planted
on ground, sloping south, west, or north. When planting on either
of the last exposures, or on level land, let your tree slope to the south-
west, as the sun has less effect upon it in that position.

Cultivation. In nursery rows, the earth in Spring should be first
turned away from the trees ; in about ten days it should again be
stirred and left nearly level, and so kept throughout the growing
season. In October it slwuld be turned up toward the trees. The
plants budded last season should be cut back to within six inches of
the bud as soon as the same commences to swell strongly. The
buds, after having grown six to eight inches, should be tied up to the
stocks, and in June the stock should be cut with a slope downward
close to the bud. The second year, they should be headed back to
four feet, when some will throw out branches two feet from the
ground ; others, where headed back. The third year, they should be
transplanted. Throughout the West, on the rich prairie soils, it has
been found impolitic to hoe, or otherwise use any mode of culture
toward keeping the ground clean, after August; it induces second
growth, immature ripening of wood, and consequent injury in Winter.
Orchard and garden trees should be lightly spaded around in July,
and a quantity of mulch, or stones, laid over the roots.

Fruning and Training. The Heart Cherry, as a standard, needs
little pruning except to cut away limbs liable to cross one another.
This is best done in July, when the cut, if made smooth, and close to
the body or large limb, will at once heal. If disposed to grow too
rapidly, dig around a tree, of say four inches in diameter, a circular
trench, three feet distant from the body of the tree, and tv.'o feet deep,
cutting off with a sharp spade every root and fibre outside that space.
And for every inch diameter, up to a tree twelve inches through, add
four inches distance of trench from tree. Often the top of the .treo
9*

202 THE CHERRT.

will also require pruning, so as to give it a round head, as of an acorn,
based on the circle of the trench.

The Dukes and Morellos need somewhat more pruning than the
Heart varieties, but all are impatient of the knife ; yet if to be done,
let it be in July, or when the terminal buds are forming.

Dwarfs are trained to please the fancy of growers, and mostly by
the *' pinching-in " process. And as they grow with extreme vigor
on the Mahaleb, for three or four years, they require not only to have
their tops pruned, but also to be root-pruned annually.

If possible to be avoided, large branches should never be cut from
a Sweet Cherry tree. We have examined the results of many cases
where large branches were lopped in Spring for the purpose of chang-
ing the tree to a different variety by grafting ; the result has almost
invariably been death after two summers. When necessary to be
done, the wound should be covered with grafting composition or
gum-shellac, to exclude the air, and the body wrapped in straw or
matting. Encasing the body during the winter and spring months
with straw, cloth, or moss, will often prevent injury ; for the cause
of bursting of bark is in winter, not summer months, although it does
not always exhibit itself until July or August. The atmospheric
blight, injuring young shoots, acts at once in Summer.

Insects and Diseases. The aphis, slug, caterpillar, and curculio,
are more or less destructive to the Cherry, but as they are described in
other chapters we must refer the reader thereto. The diseases, ac-
cording to writers, are, in the West, numerous ; but as they all centre
in the bursting of bark and exudation of gum, we shall only note on
that. Under the head of Soil, we have given what we term the pri-
mary cause of this disease, and if added to what we have said under
heads of Cultivation and Pruning, we believe will have effect to
check, in great measure, the evil. That it will render the tree en-
tirely free of the disease we are not prepared to say ; but if to it be
added selections of buds from healthy trees, and growth in nursery
on ground well drained and not over stimulated by barn-yard ma-
nures, we believe a change for the better will be the result.

Uses, The wood of the Wild or Virginia Cherry is used by cabinet
makers, being susceptible of a fine polish. The fruit of the Sweet
Cherries is universally esteemed for the dessert, and that of the tender-
fleshed, like Belle de Choisy, is regarded as wholesome. The Sour
Cherries, either dried or fresh from the tree, are much esteemed for
culinary use, while the Mazard and Wild Virginian Cherries are
used in flavoring liquors. " The celebrated German Kirschvmsser is
made by distilling the liquor of the common black Mazard (in which
the stones are ground and broken and fermented with the pulp) ; and
the delicious Ratifia cordial of Grenoble is also made from this fruit.
Mareschinoj the most celebrated liquor of Italy, is distilled from a
small Mazard, with which, in fermenting, honey and the leaves and

CLASSIFICA'nON. 203

kernels of the fruit are mixed. The gum of the Cherry is nearly
identical with gum-arabic, and there are some marvelous stories told
of its nutritive properties."

As a substitute for raisins, the following method of preparing the
Sour Cherries deserves especial attention. It is given us by Charles
Carpenter, Esq., of Kelley's Island, Ohio, by whom it has been suc-
cessfully practised :

" Take the ripe cherries and pit them. Put a quantity in a por-
celain kettle and let them just scald, which will separate a part of
their juice from the pulp. Skim out the cherries on platters to dry.
Put more cherries in the hot juice and scald until all are scalded.
Partially dry them (one or two good days is sufficient), and put them
in jars, scattering a little sugar among them — say a quarter of a
pound of sugar to a pound of the dried fruit. Thus prepared, they
will keep for years, if protected from the moths. For all purposes
of cooking they are as good, and by many preferred to raisins.

" To the juice which is separated from them by the scalding, add
a small quantity of sugar, and boil down a little, and it is better than
boiled cider for all purposes for which boiled cider is used."

Gathering the Fruit. The flavor and character of the Cherry is
best obtained when gathered early in the morning ; but if intended
for distant market, they should always be gathered with the stem
attached, and when dry.

Glassijication. In order the more readily to distinguish varieties
cf the Cherry, authors have entered into classification ; but as those
heretofore made have seemed rather to perpetuate error than induce
correctness, we have ventured upon a partially new order. Lindley,
in his Guide to the Orchard, makes two divisions : one embracing
varieties the fruit of which is round, acid, or sub-acid ; the other sweet,
and heart-shaped. Downing, in his Fruits and Fruit Trees, makes
four divisions or classes, viz. : Heart-shaped, Biggarreaus, Dukes,
and Morellos; and, in a measure, all other writers have adopted
these classifications. The two last terms of Mr. Downing — Dukes
and Morellos — we shall continue, as they are not inapplicable, and
the trees are distinct in growth. But the word Bigarreau, being de-
rived from Bigarree. originally meaning and intended to convey the
idea of a parti-colored, or yellow and red fruit, and 7iot meaning (as
it is generally used and understood by pomologists) Jirm-Jieshed, we
can see no just cause for continuing in use. Again: there are vari-
eties which, although round in form, are yet sweet, and partially
tender-fleshed, and however erroneous, would have (if the old classi-
fication were pursued) to come under the head of Heart-shaped.
There are also varieties where the characters, both of tree and fruit,
of those determined by the two distinctions — Heart and Bigarreau —
are so closely commingled as to often perplex the amateur, and thus
increase rather than lessen his troubles. We shall therefore desig-

204 THE CHEEKY.

nate in our text descriptive of each variety, the classes heretofore
known as Hearts and Bigarreaus — being rapid growing, lofty, and
spreading trees — as Sweet, of which the old Black Heart may be
taken as the type. The Dukes are mainly distinguished by the trees
having narrower leaves than those of the Sweet Cherry, being up-
right in growth while young, but forming a low, spreading head, with
wood less strong and somewhat darker colored than the Sweet Cher-
ries. Fruit, generally round, of one color, and when fully ripe, rich
sub-acid

The Morellos are less upright in growth than the Dukes.
Branches, small, slender, drooping; foliage, narrow, dark green;
fruit, acid.

Engravings. These have been made from medium sized speci-
mens, taken direct from the tree, and placed in the engraver's hands.
They represent the Cherry cut in half, and are intended to show the
form of fruit in that way, and also exhibit the lines of tissue in
the flesh, which are different in vaiieties, but uniform in numerous
specimens of the same variety.

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed.

American Heart.

Probably a native of this country ; its origin is, however, uncertain.
Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruity medium, heart shaped, four sides com-
pressed, pale yellow and red ; Jiesh^ yellowish, watery towards the pit,
juicy, sweet, second flavor ; pt7, medium 3 stem^ long, moderately slender.
Early in June. Productive.

Arch Duke.

Griotte de Portugal, I Late Arch Bake,
Portugal Duke, | Late Duke.

An English variety, first described by Lindley. The May Duke, or Late
Duke, have almost always been sold as this variety. It is a more vigorous
grower, and distinguished in its fruit by being more heart shape. Fruity
large, heart shape, compressed, dark shining red ; jiesh^ light red, slightly
adhering to the stone, tender, sub-acid ) sterrij long, slender. Early in July,
Desirable South and West.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

205

Ambrfee de Choisy,
Cerise Doucette,

Bklle de Choisy.

Cerise a Noyau Tendre,
Ambree a Gros Fruit,

Cerise de la Palembre,
Schone Yon Choisy.

Raised in 1760, at Choisy, a village near Paris,
France. The tree is of a Duke habit — thus far prov-
ing hardy in nearly all locations. It bears regularly
every year, but only moderate quantity. Its delicacy
and exquisite peculiar flavor, render it one of the
most desirable for the table, but unsuited to market
purpose.

Fruity round, or slightly depressed ; skin, thin, trans-
lucent, showing the netted texture of flesh beneath ;
of pale amber in the shade, mottled with red and yel-
low where more exposed, and grown fully in the sun,
becoming a bright cornelian red ; fleshy amber yellow,
slightly tinged with pink radiating lines or tissues, in
irregular long curves, very tender, delicate, juicy, sub-
acid, nearly sweet, peculiar and agreeable flavor ; pit,
small, round, a little pointed at apex; stalk, often
short, but varying. Last of June.

Belle of Orleans.
Belle de Orleans.

From France. Tree, vigorous grower, good bearer, valuable. Fruit,
medium, roundish; light yellowish white, with clear pale red covering
about one half the surface ; flesh, tender, juicy, and delicious. Early in
June. This proves one of the very best early Sweet Cherries.

Black Hawk.

Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, near Cleveland,
in 1842. Commenced fruiting in 1846. The tree
is of healthy, vigorous, spreading habit, with much
of the general character of Yellow Spanish ; flowers,
above medium ; soil of origin, a gravelly loam. As
a table fruit, its high flavor will always commend
it ; while, as a market fruit, its size and productive
habit of tree place it among the very best.

Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse, sides com-
pressed, surface uneven ; color, dark purplish black,
glossy ; flesh, dark purple, half tender, almost firm,
radiating lines irregular, without form, juicy, rich,
sweet, fine flavor ; pit, medium size, uneven surface;
stalk, varying, inserted in a broad cavity. From
20th June to 1st July. We regard this as the best
Black Cherry known.

\oe

THE CHERRY.

Bishop's Lai^e,
Frazer's Black Heart,
Ronald's Heart,
Circassian,

Black Tartarian.

Superb Circassian,
Black Russian,
Ronald's Black Heart,
Frazer'B Black Tartarian,

Tartarian,
Black Circassian,
Ronald's Largo Black Heart,
Double Heail.

This variety is supposed to have originated in
Spain, whence it was transmitted to Russia, and
thence introduced into England, about 1794 or 1796,
whence it found its way to this country, and in 1810
was cultivated in Middletown, Ct., as Bishop's Large,
and 1813 as Ronald's Black Heart. The tree is of
peculiar, upright growth, unlike any other variety,
or most resembling the Black Mazard. Its vigorous
habit, erect form, large foliage, and large sweet fruit,
have rendered it perhaps the most popular variety in
cultivation. The tree requires somewhat more
pruning to thin it out than other varieties ; other-
wise, as the trees grow old, they become too thick,
and the fruit attains only medium size.

Fruity large, heart shape, often obtuse, irregular
uneven surface, glossy, purplish black, slight suture
half round; flesh, liver color, juicy, sweet, half
tender, separating freely from pit. mild, pleasant, not
high flavor ; pit. below medium size ; stalk, sunk in
a regular cavity. Last of June.

Black Eagle.

English ; raised by the daughter of Mr. Knight. Tree, healthy, strong
grower, unproductive while young. Fruit, above medium, borne in threes,
obtuse heart shape, deep purple, almost black : flesh, reddish purple, half
tender, with a rich, sweet, high flavor. Early in July.

Brant,

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, on a gravelly loam.
The tree is vigorous, with large foliage, and spread-
ing, or rather round regular form ; flowers, large,
and open irregularly, so that often a portion may
be injured by late frosts, and others escape.

Fruit, large, rounded, angular heart shape, sides
slightly compressed ; color, reddish black ; flesh, dark
purplish red, radiating lines whitish, partially indis-
tinct, half tender, juicy, sweet, and rich ; pit, nearly
smooth, slight depressions, round oval ; stem, rnedium,
set in a cavity slightly angular. Early — say middle
of June.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

207

Bklle Magnifique.

Belle et Magnifique.

First introduced into this country from France,
by Gen. Dearborn. The tree is of Duke habit, hardy,
healhy, and vigorous. It is a moderate bearer,
the fruit, if permitted, hanging on the tree until
August, although much of it suitable for cooking
last of June. As a fruit for culinary purposes, it
is very desirable.

Fruit, when trees are well cultivated, of the
largest size, ovate rounded, often pointed, heart
shape ; color, clear rich red on pale yellow ; when
fully exposed to the sun, mostly red', Jlesh, yellow-
ish, tender, sub-acid when fully ripe, sprightly,
separates freely from the pit ; stem, planted in a
deep yet open cavity, or basin, and varying from
U to U inch in length. Middle June to August.

Caroline.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, much resembles
Belle de Choisy ; in growth, healthy, hardy, vigor-
ous, and productive ; it promises to become valuable
as a dessert Cherry.

Fruit, above medium, round oblong, one side com-
pressed slightly ; color, pale amber, mottled with
clear light red, and when fully exposed to the sun
becomes rich red ; flesh, slightly tinged with pale
red, or pink, translucent, very tender, juicy, sweet,
and delicate ; pit, medium, oblong oval. Last of
June.

Carnation.

Wax Cherry,

Crown,

Cerise de Portugal,

Cerise Nouvelle d'Andeterre,
Grosse Cerise Kouge Pale,

Grottier Rouge Pale,
Griotte de Villennes.

A variety of the Morello, that from its hardiness has been pretty largely
disseminated through our Western and Southwestern States. Fruit, above
medium, yellowish white, becoming, when fully ripe, a lively red, slightly
marbled ; flesh, tender, juicy, and, when fully ripe, less acid than most of
this class: stem, stout. Middle to last of July, but will hang a long time.
Tree, a good grower, with strong wood, and a profuse bearer, Valuablo
Southwest on the prairies.

208

THE CHEERY.

Cleveland.
Cleveland Bigarreau.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, on a gravelly loam soil. The tree is
thrifty, with stout shoots, and of a rounded, spreading habit; large leaves;
flowers, above medium, profusely abundant, and, thus far, it has proved
healthy wherever grown.

Fruit, large, round heart shape, flattened at apex, generally a regular
uniform surface, occasional seasons it has a projection on one side, near the
stem ; color, bright clear red on amber yellow ground, and occasionally
blotched with carmine red ] flesh, pale yellowish white, almost firm, deepest
in color next the pit, radiating lines indistinct, juicy, rich fine flavor ; pit,
medium size ; stem, rather stout, medium length. About one week before
Elton, or say 23rd to 25th June. Very productive.

Coe's Transparent.

Raised by Curtis Coe, Middletown, Ct. Tree, upright, somewhat spread-
ing, vigorous, healthy habit. Fruit, medium size, occasionally large, regu-
lar rounded form, often slightly angular at junction of stem ; color, pale
light amber yellow, with a bright, clear red, indistinctly mottled on two-
thirds the surface; flesh, with irregular radiating lines, yellowish, tender,
juicy, rich, sweet, and excellent ; pit, above medium ; stem, rather short,
a moderate depression. Middle to 25th June.

Early Purple Guigne.

German May Duke, | Early Purple Griotte.

The origin of this valuable variety we have
been unable to decide. Eastern cultivators received
it from England, where it was figured and de-
scribed by Mr. Thompson, in the London Hort.
Society's Transactions. Western cultivators re-
ceived it through a party of emigrants from Ger-
many, under the name of German May Duke, by
which it is much grown in Ohio. The trees are
poor growers in the nursery, of a straggling, loose,
irregular, somewhat pendent habit, but of healthy,
hardy character, only moderately productive while
young, but as they grow older become more pro-
lific. Its earliness and delicious character, must
always render it popular where known.

Fruit, medium to large, roundish heart-shaped,
with an indenture at the point or apex : color,
when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; flesh, dark
purplish red, juicy, rich, sweet, and excellent ; pit,
medium ; size, roundish oval ; stem, long, slender,
inserted in a shallow, narrow, basin. June.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

209

Doctor.

The Doctor.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The tree is of
healthy habit, not extremely vigorous, spreading,
rounded in form, bearing even to excess of fruit, so
much so, that unless well cultivated, the fruit becomes
small. Original soil, gravelly loam.

Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, with a suture
extending all round ; color, light yellow and red, the
latter most prevailing ; Jlesh, white, tinged with pale
yellow, juicy, tender, sweet, with a delicious flavor ;
pit, small; stem, rather slender, in a round, regular
basin. It ripens early in June, and will hang until
July.

Elton.

Bigarreau Conlcur de chair,
Flesh Colored Bigarreau,
Gros Bigarreau Couleur du chair,
Gros Bigarreau Blanc,
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc,

Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau, erroneously^

Bigarreau de Eocmont,

Cceur de Pigeon,

Bigarreau Belle de Eocmont,

Guigne Gros Blanche, of some.
Bigarreau Common,
Beilo Audigeoise.

Raised in England, in 1806. Its superior quali-
ties have made it a great traveller, and although
often introduced to notice, under a new name, it is
always worthy place.

The trees grow vigorously, with a spreading, rather
drooping habit ; leaves, with purplish foot stalks.
First introduced to this country in 1823.

Fruit, large, long heart shape, pointed ; color,
beautiful light yellow ground, mottled and streaked
with bright glossy red ; flesh, yellowish, radiating
lines not bold, half tender, when fully ripe, nearly
tender, juicy, sweet, with an exceedingly rich, high
flavor ; pit, above medium, oval, rounded, with a
sharp point ; stem, long and slender, set in a rather
deep basin ; very productive. Last of June.

210

THE CHEERY.

Downer's Late.

Downer, | Downer's Late Eed.

Raised by Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Mass., 1808.
The tree is vigorous, half spreading in habit, healthy,
hardy, and abundant bearer. Should be in all collec-
tions.

Fruit, medium size, round heart shape, slightly
compressed on one side ; color, a bright, lively red,
mottled with amber in the shade ; Jlesh, amber color,
stained slightly with red near the pit, radiating lines
slight; tender, sweet, and delicious when fully ripe.
It is often gathered before fully ripe, when it is a little
bitter ; pit, above medium size, oblong rounded ; stem,
medium, inserted in a narrow slight depression. From
fourth to twelfth July. This variety suffers less than
most varieties from warm wet weather.

Delicate.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, upon a grav-
elly loam. The tree is of thrifty, healthy habit,
spreading so as to form a round head. It is pro-
ductive, and as a dessert cherry, its delicate, trans-
lucent character, rich, juicy, sweet, high flavor,
will always render it a favorite. When the Sweet
Cherry can be grown it is far preferable to the Belle
de Choisy.

Fruit, medium to large ; form, regular, roundish
flattened, with a slight suture one side ; color, rich
amber yellow, overspread and mottled with light
carmine red, while the flesh is so translucent that,
held to the light, the tissue is distinctly traced, and
red appears as though mingled throughout, when,
on cutting it, the flesh is a whitish yellow, with
distinct radiating lines ; tender, juicy, sweet, deli-
cious, high flavor ; pit, small, roundish oval, with
a broad ridge ; stem, medium, set in a deep, round
About first July. The best of all for the amateur.

Florence.

Knevett's Late Bigarreau.

From Florence, in Italy. The tree is of stocky strong growth, spreading,
unproductive while young, becoming more productive as it grows old.
Fruit, large, roundish heart shape, flattened at base, pale amber, mottled
or mostly covered with bright red ; Jlesh, amber color, firm, rich, sweet, fine
flavor ; fit, small, roundish oval ; stem, inserted in a broad basin. Middle
July.

depression.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

211

Early Richmond.

Kentish, I Sussex, I Montmorency a longue queue,

Virginian May, Pie Cherry, Commune,

Common Eed, | Kentish Ked, | Muscat de Prague.

An old European sort, but extensively grown in this country, under the
name we have adopted. Jt is probably the true
Kentish ; but under that name it becomes so often
confounded with the common Sour Pie-Cherry, of
our country, that we have preferred to continue it
here, under the name it is best known in this country.
The tree belongs to the Morel lo class ; grows about
twenty feet high, with a roundish spreading head;
very productive, ripening its fruit in May, but, in
dry seasons, holding it until July. It is indispensa-
ble to every garden ; and for market, coming as it
does so early, is very profitable. It is remarkable
for the corolla remaining on the stalk, and for the
tenacity with which the stone adheres thereto.

Fruity of medium size, borne in pairs, round, bright
red, becoming darker as it hangs on the tree a long
time : flesh, of a reddish cast, juicy, very tender,
sprightly, rich acid flavor ; stem, usually short, say.
one and a quarter inch, set in deep, round, basin.

'^^r^.^i^ Twenty-sixth May to first of July.

Governor Wood.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842, and named in
honor of Reuben Wood, late Governor of Ohio.

The tree is a vigorous, healthy grower, forming
a rounded, regular head ; very productive while
young ; flowers large.

Fruit, of the largest size, roundish heart shape ;
color, rich, light yellow, mottled or marbled with a
beautiful carmine flush ; grown fully exposed to the
sun, it becomes a clear, rich red : suture, half round,
followed on opposite side by a dark line ; flesh, light,
pale yellow, with radiating lines, transverse, acu-
minate, half tender, juicy, sweet, and fine, rich,
high flavor ; pit, roundish ovate, considerably ribbed ,*
stem, varying in length and size. Middle of June.

In even email collections, this variety should al-
ways have a place.

Great Bigarreau.

Large Prool ?

Foreign. Its direct origin in obscurity ; first introduced to notice by that
eminent writer, A. J. Downing, when editing the Horticulturist, in 1851.
Trees, extremely vigorous, with large and long foliage, and producing

212

THE CHEERY.

abundantly. When first preparing this work, we made it a synonym of
'' Large heart-shaped ;" we are now satisfied it is a distinc.t and a very de-
sirable variety.

Fruit, very large, oblong heart shape ; beautiful deep red, becoming
nearly black at maturity ; stem, rather short, and set in a deep cavity j
Jlesh, similar to Black Tartarian. Early July.

Bigarrcau,
Yellow Spanish,
Fellow's Seedling,
West's White Heart,
HoUandische Grosse,

Graffion.

"White Bigarreau ?
Amber or Imperial,
Turkey Bigarreau?
Bigarreau Tardif,
Pnnzesin Kirsche,

Bigarreau Eoyal,
Italian Heart,
Bigarreau Gros?
Groote Princess,
Cerise Ambree.

The Graffion, or Yellow Spanish, as it is generally known throughout
the States, is truly one of the richest and best cherries, but its tendency to
decay just as it is on the point of ripening, makes it unprofitable. The tree
is of strong, spreading, healthy habit, and productive.

Fruit, large regular obtuse heart-shape ; whitish yellow, mottled and
mostly overspread in the sun with bright red ; flesh,
yellowish, firm, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious ; pit,
small, round, ovate ; stem, stout, in an open basin.
Early July.

Joc-o-soT.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, and named
after a noble Sioux chief, who died at Cleveland,
in 1844. Tree, thrifty, half spreading, or round-
headed, and productive.

Fruit, large, very regular, uniform, heart-shape,
slightly obtuse, and with a deep indentation at
apex ; sides, compressed ; suture, broad, half round,
followed with a dark line, and often a knob-like
projection; surface, uneven; color, rich. glo.ssy,
dark liver-color, almost black ; flesh, with indistinct
radiating lines, dark liver-color, tender, juicy, with
a rich, sweet flavor; pit, below medium size, regu-
lar smooth ; stem, long, and of medium size. Near
the last of June.

HiLDESHEIM.

Hildesheim Bigarreau, I Bigarreau Marbre de Hildesheim,

Tardif de Hildesheim, Bigarreau Blanc Tardiff de Hildesheim,

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim, 1 Bigarreau Noir Tardifl

From Germany. Tree, upright, strong grower, unproductive while
young.

Fruitj medium, heart-shaped, yellow, mottled, marbled and splashed

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

213

with red ; stem, long, slender ; basin, shallow, broad : suture, broad, half
round, with hollow depression at apex ; Jlesh, pale yellow, firm, sweet ; pit^
medium, surface marbled with red. Last of July to twentieth August.
The true variety is rarely sold, but when obtained, is truly valuable, as
coming just before peaches, and when there are few fruits in market.

Kirtland's Mary.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, described
and named by ourself, in compliment to the
daughter of Prof. K. The tree is a strong, healthy
grower, upright, rounded in form, shoots strong,
not rampant ; flowers, large and open, very proli-
fic. The fruit is one of the most beautiful of all
cherries, quite firm-fleshed, but, withal possessing
delicacy and high flavor, that renders it one of
the most desirable varieties, either for dessert or
market purposes.

Fruit, large, roundish heart-shaped, very regu-
lar ; color, light and dark rich red, deeply marbled
and mottled on a yellow ground, grown fully in
the sun is mostly a rich, dark glossy red ; flesh,
with distinct irregular radiating lines, light yel-
low, quite firm, rich, juicy, sweet, and very high
flavored ; pit, medium, regular, rounded, with dis-
tinct prominent lines or ridges, flesh adheres
slightly to it ; ste7n, moderately stout, varying in
length. Last of June and first of July.

Kirtland's Mammoth.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, from a pit of the Yel-
low Spanish, grown on a tree remote from other
varieties. Its name is given from the extreme
large size of the fruit, being one-eighth greater
than any other variety. The tree is of strong,
vigorous growth, with very large leaves and large
flowers. It is, however, only moderately produc-
tive. Soil of origin, gravelly loam.

Fruit, of the very largest size, often three and
a hdlf inches in circumference, obtuse, heart
shape ; color ^ light clear yellow, partially over-
spread, and marbled with rich red; flesh, with
distinct radiating lines, broad, ovate, reversed,
almost tender, juicy, sweet, and with a vefy fine
high flavor; pit, roundish oval, regular, surface
indented : stem, generally short, moderately stout.
Last of June.

Knight's Early Black
English. Tree, moderate grower, requiring good culture and sheltered

214

THE CHEERY.

situation to obtain good fruit. As it makes only a tree of second class in
gize, it is well suited to small gardens; moderately productive.

Fruity medium or rather above, obtuse heart shape, broad, open suture,
half round, with a knobby projection opposite; purplish red, becoming
nearly black ; fleshy parts freely from pit, tender, juicy, rich, sweet ; pit^
medium; stem^ inserted in a deep, open basin. Last of June.

Large Heart-Shaped.

Black Bigarreau of Savoy,
Bigarreau gros Couret,
Bigarreau de Lyon,
Guigne Noire luisante, erroneously.
New Large Black Bigarreau,

Bigarreau gros Monstreux,
Gros Couret,

Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau,
Ward's Bigarreau.

This variety, originally from France, we have
received from different sources, and fruited under
most of the synonyms given.

The tree is a strong, vigorous grower, with
large foliage. Its productive habit, fine flesh, and
large size of fruit, render it very desirable as a
market variety; while its want of delicacy and
flavor unfit it for grounds of those who grow only
for private use.

Fruitj very large, roundish heart shape, occa-
sionally obtuse, dark shining red, becoming, when
fully ripe, dark purplish black ; surface, very un-
even ; fleshy reddish purple, coarse tissue, with a
distinct dark line one side next the pit, not very
juicy and lacking in high flavor ; pit, large, oval ;
ste7n, varying, inserted in a shallow depression.
Fourth to tenth July.

Logan.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842; soil a gra-
velly loam. Tree, hardy, healthy grower, some-
what spreading, moderately productive; flowers,
large, opening late, little liable to injury from
frost.

Fruit, medium or above, obtuse, sometimes re-
gular heart shape, with a shallow indenture at
apex; color, purplish black, when ripe; flesh,
liver color, radiating lines, almost white, nearly
firm, juicy, sweet, and rich flavor; pit, above
medium, oval ; stem, varying in length, in a deep
cavity. Middle to last of June.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 21^

Manning's Mottled.

Mottled Bigarreau,

Raised by Mr. Manning, Salem, Mass. Tree, vigorous, s;_)reading, ?ry
productive. Fruity large, roundish heart shape; suture, half round,
distinct line opposite ; amber color, mottled and overspread with red ;
fleshy yellowish white, half tender, j»iicy, sweet, deficient in flavor; vit
large, oval, lies in a hollow, separated on ajl sides, but one from the flesh
Last of June.

Early Duke,
Large May Duke,
Morris Duke,
Morris' Early Duke,

May Duke.

Thompson's Duke,
Portugal Duke,
Buchanan's Early Dr ko,
Millett's Late Heart Oake,
Ecyal Hative,

Cerise Gni^e,
Coularde,
De HoUande,
D'Espagne.,

Benham's Fine J/^rly Duke,

From France. Tree, hardy, upright growth. It produces freely, is one
of the oldest sorts, succeeds admirably upon prairie soils and in the
Southern States. With us it has proved a most unreliable sort, ripening
very irregularly.

The Holman's Duke, Jefirey's Duke, Late Duke of most gardens, are all
so similar to May Duke, that one description will suit all. They are only
sub-varieties, and the Late Duke probably obtained by propagating from
late ripening branches of May Duke. Fruity roundish obtuse heart shape,
red at first, becoming, when fully ripe, a dark purplish red ; fiesh^ reddish,
tender, juicy, sub-acid. Last of May to last of June.

MONSTREAUX DE MeZEL.

Bigarreau Gaubalis.

From France. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, productive. Frut{^ inrgp,
oval, flattened on -eides, obtuse at base, irregular surface, reddish purple or
"eddish black: fiesh, firm, rather coarse, purplish, melting, sweet; " verv
good ;" pitj large, oval ; stem^ varying. Early July.

Napoleon Bigarreau,
Bigarreau Lauermann,
Bigarreau d'Hollande,

Napoleon.

Spotted Bigarreau,
Lauermann's Klrsche,
Clarke's Bigarreau,

ArmstroT-.g's Blgaireao,
Turkey Bigarreau f
Holland Bigarreau.

From Holland. Tree, erect, vigorous grower, productive. The best
sweet cherry for cooking purposes, and, on account of its showy appearance,
always sells well in market. It is, however, liable to decay on the tree
before fully ripe. Fruity large, heart shape, inclining to oblong, bright
delicate yellow, with shades of rich red marbled and spotted over nearly
two-thirds surface ; fleshy pale yellow, very firm, moderately juicy, and,
unless perfectly ripe, a little bitter; pit^ medium, oblong; stem, stout, set
in a narrow basin. Last of June.

Ohio Beauty.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, and described by us in 1847, shortly
after which the original tree was destroyed. We had, however, previously
fent out buds and grafts, and have often heard of its success. Fruity large,
obtuse heart shape, dark rich red on pale red ground, somewhat marbled;

216

THE CHEKRT.

fleshy white, tender, delicate, juicy, with a fine flavor; pt7, small, oval^
stalk, long, set in a deep, open basin. Middle
of June.

Osceola.

Raised by Professor Kirtland, in 1842; soil,
gravelly. Tree, round, spreading, regular form,
hardy, healthy grower ; flowers, medium, opening
rather late and in succession ; a good, not exces-
sive bearer.

Fruity medium to large, regular, heart shape,
with a deep, broad suture, half round ; color^
dark purplish red, inclining to black ; jicsh^
liver color, fine tissue, so much so, that the
radiating lines are almost obliterated; juicy,
rich, and sweet; -pit^ medium or small, ovate
rounded ; sterrij moderately stout, in a deep,
regular cavity. Last of June and early July.
One of the best for all collections.

PONTIAC.

Raised by Professor Kirtland, in 1842; soil,
gravelly. Tree, upright, rounded form, slightly
spreading, vigorous, healthy habit ; flowers,
above medium size, opening in succession ; regu-
larly productive.

Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, sides com-
pressed ; suture, half round, deep, distinct, fol-
lowed by dark line; slight depression at apex;
color, dark purplish red, approaching to black
when fully ripe ; flesh, purplish red, radiating
lines irregular, half tender, juicy, sweet, «nd
agreeable ; pit, medium, smooth, parts freely
from the flesh; stem, varying from long to short,
inserted in a broad, open cavity. Last of June.
A very desirable variety, and profitable for
market.

POWHATTAN.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842 ; soil gravelly.
Tree, vigorous, healthy, round-headed, pro-
ductive.

Fruitj medium size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed on sides,
surface irregular ; color, liver-like, highly polished ; suture, half round ;
flesh, rich purplish red, marbled, radiating lines obscure, half tender, juicy,
sweet, pleasant, but not high flavor ; pit, small, round, elongated : stem.
medium. Late, 8th to 15th July.

For profitable market purposes, this is one of the very best, the fruit
ripening late, and all being uniform and regular in size.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

217

Red Jacket.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The original
tree has always stood in ground uncultivated; yet
its fruit from lateness of ripening, size and qualit}"-,
renders it most desirable, and especially for market
culture, as it is very productive^ The tree forms a
head similar to the Black Hazard, not quite as
erect.

Fruity large, regular, long obtuse heart shape ;
color, fine, clear, light red, when grown in the sun,
but of an amber color, overspread with pale red, and
often a yellow russet patch, when grown in the
shade ; flesh, with radiating lines distinct, half ten-
der, juicy, of good, not high flavor ; gathered before
lype, it is a little bitter ; pit, medium ; stem, rather
long and slender, set in an open, moderately deep
basin. Middle of July.

Reine Hortense.

Lemercier of E. and B.,
Monstreiue de Bavay,

Belle de Bavay,
De 16 a la livre,

Belle de Petit Brie.

Introduced to this country from France, in 1842. The tree is of Duke
habit, vigorous, healthy grower, forming a dense, upright, round head, and
promises to be very hardy, and extremely desira-
Dl»in rich, moist soils, where the Sweet Cherries
do not succeed as well. It is moderately prolific,
the fruit quite large, and ripening as it does, quite
late in the season, combined with the habit of
hanging long after ripe, and its rich, sprightly,
sub-acid juice, must render it extremely popular,
when it becomes fully known.

Fruit, quite large, round elongated, sides com-
pressed, smooth, glossy, regular surface ; suture,
shallow, half round, followed by a marked line,
terminating at base, in a knobby projection ; color,
bright lively red, marbled and mottled on amber;
grown in the sun, it is mostly red ; flesh, pinkish
yellow, with radiating lines, distinct, but irregular
in form, tender, and when fully ripe, separating
freely from the stone, often even exhibiting a hol-
low, vacant space, between pit and flesh, high,
sprightly, slightly acid flavor : pit, rather large,
oblong rounded ; stalk, two inches long, generally
slender. Twelfth to twentieth July.

10

218

THE CHEERT.

ROCKPORT.
Eockport Bigarreau.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842; gravelly loam. Tree, stroiig, Vigo-
rous grower, forming a very upright habit, more resembling the Black
Tartarian than any other variety we know. It is
one "of the first of Prof. Kirtland's seedlings that
was described, and feeling interested m its success,
in various parts of the States, we distributed it
pretty liberally in shape of buds and grafts. It has
now been fruited extensively, and every where proves
among the largest and very best quality. The tree
wants good culture, and its period of maturity is
materially altered both by soil and culture, while its
character appears unchanged. Valuable, either for
private or market gardens.

Fruity large, round obtuse^ heart shape, surface
generally slightly uneven, and always with a knobby
or swollen projection on one side ; color^ clear, bril-
liant, deep red, shaded and mottled on a pale amber
yellow, with occasional carmine spots ; jiesh^ yellow-
ish white, radiatinj: lines irregular, a yellow tinge
around the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, with a rich, deli-
cious flavor ; pit^ ovd, regular and without ridges ;
stem^ usually of medium length — one, to one and a
half inches. 20th to the last of June.

Shannon.

Thia is a Morello, raised by Prof. Kirtland, in '1829; first described in
1849. Named in respect to Wilson Shannon, once governor of Ohio. The
tree is very hardy, having been tested in many locations.

Fruity slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction with
stem, dark purplish red, when ripe; fleshy tender, reddish purple, juicy,
acid ; pit^ small ; stcm^ long, slender, inserted in an open cavity. Middle
of July.

Teccmseh.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, on a soil of gravelly loam. The tree
IS moderately vigorous, spreading, hardy, producing its blossoms late in the
season.

Fruity medium to large, obtuse heart shape, compressed, with a broad,
shallow suture ; color^ when fully ripe, a reddish purple, or dark liver-
color, mottled somewhat with red : jiesh^ reddish purple, irregular, distinct
radiating lines, half tender, very juicy, sweet, but not high flavor: pit,
medium size, smooth, round, slightly elongated ; slem^ varying, set in an
open, rather deep cavity. Middle to 20th July. Very valuable for a late
market variety.

Vail's August Duke.

Raised by Henry Vail, Troy, N. Y. Tree, hardy, healthy, moderate
grower. Fruity above medium, borne in pairs, obtuse heart shape ; rich
bright red in the shade, a lively cornelian in the sun ; jiesh^ tender, sub-
acid ; pit^ oval ; stem^ thick, where it joins the' fruit, set in a deep, narrow
cavity Middle to last of August.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, El'O. 219

Wendell's Mottled.

■Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau.

Raised by Herman Wendell, M.D., Albany, N. Y. Tree, upright, thrifty
growth, early and prolific bearer. This variety has proved highly valuable
during the few years it has been before the public. Fruit, large, obtuse
heart shape ; dark, purplish red ; flesh, firm, juicy, well flavored ; pitj
small ; stem, set in a round, regular basin. First to middle of July.

CLASS II. — Embraces varieties, of which many are new and untested^ and
others suited to large orchards j or certain localities.

Adam's Crown.

English; little known in this country. Fruit, medium, round heart
shape ; pale red ; flesh, tender, juicy and agreeable. Middle of Juno.

Amber Gean.

Gean Amber.
Fruit, small, oval heart shape, pale yellow and red ; flesh, white, juicy,
sweet, often bitter or mazardy ; stem, long, slender. Early July.

American Amber,
Bloodgood's Amber, I Bloodgood's Honey, | Bloodgood's Ne-w Honey.
American. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, amber and bright red ;
flesh, tender, juicy, variable ; pit, large ; stem, long, slender. Last June.

Anne.
From A. V. Bedford, Paris, Ky. Fruit, below medium, bright red,
tender, juicy, sweet, excellent — good for amateurs. Early in June.

Bauman's Mat.

Bigarreau de Mai, | "Wilder's Bigarreau de MaL
From France. Fruit, small, dark red, oval heart shape ; flesh, purplish,
tender, sweet. Last of May or early in June.

Belle Agathe.
Foreign. New. Medium, roundish oval, two shades red : flesh, firm,
sweet ; very late, which is the only inducement to its culture.

Belle de Sceaux.

Chatenay.
A Morello, from France. Fruit, round, deep red ; flesh, yellowish, juicy,
acid. June. Valuable only at the West.

Belle Vezzouries.
Foreign, /ruit, medium to large, light red, somewhat translucent, round*
ish, s-ub-acid ; " good," 10th tP §Oth July,

220 THE CHERRY.

Black Heart.

Early Black, | Guigne Grosse Noir, I Spanish Black Heart,
Black Kussian, | Ansell's Fine Black, | Guinier a fruit Noir.

An old variety, hardy and productive, but at this day surpassed by
many. Fruit, above medium, heart shaped, dark, nearly black color ; flesh,
almost tendcfj juicy, sweet. Last of June.

Brandywine.
Originated with J. R. Brinckle, Wilmington, Del. Tree, vigorous grower.
Fruit, above medium, broad heart shape, brilliant crimson mottled ; flesh,
tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly. Last of June.

Burr's Seedling.

Originated in Western New York. Tree, vigorous, spreading, productive.
Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, clear bright red on pale yellow, half
tender, juicy, sweet ; stem, slender. Middle to last of June.

Buttner's Black Heart.

Buttner's Herz Kirsche, | Schwarze Neue Herz Kirsche.
From Germany. As a late variety, firm fleshed, for market, this pro-
mises well. Fruit, large, heart shape, purplish black, when fully ripe ;
flesh, reddish violet, firm, juicy, good, not high flavor. Middle to last of
July. Tree, productive, a vigorous grower.

Buttner's Yellow.

Buttner's "Wach's-Knorpel Kirsche, | Buttner's Gelbe Knorpel Kirsche.
From Germany. Tree, vigorous, spreading ; only as a novelty is it de-
sirable. Fruit, medium, regular heart shape, flattened at stem end, pale
lemon yellow, with russet marblings ; flesh, whitish yellow, firm, even,
tough, without flavor, adheres to the pit ; stem, medium length and size, in
an open, round, regular cavity. Middle to last July.

Carmine Stripe.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, vigorous, healthy, spreading, very pro-
ductive. Fruit, above medium, heart shape, compressed on sides, often an
uneven surface, with suture half round, followed by a line of carmine ;
color, amber yellow, shaded and mottled with bright, lively carmine • flesh,
tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and agreeable : pit, small ; stem, varies.
Last of June.

Conestoga.

This variety originated in Conestoga Township, Lancaster County, Penn-
sylvania. Fruit, very large, obtuse heart-shaped, slightly indented at the
apex, dark purple ; stem, from an inch and three-quarters to two and a
quarter long, slender, inserted in an open cavity ; flesh, purplish, firm ;
flavor, sugary, and very pleasant ; quality, "best." (W. D. B.)

Christiana.

Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y., and resembling, in charac.
ter of tree and fruit, the May Duke. Not having fruited it, we only note
from the Horticulturist, where the fruit is said to be borne in clusters, of 8
bright, lively, red color, and sprightly sub-acid flavor.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 221

Champagne.

Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. For large orchards, we
think it desirable as a bearer, but not of size to command price in market.
Tree, vigorous, healthy, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape,
slightly angular; color, shades of lively red ; flesh, amber color, juicy^
sprightly, rich flavor ; stem, moderate length, in a shallow cavity. Middle
of June, but hangs well into July.

Cumberland.

Triomphe, of Cumberland, I Brenneman's May, j Cumberland Seedling,
Monstrous May, | Steret's May, |

This is claimed to be a seedling of Cumberland Co., Pa. Having fruited
it from two sources, one proving identical with Yellow Spanish, and the
other identical with Tradescant's Black, we have some doubts as to its
being a seedling or new variety. In the ad interim report of the Pennsyl-
vana Hort. Society, it is thus described : '• Large, obtuse heart-shaped, some-
times roundish, compressed at the sides, deep crimson, almost purple when
fully ripe ; suture, indistinct ; stem, rather long, slender, inserted in a broad,
open cavity; apex, slightly depressed; stone, roundish oval, compressed ;
flesh, rather solid, red, slightly adherent to the stone ; flavor, fine ; quality,
* best.' About the middle of June."

China Bigarreau.

Chinese Heart
Raised by Wm. Prince, Flushing. Tree, hardy, healthy, spreading.
Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; bright amber yellow, becoming
mostly red when fully ripe ; flesh, half tender, juicy, and rich, but, unless
perfectly ripe, slightly bitter; stem, long and slender; very productive.

Davenport.

Davenport's Early, ] Davenport's Early Black.
Tree, tender. Fruit, medium, heart shape, dark purplish black ; flesh,
tender, juicy, sweet. Last of June.

D'Esperin.

Bigarreau D'Esperin.
From Belgium. Hovey says the tree has a compact, spreading habit, of
moderate growth, a good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish heart shape, de-
pressed at ends, flattened on sides; suture, all round; color, clear, soft
amber in the shade, mottled with pale red in the sun ; flesh, pale amber,
tender, juicy, excellent ; pit, medium, oval ; stem, long, slender. Early iu
July.

DowNiNG's Red Cheek,

Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, hall
spreading. Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape, yellowish white,
with a rich dark crimson, covering more than one-half the fruit ; flesh,
yellowish, half tender, delicately sweet ; stem, set in an even hollow of
moderate depth. Middle to last June.

Donna Maria.

A Morello cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific. Fruit, of
medium size, dark red, tender, juicy, rich, acid ; valuable for cooking.
Middle July. Promises valuable South and West.

222 THE CHEERY.

DoWNTON.

English ; raised by T. A. Knight. Tree, healthy, regular round head;
moderately productive.

Fruit, medium, globular flattened, bright red on yellow; flesh, yellow-
ish, half tender, juicy, sweet, but not rich flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, set
in a deep cavity. Early m July or last of June.

Duchess of Pallua.

A variety introduced from France, by Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston,
and fruited for the first time in this country, in 1853.

Fruit, medium size, heart-shaped, purplish black, juicy, half tender,
Bub-acid; stone, small, oblong ovate. 15th to 20th June. Promises to be
a productive, valuable variety.

Early White Heart.

Arden's Heart, I Dredge's Earl> White Heart, 1 Sweedish,

White Transparent, Amber Heart, Sweedish Eed Heart.

Arden's Early White Heart, | Herefordshire White, |

An old variety, and generally known throughout the States. It is a
variable and uncertain bearer, and does n(Jt ripen sufficiently early to com-
pete with many new varieties. Fruit, medium, or a little below, heart
shape, whitish yellow, often nearly covered with pale red ; flesh, half ten-
der, juicy, sweet. Middle of June, The Early Red and Yellow of Man-
ning is very similar. " Manning's Early White Heart," " Bowyer's Early
Heart," and " River's Early Amber," are sub-varieties, varying but little
from the original.

Early May.

Cerise InduUe, I May Cherry,
Small May, | Precoce.

A Morello, with small fruit, round, slightly flattened, lively light red ;
flesh, tender, juicy, acid. Much esteemed in many Southern and South-
western sections because of its hardihood and productiveness. It should,
however, give place to better sorts.

Early Prolific.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The original tree fruited three years,
during which we carefully noted the fruit. It then was lost by being re-
moved ; meantime, buds had been sent to Mr. Chas. Downing, and it is
from the character shown under his hands that we make our description.
Tree, healthy, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading. Fruit, medium to
large, round obtuse heart shape, bright carmine red, mottled on light am-
ber yellow; and, on one side, a distinct line, edged with yellow; stem,
varying both in size and length ; flesh, half tender, almost firm, juicy, rich,
sweet, and delicious flavor ; very productive. Middle of June.

Elkhorn.

Tradescanfs Black Heart, I Bigarreau Noir Tardive, I Guigne Noir Tardive,
Large Black Bigarreau, [ Blgarreau Gros Noir, | Grosse Schwarze KnoorpeL

This is, probably, an old variety from Europe, but as it was first made
known in this country, and distributed under the name of Elkhorn, we
have preferred following that to copying from the London Hort. Society

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC.

223

Trees, very vigorous, with broad leaf and bark of peculiar gray color, pro-
ducing fine large fruit while young, but as they grow older, unless very
highly cultivated, the fruit diminishes to nearly the size of the old Black
Heart. Its period of late ripening has heretofore- kept it favorably before
horticulturists, but we now think it must give way to later and better
varieties. Fruit, large, heart shape, uneven surface, purplish black ;
flesh, firm, purple, moderately juicy ; pit, large ; stem, short. Middle of
July.

English Amber.

This is, undoubtedly, an old variety, but we have as yet been unable to
identify it with any described variety. The tree is of vigorous, strong
growth, forming a rounded pyramidal head, and very productive.

Fruit, medium size, rounaish heart shape, very regular, borne in threes ;
color, delicate amber, beautifully mottled with pale red ; flesh, whitish
yellow, half tender, delicate, juicy, and very sweet ; pit, medium ; stem,
long. Middle to last of June.

Elizabeth.

Raised by Caleb Atwater, of Portage County, O., in 1823. Original
soil, clay. Tree, vigorous, upright, pyramidal rounded ; very prolific.

Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, flattened on sides ; color, rich dark
red, when fully ripe ; flesh, yellowish, slightly tinged with red, half ten-
der, juicy, pleasantly sweet ; pit, ovate rounded ', stemj medium, set in a
regular basin. Middle to last of June.

Favorite.

Eliott's Favorite.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842: gravelly soil.
Tree, vigorous, half spreading, productive.

Fruit, medium, round regular, slightly compressed ;
color, pale amber yellow, with a bright carmine red
cheek, mottled and marbled ; flesh, pale amber, trans-
lucent, delicate, juicy and sweet ; pit, small ; stem,
medium, inserted in an even basin. Last of June.

This variety requires high cultivation, otherwise the
fruit is small and the flavor only good ; but, under
high cultivation, its sprightly high flavor is unsurpassed.

GUIGNE NoiR LUISANTE.
Black Spanish,
Or bright black red, is a cherry of the Duke or near Morello class.
Tree, erect in habit, healthy, hardy, forming a pretty round head, regular,
moderate bearer. In 1823, it was cultivated in New Jersey, as Black
Spanish, and under that name brought to Ohio. Fruit, of medium size,
heart shape, globular; glossy blackish red; flesh, reddish purple, tender,
juicy, rich, acid ; pit, round ; stem, medium. Middle to last of July.

224

THE CHERRY.

HOADLET.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, named by our.
self, in compliment to one of our best pomologists,
Geo. Hoadley, Esq., of Cleveland. Tree, of healthy,
vigorous habit, forming a round, spreading head
Fruit, above medium, regular round heart shape;
light clear carmine red, mottled and striped on pale
yellow, with some tinges or blotches of russet
bronzed yellow ; flesh, yellowish, tender, almost
translucent, juicy, rich, sweet and delicious; pit,
medium, roundish oval; stem, medium, set in a
shallow basin. Twentieth to last of June. This
promises to become one of the most valuable as a
dessert cherry ; not quite as sweet as Coe's Transpa-
rent, but more delicate and sprightly, with a pit of
less size.

HOVEY.

Raised by C. M. Hovey, Esq., Boston. Tree, vig-
orous, forming a pyramidal head. Fruit, large, ob-
kimwiM^- tuse heart shape, depressed point at apex ; rich am-

ber color, mottled or nearly covered with brilliant red ; stem, short ; flesh,
pale amber, rather firm, but tender, slightly adhering to stone; stone,
small, oval, loth to last July. (Hov. Mag.)

Jaurie de Prusse.

Foreign. Fruit small, obtuse heart shape, yellowish white: stem,
long, slender; flesh, tender, brisk, a little bitter before fully ripe. Middle
July. May possibly be valuable West.

Kennicott.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, and named by ourself
after the most enthusiastic horticulturist in the
West, J. A. Kennicott, M. D., of Northfield, IW.
Tree, vigorous, hardy, spreading, very productive.
Fruit, large, oval heart shape, compressed ; suture,
shallow, half-round ; color, amber yellow, mottled
and much overspread with rich, bright, clear, glossy
red, flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich and
sweet ; pit, below medium size, smooth and regu-
lar ; stem, short in cavity, with bold surrounding
projections. Eighth to Sixteenth July. As a mar-
ket fruit, the time of ripening, size and beauty of
this variety will make it popular when known.

Keokuk.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, strong, vigorous
grower, forming a large tree. Fruit, large, heart
shape, dark purplish black ; flesh, half tender, purple, rather coarse, defi-
cient in flavor ; its chief value, a market variety ; pit, medium ; stem,
stout. Early July.

UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC.

225

Imperial.

Imperial Morello.

A variety of Morello, forming a small, low-headed tree ; very produc-
tive. Very valuable throughout the Southwest. Fruit, rather above me-
dium size, roundish heart shape, elongated, sides compressed ; dark pur-
plish red when fully ripe ; flesh, tender, juicy, rich acid ; if gathered un-
ripe, quite bitter ; pit, small, long, pointed. Very late, last of July to
middle of August.

Lady of the Lake.

Originated by Chas. Pease. Medium or above,
globular heart shape, compressed on sides ; no
suture ; stem, 1 to li inch, in a very shallow cavity ;
pale, light clear yellow, overspread mostly, when
grown in sun with rich, bright vermilion red, with
few marblings of light yellow ; flesh, pale yellow,
concentric radiating lines ; in sun, flesh lined with
pink ; nearly tender, very juicy and sweet.

Large Morello.
Kirtland's Large Morello.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, promises valuable, very
large and fine. Fruit, above medium, roundish,
dark red, juicy, rich acid, good flavor; pit, small. Early July. One of
the best for South and West.

Late Bigarreau.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a gravelly
Boil. Tree, vigorous, shoots stout, not rampant,
forms a round, regular head; flowers, open,
abundant, very productive.

Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, occasionally a
-little angular, and with a deep, broad indenture
at the apex ; color, a rich yellow ground, with a
bright red cheek, frequently the red covers nearly
the whole surface — occasionally, it is blotched or
mottled; suture, shallow, half round, marked
with a line on opposite side ; flesh, with distinct
radiating lines, yellowish, nearly firm, juicy,
sweet, and of agreeable flavor ; pit, small, round,
regular; stalk, one and a half inch long, in-
serted in a broad, open depression. 4th to 12th
July.

Lindley.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland from seeds given him by Mr. M. Lindley, ol
Euclid, 0. Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific. Fruit, large, heart shape,
surface uneven, dark purplish red ; flesh, almost firm, tinged with red,
juicy, but deficient in richness of flavor. First of July.
10»

the cheery.

Leather Stocking.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842 ; gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, hardy,
moderately productive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, often obtuse
color, faint dull red, becoming, when fully ripe, rich reddish black ; flesh,
very firm, tinged with red, sweet, good flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, in an
open, but deep basin. Middle to last of July. As a variety to transport
long distances to market, this will prove valuable.

Louis Phillip.

A variety of the Morello, from France. The tree makes a beautiful
bush pyramid, bears profusely a medium-sized, roundish, dark red fruit ;
flesh, red, juicy, tender, quite acid. Middle July. Valuable South and
West.

Madison.

Madison Bigarreaiu
Raised by Mr. Manning. Tree," healthy, moderate grower, tolerably
productive. Fruit, medium; color, red, marbled on light yellow; flesh,
half tender, juicy, sprightly, very agreeable ; pit, small, oval ; stem, slender.
Last June.

Mary.

Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y., and noted in the Horticul-
turist as similar to Christiana.

Merveille de September.

Tardive de Mons.

The Marvel of September is a French cherry, marvelous only because it

ripens the last of August or early in September. Tree, vigorous. Fruit,

small, dark red, firm, dry, sweet.

Morello.

English Morello, I Large Morello, | Eonald's Large Morello.
Datch Morello, | Late Morello. |

The true English Morello is rare in this country, nor do we see any rea-
son for introducing it, as seedlings may be raised from the common Morello
equaling, if not often surpassing, the one so favorably described by most
writers. In growth, it varies from our common Morello only in the branches
being more strong and upright, while the fruit is one third larger. Fruit,
medium or above, round; dark red or purplish black; flesh, purplish red,
tender, juicy, sub-acid. Middle to last July.

Mover's Honey Heart.
Originated in Springfield, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree, strong grower, forming
a round head ; productive. Fruit, large, heart shape ; suture, half round ;
color, rich red ; stem, long ; flesh, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, high flavor.
Fifteenth to twentieth June, or just after Purple Guigne.

Pierce's Late.
Originated with Amos Pierce, and introduced by Hyde & Son, Newton
Center, Mass. Tree, forms an upright round head. Fruit, medium,
obtuse heart shape, dark red mottled on amber, ; stem, rather short and
slender ; flesh, soft, tender, juicy, sweet, rich, "delicious ;" pit, small. Last
July.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 227

Plumstone Morello.

Fruit, large, roundish, deep red; flesh, tender, juicy, agreeable acid.
Last July. Its very large pit renders it unworthy, as compared with
Shannon.

President.

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit,
large, dark red, slightly mottled ; suture, all round, deep, distinct ; flesh,
yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet ; pit, medium ; stem, short,
slender. Middle to last of June.

Proudfoot.
Proudfoot's Seedling.
Raised by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, 0. Soil, sandy. Tree, vigorous, round
spreading head ; moderately productive. This promises to become valuable
on account of large size and lateness in ripening, often, even, on warm,
sandy soil (and sheltered in a city garden), holding its fruit until the 20th
July. Fruit, large, heart shape, flattened at base ; color, when fully ripe,
dark, purplish red ; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet ; pit, large ; stem,
set in a shallow, open cavity. Fifteenth to last July.

Richardson.

Large, heart shaped, rather short, and tapering to the point ; dark red,
inclining to black ; stem, short, slender ; flesh, deep red, half tender, juicy,
saccharine, rich, luscious flavor. Last of June and first of July. It keeps
well on or ofl" the tree. Good grower and bearer, rather upright, hardy
in tree, and fruit. Original tree, as far as known, in tne garden of J. R.
Richardson, Esq., Boston. (Cole.)

Roberts' Red Heart.
Raised by David Roberts, Salem, Mass. Tree, moderate, healthy grower,
productive. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; pale amber ground,
nearly overspread and mottled wuth red ; suture, distinct ; flesh, white,
juicy, sweet, tender, and well flavored ; pit, medium ; stem, long, slender.
Last of June.

Sparhawk's Honey.

Sparahawk's Honey.

Fruit, below medium, roundish ; yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh,
tender, sweet, very productive. 10th to 15th July. A variety much es-
teemed by a few persons ; but we think superseded by other and better
sorts.

TOWNSEND.

From W. P. Townsend, Lockport, N. Y. Fruit, large, obtuse heart
shape, high shouldered, compressed ; suture, distinct, apex, depressed ; light
amber mottled and shaded with carmine ; stem, long, slender, set in a
broad, deep, depression ; flesh, almost tender, juicy, rich sprightly ; pit,
small. Last June.

Walsh's Seedling.

A seedling much resembling "Large Heart Shaped." It has been
classed by Am. Pom. Society, as among those that " promise well.''

the chebbt.

^ Waterloo.

We have never been able to obtain this variety to meet the descrip*
tion given by Downing in his Fruits and Fruit Trees. At the last Pomo-
logical Congress, Hon. M. P. Wilder stated it to be synonymous with
Monstreuse de Mezel. This, we concludej must be error, either in the
variety grown by Mr. Wilder, or in the description given by Mr. Down-
ing. We copy the latter's description : " Fruit, large,obtuse heart shape ;
dark purplish, becoming black at maturity ; stalk, long and slender ; flesh,
purplish red, juicy, tender, when fully ripe, with a rich, sweet flavor. Be-
gining of July."

Werder'S Early Black.
"Werderscho Fruhe Schwarze Herzklrsche.

Fruit, large, roundish heart shape ; surface, slightly uneven ; dark purp-
lish red, becoming nearly black ; flesh, purplish, tender, juicy, rich, sweet;
pit, small ; stem, medium. Middle of June.

White Bioarreau.

"White Ox Heart, I Large White Bigarreau, I Turkey Bigarreau.
Ox Heart, | Harrison Heart, |

Fruit, large, heart-shaped, yellowish with red in the sun ; flesh, almost
firnij sweet, delicious ; poor bearer. Last of June.

CLASS IIL Superseded by better sorts.

Beowh'b Seedling.
American. Fruit, mediom, yellow and red, sweet, half tender ; wanting in flayor.

Black Mazakd.

Hazard, I Common English,

Wild English Cherry, | Black Honey^
Bristol Cherry

This Is the wild species of Europe, from which many of our sweet cherries have sprung. It
Is now found in nearly every village, or cultivated region of the States, and is valuable mainly
for Its seed, for growing stocks on which to bud. There are numerous varieties, as all are

f-own from seed ; some are red, some black, and some nearly white — all more or less bitter,
ruit small, oval heart shape ; flesh, tender, juicy. Middle to last July.

Black Bigakbeatt.
Bigarreau Noir.
Fnxit, middle size, heart shape, nearly black ; flesh, firm, sweet, dry. July.

BLEEDIKa HeAET.

Gascoigne's Heart, j Red Heart,

Herefordshire Heart, | Guigne Kouge Hative.

FmIt, medium, long, pointed heart shape, dark red mottled ; flesh, half tender, Bweotlsh.
Last of June.

BmrrNBB's Ootobisb.

Buttner's October Morello, I Du Nord Nouvelle,
Du Nord, I De Prusse.

A MorellO) of medium size, dark red, roundish ; of no value, except as hanging long on th«

SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 229

BOKEATTON.

Small, roundifih heart shape, nearly black ; flesh, half tender, 8\?^eet, poor flavor. Middle Jnlr,

Ckbise de Xavieb.
A Morello ; medium, dark red, round, acid.

CORONE.

Couronne, I Coroun, j Large Wild Black.

Herefordshire Black, 1 Black Orleans, |
Fruit, small, roundish heart shape, dull black ; flesh, tender, mazardy. Middle Julj.

Coe's Late Carnation,
Fruit, medium, roundish, red, acid ; only for cooking.

Clttstee.
Cerise a Boquet, | Chevreuse, | Boquet Amarelle.
Fruit, small, borne in clusters, round, lively red, acid. Last of June.

Chinese Double Flo-wering.
Yung To, I Cerasus Serrulata, | Serrulated-leaved Cherry.
A tree of dwarf habit, valuable only as ornamental.

CORWIN.

A Morello. Medium size, roundish, red ; flesh, tender, acid ; pit, large. July.

Clarke's Sttpebb.
Clarke's Bigarreau ?
Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, bright red, with a dark maroon-colored stripe half
round ; flesh, whitish, half tender, mingling of sweet and bitter. Early July.

Db Spa.
A Monllo; medium size, dark red, acid.

Dwarf Double Flowering.
Double Flowering Kentish, | Cerisier a Fleurs Doubles.
A variety of the Kentish, or Sour cherry, with semi-double flowers; a pretty ornamental
ehrub tree.

Flemish.

Montmorency, I Kentish, | Gros Gobet.

Cerise a Courte Queue, | Montmorency a Gros Fruit, |
Fruit, large, round, flattened at both ends, bright lively red; flesh, yellowish white, juicy,
Bub-acid ; stem, stout, short ; fruit borne in pairs. Last of July.

Gridlet.
Apple Cherry, | Maccarty.
American. Fruit, small, roundish ; color, almost black ; flesh, firm, purplish, moderately
Juicy. Early July.

Honey.
Large Honey, I Cream, I Meresier a Fruit Blanc

Late Honey, 1 Yellow Honey, |
Little better than a Mazard ; small, roundish oval, yellow and red ; flesh, tender, sweet ;
pit large. Middle July. Sumner's Honey of Cole is very similar, and probably identical with
this.

Hyde's Red Heart.

Hyde's Seedling.

Fruit, medium, heart shape, red on yellow ; flesh, whitish, sweet, mazardy. Early July.

Hyde's Late Black.

Fruit, medium, roundish obtuse heart shape, purplish black ; flesh, half tender, juicy, •weet
Early July.

230 THE CHERRY.

Kentish.

Late Kentish, I Common Red, I Kentish Red.

Pie Cherry, j Common Sour Cherry, I

This is probably a seedling of this country, which is found everywhere that man has cleared
the forest Throughout the West, it appears as though it had been among the household goods
brought by first settlers, and that, wherever planted, it has grown, and by suckers, increased
** seventy fold." It is hardy, and fruits abundantly; and many think it indispensable, but not
after having grown and fruited the Early Richmond. Fruit, medium size, round, lively red ;
tender, juicy, acid. Middle to last July.

Knight's Late Black.
Medium to large, roundish heart shape ; flesh, half tender, sweet, dry. Middle July.

Ladt Southampton's Yellow.

Lady Southampton's Duke, I Lady Southampton's Golden Drop,
Yellow or Golden, | Spanish or Yellow.

Fruit, small, heart shape, yellow ; flesh, firm, dry. Middle July.

Large Dottblb Floweeing.

A beautiful ornamental tree, with large, showy, donble white flowers, like little roses, with-
out fruit, and therefore placed here, as unworthy cultivation, on account of fruit. As an oma'
mental tree, it is beautiful when in flower.

LuNDiE Gean.

Fruit, medium, roundish elongated, dark purplish black ; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, harsli*
July.

Manning's Late Black.

Manning's Late Black Heart

Fruit, medium size, heart shape, dark purplish black ; flesh, purple, half tender, sweet ; pit,
large. Early July.

Manning's Eaelt Black.

Fruit, medium, heart shape, purplish black ; flesh, tender, sweet, good. Middle June.

Ox Heabt.

Lion's Heart, | Bullock's Heart, I Very Large Heart.

Fruit, above medium to large, obtuse heart shape, dark red, nearly black ; flesh, red, half
tender, sweet. Early July.

Ostheim.

Ostheimer "Weichsel.

A Morello. Fruit, below medium, round, dark red, tender, acid. Middle July.

Peince's Duke.

Like carnation, but poor bearer.

Pink Heaet.

A small Mazard, of pinkish red, oval ; stem, short. July.

Red Bigabbeatt.

Large Red Bigarreau, | Gros Bigarreau Rouge, | Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge.

Fruit, very large, oblong heart shape, irregular ; color, yellow or red, becoming dark re<l in
Bxm ; flesh, yellowish, stained with red, firm, sweet. Early July. Poor bearer.

Remington.
Remington "White Heart, | Remington Heart.
Fruit, small, heart shape, yellow ; flesh, dry, bitter sweet. Middle of August.

RimsET's Late Mobello.

This variety matures its fruit late ; but we have been unable to find qualities in it worthy of
extensive, or even moderate growing ; the pit is too large, and the tree a miserable grower.
Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, lively red, juicy, acid. August

SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 231

Sweet Montmobbnct.
Allen's Sweet Montmorency.

Fruit, medium or small, round, amber and light red, mottled; flesh, yellowish, tender,
sweet. Middle to last July.

Tobacco-Leaved.
Four to the Pound.
Fruit, small, round, red; firm, dry flesh ; large pit.

Teanspaeent Gthgite.

Transparent Gean, | Transparent.

Fruit, small, oval heart shape, yellowish white, shaded with red ; flesh, translucent, tender,
tnelting sweet, a little bitter. Early July,

ViEaiNiAN Wild Cheeky.

This native cherry is valuable as a beautiful shade tree, and its fruit for flavoring liquors,
but is Pot worthy a place in garden or orchard. It is too well known to need description,
being the Oerasus seroUna of Torrey and Grey ; while the Choke cherry, as it is commonly
known, is the Cerasua Virginiana. There are two varieties of C. serotina in the West tkU
produce fruit three to four weeks.

Virginia May Duke.
A variety of Hazard.

White Taetaeian.
Fraser's White Tartarian, I Eraser's White Transparent, I Amber a Petit FniiL

Fruit, small, obtuse heart shape, reddish cream color ; flesh, whitish yellow, half tender,

•weet.

Weeping, ob all Saints.

Ever Flowering Cherry, I Cerise Tardive,
Cerisier Pleurant, | Cerise de St. Martin.

Fruit, of no value ; as an ornamental tree, its peculiar weeping habit makes it very desirahlib

Waeben's Tbanspabent.
Small, roundish heart shape, pale yellow and red, tender, sweet. Middle July. (Cole.)

Wilkinson.
Fruit, mediom size, nearly black, half tender, juicy, sweet. Middle July.

Wellington.
Fmit, medium size, obtuse heart shape, black ; almost firm fleshed. Early July.

THE CURRANT.

JRihes ruhrum, Lin. Grossularice of Botanists.

The Currant of our gardens is from the north of Britain. The
native varieties of our country are valueless. Of easy growth, pro-
ducing abundance of fruit, even in the most neglected positions, it has
found its way into every garden, and is the first fruit-shrub planted
by all new settlers. Had attention, commensurate with its merits,
ever been given to reproduction of varieties from seed, we have no
doubt the size might ere this have been increased, equaling that of
the Kentish cherry.

The Cherry currant, a variety of comparative new introduction,
by cultivation in rich soil, comes nearest in size to what might be ex-
pected, and what we hope in few years to see realized. To the Dutch
horticulturists belongs the credit of first reproducing from seed, and
improving the currant ; and not until the latter period of the life-time
of Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., did English horticulturists give it
any attention. Mr. Knight originated several new kinds, varying,
however, so slightly from the old Dutch Red as to be hardly worth
retaining as distinct varieties.

Propagation. Where the intention is to produce new and improved
varieties, seed should be selected from plants permitted to produce
but little fruit, in order to perfect and increase the vigor of seed.
"When ripe, the fruit should be crushed sufficient to wash the seeds
clean, when they may be wrapped in paper and laid aside until early
in following Spring, when they should be sown in light, rich soil, and
covered about half an inch deep ; or, they may be at once sown in
a cold frame or border with northern exposure, and on approach of
Winter have two inches deep of tan bark or leaf mold scattered
among the plants.

The continiiance of varieties by means of cuttings is performed in
similar manner, and at the same time as directed under head of Goose-
berries.

Transplanting. This is best done in October, or early in Spring ;
but may be done at almost any season except July or August, as
the currant is so tenacious of life that failures to grow rarely occur.
The distance apart of plants should be not less than four feet each
way.

Soil and Situation. The Currant will grow in almost, any soil,
producing fruit abundantly ; but it is only when grown in rich, deep

232

233

soil, under high culture, that varieties exhibit their peculiar charac-
ters. "We have grown the Cherry currant in a poor, gravelly soil,
and on a rich loam, and could hardly recognize the fruit as the same ;
the first being only of medium size and indifferent character, while
in the second they were large, as described, and possessing -the
sharp acid characteristic of the variety. The situation should be
free from shade of trees, but if shaded by hedge or fence, so as to
give the morning and evening and not the noonday sun, the fruit
will ripen and hang on much later, serving, by means of a few plants
so placed in each garden, to continue the currant season from July to
September.

Culture. The soil should be well enriched with rotted barn-yard
manure every Fall ; this should be spaded or forked in lightly, and
during the fruit season the ground should be kept clean of weeds.

Pruning. This should be pursued much as is described under
head of Gooseberries, except that the suckers, or a portion of them,
should be permitted to grow ; while wood of three years old should
be regularly cut out. Where new shoots springing from the root are
not permitted to grow, but plants kept as miniature trees, it will be
necessary to furnish plants every four or five years ; and as the best
and largest fruit is borne upon wood of the preceding year's growth,
it is always best to retain as much of that as possible, compatible
with form and habit of the plant ; which should present, when fairly
grown, or at three years from setting, a bush of pyramidal shape,
three to five feet high, and about two to three in diameter.

The Currant, as well as Gooseberry, may both be trained as Espa-
liers, or otherwise, to suit the fancy or particular situations, producing
freely of fruit in all positions, and of good quality when well supplied
with food.

Insects. The Currant Borer (^uEgeria tipuliformis) attacks the
Currant, but is seldom met with in the West, or in gardens where
the three years' old wood is regularly cut away, thereby giving
vigor to the remainder of the plant. This insect is produced from a
blue-black moth, appearing about the middle of June, and depositing
its eggs near the lower buds ; these hatch, and the young borer en-
ters the stem to the pith, which it devours. The best remedy is to
cut off and burn all branches affected.

The Abraxas (?) Biberaria is said to destroy the foliage of the
Currant and Gooseberry, and prevent the perfection of fruit. We
have not seen the insect at the West. It is fully described in the
New York State Agricultural Transactions for 1847, pages 461 to
469, by Asa Fitch, M.D.

Uses. Familiar to every one are the uses of the Currant ; green,
it is made into pies, and bottled for similar use in Winter, by gather-
ing when of full size, or just before they commence turning red; have

234 THE CUERANT.

them dry, put them in glass bottles, cork and seal tight, and pack in
sand in a cool cellar.

Currant jellj, made when the fruit is fully ripe, is considered by
many persons an indispensable accompaniment to many dishes.
Currant shrub and currant wine are also made from the ripe fruit,
numerous recipes for which are in all the Horticultural journals.
The fruit of the Black currant, made into a jelly, is regarded by
many invaluable as a remedy for sore throat, quinsy, etc. ; made into
jam or dried, it is valuable for puddings, etc.

Varieties. Of the varieties there are but few truly worthy of cul-
tivation. The Ribes rubrum, or Common Red currant, is distinct
in leaf and habit from the Ribes nigrum, or Black currant. The
Ribes aureum has ever been considered only as ornamental, and cul-
tivated only for that purpose. Nor do we think the variety with
prefix " large-fruited " any more deserving attention of fruit-growers.
The Ribes sanguineum, with its clusters of crimson flowers, is a
pretty, ornamental shrub, deserving place only in large grounds.
The Ribes Jioridum, or American Black, may perhaps have qualities
and habits rendering it desirable as a parent from which to produce
new varieties.

CLASS I. — Most generally esteemed.
Black Naples.

Black Grape, | Ogden's Black Grape.

The largest fruited and most productive of the Black currant. Hardy m
ail sections of the States.

Cherry.

From Italy. In rich, deep, strong soils, and high culture, it is an abun-
dant bearer of large, very acid fruit. In poor, thin, light soils, it is not
desirable.

Knight's Sweet Red.

Varying from Red Dutch only in the fruit, being less deeply colored and
slightly less acid; resembling more the White Dutch in quality.

Prince Albert.

New. Plants, vigorous, large foliage, productive, ripens late, therefore
valuable. Fruity large, resembling Victoria,

Red Dutch.

Long Bnnched Eed Dutch, I Large Ked Dutch, I Morgan's Eed.

New Ked Dutch, | Eed Grape, incorrectly, \

Distinct from the variety usually grown in most old gardens, in the fruit

being somewhat larger, clusters longer, and acid less sharp. One of the

best for general cultivation.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 235

Victoria.

May's Victoria, I Goliath,

Babj Castle, { Houghton Castle.

Bunches very long. Fruit, red, somewhat larger than Red Dutch, and
lilightly more acid ; ripens later, and hangs a long time. Plants, vigorous,
of a spreading habit. Its very large, long bunches make it the most desir-
able of all currants for market culture.

White Dutch.

New "White Dutch, I White Leghorn, I Large White,
White Crystal, Keeve's White, White Clinton.

Morgan's White, J |

Differing from the Red Dutch, in being of a yellowish white, and less

acid, therefore preferred for table use.

White Grape.
Elver's White Grape.
Slightly larger in fruit than the White Dutch, with branches more
Fpreading. The two are not sufficiently distinct to be desirable in small
gardens. Productive.

CLASS 11. Embraces varieties, of which many ore new and untested^ and
others suited only to large Orchards, or certain localities.

American Black.
Unproductive.

Attractor.

New, from France. Fruit, very large, white ; vigorous and productive.

Black English.

Common Black.

Bunches short, poor flavor, unproductive.

Common Red — Common White.
Well known old sorts, not requisite to describe.

Champagne.
Pale red, or flesh color, very acid.

Fertille D" Angers.

France, new. Bunches, long, large ; fruit, red, said to be valuable.

GoNDOUiN Red.

From France. Strong growth, large, matures late, should be further
♦ iBted, but not largely planted. There is also a white variety.

GoNDOUiN White.

Fruit, large, whitish yellow, quite sweet, more so than any other sort ;
branches, rather long, strong growth, productive.

236 THE CURKANT.

Knight's Early Red.
Claimed to ripen ten days earlier than others, but does not sustain it.

Knight's Large Red.

Hardly to be distinguished from Red Dutch.

La Caucasse.

A new variety ; vigorous, upright shoots ; bunches, very long, often seven
inches, with berries two inches in circumference, sprightly, mild acid, pro-
mises valuable.

La Versaillaise.

New French currant, very large, with long bunches ; next in size to
Cherry currant, deep red, very productive.

La Hative.

A new early Red currant from France, not yet fruited here. Said to le
excellent.

Missouri.

Missouri Fragrant, | Jefferson.

Valuable only as ornamental; fruit, large, bluish black; flavor, requiring
a peculiar taste to admire it.

Missouri Large Fruited.

Missouri Eatable.

Similar to the foregoing.

Palnau.

Fertile Currant of Falnau.

From Tours, in France. It is considered of great excellence, flowering
early, and producing abundance of fruit, less acid than others of the reds.

Red Grape.

Fruit, large ; bunches long, clear red, more acid than Red Dutch ; pro-
ductive. Not upright in growth.

Red Provens.

Similar to, if not identical with, Red Dutch.

Short Bunched Red.

Very similar to Red Dutch, except bunches shorter, and fruit not as
large.

Striped Fruited.

Valuable only as a curiosity, in the fruit being striped slightly with white
and red.

Transparent.
Blanc Transparent

A new French currant. Fruit, very large, yellowish while, similar to
White Dutch ; very productive.

THE GOOSEBERRY. 237

"White Pearl.

A new variety we have not seen. Hovey says it is announced as having
bunches four inches long, quarter inch in diameter, color of pearl ; raised
near Brussels.

White Antwerp.

Fruitj large, sweet; productive.

THE GOOSEBEERY.

Hibes Grossularia — Grossulacece of Botanists.

The Gooseberry is found wild in most of the northern and middle
portions of our country, but with few exceptions its fruit is prickly
and unworthy. On some of the islands of our upper Lakes, where
the climate is moist and cool, there are varieties that produce abun-
dantly of fruit, small in size, but of good flavor, smooth and free of
prickles. Our garden varieties generally cultivated, have all been in-
troduced from England, reproduction of new kinds from seed having
been rarely attempted in this country, owing to the low price at which
the best kinds can be purchased in England, and the almost certainty
of success of importations made in the Autumn.

The moist, cool climate of Lancashire, England, joined to the en-
thusiasm for culture of this fruit by a class of people employed there
as weavers, and possessing only very small yards or gardens, has been
the origin of most of our approved varieties. Gooseberry Shows
were held in England as early as 1743 ; and it has long been custom-
ary to issue annually a Gooseberry Book, in which all new vari-
eties are noticed and all previous varieties named, with accounts of
size, &c. This list has now swollen to over twelve hundred kinds ;
yet a selection embracing those truly best and most profitable, and
with distinctive marks, would not exceed forty kinds.

Throughout our Southern and inland States, except in sections
bordering on large bodies of water, it requires great care to succeed
well with this fruit. The deep, rich soil of our Western prairies
suits the plant in its growth, but the heat and dry atmosphere, in sec-
tions distant from bodies of water, induce mildew, to the destruction
of perfect fruit. Easily grown from seed, it is worth the attention
of some one to make experiments, by raising from seed of our best
varieties, sown in the rich soils of the West ; the result of which, it
might safely be expected, would be plants vigorous and comparatively
iree from disease as our natives.

238 THE GOOSEBERRY.

Propagation. Seed should be sown in rich Icam, covered half an
inch deep, and shaded from all but morning sun. This course is only
advisable where production of new varieties is the object. The most
general mode of propagating is by cuttings. These should be made
of the new wood of present year, say in August, or early in Septem-
ber, or as soon as the season's growth is completed and the wood
-ripened. The cutting should be about ten inches long, with all buds
on the lower six inches cut out, and the lower end cut square and
even, immediately underneath the bud. Plant perpendicularly in a
soil two feet deep, composed of loam and sand, and exposed only to
the morning sun ; set the cuttings six inches deep, fill up two inches,
and tread very firm and compact, the remaining four inches fill in
loosely. Grafting on the stalk of the Yellow-flowering or Missouri
currant, has been practiced, and is said to prevent mildew.

Transplanting. This is best done in early October, at which time
the bushes transplanted (if it has not been previously done) should
be pruned back to within three buds of this year's growth. The dis-
tance of plants, one from another, should not be less than three feet
each way. Immediately after transplanting, cover the whole ground
■with three inches deep of tan bark, saw-dust, sea-weed, or new-mown
grass. Fresh plantations should be made every five or six years, as
young plants bear better and larger fruit than old ones.

Soil and Situation. The soil should be two feet deep, well en-
riched, and of a loamy, clayey texture ; where your ground is sandy,
haul on clay or turf loam. The situation should be open, airy, and
away from under shade of trees ; but where it can be done, shaded
from the mid-day sun by a fence or hedge.

Culture. Where mulching is practiced, the ground dug up once
early in Spring and liberally supplied with well rotted manure and
soot from chimneys or stove-pipes, will be all required, save the pull-
ing of the few weeds which struggle through the mulch in course of
Summer.

Pruning. This, in training the Gooseberry, like the Dwarf Pear,
consists much in the " pinching-in" process, i. e., by means of thumb
and finger, stopping back, in months of May and June, such branches
as become straggling, irregular, or getting too much vigor for success
of balance of plant ; leaving the fruit on strong branches, and pull-
ing most of that on weak ones. Late in August, or early September,
the time best suited for cuttings, the plant may have such shoots cut
out as have been neglected to be stopped in or rubbed off, and are
tending to make the top so thick as to obstruct free circulation of air.
All suckers should be destroyed. Some cultivators prune in Febru-
ary ; we prefer the Fall. The following simple process of training
or ripening is sometimes pursued, and with good success : — In a row,
the first bush has the branches of the year's growth cut back one
third J the second bush has every branch cut back to two, close to the

VARIETIES. 239

stem; the third, trimmed same as first; fourth, same as second, and
so on alternately. The next year this course is reversed, and No.
one takes place of No. two. This supplies fresh wood, and some
think the increased vigor given to the plant in only fruiting every
other year, has a tendency to prevent mildew.

Mildew. This is regarded as a parasitical plant or fungus, attach-
ing itself to the fruit and covering its surface as with an appearance
of scurf It is induced by heat, want of moisture in the atmosphere
and free circulation of air, and perhaps unhealthy state of the plant.
The remedies are : mulching the ground three or four inches deep,
with tan bark, sawdust, salt hay, or sea-weed, serving to keep the
roots cool and moist, and adding vigor to the plant. The salt is, by
some, regarded as effective in itself; we think it acts only in creating
moisture. Sprinkling the bushes freely early in Spring, and after the
fruit is set, twice a week, with strong soap-suds, or such as come from
the weekly wash of families, is also a preventive.

Uses. In its green state, the Gooseberry is esteemed for pies,
tarts, &c., and is often bottled for winter use. This is done by fill-
ing the bottles nearly full of berries, then turning in clear soft
water, then placing the bottles a few moments in boiling water,
corking and sealing, and burying them in a cool cellar with necks
downward.

Half ripened, the fruit is capable of yielding a juice which, after
fermentation and a little necessary compounding, forms a liquor re-
sembling champagne.

The ripe fruit is agreeable to the palate, and coming immediately
after cherries, when there is little variety, finds ready sale in market.

VARIETIES.

Varieties. As before remarked, the varieties of the Gooseberry
are far too numerous for any practical uses, very many of them vary-
ing only in some slight shape of the fruit or shade of leaf We have
therefore selected the following, as kinds which have been well tested
in this country.

Bright Venus. (Taylor's.)

Branches erect ; fruit, whitish green, middle size, obovate, hairy : flavor,
" best ;" hangs a long time.

Bunker Hill. (Capper's.)

Branches spreading; f-uit. yellow, large, roundish, smooth; flavor very
good.

240 THE GOOSEBERKY.

Champagni.

Branches erect ; fruit red, small, roundish oblong, hairy j very goM ; w
tremely productive.

Crown Bob. (Mclling's.)

Branches spreading ; fruit red, very large, oblong, hairy ; flavor, " best.'*

DucKWiNG. (Buerdsill's.)

Branches erect; fruit, yellow, large, obovate, smooth, flavor very good,
ripens late.

Early Sulphur.

Branches erect ; fruit yellow, medium size, roundish, hairy j flavor, "bei*;'*
ripens very early.

Green Walnut.

Branches spreading ; fruit, green, medium size, obovate, smooth ; flavor,
*' best."

Green Gage. (Pitmaston's.
, green, small, obovate, smootl

Heart of Oak. (Massey's.)

Branches erect ; fruit, green, small, obovate, smooth ; flavor, " best ;" hangs
late.

Branches drooping; fruit, green, very large, oblong, smooth ; flavor, ''best."

Houghton's Seedling.

Branches erect, spreading, slender ; fruit, pale red, oval, medium size,
flavor, " good ;" productive. This is claimed an American seedling, and
thus far has proved entirely free from mildew. Especially fine for cooking.

Ironmonger.

Branches spreaaing , fruit, red, small, roundish, hairy ; flavor, very good ;
productive.

Jolly Angler. (Collier's.)
Branches erect; fruit, green, large, oblong; flavor "best."

Keen's Seedling.

Branches drooping; fruit, red, medium, oblong, hairy; flavor, "best;'
early and productive.

Laurel. (Parkinson's.)

Branches erect ; fruit, green, large, obovate ; flavor, '' best."

Pale Red.

Branches erect, slender ; fruit, pale red, medium, oval, flavor very good;
very productive. We received this variety from England, in 1847, and
hare fruited it yearly since. We have grown it in good and poor soil,

VAKmiTES. 241

with and without cultivation, and have never had it mildew ; while for
productiveness we have not its equal, a single branch often producing two
hundred fruit.

Red Warrington.

Branches drooping; fruit, red, large, roundish oblong, hairy : flavor, " best."

Roaring Lion.

Branches drooping; fruit, red, large, oblong, smooth; flavor, ''best;" hangs
late.

Sheba Queen. (Crompton's.)

Branches erect ; fruit, white, large, obovate, downy ; flavor, " best."

Whitesmith. (Woodward's.)

Branches erect; fruit, white, large, roundish oblong, downy; flavor,
" best.''

White Honey.

Branches erect; fruit, white, medium, roundish oblong, smooth; flavor,
" best."

11

THE AMERICAN GEAPE.

Vitis lahrusca, L. — Vitacece of Botanists.

Throughout nearly every portion of the United States the Grape,
in its wild state, is found growing. Of these, classes are divided, the
vitis lahrusca, being our common Fox grape, and from which we are
yet to suppose the Diana, Catawba, and Isabella, are accidental seed-
lings ; while the Frost grape (vitis cor dif olid), may, perchance, have
been the parent of the Elsinburgh, Clinton, &c. Hardy, and almost
equaling in delicacy many of the varieties of foreign grape, they have
become the companions of our advanced civilization, until almost
every American can sit under his own vine and eat the fruit thereof.
They have made our country already known as a wine-producing
country, after repeated trials and failures with foreign varieties, and
are destined to add millions to our wealth, and temperance to the
character of our people. Records of immense vines are made, as
growing on the rich soil of our valleys bordering on streams of
waters ; yet, when age is taken into consideration, we deem them all
surpassed by a vine of Catawba grape which we saw last year grow-
ing on Kelley's Island, in Lake Erie. It had been planted out but
two years, yet had reached at least three hundred feet in length, with
a girth, near the ground, of main stem, five inches, and had produced
that year over 200 lbs. of fruit.

The secret of this extraordinary growth rests in the soil abounding
in lime, while the wash- water, soap-suds, &c., &c., of the house had
its escape near the roots.

We may also remark that upon this island we have seen grapes,
more perfectly grown and ripened, than in visiting any of the vine-
yards of the Ohio ; and wine possessing all the bouquet and aroma so
much esteemed by connoisseurs.

Vineyards. The vineyards of the Rhine and of the territory of
France, have world-wide celebrity. The quantity produced by the
latter country naving been stated as high as 900,000,000 gallons,
annually, for which nearly 5,000,000 acres of ground were required,

" The Romans cultivated the vine at an early period of their his-
tory, and used wine in their libations at their sacrifices. Romulus,
however, discouraged its use, which prevented the introduction of it
as a beverage, until his edict was abolished. The general culture
was then encouraged, and increased to such excess that it became
necessary to restrict the use of wine by severe laws. A^i one \\v^q

242

VINEYARDS. 243

women were prohibited from using: wine in any case whatever, under
the penalty of death, and men until they had attained the age of
thirty years. Cato mentions that the custom among relations of kiss-
ing women when they met, was to ascertain by their breath if they
had been drinking wine.

" Pliny gives an account of a renowned Roman who so improved
his farm, near the city of Rome, that in one year the product of his
vines sold for four hundred thousand sesterses.

" The vine was highly esteemed by the heathen nations, and the
invention of wine was ascribed by the Egyptians to Osiris, by the
Latins to Saturn ; and the Greeks elevated Bacchus to the rank of
a deity for having brought the vine from Arabia Felix.

" It is said by Pliny that Bacchus was the first who ever wore a
crown, and as the god of vintage, his crown is formed of the vine
and its twining branches, bedecked with clusters of fruit. The
manufacture of wine was known to the people in the early part of
the Christian era, as we are informed that our Saviour, at a wed-
ding, changed the water into wine.

" At several periods of the history of the world, the cultivation of
the vine was prohibited by severe laws, but since the twelfth century
a new impulse has been given, which extended through all portions
of Europe ; and we now find the banks of the Rhine, the mountains
of Hungary and Switzerland, and the plains of France and Italy
cultivated with more than two hundred varieties of the grape. Those
most highly esteemed in France for the manufacture of wine, are the
Burgundy grapes, three varieties of which produce the champagne
wine. The German and Swiss grapes are principally celebrated as
wine grapes, and four or five varieties are highly esteemed for their
prolific bearing, and regular crops.

*' The Madeira grapes are all celebrated for wine. The table
grapes of France are principally the Chasselas, the Frontignac, and
other Muscat grapes." Noah planted a vineyard and made wine ;
and among the blessings of the promised land are mentioned " wheat,
barley, and vine."

Although we have record of wine being made from a native grape
in Florida, as early as 1564, no vineyards of note are spoken of in
the United States until those established at Vevay and New Har-
mony, Ind., Lexington, Ky., &c , about 1812, the originals of which
^re now mostly destroyed.

Jefferson recorded his opinion, that " no nation is drunken where
wine is cheap ; and none sober where the dearness of wine substitutes
ardent spirits as the common beverage. ' A wish to sustain and
exemplify this assertion, if not to exhibit the profitableness of the
pursuit, would seem to have held sway in the mines of denizens of
the '* Rhine of America," *. c, the borders of the Ohio river, above
and below Cincinnati, where now, it is probable, over ten thousand

244 THE GRAPE.

acres are occupied with vines, mostly of the Catawba grape, the pro-
duce of which is made mostly into, what is there termed, " dry wine,"
much resembling the better class wines of the Rhine. The culture of
the vine and manufacture of wines, is only now in its infancy ; and
ten years, we doubt not, will incre'ase ten-fold the prest?nt amount.
Large establishments for the manufacture are now existing at Cincinnati
and St. Louis. At the latter place the manufacture of the " Still
Catawba," into sparkling champagne, is conducted by the Missouri
Wine Company, upon a large scale, and upon the most intelligent
principles.

Medical men have looked upon this establishment of vineyards in
our own country with favor, in a point of view as relating to health.
Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, says : " During an extensive practice in the
medical profession, for more than twenty-five years, I have frequently
found it important to employ wine and other diffusive stimulants as
medicines ; and while I am disposed to go as far as any one in excluding
strong drinks from the daily use of people in health, I must express my
satisfaction at finding we can produce, in our own country, a pure,
healthy wine, well adapted to medicinal purposes, and far superior to
the poisonous foreign compounds, that often find their way to the
bedsides of the sick, under the names of ' Lisbon,' ' Madeira,' &c., &c."

Most of the earlier planted vineyards in this country were of foreign
vines, which, not succeeding, native varieties were adopted ; and at
this time only two, the Catawba and Schuylkill, are advised to be
planted to any considerable extent.

Notwithstanding the borders of the Ohio and Missouri rivers have
thus far taken the lead in production of wine and extent of vineyards,
there is no good reason to suppose thai the boundary where success
may be had. On the contrary, abundant sites may be found through-
out the entire West, where, by application of manures suited to the
wants of the vine, and found deficient in the soil, equal success would
be had. Georgia and North Carolina have lately produced large
crops of the Catawba.

The whole extent of Western prairies, rich in all the constituents
af the grape vine (if we except potash, and, possibly, in sections, the
phosphates), are yet destined to be tenanted with immense vineyards,
and at no greater outlay of expense for constituents toward success-
ful culture, than the vineyards of the " Rhine of America," which
have thiis far been made dependent on the natural inherents of the
soil, and have already shown failure, ^. e., decay by rot, where food,
in the form of potash and bone dust, has not been supplied.

North of latitude 42°, however, it may be doubted whether saccha-
rine sufficient can be obtained from the most valuable wine grapes
yet known, to make wines in competition with those grown farther
South ; but as this subject is one so extensive that, if thoroughly
written on, would more than occupy the number of pages intended

PEOPAGATION. 245

for this entire book, we must forbear, and only devote our space to
such instructions as will enable the inexperienced to make the first
start correctly, premising that once interested and engaged in the
subject, disposition will be found freely to avail himself of all works
yet issued devoted to the subject.

Propagation. By Seed. This course is only pursued where in-
tended to originate a new variety. At this time, large offers of pre-
mium are circulated in the journals of the day for the production
of a hardy grape, surpassing the Catawba as a wine grape. Fertil
izing some variety of the vitis vinefera with pollen of vitis lahrusca,
or vice versa^ will be the course to pursue with any expectation of
success ; the seed so fertilized, gathered carefully and sown in rich
vegetable mould. Cultivation of our wild grapes only increases the
size without ameliorating their character.

By Cuttings. These are taken from the strongest vines of the
last year's growth, cut to a length, embracing three or four buds,
according as the joints are long or short of the variety ; where pos-
sible, a little piece of the old wood left on the lower end is preferred.
These being made ii) the Fall, when pruning the vines, are laid away
in bundles in a cool cellar until Spring ; when, as soon as the ground
is ready, they should be soaked or swollen in a tub of water, for four
or five days, or until the buds become fully swollen. They are then
planted in rows, if in the nursery, by bending into nearly the form
of a half circle, as represented by figure, which shows the cutting as
it appears in about one month from plant-
ing. By this, it is seen that the upper bud
is covered nearly an inch : in clayey soils, or
those retentive of moisture, the upper bud
should be j«st even with the soil. The rows,
in nursery, should be three feet apart, and
the plants one foot distant each in the row.
This is the best and most successful mode of growing the grape vine.
The earth should be pressed firmly at the base of the cutting, and
left light and loose at top.

By Grafting. The best season to perform this operation is when
the leaves are about half grown. Earlier, the sap is very abund
ant, and at same time watery, and grafts do not succeed well. Whip
grafting, as it is termed, is best ; or, if stock and graft are near of
size, saddle grafting. The graft should have been cut early in the
season, before any flow of sap or swelling of buds, and have been
kept in a cool, yet moist place. The point on the stock at which it
is best done, is at or near the ground ; and, after insertion, earth up
a small mound around it, to protect from change of temperature, sun,
&c. If the operation be performed further up on the stalk, wrapping
the place of union with grafting clay will be requisite. Care must
be taken that the inner bark of both graft and stock join each other

24:6 THE GRAPE.

perfectly, otherwise success will be uncertain. The practice is only
advised where a new variety is desired to be tested, as new vines
are almost always better than the patching up of old, neglected plants,
which have never been '* cared for " either in branch or root.

Transplaniimj and distances. In taking up the vines at one year's
growth from the cutting (which is best), care should be taken to
mutilate as little as possible, and also to keep the roots from expo-
sure to the sun, or drying air or winds. Cut back the growth of the
past year to two buds. Have the ground mellow, rich, dug deep ;
the hole broad ; spread the roots carefully and as naturally as they
grew ; after having pruned each end and bruised or broken root with
a sharp knife, fill in the earth carefully and finely until only the two
buds are visible, then avoid treading on it. The distance apart, if
making a vineyard plantation, depends on the variety. That for the
Catawba or Isabella, should be four by eight feet ; the Schuylkill
and Herberaont, five by seven feet ; the Missouri and Clinton, three
and a half by three feet. These two latter should be pruned low,
while the former varieties may rise seven to eight feet. These ex-
tents are for vineyard culture. Our native grapes, however, all do
better and produce most when permitted to make long growths upon
high, extended trellises. Some vines trained in this way have pro-
duced nearly thirty bushels in a season.

Cast per acre of Vineyard. The estimated cost of trenching, fur-
nishing cuttings, stakes, and planting an acre of vineyard, is not far
from two hundred dollars ; and at the expiration of three years it
may be estimated to yield, annually, about 200 gallons of wine, at a
cost, however, for dressing vines, pruning, gathering, &;c., of about
seventy-five dollars ; leaving, therefore, about one hundred dollars a
year (supposing the wine to sell at one dollar a gallon), ao the net
profit per acre. The quantity here estimated will, no doubt, be
thought low by many, but while it will often exceed this quantity,
seasons do occur when even less is the result ; and we. therefore,
stand on the safe side if we found our vineyard on this basis of ex-
pectation.

Position and Soil. R. Buchanan, Esq., who has written a capital
treatise on the " Culture of the Grape," as well as practically trained
the vine, has the *bllowing on this point :

" A hill side with southern aspect is preferred, although an east-
em or a western exposure is nearly as good. Some have recom-
mended the north, on account of safety from late Spring frosts, but
it will scarcely afford sun enough to ripen the grapes in cold, wet
seasons (if the declivity is steep), and may perhaps be more subject
to the ' rot.' Any undulating surface, if dry, is preferable to a
level one.

" The Soil best suited for a vineyard, is a dry calcareous loam,
with a porous sub-soil, not retentive of moisture ; if mixed with

mUNING AND TRAINING. ^ 247

some gravel or small stones, so much the better. Sv^me prefer a
sandy soil with a gravelly sub-stratum, as in this the grapes are less
subject to rot ; the juice, however, is not so rich — lacking in saccha-
rine matter — and in dry seasons the vines will suffer from the
drought, shedding their leaves prematurely, and preventing the
grapes from ripening well. In warm, sandy soils, the fruit-buds on
the vines, if swelled prematurely in Autumn, are sometimes killed
by the frosts of a severe Winter.

" Any soil underlaid by a stiff, wet clay, is to be avoided, as also
wet or spongy lands. No trees should be allowed to grow within
one hundred feet of the vineyard."

Preparing the Ground. " In Autumn, or early Winter, dig or
trench the ground all over, two to two and a half feet deep, with the
spade ; this is far better than ploughing ; turn the top soil under.

" Wet spots in the vineyard may be drained by small stone cul-
verts, or by what is termed a French drain, a ditch, with some loose
stones thrown into it edgewise, covered with flat ones, and filled up
with the earth again. Surface draining may be obtained by concave
sodded avenues of ten feet wide, and intersecting each other at 100
or 120 feet, thus throwing the vineyard into squares of that size.
This will do for gentle declivities, but steep ones must be terraced
or benched with sod or stone. These benches should be as broad as
they can be made conveniently, and with a slight inclination to the
hill, that they may be drained by stone or wooden gutters, running
into the main trunks, to carry off the water without washing away
the soil. This is important, and requires good judgment and skill."

Cultivation of the ground. The first two years the grounds should
be kept clean of weeds, by use of the German hoe, a two-pronged
instrument. A light plow is sometimes used in the Spring, but the
best vine dressers object to it. The third year, and afterwards, the
earth should be kept clean until July, after which time it should not
be stirred ; this especially through the Western prairie country.

Pruning and Training. Tact and judgment are necessary to per-
form this portion of vineyard work, and none but general instructions
can be given. Buchanan says : " In the Spring, cut the young vine
down to a single eye, or bud, at first ; if two are left for greater
safety, take off one, afterward ; drive a stake, six or seven feet long,
firmly to each plant ; locust or cedar is preferred, but oak or black
wahmt, charred at the end, driven into the earth, or coated with coal-
tar, will, it is said, last nearly as long. Keep the young vine tied
neatly to the stake with rye or wheat straw ; pick off all suckers, and
let but one stalk or cane grow.

" The second Spring after planting, cut down to two or three eyes,
or joints, and the third year to four or five ; pinching off laterals,
tying up, and hoeing the vines as recommended above. Replant
where failures have occurred. The third year the vines will produce

248

THE GRAPE.

a few grapes. Train
laterals." We advise

two canes to the stake this year, and take off
the cutting down or pruning to be done as
soon as the fall of the leaf
in Autumn, but any time
when the frost is not in the
wood will answer. " Prun-
ing the fourth year requires
good judgment, as the
standard stem or stalk has
to be established." "Se-
lect the best shoot or
cane of last year, and cut
it down to six or eight
joints, and fasten it to the
adjoining stake in a hor-
izontal position, or bend
it over in the form of a
hook or bow, and tie it to
its own stake. The ties
should be of willow. This
is the bearing wood. The
other cane, cut down to a
spur of two or three eyes,
to make bearing wood for
the next season.

" ' Give the shoot the
first tie on the stake, nine
inches from the ground,
and the second, nine inches
above it ; then bow it over
to the neighboring stake in
a horizontal position, and
give it the third tie to the
stake, at that top of the
vine.'

" In the succeeding, and
all subsequent years, cut
away the old bearing wood,
and form the new bow, or
arch, from the best branch
of the new wood of the
last year, leaving a spur as
before, to produce bearing
wood for the coming year,
thus keeping the old stalk of the vine down to within eighteen to

SUMMER PRUIONG. 249

twenty-four Inches from the ground. The vine is ihm always within
reach and control."

The practice of many vine dressers in Missouri, is a me<lium
course, between severe or close pruning, and long straggling culture.
Mr. Geo. Husman, of Herman, lias written a capital work on this
subject, to which we invite all who desire to grow the Grape exten-
sively. We give on previous page cuts descriptive of manner now
regarded best for training.

Summer Pruning — " Consists in removing suckers, and pinching
off all lateral shoots, leaving but two stalks or canes to be trained
for bearing wood the ensuing year, and pinching off the 5nds of the
bearing branches, about the time of blossoming, some two or three
joints beyond, or above the last blossom bunch ; pull no leaves off
the bearing branches, and but very few from any other. As the
vines grow, tie them neatly to the stakes, with rye straw (some use
grass), and when they reach the top, train them from one stake to
the other, until the fruit has nearly matured ; the green ends may
then be broken off. If this is done too early, there is danger of forc-
ing out the fruit-bearing buds for the next year, and of injuring the
grapes in ripening.

Some cultivators are averse to removing any lateral branches from
the fruit-bearing wood, merely pinching off their ends. Others adopt
close pruning, in Summer, and even taking off some of the leaves of
the bearing branches. Both these extremes are wrong. The ex-
perience of the writer is in favor of removing such lateral shoots as
appear unnecessary to the growth or ripening of the fruit — to pinch
off the ends of the bearing branches two, three, or four joints beyond
the upper bunch of grapes — according to the number it bears — to
take off all laterals from the bearing wood intended for the ensuing
year ; and not to break off the ends of these branches at all (as has
heretofore been done about the time the grapes began to color). The
leaves are the lungs of the plant, and while it is necessary to remove
suckers and laterals, to throw strength into the fruit and the bearing
branches for next year, a liberal supply of leaves should be left for
the maturity of both."

Grapes are often injured in the Summer by cutting off too much
young wood. Shoots not intended to grow, should be stopped by
pinching off the ends ; but, if by neglect, they have been permitted
to grow long, stop all, or nearly all, their ends, and let remain the
part that has matured leaves.

It is well in the Winter pruning, to leave plenty of wood, and if
too much fruit sets for the vine to mature, thin it out when small.

Trellises made by setting posts, well braced, at either end of the
row, and running coarse wire through standards intermediate from
post to post, we have seen much practiced elsewhere than at Cincin-
nati, and with great success. The vines are trained horizontally, as
represented in the accompanying figure :
II*

250

THE GRAPE.

For private gardens where ground is scarce, the vine should be
well supplied at its roots with liquids hereafter named, and permitted
to run or ramble upon lofty trellises. Spur pruning, which consists
in training the old, or main stem, and yearly cutting back the late-
rals to two or three good buds, must here be pursued ; care should
be taken, however, not to cut back, and preserve the same side
branches or spurs from year to year, lest by so doing they soon be-
come enfeebled, and the fruit ripens imperfectly ; but new side shoots
should be yearly selected of the strongest growth, and cut back to
the two or three bearing buds, while that of last year's bearing is cut
away.

Manures. The analysis made by Prof. Emmons, of the common
wild grape vine is as follows :

Wood. Bark.

Potash 20.84 1.77

Soda 2.06 9.27

Chlorine 0.02 0.40

Sulphuric acid 0.23 trace

Phosphate of lime 15.40 5.04

Phosphate of peroxide of iron 1 .20 5.04

Carbonic acid 34.83 32.22

Lime 17.33 39.32

Magnesia 4.40 0.80

Silex 280 14.00

Soluble silica 0.00 30.00

Coal and organic matter 2.20 1.70

100.21

100.86

From this, any one moderately conversant with the components of
soils can readily see what is required for his vines. Burying the
refuse cuttings and leaves, sprinkling on gypsum (plaster of Paris),
and supplying freely the soap-suds, and wash-water of a family, with
animal (or barn-yard) manures, and wood ashes, are most advisable,
aside from the specific application of potash and bone dust.

Insects and Diseases. The aphis and sluc^, described fully in
" Harris's Treatise," appear in the months of May and June. They are

INSECTS AND DISEASES. 251

easily destroyed by syringing with tobacco-water.. The grape vine
flea-beetle {Hallica Chalyhea), a small, glossy, greenish-blue beetle,
about three-twentieths of an inch long, sometimes preys upon the
buds, causing them to appear as if bored. This insect was first (we
believe) described by David Thomas, in Silliman's Journal of Science,
and is also noticed in " Harris's Treatise." The eggs are deposited
early, and soon change to a greenish, smooth worm, which preys upon
the tender leaf and young bunches. It is destroyed in this state by
syringing with tobacco-water, or sifting lime over the vines when wet
with dew.

uEgeria Polistiformis, or, Grape-vine Borer. The roots of cul-
tivated grape vines, especially in the Southern States, are often so
much injured by this borer, as to prevent the ripening of the fruit,
•and occasionally to cause death of the vine. " They are found about
the vines and on the wing, from the middle of June to the middle of
September, during which time they couple and lay their eggs, near
the roots of the vines, and the whitish grubs hatched therefrom will
be found boring into the bark and wood of the roots during Summer.
The winged insects are dark brown, tinged with tawny orange, vary-
ing from six to nine-tenths of an inch long. When fully grown these
grubs measure from one inch to one inch and three-quarters in
length. They undergo their transformations in oblong oval pods,
formed of a gummy kind of silk, covered with fragments of wood, bark,
and dirt, which will be found within, or adjacent to the injured roots.
The insects take the chrysalis form at various times during the Sum-
mer. The rings of the chrysalis are surrounded with minute teeth,
which assist the insect in coming forth from its pod or cocoon when
about to be changed to a moth."

Eight-spotted Sphinx, or Alypia Octomaculata. There are two
insects, occasionally found on the grape vine, which, in their cater-
pillar state, closely resemble each other in form, size, color, and habits.
One of these is the beautiful Eudryas ; the other is the Sphinx, or
Alypia, above named. This Alypia, though common, and occasionally
so numerous as to be quite hurtful to the vine in some parts of the
United States, is very rare in New England. These caterpillars are
white, passing into blue, transversely banded with narrow black lines,
with a broader orange-colored band, dotted with black, on the middle
of each ring. The head and feet are also orange, dotted with black-
The black dots on the body produce a few short whitish hairs. They
are found eating the leaves of the vine in the latter part of June and
beginning of July. Full grown specimens measured one inch and a
quarter, or more, in length. Before the 16th of July they leave the
vines, and conceal themselves in a loose web upon the surface of the
ground, and soon take the chrysalis form. Some are transformed to
moths in August ; others remain in the chrysalis state through the
Winter, and come forth winged in May and June. The winged in-

252 THE GKAPE.

sects are black, with two large yellow spots on each of the foie wings^
and two white ones on the hind wings. Their shanks are clothed with
orange colored hairs. Their wings expand from one inch to one inch
and a half

The Rose-bug (melolontha) occasionally attacks the vines in great
numbers, eating off the upper surface of the leaf, and causing the
vinous fibres left to look like a sieve. They are best destroyed by
spreading a cloth underneath, and shaking the vines in the cool of
evening or near sun-set. They will fall, and may then be burned.
A few dollars expended in this way, we have known to have saved
the entire crop for the year, as well as prevent their presence to any
extent another season. The curculio sometimes attacks the grape,
but thus far we have never heard of any serious injury to the crop.

Mildew, or American Blight, is easily checked by free sprinkling
of powdered sulphur over the vines and earth when wet with dew.
Or, take one peck lime, one pound sulphur, pour hot water to slake
the lime, mix, add three gallons water, when clear draw off. Syringe,
when disease first appears, with half pint of above to three gallons
of water. It is a fungus, attacking the plant when not in perfect
health. The rot, so much deprecated by Vignerons, at Cincinnati,
we regard as attributable to want of perfect and free drainage. Many
soils in which all the elements of health to the vine are existent, are
at the same time so saturated with water that chemical action is
checked, and the soil being in a dormant condition, the plant must of
necessity become diseased. Some, we notice, consider it attributable
to too late and clean cultivation ; and as late cultivation only tends to
late growth, and formation of new leaves to exhaustion of what is
required for perfection of those already formed, the theory is good,
so far as it goes ; and possibly in soils greatly deficient in the consti-
tuents to perfect the grape, it may in a measure be the cause ; but in
soils well supplied with the required food, late cultivation would only
cause the bursting of new buds and continuance of growth.

Uses — Mode of Keeping. Universally esteemed when well ripen-
ed, as a dessert fruit, the Grape is also highly valued by many phy
sicians, as in its free use tending to health and the prevention of
rheumatic affections of the human system. For culinary use, and for
making of preserves, they are sought for, both in a green and ripened
state. Carefully gathered when ripe, laid in heaps for a few days on
the floor of a cool, dry room, then spread out for one or two days,
and packed in shallow boxes, with layers of cotton-batting at bottom
and intermediate between layers of fruit, as well as between bunches,
they may be placed in a cool room and kept fresh throughout most
of the Winter. The following method has been practiced success-
fully by an extensive grape-grower, Charles Carpenter, Esq., of
Kelley's Island :

*' In putting down grapes for Winter use, several requisites are ne-
cessary for success, viz. : The fruit must be fully ripe, well supplied

WINE-HOUSE.

253

with saccharine matter, very carefully handled, and a cool, dry room
or cellar to keep them in. They should also either be sealed up so
as entirely to exclude the air, or have just air or ventilation enough
to prevent moulding. A little shriveling does not injure them so
much as mould. But few varieties of grapes contain sufficient sugar
to keep them through the Winter. The Catawba does when well
matured, and is one of the best for the purpose.

" They will keep -good four or five months in either of the follow-
ing ways, if the conditions previously stated are complied with :

" In a dry day, take a broad basket into the vineyard, gather some
of the dry fallen grape leaves, rubbing them in the hands to break
them up some, and put a layer of them on the bottom of the basket.
Then commence gathering the grapes, selecting the best ; examine
each bunch, carefully cutting out the unripe, decayed, and broken
berries, with a pair of grape scissors ; do not pick them off with the
fingers, for by so doing you will start some good berries from the stem,
causing them to rot and injure others. When trimmed, lay each
cluster in the basket until one layer is complete, then a layer of
broken leaves, alternately, until the basket is full, finishing with the
leaves. More than ten or twelve inches in depth of fruit should
never be packed, on account of the weight breaking those at the bot-
tom. It is much better to put them into the basket at the time they
are picked, to save another handling ; as every time they are handled,
some are broken and injured."

Last, though not least, is the making of wine. To do this success-
fully requires practice, and a knowledge that can not be taught by
any description that can be written. Seasons and maturity of the
fruit affect very materially the quality of the wine, even when made
by those experienced therein. The following sketch of the details,
with cuts illustrative of plan of a wine-house and press, we extract
from the " Western Horticultural Review : "

^F^-jr^

=a — E=

=3-X^

Jig

254

THE GRAPE.

A. — Door opening to the vineyard, by which the grapes are brought
into the wine-house.

B. — Back door of wine-house.
C. — Front door of wine-house.

D. — Opening, through which the stems are thrown from the ma-
chine.

jE. — Tables for picking over and assorting the fruit previous to
being stemmed.

jP. — Stemming and crushing apparatus.
G. — Large press, capacity of one hundred bushels.
H. — Small press, capacity of forty bushels.
X. — Door opening into the basement.

Si^ns of Ripeness of Grapes. The stem of the grape should be
of a brown color. The cuticle of the berry must be clear and
transparent. Tlie berries should separate easily from the stems.
The seed must be of brown color. The juice must be sweet and sticky.
Do not cut the grapes early in the morning, with the dew on, nor
during rainy weather, nor shortly after rain.

Gathering. The grapes, when fully ripe, are gathered in baskets
containing about one bushel, as well as in a sort of " pannier " of
wood, made very light and strong, and which is supported by straps,
or thongs of willow, on the back of the gatherer.

Picking. This consists in removing by hand all green, shriveled
or decayed grapes, which are thrown into tubs or barrels and pressed
separately, to make a common wine or vinegar. The finest grapes
are carried thence to the stemming apparatus, where they undergo
another operation.

Stemming. Consists in separating the berries from the stem ; it is
done in F (of the ground plan), by means of the apparatus of which
a cut is appended. This practice is now abandoned as useless and
injurious to the wine.

The grapes are thrown on
the wire sieve M^ which is
open enough to allow the ber-
ries to pass, but retains the
stems ; a little plank, P, is held
in an inclined position, to which
a backward and forward move-
ment is given, so as to force
the berries through the sieve,
and remove out of the way all
the stems as they are stript.

Mashing. After passing
through the stemming process,
the grapes fall into a wooden
mill, consisting of two rollers

VARIETIES.

255

ridged obliquely, to one of which is attached a set of screws, by
which their distance from each other may be graduated to the proper
degree ; it being desirable that every grape should be crushed, but
that the seed should not be broken. [Simple wooden rollers are
equally good. — Ed.~\

The rollers are turned by hand ; the foregoing cut exhibits in R R
a section of these rollers, and that which follows shows two men, one
stemming, the other mashing the grapes. From the rollers, the
grape (being entirely separa-
ted from the stem, and thor-
oughly mashed) passes into
the press, when the first opera-
tion of separating the juice is
performed. The wine passes
from the bed of the press by
means of a conductor, into the
basement, from whence it is
conveyed into casks containing
260 gallons each ; these, though
by no means so large a size as
used by some wine manufac-
turers, are of very convenient
capacity for ordinary crops.
The first fermentation takes
place immediately, and at the end of six or eight weeks the wine be-
comes perfectly clear, or what is technically termed " fine ;" a second
fermentation takes place in the Spring, about the period of the bloom-
ing of the grape. The wine should not be bottled until it is at least
one year old, though it is frequently bottled for immediate use just
previous to the second fermentation ; this may be done with safety,
if the bottles can be kept in a very cool place.

VARIETIES.

Over one hundred varieties of our native grapes have been noticed
by Prince, in his " Treatise on Grapes ;" but as few are worthy of
cultivation, therefore of no practical benefit, we have confined our
descriptions to those most known and meritorious.

BURRJDGEClcir-

CLASS I. Varieties most generally esteemed.
Catawba.

Ked Muncy,
Lebanon Seedling,

Catawba Tokay,
Singleton,

Arkansas.

Through Dr. S. Mosher, of Cincinnati, Dr. Solomon Beach is said to
have found this variety in the Summer of 1821, growingew^ild in Buncombe

256 THE GKAPE.

Co., North Carolina, on the border of the Catawba river. We have
found this to ripen equally as well, and as far North, as the Isabella,
when correctly pruned, and grown in dry or well-drained soil. It is
esteemed both for dessert and wine use. In growth and foliage, it
resembles Isabella, except that the wood is darker color, shorter jointed,
and more round, and, at base of every leaf, there is a white downy spot.

Bunches^ medium size, shouldered ; berries^ nearly round, large, pale
red, becoming deeper when fully ripened in good soil, and covered with a
lilac bloom; jiesh, slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, with a rich aromatic,
musky flavor.

Too often gathered when only just turned in color, and then sour and un-
palatable ; hence the impression of many that they are not equal to Isabella.

Delaware.

Heath.

This variety was introduced to notice by A. Thompson, Esq., of Dela-
ware, Ohio, in 1852. In our first edition of this work, we made it iden-
tical with Traminer, a foreign variety, which it closely resembles. At the
time of its introduction, Mr. Thompson made the following statement
respecting its origin :

" It was brought to our country from New Jersey about ten years ago
by Mr. Jacob MofTard, who procured it from the garden of a French gentle-
man named Paul H. Provast, residing in Kingsmood Township, Hunterdon
Co., N. J. Mr. P. came to this country about fifty years ago, and this
variety, with others, was sent him, some twenty years since, by a brother
residing in Italy.

" In our region it is perfectly hardy, free from mildew or rot, a pro-
digious a bearer, never failing to perfectly ripen both fruit and wood, and
comes to maturity two or three weeks earlier than the Isabella, and a month
sooner than the Catawba.

" The berries are uniform in size and quality, it being almost impossible
to find one that is imperfect, wholly free from pulp, and of rich and
pleasant flavor."

Another history of its introduction is, that in 1831 an old vintager fled
from Italy to this country, and settled in New Jersey ; that he brought
with him roots and cuttings of grapes ] that when he died, some few years
since, he had two roots of this variety ; that Heath and Waffbrd, two con-
nections of his, dug up these two plants, and brought them to Delaware
Co., Ohio. After a time, they bore fruit, which, when taken into the town
of Delaware for sale, attracted attention, and soon created a demand for
the vines.

It is also regarded by some as a seedling of this country ; but, come from
whence it may, it is certainly the most desirable hardy table grape now
known.

Bunches^ medium, compact ; berries^ small or medium, round clear pale
red, delicate, thin skin, tender, juicy, sweet, delicious ; very productive j
not valuable for wine.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 257

Diana.

" This," says Mr, Downing, "is a seedling from the Catawba, grown by-
Mrs. Diana Crehore, near Boston, Mass." It is smaller size than its parent,
but has the character of maturing its fruit two weeks earlier. It is yet but
little known, and, although stated to have surpassed its parent, when grown
at Mobile, at Cincinnati it has not equaled the Catawba.

Bunches^ below medium size, compact ; berries^ round, delicate pale red ;
flesh, juicy, sweet, little pulp, rich, and slightly resembling Catawba in
flavor. Valuable as a table grape.

Isabella*

This variety has, thus far, been stated to have originated in South
Carolina, to have been taken thence to a garden in Brooklyn, N. Y., and
there given to William Prince, who propagated, distributed, and named it
after Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, who then (1816) owned the garden. On the
authority of Lewis F. Allen, it was grown several years previous at Nor-
wich, Connecticut, as the '• Vernet Grape," and claimed to have been
brought from one of the French West India Islands. Other authority places
it as a common variety of Spain, and imported by a Mr. Laspeyre, who
cultivated and sold it as " Laspeyre Grape," in 1810. Geo. Hoadley, Esq.,
states that in 1824 it was growing in Elizabethtown, N. J., where it was
said to have been brought thirty years previous, from South Carolina or
Georgia.

We incline to belief of its being a native, its hardihood, habit, and
character all tending that way ; but, come from whence it may, its vigorous
habit and productiveness will ever render it a favorite.

As a wine grape, it is not esteemed. Bunches, large, rather loose,
shouldered ; berries, oval, large, dark purple, when fully ripe nearly black,
covered with a blue black bloom ; flesh, tender, with some pulp, which
lessens as it ripens, juicy, sweet, rich, with slight musky aroma.

CLASS II. Embraces varieties many of which are new and untested^ and
others suited only to certain localities.

Ada.

Raised by Dr. Valk, Flushing, L. I. Bunches, large, compact, dark,
almost black berries, sweet, vinous.

Bland.

Bland's Virginia, I Powell,

Bland's Madeira, | Bland's Pale Ked.

Found on the Eastern shore of Virginia by Col. Bland. It is not of
value north of Philadelphia, on account of not often ripening, and is by
many discarded, from its habit of only bearing moderately. As a table
grape, in latitude where it will ripen, it is of the best, the objection to it
being, that it drops its leaves before ripening.

Si^S THE GKAPE.

Foliage, a light shade of green, smooth, propagated hy layers ; bunches,
Jong,, loose ; berries, round, on long stalks or pedicles ; skin, pale red. thin;
flesh, slightly pulpy, slightly astringent, but of pleasant delicate flavor.
Late in ripening, and valuable for packing away for Winter use.

Brinckle.

Eaab€'8 No. 1.

First fruited in 1850. Bunch, large, rather compact, sometimes

shouldered ; berry, five-eighths of an inch in diameter, round, black ; flesh,

solid, not pulpy; flavor, rich, vinous, and saccharine; quality, "best."

(Ad. Int. Rep.)

Canadian Chief.
From Canada, and claimed to be a native, but so strongly marked with
foreign characteristics that we think it will not prove to be an acquisition
for general cultivation.

Bunches, very large and shouldered, and the vine very productive, and
will probably do better in Canada than in a warmer latitude. (Downing.)

Canby's August.
Raised by William Canby, of Wilmington, Delaware. Ripe eight or
ten days before Isabella.

Bunch, four to five inches long, and over two inches broad, very com-
pact ; berry, medium size, roundish, inclining to oval, nearly black, thickly
covered with bloom ; flesh, tender, juicy, not pulpy, or but very little,
sweet and pleasant.

Carter. "

Newly introduced ; origin uncertain. Berries, round, large, deep reddish
black; ripens before Isabella, and said to be superior.

Cassady.
An accidental seedling white grape, with native leaf and dark purplish
wood. Bunch, of medium size, tolerably compact, and sometimes shoul-
dered; berry, below medium, five-eighths of an inch in diameter; form,
round ; color, greenish white, with occasionally a faint salmon tint, and
thickly covered with white bloom ; flesh, juicy, with but little pulp ; flavor,
pleasant; quality, ''very good." (Ad. Int. Rept.)

Child's Seedling.
A very large, fine grape, grown in Utica, N. Y., by Mr. Childs. It is
doubtless of foreign origin, but has succeeded with him without glass,
although latterly grown under it. We presume its foreign characteristics
will not fit it for open culture. (Downing.)

Clara.

Eaabe's No. 4.

Bunch, medium, not compact ; berry, medium, round, green, faintly

tinged with salmon when exposed to the sun ; flesh, tender, juicy ; flavor,

rich, sweet, and delicious ; quality, " best." Fruited the present season

for the first time. (Ad. Int. Rept.)

Clinton.

■Worthington.

This variety is claimed to have its origin in Western New York, but we
have seen vines taken from the woods in Northern Ohio that so closely

ETC. 259

rcBemblej in both leaf, wood, and fruit, that grown under this name, as to
make us doubt its coming from the origin stated.

It is not a strong grower, although perfectly hardy, and suited to border
planting three feet apart, and stake training not exceeding four feet high,
in gardens. Its greatest recommendation is, that it ripens some ten days
or two weeks earlier than Isabella, and, therefore, suited to higher or more
Northern latitudes.

Foliage, small; wood, short jointed. Bunches, medium or small, not
shouldered, compact; berries, nearly round, small, black, thin blue bloom,
pulpy, juicy, with a harsh flavor ; productive.

Columbia.

This grape is said to have been found by Mr. Adlum on his farm at
Georgetown, D. C. A vigprous grower, productive.

Bunch, small, compact ; berry, small, black, with a thin bloom, with
very little hardness or acidity in its pulp, not high flavored, but pleasant
and vinous, scarcely, if at all, foxy. Ripe last of September.

Concord.
This fine, hardy native grape was raised from seed by E. W. Bull, Con-
cord, Mans. It is of very healthy, vigorous habit, and exceedingly productive.
Bunch, rather compact, large shouldered ; berries, large, globular, almost
black, thickly covered with bloom ; skin, rather thick, with more of the
native pungency and aroma than the Isabella, which it resembles, but does
not quite equal in quality; fleshy moderately juicy, rather buttery, very
sweet, with considerable toughness and acidity in its pulp. It is more
hardy than the Isabella, and ripens about ten days earlier, consequently, it
is a very valuable variety. Promises valuable for Ohio.

Devereux.
Bunches, of medium size, compact ; berries, rather small, purple, very
juicy and sweet ; good table grape, and makes a good wine ; not liable to
rot. Latter part of July. (Berckmans' Col.)

Elsinburgh.
Elsinboro, | Elsinborough, | Smart's Elingburgh.

The spelling of this name is matter of some difference in opinion among
horticulturists, but the manner we adopt, being that of all previous writers,
we choose to continue it. The variety is said to have come from a village
in Salem Co., N. J. It is a nice little grape, suited for the dessert, and for
growing on trellises in gardens. A moderate, regular bearer, ripening a
little before or with Isabella.

Wood, slender, long jointed; leaves five lobed. Bunches, medium, loose,
shouldered ; berries, small, round, thin skin, black, covered with blue
bloom ; flesh, without pulp, melting, sweet ; " best."

Emily.
Kaabe's No. 2.
Bunch, large, not very compact, occasionally shouldered ; berry, below
medium, from three-eighths to one-half of an inch in diameter, round, pale
red ; flesh, very juicy, with little or no pulp ; flavor, saccharine and deli-
cious J quality, " best" for an out-door grape. Fruited in 1850 fo." the first
time.

260

THE GEAPE.

Garrigues.

Raised by Edward Garrigues, Kingsessing, Philadelphia. A vigorous
grower, hardy and productive, very much resembles Isabella, and no doubt
a seedling of it. Bunch, large, loose, shouldered ; berries, large, oval, dark
purple, covered with a thick bloom ; flesh, with little toughness in its pulp,
juicy, sweet, and rich. Ripe eight or ten days before Isabella.

Graham.

An accidental seedling raised by Mr. Graham. It sprung up in 1845,
and fruited in 1850 for the first time. Bunch, of medium size, shouldered,
not compact ; berry, half an inch in diameter, round, purple, thickly covered
with a blue bloom, contains little or no pulp, and abounds in a saccharine
juice of agreeable flavor ; quality, " best."' The lea/ indicates its native
parentage. It is probably a natural cross between the Bland and Elsin-
borough, both of which were in bearing in the garden where it originated.
(Ad. Int. Rept.)

Hall's Grape.

A seedling raised by David Hall, of Urbana. Berries, of medium size,
dark color, larger and better flavor than Clinton, but not equal to Isabella.
Said to be earlier and hardier than Catawba or Isabella.

Hartford Prolific.

A variety of the Fox Grape, from West Hartford, Ct. For early
maturity and escaping of frosts, it is valuable, as it always bears, but its
foxy character is not agreeable, when the Delaware or Catawba can
be had.

Bunches, medium, loose; berries, round; skin, black; sweet, with con-
siderable pulp. Ripens ten days or two weeks before Isabella.

Herbemont.

Herbemont'B Madeira, | "Warren, | "Warrenton.

The origin of this is yet in doubt, some claiming it same as Lenoir, and

a native — others claiming it as a French variety. Its hardy character and

resemblance in foliage to the River grapes, however, seems rather to favor

its being a seedling of our States.

Only moderately vigorous. Wood, dark color ; terminal leaves, red or
brownish. Bunches, large, compact, shouldered ; berries, small, round ;
skin, thin, purple, slight bloom ; flesh, tender, without pulp, sweet, excel-
lent, juicy, vinous, valued for dessert, and yields a wine like Spanish
Manzanella.

Hudson.

Originated in the gardens of Mr. Calkins. Hudson, N. Y. Growth similar
to Isabella, and said to be two or three weeks earlier. Bunch and berry
much the same, but less sprightly and not quite so rich.

Imitation Hamburg.
Union Village, I Shaker Grape.
A native variety. Fruit, large, dark purple, or as large, skin as thin,
pulp as soft and juicy, but of inferior aroma and flavor, to the Black Ham-
burg. Origin, supposed among the Shakers, at Union Village, Ohio.

ITNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 261

Lenoir.
Sumpter ? | Clarence ?
Subject, in clay soils, to mildew and rot. Bunches, large, compact,
sometimes shouldered ; berries, small, black, sweet, agreeable. Earlier
than Herbemont, and by many considered superior.

Logan.
A new variety of a dark or black grape ; hardy, and said very fine. W»
have not seen it.

Louisa.

Origin, Lebanon Co., Pa. Vine, hardy, vigorous growth. Bunch, medium,
rather compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry, round, oval, blackish, with
blue bloom ] resembles Isabella, and said to ripen a few days earlier.

Marion.
A seedling raised at Bethlehem, Pa., many years since, but not until
recently much noticed. It is said to resemble (we have never seen it) the
Isabella in many respects, but is more uniform in ripening, and of a more
delicate character. Vines, healthy ; wood, firm, short jointed ; good bearer.
Bunches, large, regular, seldom shouldered; berries, above or medium,
inclining to oval, dark purplish black, with blue bloom ; juice, abundant;
pulp, thin ; promising to be one of the most valuable.

Missouri.
Missouri Seedling.
Said to be a native of Missouri ; it is of slow growth, short jointed, and,
like the Clinton, suited to border culture in gardens. From it a wine is
made resembling Maderia.

Leaves, deeply cut, tri-lobed. Bunches, below medium, loose ; berries,
small, round ; skin, thin, almost black, very little bloom ; flesh, tender,
little pulp, sweet, and pleasant ; " very good." *

Noiiton's Virginia.
Norton's Seedling.

A native seedling produced by a cross between the Bland and Miller's
Burgundy, by Dr. N. Norton, of Richmond, Virginia. It is a most produc-
tive grape in garden or vineyard, bearing very large crops (especially at
the South, where many kinds rot), in all seasons. It has been confounded
by some with Ohio grape, from which it is quite distinct, more pulpy, and
less agreeable for the dessert, though a much better wine grape.

Bunches, long, sometimes eight or nine inches, occasionally shouldered,
somewhat compact ; berries, small, round ; skin, thin, dark purple ; flesh,
pulpy, with a brisk, rather rough flavor. Shoots strong and hardy.

Northern Muscadine.

Raised by the Shakers, at New Lebanon, Columbia County, N. Y.
Bunches small, short, compact ; berry, large, round, chocolate or brownish
red ; skin, thick, with a pungency and odor common to the wild fox grape,
and is a very little, if any, improvement on it. The berries fall from the
bunch as soon as ripe, which is about two weeks before Isabella, (Down-
ing.)

262 THE GEAPE.

Ohio.
Longworth's Ohio, | Segar Box.
The original of the vines now known under this name were some cut-
tings left in a segar box at the residence of N, Longworth, Esq., Cincin-
nati, during his absence from home. Its true origin is yet in doubt. North
of Cincinnati it does not succeed, and wherever planted should have long
range on a trellis. Only valued for table use.

Bunches, large, loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, nearly black, blue
bloom : flesh, without pulp, sweet. Only suited to the amateur.

Pauline.

The finest Southern native grape. Bunches, large, shouldered, compact ;
berries, medium, brownish crimson, very sweet j skin, thin ; no pulp.
(Berkman's Cat.)

Raabe.

Baabe'8 No. 8.

Bunch, small, compact, rarely shouldered ; berry, below medium, round,
dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh, very juicy, with scarcely any
pulp ; flavor, saccharine, with a good deal of the Catawba aroma j quality,
" best." (Ad. Int. Kept.)

Rebecca.

Originated in the garden of E. M. Peake, Hudson, N. Y. The vines are
hardy, and it promises to be one of the most valuable ; leaves deeply lobed,
coarsely and sharply serrated ; upper surface light green, under surface
with thin whitish down. Bunches, medium size, very compact, not shoul-
kered ; berries, medium, obovate, greenish white, becoming pale amber at
maturity, and covered with a thin white bloom ; flesh, melting, juicy, free
from pulp, musky aroma ; seeds, small, two to four in each berry.

SCUPPERNONG.

Fox Grape, of Vie South, I Amevican Muscadine, of the Souths
Bull or Bullet, " | Koanoke, "

A distinct Southern species^ vitus vulpina, too tender for the North,
highly esteemed throughout the entire Southern States, where it is much
grown as a wine grape in vineyards, and is found wild from Virginia to
Florida.

Species, dicBcious ; leaves, small, roundish, coarsely serrated, glossy on
both sides ; voung shoots slender, old wood smooth. The White and Black
varieties differ only in the color of fruit, the White being light green, and
the Black, dark red, with tendrils of vine corresponding with color of fruit.

Bunches, small, loose; berries, round, large; skin, thich; flesh, pulpy,
juicy, sweet, with a strong musky scent.

Schuylkill.

Sclmylkill Muscadel, | Maderi.-x, of York, Pa., | Clifton's Constantia,

Alexander, Muscadine, Tasker's Grape,

Spring Mill Constantia, | Cape Grape, I Winne.

From the banks of the Schuykill, Pa. Its value is only as -w-ine grape,
and for that, not equal to Catawba, We have found it extensively distri-
buted North and West as the Isabella. As the leaves are much more

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 2G3

downy, it is easily detected in foliage, and the bunches being not shoul-
dered, while the Isabella is always shouldered.

Berries, often large, roundish oval, thick skin, quite black ; flesh, firm
pulp, juicy, musky, often harsh.

Minor's Seedling, ShurtleiTs Seedling, Northern Muscadine, Charter
Oak, Mammoth, and some others are cultivated in localities, but their good
qualities seem destined to remain in circumscribed limits ; not having yet
been seen, when cultivated away from their first friends, inclines us to say
they are simply varieties of the Fox Grape.

Hyde's Eliza, Troy Grape, Pennsylvania, Sherman, Chillicothe Seedling, .

and Lee's, are all sub- varieties, and not equal to the original Isabella.

#■

Pond's Seedling, James' Seedling. Clermont, White Catawba, and Zane,
are sub-varieties of the Catawba, but not equaling it. The " Mammoth
Catawba '' is also a sub, which, under high culture, surpasses the original
only in size.

Taft.

Originated with W. P. Taft, Cleveland, 0. Bunches, medium, short,
compact, variety shouldered ; berries, above medium, globular compressed,
light green in shade, marblings of chocolate red in sun ; flesh, slightly
pulpy, juicy, sw»et, a little musky ; skin, tough, thick, with somewhat of
the pungency belonging to the common Fox Grape ; vines very hardy ; fruit
ripens two weeks before Isabella.

To-Kalon.

Raised by Dr. Spoffbrd, of Lansingburgh, N. Y. This fine grape has
been but little disseminated in consequence of the general supposition that
it was very much like, if not identical with, the Catawba, from which it
is entirely distinct in wood, foliage, and every characteristic of the fruit.
It is a vigorous grower, foliage very large, abundant, and much less rough
than Catawba or Isabella, and the alse of the leaves overlap each other
different from any other with which we are acquainted.

Bunches large and shouldered ; berries varying in form from oval to
oblate, very dark in color and profusely covered with bloom. Its fruit,
when ripe, is very sweet, buttery, and luscious, without foxiness in its
aroma, or any toughness or acidity in its pulp. It is perfectly hardy, and
with good treatment in deep, rich, pervious soil, it is an early and abun-
dant bearer ; with indifferent treatment it is a poor bearer. It ripens a
little earlier than Isabella. (Downing.)

York Madeira.

From York Co.. Pa. Excellent when fully ripe ; extremely productive,
hardy: canes, rather slender, short jointed ; resembles Miller's Burgundy
in size of berry, shape, and compactness of bunch. Excellent when fully
ripe ; of a peculiar flavor. (Downing.)

THE FOREIGN GRAPE.

Vitis vimferaf L. — Vitacece of Botanists.

From the earliest record of foreign lands, the vine has ever been
held in high esteem ; its fruit valued for the dessert as well as for
the making of wine, and itself held as symbolic of happiness and
plenty. " The pages of Scripture abound with allusions to the fer-
tility of the vine, as emblematical of prosperity." To trace its intro-
duction and entire history up to this date, would occupy more room
than the limits of our present work will admit : we shall therefore
content ourself by saying that the original type of the vitis v'mifera
came from Persia ; that it was probably cultivated in Britain not
many years after the commencement of the Christian era ; that the
varieties native of Britain and America, are quite distinct ; that those
native of Britain are not edible, while those of our own land embrace
a number of edible species. The success of the Foreign varieties,
so far as tried nor^h of 34° of latitude, has not been satisfactory,
few or no varieties withstanding the extremes of our climate, with-
out protection. B'^tween 1760 and 1770, Lord Sterling imported
large numbers of foreign grapes into New Jersey, with a view to
wine. The experiment failed, as have those of Longworth, and others
since.

Of the longevity of the vine, records are made, giving it existence
from six hundred years down, with immense length of vine, and
stems six feet around, or sufficienit to afford the cutting out of planks
fifteen inches broad.

Propagation. The same practices as noted under head of American
Grapes are applicable here, but that most generally pursued in propa-
gating esteemed varieties of the foreign
grapes is by eyes, as represented in ad-
joining figure. This is done by select-
ing-a strong bud and cutting it off from
the remainder of the branch, at about
two inches above and below, and plant-
ing it in a pot covered about half an inch
deep with light loamy soil, then plung-
ing the pot in a hot-bed. By this means
every bud on a shoot can be formed into
a plant.

Out-door Culture. In sheltered locations, warm yards, in cities,
&;c., such varieties as the Black Prince, Traminer, and Royal Mus-

264

VINE B0KDER8. 265

cadlne, may be grown in the open air by bending down the vines in
the month of November, and covering them with tan-bark, or other
mulch, and raising them again to their position in April. Free sup-
ply of wood ashes and soap-suds will be found requisite to hasten
their growth and maturity of fruit, as well as prevent mildew.*

Cold-Houses. By this term is meant an inclosed structure of wood
or brick, with a sloping roof covered with glass. These structures,
as made at the East, and by a few wealthy men at the West, and
represented in the Horticultural journals of the day, are too expen-
sive to make the growing of the better foreign grapes general at the
West. But expensive structures are not necessary ; many a man at
the West has a south side of a building unoccupied ; this may serve
as the back of his cold-house, by setting up pieces of four-inch scant-
ling against the building, nailing boards to it, and filling in between
with tan-bark, saw-dust, or fine charcoal, he has the back ; now, four
inch square posts rising four feet from the ground, at a distance of
say fourteen feet from the back, boarded on each side, and filled in
same as the back, make the front wall ; leaving, however, two spaces
six feet from either end, of about two feet square, for hanging shutters.
Now, the back wall being ten feet high, the ends are to be made in
same way as the front, giving, of course, the slop<. from back to
front, and leaving out at one end space for a door-way, and at the
highest point of sides near the back at each end, a space for swinging
shutters of say two feet square ; these opened, will give ventilation,
in connection with those in the front wall. This done, a joiner will
be required to fit on a plate of two inch plank all around, and fit in
rafters and sash ; the sash should be the entire length of width of
house ; stiles four inch wide by one and a half thick, bars one inch
wide beveled to half inch on the under side, the upper stile or head
piece six inches wide, the lower one fourteen inches ; the rafters
should be placed so that sash cannot be over forty two inches wide,
or sufficient for five lights wide of six-inch glass. When the location
of such houses is not in a very cold climate, or where the thermometer
rarely falls below zero, cotton cloth dipped in boiled oil and varnished
will answer a very good purpose ; but, perhaps in the end, not be
as cheap, as its durability will only be about two years. Those
who wish for more expensive houses, we advise to purchase " Allen's
Treatise on the Grape."

Vine Borders. Upon the formation of vine borders for cold, as
well as forcing-houses, more has been written and published than
one person could read at the rate of ten hours a day, in one entire
month. Some advise the formation of the border all outside, while

* Geo. Iloadley, Esq., says, that in 1820 to 1880 there was growing in the garden where he
then resided, in New Haven, Conn., many white grapes, received from David Deforest, aa
White Sweet- Water, which never mildewed. This garden was sixty or seventy rods from the
harbor (or salt water). The prevalent winds were from the harbor, in Summer, and ia
storms the ehrubbery not unfrequ«utly covered with spray.

266 THE GEAPE.

others prefer inside. If sandy ground, no care will be required to
form a drainage ; but if on clayey, retentive soil, dig out all the earth
three feet deep, form a drain in centre at bottom, leading away from
the house, prepare fresh virgin earth or turf from old pastures or
woods, and mix well rotted barn-yard manure in about equal quan-
tities, or perhaps a little most of the soil, add to this one-tenth in
quantity each of gypsum (plaster of Paris), and ground bones, and
one-sixth of wood ashes ; let it be well mixed before putting in the
border. Parings of horses' hoofs, and cinders from a blacksmith's
shop, street scrapings, leather parings, old rags, bones, &c., are all
used and all good, but the above named materials, with liberal water-
ing with soap-suds, and occasional sprinkling with sulphur (which
will be necessary at times to check mildew) will give good growth of
vine and fruit.

Planting and Training. The vines, being obtained from the nur-
sery, generally come in crocks or pots ; the earth should be well wet,
and then by inserting the finger at the hole at the small end or bot-
tom of the crock, the whole ball of roots entire is pushed out ; now
plant just outside the front wall, and so that you can run the stem
immediately under, leaving the roots only outside ; let each plant
stand half way between each rafter, and as they grow train to a wire
fastened at top each of front and back wall, so as to be six inches
below the glass. Spur pruning is regarded best for cold houses, and
is plainly described as follows : " In pruning in the Fall, after the
first year's growth, each alternate eye is disbudded on each side of
the cane, leaving those wanted for breaking next season about fifteen
inches apart. The next season, when pruning for spurs, the side
shoots are cut back to three eyes, or even four, according as the
lower buds may be plump and well rounded. In breaking, each bud
puts forth a shoot ; the most promising one nearest the top, and the
one at the base is allowed to remain, and the other is rubbed out.
The top one is allowed to bear, and the fruit on the bottom one is
pinched out. The fruit-bearing spur is stopped three or four joints
above the fruit, and the other one next to the base is also stopped,
when it has grown seven or eight leaves. They are now trained as
shown in the following figure.

"a is the bearing shoot, and h the one not to be
fruited till next year ; at next pruning (or what is still
better, two or three weeks previous), a is cut clean cut

fto the base of h, and, when the leaves fall, h is cut back
, to three eyes, as a was last season, and so on from year
^vij^ to year." Every Fall, at approach of cold weather, take
y "m"** down the vines, lay them on the border, inside, and cover
with tan-bark four inches deep ; cover the border outside*
same depth with barn-yard manure.

Moutine of Culture. The following brief instructions, from A J.

THE FOKEIGN GRAPE. 267

Downing, contain all that is essential for a cold-house : " In a vinery
without heat this is comparatively simple. As soon as the vines com-
mence swelling their buds in the Spring, they should be carefully
washed with mild soap-suds, to free them from insects, soften the
wood, and assist the buds to swell regularly. At least three or four
times a week, they should be well syringed with water, which, when
the weather is cool, should always be done in the morning ; and
every day the vine border should be duly supplied with water.
During the time when the vines are in blossom, and while the fruit
is setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves must be sus-
pended, and the house should be kept a little more closed and warm,
than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on any of
the branches, it may at once be checked by dusting them with flour
of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every day when the tem-
perature rises in the house, beginning by sliding down the top sashes
a little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing
them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden changes of
temperature out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist
and warm a state of atmosphere within the vinery as is consistent
with pretty free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great
object of culture in a vinery of this kind.

Insects. The aphis or " vine-fretter,'^ is destroyed by fumigating,
i» e., burning tobacco in the house, and syringing the vines freely
afterward. If red spiders are troublesome, syringe the vines at
evening, and dust the leaves with flour of sulphur.

VARIETIES.

Feeling that a multiplicity of varieties would only mislead and
confuse the practical man, and our own experience with foreign
grapes not having been sufficient to enable us fully to decide on
which to recommend, we adopt and describe few besides those voted
worthy of general cultivation by the American Pomological Society.

Black Hamburgh.

Warner's Black Hamburgh,
Red Hamburgh,
Dutch Hamburgh,
Hampton Court Vine,

Valentino's, I Salisbury Violet,

Purple Hamburgh, Gibraltar,

Brown Hamburgh, I Frankendale.

This variety is one of the most esteemed for the vinery. In sheltered
locations, out of doors in cities south as far as Cincinnati, it does well with
protection in Winter. A good bearer.* Bunches, large, shouldered on
both sides ; berries, very large, roundish inclining to oval, brownish purple,
becoming purplish black when fully ripe; of sugary rich flavor.

Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh is similar. Fruit, larger, bloom very
thick ; Jlesh, firm, nearly or quite equal to the common Hamburgh.

• A vine of this variety at Hampton Court Palace, planted [a 17fi9, is stated to produce an»
ftually over one ton weight of fruik

268 THE GEAPE.

Allen's seedling Black Hamburgh, is of less value. Bunches, not as
large ; berries^ black, oval. Victoria, heretofore regarded as a synonym
of the old Hamburgh, is now regarded as a slightly-improved sub-variety.

Alicant,

Black Valentia,

Boston,

Pocock's Damascus,

Black Prince.

steward's Black Prince,
Black Spanish,
Black Portugal,

Sir A. Pytche's Black,
Cambridge Botanic Garden,
Black Lisbon.

This often succeeds well with Winter protection out doors, while in the
house it is esteemed on account of hanging long after fully ripe. A. pro-
fuse bearer. Bunches^ long, often shouldered ; berries^ large, thinly set,
oval ; skin^ rather thick, black, covered with blue bloom ; flavor^ sweet,
excellent; "very good."

Black St. Peter's differs from this in having a thin skin.

Black Frontignan.

Muscat Noir, I Bonrdales des Hautes Pyrenees, I Purple Constantia,

Muscat Noir Ordinaire, Sir Wra. Rowley's Black, Muscat Moir de Jura.

Black Frontignac, | Purple Frontignan, |

This is the variety from which the muscadine wine is made. A good

bearer. Bunches^ long ; berries^ medium size, round, black ; skin.^ thin ;

flavor J musky rich.

Black Cluster.

Black Morillon, I Early Black, I Black Burgundy,

True Burgundy, Pineau, Black Orleans.

Small Black Cluster, | |

This variety is hardy, and succeeds out doors. It is valued in France
for wine, but will never take high rank in this country. It has been pretty
extensively disseminated throughout the West, which is our main reason
for noting it. It has over forty synonyms, but those given are all which
we have ever heard applied to it in this country. Bunches^ small com-
pact ; berries, medium size, roundish oval, black, juicy, sweet ; " good ;"
distinguished from Miller's Burgundy, by absence of down on the leaf.

Early Black July.

July Grape, • Burgunder, I De St. Jean,

Madeleine Noir, Madeleine, August Traube,

Morillon Hatif, | Eaisin Precoce, | Jacob's Straube.

The habit of ripening its fruit by the middle of August, or earlier, is its

chief merit. Foliage^ small light green ; bunches^ small, compact ; berries^

small, round, black, with a blue bloom, a little acid and of indifferent flavor j

" good."

Grizzly Frontignan.

Grizzly Frontignac, I Kcd Constantia,
Muscat Eouge, | Muscat Gris,

&c., &c., in all thirteen Synonyms.

Adapted only to the house, where it ripens early, and being of " best "
quality, is highly esteemed. Bunches^ rather long, narrow, slight shoulders
berries^ round, medium size, grayish red, thick bloom, juicy, rich, musky
Jiigh flavor.

THE FOREIGN GKAPE.

269

Royal Muscadike.

Chasselas de Fontainebleau,
Golden Chasselas,
Chasselas Dore,
D'Arbois,

Amiens,
Chasselas,
White Chasselas,
Chasselas Blanc,

Eaisin d'Champagne,
Amber Muscadine,
E«rl7 White Teneriffe,

This is highly esteemed ; is distinguished from White Sweet Water
(often sold as this variety) by its larger berries and stronger growth. Grown
out of doors, it requires not only Winter protection, but also to be well
supplied with wood ashes, as otherwise it cracks and mildews.

Allen says, the Royal Muscadine and Chasselas of Fontainebleau are
distinct, but only in size of bunch. The Early White Muscadine, he also
says, only varies from this in ripening a few days earlier.

Bunches^ large, long, shouldered ; berries, above medium, round, greenish
white, becoming amber color when fully ripe, tender, rich delicious flavor
Middle to last of September.

White Muscat of Alexandria,

Jerusalem Muscat,

Malaga,

White Muscat of Lunel,

Muscat of Alexandria.

Lunel,

Frontniac of Alexandria,
Muscat d' Alexandria,
White Muscat,

Tottenham Park Muscat,
Passe-longue Musque,
Passe Mu8qu6. ^

Adapted only to house culture, and, even then, benefitted by artificial
heat. This isprobably the " Malaga " Grape brought to this country in jars
and sold by confectioners.

^MwcAgj, very large, loose, irregular; berries^ large, oval, pale amber,
thick skin, firm flesh, crisp, musky, rich perfumed flavor, often seedless. A
strong grower.

The Cannon Hall Muscat, is esteemed a sub-variety not equaling its
parent.

Traminer.

Bed Traminer,
Fromentin Eouge,
Eother Traminer,
Bother Klevner,
Tokayer,
Kleinbranner,

Eothclauser,

Eanfollga,

Gris Eouge,

Fromentean,

Decimanner,

Eothedel,

Eothfrankcn,
St. Clauser,
Marzimmer,
Ean Folak.
Eothe Eeifler.

Hardy in the open air, being free from mildew or rot, a productive bearei,
and never failing to perfectly ripen both fruit and wood. Allen says of it,
" a much-esteemed wine Grape on the river Maine." It is described in
the London Horticultural Society's Catalogue. It deserves a place in every
garden.

Bunches^ medium size, compact ; herries, roundish oval, middle size, uni-
form, pale reddish, tender, juicy, sweet, without pulp, rich and pleasant
flavor. Ripens ten days before Isabella.

I

White Frontignan.

White Frontniac,
Nepeana Constantla,
Eaisin de Frontignan,
Moschata Bianca,

Moscatel Commun,
White Constantia,
Muscat Blanc,

Muscat Blanc de Jura,
Moscado Bianco,
Muscateller.

An old productive variety suited only to the house. Bunches, middle size^
rather long, rarely shouldered : berries^ middle size, round rather closely
set; skin^ thin, dull white or greenish yellow, thin white bloom ) fleshy deli«
cate, sugary, rich musky flavor

NECTARINES.

The Nectarine is claimed to be only a sport in nature from the
Peach, to which occasionally plants grown from seeds return ; record
is also made of the Nectarine tree producing both Peaches and Nec-
tarines on the same tree. Of this we confess some little unwilling-
ness of belief ; certain, however, it is that the trees so closely resem-
ble the Peach, as not to be detected except when in fruit.

Grown under glass, or South, where the heat is greater than at
the North, the Nectarine is a really fine fruit ; but here it is inferior
to the Peach, possessing a flavor partaking of the peculiar flavor and
taste of the pit. When we say the trees are undistinguishable from
the peach, we speak the general view ; closely examined, the wood
may be found slightly more smooth, and possibly a trifle firmer or
closer grained. The trees are usually propagated by budding, in
same manner and time as the Peach, and their after culture is the
same.

The fruit of the Nectarine being smooth skinned, is equally liable
to attack from curculio as the Plum, and the same remedies are
adopted for prevention ; we, therefore, refer the reader to the article
under head of Insects injurious to the Plum. The same marks dis-
tinguishing varieties in the leaf are found in the Nectarine, as in the
Peach, and used accordingly.

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed.

Boston.
Lewis, I Perkins' Seedling.

American. Claimed to have originated from a peach-stone. It is pro-
bably one of the very best Nectarines, and well adapted to all sections of
our country.

Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, sometimes eight inches
round, roundish oval ; skin, light yellow, with deep red cheek, shaded olf
by a mottling of red ; flesh, yellow to the stone, sweet, with a pheasant,
peculiar flavor ; stone, small, pointed. Free-stone. First September.

Down TON.

Foreign. Fcowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish oval ,•
skin, pale green, with violet red cheek ; flesh, pale green, melting, rich^
high flavor. Free-stone. Last of August.

270

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 271

Violet Hative,
Petite Violet Hative,
Early Brugnon,
Brugnon red at Stone,

Early Violet.

Ilampton Court,
Large Scarlet,
New Scarlet,
Aromatic,

Brugnon HatH
Violet Musk,
Violet red at Stone,
Lord Selsey's Elruge.

Foreign. Tree, very hardy, often confounded with Elruge, from which
it is distinguished by its deep red flesh and dark colored stone.

Flowers, small ; glands^ reniform ; fruity large, roundish, narrowed at
apex ; suture^ shallow ; skin, yellowish green in shade, dark purplish red,
mottled with pale brown dots, in sun ; flesh, whitish, red at stone, melting,
juicy, rich and high flavored ; stone^ roundish, reddish brown. Free-stone.
Last of August.

Elruge.

Common Elruge, I Anderson's, I Oatland's,
Claremont, | Temple, | Spring Grove.

Foreign. An old variety that has always maintained a first character
wherever correctly grown.

Flowers, small ; glands, reniform : fruit, medium, roundish oval ; suture,
distinct only at apex ; skin, pale greenish shade, violet or blood red, dotted
with brown specks in sun; flesh, greenish, slightly stained with pale red at
stone, juicy, rich, high flavor ] stone^ oval, rough. Free-stone. Early Sep-
tember.

CLASS IL Embraces varieties, many of which are new and untested^ others
suited only to certain localities.

Barker.

Foreign. " Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large obovate, dark
red next sun, pale yellowish green, where shaded ; flesh, fine, yellowish
white, rayed with bright red at the stone ; stone, large ; kernel, bitter. Free-
stone. August." New, not yet fruited in this country.

Duke or Tellier's.

Due du Tellier's, I Du de Tello, I Du Tilly's.

Du Timers, | Duke de Tilley, |

Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform : fruit, above medium, round-
ish oblong, pale green, purplish red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, red at
stone, second rate flavor. Free-stone. Last August.

Early Newington.

Early Black Newington, I New Early Newington, I Early Black.
Lucombe's Black, | Lucombe's Seedling, |

Foreign. Flowers, large, glandless. Fruit, large, roundish ovate, point
at apex, pale green, with shades of red marbled in sun ; flesh, greenish
white, red at stone. Cling-stone. Early September. Valued South.

French Yellow.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, greenish yellow, dull red in sun ; flesh, yel-
low, juicy, rich. Cling-stone. September. (W. R. P.)

272 THE NECTAEINE.

Hardwicke.

Hardwicke Seedling, | Hardwicke's Seedling.

Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform : fruit, large, roundish oval,
pale green, violet red cheek : flesh, pale green, little marked with red at
stone, juicy. Free-stone. Last August.

Hunt's Tawny.

Hunt's Large Tawny, | Hunt's Early Tawny.

Foreign. Flowers, small, glandless ; fruit, below medium, roundish
ovate, point at apex, pale orange, red cheek, russety specks : flesh, orange,
juicy. Free-stone. Middle August.

Large Early Violet.
Violette Grosee.
Foreign. Similar to Early Violet, a trifle larger, and less high flavored.

Neate's White.

New White, I Flanders, | Large White.

Cowdray White, | Emerton's New White, |

Foreign. Flowers, large : glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, round,
while reddish cheek in the sun ; flesh, white, juicy. Free-stone. Early
September.

Oldenburg.

English. New ; not yet fruited in this country. It is described as of " me-
dium size, ovate form, dark red on pale yellow ; flesh, separating freely
from the stone, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous."

Orange.
Pitmaston''s Orange, | "William's Orange, I "William's Seedling.

Foreign. Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ovate,
acute pomt at apex, orange yellow, with dark brownish red cheek ; flesh,
yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Last August. Valued
South.

Red Roman.

Old Roman, I Brngnon "Violet Musqufee,
Boman, | Brugnon Musqu^e.

Foreign. An old variety, which proves best adapted to our northern
sections. Flowers, large ; glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, roundish,
greenish yellow, with dull red cheek, and russety specks ; flesh, firm,
greenish yellow, deep red at stone, juicy, vinous. Cling-stone. Early
September.

Stanwicke.

First fruited in this country by Caleb Cope, Esq., Phila. From its high
praise in England, where it originated, and the fact of our clear sunny
clime adding to the richness and sugary character of both Peach and Nec-
tarine, as compared with England, we are led to suppose this will prove
the very best Nectarine extant.

It was grown from a stone brought from Syria, and is described in the
journal of the London Horticultural Society as above medium size, round-

SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 273

ish oval, slightly heart shape at base ; pale greenish white, shaded into
deep, rich violet in sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, sugary, and
without the slightest trace of prussic acid flavor; stone, middle size,
ovate, a prominent sharp edge, rugged, and of chocolate color: kernel,
sweet.

CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts.

Bboomfucld.

American. Glands, renifonn; fruit, large, roundish ; dull yellow, red cheek; flesh, yellow,
pleaeant ; eecond rate. Cling-stone. Middle September.

Faikchild's.

Fairchild's Early.

Forei)?n. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, round; yellowish green, red check; flesh, yellow,
dry, poor. Free-stone. Early August.

Golden.

Orange, 1 Fine Gold Fleshed.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; ftuit, medium, roundish ovate ; light yellow, Ted in sun; flesh,
orange yellow, firm, sweet ; second rate. Cling-stone. Early September.

MUBEET.

Murry, | Black Murry.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; pale green, red cheek ; flesh
greenish white, sweet, good flavor; poor bearer. Free-stone. Last August.

Newington.

Scarlet Newington, I Smith's Newiugton, [ Bough Roman,
Scarlet, French Newington, Anderson's Bound.

Old Newington, \ Sion Hill, |

Foreign. Glandless; fruit, large, roundish ; greenish yellow, red in sun; flesh, firm, Juicy
deep red at stone. Cling-stone. Middle September.

Pbince's Golden.
American. Glands, reniform ; about one-fourth larger, and a week later, otherwise, of second
quality, and resembling the Golden.

Petebbobottgh.
Late Green, | V«rmash, | Genoa, or Genoese.

Foreign. Under the last synonym, it nas, of late, been disseminated as new. Glands, reni-
form; fruit, small, roundish, green, with dull red in sun; flesh, greenish white. Free-stono,
Early October.

Sweet Yellow.
Janue Lisse, | Late Yellow.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, yellow, with dull red cheek in sun ; flesh, yellom^
dry. Free-stone. October.

12»

THE PEACH.

Persica vulgaris, Dec. — Rosacea of Botanists.

Found wild on the Himalayan mountains, and not mentioned in
Jewish history, it is doubtful whether the Peach is, as generally
understood, a native of Persia and also of China. It was, however,
introduced into Italy by the Romans, and, as early as 1550, was cul-
tivated in Britain. About the year 1680 it was introduced into this
country, and, with the exception of portions of the Northern New
England States and Northern New York, it is now cultivated in every
settled portion of our States. History clothes the Peach with delete-
rious qualities, and Pliny mentions that it was supposed the King of
Persia had sent them into Egypt to poison the inhabitants, with
whom he was then at war. In portions of China, Spain, Italy, and
the South of France, as well as our own country, the peach is grown
without aid of glass, or artificial heat, or by means of walls, etc. ; we
have, therefore, looked to receive some variety from abroad that
would surpass our American Seedlings, but, as yet, none have been
introduced.

The wood of the peach, being of a more open, coarse fibre than
that of most fruits, we find it more susceptible to sudden and severe
changes of temperature, and therefore less hardy, and of shorter dura-
tion. That this character is materially afi^ected by soil, seems not to
admit of a doubt ; writers generally conceding that while in unfavor-
able soils the peach decays in four to ten years, in favorable ones it
continues healthy and vigorous for forty or fifty years, and, with the
addition of being annually correctly and freely pruned, piay be made
to produce regularly for near one hundred years. Of this we speak
more at length under the head of Soil.

Propagation. By Seed. The seed of the peach, if carefully
planted in the Autumn, will often vegetate in the ensuing Spring,
and, in good soil, make a growth, the first year, of three to four feet ;
but in order to succeed surely, it is best to gather the stones from
late fruiting varieties, of hardy, healthy trees ; spread them about
four inches thick, on some light, sandy knoll, and cover with about
four inches earth. In Spring, when the frost is fully out of the
ground, leaving it fit for working, these stones will be found to have
mostly cracked and the germ just started ; they should then be care-
fully planted in rows, four feet apart, and one seed every foot in the
row, covered about two inches deep. The stones that are not cracked

274

BY BUDDING. 2Y5

by the frost should be taken and carefully cracked, by placing on a
wooden block and striking the side edge with a hammer ; this will not
injure the germ, as is often done when they are cracked by striking
the ends. Separated from the stone, the kernels should be planted
same as above, but in rows by themselves, as all are not sure to
grow, and, even if they did, would not as soon as those already
started, and therefore, the rows in culture would often have trees
unfitted for budding at same time ; or frequently those coming from
the lastrD9ined kinds would be entirely too small for budding the
first yeRr.

It \'s well to know that most of the yellow-fleshed peaches have a
tendency to produce varieties similar to the parent ; hence the innu-
merable new sorts that now swell the nursery-men's catalogues, and
that are yearly being introduced to the public as " highly superior"
If an orchard is desired to be produced of seedlings, by selecting
seeds of the Yellow Rareripe, Crawford's Early, Bergen's Yellow,
Lemon Cling, and Crawford's Late, it is very probable a collection
would be obtained preserving, in a great measure, the characters,
qualities, and times of ripening of these varieties. So, also, may the
periods of ripening of each kind be, to a certain extent, hastened or
retarded, by selecting pits of the first or last that ripen on each par-
ticular tree.

The grower should, however, recollect that while there is a strong
tendency in these varieties to reproduce themselves, their capability so
to do is often destroyed by the intermixture, while in flower, of some
other variety which is perhaps adjoining them only a few feet ; hence,
in order to feel any degree of certainty toward the raising of kinds
valuable, or resembling the parent, it is necessary that the tree from
which the pits are taken should stand perfectly isolated, or certainly
distant two hundred rods from any other peach tree.

Those who have not the dry sandy knoll wheron to place the pits,
to prepare them for the ensuing Spring, may place them in a moist
cellar until nearly the close of Winter ; then take them out, soak
them in water two or three days, spread them on the ground and
cover two or three inches of sawdust or leaf mold over them ; thus
exposing them to action of frost until the season for planting.

By Budding. The seed sown as above will, early in the month
of September, be found to have grown, in good soil, from three to
four feet, when they should be budded as near the ground as possible ;
and in October one-half of the entire top should be cut back — not
the limbs pruned off, leaving bare stems — but the growth of every
limb, should be shortened or cut back one- half ; this is to prevent
injury from high winds or heavy snows, which frequently break the
tree just at the insertion of the bud.

Some bud upon the Plum stock for the purpose of dwarfing the
tree ; and when so done the month of August is best. The e^u^cft

276 THE PEACH.

time cannot be stated, as seasons vary even in the same section of
country, but the watchful eye will soon learn to detect the period
when the young stock is about to form its terminal bud, and then is
generally the best time. If the bud is inserted too early in the sea-
son, on the peach stock, it is liable to overgrow and " gum."

Budding the peach may also be performed in the month of June,
on trees of two or more years old. It is done in same manner as
that in common budding, except in selecting the buds, you select a
young shoot, of about one to two inches grown, and, cutting it back to
one or two leaves, you insert and tie as in the commoa mode.

By Grafting. This is rarely performed at the North, but may be
made tolerably successful if performed very early on trees standing
in warm, light soil. A strong, sharp knife or spade should first be
used around, cutting off all the roots of the tree, at about one foot
from the body of a tree four feet high — the tree headed back about
one half, and the lower limbs cut in to about two buds each — the
graft inserted in the manner termed tongue or whip-grafting, tied
with soft bark, and covered with a ball of grafting-clay. When
the graft has made one foot growth, the ligature should be loosed,
and the lower limbs cut in smoothly to the body. Some cultiva-
tors in the Southern States graft into the crown of the root, and when
the stocks are small it is a good way ; but the cleft-grafting mode is
then best.

Transplanting. In transplanting from the nursery to the orchard,
the limbs, or branches, should be shortened back to the form of a
pyramidal, rounded head, having the lower limbs within two feet of
the ground, and not exceeding one foot long. The side roots should
only have their ends smoothed with a sharp knife, all broken or
bruised roots cut away, and the tap root cut off to within one foot of
the crown.

Distances apart. On light, sandy soils, twelve feet apart each way
is sufficient for the Peach ; but on good strong soil, the trees require
from eighteen to twenty-five feet, in order, when full-grown, to enable
them to mature their fruit with full exposure to the sun.

Soil and Situation. The soil whereon to make plantations of the
Peach is a matter of great import, as thereby hang the main chances
of success or failure. The following analysis, made by B. Kirtland,
Esq., of Poland, Ohio, from three esteemed varieties, viz. : Yellow
Rareripe, Morris Red Rareripe, and Morrisania, will be found ex-
tremely useful to every planter, as it is easy to get an analysis made
of soils, and from the two the planter will know at once which par-
ticular manure is required to perfect his fruit, and give vigor to hia

SOIL AND SirUATION. 277

trees. Equal quantities of limbs and twigs frora the three kinds
above-named, were taken, and after having been thoroughly dried
(whereby they lost about 44 per cent of water), carefully burned
with a moderate heat, yielded as follows :

Charcoal and Sand 3.180

Silica 1.480

Perphosphate of Iron 2.174

Potash 12.545

Soda ; . . 2.000

Sulphate of Lime 2.258

Lime 23.951

Phosphate of Lime 21 .699

Magnesia 7.052

Peroxide of Manganese .800

Chloride of Sodium 699

Carbonic Acid 33.350

111.188
Loss in Analysis ^ 3.812

115.000

These analyses show the wood of the Peach tree as next to the
Pear in amount of phosphates, and also the erroneous impression so
generally current, that the Peach requires a light, sandy soil. The
most vigorous, healthy trees we have ever seen, are growing on the
borders of the Ohio river, on what is termed limestone soil, and
where perfect drainage is naturally formed by the hills. On the
prairies the trees grow rapidly, but to us have the appearance of a
forced, green-house plant, and unable to endure aught but genial air^
while feeding thus upon one or two of the elements of growth, and
at the same time devoid of others requisite to the perfection of healthy
wood. Lime and bone-dust, we judge, will be found especially
beneficial in perfecting truly healthy trees, capable of enduring the
great changes of climate on our western prairies. If to this appli-
cation be added the practice of shortening-in during the month of
September, and perfect drainage of water from the roots, we believe
the tree w^ill be found to endure more successfully the extreme
changes of climate.

The duration of the Peach tree we consider greatly dependent
upon the soil being properly drained, and containing the proper pro-
portions of food toward forming perfect wood. The doctrine of ex-
cretions of vegetables is one which we are yet inclined to support,
having been unable to succeed, even with renewed preparation of the
soil, in growing two successive crops of the same kind of tree upon
the same plot.

A rank, luxuriant tree, with shoots spongy, sappy, plethoric, un

278 THE PEACH.

ripened, and incapable of being matured, with the roots in an un
drained, cold, or wet soil,, is too often regarded as thrifty, when in
truth it is but the expression of a false stimulant, as in the human
frame, exciting only to destroy.

The situation of a peach-orchard should, if possible, be upon high
ground, as less subject to extreme and severe changes of tempera-
ture, and as tending to more perfect maturity of wood in Fall of
year, and later period of blooming in Spring. If the trees are low-
branched and well shortened-in, supplied with requisite inorganic ele-
ments in. the soil, the lay of the land to the east, south, or north, will
only afifect the time of ripening the fruit ; that to the south maturing
about one week earlier than that toward the north. Elevated situa-
tions, surrounded by, or bordering on, bodies of water, will often fur-
nish fruits when adjacent valleys fail; and this is especially true where
the bodies of water do not entirely freeze over during Winter, the
southern shores of several of our lakes rarely failing to produce
peaches, when the entire crop is destroyed five or ten miles back in
the interior. Even slight knolls often protect the crop, an instance
of which we had in our own grounds, where trees were distant only
thirty feet ; in one night all of the buds upon the lower limbs, or
more than half way up, being destroyed on the tree standing on what
would be termed the level, while on the tree on the knoll not one was
injured.

The destruction of buds by extreme cold in the Winter is of rare
occurrence, except the tree has been excited by a season of warm
weather, or has been grown in the manner called " thrifty," previously
noted. Where trees are steadily and healthily grown, they are
capable of withstanding 20° to 25° below zero without injury, unless
immediately followed by clear, warm sun, or the tree being in an
immature, unhealthy state.

SecLson to Transplant. Throughout the Northern and Western
States it is best to transplant the Peach in the Spring. South or
Southwest, Fall or mid-winter may be best; but from remarks of
many writers, we incline to the belief, that early in March or the last
of February is best, as they occasionally have some severe changes
in January, very trying to newly planted trees. The ground should
always be planted in the Fall.

Cultivation, The ground about peach trees should always be kept
clean ; if planted on light, sandy soil, running through an orchard
with a cultivator so as not to break the roots ; if upon rich prairie or
limestone soils, the ground may be plowed and cropped without in-
jury ; but on the sandy, hght soil, no crop except the white turnip
should ever be grown, and that pays best to be turned under by a
very shallow plowing, of say two inches deep. On rich, deep prairie
toils, it is best not to stir the ground after mid-summer.

PRUNING, ETC.

279

Pruning. The fruit being borne only on wood of the
preceding year, one of the great objects in pruning is
to keep all parts of the tree furnished with a regular
and constant succession of annual bearing shoots. P.
Barry, in his " Fruit Garden," has the following, so cor-
rectly descriptive of the mode, that we adopt it, together
with a cut illustrative of buds, on which C, D, E^ are
fruit buds, jP, G^ Hy leaf buds, /, double buds, C, triple
buds ; the two side buds being fruit buds, and the centre
one a leaf bud. By referring to the branch, it will be
seen that it is furnished with a certain number of wood
buds and fruit buds. At the base, there are always one
or more wood buds.

Now, if that shoot were not pruned, all the fruit buds
on it would produce fruit, one, tw^o, or three of the wood
buds at the top would make new shoots ; these would
necessarily be very weak, in consequence of the number
of fruit below them. At the end of the season .there
would be a long, vacant space, entirely destitute of a
young shoot or a living bud. This is the way that the
interior or lower parts of trees become so soon degar-
nished.

But when that shoot is shortened, we will say one half,
the sap is retained in its lower parts, one half of the
fruit buds are removed, and the consequence is, that
large and fine fruits are obtained from those remaining ;
young vigorous shoots are produced from the lower buds
to bear next year, and take
the place of those which have
already borne. In this way re-
gular uniform crops of large
and fine fruit are obtained, and
a constant succession of young
shoots is kept up.

To form the head of a stand-
ard Peach tree. We will sup-
pose it the intention to form a Form of a low standard peach

standard tree, with a trunk two t^ee, with a stem two feet high,

„ . , . , , 1 and a round, open head.

feet m height, and a round,

open, and symmetrical head,
like figure. We take a yearling tree and cut it back to within two
feet and a half of the ground in the Spring. Below this cut a cer-
tain number of shoots will be produced, from which three will be
selected to form the main branches or frame-work of the head. All
the others are rubbed off when two or three inches long or sooner.
At the end of the season we have a tree with three branches.

280 THE PEACH.

The second year these three branches are cut back full one half
their length, and from each we take a shoot to continue the branch,
and one to form a secondary branch. The other shoots produced
below these are pinched or checked to prevent them from interfering
with the growth of the leading branches. In the Fall of the year
we have a tree with six leading branches, and some bearing shoots
below on the older wood.

The third year each of these six branches is shortened one-half, in.
order to obtain more secondary branches, and some fruit branches
on the lower parts. All young shoots on the old wood, whether
fruit branches or not, should be cut back one-half, or as far as may
be necessary, to cause the wood buds at their base to push, and make
shoots to bear next year.

The formation of the head goes on as described for two or three
years more, when it is complete ; for peach trees, properly pruned,
do not assume such wide spreading forms as they do naturally. The
main branches and secondary branches should be at equal distances
throughout, and far enough apart to give the bearing wood on their
sides the full benefit of the sun and air.

An equality of vigor should also be preserved amongst them by
summer pinching. It is not uncommon to see a very vigorous shoot
start up in a peach tree, and appropriate so much of the sap as to
injure a whole branch ; these should be checked the moment their
character is observed, unless they may be wanted to fill a vacancy.
Every part of the branches should be furnished with bearing shoots,
and these should, every Spring, be shortened-in one half or more, to
produce others at their base, whilst those that have borne are cut
out.

With the advice above, as well as of most writers, to shorten back
or prune the Peach in the Spring, we do not fully agree ; believing,
rather, that if the operation be performed in September, it will en-
able the tree to more fully perfect the remaining buds, and fit it to
endure changes of temperature during Winter.

Diseases and Insects injurious. The Curl of the Leaf. The first
developed leaves, in the Spring, often become diseased with a spongy
and malignant growth, exhibiting reddish blotches or swellings on
the upper §ide, that, after two or three weeks, causes them to fall off.
" This occurs at a period when the vigorous circulation of the sap
requires a corresponding action in those important organs. A second
growth is soon forced out, which ultimately restores the tree to its
wonted force and vigor. It is, however, evident, that though the
recuperative powers of nature may, for once, twice, or even thrice,
restore a growth of leaves, the shock must at length impair the
vitality, and induce an unhealthy condition." This curl of the leaf
is produced by the punctures of a small plant-louse, the '* Aphis
^ersica" fully described by Dr. Harris in his work on Insects.

DISEASES ArfD INSECTS. 281

A mixture of tobacco water and strong soap-suds, applied with a
syringe, early, or as soon as the leaves are one-third grown, will be
found a good remedy. Barry regards the curl of the leaf induced
by sudden change of weather, a number of warm days that cause
the expansion of the young leaves, followed by a cold, rainy day ;
the more severe and protracted the cold, the more severe and fatal
the curl. Soaping the limbs of the trees early in Spring, or wash-
ing them with a solution of sulphur and potash, it is said, M'ill pre-
vent the curl.

The Yellows. What is regarded as the Yellows is little known
throughout the "West ; neither have we ever observed it, to any ex-
tent, in the New England States, except where trees were procured
from, or grown on poor, sandy soils, enfeebled and imperfect from
their first start. That it may be perpetuated by inoculation, or
sowing seeds from trees diseased, we have no doubt ; it therefore
behooves every tree grower to be careful from whence he procures
his pits for stocks. Prof. Kirtland says : " It is questionable whether
any distinct disease occurs, to which this name applicable. Perhaps
it is only a collection of symptoms arising from causes acting either
individually or collectively. Facts seem to favor this view, though
the insight of popular opinion is in favor of its being a specific and
contagious disease." Depredations of the jEgeria exitiosa, Aphis
persica, exhaustion of elements in the soil, and want of correct prun-
ing appear to be the primary causes, and, in reference thereto. Prof.
Kirtland further remarks : " In estimating the power and extent of
these causes, it should be recollected that an injurious impression,
acting constantly upon successive generations of either animal or
vegetable species, may ultimately establish a hereditary entailment
that may be propagated in the form of a predisposition to disease,
or disease itself. The converse is equally true in producing health
or physical development,"

These several causes have been exerting their influence on the
Peach tree for a long term of years, impairing the stamina and
health of its fruit germs. These impressions have been propagated
and re-propagated, in conjunction with the action of the primary
causes of impairment, till at length we have only a sickly progeny.

The remedy is to cut down and destroy all diseased trees ; the
preventive is judicious cultivation.

Mildew. This is the name applied to a minute fungus which at-
tacks the ends of the young branches of some particular varieties,
termed serrated or glandless. It checks growth, and renders the
tree unsightly. Application, by means of a syringe, of one ounce of
nitre to one gallon of water, in proportion, will destroy it, and, at
the same time, add to vigor and health of the tree. Dusting of sul-
phur is by some advised.

The Peach'VJcrmj or Borer {/Egeria exitiosa), was known as earl^

2S2

THE PEACH.

as before the commencement of the present century, and has been
repeatedly described. There are two sexes, and so remarkably dif-
ferent that some natural-
ists have almost hesitated - ^
in arranging them. " The
insect, in its perfect state,
is a slender, dark blue,
four-winged moth, some-
what like a wasp. It
commences depositing its
eggs in the soft and ten-
der bark at the base of the trunk, usually about the last of June, but
at different times from June to October. The egg hatches, and be-
comes a small vvhite borer,
or grub (fig. a), which even-
tually grows to three-fourths
of an inch long, penetrates
and devours the bark and
sap-wood, and, after passing
the Winter in the tree, it en-
folds itself in a cocoon (fig. h\ under, or upon the bark, and emerges
again in a perfect or winged form, in June, and commences deposit-
ing its eggs for another generation."

Multiform have been the prescribed remedies for protection against
this insect, but none have been found infallible ; and the careful cul-
tivator will find the use of a sharp knife, once in June, and again in
September, applied to cutting out the worm, whose location is easily
discovered by exudation, near the crown of the roots, of gummy mat-
ter— a far better preventive, and also really cheaper than heaping
up of ashes, cinders, etc., etc.

Gathering. If for immediate use the Peach should not be gathered
until fully ripe, but if intended for market, it is necessary often to gather
while yet firm.

Characters and Classification. The general outward characters
of many kinds are so nearly similar that it is necessary to resort to
other means than exhibited in the fruit, in order to identify varieties.
This, even with all the means at command, is often very difficult,
owing to the numerous seedlings constantly being produced. The
distinction of free-stones and cling-stones (melters and pavies of the
English) is the most natural and well understood ; next, the distinc-
tion by means of what are termed glands on the leaves, as also the
indentations, or irregular edge of the leaf termed creneate, serrated,
and coarsely serrated ; and, lastly, the distinction by means of the,
flowers, as large or small. This last is open only to examination a
short period, and, therefore, is not used, except by the careful ama*
teur pomologist, or correct nurseryman.

USES.

283

The accompanying figures are illustrative :

Figure 1, the ser-
rated without glands ;
figure 2, coarsely ser-
rated, and with glo-
bose glands ; figure 3,
creneate and with reni-
form or kidney-shaped
glands. "The form of
the glands," observes
Lindley, "as well as
their position, is per-
fectly distinct ; they are
fully developed in the
Fig.i. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. month of May, and con-

tinue to the last permanent in their character, and are not affected
by cultivation. The globose glands are situated, one, two, or more,
on the foot-stalks, and one, two, or more, on the tips or points of the
serratures of the leaves. The reniform glands grow also on the
foot-stalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves are placed within the
serratures, connecting, as it were, the upper and lower teeth of the
serratures together; their leaves, when taken from a branch of
vigorous growth, have more glands than the leaves of the globose
varieties. It will, however, sometimes happen that glands are not
discernible on some of the leaves, especially on those produced from
weak branches ; in this case, other branches must be sought for which
do produce them." Lindley, as well as most writers since, have ren-
dered these classes, with sub-classes or divisions, founded mainly on
the structure of the leaves, but we have preferred in this fruit, as
well as others, to embody the distinction in the text descriptive of a
variety, and confine ourself to the practical every-day wanted divi-
sion of " best," " very good," and " good." The word '* Melocoton,"
only meaning " peach," we have dropped, and only use it in connec-
tion with the synonyms.

Uses. — The various uses made of the peach are so well known as
not to require a word, yet the profit to be obtained from drying or
preserving fresh, the fruit, when distant from market, induces us to
make the following descriptions. In most parts of the country where
peaches are largely cultivated, the fruit is dried, and in this state sent
to market in very large quantities. The drying is performed on a
small scale, in spent ovens ; on a large scale, in a small drying house
heated by a stove, and fitted up with ventilated drawers. These
drawers, the bottoms of which are formed of laths, or narrow strips
sufficiently open to allow the air to circulate through them, are filled
with peaches in halves. They are cut in two without being peeled,
the etone taken out, and the two halves placed in a single layer with

284 THE PEACH.

the skin downward. In a short time the heat of the drying house
will complete the drying, and the drawers are then ready for a second
filling. Farther south they are spread upon boards or frames, and
dried in the sun merely ; but usually, with the previous preparation,
of dipping the peaches (in baskets) for a few minutes in boiling
water before halving them.

Preserving the fresh fruit. Thomas describes the process as fol-
lows : " Prepare the canisters in the best manner, of good tin —
about seven or eight inches in length, and four to four and a half in
diameter. Whatever be the size, they should be uniform, that they
may be heated alike. The fruit selected should be just ripe and no
more, free from specks or bruises. When the canisters are filled, the
tops are to be carefully soldered on, leaving a hole in them about the
size of a small pin for the escape of the air. They are then to be
set in a vessel of water, to be kept boiling moderately, until the tem-
perature of the fruit is raised to that of the water. The way in
which this is to be ascertained, is to put a drop of water on the pin
hole, which will continue to bubble as long as the air escapes from
the canister. When the internal temperature is equal to that of the
water, no more air will escape. The water is then to be wiped off,
and a drop of solder immediately put in its place. The boiling
water should be raised as near to the tops of the canisters as possi-
ble, so as not cover them. If the operation has been properly con-
ducted, the ends of the canisters will, shortly after the cooling has
taken place, be depressed, in consequence of the external pressure of
the atmosphere. The degree of heat to which the fruit is subjected
does not cook it in the least. It is proper that the canisters should
be set in a cool place. The vessel in which the water is to be kept
boiling, must of course have a level bottom ; and every one who is
disposed to try the experiment can devise one for himself."

VARIETIES.

The varieties of the Peach have, within a few years been largely
mcreased, but as the fruit is, when matured, quickly perishable, we
have endeavored to select out only those that are really valuable, and
that will furnish a perfect succession from earliest to latest. Many
varieties are undoubtedly good in their immediate locality, and often
perhaps equal the best, yet there seems no necessity for increasing
the numbers unless some evident superiority is found either in fruit
or tree.

The periods of ripening, which we have attached to each variety,
mark its character on the southern shore of Lake Erie, in northern
Ohio. At Cincinnati it will often be found two weeks earlier, while
at Boston or Buffalo it will be eight or ten days later.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 285

CLASS I. Varieties most generally .esteemed.

Yello-w Alberge,
Alberge Juane,
Purple Alberge,
Ked Alberge,

Alberge.

Golden Mignonne,
French Rareripe,
Peche Jaune,
Gold-Fleshed,

Yellow Rareripe, of som^
Hardy Galande,
Golden Rareripe.

Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish,
yellow, purplish cheek ; Jlesh, yellow, red at stone. Free-stone. Middle
August. Valued highly for market purposes.

Bergen's Yellow.
American. It much resembles yellow Rareripe, but ripens about ten
days later ', a moderate, regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ;
fruit, large, globular ; depressed, broad suture, distinct, rather more than
half round ; skin, deep orange, with a broad red cheek ; flesh, yellow, melt-
ing, and of luscious flavor. Free-stone. Early September.

Brevoort.
Brevoort's Morria, | Brevoort's Seedling Melter.
American. A moderate but regular bearer.. Flowers, small ; glands,
reniform ; fruit, medium to large, round ; rather broad, distinct suture,
deep at apex ; skin, dingy white, with a bright red cheek ; flesh, firm,
slightly red at stone, sweet and highly-flavored. Free-stone. Early
September.

Crawford's Early.

Crawford's Early Melocoton, | Early Crawford.
American. As a market fruit, one of the most deservingly popular of
the yellow-fleshed varieties ; productive. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ;
fruit, large, oblong, oval sometimes roundish, point at apex prominent ;
suture, shallow ; skin, yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, and,
when ripened in warm sunny weather, rich and sweet, at other times
slightly sub-acid. Free-stone. Last of August to 10th of September.

Crawford's Late.

Crawford's Late Melocoton, | Crawford's Superb Melocoton,
Crawford's Superb Malacatune.

American. One of the most valuable yellow-fleshed late varieties,
deserving place in all collections ; productive. Flowers, small ; glands,
globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, shallow ; skiri, yellow, with dark
red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at the stone, juicy, vinous, and, like the fore-
going, depends on warm sunny weather to make it sweet. Free-stone.
Last of September and first of October.

Cooledge's Favorite.
Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe
American. Tree, very hardy and productive. Flowers, small ; glands,
globose ; fruit, medium to large, roundish, largest on one side ; suture, at
apex only; ^im, white, with a bright red cheek, often mottled; flesh,
melting, juicy, rich, sweet delicious flavor. Free-stone. Twentieth to last
of August.

286 THE PEACH.

Columbia.

* Indian Peach, | Mulatto, | Italian Peach.

American. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, young wood a purplish cast,
moderate regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruity large,
roundish, with a shallow suture half round ; skin^ singularly marked and
striped with dark red ; fleshy yellow, often exhibiting a red streak next the
skin, rich, juicy, and excellent flavor. Free-stone. More grown than any
variety at the South. Middle to last of September.

Early Newington.

Early Newington Freestone, | Newington, | Smith's Newington.

Foreign. This variety ripens directly after the forenamed. Tree,
hardy, moderately productive. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruity
large, roundish, one half always largest ; suture, distinct ; skin, yellowish
white, dotted and streaked with red, the cheek a rich red ; fiesh, white, red
at the stone, to which many particles adhere (if not fully ripe, it has the
habit of a cling), juicy, rich, vinous flavor. Twentieth to last of August.

Early Tillotson.

American. This variety requires a strong soil, otherwise it is liable to
mildew. The trees are hardy, but not good bearers while young, nor are
they rapid growers. Its period of maturity must, however, give it place
for market purposes. For small gardens, where only three or four days are
little consequence, it is not advisable to plant it. Flowers^ small ; leaves,
glandless, serrated ; fruit, medium, roundish ; skin, nearly white, dotted
with red, and becoming dark red in the aun ; jiesh, whitish, red at the stone,
to which the flesh partially adheres, juicy, rich, high flavor. Season,
variable, we having fruited it as early as 29th July, and, again, not until
10th of August, but always, however, a few days before Early York ; and
we only note this here in order to show that no certain dates will answer
from year to year in any fruit.

Early York.
Serrate Early York, | True Early York.

Much confusion has arisen with growers respecting this peach, owing to
the same name having been applied to seedlings in New Jersey. Tree,
hardy, productive, and, from the period of ripening, one of the very best.
Flowers, large : leaves, serrated, without glands ; fruit, medium, roundish
oval ; suture^ slight ; skin, with pale red dotted on greenish white in the
shade, and becoming dark red where exposed to the sun; Jlesh, greenish
white, tender, melting, full of rich, sprightly juice. Free-stone. Middle
of August.

George the Fourth.

American. Tree, vigorous, hardy, regular, good bearer. Flowers,
small ; glands, globose : fruit, above medium ; suture, broad and deep,
making one half larger than the other ; skin, yellowish white, dotted with
bright red, on one side a rich dark red cheek ; flesh, pale rod at the stone,
melting, juicy, rich, luscious flavor. Free-stone. Last of August.

MOST GENEEALLT ESTEEMED. 287

Roval Kensingrlon,
Grlmwood's Royal Georgp,
" New Royal George,
Large French Mignonne,
French Mignonne,
6wi88 Mignonne,

Purple Avant,
- rlyP - -

Grosse Mignonne.

Early May,
Early Vineyard,
Vineuse,

Kiel's Early Puple,
Ea "

Ronald's Seedling Galande,
Pourpree Hative,
• Belle Beaute,
Pourpree de Normandie,
Vineuse de Fromentin,
Mignonne,
Early Purple.

Johnson's Early Purple,
Superb Royal,
Royal Sovereign,
Early Purple Avant,

Foreign. The Grosse Mignonne, or Large Favorite, was a favorite
peach in France in time of Louis XIV., and is everywhere esteemed,
although in this country it is seldom that the true variety is cultivated.
The true variety has large flowers, while that ofteu grown has small
flowers.

Flowers^ large ; glands^ globose ; fruity large, roundish, apex depressed,
with a deep, hollow suture ; skiri^ dull, greenish yellow, mottled with red,
and with a purplish red cheek ; fleshy yellowish white, marked with red
at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, high, vinous flavor ; stone^ small, very
rough. Free-stone. About'20th August to 1st September.

Heath Cling-stone.
White Heath, | Fine Heath, | Eed Heath.

American. This variety is extremely valuable in the Middle and
Southern and Western States. In the Northern States it does not always
ripen well, but the fruit may be gathered, wrapped in paper same as
oranges, and laid in a cool room and kept until Christmas. It often repro-
duces itself from the stone, and Bayne's New Heath partakes of no new
qualities over many other of its seedlings. The trees are very hardy, often
producing on our Western soils when all others fail. Esteemed all South
and West.

Flowers, small ; glands, renifprm : fruit, large, oblong, narrowing to both
ends, with a swollen point at apex ; suture, one side, distinct ; skin, downy,
cream-colored white, a tinge of red in the sun: flesh, greenish white,
adhering closely to the stone, juicy, rich, lucious flavor. Cling-stone.
October.

Hyslop's Cling-stone.

American. This variety should take the place of Heath in all Northern
localities, and, indeed, deserves a place in every garden, however small.
From not finding it noticed in any work since Kenrick's issue, we had sup-
posed it probably a synonym, but have been unable so to detect it. Trees
are hardy, vigorous, and productive. Flowers, small; glands, reniform ;
fruit, large, oblong roundish ; skin, white, with a deep, rich red cheek ;
flesh, very juicy, melting, rich, and luscious, Cling-stone. Early in
October.

Jaques Rareripe,
Jaquish, | Jaques Rareripe.

American, A very desirable market variety, good flavor, and very cer-
tain bearer.

Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, distinct suture ;
skin, downy, dull yellow, with red cheek : flesh, yellow, red at the stone,
juicy, rich, slightly sub-acid. Free-stone. Middle of September.

288 THE PEACH.

Large Early York, or New York Rareripe.

Livingston''8 l<ew York Eareripe, I Haine's Early Red,
Ilonest John, I Early York of New Jersey.

American. The synonyms which we attach to this variety, we are
aware, are questioned by some good pomologists, but, after having growr
and examined the trees under the several names, we confess ourselves
unable to distinguish any material difference, certainly not sufficient to
make distinct descriptions requisite. Trees, vigorous, healthy, moderate,
but good bearers. Flowers^ sijiall ; glands^ globose ; fruity above medium,
roundish ; skin^ whiti.sh, with marblings and dots of red, with a clear, rich
red cheek where exposed to the sun ; fiesh^ almost white, fine-grained,
very juicy, rich, mild, excellent flavor. Free-stone. Last of August.

Late Admirable.

Eoyale,
La Eoyale,
Peche Eoyale,
Bourdine,

Bondin,
Narbonne,
Teton de Venus,
French Bourdine,

Judd's Melting,
Motteux's,
Pourpree Tardive.

Foreign. An old variety, the trees of wliich have proved successful
wherever grown. Moderate regular bearer. Flowers^ small ; glands^
globose ; fruity large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture^ bold, apparently
making two halves of the fruit, a swollen point at apex ; skin, yellowish
green, with a cheek of two shades of red, mingled, or marbled; fiesh^
greenish white, juicy, melting, delicate, delicious flavor. Free-stone.
About 20th September.

Lemon C ling-stone.

Kennedy' Carolina, I Largest Lemon,

Kennedy's Lemon Cling-stone, Pine Apple Cling-stone,

Long Yellow Pino Apple, | Yellow Pine Apple.

American. The flavor of this variety, except grown in warm climate
and good soil, would not place it among the first class ; but the uniform
hardihood and productiveness of the tree, together with the fine appear-
ance of the fruit, making it verv desirable for marketing purposes, has
induced us to retain it. Flowers^ small ; glands, reniform ; fruity large,
oblong, with a projecting point at apex like unto a lemon ; skin^ fine
yellow, with a dark brownish red cheek, becoming sometimes, in certain
locations South, almost a crimson red; fleshy firm, yellow, tinged with red
at stone, juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid acid flavor. Cling-stone.
Middle to last of September. The " Yellow Blanton Cling" is only a sub-
variety, ripening a few days later.

Morris White.

Morris White Eareripe, I Lady Ann Steward, I Free-stone Heath,

White Eareripe, White Malacaton, Morris White Free-stone.

Luscious White Eareripe, | Cole's White Malacaton, | Philadelphia Free-stone. '

American. This variety is most suited to the Southern and Southwestern
States, where it is a most delicious fruit ; but grown at the North, it is one
of the most valuable for preserving in brandy, and always commands a
high price therefor. Tree, vigorous, moderate bearer. Flowers^ small;
glands^ reniform , fruity large, oval ; suture^ moderate, swollen point small ;
skin^ downy, greenish white, becoming a creamy white when fully ripe,
rarely a purplish tinged cheek ; fleshy white to the g tone, moderately firm,
Bweet and rich. Free-stone. Middle of September.

MOST G1.NERALLT ESTEEMED.
Malta.

Peche Malte, I Italian,

Malte de Normandle, | Belle de Paris.

Foreign. The true Malta is less known than a spurious sort having
globose glands, which is most generally known. The true Malta is a deli-
cious fruit for the private garden, but not desirable for marketing. Flowers^
large ; leaves^ serrated, without glands ; fruity above medium, roundish
flattened, with a broad, shallow suture on one side ; skin, pale, dull green,
marked on the sunny side with broken spots and blotches of dull purple ;.
Jleshj greenish, with a little dark red at the stone, very juicy and melting
rich, vinous, delicious flavor. Free-stone. Last of August.

Morris Red Rareripe.
Bed Eareripe, | Largo Bed Bareripe.
American. Has been confounded with George the Fourth, and also with
Grosse Mignon, from both of which it is distinct. The large Early York of
New Jersey most nearly resembles it, but is quite different. It is univer-
sally esteemed. Trees, vigorous and productive. Flowers, small ; glands,
globose ; fruit, large, roundish, slightly depressed at apex ; suture, well
marked ; skin, greenish white, with a lively red cheek ; Jlesh, greenish
white, red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, sweet flavor. Free-stone.
Last of August.

NiVETTE.

White Eareripe, 1 Veloatfe Tardive,
Nivette Veloute, | Dorsetsliire.

Foreign. An old variety, which succeeds most admirably throughout

all Northern sections, and, where known, equally well South. Trees,

upright, healthy growth, regular bearers. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ;

fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture, shallow, point of apex

slightly depressed : skin, yellowish green, and, when exposed to sun, a

bright, lively, red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, tinged with reddish pink at

the stone, juicy, melting, with a rich, delicious flavor. Free-stone. Early

in September.

Oldmixon Cling -stone. •

Baltimore Boso.
American. Of the Cling-stone peaches we think this and Hyslop's the
best, and deserving place in every collection. Flowers, small ; glands^
globose ', fruit, large, roundish oval ; suture, well marked, and one side of
fruit slightly larger than the other, without mamelon or swollen point ; skin,
yellowish white, withered more or less dotted, and becoming bright red
cheek where exposed fully to sun ; flesh, pale white, juicy, rich, high and
excellent flavor. Cling-stone. Early in September.

Oldmixon Free-stone.

Oldmixon Clear-stone.
American. Said to have been produced from seed of the Oldmixon,
which we think somewhat doubtful. It is, however, a variety meriting
place everywhere, as it always produces a crop, appearing to withstand late
Spring frosts better than many others, and for market, its ripening just at a
period when most other varieties are out, makes it extremely desirable.
Flowers, small ; glands, globoso ; fruit, large, roundish, slightly oval, one
•ide swollen ; suture, apparent only at apex ; skin, a mingling of yellowish
13

290 THE PEACn.

white and pale green, more or less marbled with dull red, and having a
deep red cheek in the sun ; fiesh^ white, tinged with red at stone, rich,
sweet, vinous, excellent flavor. Fifth to fifteenth September.

• President.

American. Trees, healthy, productive, similar to the Rareripes ; a val-
uable market fruit. Flowers^ small ; glands, globose : fruit, large, or above
medium, roundish oval ; suture, shallow; skin, downy, pale yellowish green,
with a red cheek ; Jlesh, white, red at the stone, juicy, sweet, rich, high
flavor ; stone, rough, and unless fully ripe the flesh adheres slightly to it.
Free-stone. Middle of September.

Prince's Red Rareripe.
Late Eed Hareripe.
American. Trees, vigorous, productive, and fruit of a grayish appear-
ance, distinguishing it from all other varieties. Flowers, small ; glands,
globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval, with a depressed suture and sunken
point at apex ; skin, downy, pale grayish yellow, mottled and marbled with
red, and with a red cheek mottled with fawn-colored specks ; flesh, white,
deep red at stone, juicy, melting, rich, luscious flavor. Free-stone. Early
in September.

Red Cheek.

Eed Cheek Melocoton, I Malagatnne, I Lady Gallatin,
Hogg's Melocoton, Malacatune, Yellow Malagatune.

Yellow Melocoton, | |

American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose. The parent of most of the
recently-introduced yellow peaches. Fruit, large, roundish oval, swollen
point at apex ; yellow, deep red cheek ; Jlesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, a
little sub-acid. Free-stone. Early September.

Red Rareripe.

Large Eed Eareripe, I Douglas,

Early Eed Eareripe, | Burgess' Beauty.

American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, large, round ; suture,

broad ; skin, white, mottled with red, becoming quite red in sun ; flesh,

whitish, red at stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Last August.

Sometimes mildews. From this variety it is probable most of our rareripes

have been produced.

ROSEBANK.

American. Originated with James Dougall, Esq., C. W. Trees, healthy,
moderate, but regular bearers ; leaf, serrated without glands. Fruit, above
medium, round, compressed at the apex ; suture, deep, extending somewhat
more than halfway round; skin, whitish yellow, with a red cheek, where
fully exposed to the sun, the red becomes almost purple ; flesh, thick, whit-
ish yellow, very little: red about the stone, juicy, rich, excellent flavor.
Free-stone. Middle of September.

Sturtevant.

Originated by E. T. Sturtevant, of Cleveland, 0., in 1826. Although an

old peach, its originator has never brought it forward, and hence it is as

yet little known. It is unquestionably the best yellow-fleshed peach in

existence. Fruit, medium size or above, roundish, compressed ; shallow,

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 29X

broad suture, half round, followed by a dark line ', skin, very downy, rich
yellow, mostly covered with dark rich red, very dark in sun ; stem, set in a
deep oval-shaped cavity ', Jlesh, yellow, red at stone, and the lines of red
running into its flesh nearly one-half its thiclgiess ; stone, very small,
roundish compressed. Free-stone. Last August, first September.

Van Zandt's Superb.

"Waxen Eareripe.
American. A variety not suited to market purposes, but highly desira-
ble in small gardens for dessert use. Flowers, small ; glands, globose,
obscure ; fruit, medium, roundish, one side enlarged ; suture, distinct, but
not deep ; skin, white, beautifully sprinkled and marbled with clear red,
cheek red, dotted with carmine ; Jlesh, whitish, tinged with red at the
stone, juicy, sweet, very fine flavor. Early in September.

Walter's Early.

American. A popular orchard variety, adapted to light soils. Trees,
healthy and productive. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above
medium, globular flattened ; skin, white, with a rich red cheek ; fleshy
whitish, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, sweet, fine flavor. Free-stone.
Last of August.

Ward's Free-stone.
Ward's Late Free, | Ward's Free.

American. We have examined this variety for several years, and were
^'e to have but one late-ripening variety, should unhesitatingly select this.
The Weld's Free-stone spoken of by Mr. Manning, in the second volume
of the Horticulturist, we strongly suspect to be this variety. It is a variety
highly successful among orchardists in Delaware, and so far as we have
seen, equally valuable at the North. Trees, vigorous, healthy, not too

rapid growth. Flowers, small ; glands, ; fruit, above medium,

roundish ; skin, yellowish white, with a red cheek, where exposed to the
sun ; flesh, nearly white, rarely tinged with red at the stone, juicy, vinous,
and, for a late peach, sweet and delicious flavor ; for late preserving, it is
invaluable. Free-stone. Early October.

Washington.
Washington Eareripe, \ Washington Eed Free-stone.

American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, broad, de-
pressed ; suture, broad, deep, nearly round ; skin, yellowish white, with
crimspn cheek ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Free
stone, but often adheres slightly. Middle September.

Weld's Free-stone.
American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundisl
oval ; greenish white, with some red. First to Middle October. (Man
ning.) We are inclined to regard this as probably identical with Ward's
Free-stone.

White Lmperial.

American. A valuable variety for the northern parts of our country,
being hardy and vigorous, and a regular rnoderate bearer. South, the trees

THE PEACH.

grow too rapid, while the fruit is insipid. It seems to do equally well in
sandy or loamy soil, but in the former will probably sooner require some
specific stimulant. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large or above
medium, roundish, broajj, depressed at apex ; suture, not deep, but well
marked, and the fruit often one side enlarged ; skin, yellowish white, tinged
or marbled with light purplish red towards the sun • Jlcsh, nearly white,
melting, juicy, sweet, delicate, delicious flavor. Free-stone. Last of Au-
gust.

White Cling-stone.

Large White Cling-stone, j Now York White Cling-stone,
Williamson's New York, | Selbey's Cling.

American. We think the Oldmixon preferable, and this variety suited
to large orchards.

Flowers, small ', glands, globose , fruit, large, round, small swollen point
at apex ; suture, shallow ; skin, yellowish white, little covered or dotted
with red, where exposed to sun ; flesh, whitish, tender, melting, juicy, sweet,
high flavor. Early September.

Yellow Rareripe.

Yellow Eed Eareripe, I Marie Antoinette,
Large Yellow Kareripe, | French Eareripe.

American. As a market or garden variety, this has no equal among^
yellow-fleshed fruits. Cultivators should, however, be careful of the cor-
rcctness of their trees, as an old sort, far inferior, and often known under
name of Yellow Malacatune, is frequently grown for this variety. Flowers,
small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, shallow, extending
rather more than half round, a small point at apex ; skin, deep orange yel-
low, dotted somewhat with red, the cheek rich red, shaded off in streaks ;
flesh, deep yellow, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, nearly first-
late flavor. Free-stone. 20th to last August.

CLASS 11. Embraces many new varieties, and others suited only to certain
localities or very large orchards.

Allen.

American. Small, roundish ; white, red cheek ; juicy. Free-stone.
Middle September. (Cole.)

ASTOR.

American. Glands, globose : fruit, above medium, yellowish white, red
cheek, deficient in flavor. Last of August.

' At WATER.

American. Closely resembles President, and may prove identical.
Austin's Late Red.

A large fruit ; juicy and excellent. Its late maturity makes it a valua-
ble variety for preserves. Latter part of October.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 293

Bachelder.

American. Large, round, white, with deep blush ; flesh, white, juicy.
Free- stone. Middle September. (Cole.)

Bagby's Large.

The tree has a peculiarj slender growth, with drooping branches. Fruit,
oblong, white, juicy, and well flavored. Is one of the best peaches for dry-
ing. Middle of August.

Baldwin's Late.

American. Fruit, large, oblong, with a distinct swollen point at top ;
skin, greenish white, slight red cheek ; flesh, juicy, melting. Free-stone.
Originated South, where it ripens last of October, and can be kept two or
three weeks.

Barrington.

Buckingham Mignonne, | Colonel Ausley's.
Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, whitish yellow and
red ; flesh, tinged red at stone. Free-stone. September.

Barnard.
Early Barnard, \ Yellow Barnard.
American. Much resembles Alberge.

Baugh.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, terminated with
a small point ; skin, pale yellow, slight blush towards the sun ; flesh, yel-
lowish, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Free-stone. Originated at the
South, where it ripens first October.

Briggs.

American. Large, roundish ; whitish, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at
stone ', sweet. Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.)

Belle de Beaucaire.
Beauty of Beaucaire.

Foreign. Glands, globose ; flowers, small ; fruit, medium, greenish yel-
low, red cheek ; suture, well marked, juicy. Free-stone. August. Ripens
in July at South, where it is esteemed.

Bellegarde.

Early Hoyal George,
Eed Magdalen,
French Eoyal George,

Violetto Hatlve,
Violette Hative Grosse,
Brentford Mignonne,

Ronald's Mignonne,
Large Violet,
Early Galande.

Eed Magdalen,
French Eoyal '
Smooth-leaved Eoyal George,

Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, with a
point; suture, shallow, yellowish green, red cheek: flesh, little red at
stone, juicy. Free-stone. Early September.

Blanton Cling.

An.«rican. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, resembles Lemon cling, ex
cept that it matures somewhat later, and is more juicy. August,

294 THE PEACH.

Blood Cling-stone.

Claret Cling-stone, | Blood Cling,
American. Valuable only for pickling and preserving. Flowers, small ;
glands, reniform ; fruit, often measuring twelve inches round ; suture, dis-
tinct, skin, downy, dark, clouded, purplish red ; flesh, deep red throughout,
firm, juicy. Last September.

The old French Blood Cling-stone is a smaller fruit than the above, and
also has large flowers. The Blood Free-stone is a variety of above, medium
size, glandless leaves, and less valuable.

Bordeaux Cling.
American. Fruit, large, oblong oval, one-sided ; color, lemon yellow,
red cheek; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, melting, excellent. Early
August.

Cable's Late.

Cable's Late Melocoton,
American. A seedling of the old Red Cheek, and resembles Crawford
Late, only ripening some six days earlier. Free-stone.

Cambridge Belle.
Hovey's Cambridge Belle.
American. Large, roundish, white with a blush, red cheek, juicy;
" good." Free-stone. Early September. (Hovey.)

Carmine.
American. Glands, reniform ; flowers, small ; fruit, large, oblong, red-
dish ; flesh, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. August.

Carpenter's White.
Raised by Wm. S. Carpenter, upper part of New York City. Tree, \'ig-
orous and productive; leaves, very large, serrulate, with globose glands.
Fruit, very large and round ; skin, white, with a slight shade of green :
flesh, white to the stone, juicy, melting, rich, and of excellent flavor ; sepa-
rates from the stone. Ripens about the middle of October, and promises to
be a valuable late market variety.

Chinese Peach.

Flat Peach of China, | Java Peach, | Peen To.
Foreign. Glands, reniform ; flowers, large ; fruit, small, flattened, long,
yellowish green, and pale red ; skin, thin ; pale yellow, red at stone, to
which it adheres ; juicy, delicate, vinous flavor ; fitted only for the ama-
teur's garden. September; July, at the South,

Chinese Cling.
Reniform glands. Flowers, small; fruit, large, globular; sides, com-
pressed ; suture, quite shallow ; skin, creamy white, shaded and marbled
with fine red ; flesh, white, red at the stone (which is adherent), very
juicy, melting, with a rich, excellent vinous flavor. Ripens first to middle
of September : at the South, from the middle of July to first of August.
Tree, vigorous and productive. Imported from China. (Downing.)

Clarke.
American. Large, roundish, yellow, red blush; flesh, yellow, red at
Btone, juicy, sugary, fine. Early September. (Cole.)

UlJTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 295

Clinton.

American. Only suited for marketing. Flowers, large; glands, glo-
bose ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish wiiite with red cheek, juicy. Free-
stone. Last of August.

Cole's Early Red.
American. Productive. Flowers, small : glands, globose ; fruit, medium,
roundish, pale yellow, mostly covered with red. often dry. Free-stone.
Last August.

Columbus June.

American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium to large,
flattened; suture, shallow; skin, pale, yellowish white, rich red cheek;
flesh, slightly red at stone, melting, juicy, high flavor. Free-stone. Origi-
nated South, where it ripens in June.

DoNAHoo Cling.
From Mr. Donahoo, Clark county, Ga. Glands, reniform ; fruit, very
large, roundish ; suture, quite deep on one side, and visible entirely around
the fruit ; apex, depressed ; skin, creamy white, beautifully dotted and
tinged with red in the sun ; flesh, white to the stone, exceedingly juicy,
excelling the Heath cling in tenderness of texture, and equally rich and
luscious, and a most desirable variety. Ripens from 10th to 20th Septem-
ber. (Ga. Pom. S. Report.)

Double Montagne.
Doable Moaatain, | Montagne, | Montauban.

Foreign. Almost worthy a place in first class. Flowers, large ; leaves,
glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale greenish white, with two shades
of red, when exposed to the sun ; flesh, white, delicate, juicy, fine. Free-
stone. Last of August.

Druid Hill,
American. Glands, globose : fruit, large, roundish, greenish white, red
in the sun; flesh, greenish white, juicy, inferior to Ward's Free-stone.
Free-stone. September.

Early Chelmsford.

Mammoth.
Leaves, glandless ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, clear round, deep on
one side ; skin, white, with a bright red cheek : flesh, white, very melting
and juicy; of a very delicious, slightly vinous flavor. Free-stone. Twen-
tieth to last of August. Hardy, vigorous, and productive ; one of the best,
handsomest, and largest of early peaches. (Cole.) It also succeeds well
at the South, and is one of their most profitable market varieties.

Eastburn.

EaBtburn's Choice.
American. Large, roundish ; pale yellow, with red on the sunny-side;
flesh, yellowish, red near the stem, juicy, sprightly. Free-stone. Last of
September.

Edward's Late White.

From Dr. Baldwin, Montgomery, Alabama. Fruit, large, roundish, de-
pressed at the summit; suture, distinct; point at the apex, small, and

296 THE PEACH.

slightly sunken ; skin, moderately downy, white, with a beautiful waxen
red cheek J flesh, white, red at the stone, slightly adherent; sweet, juicy,
and of excellent flavor. Ripe first of October, and continues all the
month. (Wm. N. White, MS.)

Eliza.

American. Originated at Philadelphia. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large,
round, terminating in a nipple ; skin, yellow, with mottled red cheek j
flesh, yellow, red at stone. Free-stone. Last of September. (W. D. B.,
in Pomologist.)

Elmira.
American. This variety originated in Mississippi, by M. W. Phillips,
Esq. We have not seen it, nor a description, but it is spoken of as a
Cling-stone, ripening a few days earlier than early Tillotson, and being very
desirable in that section.

Favorite.
Favorite Red.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, oval, white, with
much red in sun ; flesh, firm, red at stone. September.

Flewellen Cling.
Fruit, large, globular, depressed at the apex ; skin, downy, yellowish
white, mostly overspread with shades of red ; dark, dull purplish red in
the sun, the lighter tints of red somewhat in stripes; flesh, yellowish
white, red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres, very juicy, sweet, and
high flavored: a desirable early cling. First of August. (Wm. N.
White, MS.)

Fox's Seedling.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, round, white, with red cheek. Free
stone. September.

FULKERSON.
Fulkerson's Early.
American. Leaves, glandless ; specimens of the Fulkerson Peach were
sent us 20th of August, 1851, by its originator, R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland,
O., from which we made our description. Mr. Fulkerson states it hardy
and productive when Yellow Rareripe, Tillotson. and other varieties fail.
Fruit, medium, obtuse rounded, sides irregular, unequal ; suture, half
round ; skin, whitish, rich, red cheek ; flesh, whitish yellow, tinged with
red at the pit, juicy, rich sweet and high flavored ; stone, small, angular,
flattened. Free-stone. 20th August.

Galarde.
Hardy Galarde.
Foreign. Received from France by Messrs. Parsons & Co., Flushing,
L. I., who describe it thus : Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, below
medium ; suture, deep ; skin, downy, dark blood color on one side, on oppo-
site, red and yellow marbled; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich, apri-
cot flavor. Free-stone. Last August.

Gorgas.
American. Native of Philadelphia; originated with Benjamin Gulliss,
from a stone of Morris White. Leaves, serrate ; fruit, large, roundish, with

UNTESTED VARIETIBS, ETC. 297

a slight prominence at the apex ; dull greenish white, clouded and blotched
with red on the exposed side ; cavity, wide, rather deep ; stone, free ; flesh,
whitish, slightly stained at the stone, juicy : flavor, saccharine and exceed-
ingly luscious; quality, "best." Free-stone. Middle to end of Sep-
tember.

Green Catherine.

Doctor Cooper.

Probably foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round,
pale green, with red cheek ; flesh, bright red at stone, tender, juicy ; very
fine South, inferior at the North. Free-stone. First to middle September,

Green Rareripe.
American. Flowers, small; glands, globose. We have not seen it.
Manning says : medium size, productive, fine flavor. Free-stone. Middle
September.

Griswold.

Large, round, greenish white, slightly tinged with red ; very juicy and
high flavored. Middle of September.

Hale.
Hale^s Melocoton.
American. Above medium, oblong, flat at base; suture, slight, yellow;
flesh, yellow, rich, sweet. Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.)

Barker's Seedling.
American. Glands, globose; flowers, small ; fruit, large, roundish, red-
dish mostly ; flesh, yellowish, sweet, juicy. Free-stone. Early Septem-
ber.

Hartshorn.

American. Large, roundish, oval, yellow, deep blush; flesh, coarse;
keeps long. Cling-stone. Middle September. (Cole.)

Hastings.
American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above medium,
round, slightly flattened ; yellowish wbite, with a purplish red cheek,
juicy, delicious. Free-stone. Early September. (Manning.)

Hatch.
American. Very large, roundish pointed ; suture, shallow ; deep yel-
low, blush in sun ; flesh, yellow, melting, sweet. Free-stone. Early
September. (Cole.)

Hative de Ferrieres.
New. Early French variety. Medium, round, a little one-sided, white,
nearly covered with red, juicy, melting, rich vinous flavor. July.

Henry Clay.

American. Newly introduced by A. B. Lawrence, Woodville, Miss., by
whom it is thus described : Glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, deep pur-
ple in sun, shading to bright pink and creamy white ; flesh, grayish white,
tender, peculiar flavor, partaking of strawberry and pine-apple ; small
stone, parting freely from the flesh. First August. September at the
North.

13*

298 THE PEACH.

Hill's Chili.
Fruitj medium, roundish elongated, yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yel*
loWj juicy, sweet, slight sub-acid ; productive.

HOFFNER.
Ho£fher''s Seedling.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium or above, roundish, whitish,
with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white. Free-stone. August.

Honey Peach.
A new Seedling peach, originated by H. Lyons, Esq., of Columbia, S.
C. Fruit, large, oblong, coming to a sharp recurved point ; the color of the
skin is of a yellowish white ground, mottled with red and crimson ; flesh,
very fine, tender, juicy, of a peculiar delicious honeyed sweetness, white,
with a few red veins round the stone. The stone has the same peculiar
sharp recurved point as the fruit. Tree, a thrifty grower, and productive ;
the foliage is small, resembling a wild seedling. It is undoubtedly one of
the finest peaches, and its earliness will make it the standard market
variety. It commences ripening at the South about June 25, and lasts
until July 15th. (Berckmans' Col.)

^ Horton's Delicious.

Fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval, depressed at apex, point very
small, and within the depression; suture, shallow; skin, moderately
downy, of a rich, creamy white, with a faint blush in the sun ; flesh, white
to the stone, with the exact flavor of a Heath cling ; quality, " best."
From first to middle of October. (Ga. Pom. S. Rept.)

Hubbard's Earlt.
IVIedium, white, with a little red; flesh, juicy, very fair. July to
August.

Imperial — (Middleton^s).
American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish;
yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish, sweet. Free-stone. September
fifteenth.

Imperial — (Pettit's.)

American. Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish
oval, yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sweet, sub-acid.
Free-stone. Middle September.

Incomparable.

Pavie Admirable, | Late Admirable Cling.
Foreign. Valuable only for market. Trees, healthy, productive ; flow-
ers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, swelling a little on
one side, yellowish white, with red cheek ; flesh, yellowish white, red at
stone, juicy. C ling-stone. Late September.

Jackson Cling.
Raised by Mrs. L. A. Franklin, Athens, Ga. Fruit, large, oblong, with
a very large, swollen point ; skin, rich, dark yellow, covered with dark
red in the sun; flesh, rather firm, orange-yellow, and dark red at the
stone ; juicy sprightly, rich, and delicious ; quality, " best." Last of
August. (Ga. Pom. S. Rep.)

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 29?

Jones' Early.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white,
with pale red in sun; flesh, yellowish white, red at stone, juicy. Freo-
etone. Middle August. (Hovey.)

Jones' Large Early.
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish flattened ; suture,
deep ; greenish white with crimson cheek ; flesh, white, melting, pink at
stone. Free-stone. Middle August. (Hovey.)

Jose Sweet.
American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish,
broad ; suture, deep ; greenish white, dull red cheek, juicy, delicious fla-
vor. Free-stone. Last September.

Kenrick's Heath.

Heath Free-stone, | Heath Free.
American. Flowers, small; glands, reniform; fruit, large, oblong,
swollen point at apex ; suture, slight ; greenish white, purplish red cheek;
flesh, greenish white, red at stone, coarse, juicy, sub-acid. September.

La Grange.
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, greenish white, little
red in sun ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, not eq^ual to many others at same
time ripening. Free-stone. September.

Lady Parham.
Large, round, yellowish white, downy ; flesh, pale red at the stone, re-
sembles Baldwin's October. Of Southern origin.

Lincoln.
American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish; broad suture;
downy, yellow, with purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red atstone, juicy, sweet.
Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.)

Madeira.

Hill's Madeira, | Madeira Free-stone,
American. A variety now little known, and, we think, never much out
of Southern Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish ; suture, well marked, not deep ;
yellow, with rich red cheek ; flesh, yellowish, rather firm, rich, and, in warm
seasons, sugary and delicious. Free-stone. Early September.

Madeleine of Courson.

Madeleine de Courson, I True Eed Magdalen, | Madeleine Eouge,
Eed Magdalen, | French Magdalen, | Kouge Paysanne.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red
cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone. Last August.

Malden.

Early Maiden.
American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless. A variety originated by
James Dougall, Esq., of C. W. Fruit, medium, roundish compressed, one
side enlarged ; suture, distinct ; skin, white, with reddish blush cheek j
flesh, white, juicy, sprightly. Free-stone. Last August.

300 THE PEACH.

Merriam.
American. Glands, gionose; large, oval, light yellow, red cheek ; Hesh,
yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Last September. (Cole.)

Moore's Favorite.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, white, bright blush ;
flesh, white, juicy, vinous. Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.)

Moore's June.
Below medium, globular ; suture, shallow ; cavity, deep ; skin, yel-
lowish, nearly covered in the shade with red dots and marblings, and deep
red in the sun ; flesh, white, marbled with red from the skin to the stone
in the darker colored ones, but red only at the stone where grown in the
shade, juicy, vinous, pleasantly flavored, and good j flowers, small ; glands,
reniform. Free-stone. Origin, Athens, Ga. Last of June and first of July.
(William N. White, MS.)

Molden's White.

Origin, Molden Mountain, on the Chesapeake ; a fine white peach, valu-
able for its lateness.

Fruit, large, oblong ; suture, on one side, distinct, one side usually a
little larger than the other j skin, creamy white, rarely with a tinge of red ;
flesh, white to the stone, juicy, sweet, melting, and excellent. Separates
from the stone. Ripe last of September, and first of October.

Monstrous Clingstone.

Pavie de Pompone, I Pavie de Pomponne Grosse, I Pavie Camu
Monstrous Pompone, I Pavie Monstreux, I Gros Melocoton,

Monstrous Pavie, | Pavie Eouge de Pompone, | Gros Persique Kougc

Foreign. A variety which succeeds finely in rich, deep soils, often of
very fine flavor, but apt to be deficient. Its very large size makes it sell
readily. Flowers, large ', glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, roundish oval,
swollen point at apex, obtuse ; suture, marked half round ; skin, yellowish
white, with red mostly overspreading it ; flesh, firm, yellowish white, deep
red at stone, juicy. Cling-slone. Last October.

Montgomery's Late.
Glands, reniform; flowers, large ; fruit, large, round, depressed at apex;
suture, shallow, but distinct ; skin, downy, yellowish white, dotted with
red, and having a dull red cheek ; flesh, pale white, red at the stone, very
juicy, melting, and of very fine flavor. Separates from the stone. A hardy
and desirable' kind. Ripens the first of September, and continues nearly all
the month. (Wm. N. White, MS.)

Morrisania.

Momsania Pound, | Hoffman's Pound, | Morrison's Pound.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, greenish white, dull red
cheek ; flesh, yellowish white ; poor bearer. September.

Mrs. Poinsett.
American. Origin in South Carolina. Glands, globose; fruit, laige,
globular; suture, distinct, regular ; skin, brownish yellow, veined with red;
flesh, yellowish, juicy, partially cling-stone. First September.

UNTESTED VABIETEES, ETC. 301

Newman.
American. Large, round, greenish white, with a blush j flesh, white
juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Middle September. (Cole.)

Noblesse.
Vanguard, | Mellishe's Favorite, | Lord Montague's Noblesse.
Foreign. The '• Double Montague" is said by some to be identical with
this old variety. We have fruited them two years, but the Double Mon-
tague under unfavorable circumstances, so that we are, as yet, unwilling
to place them as identical, although their identity is not improbable.
Flowers, large ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, above medium, roundish oblong,
pale greenish white, with two shades of red where exposed to sun j flesh,
greenish white, melting, juicy. Free-stone. Last of August.

Nonpareil.

Scott's Nonpareil.

American. Glands, globose : fruit, large, roundish oblong, yellow, with
red cheek, much like Crawford's Late. Free-stone. September.

Old Newington.
Newington Cling, | Newington, | Large Newington
Foreign, Glandless ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red
cheek ; flesh, pale yellowish white, red at stone, juicy. September.

Orange Cling-stone.

American. Flowers, small, serrated, glandless ; fruit, large, round ;
suture, well marked; deep orange, occasionally dark red cheek; flesh, yel-
low, firm, juicy, vinous. Cling-stone. Middle September.

Orchard Queen.
Beine des Vergers.

Foreign. Comes with high praise ; should be tested. Tree, vigorous ,
new shoots, reddish ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, depressed at
apex ; skin, yellow, purplish red in sun : flesh, yellowish white, red at stone,
melting, vinous. Free-stone. September.

Owen.
Owen's Lemon, | Owen's Lemon Eareripe.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, distinct ;
yellow, purplish red in sun ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Free-
stone. Middle September.

Paragon.

Prince's Paragon.

American. Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval,
yellowish green, with red cheek ; suture, shallow, terminating in a point
at apex ; flesh white, red at stone, juicy, sweet, rich. Free-stone. Middle
September.

Poinsett.

American : originated in South Carolina. Glandless ; fruit, large,
roundish oval, ruddy yellow ; flesh, firm, juicy. Cling-stone. September.

302 THE PEACH.

Poole's Yellow.
Pvwle's Large Yellow, | Poole's Late Yellow Free-stone.
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, half round ;
deep yellow, dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, rich, juicy. Free-
stone. Last of September.

President Church.

Raised "by the Rev. A. Church, President of the Franklin College, Ga.
Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval j suture, shallow,
often a mere line, with a small point at the apex, which is rarely depressed ;
skin, pale red in the shade, beautifully mottled and washed with dark red
in the sun ; flesh, white, pale red at the stone, very juicy, melting, and of
delicious flavor. Middle September.

Prince's Climax.

Originated on the farm of George Mitchell, Flushing, Long Island ; very pro-
ductive. Fruit, large, oval ; skin, yellow, with crimson cheek, and two-
thirds mottled with crimson ; flesh, yellow, very rich, aromatic, pine-apple
flavor ; adheres to the stone. Ripens the middle and end of September.
(Wm. R. Prince's MS.)

Prince's Excelsior.

Originated -with William R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island. Fruit, very
large, round ; suture, slight, a mere line, ending in a flattened depression
at top, where there is a slight cavity, and a little abortive mamelon : skin,
a most splendid pure bright orange color ; flesh, golden yellow to the stone,
very rich, luscious, aromatic, apricot, or exquisite orange flavor, sweet and
rich ; separates freely from the stone. Ripens middle of October ; well
suited to the South. (W. R. Prince's MS.) (Downing.)

Prince John.

Large, oblong, orange yellow, very juicy and delicious; resembles the
Crawford's. Ripens latter part of July.

Reeves' Favorite.
American. Distinct from " Favorite " of Coxe. Flowers, small ; glands,
globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellow,
juicy, sometimes a little acid. Free-stone. Early September.

Rodman's Red.
American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong,
mostly red in sun; flesh, whitish, firm, juicy. Cling-stone. Last of Sep-
tember.

Scott's Magnate.
A noble variety of the Red Rareripe. Glands, reniform ; fruit, very
large, round, depressed ; skin, pale yellow, with a dark red cheek ; flesh,
white, luscious, and well flavored. Ripens early in September. (Down-
ing-)

Scott's Nectar.

Another very fine seedling from the Red Rareripe. Glands, globose
fruit, large, round, somewhat depressed ; color, red, shaded on pale yellow
ground, and bright red next the sun ; flesh, white, very sweet, and of the
highest flavor. Ripens early in September. (Downing.)

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 303

Stetson's Seedling.
American. Glands, globose ; flowers, small ; fruit, large, roundish ; su-
ture, indistinct ; skin, greenish white, marbled, and shaded with crimson
in the sun ; flesh, white, pink at the stone, very melting, juicy, brisk, rich,
and luscious. Free-stone. Ripens from middle to last of September.
(Hov. Mag.)

Shanghai.
From North of China. Flowers, large ; leaves, creneated ; glands, reni.
form : fruit, large, roundish : pale yellow in shade, crimson red in sun ;
flesh, pale yellow, deep red at the stone, to which it partially adheres.
(Jour. L. H. Society.)

Sites' Old Zack.

A variety esteemed at Columbus, Ohio, where it originated. Fruit, above
medium : yellow, with dull red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, separating
freely from the stone. 1st to 15th September.

Skinner's Superb.

A free-stone yellow peach, originated at the South, where it ripens early
in August, and is regarded as " very good."

Smith's Favorite.

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; deep suture ; yel-
low, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, swept. Free-stone. Middle Septem-
ber.

Smock Free.

Smock, I Saint George.

American. Valuable market sort. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval,
compressed sides ; orange yellow, red in sun ; flesh, bright yellow, red at
stone, juicy, rich. Free-stone. Last September.

Snow.

American. Only suited to sunny exposures, and rich, deep, warm soils.
Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, round ; suture, slight ;
skin, thin, clear white ; flesh, white, juicy. Free-stone. Early Septem-
ber. The blossoms of this variety are white, and the wood is a light
green.

Stephenson Cling.

From Thomas Stephenson, Clark county, Ga. Fruit, large, roundish ;
suture, distinct ; skin, very downy, of a creamy tint, shaded with flesh-
color — the tint deepening in the sun to a dark, dull, purplish red, where
fully exposed ; flesh, white, somewhat tinged with red, and deep red at the
Btone ; flesh, very tender, melting, juicy, delicious, tinous flavor. One of
the best. September 12th. (Ga. Pom. S. Rep.)

Strawberry.
Eose.

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, below medium, surface mostly red;
flesh, whitish ; too small. Free-stone. August.

304: THE PEACH.

Stump the World.

Fruit, very large, roundish, a little oblong ; skin, creamy white, wiih a
bright red cheek; suture, shallow, rather more than h-^if round j flesh,
white, juicy, and high flavored ; very productive. A fin'^ market variety,

SUSQUEHANNAH.
Griffith's Melocoton.
American. Glands, reniform; flowers, small ; fruit, larffo, oblong round-
ish ; yellowish red in sun ; flesh, juicy, sweet, delicious. Fr9e-stone. Mid-
dle September.

Tarbell.

American. Large, roundish, flattened at base ; suture^ r.early round ;
yellow, mostly covered with red; flesh, yellow, red at stoi n, juicy, sweet.
Free-stone. Middle September. (Cole.)

Tippecanoe.

American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, la/f^e, roundish ;
yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sprightly. Cling-stoxic. Middle
to last of September.

There is also a Free-stone variety under this name, which originated in
Ohio. It is, however, rarely grown, and we know of no description, nor
have we seen the fruit.

Troth's Early Red.

American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish,
bright red in sun ; flesh, juicy, sweet. A new variety ; very productive,
and valued highly as an early market sort ripening about time of early
Fillotron.

Tuft's Early.

American. Glands, globose ; large, roundish ; yellowish white, red
cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Last of Au-
gust.

Tuft's Rareripe.

American. Glands, globose ; medium, roundish ; red and yellow ; flesh,
yellow, sweet. Free-stone. Middle September. (Cole.)

Walburton.
Walburton Admirable.

Foreign, teaves, glandless, serrated ; fruit, above medium, roundish
oblong ; greenish white, with red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, melting,
and separating freely from the stone. Late September.

Washington Cling-stone.

American. Requires a warm climate and good soil. Valuable South,
not at the North. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium., round-
ish ; yellowish green, with gray specks and a tinge of red in sun ; juicy,
tender, and rich, sweet flavor. Last September.

BUPERSEDED BY BETTEK SORTS. 306

CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts

Acton Scott.

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, flat, pale white, often
Mtter. August.

Anne.

Early Anne, | Green Nutmeg.
Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, greenish white, poor flavor. Early August.

Admirable.

Early Admirable, | L'Admirable, | Belle de Yitry.

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, red at stone.
lugust.

Almond.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh, red at stone. Septem1>er.

Belle de Vitky.

Admirable Tardive, | Bellis.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; fleih, firm, red at stone.
Last September.

Bbautt of Salisbtjbt,

Foreign . Trees mildew ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek, juicy. Freo-stone.
September.

Baltimore Beatjtt.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek. Free-stoncb
August.

Bullard's Clingstone.

American. Large, round, white, with red cheek, juicy, fine. September. (Kenrick.)

Bullard's Seedling.
American. Large, round, pale yellow and red. Free-stone. Middle of September. (Kenrick.)

Bennett's Barebipe.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish yellow and red, deficient in flavor. August.

Belle Chevreitse.

Foreigi^ Glands, reniform; fruit, medium, oval, greenish white, with red cheek; flesh,
white, rea at stone. Free-stone. September.

Belzae's Early Eaeebipe.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, round, red in sun; flesh, streaked with red,
August.

Chilian.

American. Glands, ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, deflcient In flavor.

Free-stone. September.

Canaey.

American. Fruit, medium, canary color ; flesh, yellow, not colored at stone, to which it
adheres closely. September.

Cable's Medium Melocoton.

American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, yellow and red; flesh, yellow, sub-acid. Sep-
tember.

306 THE PEACH.

Cable's Eablt.

Cable's Early Melocoton.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, sub-acid. September.

Congress.
Congress Cling,
American. Glands, reniform; fruit, large, whitish with red, juicy ; poor bearer, September.

Chanoellob,

Chanceliere, I Noisette, I ^Edgar's Late Melting.

Late Chancellor, | Stewart's Late Galande, j

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, yellowish white, crimson cheek ; flesh, red
next fltone. Free-stone. September,

Caeet's Mammoth Cling.
Ajnerican. Glands, globose ; fruit, little above medium, oval ; flesh, white. September.

CnABLOTTE.

Old Koyal Charlotte I New Eoyal Charlotte,

Grimwood's Koyal Charlotte, | Kew's Early Purple.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, above medium, ovate, greenish white, red cheek ; flesh, white
red at stone. September.

Catherine Cling,

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish oval, one side enlarged, yellowish green,
red in sun ; flesh, firm, yellowish white, red at stone. September.

Down Eastee,

Hall's Down Easter.

. American. Large, roundish, deep suture, yellow, broad red cheek, good, hardy, productive.
20th September. (Cole.)

Empeeoe of Eitssia.

Cut-leaved, I New Cut-leaved,

Serrated, j Unique.

American. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek;
flesh, firm, yellowish white. Free-stone. August.

Eaely Eobinson CRrsoE.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, whitish, with red in sun. September.

Gest's Superb.

Gest's Large Free-stone.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white and red ; flesh, firm"'
sub-acid. September.

Golden Ball.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, orange yellow, with red cheek; flesh,
yellow, pink at s>tone, j uicy, but not equal to Bergen's Yellow, with which it ripens. Early
September. There is a Golden Ball cultivated at the South ; but whether it is this variety, or
distinct, we do not know.

Ispahan.
Pecher d'lspahan.

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, round, whitish green ; flesh, greenish white, a little sub-
acid. September.

Late Yellow Albeegb.

October Yellow, | Algiers Yellow, | Algiers "Winter.

Foreign, Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow when ripe ; flesh, firm,
yellow, dry. October.

SUPEKSEDED BY BETTER 60ETS. 307

La Fatbttb Clingstone.
American. Fruit, large, oval, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellcvr, poor. September.

La Fayette.

American. Fruit, above medium, round, whitish, crimson in the sun ; flesh, stained with
red. September.

Melting. *
Large Melting.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish, with red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone «
poor bearer. Free-stone. September.

Maqistbate.

Majestrate.

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, greenish white, red cheek ; flesh, juicy, not high
flavor. Free-stone. September.

Monstrotjs Free-stone.

American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, round, pale yellow and red; flesh, yellowiish
white ; poor bearer. September.

Phfleigeb.
American. Fruit, large, yellow, juicy, good flavor, poor bearer. Free-stone. September.

Eed Nutmeg.

Brown Nutmeg, I Avant Eouge,

Early Eed Nutmeg, | Eed Avant.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, round, pale yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellowish,
ted at stone. Early August.

EoTAL George.

Early Eoyal George, I Lockyer's Mignonne, I Superb,

New Eoyal George, Griflin's Mignonne, Eed Magdaline.

Millet's Mignonne, | |

Foreign. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale white, red dots, and
marbled red in sun ; flesh, whitish, red at stone. Last of August.

EOSANNA.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, yellow, and purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red at
Btone. Free-stone. September.

SWALSH.

Pouble Swalsh, | Swalze.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, ovate, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at
stone ; poor bearer. Free-stone. September.

Sweet Water.
Early Sweet Water, | Large American Nutmeg.
There are two varieties under this name; one with globose glands, and one glandless;
neither as valuable as Tillotson.

Scott's Early Eed.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, much dashed with red ; flesh, whitish,
juicy. Free-stone. August.

Smith's Newington.
Early Newington, | Smith's Early Newington.

Foreign. Glandless; fruit, medium, oval, pale yellow, streaked with purplish red in sun;
flesh. Arm, pale yellow, red at stone. Cliug-stone. August.

Smock Clingstone.
American. Large, oblong, yellow and red ; flesb, yellow, juicy, sub-acid, September.

308 THE PEACH.

Spbiko Gboyx.

Foreign. Glands, globose; fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red cheek: flesli,
greenish yellow, Free-stone. September.

SULHAMSTBAD.

Foreign. Glandless, mildews ; fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellowiah
white, sweet. September.

Slocum's Eaely.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow. August.

SlEBOLT.

American. Glands; fruit, above medium, greenish yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellowish
whitK. Free-stone. September.

Tick.
Tice's Eed and Yellow.

American. Fruit, large, yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy ; poor bearer. Free-stone.
September.

Vandebmaek.

American. Fruit, large, roundish ; flesh, acid. A cling-stone. September.

Whitb Nutmko.

Early "White Nutmeg, | Avant Blanche, | White Avant

*^ Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, oyal, greenish white ; flesh, white to the stone. Early
August.

Whitb Blossom.

White Blossomed Incompatable, | Willow Peach.

American. Glands, reniform; fruit, above medium, oval, white; flesh, white to stone.
Free-stone. September..

Weeping.

Eeid's Weeping.

American. Glands, reniform ; only ornamental as a tree, and does not deserve to be claised
In fruits.

Tate's Eaelt.
American. Much resembles Early York, but far inferior.

Yellow Admieable.

Orange, I Apricot Peach,

Abricotee, | Admirable Jaune.

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow, little red in sun; flesk
yellow, slightly red at stone, dry. Free-stone. September.

ZoAE Beatttt.

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, mostly red where exposed to nu
flesh, tinged with red. Free-stone. September.

THE PEAE.

Pyrus communis, L. RosacecB of Botanists.

Native of Europe and Asia, the Pear has long been cultivated,
but not until within the past three centuries has there been any con-
siderable number of sorts esteemed valuable as dessert fruits, except
they were cooked. Of Van Mons, Knight, and others, and their ex-
ertions in originating and improving fruit, have we before written,
and to their skill and care do we owe many of our best imported va-
rieties ; while, in this country, we are not the less indebted to such
men as H. A. S. Dearborn, David Thomas, M. P. Wilder, J. P. Kirt-
land, W. D. Brinckle, and many others, for the importation, origin,
and dissemination of the best varieties throughout the States.

Our pioneer settlers all planted seeds of the Pear, as well as of
the Apple ; and while in nearly all the middle portions of the States
there are immense trees, healthy and vigorous as the native forests,
few of these chance seedlings prove in fruit more than about one re-
move from the wild state. To this fact, and the erroneous impression
that " he who plants Pears, plants for his heirs," we attribute the
neglect of fruit-growers, for years, to plant any considerable number
of Pear trees. Gradually, however, as facilities of traveling have
increased, giving opportunity of comparing impressions with practice
and results, and information become freely disseminated through our
agricultural and horticultural journals, have pear plantations increased,
until at this time there are, probably, yearly planted in the States not
less than one million of trees.

In almost every State there appear certain localities where the
Pear succeeds most perfectly, continuing to increase in size, vigor,
and productiveness, from year to year. The following may be
selected from many : Danvers, in Mass. ; Hartford, and East New-
Haven County, in Conn. ; Vincennes, in la. ; Detroit, in Mich. ; and
North-western or Central New- York. And, indeed, we may find it
difficult to name a place where, with the appropriate care in culture
we have pointed out, the Pear may not be grown healthy and pro-
ductive.

Propagation — By Seed. The propagation of the Pear by seed is
the same as that of the Apple, if we except the fact that, as the roots
of the Pear the first year are generally confined to the one " tap-
root," as it is termed, and a few fibres, it is necessary chat the soil
be at least two feet deep. Old pasture ground or meadow, trenched
with the spade, is the best for the growing of pear seedlings.

309

310 THE PEAR.

The propagating by grafting, budding^ etc., is also the same in the
Pear as in the Apple, and usually performed at same season. The
remarks we made relative to root-grafting on pieces of roots are also
equally applicable to the Pear as the Apple. Some practice the
grafting on pieces of root, and plant deep to induce the rooting of
the Pear from the graft ; this is easily done, but we see no advantage ;
and our experience with trees, roots so formed, has not been favor-
able ; we have found the roots thrown from the Pear small and in-
sufficient to sustain the tree, while those of the old root, on taking
up, were diseased, apparently from some want of action in the circu-
lation of sap-vessels.

Hardihood. The comparative hardihood of American over foreign
varieties has been much lauded, but as yet w^e do not think sustained
by experiment. Propagation on healthy or unhealthy stocks we
think has had more to do with it than aught else. Until within a
a few years past, most of the pears* worked on pear stocks in this
country were on suckers, and this we imagine the foundation of
most said respecting the comparative hardihood of native over for-
eign varieties.

Stocks and Adaptation of Trees grown thereon. Healthy seedling
pear stocks, usually two years old and about three-eighths to half an
inch diameter at crown, are regarded best for grafting on, while the
same left to grow until August, are usually suitable size for budding.
The quince, apple, thorn, and mountain ash, are all more or less used
for growing what are termed dwarf trees. Of these the quince' is
best, tliorn next, and apple the least desirable. Of the quince, seed-
lings are not desirable to use for this purpose, as they do not run even
in growth ; but cuttings grown from what is generally known as the
Angiers variety should be procured. The thorn and mountain-ash
are used often with advantage on dry gravelly or sandy soils, where
the quince roots do not appear as well suited.

While a very large number of varieties will take, and grow for a
year or two finely, there are comparatively few that succeed for a
series of years in continued vigor and productiveness, when grown
on any stock but that of the pear ; and while the cultivation is now
very extensive on the quince root, we can not but fear that in eight-
tenths it will prove unprofitable to the grower ; and in the remaining
two-tenths, require equally as much care in supplying nutrition and
pruning, as a system of root pruning when grown on pear roots.
There are, however, some sorts of the fruit that seem improved by be-
ing worked on quince, as Duchesse d'Angouleme, Easter Buerre, etc.,
and this is a strong item in favor of the quince stock ; and therefore,
while advising its use, we must not forget always to mention that
without careful and high culture the grower will meet disappointment.
About one hundred years may be taken as the natural duration of the
Pear on pear roots, when grown in soil supplied with the elements

TRANSPLANTING, ETC. 311

necessary to sustain it ; and about thirty or forty years the natural
duration when worked on the quince root, and regularly pruned and
cultivated. Instances are of course recorded and known, where trees
exist for longer periods, while hundreds decay and are gone in one
half the time. The demand for pear trees on the quince has been so
great for some years past that, too often, little regard has been paid
to the stock ; and we have now in our grouuds rows of bearing trees
on quince roots, all of one kind, received from France, from which,
although receiving the same care and attention, there may be selected
those that ere many years must of necessity decay, as the stock and
tree are not adapted one to the other. Again, as before remarked,
there are varieties that, while they grow apparently well for a few
years, decay on fruiting the second year. The success of the Pear
on quince roots trained en-pyramid in the old country has been con-
fined to but few varieties, and these kept under a steady yet high
state of cultivation. Orcharding with the pear on the quince, in the
manner of most orcharding in this country, will never repay the first
cost of the trees ; but if trees are selected of varieties known to have
been long successful, and a system of culture pursued which shall
meet the requirements of the fibrous roots of the quince, then may
the grower look for profit and pleasure in the result; but equally
gratifying and profitable would be the result, if we except a few va-
rieties of foreign origin, when grown on the pear, and annually root-
pruned ; added to which, if one half the trees were taken out after
twenty years, the balance would form a fine permanent orchard, to
be managed as our apple orchards. In small gardens, where the
quince stock is advised by nearly all writers (and correctly so, if the
right varieties are selected), success will not be had without an ap-
preciation by the grower of the extent of roots formed by the quince,
and the system of culture required to supply the food of the plant,
as well as knowledge in how to prune, and also some little knowledge
of the amount of fruit the young tree is capable of ripening and con-
tinue in health ; the tendency being rather to over-production and
exhaustion.

Transplanting y Selection of Trees, and Distances apart. The roots
of the Pear have few laterals except grown on shallow, rich soil, and
in transplanting, it is therefore requisite to secure as much of the
large root as possible. If in taking up they are mostly destroyed,
the branches will have to be shortened in and cut out. On the quince
root, when well grown, there will need little attention, except to head
back to a regular shape, and prune smooth the ends of each root, as
often directed in this work ; and in setting, taking care that the earth
is even with the junction of the pear on the quince.

Trees on pear roots for the orchard or garden are best at about
three years old, and five to seven feet high, well grown, and shaped
as noted in the apple. Dwarf trees or those on quince roots, are

312 THE PEAK.

be=.t at one year from the bud; for, as a general thing, the nursery-
Tasin has neither the time, nor will the price paid for trees as com-
pared with that of labor in this country, warrant him in a system
of careful and correct pruning in nursery row ; neither can a tree
bo so evenly shaped as when transplanted to more open and exposed
positions.

The distance apart of Pear on pear roots for large orcharding,
should be from twenty five to thirty feet, while that of dwarfs for
gardens should be ten to fifteen feet. Dwarfs are now much planted
intermediate in large permanent orchards, but as a whole, the prac-
tice is not to be advised, unless the grower intends to cultivate such
orchard with care and attention, superior to the ordinary method of
plowing, planting potatoes, etc.

Soil and Manures. The pear roots thrive best in a soil where the
subsoil is at once dry and moist ; that is, where it is open arid porous
sufficient to admit of free drainage, and yet where the roots, extend-
ing deeply and freely in it, reach moisture in season of extreme
drought. Cold clay is a bad subsoil, and where it exists in the ground
of a prospective orchard, it should be deeply and thoroughly sub-
soiled, and well drained. The Pear on quince roots succeeds best in
rich, deep, moist, loamy ground, even enduring considerable water
better than dry sand. The following is the analysis of the ash of
the Pear as made by Dr. Emmons :

Sap-wood. Bark.

Potash 22.25 6.20

Soda 1.84

Chlorine 0.31 1.70

Sulphuric Acid 0.50 1.80

Phosphate of Lime 27.22 6.50

Phosphate of peroxide of iron 0.31

Carbonic Acid 27.69 37.29

Lime 12.64 30.36

Magnesia 3.00 9.40

Silex 0.30 0.40

Coal 0.17 0.65

Organic Matter 4.02 4.20

100.25 98.30

From this it will be seen what is most wanted in the soil to pro-
duce healthy foliage and wood in the Pear. As a general thing, soils
usually are or become deficient in lime and the phosphates, and
the cheapest remedy is liberal dressing of wood ashes and bone dust ;
or in sections where bone dust is not easily attainable, dig in around
the tree whole bones from the use of a family, or procured from a
slaughter-house. Potash dissolved in water and applied to vegetable
mould from the woods, and this dug in around the tree, is also a cheap
*nd ready way of supplying food requisite. Iron filings, etc., from

PRUNING.

313

smith-shops is also good, and hence the impression of some, that
through it the blight was cured or prevented. The fact being only
that a certain element requisite to health was exhausted in the soil.

Pruning. In connection with what we have recorded under this
head on a previous page, we add the following, as directly applicable
to the Pear. It is from the experience of Thomas Rivers, Esq.,
England, one of the most successful pyramidal pear tree growers in
the world :

" If root-pruned pyramidal trees are planted, it will much assist
them if about half the blossom buds are thinned out with sharp-
pointed scissors, or a penknife, just before they open ; otherwise these
root-pruned trees on the
quince stock are so full of
them, that the tree receives
a check if they are all allow-
ed to expand. About ten or
fifteen fruit may be permit-
ted to ripen the first season ;
the following season two or
three dozen will be as many
as the tree ought to be allow-
ed to bring to perfection, in-
creasing the number as the
tree increases in vigor, al-
ways remembering that a few
full -sized and well -ripened
pears are to be preferred to a
greater number, inferior in
size and quality.

" Summer pinching in the
youth of the tree is the only
remedy, if it is not well fur-
nished below; and a severe
remedy it is, for all the
young shoots on the upper
tiers, including the leader,
must be pinched closely in
May and June till the lower
ones have made young shoots
of a sufficient length to give
uniformity to the tree. This requires much attention and trouble ;
it is better to be careful not to plant any tree for a pyramid that is
not well furnished with buds and branches to its base. A tree of
this description may soon be made to assume the shape of the fore-
going figure, which is a perfect pyramidal pear tree, such as it ough»
to be in July, before its leading side shoots and perpendicular Icaderc
U

314

THE PEAB.

are shortened, which is best done towards the end of August ; this

shortening must be made at the marks , and all the side shoots

shortened in the same maneer ; and also the leading shoot. Hooked
pruning scissors will be found the best implement to prune with.
The spurs are the bases of the shoots that have been pinched in
June."

Planting and after man-
agement. As before men-
tioned, the autumnal and
early winter months are to
be preferred for planting ;
care should be taken in se-
lecting trees that are fur-
nished with buds and
branches from bottom to
top ; but if a young gar-
dener intends to plant, and
wishes to train up his trees
so that they will become
quite perfect in shape, he
should select plants one
year old from the bud or
graft ; these will, of course,
have good buds down to
the junction of the graft
with the stock. The first
Spring, a tree of this de-
scription should be headed
down so as leave the shoot
about eighteen inces long ;
if the soil is rich, from five
to six and seven shoots will
be produced ; one of these
must be made the leader,
and if not inclined to be
quite perpendicular, this
must be fastened to a stake.
As soon in Summer as the leading shoot is ten inches long, its end
must be pinched off, and if it pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch
all off but one to about two inches, leaving the topmost for a leader ;
the side shoots will in most cases assume a regular shape ; if not,
they may be this first season tied to slight stakes to make them grow
in the proper direction. This is the best done by bringing down and
fastening the end of each shoot to a slight stake, so that an open py-
ramid may be formed ; for if it is too close and cypress-like, enough
air is not admitted to the fruit ; they may remain unpruned till th§

PLANTING, ETC. 315

end of August, when each shoot must be shortened to within eight
buds of the stem ; * this will leave the tree like the preceding figure,
and no pruning in Winter will be required.

The second season the trees will make vigorous growth ; the side
shoots which were topped last August will each put forth three, four,
or more shoots ; as soon as these are four inches long they must be
pinched off to within three inches, all but the leading shoot of each side
branch ; this must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant
sap, till the end of August. The perpendicular leader must be top-
ped once or twice ; in short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch
off its top, and if it breaks into two or three shoots, pinch them all
but the leader, as directed for the first season ; in a few years, most
symmetrical trees may be formed.

When they have attained the height of six or eight feet, and still
continue to grow vigorously, it will be necessary to commence root-
pruning to bring them into a fruitful state.

I have thus far given directions for those who are inclined to rear
their own pyramids. Much time and attention are required ; but
the interest attached to well-trained pyramids will amply repay the
young cultivator.

I will now endeavor to give directions for the management of trees,
adapted for the gardener of mature age, who feels somewhat impa-
tient if his trees do not begin at once to be fruitful. A most valuable
auxiliary to precocious fruitfulness in pears is the quince stock ; pears
grafted on it may be safely recommended for all soils of moderate
depth and fertility, and even for light and sandy soils I am induced
to advise it, only in those circumstances the trees must have more
care and higher cultivation. In soils of that nature I should recom-
mend the surface of the soil round the tree to be covered, during
June, July, and August, with short grass, moss, or manure, and to
give them once a week, in dry weather, a drenching with guano water
(about two pounds to six gallons), which must be well stirred before
it is used ; each tree should have twelve gallons poured gradually
into the soil : by this method the finest fruit may be produced ; and
as it is very probable that, ere many years elapse, we shall have
exhibitions of pears, this will be the mode to procure fine specimens
to show for prizes.

Monsieur Cappe's method of pruning in the Garden of Plants
(Jardin des Plantes), France, where all are on their own or pear
roots, is thus described by the late A. J. Downing in the Horticul-
turist. These pyramidal pear trees, it is well known, are regarded
as the most perfect of specimens.

" M. Cappe confines his pruning to three seasons of the year. In
the month of March, or before the buds start, he shortens back with

♦ There are generally three or four ftl?ortive buda at the base of each shoot ; these must not
t)e reckoned.

316

THE PEAR.

Fig. 1.

the knife all the leading shoots, fig. 1, «, a, — that is, the terminal
shoots at the end of each side branch. Of course, this forces out not
only a new leading shoot, at the end of the branch, but side shoots,
h, b, at various places on the lower part of the
shoot. The side shoots are left to grow till the
end of May. They have then pushed out to about
four or five inches in length. The ends of all these
side shoots are then pinched off, leaving only about
an inch and a half at the bottom of the shoot.

" Fig. 2 shows one of the branches, with the side
shoots, as they are at the end of June. The dotted
lines, h, b, show the point to which these shoots
should be pinched off.

" The terminal or leading shoot, e, is left entire,
in order to draw up the sap, which would other-
wise force all the side shoots into new growth.
Notwithstanding this precaution, in luxuriant seasons the side shoots
will frequently push out new shoots again, just below where they
were pinched. This being the case, about
the last of August M. Cappe shortens back
these new side shoots to about an inch and
a half. But this time he does not pinch
tliem off*. He breaks them, and leaves the
broken end for several days attached and
hanging down, so that the flow of sap is not
so suddenly checked as when the branch
is pinched or cut off, and the danger of new
shoots being forced out a third time is
thereby effectually guarded against.

"The object of this stopping the side
branches, is to accumulate the sap, or, more
properly, the organizable matter in these
shortened branches, by which means the remaining buds become
fruit-buds instead of wood-buds. They also become spurs, distributed
over the whole tree, which bear regularly year after year, sending
out new side shoots, which are pinched back in the same manner
every Summer.

" In order to keep the tree finely proportioned, the eye of the
pruner must be a nice one, that he may, with a glance, regulate the
pruning of the terminal branches or leaders, which, as we have just
said, are shortened back in March — for then is the time to adjust
any extravagances of growth which the tree may have run into, on
either side ; and in the summer pinching the balance of growth is
adjusted by pinching the side shoots that start out nearest the ends
of the branches, quite short, say an inch and a half, while those that
Start near the bottom of the branch (or the centre of the tree)

Fie. 2,

INSECTS AND DISEASES. 317

where they have less nourishment, are left from four to five inches
long.

*' Understanding this mode of pruning, nothing is easier than to
form pyramidal pear trees of the most perfect symmetry and beauty
of form. But in order to have the branches regularly produced
from the ground to the summit, you must plant a tree which is only
a couple of feet high, so that you can form the first tier of branches
quite near the ground, by cutting back the leader at the very outset ;
for if the tree is once allowed to form a clean body or stem, of course
it is impossible afterwards to give it the requisite shape and fullness
of branches at the bottom."

All this our readers will understand relates more especially to
the art of pruning, as adapted to high or garden culture. Standard
trees in the orchard require only the same or similar pruning to that
pursued in the Apple ; very few trees, in fact, requiring aught but a
thinning out of branches, or rather a preventing, while young, of the
branches becoming too thick.

Insects and Diseases, The Scolytus pyri is an insect described by
Harris. This is by some counted as the cause of a species of blight.
Its presence has, however, been rarely met with, and doubts arise
among many cultivators whether it is as prevalent, and the cause of
as much destruction, as reported.

The Bupestris divaracata^ and perhaps some allied species, is found
in the larvse state under the bark, on the bodies of both the Pear and
Apple ; and what is often taken for sun-blight, is the effect of this
insect. The bark appears blackened on the body of the tree, on the
South or Southwest side. Cutting it away carefully, and destroying
the larvae in months of July to September, and washing the body first
with lye-water, or strong soap-suds, and covering it with a coating of
gum shellac, dissolved in alcohol, is the remedy.

The slug Selandria cerasi appears on the leaf of both Cherry and
Pear in June, July, and August. It is about half an inch long, of a
dull, greenish brown, slimy, shining, offensive appearance. It is
easily destroyed, if taken in time, by scattering ashes or even dirt
over the Reaves early in morning, or while the dew is on, following
up the application some four or five days. The frozen-sap blight,
etc., often so destructive to trees in the West, we have remarked on
in previous pages, and refer thereto.

Bark Lice, or Scale insects, are often found upon the Pear, as well
as the Apple. See " Apple Insects," for remedies.

" The Psylla, or jumping louse, is probably identical with the same
species that infests the Pear tree in Europe. In some of its forms it

318 ' THE PEAK.

is found on pear trees from May to October ; and probably two or
more broods are produced every year. These little insects live by
suction, and obtain their food by puncturing the bark of the young
shoots, mostly in the vicinity of the buds. They defile the shoots with
the fluid which they discharge in large quantities, and which soon
forms a blackish crust on the bark. The best remedy that occurs to
me is, a wash of strong soap-suds and sulphur, applied with a brush
to the branches in the Spring, before the buds expand. A solution
of whale-oil soap, thrown upon the trees, will kill the insects, but will
have to be repeated at intervals through the Summer."

Selection of varieties known to be permanently successful on the
Quince. As we have before remarked, while there are a great many
varieties that at first take, and grow well on the quince stock, there
are but few comparatively that are permanently successful. It there-
fore becomes the planter to select with care, and plant with a view
to permanence, only those that are known to succeed. Of the error
of planting indiscriminately, we have had practical experience, as in
planting the grounds of our residence we looked to the testing of va-
rieties, and therefore ordered and planted one tree only of a sort. On
a double border so planted, containing over two hundred sorts, we in
three years discarded one half, and feel confident that not more than
one half of the remainder will answer to continue permanently. As
yet, few of our American native Pears can be depended on when
grown on the quince, and as all introduced are of the quality described
when grown on pear roots, we advise most planters so to procure
them. " Cultivated on the pear stock, the trees in general grow vi-
gorously in a light, deep, alluvial soil, provided always that the sub-
soil is free from stagnant water. The form and quality of the fruits
depend in a great measure on the conditions of the soil and subsoil,
careful cultivation, proper management of the trees, and vigor of the
stocks."

Gathering of the Fruity and Uses. " Gather pears of the summer
sorts rather before they are ripe, as, when thoroughly so, they eat
mealy if kept above a day or two; even when gathered as they ought
to be, in a week or less they begin to go at the core. They should
not, however, be gathered when they require much force to pull them
off. Autumn pears must also not be full ripe at the time of gathering,
though they will keep longer than the Summer. Winter pears, on the
contrary, should hang as long on the trees as they may, so as to es-
cape frost, which would make them flat in flavor, and not keep well.
Generally they may hang to the middle of October on full standards,
a week longer on dwarfs, but not after they are ripe. The art of
gathering is, to give them a Jlift, so as to press away the stalk, and if
ripe, they readily part from the tree. Let them be quite dry when

FORMS AND SIZES COMPARATIVE. 319

pulled, and in handling, avoid pinching the fruit, or in any way bruis-
ing it ; as gathered, lay them quietly in shallow baskets."

This process of gathering at the proper time, in connection with
their after maturing in a fruit-room or house of equable temperature,
has often very much to do in deciding the quality of a pear. Many
varieties are entirely worthless as dessert pears, unless so ripened,
when, with this care, they are really the most delicious. Others,
again, as is the case with most varieties maturing late, require simply
to be put away in barrels in the cellar, like apples, and a few days
before wanted for use, brought out and placed in a warm room.

The old criterion of a good pear, viz. : one with a sugary aromatic
juice, soft sub-liquid pulp, or melting, as in the White Doyenne, or
fine crisp and "breaking," as in the Bergamottes ; firm, juicy, yet
austere for cooking, as in the Pound, is equally good at this day as
when first written.

The common uses of the pear are for dessert, baking, stewing, dry-
ing, preserving, marmalades, and for perry. For the latter use, large
orchards of the more common hardy sorts have heretofore been
planted, and the result found more profitable than the same amount
of ground appropriated to the apple for cider.

Varieties and Nomenclature. The number of varieties now known
is something over twelve hundred, but of these it is more than pro-
bable over one thousand may be discarded, and then leave more than
have qualities to sustain their continued culture when compared with
the best. Throughout the West, the pear culture is only in its in-
fancy, and we therefore place far less in our first class than probably
may seem worthy that position by our Eastern pear amateurs ; but
we would rather our Western growers should plant varieties worthy
their attention, than, as a whole, devote time to testing. We shall
not pretend in this work to even note all varieties, but shall only
speak of those most known in our own language, while we could wish
(and probably may do so, as far as possible, at a future time) to trans-
fer all names into the English language ; we have at this time
thought best in most cases to retain the foreign name, but in the first
class giving the English meaning directly underneath, and in same
size type.

Forms and Size comparative. Our forms illustrative of the terms
used in description, are from the Transactions of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society. These are founded on the fundamental figure
of a circle, and on this is drawn the form of the fruit ; and where the
circle forms not a part of the fruit form, it is shown by dots. It
should always be recollected, that in the pear, piriform is with the
small end at the stem j while in the apple it is at the calyx.

320

THE PEAK.

Obovate.

Ovate.

Oblong.

©lobular; obtuse pyriform.

Globular: acute pyriform.

FORMS AND SIZES COMPARATIVE.

321

OboYftte; acute pyrlform.

OT»te pyrlform.

Oblong pyrlfonu.

14*

Obovatc obtuse pyriform.

THE PEAR.

OWong obovate pyrifonn.

Oblong oyate pyrlforoi.

Of size comparative, we take the Seckel as small; the White
Doyennfe, or Virgalieu, as medium ; the Bartlett as large.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

323

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed.

Ananas D'Ete.
Ananas, of aome^ \ Poire Ananaa.

Foreign. A superior variety that deserves extensive planting. Tree,
vigorous, light brown wood, with white oblong dots, early regular bearer,
fruit always large and excellent.

Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, angular ; colovj dull yellowish
green, with much rough brown russet marbling ; stem, largest at base
or where it joins the fruit, and with a lip one side ; calyx, open, short divi-
sions ; basin, shallow, open ; core, compact, capsules small; seeds, long
ovate; flesh, whitish, flne-graiued, buttery, melting, sweet, perfumed

324 THE PEAK.

Last August and early September. This variety varies much in form. Our
figures are from specimens from same tree.

Bartlett.

■William's Bon Chretien, I Poire Guilliaume,
'WllUam^s» I Delavoult de Clement.

• An English variety, originated about 1770. Now extensively grown,
and too well known to really need description. The trees are vigorous, and
early productive of fair, handsome fruit, either on Pear or Quince root.

Fruity large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, surface somewhat uneven j colorj
clear light yellow, tinged with blush in sun when ripe, russet around the
stem, and minute russet dots over whole ; stem, short, thick ; calyx, medium,
partly open; basin, shallow, furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, broad ovate ■
flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. Middle August to middle
September.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

825

Belle Lucrative.
Fondante d'Antomne, | Signeur d'Espeifn.

A Flemish variety. Tree, of moderate growth ; productive bearer, young
shoots long, yellowish gray. Thus far, does well on the Quince. If picked,
and fruit ripened in house, one of the very best.

Fruity medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellowish green, slightly
russeted ; stem^ stout, often fleshy ; calyx, short, open ; basin, medium ,
core, medium j seeds^ ovate ; flesh, melting, juicy, aromatic, sweet. Last
September.

Bextrre Giffard.

Beurrfe Gifford.

Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, long slender shoots, dark reddish,
good bearer on Quince or Pear. Fruit, medium pyriform, yellowish green
to pale yellow, red in sun, pale russet specks ; stem, long, slender, curved
calyx, open ; core, small ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good.
Last of August.

326

THE PEAK.

Due d'Aremberg,
Colmar Deschamps,
L'Orphelines,

Beurre d'Arembero.

Soldat Laboureur, qfiome^
Deschamps,
D'Aremberg Parfait,

Benrrfe des Orphelinea,
Orpheline d'Eugheiu.

A foreign variety which has been often confounded with Glout Vorceau
and Soldat Laboureur, from both of which it is distinct. The wood i»
strong, long-jointed, yellowish brown, dotted with pale gray specks ; leaves,
narrow, deeply serrated ; trees, very hardy, bear young on the pear root,
annually and abundantly ; the fruit hangs well, and may be gathered and
ripened at will from December to February. A warm, rich soil suits it
best.

Fruity above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, tapering toward the
stem, where it often terminates in a fleshy junction ; color ^ dull pale green,
at maturity light yellow, clouded with green, with traces and patches of
light cinnamon russet ; stem^ short, stout, uneven, set obliquely, without
depression ; calyx^ small, closed, segments short ; hasin^ rather deep ; core^
medium j seeds^ light brown, acutely pointed ; fiesh^ white, juicy, melting,
vinous. December to February.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

327

DieL

Diel's ButterWrne,
Dorothfee Eoyal,
Grosse Dorotn^e,

BUEKRE DiEL.

Bnerrfe "Royal,
DesTrois Tours,
Dd Melon,

Melon do Kops,
Buerre Magniflqne,
Bearr^ Incomparable.

Foreign. Grows and fruits well on Pear or Quince, but is best on Quince.
Tree vigorous, the foliage large; wood, olive brown, with grayish specks ,
very productive.

Fruity large, obovate obtuse pyriform, surface rather uneven ; color ^ dull
green, bright yellow when mature, russet specks, and scattered russet and
greenish brown patches; sterrij stout, and slightly curved ; cavity, narrow
calyx, medium, open, long segments ; basin, abrupt ; core, large ; seeds
dark brown ; Jlesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, especially near the core
juicy, melting, perfumed. October to last November.

328

THE F£AS.

Beurre Moire.
BeoTT^ Moire.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, early, productive bearer, often
blossoms the second time in a season, and sets fruit, which, of course, does
not mature ; promises well. Fruity large, obovate oblong pyriform, pale
green, with dots of darker green, and occasionally a russet patch ; stem,
one inch, stout, slight lip on one side of depression ; calyXj small, short,
stiff segments ; corCj small ; seedsy imperfect ; skin^ thick, harsh ; flesh.

white, juicy, vinous, half melting, sprightly ; " very good."
December.

Brandtwine.

November and

American, from the banks of the Brandywine river. Tree, thrifty, rapid
grower, long upright shoots, regular and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium,
varying in form, generally obovate pyriform, running into the stem, which
is fleshy, and rather obliquely set; color, dull yellowish green, reddish
brown in sun, marked with russet dots and streaks, and much russeted
about eye ; calyx, open, segments few ; basin, smooth, moderate depth ;

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

329

core^ small, compact ; seeds, few, dark brown ; jiesh^ white, raAer coarse,
melting, juicy, vinous. Last of August, first of September. Succeeds on
Quince.

/ Beurre Bosc,

Calebasse Bosc, j Marianne Nouvelle, | Bosc's Flaschenbime,

A foreign variety, raised in 1807, by Van Mons. It is an early, annual,
and productive bearer on the pear roots, and should have a place in the
smallest collection. Tree, vigorous, with long brownish olive shoots strag-
gling or diverging. The fruit varies some in size and form, as see our
checked outline in engraving, but it is always fair and smooth.

Fruity large, obovate acute pyriform 3 color^ dark yellow, nearly covered,

830

THE PEAK.

dotted and marbled with cinnamon russet, slight brownish red in sun ;
stem, usually long, slender; calyx, medium, segments partially erect ; basin,
round, shallow, sometimes a little uneven ; core, small ; seeds, blackish ;
ilesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October, or last of
September.

Beurre d'Anjou.

Niell, I Poire Niell,

Beurr* Niell, \ Ne Vina MexiTlB^ of some catalogues^

I Colniac Bosc,

Fondante du Bois, erroneously.

Foreign. An old pear in Loudon's select list of 1834, recently intro-
duced under a new name, and grown on Quince. It is found of the highest
excellence. It succeeds equally well on Pear or Quince, but largest on
Quince.

Fruit, large, long, oblong obovate pyriform, obtuse at stem ; color, pale yel-
low, dull blush, and numerous small specks of faint russet ; calyx, open, seg-
ments thick, reflexed ; basin, round, not deep, russeted ; stem, short, curved,
and obliquely inserted in a shallow cavity j core, small ; seeds, long
pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly, delicious
to the core. October and November.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

331

Doyennfe d'Hiver,
Doyenn6 du Printemps,
Bergamotte de la Pentecote,
Beurr^ de la Pentecote,
Beurre d'Hiver do Bruxelles,

Beurre Easter.

Beurr6 Eoup^,

Du Patre,

Beurrfe de Paques,

Phillippe de Paques,

Bezi ChaumontcUe trfea gros,

Chaumontel trfes groa,
Canning,
Seigneur d'Hiver,
Pater Noster.

Foreign. Requires rich, warm soil, and some care m ripening, when it
is one of the very finest of pears. It is best on Quince.

Fruit, large, globular obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish green, with rus-
set spots, and occasional specimens grown in sun have a brownish russet
cheek ; stem, medium to short ; cavity, rather deep ; calyx, generally small ;
basin, narrow, rather deep ; core, medium ; seeds, long, ovate acute pyri-
form ; Jlesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet. January to May.

Beurre St. Nicholas.
St Nicholaa, [ Duchess of Orleans.
Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright, olive-colored wood, leavei

332

THE PEAE.

dark blue green, narrow. Thus far productive and healthy on Quince : one
little tree, two years planted, this season yielded forty-three beautiful
epecimens.

Fruit, large, oblong ovate pyriform, greenish, becoming greenish yellow,
with stripes and patches of dull thin russet, sometimes red cheek in sun ',
stem, variable, fleshy at base ; calyx, small, open, short segments : fleshy
melting, juicy; " very good." October.

Beurre Coit.
A new variety, raised by Col. Coit. of Euclid, 0. We first ate of it in
1846, when we made our notes in its favor. Since that we have seen it

several times, and as we
write this, September 25,
1853, have the fruit before
us. It is worthy a place
in all collections. The
tree is hardy, vigorous,
upright, spreading in form,
dark brown shoots, and
early good bearer on the
pear root. Our drawing
was made from a specimen
pulled in August, and is
below an average size.

Fruit, above medium,
obtuse pyriform, slightly
angular ,• color, rich brown
russet, mostly overspread-
ing a yellow ground, with
a brownish red cheek in
sun ; stem, rather short ;
cavity, shallow, with un-
equal projections ; calyx,
with segments nearly erect,
surrounded by depressed
crescent-shaped furrows in
a shallow basin ; core,
small ; seeds.hlackish ; flesh,
yellowish white, melting,
buttery, juicy, sweet vin-
ous. Last Sept. and Oct.

Beurre Langelier.

A foreign pear, newly introduced ; it has fruited but few times in this
country, but may safely be placed as " best."

Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, contracted toward, and terminating ob-
tusely at, stem ', color, light green, becoming, at maturity, pale yellow, with
a dull red cheek in sun, and numerous gray russet dots ; stem, one inch, or
more, long, angularly inserted, without depression ; calyx, medium ; basin,
shallow, plaited ; core, medium ; seeds, long, ovate pyriform ; flesh, yellow-
ish white, melting, juicy, fine-grained, sub-acid; slight perfume. Novem-

ber to January.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

Black Worcester.
Blftck Pear of "Worcester, j Parkinson's Warden, | Iron Pear,

833

A valuable and profitable variety for marketing and cooking purposes ;
shoots, dark olive, diverging ; tree, hardy vigorous.

Fruit, large, obovate oblong; color, dull green, with numerous mar-
blings and specks of dark iron russet ; stem, stout, in a slight depression ;
calyx, rather small ;fiesh^ firm, coarse, austere. November to February.

Bloodgood.

American. From Flushing, L. I. The tree is a moderate grower, with
reddish brown, short-jointed wood ; a regular bearer. We think it requires
a rich, deep, warm soil to produce good-flavored fruit. Fruit, medium, or
below, ovate obovate, yellow, with russet marblings and dots ; calyx, open ;
stem, fleshy at base ; core, small ; jlesh, yellowish white, melting ;' "very
good." Early August.

Bon Chretien Fondante.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, hardy, productive on Quince or Pear. Fruit,
medium, roundish oblong oval, yellowish green, brownish red in sun, and
much russet ; stem, medium, curved ; calyx, small, partly closed ; hasin,
furrowed ; core, large ; flesh, white, coarse, melting, juicy, a little gritty j
" very good." September, October.

BUFFUM.

American. Native of
Rhode Island. It is very
successful wherever grown,
admirably adapted to stan-
dard orcharding, an up-
right, strong grower, red-
dish brown shoots, always
productive of fair, even-
sized fruit ; not, however,
of more than second-rate
quality.

Fruit, medium, oblong
obovate ; color, brownish
green, becoming yellow,
bright red, suffused in sun ;
brown dots and a little
russet ) stem, half to inch
long, slight depression ;
calyx, with short recurved
segments ; basin, round 5
core, rather small ; seeds ,
dark brown ; flesh, white,
buttery, sweet. Septem-
ber.

334

THE PEAR.

Delices d'Hardenpoint.
Dfelices d'Ardenpont, | Dellced'Hardenpont 0/ ^»(7«r«.

Foreign. Tree, hardyj
moderate grower ; shoots,
upright, yellowish brown,
good bearer ; deserves more
attention.

Fruit, medium, roundish,
pale yellow, with many
gray dots and russet in
sun ; sterrij varying ; calyx,
small, closed ; basin, round,
slightly uneven ; core, me-
dium ; seeds, broad, ovate ;
Jleshj whitish, buttery, melt-
ing, juicy, almost " best."
October.

Dix.
American. Origin, Boston, Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous, young shoots,
pale yellow, upright, slender, unproductive while young, well suited to
extensive orcharding. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform ; skin, little rough,
yellow, with russet dots, and around the stem : stem, set obliquely, raised
one side, short, stout, thickest at each end ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ;
core, marked with a dark gritty circle, extending toward the stem ; flesh,
yellowish white, melting, a little harsh, juicy, sweet. October and No-
vember.

Doyenne d'Ete,

Summer Virgnlieu,

Duches8 do Berry d'Etfe of Blvort,

Summer Doyennfe,
Doyenne de Juliet.

Foreign. Trees, moderately vigorous, dull brownish red wood, early
and abundant bearers, unsuccessful on Quince.

Fruit, rather small, roundish obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish green,
nearly yellow when fully mature, side exposed to sun with a bright mar-
bled red cheek ; )stem, rather long, fleshy at base, inserted without depres-
sion ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, medium ; seeds, small,
dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, juicy, sugary,
sprightly. Last of July.

Doyenne Boussouck.

Double PhiUipi.

Plymouth,
Beurre de Mesode,

Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle, I
Providence, j

Foreign. A variety, we believe, first introduced to this country in 1841,
by William Kenrick. Tree, vigorous ; wood, reddish brown, sprinkled
with large round grayish specks ; a good and regular bearer j a little vari-
able in quality.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

835

Fruit, large, globular, obtuse obovate pyriform ; coIoTj yellow, with
tracings of russet, and large russet specks ; stem, short, stout, fleshy at
base ; cavity, shallow; cali/x, medium, open ; core, medium ; seeds^ small,
almost black, abortive ; ^e^A, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy,
vinous, sweet perfume. October.

Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Nouveau.

Doyennfe Marbre,
Doyenn* d'Alencon,

St. Michael d'Hiver,
Doyenne d'Hiver d'AIencon.

Gray Butter Pear,
Gray Doyennfe,
Doyenne Rouge,
Doyenne Roux,

Doyenne Gray.

Doyennfe d'Automne,
Gray Dean's,
Doyenne Gris,
Red Doyennfe,

Foreign. Proves
valuable on th«
Quince

Fruit, medium or
above, obovate,

obtuse pyriform,
slightly angular, or
one side longest ;
color, pale dull yel-
low, with many
small brown russet
specks ; stem, short,
stout r calyx, me-
dium ; basin,*' irre-
gular, abrupt ; core,
medium ; seeds,
dark brown, long,
pointed : flesh, whit-
ish, rather coarse-
grained, melting,
juicy, vinous, a
little astringent un-
less well ripened
January to May.

St. Michel Dorfe,
Doyenne Galeux.

This has been confounded with " Boussouck,'' and with •' Surpasse Vir-
galieu," but is distinct. It is a good bearer on Pear or Quince, a hardy
tree, with upright, grayish brown shoots.

Fruit, medium, roundish, obovate or obtuse pyriform ; skin, covered with
smooth cinnamon russet ; stem, curved ; cavity, rather deep ; calyx, .small,
closed ; basiii, shallow ; f£sh, white, fine-grained, buttery, melting. Oct

336

THE PEAB.

Dearborn's Seedling.

Done's, | Wheeler's New St. Micnael.

Raised by General H. A. S. Dearborn, about 1819, at Roxbury, Mass.
Tree, vigorous, erect, yet spreading; requires little pruning; productive
on the pear root ; quality variable.

Fruity rather small, roundish, inclining to obovate, narrowing a little to
the stem ; color^ pale yellow, little russet at base of stem, and surface
dotted with small russet dots ; calyx, with short thick segments ; stem, long,
slender, curved ; core, medium ; seeds, dark brown, long, pointed ; fleshy
yellowish white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, delicately perfumed.
August.

Doyenne White.

White Dean

Virgalieu,
Butter Pear,
St. Michael,
Virgaloo,
Bergiiloo.
Yellow Butter,

White Beurr<i,

White Autumn Beurr6

Kegnier,

Dean's,

Warwick Bergamotte,

Snow Pear,

Pine Pear,

St. Michael,
Doyennfe,
Doyennfe Blanc,
Beurrfe Blanc,
Keigner,

And twelve others of
French and Dutch.

An old variety, everywhere esteemed when well grown. Trees, hardy,
productive either on Pear on Quince.

Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, clear pale yellow, regularly
sprinkled with small dots, often a fine red cheek ; stem, medium, brownish ;
cavity, small, round ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, slightly plaited ;
fiesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, buttery, delicious. September tc
November.

The Doyenne Panachee is a sub-variety, differing from this in its more

pyriform shape, and its color being yellow, green and red striped,
juicy, not high flavored. October.

It is

MOST GENEBALLY ESTEEMED.

Flemish Beauty.

B«IIe do FlandcTB,
Bosche Nouvelle,
Bosch.

Fondante du Bols, erroneomHy^
Bosc Sire.
Imperatrice de France,

B^anrr^ Bpence, oftom^
Poire Davy.

Foreign. This variety is deserving of far more general cultivation than
it has yet received. It succeeds most admirably on the Quince, and on the
rich soils of Illinois, we have seen it far surpass even the most highly
nursed specimens of Boston amateur gardens. The tree is vigorous, with
upright, dark brown shoots.

Fruity large, oblong obtuse obovate ; color^ pale yellow, mostly covered
with marblings and patches of light russet, and in sun, rich reddish brown •
stem^ one to one and a half inch long ; cavity^ narrow, deep ] calyx, shcrf ,
open ; basin, round, small ; core, medium, with oblong capsules ; seedSj
oblong pyriform; flesh, yellowish white, not very fine-grained, juicy, melt-
ing, sugary. Last of September. Does not keep long.
li

338

THE FEAB.

Fulton.

American. Native of
Maine. Tree, very hardy,
yearly and abundant bearer,
well suited for standard
orcharding at the West j
young shoots, slender, red-
dish brown.

Fruity small, obovate ;
color^ at first gray russet,
becoming dark cinnamon
russet ; calyx^ open, seg-
ments nearly erect ; basiriy
round, regular ; stem, one to
two inches long ; cavity, nar-
row; core, encircled by a
coarse line, but of itself
small, compact ; seeds^
blackish ; flesh, half butter>-,
moderately juicy, sprightly.
October, November.

Golden Beurre of Bilboa.

Hooper's Bilboa.

Foreign. From Spain.
Tree, hardy, requires rich,
strong, heavy soil, when it
is an abundant bearer of
fair, regular, medium-siz-
ed fruit of second-rate
quality.

Fruit, medium, obovate ;
color, rich yellow, with
russet around the stem,
and many russet dots and
patches over the entire sur-
face ; stem, slender ; cavity,
slight ; calyx, small, mostr
ly open, short stiff seg-
ments ; basin, shallow ;
flesh, fine-grained, melting,
juicy, sometimes a little
acid and harsh. Septem-
ber.

most generally esteemed.
Glout Morceau.

839

Goulu Morceau,
Gloux Morceau,
Beurrfe d'Hardenpont,
Hardenpont d'Hiver,

Colmar d'Hiver,

Beurrfe d'Hiver Nouvelle,

Linden d'Automne,

Eoi de "Wurtemberg,

And five more of German.

Beurre d'Aremberg, of the Frti^ch,

This variety is regarded as among the most delicious of Flemish pears.
The rendering of its name to sugared or honeyed pear is only expressive of
its quality, and equally so of many more ; and as this cannot claim the
title par excellence, we see not hut it must retain its original, and those
who grow it must speak the name as best they may.

It is an unproductive variety while young, either on Pear or Quince ;
trees on the latter stock even requiring ten years to bring them well into
bearing ; once at maturity, it is an abundant bearer. It is a beautiful
grower, making a perfect pyramidal head with little pruning. It is also
easily distinguished by its dark olive-green or blue-green wood and its wavy
leaves.

Fruity large, obovate obtuse pyriform, often angular, and surface rough ;

340

THE PEAR.

color, pale greenish yellow, russeted around the stem, and traces of russet
and greenish gray russet specks over the whole surface ; stem, one to one
and a half inch long, often without cavity, but flesih raised one side ; calyx,
medium, segments half reflexed ; basin, rather deep, often furrowed or uneven,
like the general surface of the fruit, which is frequently apparently scal-
loped ; core, large ; seeds, large, ovate, pointed ; Jlesh, white, fine-grained,
buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. December to February.

Howell.

American. Native of New Haven, Conn., recently introduced to notice.
Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, small russet dots, faint red
blush in sun ; stem, often curved, without depression ; calyx, open ; basin,
irregular ; Jlesh, melting, juicy, slightly acidulous, delicate aroma. Oc-
tober.

Jalousie de Fontenat Vendee.

Foreign. We have never
fruited a pear that has given
us more satisfaction. On the
Quince it is a fine grower, and
inclined to over-bear. It must
not be confounded with the
" Jalousie," a third-rate varie-
ty. Young shoots upright ;
brownish yellow.

Fruit, medium or above,
ovate pyriform ', color, dull yel-
low, with brownish red cheek,
and patches and dots of russet,
often the russet covering one
half the surface ; stem, vary-
ing, often obliquely set on,
with a fleshy ridge at side ;
calyx, with segments, long,
half open ; basin, shallow ;
core, medium or small ; seeds,
long, ovate ; flesh, white, but-
tery, melting, juicy, sweet, aro-
matic. Last September, early
October.

Lawrence.

Native of Flushing, L. I. An abundant bearer on pear roots, exceedingly
desirable for Western orcharding. Tree, hardy, moderate growth ; wood,
light yellowish brown, rather thorny. S. B. Parsons says, " Succeeds very
finely on Quince,''

fruitj above medium, long, obovate, obtuse at stem ; color, pale red yel-

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED, 341

♦

low, marbled with dull green, small dark specKs, and russet at each end ;
calyx^ large, closed ; basin^ open, furrowed ; stem^ medium length, stout,
swollen at junction with tree; cavity^ round, deep;, core, medium; seedsj
small, dark brown ; fiesh, yellowish white, juicy, gritty at core, slightly
sugary. November to February.

KiRTLAND.

Seedling Seckel,
Kirtland'8 Seedling,
Elrtland's Beurre.

Grown from seeds
of the Seckel pear,
by H. T. Kirtland,
of Mahoning Co.,
Ohio. Tree, vigor-
ous, hardy, early
and very productive
bearer on the pear
root ; shoots, yellow-
ish brown, upright,
stout ; succeeds well
on Quince.

Fruity medium, of-
ten above obovate,
obtuse pyriform ;
color, rich yellow,
overspread with
cinnamon russet ;
stem, usually stout,
medium length,
curved ; calyx, short,
reflexed, persistent ;

basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, short, ovate, blackish ; fleshy white,

melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. September.

Long Green, of Coxe.

Verte Longne de la Mayenne ? I Mouth Water, [ Muscat Floure,
Verte Longue, | New Autumn, | Mouille Bouche.

This is an old foreign variety, always excellent, and an abundant
bearer.

Fruit, medium, oblong,' ovate pyriform ; color, green with dark green
specks ; stem, medium length, slender; calyx, with long reflexed segments;
basin, very shallow ; core, above medium ; seeds, dark brown ; jlesh, yel-
lowish white, melting, juicy, delicious. October.

The Striped Long Green, Verte Longue Panachee, resembles the above,
but is smaller, and of no great value, aside from its prettily striped ap-
pearance.

343

Native of Roxbury, Mass. It is a hardy tree, vigorous, spreading, rather
drooping as it grows old, always bears, and fruit always regular and even
in size. If well ripened, it is a fine, delicious fruit, otherwise not more
than second quality. It is profitable as a standard orchard variety, but re-
quires rich deep soil, or its immense crops exhaust too rapidly, causing the
fruit to be quite small and insipid. Fruit, below medium, roundish ob-
ovate, obtuse at stem ; color, dark, becoming pale green with many russet
specks ; stem, long, slender, shallow depression ; calyx, large ; segments^
broad, in divisions ; basin, almost obscure ; core, above medium for size of
fruit; seeds, large, ovate; Jlesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, meltiugj
juicy. November to February.

Elizabeth. (Manning's.)

Elizabeth Van Mons, I Van Mons No. 154.

Foreign. Received under number, and named by the elder Manning ;
young wood, reddish brown. Fruit, small, obovate rounded, lemon yellow,
red in sun. slight traces of russet ; calyx, small, open ; core, large ; flesh]
yellowish white, melting, sugary, juicy; " very good." Last August.

MOST GEKEEALLY ESTEEMED.

BU

Bordenave,

Lodge.
I Smith's Bordenave.

American. From vicinity of Philadelphia. Requires rich, warm, sandy-
soil, when it is one of the best; on cold clay it is hardly "very good."
Fruit, medium, or above, sometimes large, varying in form, (see our en-
graving) ; when fully mature, yellowish, with rich golden russet, and

patches of dull russet ; calyx, with short, half reflexed segments ; corty
medium ; seeds, blackish; flesh, whitish, a little gritty at core, juicy, melt-
ing, " very good." September and October.

Madeleine.
Citron des Cannes, | Magdalen.

Foreign. Tree, very vigorous, strong grower, a little liable to frozen sap-
blight on the rich Western soils, until it has acquired the age of ten or
more years ; very productive on pear or quince root.

Fruit, below medium, obovaie, oblong pyriform ; stem, long, slender, at
base one side of fruit a little enlarged ; color, pale yellowish green, a lit-
tle brownish blush, and russet specks on those exposed most to sun ; calyXf

BU

THE PEAK.

with long, persistent, irregularly placed segments ; basing obscure, slightly
plaited; core, small; seeds, ovate; Jleshj white, juicy, melting, sweet,
slightly perfumed. Fifteenth to last July.

The Striped Madeleine Citron des Carmes Panachee, differs from the
former in being striped with light yellow, flesh more sweet and less juicy.
It is not as vigorous in growth, the wood shorter jointed, striped red and
yellow, and said to be less liable to blight.

NOUVEAU POITEAU.
New Pear.

For^gn. Tree, upright, vigorous, an early bearer, and thus far success-
ful on both pear and quince stock.

Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriforrn, contracted or one-sided
at neck ; color, pale green, with many dark green dots, and a few russet
stripes or blotches ; stem, about one inch long, medium size, set on and
not into the fruit; calyx, medium, with broad segments half reflexed;
basin, irregularly contracted ; core, medium, capsules long, ovate ; seeds,
obovate pyriform ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, melting, rich aroma.
November.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

345

Louise Bonne de Jersey.

Louise Bonne d'Avranches,

Beurrfe or Bonne Louise d'Araudore,

WiUiam the Fourth.

The "Good Louise of Jer-
sey," from the Isle of Jersey,
proves one of the best pears
grown on the quince stock in
this country. Tree, hardy,
very productive, snoots vigor-
ous, upright.

FruiL large, (our drawings
were made ere the fruit had
swollen its full size, and are
not more than half size,) ob-
long pyriform ', skin^ glossy,
smooth, green in shade, brown-
ish red in sun, dotted with
gray dots ; stem^ about one
inch long, moderately stout, a
little curved, fleshy enlarge-
ment at base; calyx^ open,
segments large, reflexed ; 6a-
sin, shallow ; core^ small ;
seeds^ long, ovate pointed;
fleshy white, juicy, melting,
delicious. October.

Paradise D'Aiitomne.

Calebasse Bosc

Foreign. This is esteemed by many pomologists as superior even to the
Beurre Bosc, which it much resembles. Tree, of very vigorous growth,
shoots at first upright, afterwards straggling and pendulous ; wood, reddish
brown, with large whitish gray specks, very productive. Fruity large,
obovate acute pyriform, irregular and uneven surface , color^ dull yellow,
covered with bright rUsset, deepening on the sunny side ; calyx^ rather
large, open ; segments^ reflexed ; hasin^ furrowed ; stem^ about one and a
half inch long, rather slender, obliquely attached to the fruit by a fleshy,
and often times wrinkled base ; core^ small ; seeds^ long, pointed ; jiesh,
yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy, delicious. Sep-
tember and October.

15*

346

THE PEAB.

Dochcss De'Ben-fe, of some,
"Winter Bell,
Bretagne le Conr,
Uredale's St. Germain,
Uvedale'8 Warden,

Pound.

Germain Baker,
Lent St. Germain,
Pickering Pear,
Du Tonnean,
Belle de Jersey,

Piper,

Union,

Chamber's Large,
Belle Angevine.

Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, very productive, very valuable
for cooking, and profitable orchard sort.

Fruit, very large, oblong pyriform, yellowish green, with dull brown
and brown russet patches ; stem, long, stout, curved ; cavity, deep oblique
angular ; calyx, large ; Jlesh, white, firm, astringent. December to March.

Ott.

American. Native of
Montgomery Co., Pa. This
is by many Eastern pomolo-
gists classed as "best;"
specimens we have had, have
not merited more than to be
classed " very good." Fruit,
small, roundish, greenish
yellow, with little russet, and
rarely faint red cheek in
sun ; stem, medium, a little
curved ; calyx, rather large,
open, reflexed; core, below
medium ; seeds, blackish ;
flesh, yellowish, melting,
juicy, slightly aromatic.
August. We believe this
pear will prove valuable as
a standard orchard sort at
the Southwest.

ROSTIEZER.

Foricgn. Tree, strong, upright grower, large foliage, dark olive-colored
wood ; an early, free, abundant bearer ; succeeds on Quince.

Fruit, below medium, obovate pyriform ; color, dull green, reddish brown
cheek in sun ; whitish specks, and traces of thin russet ; stem, long, slen-
der, without depression ; calyx, medium, open ; basin, very shallow ; core,
small ; seeds^ ovate pointed ; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, perfumed. Last
of August.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

347

Patency.

Paquency,

Poire de Payeacy.

Poire de P6rigord,

Payenchi,

Payenchi de P^rigoid.

Foreign. Tree of vigor-
ous growth, early bearer,
and especially profitable on
the Quince.

Fruit, medium, pyriform,
extending into the stem,
which is stout, uneven, dark
brown; color, at first dull
pale green, becoming brown-
ish yellow at maturity, many
russet dots and patches round
stem and calyx, few in cen-
tre, occasionally a tinge of
dull red in sun ; calyx, open,
segments half erect ; basin,
very shallow ; core, small ;
seeds, oblong pointed, dark
brown ; flesh, w^hite, rather
coarse, melting, juicy, su-
gary, vinous. October

Sheldon.

Penfield, | Wayne.

American. Native of western Central New York. Tree, vigorous,
erect, hardy, good bearer on pear, young shoots short-jointed, light yellow-
ish. Fruit, medium or above, roundish, a little angular, sometimes obo-
vate, pale* greenish russet, light red or bronzed in sun, little specked with
dark russet ; stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved ; calyx, medium, open,
broad short segments ; core, rather large : seeds, dark brown ; flesh, a little
coarse, and gritty, at core, otherwise melting, juicy, sugary, sprightly, aro-
matic ;■ nearly " best." October.

Seckel,
Sickle,

Seckel.

New York Red Cheek,
Eed-cheeked Seckel,

Sycle.

The original tree of this variety, according to Dr. Brinckle, stands in
Passyimk township, on the Delaware river, about three and a half miles
from Philadelphia. No one variety has become so generally known in this
country a» the Seckel, and in our Southern and Middle States, no one

S48

THE PEAE.

variety deserves so extended culture. North, it should, when possible,

be planted in warm, rich, sandy loam,
and sheltered situations. The tree
is of slow growth ; wood, short-joint-
ed, stout, forming a round head, and
of only medium size on the pear
stock, and well suited to garden
planting.

Fruit, small, (ourdra\sing too small
for a fair average), rounded, obtuse
pyriform; color, brownish green at
first, becoming yellowish brown, with
a lively red russet cheek ; stem, short,
slightly curved, set in a very slight
depression ; calyx, small, open ', basin,
shallow ; core, small ; seeds, broad,
ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy,
buttery, spicy, aromatic, sweet Sep
tember and October.

Prince's St. Germain.

I Brown St. Germain.

New St. Germain,

Raised from the seed
of the old St. Germain,
nearly fifty years since,
at the Prince Nurseries,
Flushing, L. I. Tree,
hardy, thrifty, very pro-
ductive; the fruit keeps
well, and requires no
more care to ripen than
apples ; shoots, reddish
brown.

Fruit, medium, oblong
obovate pyriform ; color,
green and pale yellow
marbled, and covered
nearly with brownish
russet specks ; stem, long,
slender, (our drawing
shows only a portion of
it ) ; cavity, slight, nar-
row ; cahjx, with broad
segments without divis-
ions ; basin, regular, even,-
not deep ; core, small ;
seeds, oblong ovate ;
Aesh^ white, juicy, melt-
ing, sweet, vinous. December to March.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

349

SOLDAT LaBOUREUR d'EsPERIN.
Aoguste Van Krans, | Beurre de Ehine.

This variety is usually grown in this country under the name of Soldat
Laboureur. It is entirely distinct from the -'Soldat Laboureur'* of the
French, which is regarded as our Beurre d'Aremberg. It was grown by
Major Esperin, of Malines ; is of strong, vigorous, upright growth, yellow-
ish brown wood, succeeding finely on the Quince, producing abundantly,
and its fruit well disseminated over the tree, always large and fair, but of
only second-rate quality.

Fruit, large, generally oblong obovate pyriform, sometimes obovatc pyri-
form ; color, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with many patches, stripes
and dots of russet ; stenij short, slout, cun'cd, in a* slight round depression,
or rather a raised lip one side ; calyx, open, sometimes round, regular, and
without divisions, others have stout persistent segments in divisions ;
core, compact, with outer concentric lines ; seeds, obovate ; Jlesh, rather
coarse, juicy, melting, perfumed j " very good." December to February.

350

THE PEAK

St. Andre.
Poire Bt Audi*.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, healthy grower, early bearer. Fruit, above
medium, globular acute pyriform, sometimes obovate pyriform ; colotj
yellowish green, with dark green specks, rarely a brownish red cheek in
sun ; stem, medium, swollen or fleshy where it joins the fruit : calyx, me-
dium, open, segments varying ; basin, very shallow, sometimes slightly fur-
rowed ; core, small, compact ;- seeds, oblong pointed, light brown ; Jlesh,
greenish white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sprightly, vinous, perfumed.
September.

Skinless.

Sanspean, | Poire Sans Pean, | Fleur de Gnignes.

Foreign. An old variety, that on rich, deep, strong, clayey soils is pro-
ductive, and often " best." Fruit, small, oblong pyriform, pale greenish
yellow, light red specks in sun; stem, long, slender; calyx, closed; fleshy
white, juicy. Early August.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 351

Stevens' Genesee.
^uise de Prasse, | Ouenisey, | Stephens^ Geneseew

Native of Rochester, N. Y. It is one of the most desirable of pears for
all collections, either on Pear or Quince ; a fine grower, with diverging,
dark gray shoots ; productive.

Fruity large, roundish obovate ; color^ greenish yellow, becoming yellow ;
sterriy rather stout ; cavity, narrow ; calyx with short, stiff, connected seg-
ments, half reflex ed ; basin, medium, regular ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate
pyriform, blackish ; flesh, white, half buttery, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Sep-
tember. Even windfalls of this variety are extremely fine.

Tyson.

This fine variety was found in a hedge near Jenkintown, Pa., about
1792-4. The tree is of vigorous, upright growth, with reddish brown
wood J a moderate, regular bearer.

Fruit, rather below medium, roundish pyriform, irregular; color, dull
yellow, shaded with red in sun, little russeted, and with numerous black
specks ; stem, rather long, moderately stout, curved, and obliquely attached
to the fruit by a fleshy junction, swollen on one side ; calyx, open, with
short segments ; basiyi, round, shallow ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, white,
fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary, aromatic. Thus far succeeds on
Quince. August.

352

THE PEAK.

SURPASSE ViRGALIEU.
Beurre Van Mons, I Burpasse Vigilouse, | Colmar Van Mons, of $ome.

Origin uncertain, probably an American seedling, first disseminated by
the late Andrew Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y. It is a regular abundant
bearer on Pear or Quince, a vigorous, healthy tree, with yellowish brown
wood, upright growth.

Fruity medium, varying in form ; (see our drawings, the specimens from
which they were made all being pulled by ourself from the same branch ;)
color^ yellowish, with brownish red in sun, minute dots, and often sprink-
lings of russet; calyx, generally small, erect, open ; basin, slight; stevtj
varying ; core, medium ; seeds, broad, ovate ; fleshy white, fine-grained, juicy,
aromatic. October.

Urbaniste.
St. Marc, | Louise of Orleans, | Beurr6 Picqnery.

Foreign. Moderately vigorous, healthy, hardy, well suited to rich soils
West ; young shoots, upright, short-jointed, grayish yellow ; not an early
bearer, but when in bearing produces regularly and abundant. Fine
grower and bearer on Quince.

Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, with gray dots, and
a few russet streaks ; stem, about an inch long, rather stout ; cavity, shal-
low : calyx, small, generally closed ; basin, narrow, abrupt ; core, medium
or small ; seeds, obovate pointed ; flesh, white, yellowish, buttery, melting,
vinous. October and November.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.

353

Thompson's.

Foreign. Tree of
vigorous, diverging
habit; young wood,
yellowish olive, with
grayish specks; bears
on the Pear about
the sixth year.

Fruit, large, obo-
vate obtuse pyri-
form, surface un-
even; color, lemon
yellow, with brown-
ish red cheek in sun,
some russet dots and
marblings, and rus-
set at the stem ; sienij
short, usually plant-
ed or set on angular-
ly, with a fleshy rim
one side; ca/i/x, with
connected lialf-clos-
ed segments , ba-
sin, round, narrow,
abrupt ; core, medi-
um ; capsules and
seeds, formed like
the fruit ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, sugary, slightly aromatic. Octo-
ber to November.

Van Assene.

Van Assche, | Vanassfi, | • Van Assbe.

This is a new pear, first fruited at the West, in the grounds of A. H.
Ernst, Cincinnati, who has disseminated it freely, and thus far it has
proved " best." Leaves, light yellow green ; young wood, yellowish red ;
tree, a vigorous, erect grower, an abundant and early bearer, succeeding
well on the Quince. Fruit, medium, obovate obtuse, largest near the eye,
flattened at both ends, occasionally slightly ribbed ; calyx, small ; basin,
smooth, wide, rather shallow, ribbed ; stem, one and a half inch long,
rather slender, slightly sunk ; skin, smooth and fair, light yellow in the
shade, sprinkled with dark dots, light red on the sunny side, sprinkled with
carmine dots ; flesh, white, buttery, melting. September and early October ;
August at Cincinnati and South.

354

THE PEAR.

Vicar of Winkfield.

Vicar of "Wakefield,
Le Cure,

Monsieur leCurfe,
Clion.

Foreign. First found growing wild in a wood by M. Clion, a French
curate, hence the names, Clion, Le Cure, &c. ; afterwards it was grown in
a garden at Winkfield, Berkshire, by Rev. Dr. Rhara, and received the
name of Vicar of Winkfield, concentrating the two associations in the one

name, and which, being of our own language, is to be preferred. It is a
most profitable variety, grown on the quince stock, and, although only
second quality, it is always fair and large. Tree, a vigorous grower, with
large, roundish, glossy leaves ; shoots, diverging, dark olive color.

Fruity large, oblong obovate pyriform ; color ^ dull pale green at first

MOST GENEEALLT ESTEEMED. 355

becoming pale yellow, with sometimes a brownish cheek, marked with
brown dots over the whole surface ; calyx, with open reflexed segments ;
stem, an inch or more long, rather slender, obliquely inserted without depres-
sion ; core, small ; seeds, oblong ovate ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sprightly ;
' very good." November to January.

Winter Nelis.

Nellis d'Hiver, | Beurre de Malines, I Milanaise Cuvolior,

Bonne do Malines, | La Bonne Malinoise, i Etourneao.

Foreign. As a standard Winter pear, if we were to select but the one,
it would be this variety. The tree is vigorous, though with slender
diverging shoots ; very hardy ; an early prolific bearer on Pear or Quince.
It requires rich, strong soil to produce good-sized fruit, and is well suited to
extensive planting on our Western lands.

Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, narrowing towards the stalk ; colovy
yellowish green, much covered and dotted with gray russet ; stem, rather
long, a little curved ; cavity, narrow : calyx, open, with short segments ;
hasin, shallow; core, medium; capsules, ovate; seeds, oblong pyriform,
curved ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melting, sugary, aromatic. Novem-
ber to middle January.

356

THE PEAE.

Washington.
Eobertson.

American : native of Dela-
ware. Tree of healthy, mo-
derate growth, with slen-
der, diverging, reddish brown
shoots ; an annual bearer.

Fruity medium, roundish
ovate, or ovate pyriform ;
color^ lemon yellow, tinged in
sun with red and reddish
russet, and, near the stem,
patches of clear russet ; stemj
an inch long, inserted in a
narrow cavity, sometimes al-
most obsolete, and then there
is a fleshy lip one side of
stem ; calyx^ small, long
pointed segments ; hasin^
round, regular; core, rather
small, lying near the apex;
seedsy obovate pyriform, black-
ish ',Jleshy white, juicy, sweet.
September.

ZoAR Beauty.

Zoar Seedling.

American : native of Ohio
Tree, vigorous grower; dark
brown shoots • early and abund-
ant bearer.

Fruity a little below^ medium,
varying in form, usually as seen
in our engraving ; color y light
yellow, with greenish spots, red
in the sun, with deep red spots ;
sterriy generally long, slender,
curved, plaited, with slight de-
pression one side ; calyXy large,
for size of fruit ; basiny shallow ;
corCy medium ; seedsy obovate, or
broad ovate ; fleshy yellowish
white, a little coarse, juicy^
sweet. Early August.

THSTTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 357

CLASS II. Embraces varieties many of which are new and untested^ and
others suited only to certain localities.

Abbe Edouard.

Foreign. Tree, a beautiful pyramid, very vigorous on Pear and Quince.
Fruit, medium, turbinate : skin, bright green, becoming bright yellow at
maturity ; flesh, white, half fine, melting, half buttery, juice abundant,
sugary, and agreeably perfumed, resembles Janimett. November.

Abbe Mongein.
Foreign. Fruit, of first quality, immensely large, weighing forty-two
ounces, recommended by M. Tourres as a delicious fruit. Ripe March and
April. (Hor. Mag.)

Abbot.

From Providence, R. I. Wood, slender, dark reddish, productive. Fruit,
medium, oblong obovate, dark green, reddish brown cheek ] calyx, small ;
flesh, melting, sugary, sprightly ; core, large. Middle to last September.

Adams.
American. Wood, short-jointed, moderate healthy grower. Fruit,
medium, obtuse ovate pyriform ; deep yellow, tinged with pale red in sun,
dotted with russet specks ; stem, short, wrinkled, fleshy, obliquely inserted ]
calyx, small, closed ; short segments ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous,
perfumed ; core small ; seeds, medium. September and October. New.
Originated in Waltham, Mass. First fruited in 1847.

Adele de St. Denis.

Baronne de Mello, | Poire His.

Foreign. Grows fine and bears abundantly on Quince. Fruit, medium,
obovate acute pyriform, yellowish russet ; stem, short, stout, fleshy at base ;
flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Middle
October.

Adelaide de Reves.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, and very fertile on Pear or Quince. Fruit,
large enough, roundish, Bergamotte or turbinate ; skin, bright green, becom-
ing lemon yellow at the time of ripening ; flesh, white, half fine, melting,
juice very abundant, sugary, vinous, well perfumed, of first quality. Ripo
last half of October. (An. Pom.)

Alexander.
Originated in the town of Alexander, Genesee Co., N. Y. Young
shoots yellowish, rather stout; leaves, narrow, acuminate, deep green;
fruit, medium or below, obovate, slightly irregular and often one-sided ;
Btem, one and a quarter inch, curved, fleshy at base, in a shallow cavity ;
calyx, small, partly closed; segments, short, irregular; basin, narrow,
medium depth ; skin, yellowish green, rather thick, often overspread with
cinnamon russet ; flesh, white, a little coarse, and gritty at core, melting,
very juicy, with rich, sugary flavor ; core, small ; seeds, small, nearly black
and pointed. September and October.

358

THE PEAR.

Alexandre Lambre.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, compressed at ends, yellowish green,
mottled with red in sun, russet at base of stem and calyx ; stem, stout ,
calyx, in a flat basin ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, sweet ; core,
small 'j seeds, plump, acute pointed. November, December.

Alexandrine Douillard.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, above medium, pyriform ovate ; yel-
lowish J stem, long ; flesh, white, juicy, sugary. November, December.

Ananas de Gourtrai.
Foreign. Tree, very vigorous and productive, takes readily any form ;
turbinate, pyriform ; skin, citron-yellow at maturity, beautifully colored on
the sunny side ; flesh, white, firm, buttery, melting, sweet and juicy, plea-
santly perfumed, but not musky. Ripens at the end of August. (An. Pom.)

Andrews.

American. An early bearer, a little disposed to decay at core, otherwise
highly desirable. Fruit, large (our drawing too small for an average),
roundish, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, dull red cheek, scattered dots
and russet patches : calyx, open ; segments, long, half reflexed ; basin,
small ; stem, one to one and a quarter inch, curved, often set without
depression 3 flesh, greenish white, juicy, vinous, nearly " best." September.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 359

Alpha.

Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, pale yellowish
green, with reddish dots, brown blush; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery;
"very good." October.

Althorpe Crassane.

Foreign. Quality, variable. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, rough,
pale green, with dark green suffused dots, and spots of russet, tinge of
brown ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, rather coarse; "very good." October
and November.

AUGUSTE DE MaRAISE.

Seedlings of Van Mons, of Belgium. Fruit, large, pyriform ; skin, rough,
dotted and patched with deep brown ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin,
shallow ; flesh, buttery, sweet, juicy, delicious flavor. October.

Baneerbine.

Foreign. The specimens from which we describe were from Messrs.
Ellwanger and Barry. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow, with
small russet dots ; stem, stout ; calyx, open, broad segments ; core, large ;
flesh, breaking, coarse. October.

Barry.

Foreign. Fruit, medium size, sometimes, large, pyriform, irregularly
shaped ; skin, rough red, spotted on the sunny side, yellow greenish on the
opposite ; calyx, small, set in a narrow basin ; stalk, obliquely inserted ;
flesh, white, coarse, tender at the centre, very juicy, sugared and perfumed.
October.

Belle Crainese.

Elize d'Heyst.

Foreign. Fruit, below medium, globular obovate, pale greenish yellow
with dirty green or brown specks; stem, slender; calyx, open; flesh,
white, coarse-grained, juicy ; " good." February to March.

Belle de Noel.

Fondante de Noel, | Belle apres Noel.

Foreign. Fruit, rather below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale
greenish yellow, with few russet spots, dark red cheek, with carmine dots ;
calyx medium ; segments, half reflexed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ;
core, large ; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy ; " very good." December.

Belle de Thouars.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform angular, rich brown russet ; short
stem; cavity, little plaited; calyx, half open; shallow basin , core, small;
seeds,' ovate ; flesh, white, tender, juicy; "very good." October and
November.

Bellb Excellent.

Foreign. Resembles Louise Bonne of Jersey. Oblong pyriform, ycUorw,
red blush, with raised specks on surface. October.

?>60 THE PEAR.

Belle Julie.

Foreign. Tree, upright grower. Fruit, medium, long ovate, yellowish
green, cinnamon russet, bronzed red in sun ; stem, short, stout ; calyx,
medium, reflexed j flesh, greenish white, juicy , '• very good." October and
November. (Hov. Mag.)

Belle Epine Dumas.

Epine Dnmas, | Da Mas, | Due de Bordeaux.

Foreign. Heretofore considered as a synonym of Vicar of Winkfield.
Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull yellow, with red cheek in sun ; flesh,
fine grained, juicy, sugary; "very good." November, December.

Bergamotte Hambourg.

Belgium. Tree, vigorous, good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish, com-
pressed at ends, greenish yellow, rough, dotted with brownish red in sun ;
flesh, white, fine-grained, sugary, perfumed. September and October.

Beurre Beaulieu.

Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet
spots and blotches ; short, stout stem j calyx, open ; basin, ishallow ; flesh,
October.

Beurre Benoist.

Beurrg Angoste Benoit, | Benolts.
Foreign. Tree, not vigorous, but very productive. Fruit, medium, obo-
vate ; skin, bright green, spotted and shaded with brown russet ; stalk, of
moderate length, inserted in a cavity ; calyx, open, in a regular basin; flesh,
white, fine, melting, juice abundant, sugary, and well perfumed. Ripe, end
of September.

Beurre Brown.

Beurrfe Gris,
Beurre Rouge,
Beurre,
Golden Beurrfe,
Gray Beurrfe,

Beurrfe Vert,
Badham's,
Beurre d'Or,
Beurre Doree,
Beurre d'Amboise,

Bcurrfe d'Amblense,
Beurre du Koi,
Poire d'Amboise,
Isambert,
Isambert le Bon.

An old variety ; does finely in warm, rich soil, but a peculiar vinous
taste, not admired by every person. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yel-
lowish green, with thin russet, reddish brown in sun ; flesh, greenish white,
melting, juicy, vinous, sub-acid. September.

Beurre Charron.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow; stem, long; calyx,
small, closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, juicy, melting, buttery ; " best." Octo-
ber. (T. S. H. & Co.)

Beurre Crapaud.

Beurre Cadet.

Foreign. Vigorous and productive on Pear or Quince, fine for extreme
northern sections, proving hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep
yellow, red in sun, small russet dots ; stem, stout, curved ; calyx, partially
closed; core, large; flesh, yellowish melting, sugary, juicy; " very good.'*'
October.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 361

Beurre de Beaumont.

3eri Vaet.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, brownish
red in sun. covered with dark green or russely specks .: stem, short; calyx,
closed; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet; "very good." Last September

Beurre de Ranz.

Beurr6 RaBce, I Beurre de Flanders, I Baerr^ Nolrchidn.

Beurre Epine, | Hardenpont du Prlntemps, |

Foreign. Very variable, rarely "very good." Tree, a straggling, pen-
dulous habit. Fruit, large, oblong obtuse pyriform, dark green, bronzed in
sun, russet at crown, russet dots over surface ; stem. long ; calyx, open ; core,
small ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, juicy. December to April.

Beurre de Rhine.
Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, irregular; stem, stout; calyx, open,
basin, shallow, light yellow, rough spots ; flesh, white, rather coarse ;
^' good." Grows well on Quince. October and November.

Beurre Fouqiere.

A foreign pear, introduced by J. C. Lee. Fruit, of medium size, obo-
vate ; skin, greenish yellow, with patches and points of light russet, and
some dark green spots ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse-grained, a little
gritty at the core, melting, juicy, sweet, and good. October. (Robert
Manning.)

Beurre Kossuth.

Foreign. Fruit, large, turbinate rounded, surface uneven ; stem, curved,
inserted upon a little projection ; calyx, in divisions, dull yellowish green,
traced and dotted with gray bronze, yellowish at crown, greenish at stem ;
flesh, fine, buttery, sugj,ry, juice acidulated. (Hov. Mag.)

Beurre Leon le Clerc.
Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oval, approaching elongated pyriform,
skin, yellowish green, thickly speckled with large russet dots ; stalk, long,
curved, inserted in a cavity by a lip; basin, abrupt, deep; calyx, par-
tially closed ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet, but not high flavored.
October.

Beurre Mollett's Guernsey.

Mollett's Guernsey Chaumontelle.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform. yellowish green, with dark
brown russet in sun ; calyx, large ; stem, stout ; flesh, yellowish, melting,
vinous ; " very good." December.

Beurre Preble.
American. Fruit, large, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with russet
and green spots ; flesh, white, buttery ; " very good." October and No-
vember.

Beurre Suisse
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, striped green, red and yellow
Only desirable as a curiosity. October.
16

362 THE PEAR.

Beitrre Winter.
Raised by Thomas tlivers, England. Tree, moderately vigorous, spread*
ing, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, obovate elongated
pyriform ; skin, greenish, rough, spotted with russet ; stalk, stout, curved,
inclined at its insertion ; calyx, firmly closed, set in a shallow irregular
basin; flesh, yellowigh finegrained, melting, buttery, vinous or sub-acid.
January, February.

Beurre Bennert.

Yoreign. A new, hardy, late, melting pear of small size from the collec-
tion of Van Mons. Ripe February. (Riv. Cat.)

Beurre Gens.
Tree, vigorous, very productive. Fruit, medium, irregularly obovate,
inclining to conic, truncate ; skin, rough, greenish, slightly shaded on the
sunny side and thickly covered with russet dots ; stalk, short and thick, in-
serted in a cavity at an inclination ; calyx, open, stiff, in a broad, rather
deep, uneven basin ; flesh, sugary, perfumed, excellent. September.

Beurre d*Elberg.
Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform ;
skin, pale yellow, often with a blush, slightly speckled with russet ; stalk,
medium, stout, curved, inserted in an irregular cavity : calyx, small, open,
set in a very small basin; flesh, whitish, somewhat coarse, juicy, buttery,
melting, sweet, and perfumed. November.

Beurre Hamecher.
Foreign. Fruit medium, elongated-oval, inclining to pyriform, angular,
and irregular ; stalk, large, long, curved, inserted at an inclination by a
lip ; calyx, small, and closed, set in a shallow, irregular basin ; flesh, melt-
ing, sugary, and excellent. October, November.

Beurre Duhaume.

Foreign. Tree, a moderate grower, productive, young wood yellowish
brown. Fruit, medium, oblate turbinate, very much depressed, with a
suture along one side ; skin, rough, covered with thin russet, and thickly
sprinkled with russet dots ; stalk, short, thick and fleshy, inserted by a lip
at an inclination ; calyx, open, segments stiff; basin, irregular ; flesh, coarse,
buttery, juicy, melting, with a pleasant vinous flavor. November to
February.

Beurre Millet of Angers.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, and very productive, young wood yellowish
brown. Fruit, medium, angular, somewhat conic ; skin, greenish, covered
with russet, and thickly sprinkled with minute russet dots : stalk, medium,
stout, curved, inserted in a rather abrupt cavity : calyx, closed, set in a
deep, irregular basin; flesh, greenish, somewhat buttery, exceedingly juicy,
melting, with a brisk vinous flavor, sometimes astringent, November to
January. (Downing.)

Beurre d'Amalis.

Beurrfe d'Amanlis, ] Beurre d'Amaulis.
Foreign. A free, vigorous grower on Pear or Quince ; said to bear well ;
our experience has been the reverse. Fruit, large, ovate oboyate, ^ull

UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 363

yellowish green, with reddish brown cheek, brown dots, russet patches ;
Btem, long, obliquely set; calyx, open; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, a
little coarse, often austere ; '• very good." Early September.

There is also a striped Beurre d'Amalis, differing not materially, except
in being striped red, yellow, and green.

Beurre Bymont.

Bymont.
Above medium, obovate truncated, russety ; stem, rather long, curved,
slight lip ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; flesh, juicy, sweet, perfumed j
" very good," perhaps " best." New ; foreign. October, December.

Beurre Nantais.

Bearri de Nantes.

Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, crimson cheek, rus-
set dots ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sugary ; '' very good." September.

Beurre Superfine,
Foreign ; with some very fine, others unproductive. Fruit, large, pale
green, traces, and patches of russet, dull brownish cheek; flesh, juicy. melt-
ing, slight aroma; "very good." Succeeds on Quince. Middle to last
October.

Beurre Van Marum.

Gross* Calebasse of Langlier, I Triomph de Nord,
Triomph de Hasselt, I Boutielle.

Foreign. A very early and productive bearer on pear ; the fruit always
fair. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull greenish yellow ; stem, long ;
calyx, large; flesh, white, hardy; "good;" its bearing, its recommendation.
October.

Beurre Bachelier.

Foreign. Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow ;
stem, stout ; cavity, deep ; flesh, firm, sugary. December. (Hov. Mag.)

Beurre Millet.

Madam Millet.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with

large pale russet specks ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, small, open ; core, small ;

flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. Tree, healthy grower.

November to January.

Beurre Brettonneau.

Bcuirfe Bretouneau.
Foreign. Does not succeed on the Quince ; very fine on Pear ; very
hardy, thorny wood. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, dot-
ted with russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary. February to April. (Rivers,
in Hort.)

Beurre d*Ajlbert.

Poire d'Albert, | Poire Prince Albert
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, dark wood, good bearer. Fruit, medium, pyra-
midal, angular, dark russet, bronzed in sun ; stem, stout, curved, swollen
at base ; calyx, partly open ; gore, small ; flesh, greenish white, coarse^
melfjig, juicy. October.

364 THE PEAR.

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau.

Bourrfe Gris d'Hiver, I Beurre Oris Superieure,
Beurrfe de Lucon, | St. Michael d'Hiver.

Foreign. Very similar to Brown Beurre, except in its time of ripening.
Tree a poor, irregular grower, with dark reddish brown wood. Fruit, me-
dium, obovate obtuse oblique, rough, dull, yellow, cinnamon russet, red-
dish, bronzed in sun, and dotted with dark specks; stem, short, stout,
obliquely inserted : calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish white, melting,
juicy, vinous; core, large. December to February.

Beurre Comice de Toulon.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, oblong obovate,
pale yellow, with red dots, highly colored in the sun ^ flesh, white, melt-
ing, juicy. November, December.

Beurre Phillippe Delfosse.
Foreign, Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish brown,
tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, juicy, sugary. December.

Beurre de Wetteren.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, thorny. Fruit, medium, turbinate, cinnamon
russet ; flesh, fine, yellowish white, buttery, sugary, perfumed ; " very
good."

Beurre Judes.

Longue de Monkowty, | Longue de Nakourto,
Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, dull yellowish green, russet patches
and dots ; stem, long ; calyx, open ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, melting, but-
tery, sweet ; variabl e, core, medium ; seeds, sharp pointed. October.

Beurre de Konink.

, Beurre de Konig, of Downing.
Belgium. Fruit, medium, oblate, yellowish green, with russet and brown
dots ; stem, medium length, stout, inserted in shallow cavity ; calyx, open •
basin, broad j flesh, white, melting, vinous, October.

Beurre de Montgeron.

Beurre de Montigeron, | New Frederick, of Wurtemberg.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive, promises to succeed on Quince.
Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, deep yellow, suffused with bright vermilion
in sun, a few pale gray specks ; stem, Itng, swollen at base ; calyx, large,
open, in a broad, open basin ; segments, thick, broad ; core, small ; seeds,
large, light colored ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, juicy, melting, sugary, per-
fumed. October. (Hov. Mag.)

Beurre Benoits.

Beurre Auguste Benoits.
Foreign. Wood, reddish brown. Fruit, large, roundish, depressed, irre-
gular, dull green, bronzed with red, dotted with russet specks ; stem, short,
fleshy at base ; calyx, small, short segments ; flesh, greenish white, coarse,
vinous, sprightly, musky • core, large, gritty ; seeds, obovate, brown. Oc-
tfjber.

UNTESTEP VARIETIES, ETC, 365

Beurre Duhaume.
Foreign. Fruit, mediurrij obovate, brownish russet ; flesh, melting, juicy ;
" good." November.

Beurre Kennes.
Medium, oblate turbinate, angular or oblique, greenish, with thin rus-
set and shade, dull crimson russet, and crimson dots ; stem, varies, fleshy
ring at base : calyx, large, open; flesh, whitish, buttery, juicy, sweet, per-
fumed ; '• good " or '• very good." October.

Beurre Naver.
Foreign. Fruit, medium or above, turbinate ; stem, medium, inserted
without depression ; calyx, closed ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, pleasant j
" very good." October.

Beurre Soulange ?
Foreign. Fruit, medium, acute pyriform, pale yellow, tracings of russet ;
stem, curved, fleshy at base ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, pleasant. Oc-
tober, November.

Beurre Spence ?

Medium, globular, short pyriform, greenish, yellow at maturity, shaded
crimson and russet, russet dots ; stem, fleshy at insertion ; calyx, closed ;
basin, abrupt ; flesh, juicy, melting, vinous ; core, small. September.

Beurre Richelieu.
Large, obovate oblong, obtuse pyriform, truncate irregular, greenish yel-
low dots ; stem, stout, slight lip ; calyx, closed ; basin, broad, shallow, fur-
rowed ; flesh, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic; " good" to "very
good." November.

Beurre Six.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous on pear stock. Fruit, large, pyriform, light
green, dotted with brown, and a deeper shade of green; flesh, white but
tery, melting, sugary, perfumed. November.

Beurre Delfosse.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish brown,
tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed. No-
vember, December.

Beurre Berckmans.
Medium, turbinate or short pyriform ; yellowish, rough russet ; stem, at
right angles, large ; calyx, small, basin, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, white,
juicy, melting, highly perfumed ; core, small ; " very good." November.

BuERRE Leon Le Clerc.
Above medium, oval obovate elongated, yellowish green, with large rus-
set dots ; stem, curved, large, inserted with a lip ; calyx, partly closed ,
basin, deep ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet ; " good." October.

Beau Present d'Artois.
Foreign. Fruit large, oblong obovate pyriform, gray and green spotted ;
stem, large, short; calyx, short, broad; flesh, white, with green lines,
tender, juicy, sugary. September. (Hov. Mag.)

366 THE PEAE.

Bergamotte d'Esperif.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, dull green, with dots and patches o
russet ', calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, buttery, melting, juicy,
sweet j " very good ;" very productive in clusters. December to February,

Bergamotte Gaudry.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, with russet dots ;
flesh, white, tender, juicy ; " good." November.

Bergamotte Cadette.

Benrrfe Beauchamps, I Beauchanjps, I Bergamotte Buffo,
Ognonet, | Poire de Cadet, | Bergamotte Crapaud.

Foreign. Fruit, hardly medium, roundish obovate, pale green, rarely
little red in sun ; stem, long, stout ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh, buttery,
juicy, sweet ; requires care in ripening. October to December. Wood,
light olive brown ; productive on Pear or Quince.

Beurre Audobson.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish green at
maturity, dull red cheek in sun, and numerous russet dots ; stem, short,
stout ; calyx, large, open ; flesh, melting, tender, juicy ; " very good."
October. (Wilder, in Hort.)

Beurre Clairgeau.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, light yellow wood. Fruit, large, oblong obo-
vate pyriform ; color, mostly russet, reddish in sun : stem, short, stout ;
calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, vinous ; " very-
good." October, November. This will probably prove one of the most
valuable, as a large-sized pear, and desirable as an orchard variety, on the
pear root. Growing strong, and bearing very young ; does not succeed on
Quince.

Beurre Esperin.

Foreign. Fruit, large, ovate pyriform, yellow, with patches, tracings
and dots of russet ; stem, short, swollen at base, obliquely inserted, slight
lip ; calyx, small, with segments united ; core, medium ; seeds, large ; flesh,
yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy ; " very good." October.

Beurre Sterckman.

Beurre Hardy.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, large strong shoots ; succeeds on Quince or
Pear. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish ground, nearly cov-
ered with russet • stem, short, stout ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, melting,
juicy, sub -acid. October.

Bezi de Montigny.

Trouvfe de Montigny, I Doyennfe Musque,
Louise Bosc, | Beurr^ Komain.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, brownish olive wood. Fruit, medium, obovate,
yellowish green, with russet specks and dots ; stem, long, curved, rather
stout ; calyx, small, open, reflexed ; core, large ; flesh, white, fine, melting,
juicy, sugary. October.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 367

Bezi de la Motte.

Bein ArmudI, | Beurre Blanc de JetBej.
Foreign.. A vigorous, hardy sort, well suited to orcharding. Fruit,
medium, obovate rounded, yellowish green, with many small russet dots ;
stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved ; calyx, small, open, reflexed seg-
ments : core, medium ; seeds, plump, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, rather
coarse, sugary, juicy, melting ; '• very good." October.

Bezi de Naples.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light yellowish green, with
blotches and stripes of darker hue, occasional russet patches and dots ; stem,
stout ; calyx, small ', basin, furrowed ; flesh, fine, buttery, juicy, sweet j
" very good." Last September.

Bezi Sanspareil.

Foreign. Fruit, small, globular, obtuse pyriform, dull gi-eenish yellow,
much russet, and in sun, a little crimson ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; calyx,
open; segments, long; core, medium: seeds, purplish black; flesh, yellow-
ish white, melting, juicy, aromatic ; " very good," if not " best." February
to March.

Bezy d'Esperen.

Foreign. Tree, a moderate grower ; good bearer. Fruit, large, elongated
pyriform ; skin, dull yellow, sprinkled, and patched with russet, and thickly
covered with russet dots ; stalk, rather long, stout, inserted by a ring or lip
at an inclination, in a small, irregular cavity ; calyx, small, open, set in a
very deep, acute basin, surrounded by russet ; flesh, juicy, with a sprightly,
vinous flavor. October, November.

Bezy Garnier.
Foreign. Fruit, pyriform, very beautiful ; flesh, white, breaking, very
juicy, sugary. April. (Pap. Cat.)

Bezy Quessoy d'Ete.

Foreign. Tree, of good vigor, and of exceeding fertility. Fruit, moder-
ate size, roundish oval, of almost equal diameters ; skin, rough, thick, and
altogether covered with gray russet, becoming russet fawn at maturity ;
flesh, yellowish white, fine, half melting, very juicy, sugary, and deliciously
perfumed. This pear is very beautiful, and of first quality, with the excep-
tion of a little grit about the core. Ripe towards the middle of September.
(An. Pom.)

Beadnell.

Beadnell's Seedling.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, abundant bearer; shoots long, bright chestnut
color ; white dots ; fruit, middle-sized, turbinate, stalk short ; eye a little
open ; skin, pale yellowish green on the shaded side, red next the sun, much
speckled with whitish gray dots ; flesh melting, exceedingly juicy. Last
September.

Benoist Nouveau.

Foreign. The specimen from which we describe was received from
Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish
yellow, brown cheek, dull russet marblings, and indistinct brown specks ;

THE PEAK.

stem, stout: cavity, deep, narrow; calyx, open; core, sn.all; seeds, long^
ovate pointed ; flesh, breaking, juicy, rather astringent, requires careful
ripening. February to April.

Bergen Pear.

A chance seedling, found in. a hedge on land formerly belonging to Simon
Bergen, of New Utrecht, Long Island. Tree vigorous, and early bearer,
productive. Fruit, large, turbinate ; skin, very thin, smooth, clear yellow,
with a beautiful red cheek on the sunny side ; stalk, rather long, slightly
curved, inserted at an inclination, in a very small depression ; calyx, small ;
basin, very shallow; flesh, white, fine grained, buttery, juicy, melting,
with a sweet, excellent flavor ; core, small, with few seeds. Ripens last
of September. (T. G. Bergen.)

Belle Fondante.

Fruit, medium, pyramidal, turbinate ; skin, pale yellow, clouded with
green, irregularly patched with russet, especially around the eye ; flesh,
juicy, buttery, very fine grained and rich, with a perceptible astringency.
October. (Rob. Manning.)

Bergamotte Heimburg.

Foreign. Tree vigorous and very productive. Fruit, large, Bergamotte
shaped ; skin, rough, green, changing to lemon yellow when ripe, dotted
with brown, and tinged with red next the sun ; flesh, white, very fine,
somewhat buttery, juice abundant, sugary, perfumed. Ripe early in Oc-
tober. (Gard. Chron.)

Bergamotte Leseble.

Foreign. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, oblate, or
Bergamotte shaped ; skin, yellow, with a sunny cheek, numerous small
dots, and russeted patches; stalk, long, curved, inserted in a depression;
calyx, large, open, broad; basin, irregular; flesh, juicy, buttery, melting,
sweet and perfumed. October. (Hov. Mag.)

Bergamotte de Millepieds.

Foreign. Fruit of medium size, roundish, resembling Belle de Brussels;
skin, greenish, rather dark, dotted ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, first rate
Ripens September. (Leroy's Cat.)

Bleeker's Meadow.

Spice Bntter, j Tleidelberg,

Large Seckel, | Feaster.

American. Tree, free grower, hardy and productive. Fruit, medium,
roundish, yellowish ; quality, " good." October, November.

Bonne de Ezee.

Bon d'Ezee, | Bonne des Haies.

Foreign. Tree of short, stocky habit ; wood, yellowish ; fruit, large,
obtuse pyriform, light yellow and pale red, and somewhat russeted ; stem,
rather short, uneven; calyx, partly closed; short segments; core, large,
flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary ; " very good." September.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 369

Bonne Charlotte.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous and productive ; fruit, moderate size, variable
in form, generally resembling Doyenne ; skin, smooth, lightly washed with
purple on the side of the sun ; fleshy moderately fine, more buttery than
melting, sugary, and strongly perfumed. Should be gathered early. It is
a long time in use. Ripe middle of August. (Al. Pom.)

Bon Gustave.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous ; fruit, medium, pyriform, light green, nearly
covered with russet ; flesh, white, sugary, perfumed. December, January.
(Hov. Mag.)

BouviER Bourgermestre.

Foreign. Growth moderate. Fruit, above medium, obtuse, pyriform,
green, yellow at maturity, rarely red cheek in sun; stem, rather long;
calyx, small ; basin, narrow, deep ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, pleasant
sweet ; " good." October, November.

Brandes St. Germain.

Foreign. Considering its season, R. Manning, Esq., considers this a
very desirable variety. Tree, moderate grower, succeeding finely on Quince,
very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong oval, brownish yellow, with smooth
russet ; stem, short, stout; calyx, small ; flesh, juicy, vinous ; " very good."
November, December.

Bringewood.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, yellowish brown and russet ; stem,
long and slender ; calyx, open, prominent ; flesh, yellowish white, gritty at
core, the rest buttery; "very good." November. (Hov. Mag.)

Brielmont.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, angular, yellow, with greenish
and russet specks ; calyx, prominent ; basin, open ; flesh, white, melting ;
" good." October.

Caen du France.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, mostly yellowish russet and
reddish dots; stem, rather long; calyx, open; flesh, fine, juicy, sweet;
" very good." December, January.

Capiaumont.
Beurrfe Aurore, | Beurrfe Capiaumont, | Beurr* Caloma.
Foreign. This is a profitable orchard and market variety, on Pear or
Quince. A free grower : branches, grayish yellow. Fruit, medium, glo-
bular, acute pyriform, yellow, with cinnamon red cheek, and russet dots
and streaks ; stem, curved ; calyx, large ; flesh, buttery, sweet, a little
astringent; " very good." September, October.

Calhoun.

American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Fruit, medium, roundish,
yellow, with much of russet traced and dotted ; stem, short ; calyx, small ;
core, medium; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy; "very good." Oc-
tober, November.
16*

370 THE PEAR.

Capsheaf.
American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree, hardy, wood yellowiefl.
Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon
russet; stem, short; calyx, closed; core, large; flesh, yellowish white,
fine, melting, juicy, sweet ; " very good." October.

* Catinka.
Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, yellowish; flesh, fine, juicy ^
* very good," and will probably prove '' best." We have only seen it once.
November.

Canandaigua.

Catherine.
American. From Central New York. Fruit, large, resembling Bart-
lett ; flesh, white, fine, juicy ; " good." Tree, vigorous, upright grower
on Quince or Pear, productive. September.

Calebasse d'Ete.

Summer Calebasse.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, hardy ; foliage, light green. Fruit, above me-
<iium, oblong pyriform, irregular, dull green, little brown in sun, rich yel-
low at maturity, russet at stem and eye ; stem, long ; calyx, small ; core,
small ; seeds, long ; flesh, white, fine, buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed.
One of the best. Last August and early September.

Camerlyn.
Foreign. Vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, pyriform ; skin,
yellow, with numerous brown dots and a slightly marbled cheek ; stalk,
long, slightly inclined in a small cavity surrounded by russet ; calyx, open ;
basin, small and shallow ; flesh, juicy, melting, rich, sugary, with a very
peculiar, aromatic flavor. September, October,

Canandaigua.

Catherine.

Origin uncertain; supposed to have been brought from Connecticut to
Canandaigua about the year 1806 ; vigorous and productive.

Fruit, rather large, irregular, obtuse pyriform, surface uneven, resem-
bling Bartlett ; skin, lemon yellow ; stalk, medium or rather short, inclined j
calyx, open ; basin, small ; flesh, whitish, not very fine, buttery, and melt-
ing, with a vinous somewhat sugary flavor. September.

Cassante de Mars.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, which is borne in clusters, resembles
Doyenne blanc; skin, smooth, bright green, becoming golden yellow at
maturity, striped and shaded with fawn ; flesh, when in full perfection is half
melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, and well perfumed. December to April. ( Al.
Pom.)

Catherine Gardette.

Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. Foliage much waved,
young shoots short-jointed, yellow-olive on the shaded side, brownish-olive
on the side exposed to the sun, with many minute white dots; buds,
pointed. Size, above medium, roundish obovate ; skin, fair, yellow, with
numerous small carmine dots on the exposed side; stalk, one inch long,

ETC. 371

curved, inserted by a fleshy termination into a slight depression ; calyx,
small, set in a rather deep, regular hasin ; flesh, fine texture, buttery ; fla •
vor, delicious, with a delicate aroma; quality, "best." Beginning of Sep-
tember. (Trans. A. P. S.)

Camerling.

Medium, yellow, brown dots, marbled cheek ; stem, rather stout, curved,
inserted by slight inclination in a small cavity ; calyx, open ; basin, shal-
low; core, small; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic peculiar flavor;
" very good." September to October.

Chaptal.

Beurrfe ChaptaL

Foreign. Fruit, medium or above, roundish, ovate obovate, greenish
yellow: stem, curved; cavity, slight ; calyx, large, open; basin, shallow ;
core, medium ; seeds, oblong ; flesh, white, breaking, juicy ; " very good.'^
December, January.

Chancellor.

Green's Qermantown, | Early St. Germain.
Probably a native of Pennsylvania. Tree, healthy, abundant bearer ;
young wood, slender, yellowish brown. Fruit, large, oblong obovate pyri-
form, green, with minute brown specks and some russet blotches, rarely a
faint brown cheek ; stem, one inch long, rather thick ; cavity small, irregu-
lar ; calyx, small ; basin, contracted ; core, medium ; seeds, long, yellowish
brown; flesh, melting; " very good." Last September.

Charles Van Mons.

Foreign. Fruit, below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish
green, brownish red cheek, and russet dots ; stem, slender, curved, depres-
sion one side ; calyx, large, open ; segments, broad, completely reflexed ;
basin, shallow ; core, medium ; seeds, obovate pyriform ; flesh, whitish,
melting, juicy, vinous ; '• very good," if not " best." January.

Charles Van Hoogten.

Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull pale yel-
low ; stem, stout, enlarged at base ; calyx, open ; segments, short ; flesh,
yellowish white, melting, juicy ; " very good." Promises valuable : good
grower, productive. Early October.

Christmas.
Noel.

American. New; from Cincinnati, Ohio. Fruit, medium, ovate rounded ,
skin, rough, bronzed, russety ; stem, stout, slight depression ; calyx, small ;
basin, shallow ; flesh, a little gritty, juicy, sweet ; " very good." Decem-
ber, January. (Warder's Notes.)

Choice d* un Amateur.

Foreign. New. Tree, upright, strong growth. Fruit, large, oblong
ovate, smooth, pale green ; core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, su-
gary. (Hov. Mag.)

372 THE PEAK.

Charlotte de Brower.

Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish
golden russet, with spots of yellow in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; long
segments ; core, small ; flesh, pinkish white, half melting, buttery, juicy,
perfumed. November. (Ho v. Mag.)

Church.
From New Rochelle, N. Y. Medium, obovate acute pyriform, yellowish
green, spotted and marbled with russet; stem, medium; calyx, closed;
basin, medium ; flesh, buttery, juicy, sweet, aromatic. July, August.

Chaumontel.

Bezi de Chaumontelle, I Winter Beurrfe,
Beufre d'Hiver, | Oxford Chaumontel,

Foreign. Requires rich warm soil. Fruit, large, oblong obovate ; skin,
rough, yellowish, brownish red in sun, russet dots ; stem, one inch, curved ;
calyx, medium ; basin, deep ; core, small : seeds, flattened ; flesh, buttery,
melting ; " very good." November, January.

Citron.
American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Fruit, medium, roundish
obovate, dull green, sprinkled with small russety dots ; flesh, a little coarse,
greenish white, melting, juicy; " very good." Last August.

Cooke.
Origin, King George County, Virginia. Tree, a very strong, vigorous
grower, and productive. Introduced by H. R. Roljy, Fredericksburgh, Vir-
ginia. Fruit, rather large, irregularly pyramidal; color, pale yellow ; flesh,
juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, rich and vinous. (Roby.)

Collins.

Watertown.

American. From Watertown, Massachusetts ; supposed a seedling of
white Doyenne ; a regular, abundant bearer. Fruit, large or above medium,
roundish obovate, yellowish green, mottle«l with dull red in sun, some rus-
set ; stem, short, curved ; calyx, large, open ; core, large : flesh, white,
vinous, juicy, sweet, melting. September.

CoLMAR Epine.
Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish obtuse oblong, dull green, with cloud-
ings of darker hue; flesh, white, melting, vinous, juicy; "very good."
September.

CoLMAR d'AlOST.

Comtesse d'Alost, J Duchesse d'Alost, ) Delies d'Alost.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, elongated pyri-
form, sometimes obovate ; skin, greenish yellow, with a red cheek, sprink-
led with many green or brown dots, often much russeted ; stalk, large,
rather long and curved, inserted in a slight depression ; calyx, open ; seg-
ments, long ; basin, shallow and uneven ; flesh, white, buttery, melting,
juicy, slightly astringent.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC.

373

Columbia.

I Columbian YirgaloaBe.

Columbian Virgalieu,
Native of Westchester
county, N. Y. Without
being of more than second
quality, its hardihood of
tree, productive habit, and
fruit uniformly smooth
and fair, make it a valu-
ble as well as profitable
variety. Tree, thrifty;
young shoots, yellowish
brown.

Fruit, large or above
medium, oblong obovate
pyriform ; color, at first
pale green, becoming,
when ripe, fine golden
yellow, dotted with small
gray dots ', stem, medium
size, slightly curved ; ca-
lyx, rather small, partial-
ly open, or half closed;
basin, shallow ; core, me-
dium ; seeds, oblong pyri-
form ; flesh, white, mode-
rately juicy, sweet; va-
riable quality. Decem-
ber to January.

CoLMAR Neill.
Foreign. Fruit, large, obovate, pale yellow ; flesh, white, buttery, melt*
ing ; ' good." October.

COMPTB DE LaMY.

Beurrfe Curtfe,
Dingier,

Marie Louise the Second,
Marie Louise Nova.

Foreign. Tree, upright. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellow,
brownish red cheek, small russet dots : stem, long ; calyx, small ; flesh,
white, fine-grained, buttery ; " good." Early October.

CoMTE Lelieur.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, moderately productive. Fruit, me-
dium, turbinate ; skin, yellowish green, with a brownish red cheek, speckled
■with gray and patched with russet : flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained,
melting, juicy, sweet, and very high flavored. September. (Rob. Man-
ning.)

374:

THE PEAR.

COMTE DE Fl ANDRE.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, prolific. Fruit, medium, obovate acute pyri*
form, yellowish, traced with russet, occasional red in sun ; stem, stout,
fleshy at base ; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet sub-acid j very good. Novem-
ber, December. Promises to become valuable.

ConSeilleur Ramuez.

Conseilleur Eanwez.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull green, clouded
and traced with russet; flesh, melting, tender ; "good." October. Valu-
ble as a market sort.

Ck)UNTESS OF LUNAY.
Comtesse de Lunay.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous ; very productive on Quince ; has been much
disseminated as " Doyenne d'Ete." Fruit, medium, roundish obovate ;
Bkin, smooth, pale yellow, often thinly sprinkled with red in sun, some rus-
set specks, and russet at base of stem ; stem, long, largest where it joins
the tree ; cavity, slight, often a little lip one side of stem ; calyx, large,
open, with long reflexed segments ; core, medium ; seeds, brown ; flesh>
white, rather coarse, melting, juicy; " very good." October.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 376

COTER.

Foreign. Tree, healthy; young wood, short-jointed, light yellow. Fruit,
medium, regular obovate, pale green ; flesh, fine-grained, tender, melting,
juicy ; " very good." November.

Cross.

Winter Cross.

American. From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, slender, grayish yellow
wood. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep yellow, with russet dots and
patches ; stem, stout ; calyx, small ', flesh, white, melting, juicy • " very
good." November, January.

Gushing.

American. Native of Hingham. Mass. Tree, hardy, of slender, diverg-
ing growth. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light greenish yellow, small
gray dots, dull red cheek; calyx, small ; stem, one inch long; flesh, white,
fine-grained, melting, sweet ; " very good." September.

Dallas.

American. From New Haven, Conn. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate,
dull yellow, mostly covered with red russet ; stem, medium ; calyx, large,
open ; core, rather small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous ;
" very good." November.

Dana's No. 19.

Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass. Fruit, large, obovate, swel-
ling out at the base ; stalk of moderate length, inserted in a rather slight
depression ; skin, yellow and thick ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, half melt-
ing, with a pleasant perfumed flavor. November. (Hov. in Mag.)

Dana's No. 16.

Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury Mass. Fruit, under medium, obo-
vate ; skin, yellow russet, with dark russet specks ; stem in a very slight
depression ; calyx, open, in a deep cavity ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy,
tender, sweet, high flavored. November. (Hov. in Mag.)

De Louvain.
Poire de Louvain.

Foreign. Fruit, large, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish yellow,
rough russet dots and patches ; stem, long, medium size, curved ; calyx,
large ; basin, shallow ; core, medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, greenish white,
crisp, juicy, astringent, valuable only for baking. January, March.

Desiree Cornelis.
Comelis.

Foreign: Tree, vigorous, productive, thorny. Fruit, large, roundish
ovate ; skin, rough, pale green, yellowish, and tinged red in sun ; calyx,
open ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, sugary. Early September. (Hov.
Mag.)

376 THE PEAK.

Delices d^Hardenpont du Nord and Beigium,

Fondante PariBelle du Cornice Horticule, I Beurre Curtet, \fA. Leroy.

Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, yellow, gray spotted; calyx, small;
flesh, coarse, melting, sugary, "good." October. Promises to become
valuable.

Des Nonnes.

Poire des Nonnes, | Beurre de Brignais, | Des Nones.
Foreign. New. Fruit, medium, turbinate, clear light yellow, many
small brown dots ; stem, long, slender ] calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ;
flesh, whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed ; " very good," perhaps
" best." September.

Deux Sceurs.

A fine tree, very productive. Fruit, large, elongated, pyriform ; skin,
green, spotted with dark brown ; flesh, fine yellowish, green, buttery, very
sugary, with a decided flavor of almonds. November. (Al. Pom.)

De Bavay.

Poire de Bavay.
Foreign. Succeeds and bears well on quince or pear stock. Fruit,
medium, turbinate, dull yellow, dotted and traced with russet ; calyx, large,
open; flesh, juicy, agreeable sub-acid; " very good." October, November.

Delices Charles Van Mons.

Delices de Charles.
Foreign. Fruit, large, medium, pyriform ; skin, fine, lemon yellow,
thinly washed with russet, quite like the Golden Beurre, which it also re-
sembles in size and shape; stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted
without depression ; calyx, small, open, and placed in a narrow and shal-
low basin ; flesh, melting, vinous, juicy, and refreshing.

Delices de Mons.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, uneven surface ; stem, half-inch long ;
calyx, small ; skin, yellowish green in shade, russet in sun, dotted and
spotted with gray ; flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, perfumed ; " very
good." September, October.

De Sorlus.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous; branches, straight, erect, compact; wood,
yellowish, grayish white dots ; free bearer. Fruit, large, turbinate ; stem,
one side, short, curved ; calyx, small, closed ; color, yellowish green, gray
russet, marbled most at stem ; flesh, white, melting, juicy. October,
December.

DiCKERMAN.
Dikeman, | Pardns, No. 2.
From New Haven, Conn. Good grower and bearer, medium, roundish
oblate, yellowish, minute dots ; stem, short, curved, fleshy at insertion ;
calyx, small ; segments, persistent ; basin, shallow, uneven ; flesh, whitish,
buttery, juicy, melting, vinous, perfumed; core, small;' "very good."
September, October.

ETC. 377

DiLLEN.

Deacon Dillen, | Dillon, j Doyennfe Dillen.

Foreign. This has been heretofore considered a synonym of Beurre
Diel ; it, however, proves distinct. Tree, not vigorous, branches erect,
diverging ; grayish rough wood. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform,
greenish yellow, russet at stem: stem, short; calyx, small; flesh, fine,
melting, tender, juicy, vinous. October, November.

DiLLER.

Probabably a native of Pennsylvania. Tree, moderately vigorous ; wood,
short-jointed, reddish brown, a regular and abundant bearer. Fruit,
medium, ovate obovate, angular, golden yellow, sprinkled, and, in sun,
mostly covered with light cinnamon russet ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ;
core, small ; seeds, long, black, pointed : flesh, yellowish white, buttery,
sugary ; " very good," or " best." September. It must not be confounded
with the Dillen, a foreign variety.

DOCTEUR BOUVIER.

Foreign. A vigorous tree, covered with long, sharp spines, forming a
beautiful pyramid; very productive.

Fruit, large, elongated pyriform ; skin, light green, taking a slight tint
of yellow at maturity, and mottled with russet ; flesh, white, fine, half but-
tery, half melting, sufficiently juicy, vinous, and of a perfume most agree-
able. February, March. (Al. Pom.)

DoCTEUR CaPRON.

Foreign. A new pear of good promise. It has a thick skin of greenish
yellow color, covered with blotches of russet, red in the sun, and russet
specks ; calyx, closed ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, of a pleasant, rather
spirited flavor. October, November. (Hov. Mag.)

DoCTEUR LeNTIER.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, pyriform ;
skin, bright green, becoming slightly yellow at maturity; flesh, fine, melt-
ing, buttery, juice abundant, sugary, and deliciously perfumed. Mature
at the end of October and November. {An. Pom.)

DocTEUR Trousseau.

Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform; skin, green, spotted with red, and
sprinkled with gray dots ; stalk, strong and woody ; flesh, firm, white,
melting, buttery, with an abundance of perfumed sugary juice. November,
December. (An. Pom.)

Dow.

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree upright, vigorous,
productive.

Fruit, rather above medium, obovate, acutely pyriform, sometimes tur-
binate; skin, rough, yellowish green, sprinkled with russet dots, and a few
small patches of russet ; stalk, long, inserted at an inclination in a very
slight cavity; calyx, large, open, set in a very small basin ; flesh, white, but-
tery, juicy, melting, with a good vinous flavor, sometimes slightly astrin-
gent. September, October. (Downing.)

^78 THE PEAK.

Doyenne du Comics.

Doyenne du Cornice, of Angers.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriforn,
greenish yellow, russet specks, red around stem ; stem, short : calyx, open j
basin, deep ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary j
" very good." October, November.

Doyenne Defais.

Beurre Defais, | Doyenne D'Affay.
Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish ; skin, smooth, yellow, often with a fine
red cheek ; stalk, stout, about one inch long, inserted in a deep cavity ;
calyx, spreading, placed in a deep, narrow basin ; flesh, fine, white-grained,
very buttery, melting, juicy, rich, high-flavored, and delicious. Tree,
robust, and a great bearer. " Promises well.'' October.

Doyenne Downing.

Foreign. Raised and dedicated by M. Leroy (France) to the memory of
A. J. Downing.

Fruit, medium, roundish, irregular; green yellowish, speckled with russet
dots; stem, short, obliquely inserted; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, sugary,
slightly acidulated. September.

Doyenne Gaubalt.

Chapen.
Foreign. Promises a valuable variety for orcharding, on Pear roots.
Fruit, medium to large, obovate acute pyriform ; surface, uneven, dull pale
yellow, with a few traces of russet ; stem, short, thick flesh next the fruit ;
calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet ; " very
good." November, December.

Doyenne Robin.

Beurrfe Kobin.
Foreign. Fruit, rather large, bergamot-shaped, greenish, covered with
russet dots and spashes ; stem, usually very long and thick ; deep, narrow
cavity ; calyx, small, narrow ; moderately deep basin ; seed, large, black ;
flesh, melting, somewhat granular; flavor, pleasant; quality, "very good."
Succeeds on Quince. September.

Doyenne Sieulle.

Benrrfe Sieulle, | Sieulle, | Bergamotte Sieulle.
Foreign. A variety requiring high culture ; does best on Quince, under
garden culture. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish
green, with fine red cheek in sun, scattered russet specks : stem, stout ;
calyx, open; core, large; flesh, white, melting, sugary, vinous, juicy;
" very good," sometimes " best." October, November.

Doyenne Santellete.

Sentilet.
Foreign. An old variety, little known. Tree, vigorous ; wood, stout,
yellowish. Fruit, above medium, roundish pyriform, dull yellowish green,
traces, streaks, and dots of russet, red in sun ; stem, long, slender ; calyx,
small, open ; flesh, yellowish white, vinous, melting, juicy ; " very good."
October.

UNTESTED VABIETIES, ETC. 379

Doyenne Rose.
Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellow, blush
rod cheek, patches and dots of russet; stem, stout, set without depression;
calyx, with short, stiff segments ; core, small ; flesh, white, coarse, juicy ;
*' good." October.

Duchess d*Alost.

Comtesse d'Alost, ) Delices d'Alost.

Large, elongated pyriform, or oval, greenish yellow, red cheek, brownish
dots and russet ; stem, stout, long ; calyx, open, segments long ; basin, shal-
low, uneven 3 flesh, white, melting, juicy ; core, small ; " very good."
October.

Duchess d'Angouleme.

Foreign. A valuable variety for market, on the Quince, and on the
Quince only. It succeeds well at the Southwest. High culture of this variety
produces very large and very good fruit, otherwise it is indifferent in
size or character. Fruit, large, oblong obovate pyriform, dull greenish yel-
low, traced and dotted with russet ; stem, rather long, stout ; calyx, me-
dium, partly open ; basin, deep, uneven ; core, below medium ; seeds, ob-
long pyriform; flesh, white, buttery, juicy; "very good." An extremely
variable fruit, unreliable. October. The striped Duchess d'Angouleme
differs only in the fruit being striped yellow and green.

Due DE Brabant.

Miel de 'Waterloo, I Fondante des Charneause, I Beurrfe de "Waterloo,

Desirfee Van Mons, I Eccellentissima, of some, Fondante du Cornice.

Beurre de Charneati, | |

Vigorous, productive, large, oval pyriform, angular, greenish shade, crim-
son in sun, greenish dots ; stem, long, curved, flesh at base ; calyx, large,
open, segments persistent; basin, irregular, ribbed; flesh, whitish, granu-
lar, vinous; core, medium; '"very good." October, November.

Duchess de Berri d*Ete.

Souverain d'Etfe, | Duchess of Beny.
Foreign. This name has sometimes been applied to the Duchess of An-
gouleme, which is entirely distinct. Tree, moderately vigorous, spreading ;
shoots, reddish brown. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, clear pale yel-
low, dotted with small russet specks ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; seeds,
large ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sugary. Sep-
tember and October. The Duchess de Berri is a synonym of " Pound."

Duchess de Mars.

Captif de St. Helena.
Foreign. Fruit, below medium, oblong obovate, yellow, mostly covered
with russet, ruddy in sun ; stem, set without depression ; calyx, small,
closed ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, perfumed ; " very
good," if not " best." This succeeds well, and this fruit is best grown on
Quince. October and November.

Due d'Orlsans.
Foreign, new. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, golden yellow, with
reddish brown dark specks ; stem, slender ; flesh, white, juicy, melting.
«ugary, vinous. November, Deeember.

380

THE PEAR.

DUNDAS.

Parmentier.

Foreign. Rather liable to drop before mature. Fruit, medium, obovato

ovate, yellow, greenish black dots, deep red cheek in sun ; stem, stout ;

calyx, small ; flesh, yellowish, melting, perfumed ; " very good." October

and November.

DUNMORE.

Foreign. A good grower and early bearer on pear roots ; requires rich,
high culture ; shoots, slender, erect, brownish slate color. Fruit, large to
very large (our drawing made from an unripe specimen), oblong obovate,
greenish, dotted and speckled with brownish red russet, patches of rough
russet near calyx; when not fully ripe, dark green specks underneath the
skin ; stem, rather long ; fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; segments, much re-
flexed ; core, rather large ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melting ; " verjf
good." September and October.

TINTESTED VARIETIES, ETC.

381

DuPUY Charles.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, pyriform; skin, rough, be
comes yellow at maturity, and chiefly covered with fawn russet ; flesh,
whitish green, melting, juicy, very sugary. An excellent fruit, ripening
the end of November. (Al. Pom.)

Amire Joannet,

Joanette,

St. John's Pear,

Early Sugar.

j Archdiic d'Et6,
Sugar Pear,

Harvest Pear,
St Jean.

Foreign. Only valued for ripening very early. Fruit, small , pyriforra,
light green to yellowish, faint blush; flesh, white, sugary; '-'good," if eaten
just in perfection, otherwise mealy. July.

Elizabeth. (Edwards.)

American. From New Haven, Ct. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse
pyriform, angular, lemon yellow, russet specks and patches ; stem, short j
calyx, large, open; core, large ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy,
vinous; " very good," often " best." October.

Early Butter of Cincinnati.

This is a variety which our Cin-
cinnati Pomologists seem unable to
recognize with any known descrip-
tion. We have been unable to ex-
amine the fruit in perfection, but
some small specimens received, from
which our drawing was made, in-
duced a guess at Dearborn Seedling.
The original tree at Cincinnati is
said to have been probably brought
from New Jersey. It is of upright
growth, short-jointed, yellowish
brown wood, forming a handsome
symmetrical head. Fruit, small,
oblong ovate, narrowing most to
the stem, light greenish yellow, with
dark green specks, rarely a bronzed
red in sun ; calyx, prominent ; seg-
ments, bold, reflexed ; core, compact;
seeds, few, defective ; flesh, white,
juicy, buttery ; " very good." Last
July.

Echassery.

Ecliasserie,
Bezi d'Echassie,

Bezi de Chasserie,
Jagdbirne.

Foreign. Poor grower. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, pale green,
yellowish, dotted with gray when ripe : calyx, open ; flesh, melting, but-
tery, sweet ; '• good." November and December.

382 THE PEAB,

Emilb d'Heyst.

This fruit is dedicated by Major Esperen to the son of his friend, L. E.
Berckmans, of New Jersey.

A Belgian fruit. Tree of moderate vigor ; a healthy and good grower,
but straggling and not easily brought to a pyramidal form. It seems well
suited to this climate and grows well on Quince. Young wood, fawn or
light-brown, rather slender. Fruit, large, or above medium size, long cale-
basse form ; color, light green, washed and waved with fawn and russet,
becomes bright yellow at the time of maturity ; stem, variable, but rather
long, sometimes fleshy, inserted in an uneven cavity ; calyx, small, set in
a deep, narrow basin, surrounded by uneven protuberances ; flesh, buttery,
melting, very juicy, exceedingly fine, sugary and well perfumed. Ripen-
ing well through November. (L. E. Berckmans.)

Emile Bivort.

Dedicated by Bonvier, to the daughter of the distinguished Belgian Po-
mologist, A. Bivort.

Tree, of slow growth, but very hardy, with reddish or light brown, up-
right, stout, short shoots. Fruit, medium, oblate, inclining to conic, very
much depressed ; skin, deep orange-yellow, much covered with russet ;
stalk, short and fleshy, inserted in a rather deep cavity, surrounded by
protuberances ; calyx, small, inserted in a deep well formed basin ; flesh,
yellowish, buttery, melting, abounding in rich, sugary, vinous juice, with
a peculiar flavor, somewhat resembling quince. Ripe October, November.
(Berckmans.)

Etewood.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, branches very strong, stout, yellowish brown,
with large white specks ; fruit, below medium, obovate, pale greenish yel-
low, russet traces and specks; stem, long, slender; calyx, small, open;
core, large ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sub-acid ; " very
good." October.

FiGUE OF Naples.

Figue de Naples, } Comtesse de Frenol,
Fig Pear of Naples, | De Vigne Pelone.

Foreign. Grown by some under name of Beurre Bronze. Tree, vigor-
ous, productive, shoots upright, brown ; fruit, medium, oblong obovate,
pale greenish yellow, dull red in sun, russety : calyx, small ; stem, stout,
fleshy knob at base : flesh, juicy, pleasant, breaking; " good." October.

Fig d'Alencon.

Vert Longue de la Mayenne.
Medium, long, oval, curved, green, netted with russet; stem, short,
thick at junction; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, greenish, coarse;
core, small; ''good." October, November.

FiGUE.

Figue Vert

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, hardy productive on either Pear or Quince.

Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, green, much overspread with yellow and

red russet; stem, stout, fleshily set upon the reck; calyx, open, without

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 383

divisions ; core, rather large ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, slightly per-
fumed j " very good." November.

FONDANTB SeRRURIER DB MeILLOT.

Berrurier d'Autonme.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with russet specks
and blotches ; stem, in a deep cavity ; basin, shallow; flesh, melting, juicy,
" good." October.

FONDANTE DES PrES.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, turbinate pyriform, greenish lemon yellow ;
stem, medium, fleshy at base ; flesh, white, sweet, agreeable. October.

FoNDANTE Agreeable.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, slightly
russeted ; stem, planted angularly, fleshy at base ; calyx, open } basin,
shallow; flesh, tender, melting, juicy, delicately aromatic; very good, if
not best ; core, large ; seeds, plump. August, September.

FoNDANTE DE MaLINES.

Fondante de Malines (Esperin.)

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate,
pale yellow, traced and much covered with red russet and brownish red,
occasional spot of vermilion in sun ; stem, long; calyx, small ; core, large;
flesh, white, buttery, melting, sweet; " very good." October.

Fondante Van Mons.

Foreign. Tree, good grower and productive. Fruit, medium, roundish
obovate, greenish yellow, marbled with red and some russet specks ; stem,
stout, curved ; calyx, large, open ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white,
coarse, melting, buttery, sweet ; " very good." October.

Forelle.

Trout Pear, ] Poire Truite, | Forellenbirne.

Foreign. Deserves more attention than it has yet received. Tree, vig-
orous, productive on Quince or Pear ; wood, violet red, young shoots, downy.
Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, dull yellow in shade, vermilion in sun,
grayish dots, margined with crimson ; stem, slender ; calyx, partly open ;
core, medium; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous;
" very good " or " best." October, November.

Frederick of Wurtemberg.

Frederick de Wnrtemburg.

Foreign. Well known and extensively grown in this country. Tree,
very early and productive bearer; young wood, strong, yellowish brown;
fruit decays rapidly at core, often worthless ere the grower thinks it ripe.
Fruit, large, angular pyriform, uneven surface, dull yellow, crimson cheek;
stem, stout, usually set on or thickening into the fruit ; calyx, open ; basin,
shallow; flesh, white, juicy, melting ; "good." September.

THE PEAR.

1'leur de Neige.

Snow Flower.

Foreign. Fruit, medium or above, tapering by a mamelon protuberance
to its junction with the stem which meets it by a fleshy enlargement ; calyx,
small, partially closed, in a small, shallow basin ; surface, very uneven ;
color, yellowish green, mottled with thin russet ; flesh, somewhat granular
a^id coarse, but sweet and high flavored. Ripens middle of October.

Florimont Parent.

Foreign. Tree, of moderate vigor and fertility. Fruit, very large, pyra-
midal, swelled towards its centre- skin, green, pointed and striped >yith
brown russet, becomes deep yellow at maturity ; flesh, coarse, melting,
iuicy, sugary, and agreeably perfumed. End of September. (Al. Pom.)

Frankford.

Origin, on the premises of Eli Merkins, near Frankford, Philadelphia. A
new fruit, and said to be an acquisition. Size, medium, roundish, some-
times inclining to pyriform, not unfrequently obovate ; skin, yellow, con-
taining many russet dots, especially towards the crown, and having occa-
sionally a faint blush on the part exposed to the sun ; stalk, rather
short, thick, and fleshy at its termination, inserted in a small cavity ; calyx,
medium, open, set in a shallow, moderately wide basin ; flesh, fine texture
and buttery; flavor, exceedingly rich, with a delicious aroma j quality.
" best." November. (Int. Rept.)

Franklin.
Native of Georgia. Fruit, large, oblong turbinate, irregular, narrowing
to the eye ; green, clouded with shades of darker green, and dotted with
dark green gray dots ; basin, shallow, oblique ; stem, medium, one side
fleshy at base ; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet. January. Valued South.

Frederika Bremer.

Virgalieu, erroneously, of some.

American. From Oneida Co., N. Y. Fruit, above medium, roundish
obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish, becoming pale yellow with slight rus-
set dots ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, rarely a cavity ; calyx,
open, short, erect segments; basin, rather deep, slight furrows; core,
medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, white, a little coarse, melting, juicy.
Quality, variable ; often only " good." October, November.

Gansel's Bergamot.

Broca'8 Bergamot, I Staunton, I Gurle's Buerrfe,

Ives' Bergamot, | Bonne Eouge, | Diamant.

Foreign. An old variety, with few superiors when well grown. It
requires, a warm, rich soil ; on cold clay it is almost tasteless. Tree,
vigorous, spreading, succeeds well on Quince, productive. Fruit, large,
roundish obovate, yellowish brown russet, red in sun, russet dots and
patches ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open ; basin, deep ; core, large ;
flesh, yellowish white, coarse, melting, juicy ; •' very good," or '^ best.
October.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 385

Gansel's late Bergamot.
Foreign. An new variety recently introduced, very much resembling the
preceding, except its period of maturity being extended into December. It
is also said to have less color in sun, and the flesh entirely free from granu-
lations. Tree, vigorous, and productive on the pear root.

Gansell's Seckel.

Medium, oblate, rough, uneven ; yellow, with thin russet : stem, short,
Btout, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity : calyx, closed ; basin, abrupt ;
flesh, coarse, aromatic : " very good." November.

General de Lourmel.

Foreign. Fruit, medium size, resembling Doyenne ; skin, greenish,
irregularly spotted and dotted with russet ; flesh, delicate, juicy, melting,
sugary. Ripening in November. (Leroy's Cat.)

General Taylor.

Native of Maryland. The tree supposed to be the original one grows
near Baltimore, and is 25 or 30 years old.

Size, under medium ; form, turbinate, obscurely pyriform, broad at the
crown ; color, cinnamon russet, becoming fawn on the exposed side ; stem,
inserted into a very small cavity ; calyx, partially closed, set in a broad,
not very deep, furrowed basin ; core, medium ; seeds, dark brown, ovate, no
angle at the obtuse end ; flesh, yellowish white, granular, becoming but-
tery and melting, but somewhat gritty at the core ; flavor, as high as the
Seckel, aroma, delicious ; quality, " best." November. (Ad. Int. Rept.,

Gerardin.

Fruit, medium, roundish, somewhat irregular ; skin, yellow, with many
spots and patches of rough russet, and a reddish tint towards the sun ; flesh,
coarse, buttery, astringent, granular, tolerably good. September.

Gideon Paridante.

Foreign. Fruited with us this year for the first time. Fruit, medium,
obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with brown red cheek in sun, and
marbled red russet over surface ; stem, one and a half inch long, angularly
planted, with a lip one side ', calyx, open, narrow segments ; basin, shallow ;
core, medium ; flesh, white, melting, sugary ; " very good," nearly " best."
Last September and October.

Glory of Combrone.
This variety we have fruited several years upon the pear stock. It is a
fine grower, healthy and hardy, and deserves extensive cultivation. Fruit,
above medium, or nearly large, oblong pyriform, regular ; skin, yellowish,
mostly overspread, marbled and dotted with warm brownish yellow russet ;
stem, i inch long, moderately stout, and planted in a slight cavity ; calyx,
medium size; segments, open, reflexed ; basin, medium depth, regular;
flesh, whitish yellow, granulated, almost buttery, melting, juicy, abounding
in saccharine, high-flavored, delicious ; core, small ; seeds, nearly black
oblong pyriform acuminates. Twentieth September to tenth October.
17

386 THE PEAK.

Grand Soleil.,
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, erect, well-formed, productive. Fruit, medium^
roundish, orange yellow, with a russety red blush, few russet specks ; stem,
medium, swollen at base ; calyx, small, closed ; core, large ; seeds, obovate ;
flesh, yellowish white, little coarse, buttery, melting, sugary, aromatic;
"very good," nearly -'best." November.

Graslin.
Large, oval pyriform, green, sprinkled with russet , stem, thick at junc-
tion : calyx, open ; segments stiff; basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, whitish,
granular, juicy, rich, vinous ] core, large ] " very good." October, November.

Green Mountain Boy.

American. Fruit, medium or above, roundish obovate, sometimes angu-;
iar pyriform J stem, varying; calyx, open, reflexed segments; golden yel-
low or russety yellow, with numerous russety brown specks ; core, rather
large; seeds, long, flattened; flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet; ''very
good." October.

Groom's Princess Royal.

Foreign. Fruit, of medium size, roundish ; skin, greenish brown, with
tinge of brownish red, and some russet tracings ; stalk, short and thick, set
in a very trifling depression ; calyx, small, open, set in a shallow basin ;
flesh, buttery, melting, a little gritty near the core, but sweet and high-
flavored. January and February.

Grosse Marie.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, oblate pyriform ; skin, yellow, covered with
cinnamgin russet ; stalk, inserted without depression ; calyx, partially
closed; flesh, juicy, tender, with a rich, perfumed flavor resembling Brown
Beurre. October.

Gros Rousselet d'Aout.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, of pyramidal form, very productive. Fruit,
medium pyriform ; skin, green, becoming golden yellow at maturity, shaded
with russet and spotted with fawn ; flesh, whitish, fine, melting, very juicy,
sugary, vinous, deliciously perfumed. Ripens in August. (Al. Pom.)

Hacon's Incomparable.

Downham Seedling.
Foreign. A hardy, productive variety ; spreading, rather drooping
branches ; deserves more attention than yet received, young shoots slender,
olive color, diverging ; fruit, rather large, roundish obtuse pyriform. dull
yellowish green and pale brown, with many russet streaks and dots ; stem,
rather long, straight ; calyx, with small- divisions ; basin, shallow ; flesh,
white, buttery, melting, sugary, juicy, nearly if not quite "best." October,
November.

Hagerman.

Hampton.
American. From Flushing, L. I. Fruit, small, roundish yellow, overspread
with thin golden russet, red cheek in sun ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, open,
segments, reflexed ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, broad ovate ; flesU,
juicy, sprightly, pleasant ; " very good." September.

UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC.

387

Haddington.

American. From seed of Pound Pear, grown by J. B. Smith, Esq., at
Haddington, Pa. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, above medium, oblong
obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, brownish cheeks, and russet dots and
patches ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium ; segments, short,
erect; core, medium; seeds, long, ovate; flesh, yellowish, juicy, aromatic;
" very good." January to April.

Hampton.

Cluster Pear.

American. Originated with W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Very productive ,
fruit hanging in clusters. Fruit, small, roundish, slightly obovate flattened,
in most specimens, a distinct suture half around like unto a plumb ; color,
light yellow ground, mostly overspread with reddish russet in sun, and rus-
set marbling in shade, whitish gray dots on the sunny side ; stem, i to | inch
long, slightly curved, generally set without depression, and fleshy at ba.se ;
calyx, open ; segments, fine, disconnected, partially reflexed : basin shallow;
flesh, white, juicy, buttery, melting, delicio\i§ flavor; core, medium; seeds,
plumpj brownish black. August,

388

THE PEAR.

Hampton Virgalieu.

Originated with W. C. Hampton, of Mount Victory, Hardin Co., 0., from
a seed of the White Doyenne. Tree, vigorous, hardy, very uroductive.

Fruit, medium size or above, globular, or slightly obtuse pyriform, yel-
lowish green, with many russet dots and marblings of russet, the russet
becoming reddish brown in sun ; stem, short, stout, with little or no cavity;
basin, moderately deep, regular ; calyx, with five segments, nearly erect,
open ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, rich, vinous, excellentj core, small, eat-
able even to the capsules ; seeds, full, oblong pyriform. Oct and Nov.

Hankers,

Hamus,
Origin, uncertain ; has generally been considered a synonym of Gushing,
but proves distinct ; Mr. C. M. Hovey, first pointed out the error. Shoots,
upright, brownish yellow. Fruit, medium, oblong, rounded at crown,
obtuse at stem, yellowish green to pale yellow, with large pale russet
patches and dots ; stem, stout, swollen at base ; calyx, small, open ; core,
large; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous; "very good." September.

Hanover.
From Hanover furnace, New Jersey. In size it is usually rather small,
ipund obovate, green, with dull green russet markings, and a brown cheek;

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC.

389

stem, one inch, shallow cavity, usually angular ; calyx, open, plaited, some-
times furrowed, irregular basin ; se;eds, large, plump, acuminate ; flesh,
greenish yellow, melting, juicy, pleasant : '• good." (W. D. B.)

Harvard.

Boston Epargne, j Cambridge Sugar Pear.

American. Native of Cambridge, Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous, up-
right, productive. Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, russety olive yellow,
reddish cheek ; stem, rather stout, not sunk ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow ;
seeds, long, obovate ; flesh, white, juicy; "very good;" liable to dec^' at
core. September.

Hawe's Winter.

Origin, King and Queen counties, Va., on the farm of the Hawe's family.
Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly flattened ;
color, at maturity, dull yellow, with russet spots ; flesh, a little coarse,
very juicy, rich, sweet, vinous. November to January. (H. R. Roby.)

Heathcot.
Gore's Heathcot.

Native of Waltham, Mass. Tree, hardy, a moderate grower, branches
Blender, when grown makes a compact head unless well thinned out; young
shoots reddish brown.

Fruit, medium or above, obovate rounded ; skin, rough ; color, greenish

390 THE PEAR.

yellow, yellow increasing at maturity, some russet around stem and eye ,
stem, medium; cavity shallow; calyx, partly closed; basin, narrow; core,
above medium ; seeds, dark brown, pointed ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy,
vinous and sprightly. October.

Henkel.
Foreign. Tree, fine grower, young shoots, grayish brown ; an early, verv
productive bearer on pear roots ; valuable for orcharding. Fruit, large,
obovate, somewhat obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, patches of russet and
green specks ; stem, long, curved ; calyx, open ; segments, short ; basin,
uneven ; core, medium; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, juicy, vinous,
" very good." Early September.

Henrietta.

Edwards' Henrietta.

American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Tree, vigorous, hardy, pro

ductive. Fruit, medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull yellow crimson

spots in sun. russet at base of stem ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core,

large ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy ; " good." Last August.

Henrietta.
Foreign. Fruit, small or medium, turbinate ; skin, rough, almost en-
tirely covered with russet ; flesh, white, half fine, melting, abounding in
juice, sugary, agreeably perfumed. A very good fruit, ripening in Novem-
ber. (Al. Pom.)

Henri Bivort.
Foreign. Tree, very vigorous. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform ; calyx,
open ; skin, smooth, pale green, with brownish specks ; flesh, yellowish
white, half buttery, juicy, melting, perfumed.. September.

Henry the Fourth.

Ananas, I Beurre Ananas, i Jaquin.

Poire Ananas, | Henri Quatre, |

Foreign. Tree, hardy, good bearer, young shoots diverging, yellowish
brown. Fruit, small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow, with small gray
dots r stem, long, slender, swollen at base ; calyx, small ; flesh, whitish,
rather coarse, juicy ; " good." Early September.

Hericart de Thury.

Foreign. A good grower, of peculiar habits and appearance, rather pyra
midal, but with diverging, crooked limbs of a deep brown or purple hue
Not an early nor a very profuse bearer.

Fruit, pyramidal, turbinate: skin, rather rough, with a decided cinna
mon color ; stalk, long, and curved, inserted in a small abrupt cavity .
calyx, closed, deeply sunk ; basin, uneven. Flesh, yellowish, compact^
buttery, sufficiently juicy, with a peculiar rich flavor. January and Feb-
raary. (L. E. Berckmans.)

Hericart.

Foreign. Fruit, large, obtu.se pyriform, light pale greenish yellow, russet
dots and patches ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, small ; segments, reflexed ;
core, small ; seeds, long ; flesh, rather coarse, breaking, juicy, very sweet ;
" very good." Early September. Some specimens we have had of this
p^-oved almost best ; we think it improves with age of trees.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC.

391

Honey.
This IS a delicious little pear, received some year since by Professor
Kirkland, and which we have been unable to recognize with any descrip-
tion published, if we except a slight note in Prince's Pomological Man-
ual. The tree is moderately vig-
orous ; wood, yellowish brown, an
early and productive bearer of
fruit, uniform in size and regu-
lar shape. Our drawing is too
small.

Fruit, below medium, roundish,
tapering slightly to the stem : color,
rich golden russet yellow, with
faint blush, many small red russet
dots, and occasional patches of
brown russet; stem, rather stouf,
uneven, without depression ; calyx,
with open half reflexed segments ;
basin, shallow, little russeted ; core,
medium; seeds, ovate, blackish;
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, but-
tery, a little coarse-grained, sweet,
perfumed. Ripe a few days be-
fore Bartlett.

HOVEY.

Foreign. Fruit, medium size, pyriform, regular, resembles the Beurre
Capiaumont; skin, fair, smooth, yellow, speckled and dotted around the
eye ; calyx, set outside ; stem, obliquely inserted ; flesh, yellow, melting,
juicy, sugary, perfumed and vinous. September.

HOSEN-SCHENCK.

Schenck's Pear, I Schenck's August Watermelon,
Smokehouse, j Butter Pear.

American. From Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, obovate, yellow, melting

not high flavor ; quality, variable. Last of August.

Hull.
American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree, vigorous, upright ; wood,
reddish brown. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green, dull red, and
russet ; stem, long ; calyx, half open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rather
coarse, gritty at core, juicy; "good." October.

Huntington.
From New Rochelle, N. Y. Below medium, ovate obovate, green with
a slight crimson tinge near calyx ; stem, long, slender; deep, broad, uneven
cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, abrupt, dotted with a few russet circles ; flesh,
melting, juicy, buttery, delicate. Tree an early bearer. September.

Inconnue Van Mons.
Foreign. Best on Quince. Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, dull, pal©
green, traces and dots of russet ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, open ; basin,

392 THE PEAR.

deep ; flesh, melting, buttery , " very good." December to February,
/Wilder, in Hort )

Island.
From Gowanus, L. I. New. Said to be of medium size, pyramidal
form, and, when ripe, a pale yellow, rich aromatic flavor, and very pro-
ductive.

Ives' Bergamot.

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree closely resembles the
Seckel, and is very productive. Fruit, medium or small, Bergamot shape,
protuberant at calyx ; skin, greenish yellow, with slight traces of russet ;
stalk, short and thick, inserted by a ring or lip ; flesh, rather coarse, but-
tery, melting, juicy, with a Gansel's Bergamot flavor. Ripens first of
September. (Downing.)

Ives' Pear.

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree, vigorous and very
productive. Fruit, small, irregularly turbinate^ inclined ; skin, greenish,
with a brownish red cheek ; stalk, long, inserted by a fleshy ring or lip j
calyx, open ; basin, very small ; flesh, juicy, melting, sugary, and good.
Ripens first of September.

Ives' Seedling.

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Fruit, nearly medium, some-
what globular ; skin, greenish yellow, shaded with crimson ; stalk, short
and thick; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow and irregular; flesh,
whitish, coarse, and granular, juicy, melting, with a refreshing sugary
flavor, well perfumed. Ripe about the first of September.

IvEs' Virgalieu.
American. Below medium, pyriform, greenish, shades dull crimson,
russet dots ; stem, fleshy at base, or with a lip ; calyx, small, open ; basin,
irregular ; flesh, whitish, granular, juicy, sweet, vinous; " good," or "very
good." October.

Jackson.
Origin, New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium,
oblate, short pyriform, or turbinate ; skin, greenish yellow, somewhat rus-
seted ; stalk, long and curved, fleshy at its junction, inserted in a slight
cavity ; calyx, small and open, set in a rather deep, abrupt basin ; flesh,
white and juicy ; flavor, brisk and vinous. Ripens the last of September
(Downing.)

Jackson's Seedling.

Originated by S. S. Jackson, Cincinnati, from seed of the Seckel, Size,
below medium, larger than Seckel ; color, similar, but less russety ; flavor,
very good, not as spicy as the Seckel. Tree, moderately vigorous, and does
well on Quince.

Jaminette.

Josephine, j Sabine, I Beiirrfe D'Anstrade,

Colmar Jaminette, j D'Austrasie, [ Willielmine.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit, above medium,

obovate obtuse pyriform, green, with russety brown dots and patches ; stem,

stout ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, rather gritty at core, juicy, sweet ; " good."

November, December. This has proved with us, for two years past, a great

bearer, and one of the best of Winter Pears.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, Era 393

Epargne,

6 rosso Cuisse Madame,

Beau Present,

Poire de Tables des Princes,

Jargonelle.

Saint Sampson,
Saint Lambert,
Sweet Summer,

Eeal Jargonelle,
Jargonelle oj
Belle Verge.

Jargonelle of the EngUih.

- -le "

Foreign. An old variety, abundant bearer, now surpassed, for all except
large collections by more recently originated sorts. Fruit, large, long, ovate
pyriform, greenish yellow, little brown in sun ; stem, long : calyx, open,
prominent; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy; " good," often "very good."
August.

Jean de Witte.

Nos. 1,482, 1,082, and 1,60S of Van Mona.

Foreign. Tree, moderate growth, short-jointed wood, upright. Fruit,
medium or above, obovate, narrowing to the stem, pale yellow, little russet ;
flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, slightly sub-acid ; " very good." November
to January.

Jersey Gratioli.

Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, abundant bearer, succeeds on Quince ;
wood, stout, short-jointed. Fruit, large, roundish oblong obovate, slightly
angular, greenish yellow, blush in sun, russet specks, and also at base of
stem and crown ; stem, stout, obliquely inserted ; calyx, open, short seg-
ments ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, little coarse, melting, juicy,
vinous. September, October. (Hov. Mag.)

JOHONNOT.
Franklin.
American. Native of Salem, Mass. Tree, moderate, healthy grower,
upright, spreading ; wood, dark reddish brown ; suited to orcharding in our
Western rich soils ; productive. Fruit, below medium, roundish obovate,
angular, greenish yellow, dull russet ; stem, stout, fleshy at base , calyx,
large, open ; core, large, seeds, small ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting,
juicy, vinous; almost "best." September.

Jones.
Small, acute pyriform, cinnamon russet, reddish in sun, juicy, buttery,
sweet; "very good." November.

Josephine de Malines.
Foreign ; not an early bearer or a good grower ; best on Pear. Fruit,
medium, roundish obovate, yellow blush in sun, traces and specks of rus-
set; calyx, open; core, large: flesh, yellowish white, melting, fine, juicy,
vinous ; " very good." December, January.

Jules Bivort.
Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, productive. Fruit, large, obovate,
dull greenish yellow dotted with brown, and red tinge in sun ; flesh, yel-
lowish white, melting, half buttery, sugary, vinous. November.

Julienne.
Origin uncertain. Tree, thrifty, upright, light yellowish brown shoots,
productive, and in warm, rich, sandy soils often very fine ; in cold clay it
is inferior ; best on Quince. Fruit, below medium, roundish obleng obo-
17*

194:

THE PEAK.

vate, clear bright yellow, with a little of fine russet marblings and patches ,
stem, rather stout ; calyx, small, closed ; core, compact ; seeds, blackish ,
flesh, white, rather coarse, half buttery, sweet ; " very good." August.

King Edward's.

Jackman's Melting.
Foreign. Tree, thrifty ; shoots, upright, dark brown. Fruit, large, pyri-
form, yellow, with patches of dull russet, red cheek in sun ; stem, short ;
calyx, small ; flesh, yellowish, buttery," melting, variable ; " good." Octo-
ber.

KiNGSESSlNG.

Leeches Kingsessing.

American. Native of Kingsessing township, near Philadelphia. Tree,
upright, vigorous, somewhat thorny; young shoots, yellowish green or
brownish olive, gray dots. This, when better known, will, we think, take
position in first class. It is, however, not a very early bearer, and on
Quince, requires double working. Fruit, large, or above medium, obovate,
sometimes obtuse pyriform, sea-green, with patches of dark green ; stem,
stout, fleshy at base : calyx, small ; basin, shallow; flesh, buttery, delicate ;
" best." Last August.

Knight's Seedling.
EnighVs £. I. Seedling.

Native of Cranston,
R. I. Tree, vigorous,
hardy, and early pro-
ductive ; wood, smooth,
yellowish.

Fruit, medium, obo-
vate, tapering a little
to the stem ; color, yel-
lowish green, with a
brown red cheek in sun,
brownish specks, and
dull russet around the
calyx ; stem, medium
or rather long, curved ;
calyx, medium ; seg-
ments, broad, partially
reflexed ; core and seeds,
medium; flesh, white,
not fine-grained, melt-
ing, juicy, sugary. Sep-
tember.

Knight's Monarch.
Foreign. A vaiiety requiring very high culture ; wood, light olive color.
Fruit, large, obovate oblong, yellowish brown, tinged with red, dotted with
gray; stem, short: calyx, open; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy.
January.

395

Las Can as.

Foreign. Tree, upright, vigorous, early, good bearer. Fruit, medium or
below pyriform, pale yellow, partly covered with thin russet , seeds, black;
flesh, juicy, sweet, nearly " best." October.

La Juive.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous ; branches, upright. Fruit, above medium,
pyriform, yellow, with gray specks ; stem, short ; flesh, yellowish, buttery,
juicy. Ootober.

Lamoriciere.
General Lamoriciere.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, gray, with green dots ; stem, stout ,
calyx, large, closed ; flesh, greenish white, melting, buttery, juicy. Last
September.

Laherard.
Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, lemon yel-
low, brownish red cheek in sun; calyx, closed; stem, stout; flesh, white,
melting, juicy, pleasant, sub-acid ; " very good. ' October. Succeeds on
Quince.

Laure de Gltmes.

Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, medium, oval turbinate, dull yellow,
nearly covered with orange russet; stem, short ; calyx, open; flesh, white,
melting, juicy, pleasant ; '• good." October, November.

Lenawee.

Origin, uncertain. Grown at Adrian, Michigan, and introduced by Dr.
D. K. Underwood of that place, and description made by T. M. Cooley.

Fruit, medium to large, ovate pyriform, generally more or less one-sided,
surface frequently irregular ; skin, lemon yellow, with small russet specks,
and a lively vermilion cheek in the sun ; stalk, an inch long, curved, in-
serted without depression, sometimes below a fleshy protuberance ; calyx,
small, set in a shallow basin ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, buttery, with
a high and quite peculiar aromatic flavor. Ripens first to middle of August.
(Downing.)

Leopold L

Foreign. Tree of moderate vigor. Fruit, large, turbinate pyriform;
skin, smooth, green, spotted with brown russet ; flesh, whitish, melting,
buttery, juicy, sweet, and strongly perfumed. Ripens middle of December,
and keeps till January. (Al. Pom.)

Lee's Seedling.

American. Native of Salem, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish ovai,
greenish russet, brown in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, open; core, large ; flesh,
white, coarse, juicy ; '• good." September.

LiBERALE.

Foreign. Fruit, rather large, elongated, truncate pyriform ; skin, green-
ish yellow, sprinkled with brown or russet, and having patches of russet ;
stem, long, curved, inserted in a cavity at an inclination ; calyx, large and
open ; basin, broad and shallow ; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, ri^i and pecu-
liarly aromatic. October.

396 THE PEAB

LlEUTANANT VOilKV IS,

Foreign. Fruit, of large size, resembling in color Glout Morceau ; sKin,
yellow, netted and spotted with russet ; flesh, white, juicy, half melting.
Ripe from February to April. (Leroy's Cat.)

LiMON.
No. 8 of Van Mons, | Beurre Haggenton.

Foreign, This promises to take a first-class rank. Tree, moderately
vigorous; shoots, long, slender, reddish brown. Fruit, above medium, obo-
vate roundish, yellow, with faint red cheek ; stem, rather short ; basin,
shallow; flesh, white^ melting, juicy, nearly " best." August.

Locke.
Locke's New Beurr^.
American. From West Cambridge, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish
obovate, yellowish green, spotted with shades of darker green and russet ',
stem, medium ; calyx, small, half closed ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, vin-
ous J " good." November and December.

Louis Dupont.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous and beautiful, promises to be fertile. Fruit,
sufficiently large, sometimes in the form of Doyenne, but ordinarily longer
and more turbinate ; skin, smooth, dull green, passing to yellow at matu-
rity, strongly shaded with fawn russet, sometimes striped and marbled ;
flesh, white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet, and perfumed. A fruit of first
quality, ripening towards the end of October. (An. Pom.)

Lycurgus.

A variety originated by Geo. Hoadley, Esq., of Cleveland, from seed of
the Winter Nelis, collected from fruit grown on a Winter Nelis tree in
close proximity to a tree of Martin Sec. The fruit has outward form, and
russet yellow skin, closely resembling the Martin Sec, and its texture melt-
ing and juicy and sprightly, as the Winter Nelis, but with the sweet saccha-
rine of the Martin Sec.

Fruit, below medium, generally oblong pyriform, occasionally oblong
obovate pyriform ; color, rich dull yellow, overspread with brownish yellow
russet ; stem, usually three-fourth inch long, slender, set without depres-
sion, and one side a slight lip ; calyx, large in proportion to the size of
fruit, open ; segments, connected ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, hard,
and of breaking texture, until fully ripe, when it becomes melting, juicy,
and extremely sweet, with a spicy, sprightly, and slightly vinous charac
ter ; core, compact ; seeds, large : capsules, close. Janifary.

Madame Eliza.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, wood stout. Fruit, large, pyriform : skin,
smooth, bright green, and becomes almost yellow at maturity ; flesh, rosy,
fine, buttery, melting, abounding with sweet juice, very agreeably perfumed.
November. { Al. Pom.) Excellent in Belgium, promising well here. The
tree is hardy, but has an awkward, rather crooked, and declining habit,
and very narrow leaves. The young shoots are olive gray.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, STO, 397

McLaughlin.

Origin unknown ; probably an American seedling. Tree, moderate,
healthy grower, productive. Fruit, above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform,
pale yellow, with brownish red in sun , stem, short, swollen at junction
with tree ; calyx, open ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, a little
coarse juicy; " very good." November and December.

McLaughlin.

A native of Maine, first described in the N. E. Farmer. Tree, hardy
and vigorous.

Fruit, large, elongated, obtuse pyriform ; skin, rough, greenish, mostly
covered with russet, which becomes yellowish at maturity, with a warm,
sunny cheek; stalk, short, inserted at an inclination, with some appearance
of a lip ; calyx, open, set in a shallow, corrugated t)asin ; flesh, whitish,
not very fine, juicy, and melting; flavor, sweet rich, and perfumed. No-
vember to January.

Madam Ducar.

Foreign. Tree, pyramidal, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, oval,
slightly depressed at base and crown : skin, smooth, bright green, becoming
yellow at maturity ; flesh, white, half fine, very juicy, sugary, and slightly
perfumed. Ripens the middle of August. (Al. Pom.) Good in Belgium.

Malconaitre d'Haspin.

Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish obovate, dull yellow, brownish red cheek,
coarse dots, russet at calyx ; stem, set in a slight depression ; calyx, closed ;
basin, deep ; flesh, juicy, tender, sub-acid, perfumed ; core, medium ; seeds,
small. Tree, vigorous, hardy and productive. Promises to prove
valuable.

Malcomaitre.

Foreign. We suppose this name to be only a synonym of the foregoing ,
but our tree, received of EUwanger and Barry, produces a small, greenish
yellow fruit, with a coarse, yellowish flesh, rotting at core, and ripening
in August.

Martha Ann.

Danas Seedling, No 1.

American. Fruit, above medium, obovate oblong, smooth, yellow, with
russet specks ; calyx, closed ; flesh, white, juicy, tender, sub-acid ,
" good."

Marianne De Nancy.

Foreign. Tree, moderate grower. Fruit, medium, greenish yellow,
streaked and dotted with russet; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous.
September and October.

Marie Parent.

Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous. Fruit, large pyriform, surface un-
even ; stalk, short, inclined ; calyx, in a large furrowed cavity ; skin, golden
yellow at maturity; flesh, white, very fine, melting, somewhat buttery,
very juicy, sugary, and deliciously perfumed. October. (An Pom.)

398 THE PEAR.

Marie Louise.
Forme de Marie Louise, I Princes de Parme, I MarU.

Marie Chretienne, [ Braddick's Field Marshal, |

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, rather straggling, or diverging and drooping^
with olive gray colored shoots ; requires rich, warm, sandy soil, otherwise
It is only a " good -' pear. It is hardy and productive. Fruit, large, ob-
long pyriform, dull green, becoming pale yellow, with marblings, dots and
patches of russet, and russet at crown and base of stem; stem, medium,
obliquely set in a slight cavity, or with a raised lip on one side ; calyx,
open, irregularly formed : segments, connected ; core, small ; seeds, broad,
ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous ; " very good." Last
of September and October.

March Bergamotte.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow ; flesh, buttery, gritty
at core; *'good." Mjiwoh.- '-'_.

^■<^_ Martin Sec.

Eoussellet d'Hlver,
Foreign. Fruit, medium, or below, obovate angular, yellow, with
small specks, bright red one side; stem, long, slender; calyx, in an
abrupt furrowed basin ; flesh, yellowish, half melting, juicy ; " good.'*
December.

Mather.

Originated with John Mather, near Jenkinstown, Montgomery Co., Pa,
Fruit, below medium size, obovate ; skin, red, with occasionally a mot-
tled cheek, and russeted around the stem, which is obliquely inserted by
fleshy rings without depression ; calyx, medium ; basin, very small ; flesh,
a little coarse, but buttery; flavor, delicate and pleasant. August. (Ad.
Int. Rep.)

Maynard.

Origin unknown ; grown in Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, obovate
pyriform ; skin, yellow, with russet dots and a crimson cheek ; stalk, obli-
quely inserted, fleshy at its junction ; calyx, open, in a slight depression ;
flesh, white, juicy, and sugary. Ripe last of July. (Dr. Eshleman.)

Merriam.
American. From Roxbury, Mass. Tree, thrifty, productive, supposed
a seedling from Gray Doyenne. Fruit, large, roundish, dull yellow, much
covered with smooth pale russet ; stem, short ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh,
yellowish white, coarse, juicy, sugary : core, large : seeds, dark brown.
Last of September. fHov. Mag.)

MiGNONNE d'HiVER.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, inclining to pyriform ; skin, very rough,
russet ; stalk, stout, inserted by a lip, often at a great inclination ; calyx,
partially closed, set in a small basin ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, granular, nearly
melting, brisk, sweet, and rich, slightly astringent. November.

MiLLOT DE Nancy.
Foreign. A pyramidal tree, very fertile, producing at the same time at
the extremity of its branches and its long spurs.

Fruit, small, or medium, regularly pyriform ; skin, smooth, light green,

UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC.

399

becoming yellow a long time before its maturity ; flesh, "^vhitish yellow,
buttery, melting, not deficient in juice, sugary, and very agreeably perfumed.
October, November. (A. Pom.) . , .

^jg^ MiLLOT de^N/ncy.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, qjatuse pyriform, pale yellow, with patches
and traces of russet; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary; "good." January.
(Wilder, in Hort.)

Mitchell's Russet.

Origin Bellville, Illinois. Fruit, medium, or small, obovate, inclining to
conic; skin, rough, dark russet, thickly covered with gray dots ; stalk,
long, inserted in a small cavity by a ring or lip ; calyx, open ; basin, un-
even ; flesh, juicy, melting, rich, highly perfumed. November. (Downing.)

MOCCAS.

Foreign. Tree, very vigorous, "^r'^HfJ^l^^i ^.nd productive. Fruit,
medium, obovate roundish, greenish yellovr, browif cheek in sun, and a few
russet dots ; stem, long, curved ; calyx, partly open ; flesh, yellowish, melt-
ing, juicy ; " very good." December. '

MONSEIGNEUR AfFRE.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, somewhat angular; skin, rough,
greenish, considerably covered with thick russet, and thickly sprinkled with
russet dots ; stalk, long, curved, inserted in a moderate cavity ; calyx, small,
open, persistent ; basin, broad ; flesh, white, rather coarse, granular, rich,
and perfumed. November.

MOYAMENSING.
Smith's Moyamensing.

Native of Pennsyl-
vania. Tree, vigor-
ous, wood yellowish
brown, with light dots,
regular and abundant
bearer.

Fruit, medium,
roundish obovate ;
color, lemon yellow,
with occasional blot-
ches and lines of yel-
lowish russet ; stem,
short, stoutjOften fleshy,
calyx, large ; basin,
furrowed, broad, and
rather deep ; core, me-
dium ; seeds, ovate ;
flesh, white, buttery,
melting, juicy, '' best."
August.

Muscadine.
American. From near Ncwburgh., N. Y. Fruit, medium, roundish,
obovate, pale yellowish green, with brown dots ; stem, an inch long ;

4:00 THE PEAR.

calyx, with reflexed segments; basin, shallow; flesh, wlijte, buttery, melt«
ing, musky ; shoots, stout, dark gray brown. Last August, first Sep-
tember.

Muskingum.

American. Supposed a native of Ohio^ Fruit, medium, roundish obo-
vate, greenish yellow, numerous russet specks ; stem, long, slender ; calyx,
open ; segments, short, connected ; flesh, white, coarse ; " good." Last
August.

Marechal de la Cour.

Consieller de la Cour, | Due d'Orleans.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, branches long, thorny at ends, early bearer.
Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, or ovate, yellowish green, vermilion in sun;
stem, broken, inserted with a lip one side ; calyx, large, open ; flesh, white,
fine, melting, juicy, vinous ; " promises well."

Napoleon.
MfedaUle, | Eoi de Eome.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, olive-colored shoots, fruit
largest and finest on Quince, very productive. Fruit, large, obtuse to obo-
vate, and rounded pyriform ; greenish yellow, smooth ; stem, varying,
usually stout ; calyx, medium, open ; flesh, white, tender, juicy ; " good.''
Valuable as a market sort on Quince. River says the Napoleon d'Hiver is
not sufficiently distinct to be retained. October.

Ne Plus Meuris.

Belgian. An unprepossessing looking, uneven, dull russet fruit, of very
fine flavor. The tree grows upright, has short-jointed, olive-colored shoots*
and bears in thick bunches or clusters.

Fruit, medium, or rather small, roundish, usually very irregular, with
swollen parts on the surface ; skin, rough, dull yellowish brown, partially
covered with iron-colored russet ; stalk, quite short, set without depression,
in a small cavity ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melting, with a sugary
and very agreeable flavor. January to March.

Nonpareil.
American. A new variety from Western New York ; too small for any
but amateurs. Fruit, small, roundish flattened at apex, russety yellow,
with red specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; core, large ; flesh, fine, melt-
ing, juicy, sugary, vinous; nearly " best." November.

Oakley Park.

Oakley Park Bergamotte.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, with rus-
set; calyx, partly open; stem, slender; flesh, buttery, melting ; "good."
October.

Omar Pasha.

From France. New. Productive. Fruit, medium, turbinate, roundish,
irregular, clear green, dotted and specked with russet about tlio stem ;
flesh, fine, tender, juicy, sugary, vinous. Early September.

UNTESTED "VARIETIES, EIC.

401

Onondaga.
Swan's Orange, | Onondaga Seedling.
Probably a native of Farmington Ct. It takes its name from having
been first brought to notice by cultivators in Onandaga Co. N. Y. Tree
vigorous, with strong, upright, olive-colored shoots. In quality it is variable,
not succeeding in all locations.

Frait, large, ovate obovate ; color, pale greenish yellow, becoming golden
yellow at maturity, many gray russet dots, and occasionally a dull blush in

sun ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, inserted without depression,
but with lip of fruit folded unevenly around it ; calyx, rather small, closed ;
basin, shallow, abrupt and marked with patches of cinnamon russet , core,
compact ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, juicy, buttery. October and No-
vember.

402 THE PEAK.

Ontario.

Origin, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y. Tree vigorous and prod;iDtive,
said to be a valuable market variety.

Fruit, medium, elongated obtuse pyriform, somewhat irregular, skin,
pale yellow, thickly covered with gray or green dots ; stalk, long, curved,
inserted by a fleshy ring in a rather large depression ; calyx, partially closed,
or open in a shallow, irregular, corrugated basin ; flesh, white, granular,
juicy, almost melting, with a sweet pleasant flavor. Ptipens last of Septem-
ber. (Downing )

Orange Bergamotte.
Orange Pear.

Foreign. An old variety, great bearer, valuable only for cooking. Fruit,
above medium, pyriform ; yellow, russet in sun ; flesh, yellowish, sprightly
astringent. September and October.

Orpheline Colmar.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, very fertile. Fruit, very large, pyriform ; skin,
bright green, becomes somewhat yellow at maturity, striped and dotted
with gray, brown, and black, and shaded with russet fawn on the sunny
side, and around the calyx and stem ; flesh, whitish yellow, fine, melting, a
little granular around the core, juicy, sweet, and perfumed. A beautiful
and excellent fruit, ripening about the middle of October. (An. Pom.)

Osband's Summer.
Oaband's Favorite, | Summer Vergalieu, of some.
American. Native of Wayne Co., N. Y. Fruit, below medium, ovate
obovate pyriform, clear yellow, small green dots, and rarely a slight red
cheek in sun ; skin, rather thick ; stem, medium, inserted in a shallow, un-
even cavity ; calyx, with open, long, straggling segments ; flesh, yellowish
white, rather coarse grained, juicy ; promises " valuable." Early Sep-
tember.

Osborn.

American. From Economy, la., introduced first to notice by A. H.
Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati. Fruit, small, ovate pyriform, greenish yel-
low ; stem, about one inch long, set with two or more fleshy ridges at base
flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet, a little astringent ; " good. Early
August.

Oswego.
Oswego Beurrfe, | Eeed's Seedling.

American. Native of Oswego, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, hardy, succeeds
well thus far, and an early bearer on Quince or Pear roots ; fruit, medium,
ovate obovate, or obovate rounded, dull yellowish green, with marblings
and patches of russet; stem, short, stout; cavity, rather deep; calyx, me-
dium, closed : core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly • " very
good " October.

OUDINOT.
Beurrfe Oudinot.

Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, yellowish green, with brownish cheek ;
stem, curved ; calyx, medium : basin, shallow ; flesh, fine, juMjy ; " good."
September.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 403

Paddock
From C. Goodrich. Burlington, Vt. Small, ovate coniial, light yellow;
flesh, fine-grained, sweet ; '• good." August.

Parsonage.
Medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, rough, shades of dull crim-
son, netted russet, russet dots ; stem, short, thick at junction ; calyx, half
open ; short, stiiF segments ; basin, shallow, russeted ; flesh, white, coarse,
granular ; core, small ; " very good." September.

Passans du Portugal,

Poire Cheneille, | Miller's Early, | Bergamotte.
Foreign. Tree, upright growth : shoots, reddish brown, Fruit, below
medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, brownish red in sun : stem, one inch ;
calyx, erect ; flesh, white, juicy, breaking ; " very good." Last of August.

Passe Colmar.

Passfe Colmar Epineaux,

Colmar Gris,

Passe Colmar Gris,

Beurre Colmar Gris, dit Prtcel,

Precel,

Fondante de Panisel,

Fondante de Mons,

Beurre d'Argenson,

Regintin,

Chapman's,
Colmar de Sille,
Colmar Hardenpont,
Present de Malines,
Marrotte Sucree Jaune,
Souverain,

Colmar Souverain,
Gambier,
Cellite,

Colmar Preule,
Colmar Doree,
Colmar Van Mons,
Colmar d'Hiver.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with long, stragling, half drooping shoots of a
lively brownish yellow; with high culture, severe thinning, and great care,
it is a first-class sort ; with common ordinary care it is worthless. Fruit,
medium to large, oblong obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, dull
yellow when fully mature, with some russet ; stem, a little more than
medium length, set with slight depression ; calyx, partly open ; basin, shal-
low j flesh, yellowish white, buttery, sweet, aromatic. November. January.

Pater Noster.
Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse at ends, surface uneven ; stem,
fleshy ; calyx, open ; segments, short, thick ; core, medium ; flesh, yellow-
ish, juicy, vinous, perfumed, acid. November, December. (Hov. Mag.)

Paul Thielen.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with dull red cheek ;
stem, long, obliquely set ; calyx, open ; segments, short, upright ; flesh,
rather coarse, juicy; ''good." October.

Peach Pear.
Medium, turbinate pyriform, yellowish, dots of red russet ; calyx, open ,
flesh, juicy; "good." August, September.

Pendleton.

Pendleton's Early York Pear

American. From Connecticut. Young wood, dark olive. Fruit, rather

large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, russet specks ; stem,

curved ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, tender, sweet ; " good." Last July

(Hov. Mag )

Pengethley.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish brown,
russeted ; stem, medium ; calyx, small, partly open ; flesh, yellowish, juicy ;
"good." February, March.

4:04 THE PEAK.

Pennsylvania.

American. From Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous, hardy, and moderately
productive. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, surface irregular, yellowish
green, brownish russet, marbled ; stem, stout ; calyx, small, half closed ;
core, small; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, breaking, juicy; "good."
October.

Petre.

American. Originated in the old Bartram Botanic Garden, near Phila-
delphia, Pa. Tree, moderate grower, with slender, yellowish brown shoots,
abundant bearer. Fruit, medium to large, oblong obovate pyriform, pale
yellow, with russet patches ; stem, rather stout, largest at base ; cavity,
abrupt; calyx, medium; basin, narrow; flesh, whitish, fine, melting, but
tery, perfumed, juicy, nearly "best." October. The "Bezi de la Motte '*
has been disseminated for this variety, somewhat, through the West.

Philadelphia Latch.

Large, oblate pyriform, yellow, greenish gray dots, netted russet ; stem,
stout ; cavity, deep, abrupt ; calyx, half closed ; basin, open ; flesh, coarse,
sugary, juicy; core, small ; rots at core; productive; "very good." Sep-
tember, October.

Philippe Goes.

Foreign. Tree, sufiiciently vigorous and very fertile. Fruit, medium,
turbinate-pyriform, bossed, and often irregular ; skin, rough, totally covered
with gray russet ; flesh, whitish-yellow, fine and melting, juice enough,
sweet and finely perfumed ; quite first quality. Ripens middle of Novem-
ber. (An. Pom.)

PiNNEO.

Boston, I Summer Virgalleu,

Graves? | Hebron.

American. Originated in Tolland County, Conn., and first introduced
to notice in transactions of the Hartford County Horticultural Society.
Young wood, of a brownish red ; tree vigorous and productive. Fruit,
small to medium, oblong obovate pyriform, tapering toward the stem ;
color, pale yellow, tinge of red in the sun, obscure dots^ and considerable
russet near base of stem ; stem, rather long ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, me-
dium, open ; basin, broad, shallow, slightly ribbed or furrowed ; flesh,
yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary, rich delicious flavor ; core, medium
or small ; seeds, dark brownish black. Last of August.

Pius IX.

Foreign, Large, obovate, irregular pyriform; yellow, slightly rus-
seted; stem, short, curved, fleshy at junction; calyx, open; basin, shal-
low; flesh, coarse; "good." September, October.

Platt's Seedling.

Origin, on the farm of the late Thomas Tredwell, Beekmantown, Cliun
ton County, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, hardy and productive. Fruit, rather
large ; skin, yellow : a fruit of good quality, and perhaps may be valuable
for orchard culture, particularly at the North. October, November.

ETC. 405

Pocahontas.
Origin, Quincy, Mass, Tree, moderately vigorous. Fruit, medium,
form variable, obovate pyriform, often turbinate; calyx, small, closed;
stem, short, inserted without depression ; color, lemon yellow, with traces
of russet, and occasionally a bright vermilion cheek : flesh, white, melting,
juicy and buttery; flavor, sweet, rich and musky. 'Ripe first to the mid-
dle of October. (Wilder in Hort.)

Poire d' Albert.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, pyramidal (elon-
gated or obtuse-pyriform) ; skin, rough, clear dark cinnamon russet, bronzed
on the sunny side ; stem, of medium length, stout, curved, swollen and
fleshy at the base, obliquely inserted in a slight cavity, on the lower side ;
eye, medium, partially open, and very slightly depressed, in a small, shal-
low basin ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, buttery, melting and juicy ; flavor,
vinous, very rich, and deliciously perfumed. October. (Hov. Mag.)

Poire des Deux Sceurs.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, long pyriform, pale
green, with brown and black dots ; stem, short ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh,
fine, yellowish green, juicy, sugary. November.

Poire Ramean.
Begy de Vetrans.
Large, obtuse pyriform, light yellow, gray dots, patches of russet ; calyx,
half closed; basin, open; flesh, firm, tough, cooking; productive.

Poire d'Abondance.
D'Abondance.
Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with russet
dots, red in sun ; flesh, melting, juicy ; "very good." October.

Poire d'Avril.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, acute pyriform, yellowish green, rough, rus-
seted, and reddish in sun ; stem, fleshy at base ; calyx, closed ; flesh, green-
ish white, crisp, juicy, cooking ; core, small ; seeds, long, pointed. February
to May.

Poire de Tongres. ^

Foreign. Tree, strong grower. Fruit, large, obovate, bronzed, brown-
ish yellow, streaks of red in sun ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, agreeable.
October.

Pratt.

American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, upright growth,
productive on Pear. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yel-
low, with gray and russet dots and specks ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ;
flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary ; " variable." September.

Prevost.

Poire Provost.

Foreign. Fruit of medium size; skin, thin, smooth, light green, passing
to golden-yellow at maturity, deeply shaded with carmine in the sun ;

406 THE PEAK.

flesh, white, half melting, half buttery, sweet, and strongly perfumed.
Ripens in December, but may be kept until April. (Al. Pom.)

Prince Albert.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, succeeds on Pear and Quince. Fruit, medium,
pyriform ; skin, very thick and smooth ; color, yellowish, sometimes with
a slightly sunny cheek ; stalk, an inch long ; eye, small, open, in a shal-
low even cavity ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, melting, sugary and rich.
February, March. (Gard. Ch.)

Princess Royal.

Groom's Princess Koyal.
Foreign. Tree, hardy and vigorous; not an early bearer. Fruit,
medium, obovate, dull pale green, dotted with russet; stem, set in shallow
cavity ; calyx, open ; segments, short ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish, rather
coarse, melting, juicy; "good." January, February.

Pulsifer.
American. Native of Illinois. Tree, upright, vigorous ; shoots, dark
olive ; early and productive bearer. Fruit, below medium, pyriform ob-
tuse, dull yellow, with traces of russet ; stem, short ; calyx, small, open ,
flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet ; " very good." Early August.

Queen of the Low Countries.

Kelne des Pays Bas.
Foreign. "We have often examined this sort, but have been unable as yet
to fruit it in ten years that we have had the variety. We condense our
description from Downing, Fruit, large, obovate acute pyriform, dull yel-
low, dotted and russeted, dark red in sun ; stem, one and a half inch long,
curved ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy,
vinous, sub-acid. Early October.

Rallay.
We received specimens (from which we take our description) of this pear
from Messrs. EUwanger and Barry. It is. we believe, an old variety, but
we had never before seen it. Fruit, small to medium, globular acute
pyriform: skin, rough, dull yellow, dull reddish cheek, over the whole
spots of russet ; stem, slender, obliquely set without depression ; calyx,
with crumpled segments; core, large; flesh, yellowish white, breaking,
juicy, gritty at core ; " good." November, December.

Rapalje.

Eapalje Seedling.
American. Fruit, medium, brownish yellow or russet, oblong pyriform,
stem, long ; calyx, in a slight hollow ; flesh, buttery ; variable quality.
Early September.

Ravens WOOD.

Fruit, obtuse pyramidal, tending to obovate, small to medium in size,
with a very short, thick stem ; ripening from the middle of July to middle
of August; rich aromatic flavor, and great abundancce of vinous carbo-
nated juice. It is a great bearer. It is a seedling found in the woods cf
Astoria, and planted on the grounds of Mr. Charles Ehrard.

UNTESTED VAKIETIE8, ETC. 407

Reading.
Large or above medium, pyriform, greenish yellow with numerous dots ,
stem, medium, fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; segments, erect ; basin, very
shallow ; core, medium ; seed, dark brown; flesh, greenish white, juicy,
sprightly, vinous ', young shoots, slender, yellowish olive ; " good."
January to May.

Retour de Rome.

Fruit, medium, oblate, very much depressed, obscurely pyriform, angular;
skin, yellowish, blotched with russet and thickly sprinkled with russet
dots ; stalk, short, and stout at its insertion in a small inclined cavity ;
calyx, partially closed, in a round, narrow basin ; flesh, whitish, coarse,
granular, melting, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor, slightly astringent.
September.

Richards.

Origin, Wilmington, Delaware. Fruit, rather large, obovate oblate pyri-
form ; skin, yellow, with numerous small russet dots ; stalk, of medium
length, curved, inserted by a fleshy ring in a slight depresion; calyx, par-
tially closed ; basin, very small ; flesh, buttery, juicy, melting, granulated,
with a sweet, pleasant, vinous flavor. Ripens first of October.

Ridelle's.
Beurr6 Audueson, | Poire Eitelle.
Tree, of moderate vigor, reddish brown shoots ; productive. Fruit,
medium, oblate turbinate, remotely pyriform ; skin, yellow, covered nearly
all over with bright red ; stalk, short,, fleshy at its insertion by a lip ; calyx,
open, in a very shallow basin ; flesh, not very fine, rather juicy, not melt-
ing or delicate in flavor. September.

Roe's Bergamottb.

Raised by William Roe, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, moderately vigorous,
very productive.

Fruit, medium, oblate or Bergamotte-shaped, somewhat angular and irre-
gular ; skin, smooth, yellow, with minute yellow dots in the shade, mottled
and clouded with red on the sunny side ; stalk, short, inserted in a narrow,
abrupt cavity ; calyx, small, with short, stiff" segments, set in a narrow
basin ; flesh, rather coarse, melting, with a sweet, rich, brisk, well-per-
fumed flavor ; core, large. The flavor of this excellent new pear is ex-
tremely like Gansel's Bergamotte, but much more sugary. September.
(Downing.)

Rondelet.

Foreign. Tree, upright, thrifty, good bearer, suited to orcharding.
Fruit, small, obovate, yellow, dotted with russet, red in sun ; stem, slender ;
calyx, erect, long segments ; core, medium : flesh, yellowish white, buttery,
juicy, sugary, aromatic: nearly ''best." October.

Ropes.
American. Its name from that of the gentleman in whose garden it ori-
ginated at Sale^m, Mass. Fruit, small, oblong obovate, brownish russet,
tinged with red in sun ; stem, short, rather stout ; calyx, small, open ,
core, small ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, melting ; " good." October.

4:08 THE PEAR.

ROSABIRNE.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate acute pyriform, angular, surface, un
even, russet on dull greenish yellow ; stem, fleshy at base ; flesh, white,
melting, juicy, brisk, sub-acid ; " very good," may be " best." October.
(Wilder, in Hort.)

Ross

Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green and
russet; stem, short; calyx, open; flesh, yellowish, rather gritty, sweet,
juicy; "good." January.

ROUSSELET d'EsPERIN.

Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish
yellow, covered with cinnamon russet ; stem, long, stout, fleshy at base ;
calyx, open ; basin, deep, furrowed ; flesh, white, melting, sprightly ; " very
good." October. Promises valuable.

RoUSSELET VaNDERWECKEN.

A pyramidal tree, of medium vigor, but very productive. Fruit, small,
varying in form from Doyenne to Bergamotte ; skin, yellow at time of ma-
turity ; flesh, white, fine, melting ; juice, abundant, sugary, and strongly
aromatic, like that of the Rousselet ; fruit, quite of first quality, and ripe
first of November. (An. Pom.)

Salisbury Seedling.

A native of Western New York. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, depressed pyri-
form ; skin, rough, somewhat covered with russet, and thickly sprinkled
with russet dots ; stalk, short and thick, inserted by a fleshy ring ; calyx,
closed, in a deep, uneven basin ; flesh, coarse, and of not much claim to
excellence so far as proved. Ripe October.

Selleck.

The origin uncertain. Tree, 30 years old. Mr. Selleck, Columbus, Vt,
Tree, healthy, productive ; leaves, small; a free, thrifty grower. Fruit,
large, ovate obovate obtuse pyriform, angular ribbed, fine yellow, and
crimson cheek, russet dots ; stem, medium, curved, fleshy at insertion, where
it is slightly russeted ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, small, uneven : flesh,
juicy, melting, aromatic; core, small; "very good;" promises valuable
for market. October.

Sheppard.

Raised by James Sheppard of Dorchester, Mass. Tree, a free growe?
and very productive.

Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, sometimes pyramidal (greatly varying in
form) ; skin, rough, yellow, sometimes with a brownish red cheek, slightly
sprinkled with russet dots, and with some patches of russet ; stalk, short and
stout, in a depression, often inclined, surrounded by russet; calyx, partially
closed, set in a very shallow, furrowed basin ; flesh, whitish, coarse, and
granular, buttery, melting, very juicy, with a vinous, perfumed.banana fla-
vor. Ripens last of Seotember, and first of October. (Downing.;

Shurtleff.
Shurtleff'8 Seedling.
American. Native of Boston. Tree, vigorous, good bearer. Fruit,
medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted at stem, dotted with

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC.

409

russet specks, dark red cheek in sun ; stem, rather long, swollen at base ,
calyx, large, open ; core, large ; flesh, white, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty
at core. September.

SiGNORET.

Sagaret.

Foreign. Fruit, medium or below, roundish obovate, greenish yellow,
russet specks ; calyx, open ; flesh, coarse, breaking, hardly " good." No

yember.

SOUVERAINE DE PrINTEMPS.

Poire dePrintemps.

Fruit, medium, ooscurely pyriform ; yellow, sprinkled with russet ; stalk,
short, inserted in a depression ; calyx, closed ; basin, irregular ; flesh,
white, juicy, melting, coarse
and granular, somewhat as-
tringent. March.

St. Ghislain.

St Galen.

Foreign. Tree, upright, vig-
orous growth; young shoots,
light brown; requires warm
rich s(
sipid.

Fruit, below medium ; gene-
rally pyriform, but varying ;
color, pale yellow, or yellow-
ish green, with dots of green
underneath, and marblings of
russet on surface: stem, gene-
rally curved ; calyx, open ;
basin, shallow ; core, small ;
seeds, obovate pointed ; flesh,
white, buttery, juicy, and
sprightly. September.

St. Dorothee.
Royalo, | Nouvelle.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, large, acute pyriform ; skin, rough,
dull green, faintly browned in the sun; stalk, long and curved, in a very
shallow cavity ; calyx, partially closed, moderately sunk in a rather
contracted basin ; flesh, white, fine, very melting and juicy ; flavor, rich,
g'jccharine and vinous, with an orange-like perfume. October. (Hov.
Mag.)

18

410 THE PEAR.

St. Herblain d'Hivre.
Foreign. New ; poor grower. Fruit, below medium, smooth, green,
sprinkled with small brown dotsj stem, short; flesh, white, juicy, sugary.
December to March.

St, Jean Baptiste.
Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, stout, short-jointed shoots. Fruit,
medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with dark specks ;
stem, short, curved, swollen at base ; flesh, white, melting, buttery, vinous ,
calyx, hall" open. October and November.

St. Menin.
Poire St Menin.

Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, greenish, nearly covered with pale rus-
set; flesh, melting, sweet; "good," August.

St, Mesmin.
Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong ovate, yellowish green; stem, without
depression ; calyx, half open ; flesh, juicy ; " good," perhaps may be " very
good," October.

St. Michael Archange.

Plombgastel, I Plumbgartel, I Jergllsf
Dusnaa, | Plougastel, |

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, succeeds on Quince. Fruit, above
medium to large, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, red in sun, dull russet
specks ; stem, stout ; calyx, large, open, segments reflexed ; core, large ;
flesh, white, half-melting, juicy; "good," or perhaps "very good." Sep-
tember, October. ^^

Sterling.
Do Mott

American. Native of Western New York. Tree, thrifty, upright
growth, early bearer. Fruit, large, ronndish obovate, pale yellow, shaded
with red in sun, russet at base of stem : stem, long ; calyx, open ; core,
large; flesh, white, coarse, half melting, juicy; "very good." Early Sep-
tember. Long known as De Motte in Michigan.

St. Vincent de Paul.
Foreign. Fruit, small, like Martin Lee; skin, russet; flesh, sugary,
half melting, ripening in January. (Leroy's Cat.)

Styre.
Origin unknown. Fruit, medium, roundish, green, becoming yellow,
with russet dots and tracings; stem, varying; cavity, shallow: calyx, im-
perfect ; basin, narrow, abrupt, deep ; core,' medium ; flesh, yellowish
white, a little gritty at core, buttery, juicy, perfumed ; " best." Sep-
tember.

Summer Franc Real.

Franc KKald'Et^ I Gros Micet d'Ete,
Mouille Bouche, | Fondante.

Foreign. Tree, thrifty, hardy, good bearer, rarely more than "' good " oB
pear roots, sometimes nearly " best" on Quince. Fruit, medium, obovate
obtuse pyriform, dull green, becoming yellowish green, with browniali

ETC. 411

green dots; stem, short, thick; calyx, medium, long segments, furrowed
basin, large core ; flesh, white, not fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sweet. Sep-
tember.

Supreme De Quimper.

Foreign. Tree, strong, erect grower ; w^ood, brownish-olive. Fruit, me-
dium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, red in sun, and russet specks ; stem,
short, stout ; calyx, medium, partly open, segments, short ; flesh, yellowish
white, coarse, sugary, perfumed ; core, medium ; seeds, pale brown. Au-
gust.

Suzette de Bavay.
Suzette de Bavay (Esperen).

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, shoots light greenish brown. Fruit, medium,
obovate pyriform, dull yellow and russet; flesh, melting, juicy; "very
good.'"' February and March.

Taylor Pear.
Merrlweather.
Originated on the farm of Mr. Merriweather, near Charlotteville, Albe-
marle Co., Va. Tree, vigorous, young wood olive, productive.

Fruit, medium, roundish, oblate ; skin, light green, mottled with dark
green ; stalk, rather long, fleshy at its termmation, in a very slight de-
pression ; calyx, very small, set in a wide, superficial basin ; flesh, fine
texture, buttery ; flavor, virions, with a delicate vanilla aroma ; quality,
"very good." November to February. (Dr. W. D. B.)

Tea.

American. Native of New Haven Co., Conn. Fruit, below medium,
roundish oval, clear rich yellow, blush in sun ; calyx, with short open seg-
ments, even with surface : core, small ; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy :
" very good," nearly " best." Last September.

Theodore Van Mons.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet spots ;
stem, long, little or no depression ; calyx, large, open, broad segments;
flesh, whitish, melting; "very good " on Quince. November.

Thorp.

Prindle.

Above medium, obovate truncated, oblique, yellow, dull reddish cheek,

brown dots; stem, medium, inserted in an abrupt, acute cavity; calyx,

small, closed ; basin, shallow, russeted ; flesh, white, coarse ; core, small ;

" good." November.

Thuerlinck.

A very large, showy fruit, whose quality does not equal its beauty, and
whose great weight of fruit causes it to fall from the tree with so little
wind, that it is not profitable for garden or orchard. (Al. Pom.)

Totten's Seedling.
Raised by Colonel Totten, of New Haven, Conn. Tree, vigorous.
Fruit, medium or below, turbinate pyriform ; skin, pale yellow, slightly
sprinkled with russet, and shaded with dull crimson ; stalk, long, and

412 THE PEAR.

fleshy at its insertion, by a lip : calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whit«
ish, buttery, juicy, melting, with a rich, vinous, perfumed flavor. Ripens
last of September, and first of October. (Downing.)

Triomphe de Jodoigne.

Foreign. Tree, very strong, vigorous grower, not an early bearer. Fruit,
large to very large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish with traces and
faint spots of russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sub-acid; "good." November.
Unsuccessful on Quince.

Tyler.

Fruit, small, turbinate, remotely pyriform; skin, yellow, covered with
russet dots ; stalk, long and slender, in a moderate cavity, surrounded by
russet; calyx, open; basin, shallow and uneven; flesh, white, coarse,
granular, buttery, melting, juicy, brisk and vinous. October.

Upper Crust.

American. Native of South Carolina. Tree, healthy, moderate grower ;
branches, slender, forming a pyriform head. Fruit, size and shape of
Dearborn Seedling, green, with distinct irregular russet blotches ; flesh, but-
tery, melting; "very good," if not "best." July. (Wm. Sumner, in
Hort.)

UWCHLAN.
Dowlin, I Eound Top.

From Chester, Pa. Above medium, obovate, somewhat compressed ;
skin, cinnamon russet, patches and dots of fair yellow; stem, medium, slight
depression at base ; calyx, above medium ; segments, half reflexed ; core,
medium : flesh, fine, buttery, saccharine. August, September. Young
wood yellowish brown, old wood grayish.

Vezouziere.

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, succeeds on Quince. Fruit, medium, rouii^j^
obovate, lemon yellow, dotted with red in sun ; stem, long ; cavity, op^;
calyx, medium, open ; basin, shallow ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white,
rather coarse, juicy, sweet; " very good." November.

ViCOMPTE de SpOELBERCH.
Despollberg, | Beri de Spoelberch, | Vicompte de Spoelberg.

Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, branches upright, yellowish brown,
with whitish gray specks. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale
yellow when mature, little red in sun, and russet patches and specks ;
stem, long, stout, fleshy at base ; calyx, medium ; segments, short, erect ;
core, medium ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary ;
" best." December.

Walker.

Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, lemon yellow, marbled with light sea-
green; stem, curved, fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; long segments; ba^in,
shallow; flesh, cgarse, crisp, juicy; " very good." September.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC.

413

Van Mox's Leon Le Clerc.
Poire de Boulogne, | Louise Bonuo de Boulogne, | Celestin.

Foreign. Distinct from ''Leon Le Clerc of Van Mons." A variety on
the Quince, bearing early, but not surely. In growth the tree is mode-
rately vigorous, nearly upright, yellowish olive wood with round grayish
spots.

Fruit, very large, oblong obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, golden at
maturity, with brown in sun, russet specks and patches, some dark green
dots, and russet at base of stem ; stem, medium length and size, curved ;
calyx, large, open, broad, reflexed segments ; basin, medium ; core, medium

4:14: THE PEAK.

long ovate capsules ; seeds, long, ovate, sometimes imperfect : flesh, yel-
lowish white, fine, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous. October and
November.

Wharton's Early.

Originated from seed sown by Silas Wharton, a pioneer in fruit culture,
in Ohio. First grafts were distributed by A. H. Ernst, Esq. Tree, a vigor-
ous, strong grower ; wood, yellowish brown ; large foliage. Fruit, above
medium, oblong obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with minute russet dots,
suffused at base with a sea-green, occasionally a russet trace ; stem, long,
slender ; cavity, slight ; calyx, open ; segments, short, rounded ; core,
medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet ; " best." Middle
to last August. It deserves extensive cultivation.

'^' Wendell.
A seedling of Van Mons, named in honor of Dr. H. Wendell, Albany,
N. y* Tree, vigorous, upright.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 415

Fruit, of medium size, pale yellow, with tracings and sometimes large
patches of russet, often with a bright red cheek next the sun ; flesh, melt-
ing and juicy; " good," but not high flavored. Middle of August to middle
of September. (Robert Manning.)

Westcott.

American. Native of Cranston, R.I. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate,
pale green to light orange yellow, dots and blotches of russet ; stem, slender,
fleshy at base ; calyx, large, open ; basin, plaited ; flesh, white, juicy, coarse,
melting, sugary ; ''good." September.

WiEDOW.
Wredow.
Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous ; wood, yellowish. Fruit, medium,
oblong obovate, acute pyriform, greenish yellow; stem, medium, obliquely
planted with lip one side ; calyx, small : flesh, white, juicy, vinous, per-
fumed ; " very good." October.

Wilbur.

American, Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree, a moderate grower, with
reddish brown shoots, productive and hardy. Fruit, medium, oval obovate,
dull yellowish green, much russet ; stem, medium ; calyx, open ; core,
large : flesh, whitish, rather coarse, a little variable, juicy ; " good."
September.

William's Early.

American. Native of Roxbury, Mass. Tree, moderate grower, reddish
brown wood. Fruit, below medium, ovate obovate, light yellow, red cheek,
little russet at base of stem, and a few greenish specks ; stem, medium, a
little fleshy at base ; calyx, large, open ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white,
coarse, juicy, sweet ; " very good." September.

Williamson.

American. From the South side of Long Island. Fruit, medium, obo-
vate rounded, obtuse at stem, yellow, with russet dots and specks, and rus-
set at stem and crown ; stem, short, stout, narrow irregular cavity ; calyx,
none ; basin, deep, narrow, russeted ; seeds, small, flattened ; flesh, yel-
lowish white, fine grained, juicy, sugary, vinous ; " very good," if not
" best." October.

WiLLERMOZ.

Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; skin, smooth,
pale green, yellowish, tinged with red in sun ', flesh, white, melting, juicy,
sugary, musky. October, November.

Wilkinson.

American. From Cumberland, R. I. Tree, thrifty, hardy, productive ,
" good " in its own locality, elsewhere poor. Fruit, medium, oval obovate,
yellow, with brown dots and specks ; stem, rather long and stout ; calyx,
small, open ; flesh, white, juicy, sweet. October to December.

416 THE PEAR.

Wilmington.

A seedling of Passe Colmar, raised by Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia,
Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, somewhat compressed at the sides, some-
times roundish obovate ; skin, cinnamon russet, with patches of greenish
yellow on the shaded side, and sometimes faint traces of carmine on the
part exposed to the sun, with occasionally a number of black dots encircled
by a carmine margin; stem, somewhat variable in length, obliquely inserted
in a small cavity, sometimes without depression ; calyx, medium, with short,
erect, segments, set in a rather large, sometimes slightly furrowed basin ;
flesh, fine, melting and buttery ; flavor, rich and saccharine, with the deli-
cious aroma of the Passe Colmar : '' best." September. (W. D. B.)

WiNSHIP.
Winship's Seedling.

American. Native of Brighton, Mass. Tree, vigorous, wood yellowish,
early and productive bearer. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform, pale yellow,
traces of russet, blush in sun ; stem, long, slender, curved ; calyx, closed ;
core, large ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sugary ; "good." August.

Winter Seckel.

Origin, near Fredericksburg, Va. Introduced by H. R. Roby. Fruit,
medium, regularly formed, obovate; skin, dull yellowish brown, somewhat
russeted, with a red cheek ; stalk, long, slender, curved ; flesh, white, fine-
grained, buttery, very juicy, melting, with a very rich, sweet, aromatic fla-
vor. February.

Woodstock.

Origin, Woodstock, Vt. Medium, irregularly ovate obovate; yellow,
with brown dots ; stem, long, straight, abrupt cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin,
broad, open ; flesh, white, juicy, sweet, perfumed ; core, small ; " good.'*
September.

Zepherine Gregoire.

Foreign. Fruit, globular, acute pyriform ; stem, fleshy ; color, dull green,
thin covering of russet, brownish red cheek ; flesh, very melting, tender,
juicy ; " very good." November.

Zephirin Louis Gregoire.

Foreign. Tree, of moderate growth ; productive. Fruit, of medium size,
turbinate ; skin, yellow, with a crimson cheek, and slightly russeted about
the stalk, which is short and thick, inserted in a small cavity; eye, small;
basin, shallow ; flesh, white, melting, very juicy, and delicately perfumed.
December. (Al. Pom.)

SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. ,417

CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts,

ASHIBAL.

Amiral, | Colmar Charnay,
Foreign. Large, roundish pTriform, greenish yellow ; flesh, coarse, juicy. October.

Amande Dottbls.
Amanda's Double.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellow and red. September.

Ambbettb.

Tilton, I Ambrette d'Hiver, | Trompe Valet

Ambre Oris, | Belle Gabriel, |

Foreign. Small, roundish, long stem, green, russeted. November, Janosry. This is classed
Dy some as identical with Echassery ; we think them different.

Ambbosia.
Early Beurre.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted. August,

Anqletbeke. '
English Beurre, | Beurre d'Angleterre,
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, green and russet; flesh, white. September.

Akgletebbe Noisette.
Foreign. Large, roundish, dark green. September.

Aston Towk.
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. October.

Atttxtmn Bebqamot.

English Bergamot, | Tork Bergamot, | English Autumn Bergamot.

Foreign, Small, roundish, green, gray specks. September. The French Autuir^ Berg»
motte is pyriform, light yellowish green, equally valueless.

AUTTTMN CoLMAE.

Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, pale green. October.

Belmont.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. October.

Belle et Bonne.
Gracieuse.
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow. September.
Bebgamot, Easteb.

Bergamot de Paques, I Bergamot de Toulouse, I Eoyal Tairllng,
Bergamot d'Hiver, Winter Bergamot, Terllng,

Bergamot de Bugi, | Paddington, | Kobert's Keeping

Foreign. Medium or above, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, February, May.

Bebgamot D'Hollande.

Holland Bergamot, I Bergamot d'Alencon, I Amoselle,

Beurre d'Alencon, | Bergamotte de Fougere, | Lord Cheeney's,
Foreign. Large, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet. For ever.

Bebgamot Pabthenat.
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. December, January.
18*

418 THE PEAK.

Bebqamot BotrssiEBK.
Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellowish green. December, January.

BEtTBBE BeONZEE.

Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November, Deeember.

Bexjbbe Duval,
Foreign, Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, Novembdri

Bettbbe SEtmN.
Foreign. Above medium, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December.

Bevbee Knox.
Foreign. Large, oblong ©borate, pale green, little russet. September.

Bettbbe Colmab.
Beurre Colmar d'Automne.
Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, pale greenish yellow. October.

Bettbbe Eomaht.
Gros Bomain.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish green. October.

Bettbbe de Bollwillee.
Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellowish red in sun. Winter.

Bettbbe Kekbick.
No. 1599 of Van Mons.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September.

Belu: de Bbttxelles.

Bell* of Brussels, | Belle d^Aout.

Foreign. Yariable. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, deep yellow, greenish dota, tinge of red
m sun ; flesh, white, sweet. August.

Bezi d'Hebi.
Bezi EoyaL
Foreign, Medium, roimdish, greenish yellow. October.

Bezi Blano.
Foreign. Large, oblong pyriform, yellowish. August

BoN Chbetien, Spanish.
Bon Chretien d"'E8pagne, I Spina.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December. •

Bon Cheetien, Flemish. .
Bon Chretien Turc.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green, brown cheek. November, March.

BiSHOP^s Thtthb.
I Beurre Adam.
Foreign. Large, oblong irregular pyriform, yellowish green and russet. October.

Bttbgomabteb.
Burgermeister.
Foreign. Medium, long, pyriform, yellowish green. December.

SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 419

BotrCQTnA.
Beurre Boucquia.
Foreign. Large, angular, oval pyriform, palo yellow, red cheek. October.

BrELINGHAME.

Burlingame.
American. Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. September.

BtTENETT.

American, Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, russet. October.

Become Paek.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, brown. December.

Bbotjgham.

Foreign. Fruit, below medium, obovate, yellowish russet; stem, short; calyx, open; flesk
yellowish white, a little gritty, buttery, sugary ; '* very good," November.

Cabot.
American. Medium, oval roundish, russet yellow, red in sun. September.

Caleb ASSE,
Calebasse Double Extra, | Calebasse d'HolIande.
Foreign. Medium, oblong, dull yellow, russet. September.

Calebasse Geosse.
Monstrous Calabash.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellowish, dull green. October.

Calebasse Delvinqe.
Foreign. Above medium, obovate pyrifom, pale yellow. October, November.

CAPtrciN.
Foreign. Large, oval obtuse, greenish yellow. October.

Catillao.
Cadillac, | Grand Monarque, I Groote Mogul
Foreign. Large, turbinate, yellow and brown. November to March.

Chapman.
American. Above medium, ovate pyriform, yellow. October.

Chables of Attstbia.
Charles d'Autriche.
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, russeted. October.

CiTBON OF BOHEJnA,

Great Citron of Bohemia.
Foreigfn. Lai^e, oblong, yeUow, red cheek. October.

Clintok.
No. 1288, Van Mons.
Foreign. Large, obovate, light yellow. November.

Claba.
Claire.
Foreign. Medium, oval pyriform, yellow, with red. October.

420 THE PEAK.

CnBLMSFOBD.

Stone.
American. Large, pyrifonn, yellow, red cheek. September.

COLMAB.

Colmar Dore, I D'Auch,

Incomparable, | De Maune.

Foreign. Large, ol>tTi8e pyrifonn^ yellowish. December.

COLMAB D'AbEMBBRG.

Foreign. Large, oborate pyriform, yellow, with russet. October, Norember.

COLUAB BE MeSSTXB.

Foreign. Large, pyriform, greenish yellow. October.

Compbette.
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, Noyember.

COMMODOBE.

Van Mons, No. 12ia
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yeUow with red. October, November.

COMSTOCK.

Comstock Wilding.
American. Medium, obovate, yellow, crimson check. November, Januaiy.

COPEA.

American. Large, obovate acute pyriform, yellow. September, October.

Cbasanne.
Bergamot Crasanne, | Cresane, | Beurrfe Plat
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, thin russet October.

Cbawtobd.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow, tinged with brown. August

Cboft Castle.
Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, greenish yellow. October.

Cuvelieb.
Foreign. Medium, obovate pyriform, yellow. October, November.

CUMBEBLAND.

American. Large, obovate, orange yellow, red check. September, OctobMi

D'Amoxtb.
Ah I Mon Dieu, | Men Dieu.
Foreign. Small, obovate, pale yellow and red. October, November.

Deabbobn.
Foreign. Large, pyrifonn, russeted. November, December.

De Dkttx Foix Lane.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. Last August

DOTENKE D'HrVEB.

Coflan's Virgalieu.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, faint blush. November.

DOWNTON.

Foreign. Hediam, pyrifono, yellowisli browo. December, January.

SUPERSEDED BY BETIEB SOETS. 4:21

DOBE.

American. Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, red cheek. August.

DUMOBTIEB.

Foreign. Small, obovate, yellow russet. October.

DirQUESKB d'Ete.
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish. September.

Eably Bebgahot.
Foreign. Medium, roundish flattened, yellowish green. August.

Eably Catheeinb.

Eoussellet Hatif, I Poire de Chypre, I Kattern,

Early Eoussellet, Perdrue, Green Catherine.

Cyprus Pear, | |

Foreign. Small, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. July.

Eablt Denzelonia.

American. Fruit, small, roundish flattened, yellow russet. August. Much resembles Fnl*
ton outwardly.

Emebau).
Foreign. Medium, oboyate, green and brown. December.

Enfant Peodigb.
Foreign. Medium, oboyate acute pyriform, dull yellow. October,

Famenga.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. September.

Funs Gold of SxrMMBE,
Fin Or d'EteJ
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, red cheek. August

FOETtTNEE.

Episcopal, I La Fortunee de Paris,

La Fortunee de Parmentier, | Beurr6 Fortunee.

Foreign. Small, roundish, grayish yellow. December, February.

Fobhe ds Delices.
Foreign. Medium, oboyate, yellowish, with russet. October.

Fobteb's St. Michael.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. September, October.

Fbanc Eeal D'HrvEB.
Franc Eeal, 1 Fin Or d'Hiver.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, brownish cheek. December, February.

Chaumontel d'Etfe,
Bellissime d'£t6.
Supreme,

Bellissime Supreme,
Bellissime Jargonelle,

Fbench Jaboonelle.

Vermilion d'Etfe,
Poire des Princes,
Eed Muscadel,
Sabine d'Et^,

Summer Beauty,
English Eed Cheek,
Eed Cheek,
Eidal.

Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with red cheek. July, August,

Oendesheqc
Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October, November.

422 THE PEAE.

OiLOOIL.

Gile-0-gile, I Garde d'Ecoflae,

Poire a Gobert, j JilogiL

Foreign. Large, roundish, reddish russet. November, February.

Geeen Chisel.
Sugar.
Foreign. Small, roundish, green, with brown cheek. August.

Gbeen Peae of Taik.
Green Yair.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, green. September.

Gbebn Sttgae.
Prince's Green Sugar.
American. Medium, roundish oboyate, yellowish green. August, September.

Gbise Bonite.
Small, pyriform, green. Middle August.

Hampden's Bebgamot.

Bergamot d'Angleterre, I Ellanrioch, I Bergamot d'Etfi.

Fingals, | Summer Bergamot, |

Foreign. Large, roundish obovate, yellow. September. There is also a Summer Berg&
mot, small, roundish, yellowish green ; and a lo/rge Summer Bergamot, all equally worthleaik
Eipens Ist of August

Habbison's Fall.

Eushmore Bon Chretien.

Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October.

Hessel.
HazeL
Foreign. Small, obovate, yellowish green. September.

Huguenot.
American. Medium, roundish, pale yellow, spots of red.

Jalousie.
Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, russet, reddish in sun. September.

Leon Le Clebc.
Leon Le Clerc de Laval.
Foreign. Largo, obovate, yellow, few russet spots. December, February.

Little Muscat.

Little Musk, I Petit Muscat,
Primitive, 1 Muscat Petit,

Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellow, dull red cheek. July.

Louise Bonne.
Louise Bonne Eeal, | St Germain Blano.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, pale green. December.

Maeulis.
Marcellis.
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. September.

SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 4:23

Madotte.
Amadotte.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow. October.

Messieb Jean.

Monsieur Jean, I Messire Jean Blanc, I Mr. John,
Messire Jean Oris, | Messire Jean Dore, | John.

Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellow, brown russet. November, December.

Mabib Louise Nova.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, with red cheek. September.

Michattx.
Compte de Michaux
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. September, October.

MooB Fowl Ego.
Little Swan's Egg, | Knevett's New Swan's Egg.
Foreign. Below medium, roundish, dull green. October.

MiTSOAT EOBEET.

Poire a la Eeine, I St. Jean Musquee Gros, I Early Queen,
D'Ambro, | Musk Kobine, | Queen's Pear.

Foreign. Small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow. July.

Natjmkeao.
American. Medium, roundish, yellow russet. October.

Olivee's Russet.
American. Small, obovate roundish, yellow, red russet. October.

Owen.
American. Medium, roundish oval, dark green. November. (Cole.)

Pailleatt.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September.

Pitt's Pbolific.
Pitt's Marie Louise, j Pitt's Surpasse Marie.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, yellow, and brownish red. Septembes,

Pope's Quakeb.
American. Medium, oblong pyriform, yellowish russet. October.

Pope's Soablbt Majob.
American. Large, obovate, yellow, red cheek. August.

Peinoess of Oeangb.
Princesse d'Orange, | Princesse Couquette.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, reddish russet. October, November.

Queen Caeolinb.
Eeine Caroline,
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. November.

Queen of Pbaes.
Eeine des Poires. '
Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. September, Octo1>«r.

QuiTTELLETTB.

Foreign. Below medium, roundish, greenish, dull russet November.

424

THE PEAK,

BATHOIO).

American. Medium, obovate yellow, red in sun. October.

EoirSSELET.

Large Eousselet, | Gros Eousselet.
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish, russety. August.

EoxrssELET DE Meestee.
Ferdinand de Meester.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, pale red in sun. October.

Eousselet of Eheois.

Eousselet, I Spice, or Musk Pear,

Petit Eousselet, | Late Catherine.

Foreign. Small, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, brown red, September,

Sttbiait.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. October.

SuQAs Top.
July Pear, I Prince's Sugar Top, | Harvest
Small, roundish ovate, yellow. July.

SirCEEEDB HOYEESWEBDA.

Sugar of Hoyersworda.
Foreign. Medium, oblong obovate, yellowish green. August.

Summer Bon Chbetieit.

Bon Chretien d'Etfe, | Eichard's Beurr)^,

Summer Good Christian, | Musk Summer Bon Chretien.

Foreign. Large, uneven pyriform, yellow, faint blush. August, September.

SUMMEB EOSE.

Epine Eose, I Caillot Eosat, I Epine d'Etfe Couleur Sossu

Poire de Eose, | Caillot Eosat d'Ete, | Thorny Eose.

Foreign. Below medium, round obovate, yellow, red russet. August.

StTMMEB ThOEN.

Epine dTt6, | Fondante Musqu^e, | Satin Test.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September.

SiTMMEB St. Gebmain.
Short's St Germain, | St. Germain de Martin, \ St. Germain d'Et6.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green. August, September.

Sullivan.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. September,

Swan's Egg.
New Swan's Egg.
Fruit, below medium, oval obovate, pale green, dull brown. October,

Swiss Bebgahot.
Bergamot Suisse.
Foreign. Mediaoo, roondisb, striped pale green, yellow and red. October,

SUPEKSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 425

Stlvange.
Bergamot Sylvange, | Green Sylvange.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull pale green. October.

TABQriX.

Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, dull yellow. December, February

Vau Bxtbkk.

American. Large, obovate, yellow, red in sun. October.

Vallee Fbanche.
De Vallee, | De Keingheim.
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellowish green. August.

ViBGOTJLETTSB.

Poire Glace, | Chambrette, | Bujaleu£
Foreign. Largo, oval obovate, yellowish green, gray dots. November, Janiuuy.

Whitfibld.
Medium, obovate, yellowish brown. October.

William. (Edwards'.)
American. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dotted with red. September.

WlNDSOB.

Summer Belle, | Konge.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, dull yellowish green. August, September.

"WiNTEE Obaxgb.
Orange d'Hiver.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. November, January,

"WUBZUB.

"Wurzur d'AutumiL
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish, russeted. November.

Tat.

Yutte.
Foreign. Small, pyriform, brownish russet. September.

ZoAB Flat.
American. Small, obovate, green. September, October.

THE PLUM.

Frunus domestica, L. RosaceoR of Botanists.

The Plum is found m a wild state throughout the middle sections
of this country, but the original parent of the cultivated varieties is
supposed to have come from Asia Minor. The fact of production in
our States of many varieties esteemed among the best, attests the
adaptedness of both soil and climate.

Propagation. — By Seed. The gathering, preserving, and planting
of the plum is the same as we have described under head of peaches,
to which, therefore, we refer the reader. Of the best varieties for
producing stocks on which to bud, any free-growing sorts may be
taken ; avoiding, except when wanted for forming dwarf trees, those
of slow habit, and in all cases avoiding the damsons. The wild red
or yellow {P. Americana) is much used by many nurserymen, but it
should always be worked just at or rather below the collar. Seed-
lings from it often answer to work the same season, and we have
seen them used with advantage as stocks for tne peach. The
Chickasaw (P. Chicasa) is used at the South, where it is a native.
New varieties have thus far been produced from chance seedlings ;
no person, to our knowledge, in this country, having exerted them-
selves to the production of varieties with any special view to the
preserving of separate or combined characters.

By Budding. The plum is generally and best propagated in its
varieties by budding. This should be performed in the month of
July. Strong stocks of free-growing sorts should be especially
selected for inserting buds of such varieties as Green Gage, Purple
Favorite, &c., &c.

By Grafting. Where budding can be done, we should prefer
never to graft. But it not unfrequently happens among nursery-
men, that owing to some causes buds fail, and this, too, when the
stocks, if left to another budding season, would become too large.
They may therefore be grafted with success and profit, by cutting
them off just at the collar, and grafting early in the month of March,
drawing the earth up around the graft, and leaving only one bud out.
Tan, bark, saw-dust, or other mulch should be placed on the ground,
and free-growing sorts, as Imperial Gage, Lombard, &c., should only
be used. Grafting on pieces of roots is sometimes practiced, and as
successfully, if free-growing kinds only are used, as in the apple ; it
is also done in same way we cannot recommend it.

426

PETJNING. 427

Transplantiny and Distance Apart. The plum tree is perfectly
hardy, and we prefer in all cases to transplant in the Fall, say Octo-
ber. The shoots of the year should be cut back to form a round
regular head, and all small or slender-grown shoots cut out. The
roots, with exception of tap-roots, should only have the ends trimmed
smooth, the tap-root should be cut out. The distance apart depends
very much on the variety ; such sorts as Green Gage, Cloth of
Gold, &c., requiring only to be about fifteen feet apart, while the
Imperial Gage, Washington, &c., would be better at twenty feet.

Soil and Situation, The soil generally recommended for success
ful growth and fruiting of the plum is denominated heavy clay ; this,
by some, is construed to mean a soil so devoid of sand as to bake
and crack open after periods of heavy rain ; we have been unable
to perceive any special difference in the success of growers in varied
soils, relative to the growth, hardihood, or bearing habit of trees.
That certain elements are requisite in the soil, wherever a tree is
planted, to supply suitable food for the growth and perfecting of
both fruit and wood, we do not doubt ; but as yet, we are to learn
that a cultivator who plants on clay soil will be any more successful
either in health of trees or procuring a crop of perfect fruit, than he
who plants on what is termed usually a light or sandy soil, and sup-
plies that soil, if deficient, with the elements requisite for the plant
to support health. Analysis of the plum tree and fruit has not, to
our knowledge, as yet been made. The trees appear to grow, both
in nursery and orchard, equally well on sandy as on clay soil : the
insect curculio, and the leaf-blight or defoliation of the trees in July
and August, black warts, &c., &c., are equally injurious in one as the
other location. Native wild trees are found growing in all soils,
and in our rambles we have met with trees equally healthy and pro-
ductive, equally attacked in fruit by curculio, and rot or decay, in
leaf-blight and black knots, in all soils from strong clay, through all
intermediates, to sandy soils. "We therefore say, plant the plum in
any good soil which is well drained. The situation suited to the
plum is that where the soil is well drained, and where the most
convenient.

Pruning. The plum grown as a standard tree, with head foi'med
four to six feet high, requires little pruning, except to shorten back,
each Summer or Spring, such shoots as are becoming too vigorous and
likely to destroy the regular form of the tree, or to cut out weakly-
growing and unripened shoots. A round-headed tree, with branches
formed at two feet from the ground, we consider best. In order to
have this, trees one year old from the bud are best to begin with ;
the stem cut off so as to let two buds start at about two feet from
ground, then shortened back one-half the next year. After which,

428 THE PLUM.

if the tree is of the slow or slender-growing varieties, it will need no
farther pruning than the above-named standard. If it is of the
strong, rampant-growing kind, it will require both root-pruning,
{i. e., passing round the root of the tree in a circle distant from the
body two feet for a tree of ten feet high, and with a long, sharp
spade, cut off all the roots); and at the same time shorten back the
yeair's growth one-half. This is best done in August. This mode h
especially calculated for the Western prairies and the warm South-
ern States.

Cultivation. Like all other fruit trees, the plum does best when
the ground is often dug or hoed around. Many growers are also of
impression that frequent stirring the soil prevents attacks of curculio.
Trees planted where swine have run among them are generally
healthy and fruitful ; but whether it is owing to the stirring of ground
by their rooting, or food supplied the plants in their excrements, is
yet a question undecided.

Manures. The plum requires abundant food in the soil, and this
is generally best supplied by animal manure ; and where abundant
supply of animal manure has been given, salt will be found highly
beneficial : the proportion should be controlled somewhat by the
quantity of animal matter contained in the soil ; but a dressing of
half an inch deep over the whole ground, if applied in the Spring,
may be regarded as a medium. The benefit to the tree of this
application will be in its tendency to an equable state of moisture in the
soil. Ashes, in soils devoid of lime and the phosphates, will be
found beneficial : two bushels to a tree twelve feet high, and in bear-;
ing state, will be a guide ; larger trees requiring more, and smaller
ones less. Brewer's grains are also valuable as a manure, when
they can be obtained at prices corresponding with the value of ani-
mal manures.

Diseases. The Black Warts, Knots, or Black Gum, is a disease
affecting many plum trees at the North. In the Southern States it
is not yet much known. Its cause is variously attributed — by some
to insects {memhracis hubali»^, (see Harris's Treatise on Insects);
by some to inherent cause from its parent; by some to temperature
and atmospheric change on the health and vigor of the tree ; and by
others to a diseased state of sap. After noting that it first appears
in a neighborhood on trees grown from suckers, or propagated on
suckers or unhealthy stocks, we are inclined to a support of the last-
named cause. Trees in a judicious, rather high state of cultivation,
and grown or worked on good, healthy seedlings, are rarely subject
to it. And a tree diseased by inoculation may be recovered by
appliance of abundant food at the roots, cutting away the apparent

INSECTS INJTJRIOrS. 429

knots, and washing the wounds either with salt or copperas-water.
The latter is best. And if, also, the whole tree be watered with a
solution of one ounce of copperas to two gallons of water, the knots
will disappear.

Defoliation of both seedling stocks and bearing trees, in the
months of July and August, we believe is caused by want of some
specific ingredient in the soil. "VVe have cured it by dressing with
ashes, and by watering with copperas-water as above named. When
animal manures and salt have been used, we have never seen the
foliage drop.

Rot or Decay of Fruit is often a very serious drawback to the
sanguine expectations of the fruit-grower. We have supposed it to
arise from atmospheric influence, and to pervade the fruit in like
manner as fever and ague does the human frame, but have been
compelled to relinquish this theory. Latterly we are inclined to the
belief that it has its origin in too great exhaustion of the supplies of
the tree, by reason of excess of quantity ; as trees that have come
under our notice, on which only a moderate quantity of fruit was per-
mitted to mature have apparently been free, while those overloaded,
and only moderately, or not additionally, supplied with food, have
decayed.

Our friend. Professor Kirtland, with some friends of science, have,
however, lately pronounced it a species of fungus.

Insects Injurious. The -^geria, which is noted under head of
peaches, sometimes, but rarely, attacks the plum. We refer to that
head for its remedy. The Curculio, or Plum Weevil (Rhynchcenus
Nenuphar)^ is an insect so destructive as in some sections to have
caused orcliardists to cut down their plum trees and replant with
different fruit. Again, there are sections where the insect, although
known, appears not to increase, or injure fruit, materially to affect
the crop. It was unknown in the Western States until within a few
years past, but now pervades all sections, even to destruction often-
times of the wild plum. It has been thoroughly desccribed in " Har-
ris's Treatise on Insects ;" and so much is written yearly relative
thereto, that one entire book of four hundred pages would not con-
tain it. Our accompanying figure represents the insect in its natural
size, i. e., about one quarter of an inch long, of a grayish
brown color, the wing-covers forming two little humps,
giving a rounded appearance to it, resembling a ripe hemp-
seed. The head has a long rostrum, beak, or snout, projecting, with
which it punctures the fruit, as represented by the crescent-shaped
mark on the fruit in our engraving. Early in the month of June,
the curculio commences his task of propagation, and his mark will

430 THE PLUM.

then be found near the apex of the fruit, at this time not much larger
than a pea; as the fruit increases in size, the marks newly made
will be found gradually approaching the stem, until in
July, near the close of his labors, they will be found
very near the stem. These last marks in July are not
often found, as they are produced only from a few insects
which have escaped late from the larva state, or, as
some say, have, owing to shallow imbedding in the
earth and great heat, been transformed from eggs de-
posited the same season.
The eggs, one of which is deposited in each crescent mark, soon
hatches into a small white larva, which enters the body of the fruit,
and feeds upon it, causing, usually, its premature fall to the ground.
The period at which the young fruit falls, after being punctured,
varies with its age at the time of the injury. The earlier portions
drop in about two weeks ; but if the stone is hard when the egg is
laid, the fruit remains till near the usual period of ripening, some-
times presenting a fair and smooth exterior, but spoiled by the worm
within.

The insect, soon after the fall of the fruit, makes its way into the
earth, where it is supposed to remain till the following Spring, when
it is transformed into the perfect insect or beetle, to lay its eggs and
perpetuate its race.

The curculio travels by flying, but only during quite warm wea-
ther, or at the heat of the day, at which time a person lying upon his
back under a tree, and perfectly still, can observe their movements.
If the least motion or noise is made, they remain inactive. The
insects mostly confine themselves to certain trees, or to the same
orchard. But the fact that newly bearing and isolated orchards are
soon attacked, clearly shows that in occasional instances they must travel
considerable distances. Indeed, they have been known to be wafted
on the wind for a mile or more, the windward side of orchards being
most infested, immediately after strong winds from a thickly planted
plum neighborhood. In the cool of the morning they are nearly
torpid, and can scarcely fly, and crawl but slowly ; hence, at this
time of the day they are most easily destroyed.

The plum alone is, however, not the only fruit subject to attack
from this insect, but the peach, apricot, nectarine and cherry, all
suffer; and, when a scarcity of fruit, then the tender branches of the
oak, wild plum, and other trees, receive the egg, and dropping the
same, after a period, to the ground, its regular transformations are
continued, and the succeeding season the natural instinct of the insect
leads it to the fruit again.

The preventives to injury from the natural instinct and course of
the curculio are recorded in number more than we care to recount.
Sufii<;ri it that, as yet, no certain agent or preventive has been found;

USES. 431

trees, to our knowledge, this year producing abundant crops, when
no specific disinfecting agent has been applied, while trees forty rods
distant have all their fruit destroyed. Salt, sulphur, lime-water, etc.,
ect., as variously recommended, is not a certain specific ; and he who
uses is just as liable to lose his crop of fruit as he who uses not.
Hanging iron hoops in the trees, etc., etc., is a little like the old
Salem practice of nailing horse-shoes over the door ; and the one as
valuable as the other. The natural instinct of the insect teaching it
to seek such place of deposit for its egg as will insure successful
production, avoids all trees where the soil is daily stirred under-
neath, or where causes are that the fruit shall drop ere required by
the larvae of the insect ; hence the value of plantations made where
swine are to run, or the planting of single trees where daily passing
subjects them to chance loss of fruit. So also that of paving, and of
trees standing on sites where water becomes the recipient of falling
fruit. Heavy soils are just as much subject to destruction of plum
from curculio as light soils. Soils termed wet are less subject ; but
here the tree does not flourish as well. In large orchards, where
there is much fruit to save, a man constantly employed with a pole
of about ten feet long, having a small cup or basin fastened at one
end, passing from tree to tree, and scattering dirt freely, will well
repay the cost, in the amount of fruit saved ; while, for small gardens,
the plan first introduced, more than twenty years since, by one of
the most estimable horticulturists of the States, David Thomas, of
New York, is the best. It is, in first preparing a short pole, having
at one end a cushion made of several thicknesses of cloth or India
rubber ; place this cushion against the body of the tree early in the
morning, (having first spread a sheet or large cloth on the ground,
the diameter of the branches ;) then strike the end with a heavy
mallet : the jar causes the insect to drop on the cloth, when it may
easily be gathered and destroyed.

Uses. The best varieties are by many esteemed delicious for the
dessert. Others, and even the unripe fruit, are used in pies, tarts,
conserves, and sweetmeats. Our own taste compels us to place the
plum in the lowest state of cultivated fruits, and mainly from the
fact that, unless perfectly ripe and fresh from the tree, if eaten in a
raw state, they tend to flatulence and disease. Dried or cooked,
they are regarded valuable, and are an article of considerable com-
merce as imported to this country under name of Frencli prunes or
dried plums. By a selection of tlie richest varieties, there is no
doubt that prunes superior to those of foreign preparation might be
easily obtained. The following description of an oven purposely
built for prunes, and doubtless, with some modifications, well adapted
to the drying of other fruits, is given in Liegel's Treatise (German),
as quoted in the Horticulturist. The amount of heat obtained by a

432

THE PLUM.

small quantity of fuel, commends it to the particular attention of
those engaged in drying fruit :

" Prunes," says Liegel, " have become an important article cf
commerce. In order to have them fair and glossy, they must be sud-
denly cooled, when drawn from the oven.

"The country people in this part of Germany prepare their
prunes by putting them into their bread ovens. I have put up, for
my own use, a very conveniently arranged drying apparatus, which,

am induced to recommend ;
and for the construction of

after the experience of many years, I

bearers.

which I give the annexed draw-
ing and explanatory description :
" The vault or exterior of the
oven, four and a half feet long,
is surrounded by a brick wall
one foot thick, so that the whole
stove, ah c d (see figs. 1 and 2),
is exactly six feet every way;
the front wall, w, being only half
a foot in thickness. At the top,
the vault is arched over with
six inches of brick-work at the
crown of the arch. The flues,
i ^, are about fourteen inches
^^^••^- square. The hurdles or trays,

m rriy for containing the prunes, rest upon shelves fixed upon two
It would be better if they rested upon rollers, so as to ad-
mit of their being pushed in and
drawn out with greater ease.
These lines of trays are placed at
a distance of six inches from the
furnace, so as to keep the fruit
from too great a heat ; they may
be made entirely of wood, but it
will be better if the bottoms are
of open work, like shelves. Their
weight is such that they may be
easily managed by a woman;
but in preparing prunes on a
large scale, let them be made of
greater length and breadth, so as
to just come within the strength
of a more robust person.
" The wooden frame, h h, is that on which the two doors are hung.
The door, g, which covers the arch (and which is represented in the
cut as open and fastened up), shuts up the front of the upper part

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 433

of the ©yen. In the middle of this upper door or flap is a round
vent-hole, for the escape of the moist vapor, k is an iron damper
or slide, to be placed in the flue at / /, in order to regulate the heat.

" A thousand fully ripe quetsches (prune pluniis) make about ten
pounds of dried prunes.

" Plums of different kinds may be dried, either whole or deprived
of their skins and stones. In the latter case, they are styled pru-
nelles."

Characters and Classification. The characters of the plums are
represented by the texture of the flesh as combined with its juiciness
and flavor ; and what are termed gages (a word really of no mean-
ing as applied to the fruit) represent fruits of round form, very deli-
cate, and of a rich, sugary, juicy high flavor. The prunes are known
as those fruits that are dry in the texture of their flesh. The cha-
racter of size is one of which Washington may be taken as larffe^
Green Gage as medium, and Mirabelle as small ; while the wood
being smooth or downy, needs no explanation, and the depressed line
on one side, called a suture, is the same as in cherries or peaches,
and often serves as a guide in detecting varieties. The classification
by most writers of divisions of green, white, or yellow, and of blue,
or red, or purple, we adopt only in our text descriptive of each dis-
tinct variety ; preferring as a practical matter, here as elsewhere in
our work, to follow that of, in short, best, very good, and good.

VARIETIES.

These are far too numerous for any practical use ; and while we
may have possibly reduced too much, we yet feel that the uses and
wants of the community will be best supplied in this fruit by a few
really valuable, and for the particular purposes pointed out in our
text descriptive.

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed.

Autumn Gage,

Eoe'a Autumn Gage. •

American. Productive; branches, smooth. Frwff, medium, oval, broad-
est at base, pale yellow, whitish bloom ; fleshy greenish yellow, juicy,
sweet, separates freely from stone, long, compressed, and pointed at both
ends; stalky tliree-fourths inch long. September 15th.

Bleecker's Gage.
German Gage.
Raised at Albany, N. Y., about forty years since, by Mrs, Bleecker. The
tree is of healthy, hardy habit, and a regular, sure bearer. Branches^
downy; leaves, dark green. Fruity medium size, roundish oval, very regu-
lar ; suture, slight ; skin, yellow, with numerous imbedded wliite specks,
19

434 THE PLUM.

and a thin white bloom ; jlesh. yellow, rich, sweet and luscious flavor,
separating freely from the stone, which is pointed ; stalk, an inch or more
long, downy, inserted in a slight cavity. Last of August here ; in Georgia,
first of July. Distinguished from Prince's Yellow Gage by its larger stalk
and later maturity.

Blue Imperatrice.

Imperatrice, | Impferatrice Yiolette,

Veritable Imperatrice, | Violette.

Foreign. A fine variety. The true Blue Imperatrice must not be con-
founded with Semiana or Blue Imperatrice of some Eastern growers.
(See Semiana ) Branches, smooth, long, slender. Fruit, medium, obovate,
tapering to the stalk, deep purple, bloom blue, thick ; jlesh, greenish yellow,
rich, sugary, hangs long on the tree, adheres to the stone. Last Sep-
tember.

Bradshaw.

Large Black Imperial.

Branches, nearly smooth ; strong grower. Fruit, large, roundish oval,

dark violet red, juicy ; " very good ] " productive ; may prove one of most

valuable. August.

Coe's Golden Drop.

Bury Seedling, I New Golden Drop, I Golden Gage,
Coe'a Imperial, | Fair's Golden Drop, | Waterloo, of some.

This is an English variety. Tree, only moderately productive ; and al-
though we should always plant, yet it does not always mature perfectly
north of 40° latitude. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, oval ; suture, well
marked, one side enlarged ; skin, light yellow, much dotted or mottled with
red on side exposed to sun ; flesh, adhering to the stone, yellowish, firm,
rather coarse-grained, but rich and sweet ; stalk, three-fourths to an inch
long, rather stiff". Last of September. The Yellow Egg is often grown
under this name at the West.

Denniston's Superb.

A variety originated in the famous garden of Mr. Denniston, Albany, IV,
Y. Its great productiveness, together with its period of ripening, more
than its quality, makes it desirable. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, or
rather above, roundish, slightly flattened ; suture, distinct ; skin, pale yel-
lowish, overspread with a thin bloom, and mottled or clouded with purple ;
Hesh, thick, not juicy, but with rich vinous flavor ; stone, small, roundish,
from which the flesh parts freely ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, set in a
cavity of moderate depth. 1 5th to 20th August.

Drap d'Or.
Mirabelle Double, | Mirabelle Grosse, | Tellow Perdrigon.

Foreign. Productive. Branches, slightly downy.- Fruit, below medium,
round ; suture, indistinct ; skin, bright yellow, crimson specks in sun ; flesk,
yellow, sugary, rich, adheres slightly to the stone. Early August.

Duane's Purple.

Duane's Purple French, | English Pond's Seedling.

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit, large, oblong oval, one side enlarged,

reddish purple in sun, pale red in shade, dotted with yellow specks, lilac

bloom; flesh, amber color, juicy, slightly acid, adhering to the stone j

italk^ three-fourths inch long, slender, narrow cavity. Early August.

MOST GENEKALLT ESTEEMED. 435

Early Orleans.

Wllmot's Early Orleans, I New Orleans, I Hampton Court,

New Early Orleans, j Grimwood'a JEarly Orleans, | Monsieur llatif.

An English variety, which on accounts of its quality and early maturity
must always make it popular as an orchard fruit. Branches, downy. Fruit,
medium, round oval ; suture, shallow ; skin, dark reddish purple ; Jlesh,
yellowish green, of rich, brisk flavor, and separating freely from the stone ;
stem, usually about half-inch long, but varying. First August.

Fellenberg.
Italian Prune, | Prune Suisse.
Foreign. Branches, grayish, smooth ; moderate grower ; very produc-
tive. Fruity ovate rounded, dark purplish, not juicy ; free-stone ; large ;
" very good." Valuable for drying. Last September.

&REEN Gage.

Ida Green Gage,

"Waterloo,

King of Plums,

"Wilmot's Late Green Gage,

Schuyler Gage.

Eensselaer Gage,
Isleworth Green Gage,
Wilmot's Green Gage,

New Green Gage,

iiruyn Gage,
Bradford Gage,
Eeine Claude,
Grosse Reine Claude,
Grosse £eine.

Brugnon Gage,

" During the last century, an English family by the name of Gage, ob-
tained a number of fruit trees from the monks of Charteuse, near Paris.
Among them was a tree of this plum, which, having lost its name, was
called by the gardener the Green Gage." There are very few trees in
bearing of the true variety at the West, the Imperial Gage having been of-
ten sold as Green Gage. The true variety is readily known by its short
jointed, slow-growing, spreading, and dwarfish habit. It also requires a
rich, warm soil to insure fruit in perfection in locations north of 42 deg.
Branches, smooth ; buds, with large shoulders. Fruit, medium, round ;
suture, slight ; skin, yellowish green, marbled and dotted on the sunny
side with red ; Jlesh, separates freely from the stone, pale green, exceedingly
melting, rich, sprightly, high flavor ; stalk, slender, slightly inserted. Mid-
dle to last August.

Imperial Gage.

Prince's Imperial Gage, I "White Gage, I Superior Green Gage.

Flushing Gage, | Jenkinson's Imperial, |

This is an American variety, originating at the old nursery of William
Prince. Flushing, N. Y. In heavy, strong soils it is sometimes deficient
in flavor, probably from a deficiency of some particular element in the soil,
as it produces abundantly, grows vigorously, and trees apparently healthy.
In light, loamy, or even dry, poor soils, it is a hardy, productive variety,
and the flavor often almost equaling a true Green Gage. As a market
variety, it is far superior to Green Gage, and hardly surpassed by any
other plum. Branches, slightly downy, da^t-colored, upright, vigorous.
Fruit, above medium, oval ; suture, distinct ; skin, at first pale green, with
a white bloom, becoming yellowish green, marbled with dark green stripes ;
flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, sprightly flavor : stone, oval, with flesh occa-
sionally adhering — in good seasons and soils, it separates freely from the
stone J stalk, long, hairy, stout, inserted m an even cavity. First Septem-
ber ; at the South, July first.

Imperial Ottoman.

A foreign variety, but from whence is uncertain. We have fruited it
•everal years, and, as an early variety, h?^ve RQt met its superior. Th«

4:36 THE PLUM.

trees are hardy, regular, not rampant growers, and regulai, abundant
bearers. Branches, slightly downy. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, regu-
larly formed ; skin, greenish yellow, marbled with darker shades in stripes
underneath ; if permitted to hang, it becomes mostly pale yellow, bloom
thin : suture, only half way down on one side ; fesh, yellowish, juicy, rich,
sweet, delicious, and, when fully ripe, parts freely from the stone ; stenij
downy, three-fourths inch long, inserted in a cavity of moderate depth.
Last July.

Jefferson.

An American variety, originated by Judge Buel, at Albany, N. Y., pro-
bably from a seed of Coe's Golden Drop, which in growth, wood, &c., it
closely resembles. It has been pretty extensively tested, both in this
country and in Europe, and fully sustains the high character given it by
the late A. J. Downing. The Bingham Cling-stone plum has occasionally
been disseminated for this variety. In rich, high flavor it does not equal
the Green Gage, but its large size, great beauty, productiveness, freedom
from decay, and habit of hanging long on the tree after ripe, render it
valuable for all collections. Branches, nearly smooth. Fruit, large, oval,
slightly narrowed one side toward the stalk ; skin, at first greenish yellow,
becoming golden yellow when fully ripe, and with a rich reddened cheek
in the sun; bloom, thin, white ; suture, slight; Jlesh, separating nearly free
from the long pointed stone, yellow, almost orange yellow, juicy, with rich
flavor; stalk, an inch long, inserted without depression. Last of August;
at the South, last of July.

Lawrence's Favorite.
Lawrence's Gage.
An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage, by Mr. L. U.
Lawrence, Hudson, N. Y. It forms a tree of upright, thrifty growth, and
bears young and abundantly of fruit much resembling outwardly the Green
Gage, except being larger. Branches, downy, short -jointed. Fruit, large,
roundish; skin, dull yellowish green, clouded with streaks of a darker
shade beneath, and in sun, around the stem a mottling or dotting of brown-
ish red ; bloom, light bluish green ; flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, excellent,
only surpassed by Green Gage, when fully ripe, separates freely from the
stone ; stalky half-inch long, slender, inserted in a narrow cavity. Middle
August.

Lombard. ^

Bleecker's Scarlet, | Beekman's Scarlet, | Montgomery Prone ?
An American variety, which, as a tree, is thrifty, healthy, hardy, and
productive, while the fruit appears less attractive than most others to the
curculio. It is, therefore, very desirable. Branches, smooth, bright purple,
very thrifty ; leaves, much crumpled. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, slightly
flattened at ends ; suture, slight ; skin, violet red, dusted thinly with
bloom : flesh, yellow, juicy, not rich, but pleasant flavor ; stalk, slender,
three-fourths inch long, set in a broad, open cavity ; adheres to the stone.
Middle to last of August.

Madison.

An accidental seedling in the Denniston Garden, Albany, N. Y., and,
according to Dr. Herman Wendell, a hybrid from Bleecker's Gage and Blue
Gage. Its flavor, late period of maturity, and hardihood, commend it.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. - 437

Branches^ slender, smooth; leaves^ light green, slightly downy. Fruity
medium, roundish oval; suture^ slight; skin^ light orange, with a cast of
greenish yellow, in sun, mottled and spotted with lake carmme ; hloom^ thin,
delicate ; Jlesh^ yellow, firm, juicy, rich and sweet, agreeable flavor, sepa-
rates freely from the stone, which is small, oval, pointed ; stalky three-
fourths inch long, inserted in a regular, not deep basin. First to fifteenth
October.

McLaughlin.

An American variety, raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Maine.
The tree is very thrifty, making stout, vigorous shoots of four to six feet in
a season, but forming a round, regular head. Originating so far North, it
will unquestionably prove a most valuable variety for Northern culture.
The fruit, in character of quality, resembles the variety just previously
described. Branches^ smooth ; leaves^ broad, glossy. Fruity above medium,
roundish, flattened at ends ; suture^ obscure ; skin, thin, tender, russet yel-
low, sprinkled with a red tinge, which deepens to a purplish hue around
the stalk; jiesh^ adhering to the stone, dull yellow, firm, juicy, excellent;
stone^ roundish; stalky three-fourths inch long, inserted without depres-
sion. Middle to last of August.

Morocco.

Early Morocco, | Early Black Morocco, I Black Damask.
Black Morocco, | Early Damask, |

Foreign. Moderate bearer. Branches downy. Fruity medium, round-
ish, shallow suture ; skin, dark purple ; bloom, thin ; fiesh, greenish yel-
low, slightly adhering to the stone, juicy, rich and sweet ; stalky half inch
long. Early August.

Purple Favorite.

This variety the late A. J. Downing states to have been planted and
grown by his father. Although of dwarfish, slender habit, the trees are
very hardy, and bear when young. For large market orchards it is not as
valuable as some other varieties, but in private gardens it should always have
a place. Branches, smooth, short-jointed. Fruit, medium, or rather above,
roundish obovate ; skin, brownish purple, dotted with golden specks ; bloom^
light blue ; fiesk, pale greenish, juicy, sweet and excellent, and separating
freely from the stone, which is small ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, da
pression slight. Last of August. ^

Purple Gage.

Keine Claude Yiolette, | Violet Queen Claude, | Die Violette Koning Claudie.

A foreign variety, moderate bearer, but high flavor. Branches, smooth,
short-jointed. Fruit, medium, roundish, a little flattened; suture, shallow ;
skin, violet, dotted with pale yellow; i/oom, light hhxe: flesh, greenish yel-
low, firm, sugary, high flavor ; stone, oval, compressed, from which the
flesh separates freely ; stalk, an'inch long, set in a narrow basin. About
10th September, but will hang a fortnight, shriveling slightly.

Prince's Yellow Gage.
American Yellow Gage, | White Gage, | Harvest Gage.
A variety produced in 1783, by the elder Mr. Prince, of Flushing, N.
Y. The trees are abundant bearers, and the fruit carries well to market,
and always sells readily. As a table fruit it is often too dry, and does not

438 THE PLUM.

deserve to be planted m small gardens where market sales are not contem-
plated. Branches^ smooth, short-jointed; leaves^ glossy. Fruity slightly
above medium size, oval, broadest near the stalk ; suture^ a mere line ;
skin^ golden yellow, little clouded ; lloom^ white, abundant ; fleshy yellow,
sugary, rich, sometimes rather dry, parts freely from the stone ; stalky an
inch long, set in a round cavity. Early in August ; at the South, middle of
June. It is stated, also, at the South, to ripen gradually, to be juicy, and
of the best.

Red Gage.

An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage, by the elder
Wm. Prince, in 1790. The tree is of hardy, yet vigorous habit, wood dark
reddish color, and producing abundantly a fruit rather small, yet of the
best flavor. Branches, smooth ; leaves, crimpled. Fruity hardly medium
size, oval, rounded ; skin^ brownish red ; hloom^ slight ; flesh, parting freely
from the stone, greenish amber, juicy, sweet, delicious ; stalky slender ;
cavity^ narrow. Middle August.

Reine Claude de Bavay.

Foreign. Branches^ smooth. Fruity medium, roundish, oval, greenish
yellow, spotted with red : fleshy firm, juicy, sweet, rich, adhering slightly
to the stone ; stem^ short. Last September.

Saint Martin's.

Bt. Martin's Qaetsche.
A German fruit. The word quetsche or prune not applying to this fruit,
we prefer to drop it. It is a juicy, not a dry prune plum. The trees are good
bearers and the time of ripening makes it profitable for market or preserv-
ing. Branches^ smooth. Fruity medium, or rather above, ovate, broadest
at base; skin.) bright yellow, dotted a little with brownish red in the sun ;
bloom, white ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, excellent. First October, but
will hang two weeks.

Smith's Orleans.

La Delicieuse.
American. Originated by a Mr. Smith, on Long Island, and first de-
scribed by Prince. As a market plum this is a fine variety, but for des-
sert it is deficient in richness and flavor on moist' strong soils. Branches,
stout, nearly smooth. Fruit, large, oval oblong, largest at base; suture,
half round; skin, deeip purplish red, with small golden specks and deep
i»lue bloom : flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, adhering closely to a large ovate
»tone ; stalk, short, inserted in a deep round cavity. Last August.

Washington,

Bolmar, I New Washington, I Parker's Mammotli,

Bolmar's Washington, I Franklin, | I rvlng's Bolmar.

The original tree of this variety grew on what, in 1818, was known as

Delancey's Farm, and now constitutes a portion of New York city, known

as the Bowery. It was introduced to notice, grown and distributed by

Michael Floy, Esq., American Editor of Lindley's Guide to the Orchard.

Without possessing high flavor, the uniform hardihood of the tree, with

its productive habit, large size of fruit, and often freedom from attack of

curculio, renders it a most popular variety, and for market deservedly so

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 439

at the North. In Georgia, and other sections South, it is said to be entirely
flavorless and dry. Branches^ downy. Fruity large, roundish oval ; suture^
obscure, except near the stalk ] skin^ dull yellow, with faint marblings of
green, and on the sunny side some little red, often dotted : jiesh^ yellow,
firm, sweet, and separating freely from a pointed stone ; stalky nearly three-
fourths inch long, downy, planted in a wide, shallow basin. Last of
August.

CLASS 11. — Embraces varieties^ many of which are new and untested^ and
others suited only to certain localities, or very large orchards.

Abricote Sageret.

A seedling of Sageret. Tree, very vigorous ; branches, smooth. Fruit,
rather below medium size, globular ; suture, medium, extending nearly all
around ; skin, green, dotted, and slightly flaked with yellow ; stem, three-
fourths of an inch long, set in a very slight cavity, apex, slightly dimpled ;
flesh, green, juicy, very sugary, with a rich, delicious flavor. Separates
from the stone. Ripens the first half of September. (Downing.)

Albany Beauty.

Denistons Albany Beauty.

American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit, below medium, roundish

oval ; skin, whitish green, with purple dots, bloom thin ; flesh, yellow,

rich, sweet, not juicy, separates freely from a small, pointed stone; stalk

slender, one inch long. Last August.

Angelina Burdett.

English. Round, medium size, nearly black, spotted thickly with brown
spots, very rich, juicy, and excellent ; skin, thick. Free-stone. Middle of
September. (Riv. Cat.)

Apple Plum.

From the garden of D. U. Pratt, Chelsea, Mass. Fruit, medium, round-
ish flattened, a little swollen on one side ; suture, medium ; skin, reddish
purple, with a blue bloom and light dots ; stalk, short and stout, inserted
in a broad, deep cavity ; flesh, greenish yellow, a little coarse, sweet,
sprightly, with considerable austerity at the skin. Adheres partially to the
stone. Ripens first of September. (Downing.)

Autumn Compote.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous ; branches smooth. Fruit, large, oval rounded,
reddish purple ; " good." October.

Belgian Purple.
Tree, vigorous ; branches, smooth ; buds, prominent. Fruit, medium,
roundish ; suture, slight, one side a little swollen ; skin, purple, with a bloom;
stalk, rather long and slender, inserted in a cavity ; flesh, greenish, a little
coarse, very juicy, sweet, luscious. Adheres slightly to the stone. Ripens
first of September. (Downing.)

440 THE PLUM.

Belle De Septembre.
Tree, large, vigorous and very productive. Fruit, very large, oval, red*
dish brown, an excellent kitchen fruit. Middle of October. (Riv. Cat.)

Blue Plum.
Tree, productive ; branches, smooth; leaves, rather small. Fruit, me-
dium, roundish, scarcely oval ; suture, obscure, dark blue ; light blue bloom ;
flesh, yellowish green, juicy, sweet, adheres to the stone ; stalk, three-
eighths inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Middle July in Georgia ;
middle August here. Propagated by suckers. Description by W. N. White,
Athens, Ga.

Bingham.

American. Productive j branches, downy. Fruit, above medium, oval,
deep rich yellow, dotted with red in the sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, rich, de-
licious, adheres to the stone ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, slightly sunk.
Last August.

Bricetta.

Fruit, medium, roundish oval ; color, yellow, with spots of red in sun ;
stalk, medium ; cavity, small ; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, sugary, adheres
to the stone. September.

Buel's Favorite.
Am.erican. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, ovate ; suture, half round,
pale green, little red next tlie stalk; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, juicy,
adhering to a long pointed stone ; stalk, three-fourths inch long. Last
August.

Burgundy Prune.
Prune de Bargoyno.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, egg-shape, with neck ; color, reddish black
blue bloom, and many small dots; stem, long; cavity, small ; flesh, fine,
juicy, pleasant, separates from the stone. September.

Burettes.
Foreign. Fruit, large, long, oval ; color, dull yellow ; flesh, melting,
juicy, sweet, high flavor. September.

Chapin's Early.

Received of Mr. E. Chapin, of York, Pa. Origin unknown. Tree,
healthy, but not vigorous.

Branches downy. Fruit, small, roundish globular, slightly protuberant on

one sirde ; suture, indistinct ; skin, pale red. covered with a light bloom ; stalk,

half an inch long, inserted slightly in a ring ; flesh, yellow, rather coarse,

sweet, juicy, and refreshing, adheres slightly to the stone. Ripens the

middle of August. (Downing.)

Cherry.

Early Scarlet, I Der Virginia, I Prnnus Cerasifera,

Myrobolan, D'Amerique Rouge, Miser Plum,

Virginian Cherry, | Prunus Myrobolana, j Golden Cherry,

A variety of which many sub- varieties have been and are constantly
being produced from seed. Its chief merit is in the tree being ornamental,
and the fruit maturing early. Being very pretty for the dessert, commands

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 441

ready sale. It requires root-pruning every two years, in order to make it
productive. Branciies, smooth. Fruit, small, round, yellow, and red,
shaded and mottled ] flesh, greenish, juicy, pleasant, adhering closely to an
oval stone ; stalk, short ; cavity, narrow. Middle of July. The Chickasaw
Plum {Prunus Chicasi) is very similar to this.

Columbia.
Columbian Gage.
American. Valuable market sort, productive, succeeds well South ;
branches downy. Fruit, large, globular, one side enlarged; skin, brownish
purplish, with fawn-colored specks, blue bloom ; flesh, orange, rather coarse,
dry but sugary, separates freely from stone, which is small, compressed j
stalk, an inch long ; cavity, small, narrow. Last August.

Cooper.

Cooper's Eed, | Cooper's Large Red, | Cooper's Large American.

American. Described by Coxe, in 1817, as grown from a stone of Or-
leans. Some writers state it to be identical with ^' Smith's Orleans ;" but
we do not so consider it. Fruit, large, deep purple, with a bloom ; suture,
shallow and broad ; stem, three-quarters inch long ; flesh, coarse, yellow ;
" good." Last August.

Cruger's Scarlet.
Cruger's, | Cmger's Seedling, | Cmger's Scarlet Gage.

American. Productive, and comparatively free from attacks of curculio ,
branches, downy. Fruit, little above medium, roundish oval ; skin, lilac
red, with thin bluish bloom and yellow dots, in dark shade one side, pale
fawn color ; flesh, orange, rather dry, rich, separates free from stone ; stalk,
half-inch long; basin, shallow. Last August.

Dana's Yellow Gage.
American. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, pale yellow; flesh,
yellowish. Cling-stone. September.

De Delice.

Foreign. New ; branches, smooth. Fruit, mediumj roundish oval, slight
neck, little swollen one side; suture, nearly indistinct; skin, green, marb-
led and shaded with violet, and covered with thin bloom ; stalk, medium
length and size ; flesh, orange yellow, juicy, melting, sugary, rich flavor,
adheres slightly to the stone. September.

De Montfort.

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, above medium, roundish, light pur-
ple, spotted with brownish yellow, and with blue bloom ; flesh, light yel-
low, rich ; when fully ripe parts freely from stone ; stalk, half-inch long.
Middle August.

Deniston's Red.

American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, roundish oval ; suture,
half round ; skin, light red, with fawn-colored dots, bloom, thin ; flesh, am-
ber color, separates freely from a small, oval, compressed stone ; stalk,
long, slender. Last August.
19*

442 THE PLUM.

DoMiNE Dull.
German Prune, | Dutch Prune, | Dutch Quetzen.
American. From seed of the Dutch Prune ; productive and valuable for
drying ; branches, smooth. Fruit, medium size, long oval ; skin, dark
purple, nearly black, with blue bloom ; flesh, yellow, juicy at first, if
allowed to hang on the tree becomes dry, rich, and sweet, adheres to stone ;
Btalk, an inch long. September.

Downing's Early.

American. Branches, short-jointed, slightly downy. Fruit, medium, yel-
low, roundish oval, sweet, juicy. Early in August.

DowNTON Imperatice.
Foreign. Branches, smooth, valued for preserving. Fruit, medium,
oval, narrowing to the stalk, pale yellow ; flesh,.yellow, melting ; unless
fully ripe, acid, then sweet, adheres to the stone; stalk, three-fourths inch
long. Last of September. Sometimes grown as Yellow Egg.

Drap d'Or d'Esperin.
Cloth of Gold d'Esperin.
Foreign. Branches, smooth, slender ; buds, pointed, projecting. Fruit,
medium, ovate, yellow; very productive. August.

DUNMORE,

Foreign. Fruit, small, egg-shaped ; skin, thick, and green, becomes
golden yellow at maturity ; flesh, yellow, fine, very juicy, sweet, very aro-
matic ; separates from the stone. E,ipens the first of October. (Al. Pom.)

Early Cross.
Originated with Mr. Cross, Salem, Mass. Tree, moderately vigorous,
productive. Fruit, small to medium, roundish ; skin, reddish purple, cov-
ered with a thick bloom ; stalk, half an inch long ; flesh, greenish yellow,
iuicy, sweet and good : adheres to the stone. Ripens the second week
in August. (Downing.)

Early Royal, of Nikita.
Tree, moderately vigorous : branches, smooth, gray. Fruit, small, round-
ish ; skin, reddish purple, with a bloom ; stalk, medium, curved ; flesh,
yellow, sweet, juicy, of pretty high flavor, adheres partially to the stone.
Ripens middle of August.

Early Purple.
Sea.
Foreign. Fruit, small, roundish, brownish purple, with a scanty light-
colored bloom , flesh, greenish yellow, highly perfumed, sweet, juicy, parts
freely from stone. Early June at South, July here. (W. N. White, in
Horticulturist.)

Early Yellow Prune.

Tree, vigorous and very productive ; branches, do\Miy. Fruit, rather
large, oval ; skin, yellow, with a very slight bloom, and dotted with red in
the sun ; stalk, of medium length, inserted in a small cavity ; flesh, yellow
sweet, juicy, with somewhat of a melon flavor, separates from the stone.
Ripens middle of August. (Downing.)

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 443

Elfrey.
Elfrey's Prune.

American. Very productive, always valuable for drying, often very fine
for the dessert, succeeds admirably at the South ; branches, smooth. Fruit,
rather below medium size, oval, blue : flesh, greenish, sweet, parts freely
from stone. Middle August ; South, first July.

Emerald Drop.
American. Productive ; branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, long oval,
one side enlarged, yellowish green ; flesh, greenish yellow, juicy, adheres
to the stone ; stalk, three-fourths inch long. Last August.

English Wheat.
Fruit, medium, roundish oval ; suture, moderate ; skin, reddish purple,
with a blue bloom, covered with numerous white dots ; stalk, half an inch
long, rather strong, set in a rather deep cavity ; flesh, yellow, a little coarse,
juicy, sweet, with a rich flavor, adheres to the stone. Ripens the last of
August.

Frost Gage.

American. Does not answer well in soils of only moderate richness ;
requires rich, moist, clayey soil. Branches, slender, upright habit. Fruit,
below medium,

thin ; flesh, greenish yellow, sweet, adhering
inch long. First October.

Fulton.

Fruit, medium, yellow, roundish ovate, juicy, sweet ; hangs well. No
vember.

Galbraith.

An early plum, said to have originated with the late Mr. Galbraith, near
Boalsburg, Pa ; and is represented as being a straggling grower, but the
best early plum cultivated in that vicinity. An inch and a half long, by
one and five-sixteenths broad, oval, purple ; stem, five-eighths of an inch,
by one-fourteenth ; flesh, tender, juicy, adherent to the stone ; flavor, Ins
cious J quality, " very good," if not " best.' (W. D. B.)

General Hand.

Montgonw^ry.

American. Branches, nearly smooth. Fruit, large, roundish oval, yellcw
marbled ; flesh, pale yellow. Free-stone. September.

German Prune.

Quetsch«, I Turkish Quetscho, j Damask.

Common Quetsche, Leipzic, Quetsche Grosse,

True German Prune, | Sweet Prune, | Prune d Allemagen.

A variety with numerous sub- varieties, the best of which is '' Manning's
Prune," previously described. Branches, smooth. Fruit, long oval, purple j
flesh, greenish. Free-stone. September.

Gundaker Plum.
Same origin as the Prune, of a purple color on one side, and the other a
light color, heart-shaped, resembling a plum called Golden Drop, but larger
vn size, and a great bearer. (Gundaker in Hort.)

444 • ' THE PLUM.

GuNDAKER Prune.
Groundacre.

Raised by Samuel E. Gundaker, of Lancaster, Pa. The Gundaker il
of a yellowish white color, nearly as large as the Blue Prune, and of the
same oval shape, very high-flavored, and a good bearer.

Guthrie's Late Green.

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, globular, swollen on one
Hide ; skin, yellow, with splashes of green, thin bloom ; stalk, three-fourths of
an inch long, inserted in a small cavity ; flesh, light yellow, firm, rather
dry, but sweet and rich, adheres slightly to the stone. Middle of September.

Guthrie's Tay Bank.
Foreign. Branches, smooth; short jointed. Fruit, large, green, oval
roundish, juicy ; "very good." September.

Guthrie's Topaz.
Foreign. Tree, productive, moderate grower ; branches, brownish,
smooth. Fruit, medium, oval, with slight neck ; stem, inch long, slender ;
suture, slight, one side enlarged, golden yellow, thin bloom; flesh, yellow,
juicy, rich, sweet, adheres to the stone. September.

Hartwiss' Yellow Prune.
A new German variety. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, oval, with a
neck narrowed at the crown ; suture, moderate ; skin, waxen yellow, with
occasional red dots ; stalk, long ; flesh, light yellow, fine, rich, sub-acid
flavor, moderately juicy. Last of September. (Downing.)

Highlander.

Tree, vigorous and very productive. Branches, gray, smooth. Fruit,
large, irregularly ovate, somewhat swelled on one side ; suture, moderate,
half round ; skin, deep blue, incling to reddish brown, covered with a thin
bloom, and thickly sprinkled with brown dots; stalk, very short, inserted
in a slight cavity ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sugary, rich, vinous, refreshing, and
excellent ; adheres slightly to the stone. Last of September. (Downing.)

Henry Clay.
American. Fruit, large, bright yellow, with a carmine cheek; stem,
long, white bloom ; skin, tough ; flesh, yellow, sugary ; " very good ;" half
cling-stone. September. Originated at Albany ; yet new.

Howard's Favorite.
American. A profuse bearer and hangs well. Fruit, large, roundish
obovate, slight neck ; stem, one inch : color, orange yellow, shaded with red,
and reddish spots ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sub-acid ; "very good." Sept.

Howell's Early.

American. Branches, slender, gray, downy. Fruit, below medium, oval
angular; suture, indistinct; light brown, greenish yellow in the shade, thin
blue bloom ; flesh, amber color, juicy, sweet, separates freely from a small
ftval stone j stalk, three-fourths inch long, slender. Last July.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 445

How's Amber.
American. Branches, slightly downy. Fruit, medium, roundish ; skin,
amber color, dotted and mottled with rose ; flesh, yellow, a little coarse,
adhering to the stone, rich, fine flavor. Last August. (Hov. Mag.)

Hudson Gage.
American. Somewhat like Imperial Gage, but earlier. Branches,
downy. Fruit, medium, oval, enlarged one side j suture, obscure ; skin,
yellow, clouded as if underneath with stripes of green ; bloom, white ;
flesh, greenish, juicy, sprightly, and mostly parts from the stone, which is
small ; stalk, half inch long. Early August.

Huling's Superb.
This variety we have little doubt will eventually command a place in
the first class : at present it has been little grown ; Duane's Purple being
almost invariably the variety distributed under this name. Leaves, broad,
large ; branches, stout, downy, with a swollen knob behind each bud.
Fruit, very large, roundish oval, shallow suture; skin, dull greenish yellow,
covered with pale bloom ; flesh, greenish yellow, little coarse grain, rich,
brisk, sprightly flavor, adheres partially to the stone ; stalk, an inch long,
swollen at its junction with the tree, and set in a round, small cavity.
Middle August.

ICKWORTH ImPERATRICE.
Knight's No. 6.
Foreign. North this does not ripen well ; in the Middle and Southern
States it promises yet to become a first-class plum, on account mainly of its
period of ripening. Branches, smooth. Fruit, above medium, obovate,
purple, with irregular tracings of fawn yellow; flesh, greenish yellow,
sweet, juicy, and mostly adhering to a small stone ; stalk, half inch long,
thick. Early October. If gathered by hand, wrapped in paper, and laid in
a dry place, will keep a month.

Imperial of Milan.

Imperiale de Milan,
Foreign. Fruit, large, oval, deep purple, juicy, sugary. October. (T.
Rivers, in Hort.)

Isabella.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit, above medium, oval, dull red, mot-
tled ; flesh, yellow, rich, juicy parting freely from the stone when fully
ripe ; stalk, three-fourths inch long. Last August.

Italian Damask.
Damaa d'ltalie.
Foreign. Productive ; succeeds finely South. Branches, smooth. Fruit,
medium, roundish, flattened at the base ; suture, half round ; skin violet,
becoming brown ; flesh, yellowish green, firm, sweet, separating from a
thick oval stone ; stalk, half inch long, slender ; cavity, small. Last August.
Bears well in all soils.

Ives' Washington.
Ives' Seedling.
American. Originated by J. M. Ives, Salem, Mass. Branches, smooth ,
buds, prominent; good grower and productive, not as yet much known*

446 THE PLUM.

promises valuable. Fruit, raediunij yellowish, blush in sun, much resembles
Jefferson.

Jaune Hative.

Catalonlan, I Jaune de Catalogue, I D'Avoine,

White Primordial!, Prune de St. Barnabee, j Picket's July.

Amber Primordian, | j

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, small, oval, pale yellow ; flesh, yel-
low. Free-stone. July.

Kirke's.

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, round, dark purple, thick
blue bloom ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, rich, separating freely from a
broad, flat stone ; stalk, three-fourths inch long. Last August.

Lady Plum.
Raised by Isaac Denniston, Albany, N. Y. Tree of slender growth, pro-
ductive. It is quite a pretty fruit, esteemed highly for preserving, this
being its chief quality. It is a rampant grower, an abundant bearer.
Fruit, quite small, oval ; stalk, short and stout ; color, light yellow, spotted
with red ; stone, free and small ; flavor, acid. First of September. (E.
Dorr in Cult.)

Langdon's Seedling.
Raised by Reuben Langdon, of Hartford, Conn. Tree, vigorous and
productive; branches, smooth. Fruit, rather large, roundish oval, with a
moderate suture ; skin, reddish purple, covered with a thick bloom ; stalky
three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity ; flesh, green-
ish yellow, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid, and adheres mostly to the stone.
Last of August. (Downing.)

Long Scarlet.
Scarlet Oage.
American. Branches downy ; fruit, medium, oblong obovate, one side
enlarged, tapers towards the stalk, bright red in shade ; bloom, lilac ; flesh,
yellow, rich, juicy, adheres to stone ; stalk, three-fourths of an inch long
in a narrow cavity. Last of August. A good market sort, valued for
making jelly.

Mamelonne.

Mamelonne Segerat.

Foreign. Fruit, medium, round, with a knob-like protuberance where
joined to the stalk, occasional specimens with unequal surface ; skin,
greenish, spotted with red ; flesh, yellow, juicy, rich, and parts freely from
the stone. Early August.

Manning's Prune.
Manning's Long Blue Prune, | Large Long Blue, | Manning's Long Blue.

American. A sub-variety of the German prune, and superior thereto.
Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, long oval, a little one-sided ; skin, dark
purple, thick blue bloom ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, rather juicy, sweet,
pleasant, separates readily from a long, pointed stone ; stalk, long, slender.
September.

Martin's Seedling.

American. Tree, vigorous; branches, grayish, smooth. Fruit, very
large, oblong irregular, yellow, with green stripes ; suture, one side, deep,
a little sunk at apex; flesh, yellow, rather coarse, sweet, juicy; '''very
good ;" adheres to the stone. September.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 447

Mediterranean.

Fruitj obovate necked, irregular ; suture, shallow, light crimson ', stem,
downy ; flesh, yellow, sweet, sprightly, not high-flavored. September.

Meigs.
Fruit, large, roundish oval ; suture, indistinct ; skin, dull reddish pur-
ple, with numerous gray dots; stalk, long, curved, slender, set in a small
cavity ; flesh, greenish-yellow, juicy, rich, sugary and excellent, adheres to
the stone. Last of September. (Downing.)

MiRABELLE.
Mirabelle Petite, | Mirabelle Janne.
Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, small, obovate ; suture, distinct ; skin,
yellow, spotted with red ; bloom, white ; flesh, orange, sweet, sprightly,
separates from stone ; stalk, half inch long. Early August.

Mirabelle d'October.
Mirabelle Tardive.
Foreign. Branches, downy, slender. Fruit, small, roundish, yellow,
juicy ; very productive. Free-stone. October.

Monroe.
Monroe Egg.
American. Originated with Miss Denham, Penfield, N. Y. Tree, vig-
orous ; branches, smooth. Fruit, above medium, oval, greenish yellow,
rarely a blush in sun ; stalk, long, slender ; flesh, greenish yellow, with a
rich, sugary flavor. Last of August.

Mulberry.

American. Branches, stout, smooth. Fruit, large, oval, narrowing to
the stalk, pale yellow, with dots of red in sun; flesh, greenish yellow,
coarse-grained, adheres to an oblong pointed stone ; stalk, an inch long,
slender. First September.

NoTA Bene.

Corse's Nota Bene, | Dictator?
Canadian. Branches smooth. Fruit, large, round, pale Ulac or brownish,
dull green on the shaded side, bloom light blue ; flesh, greenish, rather
firm, juicy, sweet, separating freely from the stone ; stalk, half an inch
long, in a round basin. First September.

October Green Gage.

Eeine Claude Tardive, | Eelne Claude d'Octobre.
Foreign. Branches, slightly downy. Fruit, small, round, yellowish
green, marbled and dotted slightly with red in the sun ; flesh, yellowish,
juicy, melting rich, separating freely from the stone ; stalk, slender. First
to 15th October.

Orange.

Orange Oage.
American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, very large, oval, flattened at both
ends, bronze yellow, clouded with purplish red near the stalk ; flesh, yel-
low, coarse-grained, adhering slightly to the stone ; stalk, three-fourths inch
long, in a narrow, round cavity. Last of August.

448 THE PLUM,

Orleans.

Monsieur, i Old Orleans, I Italian Damask, ofsomt.

Monsieur Ordinaire, | Eed Damask, }

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, mediunij round, reddish purple ] flesh,
yellowish. Free-stone. August.

Parsonage.
American. Originated in Dutchess Co., N. Y. Comparatively new.
Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium to large, oval, pale yellow, with
splashes of green ; stalk, medium, depression slight ; flesh, yellow, juicy,
rich, sugary flavor, separating freely from the stone. Last of August.

Peach Plum.

Prune Peche.
Foreign. Long cultivated at Schenectady, N. Y., as the French plum,
it having been received from France, and lost its name on the voyage : was
only recognised of late as the old Prune Peche of French authors. It is
tender at the North, and an indifferent bearer. Branches, smooth. Fruit,
very large, shaped much like a peach, one side enlarged, wider than deep,
light brownish red, with small yellow dots , flesh, pale yellow, coarse-
grained, slightly sub-acid, separates freely from the stone, which is round
and much furrowed ; stalk, short. - Last July, first August.

Peter*s Yellow Gage.

American. Resembles Cloth of Gold. Tree, rather longer jointed, and
fruit separates freely from the stone. August.

Penobscot.
Raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Maine. Tree, vigorous, hardy,
productive ; branches, smooth. Fruit, large, oval, suture distinct ; stalk,
three-fourths of an inch long, set in a small cavity; skin, yellow, tinged
with green, and a faint red cheek; flesh, yellow, sweet and pleasant,
adheres to the stone. Ripens the first of September. (Hort.)

Pond's Seedling.

: Plum de I'lnde.
English origin. Tree, vigorous ; branches, smooth, grayish. Fruit, very
large, nearly egg-shaped, a little tapering towards the stem ; skin, thick,
reddish violet, with numerous brown dots, and covered with a beautiful
bloom ; flesh, yellow, a little coarse, abounding in juice, very sugary, not
rich. Ripens middle of September. (Al. Pom.)

Pond's Seedling.

Pond's Purple.

American. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, roundish, purple ; flesh,
yellowish. Free-stone. Promises well. August.

Precoce de Bergthold.

Foreign. New. Branches, downy ; slender, rapid grower. Fruit, largo
oval rounded, yellowish green, juicy, sweet. Last of July.

UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 44:9

Prince Engelbert.

A new Belgian sort. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, oblong ova/, deep

bluish purple, with a dense bloom ; stem, slender, with a distinct ring at

base; cavity, narrow and deep: suture, distinct; flesh, juicy, melting,

moderately rich ; stone, medium, separates freely from the flesh. August.

Prince of Wales.

Chapman's Prince of Walea.
Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, oval, bright purplish pink ;
bloom, abundant ; flesh, pale yellow, sweet, separates from stone. Last
August.

Prince's Orange Egg.
Originated by William Prince, Flushing, L. I. Tree, vigorous and pro-
ductive. Fruit, large, oval : color, yellow, covered with thin bloom ;
stem, rather stout, set in a small cavity ; flesh, yellow, coarse, juicy, sub-
acid, sprightly, adhering to the stone. September.

Prune de Louvain.

Plum of Louyain.

Tree, vigorous, fertile. Origin, nursery of Van Mons. Fruit, large, egg-
shaped, with a neck ; deep purple, shaded with violet ; suture, deep, half
round ; flesh, rather coarse, melting, pleasant. Free-stone. Ripens end of
August. (Al. Pom.)

Prune of Agen.

Agen Date, | Prune d'Ast, I Eobe de Sergrut,

Prune d'Agen, I St. Maurin, Prune de Brignole ?

D'Agen, | |

Foreign. Valuable only for drying. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium,

obovate flattened, purple, with a blue bloom ; flesh, greenish yellow, sweet ;

stalk, short. October.

Quackenboss.
Origin uncertain. Tree, a strong, upright grower; foliage, dark and
glossy. Fruit, large, oblong oval ; skin, deep purple, profusely covered
with a bluish bloom ; stalk, short, thin, crooked, and set in a slightly de-
pressed cavity; flesh, greenish yellow, sprightly, juicy, a little coarse-
grained, sweet, and excellent, adheres slightly to the stone. Ripens the last
of Octo ber. For market, it is unsurpassed.

Reagle's Ancient City.
American. New; probably from seed of Washington. Fruit, large,
roundish oval, clouded orange, red in sun ; suture, distinct ; flesh, yellow,
juicy, sweet, delicious, parts readily from stone. Last August.

Keagle*s Gage.
American. New. Fruit, medium, round ; suture, distinct ; color, light
green, marbled with deep green ; stalk, slender ; flesh, greenish, juicy,
sweet ; separates from stone. Last of August.

Reagle's Union Purple.
American. Originated with C. Reagles, Schenectady. Fruit, of the
largest size, roundish oval ; skin, reddish purple, covered with a thin bloom j

450 THE PLUM.

suture, only perceptible near the stalk and apex ; stalk, short and thick, set
on a nearly even surface ; flesh, greenish, a little coarse ; vinous, but
when fully matured, sweet and rich ; adheres to the stone on one side.
S^IEember.

Red Diaper.

Diapree Kouge, I Eoche Corbon,
Mimma, | Imperial Diadem.

Foreign. Slow grower : branches, nearly smooth. Fruit, above me-
dium, obovate, brownish red and purple, light blue bloom ; stalk, slender,
slightly hairy; flesh, pale green, juicy, melting; very good: parts free
from stone. Last August.

Red Egg.

Eed Magnum Bonum, | Purple Egg, I Purple Magnum Bonum,

Askew's Purple Egg, | Eed Imperial, of some, | Florence.

Branches, smooth. Long and extensively grown. It is far surpassed by
many others ripening at same time. Fruit, large, oval, deep red, with gray
dots ; flesh, greenish, coarse. Free-stone. September.

Red Saint Martin.

Saint Martin Eouge, I Prunler de St. Martin, I Coe's Late Eed.
Saint Martin, | Coe's Fine Late Eed, |

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium size, roundish ; suture, half
round, well marked ; skin, light purplish red, thin blue bloom ; flesh, yel-
lowish, juicy, vinous, separating freely from the stone ; stalk, three-fourths
inch long, stout. October. In Northern locations it does not always ma-
ture its fruit.

Rkine Claude Diaphank.

Raised by M. Laffay, of Paris. Tree, of medium vigor ; branches, gray.

Fruit, medium, roundish flattened ; skin, smooth, transparent green,
shaded with red ; flesh, juicy, very sweet and aromatic. Ripens the mid-
dle of September. (Al. Pom.)

Reine Claude d'October.

Tree, very vigorous ; young wood, smooth, stout, and short-jointed.^
Fruit, small, roundish ; suture, moderate ; apex, dimpled ; skin, greenish'
yellow ; stalk, stout, rather long ; flesh, green, juicy, sugary and rich •
separates from the stone. Ripens the first of October.

Reine Claude Rouge of September.
Eeina Nova.
Tree, vigorous. Fruit, very large, roundish oval ; skin, smooth, reddish,
shaded with purple on the sunny side, finely pointed with russet ; stalk,
slender, set in a slight cavity; flesh, firm, juicy, sugary, slightly acid, some-
what aromatic ; very agreeable. Ripe, middle of September, and continues
a month. (Al. Pom.)

Reizenstein's Yellow Prune.

An Italian fruit. Tree, very vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium,
oval, slightly necked ; suture, slight ; skin, yellow, occasionally a sunny
cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, aromatic and pleasant ; adheres to the stone.
Ripens the last of September. (Downing.)

UNl'ESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 451

Rivers* Favorite.

Elvers' Early No. 1.

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, pijrple ,
flesh, melting, rich, sweet. Early August.

Rivers* Prolific.

Elvers Early No. S.
Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, little above medium, roundish oval,
purple; flesh, yellowish, rich, sweet, excellent flavor. Early August.

ROYALE.
La Eoyale.
Foreign. Branches, very downy. Fruit, medium or slightly above,
roundish, reddish purple, with light brown specks, thick, pale bloom ; flesh,
dull yellow, rather firm, juicy, vinous, parts freely from a small, roundish
stone ; stalk, three-fourths inch ; cavity, narrow. Last August, and hangs
to middle September.

Royal de Tours.

Eoyal Tours.

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, roundish ; suture, deep, giv-
ing appearance of one side enlarged, lively red in shade, violet in sun, min-
ute golden dots, blue bloom ; stalk, stout ; cavity narrow ; flesh, greenish,
firm, with abundant juice ; adheres closely to large, oval flattened stone..
Early August.

Royal Hative.

Mirlan.
Foreign. Slow grower, and tender tree far North ; branches, downy.
Fruit, medium, roundish, light purple, dotted little with dull yellow ; flesh,
amber color, rich, parts from stone ; stalk, half-inch long, stout ; stone,
small. Last July.

St. Catherine.
Foreign. Branches, smooth ; valued in France for drying, surpassed
here by varieties of later origin. Fruit, medium, obovate, pale yellow,
little red in sun ; flesh, yellow. Cling-stone. September.

Schenectady.

Schenectady Catherine.
An American Plum, originated at Schenectady, N. Y., and first intro-
duced to notice and described by Dr. Herman Wendell. Tree, thrifty,
hardy, and prolific. Branches, smooth, rather slender: fruit, above me-
dium, roundish oval, broadest and slightly depressed at stem end ; suture,
shallow; skin, rich, deep purple, slightly netted on the sunny side; flesh,
greenish yellow, fine-grained, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious flavor;
stone, small, thick, ovate, parts readily from the flesh ; stalk, three-fourths
inch long, rather slender, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Last August.

Schuyler Gage.
American. Origin, Albany, N. Y. Tree, upright grower ; branches,
gray, smooth. Fruit, medium, oval ; suture, indistinct ; yellow, with small
green splashes, dots and shades oif red in sun, thin bloom ; stalk, long,
curved ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, high flavor, separates freely from
the stone. September.

4:52 THE PLUM.

Sharp's Emperor.

Denyer's Victoria, | Queer. Vlctori*.

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, roundish oval, lively red in
sun, paler in shade; flesh, yellow, separates from stone, pleasant flavor.
Middle September.

Thomas.

American. Hovey, in Mag. of Hort., says this is a seedling of Mr.
Thomas. Boston, Mass. We take from his description. Branches, stout,
slightly downy. Fruit, large, oblong, flattened at apex, shallow suture,
dark amber color, mottled and shaded with red, sprinkled with white dots
and whitish bloom ; flesh, deep yellow, sweet, separating from a large,
roundish ovate stone ; stalk, half-inch, stout, deeply inserted. September.

Trouvee de Vouche.
Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous and very fertile. Fruit, medium
or small, is regularly oval ; skin, thick, reddish violet, with a shady side,
and a violet bloom on the sunny side ; flesh, juicy, sweet, and '• very good.''
Ripens the end of August. (Al. Pom.)

Wax Plum.

American. Fruit, large, oval rounded ; stem, long, downy ; color, yel
low, mostly covered \s'ith carmine : lilac bloom ; flesh, greenish yellow,
juicy, sprightly j " good." Free-stone. October. (Hov. Mag.)

White Damson.

Late Yellow Damson, I Shailer's White Damson,
White Prune Damson, | White Damascene.

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, oval, pale yellow, few red
spots ; flesh, yellow. Cling-stone. September.

Wilkinson.
Tree, vigorous. Branches, smooth, rather slender. Fruit, medium,
oval, slightly necked ; skin, reddish purple, covered with a thick bloom ;
stalk, medium, set in a small cavity ; flesh, dark yellow, rather firm, sweet,
not rich or high flavored ; adheres partially to the stone. Ripens the last
of September. (Downing.)

WooLSTON*s Black Gage.
Foreign. Fruit, round, below medium size, black, very juicy, rich and
sugary; a free grower and great bearer. This, and Angeline Burdett, are
much alike in their fruit, but differ in the habit of the trees. Both have
thick skins, which induces them to shrivel on the trees an^l become lusci-
ous sweetmeats. Beginning of September. (Riv. Cat.)

Yellow Egg.

Yellow Magnum Bonum,
White Magnum Bonum,
White Egg,
Egg Plum,
White Mogul,

Askew's Golden Egg,
Col. Young's Seedling,
White Imperial,
White Holland,
Wentworth,

Dame Ambert,

" " Jaune,

" " Blanche,

Grosse Luisante.

Foreign. Numerous seedlings are produced from this variety, differing
little from the parent. " Long's Yellow" is one considerably distributed

SUPERSEDED BY BETTEB SORTS. 453

West. It is a variety only esteemed for cooking purposes. Branches,
smooth. Fruit, large, oval, narrowing at ends, suture distinct ; skin, yel-
low, white dots, and thin white bloom ; flesh, yellow, adhering mostly to
the stone ; stalk, long, surrounded at insertion by fleshy ring. Middle to
last August.

CLASS in. Superseded by better sorts.

Admibal.
Corse's Admiral.

Canadian. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, light purple; flesh, greenish yellow
Cling-stone. September.

Amkeican "Wheat.

American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, blue; flesh, greenish. Cling-stone.
August.

Aphicot.

Apricot Plum of Tours, I Abricot6e, I Bed Apricot,

Abricotee de Tours, | Yellow Apricot, |

Foreign, Branches, downy ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellow, with red ; flesh, yellow, bit-
ter. Free-stone. August.

Blue G-aoe.
Azure Hatlve, | Black Perdrigon, | Little Blue Gage.
Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, small, round, blue; flesh, greenish. Free-stone.
August.

Bhevooet'b Pubple.

New York Purple, | Brevoort's Purple Bolmar, | Brevoort's Purple Washington.
American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, oval, reddish purple ; flesh, yellowish. Cling,
stone. September.

Beach Plum.
Native of the sea-coast. Fruit, small, reddish, astringent.
Blue Pebdeigon.

Violet Perdrigon, I Brignole Violette,
Perdrigon Violette, | Battle Monument.

Foreign. Branches, downv. Fruit, medium, oval, reddish purple ; flesh, greenish yellow.
Cling-stone. August.

Byfield.

American, Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, light yellow ; flesh, yellow. Cling-
stone. August.

Cheston.

Cheston Matchless, j Matchless, | Violet Diaper.

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, small, oval, purple ; flesh, yellow. Free-stone. August

COPPEE.

French Copper.

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, oval, bluish copper; flesh, greenish. Free«
stone. September.

Cboft's Eaelt.

A small, reddish blue fimit, with yellow flesh, dry, and devoid of flavor. August.

Damsox.
Conunon Damson, | Purple Damson, | Early Damson.
A variety common in all gardens, increased by seeds and suckers ; many sub-varieties, under
names of Winter Damson, Prune Damson, Sweet Damson, &c. Jlranches, downy. Fruit
small, oval, purplish blue ; flesh, greenish, partially free. September to November.

454: THE PLUM.

Diamond.

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, oval, purplish black; flesh, yellow, dry. Fre«»
stone. September.

Dictator.

Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal. Tree, vigorous and hardy. Fruit, very large, brown*
*sh purple, covered with a bloom; flesh, juicy, rich, and high-flavored.

Field Maeshal.

Corse's Field MarshaL
Canadian. Fruit, medium, oval ; flesh, greenish yellow. Cling-stone. August.

FOTHEBINGHAM.

Sheen, | Grove House Purple.

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, obovate, reddish purple; flesh, greenish
yellow. Free-stone. August.

Ghiston's Eablt.

American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, oval, yellow; flesh, yellow. Free-stone.
August.

Gotokd's La Fatettk.
American, Fruit, medium, long, oval, purplish blue ; flesh, yellowish. September.

Goliath.

Caledonian, I Steer's Emperor,
Saint Cloud, | Wilmofs Late Orleans.

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, roundish oblong, purplish red; flesh, yellow.
Cling-stone. August

Guthrie's Apricot.
Guthrie's Apricot Plum.

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, yellow, with crimson dots ; flesh, yellow.
Cling-stone. August.

G WALSH.

American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, obovate, dark purple; flesh, yellow, acid.
Cling-stone. August.

Holland.
Blue Holland, | Holland Prune.

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, round, reddish purple; flesh, yellowish.
Free-stone. September.

HoESE Plum.
Large Early Damson, | Sweet Damson.

American. Seedlings make good stocks for budding. Branches, downy. Fruit, medinm,
oval, reddish purple ; flesh, greenish yellow. Free-stone. August.

JUDSON.

American. Fruit, small, roundish oval, reddish pink, mottled; flesh, yellowish; stone,
large, free. August.

Large Green Drying.
Knight's Large Green Drying.

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, round, greenish yellow ; flesh, yellowish. Clingw
stone, insipid. September.

Late Bolmer.

Fruit, medium, roundish. Skin, yellow, mottled with red next the sun. Flesh, yellow,
rather firm, sweet, but not rich. Free-stone. September.

Lewiston Egg.

Origin, Lewiston, N. T. Tree, vigorous and productive. Branches, downy. Fruit, medi-
um size, oval ; skin, pale yellow, with a bloom ; flesh, yellow, adhering closely to the stone,
»ot very sweet, and only second-rate flavor. August.

SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 455

LiTTLK Queen Claude.

Yellow Gage (of the English), I Eeine Claude Blanche, I Gonne's Geeen Gage,
Petite Eeine Claude, | Small Green Gage, | AYhite Gage.

Forci^. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, yellowish green, with red spots; flesh,
pale yellow. Free-stone. August.

Lucombe''8 Nonsuch.

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green; flesh, greenish,
Cling-stone. August.

Muscle.
Foreign. Only grown for stocks. Fruit, oblong, dark red, large stone.

Nectaeine.
Caledonia ? | Howell's Large.

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, roundish, purple ; flesh, greenish yellow, partially
cling-stone. August.

Peoly's Eably Blue.

American. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oblong, dark blue ; flesh, yellow, partly fre«
August

Pbincb's Orange Gage.

Fruit, medium, roundish oval ; suture, moderate ; skin, yellow ; stalk, long, set in an
open cavity; flesh, light yellow, coarse, juicy, pleasant, but not rich, adheres to the stone.
September.

Queen Mother.

Bed Queen Mother, | Pigeon's Heart, | Damas Violet.

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, purplish red in sun, amber in shade
flesh, yellow. Free-stone. September.

Bed Imperial.

Imperial Eouge, | Early Forcing.

Foreign. Branches, slightly downy. Fruit, large, oval, reddish violet ; flesh, greenish yel-
low. Free-stone. September.

Bed Peedeigon.

Perdrigon Rouge.

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, deep red, lilac bloom ; flesh,
yellow. Free-stone. August.

Ehinebeck Yellow Gage.

Origin, Ehinebeck, N. Y. Tree, very strong and vigorous.

Fruit, large, oval; suture, deep; skin, yellow; stalk, rather long, inserted by a fleshy
ring, without depression ; flesh, coarse, adheres to the stone. September.

Semiana of Boston.

This has been thought to be the Imperatrice Violette of old Duhamel. "We are not pre-
pared to say, and as it is condemned by all growers, do not think it worth looking after.
Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, oval, dark blue ; flesh, harsh, acid. Cling-stone. Sep-
tember.

Siamese.

American, Branches, smooth. Fruit, grows in pairs, which is its only merit, pale yellow »
flesh, yellow. Cling-stone. September,

St. John's.

Prune de St, Jean.

Foreign, Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, purplish blue; flesh, greenlsli yellow.
August

456 THE PLUM.

Stabklee's Seedling.

American. Branches, downy. Fruil, medium, oval, greenish yellow, with white specks;
flesh, yellowish. Cling-stone. August.

Suisse.

Simiana, I Swiss Plum, I Prune d'Altesse.

Prune Suisse, | Monsieur Tardif, |

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, above medium, round, violet red ; flesh, greenish yel-
low, acid. Cling-stone. September.

ViEGIN.

Virginale.

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, roundish, purple ; flesh, yellow. Free-stone.
September.

"WniTB Apeicot.

Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow ; flesh, rather firm, not sweet, but pleasant. Cling-stone.
Middle of August.

WhITB luPSnATSIOE.

White Empress, | Impferatrice Blanche.

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, obovate, bright yellow, few red spots ; flesh,
yellow. Free-stone. September.

WnrrE Peedbigon.

Perdrigon Blanc, | Maitre Claude, ) Brignole.

Foreign. Branches, downv. Fruit, medium, oval, greenish yellow, red spots in Bun; flesb
pale yellow. Cling-stone. August.

Wilde's.

American. Fruit, large, oval oblongs greenish yellow ; flesh, yellowish green. Clingnston^i
Jolj.

THE QaiNCE.

Cydonia vulgaris^ Dec. Rosacece of Botanists.

The Quince is a tree of crooked, tortuous, rambling branches, and
in the usual neglected state in which it is cultivated, seldom reaches
a height of over fifteen feet. In rich, deep soils, however, it will
acquire a height of twenty-five to thirty feet. While young and in
the nursery, it is of rather rapid growth ; but after the trees com-
mence fruiting, the growth is less rapid, and is more spreading than
upright. The botanical name, Cydonia, is said to be from its first
attracting notice in the city of Cydon, Candia. The largest tree on
record is growing in the neighborhood of Geneva, New York, and
is, according to the " Horticulturist," thirty feet high, with a trunk
pjirthing six feet, and branches extending over a circle seventy-five
feet in circumference. In the Journal of the London Horticultural
Society, a variety is spoken of as existing in Persia, of which the
fruit acquires the weight of fifty to sixty ounces, and ripened, loses
all its austerity, so that it is eaten at the dessert like a soft, ripe
pear. No such variety has, however, yet found its way to our
shores, and it is somewhat doubtful if it exists. The large, pale
pink blossoms of the quince make it rather ornamental ; and appear-
ing, as they do, after other fruit trees have done blooming, it is
almost certain to escape late frosts, and annually produce fruit.
We have often wondered at the taste that cultivates carefully a bush
of privet or snowberry, while the quince is neglected in some secluded
shaded corner.

Propagation. — By Seed. The seed should be saved by cutting
out the cores and seeds, and laying them in a heap for a few days,
or until they become soft, when, rubbing in water and passing the
pulpy part through a sieve, leaves the seeds clear. They should
then be mixed with damp sand in shallow boxes, and placed in a cool
cellar or out-house until Spring — care being taken that they do not get
dry, nor yet wet enough to decay. In Spring, sow thinly, in drills,
good, rich, deep soil, and cover about two inches deep.

By Cuttings. These are usually taken off" in Spring, early, from
wood of last year's growth, and are about one foot long each. The
buds should all be cut out, except the two upper ones, and the cut
ting set erect, ten inches deep, in rich, moist, sandy soil.' If ground
is available where moisture can be insured in Summer, without over,
plus in Winter, the month of September is best for making and put-
20 457

4:58 THE QdlNCE.

ting in the cuttings. Small beds may be made, well shaded from
noonday sun, and watered during the Summer season.

By Layers. These are usually made in Spring, by bending down
and pegging, as described in a previous part of this work. They
usually form roots the first season, and will answer the following
Spring to be cut from the parent plant and transplanted into nursery
rows.

By Roots. Small pieces of the roots, from four to six inches long
each, taken off in Spring, and planted with the upper end about two
inches under ground, will throw up fine shoots during the season.
For propagating Cydonia Japonica, or Japan Quince, this is de-
cidedly the best way.

By Budding and Grafting. The Portugal and Orange Quince,
being the most valuable, are often propagated by budding and graft-
ing ; and when quince stocks for the purpose are not on hand, the
common white thorn answers a very good purpose — often doing
even better than the quince, in poor soils, or in the hands of those who
neglect cultivation. It is rendered more thrifty, when worked on
pear stocks — more hardy on thorn.

Soil. The soil, for successful growth, should be rich, deep — say
two feet — and regularly cultivated, or, in other words, free of grass
or weeds. Barn-yard manure, with salt in abundance, mixed, and
allowed to lie six monfelis before being applied, and spaded-in around
the trees, will often render trees deemed unproductive, and of poor
quality, productive, and of the best. New plantations, if to be made
in old worn-out soils, should first have a liberal dressing of virgin
earth or leaf mould from woods. Free use of liquid manures, applied
during Winter and Spring, have to our knowledge kept a plantation
of the quince in fine health and bearing for upwards of thirty years.
Bog-earth, or salt-marsh mud, is frequently used in the States bor-
dering on the ocean or salt water.

Situation. A shaded situation, and moist, has been almost uni-
versally advised; neither of which is at all essential. Shade, on
the contrary, is objectionable ; while, in soils well supplied with ma-
nures and salt, moisture sufficient will always be found.

Transplanting, Pruning^ and Distance apart. The, Quince is
hardy, and the Fall is best for transplanting ; but, when not conve-
nient, its roots strike so readily that no one should be deterred, even
if left until late in Spring. Newly planted trees should be pruned
back very closely, or say two-thirds of the last year's growth cut
away, and all branches for a distance of eighteen inches from the
crown cut away, thus leaving the tree with a stem or body of eigh-
teen inches— just sufficient to enable one to dig and cultivate around
it underneath the branches. The distance apart for trees destined
for an orchard, should be about twelve feet each way. The object
of pruning orchard trees should be, to keep the head open ancj

VARIETIES. 459

regular — cutting away all crossing limbs and suckers. " The bear-
ing branches, or spurs of the quince, are small twiggy shoots, pro-
duced on wood at least two years old. These bear two, three, or
more fruit-buds. These produce shoots two or three inches long, on
the point of which the fruit is borne singly. These spurs have
always wood-buds, as well as fruit-buds, and therefore should be
shortened back the Spring after they have borne, in order to pro-
duce new spurs at the same point."

Insects, etc. " The borer sometimes proves a formidable enemy.
It is the larva of an insect which attacks the wood of the trunk, near
the surface of the ground, and works inwards, usually upwards, but
sometimes downwards, to a distance of several inches into the wood,
during the summer season.

" As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means of pre
vention have been resorted to. The remedies described for the
apple-borer are found useful. When the insect has once obtained
possession, the best method appears to be direct attack. Scrape the
soil from the trunk, and cut with a knife, lengthwise, and not across
the bark and wood, till the insects are found. Repeat the operation
once a week for several times, as a part escape the first examination.
Then cover the wounded parts with a mixture of warm tar and
ochre or brickdust. It is a great saving of labor to arrest early their
progress ; hence, trees should be examined frequently. They may
sometimes be extracted by a flexible barbed wire, when cutting out
would too much mutilate the tree."

In Spring or early summer months the ends of the branches often
turn black and die. By some, this is declared to be caused by an
insect i^scolytus), and the remedy said to lie in the cutting off and
burning the branches. We do not so regard it, but believe it rather
caused by atmospheric change ; as a bright, clear, hot sun imme-
diately opening at about midday, after a warm, softening rain, will
often exhibit the result of blacking ends of young, tender shoots, in
a very few hours.

Uses. The Quince is never eaten in a raw state, but has, from the
days of Columella, been highly esteemed for making of marmalade,
preserving, stewing, to give additional flavor to tarts of apple and of
pastry, etc. In medicine, the expressed juice, repeatedly taken in
small quantities, is regarded as cooling, astringent, and stomachic.
Dried quinces are said to be excellent. Gathered carefully by hand,
the quince may be wrapped in paper, and, placed in a cool room,
kept until near midwinter.

VARIETIES.

Of these there are very few really worthy of description, and, of
these, three only worthy of cultivation to any extent. The Chinese
Quince {^Cydonia Sinensis) is cultivated only as ornamental. Its fruit

460

THE QTHNCE.

is egg-shaped, dull green, with hard, dry flesh ; its flowers rosy red,
very pretty. The Japan Quince ( Cydonia Japonica) is also only
cultivated as an ornamental shrub. There are three varieties, bearing
flowers bluish white, scarlet or crimson ; and of the latter, with
flowers nearly double. The fruit is dark green, hard, with a pleasant
odor ; not eatable.

Angers.

This variety is mostly grown for the purpose of engrafting the pear upon.
The fruit is. however, equal to the Pear-shaped, and much resembles it,
only that it is larger, somewhat more rounded, and a lighter, brighter yel-
low. The principal value, however, is for stocks on which to work the Pear.

New Upright.

Paris de Fontenay.
A variety first introduced to notice by Messrs. EUwanger and Barry, of
Rochester, N. Y. It grows upright, strikes readily from cuttings, but after
the first year's growth, seems to lose vigor and afterwards grows very
tardily.

Orange Quince.

Apple Quince, | Apple-shaped Quince, | Cydonia v. Malfonnia.

This is the variety most generally grown, and most esteemed. When
fully ripe, its rich golden yellow resembles more the color of an oraugo

VARIETIES.

461

tlian its shape corresponds to the general form of apples ; therefore we
prefer the name orange to apple-shaped. It is not rare to find it grown
from seed, and the seedlings sold as the Orange Quince, when, in truth, as
many of the seedlings are likely to produce the pear-shaped or even far in-
ferior fruit, as seedlings from a good pear or good apple, when the parent
was grown by itself. It is often gathered before ripe, which is not until
from the middle to the last of October. If gathered too early they do not
cook tender. Leaf, ovate pointed. Fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform,
varying to obovate conickl ; stem, usually in a slight depression ; when
well-grown and cared for, the skin is smooth, of a rich golden yellow ;
without care, it becomes small, knotty, and woolly ; core, large, and placed
nearest the blossom or calyx end ; seeds, reddish brown.

Portugal Quince.
Cydonia Lnsitanica.

This variety is readily distinguished in the tree, by its leaf being round,
or as wide as long, and very downy underneath. The true variety is yet
scarce in the "West. It has the reputation of being a shy bearer, but trees
in our grounds have produced equally as abundant as the Orange Quince.
Fruit, medium to large, regular oblong pyriform, smooth, of a paler yellow
than the Orange variety; core, medium, and placed near the centre; seeds,
light brown , flesh, mild, loss astringent than other varieties ; cooks tender

462 THE RASPBERRY.

and turns a fine purple or deep crimson, hence highly esteemed. It ripena
about ten days earlier than Orange Quince ; requires very rich, deep soil-

Pear Quince.

Pear-shaped Quince, I Pyriform Quince,
Oblong Quince, | Cydonia Sub. v. Pyrifonn,

This takes its name from the fruit being shaped much like many varie-
ties of the Pear. It is of medium size, roundish oblong or pyriform, taper-
ing to the stalk. S/cin, dull yellow ; flesh, firm^ tough, dry, but of high
flavor. When stewed or cooked, it is less tender, and the flesh less lively
in color than the Orange Quince. Leaves, oblong ovate. Last of Octobei

Rea's Seedling.

Van Slyke.
New. Originated by Joseph Rea, Coxsackie, Green Co., N. Y. Tree,
healthy, thrifty grower, productive ; said to be very valuable. Fruit, one-
third larger than the Orange variety ; of same form and color, fair, hand-
some and equally good.

THE KASPBEERY.

Hubus idcBtis. RosacecB of Botanists.

A LOW deciduous shrub, found wild in the woods, both of this
country and Europe. The roots being permanent, and the stems
biennial, they throw up a number of shoots, which produce fruit the
second year and die. Our present cultivated varieties have been
produced by high cultivation of seedlings from a variety no better
than is to be found common in the fence corners of our slovenly
farmers.

Propagation and Transplanting. New varieties are produced
from seed ; the seedlings having a tendency to depart materially
from the character of the parent, as in the instance of the " Orange,"
produced from seed of a crimson berry.

Seedlings are easily grown by planting the berry when fully ripe,
about one inch deep, in light loamy soil, where it is a little shaded.
They will fruit the second or third year. Varieties are usually in-
creased by transplanting the suckers or offsets. They can be pro-
pagated by cuttings, which is done much in the manner of managing
cuttings of the rose ; the care and attention requisite, making it only
desirable in case of rare or new kinds. A few varieties, as the
American Black and English Red, sometimes propagate by their
branches bending over until the ends touch, and become covered in
the ground.

CULTURE AND TKAINING.

463

In transplanting, the root should be protected from drying winds
or hot suns, and the cane should be cut back one-fourth its previous
season's growth.

The rows should be north and south, and three to four feet apart,
according to the vigor of the sort, and the plants placed one every
two feet. Some plant three in a hill, the hills four feet apart. We
think they become matted too soon in this way.

Soil. All cultivators agree that, while the raspberry may be
made to grow on gravelly loam, slaty soil, or stiff cold clay, it can
be relied on for a crop only when planted in a rich deep loam, where
there is moisture, but such drainage that water will not stand. For
those whose gardens are upon soils naturally unfavorable, deep
trenching, placing coarse barn-yard manure at the bottom of the
trench, and covering the surface with two inches of leaf-mould from
the woods, will often render the plants productive, especially in wet
seasons.

Situation. The situation should be open, fully exposed to light
and air ; to this end the advice to form rows north and south.

Culture and Training. In large plantations, weeds are kept
down mostly with the plough and cultivator, hoeing where the culti-
vator does not reach. Where the variety is hardy, a single pruning
in the Spring is all that is necessary. This should be done early
in March or April, according to the season or section of the country
where located ; and consists in cutting away the canes of last year's
bearing, leaving four to six of the strongest of last year's growth for
the coming crop ; these to be cut back one-fourth, cutting away all
shoots of slender growth, and also all suckers, unless wanted for
future planting. Varieties requiring winter protection should have
the old fruiting canes cut away in September. Where increase of
plants is wanted, they should not be dug or hoed around early in
Spring.

An English gardener, in our immediate neighborhood, has prac-
tised the following modes of training, ever since our residence in the
north of Ohio :

Figure 1 represents the canes prepared for fruiting, in April.

The uprights are posts
L. V, ^\.\, \.M sjj^^ .. ..^v.\.v VA N/ ^/./^^^y made of cedar or locust,

four inches square at the
bottom, and two inches
at top. The ];iorizontal
lines may be of tarred
rope, or annealed iron
wire, coated with coal
tar. To the horizontal wires, the canes are tied by strips of basi
bark, such as is used in budding.

464

THE KASPBEERY.

Fig. 2.

In figure 2, the
arched portion tied to
the stake in the centre,
represents the canes of
last year's growth pre-
pared for fruiting the
coming season.

Figure 3 represents

Fig. 8.

the plants in the Fall ; the upright canes being those of the season's

growth, while the arch-
ed ones are those which
have produced fruit,
and must be cut away.
Insects. The rasp-
berry is generally free
from destructive in-
sects. Dr. Munson, of
New Haven, Conn., in
a paper to the Ameri-
can Pomological Soci-
ety, speaks as follows
of one. We have not seen it West. " It is a fungus of a bright
orange color, and infests the under side of the foliage of the common
red raspberry, Rubus idceus, in Connecticut ; and the exhaustion oc-
casioned by this fungus causes the plant to put up a multitude of
spindling stalks, and renders it wholly unproductive. This affection
disseminates itself, and I know of no remedy."

Protection. Many of the best varieties, like Red Antwerp, re-
quire protection in Winter, north of Philadelphia, in order to insure
a full crop. This is best and easiest done by two meji passing along
the rows, one bending down the canes to the ground, while the other,
with a shovel, throws two inches of earth upon them.

Gathering Fruit. This should be done in the cool of the morning,
when they are higher flavored than at midday.

Uses. " The raspberry is held in general estimation, not only as
one of the most refreshing and agreeable sub-acid fruits for the
dessert, but it is employed by almost every family in making pre-
serves, jams, ices, sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by
confectioners, for making syrups ; by distillers, for making raspberry
brandy, -wnegar, etc. Raspberry wine, made in the same way as
that of currant, is considered the most fragrant and delicious of all
home-made wines." {Downing.) Its fruit, immediately succeeding
the strawberry, and not liable to undergo acetous fermentation in the
stomach, is regarded, and prescribed by many physicians, as a pro-
moter of health.

Profits. Seldom failing to produce a crop, when grown on suita-

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 465

able soil ; requiring comparatively little labor to prune and keep the
plant in order ; always meeting ready sale, at fair prices, it is sur-
prising that more attention has not been given the culture of the
raspberry by orchardists and farmers. The " Red Antwerp," which
is mostly grown for the New York market by cultivators on the
Hudson river, is^ stated to have produced 3,300 baskets, of one pint
each, from three-fourths of an acre ; and $1,500 has been realized,
in a single season, from sale of product of three acres. A plantation
of raspberries will be in perfection the third year, and continue pro-
fitable five or six years, when it is best to form a new one on a fresh
piece of ground.

Autumn Fruiting. Any variety may be caused to mature its
fruit in the Autumn, by cutting away all shoots in Spring, and stop-
ping in the young shoots about midsummer. It is, however, an
unprofitable course, as the plant is unfitted for another season's
fruiting, except in the same way, and the yield is only about one-
half.

Classification and Varieties. We have made but two classes of
the raspberry, from the great difficulty of selecting those only for a
first class, which would bear the mark of worthy general culture.
Heretofore, the Red and Yellow Antwerps have always been re-
garded as finest for the dessert ; but, since the introduction of the
Fastolf and the Orange, they have by very many been regarded
as surpassed in delicacy.

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed.

American Black.

Thimblebeiry, | Common Black Cup, ] Black Easpberry.
This is to be found common around old stumps and in fence-corners in
the country. Cultivated in deep, loamy soil, in the garden, it increases
in size nearly one-fourth ; and ripening very late, will always be profitable
for market. For making jam, flavoring puddings, etc., it is preferred to the
more delicate kinds. Shoots, long, rambling, recurved. Berries^ dark
purple, nearly black, round flattened.

American Red.
Common Bed, | English Bed, of some.
Well known. Shoots, upright, light brown. Fruit, medium, roundish,
light red, sub-acid. Early.

Belle de Fontenay,
A dwarf- growing variety, with large and deep green leaves ; bears large
fruit all the Autumn, of good flavor, but requires warm soil and exposure.
Hort.)

Catawissa.

American. From Columbia Co., Pa. Fruity medium, dark reddish
purple, producing abundantly on the young wood, and commencing to ripen
20*

166

TUE RASPBERRY.

early in August. This character will probably make it valuable when
raspberry eaues are liable to be destroyed by the colds in Winter.

Antwerp.

New Red Antwerp, | True Red Antwerp.
Although universally desired, it is
rare that the true Red Antwerp rasp-
berry is found West of the State of
New York. It is a Dutch sort, ori-
ginally from Antwerp city. An exa-
mination of the Red Antwerp as im-
ported from several sources, all of
which prove incorrect, leads us to
doubt whether it is better known in
the old country than here. The
common Red Antwerp is easily de-
tected in its fruit being smaller and
round, while that of the tnie is large,
regularly long conical, dull red, with
a rich, sweet flavor. Canes, mode-
rately strong, yellowish green, be-
coming pale brown or mouse color,
early in Autumn, covered below with dark brown spines, but the upper
portions, especially of the bearing wood, nearly smooth. Ripens from first
to tenth July. The canes need protection in Winter throughout Northern
sections, in order to secure a full crop.

Colonel Wilder.

Another seedling of Dr. Brinckle's.
Shoots, strong, light-colored. Fruity
above medium, roundish conical, light
cream color, firm, with a sprightly,
fine flavor; moderately productive,
ripening its fruit in succession, from
early until quite late in the season.
Raised from seed of the Fastolf, and
named in honor of one of the best
pomologists in America.

Cope.
Aseedlingof Dr. Brinckle's; promises well. Foliage, light green. Fruity
large, conical, crimson : spines, red.

CASHING.
This fine raspberry was raised from seed of the Double-bearing, by Dr.
Brinckle, of Philadelphia, in 1844. It promises well; should receive atten-
tion of amateurs. Shoots, strong, vigorous ; prickles, brown ; leaf, plaited,
regular form. Fruit, large, roundish conical, crimson, and of fine flavor.
Matures early.

MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED.

467

Emily.

A seedling from the Colonel Wilder; little disseminated; vigorous
growth, with white spines. Fruit, large, round, occasionally shouldered :
light yellow.

English Red Cane.

Allen? I False Bed Antwerp.

A variety much grown and highly valued by market gardeners. The
canes arc pretty strong, tall, of a bluish red color, whitish gray bloom, very
hardy and productive. Fruit, medium or above, globular, slightly conical;
dull red, large grains, and moderately firm, bearing carriage w^ell ; fleshy
juicy, pleasant, not high flavor.

Fastolf.

An English variety, in-
troduced with high praise,
which it has fully sustained
in this country. It is proba-
bly a chance seedling of the
Red Antwerp, which it much
resembles. Its name is from
an old pile, called Fastolf
Castle, near Yarmouth, Eng.
Throughout most of North
and Western States it will
need protection in Winter,
as its canes are not quite
hardy. For small gardens,
we prefer it to Red Ant-
werp ; but for market cul-
ture, the latter is best, on
account of being more firm.
Shoots, strong, are much in-
clined to branch, light yel-
lowish brown. Fruit, large^
roundish, obtuse conical,
bright purplish red, soft,
rich, high-flavored, product-
ive ; ripening its fruit in
long-continued succession.

Franconia.
Introduced to this country from France, under this name ; but not to be
found in any foreign catalogue to which we have had access. Its canes
are nearly hardy ; maturing good crops, without protection, four years out
of five. Shoots, strong, branching, yellowish brown, with scattered, rather
stout bristles; leaves, rather narrow. Fruit, large, obtuse conical, dark
rich red, rich, rather acid flavor ; more firm than Fastolf, and not as much
80 as Red Antwerp. A few days later than the latter in ripening. It is
caid that in New Hampshire there is a wild variety similar if not identical.

468

THE RASPBERRY.

French.

Vice-President French.
This is a seedling of Fastolf crossed with Yellow A-ntwerp ; originated
with Dr. Brinckle. Fruit, large, round, crimson, matv^res late ; spines, red.
It is one of the best of the Brinckle seedlings, and deserves extensive
culture.

Fulton.

From seed of French. Fruit, large, round, crimson ; productive, and a
vigorous grower ; spines, red. One of Dr. Brinckle's origin.

General Patterson.
Seedling of the Colonel Wilder ; vigorous grower,
large, round, crimson.

Knevett's Giant.

Spines, red. Fruity

Imported from England by
Col. Wilder, in 1843. This
raspberry has proved more
hardy than any other foreign
variety, requiring no protec-
tion, and producing uniformly
large crops of fruit. Its texture
being firm, it will be found
profitable to grow for market.

Canes,

upright, dis-

posed to branch. Fruit, large,
obtuse conical or roundish,
deep red and of excellent fla-
vor. It is recommended for
general cultivation by the
American Pomological Society.

Magnum Bonum.

A white or yellowish fruit of large size, rather firm flesh, and finely
flavored, similar to the old Yellow Antwerp. Very productive and
vigorous.

Merveille de Quatre Saisons.

Large, bright red, and is, of all the Autumnal raspberries, the most
abundant bearer ', its spikes of fruit are often twelve or eighteen inches
long, and produced till the end of October. (Hort.)

Merveille de Quatre Saisons.

Yellow fruit, new variety, raised from the above. It bears abundantly
7n the Autumn, and its fruit is sweet and well flavored. (Hort.)

Monthly.

Large-fmited Monthly, | Elvers' Large-fruited Monthly.
Shoots, long, slender, purplish in the sun, thickly covered with dark
purple spines. Fruit, hardly above medium, red, fine flavor.

MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 469

Mrs. Wilder.

Seedling of Col. Wilder, which it so nearly resembles as not to require
distinct description.

Northumberland Fillbasket.

A new foreign variety, A strong, vigorous grower, with numerous
rather strong, crimson-colored spines. Fniit. somewhat globular or obtuse
conical, deep red, with a good, pleasant, slightly acid flavor. Productive.

Ohio Ever-bearing.

Ohio Easpbeny.
Native of Ohio, and differing from the American Black only in producing
two crops in a year. By many esteemed very desirable.

Orange.

This variety was grown by Dr. Brinckle from seed in 1844. On account
of being more hardy, it will probably supersede the Yellow Antwerp, while
its late period of ripening will render it highly valuable for marketing.
Shoots, vigorous, with white spines ; leaf, irregular. Fruit, large, ovate,
beautiful bright orange color, and of excellent flavor. Productive. By
many this is regarded as the best of all the varieties originated by Dr.
Brinckle.

Thunderer.

A new variety lately introduced from England, and which very much
resembles Franconia. It promises equally valuable.

Yellow Antwerp.

"White Antwerp, | Double-hearing Yellow.

This variety is only suited to small gardens, and even there, we presume,
will soon give place to the Col. Wilder and Orange. It sometimes throws
up a succession of shoots, maturing fruit for a long time, whence its
synonym of Double-bearing. Shoots, strong, light yellow, with greenish
spines. Fruit, large, conical, pale yellow, sweet, and excellent. Requires
protection in Winter. In our Southern States, the Antwerp varieties are
said to fail.

Walker.

Seedling grown by Dr. Brinckle, which promises to be valuable as a
market variety. It is yet little known out of Philadelphia. Fruit, large,
round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, keeps long in per
fection on the plant, and bears carriage well ; spines, red.

Woodward.
Raised by Dr. Brinckle. This is one of the smallest varieties, though
larger than the ordinary wild raspberry. Fruit, round, sometimes roundish
ovate, crimson ; red spines. Has ripened as early as the tenth of June.
(Wilder in Hort.)

4:70 THE RASPBEEEY.

CLASS III. Superseded varieties.

Ameeican "Whitk.
WUte Thimblebeny.
Varying from above, only in color.

Babnet.

ComwaH'i Prolific, I Cornwairs Bed, I Lord Exmouth's.
Cornwall's Seedling, | Large Bed, |

' Englislu. Shoots, long, yellowish green, branching. Fruit, large, soft, roundish coixi<;al,
purplish red, agreeable.

Bebntfobd Cane.
Euglish. Shoots, strong, branching. Fruit, medium, oval conical, dull red. Inferior.

Cox's HONBY.

English.. Fruit, medium, yellowish white, borne in clusters along the stems.

Cretan Bed.

From the Mediterranean. Shoots, upright, hardy. Fruit, medium, round, deep red, acid.
Lato.

Double-Beabing.

Perpetual Bearing, I Late Cane,
Siberian, | Bed Double-Bearing.

Variety of the Antwerp. Large, dull red, hardy. Bipens late.

NOTTINOnAM SCABLET.

English. Fruit, medium, obtuse conical, red.

Bed Antwebp.

Old Bed Antwerp, I Howland's Bed Antwerp, I Burley.
Knevett's Antwerp, | Framboisier a Gros Fruit, |

This is the common Bed Antwerp of England and this country, and is quite distinct tram
the North Biver variety, which is shorter in growth, and has a conical fruit. Canes, strong
and tall ; spines, light red, rather numerous, and pretty strong. Fruit, large, nearly globular,
or obtuse conical ; color, dark red, with large grains, and covered with a thick bloom; flesh,
juicy, with a brisk vinous flavor.

ViOTOBIA.

English. Medium, roundish conical, red,

Woodwabd's Bed Globe.
English. Large, red, roundish conical.

"Wilmot's Eably Bed.
English. Small, roundish, red. Early.

THE STRAWBERRY.

Fragana^ {of species,) L. — Rosaceae of Botanists.

During the past ten years, or since the advent of Hovey's Seed-
ling to the varieties of the Strawberry, there has arisen a furor for
the production of new varieties, until nearly every village in the
United States has its "rare and unsurpassed seedling," cultivated and
extolled with praise and poetry equaling that of olden bard ; while
savans, wise on Strawberry culture and the structure of plants
botanically, have occupied page after page of our Horticultural
Journals, much to the amusement, if not instruction, of practical
men.

A native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, the
varieties of the Strawberry are universally esteemed among the
most delicious, as well as most wholesome, of the smaller fruits.
And although it is regarded as properly a habitant of cold climates,
it is successfully cultivated in the most southern latitude of this
country.

As a fruit embracing delicious and healthful qualities, with full and
satisfactory pecuniary returns, it has found a place in every garden,
farm, and plantation, from the size of a bed four feet square to the
field of five times that many acres ; yet withal, there is not sufiicient
quantity grown to meet the demand. Olden records have been made
of cures effected in the human frame from use of Strawberries. We
consider the fact, that during strawberry season there is less of sickness
in cities well supplied with that fruit, a most agreeable testimonial to
its healthful and invaluable qualities at the present day. The dis-
tinctive name, Fragaria, is highly expressive of the fragrant scent
emitted by the fruit.

Raising from Seed. When the fruit is perfectly ripe, it should
be gathered and cut into small pieces, or with great care each seed
separated. Select ground of light sandy soil, where only the morn-
ing sun will shine ; or, better, perhaps, have ready a cold-frame with
the lights sloping to the North. Sow the seed at distances of about
one inch, and- cover lightly, by sifting fine sand, or, what is prefera-
ble, vegetable mould from the woods. This done in June, the plants
will need care until about October, at which time, if not grown in a
frame, they should have tan -bark or decayed leaves strewed among
them to the depth of two inches. Early in April following, trans-
plant into deeply trenched ground, well manured with vegetable com
post.

471

472 THE STKA^VBERRY.

Propagation from Runners and Divisions. All varieties of the
Strawberry, except the Wood and Alpine, propagate rapidly by
means of runners. These, when a new variety is procured, should
be carefully watched, and as fast as they make joints, should be
pegged down, and have fine soil or sharp sand scattered over them,
to induce them more readily to make roots. In this way, from fifty
to one hundred new plants can be obtained from a single one in a
season.

To secure a bed of those most prolific in old grounds, select while
in fruit, and set stakes by side of those from which you wish to renew ;
after fruiting, destroy all around, thus giving them light and room to
form abundance of new plants. The Wood and Alpine varieties are
propagated easily from seed with but little variation. They are
also propagated by dividing the roots or cluster of roots early in the
Spring.

Fertile and Barren Plants. It is an old saying that " every person
enjoys some hobby on which to ride." Mr. N. Longworth, of Cin-
cinnati, has received the credit of starting the hobby of (in common
phrase) male and female strawberry blossoms ; and so vigorously has
the hobby been ridden, that, with locomotive power and speed, it has
found its way into every journal in the country, whether horticultural
or otherwise ; and so generally is the distinction of staminate (male)
and pistillate (female) flowers understood, that we do not deem it
necessary here to re-describe.

" The European Wood and Alpine Strawberries always maintain a
natural character of the blossom, no matter how cultivated, and there-
fore every blossom gives a perfect fruit."

Fig. 1. Fi^. 2.

SterOe StaminaU Blossom. SteriU PistiUate Bhssom.

The " Scarlets," and " Pines," as they are classed, when grown
from seed in highly cultivated grounds, have a tendency to become
imperfect in either stamens or pistils, as the case may be, and hence
arises the necessity as well as apparent reality of the terms, male and
female.

In the production of new varieties, even in our wildlings, the seed-
ling plants, by means of highly enriched and stimulating soils, in
exhibiting the full and even enlarged development of one organ, the

VARIETIES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION. 473

other remaining imperfect, has given rise to the theory of strictly
barren (staminate) and fertile (pistillate) plants, which, when once
formed, it is well known, seldom change. We coincide with Mr.
Downing, " that the organs are always present, though imperfectly
developed," and that when "deficient in pistils, (see Fig. 1,) they are
called male plants ; if deficient in stamens, (see Fig. 2,) female plants,
the terms are incorrect ; " yet these terms have become so commonly
accepted, that we have, for the better understanding, continued their use.

This deficiency in the one or other organ arising from the original
state of cultivation, cannot be changed by placing the plant in dif-
ferent soil and preserving an even temperature. The runners will,
when grown in open air and usual cultivation, in nine hundred and
ninety-five instances out of every thousand, continue to maintain the
habit of the parent plant. A change from imperfect or perfect con-
struction in the flower of the Strawberry cannot be depended on from
a plant whose habit is once established, by means simply of varied
cultivation, although very high and exciting cultivation from enrich-
ing of animal manures, will often produce over-luxuriance of foliage,
with corresponding decrease of fruit-stems ; hence, the necessity of
forming beds or plantations of the two distinct fully developed plants,
and also the care requisite to prevent the staminate or male plants
from occupying too much ground, their supply of food derived from
the root, being given to creation of new plants by means of runners
instead of fruit, as in the pistillate or female variety.

With this understanding, therefore, that varieties are continually
being produced, in which one organ is most prominently developed,
and measurably to the destruction of the whole as a fruit-bearing
flower, it has become a requisite in planting, to secure such propor-
tion of fruit-bearing or pistillate plants with the fructifying or stami-
nate varieties as to return the desired yield of fruit. The pistillates,
being regarded as the female, are counted valuable in newly formed
beds as of ten to one of staminates or males.

Varieties, however, exist, like the Large Early Scarlet, Burr's Old
Seedling, and Longworth's Prolific, which have generally been class-
ed as staminate or male plants, and yet produce abundance of fruit.
These varieties possess both organs perfect, in proportion of about
three out of five flowers, and we have therefore classed them as her-
maphrodite.

Varieties and their Classification. The varieties of this fruit have
within ten years past become so numerous as to be burdensome to tha
author who describes, as well as the amateur or nurseryman who
grows, while for all practical and useful purposes, but very few are
retained as desirable to cultivate, where quantity of produce and char-
acter, or rather flavor in fruit is expected.

The character exhibited in varieties often marks their parentage,
yet, as it is known that a plant can be fertilized by two or more varie-

474: THE STKAWBERRT.

ties, it is sometimes difficult to select the distinct class, and tvriters
are often not a little confused in endeavoring to place them.

Authors have classed the Strawberry as Scarlets^ the orighial type
being our wild Strawberry ; Pines, originating from Pine or Surinam
Strawberry; Woods and Alpines, from the common wood Straw-
berry of Europe ; Hauthois, or High wood, from Bohemia ; Chili,
from South America.

The Scarlets are designated in their character by small flowers ;
long, thin, light green, sharply serrate leaves ; acid or sub-acid fruit,
of bright scarlet color, with seeds deeply imbedded.

The Pines are designated by large flowers ; broad, dark green
leaves ; fruit of pine-apple flavor, and generally soft in texture ; seeds
slightly imbedded.

The Alpines and Woods have small flowers, perfect in their organs ;
small, thin, light green leaves ; fruit, small, sweet, and separating
freely from the calyx.

The Hautbois have large, pale green leaves, on tall foot-stalks,
the fruit-stalk tall and erect, the fruit of a dull red or purplish color.

The Chili, designated by hairy, thick, obtusely serrate leaves, fruit
pale red and insipid.

The Green Strawberries have light green foliage, plaited fruit,
solid flesh, so unworthy cultivation as rarely to be found in this
country.

We have dropped the arrangement into classes, as many of the
new varieties combine two of the above classes, and it is therefore im-
possible to classify distinctly.

Soil and Situation. Rich, deep, loamy, inclining to clayey soils,
are generally found to produce the largest berries, as well as most in
quantity ; but a sharp sandy soil, well manured with compost of ani-
mal manure, bones, decayed weeds, old mortar, brick-dust or rubbish,
has, to our knowledge, produced some crops equal to any recorded
in the public journals. Deep, the soil must be, say twenty inches, to
insure the perfection of an entire crop. If only a moderately deep
soil of six to eight inches, the first berries will fill and perfect, while
the heat and drought, so usual throughout the West and South-west
in Strawberry season, will cause too rapid exhaustion, and prevent
the filling and perfecting of the remainder.

Trenches, three feet wide and two feet deep, with one foot of straw
or leaves laid in the bottom, then filled up with good soil, well repay
the labor, in the extra crop produced.

Where beds have been long established and rendered rich by dig-
ging in, liberally, of barn-yard manure, it frequently happens that too
much growth of foliage ensues, to the destruction of flowers or fruit-
stems. Where sut^,h is the case, application of one quart of gypsum
(plaster of Paris), to every four feet square of ground, with two
inches over the surface of leaf or vegetable mould from the woods

TIME OF RIPENING, 4:76

or old pastures, will again bring in fruit. It also often occurs, that
the staminates have become too numerous. These are easily de-
tected, as they flower some eight or ten days earlier than the pistil-
lates, and may then be drawn out.

The situation of a bed or plantation affects only the earlier or
later maturity of a variety. A side-hill sloping south-east, with
springs of water gushing from several points near its summit, has
enabled an acquaintance of ours to send to market the ''Early
Scarlet '* strawberry, some ten days or two weeks in advance of
others, who have the same variety on warm soils and upon level
exposures. Situations so selected that water can be supplied
liberally throughout the fruiting season, will increase the product
nearly one-third. Wet ground, where water stands after rains, or
springy, cold soils, should never be selected.

Season for Transplanting and Freparation of Plants. South of
Philadelphia, the best season for forming new plantations is either
the last of September, first of October, or in March. In latitudes
north of this range it will generally be found best to transplant in
April or early in May. July or August planting in either section
will be found unprofitable, owing to the clear drying heat of our sun ;
while September or later planting in the northern range will require
additional care, heavy mulching with tan-bark, saw-dust or the like ;
and even then, many of the plants will be drawn out by frosts of
Winter.

The plants, when set, should be trimmed of all but two leaves,
the roots immersed in muddy water, and if possible a damp or rainy
time selected for the work ; and in order to have the bed profitable,
one hermaphrodite should be planted to every eight pistillate plants.

Time of Ripening. This varies according to latitude. In the
latitude of Cincinnati, the season usually commences about the 25th
May, continuing until the first of July, and for every degree of lati-
tude a difference of ten days may be counted on, either earlier or
later, as you go north or south.

The fruiting season may also be controlled at pleasure by means
of cutting foliage and flowers, and liberal or restrained watering.
If, for instance, a bed of Jenney's Seedling be taken, of eight feet
square, the first two feet square shall be permitted to bloom and fruit
at its usual time ; the next two feet shall have only its first fruit-
stems plucked when just about to bloom ; the third shall have its
entire foliage and fruit-stems cut close to the ground, and when the
second fruit-stems appear, they are also to be picked as in the second
plat ; the fourth shall be treated as the third, but receive no moisture
after the first cutting for a space of ten days or two weeks. The
result will be a succession of fruit in order.

Modes of Culture. Different varieties require measurably different
modes of culture in order to insure full and perfect fruit. That of

476 THE STRAWBERRY.

cultivation in hills of about two feet apart, one plant to a hill, the
runners regularly destroyed, is most successful with the Wood and
Alpine varieties, and is the only successful mode of growing any of
the English varieties ; it also returns the largest and most perfect
berries with nearly all the Scarlets and Pines ; but at the price of
labor in this country, it is regarded as too expensive to compare
favorably with the following modes in rows or strips, which have
been successfully and largely practiced in this country, and are thus
described by A. J. Downing :

" Culture in Rows. The rows should be two feet apart, and the
plants of the large growing kinds two feet from each other in the
rows ; of the smaller growing kinds, from one foot to eighteen inches
is sufficient. The runners must be kept down by cutting them off
at least thtee times a year, and the ground maintained in good order
by constant dressing. During the first year, a row of any small
vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows. Every
Autumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manure should
be dug in between the rows ; but if they are very thrifty, it must be
omitted, as it would cause them to run too much to leaf.

" A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late
in the Fall, greatly promotes the vigor of the plants, and secures the
more tender kinds against the effects of an unusually cold Winter.
Before the fruit ripens, the ground between the rows should be
covered with straw or new-mown grass to keep it clean. A planta-
tion in rows is generally in full perfection the third year, and must
always be renewed after the fourth year."

Culture in Alternate Strips. " Strike out the rows three feet
apart with a line. Plant along each line, about a foot apart in the
row. The plants will soon send out runners, and these runners
should be allowed to take possession of every alternate strip of three
feet, the other strip being kept bare by continually destroying all
runners upon it, the whole patch being kept free of all weeds. The
occupied strip, or bed of runners, will now give a heavy crop of
strawberries, and the open strip of three will serve as an alley from
which to gather fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this
alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next
season's crop. The runners from the old strip will now speedily
cover the new space alloted to them, and will perhaps require a par-
tial thinning out to have them evenly distributed. As soon as this
is the case — say about the middle of August — dig under the whole
of the old plants with a light coat of manure. The surface may be
then sown with turnips or spinach, which will come off before the
next season of fruits.

" In this way, the strips or beds occupied by the plants are re-
versed every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be con-
tinued in a productive state for many years."

SPECIFIC NUTRITION. 477

Specific Nutrition. R. G. Pardee, of Palmyra, N. Y., says : "I
fertilize the plants, on opening of Spring, with a liberal sprinkling
of a solution of one-fourth of a pound each of sulphate of potassium,
Glauber salts, and sal soda, and one ounce of muriate ammonia, to
eight gallons of water ; continue this once a week, or ten days, until
they blossom ; then pure cold water until they ripen."

An old recipe, published in the " Friends' Review," Philadelphia,
says that " a bed 30 feet by 40 should have applied, about once a
week, for three times, commencing when the green leaves first begin
to start, and making the last application just before the plants are in
''uU bloom, the following preparation : " Of nitre, of potash, of
Glauber's salt, and sal soda, each one pound ; of nitrate of ammonia,
one-quarter of a pound, dissolved in thirty gallons of rain or river
water, one-third applied at a time, and the application made at
evening." If dry weather, free application of clear soft water
should be made between the times of using the preparation.
Throughout most of the Western soils there is, as yet, no necessity
for specific application of food to the strawberry, except it may be in
old gardens. For field, or market culture, new clover-lye will be
found better than specific manures on old grounds. The applying
specific nutrition in solution to all fruit-bearing plants, undoubtedly
increases their susceptibility, while it increases the vigor, and foliage,
and size of fruit ; yet we doubt the success of such increased action
in the soils of the Western States, as combined with the great
changes of climate. On the other hand, we advise such course as
will rather check than enhance vigor. We append analysis of the
Strawberry plant, made by Mr. Bilius Kirtland, for guidance of
those whose grounds have become exhausted, and who prefer this
method :

Garden Strawberry.

In one hundred and sixteen grains of the ashes :

Grains.

Silica 6.117

Charcoal and Sand 3.103

Perphosphate of Iron * - 1.515

Lime 26 539

Magnesia 8.908

Sulphuric Acid 1.469

Phosphoric Acid 6.970

Chlorine 708

Potash : 33.154

Soda 2.790

Carbonic Acid 23.008

114.281
Organic matter and loss , 1 .739

116.020

478

THE STEAWBEREY.

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed,

Boston Pine.
American. Staminate ; rec[uires high cultivation ; vines, vigorous.
Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical ; seeds, yellow, slightly imbedded .
zolor, deep, rich, shining red ; flesh, pale scarlet, firm, juicy, sweet, with 8
sprightly, agreeable flavor. C. M. Hovey is the originator of this variety.
Its earliness and great productiveness make it highly valuable.

Burr's New Pine.

Originated at Columbus, Ohio, in 1846, on a clayey
soil. Flowers, pistillate, large for the sex ; vines,
hardy, vigorous, very productive.

Fruit, large, obovate, or rounded, light pale red ;
seeds, slightly imbedded ; flesh, whitish pink, deli-
cate aromatic flavor, sweet, and delicious ; core, firm,
long rounded, too tender for a market fruit, highly
desirable in gardens. Ripens among the very ear-
liest.

Genesee.

American. Hermaphrodite ; vines, luxuriant ; fruit-stalks, stout, sup-
porting the fruit well. Fruit, large, roundish, dark crimson, very produc-
tive. Ripens late. Originated with Eilwanger and Barry.

Hooker.

Originated with H. E. Hooker, Rochester, N. Y. Esteemed. Herma-
phrodite ] vines, vigorous, large broad foliage, hardy, productive, long time
in bearing; fruit-stalks, long; truss, large. Fruit, large, obtuse conical,
generally regular, but sometimes cock's comb, dark crimson, purplish red,
surface soft, polished ; seeds, not deeply imbedded ; flesh, fine, sweet, rich,
and excellent.

Hovey's Seedling.

American. Pistillate. Flowers, small ; vines, vigorous ; leaves, broad,
roundish, distinct from all other varieties ; leaf and fruit-stalks, short and
stout. Fruit, very large, roundish ovate, slightly conical, with a short
neck ; color, when fully exposed to the sun, dark, rich, shining red ; seeds,
dark; flesh, scarlet, firm, bears carriage well, but is deficient in richness of
flavor. In rich, deep, loamy soils, and supplied with a good impregnator,
this variety will give immense crops of large fine fruit. In common or
sandy soils it perfects only a few large berries. The " Methven Scarlet '
has been largely disseminated in Illinois and farther west States as
Hovey's Seedling. Newly planted beds require a covering of litter in
Winter.

MOST genp:rallt esteemed.

478

Hudson.

Hudson's Bay,
Old Hudson,

Late Scarlet,
American Scarlet,

Pistillate. More extensively cultivated than an/ other variety, its har-
dihood and late period of maturity, together with its fine, rich, acid flavor,
so valuable for preserving, will continue for years to bring it abundantly to
the markets of our large cities. In the rich clay lands around Cincinnati
it grows to such size as frequently to have been mistaken for Hovey's. It
must, however, gradually give place to such varieties as Longworth's Pro-
lific, Western Queen, &:c. Fruit, above medium, ovate, often with a
neck ; seeds, deeply imbedded ; color, rich dark glossy red ; jlesh, firm, of a
high, brisk acid flavor. Should be permitted to hang until fully matured.
Season, rather late.

Jennet's Seedling.

Valuable for ripening late — say one week after
'• Longworth's Prolific," or about same time as
" Dundee " — and for its firm texture, and desirable
qualities as a variety for preserving. Flowers,
pistillate : vines, very hardy ; leaf and fruit-stems,
both long, stiff", and upright ; calyx, very large, dis-
tinctive. Fruit, large very regular, roundish
conical ; color, rich, glossy dark red ; seeds, deeply
imbedded ; jlesh, white, tinged with pink at the
core, while the red of surface is shaded in one-
sixteenth of distance, firm, rich, sub-acid, delicious;
core, long conical, open texture, sometimes, hol-
low. Season, late. Very productive, 3,200 quarts
having been gathered from less than three-quarters
of an acre.

Longworth's Prolific.

Schneike's Seedling.

Originated at Cincinnati at the same time
as McAvoy's Superior, and on similar ground ;
both on the land of Mr. Longworth known as the
'• Garden of Eden." For market culture we re-
gard it of more value than McAvoy's Superior.
Flowers, hermaphrodite; vines, hardy; foot-
stalks, long, stout; leaf, broad, round, bold, up-
right, with a curve ; trusses, large, full, stand up
well from the ground ; productive, regular, and
sure bearer. Fruit, above medium to large, gen-
erally regular, roundish or obovate, sometimes
slightly conical or coxcomb ; color, rich, dark
crimson; seeds, small, deeply imbedded ; fiesh, firm, bright red, with veins
of white, and a white rim surrounding the core, which is obovate rounded,
sub-acid, rich, high, not delicate flavor; calyx, around stem, is large, long
acuminate, and the stem set deeply into the fruit. Ripens medium season,
or with " Hudson."

480

THE STEAWBERET.

Large Early Scarlet. ^-

Early Virginia.

American. Hermaphrodite. With some this is regarded as the best
early berry. Its chief value may be found as an impregnator of pistillate
kinds. Fruity medium, roundish ovate, bright scarlet ; seeds, deeply im-
bedded ; fleshj tender, rich, slightly acid flavor. Season, very early. We
think "Jenny Lind " will prove superior to this, and take its place.

McAvoy's Superior.

McAvoy'8 No. 12.

Originated at Cincinnati, in 1848, on loamy clay soil underlaid wnth
limestone. Received the prize of $100 from the Cincinnati Horticultural
Society, 1851. Flowers, pistillate; vines, hardy; foliage, broad, dark,
wavy, and sharply serrated ; foot-stalks, long ; trusses, full, and well-
formed. Fruit, very large, exceeding by one-eighth that of any other va-
riety ; form, varied, as shown in our drawings, generally roundish, irregu-
lar conical, and occasionally slightly necked ; color, rich, dark, glossy
crimson ; seeds, large, slightly imbedded ; flesh, red crimson, lighted and
veined with white, the white most apparent at the apex, tender, juicy, rich,
with an exquisitely fine, high flavor ; core, round oblong, rather open and
coarse in texture. Too tender to endure carriage long distances; desirable
for private gardens. Ripens at medium season.

Monroe Scarlet.

American. Pistillate. Plants, vigorous, prolific. Fruit, large^ round-
ish, short neck, fair flavor ; flesh, firm. Valuable market sort.

Walker's Seedlinq.
Staminate. Fruit, medium size, roundish conical, very

American,
dark crimson ; seed

moderately sunk; flesh, not quite solid, deeply stained

with red, sprightly rich flavor, of quality "best;" prolific for a staminate.

MOST OENKRALLY ESTEEMED.

481

Prolific Hautbois.

Conic*! Hautbrtis, j Double Bearing, | Lafayette, of 80me^
Musk H&utbois, | Caperon lioyal, | La Grange, of somA

Of all thft Hautbois or high-wood class of strawber-
ries, this we regard as the only one worth cultivating ;
and even this is only adapted to private gardens of
those who relish its peculiar musky flavor. One pint
of these berries, mixed with a dish of two quarts of
any of the Scarlet or Pine varieties, imparts a richness
and character that few can avoid liking, after once
tasting. Plants of both sexes require to be carefully
selected in order to give product. Foot-stalks, long,
bearing the fruit above the foliage ; vines, hardy, and
very productive. Fruit, medium, sometimes large,
rounded conical, dark purplish red ; seeds, light crim-
son, prominent; Jlesh, firm, musky, very rich, sweet
and delicious: core, ovate conical, partially hollow. Ripens with "Wes-
tern Queen ;" and sometimes, when the season is rainy, gives a partial
second crop. John Saul, Washington. D. C, says the Fertilized Hautbois
of Myatt is a larger fruit and bearer than above.

Western Queen.

Originated at Cleveland, by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, in
1849, on gravelly loam. Flowers, pistillate; vines,
very hardy; foot-stalks, long; foliage, dark, acumi-
nate ; truss, well spread, very productive. Fruit,
medium to large, regular rounded conical, very little
inclination to form a neck; color, rich dark glossy
red ; seeds, dark : flesh, yellowish stained, firm, juicy,
sub-acid, sprightly and agreeable flavor ; core, long,
conical. This variety bears carriage well, and being
less acid as well as 'larger than Hudson or Willey,
should supersede them.

Willey.
WUey.
American. Pistillate. Undoubtedly a seedling from Hudson, as plants
taken from the bed of Mrs. Willey, originally Hudson, (from whence its
name,) have some been recognized as Hudson, while others bear the cha-
racter allied to, but yet varied. Fruity medium to large, ovate conical
rounded, rarely inclining to neck, rich, dark, glossy red; flesh, firm, juicy,
high acid flavor. Hangs long, and should be permitted so to do ; vines,
very hardy, vigorous, require severe thinning, or the fruit is materially
lessened in size.

Wilson's Albany.
Ptaised by the late James Wilson, Albany, N. Y. Flowers, pistillate;
vines, hardy, vigorous, and very productive. Fruit, large, broadly conic,
pointed ; color, deep crimson ; flesh, crimson, tender, with a brisk acid fla-
vor ; a promising variety. The introduction of this, as well as most other
Northern varieties, at the Southwest, should be done cautiously, as it if
doubtful whether they will bear the heat of Southern summers.
21

482 THE STEAWBEBRT.

CLASS II. New and untested varieties^ or adapted to certain localities.

Admiral Dundas.

English. New. Foliage, small. Fruit, large, irregular, conical flat-
tened, pale scarlet, yellowish, seeds slightly imbedded ; flesh, pale red, hol-
low, juicy; "good." (Hov. Mag.)

Ajax.

English. Staminate. Fruit, globular, sometimes cock's comb, dark
crimson, fine flavor. New.

Alice Maude.

Princess Alic« Maade.
English. Hermaphrodite. Large flowers, conical, dark crimson, glossy,
flavor sprightly, abundant bearer; grown largely in some sectioas of
Virginia.

BicTON Pine.

English. Staminate. Fruit, large, long oval, flattened, bluish white
For amateurs only.

Bishop's Orange.

Orange IXudson's Bay, | Bishop's New.
Pistillate. Medium, light orange scarlet, conical ; fruits in clusters,
moderately prolific. Desirable in warm, deep, sandy soils.

Black Prince.

Black Imperial.

English. Pistillate. Large, rounded, deep purplish red, glossy ; seeds,
slightly imbedded, very showy; flesh, rich, red, sweet; in some localities
— as at Newburgh, N. Y., and on the Canada shore opposite Detroit —
proves of the very highest flavor; wants a rich, loamy clay; core, full,
firm, surrounded by a light pink line. There is another variety of Black
Prince, wliich is long, conical, somewhat acid.

Brewer's Emperor.

English. Staminate. Large, ovate, dark red, hardy, and said to be pro-
ductive. Although introduced to this country some eight years, it has not
as yet been much disseminated.

Brighton Pine.

Raised by Mr. Scott, of Brighton, Mass. An early and prolific variety,

much lauded by Mr. Hovey, from whose magazine we extract description ^.

Vines, vigorous, hardy. Fruit, large, roundish conical, dark red ; flesh,

tinged with scarlet, sprightly, high flavor. Ripens among the verv earliest.

Brilliant.

American. Hermaphrodite. Flowers, large. Fruit, large, conical,
deep crimson ; flavor, excellent. Productive ; plants vigorous. (W. R.
P., in Hort.)

untested vaeieties, etc. 483

British Queen.

Myatt's British Queen.

English. Staminate. Large, roundish, scarlet,. rich ; poor bearer.
Burr's Seedling.

Burr's Staminate Seedling, | Burr's Old Seedling.

American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage, light green ; vines, strong,
vigorous and hardy. Fruit, above medium, roundish oval, often conical ;
•eed, light-colored ; color, light pale red ; flesh, tender, mild, and pleasant
flavor, does not bear carriage well, and is of too pale color to sell well in
market. Productive, and, as a fertilizer for pistillate varieties, valuable.

Caleb Cope.

American. Pistillate. Large, pointed, scarlet: flesh, white; flavor,
good. Prolific.

Captain Cook.

English. New. Vines, said to be strong and haray; great bearer.
Fruit, large, firm, bright scarlet.

Charlotte,
American. Pistillate. Flowers, medium ; foliage, broad. Fruit, large,
obovate ; color, dark scarlet • flesh, sweet, sprightly flavor. Productive.
(W. R. P., in Hort.)

Cleveland.

American. Hermaphrodite. Leaf, large, ovate rounded, dark green.
Fruit, large, varying from cock's comb to conical shape, irregular ; color,
dark purplish red on sunny side, opposite a rich clear vermilion ; seeds,
ovate pointed, prominent ; flesh, firm, of pine-apple flavor, rich, and deli-
cious. A variety raised from seed in 1849, by Mrs. D. H. Lamb, of Cleve-
land, Ohio.

Climax.

Climax Scarlet.
American. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, conical, slightly necked, light
scarlet, rather acid. Very productive. (E. and B.)

Cornucopia.

American. Pistillate. Fruit, large, conical, scarlet. Productive. (W.
R. P., in Hort.)

Crescent Seedling.

A variety originated at New Orleans, said to be perpetual bearer. We
have been unable to examine it. It requires further testing.

Crimson Cone.

Dutch Berry, | Scotch Pineapple.

Pistillate. Flowers, medium. Fruit, large, conical, good flavor, slightly
acid. Vines, vigorous, requiring space ; productive. An old market sort.
Superseded.

484 THE STEAWBEKET.

Gushing.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large; color, light scarlet; form,
obtuse conical ; flesh, fine ; flavor, sprightly, agreeable. Productive. Ori-
ginated by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia.

DUCHESSE DE TrEVISE.

A variety which as yet we do not know of hjrving been fruited in this
country. Mr. R. Thompson, of the London Horticultural Society, thus
describes it : '" Presented to the Society by M. Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, near
Paris, September 6th, 1851. Fruit, middle-sized, ovate, deep red : seeds,
small, rather deeply imbedded ; flesh, pale red, juicy, with a brisk, rich
flavor ; leaves, large, roundish, widely and rather obtusely serrated ; leaf-
stalks, moderately tall, very hairy, the hairs on these spreading horizon-
tally, but those on the scapes and runners are depressed. Appears to be a
good bearer."

Duncan's Seedling.

English. New. Fruit, large, dark rich red, fine flavor, productive.
Lately introduced.

Dundee.

Scotch. Pistillate ; leaves, light green ; foot and fruit-stalks, long, sup-
porting the clusters of fruit clear of the ground. Fruit, medium to large,
roundish oval, very uniform, light pale clear scarlet ; flesh, firm, rich acid,
high flavor very productive ; extremely valuable as market berry, its period
of ripening being from five to ten days after Wiley or Hudson. Vines, very
hardy.

Duke of Kent.

Duke of Kent's Bcarlet, | Austrian Scarlet, | Early Prolific Scarlet.

English. Staminate. Fruit, small, roundish conical, bright scarlet, sharp,
rather acid flavor ; valuable only on account of its early period of ripening
Vines, hardy.

Fillbasket.

English. New. Vines, strong. Fruit, large, round, bright scarlet,
firm ; great bearer.

Germantown.

Young's Seedling.
From Germantown, Pa. Vines, vigorous, hardy, productive, long time
in bearing. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, regular, rich, dark
crimson, firm, sweet, high flavor ; promises valuable for market pur-
poses.

Green Strawberry.
Green Pine, | Green Wood, | Green Alpine. .

Cultivated only by the curious. Small, roundish whitish green.

Hautbois Seedling.

Peabody Seedling.
American. New. Origin, C. A. Peabody, Columbus, Geo. Herma-
phrodite. Hardy, vigorous plant, withstanding both cold and heat without
injury. Fruit, borne upon tall stalks, and attached to the calyx by a coral-

UNTESTED VAEEETIES, ETC. 485

like neck, without seeds ; size, large ; form, irregular, conical ovate, com-
pressed ; color, rich, dark crimson ; flesh, firm, melting, juicy, exquisite,
pine flavor ; prolific, and bears carriage well.

Hooper's Seedling.

English. Staminate. Fruit, medium, conical, dark rich red, good flavor j
productive. Late.

Iowa Male.

Washington.
American. Staminate. Fruit, medium, round conical ; seeds, deeply
imbedded ; color, pale red : core, ovate conical, marked with a greenish
line ; flesh, yellow ; flavor, delicate ; moderate bearer.

Jenny Lind.

Staminate. Size, rather large ; form, conical, perfect, generally with
short neck ; seeds, moderately sunk in oval cavities ; color, bright light
scarlet ; flesh, white, nearly solid, heavy, tender, and juicy ; flavor, plea-
sant sub-acid, and, under favorable circumstances, highly perfumed ; quality,
" very good." Early, ripening with the Early Virginia, but more prolific.

Magnifique.

American. Pistillate. Very large, rounded, orange scarlet, pleasant
flavor ; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)

McAvoy's No. 1.

McAvoy's Extra Eed.

American. Pistillate. Two varieties originated at same time and place
as " McAvoy's Superior." They are yet comparatively untested, but, with
exception of quality, the same description will answer for both ; large,
roundish, scarlet ; seed, deeply imbedded ; flesh, stained with red ; flavor,
agreeable ; the extra red, sub-acid.

Methven Scarlet.

Methven Castle, I Southampton Scarlet, I Hovey's Seedling, o/aome^ West,

Methven, | Keen's Seedling, of some, West, | Stoddart's do. *

Scotch. Pistillate. Strong grower. Fruit, large, roundish or cack's-
comb shaped ; seed, slightly imbedded ; color, dull scarlet ; flesh, coarse,
open texture ; core, large and hollow ; flavor, very indifferent. It some-
times produces large crops, ripening some four or five days after the height
of strawberry season.

Montevideo Pine.

American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage, large ana vigorous ; flowers, very
large. Fruit, large, conical, of a pine-apple flavor, ripening late. (W. R.
P. in Hort.)

Moyamensing.

American. Pistillate. Foliage, large, crenate serratures. Fruit, large,
roundish conical, deep crimson ; seed, crimson, set in rather deep depres-
sions, with rounded intervals; "flesh, red; flavor, fine. Valuable market
lort in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

4:86 THE STRAWBERRY.

Necked Pine.

Unique Prairie, | Pine Apple.

American. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, conical, alway« necked, light
Bcarlet j flesh, white, delicate, a little acid, pleasant when fully ripe ; little
grown, except in private gardens at Cincinnati.

Omar Pacha.
English. Vines, vigorous ; a seedling from British Queen. Fruit, large,
roundish, cock's-comb form ; bright red, with many small, yellow seeds ;
flesh, white, juicy, sweet. New.

Orange Prolific.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, orange scarlet, acid ; produc-
tive, late. (E. & B.)

Pennsylvania.

American. Pistillate. Leaf, large, deep green. Fruit, large, broadly
conical, dark crimson ; seeds, crimson, when shaded, yellow, slightly im-
bedded ; flesh, red ; flavor, fijie. (Trans. Penn. Hort. So.)

Prince of Wales.
English. New. Said to be very early. Fruit, medium, deep scarlet,
fine flavor ; productive.

Primate.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, conical, deep scarlet; pro-
ductive, fine for market. (W. R. P. in Hort.)

Primordian.

American. Pistillate. Flowers, small. Fruit, large, conical, deep
scarlet j productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)

Prolific Hudson.

American. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, short cone, crimson, good flavor j
ripens gradually. (W. R. P. in Hort.)

Prolific Swainstone.

American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, ovate, scarlet; flavor, fine,
productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)

Red Alpine.

Stafford's "Washington Alpine, | Newland's Mammoth.
Flowers, perfect. Fruit, small, conical, bright scarlet, delicate, peculiar
flavor. Its principal value in our climate is the ripening gradually a long
time. An autumnal crop may be procured by destroying the early blos-
ioms. The " White Alpine " varies only in the color of its fruit.

Eed Wood.

English Eed Wood.
The wild strawberry of Europe, easy of cultivation, bears freely and of
long continuance; small, red, roundish ovate, sweet and delicate. The
White Wood varies only in color.

487

Refulgent.

American. Pistillate. Medium, ovate with a neckj scarlet, fine flavor ;
productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)

Richardson's Late.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, roundish, short neck, light
scarlet, rich sub-acid, sprightly flavor ; moderately productive. Ripens in
succession, until about middle of July. (M. P. W., in Hort.)

Rival Hudson.

Burr's Eival Hudson.
American. Pistillate. Fruit, large, bright scarlet ; flesh, red, firm, sub
acid ; very productive. Originated same time as '• Burr's New Pine," and
is much like "Hudson," its parent.

Ross Phoenix.
American. Staminate. Fruit, large, roundish, compressed, dark red;
flesh, firm, good flavor ; generally a poor bearer.

Ruby.

English. Fruit, medium, oval, ruby red, fine flavor, prolific. (Hov.
Mag.)

Salter's Versaillaise.

English. We copy description of Mr. R. Thompson, of London Hort. So-
ciety :

Presented to the Society by Mr. John Salter, Nurseryman, Hammer-
smith, Oct. 24. 1851. Fruit, large, ovate, sometimes flattened or cock's
comb-shaped, dark red ; seeds, rather deeply imbedded : flesh, pale, juicy,
and rich ; leaves, middle-sized, roundish oval, widely serrated ; leaf-stalks,
scapes, and runners, hairy, the hairs spreading almost horizontally. A good
bearer.

Scarlet Nonpareil.

English. New. Vines, vigorous. Fruit, large, regular roundish, coni-
cal, glossy red ; delicate perfumed flesh.

Scott's Seedling.
From Brighton, Mass. Staminate. Vines, dwarfish, hardy ; light yel-
lowish greeu foliage. Fruit, medium, conical, crimson scarlet, hollow at
core ; flesh, pale red, wanting in flavor.

Sir C. Napier.
English. Vines, vigorous; foilage, medium. Fruit, large, roundish
cock's comb, glossy scarlet ; seeds, yellowish ; flesh, pinkish, juicy, slightly
musky.

Sir Harry.

English. Vines, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, cock's-comb form ;
flesh, red, solid, delicious, perfumed ; fruit-stems, stout. New. (Hov. Mag.)

Southborough.

Southborough Seedling, | Marshall's Seedling.
English. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, sometimes pointed,
rich deep scarlet; seeds, small, deeply imbedded, mild rich flavor; firm

488 THE STKAWBERRT.

flesh, bearing carriage we 1. We have fruited this several years in con-
nection with ''Large Early Scarlet " (to which it is a good mate), and
found it more productive, and ripening equally early in season. Vines,
hardy ; fruit and foot-stalks, short.

SwAiNSTONE Seedling.
English. Staminate. Fruit, large, ovate, light crimson, firm fleshed,
rich, delicious flavor. Ripens a long time, but is an uncertain bearer.

Unique Scarlet.
American. Hermaphrodite. Large, light scarlet, sweet, rich, delicious
flavor. Moderate bearer.

Victoria.

Trollope''8 Victoria.
English. Hermaphrodite, sometimes pistillate. Fruit, medium to large,
round, conical, rich scarlet ; flesh, firm, rich, high, slightly acid flavor.
Season, with Hudson and Willey. Some six years since we received this
variety, but have never been able to find it described, or to recognize it as
any variety under different name. The vines are hardy ; promise well.

White Alpine.
Varies from Red Alpine only in the color of its fruit.

White Bush Alpine.
This and Red Bush Alpine diflfer from the Alpine previously described,
only in not forming runners, but, growing in neat, compact bunches, are
used by many persons for edging beds in kitchen gardens. Bearing through-
out the entire season, renders it desirable. They are propagated by divid-
ing the roots early in Spring. Andrew Parmentier, of Brooklyn, N. Y., fir&t
introduced the Bush Alpines to this country.

CLASS in. Superseded by better sorts.

Abeedeen Beb Hivb.
English. Staminate ; below medium, scarlet.

Bain's Extba Eakly.
Medium to small, round conical ; flesh, tinged with red, sweet and pleaMat.

BOSTOCK.

Eostock.
English. Eoundish ; poor bearer.

Buist's Prize.
American. Ilermaphrodite ; large, firm ; moderately productive.

Colb's Late Scablet.
English. Medium, deep color; moderate bearer.

Cole's Psouna
English. Large, ecnical, good flavor.

BUPER8EDED BY BETTER SORTS. 489

Cox's Sekdlins.
English. Large, UgM red, irregnlar shape, acid.

Columbus.
American. PistUlate ; large, dark red, sweet, too tender.

Cbihson Pink.
Hermaphrodite; resembles Hudson.

Dbptfokd Pine.

Myatt's Deptford Pine.

English. Staminate ; large, long conical, rich, scarlet ; poor bearer ; partially hardy.

DOWNTON.

Knight's Seedling.
English. Staminate ; large, irregular form, purplish scarlet; unproductive.

Ebeblein's Seedling.

American. Hermaphrodite; vines, vigorous; flowers, medium; fruit, medium, conical
compressed; seeds, lignt colored, prominent; color, dark scarlet; good, slightly acid flavor.

Elton.
Elton Pine.
English. Staminate ; large, light red, ovate, acid, tender; unproductive.

Giant Alpinb.
Medium, globular, tasteless.

Globe Hautbois.

English. Small, globular ; unproductive.

GOLIAH.

German. Medium to large, scarlet, irregular, acid, vinous; there is also an EngHfih
variety.

Gbove End Scaelet.
Atkinson's Scarlet,

English. Hermaphrodite ; medium to small, globular, light vermilion, acid ; early ; pro-
ductive.

Huntsman's.

American. Pistillate; large, productive, flavorless. Huntsman's Staminate: Medinnif
dark scarlet, good flavor ; poor bearer.

Keene's Seedlino.

English. Staminate ; large, round cock's comb, purplish crimson, firm, rich, high flavor,
lender ; unproductive. There is also a pistillate Keene's Seedling, received by N. Long*
worUi, of Cincinnati, equally unproductive.

La Libgoise.
French. Staminate; medium, bright scarlet ; unproductive.

Late Pbolitic.
American. Pistillate ; medium, light pale scarlet.

Lizzie Eandolph.
American. Pistillate; medium, scarlet ; indifferent grower.

Mtatt's Eliza.

English. Staminate ; large, irregular cock's comb, tender flesh, hollow core, high flavor ; poor
bearer.

Mottibe's Seedling.

American. Pistillate ; resembles its parent " Hudson."

Melon.

Scotch. Medium, roundish, dark color ; dwarC

21*

4flO THE STEAWBEEBT.

Mtatt'8 Elkanoe.
F-nglish. Staminato ; large, long conical, crimson scarlet, acid.

Mtatt's Globe.
EngUsh. Large, roondiflli, fine flavor, tender.

Mtatt's Mammoth.
English. Staminate ; large, irregular roundish, dark crimson, flavorless, pooi b««rer

[Mtatt's Pbinck Ai.bsst.
English. Medimiif conical, purplish crimson.

Mtatt's Pink.
English. Large, bright scarlet, fine flavor ; poor bearer.

Mtatt's Peolifio.

English. Staminate ; medium, conical, light scarlet, good flavor ; not proliflo.

Ohio Mammoth.

American. Staminate ; large, light pale red, conical, hollow core, deficient in flavor • poor
bearer.

Old Pink, ob Cabolinb,

Bath Scarlet, | Old Scarlet Pine, | Pineapple.

American. Staminate ; medium, conical, with a neck, bright scarlet, rich flavor, ripenii wh«a
there are manj better varieties.

FBonrsE Scablet.

American. Pistillate ; from seed of Large Early Scarlet, which it resembles.

Pbofusion.

American. Pistillate ; small, rich, sweet, productive.

PeINCK or OSLEAilS.

Staminate ; medium, delicate flavor.

BOBEBEBBT.

English. Staminate ; medium, conical, good flavor ; poor bearer.

Eichaedson's Eaelt.
American. Pistillate; medium, dark crimson, acid.

Scioto.
American. Pistillate ; large, light pale scarlet,

Scablet Melting.

American. Pistillate ; ovate conical, necked, light pale red ; flesh, tender, Julcj, good.

Tatloe's Seedling.

American. Pistillate ; medium, long oval, neck distinct, light scarlet, sweet and agreeaWe,
Hollow core ; unproductive.

Tbue Chili.

Patagonian, | Greenwell's New Giant, ] Greenwell's French.

This, with the two following, are little valued, and rarely grown. Fruit, large, conical, <IuU
ted, firm, hollow core.

"Wilmot's Sttpeeb.

English. Large, round, cock's comb, scarlet ; poor bearer.

"Wilmot's New Scablet.
English. Large, oval, bright scarlet ; poor bearer.

William Henet Habbisoit.
American. Staminate ; large, cock's camb pointed, dark red ; flesh, reddish.

Yellow Chili.
Fruit, large, irregular, yellow, firm.

SELECT LIST OF FEUITS.

We have prepared the following list of Fruits, as most desirable for
growing in the several sections of country we have designated. It is not
presumed to be a perfect list, or to embrace all the valuable varieties, but
it is believed to embrace those most known, proved and esteemed, and
comprisable within the bounds of our numbers.

Our list embraces, of

Apples 40 varieties.

Peaches 12 market do.

Peaches 12 garden do.

Pears 30 varieties.

Pears on Quince 20 do.

Sweet Cherries 12 do.

Duke Cherries. 6 do.

Morello Cherries. 6 do.

Plums. 15 do.

Nectarines. 8 do.

Quinces 8 do.

Apricots 4 do.

Currants 6 do.

Hardy Grapes 4 do.

Strawberries 6 market sorts.

Strawberries 6 garden sorts.

Raspberries 6 varieties.

Gooseberries 6 do.

We have divided the territory as follows :

Sec. 1. Embracing Northern Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan. Northern Ohio,
New York, most of Pennsylvania, and the States east.

Sec. 2. Embraces Southern Pennsylvania, Southern and Central Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Southern Iowa, Northern Kentucky, Maryland, Tennessee,
and Northern Missouri.

Sec. 3. Includes all territory south of what is noted in the two pre-
ceding sections.

These sections we use only with the Apple and Pear. With Cherries,
and other fruits, we give selections of the best. Perfect drannage, and
trees with branches near the ground, is essential to successful culture of
the Cherry at the South and South-west. Propagated on Morello stocks,
they are more hardy, and succeed better than on Mazzard or Mahaleb.

We have also endeavored to give the use for which the variety is most
adapted, and also its time of ripening. In our illustrations necessary to
this end, T stands to designate that it is used for the table, or dessert ; M,
that it is profitable as a market variety ; C, that it is among the best for
cooking purposes ; b, for baking of sweet apples.
Apples fob Section 1,

Name of VarUty. Uses.

Amer. Summer Pear- | ^

main J ^'

Early Harvest T. M. C.

Red Astrachan M. C.

Sweet Bough T. b.

Primate T.

Gravenstein T. CM.

Fall Pippin T. M.

Lowell T.M.

Garden Koyal T.

Autumn Bough. T. M.

Mother T. M.

Myers Noupar«U T. M.

Jersey Sweet T. b.

Time of
Jiipening.

Aug., Sept.

July.
July, Aug.
Aug.

Aug., Sept.
Aug., Oct
Oct., Dec.
Sept., Oct
Sept, Oct
Sept, Oct
Oct, Jan.
Sept., Nov.
Sept

Name of Variety. Uses.

Jeffries. T.M.

Fameuse T.M.

Baldwin T.M

King of Tompkins' Co. T. M.

Belmont T.M.

Bellflower. T. M. 0.

Bullock's Pippin T.

Melon T.M.

Rambo

Esopus Spit/enberg. ,

Westfield Seek-no-
further..

Domine

Hubbardstown Non-
such

491

T.M.
T.M.

T.M.

T. M.

T.M.

Tim^of
Ripening.
Sept, Oct
Oct, Nov
Dec, Feb.
Dec, Mar
Dec, Feb.
Dec, Feb.
Jan., Mar.
Dec, Feb.
Nov., Jan.
Jan., Mar.

Dec, Feb.

Jan., Mar.

Dec, Feb.

BELECT LIST OF FBUITS.

Nanu of Variety. Uaea.

Jonathan T. M.

Lady Apple T. M.

Newtown Pippin T. M.

Paradise Winter Sweet T. M. b.

Peck's Pleasant. T. M.

Rhode Island Greening T. M. C.

Swarr T, M.

Bed Canada T. M.

Kichmond T. M, b.

London Sweet T, M. b.

Cogswell T. M.

Winesap T. M. C.

Newtown Spitzen- %

berg t T M.

Vandewere of Dow- f ^■■'^

ning '

Ladies' Sweet T. M. b.

Apples for Section S

Amer. Summer Pear- | m
main J ^'

Early Harvest. T. M. 0.

Ked Astrachan M. C.

Sweet Bough T.b.

Primate T.

High Top Sweet b.

Eed June M.

Fall Pippin T.M.

Garden Koyal T.

Gravenstein T. C. M.

Mother. T.M.

Porter T.M.

FaliWine T.

Kambo T. M.

Smith's Cider. T. M.

Smokehouse T. M.

Jeffries. T.M.

Paradise Winter Sweet T. M.

Willow Twig M.

Newton Spitzenberg... T.M.

Vandervere T. M.

Winesap T. M. C.

Domino T. M. C.

Bullock's Pippin T. M.

Talman's Sweet M. b.

Poughkeepsie Kusset.. T. M.

Myer's Nonpareil T.M.

Ortley T. M.

Bellflower T. M.

Esopus Spitzenberg. ... T. M.

Jonathan T. M.

Lady Apple T.M

Newtown Pippin T. M.

Swaar. T.M.

Maiden's Blush M. C.

Keswick Codlin M. C.

Prior's Eed M. T.

White Pippin T.M.

Raule's Janet T.M.

White Winter Pear- i m w-
main J" ^-^

Apples fob Section 3.

Early Harvest T. M. C.

Eed June T.M.

Julian T. M.

Eed Astrachan. M. C.

Toccoa T.M.

Bwoet Bough T.M.

▲m. Boiumer Pearmain T.

Time of
Kipening.
Jan., Mar
Dec, Mar-
Feb., May.
Dec, Feb.
Dec, Feb.
Nov., Mar.
Jan., Mar.
Jan., Mar.
Oct., Dec
Dec, Mar.
Jan., Apr.
Dec, Feb.

Dec, Mar.

Dec, Apr.

Aug.

July.
July.

July, Aug.
Aug.

July, Aug.
July.

Sept., Oct.
Aug., Sept.
Aug., Sept.
Sept., Dec.
Sept., Oct.
Sept., Oct.
Oct., Jan.
Nov., Feb.
Nov., Feb.
Aug., Sept.
Nov., Jan.
Jan., Mar.
Dec, Mar.
Nov., Jan.
Nov., Feb.
Dec, Mar.
Nov., Jan.
Nov., Feb.
Dec, Feb.
Sept., Oct.
Jan., Mar.
Dec, Jan.
Dec, Feb.
Dec, Feb.
Nov., Jan.
Jan., Mar.
Nov., Jan.
Sept., Oct.
Aug., Sept.
Jan., Mar.
Jan., Mar.
Feb., Apr.

Jan., Feb.

May.

June.

July.

June, July.

July.

June.

July, Aug.

^ameofVoHety. Use,. ^^^^

Maiden's Blush C, Ja'yi Aug.

Garden Eoyal T. July, Aug.

Autumn Pearmain T.M. Aug., Sept.

Carnation T.M. Aug.

Fall Queen M. C. July, Aug.

Bohanon M, C. Aug., Sept

Fall Wine T, Aug., Sept.

Fall Pippin T.M. Aug.

Dutch Mignonne T.M. Sept, Oct.

Mala Carle T. M. Aug., Sept.

White Spanish Eeinette T. M. Oct., Nov.

Ne Plus Ultra T. M. Oct.

WaddeirsUall T.M. Oct., Jan.

Mangum T. M. Dec, Mar.

Bentley's Sweet T. M. b. Dec, Feb.

Nickejack T. M. Dec, July.

Carolina Winter Queen T. M. Nov., Jan.

Ben Davis T. M. Jan., Mar.

Hall T.M. Jan.

Disharoon T. M. Oct., Nov.

Green Skin T. M. Jan., Mar.

Camaks' Sweet T. M. Dec, Mar.

Mavcrack Sweet T. M. b. Jan., Feb.

Duckett T. M, Oct., Feb.

Berry T. M. Nov., Feb.

Bachelor T. M. Oct., Dec

White C. Nov., Jan.

Hamphill T. M. Nov., May.

Callasaga T.M. Oct., Jan.

Eaule's Janet T. M. Nov., Jan.

-Jonathan T. M. Oct., Dec

Limber Twig T, M. Jan., Mar.

Carter T.M. Oct., Jan.

Peabs foe Section 1.
In this we have one column to designate the
Stock upon which the variety succeeds best.
P, stands for Pear Stock, and Q, for Quince
Stock.

Stocks. Uses. Matunty,

Ananas d'Ete P. T. M. Aug., Sept.

Bartlctt P. T.M. Aug., Sept.

Belle Lucrative . . P. Q. T. M. Sept., Oct.

Buffum P. T. M. Sept., Oct

BeurreLanglier.. P. Q. T.M. Nov., Jan.

Beurre Moire.... P. Q. T.M. Nov.

Brandywine. '. P. T. M. Aug., Sept.

Beurre Bosc. ... P. T. Sept., Oct

Beurre Colt P. T.M, Oct., Nov.

Beurre d'Anjou.. P. Q. T. M. Oct., Nov.

Black Worcester.. P. Cooking. Nov., Feb.

Bloodgood P. T. Aug.

%°„„d?;tf !". [ «■ T.M. SepUOet.

"CS [P- T. A.g.

Doyenne White,. Q. T.M. Oct, Nov.

Flemish Beauty.. P.Q,T. M. Sept, Oct

GloutMorceau... Q. T.M. Dec, Feb.

Jalousie de Fon- ) ^i t tlt n^t-

teenay Vendee f ^ T. M. Oct

Kirtland P. T. M. Sept., Oct

Lawrence P, T. M. Nov., Jan.

Louise Bonne de } q T M i Oct

Long Green of J p q t. m. Oct

Coxe ) ^

Noveau Polteau.. P. Q. T. M, Nov.

Doyenne d'Etfe ,. . P. T. July, Aug

Madelaine P. Q. T. M Aug.

Pound P. Cooking. Dec, MaR

SELECT LIST OF FRUITS.

493

Uses.

Matwrity.

T.M.

Dec, Jan.

T.M.

T.M.

T.M.

T. M. C.

T.M.

T.M.

M.C.

Sept.
Aug.

Nov., Feb.
Dec, Mar.
Sept.

Oct., Nov.
Nov., Jan.

T.M.

Nov., Jan.

T.M.

Nov.

T.M.

Dec, Feb.

T.M.
T.M.
T.
T.

Aug.
Oct,
Aug.
Last Aug.

&ocka.
Boldat Labourcur ) q

■d'Esperin i ^*

Stevens' Genesee P. Q.

Tyson P. Q.

"Winter Nelis P.

Jarainette P.

Washington. P.

Urbaniste Q.

Vicar of Winkfleld Q.
Doyenne d'A- \ q

lencon ) ^

Beurre St. Ni- < p,

cholas [ '^

Beurre d'Arem- [ t>

berg f ^•

Zoar Beauty P.

Payency Q.

Skinless P.

Eostiezer P.

Pbaes fob Section 2.

Ananas d'Ete P. T.M. Aug.

Bartlett P. T.M. Aug.

•Belle Lucrative... P. Q. T. M. Sept.

Beurre Langlier... P. Q. T.M. Oct., Nov.

Beurre Moire Q. T. M. Oct

Beurre Bosc P. T. Sept., Oct.

Beurre d Anjou ... P. Q. T. M. Oct.

Beurre Easter..... Q. T.M. Jan., Mar.

BuflFum P. T.M. Sept.

Black Worcester.. P. Cooking. Nov., Jan.

Bloodgood P. T.M. July.

"dant^e'.!*'?^?°:f Q'. ^.M. Sept.

J)earborn Seedling P. ' T. July.

Doyenne White. . . P. Q, T. M. Sept., Oct.

FuUon P. T.M. Oct.

Flemish Beauty... P. Q. T.M. Sept.

Glout Morceau Q. T. M. Nov., Jan.

•"tnTvcndee'i'i- '.M. Sept.

^t"r«,?.''.Ti-<i- T.M. Sept.

Lawrence P. T. M. Nov.

^Se^.^tt^.'lU ^* '^•^ Sept., Oct.

Lewis..'!!!!...... P. T.M. Oct., Jan.

Nouveau Poiteau. P. Q. T. M. Oct., Nov.

Beurre Oiflfart.... P. Q. T. July.

^Xfas'.':.'^"}^- T.M. Oct., Nov.

Pound P. Cooking. Nov., Dec.

^'^^spe'rlr''?' } 0- T. M. Nov., Dec

Urbaniste Q. T.M. Sept., Oct.

Vicar of Winkfleld Q. M. C. Oct., Dec

Seckel P. T. M. Sept., Oct.

Stevens' Genesee. P. Q. T. M. Sept.

Tyson P. Q. T. M. Aug.

St. Ghislain P. Q. T. M. Sept.

Winter Nelis. P. T. M. Nov., Jan.

Jamlnette P. T. M. Nov., Feb.

''gouSme.''^?:}^- T.M. Aug.,8ept.

Washington. P. T.M. Aug., Sept.

Madeleine P. Q. T. M. July, Aug.

^""wg.^^tT."} P- T.M. Nov.. Jan.

Skinless P. T. July Aug.

Bostiezer P. T.M, Aug.

Aiianas d'Etfe . . ,

Bartlett.

Bello Lucrative'.
Beurre Langlier

Beurre Moire

Brandy wine P.

Beurre Bosc P.

Peabs fob Section 8.
Stocks. Uses.
P. T. M.
P. T.M.
P. Q. T. M.
P. Q. T, M.
P. Q. T. M.
T.M.
T.M.

Maturity.
July, Aug
Early Aug
Aug., Sept
Oct.
Sept
dy

Beurre d' Anjou ... P. Q. T. M.

Beurre d'Arem- | p

„ berg r ^•

Beurre Easter Q.

Buffum P.

Black Worcester. P.

Bloodgood P.

BonChrefnFon

T.M.

T.M.
T.M.

Cooking
T.

T.M.

Q.

P.O. T.M.

Q. T.M.

July.
Sept.
Sept.

Nov., Dec.

Dec, Mar.
Aug., Sept.
Oct., JaiL
Last June.

Aug., Sept.

Aug., Sept

Aug., Sept.

T. M. Oct

T.M.

T.

T.M.

T.M.

T.M.

T.M.

T.M.

T.M,

T.M.
T.M.
T.M.

dante

Doyenne White.
Duchess d'An-

gouleme

Doyenne d'Alen- \ q

con S

Beurre St. Ni- I q

cholas J ^'

Doyenne d'Etfe.... P.

Franklin ... P.

Fulton P.

Glout Morceau... Q.;

Forelle Q.

Jamlnette P.

Jalousie de Fon-

tenay Vendee .
Louise Bonne de » q

Jersey ) ^

Lawrence P.

Long Green of | p |-w

Coxe ^ r.^^

Nouveau Poiteau. P. Q. T.M.

Martin Sec Q. T.M.

Pound P. Cooking.

Eostiezer P. T.M.

Skinless P. T.

Seckel P. T.M.

Stevens' Genesee. . P. Q. T. M.
SoldatLaboureur | ^ m t^,

d'Esperin.... f Q' -^•■^•

St. Ghislain P. Q. T. M.

Payency Q. T. M.

Urbaniste Q. T.M.

Winter Nelis P. T.M.

Waahington. P. T.lkL

The Twelve best Swbet Cubbbies.
All Cherries ripen, at the South, about one
month earlier than the date we have fixed.
These are all good market varieties, with tha
exception of " Delicate," and " Early Purple
Guigne."

Uses.

Sept

June.
Jan.
Sept

Nov., Jan.
Sept
Nov., Dec

Sept

Aug., Sept

Oct, Nov

Sept

Sept
Oct

Oct, Dec
July.
June.
Aug., Sept
Aug., Sept

Oct, Nov.

July.

Sept

Sept

Oct, Nov.

Aug.

Belle of Orleans....

Brant

Black Tartirian

Black Hawk

Coe's Transparent I

or Caroline j

Delicate

Downer's Late

Early Purple Guigno

Elton .\..

Governor Wood

Kirtland's Mary

Eockjort

Table

Maturity.
Early June.
Mid. June.
Last June.
Last June.

Last June.

First July.
Mid. July.
First Junek
Last June.
Mid. June.
Last Juno.
Mid. June.

494

SELECT LIST OF FKUITS.

Tha Six best Dttkk Chebciss.

Uses. Maturity.
Arch Duke Table & Cooking. Early July.

Belle de Choisy
Belle Magnifiqao

May Duke

Keine Hortense.
Vairs August
Duke Table <Sc Cooking. Aug.

Table. Last June.

Cooking. July & Aug.

Table. Mid. July.

Table. June.

The Six best Mobsllo Chebbies.
Carnation (for )

South) and V Table & Cooking. July.

West f

Early Kichmond Cooking. June.

Shannon Table & cooking. Mid. July.

Donna Maria.. . Cooking. Mid. July.

Imperial " Aug.

Louis Phillippe " Mid. July.

T^e "Large Morello," originated by Pro-
fessor Kirtland, will probably supersede Car-
nation, but it is not yet sufficiently tested.

The Fifteen bbbt Plxtms.

Maturity at South. At North.

Bleeckcr's Gage First July. Last Aug.

Coe's Golden Drop. . . Early Aug. Last Sept.

''l«J.h':":f.'!'..'?:^ Early June.

Early Orleans Last June. First Ang.

Green Gage Early July. Mid. Aug.

Imperial Gage First July. First Sept.

Jefferson Last July. Last Aug.

McLoughlin Last July. Last Aug.

Imperial Ottoman.. .. Mid. June. Last July.

Purple Favorite Mid. July. Last Aug.

Purple Gage Mid. Aug. Mid. Sept.

Prince''8 Yellow Gage Mid. June. Early Aug.

lied Gage July. Mid. Aug.

Saint Martins Last Aug. First Oct.

Washington July. Last Aug.

Smith's Orleans July. Last Aug.

The Twelve best Peaches fob Gabdens.

fiturtevant Early July. Early Sept.

Cooledge's Favorite . . Early July. Last Aug.

Early York Mid. June. Mid. Aug.

Grosse Mignonne Early July. Mid. Aug.

Heath's Cling-stone \ wj , g .

(for the South). . . f ^^^- *®P^
Ilyslop Cling-stone... First Sept. First Oct.
Large Early York.... Mid. July. Last. Aug.

"^J^ijvTn?.'.!'.'!:} Mli July. Mid. Sep..

Old Mixon Cling-stone Last July. Early Sept.
Old Mixon Free-stone Mid. July. Early Sept.
Ward's Free-stone.. . Mid. Aug. Last Sept

Yellow Rareripe Early July. Last Aug.

VanZandt's Superb.. Early July. Early Sept

The Twelve best Maeket Peaches.

Maturity at South. At NortTi,

Sturtevant Early July. Mid. Aug.

Crawford's Early Mid. July. Early Sept

Crawford's Late Early Aug. Last Sept

Columbia Early Aug. Early Sept

Heath Cling-stone, ) q„^

(for South) J- Sep.

Lemon Cling-stone... Early Aug. Sept.
Large Early York.. . . Mid. July. Last Aug.

President Mid. Aug. Mid. Sept

Ward's Free-stone... Early Sept Early Oct

Yellow Rareripe Early July. Last Aug.

Walter's Early Early July. Last Aug.

Troth's Early Red Mid. Juno. Last July.

Hyslop's CUng-stone Last Aug. Early Oct

The Six best Stbawbebbies, fob Pbivatb

Gabdens.
Hovey's Seedling, Hooker, or Wilson's

Albany.
Burr's New Pine, McAvoy's Superior,

Boston Pine,

Jenney's Seedling.

The Six best Stbawbebbies, foe Mabket

Gabdens.
Hovey's Seedling, Hooker, or Wilson*ii

Albany,
Large Early Scarlet, Genesee,
Longworth's Proliflc, Western Queen.

In the Southern States, " Moyamensing,"
and " Bishop's Orange," are to be preferred to
" Longworth's Prolific," and " Genesee."

The Six best Raspbebbies.
Fastolf; Knevett's Giant,

Red Antwerp, Franconia,

Vice-Presid't French, Orange.

The Thbee best Quinces.
Orange, Portugal, Eea's Seedling,

The Fottb best Apbicots.
Breda, Moorpark, Large Early, Hemskirke,

The Thbee best Nectabines.
Boston, Early Violet, Elrige.

The Six best Cubeants.
Cherry, White Dutch,

Victoria, Red Dutch,

Knight's Sweet Red, Black Naples.

The Six best Goosebebbieb.
Champagne. Pale Red,

Houghton's Seedling, Green Gage,
Crown Bob, Whitesmith.

The Fottb best Habdt Gbapm.
Delaware, Rebecca, Catawba, Isabella.

IHDEX TO THE DIFFERENT FRUITS

[The standard nairec tre in Italic letters. The synonymous names in Roman.]

ALUOSDS.

PAGB

Amande Commune 43

Amande Pistache 43

Amande Sultane 43

Amandier a coque tendre .... 43
Amandier a gros fruit . . . .43
Amandier a gros fruit doux . . .43

Amandier a petit fruit .... 43

Amandier des Dam6s 43

Amandier Pecher 43

Bitter Almond 43

Common Almond 43

Common Sweet 43

Doux a coque tendre . , . . . 43

Great-fruited Sweet 43

Great Soft-Shell 43

Ladies' Thin-Shell 43

Languedoc 43

Large Persian 43

Long Hard-shell 43

Long Hard-Shell Almond . . . .43

Ou Amande Princesse 43

Peach Almond 43

Pecher 43

Pistachia Sweet 43

Soft-Shell Sweet 43

Soft-Shell Sweet Almond . . . .43

Sultan 43

Sultan a coque tendre .... 43

Sultana Sweet Almond .... 43

APRICOTS.

Abricot Commun ..... 46

Abricotler . 49

Abricotier blanc 49

Abricotier Hatif 49

Abricot Peche 46

Abricot Precoce 49

Abricot Royal ...... 48

Alherge 48

Albergier 48

Amande Aveline 45

Ananas 45

Angoumoifl 47

Anson's .46

Anson's Imperial ..... 46

Bl'ick 4T

Blenheim 48

Blotched Leaded Turkey .... 43

Breda 45

Broton^» Early 47

Brown Masculine . . . . 49

BruftseU 43

Burlington 47

PAOB

D'AIexandrie 46

De Uollande 46

De Nancy 46

De Nancy 48

De St. Jean 46

De St. Jean Rouge 46

Dubois' Early Golden 47

Dubois' Early Golden Apricot . . .47

Dunmore 46

Dunmore's Breda 46

DuPape 47

Early Golden ...... 47

Early Orange 49

Early Masculine 49

Early White Masculine .... 49

Germine 46

Gros d'Alexandrie 46

Gros Fruhe 46

Gros Musch 46

Gros Precoce 46

Gros Germine 46

Hasselnassmandel 45

Hemskirke 45

Hunt's Moorpark 46

Kaisha 47

LafoA/ette 47

La/rge Early 46

Large Red 47

Large Turkey 48

Moorpark 46

Musch 46

Musch-musch 46

NewhaWi Early 48

Noir 47

Oldaker's Moorpark 46

Orange 49

Peach 46

Peche 46

Peche Grosse 46

Persian 49

Persique 46

Purple 47

Red MasouUns 49

Ringold 48

Rom/in 46

Royal 43

Royal George 49

Royal Orange 49

Royal Peach 46

Royal Persian 49

Shaker Para 43

Shipley^s 48

Shipley's Large 48

Sudlow's Moorpark 46

Templea 46

4d&

4:96

INDEX OF FRUITS.

TeoBOS

Transparent

Turkey

Violet

Walton Moorpark

White Algiers

White Apricot .

White Masculine

Wurtemburg

APPLES.

Abbott 121

Abbot Seedling 121

Adams 121

Adama Pearmain , . . .121

Agnes 121

Ailea 121

AlbemarU Pippin 121

Alexander 121

Allen's Choice 121

Alht/m 121

Alpriston 184

American Golden Russet .... 68

American Golden Pippin . . . . 81

American Mammoth .... 190

American Beauty 122

American Newtown Pippin ... 93

American Pippin 184

American Red Juneating . . . .74

American Swmmer Pearmain , . 61

American White Winter Calville . . 193

Angle 184

Anglo American 122

Api 87

Api noir 184

Arbroath Pippin 190

Aromatic Carolina 122

Ashland 122

Anhmore 122

August Apple 186

Augustine 184

AunVs Apple 122

A ^lAit Hannah 122

Aurore 187

Auttimn Bough 62

Autumn Pearm^ain .... 63

Autumn Pippin 123

Autumn Roman 184

Autumn Seek-rvo-farther ... 62

Autumn Strawberry .... 62

Autumn Sweet Bough .... 62

Autumn Swaar 62

Autumnal Swaar 62

Autumnal Sweet Swaar ... 62

Averill 123

Avery Sweeting 187

Baer 123

Baker's Sweet 123

Bailey Golden 123

Bailey Sweet 123

Bailey Spice . . ... 123

Baldwin 63

Baltimore Pippin .... 64, 190

Baltimore 64

Baltimore 113

Barbour 123

Bard Apple 73

Bardin 186

Bars 184

Barr 184

Sarrett 184

PAOB

Bartlet 185

Barlow ... ... 188

Barnhilt 184

Batchelor 64

Bay Apple 72

Be^fSt^ik 124

Bean Sweet 124

Beauty of America .... 184

Beauty 173

Beauty Rod 71

Bea/utyo/Kmt 184

Beauty of tfie rTest 184

Beard Burden 73

Bedfordshire Foundling . . . 184

Belden. Sweet 124

Belmont 65

BeUjlower 66

Belle-Fleur 191

Belle-Fleur Rouge 191

Belle et Bonne 81

Bell's Scarlet Pearmain . . . .169

Belpre Russet 109

Belzer 124

Ben 187

Ben Datiis 124

Bentley's Sweet 65

Bennington 170

Benoni 64

Berry 66

Bethlehemite 67

Better than Good 124

Betsey's Fancy 82

Betsey'* s Fancy 124

Be/can 124

Bevan Favorite 124

Big Hill 101

Big Romanite 191

Big Sweet 198

Black Annette 184

Black Coal 125

Black Detroit 185

Black Gilliflower 184

Black Lady Apple 184

Black Oxford 184

Black Tom 186

Blakely 126

Bledsoe 126

Bledsoe Pippin 125

Blenheim Orange 184

Blenheim Pippin 184

Blood 126

Blockley 128

Blue Pearmain 125

Blue Sweet 190

Blush June 105

Boalsburg 125

Boas 125

Bohanon 67

Bonne du Mai 72

Bonum 126 "

Borsdorff 185

Borsdorffer 185

Borovitsky 185

Bough Ill

Boston Russet ;. 109

Bourassa . • 126

Bowkea 126

Bowling's Sweet 126

BoTford 185

Brabant Bell^ower , . . ,127

Brabant Belle Fleur 127

Bracken 88

INDEX OF FKUITS.

497

Bracy's Seek-no-farther

lift

Brandy Apple .

. 18T

Bread and Cheese Apple

. 102

Breunnamau .

. 127

Brewer

. 1W)

Brigg^s Auburn

1^7

Broa dwell

67

Broadwell Sweet

67

Brittle Sweet .

127

Bromley's Rum

167

Brooke's Pippin

127

Brown's Golden Sweet

. 112

B. own's Late Queen .

153

BrnVs Favorite

1?,9

Bachanan's Pippin

128

Buchanan Seedling .

128

Buf

127

Biiffington''8 Early .

128

Buckingham .

128

Buckman's Pearmain .

187

Buc.Vs County .

127

Buck's County Pippin

127

Buck Meadow .

12S

Bullock's Pippin .

68

BuUripe . . . .

78

Bullet

185

Burbacker

75

Burlington Spitzenberg .

94

Burlington Greening

106

Burr's Winter Sweet

128

Biutnhap Greening

. 185,129

Butter . . . .

173, 190

Butter Apple .

. 128

Bmh

128

Cable's Gilliflower .

64

Cain

188

Cake Apple .

185

Callasdga,

129

Calville Blanch de Hiver .

193

Calville Rouge .

191

Calville Rouge de Hiver .

19i

Camack's Sweet

129

Caraack's White Sweet .

129

Campjield

129

Canada Reinette .

69

Canadian Reinette .

69

Cane ....

188

Cann

129

Cannahan's Favorite

129

Cannon Pearmain .

129

Carpenter

130

Capendu . . . .

132

Capron's Pleasant .

129

Carnahan

129

Carnation

69

Caraway Russet

186

Carolina .

179

Carolina Red June .

105

Carolina June .

. 105

Carolina Winter Qtuen

•i\)

Caroline . . . .

l!i

^♦1^

Caroline .

. 179

Cart&r

130

Carthouse .

142

Cash Sweet

185

Cat Face . . . .

. 130

Cat Head Greening .

185

Cat Head . . . .

189

Catshead Beau&n

190

Catooga .

130

Catline . . . .

185

Cat Pippin . .

180

PAGB

Ca/shead Beaufin 190

Cattail Apple 93

Cayuga Bed Streak .... 180

Caywood 181

Champ Sweeting 144

Cham,plain 181

Challenge 70

Chandler 185

Chalmer's Large 186

Charles Apple 157

Cheeseborough Bv^aet .... 185

Chester 131

Chief Good 132

Christiana 131

Claremont Pippin 186

Churchill Greening . . . .131

Clyde Beauty 131

Clarke's Pearmain 131

Coate's Greening 1J5

Cocklin's Favorite 132

Cogswell 70

Cogswell Peirmain 70

Cole 132

Cole's Quince 165

Colman 130

Concombue Ancien 179

Connecticut Seek-no-further . . . 114

Connecticut Apple 81

Connecticut Sv^nmer Sweet , . . 185

Connett's Sweet 132

Conway 132

Cooper's Early White . . . .71

Cooper 71

Cooper's Market 132

Cooper's Redling 182

Cornish Aromatio 71

Cornell's Fancy 132

Cornish Gilliflower .... 185

Cornell's Favorite 132

Cornish July-flower 185

Coriandra Rose 132

Cos or Caas . . . . . . 185

Cour Pendu Plat 132

Cour Pendu Extra 182

Cour Pendu 132

Cour Pendu Rouge Musque . . . 132
Cour Pendu Rond Gros . . . .132

Cour Pendu Musque .... 132

Court of Wick 138

Court oif Wick Pippin .... 138

Court de Wick 133

Cracking 133

Crane's Pippin 96

Cranberry 133

Cranberry Pippin 186

Crimson Pippin 135

Crooked Limb Pippin . . . .186

Culp 1."^

Cumberland 13s

Cumberland Seedling .... 134

Cumberland Spice 184

Curtis Stoeet 184

Dainty Apple 188

Danver'a Winter Sweet .... 72

Dapper 134

Darlington 184

Davie 184

Darlington Russet 134

Davis 96

De Bretagne 69

D'Espagne 17S

Delight 138

498

INDEX OF FKUTTS.

PAOB

Derry Nonsuch 184

De Ratteau 179

Detroit 186

Detroit 96

Devonshire Quarrenden .... 166

Derrick's Graft 166

DeWitt 185

Dickson'a Emptor .... 134

Dinsmore 184

Dillingham 185

Disharon 78

Doctor 185

Dornine 78

Donneta/ns Seedling . . . .186

Downing's Paragon 162

Downton Pippin 186

Downton Golden Pippin .... 186

Downy 188

Dow's 82

Douse 82

Drop dWr 72

Ducket 185

Dumelow's Crab 186

Dumelmc' 8 Seedling . . . .186

Dum/pling 186

Dunlap's Aurora 180

Duches of 'Oldenburg .... 78

Dutch Codlin 186

Dutch Codlin 75

Dutch Mignonne 73

Dutch Pearmain 187

Dyer 78

Early Crofton 188

Early Joe 74

Early June 88, 186

Early May 179

Early Pennocic 186

Early French Reinette .... 83

Early Long Stem 186

Early Harvest S3

Early Red Juneating .... 186
Early Red Margaret . . . .186

Early Spice 136

Early Strawberry 74

Early Summer Pearmain .... 61

Early Summer Pippin .... 72

Early Sweet 186

Early Sweet Bough Ill

Easter Pippin 186

Edgerly Sweet 123

Edmonton's Aromatic .... 188

Egg Top 186

Egg Top 185

Eighteen Ounce Apple .... 130

EUis 186

Elton Pippin 186

Emperor Alexander 121

Enfield Permain 186

English Nonsuch 190

English Vandevere 109

English Summer Pearmain ... 63

English Sweeting 137

English Golden Russet .... 186

English Russet 100

English Golden Pippin . . . .187

English Winter 78

Esquire 164

English Codlin 190

Epsy 186

Epsis Sweet 72

Equintely 74

ErnsVs Pippvn, 187

PAQI

Eustis * . 18T

Exquisite 188

Eaten 187

Excel 18T

Esopus Spiteenburgh .... 75

Ewalt 187

Eve 186

Evening Party 137

Eve Apple 136

Ealdwalder 75

Fallawater 75

Eairbanka 188

Fall Beauty 77

Fall Bough 62

Fall Cheese 186

Fall Genneting 188

FallHarnoey 188

FallJenneUing 188

Fall Pearmain 183

Fall Queen 77

Fall Queen of Kentucky ... 77

FaUIHppin 76

Fall Wine 122

Fall Wine 78

Fall Wine Sap .68

Fall Seek-no-further . . . .188

Fall Yandervere 113

Fama Gusta 186

Fameuse 78

Father Abraham 189

Farley's Red i88

Fa/corite 189

Fay's Russet 189

Fenouillet Oris 186

Fenouillet Rouge 186

Fenton Sweeting 177

Ferdinand 189

Ferris 189

Ferris 186

Fisk's Seedling 189

Flat Pippin 164

Fleiner 189

Father Apple 164

Flint Russet 164

Flower of Kent . . . . .187

Flushing Spitzenburgh . . . 14d

Flushing Seek-no-further . . . 116

Ford Apple 139

Forever Pippin 185

Fort Miami 79

Focht 140

Formosa Pippin 107

Foundling 140

Fulton 79

Funtling 140

Franklin Golden Pippin . . . 140

French Crab 186

French Pippin . . . 161,186,107,147

French's Sweet 141

French's Sweet 102

Frith Pitcher . 189^

Fronclin 141

Fry's Pippin 188

GabHel 141

Garden Apple 124

Garden Royal 80

Garretson's Early 141

Garnon's Apple 182

Gate 65

Gault'8 Bellflower 187

George 141

German Green 69

INDEX OF FRUITS.

499

rAOB

Giant 187

Gibbon's Smathhouse .... 109

Gibbon's Smokehouse .... 109

Giles 142

Gilpin 142

GiUet's Seedling 108

Glace de Zelande 193

Gloucester Cheese 186

Gloucester Permain 131

Gloucester White 142

Gloria Mundi 190

Glory of York 107

Golle Russet 142

Golden 187

Golden Apple 187

Golden Ball ...... 81

Golden Drop 133

Golden Goes 142

Golden Harney 187

Golden Pippin of Michigan . . .100

Golden Pippin 65,96

Golden Pippin .... 81, 187

Golden Pearmain .... 131, 183

Golden Pearmain 187

Golden Reinette 187

Golden Russet 68

Golden Russet of New York . . .186

Golden Spice 73

Golden Sweet 80

Goodyear 187

Goodyear's Seedling . . . .187

Govetmor 187

Governor Seward 130

Grandfather 142

Granny Buflf 127

Granniwinkle 142

Granny Earl 142

Grand Sachem 187

Grape Vine 129

Gravenstein 81

Grave Slije 81

Gray Apple 99

Gray Pippin 129

Gray Vanderoere 82

Greasy Pippin 89,96

Green Bellflower 96

Green Cheese 142

Green's Choice 142

Green Domine 187

Green Everlasting Synon/ym . . 184

Greenskin 143

Green ^fountain Pippin . . . 143

Green Mountain Pippin .... 75

Green Newtown Pippin .... 93

Green Sweet ...... 82

Green Seek-no-further .... 116

Green Winter Pippin .... 93

Green Vandevere 82

Gregson 185

Greyhouse 187

Grime's Golden Pippin .... 143

Grindstone 184

Grise 99

Gross 64

Gros Api Rouge 87

Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre ... 69

Groton 140

Gully 143

JTain 148

Jfaijloe 148

Hallum 121

JJdU 148

PAGB

Hall's Red 148

ITamphill 148

Hampshire Greening .... 106

Hampshire YeUow 188

Hannah . .■ 187

Hardingham's Russet .... 164

Harkness' New Favorite .... 191

Harmony 186

Hamish 144

Harrison 144

Harris 148

Harrigan 159

Hartford Sweeting .... 144
Harvest Red Streak . . . .187

Hask^Vs Sweet 144

Hawley 82

Hawtlwmdm, 144

Hay Maker 130

Hay's Winter 116

Hay's Winter Wine 116

Hearts Pippin 144

Hector 144

Heicke's Winter Sweet .... 88

Helen's Favorite 144

Henrick Sweet Ill

Henry Sweet ...... Ill

Henry 145

Herman 145

Hepler 187

Hepper 187

Herefordshire Red Streak . . .191

Herefordshire Pearsnain ... 84

Hess 145

Heteriah 188

HewitVs Sweet 188

Highy's Sweet , 145

Highlander ...... 146

High Top Sweet 85

HiWs Favorite 146

Hilton 146

Hinchman . . • 161

Hixon's Favorite 146

Hocking ....... 146

Hogan T3

Hoary Morning 188

Hog Island 175

Hog Pen 162

Holden Pippin 162

Holden ' 162

HollOMd Pippin 147

Holland's Sweet 188

Holladay's Seedling .... 146

Hollandsberry ...... 188

Hollandburgh 188

Hollow Brown Pearmain .... 116

Hollow Core Pippin 96

Homony 172

Hommacher Apfel 180

Hornemaker Pippin 180

Horse Apple 77

Horse Apple 7^7

Horse Block 156

Honey Greening ..... S2

Honey Sweet ..•••• 97

Hooker 146

Housom's Red . .... 147

Hoover .... • • 146

Howe Apple 182

Howard Russet 185

Howard's Sweet 128

Ho^ce's Russet 147

Hubbardston IfoMuch .... 84

500

INDEX OF FKurrs.

PAGE

Hubbardton Pippin 84

ffughea 148

Ilunge 188

Hunger .,.,.,. 188

Uunter 148

Hunt's Russet 68

HunVa Jitisset 148

Jfurlbut 148

Kurlbut Stripe 148

Hyde's Sweet 117

Imperial Vanderrere .... 118

Indian Apple 82

Indian Queen 136

Indiana Jannetting 103

Jndio/na Fa/voHte 143

Inman 96

Jola 148

Irish Peach Apple 188

Irish Pitcher 189

Iron Apple 127

Iron Stone Pippin 186

Jahez Sweet 14S

Jackson 149

Jacksonia 185

Jack Murphy 190

James River 155

Januarea 69

Jenny's Seedling 143

Jenkins 149

Jennette 108

Jeniton 108

Jefferson 86

Jefferson Cownty 149

Jeffries 86

Jersey Greening . . . . 96, 106

Jersey Pippin 150

Jersey Sweeting 85

Jewetfs Red 149

Jewett's fine Red 149

JewetVs Best 86

Joe Berry 94

John^s Sweet 150

Johnson 150

Johnson's Fine Winter . . . .183

Jonathan 86

Jones' Pippin 162

John Garretson's Early .... 141

Jucy Bite , . 124

Juneating 179

June 186

Julin 87

Juling 87

July Pippin 83

Junalie^ka 150

Kaighn's Spiteenburg . . . .151

Kane 188

Keiser 150

Keim 150

Kelley White 66

Kelsey 160

KenricK's Autumn 188

Kentish FiUbasket 188

Kerry Pippin 188

Ketehwm^s Famorite 151

Keswick Codlvn 87

Kilham Hill 188

King 64,87

King Apple 152

King George the Third . . . .186

King Philip 86

King of the Pippins . . . .188

King of Pippins 81

VIOB

King cf TomplciiCi OtmrUy . . 8T

Kingsley 87

Kingsbury Russet 185

Kirk's Golden Reinette .... 187

Kirk's Lemon Pippin .... 189

Kirkbridge White 182

Kirke's Lord Kelson .... 188

Kla'proth 152

Knight's Codlin 194

Knight's Golden Pippin . . . .186

Knightwick Pippin 188

Kountz • 94

Kohl 152

Krowser 152

Lacker 168

Ladies' Blush 188

Ladies' Blush 141

Ladies' Sweet 70, 111

Ladies' Sweeting 88

Ladles' Favorite of Tenn 77

Lady Apple 87

Lady Finger 188

Lady Finger 151

Lady de Grey's 188

Lady Washington . . . . 66, 71

Lake 153

Lane's Red Streak 153

Lancaster 152

Lancaster Greening 152

Lancaster Queen 172

Landon ........ 162

Lane Sweet ... . . 189

Landrum 162

Laquier 168

Large Golden Pippin . . . .178

Large Red Sweeting 191

Large Romanite 191

Large Striped Pearmain .... 171

Large White Juneating .... 83

Large Yellow Bough Ill

Late Baldwin 68

Late Bough 62

Late Queen 158

Late Golden Sweet 128

Late Golden Strawberry .... 62
Leather Coat Russet . . . .190

Lecker 168

Ledge Sweet 168

Leicester Sweet 168

Leland Pippin 168

Leland Spice 163

Lemon Pippin 189

Lewis 158

Liberty 154

Limber Twig 155

Lincoln Pippin 182

Little Pearmain 68

Lippincot 109

Loan^s English Pearmain . . . 189

Locy 15<k

Londonderry 184

London Sweet 88

London Winter Sweet .... 88
Long Inland Russet . . . .189

Long John 189

Long John 151

Long Pearmain 151

Longvill's Kernel 189

Long Stem 155

Long Stem Sweet 128

Lop-sided Pearmain ..... 189

Loring Sweet ...... 165

INDEX OF FRrrrs.

501

PAOB

Loudon JHppin 156

Loure Queen 169

LoDeWs Sweet ...... 18b

Lowre Queen 156

LoweU 89

Luce's Early Joe 189

Lucomhe's Seedling .... 189

Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet .... 102

Li/scom 156

Macomber 156

Mackie's Clyde Beauty .... 131

Magnum Bonum 126

Magnolia 156

Maiden's Apple 156

Maiden's Blush . . . . . 89

Maiden's Bosom 16)

Maiden's FavoriU 156

Major 158

Male Carl 157

Mamma Beam 65

Mangum 90

Mank's Codling 189

Manomet Sweet 156

Mamjield Russet 156

Marhbe Siceeting 189

Margaretha Apfel 186

Margil 189

Marietta Russet 109

Marston^s Bed Winter .... 158

Marks 158

Marks 157

Maria Bush .... . 157

Martin 90

MaveracK's Stoeet 90

Matchless 94

Matthew's Stripe 156

Mauck 189

Maxfleid .90

May 158

May Apple 189

May Seek-no-further .... 189

3f(iA/ee's Nonsuch 158

McEntire's Sweeting 189

MctTenry 158

McLellan 90

Meachum's Sweet 160

Meach 158

Meigs 158

MelaCarla 157

Mela di Carlo 157

Meister ....... 159

Melon 90

Melting 159

MeU-in-the-mouth 159

Melting-mouth 159

Melting Pippin 96

Melvin Sweet 159

Menagere 189

Menagerie 189

MerritVs Sweet 189

Metkodist 189

Michael Henry Pippin .... 91

MiffiinKing 159

MiUcreek 109

Miller's Best Sort 164

MUler Apple 159

Millcreek Vanderyrre . . . .109

Milam 159

MinUter 91

Molasses 190

Monarch 159

Monk's Favorit4 159

Monmouth Pippin .

93

Monstrous Pippin .

190

Montreal . . . .

171

Moore's Sweeting
Moose . . .

173
160

Morrison's Bed

160
91
190

Mother Davies .

Mountaineer

144

Mountain Pippin

75

Mountain Sprout .

160

Moxise

160

Munson Sweeting .

160

Murphy .

190

Murphy's Red .

190

Murray .

160

Musk Melon

176

Musk Spice

160

Myer's 27onpareil .

9i{

Mygatt's Bergamot .

73

Kantehalee

. 160

Neisley's Winter

191

Ne Plus Ultra .

160

Nequassa . . . .

160

Neverfail . . . .

108

Neversink .

. 161

mwark Pippin

161

Newark King .

. 161

Newark Sweeting

. 129

New Jersey Red Streak

136

New Scarlet Nonpareil

. 192

Newtown SpUzenberg

94

Newtown Greening .

. 81

Newtown Pippin .

93

Newtown Pippin of Sane

iera

120

New York Gloria Mundi

190

New York Greening .

81

New York Spice

. 153

Niac Pippin

111

Nicke Jack

. 161

Niger . . .

193

Nix's Green

70

Nodhead .

. 149

Noll's No. 1

. 121

Nonpareille

. 190

Nonsuch .

. 190

Norfolk Beaupin

190

Northern Sweet

. 161

Northern Golden Sweet .

161

Northern Spy ,

95

Norton's Melon

. 90

Nyack Pippin .

111

Oconee Greening .

161

Ohio Favorite .

. 96

Ohio Nonpareil .

70,92

Ohio Pippin

. 137

Ohio Wine . . . .

. 78

Ohio Bed Streak

161

Old English Codlin

190

Oldfield .

190

Oldfield . . . .

77

Old Golden Pippin .

87

Old Pearmain .

84

Old NonpareU \

190

Old Nonsuch

105

Old Royal Busset .

190

Old Town Crab

162

Onstine . . . .

115

Orange . . . .

89

Orange . . . .

162

Orange Sweet .

80, 160, 174

Oregon Spitxenbergh

IIU

502

DTDEX OF FErrrs.

PAGE

erne's Early ..,,.. 162

Orndorf 162

Ortley 96

Ortley Pippin 96

Osborn^g Sweet 162

Osborn's Fall Sweet . ... . .162

Osceola .... . . 162

Osgood's Favorite . ■ • . . 156

0«iin 190

Overman^s Sweet 162

Owen's Golden Beauty . . . .179

Ox Apple • .190

Ox Eye 94

Oxford Peach 169

Paradise Winter Sweet .... 97

Paragon 162

Parmain d'Ete 68

Parmin Royal ...... 84

Parson's Early . . „ . .190

Patterson Sweet 123

Pawpaw 162

Peach Pond Sweet 98

Pecker 68

Peck's Plea,sant 97

Penick 191

Pemm,och 191

Pennock's Red Winter . . . .191
Pennsylvania Vandervere . . . 118

People's Choice 99

Petersburg Pippin 93

Petit Api 87

Petit Api Rouge 87

P/eiffer 168

Philadelphia Pippin 76

Philadelphia Sweet 62

Phillip's Reinette 188

Philip Rick 86

Philip's Sweet 168

Philippi 168

Pichman 168

Pickman Pippin 168

Pie Apple 147

Pillikin 189

Pirn's Beauty of the West ... 75
Pink Sweeting . . '. , . .168

Pine Apple Russet 164

Pittsburgh Pippin 164

PitzerHiU 101

Polecat 192

Polly Bright 191

Ponnue d'Anis 186

Pomme de Berlin 132

Pomme de Charleu 157

Pomme de Caen 69

Pomme d'Api Rouge 87

Pomme d'Api .,.••• 87
Pomme de Neige .... 78

Pomme de Rose 191

Pomme Grise 99

Pomme Finale 157

Pcmme Regelans 185

Pomme Royal 78, 116

Pomme Rose 87

Pomme Roye 191

Pomme Water 73

Pompey 193

Porter 100

Portugal 69

Potter's Sweet 158

Potter's Large Grey Seedling . . .188
Poughkeepsie Rtisset .... 100
Pound Sweet, of some West . . .173

FAOV

Poimd 191

Pound 66,75

Pound Royal 89, 116

Pound Sweet 102

Pownal SpiUienbttrgh . . . .164

Press 190

Press Etmng ...... 164

Pride of September 169

PHesiley 191

Priestley 185

Priestley's American . . . . 191

Priest's Sweet ...... 190

Primate .... . . 101

Prince's Harvest . . . . 83

Prince's Red and Green Sweet . . 191

Princesse Noble Zoete .... 182

Prior's Red 101

Progress ....... 164

Prolific Beauty 191

Prolific Sweet 190

Pryor's Red 101

Pumpkin Russet 164

Pumpkin Stoeet 102

Putnam Russet 109

Putnam Harvey 164

Putneyite 190

Quaker Pippin 191

Queen's 185

Queen Anne 89, 91

Quince 165

Ragan 165

Rambour d'Ete 192

Rambour Franc 192

Ramdells' Sweet 187

Ramsdell's Sweeting 187

Ramsdell's Red Pumpkin— Sweet . . 187

Randel Bert 165

Panders Rest 165

Raritan Sweet 166

Raul's Gennetting 108

Raul's Janet 108

Raule's Janette . .... 108

RawVs Janet . .... 108

Rawle's Jennette 108

Ray Apple 160

Read's Baker 190

Rebecca 168

Red Ashmore 122

Red Astrican 104

Red Belle Fleur 191

Red Bellflower 191

Red Bough 191

Red Canada 105

Red Calmlle 191

Red Cathead 191

Red Cathead ... . . 165

Red Cheek 92, 162

Red Cheek Pippin 92

Red Detroit 134

Red Doctor 135

Red GilUflower 191

Red Gloria Mundi 11

Red Hazel 66

Red Ingestrie 191

Red June 186

Red June 105

RedJuneating 74,136

Red Pearmain 151

Red Pennock . . . . . .191

Red Phoenix 151

Red Pippin 151

Red Pumpkin Sweet 187

INDEX OF FEurrs.

503

PAGB

Red Quarrenden 166

Red RepubUcan 166

Jied liusset ...... 106

Red Russet 187

Red Seek-no-further . . . .160, 191

Red Streak 78

Jied Streak 191

Eed Sweet 166

Red Sweet Pippin of Indiana . . . 173

Red Spitzenberg 161, 166

Red Winter Pearmain . . . 114, 151

Red Winter Calville 191

lied and Green /Sweet .... 191

Red Vandervere ..... 113

Reinette blanche d'Espagne . . . 179
Reinette du Canada . . . . .69

Reinette du Canada Blanche ... 69

Reinette du Canada a Cortes ... 69

Reinette Grosse du Canada ... 69

Reinette d'llolland 147

Reinette Triomphante .... 193
Bepublican Pippin . . . .166
Rhode Island Greening/ , , . .106

Ribbed Pippin 81

Ribstone Pippin 107

Richfield Nt)nesuch 105

Richard's Grajt 166

Richmond 107

Ridge Pippin 167

Riest 167

Ritter 166

Rival Golden Pippin 138

River 167

Roadstown Pippin 167

Rockingham Red 121

Rock Remain 103

Rock Rimmon 103

Rock Apple 167

Rockport Sweet 167

Rock Sweet 167

Rome Beauty . . . . 108

Roman Beauty 108

Romanite 102

Romanife of the West .... 142

Roman Stem 107

Roseau 192

Roseau 191

Roseau d^Autom/ne 191

Ross Nonpareil 108

Rough and Ready 101

Round Catshead 1S5

Round Top 186

Roxbury Russet ..... 109

Royale d'Angleterre 84

Royal Pearmain . . . . 63, 84

Royal Pippin 64, 180

Mule's Summer Sweeting . . , 192

Ram Apple 167

Rumbo 102

Russian 132, 151

Rymer 191

Sack Apple 166

Sailly Autumn 168

Sam's Crab 189

Sam Rawlings 188

Sanguineus 78

Sapson 170

Sassafras Sweet 144

Scandiana Mala 79

Scarlet Perfume 132

Scarlet Pearmain .... 151

Scarlet Pearmain . . , 169

PAOB

Scarlet Nonpareil 192

Schockley 177

Schoom,acker 169

Schoolmocker 169

Scollop Gillifldwe/r 168

Scudamus Crab 191

Seago 90

Seek-no-further . ... 71, 102, 114
Seek-no-farther of Coxe . . . .116

Seemer 168

Seever's Red Streak 168

Selma 168

September 169

Shaker's YeUow 186

Sharp's Spice tS

Sharpe's Early 172

Sheep Nose . . . 188,68,151,186

Sheppard's Sweet 169

Shipley Green 192

Shippen's Russet 192

Shirley 140

Siberian Crab 169

Sigler's Reel 63

Sinclair's Yellow 169

Sine-qua-non 169

Skunk 192

Slingerland Pippin .... 17\)

Smalley 170

Smathhouse 109

Smith's Cider 110

Smithfield Spice 73

Smith's Superb 110

Sm-okehou^6 . . , . . .109

Snorter 171

Snow 78

Sol Carter 74

Sops in Wine 170

Sops of Wine 170

Sour Bough 172

Spencer Sweeting 144

Spice 170,191

Spice Apple of Va. 162

Spiced Oxeye 94

Spice Sweeting 170

Spice Russet 170

Sponge ....... 170

Spotted Pippin 129

Sprague ....... 192

Spring Grove Codlin .... 192

Spring Pippin 170

Springport Pippin 170

Spi'inger's Seedling . . . • 192

Staalcluba 113

Stanard 170

Standard's Seedling 170

Steel's Sweet 192

Stehly 171

St. Lawrence 171

Sterling Beauty 122

Steele's Red AVinter 63

Steele's Red Winter of Michigan . . 105

Straat 171

Stillman'a Early 171

Straudt 171

Stroat 171

Strawberry 62

Striped Ashmore 122

Striped Belle Fleur 19)

Striped June 124

Striped Juneating 13S

Striped Mohawk 192

Striped Pearmain 171

504

INDEX OF FRUITS.

PAOB

Striped Rhode Island Greening . . 78

Striped Vandervere 118

Sturmer Pippin 171

Hudlow's Fall Pippin 140

Sugar Loaf Greening .... 192
Sugar Loaf Pippin . . . .192

Sugar Sweet 172

Summer Bellefleur ,172

Summer Bellflower * 62

Summer BeUfiower 172

Summer Cheese 186

Sv/trvmer Golden Pippin .... 192

Summer Hagloe 148

Summer Horse 77

Summer Pearmain 68

Summer Pippin 101, 147

Summer Pippin 172

Summ,er Queen 172

Summer Rambo Synonym . . .192

Summer Ramhour 192

Summer Russet 192

Summ,er Rose ...,,. 109

Summer Sweet of Ohio .... 85

Summeroui 161

Summer Sweet Paradise . . .172

Summer Bellflower 172

Summum Bonum 182

Superb Sweet 172

Superb 178

Surprise 198

Sutton Beauty . . ' . . . .178

Swaar 110

Sweet Baldwin 198

Sweet Bellflower of Wyandot County . 178

Sweet Bellflower 178

Sweet Bough Ill

Sweet Golden Pippin .... 62

Sweet Harvest Ill

Sweet Fall Pippin 178

Sweet Harvey 178

Sweet June of Illinois .... 85

Sweet Nonsuch 174

Sweet Pearmain Ill

Siceet Pippin 176

Sweet Pippin 178

Sweet Romanite 174

Sweet Red Streak 178

Sweet Russet 164, 170

Sweet Rambo 175

Sweet and Sour 192

Sweet Seek-no-further .... 142

Sweet Wine Sap 174

Sweet Swaar 62

Sweet Wine 78

Sweet Wine Sap 174

Sweet Vatidevere 173

Swiss Apple 164

Switzer Apple 164

Sylvan Russet 109

Sylvester 175

Talman'8 Sweeting 112

Tallman's Sweeting 112

Tallow Apple 89

Tallow Pippin 89

Tart Bough 193

Terry's Red Streak 102

Tetopsky 175

Tewksbury Blush 176

Tewksbury Winter Blush .... 176

The Apple 68

Them's Red Streak 198

Tiff's Sweet 113

rAGB

Tinmouth ... ... 176

Titus Pippin 193

Toccoa 176

Tolman's Sweeting 112

Tompkins 78

Tom Woodward Pippin .... 96

Townsend 176

Transparent Ppippin .... 133

Transparent de Moscovie .... 193
Transparent de Zurich . . . .193

Travers 107

Trenton Early ...... 176

Trumbull Sweeting 177

Turner's Green 142

Turkey Greening 193

Tulpahocken 75

Twenty Ounce 130

Twenty Ounce Apple 130

Twenty Ounce Pippin . . . .193

Twenty Ounce Pippin .... 130

TwUchelPs Sweet 177

Uncle Sam's Best 78

Vandevere 118

Vandervere 94

Vandervere Pippin .... 82, 113

Vandyne 177

Vandyne 96

Vaugkan''a Winter 177

Vermont 178

Vietorieuse Reinetfe .... 198
Victuals and Prink . . . .198

Virginia Greening 177

Virginia Sweet 189

VraiDrapd'Or 72

WaddeVaHaU ..:... 177

Wagener 114

Walir Reinette 69

Waldower 82

Walpole 177

Waldener 75

Walworth 178

Waltz Apple 97

Walker's Yellmo 177

Warren Pennock 186

Warren Pippin Synonym ... 96

Washington Ill

Washington Royal 178

Watermelon 90

Watkin's Early . . *. . . .61
Watson's Vandervere . . . .113

Watson's Dumpling 186

Waxen 66

Waxen 178

Weeks' Pippin ' . 133

Welcome 125

Well Apple 78

Wells 78

Wel'ford'a Yellow 178

WeWs Sweeting 178

Wellington Apple ISS

West field Seek-no-further . . .114

Westchester Seek-no-further . . . 189

Western Spy 178

Weston 178

West's Spitzenberg 180

Wetherell's White Sweeting . . .180

Wheeler's Sweet 179

White Apple 65

WHte 179

White Astrachan 193

White Beauty 179

White Bellflower »6

INDEX OF FKTJITS.

505

FACE

White 86116361* . . . . 96

White CalvUle 193

White Detroit 96

White Doctor 193

White Doctor 179

White Golden Sweet 123

White Hawthornden 144

White Juneating 179

White Margil 189

White Pippin 96

tVhite Pippin 118

White Rambo 180

White Seek-no-further .... 96
White Seek-no-farther . . . .116

White Spanish ReineUe . . . . 179

AVhite Spice 73

Whiie Sweeting 180

White Vandervere 82

White Wine ...... 113

White Winter CalviUo . . . .193

White Winter 179

White Winter Pearmain . . . .118

Whitewater Sweet 180

WhUney's Russet 180

William's Early 119

William's Early Red 119

William^ 5 Favorite 119

William's Favorite Red . . . .119

William's Red 119

William Penn 181

William Tell 164

Willis' Sweet . . . . . .194

Willow 118

Willow Leap 118

Willomahvig 118

WiUow Leaf Pippin 96

Wine 186

Wine 116

Wine Apple 116

Wine of Cole 78

Wine Sap 86

Wine Sap 117

Wine Sop '.117

Wine Strawberry 166

Windower 82

Wing Sweeting 182

Winn's Russet 181

Winslow 181

Winter Chandler 185

Winter Cheese 142

Winter Cheese 194

Winter Genneting 103

Winter Grixon 185

Winter Harvey 182

Winter King 87

Winter Pearmain .... 84, 159

Winter Pearmain 182

Winter Pippin of Vermont . . .182
Winter Pippin of Geneva . . . .182

Winter Queen 194

Winter Queen 77

Winter Queening 194

Winter Russet 100

Winter Seek-no-further . . . .138

Winter Sweet 88

Winter Wine 116

Winlhrop Greening 182

Winthrop Pearmain 182

Wolf's Den 123

Wollatin Pippin 132

Wolman's Harvest 109

Wander 182

22

FACE
Woolman's Harvest . , ^ . 109

Woolman's Long . . .96

Wood's Greening . , . 115

Wood's Huntingdon .... 133

Wood's Sweet 117

Woodpecker 63

Wood&tock Pippin . . , , . 184
Woodward's Pippin ... .96

Wormsley Pippin 194

Wright Apple . . . .182

Wyker Pippin . ... 187

TacM ... ... 183

Yankee Apple 102

Yeljow 133

Yellow Bellefleur 66

Yellow Bellflower 66

Yellow Crank 183

Yellow Germain Reinette .... 187

Yellow Harvest 83

Yellow Horse . . . . . .It

Yellow Ingestrie 194

Yellow Janette 103

Yellow Juneating . . - . . 83

Yellow Meadow 183

YjbUow Newtown Pippin .... 69
Yellow Newtown Pippin .... 119

Yellow Pippin 96, 161

Yellow Pearmain . . . . 183

Yellow Vandervere 113

Yopp's Favorite 183

York Imperial 183

York Russett 164, 185

Yorkshire Greening 194

Young's Long Keeper .... 186

Yost 183

Zam 194

Zane Greening 194

Zieber 194

Bush Blackberry 198

Crystal ^Vhite 196

Dorchester 196

High Blackberry 196

Lawton 196

Newman's Thomless ..... 197

New Rochelle 196

Rubus Villosus 196

Rubus Villosus 196

Scacor's Mammoth 196

Adam's Crown 219

Alien's Sweet Montmorency . . . 231

American Amber 219

American Heart 204

Amber Gean 219

Amber Heart 222

Amber or Imperial , , . , . 212

Amber a petit fruit 231

Ambrce de Choisy 205

Ambrce a gros fruit 205

Anne 219

Adsell's Fine Black 220

Apple Cherry 229

Arch Duke 204

Ar den's F^rly White Heart , , , 222

Ardeu's Heart 222

606

INDEX OF FRUITS.

PAGE

Armstrong's Bigarreau .... 216

JSaumon's May 219

Bdle AgalJie 219

Belle Audigeoise 209

Belle de Bavay 217

Belle de Choisy 205

■ Belle Magnifique 207

Belle et Magnifique 207

Belle de Orleans . . .205

Belle of Orleans ... 205

Belle de Petit Brie . 217
Belle de Sceaux .... .219

Belle Vezzouries 219

Bcnham's Fine Early Duke . . 215

Bigarreau 212

Bigarreau Belle de Rocmont . . . 209

Bigarreau Belle d'Esperin .... 221

Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim . 212

Bigarreau Ctouleur de Chair . . . 209

Bigarreau Common 209

Bigarreau Gaubalis 215

Bigarreau Gros 212

Bigarreau a Gros fruit Blanc . . . 209

Bigarreau Gros Couret .... 214

Bigarreau Gros Montr eux .... 214

Bigarreau a Gros fruit Rouge . . . 230

Bigarreau Gros Noir 222

Bigarreau d'Hollaud 215

Bigarreau Lauermann .... 215

Bigarreau de Lyon 214

Bigarreau de Mai 219

Bigarreau Marbree de Hildesheim . . 212

Bigarreau Noir 228

Bigarreau Noir Tardif .... 212

Bigarreau Noir Tardive .... 222

Bigarreau de Rocmont .... 209

Bigarreau Royal 212

Bigarreau Tardif 212

Bigarreau Tardif do Hildesheim . . 212

Bishop's Large 206

Black Bigarreau 228

Black Bigarreau of Savoy .... 214

Black Circassian 206

Black Eagle 206

Black Hawk 205

Black HeaH 220

Black Honey 228

Bl<ick Mazzard 228

Black Orleans 229

Black Russian 206, 220

Black Spanish 223

Black Tartarian 206

Bleeding Heart 228

Bloodgood's Amber 219

Bloodgood's Honey 219

Bloodgood's New Honey . . . . 219

Boreaibon 229

Boquet Amurelle 229

Brandy Wine 220

Brant 206

Bristol Qierry 228

Brenneman's May 221

Brown's Seedling 228

Buchanan's Early Duke .... 215

Bullock's Heart 230

Burr's Seedling 220

Butner's Black Heart .... 220

Butuqr's Gelbe-Knorpel Kirsche . . 220

Butner's Wachs-Knorpel Kirsche . . 220

Butner's Herr Kirsche .... 220

Butner's October . . . . . 228
Butner-B October Morello . . . .228

nam

Butner's Yellow 220

Carmine Stripe .... . 220

Carnation . . . . . 207

Caroline . 207

Cerasus Serrulata 229

Cerise Ambree ...... 212

Cprise a Boquet 229

Cfcrise a Courte Queen .... 229

Cerise Doucette 205

Cerise Guigne 215

Cerise Indulie . .... 222

Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre . . . 207

Cerise a Noyau Tendre .... 205

Cerise de la Palembre .... 205

Cerise de Portugal 207

Cerise de St. Martin 231

Cerise Tardive ... . . 231

Cerise de JTavier . . . . . 229

Cerisier a fleurs doubles . . . 229

Corisier Pleurant 231

Ckampagne 221

Chatenay . 219

Chevereuse. 229

China Bigarreau 221

Chinese Double Flowering .... 229

Chinese Heart 221

Christiana 220

Circassian 206

Clarke's Bigarreau .... 216, 229

Clarke's Superb 229

Cleveland 208

Cleveland Bigarreau 208

Cluster 229

Coe's Late Carnation 229

Coe's Transparent 208

Coeur de Pigeon 209

Common English . ... 228

Common Red 211, 230

Common Sour Cherry .... 230

Commune 211

Conestoga 220

Corone 229

Coroun 229

Corwin 229

Coularde 215

Couronne 229

Cream 229

Crown 207

Cumberland * 221

Cumberland Seedling .... 221

Davenport 221

Davenport's Early 221

Davenport's Early Black .... 221

De HoUando 215

Delicate 210

D'Espagne . . . . . . . 215

D'Espenn .... . 221

De Prusse . 228

De Spa 229

De 16 a-la-livre 217

Doctor 209

Donna Maria 221

Double Heart 206

Double Flowering Kentish .... 229

Downer 210

Downer's Late 210

Downer's Late Red 210

Downing's Red Cheek .... 221

Doivnton 222

Dredge's Early White Heart . . 222

Duchess of Pallua 222

Dutch MoreUo . , .226

INDEX OF FRUITS.

507

PAGE

DaNord 228

Du Nord Nouvelle 228

Dwarf Dovbli FUnvering .... 229

Early Black 220

Early Duke 215

Early May 222

Early Richmond 211

Early Prolific 222

Early Purple Griotte 208

Early Purple Guigne 208

Early WJiite Heart 222

Elizabeth 223

Elliott's Favorite 223

Elkhom 222

Elton 209

English Amber 223

English Morello 226

Everflowing Cherry 231

Ihvorite 223

Fellow's Seedling 212

Flemish 229

Flesh Colored Bigarreau . . . .209

Florence 210

Four to the Pound 231

Frazer's Black Heart 206

Frazer's Black Tartarian .... 206

Frazer's White Tartarian .... 231

Frazer's White Transparent . . . 231

Gascoigne's Heart 228

Gean Amber 219

German May Duke 208

Governor Wood- 211

Grafion 212

Great Bigarreau 211

Gridley 229

Griotte de Portugal 204

Griotte de Villenuea 207

Groote Princesse 212

Gros Bigarreau Blanc .... 209

Gros Bigarreau Rouge .... 230

Gros Couret 214

Gros Goubet 229

Grosse Bigarreau Coleur-du-Chair . . 209

Grottier Rouge Pale 207

Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale .... 207

Grosses Schwarze Knoorpel . . . 222

Guigne Gros Blanc 209

Guigne Grosse Noir 220

Guigne Noir Luizante .... 214

Guigne Noir Luizante .... 223

Guigne Noir Tardive 222

Guigne Rouge Hative .... 228

Guinier a fruit Noir 220

Harrison Heart . . . . . . 228

Herefordshire Black 229

Herefordshire Heart 228

Herefordshire White 222

Jlildesheim 212

Hildesheim Bigarreau .... 212

Hoadley 224

Holland Bigarreau 215

Holiandische Grosse 212

Honey 229

Honey 224

Hy(Ws Red Heart 229

Hyde's LaU Black 229

Hyde's Seedling 229

Hyde's Jaui-iedePrusse .... 224

Imperial 225

Imperial Morello 225

Italian Heart 212

Jamie de Prusse 224

PAGH

Joc-osot . , , , • . . . 212

Kennicott 224

Kentish 211, 229

Kentish 230

Kentish Red . . . . . 211, 230

Keokuk 224

Kirtland's Large Morello .... 225

KirUand's Mammoth .... 213

Kirtland's Mary 213

Knevett's Late Bigarreau . . . 210

Knight's Early Black .... 213

Knight's Late Black 230

Lady of the Lake 225

Lady Southampton's Duke . . . 230

Lady Southampton's Golden Drop . . 230

Lady SovihampUm's Tdlow . . . 230

Large Black Bigarreau .... 222

Large Double Flowering .... 250

Large Heart.-Sliaped 214

Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau . . 209, 214

Large Honey 220

Large May Duke 215

Large Morello 225

Large Morello 226

Large Prool 211

Larg3 Red Bigarreau 230

Large White Bigarreau .... 228

Large WUd Black 229

Late Arch Duke 204 '

Late Bigarreau 225

Late Duke 204

Late Honey 229

Late Kentish . . . . • . .230

Late Morello 226

Lauermann's Kirsche .... 215

Leather Stocking 226

Lomercier of E and B. . . . . 217

Lindley 225

Lion's Heart 230

Logan 214

Louis Phillip 226

Lundie Gean . ... . . .230

Maccarty 229

Madison 226

Madison Bigarreau 226

Manning's Early Black .... 230

Manning's Lale Black .... 230
Manning's Late Black Heart . . .230

Manning's Mottled 215

Mary 226

May Cherry 222

May Duke 215

Mazzard 228

Merisier a fruit Blanc .... 229
Merveille de September . . . .226
Millctt's Late Heart Duke . . . .215

Monstrouse de Bevay .... 217

Monstrouse de Mezel 215

Monstrous May 221

Montmorency 229

}iIontmorcncy a gros fruit .... 229

Montmorency a lougue queue . . . 211

Morello 226

Morris' Duke 215

Morris' Eiirly Duke 215

Mottled Bigarreau 215

Moyer's Honey Heart 226

Muscat de Prague ..... 211

Napoleon 215

Napoleon Bigarreau 216

New Large Black Bigarreau . . .214

Ohio Beauty 216

50S

INDEX OF FKUTTS.

PAGK

Osceola . . .... 216

Osfheim 230

Ortheimer Weichsel 230

Os Heart 230

Ox Heart . , .... 228
Pie Cherry , . ... 211, 230

Pierce's Laie. 226

Pink Heart 230

Plumstone Mordlo 227

Ponliac . . .... 216

Portugal Duke 204, 215

Powhattan 216

Precoce 222

President 227

Princess Duke 230

Prinzessia Kirsche 212

Proudfoot 227

Proudfoot's Seedling 227

BedBigarreau 230

Eed Heart 228

Eed Jacket 217

Reine Hortense 217

Remington 230

Remington Heart 230

Remington White Heart . . . .230

Richardson 227

Robert's Red HeaH 227

Rockport 218

Rockport Bigarreau 218

Ronald's Black Heart 206

Ronald's Heart 206

Ronald's Large Black Heart . . . 206

Ronald's Large Morello 226

Royal Hative 215

Rumsey's Late Morello .... 230

Schone von Choisy 205

Schwarze Neue Herz Kirsche . . . 220

Serrulated-leaved Cherry .... 229

Shannon 218

Small ilay 222

Spanish Black Heart 220

Spanish or Yellow 230

Sparhawk's Honey 227

Sparahawk's Honey 227

Spotted Bigarreau 215

Steret'sMay 221

Superb Circassian 206

Sussex 211

Swedish 222

Swedish Red Heart 222

Sweet Montmorency 231

Tardif do Hildesheim 212

Tardive de Mons 226

Tartarian 206

Jkcumseh 218

The Doctor 209

Thompson's Duke 215

Tobacco Leaved 231

Tbwnsend 227

Tradescant's Black Heart . . . .222

Transparent 231

Transparent Gean 231

Transparent Guigne 231

Triomphe, of Cumberland .... 221
Turkey Bigarreau . . . 212, 215, 228

Vail' s August Duke 218

Very Large Heart 230

Virginia May Duke 231

Virginian May 211

Virginian Wild Cherry . . . .231

Walsh's Seedling 227

Ward's Bigiwreau 214

fJkGtS

Warren's Transparent . . . 231

Waterloo 228

Wax Cherry 20T

Weeping or All Saints . . . 231

Wellington 231

Wendell's MoUled 219

Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau . . . 219

Werder's Early Black .... 228

Werdersche True Schwarze Herz Kirsche . 228

West's White Heart 212

White Bigarreau 212

White Bigarreau 228

White Ox Heart . . ^ . , .228

White Tartarian 231

White Transparent 222

Wild English Cherry 228

Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai .... 219

WiUdnscm 231

Yellow or Golden .... 230

Yellow Honey 229

Yellow Spanish 212

Yung To 229

CXTRRAIITS.

American Black 235

AUractor 235

Black English 235

Black Grai)e 234

Black Naples 234

Black Transparent 236

Champagne 235

Cherry 234

Common Black 236

Common Red 235

Common While 235

Fertile Currant of Pahiau . . . .236

FertUle d' Angers 235

Goliath 235

Gondouin White 236

Gondouin Red 235

Houghton Castle 235

Jefferson 236

Knight's Early Red 236

Knight's Large Red 236

Knight's Sweet Red 234

La Caucasse 236

La Haytive 236

Large Red Dutch 234

La Versaillais 236

Large White 285

Long Bunched Red Dutch .... 234

May's Victoria 235

Missouri 236

Missouri Eatable ' 236

Missouri Fragrant . . . . . 236

Missouri Large-fruited .... 236

Morgan's Red 234

Morgan's White 535

New Red Dutch 284

New White Dutch 235

Ogden's Black Grape 234

Palnau 230

Prince Albert 234

Raby Castle 235

Red Dutch 234

Red Grape 236

Red Grape 234

Red Provens 236

Reeve's White 235

Rivers' White Grape 235

SJiort Bunched Red 23d

INDEX OF FRUITS.

509

striped Fruited 236

Transparent 236

Victoria 235

White Clinton 235

White Crystal 235

White Dutch 235

White Grape 235

White leghorn 235

iVhite Pearl 237

White Antwerp 237

BtterdsilVs Duckuring . . . . . 240
Capper's Bunker's Hill . . .239

Champagne 240

Collier's Jolly Angler 240

Crompton Sheba Queen . . . .241

Early Sulphur 240

Green Walnut 240

Houghton's Seedling 240

Ironmonger 240

Keen' s Seedling 240

Massey's Heart of Oak . . . .240

Melling's Crown Bob 240

Pale Red 240

Parkinson's Laurel 240

Pitmaston Green Gage . . . .240

Red Warrington 241

Roaring Lion 241

Taylor's Bright Venus . . . 239

White Honey 241

Woodward's White Smith .... 241

GRAPES.

Ada 257

Alexander 262

Alicant 268

Amber Muscatine 269

American Muscadine 262

Amiens 269

Arkansas 255

August Traube 268

Black Burgundy 268

Black Cluster 268

Black Front ignac 268

Black Prontignan 268

Black Hamburg 267

Black Lisbon
Black Morillon
Black Orleans
Black Portugal
Black Prince
Black Spanish
Black Valentia
Bland

268

257

Bland's Madeira 257

Bland's Pale Red 257

Bland's Virginia 257

Boston 268

Bourdales des Hautes Pyrenees . . 268

Brinckle 258

•Vown Hamburg 267

Ball or Bullet 262

Burgnnder 268

Camby's August 268

Cambridge Botanic Garden . . . 268

Canadian Ckitf 258

Cape Grape 262

Carter 258

Catawba Tokay 266

Cassady 258

Charter Oak 263

Chasselas 269

Chasselas Blanc . ' 269

Chasselas Dore 269

Chasselas de Fontainebleau . . . 269

Chilicothe Seedling 263

Child's Seedling 258

Clara 258

Clarence ... ... 261

Clenmmt 263

Clifton's Constantina 262

Clintm 258

Columbia 259

Concord 259

D'Arbois 269

Deciraanner 269

Delaware 256

De St. Jean 268

Devereaux 259

Diana 257

Dutch Hamburg 267

Early Black 268

Early Black July 268

Early White Teneriflfe . . . .269

Elsenborough 259

Elsinboro' 259

Elsingburgh 259

Emily 269

Fox Grape 262

Frankendale . . . * . . . 267

Fromentean 269

Fromentin Rouge 269

Frontniac of Alexandria .... 269

Garrigues 260

Gibraltar 267

Golden Chasselas 269

Graham . 260

Gris Rouge 269

Grizzly Frontignac 268

Grizzly Frontignan 268

Hall's Grape 260

Hampton Court Vino. . . . 267

Hartford Prolijlc . ... 260

Heath 256

Herhemxyni 260

Herbemont Madeira ..... 260

Hudson 260

Hyde's Eliza 263

Imitative Hamburg 260

Isabella 257

Jacob's Traube 268

James' Seedling 263

Jerusalem Muscat 269

July Grape 268

Kleinbranner 269

Lebanon Seedling 255

Lee's 263

Lenoir 261

Logan 261

Longworth's Ohio 263

Louisa 261

Lunel 269

Madeira 262

Madeline 268

Madeleine Noir 268

Malaga 269

Mammoth . 263

Mammoth Catauiba ... .263

Marion .261

CoAawba

255 I Marzimmer

7fi9

510

INDEX OF FRUITS.

Mincyr^s Seedling 263

Missouri . . . . . . . 261

Missouri Seedling 261

Morellon Hatif 268

Moscado Bianco . . . / . . . 269

Moscatel Common 269

Moschata Bianca ..... 269

Muscadine . . .... 262

Muscat of Alexandria . . . ♦. 269
Muscat d'Alexandria .... 269

Muscat Blanc . .... 269

Muscat Blanc de Jura .... 269

Muscat Gris 268

Muscat Noir 268

Muscat Noir de Jura 268

Muscat Noir Ordinaire .... 268

Muscat Rouge 268

Muscateller 269

Nepean's Constantia 269

Northern JIuscadine 263

Northern Muscadine 261

Norton's Seedling 261

Norton's Virginia . . . . . 261

Ohio 262

Passe longue Musque 269

Passe Musque 269

Pauline 262

Pennsylvania 263

Pineau 268

Pocock's Damascus 268

Pond's Seedling 263

Powell 257

Purple Constantia 268

Purple Frontignan 268

Purple Hamburg 267

Raabe . . . . . , . 262
Raab'se No.l 258

PAca

261

269

St. Qauser ....

Stewart's Black Prince

Sumpter

Taft

Tusker's Grape . . . . ,

lb Kalon

Tokayer

Tottenham Park Muscat .

Traminer 269

Troy Grape 263

True Burgundy 268

Union Village 260

Valentine's 267

AVarren 260

Warren's Black Hamburg .... 267

Warrentown 260

White Catawba 263

White Chasselas • .... 269

White Constantia 269

White Frontinac 269

White Frontignan 269

White Muscat 269

Wnite Muscat of Alexandria
White Muscat of Lunel

Winne 262

Worthington 258

York Madeira 263

Zane 263

269
269

No. 2 .

No. 3

No. 4

Raisin de Champagne
Raisin de Frontignan

Raisin Precoce

Ranfolak

Ranfoliga

Rebecca

lied Constantia

Ked Hamburgh

Red Muncy

Red Traminer 269

Roanoke 262

Rothclauser 269

Rothedel 269

Rothfranken 269

Roth ReiQer 269

Rother Klevner 269

Rother Traminer 269

Royal Muscadine 269

Salisbury Violet . . . .267

Schuylkill . . .... 262

Schuylkill Muscadell 262

Scuppemong 262

Segar Box .... . . 262

Shaker Grape ... . . 260

Sherman . 263

Shurtleff's Seedling 263

Singleton 255

Sir A. Pytche's Black . . . .268
Sir William Rowley's Black . . . 268

Small Black Cluster 268

Smart's Elslnburg . ... 259

Spring Mill Constant 'A . , .262

262

267
255

Anderson's ... . . 271

Anderson's Round 273

Aromatic 271

Barker 271

Black Murry 273

Boston 270

Broamfidd 273

Brugnon Hatif 271

Brugnon Red at the Stone .... 271

Brugnon Musque 272

Brugnon Violette Musque . . . . 272

Clairmont 271

Common Elruge 271

Cowdry White 272

Downton 270

Due Du Telliers 271

Due de Tello 271

Due de Tilly 271

Duke of Telliers 271

Du Tiliey's 271

DuTilliers 271

Early Brugnon 271

Early Black 271

Early Black Newington .... 271

Early Newinglon 271

Early Violet 271

Elruge 271

Emerton's New White .... 272

Fairchild 273

Ihirchild's Early 273

Fine Gold-Fleshed 273

Flanders . . . . . . 272

French Newington 273

French Yellow 271

Genoa or Genoese 273

Golden 273

Hampton Court 271

Hardwick6 . ... . . . 272

Hardwicke's Seedling .... 272

Hunt's Early Tawny 272

INDEX OF FRUITS.

611

PAGE

Hunt's large Tawn/ 272

Hunt's Tavmy 272

Jiiune Lisse 273

Large Early Violet . . . .272

I^arge Scarlet 271

Large White 272

Late Green 273

Late Yellow 273

Lewis 270

Lord Selsey's Elruge 271

Lucombe's Black 271

Lucombe's Seedling 271

Murrey 273

Murry . 273

NeaVs White .272

Newington 273

New Early Newington . . . .271

New Scarlet 271

New White 272

Oatland's 271

Old Newington 273

Old Roman 272

Oldenburg 272

Orange 272

Orange 273

Perkin's Seedling 270

Peterborongk 273

Petite Violet Hative 271

Pitraaston's Orange 272

Prinze's Golden 273

Red Roman 272

Roman 272

Rough Roman 273

Scarlet 273

Scarlet Newington 273

SionHill 273

Smith's Newington 273

Spring Grove 271

Stanioicke 272

Sweet Yellow 273

Temple's 271

Vermash (of some) 273

Violet Grosse 272

Violet red at the Stone . . . .271

Violet Musk 271

Violette Hative 271

William's Orange 272

Williams' Seedling 272

PEACHBS.

Ahricotee 308

Adtm Scott 305

Admirable 305

Admirable Jaune 308

Admirable Tardive 305

AHierge 285

Albcrge Juano 285

Algiers Winter 306

Algiers Yellow 306

Almmd . 305

Allen .292

Anne 305

Apricot Peach 302

Astfrr 292

Ativater 298

Atistin's Late Red 292

Avant Blanche 308

Avaut Rouge 307

SacheUer " 293

Bagby^s Large 293

Baildivin'a Late 293

PAGB

Baltimore Beauty .... 305

Bfiltimore Rose 289

Barnard 293

Barrington 293

Baugh ...... 293

Beauty of Beaucaire 293

Beauty of Salisbury 305

Belle Beau to 287

Belle de Beaucaire . 293

Belle Chevreuse . , 305

Belle de Paris . . . 289

Belle de Vitry . . . . 305

Belle de Vitry ... . . 305

Bellegarde .... . . 293

Bellis 305

Belzar^s Early Rareripe . . . S05

Bennett's Rareripe . . . 305

Bergen's Yellow . . ... 285

BlanUm Cling . . ... 293

Blood Cling 294

Blood Clingstone 294

Bordeaux Cling 294

Boudin . . . . . . .288

Bourdine .... . . 288

Brentford Mignonne . . . . 293

Brevoort 285

Brevoort's Morris 285

Brevoort's Seedling Meltcr . . . 285

Brown Nutmeg 307

Buckingham Mignonne .... 293

BuUard's Clingstone 305

Billiard' s Seedling 305

Burgess Beauty 290

Cable's Early 306

Cable's Ejirly Melocoton . . . .306

Cattle's Late 294

Cable's Late Melocoton .... 294

Cable's Medium Melocoton .... 305

Cambridge Bdle 294

Canary 305

Carmine 294

Carpenter's White 294

Carey's Mamm/)th Cling .... 306

Catharine Cling 306

aiancellor 306

Chancelliere 306

Charlotte 306

Chilian 305

Chinese Cling 294

Chinese Peach 294

Claret Clingstone 294

Clarke 294

ainton 295

Cole's Early Red 295

Cole's White Malacaton . . . .288

Colonel Ausley's 293

Columbia 286

Columbus June 295

Congress 306

Congress Cling 306

Cooled ge's Early Red Rareripe . . 285

Cooledge's Favorite 285

Crawford's Early 285

Crawford's Early Melocoton . . . 285

Crauford's Late 285

Craw'ford's Late Melocoton . . . 285

Crawford's Superb Melocoton . . . 285
Crawford's Superb Malacatune . . .285

Cuileaved 306

Doctor Cooper 297

Doonahoo Clinfi 296

512

INDEX OF FRUITS.

PAGE

Dorsetshire 289

Double Swalsh . . ... 307

Double Mountain 295

Double ManLoffne 295

Douglas 290

Down Easter 306

Druid Hill 295

Early Admirable 305

Early Anne 305

Early Barnard 293

Early Crawford 285

Early Chelmsford 295

Early Galando .... .293

Early Maiden . . ... 299

Early May 287

Early Newington 307

Early Newington 286

Early Newington Freestone . . . 286

Early Purple 287

Early Purple Avent 287

Early Red Rareripe 290

Early Red Nutmeg 307

Early Robinson Crusoe .... 306

Early Royal George . . . .293, 307

Early Sweet Water 307

Early Tillolson 286

Early Vineyard 287

Early White Nutmeg 308

Early York 286

Early York of New Jersey . . . 288

Eastbum 295

Eastburn's Clioice 295

Edgar's Late Melting 306

Edward's Late While 295

Eliza 296

Elmira 296

Emperor of Russia 306

Favorite 296

Favorite Red 296

Fine Heath 287

Flat Peach of China 294

Ilewellen Cling ...... 296

Ihx's Seedling . . ... 296

Freestone Heath 288

French Bourdine 288

French Magdalen 299

French Mignonne 287

French Rareripe .... 286, 292

French Royal George 293

Fulkerson 296

Fulkerson's Early 296

Galade 296

George the Fourth, 286

GesVs Superb 306

Gest's Large Freestone . . 306

Gold Fleshed . ... 285

Golden Bail 306

Golden Mignonne 285

Golden Rareripe 285

Gorgas 296

Green Caiharine 297

Green Nutmeg 305

Green Rareripe . . ... 297

Griffin's Mignonne .... 307

Griffith's Melocoton 304

Grimwood's Royal George .... 287

Grimwood's New Royal George . . 287

Grimwood's Royal Charlotte . . . 306

Griswold 297

Gros Melocoton 300

Grosse Mignonne 287

Grosse Perrique Rouge .... 300

vAon

Haine's Early Red 288

Hale 29T

Hale's Melocoton 297

Hall's Down Easter 306

Hardy's Galande .... 285, 296

Harker's Seedling 297

Hartshorn 297

Hastings 29T

Hatch 297

Hative de Ferrieres 297

Heath Free . . . . - . .299

Healh Clingstone 287

Heath Freestone 299

Henry Clay 297

Hill's Madeira 299

HilVs Chili 298

Hoffman's Pound 800

Hnffner 298

Hoffner's Seedling 298

Hogg's Melocoton .... 290

Honest John 288

Honey Peach 298

Horlon's Delicious 298

Hovey's Cambridge Belle~Synouym . . 294

Hubbard's Early 298

Hyslop's Clingstone 287

Imperial (Middleton's) . . . .298

Imperial (Petit's) 298

Incomparable 298

Indian Peach 286

Ispahan 306

Italian Peach 286

Italian 289

Jackson Cling 298

Jaques' Rareripe 287

Jaqu£s' Rareripe 287

Jaquish 287

Java Peach 294

Johnson's Early Purple .... 287

Jones' Early 299

Jones' Large Early 299

Jose Sweet 299

Judd's Melting 288

Kennedy's Carolina 288

Kennedy's I^mon Clingstone . . . 288

Kenrick's Heath 299

Kew's Early Purple 806

L'Admirable 305

Lady Anne Stewart 288

I^idy Gallatin 290

Lady Parham 299

Lafayette 807

Lafayette Clingstone 307

La Grange 299

LaRoyale 288

Largo American Nutmeg .... 807

Large Early York 288

Large French Mignonne .... 287

Ixarge Melting 80T

I^rge Newington 301

large Red Rareripe .... 289, 290

Karge Violet 293

Large White Clingstone . . . .292

Large Yellow Rareripe . . . ' . 292

Largest Lemon 288

Late Admirable 288

Late Admirable Cling .... 298

lAte Chancellor 806

Late Red Rareripe . . .290

Late Yellow Alberge . . .806

Lemon Clingstone . . . . . 288

Lincoln 299

INDEX OF FBUITS.

613

PAGE

Livingstone's N. Y. Rareripe . . . 288

Ixwkyer's Mignonne 307

Long Yellow Pine Apple .... 288

Lord Montague's Noblesse . . . 301
Luscious White Rareripe . . . .288

Madeira 299

Madeira Freestone 299

Madelaine de Oourson .... 299

MacUline of Courtca 299

Madeline Rouge 299

Magistrate ....... 307

Majestrate 307

Malacatune 290

Malagatune . . . . ^ . 290

Maiden 299

Malta 289

Malte de Normandie 289

Mammoth 295

Maria Antoinette 292

Mellishe's Favorite 301

MeUing 307

Merriam 300

Mignonne 287

Millet's Mignonne 307

Maiden's White 300

Monstrous ClingsU/ne 300

Monstrom Freestone 307

Monstrous Pavie 300

Monstrous Pompone 300

Montague 295

Montauban 295

Montgomery's Late 300

Moore's Favorite 300

Moore's June 300

Morrisania 300

Morrisania Pound 300

Morris Red Rareripe 289

Morris TFTiite 288

Morris White Freestone . . . .288
Morris White Rareripe . . . .288

Morrison's Pound 300

Motteux's 288

Mrs. Poinsett 300

Mulatto . 286

Narbonne 288

Neill's Early Purple . ... 287

New Cut Leaved 306

Newington . . ... 286, 301

Newington Cling . . . 301

Newman .... . . 301

New Royal Charlotte 306

New Royal George 307

New York Rareripe 288

New York White Clingstone ... 292

Nivette 289

Nivette VelJite 289

Noblesse 301

Noisette .306

Nonpareil 301

October Yellow 306

Oldraixon Clearstone 289

Oldmixon Clingstone 289

Oldmixon Freestone ... .289

Old Neioington 301

Old Royal Charlotte 306

Orange ... . . 308

Orange Clingstone . . • 301
Orchard Queen .... .301

Owen 301

Owen's Lemon ... . . 301

Owen's Lemon Rareripe . . . 301

FaragoH ...... 301

PAGB

Pavie Admirable 298

Pavie Caum 300

Pavie Monstreux . 300

Pavie de Pomponne . . . 300

Pavie de Pomponne Gross .... 300

Pavie Rouge de Pomponne . . . 300

Peche Jaune . . ... 285

Peche Malte . . ... 289

Peche Royale . . ... 288

Pecher d'Ispahan . ... 306

Peen-To 294

Phjleiger 307

Philadelphia Freestone . . . .288
Pine Apple Clingstone . . . .288

Poinsett 301

Poole's Large Yellow 302

Poole's Late Yellow Freestone . . 302

PooU's Yellow 302

Pourpree Hative 287

Pourpree de Normandie .... 287

Pourpree Tardive 288

President 290

President Church 302

Prince John 302

Prince's Climax 302

Prince's Excelsior 302

Prince's Paragon 301

Prince's Red Rareripe .... 290

Purple Alberge 285

Purple Avant 287

Red Alberge 285

Red Avant 307

Red Cheek 290

Red Cheek Melocoton . . . .290

Red Heath 287

Red Magdalen 293, 299

RedMagdaline 307

Red Nutmeg 307

Red Rareripe 289

RedRareHpe 290

Reeve's Favorite 302

Reid's Weeping ...... 308

Reine des Vergers 301

Rodman's Red 302

Ronald's Mignonne 293

Ronald's Seedling Galande . . . 287

Rosanna 307

Rose 303

Rosebank 290

Rouge Paysanne 299

Royal 288

Royal George 307

Royal Sovereign 287

Royal Kensington 287

Scott's Magnate 302

Scott's Nectar 302

Scott's Early Red 307

Scott's Nonpareil 301

Selby's Cling 292

Serrate Early York 286

Serrated 306

Siebott 308

Site's Old Zack 803

Shanghai 303

Skinner's Superb 303

Slocxim's Early 308

SmUh's lUvorite 303

Smith's Newington .... 386

Smith's Newington .... 307

Smith's Early Newington . . 807

Smock ... . 303

Smock FVee. . . 303

514

INDEX OF FRUIIS.

Smock Clingstone
Smooth-leaved Royal George

PAGE

. 307
. 293

Spring Grove ....

St. George

Stetson's Seedling
Stewart's Late Galande

Straicberry

Sturtevant

SulTiamstead ....

Superb

Superb Royal ....

Swalze

Swalsh

Sweetwaier

Swiss Mignonne ....
Stephenson Cling
Stump the World
Susquehannak ....
Tarbell . . . . .
Tetou de Venus ....

Tice

Tice's Red and Yellow

Tippecanoe

Troth's Early Red

True Early York

True Red Magdalen .

TufVs Early ....

Tuft's Rareripe . . . .

Unique

Vandermark ....

Vanguard

Van Zant's Superb .
Veloutee Tardive

Vineuse

Vineuse de Fromentin
Violette Hative ....
Violette Hative Grosse

Walberton

Walberton Admirable
WaUer's Early . . . .
Ward's Free . . . .
Ward's Freestone
Ward's Late Free
Washington ....
Washington Clingstone
Washington Rareripe
Washington Red PYeestone
Waxen Rareripe

Weeping

Weld's Freestone

White Avant

White Blotsom .

White Blossomed Incomparable

While Clingstone

Wliite Heath . . . .

White Imperial . . . .

White Malacaton

White Nuirn^ . . . .

White Rareripe ....

Williamson's New York .

Willow Peach ....

Tate's Early ....

Yellow Admirable

Yellow Alberge ....

Yellow Barnard ....

Yellow Malagatune .

Yellow Melocoton

Yellow Pine Apple

Yellow Rareripe

Yellow Rareripe

Yellow Red Rareripe . . .

Zoar BtatUy . . . .

303
303
306
303
290

287

307

307

307

287

303

304

304

304 i

288

308

304
304
306
308
301
291
289
287
287

304
291
291
291
291
291
304

291
308
291
308

292

287
291
288
308

288, 289
. 292

308
285
293
290
290
288
285
285
292

FACn

AbbeEdouard .... 357

Abbe Mongein 357

Abbot 357

Adams 357

Adele de St. Denis 357

Adelaide de Reves 357

Admiral 417

Ah I Mon Dieu 420

Alexander . . . . . . . 357

A lexandrine DouiUard .... 358

Alexander Lambre 358

Alpha 359

AUhorpe Crasanne ..... 359

Amanda's Double 417

Aviande Double 417

Amadottee 423

Ambrette 417

Ambrette d'Hiver 417

Ambre Gris 417

Avibrosia 417

Amiral 417

Amire Joannet 381

Amoselle 417

Ananas de Courtrai . . . . 358

Ananas 323, 390

Ananas d'Ete 323

Andreios 358

Angleterre 417

Angleterre Noisette 417

Archduc d'Ete 381

Aston Tovm 417

Auguste de Maraise 359

Autumn Bergamot 417

Autumn Colmar 417

Auguste Van Krans 349

Badham's 360

Bankerbine 359

Baronnc de Mello 357

Barry 359

BaHlett . . .... 324

Beadnell 367

Beadnell's Seedling 367

Beauchamp's 366

Beau Present 393

Beau Present d'Artois .... 365

Bcgy de Vctrans 405

Bein Armudi 367

Belle Angevine 346

Belle Aprcs Noel 359

Belle d'Aout 418

Belle de Bruxelles 418

Belle of Brussels 418

Belle et Bonne 417

Belle Crainese 359

Belle Epine Dumas 360

Belle Excellent 359

Belle de Flanders 337

BelU Fondante 368

Belle Gabriel 417

Belle de Jersey 346

Belle Julie 360

Belle de Noel 359

Belle de Thouars 359

Belle Lucrative 325

Belle Verge 393

Bellissime d'Ete 421

Bellissime Jargonelle 421

Bellissime Supreme 42V

Belmont 417

Beuoits 360

Benoist Nouveau ... 867

INDEX OF FKUITS.

615

PAGE

Borgaloo 336

Bergamot d'Angleterre .... 422

Bcrgamot d'Alencoa 417

Bergamot Boussiere 418

Bergamot de Bugi 417

Bergamot Crasaune . . . . . 420

Bergamot d'Ete . .... 422

Bergamot d'Hiver .... 417

Bergamot d' Holland 417

Bergamot de Paques 417

Bergamot Parthenay 417

Bergamot Easter 417

Bergamot Suisse 424

Bergamot Sylvange ..... 425
Bergamot de Ibulouse — synonym . .417

Bergamotte 403

Bcrgamotte Buffo 366

Bergamotte C<idette 366

Bergamotte Crapaud 366

Bergamotte d'Esperin 366

Bcrgamotte de Fougere .... 417

Bergamotte Gaudry 366

Bergamotte de Hambourg .... 360

Bergamotte Heimburg .... 368

Bergamotte Leseble 368

Bergamotte de Millepieds .... 368

Bergamotte de la Pentecote . . . 331

Bergamotte SieuUe 378

Bergen Pear 368

Beri Vaet 361

Beurre 360

Be\!rre Adam . . . . . . 418

Beurre Ananas 390

Beurre d' Albert 363

Beurre d'Alencon 417

Beurre Aurora 369

Beurre d'Amanlis 362

Beurre d'Amalis 362

Beurre d'Ambleuso 360

Beurre d'Ambois 360

Beurre d'Angleterre 417

Beurre d^ Anjou 330

Beurre d^Aremberg 326

Beurre d'Aremberg 339

Beurre Audusson 407

Beurre d'Argenson 403

Beurre Auguste Benoits .... 364

Beurre Audosson 366

Beurre Auguste Benoit .... 360

Beurre d'Austrasio 392

Beurre Bachelier 363

Beurre Berclcmam 365

Beurre Beaucharaps . . . 866

Beurre Beaulieu ... . . 360

Bewre de Seaum/mt 361

Beurre Blanc 336

Beurre Blanc de Jersey .... 367

Be>.irre Benn&tt ' . 362

Beurre de Bollunller 418

Beurre de Brignais 376

Btnirre, or Bonne Louise d'Araudoro . . 345

Beurre Benoits 364

Beurre Benoist 360

Beurre Base . .... 329

Beurre Boucquia 419

Beurre Bretonneau 363

Beurre BreUonneau 363

Beurre Brown 360

Beurre Bromee 418

Beurre Bynumt 363

Beurre Cadet 860

<»*nrre Caloma . .... 369

PAGB

Beurre Capiaumont 369

Beurre Chaptal 371

Beurre de Chameau 379

Beurre Charron 360

Beurre Clairgeau . . . . 866

Beurre Coit ... . . 382

Beurre Colmar ... . . 418

Beurre Colmar d'Automne . . 418

Beurre Colmar Gris dit Precel . . . 403

Beurre Cornice de Ibulon .... 864

Beurre Crapaud 860

Beurre Curte 373

Beurre Curtet 376

Beurre Delphos 365

Beurre Diet 327

Beurre Doree 360

Beurre Duhaume 362

Beurre DuJiaume 865

Beurre Duval 418

Beurre Easter . . . . . .331

Beurre d' Elberg 362

Beurre Epine 861

Beurre Esperin 866

Beurre de Flanders 361

Beurre Defais 378

Beurre Fortunce 421

Beurre Ihugiere 861

Beurre Gens 362

Beurre Gifford 325

Beurre Giffard 325

Beurre Gris d'Hiver 364

Beurre Gris 860

Beurre Gris d^Hiver Nouveau . . . 864

Beurre Gris Superieuro .... 864

B«>urre Haggenton .".... 396

Beurre Hamecher 862

Beurre d'Hardenpont .... 839

Beurre Hardy 366

Beurre d'Hiver 372

Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles . . . 831

Beurre d'Hiver Nouvelle . . • . 839

Beurre Incomparable ... 827

Beurre Judes 364

Beurre Kenrick 418

Beurre de Konig of Downing . . . 364

Beurre Knox 418

Beurre de Konink 364

Beurre Kennes 366

Beurre Kossuth 861

Beurre de Lucon 364

Beurre Le<m le Clerc 366

Bewre Leon, le Clerc 361

Beurre Langelier 332

Beurre JIagnifique 327

Beurre de Montgeron 864

B Mirre de Malines 355

Beurre de Mesode 334

Bewre Millet 363

Beurre Millet of Angers . . • .382

Beurre Moire 328

Beurre Moire 828

Beurre Mollet's Guernsey .... 361

Beurre de Montigeron .... 364

Beurre Nantais 363

Beurre de Nantes ... . 363
Beurre Neille .... .330

Beurre Noirchain [ 361

Beurre Naver 365

Beurre d'Or 360

Be\!rrc Oudinot . .... 400

Beurre des Orphelins .... 326

Beurre de Faquea 881

516

INDEX OF FRUITS.

PAGE

Beurre de la Pentacote . . . 331

Beurre Phillippe del Ibsse . . . 364

Beurre Picquery 352

Beurre Plat 420

Beurre Preble 361

Beurre Ranee 361

Beurre de Ram 361

Beurre de Rhine 349

Beurre de Rhine 361

Beurre du Roi 360

Beurre Richelieu 365

Beurre Remain 366

Beurre Romain 418

Beurre Robin 378

Beurre Rouge 360

Beurre Roupe 331

Beurre Royal 327

Beurre Seutin 418

Beurre Six 365

Beurre Sieulle 378

Beurre Soulange 365

Beurre Spence 337

Beurre Spence 365

Beurre Steikman 366

Beurre St. Nicolas 331

Beurre Suisse 361

Beurre Superfine 363

Beurre Van Marum 363

Beurre Van Mons 352

Beurre Vert 360

Beurre de WeOeren 384

Beurre de Waterloo 379

Beurre Winter 362

Bezi Blanc 418

Bezi Chaumontelle tres gros ... 331

Bezi de Chaumontelle .... 372

Bezi de Chausserie 381

Bezi d'Echassey 381

Bezi d'Esperia 136

Bezi Heri 418

J9m de Monlvpiy 366

Bezi de la Moke 367

Bezi de Naples 367

Bezi Royal 418

Bezi Sarispareil 367

Bezi de Spoelberch 412

Bezyd'Esperen 367

Bezy Gamier 367

Bezy Quessoy d'Ete 367

Bishop^ s Thumb 418

Black Pear of Worcester . . . .333

Black Worcester 333

Bleeker's Meadow 368

Bloodgood 333

Bou Chretien d'Espagne .... 418

Bon Chretien Turc 418

Bon Chretien d'Ete 424

Bon Chretien Flemish . . . .418

Bon Chretien Fondante . . . .333
Bon Chretien Spanish . . . .418

Bon Guxtave 369

Bon d'Ezee 368

Bonne d'Ezee 368

Bonne des Haies 368

Bonne Charlotte 369

Bonne de JIalines 355

Bonne Rouge 384

Bordenave 343

BoscSire 337

Bosc'a Flaschenbirne .... 329

Bosch 337

BoBche Nouvelle 337

PAGH

Boston ....... 404

Boston Epargne 389

Boucquia 419

Boutello .363

Bouvier Bourgerm^tre .... 369
Braddick's Field Marshal . . . .398
Brande'sSt. Germain . . . .369

Brandywine 328

Bretagne Cour . . ... 346

Brielmont 369

Bringeivood 369

Broca's Bergamot 384

Broom Park 419

Brougham 419

Brown St. Germain . ... 348

Buffum ... ... 333

Bujaleuf ... ... 425

Burgermeister 418

Burgomaster 418

Burlingame 419

Burlinghame 419

Burnett 419

Butter Pear 336, 391

Bymont 363

Cabot 419

Cadillac 419

Caen du France 369

Caillot Rosat 424

Caillot Rosat d'Eto 424

Calabasse Bosc 329. 345

Calebasse 419

Calebasse Delvinge 419

Calebasse Double Extra .... 419

Calelxisse d'Ete 370

Calebasse Grosse 419

Calebasse d'Holland 419

Calhoun 369

Cambridge Sugar Pear . . . .389

Camerling ..,..., 371

Camerlyn 370

Canandaigua 370

Canning 3.31

Capiawmont 369

Capsheaf 370

Caj)tif de St. Helena 379

Capucin 419

Cassante de Mars 370

Catherine 370

Catherine Gardette 370

Catillac 419

Catinka 370

Celestin 413

Cellite 403

Chambers' Large .... 346

Chambrette 425

Chancellor 371

Cliapin 378

Chapman 419

Chapman's 403

Chaptal 371

CJiarlotte de Brmver 372

Charles of Austria 419

Charles d'Autriche 419

Charles Van Hoogten . ... 371

Charles Van Mons 371

Chaumontel 372

Chaumontel d'Eto 421

Chaumontel tres gros .... 331

Chelmsford 420

Choice d'un AmcUeur .... 371

Christmas 371

Church 372

INDEX OF FRUITS.

617

PAGE

Citron 372

Citron of Bohemia 419

Citron des Carmes 343

Clara 419

Claire 419

Clinton 419

ClioQ 354

Cluster Pear .... . 387

Coflan's Virgalieu 420

Collins ^ 372

Colmar 420

Colmar d'Alost 372

Colmar d'Aremberg 420

Colmar des Champs . . . . . 326

Colmar Charnay 417

Colmar Dore . . . . . 403, 420

Colmar Epine 372

Colmar Gris 403

Colmar Hardenpoint 403

Colmar d'Hlver 339, 403

Colmar Jaminette 392

Colmar de Meesier 420

Colmar Ndll 373

Colmar Preule 403

Colmar de Sille 403

Colmar Souveraine 403

Colmar Van Mons . . . .352, 403

Colniac Bosc 330

Columbia 373

Columbian "Virgalieu 373

Columbian Virgalouse .... 373

Commodore 420

Comprette 420

Compte de Flandre 374

(hmpte de Lamy 373

Compte de Michaux 423

ComteLelieur 373

Comtesse d'Alost .... 372, 379

Comtesse de Lunay 374

Comtesse de Frcnol 382

Comslock 420

Comstock Wilding 420

Conscilleur Ranwez 374

Conseilleur Ramuez 374

Conseiller de la Cour 400

Cooke 372

Copea 420

Cornells 375

Coter 375

Countess of Lunay 374

Crasanne 420

Crauford 420

Cresane 420

Croft Castle 420

Cross 375

Cumberland 420

Cushing 375

Cuvelier 420

Cyprus Pear 421

Dallas 375

D'Abondanco 405

D'Ambro 423

Dana's iVo. 16 375

Dana's No.\9 375

Dana's Seedling No. 1 .... 397

D'Amour 420

D'Aremberg Parfait 326

D'Auch 420

D'Austrasie 392

Dean's 336

Deacon Dillen 377

Dearborn 420

PAOB

Dearborn's Seedling . , 336

De Bavay .... . 376

De Devxfoix Lane ... . 420

Dc Keingheim • 425

Dclavoult de Clement .... 324

Delice d'Hardinpont of Angers . . . 334

Delices d'Ardenpont 334

Delices de Charles 376

Delices Charles Van Mons .... 376
Delices d'Hardenpont .... 334
Delices d'Hardenpont du Nord and Bel-
gium 376

Delies d'Alost 372

Delices d'Alost 379

Delices de Mons 376

De Louvain 375

De Maune 420

De Melon 327

De Mott . . . . . . .410

DeSorlus 376

DeVallee 426

De Vigne Pelone 382

Deschamps . .... 326

Despoelberg 412

Desiree Van Mons 379

Des Nones 376

Des Nonnes 376

Des Trois Tours 327

Desiree Cornells 376

Deux Sceurs 376

Diamant 384

Dickerman 376

Diel 327

Diel's Butterbirne 327

Dikeman 376

Dillen 377

Diller 377

Dillon 377

Dingier 373

Dix 334

Docteur Trousseau 377

Docteur Bouvier 377

Docteur Capron 377

Docteur Letiern 377

Done's 336

Dorathy Royal 327

Dorr 421

Double Phillipe 334

Dow 377

Dowlin 412

Downham Seedling 386

Dovmton 420

Doyenne 336

Doyenne D'Affay 378

Doyenne d'Alencoa 336

Doyenne d'Automne 336

Doyenne Blanc 336

Doyenne Boussouck 334

Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle . . . 334

Doyenne du Cornice 878

Doyenne du Comice of Anger . . . 378

Doyenne Dillon 377

Doyenne Dotoning 378

Doyenne d'Ete 334

Doyenne de Fais 378

Doyenne Galleux 335

Doyenne Gaubalt 378

Doyenne Gray 335

Diiyenne Oris 335

Doyenne Gris d' Hiver-Nouveau . . . 335

Doyenne d'Hiver 331

Doyenne d'Hiver D'Ale&con . .335

618

INDEX OF FRUITS.

Doyenne de Juliet

Doyenne Musque

Doyenne Marbre

Doyenne d'Hiver

Doyenne du Printemps

Doyenne Robin .

Doyenne Rose

Doyenne Rouge .

Doyenne Roux .

Doyenne Santellette

Doyenne Sieulle .

Doyenne White .

Due d'Aremberg

Dug de Bordeaux

X>ttc de Brabant

Due d'Orleans .

Duchess D'Alost

Duchesa of Berri

Duchess de Berri

Duchess de Berry d'Ete of

Ducliesse d'Angouleme

DucTiess de Berri d'Ete

Ducliess de Mars

Duchesse d'Alost

Duchesse of Orleans

Due d'Orleans

Dumas

Dumortier ,

Dundas

Dunmore .

Du Patre .

Dupuy Charles

Duquesne d'Ete

Dusuas

Du Tonneau

Early Bergamot

Early Beurre

Early Butter of Cin

Early Catlierine

Early Denzelona

Early Queen

Early Roussellet

Early St. Germain

Early Sugar

Echas&erie

Echassery .

Editnrd's Elizabeth

Edward's Henrietta

Eliza d'Heyst .

Elizabeth Van Mons

Elizabeth Mannings

Ellanrioch .

Emerald .

Emile d'Heyst

Emile Bivort

Enfante Prodige

English Autumn Bergamot

English Bergamot

English Beurre .

English Red Cheek

Epargne

Epine Dumas

Epine d'Ete

Epine d'Ete Couleur Rose

Epine Rose

Episcopal .

Etourneau .

Eyewood

Excellent^Bsima .

Famenga .

Feaster

Ferdinand de Meester

Bivort

PAGR

334
366
335
420
331
378
379
335
335
378
378

379
400
379
379
346
334
379
379
379
372
331
379
360
421
380
380
331
381
421
410
346
421
417
381
421
421
423
421
371
381

359
342
342
422
421
382
382
421
417
417
417
421
393
360
424
424
424
421
355
382
379
421
368
424

PAGE

Figve 382

Figue de Naples 382

Ftffue of Naples 382

Figue Vert 382

Fig Pear of Naples 382

Figd'Alencon 382

Fine Gold of Summer .... 421

Fingals 422

Fin Or d'Ete 421

Fin Or d'Hiver 421

Flemish Beauty 337

Fleur de Guines 350

Fleur de JVeige 384

Florimont Parent 384

Foudante 410

Fondante d'Automne .... 325

Fbndante Agreeable 383

Fondante du Bois . . . . 330, 337

Fondante du Cornice 379

Fondante des Charneause .... 379

Fmdante de Malines 383

Fondante de Malines (Esperin) . . . 383

Fondante de Mons 403

Fondante Musquee 424

Fondante de Noel 359

Foudante de Panisee 403

Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Horticule . 376
Fondante Serunier de MidUa . . .383

Fondante des Pres 383

Fondante Van Mons 383

fhrelle 383

Forellin-birne 383

Forme de Delices 421

Forme de Marie Louise .... 398

Fortunee 421

Foster's St. Michael 421

Franc Real 421

I-Yanc Real d'Eto 410

Franc Real d'Hiver 421

Frankford 384

Franklin 384

Franklin 393

Frederic de Wertemburg . . . 383

Frederic of Wertemburg .... 383

FrederUca Bremer 384

French Jargonelle 421

Fulton y38

Gambler 403

GanseVs Ba-gam^t 384

Gansel's Late Bergamot .... 385

Gamel's Seckel 385

Garde d'Ecosse 422

Gendesheim 421

General Lamoriciere 395

General de Lourmel 385

General Taylor 385

Gerardin 385

Germain Baker 346

Gideon Paridante 385

Gil-ogil 422

Gile-o-gile . 422

Glory of Combrone 385

Glout Morceau 339

Gloux Morceaux . . . . , . 339

Golden Beurre 360

Golden Beurre of Bilboa .... 338

Gore's Heathcot 389

Goulu Morceau 339

Gracicuse 417

Graslin 336

Grand Monarque . ... 419

Grand Soldi . . . . ; 386

INDEX OF FRUITS.

619

PAGE

Graves 404

Gray Beurre 860

Gray Butter Pear . . . . 335

Gray Deans ... . . 835

Gray Doyenne ... . . 335

Great Citron of Bohemia . . . 419

Green Catherine 421

Green Chisel . . . . . .422

Green Mount tin Boy 386

Green Pear q, Yair 422

Green Sugar 422

Green Sylvange 425

Green Yair 422

Green's Germantowu . . . .371

Grise Bonne 422

Groom's Princess Royal . . . .386

Groom's Princess Royal .... 406

Groote Mogul 419

Grosse Calebasse of Langlier . . .363

Grosse Cuisse Madame . . . 393

Grosse Dorothee . . . . 327

Grosse Marie 386

Gros Micet d'Ete 410

Gros Remain 418

Gros Rousselet 424

Gros Rousselet d'Aout 386

Guernsey 351

Gurle's Beurre 384

JTacon's Inccmparable .... 386

Haddington 387

JIagerman 386

Hampden's Bergamot 422

Hampton 386

Hampton 387

Hampton Virgalieu 388

Haraus 388

Hanners 388

Hanover 388

Hardenpont d'Hiver . . . 339

Hardenpont du Printemps . 361

Harvest . . 424

Harvest Pear . . .381

Harrison's FaU 422

Harvard 389

Haxoe's Winter ' . 389

Hazel 422

Heaihcot 389

Hebron 404

Heidelberg 368

Henkd 390

Henrietta 390

Henri Quatro 390

Henri Bivort • 390

Henry the Fourth 390

Hericart 390

Hericart de Ihury 390

Hessd 422

Holland Bergamot 417

Honey ... ... 391

Hooper's Bilboa . . ... 338

Hosen Schenck . . ... 391

Hovey 391

Howell 340

Huquenot 422

Hull .... . . 391

Huntingfm .... .391

Imperatrice de France . . 337

Incomparable .... . 420

Inamnue Van Mons 391

Iron Pear 333

Isambert 360

Isambert le Bon 360

PAGB

Island 392

Ives' Bergamot 384

Ives' Bcrgamat 392

Ives' Pear 392

Ives' Seedling . . . . . .392

Ives' Virgaiieu 392

Jackman's Melting 394

Jackson 392

Jackson Seedling 392

Jaquin 390

Jagdbirne 381

Jalousie . , 422

Jalousie de Fmttmay Vendee . . .340

Jaminette 392

Jargonelle 393

Jargonelle (of the English) . . .393

Jean de Witte 393

Jergil's 410

Jersey Gratioli 393

Jilogil 422

Joanette 381

John 423

JoJionnot 393

Jones 393

Josephine 392

Josephine de Malines 393

Julienne 393

Jules Bivort 393

July Pear 424

Kattern 421

King Edward's 394

Kingsessing . . . . , . 394

Kirtland 341

Kirtland's Beurre 341

Kirtland's Seedling 341

Knevctt's New Swan's Egg . • . 423

Knight's Monarch 394

Knight's Seedling 394

Knight's R. I. Seedling . . . .394

Konge . . . . . . . 425

La Bonne Malinoise 395

La Fortunee de Paris 421

La Fortunee de Parmentier . . . 421

Laherard 395

LaJuive 395

Lamoriciei'e 395

Large Rousselet 424

Large Seckel 363

Las Cartas 395

Late Catherine 424

Laure de Glymes 395

Lawrence 340

Le Cure 354

Leech's Kingsessing 394

Lee's Seedling 395

Leon le Clerc 422

Leon le Clerc de Laval .... 422

Lecqwld I. 395

Lenawee 395

Lent St. Germain 346

Lewis 342

Liberale 395

Lieutenant Poitevin 396

Limon 396

Linden d'Automne .... 339

Little Muscat . ' 422

Little Musk 422

Little Swan's F.gg 423

Locke 396

Locke's New Beurre 396

Lodge 343

Longue de Monkowty .... 364

520

INDEX OF FRurrs.

Longue de Nakourto

Long Green of Coxa

Lord Cheeney's

L'Orphilines

Louis Dupont

Louise Bosc

Louise Bonne

Louise Bonne d'Avranches

Louise Bonne de Boulogne

Louise Bonne de Jersey

Louise Bonne Real

Louise of Orleans

Louise de Prusse

Lycurgus .

Madeleine .

Madam Ducar .

Madame Eliza .

Madam Millet .

Madotte

Magdalen .

Malconaitre d'Haspin

Malcomaitre

Marcellis .

March Bergamotte

Marechal de la Cour

Maria

Marianne Nouvello

Marianne de Nancy

Marie Chretienne

Marie Parent

Marie Louise

Marie Louise Nova

Marie Louise Nova

Marie I/)uise the Second

Martha Ann

Martin Sec

Marotte Sucre Jaune

Marulis

Mather

Maynard .

MclMughlin

Medaille

Melon de Kops .

Merriwether

Merriam

Messire Jean

Messire Jean Blanc

Messire Jean Doree

Messire Jean Gris

Miel de Waterloo

Mignonne d'Hiver

Michaux

Milanaise Cuvelier

Miller's Early

Millot de Nancy .

Mitchell's Russet

Moccas

Mollett's Guernsey Chaumontelle

Mon Dieu .

Monsieur Jean .

Monsieur le Cure

Monsigneur Affre

Monstrous Calabash

Mnor-Fmvl Egg

Mouth Water

Moyamensing

Muoille Bouche

Mr. John .

Muscat Fleure

Muscat Robert

Muscat Petit

Mviscadinc

341
417

422
345
413
345
422
352
351
396
343

423
343

400
398
329
397
398

373
423
373

397
400
327
411
398
423
423
423
423
379
398
423
355
403

. 420

. 423

. 354

. 399

. 419

. 423

. 341

. 399

341, 410

. 423

. 341

. 423

. 422

Mv£nngum

Musk Robin

Mush Summer Bon Chretien

Napoleon .

Naumkeag .

Neill

Nellis d'Hiver .

Ne Plus Meuris .

Ne Plus Meuris .

New Autumn

New Pear .

New St. Germain

New Swan's Egg

New York Red Cheek

New Frederick of Wurtemburg

Noel .

Nonpareil .

Nouvelle

Nouveau Poeteau

No. 8 of Van Mons

No. 1602 of Van Mons

No. 1238 of Van Mons

No. 1482 of Van Mons

No. 1599 of Van Mons

No. 1082 of Van Mons

Oakley Park

Oakley Park Bergamot

Ognonet

Oliver's Russet .

Omer Pasha

Onondaga .

Onondaga Seedling

Ontario

Orange Bergamot

Orange d'Hiver .

Orange Pear

Orpheline d'Engbein

Orplieline Colmar

Osband's Favorite

Osband's Summer

Osbom

Oswego Beurre .

Ott . . .

Oudinot

Owen

Oxford Chaumontel

Paddock

Paddington

Pailleau

Paquency .

Parsonage .

Pardus, No. 2 .

Paradice d'Autumne

Parkinson's Warden

Parmeutier

Passans du Portugal ,

Passe Colmar

Passe Colmar Epineaux

Passe Colmar Gris

Pater Noster

Pater Noster

Paul Thielen

Payency

Payenchi de Perigord

Payencbi .

Petidleton .

Peach Pear

Pendleton's Early York Fear

Penfield

Pengdhley .

Pennsylvania .

INDEX OF FRUITS.

621

PAGE

Pordrue ... ... 421

Petit Muscat

. 422

Petit Roiisselct .

. 424

Pelre

. 404

Philadelphia Latch .

. 404

PhiUippe de Paques .

. 331

PhilUppe Goes .

. 404

Pickering Pear .

. 346

Pine Pear .

. 336

Pinn&)

. 404

Piper .

. 346

Pitt's Marie Louise

. 423

PitVs Prolific .

. 423

Pitt's Surpasse Marie

. 423

Pius IJT .

. 404

Plait's Seedling .

. 404

Plombgastel

. 410

Ploiigastel .

. 410

Plumbgartel

. 410

Plymouth .

. 334

Pocahontas

. 405

Poire d'Abondance .

. 405

Poire d'AIbert .

. 363

Poire d'AIbert .

. 405

Poire d'Ambois .

. 360

Poire d'Avrile .

. 405

Poire Ananas .

323, 390

Poire de Bavay .

. 376

Poire de Boulogne

. 413

Poire de Cadet .

. 366

Poire Cheniello .

. 403

Poire de Chypre

. 421

Poire Davy

. 337

Poire Glace

. 425

Poire Ritelle

. 407

Poire Gillaume .

. 324

Poire His .

. 357

Poire de Louvain

. 375

Poire des Nonnes

. 376

Poire Neill

. 330

Poire Prince Albert .

. 363

Poire de Payency

. 347

Poire Prevost .

. 405

Poire de Perigorel .

. 347

Poire Ramean .

. 405

Poire a la Reine .

. 423

Poire des Deux Socers

. 405

Poire de Rose

. 424

Puire de Tbngres

. 405

Poire Sans Peau .

. 350

Poire de Printemps .

. 409

Poire St. Andre .

. 350

Poire St. Menin .

. 410

Poire de Tables des Prii.ces

. 393

Poire des Princes

. 421

Poire Truite

. 383

PoireaGobert .

. 422

Pope's Quaker .

. 423

Pope's Scarlet Major .

. 423

Pound

. 346

Pratt

. 405

Precel

. 403

Prmost ....

. 405

Present de Malines .

. 403

Primitive .

. 422

Priucesse Coquette .

. 423

Princcsse d 'Orange .

. 423

Princesso de Parrae ,

. 398

Princess of Orange .

. 423

Pr indie

. 411

Prince Alltert .

. 406

Princess Royal .

. 406

PAGR

Prince's St. Germain .... 348
Prince's Green Sugar . . . .422

Prince's Sugar Top 424

Providence 334

Pulsiper 406

Queen Caroline 423

Queen of the Low Countries . . . 406

Queen of Pears 423

Queen's Pear . . . . . 423

QuiUelleUe .423

Ealley 406

Rapalje , 406

Rapalje Seedling ..... 406

Ravenswood 406

Raymond 424

Reading , 407

Real Jargonelle 393

Red Cheek 421

Red Cheeked Seckel .... 347

Red Doyenne 335

Red Muscadel 421

Reed's Seedling 402

Regintin 403

Regnier 336

Reigner 336

Reine Caroline 423

Reine des Pays Bas .... 406

Reine des Poires .... 423

Relour de Rome .... 407

Richards 407

Richard's Beurre 424

Ridal 421

Riddle's ...... 407

Robertson 356

Robert's Keeping 417

Roi de Rome 400

Roi de Wurtemberg 339

Rondolet 407

Ropes , 407

RoscUdme 408

Ross . 408

Rose Bergamotle 407

Rostiezer 346

Round Top 412

Rousselet 424

Rousselet 424

lioussellet Hatif 42I

Rousselet d'Esperin 408

Rousselet de Meester 424

Rousselet de Rheims 424

Rousselet Vanderwecken .... 408

Rousselet d'Hiver 398

Royale 409

Royal Tairling 417

Rushmore Bon Chretien .... 422

Sabine 392

Sabine d'Ete 421

Sagaret 409

Salisbury Seedling 4O8

Sanspeau 360

Satin Vest 424

Schcnck's August Watcrmelfm . , .891

Schcnck's Pear 391

Seckel 347

Si'ckel 347

Seedling Seckel 341

Seigneur d'Esperin 325

Sigueur d'Hiver 331

Selleck 408

Scmtilet 378

Serrurier d'Automne .... 383

Sheppard 408

622

INDEX OF FRUITS.

SJteldon 347

Short's St. Germain 424

Shurtleff .408

Shurtleff'sSeedlwg . . .408

Sickle . . . .347

Sieulle .... 378

Siffnoret 409

Skinless 350

Smith's Bordenave 343

Smith's Haddington 887

Smith's Moyamensing .... 399

Smokehouse 391

Snow Flower 384

Snow Pear 336

Soldat Labourer of some .... 326

Soldat Labourer d^Esperin . . . 349

Souveraine d'Ete 379

Souveraine 403

Souveraine de Printemps .... 409

Spice Butter ...... 368

Spice or Musk Pear 424

Spina 418

St. Andre 350

St. Dorcthee 409

St. Galen 409

St. Uerblain d'Hiver 410

St. Germain de Martin .... 424

St. Germain Blanc 422

St. Germain d'Ete 42^

St. Ghislain 409

St. Vincent de Paul 410

St. Jean 381

St. Jean Bapiiste 410

St. Jean Musquee Gros .... 423

St. John's Pear 381

St. Kimbert 393

St. Marc 352

St. Menin 410

St. Mesmin 410

St. Michael 336

St. Michael d'Hiver .... 335, 364

St. Michael Archange .... 410

St. Michael Doro 335

St. Nicolas 331

St. Sampson 393

Staunton 384

Stephen's Genesseo 351

Steven's Genessee 351

Sterling 410

Stone 420

Styre 410

Styria7i , 424

Sucre^ Je Hoyerswerda .... 424

Sugar 422

Sug".: 2f Hoyersworda .... 424

Su^'ar l\}ar 381

Sugar Tbp 424

Sullivan 424

Summer Beauty 421

Summer Belle 425

Summer Bergamot 422

Summer Bon Chretien .... 424

Summer Calebasse 370

Summer Doyenne 334

Summer Franc Real 410

Summer Good Christian . • , • • 424

Summer Rose . . . . \ . 424

Summer St. Germain 424

Summer Thorn 424

Summer Virgalieu . . . 334, 402, 404

Supreme .... . . 421

Supreme de Quimper . . 411

PAGH

Surpasse Virgalieu ..... 362

Sur})asse Vigilouse 352

Suzette de Bevay 411

Suzette de Bevay Esperin .... 411

Swan's Egg 424

Swan's Orange . . . . . . 401

Sweet Summer 393

Siidss Bergamot 424

^yele 347

Sylvange 425

Tarquin 425

Taylor Pear 411

Tea 411

Terling 417

Theodore Van Mom 411

Ihmnpson's 353

Thorny Rose 424

Thorp 411

Ihuerlinck 411

Tilton 417

Tollen's Seedling 411

Triomph de Nord 363

Triomph de Hasselt 363

Triomphe de Jodoigne .... 412

Trompe Valet 417

Trout Pear 383

Trouve de Montigny 366

'lyier 412

Tyson 351

Union 346

Ujyper Crust 412-

Urbaniste 362

Uvedale's St. Germain .... 348

Uvedale's Warden 346

Uwchlan 412

Vallee Franche 425

Vauasse 353

Van Asshe 353

Van Assche 353

Van Assene 363

Van Buren 426

Van Mons Leon le Clerc .... 413

Van Mons, No. 154 342

Van Mons, No. 1,218 420

Vermilion d'Ete 421

Verte I^ngui 341

Verte Ixtngui de la Mayenne . . 341, 382

Vezouziere 412

Vicar of Wakefield 854

Vicar of Winkfield 354

Vicompte de Spoelberch .... 412

Vicompte de Spoelberg .... 412

Virgalieu 336, 384

Virgaloo 836

Virgouleuse 425

Walker .... , 412

Warwick Bergamot 336

Washington .... . 356

Watertown 372

Wayne .^47

Wendell 414

WeslcoU 415

Wharton's Early 414

Wheeler's New St. Michael . . . 336

White Autumn Beurre .... 336

White Beurre 336

White Dean 336

Whitfield 425

Wiedow .... , . 415

Wilbur .... . . 415

Wilhelmine ... . . 392

Wilkinson .... . . 415

INDEX OF FRUITS.

523

PAGR

WiUermoz .... . . 415

William (Edward's) . . . . 425

"William's .... . . 324

William's Bon Chretien . . . 324

William^s Early . . . . 415

Williamson 415

William the Fourth 345

Wilmington 416

Windsor 425

Winship 416

Winship's Seedling 416

Winter Bell 346

Winter Bergamot 417

Winter Beurre ...... 372

Winter Cross 375

Winter Nelis 355

Winter Orange 425

Winter Seckel 416

Woodstock 416

Wredow 415

Wurzur 425

"Wurzur d'Automne 425

Yat 425

Yellow Butter 336

York Bergamot 417

Yutte 425

Zepherine Gregoire 416

Zepherine Louis Gregoire .... 416

Zoar Beauty 356

ZoarFlat 425

Zoar Seedling 366

Abricotee .

Abricotee de Tours
Abricotee Sageret
Admiral
Agen Datte .
Albany Beauty .
Amber Primordial!
American Wheai
American Yellow Gage
Angelina Burdete
Apricot
Apricot Plum of Tours
Apple Plum
Askew's Golden Egg
Askew 's Purple Egg
Autumn Compote
Autumn Gage .
Azure Hative
Battle Monument
Beach Plum
Beekman's Scarlet
Belgian Purple .
Belle de Septembre
Bingham .
Black Damask .
Black Morocco .
Black Perdrigon
Bleeker's Gage .
Blocker's Scarlet
Blue Gage .
Blue Holland
Blue Imperatrice
Blue Perdrigom .
Blue Plum .
Bolmar

Bolmar's Washington
Bradford Gage .
Brevoort's Purple

453
453
439
453
449
439
446
453
437
439
453
453
439
452
450
439
433
453
453
453
436
439
440
440
437
437
453
433
436
453
454
434
453
440
438
438
435
453

Brevoort's Purple Bolmar .

Brevoort's Purple Washington

Bradshaw .

Bricetla

Brignole

Brignole Violette

Brugnon's Gage .

Bruyn Gage

Buel's Favorite .

Burgundy Prune

Bury Seedling .

Burretle's .

Byfield

Catalonian .

Caledonian .

Chapin's Early .

Chapman's Prince of Wales

Cherry

ChesUm

Cheston Matchless

Cloth of Gold d'Esperin

Coe's Fine Late Red

Coe's Late Red .

Coe's Golden Drop

Coe's Imperial .

Columbia .

Columbian Gage

Col. Young's Seedling

Common Damson

Common Quetsche

Cooper's

Cooper's Large American

Cooper's Large Red

Cooper's Red

Copper

Corse's Admiral .

Corse's Field Marshal

Corse's Nota Bene

Croft's Early

Cruger's

Cruger's Scarlet .

Cruger's Scarlet Gage

Cruger's Seedling

D'Agen

D'Amerique Rouge

D'Avoine .

Damask

Damas d'ltalie .

Damas Violet

Dame Ambert .

Dame Ambert Blanche

Dame Ambert Jaune

Dainson

Dana's Yellow Gage

De Ddice .

De Monffort

Denniston's Albany Beauty

Denniston Red .

Denniston's Superb

Denyer's Victoria

Der Virginia

Diamxmd .

Diapree Rouge .

Dictator

Dictator

Die Violette Koning Qaudie

Domine Dull

Doioning's Early

Doumton Imperatrice

Drapd'Or .

Drap d'Or d'Esperin

Duane's Purple .

524

INDEX OF FEtnrs.

Duane's Purple French

Dunmore .

Dutch Quetzea .

Dutch Prune

Early Black Morocco

Early Cross

Early Damask .

Early Damson .

Early Forcing .

Early Morocco .

Early Orleans .

Early Purple

Early Royal of NUceia,

Early Scarlet

Early Yellow Prune

Egg Plum .

Elfrey

Elfrey's Prune .

Emerald Drop .

English Wheat .

English Pond's Seedling

Fair's Golden Drop

Fellenberg .

Field Marshal .

Florence .

Flushing Gage .

Fotheringlvam, .

Franklin

French Copper .

Frost Gage ,

FuUm

GaJbraith .

General Hand .

German Gage .

German Prune .

German Prune .

Ghiston's Early .

Gifford's Lafayette

Golden Cherry .

Golden Gage

Goliath

Gonne's Green Gage

Green Gage

Gundaker Plum .

Gundaker Prune

Guthrie's Late Green

Guthrie's Topaz .

Guthrie's Ihy Bank

Guthrie's Apricot

Guthrie's Apricot Plum

Grimwood's Early Orleans

Groundacre

Grosse Luisanto .

Grosse Reine

Grosse Reine Claude

Grove House Purple .

Gwaish ...

Hampton Court . .

Harvest Gage .

Hartvnss Fellow Pruna

Henry Clay

Highlander

Holland

Holland Prune .

Horse Plum

Howard's Fawrite

HoweVs Early .

Howel's Large .

How's Amber

Hudson Gage

Huling's Superb .

Jckworth Imperatrice

PACK

434
442
442
442
437
442
437
453
455
437
435
442
442
440
442
452
443
443
443
443
434
434
435
454
450
435
454
438
453
443
443
443
443
433
442
443
454
454
440
434
454
455
435
443
444
444
444
444
454
454
435
444
452
435
435
454
454
435
437
444
444
444
454
454
454
444
444
455
445
445
445
445

Ida Green Gage .

Imperatrice

Imperatrice Blanche

Imperatrice Violettei

Imperial Diadem

Imperial Gage .

Imperial de Milan

Imperial of AliUm

Imperial Ottoman

Imperial Rouge .

Irving's Bolmar .

Isabella

Isleworth Green Gage

Italian Damask .

Italian Damask .

Italian Prune

Ives' Seedling .

Ives' Washington

Jaune de Catalogue

Jaune Ilalive

Jefferson

Jenkinson Imperial

Judson

King of Plums .

Kirke's

Knight's Large Green Drying

Knight's No. 6 .

Lady Plum

La Dtilicieuse

La Royale .

Langdon's Seedling

I^rge Early Damson

Large Green Drying

Largo Black Imperial

Large Long Blue

Late Bohner

Late Yellow Damson

Lawrence's Favorite

Lawrence's Gage

Leipzic

Lewiston Egg

Little Blue Gage

Little Queen Claude

Lombard .

Long Scarlet

Lucerne's Nonesuch

Madison

Maitre Claude .

Mamelonne

Mamelonne Sogerat

Manning's Long Blue

Manning's Long Blue Prune

Manning's Prune

Martin's Seedling

Matchless .

McLaughlin

Mediterranean

Meigs .

Mimm's

Mirable

Mirabelle Double

Mirabelle Tardive

Mirabelle Grosse

Mirabelle Jaune

Mirabelle Petite

Mirabelle D' October

Miriam

Miser Plum

Montgomery

Monsieur .

Monsieur Hatif

Monsieur Ordinaire

IKDEX OF FKUITS.

625

PAGE

Monsieur Tardif 466

Montgomery Prune 436

Monroe . 447

Monroe Egg 447

Morocco 437

Mulberry 447

Muscle 465

Myrobolan 440

Nectarine 455

New Green Gage 435

New Golden Drop 434

New Early Orleans 435

New Orleans 435

New Washington 438

New York Purple . . . . . 453

Nota Bene 447

October Green Gage 447

Old Orleans 448

Orange 447

Orange Gage 447

Orleans 448

Parker's Mammoth 438

Parsonage 448

Peach Plum 448

Penobscot 448

Peoly^s Early Blue 456

Perdrigron Blanc 456

Perdrigon Rouge 455

Perdrigon Violet 463

Peter's Yellow Gage 448

Petite Reine Claude 455

Picket's July 446

Pigeon's Heart 455

Plum de I'Inde 448

Plum of Louvain 449

Pond's Purple 448

Pond's Seedling 448

Preeoce de Bergthold 448

Prince of Wales 449

Prince EnjUbert 449

Prince's Yellow Gage .... 437

Pnnce's Orange Gage .... 455

Prince's Imperial Gage .... 435

Prince's Orange Egg 449

Prune d'Agen 449

Prune d'Allemagen 443

Prune of Agen 449

Prune d'Altesse 456

Prune de Brignole 449

Prune d'Ast 449

Prune de Burgoyne 440

Prune Peche 448

Prune de St. Barnabe .... 446

Prune de St. Jean 455

Prune de Louvain 449

Prune Suisse 435,456

Prunier de St. Martin .... 450

Prunus Cerasifera 440

Prunus Myrobolana 440

Purple Egg 450

Purple lUvorite 437

Purple Gage 437

Purple Damson 453

Purple Magnum Bonum .... 450

QuackeTiboss 449

Queen Mother 455

Queen Victoria .... . 452

Quetsche 443

Quetsche Grosse 443

Beagle's Ancient City . . . . 449

Beagle's Gage 449

Beagle's Union PurpU .... 449

TAGK

Red Apricot . .... 463

Red Damask 448

Bed Diaper 450

BedEgg 450

Bed Gage . ' 438

Red Imperial 460

Bed Imperial 455

Red Magnum Bonum 450

Bed Perdrigon 455

Red Queen Mother 455

Bed Saint Martin 4.50

Reina Nova 450

Reine Claude 435

Beine Claude Diaphane .... 450

Beine Claude de Bavay .... 438

Reine Claude Blanche .... 455

Beine Claude Bouge of September . . 450

Reine Claude d'Octobre .... 447
Beine Claude d' October . . . .450

Beine Claude Tardive .... 447

Reine Claude Violet 437

Bhinebeck Yellow Gage .... 455

Rennselaer Gage 435

Biver's Favorite 451

River's Early, No. 1 451

River's Early, No. 2, 461

Robe de Sergrut 449

Roche Corbon 460

Biver's Prolific 461

Roe's Autumn Gage 433

Beizenstein's Yellow Prune . . . 450

Boyale 451

Boyale de Iburs 451

Royale Tours 461

Boyal Hative 451

Saint Catherine 451

Saint Cloud 464

Saint Martin 450

Saint Martin Rouge 450

Saint Martin's 438

Saint Martin's Quetsche .... 438

Scarlet Gage 446

Schenectady 451

Schenectady Catherine .... 451

Schuyler's Gage 435

Schuyler's Gage 451

Sea 442

Semiana of Boston 455

Shailer's White Damson

. 452

Sharp's Emperor

. . . 452

Sheen

. 454

Siamese

. 455

Simiana .

. . 466

Small Green Gage .

. 455

Smith's Orleans

. . 438

Stabeler's Seedling .

. . 466

Steer's Emperor

. 454

St. John's .

. 465

St. Maurin .

. 449

Suisse .

. 456

Superior Green Gage

. 435

Sweet Damson .

. 454

Sweet Prune

. 443

Swiss Plum

. 456

Thomas

. 462

Trouvee de Vouclae

. 452

True German Prune .

. 443

Turkish Quetsche

. 443

Veritable Imperatrice

. 434

Violet Diaper

. 453

Violet Perdrigon

. 453

Violet Queen Claude .

. . . 437

626

INDEX OF FRUITS.

PAGE

Violette 434

Virgin 456

Virginale 456

Virginian Cherry 440

Waterloo 434, 43S

Wax Plum 452

Washington 438

Wentworth 452

"White Damascene 452

White Apricot 456

IVhite Damson 452

Wliite Egg .452

White Empress 456

White Gage . . . .465, 435, 437

White Holland 452

White Imperatrice 456

Wiiite Imperial 452

White Magnum Bonum .... 452

White Mogul 452

White Perdrigon 456

White Primordian ..... 446

White Prune Damson .... 452

Wilde's 456

WiDcinson 452

Wilmot's Early Orleans . . . .435

Wilmot's Green Gage .... 435

Wilmot's Late Green Gage ... 435

Wilmot's Late Orleans .... 454

Woolston's Black Gage .... 452

Yellow Apricot 453

Yellow Egg 4o2

Yellow Magnum Bonum .... 452

Yellow Perdrigon 434

Yellow Gage 455

QtjmcBS.

Angers 460

Apple Quince 460

Apple-Shaped Quince .... 460

Cydonia Lusitanica 461

Cydonia v. Malformis .... 460
Cydonia Sub. V. Pyriform. . . .462

JVew Upright 460

Oblong Quince 462

Orange Quince 460

Paris de P'outenay 460

Pear-Shaped Quince 462

Pear Quince 462

Portugal Quince 461

Pyriform Quince 462

Hea's Seedling 462

VanSlyke 462

RASPBERRIES.

Allen 467

American Black 465

American Red 465

American White 470

Antwerp 466

Bamet 470

Belle de Fontenay 465

Black Raspberry 465

Brentford Cane 470

Burley 470

Catawissa 465

Colonel Wilder 466

Common Black Cup . . . . . 465

Common Rod 465

Cope 466

Cornwall's Prolific 470

Cornwall's Red .... 470

Cornwall's Seedling .... 470

Cox's Honey 470

Cretan Red 470

Cushing 466

Double Bearing 470

Double Bearing Yellow .... 469

Emily 467

English Red Cane 467

English Red, of some .... 465

Palse Red Antwerp .... 467

Fastolf 467

Framboisier a Gros Fruit .... 470

Franconia 467

French 468

FuUon 468

General Patterson 468

Howland's Red Antwerp .... 470

Kncvett's Antwerp 470

Knevett's Giant 468

Large Fruited Monthly . . . .468

Large Red 470

Late Cane 470

Lord Fjcmouth's 470

Magnum Bonum 468

Monthly 468

Merveille de Quartre Saisons . . . 468

3Irs. Wilder 469

New Red Antwerp .... 486

Northumberland FilWasket . . . 469

Nottingham Scarlet .... 470

Ohio Raspberry 469

Ohio Ecer-bearing .... 469

01<i Rod Antwerp .... 470

Orange 469

Perpetual Bearing 470

Red Antwerp 470

Red Double Bearing . . . . 470

River's Large Fruited Monthly . . . 468

Siberian 470

Thimble Berry 466

Ihunderer 469

True Red Antwerp .... 466

Vice President French . . . 468

Victoria 470

Walker 459

White Antwerp 469

White Thimbleberry 470

Wilmot's Early Red .... 470'

Woodunrd's Red Globe .... 470

Woodward 469

Yellow Antwerp 439

STRAWBERRIK3.

Aberdeen Bee-Hive

488

Admiral Dundas

. 482

Ajax .

482

Alice Maude

482

American Scarlet

479

Atkinson's Scarlet

489

Austrian Scarlet

484

Bain's Extra Early .

488

Bath Scarlet

490

Bicton Pine

482

Bishop's New .

482

Bishop's Orange

482

Black Imperial .

482

Black Prince

482

Boxtock

488

Boston Pine

478

Brewer's Emperor

482

INDEX OF FEurrs.

627

PAGE

BrigUon Pine 482

BHlliant 482

Brilish Queen 483

Buist's Prize 488

Burr's New Pine ... . 473

Burr's Old Seedling 483

Burr's Seedling 483

Burr's Rival Hudson 487

Burr's Stamenate Seedling . . . 483

Caldb Cope 483

Caperon Royal 481

Captain Cook 483

Charlotte 483

Cleveland . 433

Climax 483

Climax Scarlet 483

Cole's Late Scarlet 488

Cole's Prolific 488

Conical Hautbois ..... 481

Columbus 489

Cornucopia 483

Cox's Seedling 489

Crescent Seedling ..... 483

Crimson Cone 483

Crimson Pine 489

Cashing 484

Deptford Pine 489

Double Bearing 481

Downton 489

Duchess de Trevisse 484

Duke of Kent 484

Duke of Kent's Scarlet . . . .484

Duncan's Seedling 484

Dundee 484

Dutch Berry 483

Early Prolific Scarlet 484

Early Virginia 480

Eherleine's Seedling 489

Ellon 489

Elton Pine 489

English Red Wood 486

Fillbasket 484

Genesee 478

Germanlown 484

Giant Alpine 489

Globe Hautbois 489

Goliath 489

Green Alpine 484

Green Pine 484

Green Strau)berry ..... 484

Green Wood .484

Greenwell's New Giant .... 490

Grcenwell's French 490

Grove End Scarlet 489

Hooker 478

Hooper's Seedling 485

Hovey's Seedling 478

Hovey's Seedling 485

Hudson ... ... 479

Hudson's Bay 479

Hautbois Seedling 484

Huntsman's 489

loiva Male 485

Jenny Lind 485

Jenny's Seedling 479

Keen's Seedling 485

Keene's Seedling 489

Knight's Seedling 489

Lafayette (of some) 481

La Grange 481

La Liegoise 489

Large Early ScarUt 480

Late Prolific

Late Scarlet

Lizzie Randolph

Longworth's Prolific

Magnifique .

Marshall's Seedling

McAvoy's Extra Red

Mc Amy's Superior

McAvoy's No. 1 .

McAvryy's No. 12— Synonym

Melon

Methven Castle .

Methven ScarM .

Methven — Synonym

Monroe Scarlet .

Montevideo Pine

Mottier's Seedling

Moyam^nsing

Musk Hautbois .

Myatt's British Queen

Myatt's Deptford Pine

Myatt's Eleanor .

Myatt's Eliza

Myatt's Globe

Myall's Mammoth

Myatt's Pine

Myatt's Prince Albert

Myatt's ProlifM .

Necked Pine

Newland's Mammoth

Ohio Mammoth .

Old Hudson

Old Pine, or Caroline

Old Scarlet Pine ^

Omar Pacha

Orange Hudson's Bay

Orange Prolific .

Patagonia .

Peabody Seedling

Pennsylvania

Pine Apple .

Primate

Privrwrdian

Prince of Orleans

Prince of Wales

Princess' Alice Maud

Profuse ScarM .

Profusion .

Prolific Hautbois

Prolific Hudson .

Prolific Swainstone

Red Alpine

Red Wood .

Refulgent .

Richardson's Early

Ricliardson's Late

Rival Hudson

Rosdjeny .

Ross Phoenix

Rostock

Ruby .

Salter's Versaillaise

Scarlet Melting .

Scarlet Nonpareil

Schneike's Seedling

Scif>to .

St'otch Pine Apple

iScott's Seedling .

Sir C. Napier .

Sir Harry .

Southborougk

Southborough Seedling

52S

INDEX OF FRUITS.

PAGE

Southampton Scarlet 485

Stafford's Washington Alpine . . .486

Stoddard's Seedling 485

SwainsUme Seedling 488

Ihylor's Seedling 490

Trollope's Victoria 488

True Chtli 490

Unique Prairie 486

Unique Scarlet 488

Victoria 488

Walker's Seedling . . . .480

Washingtou . «... 486

' PAGB

Western Qiieen *81

White Alpine 488

White Bush Alpine .... 488

Wiley 481

Willey 481

William Henry Harrison .... 490
WilmoVs New Scarlet . . • .490

WilmoVs Superb 490

Wilson's Albany 481

Yellow Chili 490

Young's Seedling . ... 484

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