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CHICAGO, ILLS., JANUARY 4, 1888. No. 1.

VOL. XXIV.

Issued every Wednesday at

923 and 925 WEST MADISON - STEEET,

At One Dollar a, Year.

A'eui Subscriptlnvs can commence at any time.
Sittglo Cuptes Fine Cents each.

George Neighbour & Sons, 149 Resent St.. London,
BoKland. are our authorized Agents for Europe.

ADVERXISII^ICi RAXES.

20 cents per line of Space, eacli insertion.

No Advertisement inserted for less than $1.00

t^^ A line of this type will admit about eight words,
ONK INCH will contain TWELVE lines.

Editorial Notices. 50 cents per line.
Special Notices, 30 cents per line.

Transient AdvertiseineDts must be paid for
IN ADVANCE.

DISCOUNTS.— On 10 lines, or more, 4 times.

10* cent.; 8 times, 15 *i cent. ; 13 times, 20 V
cent. ; :;6 times, 30 W cent. ; 52 times, 40 V cent.

On 20 lines, or more, 4 times, 15 per cent ; 8

times, 20 'f cent. ; 13 times, 25 ?> cent. ; 26 times,
4<J V cent. ; 52 times, 5u I* cent.

On 30 lines, or more, 4 times, 20 per cent ; 8
times, 2.3 t* cent. ; 13 times. 30 V cent; 26 times*
50 ** cent. : 52 times, 60 ^ cent.

t^~ On larger Advertisements discounts will
tie stated, on application.

Advertisements for the next Bee Journal
must reach this ofBce by the Saturday of the
previous week.

make all Money Orders Payable at
Clilca££o, Ills.—Some postmasters in the
country insist on making such payable at some
sub'Station of rhicago, but we want them drawn
on the main office.

Topics Presenteil in Tliis Numlier.

Added many dollars to his income, etc 13

Alfalfa as a honey-plant in Colorado 8

Alsike clover— when and how to sow it 10

An apicultural treasure 13

Apiary and biography of Geo. E. Hilton ... 5

Bee-keeping in Texas, etc 13

Bee-keeping with other pursuits 7

Bees wintering well 12

Convention city 4

Convention directory 12

Convention notices 13

Correspondence 8

Death of John L, Wolcott 4

Editorial buzzings 3

Fastening foundation 13

Grapes, bees and the Baltimore oriole 12

Honey and beeswax market 14

How the bees are wintering 13

Insuring and wintering- bees 8

Large hives and frames 12

Letter box (as indicated below) 12

W. Addenbrooke. Geo. McCormIck,

Chas. D. Barber, John Nebel & Son,

B.F.Carroll, E. F. Howe,

Walter Harmer, C. Thellmann.

H. Hastings,

Making hives and frames 8

Marketing of honey 8

Mortality of bees In a cellar 11

Moving bees in winter 6

Nailing frames, crates, etc 9

Nebraska State convention 4

New Tear's open door 7

North American Bee-Keepers' Society 9

Ohio State convention 4

Packing bees for winter 11

Painting beehives 9

Preventing queen from laying In sections. . 6

Queries and replies 6

Haspberrles for bees 13

Results of the past season 10

Rich bee-lawsuit 4

Salutation to the New Year 4

Southeaster Michigan convention 7

Temperature In a bee-cellar 12

Well provided with food 13

Whatails tin? 4

White clover and basswood-Poor season.. 11

Winter feeding, apiarian workshop, etc 8

World wide 3

Please to get your Nelglibor who keeps
bees, to also take the American Bbe Journal,
It Is now so CHE.4P that no one can afford to
do without It.

Entered at P.O. as Second-class matter.

TO CORRESPONDEIVTS.

Our Club Rates are: SI. 90 for two copies

(to the game or difTerent post-otSces^; and for
THREE or more copies, 90 cents each.
Tlie Bee Journal is sent to subscribers
until an explicit order is received by the
publishers tor its discontinuance, and the
payment of all arrearages is made.

Foreii^n Postage.— To all countries in the

Universal Postal Union. 50 cents extra. To all
countries NOT in the Universal Postal Union,
$1.00 more than the subscription price.

How to Send Money.— Remit by Express,

Post-Office Money Order, or Bank Draft on New
York or Chicago. If none of these can be had.
Register your Letter, affixing stamps both for
postage and registry, and take a receipt for it.
Money sent thus, IS AT OUR RISK ; otherwise
it is not. Do not send Checks on Local Banks,
for they cost us 25 cents each, at the Banks here,
to get them cashed.

Posta5!:e Stamps of any denomination may

be sent for any fraction of a dollar; or where
Money Orders cannot be obtained, stamps for
any amount may be sent.

Subscription Credits. — The receipt for

money sent us will be given on the address-label
of every paper. If not given within two weeks
after sending the money, write to us, for there
must be something wrong. Do not wait months
or years, and then claim a mistake. The
subscription is paid to the ENU OF THB
MONTH, indicated on the wrapper-label. This
is a continual statement of account.

We will take Canadian paper money for

subscription or books ; and Canadian postage
stamps may be sent for fractions of a dollar.
Do not ITrite anything for publication on

the same sheet of paper with business matters,
unless it can be torn apart without interfering
with either part of the letter. Both may be sent
in one envelope, but must be on separate pieces
of paper.

Never Send Silver in letters It will wear
holes in the envelope, or may be stolen.

Emerson Binders, made especially for the
AMERICAN Bee JotTBNAL, are lettered in gold
on the back, and make a very convenient way of
preserving the BaK Journal as faat as received.
They will be sent, postpaid, for 60 cents each.
They cannot be sent by mall to Canada.

I40st Numbers,- We carefully mail the Bke
Journal to every subscriber, but should any be
lost in the mails, we will cheerfullv replace them
if notified before all the edition is exhausted.

Always Give the Name of the Post-OfiBoe
to which your paper is addressed. Tour name
cannot be found on our List, unless this is done.

ntmm rn'mmMicmm ' mmM j©^Mi«MiLf.

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Issued every Wednesday by

THOMAS G. NEWMAN & SON,

PEOPRIKTORS.

923A.925WESTMADIS0NST.,CHICAB0 ILL.
At One Dollar a Year.

ALFRED H. NEWMAN.

B08EN1BS8 MANAGSa.

■fVe Cl«l> the American Bee Journai-
and the " Bee-Keepers' Magazine " for one
year for 61.40 ; or with " Gleanings in Bee-
Culture" for SI. T5 ; or with the "Ayicul-
turist" for S1.80 ; or the " Canadian Honey-
Producer " for »1.30 ; or all five for$3..50.

As Bread is f lie Staff of I^if e, so

is judicious advertising tlie staff of busi-
ness ! Tou may as reasonably expect one
"good square meal" to suffice for three
months, as to expect one advertisement to
bring in business for tliat length of time!
Many persons cannot remember anything
longer than about seven days. To stop ad-
vertising in a dull .season, is like tearing out
a dam because the water is low— either plan
can but reiult in disaster.

Enterprising queen-breeders and supply-
dealers know the value of advertising "all
the year round." Presistently keeping their
name and business continuously before
buyers, will eventually place them on the
successful side, if they have a valuable
article to sell.

A "sign "is a mute invitalion to those
who may pass a man's place of business; a
" circular " will only reach the one to whom
it is personally addressed ; but an "adver-
tisement" in a well-conducted and widely-
circulated paper (like tlie American Bee
Journal) has an influence " far and wide;"
it finds customers, and almost compels them
to consider the claims of the wide-awake
advertiser. To yearly advertisers the
American Bee Journal offers special In-
ducements. This is just the time to make a
contract for the coming year.

A Favorable '^Vord from any of our
readers, who speak from experience, has
more weiglit with friends than anything we
might say. Every one of our readers can
lend us a helping hand, in this way, without
much trouble, and at the same time help to
scatter apicultural knowledge and promote
the welfare of our pursuit.

A Valuable Book Given A^vay.— We

have made arrangements by which we can
supply the American Bee Journal and
the New York TForid— both weekly— for one
year, for $2.10, and present the subscriber
with one of these books, bound in Leath-
erette Tree Calf :

History of the United States— from
432 to 1887.— 320 pages.— Price, $2.00.

History of England— from before the
Christian era to 1887.— Price, $2.00.

Everybody's Book— a treasury of useful
knowledge. — 410 pages.— Price, $2.00.

The extra 10 cents Is for postage on the
book, which must be selected by the sub-
scriber at the time of sending the subscrip-
tion, and cannot be afterwards exchanged.

The book selected will be mailed in a card-
board case, at the subscriber's risk ; if lost
It cannot be replaced. Be sure to write your
name, post-ofBce, county and State plainly,
and then the risk of loss is very small. The
subscriptions can commence at any time.

Remember, the amount is $2.10 for both
papers, and the Book and postage.

t^~ To create Honey Markets in every
village, town and city, wide-awake honey
producers should get the Leaflets " Why Eat
Honey" (only .50 cents per 100), or else the
pamphlets on "Honey as Food and Medicine,"
and scatter them plentifully, and the result
will be a demand for all of their crops at
remunerative prices. " Honey as Food and
Medicine " are sold at the following prices :

Single copy, 5 cts. ; per doz., 40 cts. ; per
hundred, $a.50. Five hundred will be sent
postpaid for $10.00; or 1,000 for $15,00.
On orders of 100 or more, we will print, if
desired, on the cover-page, "Presented by,"
etc. (giving the name and address of the bee-
keeper who scatters them

To give awayja copy of " Honey as Food
and Medicine" to every one who buys a
package of honey, will sell lots of It.

Don't do it !— Notwithstanding our many
cautions, some persons still persists in send-
ing silver in letters. In nine cases out of
ten it will break the envelope and be either
lost or stolen. Cases come to light nearly
every day, showing that silver sent in
letters stops somewhere on the way. It ia
an invitation to the thief— a regular temp-
tation ! If you wish to eafely send money,
get a Post-Offlce Money Order, Express
Order, or Bank Draft on Chicago or New
York. When money is sent in either of the
above-named ways, it is at our risk. In any
other manner, it is at the risk of the sender.

We are sometimes asked who our

authorized agents are. Every subscriber is
such an agent ; we have no others, and we
greatly desire that each one would at least
send in the name of one new subscriber
with his own renewal for 1888. The next
few weeks is the time to do this. We hope
every subscriber will do his or her best to
double our list of subscribers.

Slmmlns' Nou-Sivarming System.—

We have received another shipment of these
books, and have made such favorable terms,
that we will now club thsm with the Bee
Journal for one year, both postpaid, for
$1.25. We can supply all orders by return
mall.

To Correspondents. — It would save
as much trouble, if all would be particular
to give their P. O. address and name, when
writing to this office. We receive letters
dome Inclosing money) that have no name;
many others having no Post>Offlce, County
or State. Also, if you live near one poet-
office and get your mail at another, be sure
to give the address we have on our list.

As there is Another firm in Chicago by
the name of " Newman & Son," we wish our
correspondents would write " American Bee
Journal " on the envelope when writing to
this office. Several letters of ours have
already gone to the other firm (a commission
bouse), causing vexatious delay and trouble.

t^~ Sample Copies of the Bee Jottrnal

will be sent free upon application. Any one
intending to get up a club can have sampls
copies sent to the persons they desire to in-
terview, by sending the names to this office
or we will send them all to the agent.

Money Orders can now be obtained at
the Post Offices at reduced rates. Five
dollars and under costs now only 5 cents.
As these are absolutely safe, it will pay to
get them instead of the Postal Notes which
are payable to any one who presents them,
and are in no way safe.

Photographs of Bee-Keepers.— We

have purchased a lot of the "medley" got-
ten up by E. O. Tuttle, containing the faces
of 131 representative apiarists, and a photo-
graphical sketch of each one, and will send
it and the Bee Journal for one year for
$1.7.5, or will present it free by mail to any
one for a club of three subscribers and $3.

Should any Subscriber receive this
paper any longer than it is desired, or is
willing to pay for it, please send us a postal
card asking to have it stopped. Be sure to
write your name and address plainly. LOOK

AT YOUR VTRAPPER LABEL.

New Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888 for $1.80, as long
as we have any sets of 1887 left. There
are only a few, and to get them an early
application will be necessary.

1^~ All who intend to be systematic In
their work in the apiary, should get a copy of
the Apiary Register and commence to use it.
the prices are reduced, as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) $1 00

" 100 colonies (220 pages) 125

" 200 colonies (420 pages) 1 50

The larger ones can be used for a few col-
onies, give room for an increase of numbers,
and still keep the record all together in one
book, and are therefore the most desirable.

We have a few Sets of the Bee Jour-
nal for the present year, and can fill orders
until further notice, for all the numbers
from the first of last January. New sub-
scribers desiring these back uuinbers, will
please to state it plainly, or they will not
be sent.

TMm MIdEKICJtl* MMW J@UR:]?«ftI*.

^^^\U!'iVi

THOS.^(^NEW*IA% So SON,

CHICAGO, IL.L^ ^

THOMAS G. NEWMAN, Editor.

MIIIV. Jan, 4. 1888, No,l.

Editoei/il Bl

Fast and Present mingle strangely,
While the next world borders this ;

Open doors at hour of midnight
Usher in a year of bliss.

Last year's record, good and evil.

Close another page of life ;
While the angels whisper promptings

For the New Tear's coming strife.

Liook Over last year's numbers of the
Bee Journal, and if any are missing,
send for them at once, as we have but fev?
left now, and they are daily becoming less.

Sir. Joliu M. Key, a bee-keeper of
East Saginaw, Mich., has just been elected
an officer by the "Knights of Honor" of
that city. He will be installed to-morrow.
Tliere may he be a " ray of light."

Mr. Jessie 'Wliite, Perry, Iowa, bad a
letter printed on page 700 of last year. By
an oversight the name "White" was omit-
ted. Of course that was not treating him
WHITE, and so we make this correction.

Only a Few complete volumes of the
Bee Journal for 1887 are left, and those
of our new subscribers who want to secure
them should send for them at once. We
supply the numbers for 18S7 and 1888 for
Sl.7.5 until all of the former are gone.

Xhc Apicultiu-i!«t for January came
in good time, and is as usual full of good
thinES of interest to every apiarist. "Pre-
vention of Increase" is the chief topic in
> this number, and it contains three good
articles on that subject. The Bee Journal
and the "Apiculturist" for 1888 can be ob-
tained for $1.80.

X«-l>ay we enter upon another year's
work— creating another volume of the
American Bee Journal— rearing another
monument to progressive apiculture !

The present issue is nearly all printed
from new type, with a clean and clear face,
which can easily be read, and contains sotne
two pages more reading of matter than here-
tofore. It is printed on thick white paper,
and is a grand improvement, as a work of
art. We trust all our readers will appre-
ciate this, and regard it as an earnest of our
determination that the American Bee
Journal shall hold its place in the front
rank, as the "leader" of all apicultural
publications, leaving them to follow in the
path we have marked out, prepared and
tried in the van-guard.

It is quite unnecessary to state that we
shall in the future, as in the past, endeavor
to " keep abreast of the times," and place
before our readers all the new things in our
ever-advancing pursuit, as soon as they
coiue to light.

With these few words we enter upon the
fifteenth year since the Bee Joltrnal came
into our hands, with full confidence that our
labors are fully appreciated.

5«0 Querie»> were printed and nearly
6,000 replies given to them in the American
Bee Journal up to the end of the volume
just closed. To-day we give -501 and .503,
with more numerous repliesrthan;ever. We
have engaged several more persons to an-
swer the questions propounded, and their
replies will appear in addition to those of
former years.

Our Desk Calendar for 1888 is the

Columbia Bicycle Calendar and Stand, just
issued by thefPope Manufacturing Company
of Boston, Mass. The calendar proper is
in the form of a pad, containing 366 leaves,
one for each day in tlie year, to be torn off
daily. A portion of each leaf is left blank
for memoranda, so arranged that the memo-
randum blank for any coming day can be
turned to immediately at any time.

Bees'wax and its Utilisation, by

Mr, J. Dennler, has been translated into the
French language by Mr. J. B. Leriohe. A
copy is on our desk, and as soon as we can
give it space, we will publish a translation
of it in the American Bee Journal. Mr.
Leriche is the editor of "Le Bulletin Agri-
cole " at Amiens, France.

Xlte Apicnltiii-al Department of

the "Indiana Farmer" has passed into new
hands. Our friend. G. K. Hubbard, now
becomes the editor of it. The Apiary De-
partment of the "Indiana Farmer," under
the management of Jlr. Dougherty, has long
been a credit to the pursuit, and as Mr.
Hubbard is one of the Bee Journal
family, we may naturally expect it to be
fully as good, if not better than ever before.
We wish him much success.

\Vorl«l Wide— Kindly take another
look at the engraving at the head of tliis
page. It is a work of art, and tells its own
story, for the Amekic.a^n Bee Journal to-
day enjoys a reputation and influence sec-
ond to none in the world of apiculture ! Its
weekly visits to thousands of homes all over
the world is greeted with an enthusiastic
welcome ! Its apicultural instruction and
record of improved methods in our pursuit
have been as anxiously looked for as they
have been essentially adopted by apiarists
not only in every State, Territory and Prov-
ince in North America— but also in Aus-
tralia, Europe, Asia, and Africa !

We have adopted this design because it is
so susgestive as well as comprehensive, and
surely we may have a pardonable pride in
its elegance. Some time since Mr. Bald-
ridge, of St. Charles, Ills., sent us the fol-
lowing from a metropolitan daily paper :

It has become the custom of late for a
railroad to adopt some distinctive design
for posters, letterheads, etc. Thus the
Pennsylvania has its key-stone, and the
Bee Line its " honey-bee." The Lake Shore
passenger department has just adopted a
mail pouch as its trade-mark, emblematic
of rapid transit.

This "hint" suggested to us the appro-
priateness of adopting the superb emblem
at the head of this column.

Xlie Wov Constitution and By-
Laws which we presented at the late con-
vention in this city, meets with the general
approval of the "Canadian Honey Pro-
ducer," but in its last issue it asks us to
comment upon and discuss its merits more
fully in the American Bee Journal. We
gave weeks of valuable time and very care-
ful consideration to every point, and when
it was presented to the convention we con-
sidered it as nearly perfect as we could
make it. Now, if any one sees a point in it
open for improvement, let it be presented,
and we will cheerfully either defend it as it
is, or adopt the amendment. We desire to
have it fully discussed, and improvements
made where possible.

Itoberfs Knles of Order for de-
liberative assemblies, published by S. C.
Griggs & Co., Chicago, is "a gem" in ap-
pearance, and an invaluable guide for those
who are called to preside over conventions
of bee-keepers and others. It has a table,
covering two pages, which will aid a chair-
man to decide 200 questions of importance,
without turning a leaf. Price 75 cents.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in CliicRgo, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for .50 cents, postpaid.

Cold IVealher is reported everywhere.

T'H®) MMSKicsff 1 mmm j^^mmmEi.

"■■^'■'-"■■^■•-■^Amkftr''-^'- ^^f^*

■Wliat Ails Till ? asks one of our ex-
changes. A California Trade Journal an-
swers the question in this way :

Tin is now selling at liigher prices than
ever before. The reason for this is tliat a
syndicate of French merchants have gained
control of the tin marlcet, and are conduct-
ing a corner in that commodity all over the
world. Mr. S. Mendel represents the syndi-
cate in New York. The combination was
made in Paris last April, with a capital of
about $.50,000,000. They sent their agents to
the London market and bought up in spot
and futures more than the estimated supply
of tin in the world. Since then the price of
tin has advanced from 32 to 35 cents a
pound, or from $5 to $S a ton, and the limit
has probably not been reached. The agents
have also gone to the mines in the East In-
dies and in China, and secured their future
output. They have likewise made pur-
chases in the New York market, and now
control everything m sight.

Bee-keepers are very much interested in
the market value of tin. It is extensively
used for honey and wax extractors, as well
as for putting up extracted honey. The ad-
vance in prices will enhance the value of
these necessary articles, and our best ad-
vice is to lay in a stock of such as are needed
before a further advance in price is an-
nounced.

Mr. Jolin I« ■fVoIcolt, of Bloom-
ington, Ills., an apiarist widely known and
much respected, died at his home on Dec.
19, from a disease of the liver. A widow
and seven children are left to mourn his
loss. He was 79 years of age on Aug. 30,
1887. Two years ago we called upon lilm
at his place of business in Bloomington. He
was then quite unwell, and we are not
surprised to hear of his death. He had been
in business in that city for over forty years.
The Bee Jodhnal condoles with the
mourning family.

Xlie "Kicli " Ija,t»'siiit is now being
appealed, but the expenses are heavy. So
far they have amounted to $468.04. To ap-
peal the case will cost $500 more; and in
the interest of the pursuit it should be done.
The Bee-Keepers' Union is now only able to
offer Mr. Rich $200 to help his appeal. Now
it is a shame that with 300,000 bee-keepers
in the United States, that so few are willing
to join the Union to defend the pursuit
against its enemies.

Last July the members voted to put the
fees down to an even dollar a year, and this
amendment took effect on Jan. 1, 1888. Now
let us see if this will not raise at least $1,000
so as to defend the three or four cases now
on hand. We await the decisive action of
bee-keepers. What say you, reader, will
you not become a member ?

Xlie Cranky Coimcii in Arkansas,
which has made a crusade against honey-
bees, is nicely "dished up" by the "South-
ern Cultivator," a wide-awake farm paper.
It says :

Out in Arkadelphia, Ark., the City Coun-
cil lately declared bees to be a nuisance,
some crank charging the bees with eating
up his young ducks, as well as eating up
the peaches ! A fine of not less than $5,
nor more than $25, was fixed for each day
the bees were left in the city after the pas-
sage of the ordinance. Mr. Z. A. Clark, an
influential apiarist of that place, backed up
by the National Bee-Keepers' Union, pro-
poses to fight the case on its merits, and it
is reckoned he will conquer the cranky
Council.

Ireland is likely to be a prominent Eu-
ropean topic in 1888 as in 1887. To most
readers a bright article describing the Par-
liament as that island once possessed it,
will be something acceptable. Theopening
article of "Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly"
for January, will give general pleasure.
The House, the Halls of each House, the
prominent men who figured on the floor, are
all drawn graphically with pen and pencil.

Convention City.— Since it was de-
cided that the next annual meeting of the
North American Bee-Keepers' Society
should be held at Toledo, there has been
several protests, Mr. J. E. Shaver, of North
River, Va., on Dec. 21, 1887, writes thus :

Could not a change be made yet, and hold
the next convention in Cincinnati instead
of Toledo ? I think it certainly should be
in Cincinnati next year. Have it there, if
possible.

Our only reply to this is that we will
print the request, and respectfully refer it
to the executive committee. Their decision
must be final. We have nothing to do with
the matter.

l>r. A. B. Mason, President of the
North American Bee-Keepers' Soeiety,is on
the programme of the Southeastern Michi-
gan Farmers' Club, for an address, at their
meeting to be held at Monroe, Mich., on
Jan. 19, 1888. The Doctor will be sure to
put in a good word for bees and bee-keep-
ing. He is just the man for the occasion,
and will do credit to the fraternity and pur-
suit of apiculture.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents.

WeTv Catalogues for 1888 are on our
desk from the following persons :

A. F. Stauffer, Sterling, Ills.— 16 pages-
Bees, Queens, and Bee-Keepers' Supplies in
general.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La.— 34 pages
—Implements in Bee-Culture, Bees, Queens,
etc.

W. D. Soper (successor to A. D. D. Wood).
Jackson, Mich. — 2 pages — Bee-Keepers'
Supplies.

Wm. Hoyt, Ripley, Maine^ pages— Bees
and Queens.

Landreth's Vegetable Garden Seeds,
Philadelphia, Pa.— 32 pages— Garden Seeds.

Aaron Hunt, Gordon, 0.-34 pages— Api-
arian Supplies and " Guide to Bee-Keeping."

Oblo State Convention.

The fifth annual Ohio State Bee-keepers' Con-
vention will be held in the United States Hotel, on
the comer of High and Town Sts., Columbus, O., on
Jan. 10 and II, 1888. An interesting programme
will be arranged. Keduced rates at the hotel are
yi.50 for each person, double, or $2.fiO per day if
single. There will be reduced rates of travel, par-
ticulars of which will be given later. It is desira-
ble to know who can be present. Will you kindly
notify me by postal card, at Blufllon, Ohio. The fol-
lowing is the programme :

Tuesday. 9 a. m.— Reading the minutes of
last meeting. Receiving members and ool-
leotiug dues. Reports of the Secretary and
Treasurer, and standing committees.

Bee conventions,, how to make them a suc-
cess, and their value to bee keepers.- A.I.Root.

Discussion on the Sectional Brood Chamber
and its advantages.— Led by Dr. G. L. Tinker.

Eiversing, and has it come to stay ?— C. M.
Kingsbury.

Tuesday, 1 p. m.— Discussion on Bee-keeping
In connection with other pursuits.- Led be F.
A. Eaton.

Bee-keeping for women. — Mrs. Jennie Gulp.

Bee keeping as an exclusive pursuit.— Dr. C.
C.Miller.

Tuesday, 7 p. m.— Wood vs. tin separators: Is
it profitable to dispense with either?— Dr.Besse

t-supers and other surplus arrangements In
connection with beespaces. — E. R. Root.

Discussion on, Besolvcil, That beekeeping as
a business is more profitable than farming.

Opening of the question-box.— S. R. Morris.

Wednesday, 9 a. m.— Extracted honey : Its
production, and the best method of market-
ing it.— Dr. A. B. Mason.

The commission man and his relation to the
honey producer, as affecting the sale and
price of honey.— Chas. F. Muth.

Wednesday, 1 p. m.— Tiering-up : its advan-
tages—J. W. Newlove.

Freezing bees.— C. E Jones.

In-door to. out-door wintering of bees.and the
advantages of the former.— H. R. Boardman.

Election of olBcers for the ensuing year.
Frank A. Eaton, Sec.

Nebraska State Coventlon.

The next meeting of the Nebraska State Bee-
Keepers' Association will be held on Jan. 11, 12,
and 13, 1888, in Ked Ribbon Hall, at Lincoln, Nebr.
The Lindell Hotel will give reduced rates to mem
bers. Those who come should get a receipt from
their home railroad agents on starting to Lincoln,
as railroad companies require fifty receipts to enti-
tle members to reduced rates. President Ryan re-
quests all members to have questions ready for the
first evening, so that they can be arranged in order.
The programme is as follows :

What are the essential points in locating an
apiary ?— J. G. Hodges and J. L. Blanchard.

Apiculture as a profliable and permanent
occupation.— A. D. Keller and C. Ceelay.

How does bee-keeping pay compared with
other occupations? — R.E Leach and J.Rodgers.

How to obtain the most honey in the best
marketable shape.- Mrs. J. N. Heater and M.
Tower.

How much, if any, comb foundation should
be used ?— E. Kretchmer and E. Tower.

Diseases of bees, their causes and remedies.
— E. M. Hayhurst.

Is spring stimulating advisable ? If so, with
what ?— T. L. Von Dorn and W. J. Lynch.

How best to prepare honey to exhibit for
sale or for show.— Mrs. J. N. Heater and E. W.
Whitcomb.

Which Is more profitable, comb or extracted
honey ?— A. Johnson and M. D. Abbott.

Increase, natural or artificial ?— R. V. Mulr
and J. F. Polk.

Should bees be trquently examined ? and at
what temperature should the atmosphere be ?
—Mrs. L. Marshall and Jas. Jardine.

Spring work with bees — E. M. Hayhurst.

Fall breeding and spring dwindling.— J. N.
Heater and E. Kretchmer.

Honey-plants of Nebraska.- Professor C. E.
Bessey, of the State University.

Rearing queens and clipping their wings.—
J. M. Young. H. N. Patterson, Sec.

TTHK ItMERICaJM BEU J©ltJStFS|MEr..

«:eo. e. hii.xoiv's apiary,
and biooraphv.

This was iu the suriimer of 1877 ; the 2 were
hicreased to 4 colonies, but being ou odd
sized frames they were soon transferred to

The illustration in the next column shows
the apiary of Mr. Geo. E. Hilton, of Fre-
mont, Mich., which contains about iJO coio-
nies of bees. The octagonal building in the
centre is the honey house and extracting
room. The little piece of walls at the right
leads to the dining-room door, and the walk
running to the honey-house runs close to
the dwelling, which is just cut off at the
right of the picture.

The tallest person in the foreground is
Mr. Hilton with his favorite hiving basket
in his hand. The boy at his right is his
little nephew and namesake, Geo. D. Hilton,
while Mrs. Hilton stands on the walk
further back. A new factory now stands
to the right of the buildings, at the back of
the lot, and has been built since the picture
was taken.

The hives are painted, and so arranged
that there is first a red, then a white, then a
blue one in every direction, the rows run-
ning straight east and west, and north and
south ; the hives facing the east.

Mr. Geo. E. Hilton is an energetic and
progressive apiarist, and we present an

GEORGE B. HILTON.

Illustration to show his personal appear-
ance, and have secured a biographical
sketch from which we extract as follows :

Mr. Geo. E. Hilton was born Aug. 2.5,
1846, in Bedfordshire, England, near the
spot where John Bunyan wrote the world-
Inspiring book, " The Pilgrim's Progress,"
while incarcerated in Bedford jail. His
parents moved to America when he was be-
tween 5 and 6 years old.

He says that he was always attracted to
bees, and was never afraid of them from his
earliest remembrances, and that he " lined"
a bee-tree from bees working near the
kitchen, when only 12 years of age, and the
cutting of that tree resulted in his having
all the honey he wanted for the first time in
his life. He often said that when he be-
came a man he would keep bees. He often
sat by the side of an old log-gum watching
the "tireless little workers," and enjoyed
it much better than the sports usually in-
dulged in by other boys.

His first colony of bees was a present
from his wife ; the parties of whom she
bought it had another, and he bought that.

the American frame, and increased to 0
colonies ; but finding too much honey along
the top-bars, and learning of the Lang-

stroth frame, they were again transferred,
and from that time until the present, his
success has been very gratifying. His honey
crop was largely in the comb, and for the
past 8 years his average per colony has been
about 75 pounds. The past season was the
poorest one.

Mr. Hilton has a good library of books by
the best autliors on bee-culture, and takes
nearly all the bee-periodicals. He put the
first sections of comb honey on his home
market which were ever seen there, and
now has a large trade with surrounding
towns, seldom having to ship to the large
cities. He has helped many to start in the
business, and Newaygo county is fast com-
ing to the front as a honey - producing
county.

A local organization called " The Fre-
mont Progressive Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion " exists, of which Mr. Hilton is Presi-
dent. He has always taken great interest
in convention work, believing it to be one
of the best sources through which to receive
and impart knowledge. He has attended
the "North American" whenever it has
been within his reach, and has never
missed a meeting of the Michigan State
Convention since his first attendance in
1881. He was elected Presidentof that body
in 1S8C, and re-elected in 1887.

Mr. Hilton, in the Fremont " Indicator,"
remarks as follows concerning East Sagi-
naw, where the last Michigan State Conven-
tion was held :

Space will not permit me to sneak of all
the favors shown us while there. For
cleanliness of streets East Saginaw is next
to Detroit. For modern architecture in
public and private buildings, taste and
ornamentation, certainly she stands at the
head. The newspapers, too, gave us every
attention, devoting nearly a column morn-
ing and evening to the proceedings, and
none but favorable comments appeared on
their pages, which showed their reporters to
be gentlemen in their profession, whether
we deserved it or not.

The bee-keepers of Michigan will long
remember their visit to East Saginaw. The
address of welcome by Mayor H. M. Tou-
mans was enough to make every one happy
all through the session. But, not satisfied
with this, he invited us in a body to look
over the fire department. Here an alarm
©f fire was sounded two and a half miles
away, and in the twinkling of an eye the
gas lighted, the horses attached to the hose
cart, the doors flew open, and away they
went— the whole thing, except the muscles
of the men and horses, being moved by
electricity.

Xlie Earliest January number of a
bee-paper on our desk is the "Canadian
Honey Producer," edited by our friend, Mr.
R. F. Holtermann. Mentioning his visit to
Chicago, and the late convention, he says :

It was pleasing to meet with so many bee-
keepers—some old and some new faces.
Thanks to Mr. Newman, the editor the
American Bee Journal, of Chicago, the
accommodation was all that could be de-
sired. The second morning of the conven-
tion a party of us paid a flying visit to the
office of the American Bee JorrRXAL, also
the Museum of bee-keepers' supplies and
curiosities, and went through the factory
and ware-rooms of Mr. Newman's supply
business. Time would not permit the party
to examine all of interest to the bee-keeper
and supply dealer, but we felt amply repaid
in the information we gained by the in-
spection of the Museum. Mr. Newman was
in very poor health at the time of the con-
vention. His numerous friends will be
pleased to hear that he is regaining strength.

6

THE) MBlMRICMr* {MMm JOWMMMI^.

iMOTII\e BEES i:^ WII\XER.

Written far the American Bee Journal

Query 501. — My apiary is too near the
highway, and it is desirable to move the bees a
few rods. Can it be done this winter, without
danger of loss when they come out for a flight in
the spring ?~ New York.

Yes. — W. Z. Hutchinson.

Yes. — James Heddon.

Yes. The loss in the spiing will be
insignificant, — J. P. H. BRO'VOf.

Yes, if a board is so placed over the
entranee as to make them re-mark
their location. — A. B. Mason.

Yes ; it can be done on any day
when not extremely cold. Bees ap-
pear to mark their location dnring
their first flight in the spring. — Mrs.
L. Harrison.

Yes. Not a bee need be lost. Re-
move as far as possible all familiar
objects from the old location. — M.
Mahin.

Yes, I have several times moved
bees in December, from 1 to 100 rods,
with no bad resnlts. — G. M. Doolittle.

Yes, they may be moved now or in
the spring, before they have had a
flight, without loss from change of
location. — G. L. Tinker.
"HYes, if you place some obstruction
leaned against the hive, over the en-
trance, so that they will mark their
location. — H. D. Cutting.

I should prefer to wait till spring,
and then move them a few feet at a
time till the new location was gained.
In any other way I think that some
losses must occur. — J. E. Pond.

Yes, the loss would be very slight
if any at all. Leaning a board against
the front of each hive before the first
spring flight, might assist in prevent-
ing loss. — R. L. Taylor.

it can be done at any time if all are
moved. The danger from loss by bees
losing their bearings is not so great as
some think. I have quite often moved
colonies only a few feet, with no bad
results. — Eugene Secor.

I would remove them as early as
January, or before they have a chance
to fly much. Thej' can be removed at
any time by using broad boards to
shade the entrances, and thus induce
the bees to mark their new locations.

C. H. DiBBERN.

Usually there is no trouble at all in
doing this. If anxious, turn the hive
about and place a board against the
hive so that it will lean over the en-
trance.— A. J. Cook.

Move them just before flying in the
spring, and make their old ground
look as difterent as jjossible. A board
put up in front of each hive after
moving will help. — C. C. Miller.

There will be a little loss even then.
When you move them, place a slant-
ing board in front of the entrance, to
show them a change of position at their
exit. If there is any danger of spring
dwindling, do not move them at that
time. We have once suttered a severe
loss for just such a reason. — Dadant
& Son.

Yes, your hives can be moved back
as far as you want them without any
perceptible loss of bees. Several years
ago I was situated exactly as you de-
scribe ; my apiary was too close to the
highway, and people passing were
afraid of the bees. I staked ofl' the
new 3-ard, and got everything ready so
as to place the hives as nearly in their
old position relative to each other as
was practicable. I then had a man to
help me, and each hive was borne be-
tween us so steadily that the bees were
not aroused in the least. After the
hives were all placed in their new loca-
tion, we cleaned uj) the old yard of all
land-marks as much as possible ; and
the first warm day thereafter I made
some smothered lires of damp straw on
the old site, and kept them going till
the bees had marked their new loca-
tion. Some boards or shingles were
placed in front of each hive. — G. W.
Demaree.

Yes ; it will be A'ery easy as well as
very " desirable " to move the bees
during the winter repose, if they are
too near the highway. It is very im-
portant that the apiary should be
located at a safe distance from high-
ways, pathways, and places where
damage may result from such location;
and if any others are so located, let
there be no delay in making the re-
moval. The bees will re-locate the
location on their first appearance in
spring, especially if a board or bough
be placed over the entrance. — The
Editor.

PRETEIVXinrCi QUEE?VS FROM

liAYIWG II\ SECXIOr«S.

WHtten for the American Bee Journal

Query 502.— If I hive a prime swarm on
eight standard Langstroth frames, with starters
one inch wide, and transfer the supers from the
old to the new hive, will a slatted brealt-joint
honey-board keen the Queen from laying eggs in
the sections ?— Illinois.

It will, if accurately constructed. —
J. P. H. Brown.

Yes. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

I have never tried it, but I should
think not. — A. B. Mason.

I think that it would usually, but I
have not had experience. — C. C.
Miller.

Not in every lase, but if they are
good to work in the sections, the queen
will seldom go there. — H. D. Cutting.

It may have a tendency in that
tlirection, but to make a sure thing, it

should be queen-excluding. — W. Z.
Hutchinson.

Mxist likely, if the supers are well
filled with honey ; otherwise we would
advise a delay of one or two days. —
Dadant & Son.

I have never tried it, but I should
say that it would be doubtful, especially
if starters used were comb foundation ;
if of comb, the queen would be less
liable to go into the sections. — G. M.
Doolittle.

Sometimes yes, and sometimes no.
It will depend upon your management
otherwise. A queen-excluder is the
only safe and sure remedy. — J. E.
Pond.

Usuallj', but not always. Whj- not
use a queen-excluder, then assurance
is made not only doubly but wholly
.sure. — A. J. Cook.

No, not in every case. A queen-ex-
cluding honey-board, or some comb in
the brood-chamber, would be neces-
sary in order to keep the queen out of
the sections. — R. L. Taylor.

I should prefer.in that case, a queen-
excluding honey-board. If supers
were put on at once, I should fear that
the queen would go into the sections.
— Eugene Secor.

If the sections transferred from the
old hive are nearly ready to seal up,
it will ; otherwise the queen would be
almost certain to lay eggs in the sec-
tions.— C. H. Dibbern.

That will depend upon circum-
stances. If there are empty combs in
the super, and the flow of honey should
fail for a day or two, I would expect
the queen to enter it and turn it into a
brood-chamlser. I would prefer to
wait before putting on the super, luitil
the bees had got started below. — M.
Mahin.

The slatted break-joint honey-board
alwaj'S has a tendency to keep the
queen below, and I have never been
troubled with brood or pollen in the
surplus department whether these
honey-boards were made queen-ex-
cluding or not, I am wondering if
your fear of getting brood in the sec-
tions under the circumstances you
mention, is the result of experience or
theory. I have practiced this placing
over the siu-plus on swarms, for over
15 years, and I have never been
troubled with brood in that waj' ; and
I used to do it before we had founda-
tion to put in empty frames. At this
season of the year all combs are filled
with honey as fast as built, whether
built from foundation or otherwise, and
there is no chance for the queen to lay
in them. — James Heddon.
. No. The habit of bees inclines
them to ascend to the highest point in
the hive, and when a hive is arranged
as described by you, the queen is
likely to go into the surplus cases at

TMm JEMERICMr* BEE JQJJRnmiL.

the start, and if she finds empty combs
of the proper depth of cells for breed-
\ ing, she will commence business at
once, and you will see jour plan de-
feated. Unless you use perforated
zinc queen-excluders, you had better
defer putting on the surplus cases from
the old hive for 4 or 5 days, or until
the queen has commenced laying in
the newly-built combs below. After
that she is not liable to leave the
brood-nest with or without a honey-
bo.ird, as long as she finds room to
carry on house-work below. — G. W.
Demakee.

If the supers are not put on for three
days after hiving, the queen is not apt
to go above the honey-board to lay
eggs in the sections. A great deal
depends upon the size of the brood-
chamber given. If it has a capacity
for less than 8(H) square inches of comb
surface, the honey-board should cer-
tainly be queen-excluding. Queens are
more apt to enter the sections just be-
fore than after swarming, if they have
access to them. — G. L. Tinker. j

No ; it could not be depended upon
to keep the queen from laying in the
sections — that can be prevented by
using a zinc queen-exclnding honey-
board. Inch starters in the brood-
frames are too small to be satisfactory'
to the great majority of bee-keepers,
who iisuallj' prefer either much larger
pieces or full sheets. — The Editor.

The Ne^v Year's Open Door.

MBS. A. OIDDINOS PARK.

Like one who turns some raa^lc key

That holds from his wondering sight.
Id close shut casket, the choicest gifts

Of gems and jewels bright,—
With eager hand on the portal key

Of the unknown corridor.
And the song of hope in our hearts, we stand

At the New Year's open door.

And we say : " What hast thou in trust for us

That we crave, O glad New Year ?
Will your white-robed Winter,your smiling Spring,

Your rose-crowned Summer fair,
Your Autumn bright, bring Joy or grief ?

Hope's fulfillment, or hope deferred ?"
And we eagerly listen, and anxiously seek

For some token seeji nr heard.

But silence alone rives answer. (Nay,

We ever would have It so.)
And nought is beard in that corridor dim

But the echoes of long-ago !
It is well. It is well that each flitting day

Reveals but its secrets alone.
And the future, though pleadingly importuned,

Withholds from each heart its own.

Ah, enough for us If duty be done

With a brave and honest heart ;
Though adversity frown or prosperity smile.

To nobly perform our part.
So keep your counsel, O glad New Year,

Whether good or 111 be In store ;
May Heaven guide us and guard us e'er—

This we ask and we crave no more.

—The MVna.

Report of llie Soutlieastern
micliiguii Annual ITIeeling;.

Written for the American Bee Jnurnal
BY A. M. GANDER.

The annual meeting of the South-
eastern Michigan Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation w.xs held in the Supervisor.s'
Room of the Court House at Adrian,
Mich., on Dec. lb. 1887.

The meeting was called to order by
President Howes. The Secretary's re-
port was read and approved, as was
also that of the Treasurer. The report
of the .standing committee to confer
with the executive committee of the
County Agricultural Society was given
by Mr. D. G. Edmiston, who reported
that the Apiarian Department of the
premium list of the Agricultural So-
ciety had been placed in the control
of the Bee-Keepers' A.ssociation, and
that a fairly liberal amount had been
allowed the deiKirtment, which had
been arranged in a suitable list for
the department.

Some discussions followed the re-
port relative to striking out the part
of the foot-note referring to bee-hives,
feeders, queen-cages, and to honey
being produced in the county, which
resulted in a motion for a committee
to be appointed to revise the premium
list of the department, and to make
necessary arrangements with the Fair
Society. • It was also voted that the
portion of the foot-note mentioned
above should be stricken out.

The committee as above mentioned
is composed of the following : H. D.
Cutting, of Clinton ; A. M. Gander, of
Adrian ; and D. G. Edmiston, of
Adrian.

The annual membership fees having
been raised from 25 cents to 50 cents,
at the last meeting, were voted back
to the former amount, and 15 members
then paid their dues.

Only a partial statistical report for
1887 was secured, being as follows :
Number of colonies in the spring of
1887, 307 ; number of colonies in the
fall, 377 ; number of pounds of wax
produced, 173 ; number of pounds of
comb honey produced, 2,515 ; number
of pounds of extracted honey produced,
5,405 ; and the average price obtained
per pound, 14 cents. The average
yield per colony, sjiring count, was 25J
pounds, and the number of (pieens
sold was 91.

A committee of three on exhibits
was then appointed, and the conven-
tion adjourned until 1 p.m.

The convention was called to order
at 1 p.m., with President Howes in the
chair. There was consider.able dis-

cu.ssion on the .subject of producing
both coml) and extracted honey in the
same apiary,it l)eing generally thought
that the extractor could be used to
good advantage in an apiary where
comb hon(!y was produced ; but not to
obtain Ijoth extracted and comb honey
from the same colony, at the same
time.

Mr. Edmiston gave the method prac-
ticed by W. Z. Hutchinson, for getting
the bees to work in surplus sections,
and storing the honey in them.

Mr. Cleghorn get.s the bees to enter
and work in the surplus chamber, by
raising a frame of brood to the sur-
plus chamber for a short time, till the
bees get well at work ; then he re-
moves the frame, extracts the honey,
and returns the frame to the brood-
chamber.

The election of officers resulted as
follows : President, Dr. Samuel Stev-
enson, of Morenci ; Vice-President, one
for each county in the district of the
a.ssociation, as follows : Washtenaw
county. Dr. C. F. Ashley, of Ypsilanti ;
Jackson county, Mr. F. Wilcox, of
Jackson ; Livingston county, F. L.
Wright, of Plainfield ; Hillsdale county,
E. Goodrich, of Hudson ; Oakland
county, J. J. McWhorter, of South
Lyons ; Lenawee county, D. G. Edmis-
ton, of Adrian ; Wayne county, M. H.
Hunt, of Bell Branch ; and for Monroe
county, M. Fleming, of Dundee ; Secre-
tary, A. M. Gander, of Adrian ; and
Treasurer, D. G. Edmiston, of Adrian,
Mich.

The place for holding the next meet-
ing was decided in favor of Jackson,
and it was voted to meet jointlj' with
the State Bee-Keepers' Society. The
time for meeting of that society is to
be fixed by the executive committee.

Bee-Keeplng nrltb Otber Pnrsnlts.

Mr. Deer combines poultry with bee-
keeping, and find that it works very
well. It keeps him busy, as there is
plenty of work to do, but he can man-
age them quite satisfactorily. Horti-
culture was found to work quite well
ill connection with bee-keeping, if
strawberries be excluded, as they ripen
at the busiest time with the bees.

^Vinterlng Bees.

Proper protection on the summer
stands seemed to be the preferable
way for wintering, but a proper cellar
was not without its advantages.
Changeable weather in the spring,
after the bees are put out, was the
main objection to cellar-wintering. If
wintered in a cellar, the bees should
be kept there as late as possible with-
out injury to them (or as long as they
can be kept quiet), to avoid chilling of
the brood by early spring changes.
All agreed that protection was neces-
sary.

8

THU mmmmi^MM

Mr. Edmiston and Mr. Deer favored
the chaff hive, and said that bees win-
tered as well, or better, in them as any
other way.

Mr. Stevenson gave his method of
preparation for winter, which was to
thoroughly protect the bees on all sides
and on top by an outer box with a
cover, allowing a space for dry pack-
ing-material, and iix them up early or
before cold weather sets in.

Tbe Marketing of Honey.

Mr. Deer stated that he had bought
honey that was in good condition for
mai'ket, and on the market in his
place, at a much less pi'ice than honey
could be bought of posted bee-men.
He bought of store-keepers at their
price, and shipped to other markets at
a good profit, showing that the honey
was sold by the producer at a far less
price than it was worth ; thus his local
market was rid of the surplus honey,
that the unposted bee-keeper had
parted with, unconscious or regardless
of its value, and at the same time it
opened a way for his own product at
something near its value.

Mr. Cleghorn favored the appoint-
ment of a good bvisiness man to look
the noiarkets over, and open up avenues
by which the honey in the district
might be disposed of. Mr. Armstrong
also favored Mr. Cleghorn's idea.

Mr. Howes illustrated how certain
parties, not posted, brought their honey
to market, selling 'it at less than its
value, and when asked why they sell
at less than what it is worth, and told
what can be obtained for such honey,
seemed surprised, and want to know
where they can get such prices, or its
value. He also stated that such per-
sons will not take a bee-paper and
keep posted, as that would cost some-
thing, and every penny saved is so
much clear gain ; but they go on losing
dollars and tens of dollars, all for the
lack of a little extra energy, and to
save the small sum that it would cost
to keep posted ; yet the same thing
happens year after year. The opinion
seemed to prevail that those interested
should use every influence possible to
inform and induce such pax'ties to keep
posted.

Mlscellaueons Basiness.

The committee on exhibits then
made an enumeration of the various
articles on exhibition.

A vote of thanks was tendered for
the use of the room in the Court House,
and for janitor's services. It was voted
not to hold an evening session.

The convention then adjourned to
meet at Jackson, Mich., in conjunction
with the State Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion.

Adrian, Mich.

BEES IN COLORADO.

Alfalfa as a Honey-Plant,
the Droutli, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY WILLIAM WILLIS.

As a partial answer to the questions
of Mary A. Goodale, on page 792 of
the Bee Journal for 1887, I will give
a brief sketch of )uy experience : In
the month of June, 1876, I sent 2 colo-
nies in box-hives without frames or
comb foundation, and they filled these
hives and stored 30 pounds of surplus
comb honey per colony. Last June I
sent 8 colonies more that had been
threatening to swarm, but were too
poor, and I got to this country on June
11, just as the alfalfa was getting in
full bloom. I found bees working
finely, and was expecting that they
would soon send out several swarms ;
but in this I was disappointed, as I
soon found that they had crowded the
hive with honey so that the queen
could not do her work ; so the result
was only 3 late swarms, and 50 lbs. per
colony, of comb honey. Bees gather
honey from alfalfa here, and I think
they will wherever it is irrigated. We
think here that we are not dependent
ujion the showers for our honey crop,
as the best honey wasgathei'ed in June
and July, before the rains began ; but
my bees continued to fill the sections
till Oct. 10.

Montrose?, Colo., Dec. 20, 1887.

FIRE INSURANCE.

\¥intering Bees and Insuring
tlieni against loss by lire.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY A. C. WALDRON.

My bees are in the cellar on a plat-
form raised about 3 feet from the cel-
lar bottom, with the entrances wide
open, and with a cover and blanket on,
the same as when on the summer
stands. They have natural stores,
mostly gathered from fall flowers and
buckwheat. I keep the temperature
about 34° Fahr., as near as I . can. I
have a ventilator connected with the
chimney, and when it is too warm I
open that, and when it is cool I close
it ; if too warm, I put a piece of ice in
the cellar. My bees are quiet, and
there are but few dead ones. They do
not seem to be disturbed by any one
entering the cellar for vegetables, un-
less they are jarred.

I tried to insure my bees against loss
by fire while in the cellar, but the
company rejected that clause, saying
that they did not insure bees. Has any
one had any experience in that line ?
I would like to hear from some of the
many bee-keepers as to their method
of wintering bees. Will Mr. Powell or
Mr. Lee describe their method in the
American Bee Journal ? Will the
editor please give the size of the stan-
dard Langstroth brood-frame ?

Bufl'alo,0 Minn.

[The size of the standard Lang-
stroth frame is 9Jxl7| inches, outside
measure. — Ed.]

WINTER WORK.

Feeding in Winter — Workshop —
Hives, Frames, Crates, &e.

BY GEO. A. STOCKWELL.

Veiy little can be done with the bees
in winter, in fact nothing in zero
weather, but on warm, sunny days they
may be fed, if in danger of starving ;
and bees in-doors may be placed on
out-door stands, that they may have
opportunity to fly and void excreta, an
act never committed in the hive by
bees in health, though they may re-
main in confinement from November
to April. A "purifying flight" is a
great help.

'Winter Feeding.

If feeding be necessary, place warm
food in a wide-mouth bottle, tie
strainer-cloth over the mouth, and in-
vert on the top of the frames. The bees
will take the food as it drips, even
faster, running their tongues through
the cloth. That they may have access
to the full width of the mouth of the
bottle, place wire cloth between the
frames and the bottle. The houej-, or
whatever is fed, will grow lower in the
bottle rapidly. The feeding must be
done on warm days, and in the middle
of the day an entrance feeder may be
used. This permits the bees to enter
from the hive, and excludes outside
bees.

making Hives and Frames.

This is all that can be done with the
bees themselves, but there is a great
variety of other work in their behalf
that can be, and ought to be done now.
One of the attendant attractions of
bee-keeping is its mechanical require-
ments.

Implanted and firmly rooted in many
a Yankee is the desire to whittle, to
plaj' with sharp-edged tools, to spoil
good lumber, " to make something."
To such persons bee-keeping is adapt-
ed. The making of hives and fi-ames,
and a dozen other things needed in

'THi® mmemicmih; mnm j^^mmmi^.

9

the apiary, is simplj' pastime. Hives
and frames may be bought in the flat,
but their nailing is recreation. What
man with a mechanical twi.st in his
mind, does not like to drive nails, es-
pecially the clean, cleaving, clinching
wire nails ? With the hives and frames
in holders, how men-lly the bee-keeper
sends them home (to the tune of a
whistled melody) with a hammer of
the right " heft !"

Apiarian Work-Shop.

The bee-keeper's work-shop is an
institution by itself. Let us suppose
that it is down under somewhere in a
sheltered, cosy nook ; that there is a
good stove in it, or better, a big chim-
ney with wide fire-place mouth. What
a place to work, to whittle and to
whistle, to sing the song of the saw,
and to make that measured rub-a-dub
with the plaj'ful hammer ! And what
satisfaction there is in the possession
of a few good tools kept bright and
sharp ! If every farmer's boj' had a
place like this to attract his wandering
wits, he would be less eager to fly to
the city.

But there are 50 colonies of bees out
in the orchard snugly packed in saw-
dust, and tucked in by a snow com-
forter. In May or June they will
swarm, and 50 hives must be ready.
No time then to hunt up a hive. As
soon as spring has comes to stay, place
the empty hives where they are to
stand, each with full equipment.
Palntlns the Hives.

The hives should be painted. We
depend upon the eye for a great deal
of enjoyment. Get a pot of red paint,
and a pot of white paint. After one
hive is painted red, pour in enough
white to till the red pot again. The
next hive will be a little lighter, and
by the time the paint is all used, the
last hive will be nearly white. Any
man with an appreciative eye will say
tliat the row of hives from bright red
to white is an attractive feature in the
landscape. Many a man will say, " I
have not time for such nonsense," but
he ought to have time to paint his
hives, and it costs no more time or
money to make hives attractive. If it
should cost a little more, it pays — it
])ays to make things cheerful. I be-
lieve it pays to paint a hive two colors,
if the bee-keeper wishes to sell bees —
if he wishes to interest others in api-
culture. Bright colored hives will win
a customer where the old weather-
stained bo.xes will make no impression.
Nailing Frames, Crates, etc.

The 50 new hives must have 10
frames each, or 500 in all. With a
nailing block, a man maj' nail two a
minute. Then they must be wired,
and then the foundation put in — 500
sheets — a hundred pounds. No small

job is either, but only play in the sunny
work-shop. If comb honey is the oli-
ject, 50 crates will be required ; a hun-
dred had better be on hand, and 300
separators ; or you may use wide
frames, 6 in a hive, or 300 in all. Then
the section boxes — 1,500 for the first
honey catch, in each of which is a
starter, or a full sheet of foundation.

All this appeai-s to provide for a
mountain of work, but it is merely by-
play between chores — between milking
and feeding times. — Country Oent.

N. A. B. K. SOCIETY.

Some Opinions of its President
on Several Subjects.

WrilUn for the American Bee Journal
BY DB. A. B. MASON.

Mr. C. F. Muth. on page 787 of the
Bee Journal for 1887, says that he is
"sorry that Toledo was selected for the
next place of meeting of the North
American Bee-Keepers' Society, and
not Cincinnati." Such an expression
would naturally be expected from a
selfish person, but we all know that
Mr. Muth does not belong to that class.
He has the interest of the Society at
heart, and had I known as much of the
matter at the time Toledo was selected,
as I dp now, I should have worked
hard, if necessary, to have had Colum-
bus, O., selected. /did not make the
motion, or even invite the Society, to
meet here, but was certainly in favor
of it, believing it to. be the most ac-
ceptable place for those usually in
attendance, being as it is midway be-
tiveen the East and the West, and very
convenient for Canadian delegates.

As to the time, I was not aware of
the time and place of holding the Ohio
Centennial Expostion next year. It is
to be held at Columbus, commencing
Sept. 4, and continuing until Oct. 19,
making 40 days, and not at Cincin-
nati, as would seem to be indicated by
Mr. Muth ; and I believe there are to
be reduced railroad rates on all arti-
cles intended for the Exposition, for
three months previous to Sept. 4. the
time of the beginning of the Exposi-
tion, and I presume there will be re-
duced passenger rates on most, if not
all railroads in the United States and
Canada during the forty days of the
Exposition, and for several days pre-
vious to and after, so that it will prob-
ably be cheaper to get a railroad ticket
to Columbus and return, than it would
be to Toledo and return, except for
those living near Toledo ; and notwith-
standing my desire to have the meet-
ing here. I am decidedly in favor, if it
is possilile to make the change, to have
it held at Columbus during the Cen-
tennial E.xposition.

Cincinnati is 116 miles, and Toledo
124 miles from Columbus, and as a
larger number of bee-keepers attend
the annual convention from the North
than from the South, it seems to me
that Toledo, at any time, is a more de-
sirable place to meet than at Cincin-
nati, and especially so for tliose wish-
ing to attend the Centennial Exposi-
tion ; but if it can be changed, it will
be better for all except those living
near Toledo who do not care to visit
the Centennial, for reduced rates can
be taken advantage of to a greater ex-
tent than was possible to the Fat Stock
Show at Chicago, and it is hardly
probable that reduced rates can be had
for Toledo.

It is not probable that any plan
could be suggested for making the
change, that would meet with universal
approval, but I would suggest that we
vote upon the matter, and that each
member of the Society be requested to
send a postal card to the President or
Secretary,giving his vote for or against
the change.

The only ones that can have a "rea-
sonable excuse " again.st the change,
except as above stated, will be the
Michigan and Canadian members, and
we all know they are wide-awake and
always in favor of " good thing " when
they see it.
The Newr Constitution and By-Laws.

I have this morning re-read for the
third time the "Constitution and By-
Laws " that the editor of the American
Bee Journal presented to the conven-
tion at Chicago last November, with
which to organize " The Inter-National
American Bee-Association ;" and each
time I read it I was more and more
thoroughly surprised that the commit-
tee to which it was referred, on my
motion, composed as it was of such
men as Prof. Cook, W. Z. Hutchinson,
and A. I. Root, should " recommend
that the consideration of the matter be
po.stponed for one year."

I will admit that I have always been
opposed to the converting of the pres-
ent organization into one composed of
delegates from " aflSliated local asso-
ciations," for fear it could not be made
a success ; but had I read what Mr.
Newman had prepared, and which was
referred to the above committee, I
should, with some slight alterations,
have moved its adoption. It seems to
me that to liave adopted it would have
been making quite a step towards a
thorough organization of the bee-keep-
ers of the Continent, and I hope that
this or some similar plan will be
adopted at the next meeting.

Auburndale,-o Ohio.

[We think that the change suggested
can-very easily be made, and it should
be done. The Executive Committee

10

THE' MMERICM'If i.MEE" JQ'ORlHai^.

should confer by letter, and, if they
deem the chanji'e desirable, they have
full power under the Constitution to
make it, and the members of the Society
will thank them for doing their duty
promptly and efficiently.

As to the new Constitution and By-
Laws we presented at the Convention,
nothing will be lost by a full discussion
of each important feature before its
adoption. — Ed.]

THE PAST SEASON.

Re<«iilt!> of the Year in an Apiary
of 50 Colonies.

Writteii for the American Bee Journal
BY J. F. LATHAM.

In the spring of 1887 I had 50 colo-
nies of flying bees, the number of colo-
nies that I put into winter quarters the
fall previous. After they had become
well advanced in brood-rearing, 2 colo-
nies became queenless, and their bees
and brood were given to other colo-
nies. I sold 2 colonies, leaving 46
with which to commence the season's
operations.

For a week after the willow bloom
had become abundant, mj' bees never
displayed more energy in building up.
Inclement weather followed, and its
consequent, dwindling. Soft maples
yielded considerable nectar, and the
bees worked on their bloom quite
freely ; but the apple bloom was a fail-
ure, its nectar being absoi'bed by a
ten-days' rain-storm. As there is but
little bloom during the interval from
fruit-bloom to that of wild raspberries
and white clover, constant nursing was
required to get the bees in proper con-
dition for the surplus season of about
35 days, which is about the average
length in this vicinity.

A week of very fine weather during
the first part of June inaugurated
swarming with a rush ; but a week of
cold rain following, put a " damp-
ener " on active operations for awhile ;
then followed intervals of rain and
sunshine, until July 7, when swarming
closed with 1.3 new colonies from 18
swarms, thus increasing my apiary to
59 colonies.

During the remainder ■ of Julj' the
rainy weather retarded the storing of
surplus, but 5 of the new colonies
stored sufficient honey for winter use.
By Aug. 20, I had removed the surplus
fixtures. The fall bloom was abund-
ant, and the weather was favorable, so
that all of the colonies, with the aid of
a distribution of 275 pounds of granu-
lated sugar made into syrup, obtained
enough for winter stores.

I have sold, so far, 753 poimds of
honey in the comb, and have, at a safe
estimate, 500 pounds on hand ; not a
very favorable showing in favor of a
"specialty" in bee-keeping, with the
production of "comb honey" for a
basis. About 500 sections of my crop
this year was filled and finished to the
perfection desirable in a first-class
article ; the balance of the sections
will weigh about | of a pound each.

I have now 59 colonies packed on
the summer stands for wintering, and,
from outward appearance, they are
enjoying tlie quietude desirable for
safety.

Cumberland, 9 Me., Dec. 19, 1887.

ALSIKE CLOVER.

Directing When and Ho-w to
Sow the Seed.

Written Sorr the American Bee Journal
BY M. JI. BALDRIDGE.

The time is close at hand when honey-
producers should see to it that their
neighborhoods are supplied with the
seed of Alsike clover — the best honey-
plant, on many accounts, now known

ALSIKE CLOVER.

in the United States. The following
has just been received by the writer
from a honey-producer near Terre
Haute, Ind. :

" Having read several articles from
your pen in regard to Alsike clover, I
now desire to ask you for some advice.
I have now located my apiary of 96
colonies upon a 30-acre farm, close to
the limits of this city. Some 10 acres
of this land were seeded down two
years ago the coming spring, with
timothy and red clover. The crop

then growing was oats, and the sum-
mer being dry, the grass seed did not
make a good catch. It was, therefore,
re-seeded last spring with timothy and
I'ed clover, where necessary, and a
pretty fair crop of hay was secured ;
but, in many places, owing to the
severe drouth, the grass is once more
badly injured. In general, however,
the seeding is in good condition. Now
I wish to seed this land with Alsike
clover. Would it do to sow the Alsike
upon it, and without any special prep-
aration, say in February ? If so, how
much seed would you advise to the
acre ?"

In reply I would say, that no special
preparation of the land is necessary for
Alsike. Yes, sow the Alsike in Feb-
ruary, or at any other time the present
winter, or very early in the spring.
The snow and spring rains will then
drive the Alsike seed into the ground,
and will insure its certain and early
germination. And, besides, you will
stand a good chance to get more or
less honej' from the Alsike blossoms
the present year.

Two pounds of the Alsike seed will
be plenty for an acre when thus mixed
with red clover and timothy — and this
is the proper way to grow Alsike suc-
cessfully in a climate subject to drouth.
The red clover is needed for shade dur-
ing a dry spell of weather, and the
timothy is also needed to hold it up
and away from the ground. When
thus grown, the Alsike will grow and
produce honey in case the red clover
grows. If "wanted for seed, never
mind the timothy nor the red clover.
If wanted /ree from timothy seed, you
can cradle oft" the heads of the timothy
before you cut the Alsike, and this will
secure that result.

It is not verj' generally known that
pastures and meadows can be supplied
with Alsike. at pleasure, but such is
the fact. And a vei-y good time to
seed them is also in July or August.
If we then have plenty of rain, the
Alsike will make such a growth during
the autumn, as to insure a crop of both
hay and honey the following season.

It will pay honey-producers gener-
ally, wherever red clover and timothy
can be grown, to give Alsike clover a
thorough and immediate trial as herein
indicated. And whether you have or
have not land of your own to give it a
trial upon, it will also pay you hand-
somely to induce all your neighbors,
within bee-flight of your apiary, to
give it a trial for simply its hay and
pasture. One of the very best and
most successful ways to do this is to
place the " Alsike Clover Leaflets " in
their hands, so they can acquaint them-
selves with its value to them as a hay
and pasture plant. The Leaflets are by
no means expensive, and they can be

THB ^CMERICSIN BEE; JQURfiMIL.

11

had at the office of the American Bee
JouRNAl,. Please give them a trial.
St. Charles, 5 Dls.

PACKING BEES.

Some Praotioal Advantages
of the Sy flit cm.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY SAMUEL RAU.

On page 788 of the Bee Journal
for 1887, is an article on the above sub-
ject by Mr. J. A. Buchanan, with which
I cannot quite agree. This maj' not
seem altogether strange, as we have
long since heard that doctors will dis-
agree.

Mr. B. commences by asking, "What
is there in the idea of packing bees for
winter ?" and says that he voices the
answers of a great many bee-keepers
in his locality when he says, "Nothing
at all.'' Astonishing revelation !

Then to clinch the argument on both
sides of the problem, he asks : Why is
it that we see, after a terrible, long,
cold winter, so many reports like the
following ? ' I put a splendid apiary in-
to winter (juarters ; the hives were
thoroughlv packed after the most ap-
proved manner, but there are only a
few feeble colonies left to tell the
story ;' and thereupon concludes within
himself that, "when I see such fre-
quent reports like the above, it is ' giv-
ing away ' the packing system without
reserve."

He then attempts to account for the
bees dying in packed hives, during long
and severe winters, by saying that the
sun cannot revive them sufficiently dur-
ing "let up" weather to make cleans-
ing flights. Well, that would depend
upon how much of a "let up" there
was, whether bees in a packed hive
could make a cleansing flight or not.

I do not want my bees to fly out
every time a little sunshine strikes the
hives, or I might get too much of a
good thing ; and just here is where the
packing serves a good purpose — there
is a more uniform temperature in a
packed hive, independent of surround-
ing circumstances. But, if my bees
are very much in need of a cleansing
flight, I remove the covers, during "let
up" weather, and allow the sun to
shine upon them, and 1 assure you that
they wake up soon enough for all prac-
tical purposes.

Bees in a single-walled hive must
consume more food to enable them to
keep up enough animal heat to keep
from perishing in severe weather, and
consequently they need more cleansing
flights. Then if Old Sol's smiles are
too long deferred, it plays sad havoc
with the poor bees that are domiciled

with but 8 of an inch between them
and Boreas' chilling frowns.

It .seems to me that it would be just
as reasonable to argue that a house
without lining would be as comfortable
during winter in our climate, as one
that was duly lathed and plastered, be-
cause perchance a few rays of the sun
would have a more animating influ-
ence upon it than if the walls were
thicker. But I tliink that most reason-
ing people would at once conclude that
the cold would influence it as readily,
and as there would be a great prepon-
derance of cold weather, the bad re-
sults would out-^\eigh the good a thou-
sand fold.

I think that it is not best to jump so
.suddenly into extreme conclusions, if
disaster has at times befallen bees in
our extreme climate, that were duly
packed, for there are other factors than
this one of ]),acking, in the wintering
problem, which it is not necessary to
enumerate here.

I have had all the exi)erience that I
want, in trying to winter bees in sin-
gle-walled hives. I have lost hundreds
of dollars worth of precious bees in
that way, and I want " no more in
mine," of that thing. More than 20
years of sad experience in that line,
confirms me in the belief that trying
to winter bees, unprotected, on the
summer stands, is no paying business
in this section of the country, to say
the best for it.

I want the brood-chamber contracted
according to the size of the colony,
with a Hill's device and a good cushion
on top, and 3 or 4 inches of good, dry
packing around the outside of the
hive, using an outer case for that pur-
pose, with a water-proof roof and a
proper entrance ; then, for some i-eason
or other, I can sleep much better at
night, when the cold winds howl about
my windows, and the merCurv goes
below zero. More than that, I want
the packing left on until warm weather
has come to stay, which is about the
time I begin to think of making prepa-
rations for putting on the surplus ar-
rangements.

AJter several jears' experience, I
find that .spring packing sei-ves a very
useful purpose during brood-rearing,
and I believe that Mr. Hutchinson is
right in recommending spring packing
for colonies that have been wintered in
the cellar. It makes a good deal of
labor, but it will pay well in dollars
and cents for the time spent. Our
changeable climate often seriously in-
terferes -with successful brood-rearing,
but by this kind of protection we can,
in a measure, counteract these untow-
ard circumstances ; and more, where
this is done there will be less occasion
to talk about spring dwindling.

Columbiana, 6 Ohio,"

BEE CELLAR.

Oreat Mortality among Bees.
What is the eause of it ?

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY A. PINKERTON.

I put 156 colonies into the cellar la.st
winter, and I think that I carried out
between 2 and 3 bushels of dead bees
during the winter and spring. Some
of the hives seemed to have ten times
as many dead bees in front of them as
others. Will some one please tell me
the cause for this gi-eat mortality of
bees in my cellar ?

I will give a description of my bee-
cellar : The size is 17x24 feet, and 7
feet high. It is divided into three
rooms, \vith building paper, but I leave
the doors open between them, except
when I am carrying bees in and out.
I have one under-ground ventilator en-
tering the south room ; it is made of 4r
inch tiling. Each of the two north
rooms has a ventilator put in through
the window ; these are made of boards,
and are 4 inches square inside. Then
there is one of the same kind on the
east side. I put one down on the out-
side, with an elbow on it, and run it
under the wall ; it comes about 4 feet
inside the wall in the bottom of the
cellar. In very cold weather I partly
close, and sometimes entirely close,
both of the north ventilators, but leave
the others open. The mercury ranges
from 38° to 54°, but generally it is
about 44'^. Is such ventilation injurious
to bees if the cellar is kept at the right
temperature ? I have 122 colonies in
the celllar no\v, that I put in on Nov.
17 and 18. They are veiy quiet, but
there are many dead bees in. front of
some of the hives.

Marshalltown,© Iowa.

[No ; such ventilation ought not to
be injurious to the bees. — Ed.]

POOR SEASON".

White Clover Killed and Ba§s.
wood Becoming Scarce.

Written for the Amerir/tn Bee Journal
BY. L. G. REED.

My 45 colonies of bees .are packed on
the summer stands. My surplus for
the past season was 237 pounds from
37 colonies, spring count ; the poorest
season ever known in this section ; but
my enthusiasm is not chilled any yet,
and I shall try and make up next sea-
son what I have lost this season ; al-
though I do not look for big results
any more in this vicinity, until there is
a change in the climate. The long,
dry summer and cold, snowless winters

12

Tmm mmmmi^mm mmm jowmmmi*.

'•^--^-^'^^^

km^^^t^tttm^M

have nearly annihilated the white
clover ; this being our main source for
surplus honey.

There used to be large quantities of
hasswood abounding on the bottoms of
our streams, but that is a thing of the
past, and what little there is left does
not seem to yield anj' nectar, for I
have watched them closely for the past
five j^ears, during its bloom, and I have
not found bees working on it to any
extent during that time. . I can well
remember, when a boy, of going
among the basswood and finding them
just roaring or swarming with bees.

I am well satisfied that our farmers
ought to take hold of this thing, and
plant for honey, the same as for other
ci'Ops, and thus make bee-keeping
much more profitable.

Kent, 6 O., Dec. 24, 1887.

BEES AND aRAPES.

The Orape Iudu«try in Ohio,
and the Baltimore Oriole.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY G. A. ADAMS.

One can but laugh at the poor old
man, mentioned on page 803 of the
Bee Journal for 1887, who " lost the
entire products for two years of fifty
vines taken by the bees !" and who
conceived " that the entire gi-ape in-
dustry has been almost entirely killed
in Ohio " by the bees. We must laugh,
for we cannot help it. Such credulity,
such alarm, and such a mighty crop of
grapes ! Fifty vines ! Now the bees
must go !

I wonder what the writer of the
above quotations would think, if he
were to be taken into a township east
of Cleveland, in which are more than
2,000 acres of grapes being planted.
South of here, on the Maumee river, is
one farm that has 20 acres ; another
that has 12, and dozens that have from
1 to 6 acres ; and then the islands near
Sandusky, O., send grapes to Toledo
every fall by the steamboat load.

The Ohio State Horticultural Society
has just held its annual meeting at
Toledo. The opinions of such ob-
servers as Geo. W. Campbell, the Sec-
retary, and other close observers, was
declared to be, that the " Baltimore
oriole" is the "chap" that opens the
most of the gi-apes, doing it before
such wiseacres, as the Iowa man, are
out of bed.

I have a little vineyard of about an
acre, and though there were 50 colo-
nies of bees within 20 rods of it, they
opened not a grape, nor troubled me
in the least. The oriole had "begun its
work before I began picking, and of
course the bees followed it. But the

oriole disappeared as soon as picking
commenced, and I sold over a ton of
grapes from the vineyard.

That does not look as if the indus-
try was destroyed, or even injured bj'
my neighbor's bees. Do send the Iowa
man the facts, before he gets himself
into a world of trouble, for not using
his eyes before he " jumped."

Perrysburg, Ohio.

[Quite often the " ignorant ranting "
of such scribblers as the one referred
to by us on page 803, gets men into
trouble. Such stupid "blundei-s"
have made whole cities blaze from the
torch, have put men and women to
the " rack," have set armies to fighting,
and have often done untold mischief.
It is deplorable, that under the full
blaze of the light of a nearly-completed
" nineteenth century," such opinions
and advice should find place in a pub-
lic journal. The Messenger should
take care and see that its " advice " is
not " carried out," or there maj' be
more " trouble " for it than it expects.
—Ed.]

HIVES AND FRAMES.

Points in Favor of the
Hives and Frames.

Lar^e

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY A. L. LEACH.

Mr. J. M. Hambaugh, in his article
on page 804 of the Bee Journal for
1887, makes .some points in regard to
large frames, to which I wish to add
a little. Lai-ge hives and frames have
their advantages over small ones, in
most good honey-producing localities.
I have been able to get larger returns
from them, and with less labor.

In Mr. Quinby's book, in 1865, he re-
ferred to large hives, non-swarniers, etc.
In 1883 I made four different sizes of
frames from the Langstroth size up to
9Jx20i, of which size I can use the same
number as of the standard Langstroth,
without getting too much stores lodged
in the brood-nest, in the way I use
them. I like this one better than a
deep, square frame which I have used
in the same yard, and which is of about
the same capacity.

I also think that the sectional brood-
chamber is a good small-frame hive,
which I believe will be best in .some
localities, especially where one gets
his returns from a large nimiber of
colonies.

In reply to a question which ap-
peared in the American Bee Journal
about last February, in regard to non-

swarming hives. Dr. Miller said that it
was for me to demonstrate. I am
not quite ready to say that I have found
it, but I expect to do so soon. No doubt
there are many who would like to
know the advantages they have missed
by not knowing all they could do with
a large frame. Let us hear more from
those using large brood-chambers.
Dwight,0 Ills.

cojVvextiox directory.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

Jan. 7.— Susquehanna County, at New Mllford, Pa.
H. M. Seeley, Sec, Hartord, Pa.

Jan. 10.— Cortland Union, at Cortland. N. Y.

R. L. Weaver, Sec., Dryden, N. Y.

Jan. 10, II.— Ontario, at Woodstock, Ont.

W. Couse, Sec.

Jan. 10, 11.— Ohio State, at Columbus. Ohio.

Frank A. Eaton, Sec, Bluffton, O.

Jan. 11.— Nebraska State, at Lincoln, Nebr.

Henry Patterson, Sec, Humboldt, Nebr.

Jan. 17,18.— N.W. Ills. & S. W.Wis.. at Rockford, Ul.
D. A. Fuller. Sec. Cherry Valley, Ills.

Jan. 18, 19.— Vermont State, at BurlinEton, Vt.

R. H. Holmes, Sec, Snoreham, Vt.

Jan. 17-19.— New York State, at Utica, N. Y.

Q. H. Knickerbocker, Sec, Pine Plains, N. Y.

Jan. 20. — Haldimand, at Cayuga, Ontario.

E. C. Campbell, Sec, Cayuga, Ont.

Jan. 25. 26.— N. E. Ohio. Northern Pa. and W. New
York, at Meadville, Pa.

C. H. Coon, Sec, New Lyme, O.

Apr. 24.— Des Moines County, at Burlington, Iowa,
John Nau, Sec, Middletown, Iowa.

t^" In order to hare this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Ed.

' L^ErnERWW^

Bees Wintering W^ell. — Chas. D.
Barber, Stockton, p N. Y.. on Dec. 22,
1887, writes :

My bees are wintering well, and
have plenty of honey. I have them in
the cellar, and a few bees crawled out
of the hives and sipped some cider for
3 or 4 days.

Temperature in a Bee-Cellar.

— H. Hastings, Willapa, p Wa.sh. Ter.,
on Dec. 14, 1887, writes :

Bees did splendidly here the latter
part of the season, several of my colo-
nies storing over 100 pounds of honey
in the sections, and nearly all have
stored honey since July. They h.ave
plenty of stores for winter. I have 57
colonies in a bee-house, double-walled
and packed with sawdust, and it is
too warm for the bees. It is difiicult
to keep the temperature below 50°
above zero. I open the door every
evening and leave it open all night,
and in the morning the temperature
is about 45°. The weather is so warm
that it is difficult to keep the tempera-

TMm MMERICMP* mMm J©^MIfSlLr.

13

ture low enough. Every evening I find
it 500, and sometimes above that. I
have the hous(! well ventilated, tmt the
weather is so warm that it is difflcult
to conti-ol the temperature. What
shall I do ? I think I will put the bees
oMt, if the weather does not change
soon.

[Either the cellar may be cooled by
placing some ice in it, or the bees may
be placed on the summer stands. — Ed.]

.\ddccl many Dollars U> his
Income, etc. — C. Theilmann, Theil-
mauton.o> Minn., on Dec. 19, 1887,
writes thus, when renewing his sub-
scription for 1888 :

I never paid a dollar more cheer-
fully, as you have put many dollars
into my pocket, by advising bee-keep-
eis to wait for good prices for the past
crop. I would probably have sold one-
half of my crop at about 12J cents per
pound, biit I held it, on the strength
of your advice, and sold it for from 15
to 20 cents per pound. Please accept
my thanks.

So far we have bad nice weather,
excepting a couple of cold spells, with
33-3 below zero on one of them, and
about 4 inches of snow ; but the last 24
hours it has been snowing, and is still
at it. Tht! show is about one foot
deep, and 28^ above zero.

An Apieultural Treasure — Geo.
McCormick, Russell, 5 Iowa, on Dec.
26, 1887, says :

I disposed of my bees two years ago,
but I cannot afford to do without the
American Bee Journal. Its attrac-
tive and convenient form, its able edi-
torials, and its vigorous defense of bee-
keeping against the enemy, together
with the masterly discussions of its ex-
cellent correspondents, all go to make
up a paper that is a treasure to pro-
gressive apiarists, and can be read
with profit by all lovers of progress.

How the Bees are Wintering.

—John Nebel & Son, High Hill.oMo.,
on Dec. 28, 1887, writes :

At this date our bees ar(> quietly
resting in the cellar ; they seem to be
in almost a dormant state. The tem-
perature in the cellar has ranged from
35^ to 40° in the past two weeks ; the
temperature out-doors this morning is
6° below zero. The mercury- fell 40^
in 12 hours. We think that bees win-
tering in the cellar will get through
this wnter in a fair condition. The
past season has been so poor that bees
did not make enough to winter on.

especially to winter out-of-doors, with
so few bees and insufficient stores, in
which condition all the colonies were,
that were not heavily fed during
August.

Fully three-foiuths of the bees in
this county died during October and
November, long before cold weather
began. When inquiry is made now as
to how the bees were getting along the
last time when examined, we get the
pitiful answer that they are all dead —
starved ! Witli a great deal of extra
work and feeding- we have now 200
colonies (100 in each cellar) wintering,
that we think will come out in the
spring in good condition. Has the
loss in bees been as great everywhere ?
Will bee-keepers, when sending a re-
port, also please state about what the
losses of bees are in their vicinity ?

Well Provided ^vitli Food. —

W. Addenbrooke, North Prairie, tx Wis.,

on Dec. 29, 1887, writes :

I wintered 130 colonies without the
loss of a single colony, and in the
spring I sold 22 polonies, which left
108. These I increased to 120, which
are now wintering in the cellar, all
well provided with stores from buck-
wheat. Thej- wei-e only able to make
a fair living- until buckwheat blossom-
ed, so that alone saved me a large
amount of feeding. My bees stored
only 200 pounds of white clover honey
in sections. I hope for a better season
the coming year.

Fastening Foundation. — E. F.

Rowe, Granite Falls, p Minn., on Dec.
23, 1887, writes :

To fasten foundation in sections I
cut it the size wanted, fold the sec-
tion, place the foundation in it from
left to right about 1-inch beyond the
saw cut, and hold it firmly with the
left hand. I fasten it with a putty
chisel, or any round, smooth instru-
ment dipped into a saucer of extracted
honey, and rub liglitly at first over the
foundation, and increase the pressure,
rubbing the foun<lation down, up to
and a little beyond the saw cut. I
then bend the foundation to an up-
right position. I think this way is as
quick, and will give as satisfactory re-
sults as any.

Raspberries for Bees. — ^Walter
Harmer, Manistee, -o Mich., writes :

In reply to the query of C. A. Bunch
about raspberries, on page 735 of the
Bee Journal for 1887, I would say
that 1 have cultivated the " Philadel-
phia " for about 5 years, and they have
only winter-killed a little one winter.

and that was the last one. It is a large
purple berry when well ripened, and
for a local market I think it cannot be
surpassed. Bees work on them in
season, and by placing the hives be-
tween them on low stands, they afford
considerable shade.

Itee-Keeping iii Xexas, etc. —

B. F. Carroll, Dresden, d Texas, on
Dec. 20, 1887, writes :

Last year the drouth cut short all
crops, but we got half a crop of honey,
and bees went into winter in good con-
dition. In April I had 50 full colonies
of pure Cyprian bees, and as it was
very dry, I fed a barrel of sugar. The
drouth continued until Aug. 27, when
the great flood of 18 inches of water
fell in eight hours. By this time my
bees were very weak, many queeuless,
no drones, and not 5 pounds of honey
per colony. Many colonies dwindled
away, and now I have 30 colonies.

I sold 4 colonies for $40, and for 10
queens, $10. I fed 300 pounds of
sugar at 7 cents a pound, $21, and I will
have to feed 300 pounds more as soon
as Jan. 15. Corn averaged 10 bushels
per acre ; wheat 5 bushels ; oats 10
bushels, and cotton one-sixth of a bale.
I have lived here for 40 years, and this
year has been nearer a complete failure
"than any other. It will be " nip and
tuck " for many of us farmers to make
another crop.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

J^~ The DeB Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will liold its next meeting on April 24, 1888, at
Burlington, Iowa. JOHN NATJ, Sec.

Z^" The annual convention of the Vermont State
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at the Van
Ness House, in Burlington, Vt., on the Jan. 18 and
19, 1888. R. H. Holmes, Sec.

tW The Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association will
hold its annual meeting at Woodstock, Ontario, on
Tuesday and Wednesday, Jan. 10 and 11, 1888.

W. C0U8K, Sec.

CF~ The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Aasociar
tion will meet at the Court House in Bldora, Iowa,
on the second Saturday in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. BnCHANAN, See.

t^~ The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will hold their annual meeting at Cortland, N.
T.. on Tuesday, Jan. 10, 1888, for the election of
ofQcers and to transact such husiness as may come
before the meeting. All bee-keepers are invited.
R. L. Weaver, See.

ZW The Susquehanna County Bee-Keepers' As-
sociation will meet at New Milford, Pa., on Jan.
7, 1888. Subjects for discussion : " The Best Way
to Prevent Swarming," and " Is It Advisable to
Italianize Colonies ?" All bee-keepers are cordially
nvited. H. M. Seeley, See.

Z^~ The annual meeting of the Northwestern
Illinois and Southeastern Wisconsin Bee-Keepers'
Association will be held in G. A. R, Hall, corner of
State & North Main Sts.. in Rocktord. His., on Jan,
17 and 18, 1888. Dr. Miller will be present, and a
good Drogramme is in course of preparation.
* D. A. FtTij:.BR, ate.

J^" The Northeastern Ohio. Northern Pennsyl-
vania and Western New York Bef-Keopers' Associa-
tion will hold its ninth annuiil convention in the
Commercial House Parlor, in Meadviile, Penn., on
Wednesday and Thursday, January 25 and 26,1888.
Reduced hotel rates have been secured.

C. U. COON. Sec.

14

Tmm mTmmmicMM ' mmm jo^mMMi*.

^*-^*-^-*-^--*-^-^

^usiwtss ^otkes.

OCR CLUBBING LIST.

We supply tbe American Bee Journal

one year, and any of the following publica-
tions, at the prices quoted in the last column
of flgures. The first column ^ves the regu-
lar price of both. All postage prepaid.

PHctofboth. Olub

The American Bee Journal 100..

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00.. 175

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50 . . 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150.. 140

The Apiculturist 2 00 . . 1 80

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00. . 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer...! 40,. 130
The 7 above-named papers 5 40. . 5 50

and Cook's Manual 2 25. . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman). ..200.. 175
Binder for Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60.. 150
Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth) ... 3 00 . . 2 00
Boot's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25. . 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 . . 2 20

Simmons' Non-Swarming. ...150.. 1*25

Western World Guide 1 50.. 1 30

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 1 50 1 40

A Tear Among the Bees 1 75 . . 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 150.. 130

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00. . 1 75

Iowa Homestead 200.. 190

One yearly subscription for the American
Bee JotTRNAX. must be ordered with each
paper or book, in order to take advantage
of the prices named in the last column.

We pay 20 cents per pound, delivered
here, for good Yellow Beeswax. To avoid
mistakes, the shipper's name should always
be on each package.

■We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant seed
at the following prices : One ounce, 40 cts ;
4 ounces, $1 ; H pound, $1.75 ; 1 lb., $3. One
pound of seed is sufBcient for half an acre,
if properly thinned out and re-set.

Sweet Clover, (Melilotus alba), furnishes
the most reliable crop of honey from July
until frost, and at the same time it furnishes
the most delicious honey, light in color, and
thick in body. It may be sown In waste
places, fence corners, or on the roadside,
at any time of the year.

Sow two years running, on the same land,
and the honey crop will be without inter-
mission. Money invested In Sweet Clover
Seed will prove a good investment. The
Seed may be obtained at this office at the
following prices: $6.00 per bushel (60 lbs.);
$1.75 per peck, or 20 cents per pound.

Yucca Brusbes are employed for re-
moving bees from the combs. They are a
soft, vegetable fiber, and do not irritate the
bees. We can supply them at 5 cents
each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if sent'; by mail,
add 1 cent each for postage-

Bed Isabels for one-pound pails of
hobey, size 3x4Vi inches. — We have now
gotten up a lot of these Labels, and can
supply them at the following prices : 100
for $1.00 ; 250 for $1.50 ; 500 for $2.00 ; 1,000
for $3.00 ; all with name and address of
apiarist printed on them— by mail, postpaid.

Honey and Beeswax Market.

CHICAGO.

HONKY.— We quote : White clover 1-lb. sections
I8@20c.; 2-lbs., 16Cfl;18c.; dark 1-lbB. 17@18c.: 2-bls.
15@16c. Extracted, flrm at 7@10c., depending
upon the quality, and style of package. Dark. ^
or 3 cts. below above quotations. Receipts light
and demand fair.

BEBSWAX.-22@ci3c.

Dec. 20. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 S. Water St,

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— Prices range from 18(gi20c. for best
grades, with light demand : 2-lb. sections. 15@16c.
Dark Is not wanted. E.\tracted Is steady at7@10c..
according to style of package.

BBB8WAX,— 200230. K. A. BURNETT.

Dec. 7. 161 South Water St.

DETROIT.
HONEY.— Best white in 1-lb. sections, 19@2oc.
Extracted, ll(9l2c. Demand brisk
BBB8WAX.-2I@23c.
Dec. IS. M. U. HONT, BeU Branch, Mich.

CDEVEi,AND.
HONEY.- Bestwhlte 1-lbs. sections sell at 19020
cts. Extracted, 76ii^c. Demand small.
BEESWAX.— 22(aj25c.
Dec. 15 A. C. KBNDBL,, 115 Ontario St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white in 1-lb. sec-
tions, 16@l9c.; the same in 2-lbs.. 14@16c.; buck-
wheat 1-lbs., Il(ail2c.; 2-lb8., 10®llc. Off grades
i@2c. per lb. less. White extracted, 8@9c. Mar-
ket dull.
BEESWAX.— 22®23c.

MCCAUL & HILDRBTH BROS.,
Dec. 20. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— Wequote; Choice white 1-lbs., 18®20c.;
dark, ifi@i8c.: choice white 2-lbs., i>*c.: dark. 15 to
16c. Extracted, white, in 60-lb. tin cans. 9c. ; In
barrels, 8c. : dark, in barrels, 5@6c. California 2-
Ib. white comb. 18c.; dark, 16c.- Extracted, white,
m 60-lb. cans, 8@9c.: amber, 8c.

BEESWAX. —No. 1,2UC.; No. 2. 16®lSc.
Dec. 19. CLBMONS.CLOON & CO., cor 4th&Walnut

ST. LOOTS.

HONEY.— Choice comb, 18®20c.; latter price for
choice white clover in good condition. Strained,
In barrels, Sfi/ec. Extra fancy, of bright color
and In No. 1 packages, ^-cent advance on above.
Extracted. In bbls., 6^<5.7c.! in cans, 7 to 9c.—
Short crop Indicates further advance in prices.

BEESWAX.— 2UC. for prime.

Dec. 19. D. G. TUTT & CO., Commercial St.

CINCINNATI

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4'§9c. per lb-
Choice comb, I6@2nc., in the jobbing way. The
demand for extracted exceeds arrivals, and for
comb the demand is tame.

BEESWAX.— Demand good— 2n®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Dec. 12. C. F. MuTH & Sun. IiYeeman & Central Av.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote ; Fancy white i-Ib. sections,
17(a*i9c.: fancy 2-lbs., ir^CiiiGc. Lower grades l@2c.
per lb. less. Buckwheat i-lbs., Il@i2c.; 2-lbs., 10®
lie. Extracted, white. 9®l0c.; buckwheat. 6@7c.

Demand has slackened some, and to make sales
we must shade above prices. About Jan. 15 we ex-
pect a more active demand.
Dec.31. F.G.STKOHMEYBB&CO., 122Water8t

PHILADELPHIA.

HONEY.- Fancy white l-lbs.. 18®i9c.; fair 1-lbs
17c. : dark l-lbs. are slow sale at I4@l5c. ; fancy 2-
Ibs., white. I5<!?)16c. : buckwheat fancy 1-lbs., 13@14
cte.: common, 12c. Prices tend downward.

BEES W AX.-23®-24c.

Dec. 11. ARTHUR TODD. 2122 N. Front St.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white 1-lbs.. 20c.; fair, 19®2''c.:
2-lb8., 18@19c.; 3-lbs., 16®18c. White extracted in
kegs or half-barrels, 9^(S9^cr, in pails or cans. 9M
to lOc; amber.in iii-barrels. 9M@9i^c.: dark in kegs
and barrels. 7@7?-ac. Demand good, supply fair.

BEESWAX.-22&2.ic.

Dec. 15. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote: White to extra, 15®iac ;
amber, 10@13c. Extracted, white liquid, 7®7>^c.;
amber and candied, 5'';(S6>gc. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.- 2iK5.24t-.
Dec. 24. SCHACHT & LBMCKB, 122-124 Davis Bt

BOSTON.

HONKY.- New crop, 1-Ib. sections, 18@20c.; 2-
Ib. sections. 17®I8c. Extracted. 6®8c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are only fair.

BEES WAX.— 25 cts. per lb.
Dec. 10. Blakb & RiPLET, 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONET.—We quote : White comb. 17®19c.; am-
ber, I2M®]5c. Light amber to white extracted,
7^@Sc.r amber, dark and candied, 65i@7Mc. Mar-
ket firm and stocks light.

BEESWAX.- 22®23c.

Dec. 12. O. B. SMITH 4 CO., 423 Front 8t.

Only One Book of History with every
club subscription to the American Bee
JOURNAI, and New York World, is all that
we can offer. The book is worth the whole
money to be sent, and then you may con-
sider the other two papers as a free gift.

gidwertisjemjewts.

IHA'VE 1 to 86 COLONIES of ITALIAN BEES in
good condition, for Sale or Exchange. Size of
frames, llMxllH,9Mxl75|, 10x15 in. Size of Nucleus
frames as above. Can ship when weather permits.
OTTO Kleinow, Detroit, Mich,, (Op. Ft. Wayne Gate).

oGnd lb uBntS Year among the Bees:"
114 pages, cloth bound. Address,

DR. C. C. !?ni.I.ER,

20Atf MARENGO, ILLS.

Dadant'sFonndation Factory, wliolesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

THE BEE-KEEPERS'

REVIEW.

ABOUT Jan. 10, 1888, we shall begin
the publication of a 16-page monthly
having the above title.

As indicated by its name, one of Its dis-
tinctive features will be the reviewing of
current apicultural literature. Errors and
fallacious ideas will be faithfully but court-
eously pointed out, while nothing valuable
will be passed unnoticed. But few articles
will be copied entire, but the Ideas will be
extracted, given in the fewest words possi-
ble, and commented upon when thought
advisable.

Another feature will be that of making
each number, to a certain extent.what might
be termed a" special "number. For instance
a large share of the correspondence, edito-
rials and extracts of the first number will be
devoted to the subject of, "Disturbing Bees
in Winter."

Our own apiary will, hereafter, be largely
experimental, and of this our readers will
have the benefit.

The price of the REVIEW will be 50 cts.
per year : and while we have not the slight-
est objection to receiving subscriptions in
advance, our only request is, that each one
interested will send his address, and allow
Uncle Sam to hand him a copy of the first
issue as soon as it is printed.

TUe Prodactlon of Comb Honey,

A neat little book of 45 pages, price 25 cts.
The BeTleTT and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

Address,
.50Atf

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

FLINT, MICHIGAN.

SELF-INKING RUBBER-STAMP.
2,000

Impressions for in cts.
Will lust a life-time.
It prints Envelopes.
Letter - Heads, Postal
Cards, Sections, Cloth-
ing—everything. Your
name, occupation and
address, with the ma-
chine and a bottle of
ink. bymail,for»l.0O.
Extra H bottles of ink
for 12 cts Show this
adv't to your friends.
Send me an order for
in Stamps,* get your
own free. Read what
Edit()r Newman says
of this Stamp on pase
.■)47. Afients wanted.
Send for Catalogue
and terms. Address,

GEOiTiHAMMUNUi TaB"uiDaET.'

BBOCKPORT, Monroe <\\. S. Y. 2fiEtl

Tmm mfmrnmiGMM w-mm jQ/wmMmi^.

15

Warranted Seed.

I have founded

my bnsinuss on
the belief tliiu
[inhlic are anxious to get their Bend directly from the
grower, KHlsing a large proportion of my seed enables
"to warrant Its freshnesB and purity, as see my Vege-
table and Flower Seed Catalogue for 1888, FRKE
forcTery son and ditughter of Adam, It la
liberally illuetrated wilii engravings made directly
from photographs of vegetables grown on my seed

Besides an Immense variety ofstandard seed, you

will find in It some valuable new vegetables not found in

;iiiv other catalogue. As the original introducer of the

Eclipse Beet, Burbank an<l Early Ohio Potatoes, Hubbard

uash, Deenhead Cabbage, Cory Corn, and a score of other

valuable vegetables, I invite the patronage of the publir.

JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass.

NOTICE.

BEE-HIVES and SUPPLIES,

ECTIONS, T ■ Tin Cases and Shipping:-
Crates, Bee - Smokers and Metal Corners,
Honey-Extractors and Honey-Knives.
t^~ Send lor Price-List.

B. J. miLiI^lER & CO..
49D4t NAPPANEE, INDIANA.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Friends, If vou are in rtny way tnlerested In

BEES OR HONEY

We will with pleasure send a sample copy of the
Semi - Monthly Oleanlnfra In Bee - Culture.

with a descriptive price-list of the latest improve-
ments in HlTeH* Honey £x:tractoi's. Comb
Foundittlon, Section Honey Boxes, all books
and Journals, and everything pertaining to Bee
Culture. Nothing Patented. Simply send your ad-
dress ivrittin plainly, to

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

immmnm

-^-;yi

' £/^'0/^AV£fiiS Tool's &/uPPLIE^. ^
Mention the American Bee Journal.

Patent Flat-Bottom Comb Foundation

.High Side Walls, 4 to 14 square
n.-...vi...v.iJ feet to the pound. Wholesale and
l^^^gM Retail. Circulars and Samples free
i»¥~*v,«l j_ yj^p, DEUSEN Sc SONS,

(SOLE MANDTACTUBEBS),

lAtf SPROUT BROOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.
^ilention'ihc American Bee journal.

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery.

KeadwhatJ.I.PARENTiof
Charlton, N.Y., says— "We
cut with one of your Com-
bined Machines, last winter
50 chaff hives with 7-in. cap,
l(X> honey-racks, 500 broad
frames, 2,000 honey-boxes
and a preat deal of other
work. This winter we have
double the amount of bee-
hives, etc., to make and we
expect todo itwiththisSaw.
Itwill do all you say itwill."
Catalogue and Price - List
Free. Address, W. F. & JOHN BARNES,

45Ctf No. 484 Ruby St., Rockford, III.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

HEAD-QUARTERSINTHE SOUTH.

FACTORY OF

BEE HIVES, <&;C.

Early Nuclei ic Italian Qneeiis.

IV Ninth annual Catalogue now ready.
ftCtf J»A Wl. t. VI AU.ON, Bayou Gtonla, La
Mention the American Bee Juumal.

J. FORNCROOK & CO.,

MANUFACTCHEBS OF THE

"BOSS" One -Piece SECTIONS,

[ M

■?*it'ino,

Patented June 28, 1881.

WILL furnish you, the coming season, ONE-
PIECE SECTIONS as cheap as the cheapest.
gy Write for prices.

Watertown. Wis., Oct. 25. 1887.

Mention the A mcrican Bee Journal.

A NEW BOOK

ON

Full of new ideas and
valuable iiiloruiation

Atthough actually worth
many dollars to growers, a
copy will be mailed free to
uny person who will send
1 stamps and the address
of three or more extensive
Cabbage, Cauliflower or
Celery growers. Address
Isaac F. Tilliug^bast,
52A4t I^aPliiiiief I^ack'a Co., Pa.

MentUm the American Bee Jiturnal.

GA66A6E

AND

CELERY.

Dadaiits' Foundation Factory, wUolesale

iiDd retail. See ailvertiseraent in another column'

t^~ II' yon n^lsb -to obtalu tbe

Hlgliest Price for Honey this

Season, nrlte to Headquarters,

122 Water-street, New York,

F. G. STROHmEYER & CO.,

Wholesale Honey Merchants.

MentfUm the American Bee Journal. •

:WA26t

The American Apiculturist.

—SAMPLE COPIES FKBE I—
Address, HENRY AI^LEY,

47Atf WENHAM, Essex Co. MASS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

BEE KEEPERS

Should send for my circu-
lar. It describes the best
Hives, the best Cases, the
best Feeders and the best
Methods. Address,

J. M. SHlJcK,

I>ES 3IOIXES, IOWA.

Mention the American Bee J<mmal.

BEE

lAly

-KEEPJEKS' Supplies, Queens, Nuclei,

Gerrann Carp, Small Fruit Plants. &c. Send

_ for Catalogue. -E.T. Flanagan, Belleville. lU.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

FOR SALE.

31 HORSE-POWER Uprig^ht Eng-lne and
■Z Boiler, with :i Pulleys, i Belts and 16-foot
Shaft. Only In use two seasons. Almost as
good as new ; with valves, cocks, eteam-g-auffe,
20-foot smoke-stack and Hancock's injector.
All completed. Will take $160 cash, on board
the cars at Kno.wille, Iowa. Cost when new,
$2.37.50. For particulars enquire of

J. W. BIT'I'EINBENDER,
IDtf KNOXVILLE, IOWA.

Mention the American Bee .journal.

Am Buys our luIST HAKNKSS, worth at retail <>rtr,
W I L Sent to cNiiinine ami return at our ex- «Pi.v
.XI ni"-""?. CataloBue free. CHICltiO HAKNtSS CO.,
\ll V Wliolesuk' .Mrit., 376 Wabnsli Ave., Chicago, 111.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another eolumn.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See udverliseiuent in another column. „

Bee-Keepers'Cards.A^So^''^l

tiful 8-eolor ChromoCard, we have plain designs.—
Fancy Cards, Stationery, Monograms tor Business
and AmuBeraent, for old and young, at astonishing
low prices. Circulars free. Package 25 Cards 10c.
Neat pacl\age cards and sample honey-candies 15c.

Address J. H. MAKTIK'.

4Aly HARTFORD. Washington Co., N.Y.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

SAMPLE

FREE

You h&ve no idea what a nice
Bee Magazine we publish.
Why n ot send fora Sample?

Not being connected with a sup-
ply business we have no ax to
grind. BI:E KEEPER'S MAGA-
ZIXE, Barrytowm, N. Y.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Muth^s Honey Extractor,

Perfection Cold-Blast Smokers,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS, etc.

For Circulars, apply to

CHA8. r. MVTH A SON,

Freeman 4 Central Aye., - CINCINNATI, O.
P.B.— Send lOo. for Practical Hints to Bee-Keepere

BEE-KEEPERS' 6DIDE;

Or, MASriTAI. OF THB API^JCT.

iS.OOO SOLD SINCE 1876.

7,000 Sold Since May, 1883.

More than 5(i pages, and more than 50 Sne Ulna-
tratlons were added In tbe 8th edition. The whole
work has been thoroughly revised, and contains the
very latest in respect to bee-lieeping. It is certainly
tbe fullest and most scienlltlc work treating of
bees in the World. Price, by mel!.»l.«5. Liberal
dlsooant to dealers and to clubs.

A. J. COOK, Author and PabUaber.
1 Aiy Agricultural College, Mich.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

LOOK HERE! DON'T REAO THIS,

UNliESS you are engaged in producing
honey. It will pay you to send for my
1888 P1JI<'.E-I<1ST. It tells of something-
valuable. If you wish to have your honey
crop in the best shape for market, do not fail
to send me your address (written plainly) on a
postal card. .V. m. UAINDER,
ICtf (Bo.x .'i91). ADKIAN, MICH.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL

AND BEE-EEEFEB'S ADVI8EB,

IS published every-week, at IDs. lOd. per
annum. It contains the best practioa
information for the apiarist. It is edited by
Thomas Wm. Cowan, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., etc.,
and published by John Huckle, Kinp's Latiir-
ley, Herts. England.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Dadants' Fuiiiidatioii Factory, nliolesale

and retail. See advertlBenient in another column.

^TANTJARY PRICES.

Price List.

U carties who are wanting a QUANTITr
of Goods, or Dealers wishing to stock up for
the season of 1888. will send on a list of
about what they want, I will be pleased to
name lowest prices.

SECTIONS, planed on both sides,
unless otherwise ordered.

Remember that my Goods are noted the
world over for fine quality and workmanship.

fS~ Try me and be convinced I

W. T. FALCONER.

Jamestown, N. Y.,

Manufactu'r & Dealer In full line Apiarian Supplies.
'■^'^^ Mention the American Bee Journal.

I IT - — - j>t^*<fcAJ

isss.
NEW HIVE

CIRCULAR

ADDRESS,

JAMES HEDDON,

DOWAGIAC, MICH.
r None mailed unless ordered. .^

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Tbe Orlslnal

BDrOHAU

Bee Smoker

DiDANT'S FOUNDATION

Is attested by hundreds of the most practical and
disinterested bee-keepers to be the cleanest,
brUhtest, quickest accepted by the bees, least apt
to •ag,mo8t rsKular In color, evenness and neatness
of any that is made. It is kept for sale by Messrs.

TH08 a NEWMAN * SON, Chicago, lU.,

C. F. MUVH, Clnclanatl, O.,
JAMBS IIKDDON, Uowaglac, Mich..

r 1, DOCUHKRTY, Indianapolis. Ind..

CHA8. E. GREKN, Waukesha, Wis.,

CHA8. HERTKIj, Jr., Freeburg. 11 .,

B. L. ARMSTKONO, Jerseyrille.lll.,

AJthur Tr.dd. 21-22 North Front 8t.,Phlladelphl».

K. KBK'l'CHMKK, Coi-urg. Iowa.

KZRA BAKR, Dixon, Lee <Jo., HI.

M. J. DK'KASON, Hiawatha, kans.

KD R. NEWCOMB, Pleasant Valley, N. Y.

J. W. POHTBR, rharlottesville, Va. „„. ^

J B MASON & SON, Mechanic Falls, Maine.

Dr. G. L. TINKER, New Philadelphia, O.

D. A. FULLER. Cherry Valley, Ills.

JOB NT8EVVANDEB. DesMoines, Iowa.

ASPINW.VLL & TRE ADWBLL, Barr5aown,N.Y.

BaStON, FORSGARD & BARNES, WaCO, Tex.

W. K. CLARK Oriskany. N. Y.

G. B. LEWIS & CO.. Watertown. Wis.

PAUL L. VI ALLON, Bayou Goula. La.

B.J. MILLER * CO.,Nappanee, Ind.

BLBBRT F. SMITH, Smyrna, N. Y.

J MATTOC.N, and W.J.8TRATTON. Atwater, O.

OLIVER FOSTER. Mt. Vernon, Iowa.

SMITH & GOODBLL, Rock Falls. Ills,
and nnmbers of other dealers. Write tor S^PLBS
FREE and Prlc-'-Llst of Supplies^ acconipanled
with 150 COMrl.IME«TAKY and tTN-
aollciTEB TESTIMOJOAI-S from as
many bee-keepers hi i«85. "We uuBi-ontee
JVery Inch ef oar Foundation equal to
sample In eTery reapect.

CH.&.S. BABANT as SOJT,

5^ly HAMILTON. Hancock Co., ILL.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

a

°S5'

A NEW ENGINE.

(Entirely New Invention.)

WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT

OF POWER AND SPEED !

GREAT ECONOMY OF FUEL.

Patented, 1878

? I.

1 ? 2 *

■^ 9 M ..

94 1

as -2 s
fSszf

4f&ai|

oSSSoS

IS. I.

Bingham & Hetherington Uncapping Knife.

Patented May 20, 1879.

J. FORNCKOOK & CO.,

MANUFACTURERS OV THE

"BOSS" ONE-PIECE SECTIONS,

t:z=::l^i]^3ZIII

BINGHAin SMOKERS and KPrtVKS
have Bevolutionized the Smoker and
Knife Trade, and have made hee-keeplng »
pleasure and a success. They are the only
lasting and satisfactory Suckers and
Knives now used by experienced bee-keepera
in Europe, Australia, Cuba, and America.
They are covered by patents, and while they
are always the best that can be made, they
are also the loisrest priced.

Prices, by mail, post-paid.

Doctor smoker (wide shield).. Scinch. .
Conqueror smokor(wide shield) 3 " ..
Large smoker (wide shield) — 2H " ■■
Extra smoker (wide shield) — 2 " . .

Plain smoker 2 " ..

Little Wonder smoker IX

Bingham & Hetherington Honey Knife,
2 Inch

$2 00
176
160
126
100

116

TO SELL AGAIN, apply for dozen or half-
dozen rates. Address,

BESGHAM & HETHEBINGTON,

SAtf ABRONIA, MICH.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Patented June 28, 1881.

WILL, furnish you. the coming season, ONE-
PIECE SECTIONS as cheap as the cheapest.
1^ Write for prices.

Watertown, Wis., Oct. 25, 1887.

^^Thos.G. Newman & Son. of Chicago, sell
the one-piece Sections manufactured by us.
Mention the American Bee Jourrml.

$500

BARGAIN : (^ar-load Bees and Supplies.
Only $250 Cash. Speak quick I

O. N. BALDWIN, Clarksvllle, Mo.

■k SUPPLY DEALERS

^"^^SSlSSSSi ' A ND OTHERS should write to me for

AND OTHERS should write to me for
Special Prices on BEE - SCPPIilKS

for this fall and winter.
pw A heavy Diseonnt allowed.

Address, A.. IF- STA.TTrFT'-ETt,

44Dtf STERLING, ILLINOIS.

2lf«ntio»i the American Bee Journal

NO high - priced Engineers are required
Any person can manage it. No angular
push, or dead center. Friction almost en-
tirely overcome. it Is tUe most compact
Ensine ever Invented. It Is perlectly
eoverned. We also warrant it to attain a
blgber speed and develop more power
with less fuel than any Engine m use.

Manufactured at the Cedar Rapids High
Speed Engine Works, of Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
^r" Send for a Circular. Address,

HENRV KICKEIi, Pres.,
44Atf CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

G. 6. LEWIS i GO.

WE make the best Bee - Hives, the best
Sections, the best Shipping - Crates, the
best Frames, etc., etc.
|^~ We sell them at the Lowest Prices.—
Write for free Illustrated Catalogue.

O. B. X.E3^A7"IS <te CO.,
37Atf WATERTOWN. WIS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Nothing Succeeds Like Success.

IH A V B made a success ot producing
Comb Honey tor the past 9 years. My
little pamphlet - " How I Raise Comb
Houey "—briefly tells how I do It By "nail
5 cents. My Price-List of SUPPLIES, for
1888, free. Address,

GEO. E. HII.TON,
51Atf FREMONT, MICH.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

The Chapman Honey - Plant.

PRICE OF THE SEED:

4 Ounces $100

10 " 2.00

1 Pound 3.00

Larger quantities by Express at Reduced
Price. Sow very early in the spring or late
in the fall. It vegetates In a low tempera-
ture. I have twelve acres that will bloom
next snring. I shall sow two acres this fall.
It is a success I H. CHAPiMAN,

44C4t V ERSAILLES, N. T.

JTJST PXTBLISHM),

"PRACTICAL TURKEY RAI?INC"

Bv Fannv Field. This book tel'5^.^'
about turkey rai«nR, from the serting
of the egBs to the maturity of the young
tarks If you fol.ow the directions in
Sis i)cck ^yo.i need rot loee a bir^
^^--^t- Fanny Field has had more expenenoe
and «iccS better \^rSTtZ^X Tit^
i;^^:??o*n^t» wfii^gowshcdoesit^gj^

9Ctf

T'MM mfmmmicMM mmm jmiammmi^.

19

THOUAS a. ITEWUAIT, Editor.

VoLIEV. Jan. 11,1888. No. 2.

FloTrt'ers.— Just as the cold wave
struck Cliicago last week, we received by
mail a nice bouquet of flowers from Louisi-
ana—from our friend J. W. Winder, we
expect. He usually does some such things.
Welcome.

Mr. X. W. Co-waii, in a recent letter
to us from Switzerlaiid,his winter residence,
remarks as follows concernmg the weather
there :

We are in the midst of winter, but as yet
we have had no snow, and the temperature
is very mild, and more like spring than
winter. 1 am afraid our Canadian tobog-
gans will not be of much use here, but the
children go half-an-hour's walk from here,
up on higher ground, where there is plenty
of snow and skating.

Then, in reference to the re-organization
of the " North American Bee-Keepers' So-
ciety," and of his being elected a member
thereof, he adds :

I see that you brought up the question of
organization at the convention, and that
you liave proposed to organize your Society
on the same lines as ours, and that the
" rules " you propose are a modification of
ours. We have found them to work well,
and at the present time we could not better
them. If there is any information you wish
at any time about them, 1 shall be pleased
to give it.

I have also seen the resolution passed by
your Society, making me an honorary mem-
ber. I am very much obliged to the mem-
bers for doing so, and have written to Dr.
Mason, asking him to convey my thanks, as
he is the newly elected President.

The official notification sent by the Sec-
retary, Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson, had not
reached Mr. Cowan when he wrote the
above. The letters passed one another in
the mails. The cordial feeling existing be-
tween the apiarists of the two Continents,
is a matter for congratulation, and we trust
it may long continue. We have a lively in-
terest in both Continents— being born in
one and reared in the other.

" Are tlie Bees ©iir Frieiuls ?"—

This is the subject assigned to Mr. Eugene
Secor, for discussion at the annual meeting
of the Iowa Horticultural Society at Des
Moines, on Thursday of next week. We all
expect something good from our friend
Secor, and we have no doubt this will be
" extra good." We shall present it to our
readers as soon as that meeting is over.

, Only a F"«>-*r complete volumes of the
Bi'.E JotTKNAL for 1887 are left, and those
of^our new subscribers who want to secure
them should send for them at once. We
supply the numbers for 1887 and 1888 for
$1.75 until all of the former are gone.

We Understaiitl that an effort is
being made to have the United States Gov-
ernment include in its free distribution of
seeds, the celebrated Chapman Honey
Plant. Certainly bee-keepers should reap
some benefit in this way as well as other
avocations. We hope to hear of the success
of the effort. Mr. Chapman has harvested
38 bushels of the seed, and the Government
should scatter at least that much, and thus
assist the pursuit, the same as It does others.

Foul Brood is a dire calamity where-
ever it makes its appearance. Our friend,
Mr. A. I. Root, says he has spent nearly a
thousand dollars in^xperimenting_in order
to eradicate it. He admits that what we
have often advised (viz : a total destruction
of the hives, bees, etc.) would have been
cheaper and more satisfactory. Many others
have found out by experience tliat this
would have saved them money as well as
much annoyance. If the larva is elastic
and ropy it is a sure indication of foul
brood. This is a sure test, but the odor is
not to be relied upon, for there is one kind
of the disease that is known as "odorless
foul brood."

Horticulture and Bee!i>. — At the

recent meeting of the Ohio State Horticul-
tural Society there was nothing in the pro-
gramme about bees, and Dr. A. B. Mason
gave them a good stirring up about it, by
calling attention to the benefit " our pets "
are to the horticulturist. We shall have
proper recognition at the next annual meet-
ing. Dr. Mason enjoys the " stirring up of
their minds" to the importance of the
industry.

Xlie Krsiiucr Bees.— The " Bienen
Zeituug" contains an article from Herr
Michael Auibrozic, of Moistrana, Krain,
Austria, on the Krainer bees. The writer
is a very t>nthusiastic admirer of that
variety, and gives some information con-
cerning it in its native home. From his
article we give the following extract :

The profits of the apiary in Germany and
Austria, are estimated to be 45 per cent, on
the capital invested. But bee-culture de-
pends largely upon the hardiness of the race
of bees, and their propensity to gather
honey. Krainer bees, in these respects,
must be preferred. The rough climate of
our mountainous country has made our bees
a hardy race, for they have been hemmed
in by mountains for centuries. Our bees fly
in dark and cool weather, and suffer very
little from diarrhea and other spring mal-
adies. The rich mountain meadows and
forests of Krain, with their profusion of
bloom, animate our bees in the spring, and
we often find them flourishing in Slarch and
April, breeding early, and beginning early
to swarm.

My apiary is situated but m miles from
the mountain Triglav, which is 9,000 feet
above the level of the sea, and its north side
is covered with eternal fields of ice, but for
all that my hardy Krainer bees visit the
herl)s on the rocks in March and April,
showing that they will succeed in any coun-
try, for they are used to rapid changes of
temperature, and I can recommend them for
importation to any country. Our bees are
preverbially kind and gentle.

A correspondent who received a colony
direct from Herr M. Ambrozic, says that
" these bees are great beauties, being nearly
black, with white stripes— the white being
probably due to hairs, as they all seem to be
young bees." About the hive in which
they came from Krain, he says :

The hive to me is a curiosity, being made
of tough, hard, rough boards,about 24 inches
long inside, 14 inches wide, and 5 inches
deep ; top and bottom nailed with odd-
looking hand-made nails, wooden pegs and
wire nails ; no frames inside ; combs had
been built diagonally, and were filled with
dark-colored, thick, rich honey, about 20
pounds. It was quite a task to open this
hive, but I did it, and found the Krainers
lively, good natured, and so fond of honey
that they all soon had their fill.

Their flight seems to be very strong, and
I am inclined to think them large as com-
pared with the Italians. It seemed odd
enough to see these mountain bees flying
very freely, with the mercury at 45°, when
not a wing was to be seen about my other
hives.

Meadville, Pa.— The committee ap-
pointed at the last convention of the East-
ern Ohio, Western Pennsylvania and West-
ern New York Bee-Keepers' Association,
which met at Andover, Ohio, last January,
met and arranged to have the ninth annual
convention held in Meadville, Pa., on the
35th and 26th of this month.

Concerning- Books for bee-keepers,
the " Southern Farm " remarks as follows
about two books published at this office :

" Bees and Honey," by Thos. G. Newman,
well-nigh embraces every particular about
bee-keeping, which, if followed out, cannot
fall to lead to great success in the apiary.

"A Year Among the Bees," by Dr. C. C.
Miller, is one of those pleasant books that
often go further to help to attain to success
than a more complete manual. This work
is replete with information regarding the
necessary implements, plans, etc., of a com-
plete apiary, and gives the results of 25
years' experience in bee-keeping.

I^ook Over last year's numbers of the
Bee Jouhxal, and if any are missing,
send for them at once, as we have but few
left now, and they are daily becoming less.

20

Tmm MMMKicMH mmm j@iikh.mi<.

^^~^^.^.-.^-j>^..^» ^^^-^> — »^>.»>^^>«.A^.».^*»«»«^»^*^*<

XH05IAS W. COWAN, ESQ.

Dr. A. B. Mason, President of the North
American Bee-Keepers' Society, wrote us
as follows ou Jan. 3, 1S88 : " Yesterday I
received the following from Mr. Thos. W.
Cowan. Please insert in the Amekican
Bee Joubnal."

8 Avenue de la Gare, Lausanne,

Switzerland, Dec. 17, 1887.

Dear Sib -.—I see by the American Bee
Joubnal that your Association has elected
me an honorary member; therefore, 1
should be glad if you, as President, would
convey from me the message that " 1 am ex-
tremely obliged for the honor conferred
upon me by the North American Bee-Keep-
ers' Society, in electing rae,by an unam
mous vote, an honorary member of the
Society. 1 shall henceforth as a member
take even a more lively interest in the wel-
fare and progress of the Society than form-
erly, and more particularly as I have be-
come personally acquainted with some of
its leading members." .... 1 read with much
interest the proceedings at your convention,
and regretted not being able to be present.
Yours truly, Thos. W. Cowan.

To Dr. A. B. Mason.

President Mason has sent us the follow-
ing responsive letter for publication :

I am sure we all feel that in honoring Mr.
Cowan by electing him as an honorary
member of our Society, we honored our-
selves, and were glad of so good an oppor-
tunity to show him, in a feeble measure,
the high esteem in which he is held by the
bee-keepers of America.

We should have been glad to have had
Mr. Cowan with us at the annual conven-
tion at Chicago, so that we could have had
the opportunity, in a more demonstrative
way, to have shown him what a cordial
greeting we could have given him. it would
have been a rare treat to have had him, m
his pleasant and inimitable way describe to
us the wonderful things his powerful micro-
scope would have shown us. The brief,
but enjoyable visit I had with hrm, is set
down as one of the bright spots in my life ;
and the very fine photograph of himself
that was enclosed in his letter, will be a
constant reminder of the visit to our land,
of one of England's best and noblest men.
A. B. Mason,
Pres. N. A. B. K. Society.

P s _As the American Bee Jouenal
and the "Canadian Bee Journal" are the
only weekly bee-journals published, I send
the above to tlieni only, requesting other
apicultiural papers to copy same.— A. B. M.

Putting Bees into Cellars.—

It has become quite common to give bees
a flight during some warm spell in winter.
To take them from the cellar and return
them requires care, and some may inad-
vertently cause much damage by not know-
ing just how to do it. The " Canadian Bee
Journal " gives these excellent suggestions
about carrying the hives :

If the hives are carried in one at a time in
your arms, the end of the frames should
stand lengthwise from you, because if the
frames stand sidewise, the sudden jar of
moving causes them to oscillate, disturbing
the bees, frequently breaking the clusters,
causing them to gorge themselves with
stores, and rendering the possibility of
wintering more difficult, because of the fact
that as it is usually warmer in the bee-
house than out-doors at the time of carrying
them in, they will not cluster again so
tightly in the bee-house or cellar. If placed
into winter quarters without being dis-
turbed, they, of course, remain clustered
in just that much more compact a form, and
will not consume nearly so much food.

The same paper also gives these direc-
tions about how to prepare the hives for
handling when first taking them in or when
returnmg them to the cellar or bee-house :

Before we start to carry them in we close
all the entrances, then if they should re-
ceive a slight jar that would otherwise dis-
turb them, seeing no light they are not
nearly as liable to become excited. Ihe
entrance-blocks are left on the hives in the
bee-house until all are in. After making
all dark inside, the entrance-blocks are re-
moved, leaving the entrance full width.

many more of them would have been con-
sumed but I moved them out into the street,
and into the adjoining lot. My barn was
saved only by the prompt attention of a
good colored man, who got in the "mow"
and kept the hay well-soaked with water.
Although the barn was on fire for several
minutes,aiid burnt nearly all weather-board-
ing off of that side, it was saved. Should it
have burned I should have lost 18 colonies
of bees that I have in the upper story of the
bam, but luckily they were saved. 1 have
lost all of my bee-fi.xtures and extra hives,
and shall have to begin anew.

From tUe liam«ls«nie gii-l's licad,

lithographed in colors, nicely cut out, to the
last slip of the pad, Hood's Household Cal-
endar for 1888, is thoroughly artistic. Every
month is beautifully engraved, and each
slip as torn off presents a new and pleasing
combination of color printing. Hood's Cal-
endar easily leads the procession. It is nice
enough for any parlor, and has so many ex-
cellent points in arrangement and conven-
ience that it must be seen to be appreciated.
Copies may be obtained at the drug stores,
or by sending six cents in stamps to C. I.
Hood & Co., Lowell, Mass.

Fire.— We are sorry to learn that Mr. S.
H. Rickard, of West Bridgewater, Pa., has
suffered a loss by fire. A local paper makes
the following remarks concerning the mis-
fortune :

Some time between 3 and 4 o'clock the
residents of Bridgewater were awakened by
the cry of fire, which was followed shortly
after by the ringing of the foundry bell and
the blowing of the Hob-Nail Works' whistle.

The residence of Mr. S. H. Rickard, on
Water street, was burning, and the flames
had already gained such headway that there
was no thought of extinguishing it. The
time in which to save the household goods
was quite limited, and only a few of them
were carried from the burning building,
and many of these only in pieces, rendering
them useless. In half an hour after the
first alarm was heard, the house was a heap
of smouldering ruins.

Fire caught in the kitchen, and is sup-
posed to have been caused by the increase
in the pressure of gas in the Heat and Light
Company's main, from which gas was ob-
tained. J , X,,

The family was awakened by the noise
made by the fire, and had barely time to
escape. A domestic in the employ of the
family ran in her night clothes to the stable,
where she was compelled to remain until
clothes were brought to her. Most of the
clothing belonging to the members of the
family was destroyed. The building and
contents, together with the out-buildings,
was insured in the Sun Fire Insurance Com-
pany, of London, England, for S900. It was
valued by Mr. Rickard at at least $1,500.

In a letter Mr. Rickard recounts the loss
in this language :

Besides the house and furniture, I lost
several good colonies of bees, which took
tire in the yard from the intense heat ; and

moving Bees in IVinter.— Mrs.

L. Harrison, in the "Prairie Farmer"
for last week, makes these remarks on the
above subject:

As a rule it is not best to disturb bees
during cold weather. It arouses them to
activity, and some of them get away from
the cluster, become chilled and perish. The
combs are brittle and break loose easily
when it is cold.

Before I became a bee-keeper I thought
that bees could not be moved in any other
way than on runners, and have learned no
better way since, if they must be moved
during cold weather. Place hay or straw in
the bottom of the sled, and take every pre-
caution against a jar. Two very careful
persons working together, might lift them
so easily they would never know it. Places
should be fixed to stand the hives upon, and
they should be removed from the sled at
once. If they are left in the sled over night,
and the next day prove warm, they might
fly out and get mixed up, and then be ma-
terially damaged.

In moving bees at any time of the year, it
is well to put something in front of the hive
to obstruct their flight— to bump their heads,
as it were. This causes them to stop and
consider where they are, and take the
points of the compass.

I once moved bees late in autumn, from
one part of the apiary to another, and the
first time they flew, which was six weeks
afterwards, they went back to their old
stand. The next day I gathered up hand-
fuls of them clustered where the entrance
of their hive had formerly been.

l^e-w' Catalogues for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

Christian Weckesser, Marshallville, O.—
20 pages— Queen-Bees, Garden Seeds, etc.

A. I. Root, Medina, O.— 40 pages— Api-
arian and other implements.

M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.— 12 pages
—Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

Jacob Alpaugh, St. Thomas, Ont, sends
sample section and comb foundation.

SnoTT around the hives is no detriment.
It is porous, and enough air can penetrate it
for ventilation in winter. When it forms
ice at the entrance, then it must be cleaned
away. An examination during and after a
thaw is very necessary.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound' up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for .50 cents, postpaid.

TTHK mvammiGmn mmm j©i3iRf«fci,.

21

I»lr, X. I'. BIMCJHAM. APIARIST
AWI> H^H-ENTOR.

Many desire to know sometliing more con-
cerning tlie principal apiarists and inventors
of the world, than can be obtained in the
current literature concerning tlie develop-
ment of the industry. In most eases this
can be obtained more conectly, and in better
form from the persons themselves than from
any others. In the case of our present
sketch, we concluded that this was particu-
larly the case, and so, at our request, Mr.
Bingham has furnished the following con-
cerning his life and inventions :

My father's as also my mother's ancestors
emisrated from England early in Colonial his-
tory. My niother^s name was Kent ; her
ancestors settled in Connecticut, while my
father's settled in Massachusetts. My grautl-
father moved from Massachusetts to New
Hampshire, where my father was born. My
fatlier, when a young man, moved to Ver-
mont, where he married and became a
fanner. My grandfather Kent was a farmer,
and also kept bees, and made very handsome
straw-liive-s— the time-honored kind now
shown in print, to denote " industry." He
gave my fatlier a colony of bees in such
a hive. "Those bees and their progeny my
fatlier kept during the remainder of his life—
about M years.

The subject of this sketch was born Jan.
23, ISJO, in Woodstock, Vt., and early be-
came accustomed to and familiar with the
management of bees, and also the current
bee-literature of the times. When 18 years
of age I was invited by a watch-maker to
learn the watch and jewelry business. Three
years were so spent, and then being desirous
of further perfecting my business, I accepted
a position in a Boston house ; after which I
was employed as a watch-maker in New
York, Petersburg, Va., Columbus, Ga., and
Cincinnati,©. I then commenced the jew-
elry and watch business for myself in
Gowanda, N. Y.

Thinking that some out-door employment
might prove a recreation and a reward also,
I bought S-T colonies of bees and transferred
them to Langstroth hives. Soon after that
I purchased 7.5 more in logs, barrels and
5>oxes, which were also transferred at once
to Langstroth hives, to work for comb honey,
Vvhich tiien (three years after the American
war began) was worth 40 cents per pound by
the ton or car load, gross weight, without
crating, in the bee-yard.

Invention of a Bee-Hive.

A few winters and summers led to the be-
lief that bee-keepers had not yet all that was
needed for the easy and successful jjroduc-
tion of comb honey, and the safe wintering
of the bees.

Experiments had shown that a flat hive,
having 4 inches of comb, and a large upper
surface for supers realized much better re-
sults, but it was regarded impracticable to
try to winter bees in such hives with or
without protection.

I then decided to make a frame of triangu-
lar fonu, each of the three sides measuring
2.3 inches, two of the sides having a jiiece IW
inches wide attached to hold the frame ivf-
right, and to furnish a shoulder, against
which the .surplus boxes should rest. This
arrangement gave ample space for eight 6-
pound boxes, in close proximity to the
brood ; while, at the same time, only eight
large frames were required for honey for
winter and otlier use. These frames were
clamped together by a wire loop across the

wide ends of the frames, and the movable
sides — the whole making a hive as com-
pact as any box-hive, yet easy to manipulate
under all circumstances. Either movable
side had a long entrance (S3 inches) and a

f)ortico. Around the whole was a bottom-
e.ss box having a loose cover. This served
as a cover to the surplus in season, and to
hold chaff in winter. This hive was a radi-
cal affair, and attracted considerable com-
ment among bee-keepers.

Many hives were brought out in different
places embodying the same principles, but
of different form. Among these may be
mentioned the "Qiiinby improved," which
had a series of large, rectangular, tight-end
frames, clamped together and setting in a
loose box, which served as a cover to the
surplus in season, and to hold packing for
winter.

The triangular frame, however, was soon
abandoned, and at once remodeled, so as to
use the same outside cover and front and
rear sides. This was done by nailing the
tight-ends to a strong top-bar 32)^ inches
long, forming a rectangular frame holding a
piece of comb .5x233i inches.

The above changes converted a hive made
before the extractor became much used.

T. F. BINGHAM.

(having frames impractical for extracting
purposes), into a hive peculiarly adapted to
tienug-up — the extractor just then coming
forward as an implement or machine of
value to apiculture.

In conventions in Michigan and elsewhere
this hive was much discussed, but was re-
garded as too flat for practical use. It has,
however, held exclusive possession of my
apiary for a period of 30 years, without a
wish to change it. It embodies the princi-
ple in a high degree on which my first ex-
periments were made ; viz : large upper sur-
face for surplus comb honey in close prox-
imity to the brood.

Invention of a Smoker.

While the hive experiments were pro-
gressing, I was also trying various devices
for the production and easy management of
smoke, which experience had shown to be
absolutely necessary to the easy and rapid
handling of bees in movable-combs or
otherwise.

My first experiments were the production
of a light tin tube having a fire grate and
two cork ends, in each of which was a small
wooden-tube, to be held in the mouth and
to direct the smoke. This proved to be
very handy, as both bands remained free
for use. They were used quite extensively.
They were not, however, all that I desired,
and continued sxperiments were persever-

ingly made. These experiments led to a
comparatively handy smoker held in the
hand, but operated by the mouth, through a
small, flexible tube, one end of which was
held in the mouth while the other furnished
the smoke tube with air and blast. This
was a great advance on any other mouth
smoker, but the same old weakness clung
to it, that had clung to the others— if you
stopped blowing, the fire died out.

But this smoker demonstrated many fine
points, as well as its own weaknesses — the
latter of which proved the most valuable.
They led to the establishment of the natural
draft between the blast-pipe and the
sinoker-stove, continuous, unobstructed, re-
liable and direct. The principle was now a
fixed and established reality— needing only
a few ingenious experiments to render it
what it has proven itself to be, viz : one of
the greatest aids to easy practical apiculture
in every country where enlightened methods
prevail.

Had Father Langstroth possessed such an
implement for managing bees, while his
patent was in his own hands, it is safe to
say that his hive and system of manage-
ment would have been more easily intro-
duced to bee-keepers, and that intelligent
apiculture would have been very greatly
promoted.

Invention of an Uncapping-Knlfe.

It has been said that " necessity is the
mother of invention." The necessity of
uncapping combs to extract the honey with
unscientific uncapping knives, clieaply
made of poor material, led to experiments
which developed the peerless Uncapping
Knife, now known as the Bingham & Heth-
erington Uncapjiing Knife, wherever the
honey extractor is known.

Our family and the Hetherington family,
if these inventions are of value to the bee-
keepers and the world, have not lived en-
tirely in vain. It has been claimed that bee-
keeping to be a success must be the special
pursuit. In answer, it will be borne in
mind that in the Kent-Bingham family bees
have been kept consecutively for at least
one hundred years. Also that in no one
ease have they been other than a side issue
or pursuit. If, then, the introduction of
shallow, tight-end frames, the invention of
the direct draft bee-smoker, and the single
beveled uncapping-knife may be reasonably
called successes, bee-keeping simply as a
side-issue in our family, at least, may be
regarded as a success.

Briefly yours, T. F. Bingham.

Abronia, Michigan.

Long Pre§ervation.

A Case of remarkable preservation of
apples comes to us from Pokeepsie, N. Y.
The "Evening Enterprise" remarks thus
concerning it :

We received to-day from the hands of Mr.
George H. Knickerbocker, who keeps a bee-
farm in the town of Pine Plains, specimens
of two varieties of apples— " russet " and
"lady sweet"— that were grown on his
farm in 1886. They are in an excellent state
of preservation, and look as if they might
be Kept for an indefinite period of time. Mr.
K. informed us that they were kept in a
fruit cellar without any artificial means ap-
plied to preserve the fruit, and he attributes
their remarkable preservation to the even
temperature of his fruit cellar. It is cer-
tainly a remarkable showing, and is worthy
the attention of all who are interested in the
preservation of fruit in its natural state.

Mr. Knickerbocker is one of our adver-
tisers, a progressive apiarist, and queen-
rearer of prominence in New York.

22

t»^*^««r>»<

QmmES f Reflies,

THE ENTRABICES TO HIYES,
AND VENTIEATION.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 503 — 1. What kind of hire en-
trance do you prefer— the dimensions, how con-
tracted, etc. ? 2. Does this entrance furnish all
the ventilation necessary ?— Goshen, N. Y.

1. I use an entrance |xl4 inches,
contracted by entrance-blocks. 2. Yes.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

1. The full wdth of the hive and f
of an inch dee}). 2. Yes. — C. H. Dib-

BEKN.

1. The one usuall}' made in the
Langstroth hive — i inch deep and the
whole width of the hive, contracted by
two 3-coruered entrance-blocks. 2. Yes,
usually. — Eugene Secor.

1. Eight inches long, and J inch
high. Contract by the use of blocks
similar to the entrance-blocks of the
Langstroth hive. Contracting the en-
trance is seldom necessary. I leave
them wide open in winter. 2. Yes. —
M. Mahin.

1. The full width of the front end
of the hive, and f of an inch high ;
contract it with entrance-blocks. 2.
Usually it does, but not always. — ^A. B.
Mason.

1. On the whole, I prefer it J-inch
by 8 or 10 inches, and contract the size
by the Langstroth triangular blocks. —
A. J. Cook.

' l~One-half inch high and the full
width of the hive, to be contracted as
needed by a block or stick. 2. Yes. —
C. C. Miller.

The full width of the hive and | of
an inch wide. Contract it with right-
angled blocks in the earlj' spring. In
the summer and winter have the full
entrance open, and furnish necessary
ventilation. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

One-half inch wide and the whole
width of the front of the hive ; con-
tractions to be made with the Lang-
stroth entrance-blocks. Such an en-
trance furnishes as much ventilation as
is needed, so far as I know. — W. Z.
Hutchinson.

Ten inches wide and 5-16 of an inch
deep. Besides in the summer we raise
the hive from the bottom and give as
much as 2 inches room in depth, in
front. We leave the back closed. —
Dadant & Son.

1. I prefer the entrance 10 or 12
inches long, J-inch wide, which I con-
tract as occasion requires, either by
slides or by triangular blocks. 2. It
will, if the hive is properly shaded. —
J. P. H. Brown.

1. I prefer an entrance i-inch hj 11
inches, and to have it come beneath
rather than at the ends of ithe brood-
frames, as usually provided.' 'This kind
of an entrance is quite effectual against
robber bees, and with full colonies it
needs no contraction at any time of
the year. 2. On vei-y hot days I give
further ventilation at the top of the
hive. — G. L. Tinker.

1. I use the Langstroth hive 14}
inches wide, and give an entrance the
whole width of same. 2. Yes, ordi-
narily, if shade of some kind is used to
guard against the sun. — J. E. Pond.

The whole width of the hive, and f
of an inch deep, contracted by the en-
trance-blocks. 2. It will until it gets
very warm, then I raise the hive up on
little blocks J inch by 1 inch, placed
under each corner. That will raise
the hive J-inch from the bottom-board
all around, except in front, which will
be I of an inch. — H. D. Cutting.

1. I use and prefer the entrance to
the hive to be on a level with the bot^
tom-board of the liive. I prefer this
style of entrance for too many reasons
to be mentioned here. A slight pitch
to the front will drain the bottom-
board of all moisture. I make the en-
trance f of an inch high, and full
width of the hive. I contract it by
means of two blocks that can be moved
at will. I have had no trouble with
this arrangement in any way. 2. The
ventilation is ample except in exces-
sively hot weather, at which time the
hive-covers can be raised slightly, to
the comfort of the bees. — G. W. Dem-

AREE.

I use, and prefer, an opening of
from i to I of an inch, and clear across
the end of my hive, which is Hi
inches. I prefer the triangular Lang-
stroth blocks to the many devices that
I have tested, and all I have ever
heard of. These entrances, with the
aid of the bees, furnish all the venti-
lation needed ; all upward ventilation
in summer has proven worse than
useless with me. — James Heddon.

I prefer an entrance made by cut-
ting a piece f of an inch deep out of
the front end of the bottom-board, ex-
tending clear across the front end, and
running to a point something like a V
about 4 inches from the front end.
Give a full entrance by pushing the
hive even with the front end, which
gives all necessary ventilation. The
entrance is reduced by sliding the hive
back. — R. L. Taylor.

1. The entrance should be the full
width of the hive, and about f of an
inch deep. The triangular blocks of
the Langstroth hive are about as good
as we could wish. 2. The ventilation
secured at the entrance of the hive is
usually sufficient. — The Editor.

EMPTY COMBS, OR WIRED
FRAMES OF FOUNDATION ?

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 504.— If bees are all ready to be-
gin worli in the supers, which would be preferable,
empty combs at $12 per 100, or wired frames of
foundation costing about 19 per 100 7— Sturgis,
Mich.

Empty combs, every time, if you are
prodvicing extracted honey.— James
Heddon.

Give me the wired frames at the
figures named, every time. — C. H.
Dibbern.

I think that I should prefer the
wii-ed frames. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

If to be used for obtaining extracted
honey, I think that the combs, if good
ones, are preferable. — R. L. Taylor.

The wired frames of foundation, if
you wish to get the surplus in the
supers. — A. B. Mason.

At a rough guess I should not have
much choice. — C. C. Miller.

I would prefer the empty combs, if
in good condition. — H. D. Cutting.

If the combs are new, perfectly
clean and straight, take them ; but if
they are old and dirty looking, take the
foundation in preference. — J. P. H.
Brown.

If the honey is to come in "show-
ers," the combs would be preferable ;
if otherwise, the foundation. — W. Z.
Hutchinson.

I should prefer the empty combs, if
they are clean and bright, and not
filled with pollen. — J. E. Pond.

I do not quite understand the ques-
tion. If the combs and frames men-
tioned are for the brood-nest, I would
take the empty combs. — M. Mahin.

The empty combs, provided they ap3
worker combs. We suppose you speak
of producing extracted honey. — Chas.
Dadant & Son.

At the present prices of extracted
honey, and given a prospective heavy
flow from basswood, I should take the
empty combs. — G. L. Tinker.

If by "super" you mean upper
story for extracting, I would prefer
the empty combs. If working for
comb honey in sections, the foundation
would be worth the most below. I
fear that I do not fully understand the
intent of the query. — Eugene Secor.

I should prefer the empty combs, if
I understand the question rightly ; but
I would prefer to have the bees build
them at times when it could be done at
a less expense. — G. M. Doolittle.

The question is not clear. If they
are " all ready," they must have a set

THE KMERICar* BE® JOVRfimiL.

23

- ^ » — -— » — ±j^j^^:^^:Tt.^^±^j^^ " •^ -■^•^^— ^-^^'■^■^^■'■^ * ^ .^A^^^A J

of filled combs in the brood-chamber.
— A. J. Cook.

If the combs were good ones in
over}' w:iy, I would accept the combs
without licsitation. It takes time for
bees to draw out foundation, and they
will not do it unless honey is coming
in. 1 am qvute sure that the empty
combs would give a good profit over
the frames of foundation, after ac-
counting for the difterencc in the price.
I would not have wire in my combs
as long as I can get a good article of
foundation suitable for combs witliout
wire. I have a lot of wired combs,
and they will never be increased in
numbers in my apiary — G. W. Dem-

AREE.

That depends upon the condition of
the empty combs. If they are in good
condition, they would perhaps be pref-
erable, but there is but little difl'erence.
— The Editor.

SWARinS ALIOHTIKO HIGH.

Written fur the American Bee Journal

Query 505* — Are not swarms that alight
high, more likely to desert tiie premises?— E.

No. — Mes. L. Harrison.

I do not know. — H. D. Cutting.

I do not know. — W. Z. Hutchinson.

No. — Dadant & Son.

They usually are. — J. P. H. Brown.

Not if the same care is exercised in
hiving. — A. B. Mason.

No ; it makes no diflereiice where
they alight. — C. H. Dibbern.

I do not know why they should. — C.
C. Miller.

Yes, but only so far as I know for
the reason that there is generally
greater delay in recovering them. — R.
iu. Taylor.

Yes, if you cannot i-each them. In
fact, without joking, I believe there
are more individual bees that desire to
go right ott" to the woods in swarms
that cluster high up James Heddon.

I think so, for the reason that they
are more likely to have a young queen,
and young queens are more likely to
leave than old ones. — Eugene Secor.

I have not seen any diflerence, and
I cannot imagine any reason why they
shoXild.— J. E. Pond.

I have seen no difiference. In fact I
have never had a swarm to come out
after I had hived it. — ^M. Mahin.

Not in my experience. Bees are
more apt to emigrate when located in
the countiy near heavy timber. In
villages and cities it is rare for a
swarm to go away unless iincared for.

My bees often go to the tops of the
highest apple-trees, but I have never
liad a swarm to go away, or desert a
hive if properly shaded and ventilated.
— G. L. Tinichk.

No swarms desert for me, as I keep
the wings of tlic old queens clipped,
and allow few if any second swarms. I
think that the aHghting has little to do
with it. — G. M. DoOLlTTLE.

I sliould say so, as the bee-keeper
finds it diflicult to capture them, and
certainly will be more tardy in hiving
such a swarm. Clip the queen's wing,
and there will be no danger, in any
event. — A. J. Cook.

I think not. I have seen swarms
cluster so high that no ordinary means
could reach tlicm.and they would tariy
as long in the cluster as other swarms
that clustered near the ground. I am
not a believer in the marvelous stories
about bees " sending out scouts to look
up a new home." People are fond of
the man'elous, and are ready to be-
lieve anj'tliing, if it is a little out of the
general order of things. I venture to
assert that bees never know where
they will stop \vhen they leave the
maternal roof. I have seen a swarm
go straight to a tree and enter a hole
in it ; but that does not prove any
thing, for I ha\e seen them fail to do
so, a great many more times than I
have seen them do it. — G.W.Demaree.

Swarms that alight high usually,
have j'oung queens, and as it is more
difficult to capture such swarms, and
takes more time to accomplish it,
they do mort; often get away than
those which are more easily captured.
If the queen's wing be clipped, as prac-
ticed by many (if our best apiarists,
there will be no danger of their going
away. — The Editor.

O Winter, W^e Greet TUee.

Written for Vick's Magazine

BY 8. W. LliOVD.

We greet thee, Winter I We are glad
To see thy snowy mantle spread

O'er river, lake and hill ;
We're glad to hear the merry sounds
That tell us happiness abounds

Among sleigh-riders still.

We love thee, Winter 1 Thou dost bring-
Upon the cold and frosty wing

Much, much our hearts to glad ;
And though thou'rt bleak, we'll not repine,
For springs of joyousness are thine

That Summer never had.

Then, hail thee. Winter I We will greet
Thy pleasures with a welcome meet.

And taste them while they stay ;
And when thou'rt gone, and joyous Spring
Comes with her robes of blossoming.

We'll bid thee speed away.

rii'iTi

FOUNDATION.

Tlic Plan of Manufacturing it
witli the Use of 9Iol<li$.

Written for the Aitttrican Bee Journal
BY G. M. DOOLITTLE.

I was a little surprised to find that
evei-y one answering Query 500, on
page 788 of the Bee Journal fof 1887,
answered it in the negative, except
myself. Can it be that few, if any, of
our apiarists are using molds for mak-
ing foundation ? And if such is the
case, why are they not using them ?
As my answer to the query above
mentioned has caused quite an in-
crease in my correspondence, I will
try to answer some of the questions
that have been asked.

I never was favorably impressed
with any of the machines requiring
dipping-boards, in the hands of the
average bee-keeper, owing to its tak-
ing so much paraphernalia, and es-
pecially as so much wax was required ;
for when I sent wax off to be worked
up, I was told that if I sent less than
50 pounds, I would get little, if any, of
my own wax in the foundation that I
would receive, as it took from 50 to 75
lbs. of wax in the dipping-tank to get the
required depth of sheet. As soon as I
understood this, I saw that it was of no
use for me to think of making my own
foundation, to carry on the few ex-
periments which I wished to make.
Therefore I then rested contentedly in
purchasing the little foundation that I
wished for experimental purposes, till
about five or six years ago, when I
saw an advertisement regarding
" foundation-molds " for making small
sheets of foundation for sections.

From the little information that I
gained from the advertisement, I saw
that I could use as small a quantity of
wax as I wished in working the molds.
I immediately procured the molds, and
was soon making foundation rimning
from 10 to 12 square feet to the pound,
by simply pouring a large spoonful 'of
melted wax into the molds, and quickly
shutting them. With these little
molds (about 6 inches square) I could
easily make up 12 pounds of wax in a
short winter's day, which gave me $3
for my day's labor, as I must pay 50
cents per pound for foundation when
wax was only worth 25 cents per
pound.

After making all the wax I had into
nice foundation, I lent the molds to a
neighbor bee-keeper who left them at
night while wet, when the plaster of
Paris was frozen, thus ruining them, as

24

'THU msmmmi€-mn mmm j&^mnm'Lr.

they all crumbled oft' in using after-
ward.

The next year I secured another
mold 12x12 inches square, on which I
can easily make froi i 10 to 50 pounds
of wax into foundaliu.i in one day ;
and as these have been kept from frost,
except when dry, tliey are now as good
as ever, after having made consider-
able foundation on tliem for myself
and neighbors.

Hovr to Use Foundation molds.

All that is necessary to do in mak-
ing the foundation is, to have the ex-
tractor can filled with water, which is
kejit cold by ice, or allowing a stream
of cold spring-water to run through it,
on top of which (can) a rack is fixed
similar to the one which goes over the
Dadant uncapping can, upon which the
molds rest. Having the can thus
fixed, plunge the molds in the water
an hour before you wish to commence
work.

Now place a large pan filled with
wax on the stove, having the can near
by, or, what is preferable, if you have
one, place an oil-stove beside the can,
having a melting dish fixed for the
purpose on the oil-stove. This dish
shoidd have an apron made of tin to
extend from it to the can, so that all
drippings will run either back into the
melter, or over into the can.the former
being preferred.

Being thus readj', raise the molds
from the water, let them drain a sec-
ond, and then place in position in the
frame over the can, when with a small
dipper, or the fount that comes with
the molds, pour the required amount
of melted wax on the lower plate of
the mold. As soon as the wax is on,
shut the mold with a steady hand,
giving it as much of a pressure as is
convenient by bearing down with the
hand. In a few seconds open the
molds, and remove the sheet of foun-
dation, when you are ready to pour on
melted wax again.

After about 5 or 6 sheets of founda-
tion have been made, the molds will
begin to get warm, when, if heavy
foundation is to be made, they must
be opened and put in the water again
to cool ofl', leaving them in the water
for about a minute. If thin founda^
tion is desired, dip the molds in the
water only enough to keep them so
cool that they will not tear the founda-
tion to pieces in opening them. I make
the heavy foundation to run about 6
square feet to the pound, and the thin
from 11 to 12 square feet ; and 1 can
make good wages doing it, if only 20
colonies were kept, and those to be
furnished with nothing but starters ;
for I have my own wax, extractor can,
dipper, stove, etc.

Now if Mr. Dadant or Mr. Van
Deusen should see a sheet of this

foundation, they would doubtless say,
" Doolittle, this does not compare with
the foundation that we make ;" when I
would say, '-By wliat authority do you
decide ?" expecting to be met with,
'• See, it does not look nearly so per-
fect as does ours." Then I should say,
"Admitted;" but when the authority
is the bees, they say : " Give us the
molded foundation, and we will work
it out just a little quicker tlian the
other, and after it is completed you nor
any other man can tell any diflference."

From my experience with this and
nearly all other kinds of comb founda-
tion, 1 am convinced that this molded
foundation is equally as good as any ;
is accepted by the bees just as soon as
that made on the Given press, and a
little sooner than that made on any of
the roller mills ; and the best of all is,
that any one can make it at his leisure,
use up his own wax, even down to the
last ounce, thus being independent,
and keeping his jiennies at home to
feed and clothe his family.

To anticipate an error regarding
this article, 1 will say that 1 am in no
way interested in the manufacture, or
the sale, of the molds, any more than I
am in all other bee-keeping appliances.
I have written this article only for two
reasons, viz : First, to tell my friends
regarding what 1 believe is a good
thing ; and, second, to answer my
numerous correspondents publicly, so
as to avoid the strain on mj' time and
health that a private answer to each
would cause.

Borodino,© N. Y.

COUSINS TALK.

Patting^ Bee-Literature on its
Proper Basi§.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY R. m'knIGHT.

So, after all, Dr. Mason " has no un-
kindly feeling toward his cousins across
the border." Well, I began to suspect
as much, from his own utterances, as
well as from the good character that
has been given him by others who
know him. When he administers the
lash, it is for the sole object of correc-
tion, and not for the purpose of inflic-
ting pain. He tells us so himself, and
who has a better right to know ? His
dearest wish is ti5 exercise a fatherly-
care over the erring. " All wayward
people who go astray," are the especial
objects of his care; and "to aid in
getting them in the right way when
they go astray," he feels to be a duty to
which he has been called.

In pursuance of this self-imposed
task, he tells us that he is not going to
"confine himself" "to any one erro-
neous statement," but thinks he shall

" wander around after such bee-litera-
ture as gets off its base." I admire the
Doctor's courage, for none but but a
coin-ageous man would undertake such
a Herculean task, and none but a hoi)e-
ful one could expect to succeed in the
undertaking. It would be a cruel thing
to say or to do anything calculated to
make rough the path of duty which the
Doctor has mapped out for himself,
however much we may doubt his abilitj'
to reach the goal of his ambition.

After this he may tell us as often as he
may please, that we are a people given
to " bombast ;" we will remember that
it is just a way he has of putting bee-lit-
erature on its proper basis. He may
charge us with practicing " dishonesty
and i'r.aud," but we will know that these
charges are only the hammer and the
trowel that he emploj's in making the
" crooked " things straight. He may
say that we steal the name of your lin-
den honey, but he does not mean it, for
he " has no objection to Canadians giv-
ing their products any name that they
choose."

The Doctor says that he does not hate
anybody. I sincerely believe that to be
a fact, and regret having used the word
in a way that he might think it was
meant to have a personal application to
himself. I am upon my knees in peni-
tence, that I misunderstood his motives.
I shall hereafter only think of him as
one of America's gi-eatest philanthro-
pists. "A gude New Year to j-ou,"
Doctor, " and many happj' returns."

Owen Sound, Out., Dec. 30, 1887.

UNFINISHED SECTIONS.

Ho'w Best to Utilize tbe Partly-
Filled Sections.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY C. THEILMANN.

In the report of the proceedings of
the North American Bee-Keepers' Con-
vention at Chicago, I find the discussion*
on the re-use of comb built in sections
to be filled with honey the next season.
It is gratifying to know that the gi-eat
majority of bee-keepers consider these
combs of great advantage, by which
they can obtain larger crops of honey,
and of just as good quality, as by the
use of foundation. I can hardly un-
derstand why some bee-keepers cannot
obtain good honey in nice, white combs
built in sections the year previous.

Some years ago it was a real per-
plexity to me, to have a lot of un-
finished sections in different states of
completion, after the harvest was over,
and I hardly knew what to do with
them. I then tried in dift'erent ways
to make use of thciu. Those nearly

Tmm mimmmivmm mmm jou/mkmx.

25

(•oinplL'ti'd I sold ;it abcint luilf (lie
price of sealed honey, and the rest was
uiven to the bees for com))leti()n the
next season, and of whieli the bees
made a bad job, as some of it was
granulated, and some was sour, though
they fixed it all up as well as thej-
eould, and finished them ; but it was
horrible looking honey, the sides of the
comb was very uneven, besides being
of difterent eolors. I was almost
ashamed to*ofter it for sale.

llDliig; Partly-Filled Sectlous.

After experimenting two or three
seasons more, I discovered the right
way, though I think I had lost consid-
erable before, by trjing to make the
bees finish nearly all the sections the
same season, by changing them around
among the hives. This was not onlj-
lost time for me, but also for the bees,
or rather, less hone}' for me. I now
allow my bees to go above toward the
close of the honey season, and let them
have their own way about finishing
the sections j but as soon as the honey
season is over, I extract every unfin-
ished section that I have, and let the
bees clean them out, when they are
ready for the next season. By this
method I secured just as fine honey as
I do with foundation starters, and a
great deal more of it ; and the cases
with the empty combs are nicely put
away, where no mice or dust can get
at them.

I am glad that there are more bee-
keepers who can secure nice honey
with these combs, as was shown at the
late convention in Chicago ; that Mr.
Hutchinson had the nicest lot of honey
in Chicago ; and that he, as we under-
stand, uses the empty combs.

When I was ready to sell my honey,
I have never been a.sked, " Are your
crates and sections clean ?" or, "Are
the combs from last j-ear ?" etc. No,
not any of these questions have ever
been asked, but invariabl}-, •• Is your
honey white ?" and on this white the
whole question turns, in selling and
buying.

' If I have my dark honey in ever so
nice combs, crates and sections, it is
slow sale, and at a far lower price
than white honey ; even if the latter is
less attractivelj- put up. Of course it
is best to have the honey in the best
marketable shape, and everything else
clean, and in its proper place.

Report for 1887.

I commenced with 145 colonies, in-
creasing them to 217, by natural swarm-
ing. I obtained 7,000"pounds of comb
honey, and 1,000 pounds of extracted
honey. The whole crop realized for
me about |1,300. 1 also sold bees
enough to pay nearly all the expenses
of the apiarj-.

Theilnianton.ck Minn.

BEE CELLAR.

The Proper Temperature and
Ventilation of a Bee.Ccliar.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY A. C. TYRREL.

So much has been written on this
subject, that the heading of this article
may prevent an impartial perusal
thereof, bj" those who consider that
they long ere this learned all there is
to be known about wintering bees
successfully in caves or cellars. But I
opine that many decades will elapse
ere the " A B C class " in apiculture
grachiatc.

What I am about to advocate, I am
well aware will not meet with a " sec-
ond " from the majority of bee-keepers
throughout the country, for my ex-
periments (not assumptions or mere
theories) will not comport with what
the)' term " reason " or common sense,
but audi alteram partem (hear the other
side), and then condemn, or award the
full measure of praise if the proof here-
in presented for consideration sustains
my assertions.

In the matter of temperature and
ventilation, I have endeavored to
thoroughly post myself, for they are
the most important factors — all others
are of minor importance, as matters
over which we have no control, such
as honej'-dew, improper food, etc.,
speculative fancies, formative hypothe-
sis, to meet the exigency of exceptional
cases. Whenever it has been my good
fortune to make a discovery, seemingly
outside of the usual order of things, it
has been the practice with me to
patiently watch and experiment for at
least three seasons before acquainting
the public with the result of my obser-
vation.s — so often do our fondest hopes
and brightest dreams prove to be
chimerical. And of those composing
the great fraternity of bee-keepers,
from the Orient to the Occident, hav-
ing many a pet theory and hobb)-
horse to ride, when asked to give " a
reason for the hope that is within
them," at once " trot out" Experience,
of longer or shorter duration, in ac-
cordance with the importance of the
case, or amount of pressure brought to
bear by adherents of the opposite side
of the question.

For a long time I was of the opinion
that my bee-cellar was too warm, but
as so many of my fellow-apiarists said
41° to 45°, and some have said 52°,
Fahr., I endeavored to so regulate the
cellar that the temperature would not
fall below 45°, but I signally failed to
exclude frost ; and it was well for me
in a financial point of view, and cer-
tainlv better for the bees, that I did
fail. "

During the winter of 1885, and the
following winter, the thermometer in
my cellar, after the cold weather set
in (say about half of the winter), reg-
istered 30-, occasionally dropping
down to 28 , but, strange (?) to say,
the bees, without any exception,, win-
tered perfec'tly.

Last wintcu- the cellar was made
much warmer than ever before, the
mercury indicating 45° (often higher),
but the loss of bees was much greater
than the preceding winters. Was this
phenomenal, or the legitimate result
of cause and effect ? On Nov. 22,
1887, my bees were put into the cellar,
having previously provided tight out-
side and inner doors, and stopping
all crevices, besides making ample
provisions for ventilation. The weather
has been, with one exception, un-
usuall)' warm, and in consequence the
thermometer in the cellar has regis-
tered, nearly every day, 50°, until
night before last, when I succeeded
(by opening wide all out-.side doors,
and raising the curtain used for dark-
ening the apartment) in lowering the
temperature to 42°, and last night to
32°.

Up to this time the stronger colonies
have been very restless, necessitating
the use of wire-cloth to confine them
to their respective hives. Night and
day it was distressing to hear them
" roar," so different from the low, gen-
tle hum of contentment that there is
no mistaking the cause, or sound.
Although there were no symptoms of
diarrhea, the death-rate was fearful,
and would soon have depleted the col-
onies had it not been checked.

When the mercury dropped to 42°,
the change inside the hives was appar-
ent at once, but when it reached 32°
the bees went into the hives and re-
mained perfectly quiet and contented.

Whenever the temperature rises
above 42°, Fahr., in my cellar, the
bees become restive, and boil out of
the hives as if in the act of attacking
marauders ; hence I say that from 32°
to 38° is the proper temperature for a
bee-cellar or cave ; and I do not fear
for the safety of iny bees if it drops oc-
casionally to 28°.

If I could regulate the temperature
at all times I would not allow it to rise
above 40°, for I am satisfied that
"heat" is more injurious to bees in
"confinement" than cold, provided
the cellar is dry and well ventilated.

How many, if any of the bee-keepers
who have written on the subject, have
tested the condition of a strong colony
as to bodily heat generated ? How do
they know that 45° or 50° is " about
right ?" that if the temperature falls
below those figures, the bees become
restless, exercise violently to keep
warm, consume more honey than is

26

TH® MMEKICMlf WMM JO^lURlSfMEr.

necessary to sustain life, and diarrhea
is the result ? Do their assumptions
comjjort with scientific investigations ?
That theory is fallacious, and has no
foundation in fact, so far as my obsei'-
vation has extended ; for wc have oc-
cupied a room above the bee-cellar for
four winters, and cannot subscribe to
that hj-pothesis.

By repeated trials I have satisfied
myself in regard to degrees of heat
engendered by a large colony. For
instance, when the temperature of the
cellar 3 feet from the hive is 32°, in-
side (not among the cluster), a ther-
mometer laid lengthwise on top of the
brood-frames registers 78°, a difl'erence
of 460, with the hive raised from the
bottom-board a bee-space, and burlap
on the hive slightly raised. If the
same rule applied to a higher (outside)
temperature, it would be as follows :
At 35° on the outside, inside of the
hive it would be 81° ; 40° outside, 86°
inside ; 45° outside, 91° inside ; 48°
outside, 94° inside ; and 52° outside,
98° inside the hive.

My bees on the summer stands,
whenever the mercury reaches 90° in
the shade, either loaf idly around the
throne (bee-throne) or hang outside
the hives, and I feel like following
their example. If the degrees of heat
was maintained in proportion to the
scale above given, the heat inside the
hives would be unendurable, but at 41°
outside, the bees begin to break clus-
ter, and at 45° the cluster is broken
up, and the}' manifest a very restless
disposition, traveling swiftly to and
fro, trying to get out of the hives, and
on such occasions the loudest " roar-
ing " is heard. This fact cannot be
gainsaid, for inside of the experimental
hive the thermometer registered but
76°, proving conclusively to me, that
the bees endeavor to keep the tempera-
ture at from 76° to 78°, the projDer con-
dition for successful wintering.

High temperature, in my oisinion, is
the cause of bee-diarrhea, not im-
proper stores, as my weak colonies
have never shown symptoms of that
disease. Again, hives packed full of
bees, as many of mine are, with the
mercurj' ranging from 45° to 50°,sweat
profusely, and the combs in conse-
quence soon become moldy, the honey
unfit for use, the entire colony perish,
and in the spring, when the hives are
opened, to our astonishment we find a
putrid mess . of bees, and the cause is
attributed to pollen, honey-dew, or
poor honey, jumping at conclusions.
While it is a fact that our stronger col-
onies cannot be wintered successfully
in a cellar wherein the temperature
rises so high as to cause the trouble
indicated, weak colonies will remain
perfectly quiet, and winter well in an

atmosphere deterious to the majority
of large colonies.

As all colonies are not of uniform
.size, we must make the conditions alike
for both large and small ones, which
can be done by dividing the larger,
and contracting the smaller colonies,
by using division-boards, thereby com-
pelling them to cluster as desired. I
prefer medium-sized colonies, but
" men and mice go oft agley," men es-
pecially, if as in my case the elements
combine to frustrate all our well-laid
plans.

In this article I have been actuated
by a desire to help solve the problem
of wintering bees," under the ground;"
and as an " ounce of preventive is
worth a pound of cure," so is one prac-
tical scientific /a ei of more value than
volumes of theoretical asseverations. I
have been careful not to submit " posi-
tive assumptions upon the tottering
platform of unverified theories."

Madison,? Nebr., Dec. 16, 1887.

SPECIALISTS.

Can a Specialist produce Honey

elieaper and in better shape

tliaii otiicrs i If 80, tvliy t

Read at the Ontario Bee^Keepers^ Convention,
BY DR. C. C. MILLER.

By specialist, in this case, I suppose is
meant one who keeps a number of colo-
nies and makes bee-keeping at least a
principal part of his business. Just
where is the dividing line between one
who is, and who is not a specialist may
not be so easily determined. I suppose
all would agree that a man who keeps
a thousand colonies and devotes his
whole time and thought to bee-keeping
is a specialist, and one who owns a sin-
gle colony which is left to take care of
itself without the owner's knowing
whether the king or the drones lay the
eggs, is not a specialist. Somewhere
between these two lies a ground where
it might be hard to tell whether a man
were a specialist or not. Without any
hair-splitting, however, we may all
agree that the specalist in bee-keeping
devotes a considerable portion of his
time and thought to the care of his bees,
and has enough colonies so that their
failure or success maj' be a matter of
serious concern to him.

I may as well frankly avow mjself as a
believer in specialties, but it is well to
look at both sides. The general ten-
dency is toward specializing in all de-
partments. Our great grandmothers
cut the wool from the sheep's backs, and
without passing from their hands the
wool was fashioned into stockings or
coats. Now all that is changed. At
least half a dozen persons take the place

of the one gi-eat gi'audmother, each one
pursuing his specialty, and so it is
everj'where.

In an age so keen to the pursuit of
wealth, there is no evading the coucIut
sion that there must be money in set-
tling down into specialists, or it would
not be done. There are, however, ex-
ceptions to general rules. Take the
two cases we have supposed, one man
with a thousand colonies, another with
one. The l.OOO-colonies %ian cannot
produce honey for nothing, that is clear.
He must have something to buy his
bread. The 1-colony man attaches
little or no value to his bees, They cost
him nothing, and in the event of a fail-
ure of the honey crop, he counts upon
no loss for he has bestowed no labor on
his bees, no study or thought. If they
give him a crop, it is so much clear gain.
He divides with his neighbor, or takes
his honey in a pail to the nearest store,
and accepts whatever price is offered,
as he is not particular what he gets for
that which has cost him nothing. He
counts it about the same as the wild
grapes which grow in his fence-rows,
and which any one can have for the
gathering. Looking at it in this light,
as between the man with 1,000 colonies
and the man with one, does it not look
as if the latter has the best of it in point
of cheapness ? Looking at it no further
than this, I do not wonder that some
hold the view that every one should be
encouraged to keep bees, and that to
have honey plenty and cheap, all that is
necessary is to have a bee-hive at every
man's door.

But let us see what is tlie result of this
happy-go-lucky state of affaii'S. Has
not this system been tried ? I think
that close observation will bear me out
in saj-ing that before the daj's of special-
ists iii bee-keeping, when honey " cost
nothing," not one family had hone}' to
eat where three now have it. Please
do not forget that the plan of having
bees kept 1 or 10 colonies in a place, is
exactly the .system that was in vogue 50
years ago, and is no new thing. Is the
system practiced as much now as then?
Look around you and see. People are
not apt to give up that which is profit-
able. If the man -ttath one colony can
produce honey for nothing, does he fol-
low it up year after year ? Very seldom.
The fact is, take a series of years and he
cannot produce his honey as cheaply as
he can buy it of the specialist, and the
strongest proof is his own actions.

I have just been looking over a list
of bee-keepers of ten years ago, and of
those who were specialists not one in
ten has left the ranks. On the other
hand I recall to mind those who were
non-specialists living about me ten
years ago, and not one in ten of them
to-day owns a bee, although some of
them had as many as 20 colonies. Put-

THE- MME^KICMJM mmW J©'ltJMf*SlL<.

27

-■»■— ■»^*— --^^■'— ■»— ^■^■— "— ■■^■^^'^^■^^^*^*^*^*^^*

hmmitimAtm^t

ting these two facts together, do they
not show that the specialist can produce
honey more cheaply than others ? Else
why docs he keep at it, and others give
it up. The fact is, the latter consider it
a matter of luck. If, walking along the
road, I lind a silver dollar and pick it
up, it costs me nothing, but I would
hardly argue from that, that finding
silver dollars in the road is the cheapest
way of getting them as a steady busi-
ness. •

Very strong proof, then, that the
specialist can produce honey more
cheaply than others is the simple fact
that he persists in the business when
others give it up. Now why can he
produce it more cheaply ? Why can
j-ou buy your coats and pants at the
clothier's more cheaply than your wife
can make them ? Because the clothier
has the proper appliances, and knows
his business. Just so with the specialist
in any line. The man who makes a
specialty of bee-keeping is provided
with books and papers. He studies his
business, and is thus less liable to make
disastrous mistakes. Keeping a large
number of colonies, he can attbrd to be
supplied with the best implements and
labor-saving appliances. Above and
beyond everything else, however, is the
one reason, that the specialist knows
his business. Can you expect anything
else in any line of business than that the
man who gives his best thoughts and
energies to that business will succeed
better than he who knows nothing
about it ?

To take the middle part of the subject
last, the specialist will produce honey in
better shape, for the same reason that
he can produce it more cheaply, simply
because he has better facilities, and be-
cause he knows how.

Marengo, 5 Ills- '

SEASON OF 1887.

Comparing Farmers witli Api-
arists in a Poor Season.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY DR. H. J. SCOLES.

I commenced the season of 1887 with
44 colonies, 40 « of them being in good
condition, and th,e other 4 were quite
weak. When the white clover began
to bloom, the 40 colonies were ready
for it, but there was but a small bloom,
and of what there was the heads were
small and yielded but little nectar.
The clover looked sickly, and appeared
to be dying out ; then the drouth set in,
and it appeared to be about all dead.

The linden bloom was early, and it
yielded but little, so that from my 44
colonies I got but 4 swarms, and some
of the weak colonies dwindled a\Yay

until I have but 43, which I put into
the cellar on Nov. 18, 1887. About
one-third of them were rather light,
but had stores enough, I think, to keep
them until they are put out in the
spring.

I secured but 185 pouiuls of honey,
all in the comb. But few of the colo-
nies that I had set apart for extract-
ing, had any surplus, and that I saved
to give to those that were short of
stores. In this part of the country the
blacker the bee, the less stores they
gathered.

I have been handling bees for about
15 years, and the one just past was the
poorest season for honey that I have
ever experienced. A great many have
become discouraged, and were trying
to dispose of their apiaries the past
fall. What folly ! If a farmer loses
all of his hogs by cholera, he does not
stop trying to raise more ; or, if the
chinch-bug or grasshopper destroys his
crops, he does not cease sowing and
planting ; but it makes him the more
careful. Why should it not be the
same with apiarists, and thus make us
the more careful, so that we may be
ready to take advantage of a good sea-
son when it does come ?

Knoxville, $ Io^ya, Jan. 2, 1888.

STARTERS.

Suggestions about Fastening
Foundation in Sections.

Written for the Americnn Bee Journal
BY ED. S. EDEN.

After reading Mr. Fox's article, on
page 823 of the Bee Joubnal for 1887,
I fail to see that his method of fasten-
ing foundation in sections would be
very satisfactory, especially to me. I
fancy that if Mr. Fox would use a
foundation starter that would reach
across the section, he would find that
his method would prove very unsatis-
factory. Very few bee-keepers use as
small a starter as does Mr. Fox, 1-inch
square.

We will suppose that Mr. Fox uses a
starter that is 2 inches deep. I pre-
sume that it would require } of an inch
to be pressed on to the section, as a
means of fastening it. Now } of an
inch is J of 2 inches. We will suppose
again that Mr. Fox invests $100 in
foundation ; i of 100 is $12.50 ; which
would be very unsatisfactory to me.
In Mr. F's case, his loss is $25, for he
uses just one-half the width, and con-
sequently loses one-fourth of the whole
amount.

Another objection to fastening foun-
dation by pressure is, that if the sec-
tions are allowed to stand any length
of time after the starters have been

fastened in them, the foundation will
curl out to one side ; and if placed on
the hive in this shape, the bees will
fasten the sides of the foundation to
the section in a great many ca.ses, so
that it is inqiossible to get straight
combs without separators.

My bees have consumed very little
honey so far this winter.

Eastwood, Ont., Jan. 2, 1888.

CONVENTIOBI DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of MeeUng.

Jan. 17, 18.— N. W. ins. & 8. W.Wis., at Kockf ord. 111.
D. A. Fuller, Sec. Cherry Valley, Ills,

Jan. 18, 19.— Vermont State, at BurlinEton, Vt.

R. H. HolmeB, Sec. Snoreham, Vt.

Jan. 17-19.— New York State, at Dtica, N. Y.

G. H. Knickerbocker, Sec, Pine Plains, N. Y.

Jan. 20.— Haldimand, at Cayuga, Ontario.

B. C. Campbell, Sec, Cayuga, Ont.

Jan. 25. 26.— N. B. Ohio. Northern Pa. and W. New
York, at Meadville. Pa.

C. H. Coon, Sec. New Lyme, O.

Apr. 24.— Des Moines County, at Burlington. Iowa.
John Nau, Sec, Middletown, Iowa.

Jan. 24-26.- Eastern New York, at Albany, N.Y.

John Aspinwall, Sec, Barrytown, N. Y.

B^^ In order to hare this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Bd.

SEl-^^W^^*

Sweet Clover for Bees, etc.^

Nathan Davis, Emporia, o+ Kans., on
Dec. 28, 1887, writes :

The bees are wintering well. I com-
menced the season of 1887 with 25 col-
onies, and I have increased them to 30
colonies. Bees have done nothing here
for two years, on account of the
drouths. There has been nothing
raised the past year. I have been in
Kansas 28 years, and I have never
seen times as hard as they are at pres-
ent. I think that it would pay to sow
sweet clover for the bees. I had two
acres that bloomed this year, and the
bees did well on it. I saved 16 bushels
of the seed. I have no trouble to get it
to grow.

Honey for the L,iver. — Mr.W. H,
Smith, Mount Salem, Out., on Jan. 3,
1888, writes :

I have been a careful reader of the
American Bee Journal for several
years, and I have frequently realized
more value from one copjs than the
cost of a whole year's subscription.
There is one item to which I wish to
call the attention of the readers, which
I read in the spring of 1886, and that
treated of honey as a medicine for the
liver. My wife", having for years been
a sufferer from liver trouble, concluded

28

THE SMERICIEK miS® J@13iKr«M£f.

-■^— ^■'— ^- -^ *■—■*■— ■^■^»^^^^^^^^^*^*^^^*^^^^^*^»^*^*^^^

^*^ * ^^^^^*^-

to give honey a tlioroiigh trial. At the
time she commenced taking the lioney,
she was very thin in flesh, and a great
snfl'erer, weighing about 100 pounds.
In a few weeks she was materiallj- bet-
ter, and found that slie had increased
13 iDounds in weight. During the sea-
sou she regained her health eompleteh',
and weighed 142 pounds. She is now
a picture of health. I shall be pleased
to reply to any one desiring further
particulars. It would be quite impos-
sible for me to mention here all the
lienefits that I have realized from read-
ing the very valuable American Bee

<70URNAL.

Varieties of Hardy Raspber-
ries, etc. — L. C. Woodman, of Grand
Rapids,*o Mich., on Jan. 2, 1888, says :

Mr. C. A. Bunch, in a recent num-
ber of the Bee Journal, asked that
some Michigan bee-keeper should give
some information in regard to hardy
raspberries. As I have 10 acres in cul-
tivation, I will try to answer. I would
put the Cuthbert, a red variety', at the
head for bee-keepers ; and then the
Souhegan, Tyler and the Ohio, of the
black-cap varieties, next to the head.

My bees are in the cellar, and seem
to be wintering nicely. My chaff-hive
iipiary, 3 miles from home, seems to be
•wintering equally as well.

Large Crop of Honey, etc — J.

E. Cady, Medford, 9 Minn., Dec. 31,
1887, writes :

My crop statement for 1887 is as
follows : Number of colonies in tlie
spring, 109, which I increased to 118
colonies. I took 8,575 pounds of
honey, nearly 600 pounds of it being
comb honey, and the balance extracted;
2,035 pounds was from buckwheat and
fall weeds. It has been storming for
the last three days, and the snow is
getting quite deep. Bees in the cellar
seem to be quiet and comfortable at a
temperature of 48-.

To tlie ]Moiintaiiis J. F. Flory,

Lemoore,© Calif., on Dec. 10, 1887,
writes :

Bees have not stored a full crop of
honey here ; in some places they stored
less, and in others more than half a
KTop, so that on an average it has been
about half a crop. We have about 500
colonies, 300 colonies here, and the
others some 8 miles away. We shall
move them next spring about 50 miles
west, up the mountains. I have 25
acres in fruit, and 18 acres in raisins.
We have so many yellow-jackets, or
wasps, that cut open the fruit, and
then the bees suck out the juice. I am

an enthusiastic bee-man,have been such
for over 30 years, and so dislike mov-
ing my bees from this place ; but I see
no other remedy at present. I think of
keeping perhaps some 20 or 30 colo-
nies here, but the rest I will move.

But Lit lie Honey Obtained

A. H. Thorne, Fountain City, o* Ind.,
on Dec. 27, 1887, says :

I started last spring with 22 colonies
of bees, bought 6 more Italian colonies,
and increased them to 40 good colonics,
and introduced eight Carniolan queens
successfully, which I will try the com-
ing year. I had to feed my bees for
winter, and I did not get honey enough
for use in my own home. The name,
"extracted hone}^" is good enough
for me.

Carrying out Brood, &o — J. M.

Doudna, Alexandria, *o Minn., on Dec.
29, 1887, writes :

The honey season was very short,
only lasting 8 days, from July 4 to 12.
Early in June the bees began to carry
out brood. I had read that the cause
was " no honey," and so it proved. I
immediately commenced to feed them,
and continued until the linden bloom,
and then I obtained 2,700 pounds from
68 colonies. All of it has been sold at
good prices. Bee-keeping has paid
me better this year than ever before.
To me the Bee Journal is worth ten
times its cost every year.

Hardy Raspberries and Bees.

— J. H. Newman, Charlevoix, 5 Mich.,
on Dee. 26, 1887, writes :

Mr. C. A. Bunch (on page 795 of
the Bee Journal for 1887) asks about
hardy raspberries, and in reply I would
say that the red raspberries are nearly
all hardy here, with tlie temperatm-e
sometimes 30"^ below zero. The best
we have are the Cuthbert, Turner, and
Shaffer's Colossal, of the red berries.
Of the black raspberries we raise the
Ohio, Tyler, and Souhegan, which are
good and hard}-, but not so hardy as
the red kinds. The bees seem to work
well on all the raspberries, both wild
and tame ; and they work on the ber-
ries as 'well as the blossoms.

Experience \witli Bees, etc. —

A. B. Cougdon, South Hadley Falls, J
Mass., on Dec. 24, 1887, writes :

In the spring of 1886 I bought 2
colonies of bees in box-hives, and not
knowing how to transfer them, it was
not done until the next spring, so the
first )ear was wasted, just because I

did not post myself before beginning
with bees. This year I transferred
them into movable frame hives, and
doubled them up, as it was a very poor
year for honey liere also. I did not
get any honey, but I am not discour-
aged, and I think, and know, that if
there will be any honey taken in this
vicinity next year, that I shall have my
share of it.

I have put my bees into the barn in
a comfortable place. I had to feed
them some sugar syrup before putting
them away. I have looked at them,
and they are as quiet as can be, and I
think they will come out in the spring
as bright as need be. They are hybrids,
but I intend to Italianize them in the
spring.

Bees did Poorly. — Wm. Robson,
Rolla,© Mo., on Jan. 2, 1888, writ«s :

Buoyant with flattering prospects in
the spring of 1887, the supers were
arranged, new hives prepared, and
every thing made ready for the har-
vest of 1887, when along came storms
from all directions, for a change. Did
I get any honey ? Yes, but allow me
to explain : I left a few cases of honey
on the hives over winter, that was
gathered during the summer of 1886,
but not being filled with comb and
honey as desired, they remained until
white clover began to bloom. I then
removed them, and for the first time
in my life I had the pleasure of tasting
honey from the bloom of the apple
trees. I placed other cases on the
hives and awaited results. The " re-
sult " is an empty jjocket-book, for
want of honey to sell. Since I can re-
member, which is 40 years ago, I have
no knowledge of bees doing as poorly
as th?y did the past season. I have
spoken to several about their bees,
how they were doing, etc. ; their x'eply
is, " no good ; all dead."

A Puzzling Colony, etc. — R. J.

Mathews, Riverton,*o Miss., on Dec.
18, 1887, writes :

I commenced the season w^ith 9 col-
onies, increased them to 19, and took
one from a tree in the woods, so I now
have 20 colonies in good condition. I
obtained 1,040 one-pound sections of
honey, and 250 pounds of extracted
honey, of which about 75 pounds was
of very poor quality, and the rest was
fair. I consider that pretty good for a
bad season generjilly.

To-day it is clear and warm, the
temperature is up to 65° out^doors in
the shade, and I see from one colony
cif hybrid bees a large number of
drones flying. I have another colony
that puzzles me. On Sept. 2 I took its
queen (a black one) from them, and

TH® mwm'mMl€:mf€ ©E-® J@^Ml*MILr.

29

gave it to anothur qucenless colony be-
longing to my little son, a colony that
he got from the woods. In a few clays
I exauiine<l the little boy's colony, and
again fonnd it queenless, so I went to
my black colony where the queen
came from, and found that they had a
queen laying, and so I supposed tliat
she had gone back home ; but now the
bees are nearly all nice Italians, and
no young black bees in the hive. Can
any one account for this ?

Properly Attending to Bees —

F. H. McDonald, Star, p Idaho, on Dec.
26, 1887, says :

Those who attended properly to
their bees have reaped a bountiful crop
of honey in this neighborhood. Some
late swarms have but little food. One
of my neighbors put his bees into the
cellar last month, and in a few days
he had to take them out again, as they
had the diarrhea. He will winter part
of them in the cellar, and part on the
summer stands. Nearlj- all the bees
kept in this valley are, and have been
so far, wintered on the summer stands
without any protection, and also with
scarcely any loss.

Half an Average Crop, etc. —

George Spitler, Mosiertown,v3 Pa., on
Dec. 26, 1887, writes :

The honey crop in this pait of the
State is not more than half an average
crop, being about 20 pounds per col-
ony, .spring count. I started in the fall
of 1886 with 20 good colonies, and 3
weak nuclei ; in the spring of 1887 I
had 18 colonies, 3 queenless ones and

2 nuclei. I had them packed in .chaff.
Those that were weakest in the fall
came through in the best condition. I
have 23 colonies packed as they were
last j'ear, out-doors, and 11 colonies in
the cellar. One colony out-doors and

3 in the cellar are veiy weak — nothing
but nuclei. There was but very little
swarming the past season.

Oood Winter for Bees, etc. —

Joshua Bull, Seymour, o Wis., on Jan.
5, 1888, writes :"

On i)age 823 of the Bee Journal
fur 1887, I am made to say tliat bass-
wood yielded continually "from July
4 to July 27 inclusive," which is not
according to the facts in the case. I
intended to say, "from Julv -i to July
7" (not 27).

My bees were in excellent condition
last fall to enter their long winter re-
pose, the colonies being very populous,
with an aljundance of stores. The
weather, during November and De-
cember, was unusuallv mild for that

time of the year in this latitude ; and
although the mercury was below zero
several times, it was for a few hours
only. The year 1887 closed with a
driving snow-storm, which continued
into the beginning of the New Year.
When the storm cleared away, it turned
cold, and on the morning of Jan. 3 the
thermometer indicated 24^ below zero.
But it is quite mild again to-day, being
22° above zero. Somehow I feel a sort
of premonition tluit this is going to be a
favor.able winter fi>r bees, and I sin-
cerely hope that the results next spring
will be such as will justify that feeling.

Nebraska State CoTentlon.

The next meetlDs of the Nebraska State Bee-
Keepers' Aesociatlon will be held on Jan. 11, 12,
and 13, 1888, in Red Ribbon Hall, at Lincoln, Nebr.
The Linden Hotel will give reduced rates to raem-
berB. Those who come should get a receipt from
their home railroad agents on starting to Lincoln,
as railroad companies require fifty receipts to enti-
tle members to reduced rates. President Ryan re-
quests all members to have questions ready for the
first evening, so that they can be arranged in order.
The programme is as follows :

What are the essential points lo locating an
apiary ?— J. G. Hodges and J. L. Blancbard.

Apiculture as a profitable and permanent
occupation.— A. D. Keller and C. Ceelay.

How does bee-keeplnsr pay compared with
other occupations?— R.E Leaob and J.Rodgers.

How to obtain the most honey in the best
marketable shape.- Mrs. J. N. Heater and M.
Tower.

How much. If any, comb foundation should
be used ?— E. Kretchmer and E. Tower.

Diseases of bees, their causes and remedies.
— E. M. Hayhurst.

Is spring stimulating advisable ? If so, with
what ?— T. L. Von Dorn and W. J. Lynch.

How best to prepare honey to exhibit for
sale or for show.- Mrs. J. N. Heater and E. W.
Whitcomb.

Which is more profitable, comb or extracted
honey ?— A. Johnson and M. D. Abbott.

Increase, natural or artificial ?— R. V. Muir
and J. F. Poll£.

Should bees be frquently examined ? and at
what temperature should the atmosphere be ?
—Mrs. L. Marshall and Jas. Jardine.

Spring work with bees.— E. M. Hayhurst.

Fall breeding and spring dwindling.— J. N.
Heater and E. Kretchmer.

Honey-plants of Nebraska.— Professor C. E.
Bessey, of the State University.

Bearing queens and clipping their wings.—
J. M. Young. H. N. PATTERSON, Sec.

Vermont State ConTention.

The 14th annual convention of the Ver-
mont Bee-Keepers' Association will be held
at the Van Ness House at Burlinetou, Vt.,
on Wednesday and Thursday, Jan. 18 and
19, 1888. The order of exercises is as fol-
lows :

Wednesday Evenhsig, 1:30 p. m.— Con-
vention called to order by tlie President.
Reading of the minutes of the last meeting.
Reading of the Constitution, etc.

At 2: 15. —A paper by W. H. Wheatley,
St. Johnsbury, on " Vermont Bees." Fol-
lowed by discussion of the subject by the
convention.

At 2:4.5—" Experience of Fifteen Tears in
Bee-Keeping," by H.B. Isham. New Haven.

At 3:00— Discussion : "Is it advisable to
insert empty combs in the centre of brood-

nests for the purpose of spreading brood in
the spring ?" Opened by F. M. Wright.

At 3:30— Discussion : " What is the best
method to prevent an increase in colonies ?"
Led by J. E, Crane.

Wednesday Evening, 6:45 — Appoint-
ment of committees.

At 7:00— Discussion : "Bee-keeping in
Vermont ; does it pay ?" "Its hindrances,"
N. G. Webster, Bakersfield. " Its Expen-
ses," J. H. Larabee, Larabee's Point. Its
profits," Geo. Beecher, Essex. "As a busi-
ness," H. L. Leonard, Brandon.

At 1:15- Essay : "The pleasure and diffi-
culties of bee-keeping ;" by a lady bee-
keeper.

At 8:15— Essay: "Should women keep
bees and join the Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion ?" by a lady bee-keeper.

Thursday Forenoon, 9:00— Reports of
the Secretary and Treasurer. Reports of
committees, organization, etc.

At 10:15— Discussion : "Is it profitable-
to use full sheets of foundation in the brood-
chamber ?" Opened by F. H. McFarland,
St. Albans.

At 10:45— Question Drawer. A.E.Manum,
Bristol.

At 11:15 — Discussion : "Marketing
honey." Led by J. E. Crane.

Adjournment. R. H. Holmes, Sec.

The Vermont Association are to be con-
gratulated upon the nice programme of 12
pages which they have issued.

Obio State Convention.

The fifth annual Ohio State Bee-keepers' Con-
vention will be held in the United States Hotel, oq
the corner of High and Town Sts., Columbus, C on
Jan. 10 and II, 1888. An Interesting programme
will be arranged. Reduced rates at the hotel are'
11.50 for each person, double, or ^2.00 per day if
single. There will be reduced rates of travel, par-
ticulars of which will be given later. It is desira-
ble to know who can be present. Will you kindly
notify me by postal card, at Bluffton, Ohio. The fol-
lowing is the programme :

TtrasDAY, 9 A. M.— Heading the minutes of
last meeting. Receiving members and col-
lecting dues. Reports of the Secretary and
Treasurer, and standing committees.

Bee-conventions, how to make them a suc-
cess, and their value to bee-keepers.- A.I.Root.

Discussion on the Sectional Brood Chamber
and its advantages.— Led by Dr. G. L. Tinker.

Bflverslng, and has It come to stay ?— C. M.
Kingsbury.

Tuesday, 1 p. m.— Discussion on Bee-keeping
In connection with other pursuits.— Led be F.
A. Eaton.

Bee-keeping for women.— Mrs. Jennie Gulp.

Beekeeping as an exclusive pursuit.— Dr. C.
C. Miller.

Tuesday, 7 p. m.— Wood vs. tin separators: is
it profitable to dispense with either?— Dr.Bess©

T-sup6rs and other surplus arrangements In
connection with bee spaces.— E. R. Root.

Discussion on, Reiolved, That bee-keeping as
a business is more profitable than farming.

Opening of the question-box.— S. R. Morris.

Wednesday, 9 a. m.— Extracted honey : Its
production, and the best method of market-
ing it.— Dr. A. B. Mason.

The commission man and his relation to the
honey producer, as affecting the sale and
price of honey.— Chas. F. Muth.

Wednesday, l p. m.— Tlering-up : its advan-
tages.—J. W. Newlove.

Freezing bees.— C. E. Jones.

In-door vs. out-door wintering of bees, and the
advantages of the former.- H. R. Boardman.

Election of officers for the ensuing year.
Frank A. Eaton, Sec.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

30

ntmm •jEMn^KicMif. mmm jQ^mmmi^.

f *^*<

CONVENTION NOTICES.

B^" The Eastern New York Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet on Jan. '24, 2o and 26, 1888, in Agricul-
4.oral Hall, at Albany, N. Y. Every one is welcome.
We are sure to have a pieaaant an profitable lime.
John Aspinwall, Sec.

B^" The Des Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
fi-tion will hold its next meeting on April 24, 1888, at
Burlington, Iowa. John NAu, Sec.

I^~ The annual convention of the Vennont State
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at the Van
Ness House, in Burlington, Vt., on the Jan. 18 and
19, 1888. R. H. Holmes, Sec.

ZW° The Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association will
hold its annual meeting at Woodstock, Ontano, on
Tuesday and Wednesday, Jan. 10 and 1 1, 1888.

W. C0D8B, See.

ts^ The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet at the Court House in Eldora, Iowa,
on the second Saturday in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. Buchanan, See.

t^~ The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will hold their annual meeting at Cortland, N.
Y.. on Tuesday. Jan. 10, 1888, for the election of
ofiQcers and to transact such business as may come
before the meeting. All bee-keepers are invited.

R. Ii. WBAVER, Sec.

t^~ The annual meeting of the Northwestern
Illinois and Southeastern Wisconsin Bee-Keepers'
Association will be held in G. A. R, Hall, corner of
State & North Main Sts., in Rockford, Ills., on Jan.
17 and 18, 1888. Dr. Miller will be present, and a
good proeramme is in course of preparation.

D. A. FOLLER, Sec.

B^" The Northeastern Ohio, Northern Pennsyl-
vania and Western New York Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will hold its ninth annual convention in the
-Commercial House Parlor, in Meadvitle, Penn., on
, Wednesday and Thursday, January 25 and 26,1888.
Reduced hotel rates have been secured.

C. H. COON, See.

Robert's Rnles of Order for de-
liberative assemblies, publislied by S. C.
Griggs & Co., Ctiicago, is " a gem " in ap-
pearance, and an invaluable guide for those
wlio are called to preside over conventions
of bee-keepers and others. It has a table,
covering two pages, which will aid a chair-
man to decide 200 questions of importance,
without turning a leaf. Price 75 cents.

Xlie Apiciiltiirist for January came
in good time, and is as usual full of good
things of interest to every apiarist. "Pre-
vention of Increase " is the chief topic in
this number, and it contains three good
articles on that subject. The Bee Journal
and the " Apiculturist " for 1888 can be ob-
tained for 81.80.

Please to get your NeigIi1>or who keeps
bees, to also take the Amekican Bee JotmNAL.
It Is now so CHEAP that no one can afford to
do without It.

To give aw^ay a copy of " Honey as Food
and Medicine " to every one who buys a
package of honey, will sell lots of it.

OUR CLUBBIKG LIST,

We supply the Amertcan Bee Journal

one year, and any of the following publica-
tions, at the prices quoted In the last column
of flgnreB. The first column gives the regu-
lar price of both. All postage prepaid.

Price «:f botfi. CTub

The American Bee Journal I 00. .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00. . 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazme 1 50 . . 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150.. 140

The Apiculturist 2 00.. 1 80

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 . . 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer...! 40.. 130
The 7 above-named papers 5 40 . . 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25. . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 3 00.. 175
Binder for Am. Bee Journal . . 1 60 . . 1 50
Dzlerzon's Bee-Book (cloth) ... 3 00 . . 3 00
Root's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 35. . 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00.. 2 20

Simmons' Non-Swarmlng. ...150.. i;25

Western World Guide 1 50. . 1 30

Heddon'8 book, "Success,".. 1 50 1 40

A Tear Among the Bees 1 75 . . 1 50

Convention H and-Book 1 50 . . 1 30

Weekly Inter-Oceaa 2 00. . 1 75

Iowa Homestead ....200.. 190

One yearly subscription for the American
Bee Journal must be ordered with each
paper or book. In order to take advantage
of the prices named in the last column.

We pay 20 cents per pound, delivered
here, for good Yellow Beeswax. To avoid
mistakes, the shipper's name should always
be on each package.

We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant seed
at the following prices : One ounce, 40 cts ;
4 ounces, $1 ; Yi pound, $1.75 ; 1 lb., $3. One
pound of seed is sufficient for half an acre.
If properly thinned out and re-set.

Sweet Clover, (AfeKlottM alba), furnishes
the most reliable crop of honey from July
until frost, and at the same time It furnishes
the most delicious honey, light in color, and
thick in body. It may be sown In waste
places, fence corners, or on the roadside,
at any time of the year.

Sow two years running, on the same land,
and the honey crop will be without inter-
mission. Money invested In Sweet Clover
Seed will prove a good investment. The
Seed may be obtained at this office at the
following prices : $6.00 per bushel (60 lbs.);
$1.75 per peck, or 20 cents per pound.

Yucca Brusbes are employed for re-
moving bees from the combs. They are a
soft, vegetable fiber, and do not Irritate the
bees. We can supply them at 5 cents
each, or 50 cents a dozen ; If sent by mall,
odd 1 cent each for postage.

Red Ijabels for one-pound pails of
honey, size 3x4^ inches. — We have now
gotten up a lot of these Labels, and can
supply them at the following prices : 100
for $1.00 ; 250 for $1.50 ; 500 for $2.00 ; 1,000
for $3.00 ; all with name and address of
apiarist printed on them— by mail, postpaid.

Honey and Beeswax Market.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We quote : White clover 1-lb. sections
I8@20c.; 2-lb8., 16®18c.; dark l-lbs. 17018C.; 2-bl8.
15®16c. Extracted, firm at 7®10o., depending
upon the quality, and style of package. Dark. 2
or 3 cts. below above quotations. Receipta light
and demand fair.

BEB8WAX.— 22®23c.

Dec. 20. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 8. Water St,

CHICAGO.
HONEY.- Prices range from 18@20c. for best

grades, with light demand : 2-lb. sections, lS@16c.

Dark Is not wanted. Extracted is steady at 7@10c..

according to style of package.
BKB8WAX.-20®230. R. A. BURNETT,
Dec. 7. 161 South Water St.

DETROIT.
HONEY.— Best white in 1-lb. sections, 19®20c.
Extracted, 11@ 12c. Demand brisk
BBBSWAX.-21®23C.
Dec. 15. M. H. HUNT. Bell Branch, Mich.

CLEVELAND.
HONEY.— Best white l-lbs. sections sell at 19®20
cts. Extracted, 7®8c. Demand small.
BEESWAX.- 22®25C.
Dec. IS A. C.KENDBL, lis Ontario Bt.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.- We quote : Fancy white In 1-lb. sec-
tions, 16®19c.; the same in 2-Ibs., 14®16c.; buck-
wheat l-lbs., Il(gil2c.: 2-)bs., 10®llc. Off grade'
l@2c. per lb. less. White extracted, 8@9c. Mar-
ket dull.
BKB8WAX.-22@23c.

MCCACJL & HILDRETH BROS.,
Dec. 20. -28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONE Y.-We quote: Choice white l-lb8.,18®20c. ;
dark, 16@18c.; choice white ■2.1bs., 18c.; dark. 15 to
IBc. Extracted, white, in 60-lb. tin cans, 9c. ; in
barrels. 8c. : dark, in barrels, 5@6c. California 2-
Ib. while comb. 18c.; dark, 16c. Extracted, white,
m 60-lb. cans, 8@9c. ; amber, 8c.

BBB8WAX.-N0. 1. 20c.; No. 2, 16®I8C.
Deo. 19. CLBMONS.CLOONACO., cor4thtWalnnt

ST. LOUIS.

HONBY.— Choice comb, 18®20c. ; latter price for
Choice white clover in good condition. Strained,
In barrels, 5S6C. Extra fancy, of bright color
and in No. 1 packages. M-cent advance on above.
Extracted, In bbls., 6^®7c.; in cans, 7 to 9c.—
Short crop indicates further advance in prices.

BEESWAX- 200. for orime.

Dec. 19. D. G. TUTT & CO., Commercial St.

CINCINNATI.

HONBY.— We quote extracted at 4@9c. per lb.
Choice comb, 16@20c., in the Jobbing way. The
demand for extracted exceeds arrivals, and for
comb the demand is tame.

BBB8W AX.— Demand good— 20(822c. per lb. for
good to choice yeliow, on arrival.
Dec. 12. C. F. MUTH & SUN. Freeman & Central At.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote ; Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
17®19c. : fancy 2-lb9.. 15@iec. Lower grades l@2c.
per lb. leas. Buckwheat i-lbs., Il@l2c.; 2-Ibs., 1C@
lie. Extracted, white, 9®loc.; buckwheat, 6@7c.

Demand has slackened some, and to make sales
we must shade above prices. About Jan. 15 we ex-
pect a more active demand.
Dec.31. F.G.STROHMBYBR&CO., I22Water8t

PHILADELPHIA.

HONEY.— Fancy white l-lbs., 18@i9c.! fair l-lbs-
17c.: dark l-lbs. are slow sale at 14@15c.; fancy 2
lbs., white. 15@16c. : buckwheat fancy l-lbs., 13@14
ct«.: common, 12c. Prices tend downward.

BEBSWAX.-23®24C.

Dec. 11. ARTHUR TODD, 2122 N. Front St.

MILWAUKEE.

HONBY.— Choice white l-lbs., 20o.; fair, 19®2nc.:
2-lbs., I8®19c.; 3-lbs.. i«®18c. White extracted In
kegs or half-barrels, 9M«9 Vc. : in pails or cans, 9Vfi
to lOc. ; amber^in f^-barrei8.9M@9J4c.; dark in kegs
and barrets. 7(g*7H>c. Demand good, supply fair.

BEBSWAX.-22®25C.

Dec. 15. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote: White to extra, I5®i8c.j
amber. 10® 13c. Extracted, white liquid, 7@7Hc.;
amber and candied, 5V6@63^c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.— 2(Kr»24c.
Dec. 31. SCUACHT & LEMCKB, 123-124 Davla 8t

BOSTON.

HONBY.— New crop, 1-lb. sections, 18@20o.: 2-
Ib. sections, 17@18c. Extracted. 6@8c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are only fair.

BEE8W AX.— 25 cts. per lb.
Dec. 10. Blaex & KiPLKT, 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote : White comb. 17®19c.; am-
ber. 12i^@15c. Light amber to white extracted,
7^®8c.; amber, dark and candied, 69i®7Mc. Mar-
ket firm and slocks light.

BBESWAX.— 22(2230.

Dec. 12. O. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Front 8t.

THE; SMERICKN BE© JOURNSE..

35

THOMAS &. NEWMAN, Editor.

VoiniY. Jan. 18, 18

No. 3.

So I'siiv the ;;meral report is that the
bees are whiteriiig well. We have had many
cold spells, but such have been of short
duration, and the bees have not suffered
any inconvenience on that score. What the
rest of the winter may be, is as yet an un-
certainty.

■\«-«- Patents.— Two new patents on
bee-hives were granted on Dec. 30, 1887.
One to T. M. Cobb and the other to F. Dan-
zenbaker. The number of the former being
875,361 ; and the latter 875,269. What the
special features are we know not.

'rii«' Ontario bee-keepers met in con-
vention at Woodstock last week, and had
an interesting meeting. Martin Emigh was
elected President, and J. B. Hall Vice-
President. We expect to publish a report
of the proceedings next week.

Xlie ;%e>v Vorlc Moe-Koepers are

now in session. The nineteenth State Con-
vention met on Tuesday of this week for a
three days' session at Utiea. We are sorry
we did not get the programme until our
last week's issue was on the press, or we
should have published it entire. We hope
that the meeting will be one of great in-
terest and enthusiasm.

I'atlK'r I^angfiiitrolli is again heard
from, and our readers may expect an article
from his pen in next week's Bee Journal.
He intends to go to Cincinnati this week to
obtain medical treatment to relieve him
from his distressing "head troubles," which
is promised by the physician he intends to
visit. We hope he will succeed in obtain-
ing a cure.

I>i-iink«-ii l..oaf<TM. — That is what
the New Orleans Picayune calls the bees.
It says :

A lady living in Rappahannock County,
Va., had 13 colonies of bees, which were
very valuable until a distillery was started
in tiie neighborhood. Since i"t was starteil,
however, the bees pay frequent visits to the
still, get very drunk, and are of little profit.

The Chicago Hendd commenting upon
this circumstance, gets off the following,
calling them "boozy bees :"

A lady in Virginia has a colony of bees
that go to a neighboring distillery and get
tipsy. This is a sad revelation for the
moralist who is fond of holding up the bee
as a bright and shining model lor thrift,
sobriety and industry. The didactic poetry
regarding the little boozy bee seems to be in
need of revision.

Mrs. Mahala B. Chaddock remarks very
pointedly on the above in the Farm, Field
and Stockman as follows :

Bees never work on grapes or peaches,
neither do they frequent cider-mills or dis-
tilleries, except when there is no honey in
the flowers. At such tim^s there is no
honey coming in, or not enough for the bees
to store it.

No one need have the least fear of con-
tracting the taste for whisky from eating
honey, as there never was anything more
true than this. If bees are gathering honey,
they do not trouble distilleries ; if they go
to the stills they are not gathering honey.

Xiie Reaction 4'oines, as well to
the grape-bees controversy as to many
other things. We find the following item
now "going the rounds" in the political
papers, and such will do much to dispel the
prejudices of grape-growers to the bees.
Here is the item :

Bees Injuring Grapes.— The Columbus
Horticultural Society reports to the Coun-
try Gentleman an experiment performed by
Mr. McLain, of Aurora, Ills. In a grape-
house well ventilated, but bee-proof, he
places grapes and other ripe fruits sound as
well as imperfect. Three colonies of hungry
bees, hived on empty combs, were placed
within. They visited the fruit in great
numbers, and took advantage of every
crack or opening or accidental puncture.
They never molested sound fruit. If the
skin of a grape was broken or burst from
over-ripeness, the bees sucked the exposed
juices. They did not attempt to break the
skin. The experiment was continu^^d 30
days, with 30 sorts of grapes, with the same
result. When grapes were punctured with
needles, the bees sucked the juice out only
so far as they could reach.

■*V. R. 6ri-siliani, Greenville, Texas,
on Jan. 10, 1888, writes his congratulations on
the Bee Journal for 1888, and adds :

I obtained nine cash premiums at the
Texas State Fair and Dallas Exposition, on
bees, honey, and bee-fixtures.

" I'p to litis Time I think bees are
wintering good. The weather has been
favorable ; not much zero weather." So
writes M. L. Spencer, of Little Genesee, N.
Y. He then adds : " I congratulate you on
the appearance of the American Bee
Journal. 1 think it much improved for
1888."

If ces from Carniola or Kraiii, in Austria,
are generally known in Europe as Krainer
bees ; in America as Carniolan bees. Many
of these queens are now sent across the
ocean by mail, every year, by Mr. Benton,
of Munich. Mr. B. is an American, and
used to attend theMich.AgricuItural College.

Carniola is a province of Austria, just
south of Vienna, and nearly borders Italy
on the northeast— the Adriatic intervening.
A continuation of the Alpine Mountain
range runs through the province— and hence
the hardihood of the bees from that moun-
tainous region.

Cabltag-e and Celery l»Iauts.— A

guide to their successful propagation. A
new manual of instruction by Isaac F.
Tillinghast. Seed and plant grower, and
editor of Seed Time andHarvest, LaPlume,
Pa., 33 pages. Illustrated. Price 25 cents.

This little volume relates in an interest-
ing manner how two farmer's boys started
a vegetable plant trade, on a farm in the
country, which developed into a large seed
and plant business, which now reaches into
every comer and section of the Union. It
gives modern plans for constructing low-
cost hot-beds and greenhouses, to be heated
by fermenting manure, fire flues, and hot
water. Also, how to successfully grow
cabbage and celery plants in the open
ground, with certain methods of protecting
them from destructive insects and diseases,
which have not heretofore been given to
the public.

There are no doubt thousands of locations
in which, with the aid of this little instruc-
tor, an active farmer's boy, or established
market gardener, might work up a very re-
munerative plant business with very little
expense or trouble.

^er We will send the above and the Bek
Journal for one j'ear, for $1.15.

Every One having a garden, or even a
shrub, should own and study Vick's Floral
Guide, published at Rochester, N. Y., price
10 cents, and a due-bill for 10 cents worth of
seeds accompanies the Guide.

Interesting' I^ibrary. — Mr. S. B.

Brillhart, of Kendallville, Ind., writes thus :

For the past five years I have had the
American Bee Journal bound, and it is
beginning to make a very interesting library
on "the bee." The Bee Journal is just
what every one who owns bees ought to
take. It pays, and that is a good reason. I
usually keep about 25 colonies of bees.

TScw Catalogues for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

J. D. Goodrich, East Hardwick, Vt.— 10
pages— Apiarian Supplies.

H. G. Frame, North Manchester, Ind.— 4
pages— Bees, Queens, etc.

Geo. H. Kirkpatrick, New Paris, O.— 10
pages— Bees and Supplies.

A. D. Hale, Deer Lodge, Tenn.— 30 pages
—Poultry.

Cole & Brother, Pella, Iowa— 40 pages-
Vegetable, Flower and Garden Seeds.

36

THE; MMERIC'MIf MMM J&'&mMMl^,

fc^^».^.»^*a.A^fcfc^».AJ^AKft*«Sja>i^*^rt<

^».^^^B.^^^^.^

■•*-^^^^^''*

Xlie I%ext C'oiivt-iilion. «■<<■.— Con-
cerning tlie re-location of the next annual
meeting of the North American Bee-Keep-
ers' Society, and other subjects, Prof. A. J.
Cook writes as follows :

Agkicultural College, Mich.,

Jan. 13, ISSS.
Dear Mr. Editor :— Dr. Mason is, as
usual, wise in his sugsestions. Our calamity
is our " maguificent distances." It costs so
much to attend our meetings ! This is why
we cannot hope to equal Europe. What-
ever, then, will lessen expense is to be ad-
vocated. If the Centennial will give re-
duced rates to Columbus, O., then I vote for
Columbus. Again, it would be nearer the
South ; and as 1 remember the cordial greet-
ing that we received at Louisville some
years since, I feel desirous to meet the
Southern bee-keepers again. I vote for
Columbus.

Obto Horticnlturists and Bees.

I am glad that Dr. Mason is stirring up
the Ohio horticulturists on the bee-question.
I had the honor of addressing that Associa-
tion a year ago, at their annual meeting, and
I told plain truths about bees. The truth is,
the value of bees, aside from the honey
which they gather, is so important that all,
especially fanners and horticulturists,
should know of it. Therefore I lose no
suitable occasion to spread this knowledge.
I think that all bee-keepers should be
equally ready. We can thus create right
views where ignorance and prejudice now
reign.

Fraternal Good-'WIII.

The words from our good friend, Mr.
McKnight, are good reading. Who could
imagine Dr.Mason with malice in his heart?
If any man in America has "good-will to
man " written all over his face, that man is
our big, fat, jolly friend of Toledo. I could
but think, as I read Mr. McKnight's article,
how the bee-periodicals had changed in the
past few years. In the olden time, quarrels,
invective and vindictive thrusts were all too
common. Now everybody is kindly dis-
posed, and a good brotherly temper pervades
every page ot all our bee-papers. That this
spirit will never be replaced, is my hope, as
it is my belief.

As to changing the location of the next
meeting, the executive committee have full
power under the Constitution to make the
change, if they are satisfied of its desir-
ability. The points of advantage mentioned
by Dr. Mason are ample, in our opinion^
and the change should be decided upon, and
notice given as soon as possible.

The location of the " Centennial Exposi-
tion of the Ohio Valley and Central States "
is at Cincinnati, O., and the time of holding
it is from July 4 to Oct. 27,1887. As Brother
Muth was the first to suggest the holding of
the next meeting of the North American
Bee-Keepers' Society at Cincinnati because
of this Centennial Exposition, cheap fares,
etc., and as he is "a host" to make good
arrangements for such a meeting— we vote
for Cincinnati.

The Centennial Exposition in Columbus,
0., is to be held in September, a trifle too
early for a successful bee-meeting.

As to the fraternal and friendly feeling
mentioned by Prof. Cook, no one rejoices.

more in its "exhibition "than do we; in-
deed it is our opinion that no one should
attempt to write on matters apicultural,
with any other intent or purpose ; in its
absence, let the pen be dropped, and not re-
sumed until such a disposition is in full
possession.

Expei-iineiit in Freeaiiiig' Beos. —

Mr. J. C. Haines, of Herkimer County, N.
T., writes to Gleanings in Bee-Culture, in
relation to an experiment in freezing bees,
to find if they might again be revived, as
follows :

I got a pan of clean,dry snow, just after it
had fallen, set it in the barn to keep it soft
and light, and on Nov. 30, about 3 p.m., I
opened a strong colony, smoked slightly. In
a little while I took a small handful and
dropped them in the pan of snow. As soon
as they were chilled, I put some in a dry
paper box, and set them in a small open
building. Next morning we brought two of
each lot into the house, put them on the
mantel near the kitchen stove, where it was
nice and warm (not hot), but they showed
no signs of life. We left them in all day,
and got more of each lot, but they showed
no signs of life at all. To-day I brought
more in, but could not see any signs of life.
They are quite dead. We opened some and
they seemed to be filled with honey.

At the time when we put the bees in the
snow in the first place, it thawed some on
the south side of the house, and the bees
were bright and active, and seemed quite
strong ; but it was very cold that night.
Next morning the thermometer was down
to 5° below zero, and the next day was very
cold. The thermometer was at zero. So
you see if there is anything in its being
cold, they had the benefit of it.

]\eat as W^ax.— Mr. J. M. Shuck, of
Des Moiues, Iowa, writes us as follows :

No. 1, Vol. XXIV, of the American Bee
Journal is received, and in a new dress,
greatly improved in appearance. It looks
like the baby's first tooth, neat as wax. It
is certainly equipped for a trip " all around
the world."

Succeeded CJrandly.— The Repub-
lican Standard, published at New Bedford,
Mass., gives us this unsolicited notice, for
which it has our thanks :

When the American Bee Journal com-
menced its appearance as a weekly, it was
prophesied that it would not succeed, but it
has grandly. Every number is full of use-
ful information.

The Jmi/mal of Lewiston, Maine, remarks
as follows on the same topic :

The American Bee Journal is the
oldest bee-paper in America, hut that isn't
all ; it stands at the head in bee-literature,
giving from week to week the best thought
and practice in apiarian art. No one who
keeps bees can expend a dollar to better ad-
vantage than to subscribe for this Journal.

Xlie Canadian Bee Journal is a year
behind the times. It apologized on the first
page for having "1887 "on the cover, and
just above the apology is the date in black-
faeed type, "Jan. 4, 1887." In this case
" two wrongs will not make one right." But
mistakes will happen in the best regulated
families.

Xlie Revie«- came promptly to our
desk, and is very attractive in appearance.
Its reading matter is much superior to the
ordinary "run " of such, in the various new
bee-papers. The complete list ot contents
may be found on page 47.

The principal topic in this first number is
"Disturbing bees in winter," whicli the
editor " sums up " in these words :

What bee-keeper that does not delight, in
winter, when the mercury is coquetting
with zero, to enter a comfortable bee-cellar,
in which the hives stand in long rows, tier
above tier, and peep into their entrances
and seethe bees hanging from thecombs in
golden-brown clusters ? And how many in
making these visits have not, sometimes,
felt that they were trespassing upon forbid-
den ground ; that the price of these admir-
ing glances might be disease and death to
the admired ? We have often had such
thoughts ; have felt that a visit in winter to
the bee-cellar, or a peep into a hive out-of-
doors, was something like a stolen pleasure;
but these thoughts will come no more, for
we are thoroughly convinced that such ex-
aminations do no harm. That bees can be
moved in winter, or the hives opened, combs
taken out, bees examined, etc., and no in-
jurious results ever follow, we are not so
certain ; but that such treatment seldom re-
sults in harm, we are well satisfied. We
recollect reading a report of some bee-
keeper who lostpartof his bees from starva-
tion in the cellar. He knew they were
short of stores, but feared to disturb them,
lest it should result in greater loss than
would starvation. Had we colonies of bees
that we thought might be lacking in stores,
we should unhesitatingly examine them,
and feed them, too, if we found them in
need.

The frequent and extensive handling of
bees during winter, indulged in by some
of our correspondents, might, perhaps, have
had less happy closing chapters, had the
food been of a different character ; in fact,
all are quite well agreed that frequent dis-
turbance may aggravate the evils arising
from unsuitable food ; and, as the years roll
by, we are becoming more and more con-
vinced that foocZ is the pivotal point upon
which turns the question of wintering bees
in a Northern climate. Our faith in the
popular belief that disturbing bees in win-
terjs necessarily injurious has been entirely
destroyed ; and our advice would be : If
you wish to know how your bees are win-
tering, go and examine them— quietly and
carefully, and it you think they need food,
or any other attenlion, make the necessary
examination and give the required care with
but little fear that the disturbance will
cause injury.

We wish the Review a long and prosper-
ous career, and its editor all the success he
could wish for himself. No. 1 is excellent,
and should please the most fastidious.

Wc are Sorry to learn that our friend
Paul L. Viallon, of Bayou Goula, La., has
been quite ill for some time. Bronchitis is
the cause ot the trouble. He is now recov-
ering, and this will be good news to our
readers, as he is to give us answers to
queries hereafter. The first answers from
him appear in this number of the Bee
Journal. In retVrence to moving au api-
ary, he remarks as follows :

A few years since I moved ray apiary
about 5 acres, during a cold day. I placed
a slanting board iti front of each hive, as
advised by Mr. Dadant, and I do not think
that a handful of bees returned to the old
location.

frmm mm,mmiGmu mmm j@^i«i«®i^.

37

-*'^*-^*^--^-^^^-^^^^^^^^^^-^^^^^^^

'rii«' St'liool of Sorro"**".

BT J. K. LUDLUM.

The mills of God grind slowly ;

They iirind exceedingly small,
For whoso' the Father loveth

He chastenetb, one and all.

Sunlight will ripen harvest,
But without clouds and rain

The seeds in spring-time scattered
Could never grow into grain.

Smiles are soothing and pleasant,

Happiness good to behold,
But without the fire refining

How could we test the gold ?

If we should suffer no sorrow,
How could we count the cost ?

Would not our hearts grow careless ?
All our sympathies lost ?

" Sorrow makes all men brothers,"
Sorrows our hearts refine ;
The whirlwind smiting the forest
Tests the strength of the pine.

Aye, bitter tlie school of sorrow,

Bitter the cross and pain ;
But trial worketh patience.

And loss is followed by gain.

— Written for the ^tna.

MR. IVAR S. YOU;%Ci, OUR

Tisi'r<»R fru:ti rvoien'AY.

We have received the following letter
from Mr. Young, and in order that our
readers may get an idea of his personal ap-
pearance, we have prepared an engraving
from the photograph which he presented to
us for our Bee-Keepers' album. Mr. Young's
letter reads thus :

Messrs. Thos. G. Newman & Son:— Will
you kindly allow me to express, through
the American Bee Journal, my most
cordial thanks for all the friendliness and
affability which were so profusely shown
to me during my memorable visit amongst
the bee-friends of the United States and
Canada. I will, as long as I live, take de-
light in thinking of ray trip, and never ! no
never ! forget the World's most able bee-
keepers, nor their exceeding hospitality
towards me, as a stranger.

I only regret, that my time was so limited,
that I had no opportunity of personally
calling on the many more, whose names
were so well known and dear to me from
the bee-periodicals.

Respectfully yours,

IVAR S. YOUNG.

The apiarists of America will appreciate
Mr. Young's expressions of kind feeling
and regard, and duly reciprocate them, for
he may very properly be called " the father
of modern bee-keeping in Norway."

Mr. Young's visit to America was at the
instigation of the Norwegian Government,
and at its expense ; and his mission was to
gather up all the information possible to be
obtained in reference to modern and pro-
gressive apiculture in America, together
with details of methods and samples of im-
plements. Such will be used in the interest
of " apiculture as an industry " in Norway.

The Norwegian Bee-Keepers' Society was
organized in 1884, and has about 1,500 mem-
bers. It also publishes a monthly bee-
paper, entitled TkUkrift for bUkjotsel at
Christiania, Norway, of which Mr. Young
is the editor, and every member receives a
copy free.

Mr. Young has also published a book on
apiculture, entitled " Praktisk lommebog i
tidsmaesslg biskjotsel," which is well printed
and illustrated.

Mr. Young has " written up " his trip in
America, and it is published in his paper.
We cannot read it, but expect to have it
translated, and in a future number we shall
present the salient points to our readers.
When Mr. Young was visiting Mr. Holter-

MR. IVAR S. YOUNG.

mann, editor of the Canadian Honey Pro-
ducer, he obtained and published the fol-
lowing facts concerning

Bee-Keepliig in Norway.

We had a very pleasant and instructive
conversation with Mr. Young, and, of
course, made all possible inquiries about the
state of bee-keeping in Norway.

Bees can be kept very well as far north as
Drontheim. In Norway, as here, there is
no method by which tlie number of colonies
can be ascertained, but the number of colo-
nies kept are estimated at about 40,000 ; of
these about 3,000 are kept in the movable-
frame hive, the balance in straw skeps.

Wintering is done very successfully in
some of the old straw-skep hives. Many
think the bees in the movable-frame hive do
not winter as well, but such is not the case ;
on the contrary, the honey taken by means
of the movable-frame hive is mostly ex-
tracted. On account of so few frame hives,
and but little comb foundation being used,
the average yield per colony for the country
is not great, but he thinks if properly con-
ducted it would be 70 pounds to 100 pounds
per colony.

The chief sources of honey are clover,
basswood, and heather. The clover is
mostly Alsike ; there is but little white.

Iloaltli and Home Ultrary. — The

first number of this periodical is on our
desk. It contains 100 pages of the most
interesting articles concerning health and
home life. It should be read by every par-
ent, and especially mothers. It is to be
published quarterly at $1 a year, at Chicago,
Ills.

dean as a l\e-»»' IMn.— Mr. Geo. E.
Hilton, Fremont, Mich., expresses himself
thus :

The first number of the American Bee
JouKNAL for the new year is at hand,
bright, spicy and clean as a new pin, in its
new attire. I want to congratulate you on
the cut you have made of my apiari'. It
has been published several times in differ-
ent forms, but I have not seen a picture
that pleased me as well as the one you
produced.

flow Can it be Uone ?— Mr. J. M.

Hicks, Battle Ground, Ind., on Jan. 12, 1888,
wrote us as follows :

This morning finds me at home, but not
very well. I am suffering from a severe
cold ; I hope to be out in a few days again.
I see you are out on time with the good old
reliable American Bee Journal. The
great wonder to me is, how on earth you
can afford so good a journal, 53 times a year,
for so little pay as $1 ? Yet I trust it pays
you to do so.

I^ever tMst a Copy.— Mr. A. B. Bray,
Bois D'Arc, ilo., on Jan. 9, 1888, writes
thus :

When I opened the Bee Journal for
Jan. 4, 1888, 1 scarcely knew what it was ; a
change had been made in appearance from
beginning to end. I do not see how you
could have made such improvements every
year since 1874 as you have. I have been
taking the Bee Journal for years, and I
have yet my first paper to lose. I have re-
ceived three times the value of the Jour-
nal in information every year. It will
richly repay any bee-keeper's faithful
perusal.

nueh Pleased. — Mr. Charles Solve-
son, of Nashotah, Wis., on Jan. 5, 1888,
wrote thus of his surprise and pleasure
upon receiving the first number of our
paper for this year :

I have just received No. 1 of the Ameri-
can Bee Journal for 1888, and to say that
1 am pleased with its new appearance, is
but stating it mildly ; it appeared so clean
and white that I involuntarily got up and
washed my hands (they were not dirty) ere
I allowed myself to feast on its many good
things. May you long live to lead the fra-
ternity in its progressive march '.

;Xo« SliioU lip !— Dr. A. B. Mason, of
Aubunidale, O., upon receiving the first
number of the Bee Journal for this year,
wrote us as follows :

Friend Newman:— What have you
" been up to ?" "What for have you gone
and spoiled the old reliable American Bee
Journal for ?" I missed its old familiar
face this week, but in its place came a
"spic, span" new and fresh one, but
"awfully stuck up." As it don't "slop
over " as " stuck up " arrangements usually
do, I guess 1 can get used to it. It looks
nice with its new heading. You know it is
"ray first love" in the line of bee-periodi-
cals. 1 began taking it when the lamented
Samuel Wagner was its editor. 1 like the
other bee-papers, but none of them can take
its place. It-i iiialie-up and iiuittcr are very

fflUHl.

88

THE) SME'RICSlf WMM J©UMFIM1<.

h»m»m»t

OuEEiES if Replies.

»© SIVARMS I-EATE HIVES
^VIXH TWO QUEEr^S?

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 506.— Is there such a thing as a
swarm leavlnR a hive with two queens ?— R.

Yes.— J. P. H. Brown.

Yes.— W. Z. Hutchinson.

Yes, or a dozen. — C. C. Milt.ek.

Yes ; I have known them to leave
with 8, but there were none left in the
hive. — A. B. Mason.

Yes ; an after-swaim sometimes has
5 or 6. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

Yes, whj' not, if it happens to be an
after-swarm ? — Eugene Secor.

Yes. Nearly all swarms except the
first have two oi' more queens. — M.
Mahin.

Yes, whether the querist means
going with two queens or leaving two
queens in the hive ; it is not uncom-
mon.— R. L. Tayxor.

Yes ; second and third swarms often
have several queens. First swarms I
believe never do. — C. H. Dibbern.

Yes. Yoii will often find second
swarms with 2 queens ; and with Syi--
ians, 3 or more queens. — H. D. Cut-
ting.

Second swarms will often do so. I
never saw a first swarm do so, unless
it had been retarded until a young
queen was ready to hatch, etc. — P. L.

VlALLON.

Yes, with as high as 12 to 20, and
often from 2 to 5. — G. M. Doolittle.

Certainly there is. After-swarms or
first swarms that leave the hive with
young, unfertile queens, often have two
or perhaps a dozen queens each. —
James Heddon.

The question has two meanings, and
we would answer yes to both. Both
the swarm and the old colony may
have 2 queens. — Dadant & Son.

Yes, with 4 x>r 5. This is never true
of fiist swarms, but frequently it is
true of after swarms. — A. J. Cook.

From one to half-a-dozen virgin
queens may go out with a swarm, but
I have never known two laying queens
to lead a swarm. — G. L. Tinker.

I never heard of such a case. This
IS one of those theoretical questions
that no one can answer without an ex-
perience of the kind mentioned. — J. E.
Pond.

I do not know that I catch the idea
that was in your mind when you wrot<^
the query. If you mean a prime or
Jirst swarm, there is never but one
queen with them, unless another queen

happens to be in the air at the time
and joins the swarm. It is possible for
a swarm to. be delayed by rainy
weather until the first, young (jueen
hatches, in which case she might go
with the swarm if she was old enough
to fly. This would give the swarm 2
queens — the mother and her virgin
daughter. I have seen this state of
things once or twice. In case an old
queen is .superseded, or dies just be-
fore a prime swarm was to issue, there
will be delay until several of the young
queens hatch ; and when the swarm
issues, there nuxy be more than one
queen with the swarm. I have seen a
half dozen or more virgin queens with
an "after swarm." — G. W. Demakee.

The old queen goes wth the first
swarm — that swarm will have but one
accompanying queen ; but with " after-
swarms " (either second or third) there
are often more than one, and some-
times several young queens. — The
Editor.

XHE CAUSE OF ABIVOR.nAI.

swARirnrvo.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 507.— What would be the cause of
a colony leaving a hive early in the spring, with
plenty of honey in store, and otherwise all right ?

-N.

Too few bees. — J. P. H. Brown.

I do not know. Possibly old bees
have died oft', leaving more brood than
can be covered. — C. C. Miller.

I could not give a correct reply un-
less I knew more about the circum-
stances.— H. D. Cutting.

Weak colonies sometimes "swarm
out " in the spring, when everything is
apparently all right. — W. Z. Hutchin-
son.

Lack of pollen. There might be
other causes, but then they would not
be, as in the question, " all right." —
Dadant & Son.

It is unknown to me. I have had
several do so during my 18 years' ex-
perience.— G. M. Doolittle.

I never had such a case. I do not
think that we have such a case in the

South. P. L. VlALLON.

If there are plenty of stores, "and
otherwise all right," it would not leave.
Something is wrong when it leaves. —
A. B. Mason.

If they are " otherwise all right," I
do not believe tliey will desert the hive.
They do so because something is
wrong. — Eugene Secor.

I do not think that they leave when
" othenvise all right." This is proof
that they are not all right. There is
likely some hidden cause, probably not
understood. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

When a colony of bees having
plenty of honey leaves the hive early
in the spring, it is not "otherwise all
right." Generally only small colonies
desert the hive, and those that are
more or less diseased. — M. Mahin.

Taking the statement literally, there
would be no cause ; but bees some-
times vacate their hive on account of
discontent, arising from some inscru-
table cause. — R. L. Tatlor.

Sometimes a colony will leave when
it is hopelessly weak, and other bees
commence robbing them. In case of
a strong colony deserting thus, there is
some dissatisfaction either with the
stores, the hive, or the surroundings. —
C. H. Dibbern.

I should say all is not right. There
must be something amiss, even though
not patent to the bee-keeper. — A. J.
Cook.

A colony will never leave the hive in
the spring, if cverythmg is all right.
The hive and its contents, all but the
bees, may be all right, and yet they
leave ; but in that ease the bees are
diseased. Such things usually result
from the notorious bee-diarrhea. —
James Heddon.

The most common cause is too few
bees. If weak colonies ai'e placed in
warm quarters on cool nights in the
spring, I think that it would be rare to
have them swarm out with plenty of
honey in store. — G. L. Tinker.

I cannot imagine such a case. If
querists would state actual occurrences,
with all the facts connected therewith,
answers of value could be given there-
to. To cause a colony to leave, some-
thing must be wrong. — J. E. Pond.

In the early spring there are but few
young bees in the hive ; and when the
bees take a general flight, as they
frequently do on warm days in the
spring, the queen finds herself nearly
deserted, and under her excitement
she takes wing with the frolicking
workers. Generally thej' return all
right, but if the excitement runs high
on account of the presence of the
queen in the aerial flight, it results in
a case of " swarming out." This state
of things becomes habitual with some
weak colonies in early spring, and
sometimes in the fall. The remedy is.
to put a queen-excluder over the en-
trance of the hive ; this will prevent
the queen from taking wing when the
workers take an airing. The above is
the " cause," though there may be ex-
ceptions to the rule, as in most othei'
rules. — G. W. Demaree.

If bees leave their hive in a body
in the spring-time it shows that they
are dissatisfied with something in the
hive, or its surroundings, or else the
bees are diseased. They often leave

TMW MIVHERICMM BE® J©lURf«KI<.

39

when shoit of stoves, or lacking in
bees. — The Editor.

COI.OI%IES mrn>i)ii^« UP tT%

Written for the Amerir/'.n Bee Journal

Query 508.— Will bees build up as strong
in numbers by the use of sectional brood-cham-
bers of the Heddon reversible pattern, as they
will upon combs of as large size as the Simplicity
or Quinby pattern ?— H.

Most certainly. — W. Z. Hutchinson.

I should not expect much difference.
— C. C. Miller.

I think that there is no doubt of it.
— A. J. Cook.

I think so, but my experience is
limited. — G. M. Doolittle.

Yes, if proper care is gixew them. —
A. B. Mason.

I think there will be little if any dif-
ference.— M. Mahin.

I have had no experience, but I
think that they will. — Mrs. L. Harbi-
son.

I do not know, as I have never used
a Heddon hive, but I do not think
there would be much difference. — C.

H. DiBBERN.

If you give them sectional brood-
chambers as they require, I have no
doubt that they will. — P. L. Viallon.

I do not know. I have never used
the Heddon hive ; only by experiments
can the matter be proved. — J. E. Pond.

As this is a hot question, we would
say, try it with 2 or 3 colonies. We
have tried it, and do not want any
sectional hives. — Dadant & Son.

They will build up as strong, but not
so soon. However, if the hives are
packed in chaff, the difference is not
great. — G. L. Tinker.

I have had no experience with the
Heddon reversible hive ; but as I un-
dei-stand the question, they will not. —
H. D. Cutting.

I object to all cross sticks, or objects
of like nature in frames. I prefer a
regular Langstroth frame. — J. P. H.
Bro^vn.

Yes, sir. The past season I had one
colony in the new Heddon hive that
produced of comb honey five times the
average of my apiary, and about twice
as much as the best of my colonies on
Simplicity frames, and it was because
of their numbers that they did it. — R.
L. Taylor.

That would depend upon the man-
agement. If 10 frames were left in
the Simplicity, or an equal space in
any other hive in the spring, they
ought to build up faster in the Heddon
sectional brood-chamber if only one
were used at first, because that is con-

traction. Contraction can be prac-
ticed with any hive. Therefore an-
swering the query in one word, yes. —
Eugene Secor.

Yes, faster. J am now answering
from four years' experience. With
the new hive, with the divisible brood-
chamber, in two sections, bees breed
up stronger and earlier, and finally
produce more in the same capacity,
than can be obtained in any other
stjie of brood-chamber, provided the
same is properly manipulated. No
style of brood-chamber is its superior,
if the divisible brood-chamber is not
manipulated at all James Heddon.

I have u^ed the half-depth-frame
oases for over eight years, and I have
used them for all purposes. When
used for brood-rearing in this climate
where the ^springs are early and
changeable, the colonies in them do
not breed up rapidly like they do when
in the standard Langstroth hives. But
when the weather becomes warm,
there is little difference to be seen in
the amount of brood reared. The
shallow sectional-frame cases are at
their best when used for the purposes
for which they were first devised, viz :
to take honey on the tiering-up plan. —
G. W. Demaree.

With judicious management, we do
not think that there will be much dif-
ference.— The Editor.

BROOD-FRAMES

Deep Frames vs. Slialloiv Ones,
and Sectional Hives.

WrUttn for the American Bee Journal
BY W. J. CULLIN.\N.

This afternoon, as I was enjoying
the New-Year holiday (by " minding
the baby " while my wife went shop-
ping), I thought that I could not better
improve the spare time than by writing
to my favorite bee-paper ; and suiting
the action to the thought, I will begin.

About ten weeks ago I tore myself
fi'om the town of my birth and the
scenes of my youth, and hied me to
this great "Chicago of the southwest,"
better known as Kansas City.

I left home with the intention of
going to California, and may still reach
that "land of sun and flowers," if the
accounts I get of fleas, poison-oaks and
hostile reptiles of the sea do not cause
my courage to fail me. Let this suf-
fice as a preface, for I started out to
answer an article f)n page 804 of the I

American Hke Journal for 1887,
wherein Mr. J. M. Hambaugh enters
" a plea for large frames."

It is well enough to analyze and di.s-
cuss every pliase of apiculture, and
when we have stumbled upon aiij'-
thing (be it new or old) that will
facilitate the labors, or add to the
Ijrofits of bee-keeping, lay it before the
great brotherhood and sisterhood, who
in the pursuit of this noble calling are
yearly adding to our national wealth,
and contributing to the comfort,
health, happiness and luxury of their
fellowmen. Mr. Hambaugh does not
claim that he has anything new to
offer in the shape of a hive, but is
simply comniending that which is old,
or giving his preference, as it were.

Mr. H. says, that in transferring
bees " from nail-kegs, log-hives, bee-
trees, etc., he has found the same prin-
ciple to govern all, i. e., lai-ge, deep,
roomy combs, with stores above, brood
beneath, and combs spaced from IJ to
2 inches from centre to centre." I
would ask, did he not find those combs
of all shapes and sizes, made, and
shaped more with a view to filling the
repository in which they were built,
than to honor any whim or require-
ment of the queen-mother ? For it is
well known that bees in their wild or
natural state inhabit caves, built under
ledges of rocks, in the sides of houses,
in chimney-flues, and in all manner of
places, and as they show an utter ab-
horrence to a vacuum (when they have
honey to fill it), they always fill the
pai'ticular space, be it round, square
or^oblong, thus forcing the queen to
deviate from her characteristic circu-
lar movements, suiting them to her
particular surroundings. I have fre-
quently seen Langstroth frames filled
completely full of brood ; and again,
I have seen a patch of eggs in one
corner of a frame, while the other
three were empty — showing that the
queen does not always move in a cir-
cuit, but readily adapts herself to her
surroundings.

The Quinby frame, which is the
frame Mr. H. alludes to, is too large
and unwieldly for extracting, as well
as slower of manipulation at all times.
I think that Mr. H. forgets himself
when he says, "We should imitate
nature in the construction of our hives."
Does he go to an old hollow-tree or
cave for measurements when he wishes
to begin the consti-uction of his Sim-
picity or Quinby hives ? No ; he will
consult his table of measurements on
paper, which, by the way, contain not
one single feature of the hollow-tree
intact. He and others have changed,
altered and improved upon the pioneer
homes of the honey-bee to such an ex-
tent that the one resembles the other
onlv in the form and construction of

40

T-H® msmMMi^MM mmM j^wmmmiL,

hhm»^'-^'-'^\M

the cells ; and had we the power, we
would doubtless have chauged these.

As to the queen losing time in
"passing over bars and bee-spaces,"
etc., I think amounts to nothing ; for
any one who knows anything about
the inside workings of the bee-hive,
knows that when the queen begins her
work of reproduction, her starting-
point is the centre of one of the central
combs — be they large or small ; here
she deposits in the neighborhood of a
dozen eggs, then passing to the other
side of the comb, she deposits a like
number ; then passing back she en-
larges upon the first, and so on until
she has a patch of eggs as large as a
man's hand, when she begins deposit-
ing in the adjoining frames succes-
sively, then back to the centre, and so
on, taking in more territory at the side
as she enlarges her circle in the cen-
tre, thus keeping her bunch of brood
nearly in the form of a globe — this, of
course, being done to accord with a
natural instinct or trait of the bees to
cluster in a ball, so that in the event of
cool weather the brood is all well pro-
tected and kept from chilling.

Now it is but reasonable to suppose
that if we have large, deep frames, as
Mr. H. suggests, the queen will lose a
great deal more time in passing from
side to side, and from frame to frame,
than if the frames are shallow, or have
horizontal bee-spaces in the centre.
And by this line of reasoning I contend
that horizontal bars and bee-spaces,
instead of being detrimental and
forming an obstruction to the move-
ments of the queen, facilitate the same
and become a help. If I were to tol-
erate large, deep frames, such as the
Quinby, at all, it would be in the
brood-chamber only, with a shallow-
frame above for extracting, al a Dadant,
or a single-tier crate for comb honey.
But this I do not consider feasible in
the production of extracted honey, for
the combs are not interchangeable,
which I believe to be an important aid
in forcing the bees upward in the fore-
part of the season.

Then again, in the production of
comb honey I believe the contraction
of the brood-nest to be essential to the
best success. I consider it a great ad-
vantage to have the brood distributed
over the whole under-surface of the
surplus cases — a condition which can
only be secured by dividing the brood-
chamber horizontally, by the use of the
shallow brood-frame.

Mr. H. is running his apiaries nearly
altogether for extracted honej', and for
this purpose his large and deep brood-
chamber hives may answer very well ;
. but should he tiun liis attention to the
pi'oduction of comb honey, he would
soon adopt a frame much .shallower

than the Quinby, if not a horizontally-
divisible brood-chamber.

However, I should be pleased to
hear from such as have used the sec-
tional brood-chamber hive in the pro-
duction of either comb or extracted
honey, and with what success. Mr.
Heddon might favor us with an account
of his successes with the sectional
brood-chamber hive ; for if they do
possess advantages over other hives, I
am sure that all, like Mr. H., would
like to know it.

Kansas City,*o Mo.

among her people such a villain. I
think that the public would be more
benefited by feeding such an ignorant,
dastardly adviser on the same stuff that
he recommends for the destruction of
the honey-bee. That article contains
ignorance, falsehood and malice com-
bined.

Worthington,o* Iowa, Dec. 24, 1887.

BEES AND FRUIT.

The Mistaken Idea that Bees
Injure Fruit.

FUMIGATION.

Report for 1§§7, Fumigating
Combs and Poisoning Bees.

Written for the AmerUMn Bee Journal
BY P. LATTNER.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY ALLEN BARTOW.

The last was the poorest honey sea-
son that I have experienced in 28 years.
I lo.st 50 per cent, of my bees last win-
ter, by their having honey-dew, or
bug-juice, for winter stores ; all that
had none, or did not live on that stuff,
wintered well.

I commenced the season with 49
colonies, spring count. Four swarms
issued, but one of them left after being
hived. I increased my apiary to 80
colonies, by the nucleus method, and
took 1,200 pounds of extracted honey.
This was the result of having plenty
of combs.

We had good fall pasturage, and all
the bees were put into winter quarters
in good condition. One-half of them
are on the summer stands in chaff
hives, and the other half are in a bee-
cellar under the bee-house. The cel-
lar is 16x22 feet, and 6J feet high, with
the ceiling lathed and plastered, the
floor cemented, ventilation from the
floor into the chimney, opposite the
entrance, and a stove to regulate the
temperature completes the cellar.

Fumigating Empty Combs and Honey.

I use the stove in summer to fumi-
gate empty and full surplus combs. It
is placed in the bee-house, in one cor-
ner, which is partitioned off and ar-
ranged right above the stove for that
purpose. One-half pound of pulverized
brimstone, saturated with alcohol, is
placed in an iron kettle inside of the
stove, with the stove-pipe directed
toward the combs ; then a lighted
match is dropped into the kettle, and
the work is done.

About Poisoning tbe Bees.

I was glad that the editor repri-
manded the correspondent of the Mes-
senger, at Atlantic, Iowa, in the Bee
Journal of Dec. 21, 1887 ; but I am
sorry that the good State of Iowa has

I have just read, on page 803 of the
Bee Journal for 1887, an article in
regard to poisoning bees, being a few
quotations from a paper called the
Messenger, which asserts that there has
been gi-eat destruction of grapes here
by bees. Now that is not the fact.
That bees do not injure sound grapes,
or fruit of any kind, is admitted by all
intelligent fruit-giowers and bee-keep-
ers. But some years ago it was
thought that bees did injure fruit, but
thanks to Prof. Cook for dispelling
that mistaken idea from the minds of
both parties on that question. • It came
about in this wise :

We had an agricultural meeting at
Sandusky, O., and Prof. Cook attended
and lectured on entomology, and the
anatomy of the bee was part of his
subject. At the close of his lecture the
Professor was subpoenaed, and gave
evidence in a case then being tried in
the County Court at Sandusky, and the
writer heard him being catechised for
about two hours by four lawyers. He
made it plain that bees could not
puncture sound fruit — so plain that the
suits were withdrawn. The facts were
as follows :

The bees were poisoned by one
party, in the vineyard, and the party
owning the bees traced the poison, by
following the bees from the hives to
the vineyard, when he found great
numbers on the route, dead and falling
all the way from the hive entrances to
the poison in the vineyard. The owner
of the bees sued the grape-grower, and
the latter brought counter suit for
damages done to grapes.

Now the point I wish to make is
this : It caused both bee-keepers and
fruit^men to investigate, and they
found that the facts exonerated the
bees fi-om blame. We found other
causes that opened the fruit. First,
grapes when over-ripe will crack open;
again, birds and other insects destroy
them. We have a small bird about
the size of a brown ground-bird, that
gets on a bunch of grapes, and pecks
them open as fast as one could count.

T'M® MMEMICMM MMM J^WmMmi^.

41

This bird did not seem to eat the
gi-apes, hut simplj' tore the skins open.
I then shot the birds, and as some
grapes were fully I'ipe, I gathered the
remaining sound grapes and left those
that were opened, on the vines. The
bees of course sucked these dry. But
the strange part is, the same birds (the
live ones of the same kind), came and
ate the seeds of the dry grapes that re-
mained on the vines.

I venture to say, that whoever will
spend the same time in investigation,
that he does in blaming, will be satis-
fied that the bees are innocent of open-
ing fruit.

Milan, 6 O.

BEE-CELLAR.

How to Build a Oood Cellar for
Bec« or Kitclieu U§e.

Written for the Western Plowman
BY C. H. DIBBERN.

however, become dei^p, I think it ad-
visable to shovel the snow from the
front and open the entrance.

Milan, o Ills-

ALSIKE CLOVER.

Not only is a cellar a good thing for
the bee-keeper and farmer, but with
many an aljsolute necessity. Now by
a cellar I do not mean a hole in the
ground under the house, filled with
decaying vegetables. I maintain that
the cellar should be the " best room in
the house," as well as the most useful.
To build a cellar right requires a good
deal of care and expense. The bottom
should be cemented with a hard
cement that will not sweep ofl' and
crumble away. The walls should be
back-lathed, and plastered with cement.
If it is plastered directly on the wall it
is apt to " sweat " in the spring and
become moldy. The ceiling should
also be plastered with cement at least
an inch thick. Windows should be
made on opposite sides so as to allow
a free circulation of air. If bees are
to be wintered thei'e, it should be
divided by a partition into two parts,
so as to keep them entirely apart from
the vegetables. There .should be at
least two general clearing outs of the
cellar, in the spring and fall, when the
walls.floor and all should be thoroughly
whitewashed. The boxes, barrels, etc.,
that have been in the cellar, should be
exposed for a few days to the sun and
air at such times. Now if ordinary care
is used in the meantime to keep every-
thing clean and sweet, and ventilated
as much as possible, my word for it,
such a cellar is a blessing.

Siioiv Around the HtTes.

In wintering out-of-doors

:t

necessary to sweep the snow from the
top and front of the hive ?" No. It
is often an advantage to leave it on,
and even in front of the entrance to
keep the bees from Hying and getting
lost in a liglit snow. Should the snow.

How to Induce IVeigliboriiig
Farmers to Plant it.

Written for the Amtrican Bee Journal
BY M. JI. BALDRIDGE.

Joshua Bull, one of the delegates to
the last Inter-National meeting of bee-
keepers in Chicago, informs me that
he succeeded very nicely last spring
in securing the distribution of about 15
bushels of Alsike clover seed, among
his neighbors ; by simply leaving
with a local dealer a small package of

tion to it. But I will now suggest
another plan which I know will also-
be a success, and will, as must be ob-
vious, have its advantages :

Besides supplying all local dealers-
in glass-seeds with the Leaflets, just
drop one in the Post-office, in a sealed
envelope, to each and every farmer
living within a radius of three miles of
your apiary, and do this the present
winter, and before the general time
for sowing grass-seeds, and in the
quietest vumncr possible! This plan
will give the farmers, who really
should be the parties most interested,
ample opportimity to study the sub-
ject, through inquiries and othei'wise ;
and then, when they have occasion to-
visit the grass-seed dealers, they will
be better prepared to decide what they
should and ought to do.

If we can induce the farmers to
grow Alsike, mixed with other grasses.
we will then solve the problem of good
bee-pasturage, and an abundance of
it ; and, besides, we wUl be doing to
the farmers, as well as ourselves, an
immense amount of good. For my
part I would rather have one acre of
Alsike clover, mixed with timothy and
red clover, and within bee-flight of
my apiary, than the best ten acre.i of
the common white I ever saw ; and .so
will others when they give the mixing-
plan I advise a fair and extensive trial.
Alsike will, when mixed as stated,
never disappoint the farmer, nor the
apiarist, in case its partnership neigh-
bors make a satisfactory growth ; for it
is a fact, though not generally known^
that .Alsike will do well wherever and
whenever the common red can b&
gi-own with success. Try it, ye doubt-
ing Thomases, and then report.

St. Charles, 5 His.

BEES IN COLORADO.

AUike Clover Boot and Croxim, Red Clomr Root
average size, a year old. and Crown,

average size, a year old.

Alsike Clover Leallets,obtained through
the office of the American Bee Jour-
nal, with instructions to place them
in the hands of parties who " came to
him after grass-seed. He thought it
better to do thus than to distribute the
Leaflets himself, lest his being inter-
ested in honey-production might create
the impression that he was personally
interested in the sale of the seed, or
otherwise ; that is, speaking " one
word for his neighbor and two for
himself !"

As non-producers of honey are often
both jealous and suspicious of the bee-
keeping fraternity, the plan pursued
by Mr. Bull may be just the one for
others to adoiit, and so I thought it
best, thus early, to call special atten-

Experience in Bee-Keeping in
Colorado— Alfalfa, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY DANIEL WESTOVEK.

I have read Mary A. Goodale's com-
muniQAtion on page 792 of the Bee
Journal for 1887, and in reply to her
questions I will give my experience of
three years.

I started with 3 colonies, and have
sold $100 worth of bees, and over
1,000 pounds of comb honey the past
fall. I sold some bees the past season
at |8 per colony. . I have wintered my
bees on the summer stands for three
winters without any loss ; and I now
have packed in chafl" 45 colonies in
good condition. They had a splendid
flight to-day. Here they have two or
three cleansing flights during the win-

42

TH® MBiBKicfci* mmw jQ^j^mmmi^.

tor mouths, aud tliey are not troubled
by moths or diarrhea.

Alfalfa is beiug raised here in
abundance, and is considered splen-
did bee-food. There are but few bees
in the southern portion of the State as
yet, but I am sure that they would do
well there. I am located on the Platte
river, 47 miles from Denver, and four
miles from Greeley. I have never sold
first-class comb honey for less than 20
■cents per pound.

It would not pay to ship bees from
Indiana to Colorado. The Italians
take the lead here, as compared with
any other race of bees. I kept bees in
Indiana 30 years ago. when we sawed
ofi" hollow-logs, bored holes and di'ove
<;ross-pins in them, and stood them up
on a puncheon. They then were con-
sidered second to none, as were also
the black bees that we handled with-
•out a smoker or veil.

Evans, jj Colo.

CAVE- WINTERING.

The Droutb €ause§ Poor Re§ults
— \ Cave for Bees in Winter.

Written for the American Bee Jountal
BY P. L. GIBSON.

My bee and honey report for 1887 is
as follows : I put 40 colonies in the
cellar on Dec. 8, 1886, and took them
out on March 8, 1887, all being in fine
•condition. They stored a little honey
in June, from white clover, but con-
sumed it all and the greater part of
their stores by July 15.

As we had no rain in June and July,
the result was that from 40 colonies I
received no surplus honey, no swarms,
and lost by starvation 10 of my old
colonies, and 5 more will have to be
fed in order to survive the winter. I
am not discouraged, however, for I
have the beggar's consolation, namely,
" There are many more in the same
fix ;" but I still hope for better returns
the coming summer.

Winterlns Bees In Caves.

I am a strong advocate of cellar-
wintering of bees, and I would jvint^r
them in this way if I had to make a
new cellar or cave every year. My
present depository is a cave, dug 4 feet
deep, with posts set around the sides
7 feet above the bottom of the cave.
This is sided and covered with punch-
eons split from green oak timber, A
passage-way 3 feet -vvide and 4 feet
long is lined and covered with the
same material. This passage-way ad-
mits of two doors, one on the inside,
and one on the outside of the cave
when needed. The total cost of the
whole was 3 davs' work.

I remove tlie caps, sections, and
honey-boards from the hives, and place
any kind of a cloth over the brood-
chamber, and then tier them up, with
one-inch strips between them. In this
\Ya,y I never lose any bees, by keeping
the cave dry, and at a temperature of
42^'.' I find the Bee Journal a great
help, and a welcome visitor. Ever}'
one having a colony of bees, or expect-
ing to get a colony, should read it.

Illinois City,K) Ills., Dec. 30, 1887.

DISCUSSION.

Some Questions -nrtaich all are
Invited to Ansiver.

Written for the American Bee JoumiaX
BY C. P. HEWETT.

1. How many keep a daily record
of the temperature and degi'ees which
they prefer in their depositories ?

2. How many believe in hibernation?

3. How many can winter colonies on.
from 3 to 6 i)ounds of stores ?

4. How many have had bees steal
eggs, and from them make queens ?

5. How many have had queens fer-
tilized that did not leave the hive ?

6. How many have had queens be-
come re-fertilized ?

7. How many have had queens die
with the drones, on their bridal trip ?

8. How many have had bees hiber-
nate, and remain so until taken out in
the spring ?

9. How many can tell that they have
a queenless colony in their apiaries, by
seeing bees trying to steal eggs, before
they notice the colony which is queen-
less ?

10. How many know that there is
no vitalization in some queens' eggs,
when they first commence laying in
the spring, and the bees have no re-
gard for her, more than any other bee,
and swarm out ?

The above questions are open to all.
Kingston,© Wis.

STARTERS.

How I Fasten Foundation in
Grooved Sections.

Written Jor the American Bee Journal
BY HENRY W. HAAG.

It seems from Mr. Fox's remarks on
page 823 of the Bee JocKNALfor 1887,
that his is the only satisfactory method
for fastening foundation in sections. I
have ti-ied several methods, and I find
none that suits mo but the following :

I use only grooved sections, and cut
the starters .}-inch shorter than the
section is wide, and about l.V inches

deep. Then I put the section on a
table, with the grooved side down,
take a starter in my left hand, insert it
in the groove, and then run melted
beeswax along the side of the starter,
which holds it securely ; no matter
how many bees get on the foundation,
it will not drop off'.

I formerly used Mr. Fox's method,
but I did not like it, as so many start-
ers dropped oft' ; and then they would
ruin some honey by causing the bees
to build the combs crooked.

I would not have sections without
grooves for foundation, for in any
other it cannot be securely fastened.
Not one starter in five hundred will
drop off if the above plan is used, and
the sections are grooved.

Pettit,+o Ind.

WINTERINa.

Results of the Season, and How
I W^inter my Bees.

Written fe/r the American Bee JoumaL
BY E. HENKLE.

I started last May with 44 colonies
of bees, two-thirds of them being in
splendid condition. I lost 4 colonies
during the summer, by moths getting
the advantage of them before I dis-
covered it. I had one swarm, which
leaves me with 41 at present, and not
a pound of surplus honey.

On Sept. 1,1 found one-third of them
nearly starving. I bought $20 worth
of sugar, and fed it to them, which
fixed them up nicely for winter. They
are all well packed on the summer
stands, with cushions of chaff and
forest-leaves on top and around them.
I use the Mitchell hive, in which the
frames hang crosswise, with two divi-
sion-boards, one at each end. I place
the bees in the centre on eight frames
in winter, and put one cushion at each
end and one on top. I have always
wintered my bees very successfully in
that way. I never allow snow or sleet
to fall on the hives. I have three sheds
that are 50 feet long and 6 feet wide,
boarded up on the back to keep off the
cold ^vinds.

I do not think that I am in a very
good part of the State for bee-keeping.
I have never been able to get more
than from 25 to 40 pounds of honey
per colony. We have to depend entirely
upon white clover for surplus. There
is no basswood \vithin five miles of this
place. I have about half an acre of
sweet clover ; but what is half an acre
of sweet clover for 40 colonies of bees ?
But I have been sowing considerable
more this fall, and will sow more next
fall, so as to let it take the place of
basswood.

Washington C. H.. ? O..Dec. 23. 1887

Tum a:MERicMH mmm jovsmnmjL,

43

BEES AND GRAPES.

Another Proof that Bees do not
Puncture Orapeti.

WHtttn for the American Bee Journal
BY H. W. LACY.

Ou page 805 of the Bee Journal for
1887. I saw a statement supposed to he
made by Secretary Garfield, wherein
he states that the Secretary of the
Eatt)n County Horticultural Society
sai<l that there is uo use talking, bees
do open gi'apes, and that he has seen
them where there was no crack or
anything of the kind. I, for one, tlatly
and positively contradict that state-
ment. I am willing to liet five of the
best queens in my apiary, that no Ital-
ian bee ever punctured a sound gi-ape-
skin. I tried it the last season in dif-
ferent waj's, for my own benefit, as I
have heard it discussed by difl'erent
ones, and as some of my neighbors
thought that their crop of gi-apes would
be small on account of my bees.

As I have quite a large vineyard of
my own, with some twelve different
kinds of gi'apes, I placed 6 colonies
amongst them in such a way that the
bees were all amongst the grapes ; in
fact it was hard work to open the hi\'es,
as the fruit hung so clustered about
them, and right before the entrances
of three of the hives. I had large
clusters of gi'apes hang in such a way
that the bees had to work around them
to get in and out of the hives. I do
not think that there was one grape in-
jured by a bee. Then on the nearest
bunches I caused a small scratch to be
made with a pin, just through the skin
on a few of the grapes, and they were
immediately sucked out by the bees.
Therefore, I say that a bee will not in-
jure grapes unless the skin is first
cracked in some other way.

ReRuIts of tbe Fast Season.

The past season was the poorest that
I ever experienced in bee-keeping ; jet
I think that my bees did as well as any
in this State. I commenced the season
with 27 colonies, spring count, in a fair
condition. I sold 12 colonies, and had
one colony stolen. I bought 14, had 9
swarms, and then doubled-up ray niun-
ber of colonies to 30, which I put into
winter quarters. I had 103 pounds of
comb honey, and 227 pounds of ex-
tracted.

To those colonies which I thought
had not enough for winter stores, I fed
some granulated sugar, and so far they
seem to be doing well. Up to Dec. 20
there had not been more that five days
that they were not on the ning. I
winter my bees packed on the summer
stands in chaft' hives.

Mansfield,©. Mass., Dec. 30, 1887.

WATER.

The Bees IVeed 'IVater for
Winter Use.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY T. S. BULL.

Having a colony of bees in my cellar
that showed signs of uneasiness and
wanting to flj' out whenever the door
was opened, and Dec. 18, 1887, being
a warm day, 1 decided to carry them
out and put them on the summer
stand. By the time I had them on the
stand, there was a good many bees on
the alighting-board. They had not
been on the ground (I had placed them
on the ground) a minute, before they
were crawling out on the ground and
sipping water. They did not all fly.
They crawled until they came to water.

I wet a cloth and laid it on the
alighting-board, and it was soon cov-
ered with bees. There was no sign
of any disease whatever. There was
no brood in the hive. They were as
healthy as bees in June. Now that was
conclusive evidence, to my mind at
least, that that colony wanted water at
that time. I came to the same conclu-
sion a number of years ago. I have
given the bees water in the cellar a
number of times, in years past, in or-
der to keep them quiet. The front end
of the hives have been covered with
bees in the cellar sipping water. I
never saw any bad effect from it.

I never give the bees any water in
the cellar before February or March.
I put them into the cellar on Nov. 10
to Nov. 14. The mercury is fi'om 50°
to 52°. My cellar is verj- dry. The
next day I removed them in the cellar,
but before putting them back, I poured
about a gill of water in a division-
board feeder that was next to the clus-
ter, on Jan. 2, 1888. I examined them
to-day, and the feeder was dry. I never
saw bees more quiet than they are.
I also gave them some more water.

Valparaiso, -o Ind., Jan. 7, 1888.

BEES AND BIRDS.

Shoot the Birds, and the Bee§
will not be Blamed.

Written for tlie American Bee Journal
BY O. B. BARROWS.

I live within four blocks of the busi-
ness centre of a town containing about
9,000 people, and I have five rows of
Concord grape-vines, each row being
about 70 feet long, and .about 6 feet
apart. Between these rows of gi'ape-
vines I keep from 50 to 100 colonies of
bees — usually about 80 colonies — whicli
makes thcni (piiti' crowded, and in

many cases the vines luuig down on
the hives. These vines bear grapes
which ripen, and some of them fre-
quently hang on until they are spoiled
by freezing, and yet 1 very seldom see
bees on the grapes ; while at the out-
skirts of the town they complain of
their grape crop being almost entirely
destroyed by bees.

One of these gi-ape-growers com-
plained to a friend of mine, about it,
and for a joke he told the man that
they were Barrows' bees, and that he
had them tr.ained so that they would
not touch a grape at home. I confess
that I was puzzled about it, but upon
appealing to another friend who raises
grapes, but not bees,he said that where
I lived a certain kind of bird did not
frequent, that did frequent the other
place, and that when the bees com-
menced on his grapes, he shot three or
four of the birds, and the bees imme-
diately stopped eating the gi-apes.

Marshalltown,© Iowa.

[The bees are blamed wrongfully as
well as persistently by those who will
not think and experiment, and thereby
be convinced. Birds, wasps and in-
sects do the damage in every instance,
and yet the poor bees are almost uni-
versally blamed for all the depreda-
tions. Why not be fair and reasona-
ble, and do justice to the bees ? — Ed.]

FOUL BROOD.

Keeping; Bees in Texas, and
Treating Foul Brood.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY C. M. DAVIS.

I take great pleasure in reading the
Bee Journal. Bees have done fairly
well in northern Texas the past season.
I have been keeping a few colonies in
this thriving city for three years, and
the past season was the first that I
have received a profit from them. I
made about enough to pay for all pre-
vious expenses, and I think that if my
bees had not been troubled wath foul
l3i;ood, I might have had much better
results.

In the spring of 1886 I found that all
of my bees had the foul brood. I tried
phenol, but failed to cure it ; after
which I (-leansed the hives, etc., and
transferred all, which seemed to get
rid of the disease, and they seemed to
be all healthy last spring. But to my
surprise, the last of July I found ever}-
colony affected, and very weak in bees.
Some swarmed out, and what was left
I have doubled up to 6 colonies. In
August I had 18 colonies. I think that
thev got it from some neighbor's bees.

44:

THE MMBRICMP* BEE) JQtJKrfMI*,

'-*--*>-*-^-*-^^^^

fcafcAJfc^kJfcA^

fl

as I learu that thej' have foul-broody
bees. I would like to ask the follow-
ing questions :

1. How would it do to cleanse the
hives by scalding them, and then get
some fresh combs that are known to be
free from foul brood taint ; then trans-
fer the bees during the first flight in
the spring, or before they commence
to breed, and move them away from
the district where tlie foul brood is ?
When in August I found that they
were foul broody, I got some phenol
and thoroughly sprayed both combs
and bees, so that there was not an
empty cell ; but the liquid entered
without effecting any cure or benefit.

2. Are the bees and ground impreg-
nated with the germs that produces
dead brood, where the stands were ?
I think that I have seen some such
ideas presented in the Bee Journal ;
if so, it would be very expedient to
move the bees to some other location.
I would increase my apiary to 30 colo-
nies, if I thought I could get rid of the
foul brood.

Denison,<i Tex., Dec. 21, 1887.

[1. If the foul brood is fully devel-
oped, and of the disastrous kind, we
think the only " cure " we would try,
would be to burn up hives, bees, fix-
tures, etc. We have but little con-
fidence in any of the so-called "cures."

2. Yes ; the trees, boards surround-
ing the apiarj', and everything con-
tiguous are liable to be harboring the
germs of the disease, which are liable
to develop at any time. — Ed.]

ANATOMY.

Rudiiuentary Olands in Bees,
and the Evolution Theory.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY M. B. CHADDOCK.

I notice on page 809 of the Bee
JouENAi for 1887, that in Prof. A. J.
Cook's lecture on the anatomy of the
honey-bee, he described the glandular
system in particular, and said : " One
pair of glands furnishes the saliva ;
another the food for the larvK.
Drones do not have this gland, and it
is only rudimentary in the queen, which
shows that she once nursed the larvec
as the queen buniblo-bee now does in
the spring. The change that has taken
place in the honey-bee in this respect,
is another proof of the correctness of
the evolution theory."

Now I want to ask a few questions
about those rudimentaiy glands. A
queen is hatched from a worker egg,
and that worker egg, if let alone, would

hatch out a worker bee. That worker
egg is bound to contain all the parts
that go to make a perfect worker-bee,
does it not ? If it does contain all the
parts, then it nuist contain the same
thing that will develop into a food-
gland in the worker-bee. But when
by means of richer food, the worker
egg is changed into a queen, the rudi-
mentary food gland must remain there.
There is no evolution about it ; it is in
the egg, and must be in the queen,
how can it help itself ?

Of course drones not being hatched
from worker eggs, would not have
" the I'udimentary food glands ;" and
as to its being deficient in old worker
bees, any gland that is not used be-
comes deficient.

Do rudimentary glands prove that
animals possessing them ever used
them for the same purpose that the
glands proper are used for now ? Do
the rudimentary mammary glands in
the male hog, prove that once upon a
time the male hog suckled the litter
of pigs ? And do the rudimentary
mammary glands in man, prove that
our baboon ancestors drew nourish-
ment from the male and female parent,
just as it happened, without any dis-
tinction of sex ?

Vermont,*o Dls.

[Will Prof. Cook kindly reply to
these queries ? — Ed.]

CONVENTION DIRECTORY.

:888. Time and Place of Meeting.

Jan. 20.— Haldimand, at Cayuga, Ontario.

B. C. Campbell, Sec, Cayuga, Ont.

Jan. 24-26.— Eastern New York, at Albany, N.Y.

John Aspinwall, Sec, Barrytown, N. Y,

Jan. 25. 26.- N. B. Ohio, Northern Pa. and W. New
York, at MeadviUe, Pa.

C. H. Coon, Sec, New Lyme, O.

Feb. 4.— Stark County, at Canton, Ohio.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Feb. 15, 16.— E. Iowa & w. Ills., at Davenport, Iowa.
H. S. Dibbern, Sec, Milan, Ills.

Apr. 24.— Dea Moines County, at Burlington. Iowa.
John Nau, Sec, Middletown, Iowa.

I^" In order to hare this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- Bd.

Piling in the Pollen J. W.

Winder, Carrollton,o, La., on Jan. 8,
1888, writes :

Bees are piling in pollen now ; one
colony to-day averaging 20 bees per
minute, all heavily laden. Grasshop-
pers and butterflies are sporting in the
sunshine, and the little pestiferous
mosquito does not yet neglect his
dainty bite, Ijy day or night.

Bees Resting Quietly G. M.

Whitford, Arlington,©* Nebr., on Jan.
8, 1888, says :

The weather at present is verj' cold,
the mercury going 20° below zero last
night. Bees have not had a flight
since Nov. 24. Those that were put
in the cellar are resting quietly.

Bees are Quiet, etc. — S. J.

Church & Son, Cedar Rapids,o Iowa,
on Jan. 5, 1888, write :

On April 7, 1887. we took 120 colo-
nies out of the cellar in good condi-
tion, and lost only 2 colonies by June
1 ; but we lost 18 colonies more, some
by swarming out, 2 were queenless,
some by robbing, and others by
dwindling. So we had only 102 colo-
nies left by the middle of June. The
hives were full of bees and brood, but
with little honey, except what we fed
them, which was 500 pounds. On July
1 linden was in full bloom, and j'ielded
well for 4 or 5 days. We had 4 natural
swarms, made 4 by dividing colonies,
and obtained 200 pounds of extracted
honey and 100 pounds of ' comb honey
in 1-pound sections ; and left 20 to 30
pounds for each colony for winter
stores. We put them into the cellar
on Dec. 1. Thej' were very quiet with
the temperature at 40° to 45°.

S^veet Clover the Best, ete. —

Peter Billing, Pawnee City.cxNebr., on
Jan, 6, 1888, says :

The bee-keeping spirit is almost
down at zero in this vicinitj", as the
bees scarcely stored any surplus at all
the past year. I had 30 colonies in
the spring, prevented increase, and
obtained about 300 pounds of honey,
which was mostly basswood and sweet
clover. I believe that sweet clover is
the best honey plant for this country,
as I have never noticed it to fail.

Ifield from Basswood, etc. —

Fayette Lee, Cokato,© Minn., on Dec.
20, 1887, writes :

I commenced the season of 1887
with 75 colonies of bees, being mostly
weak colonies. I increased them to 95
colonies, and took 2,700 pounds of ex-
tracted honey, and 600 pounds of comb
honey in 1-pound sections. I had to
feed only 100 pounds in the fall. I
never have failed to get a fair crop of
honey here. In the fall I took eight
empty combs without a bit of pollen in
them, put them into an empty hive,
and then shook a large swarm in front
of the hive. They all went in, and I
then fed them 15 pounds of fall honey,
after heating it very hot, and then
letting it cool. This will prove whether

TM® ItMERlCMrf WMW JlQ'JJiWMM.1^.

45

^ * ^ * -^ -^ -^ * ^

it is polloii tliat causes bee-diarrhea or
ilampuess ; or whetlier sugar is better
than lioney to winter bees on. I shall
not let them Hy until they have been in
the cellar 15() days or more. They
,, were fed on Oct. 25, and put in the
cellar on Nov. 5. There is a bee-
keeper in Winona, Minn., who wants
to know whether ba.sswood yields
honey well as far north as this place.
Yes, it does ; and I have never known
it to fail. Sometimes it only lasts for
ten days. I got a fine lot of golden-
rod honey this fall. The liest yield per
day from basswood was 21 pounds per
colony, gathered in 12 hours ; and just
' at night they gained 3 pounds in one
hour.

The Qiiccn.ExcIiiding Honey-
Boards, etc. — E. Ji. Trumper, Hills-

l dale, 9 Mich., on Jan. 7, 1888, says :

I have 74 colonies nicely packed in
the cellar, where the temperature
ranges from 41-^ to 45°, and most of
tlie time the bees are very quiet. I
started last spring with 28 colonies,
increased them to 51, and took 2,000
pounds of honey, all in 1-pound sec-
tions except 150 pounds of extracted.
That is the most honey that I have
heard of any one getting here. I have
sold about half of mj- honey. I bought
23 colonies of bees the past fall, and
have fed about 2 barrels of sugar. I
think that mj' bees are in good condi-
tion for winter. 1 use the Langstroth

' frame and hive, all new colonies being
hived on 5 frames with startei's. I use
a queen-excluding honey-board, and
thus I do not get any drone comb, and
more of the honey is put into the
sections.

Children Playing in the Apiary.

— Bradford Barlow, Toledo, -o Ohio, on
Jan. 9, 1888, writes as follows when
sending his dues for the Bee-Keepers'
Union :

I keep bees on a city lot with a fam-
ily on each adjoining lot. One of my
neighbors ha.s a large family of chil-
dren, who play hide-and-seek in the
apiary, when I am handling the bees.
They stand by in perfect safety. The
-:ame neighbor has grapes, but he does
not think the bees are destructive to
them.

My Expcricnec -ivith Hives. —

John Boerstler, of Vashon,»o Wash.
Ter., writes as follows : ■

I began bee-keeping about 20 jears
ago, with a colony of black Ijces in a
box-hive. I made boxes instead of
liivcs for a longtime. I next obtained
a moth-proof patent hive, and thus
s])enl aliout $20 for kindling-wood. ;\s

that was all it was good for. I after-
ward paid $5 for the right to make,
and $25 for 5 hives of another patent
moth-proof style, which I called the
" humbug hive." It was not much
better than the first, but I made a good
hive out of it by making some altera-
tions. After experimenting with sev-
eral more stjdes of liives, and spending
about 1100 more, 1 heard of and pro-
cured a two-story Langstroth hive, and
that is, without doubt, the best hive for
anj' bee-keeper. I want no better hive
than that.

Before leaving the East, I had 85
colonies of bees, mostly Italians, and
nearly all in Langstroth hives. I now
am here in Washington Territory
starting anew, by getting black bees in
box-hives, and then transferring them
into Langstroth hives.

If ever any bee-man gets up a gold
medal for Father Langstroth, I will be
only too glad to pay my share of its
cost. It is what he ought to have had
long ago, and I hope some one will
soon begin to get it up.

]See§ in Oood Condition. — Mr.

Henry Walsh, Sheboygan Falls, o+ Wis.,
on Dec. 26, 188T, writes :

I have 42 colonies of bees in the
cellar, that are in good condition, and
which I think will winter all right. I
commenced keeping bees four years
ago next May, when I bought 4 colo-
nies, which I increased to 9 colonies,
and took enough honey for our own
use. I did not lose any the following
winter. The next year I increased
them to 23 colonics, lost 2, and sold
$60 worth of honey. I began last
spring with 21 colonies,inereased them
to 42, and took about 600 pounds of
comb honey. My best colony stored
72 pounds of finished honey, and 29
pounds of partly finished sections ; all
white clover and linden.

Bees Dying in the Cellar. — E.

T. Jordan, Harmony,K5 Ind., on Jan.
,5, 1888. writes :

I placed my bees in the cellar on
Nov. 24, 1887, and "they seem to be
wasting away verj' fast. I cannot ac-
count for it. The temperature of the
cellar has not been below 42^^, but the
most of the time it was at 48°. The
ventilation i.s good. A pipe is con-
nected with the stove-pipe above. The
bees leave the hives and die on the
cellar floor. I have taken nearly half
a bu.shel of dead bees from 72 colonies.
Can any one give some idea of what
the trouble is ; and suggest a probable
remedy ? The bees that leave the
hives seem to be healthy, with no signs
of diarrhea.

IVot much liOS§ in Bees. — Abe

Hoke, Union CitjM> Ind., on Jan. 5,
1888, writes :

Bees seem to be very quiet, with not
much loss so far. I have one colony
that has lost, up to this time, not less
than a quart of bees, and it lost heav-
ily last winter ; but it came through in
pretty fair condition. The winter has
not been very cold, 4° below zero be-
ing the coldest so far. I am getting
ready for next season, and am making
some changes. The Bee Jodrnal is
a welcome visitor in everything that
relates to bees.

Bee-Keepers' Union — Packing

Bees — L. C. Seabright, Blaine, o+ O.,
on Jan. 7, 1888, writes :

The Bee Jouenal comes to hand
this week looking fresh and bright in
its " new dress." I commenced the
season of 1887 with 63 colonies, and
got 60 pounds of surplus honey. Bees
appear to be wintering well in this
locality. They have had good flights
the last two days. There has been but
very little cold weather, and as yet we
have had only about three cold days.
On the coldest day the mercury was 6°
above zero.

Mr. Samuel Ran, on page 11, speak.s
my sentiments exactly, in regard to
packing bees for winter quarters.

I do not see why it is that the Bee-
Keepers' Union has not the support of
every bee-keeper in the land.

[The apathy of bee-keepers relative
to their defensive society — the National
Bee-Keepers' Union — is astounding.
They sleep apparently, on a volcano,
which may " belch out" in fury at any
moment, judging from the " rumb-
lings " heard but recently. Already
the cry of " distress " is heard, but
where are the responsive voices of
" cheer " and " substantial help " which
should greet them ? Reader, will you
reply ?— Ed.]

Building Drone-Comb, etc

John G. Pursel, Round Plains,K5 N. Y.,
on Dec. 12, 1887, writes :

I commenced the season with 10
colonies, and increased them to 30 col-
onies by natural swarming and divid-
ing, lliavc i-ead the Bee Journal
this year with pleasure. I think that
it is a very valuable paper, and the
price is nothing compared with the
information which it contains. I hived
my second swarms on foundation,
using starters in the shape of a V,
which partly filled the frame. The
bees, after drawing them out. began to

46

TTHK MMERICSN SEB JQURlSJtl,.

build (Iroue-eomb all avoiinil thciu. 1.
Why did these second swai'ms, having
young queens, build drone-comb as
soon as they had drawn out the foun-
dation ? 2. To secure brood-comb,
must I cut the drone-comb out ? 3. If
so, when is the proper time to do it ?

[1. Presumedly because their queen
had failed to become fertilized.

2. I do not see how you can secure
worker-comb where the drone-comb is,
unless you cut the latter out.

3. The best time to have bees build
worker-comb is after all the swarming-
fever is over, or when they have a
young queen, (jr Ijoth ; and of course
when everything is favorable for tlie
comb-building. — James Heddon.]

TVisconsiii State Con-reiitioii.

The bee-keepers of Wisconsin meet in
their fourth annual couvention, at the
Capitol in Madison, Feb. 8, 1888.

In consequence of the State Agricultural
Convention being held in the same week,
with its usually interesting essays,speeches,
papers and discussions, the bee-convention
will probably last but one day. Reduced
rates can be secured on all railroads, there-
by making the expense much less, and giv-
ing those who wish to do so, a chance to
attend both conventions.

The following is the programme for the
convention :

President's Address, C. A. Hatch, Ithaca

Notes from American Bee-Keepers' Con-
vention, Frank Wilcox, Mauston.

Relation of Producer to the Commission
Merchant, A. V. Bishop, Commission Mer-
chant, Milwaukee.

The Heddon Hive and How to Use it, W.
H. Putnam, River Falls.

How to Build a Bee-Cellar, D. D. Daniher,
Madison.

How to Get the Best Extracted Honey, E.
France, Platteville.

Comb or Extracted Honey ; Which ? F.
Minnick, North Freedom.

C. A. Hatch, President, Ithaca, Wis.

Frank Wilcox, Secretary, Mauston, Wis.

Vennoiit State Convention.

The 14th annual convention of the Ver-
mont Bee-Keepers' Association will be held
at the Van Ness House at Burlington, Vt.,
on Wednesday and Thursday, Jan. 18 and
19, 1888. The order of exercises is as fol-
lows:

Wednesday Evening, 1:30 p. m.— Con-
vention called to order by the President.
Reading of the minutes of the last meeting.
Reading of the Constitution, etc.

At 2: 15.— A paper by W. H. Wheatley,
St. Johnsbury, on "Vermont Bees." Fol-
lowed by discussion of the subject by the
convention.

At 2:45—" Experience of Fifteen Years in
Bee-Keeping," by II. B. Isham, New Haven.

At 3:00— Discussion : "Is it advisable to
insert empty combs in the centre of Ijrood-
nests for the purjinse of spreading brood in
the spring ?" Opened by F. M. Wright.

At 3:30— Discussion : " What is the best
method to prevent an increase in colonies ?"
Led by J. E. Crane.

Wednesday Evening, 6:45— Appoint-
ment of committees.

At 7:00— Discussion : "Bee-keeping in
Vermont ; does it pay ?" " Its hindrances,"
N. G. Webster, Bakersfield. " Its Expen-
ses," J. H. Larabee, Larabee's Point. " Its
profits," Geo. Beechev, Essex, "As a busi-
ness," H. L. Leonard, Brandon.

At 1:15— Essay : "The pleasure and diffi-
culties of bee-keeping ;" by a lady bee-

At 8:15— Essay: "Should women keep
bees and join the Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion ?" by a lady bee-keeper.

Thttrsdat Fouenoon, 9:00— Reports of
tlie Secretary and Treasurer. Reports of
counnittees, organization, etc.

At 10:15— Discussion : "Is it profitable
to use full sheets of foundation in the brood-
chamber ?" Opened by F. H. McFarlaud,
St. Albans.

At 10:45— Question Drawer. A.E.Manum,
Bristol.

At 11:15 — Discussion : "Marketing
houey." Led by J. E. Crane.

Adjournment. R. H. Holmes, Sec.

noney and Beestvax ^larket.

COXVEMTIOBT XOTICES.

tS~ The Eastern New York Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion win meet on Jan. -^4. 25 and 26. 188S, in Agricul-
tural Hall, at Albany. N. Y. Every one is welcome.
We are sure to have a pleasant an profltable time.
John aspinwall. Sec.

S^~ The Des Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will hold its next meeting on April 24. 1888. at
Burlington, Iowa. John NAu, Sec.

Z^' The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet at the Court House in Eldora, Iowa,
on the second Saturday in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. B0CHAUAN, See.

B^F" The next regular meeting of the Stark County
Bee-Keepers' Society will be held in Grange Hall at
Canton, O., on Feb. 4, 1888. A full attendance is de-
sired, as business of importance will be considered.
MARK Thomson, Sec.

B^~ The Eastern Iowa and Western Illinois Bee-
Keepers' Association will hold its sixth annual con-
vention in Moore's Hall at Davenport. Iowa, on Feb.
15 and 16, 1888, H. S. Dibbern, Sec.

SW The Northeastern Ohio, Northern Pennsyl-
vania and Western New York Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will hold its nintli annual convention in the
Commercial House Parlor, in Meadville. Penn., on
Wednesday and 'rhursday, January 25 and 26,1888.
Reduced hotel rates have been secured.

C. H. COON, See.

B^" The annual convention of the Vermont State
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at the Van
Ness House, in Burlington, Vt., on the Jan. 18 and
19, 1888. R. H. Holmes, Sec.

tW The annual meeting of the Northwestern
Illinois and Southeastern Wisconsin Bee-Keepers'
Association will be held in G. A. R, Hall, corner of
State & North Main Sts.. in Kockford, Ills., on Jan.
17 and 18, 1888. Dr. Miller will be present, and a
good programme is in course of preparation.

D. A. FiTLLEB, See.

Frank I.,eslie''s Sunday Maga-
zine for February contains an exceedingly
interesting article by Lily Higgin, on
" Modern English Artists," with portraits,
giving just the information that all wish to
have. "From the Suez Canal, Through
Two Seas, to the Equator," is important, in
view of the perennially interesting Eastern
Question. The number closes, as usual,
with a piece of sacred music.

CHICAGO.
HONKY.— We quote : White clover 1-lb. section»

18®20c.i 2-Ib8., 16®18c.; dark I-lbs. n®18c.i 2-bls.
15@16c. Extracted, is firm at 7(5inc.. depending
upon the quality, and style of package. Dark. 2
or 3 eta. below above quotations. Heceiptfi light
and demand fair.

BBBSWAJL— 22®23c.

Dec. 20. 8. T. FISH 4 CO., 189 8. Water St.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— Prices range from 18®20c. for the best
grades, with light demand ; 2-lb. sections. 15®16c.
Dark ts not wanted. Extracted is steady at 7@10c.,
according to style of package.

BBE8WAX.,— 20®230. R. A. BURNKTT.

Dec. 7. 161 South Water St.

DETROIT.
HONEY.— Best white in 1-pound sections, 19®2Uc.
Extracted, 1 l®12c. Demand brisk.
BBK8WAi.-21®23c.
Dec. 13. M.H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

CI/EVBLAND.
HONEY.— Best white i-lbs. sections sell at 19@20
cts. Extracted, 7®8c. Demand small.
BEBSWAX.-22®25C.
Dec. 15 A. C. KENDBL. 115 Ontario 8t.

NEW YORK.
HONKY.— We quote : Fancy white in 1-lb. sec-
tions, 16@19c.; the same in 2-lbs.. 14@I6c.; buck-
wheat 1-lbs., ll®12c.: 2-lbs.. lOgillc. Off grades
l@2c. per lb. less. White "extracted, 8®9c. Mar-
ket dull.
BEESWAX.— 22®23c.

MCCAUL & HILDRBTH BROS.,
Dec. 20. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane 8t.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote: Choice white l-lbs., 18@20c.;
dark, i«®i8c.: choice white 2.1bB., 18c.; dark, 15 to-
16c. Extracted, white, in 60-lb. tin cans, 9c.; in
barrels. 8c.: dark, in barrels, 5@6c. California 2-
Ib. white comb. 18c.; dark, i6c. Extracted, white,
in 60-lb. cans. 8@9c.; amber, 8c.

BEESWAX.-No. 1. 20c.: No. 2. 16®l8c.
Dec. 19. CL.BM0N8. CLOON&CO., cor4th*Walnut.

ST- LOUIS.

HONEY.— Choice comb. I8fg.20c.: latter price for
choice white clover in good condition. Strained,
In barrels, 5fe6c. Extra fancy, and of bright color
and in No. 1 packages. M-cent advance on above.
Extracted, in bbls., 6H®7c. ; in cans, 7 to 9 cents.
Short crop indicates further advance in prices.

BEESWAX.— 2<lc. for nrime.

Dec. 19. D. G. TDTT & CO.. Commercial St.

CINCINNATI

HONBY.— We quote extracted at 4®9c. per lb.
Choice comb, 16®20c., in the jobbing way. The
demand for extracted exceeds arrivals, and for
comb tlie demand is tame.

BEESWAX.— Demand is good— 20@22c. per lb. for
good to choice vellow. on arrival.
Dec. 12. C. F. MDTH & SON, Freeman & Central At.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
17®19c.; fancy 2-lbs.. 15@16c. Lower grades l@2c.
per lb. less. Buckwheat l-lbs.. Il@l2c.: 2-lbs., 10®
lie. Extracted, white. 9®10c.: buckwheat. 6@7c.

Demand has slackened some, and to mal^e sales
we must shade above prices. About Jan. 15 we ex-
pect a more active demand.
Dec.31. F.G.STROHMBYER&CO., 122Water8t.

PHILADELPHIA.

HONEY.- Fancy white l-lbs.. 18@'9o.; fair l-lbs
17c.: dark l-lbs. are slow sale at 14®15c. ; fancy 2-
Ibs., white. 15@16c.: buckwheat fancy l-lbs., 13®14
cts.: common, 12c. Prices tend downward.

BEESWAX.— 23®24c.

Dec. 11. ARTHUR TODD. 2122 N. Front St.

MILWAUKEE.
HONEY.— Choice white I-lbs., 20c.: fair. 19®20c.:
2-lbs., U<<5il9c.; 3-lbs., I6@18c. White extracted In
kegs or half-barrels, gViagXc; in pails or cans. 9)^
to IOC. : amber, in is-barrel8,9^®9Hc.; dark in kegs
and barrels. 7®7V^c. Demand good, supply fair.

BEESWAX.— 22®25C.

Dec. 15. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote : White to extra, 19®i8c.;
amber. io@i3c. Extracted, white liquid, 7®7J^c.;
amber and candied, 5H®6>ic. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.— 20@24c.

Jan. 7. SCHACHT & LEMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.- We quote: 1-lb. sections, 16®17o.: 2-
Ib. sections, 14®15c. Extracted. 8®9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.- 25 cts. per lb.

Jan. 12. BLAKI * RIPLIT, 57 Ctiattaam Street,

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote: White comb, 17@19c.; am-
ber l2ti»@15c. Light amber to white extracted,
7>4®sc.; amber, dai^k and candied, 6)l®7Hc. Mar-
ket firm and stocks light.

BEESWAX.- 22@23c.

Dec. 12. O. B. SMITH * CO., 423 Front 8t.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : Choice white 2-lb. Bectlons.
17® 18c.; dark 2-lbs, 14® 150. ; choice white l-lhs., isto-
20 cts.; dark l-lbs., 15®i6e. White extracted, 7®8o.;
dark. 5®6c. Demand is light.

BEESWAX.- 21 to 22c.

Jan. 10. HAMBLIN & BBAR88, 514 Walnut St.

Ttmm rn'mmmi^mM mmm jQiJ^mmmiLr.

51

XlIOillAS C WEWSIAW,

EDITOR.

VoiniY, Jau,2U8

No, 4.

]>i<1 yoii «'vcr, since ever you ever were
born,
Hear about little Miss May Unicorn.
Who spent all her money
For honey
(How funny !)
When she might have kept bees,
And obtained it from these.
And saved all the money
She spent for the honey
To send to the heathen way over the seas !
—St. Nicholas Magazine.

Prof. >IcI.,aiii is engaged to give a
lecture on bee-keeping, at the Academy of
Sciences on Adams street, in this city, on
Feb. 27.

Xlic Oliiw State Convoiition, held
last week at Columbus, 0., was a decided
success. Dr. Mason said that it was one of
the best he ever attended. But a corres-
pondent remarks that " the Doctor is a
whole convention himself." We shall pub-
lish the proceedings as soon as received.

It<-<-!« in 9fsiiiitol>a. — A correspond-
ent wants to know how bee-keeping would
pay in southern Manitoba. It is too far
north to expect much for bee-keeping. The
winters are too long; making the "long
confinement" disastrous. Perhaps some of
our subscribers in that region can better
answer the question.

An Honor.— Messrs. Chas. Dadant &
Son, of Hamilton, Ills., write us as follows
on Jan. 13, 1888 :

We extend our congratulations for the
new and neat appearance of the old Ameri-
can Bee Journal. It is a pleasure to
peruse such a well-printed paper, and it
does honor to its publisher. Long may it
live !

Xln' Weatlier in Eng'land has

been quite mild. The London Journal of
Horticulture, in its issue of Jan. 5, 1888, re-
marks as follows concerning it and the
bees :

During the months of Novera ber and De-
cember the weather has been changeable ;
frost, snow, and rain alternating with ex-
treme mildness for the season, the tempera-
ture often being above .50° Fahr. The lowest
temperature during November was on the
24th, the thermometer registering 19% and
the lowest during December was 10° on the
23d in North Britain.

On the last day of November and on the
first day of December the thermometer
stood above 50°, and the bees were alert,
many of them on tlie wing, and a great
number gathering water, evidence that,
owning to the mildness, breeding had begun
earlier than is usually the case.

One colony in paitienlar was very busy,
and killed the last of its drones on Dec. 1.
This colony, I believe, had a young queen,
which was fertilized as late as Oct. 37, but I
have not sufficient data at present to con-
firm this, but a few weeks will prove it, as
the bees were half-bred Syrians, and the
drones living were Carniolan. In addition
to the above, either two 'or three had pre-
served their drones until the two days
mentioned.

Tlie Canadian Bee Jonrnal

makes the following friendly allusion to us
in its last issue :

The AMEiufAN Bee Journal comes to
us in an entirely new dress of type, which
makes a decided improvement in its appear-
ance. In its articles, the American Bee
Journal keeps abreast of the times, is a
credit to its publishers, and worthy of
patronage. We wish it every prosperity.

Our thanks are hereby extended to friends
Jones and Macpherson. We also wish pros-
perity to the Canadian Bee Journal.

Mrs. 1.,. Harrison, of Peoria, Ills.,
is to give an address on "The Apiary," be-
fore the Farmers' Institute, to be held at
Peoria, Ills., on Feb. 1, 1888. The meeting
will be held in Rouse's Hall.

Keeding Partly-Filled Combs. —

A subscriber in Ontario, Canada, asks the
following question :

I have some colonies that I fear have not
enough food to carry them through the win-
ter. I also have combs partly filled ; will it
do to put those light colonies over the
the frames that are jmrtly filled with honey,
and give them a passage way out of the bot-
tom of the super containing the honey ?

If the supers with partly-filled combs are
placed over the bees, they may go up and
get the honey, but will not be likely to go
down to it. There is danger, however, of
letting the heat escape by having the super
over the cluster.

If the partly-filled combs are placed at
the side of the cluster (in place of empty
ones), and holes made through the combs,
the bees may take the honey if the weather
is not too severe.

The St. Paul Ice Palace and winter
carnival opens Jan. 2.5, and continues ten
days. One fare for round trip on all railroads

Uees on Sliare."*.— F. Richards, of
northern New York, asks the following
questions. As others may desire the infor-
mation, we give it a place here :

Which is the proper way to take bees on
shares ? Must the taker feed them at his
expense, if necessary ? Must he furnish
the honey-boxes and foundation, and give
the owner of the bees back his original num-
ber and half of the increase ?

It is usual for one party to furnish bees,
and the other party the care and labor. The
expense of new hives, surplus-boxes, comb
foundation and queens is usually divided
equally, and at the end of the season the
honey and increase of bee% are equally
divided— leaving each to take all chances of
marketing, as well as wintering.

Make a written contract, stating the agree-
ment in full, and then there will be less
liability of a misunderstanding.

Pleasnre and Profit.— S.T. Pettit,
of Belmont, Out, wrote as follows on Jan.
18, 1888, concerning our paper :

I am more than ever pleased with the
good old A.MERicAN Bee Journal. Your
staff of writers in the question drawer de-
partment are all so well qualified to aive
simple, plain, intelligent answers, that it is
at once a pleasure and a profit to study these
answers.

Postponed lor One Yeai — that is
what was decided to do, as will be seen by
the following letter :

Please state in the next issue of the Bee
Journal, that the meeting of the " Eastern
Iowa and Western Illinois Bee-Keepers'
Association " has been postponed for one
year, or until "called;" it being thought
best to do so upon consultation of officers.
C. H. DiBBERN, Sec.

Cal»l»age iind Celery Plants. — A

guide to their successful propagation. A
new manual of instruction by Isaac F.
Tillinghast. Seed and plant grower, and
editor of Seed Time and Harvest, LaPlume,
Pa., 32 pages. Illustrated. Price 25 cents.
eS" We will send the above and the Bee
Journal for one year, for $1.15.

A Favorable ''IVord from any of our
readers, who speak from experience, has
more weight with friends than anything we
might say. Every one of our readers can
lend us a helping hand, in this way, without
much trouble, and at the same time help to
scatter apieultural knowledge and promote
the welfare of our pursuit.

]\ew Catalognes for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

G. D. Black, Brandon, Iowa — 8 pages-
Bees, Queens, Honey, etc.

Iowa Seed Co., Des Moines, Iowa — iS
pages— Vegetable and Garden Seeds.

Liook Over last year's numbers of the
Bee Journ.\l, and if any are missing,
send for them at once, as we have but few
left now, and they are daily becoming less.

52

T'H® MMBMICMM mMM J©^KHM1,.

' C'ORI^ER " 11^ HOl^EY.

Mr. Albert H. Lind, of Fond du Lac Co.,
Wis., has sent us tlie following item taken
from the New York World of Dec. 31, 1887 ;

Kansas City, Mo., Dec. 19.— A " corner"
on honey exists in this section ; one firm
here holding nearly all of the product that
there is in town. The crop was a light one
all over the country. In this State the pro-
duct was not large enough to feed the bees
for the winter,*and honey had to be bought
for tliat purpose.

The California crop was a small one, and
the product of the hives in Illinois and In-
diana was llglit. New York failed to secure
the usual supply, which is very large, the
New York crop being barely large enough
to supply the home demand.

That is not much of a "corner!" We
might say the same of Chicago ; nearly all
the honey now for sale being held by about
two "firms!" And yet all buyers can be
accommodated.

The following sensational item we take
from the Chicago Times of Jan. 15, 1888. It
is headed, " Now it is a Honey Trust^The
Latest Combination Proposed to Boost up
Prices :

Tlie convention of honey-producers in the
State of New York will begin at Utica
Tuesday next. Three days will be occu-
pied in the deliberations. J. L. Scofield
will preside. The producers of over 5,000,000
pounds of comb honey and 1,000,000 pounds
of extracted honey as an annual crop will
be present.

Among other subjects to be discussed will
be the shape, size, and style of the pack-
ages for the coming year, the price to be
charged to the wholesale dealers, and a plan
for unity of action to prevent the cheapen-
ing competition which has marked the sale
of honey during the past.

It is proposed to form a trust, to be com-
posed of all the large producers in the State,
nominally to regulate the size of combs, so
as to unify the marketable packages, but
actually to buy up all surplus honey when
tiiere is a glut of production, so as to keep
up the price and shut out competitors who
might be willing to sell at a sacrifice. It is
expected that this plan will meet with great
opposition from the small producers.

At this writing the New York Conven-
tion has held its last session, but we are not
yet advised as to the " doings " there. We
hope to be able to lay it before our readers
next week.

The "Honey Trust" is probably only a
canard, but of that we shall hear more defi-
nitely when the proceedings are published.
To control, in a healthy and honorable way,
the honey market, is very desirable and
praise-worthy.

Xlie Eclio, a nice dollar weekly news-
paper of Detroit, Mich., makes mention of
us in the following language :

The American Bee Journai-, of Chi-
cago, now entering upon its 24th year in a
liighly successful career, is the oldest paper
in America devoted to the interests of its
special field. It is well edited in all of its
departments, is attractive in appearance,
and is a reliable authority upon the topics
of which it treats.

Xlie " Wiley I je " in Knglana.

It is exceedingly unfortunate that in the
absence of its editor, some one has endors-
ingly copied in an editorial in the BriUsliBee
Jounuil, the silly lies going the rounds of
the newspapers, about "artificial honey"
being made in New York, etc., a la Wiley !
Did we not know that the editor, Mr.Cowan,
was at his winter home in Switzerland, and
that he therefore knew nothing of its publi-
cation until seeing it in the Bee Journal, we
sliould feel much worse about it.

The article in question may be found on
page 568 of the Britisih Bee Journal for Dec.
28, 1887. It reads thus :

We have noticed the ever-increasing pro-
duction of honey all over the world, but this
is not the danger the apiculturist has to
contend with. America and Canada may
collect their tons of pure nectar, and yet
there is room for more. By an increased
sale of honey our British productions will
come to the front; once let a man taste prime
honey,and he will never go back to inferior.
The danger we have to contend with is the
unprincipled scientist, the man who uses
his knowledge of bees for unlawful pur-
poses ; and further, the man who advances
Ills nefarious scheme without the aid of bees
at all. The history of the first of these in-
dividuals we have recently learnt from a
clergyman who had been traveling in the
far West, and visited many of the adulterat-
ing bee-farms. This apparent bee-keeper
settles down to carry out his practices in a
quiet place with a favorable climate ; he
has a large number of hives, but the pas-
turage of the district is quite immaterial to
him, as his bees have to obtain their stores
from large feeders placed all over the api-
ary. Containing what? Our informant
was unable to find out, as although every-
thing in the establishment was shown to
him without reserve, yet he was not per-
mitted to taste the contents of the vats or
feeders from whence the bees were obtain-
ing their supplies. The latter of these scien-
tihc bee-keepers is best described in the
following quotation from a magazine of this
mouth : " Artificial honey now made in
New York is so much like the genuine arti-
cle that only experts can detect the differ-
ence. It is in racks, the same as the natural
product, and now and then the wings and
legs of a few dead bees are to be seen to
further the deception. It can be sold at a
profit of 5c7. per pouud.

As usual in such cases, a clergyman is
brought into it, so as to give some appear-
ance of truth to the story — for he " visited
many of the adulterating bee-farms," says
the article.

It Is a base slander — a ncfariaus lie ;
neither the clergyman in question, nor " any
other man " ever visited any such " adul-
terating bee-farms !" They do not exist ! !

It is nothing more nor less than a scanda-
lous falsehood— the production of a sensa-
tional reporter's brain, written for spice,but
lacking even the flimsiest "thread" of
truth !

Its only possible excuse is the infamous
" scientific pleasantry " written " for the
/u?i of the thing," by Prof. Wiley— who is
so unprincipled as to let it " fly " on electric
wires to " the uttermost parts of the Earth,"
without a word of regret, or denial !

When cornered by the American Bee
Journal he admitted that he wrote it as a
scientific pleasantry, never dreaming that

any one would imagine it to be a sober fact.
Now the British Bee JoM7iiar republishes
it under the heading of " Facts." It is
astonishing, to say the least !

We have repeatedly offered large sums of
money to persons (one of them a clergyman,
too) who had repeated this story as a fact,
to take us to the place where these " arti-
ficial combs " are made, or where the
"adulterating bee-farms" may be found,
but no one can take us to them ! No such
places can be found !

Mr. A. I. Root, editor of Oleaiiings in
Bee-Culture, has for two years had a stand-
ing offer of 81,500 to any one who will point
out such places to him — yet there are none
who can do it. They do not exist !

Now, when honey is scarce and prices
high, it is just the time for putting this
" artificial comb honey " on the market at
good prices, for our British cotemporary
says that it is " so much like the genuine
article that only experts can detect the dif-
ference." But what are the facts ? Not
even a single pound of the "artificial
honey " can be produced ! Not even a
single "adulterating bee-farm" can be
shown ! !

Send your " clergyman " over here, Mr.
Scribbler, to point out such farms. It will
pay him to do so !

Disturbing' llees in "IViiiter. — W.

Z. Hutchinson writes as follows on the re-
sults of disturbing bees in winter, in the
Foi-mcr's Review. He argues quite cor-
rectly that sometimes it is necessary to dis-
turb them sufficiently to find out if they
have suflicient food ; and that in such a
case it is better to examine them than to let
them starve :

Many bee-keepers advise us to lock the
bee-eel lar,and not open it again until spring,
saying that the least disturbance is injuri-
ous to the bees. Others say that disturb-
ance is no injury, that the cellar may be en-
tered at any time with a light, the hive
opened, and even combs taken out witliout
any deleterious results following.

In all jjrobability the cause of winter
losses lies in something aside from disturb-
ing. Improper food, or an undesirable tem-
perature are more to be feared than dis-
turbance ; if these are right, disturbance,
unless carried to an extreme, will do no
harm ; if wrong, disturbance may be, and
probably is, an aggravation.

But, says one, why disturb them ? Well,
bees are sometimes short of stores, and bee-
keepers might let them starve for fear of
disturbing them.

Early in winter bees go into a quiet state
bordering on hibernation, and this quiescent
state should be as long and quiet as possi-
ble ; towards spring breeding begins, and
the bees are then more active, and disturb-
ance would probably do less harm than in
the earlier part of the winter.

It may be questioned if simply going into
the cellar with a light and quietly lifting
covers or quilts, and peeping under them at
the quietly sleeping bees, can be called a
disturbance, unless it be too long continued.

It is, of course, a better way to see that
the bees have sufficient food in the fall, that
they are placed in good warm quarters, and
then let tuein alone, as nothing is gained by
disturbing them, but when these things
have been neglected, they should be at-
tended to, even though the bees are dis-
turbed thereby.

TTHE aMERICJtr* BEB JO-WRPfS'I^.

53

>>a*^f*-/^------^— ^■'

IlOffl'i

»\\xiii:u I.. i>. i.A:\GS'rR<>'i'ii,

XIIU IILmiOR OF A.mOICIC'A.

But few of those who in the present day
are using the movable-frame liive and prac-
tieing the modern methods and management
of progressive bee-culture,realize how many
sore " trials and troubles " beset the " pio-
neers" in developing the pursuit. That
development was slow, and every " progres-
sive step" was beset with many difficulties.
The metliods and management of to-day an
an evolution, and to the Rev. L. L. Lang-
stroth and his co-worker, the lamented
Moses Quinby, we owe an ovirwlielming
debt of gratitude for their patient and un-

he took great interest in natural history.and
the happiest days ot his youth were those
spent in watching the habits of the various
insects found in ami near the city of his
birth. His parents were of the "old
school," and deeming such studies the height
of youthful folly, gave him no encouage-
ment therein, and it was not until the year
1838, that he began to learn something of the
honey-bee. At that time he procured a col-
ony or two ot bees, and began studying
them under great disadvantages, he at that
time never having seen or heard of a work
on bee-culture ; and for the first year of his
pursuit in this direction, the only published
work of that kind tliat came to his notice
was written by a man who doubted the ex-
istence of a queen-bee.

After graduating at Yale College, he pur-
sued the study of theology, and was settled
over his first church at Andover, Mass. His
health became in a short time so much im-
paired, that he was obliged to give up his
pastoral charge, and in 18.39, he removed to
Greenfield, Mass., where for a few years he
was engaged in teacliing.

Rev. L. L. Langstroth.

tiring exertions in revealing to us the mys-
teries of the home of the honey-bee.

Hundreds— aye, thousands — to-day are
using the improved methods, who know but
little, if anything of these notable men.

We give herewith an illustration showing
the kind, and beueflcent face of Father
Langstroth, ( the latest article from -.vhose
pen may be found on page .5.5 of this paper),
and subjoin a brief biographical sketch
written by Mr. J. £. Pond, for the Armrlr
cam Apiculturlst about four years ago.

It is with great pleasure that we have the
productions of his pen, consequent upon the
return ot his mental powers, by even a
brief respite from his painful and oftrre-
turning " head trouble." Mr. Pond's article
is as follows :

Lorenzo Lorain Langstroth was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 35, 1810. As a boy

Finding that out-door labor and exercise
of some kind was absolutely necessary, he
devoted such as he could spare from his
duties as a teacher to his apiary, and care-
fully verified all the experiments of whicli
he had read, and entered into many of his
own, for tlie purpose of gaining such
knowledge bj; actual observation, as might
be useful to him or to bee-keepers in general.

The methods of management then in use
were not at all satisfactory to him, and he
was constantly endeavoring to devise some
way or means, whereby complete control of
the whole interior or the hive might be
given him.

He thoroughly tested bars and slats, and
even endeavored to make a practical use of
" the leaf-hive of Huber." This leaf-hive,
however, was too clumsy (as any one may
learn by attempting U> use one), and he be-
came almost discouraged at the poor success
he met with.

At last the idea came to him, that if bees
will build comb on bars seton top of the
hive, why will they nut build it in a frame
hung in the hive ? He tried this plan with

fear and trembling. Failure had been his
lot so many times, that he had hardly dared
to hope for success with this his new fancy.
As we all know, this experiment did suc-
ceed, and tlie result was that ni 1853, he in-
troduced the frame to the public, and so
well was his work matured, tliat the same
style of frame he then devised, is now used
more largely than any other, in the exact
form he first devised it, and by the ablest
apiarists in the country.

It will be needless to enter into the many
discouragements and great opposition, with
which he met in his endeavor to bring his
frame into general use. It has been intro-
duced, and introduced fully and completely;
and such are its merits, that the Langstroth
frame is now used wherever bees are kept.

By the term Langstroth frame, I do not
mean simply the original frame he devised,
and which he still advises ; but 1 do mean
that all sectional movable hanging frames,
by whatever name may be known, are
Langstroth frames.

As an inventor, the name of L. L. Lang-
stroth will live as long as bees are kept, and
generations yet unborn will revere his mem-
ory. By means of his powers of invention,
and through his in.strimientality in putting
that invention before tlie public, the api-
arist of to-day, with a lew days' practice
only, is enabled to see and observe tor him-
self, all those mysteries of which Virgil has
so beautifully sung, and which the various
writers of the past were only enabled to
find out, as was Huber, by long years of
patient labor, such were the difficulties that
then surrounded them.

With tlie intioduition of the frame a new
era began, and through its means bee-cul-
ture has been raised from a business of in-
significance, to one that is now barely sec-
ond to any other.

Mr. Langstroth was not only successful
as an inventor, but also as an author. His
treatise on apiculture, "The Hive and the
Honey-Bee," stands at the head of all writ-
ten works on the subject, and has fairly
earned the high distinction given it, of "the
classic of apiculture."

Mr. Langstroth is now an old and feeble
man. His health was impaired In early
youth by too close attention to his studies,
and now he is able to do but little for him-
self.

Modest and unassuming in his manners,
and confiding as a child in the honesty ot
the world, he, to-day, instead of having
reaped a fortune as the result of his valua-
ble invention, is not worth a single dollar.
But for all this, he stands before the world
as one of Nature's noblemen, an honest
man. He has fairly and fully earned the
proud title that all bee-keepers, who know
him, admit belongs to him— the prince of
apiarists ; the Huber of America.

At the apicultural meeting in Chicago,
in 1883, the Rev. L. L. Langstroth was pres-
ent, and gave an interesting epitome of the
rise and progress of American apiculture,
and said substantially as follows :

In experimenting with bee-hives he as-
certained the exact distance that bees will
not join with propolis or build intervening
comb. When this fact was demonstrated,
all there was to do was to surround the
comb in tlie bar with wood, and leave this
distance between it and the hive, and it
would not be fastened with propolis, or
comb built in it. Thus the movable-frame
was born.

While he was experimenting with it,afriend
came into his bee-yard, but he did not hear
him or see him until he said, "Friend
Lorenzo, thee has not made an invention,
but it is a revolution." Time has proved
this to be true.

Mr. Langstroth said, that if the movable-
frame had not been born to him, it would
have been to some one else, as the time of
its advent had fully arrived.

54

T^H® mvmmmiGmm mmm j©wMifMt.

t

TRAIVSFERRIXO BEE<$ OIV
CROOKED COjVIBS.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 509 — On transferring, what would
be tbe best way in the spring to manage a colony
of bees, which had built their combs on a curve
and diaRonally in the movable fram«s ? Would it be
better to cut right through or take the frames out
bodily, and replace the comb in frames as well as
could be done ?— New York.

I would transfer by Mr. Heddoii's
new sjstem. — P. L. Viallon.

Drive the bees out, turn the liive
upside down, cut loose the attach-
ments, if any, from the sides of the
hive, and dump out the whole business,
en masse ; then pick out the best combs
for transferring, and melt up those
curved too much. — C. C. Millek.

Cut out all the crooked comb, ex-
tract the honey, and melt it for wax.
Place frames filled wtth full sheets of
foundation in the new hives. I would
not bother with old crooked combs.
Some of the best may be used, es-
pecially if it contains brood. It is gen-
erally more satisfactory to use full
sheets of foundation in the frames. — C.

H. DiBBEKN.

Take out all the frames, separate
carefully, and use all good comb ;
melt up all that is not suitable, and re-
place it with foundation. — H. D. Cut-
ting.

Let the bees swarm ; 21 days there-
after drive out all the remaining bees
and hive them. Next convert the
crooked combs into wax. Such combs
are not worth bothering with. — G. M.

DOOLITTLE.

Cut out the combs, and shape them
to the frames. Use the ordinary
methods of transferring. — Dadant &
Son.

Start on an outside frame, cut the
combs loose from it the best you can,
and remove it. You will now liave
room to cut the combs from tlie next
frame. Use the straightest combs, and
reject those that cannot be pressed into
position. Secure them in position by
wired sticks until tlie bees fasten them.
—J. P. H. Brown.

The best way is to keep an eye on
the bees, while they are building, and
not get into such a scrape. If the hive
stands just right, perpendicular at the
sides, with an inclination of 2 inches,
they will do it. Press the combs back,
and get them into as good shape as
possible. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

If it had no brood, I would give it
full sheets of foundation, and melt the
combs into wax, and give them the
honey from the combs, or feed syrup.
I would save the comb with brood in

till hatched, and then make that into
wax. Take the frames out bodily. —
A. B. Mason.

Cut the combs loose from the top-
bars, and pry them oft". Then cut tlie
combs loose from the side-bars, and
lift them out. — M. Mahin.

Cut the combs out, leaving each one
as perfect as possible, and replace
them straight in the frames, secured
by clamps, sticks or strings. — Eugene
Secor.

Cut right through and take out one
comb at a time from one side. Take
the combs in a warm room, and
straighten them on a board or be-
tween two boards — there will be no
harm done to the capped brood in the
operation, with care ; then transfer,
tying the combs in the frames with
cord, using side-pieces of wood to sup-
port the combs where needed. I would
manage them like any other transferred
colony, i. e., keep them warm, give
plenty of food, and emptj' combs or
full frames of foundation, if needed. —
G. L. Tinker.

Practice what has been called
"modern transferring," as practiced
and advised by James Heddon, and
described by him in back numbers of
the Bee Journal. — W. Z.Hutchinson.

When the weather is sufficiently
warm, so that the combs will bend
without cracking, remove the frames
bodily, then cut the Hrst comb loose
from all the frames except the first,
and from the first so far as it is not in
the right position ; then bend it into
place and fasten, and do the same with
the others in turn. — R. L. Taylor.

Sometimes when combs are not quite
straight in the frames, but are straight
as to themselves, they can be turned
about and made straight in the frames.
I do no transferring, any more, upon
the old system. — James Heddon.

Take the combs out and straighten
them. I do this by laying them in
frames, and pressing them, when
sliglitly warm, between two pieces of
board. The frames protect the comb.
—J. E. Pond.

I have frequently transferred combs
from frame hives in the condition you
describe. My way is to cut loose the
two outside frames and remove them.
I then pry loose all the frames and lift
them out together, bees and all. Com-
mencing on one side, the frames are
cut loose and slipped from over the
combs. I then removed one comb at
a time, and transferred to the frames
in the usual way. The curved and
crooked combs were first laid on a
board and pressed straight, and then
fitted into the frames. — G.W.Demaree.

Take out in such a manner as will
secure the combs with the least break
or disfigurement. Just how to do this

can only be decided by an eye-witness.
Follow Mr. Heddon's plan ; it is prob-
ably the best, in any event. Wait till
swarming-time, and drum out the bees;
hiving them on foundation. Wait 21
days and repeat the operation, then
extract the honey and melt up the
combs. — A. J. Cook.

Cut through the combs ; take out
one at a time and straighten them, and
then transfer in the ordinary waj-. The
" better way " would be to give the
bees new frames of comb foundation.
Such crooked combs are wortli noth-
ing, except for melting into wax. —
The Editor.

HORIZOIVTAL BAR<i> A^'D BEE.
SPACES IX HIVES.

Written for the American liee Journal

Query 610. — Do you consider the hori-
zontal bars and bee-space in the shallow brood-
chambers of the sectional hives an impediment
to the queen's laying capacity during the heightb
of her egg-laying period ?— Illinois.

No. — M. Mahin.

No. — Mrs. L. Harrison.
Yes. — A. B. Mason.

1 do.-

P. H. Brown..

1 do not. — A. J. Cook.

I do not know ; I have never tried
them. — J. E. Pond.

Yes, " I do," and 1 do not want any
in my hive. — H. D. Cutting.

Yes. Try it. It will cost you but
little. — Dadant & Son.

I do not, and I have several hundred
colonies in such hives. — R. L. Tay'lor.

Probably not ; still, reason would
say that the bees would better be
breeding eggs and larvas, rather than
bars and empty space. — G. M. Doo-
little.

No. But suppose it was, what then?
We do not make hives simply for the
convenience of the queen. — W. Z.
Hutchinson.

They are a disadvantage in the
earlj' spring, but seem not to be in the
way after the warm weather sets in.
See ray answer to Query 508. — G. W.
Demaree.

No, sir, they are not in the least ;
and the future will demonstrate for
you what the past has demonstrated
for me. — James Heddon.

I do not think that the little time
lost by the queen in passing from the
bottom to the top frames will make
much dift'crence. — P. L. Viallon.

I have had no experience with the
sectional brood-chamber hives. I
should consider the bars and bee-space
through the centre of the brood-nest
an objection. — C. H. Dibbern.

Not having tried these very exten-
sively, I do not know ; but I think that

THE JEMERICfEH BEE JQlOfRKMI*.

55

■•*^*-^-*^-^-^*^

when the proper season for egg-laying
and brood-rearing conies, such things
are no impediment. When a queen
gets up in the section-case, and stays
there too long, you will think she en-
joys odd nooks.— Eugene Secob.

Hardly, as that occurs when the
weather is quite warm, and bees can
keep a large surface covered, making
it easy for the queen to pass back and
forth from one section to the other.
There may be a little disadvantage
from having the bees obliged to cover
a space where the queen cannot lay. —

C. C. MrLLER.

They are, in early spring, when the
colon3r fs weak in numbers, but after
the bees become strong enough to en-
ter an upper case, I regard the hori-
zontal bee-space between shallow
brood-cases an adv.antage, as breeding
is thereby greatly facilitated. Except
for queen-breeders' use, a brood-frame
should not be so shallow that pollen
will be stored in sections placed over
one brood-case ; that would mean a
frame not less than 7 inches deep. — G.
L. Tinker.

Oh, no ! The inconvenience to the
(jueen, if any, is not worth a passing
thought. At that time, the weather is
warm. If it is detrimental at anj- time,
it would be in the spring when the
bees are weak in numljers ; but those
having shallow brood-chambers in use,
in large numbers, say that such is not
any impediment. — The Editor.

DRONES.

At -ivliat Age are Droiic-Bec§
Di§po8cd to Hate ?

Written for theAintrican Bee JuuttuiI
BY REV. L. L. LANGSTROTH.

On page til-i of the Bee Journal for
1885, I published some observations
showing that under conditions appar-
enth- quite favorable, a drone crept
out of its cell in about 24 days and 8J
hours after the queen had laid an egg
there. After nearlj' two years of pros-
tration from severe head trouble, grate-
ful to Him who has restored nij- health,
and with kind greetings to the bee-
keeping fraternity, I continue the rec-
ord of observations then mad(^ :

August 13, 1885— Drones fully two
days old can only make short, Hj'ing
leaps.

August U — When three days old, if
tossed up into the air, they fly well.
One of this age kept out of the hive
half an hour, and eagerly licked up
some thin honey.

August 27 — I gave some drones just
hatched in a good colony, to a strong
nucleus.

August 30 — At 2 p.m., with the
thermometer indicating 80-', four
drones took wing. One coming just
outside, discharged a whitish, cream-
like mass, quite unlike the fa'ces of the
common bee, which was eagerly licked
up by the workers ! Another, caught
before it took wing, discharged a clot
of a somewhat j-ellower color. Evi-
dently drones can not retain their fa3ces
as long as workers. Some provision
would therefore seem to be needed
against a colony taking harm, when
the cleansing flight of the drones is
unreasonably delayed. As no drone
was gone more than five minutes, none
had left to mate.

September 1 and 2 — The weather
was unfavorable, and a few drones
took wing, but not to mate.

September 3 — The temperature was
76° at 2 p.m., and the weather fair,
with a gentle breeze. Of the many
drones that flew, some returned in less
than five minutes, most in ten minutes,
and a few in fifteen minutes. I think
that not one sought to mate, for a
drone, unsuccessful in finding a queen,
will not come home until his honey-
sac is nearly empty — which usually
happens in about half an hour.

From all the observations made at
this time, 1 conclude that drones can-
not be relied upon for sexual duty,
until they are at least eight da3's old,
and that most of them are not service-
able quite so young. Unlike the com-
mon bee, the drone having no special
oSioe inside the hive, it is wisely or-
dered that it should seek to mate when
about half the age of a worker.

September 15 — The temperature was
60^ to 76°, and the weather was cloud-
less. At 1 p.m. drones were in full
flight. I put a Jones' perforated-zinc
guard on that strong nucleus, to be
able more easily to catch the returning
drones. The most of them evidently
flew to mate ; the last two were gone
51 minutes. I caught them all ; they
filled two large queen-cages. After
most of them had been confined over
half an hour, 1 placed the open cages
more than a foot from the hive-en-
trance. To my surprise, many of them
unable to take wing, crawled to "the
flight hole," a truly woe-begone set of
beggars, impatient, nay importunate,
to be fed ; and the workers were all
eagerness to supplj' their wants ! One,
too far gone to crawl or even to beg,
on having his proboscis wetted with
thin sjTup, though at first barely able
to take it, soon grew strong enough to
flj". From numerous experiments
made at this time, it seems that if
drones are kept from feeding only half

an hour after returning from a wed-
ding-trip, tliey become too weak to fly.

Catching, on the same day, some
drones which were being worried by a
strong colony, their honej'-sacs were
found to be well filled. It is easy to
.see how soon a drone must succumb,
if the bees merely prevent it from eat-
ing. I believe that more perish in this
wa}' than b}- any actual violence done
them by the workers.

I hope to be able to continue this
subject in a future number.

Dayton,to O., Jan. 10, 1888.

FIRE INSURANCE.

Insuring and "Wintering Bees-
Sowing AHiice Clover.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY J. B. LINDLE.

In reply to Mr. C. A. Waldron, about
insuring bees against loss by fire and
lightning, I will say that I have 1500
insurance on bees in the cellar or in
the yard, not to exceed 200 feet from
the dwelling ; the valuation not to ex-
ceed $10.00 per colony. They were
insured on April 17, 1883, for five
years, in the Phenix, of Brooklyn, N.
Y. I could have taken $1,000 insur-
ance. During this time my apiary has
never exceeded 270 colonies, nor have
I had less than 140 colonies.

Owing to demand, sale, and the sea-
son, to-day I have over 100 colonies
less than on June, 1887, as many of
them staiTcd. I did not obtain one
pound of surplus honey, and I fed over
1,200 pounds of honey in frames and
half-filled sections extracteil from the
year 1886. I have never fed 50 cents
worth of sugar, although I have hand-
led and kept bees for 31 years, and for
over 15 years I have made it my spe-
cial business. At least 25 per cent, of
my colonies are light now.

Bees "n'tntered In tbe Cellar.

I winter my bees in the cellar, the
hives being about four inches from
the floor, and tiered 4 or 5 high.
There is no covering over the honey-
board, or oil-cloth on top, and the en-
trance is left wide open. I never al-
low the temiK'rature to be below 40°,
and never above 48°, if I can possibly
help it. I have wintered bees with the
honej'-board ofi", and experimented in
diflerent ways, but for over five years I
have wintered my bees as above stated.

The hives are tiered up now, with
access to the front of each hive or en-
trance, to examine the entrance in or-
der to keep it open. So far this win-
ter my bees have been more quiet than
usual, and scarcely any dead bees are
outside. They seem to enjoy it in the

5G

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cellar, with the mercury 28° below zero
outside.

Sowing Alsike Clover Tor Bees.

I can endorse all of Mr. Baldridge's
article on page 10, except that I would
sow 4 pounds of Alsike seed on most
land, and not on thin, dry, sandy land.
It will catch in wild-grass sloughs. It
thrives best with red-top clover or
pasture. If for seed, sow 10 pounds
per acre, and it will not lodge so badly.
Be sure to get clean seed, and not
mixed with sorrel, as some Eastern
seed is.

Muscatine, o Iowa, Jan. 16, 1888.

BEE-CELLARS.

Wintering and Insuring; Bees in
Cellars.

Written for .the American Bee Journal
BY E. W. COUNCILMAN.

This article is written in appreciar
tion and corroboration of Mr. A. C.
TyrreFs article on page 25, on " Bee-
Cellars." Three j'ears ago I built a
bee-cellar, and finished late in the fall
so that the mortar in tlie walls had not
time enough to get dry. But the cold
winter came on, and I put in it 25 col-
onies. Of course the combs became
somewhat mold}', but I lost only 2
colonies.

Last winter, the cellar having had
plenty of time to become thoroughly
dry, I had no moldy combs, and I put
out every colony on the summer stands
that I had put into the cellar. This
winter I have 80 colonies in the cellar,
and from the best of my judgment I
believe that I will carry them all
through.

Now as to the secret of my success :
Of course I wanted to discover all I
could about the conditions, and as a
consequence a thermometer has been
in constant use during all temperatures
of weather. The temperature in the
cellar has ranged from 32^ to about
45°. Always in going into the cellar,
I would hear that low, contented hum,
except perhaps towards spring, and
during the warm, soft weather.

I have thought many times of mak-
ing the cellar warmer, even by artifi-
cial heat, thinking that the bees would
use less honey, perhaps breed faster,
and come out stronger in the spring ;
but after comparing Mr. TjTrel's ex-
perience with my own, I have con-
cluded to adopt David Crockett's plan,
when he hit the "bull's eye:" "Let
well enough alone."

Insuring Bees in a Cellar.

In regard to insuring bees, men-
tioned by Mr. A. C. Waldron, on page
8, I would say that my bees are in-

sured in the Dutchess County Mutual
Insurance Company. We have no
trouble here in getting our bees in-
sured, any more than any other valua-
bles in the cellar.

Bee-inortalitr In tlie Cellar.

I had a similar experience in regard
to mortality among my bees, as Mr.
Pinkerton describes on page 11 ; and
besides, quite a number of my colonies
had the diarrhea. I attributed the
trouble to honej'-dew (a substance with
which I am not much acquainted). I
found a black, sticky substance stored
in the hives (in some hives large, and
others small quantities), which bee-
men called "honey-dew." The bees
which ate of this black and sticky
substance, and especially those colo-
nies that had stored a good deal of it,
had the diarrhea, and large (luantities
of bees would be found dead in front
of the hives. Up to the present time
this winter, I have swept my cellar
twice, and I have carried out perhaps
not to exceed four quarts of dead bees.
Last winter, from about half the num-
ber of colonies, up to the present time
I am sure I had carried out twice or
thrice that quantity. , Indeed, I was
frightened, for I thought that my bees
were all going to die.

The mortality among bees through-
out this State, and many other States,
was terrible. Those who claimed to
be competent to judge, estimated that
one-half, or more, of the colonies died
before the honey season was reached
last spring.

Mj' cellar is 14x18 feet, about 7 feet
high, and has a cemented bottom. The
walls are 2i feet thick, and laid in
cement. A 4-inch stove-pipe extends
from near the bottom, near the centre,
up through the kitchen floor, and is
attached to the kitchen stove-pipe.
This is all the ventilator the cellar has.
The bee-cellar is separated from the
vegetable cellar hy a sliding door. I
have been very successful in wintering
my bees. The temperature ranges
from 40° to 45°.

Newark Valley, jN. Y., Jan. 13, 1888.

BEE-KEEPING.

Wliat I Know and AVIiat I do
Not Know about Bees.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY J. M. HICKS.

I know that the year of 1887 was, as
a honey year, in many localities a very
poor one, and especially in this locality.
We had no honey, but plenty of drouth.
I know that but few bees have been so
fortunate as to have gathered stores
suflicient to last them through the win-
ter ; that I was not the only bee-keeper

who failed to get an ounce or a pound

of honej' as a surplus from my apiary
the past season, l)ut I let the bees keep
all that the}- gathered, and fed them
over 400 pounds of honey besides, in
order that they should be well pro-
vided with honej' for the winter.

I am frank to confess that the last
year has been the poorest throughout
Indiana, as a honey season, that I have
witnessed in 50 years, and there will
not be a hundred pounds of honey
placed on the market, of the 1887 crop,
for each thousand pounds of 1886 crop,
or, in other words, not one-tenth as
much honey was gathered the last year
as was gathered in 1886, and I predict
that whoever eats honey on the good,
old buckwheat cakes for breakfast, will
pay a handsome price for both honey
and buckwheat flour.

I know that the science of bee-keep-
ing is fast simmering down and into
the hands of only those who will pay
proper attention to the business, in
order to make it a success. I also find
that it is not those who can count the
greatest number of colonies that make
the most money at keeping bees, hence
it is quite evident that a locality or
certain neighborhood may become
overstocked with bees, just the same
as a given number of acres of grass
can be overstocked with cattle, horses
or sheep.

Xlie Unknonrable In Bee-keeping.

I do not know that bees can be suc-
cessfully kept where there is no natural
resources for their support, and no ef-
fort made bj' the bee-master to supply
pasture for them to gather honey from;
neither do I know that bees can be
made profitable in any apiary unless
they receive proper care and attention
in order to make them so. I have also
long since found out that pure Italian
bees, and the black or German bees of
this country, cannot be kept in the
same apiary and have all the increase
pure of either race. Neither do I
know (as some profess) that a pure
Italian queen that has mated with a
black drone, can produce pure Italian
drones aftei'wards, notwithstanding the
opinions of some naturalists to the con-
trary ; and furthermore, I have not yet
learned that virgin queens can produce
drones that can be relied upon in
further propagation of their race ; or
in other words, I do not know that
such drones can be of any use in the
fertilization of other queens, either
Italian or native. To sum it all up, I
am still of the opinion that if a book
was written containing all that we did
not know, it would be a much larger
volume than the one would be if all we
know about bees were published in it.
Attend to the bees, and they will pay !

Battle Ground, *o Ind.

Tmm mfmmMi^mm mmm jQ>^mmMi^.

57

>.».^-*.*.*.*-*.*.«».*..».A-».-fc.^.A.»^*-*.*-*^ ^.^*.^^.A^A^^.A^A^A^A^».A^».^^*.^A^^^A^A^A^ A^A^ A^.A^^

PAST-FUTURE.

The Mysteries of Bee-Kcepiiig
all Done away ^Vitli.

Written for the Prairie F.irmer
BY MRS. L. HARRISON. *

The day of the log-^ni and square
box as a receptacle for bees is now
past, excepting wlien on rare occa-
sions, a runaway swarm is caught, and
there is nothing at liand to put them in
but a nail-keg or salt-barrel. From
such a beginning, nian}^ large apiaries
had a start, for when the bees persisted
in living and increasing, until even the
discarded bod}' of a pump had to be
used to put them in, their owner roused
xip to the necessity of further accom-
modations, and the result was a
" patent hive."

Some enterprising individuals took
advantage of this state of things, and
went through the countrj' building bee-
palaces, which had a short run, but a
merrj- one. Their dupes thought them
splendid, though there was an abund-
ance of those terrible moths.

Following the bee-palace came a
square hive, set up on high legs, and
run to a point below, so those terrible
enemies of the bees, the moths, would
i-oll out at the bottom. This was good
in some respects, and is occasionally
seen at the present day at farm houses.
All attempts at keeping bees in houses
have been failures with one excei>tion,
whieh is pronounced a success, but is
covered by a "patent."

There are two ways of managing
bees ; one is to let them alone, and the
other is to control them, at least in a
measure. In order to do the latter
tliey must be in a receptacle from
which they can be removed at the
pleasure of their owner.

" Deliornlng " Bees.

The secrets and mystei'ies of bee-
keejjing have all been let out of the
bag, by the introduction of the mov-
ble-frame hive. And if some enter-
prising bee-keeper would only dis-
cover a way of removing the sting in
like manner as horns are now removed
from cattle, bee-keeping would make
rapid advancement.

On my way to Chicago to attend the
late bee-convention, I sat for a while
in a seat with a lady who, in company
with her husband, was bound for the
Fat Stock Show. She said they were
engaged largely in rearing Short^iorns,
and that last summer they purchased
a vicious bull which she had feared
would kill some of her children. The
men had not had time to dehorn him
until recently, but after it was done it
■was laughable to see how meek he was;
the fight was all taken out of him. It
did not appear to hurt him a mite, for

he went immediately to eating hay.
Now, who will imitate the cattle-raisers
and dehorn the bees of there weapons?

Apiarists are very uneasy, never con-
tent to tread in the beaten paths of
their fathers ; and when jou think that
you have the latest furniture, fully up
to the times, something new is in-
vented which leaves you far in the
shade. The latest " fad " is inverti-
ble hives. Now, I cannot imagine
what could possess any one to turn a
hive upside down. I never tried it,
but one of our horses did, and he did
not want to repeat the experiment,
neither did I, or the bees.

Peoria,© Ills.

UNFILLED SECTIONS.

How to Utilize the Comb in
Unfilled Sections.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY W. H. STEWART.

It seems to trouble a great many bee-
keepers to have so many unfinised sec-
tions at the close of the honey season.
Now these unfinished sections I look
upon as so many blessings, and I would
like to have ten thousand of them on
hand the coming spring. I do not
want them to go back on the hives
again for comb honey, but I will tell
the readers how I dispose of them :

In the fall, after the honey season is
over, I put them in wide frames, ex-
tract the honey, and then put the sec-
tions out of the way of the mice. I
always use full sheets of worker foun-
dation in the sections. In the spring,
when the weather gets warm, or just
before swarming time, I take a case-
knife and run it around the inside of
the section, cutting the comb out nice
and square. These combs I fit nicely
in the brood-frames, and fasten them
with transferring strijis or pieces of
hard, twisted twine.

I always rear my own queens, and
when one begins to lay, I give her a
couple of frames of hatching brood,
and fill up the hi\e with these filled
fr.ames, or hang them in extracting
supers. In a short time I have worker-
comb which is as nice and straight as
any one would wish to see. These
combs do not t-ost me as much as full
sheets of worker foundation for the
brood-chambers, yet they are just as
nice and as good.

Let bee-keepers, like myself, who
have more time than cash, try my plan
and see if they are not well paid for
their trouble ; for I think that it does
not pay a bee-keeper who buys all his
foundation, to melt up a piece of comb
four or more inches square.

Galt,~o Ills.

QUEEN-REARING.

The Three-Cell Plan of Rearingr
Queens.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY J. H. HIGGINS.

In regard to queen-rearing, I would
saj' that a great many queens can be
reared by the lamp-nursery method,
and also by the nucleus plan ; but are
they as good ([ueens as any ? My ex-
perience says they are not. They are
smaller, and do not live long ; neither
do they fill llieir hives with bees as
well as do queens that have been cared
for from the egg. The workers are
not so large, and they do not work so
well as do those reared from other
queens ; hence so many weak colonies
and no honey. Can we not remedy
this ? I think that we can, and my
practice proves to me how it can best
be done. It is as follows :

I use a 9-frame hive, and when I
want queens, I take from a strong col-
onjf the queen and all the brood-
frames, and give them one frame of
eggs just beginning to hatch, which I
take from a choice colony. I then
place one of their frames of honey on
each side of the frame of eggs until the
next day ; this being done in the even-
ing. The bees build queen-cells that
night, some of them being good ones,
and others are not. The following day
I pinch off all but three of the best
queen-cells, and give the colony some
honey and six frames of brood just
gnawing out. Bees will then be hatch-
ing all the time, which will keep the
colony very strong, and the queens
will be fully developed.

On the tenth day I divide the colony
into three parts, with a queen-cell in
each division, and give them the first
six frames that I had taken from them.

Queens reared as above described,
have proved to be good in every case ;
they are always large and prolific, and
bees reared fr<im them are large, are
excellent workers, and they can carry
more honey than can bees reared from
inferior queens. The queens will lay
more eggs, and last longer than any
others that I can produce. They also
winter well and build up veiy rapidly
in the spring. I have them now nearly
one-third larger than any bees I ever
saw here.

I read of " over-dosing," in the Bee
Journal, but they do not do it for
me with the " three-cell plan," as I
call it. I believe in keeping all colo-
nies strong at all times, and this is one
of my plans of doing it. Try the plan
and be convinced. But it will not do
to rear " dollar queens " in this way ;
at least I could not do it.

Victoria, On Tenn.

58

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ANATOMY.

Rudimentary Olands in Bee$,
and tlie Evolution Theory.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY PROF. A. J. COOK.

I ani veiy glad to answer Mrs.
Chaddock's very pertinent questions on
page -ti. Tlie rudimentary gland of
the queen surely argues not conclu-
sively, of course, that the old-time
queens were pos,jessed of the same
glands funetiouallj' perfect. Richer
food, through long ages, developed
enlarged ovaries. and a correspondingly
greater fecundity. At the sanre time,
less use caused a wasting away —
atrophy — of the glands in question.
The condition of the glands illustrates
the law of retrograde development. In
the same way snakes have lost their
legs. Zoologists find rudimentary
legs now, and believe such legs indi-
cate legs once useful.

True, the absence of such glands in
drones, and their reduced size in aged
workers, argue neither for nor against
evolution. Yet unless drones were to
to change their habits, we can readily
see that " natural selection " could not
lay hold of any variation in structure
to produce such glands.

That rudimentary organs are in
themselves conclusive proof that they
originated from a useful condition of
the same organs, is surely disproved
by Mrs. Chaddock's happy illustrations.
Yet from the study of fossil forms, and
such animals as the blind fish in caves,
together with the study of all related
living species, have convinced biolo-
gists that in most cases rudimentary
organs are the result of atrophy from
lack of use.

Agricultural College, J Mich.

REVIEW.

Tbe New Bee-Book Lately
Issued by 9Ir. Sininiins.

Written for the Canadian Bee Journal
BY SAMUEL CUSHMAN.

" A Modern Bee-Farm, and its Eco-
nomic Management," is the title of the
latest addition to bee-keepers' litera-
ture, and is written by Mr. Samuel
Simmins, an extensive English honey-
producer and queen-breeder. Many
of us have his valuable pamphlet (be-
fore mentioned in these columns), and
those who found that a treat will not
be disappointed in this his latest pro-
duction.

As the title implies, he tells us what
he does and how he does it in the great
Sussex apiaries, and it seems to me
that bee-keepers must be few who can-

not find something new as well as in-
teresting in the book.

The author tells us in the preface,
that practical bee-keeping is his sub-
ject, and that with few exceptions the
instructions given are based upon the
writer's twenty years' experience in
the apiar}'. That he has learned more
by his failures than by his successes, as
in the endeavor to overcome his difii-
culties he has brought out his most im-
portant methods of management. He
believes the man who can give the sub-
ject clo"e studj' and application, and
finds himself adapted to the undertak-
ing, ma}' safely invest his money, and
receive better returns than from many
other occupations of the present day.

The book is not in any sense an en-
cyclopaedia of modern bee-knowledge ;
the author simply gives the methods
found to be most economical and
practical.

Under "Bee-Culture as a Profes-
sion," beginners are advised to first
serve a couple of years in some well-
established apiary, instead of keeping
a few colonies and gradually increas-
ing the number. Time and money will
be saved, better plans formed, and
success will be more certain. The
amount of capital required is consid-
ered, and the vai-ious expenses esti-
mated. Five hundred pounds, or
about .?;2,500 is considered necessary to
properlj' commence the business with
100 colonies.

Much valuable advice is given on
the sale of bees and queens, and under
the manufacture of appliances begin-
ners especially are advised to steer
clear of the business of selling supplies.
In the economy of the hive, the sup-
pression of drone-production is a step
toward the prevention of swarming.

The chapter on " The Varieties of
Bees," is equal to anything I have seen
on the subject. Blacks or natives are
highly valued because they are well
adapted to the production of comb
honey ; and when the bee-keeper has
all the colonies he requires, no objec-
tion can be made to the sole use of this
race when comb honey alone is sought
for, although he mentions further on
that pure blacks cease storing quite a
month sooner, and are frequently
troubled with wax-moths, while the
foreign varieties never are.

It is claimed that blacks have great
conservative energy ; that the young
commence work outside at a much
earlier age, and a given nimiber will
produce and maintain a much larger
amount of heat than the same number
of any other race. That here is the
sole reason why these bees are alwaj'S
ready to take to the supers, and are
better comb-builders than others,
though they may be occupying the
same space with less than half the pop-

ulation. That here we have the best
material for an improved strain of
bees ; and that by the admixture of
foreign blood we may get greater lay-
ing-powers in the queen, a better dis-
position, in bees, and eradicate the in-
clination to cease staring honey toward
the close of the season, while it is yet
to be gathered.

He advocates breeding from black
queens crossed with Carniolan or yel-
low drones, Cyprians preferred to Ital-
ians. Black or Syrian drones should
be vigorously excluded. He says that
Italians store honey and draw out
foundation later in the season than
natives, as well as gather more honey ;
also they are more gentle, but their
comb honej' is not quite so good, and
they are not as good comb-biulers, are
slow to enter supers, and quite useless
for queen-rearing purposes. That
Carniolans, of all pure races, are the
best " all purpose bee," although not
quite equal to the Cyprians as honey-
gatherers ; are the most gentle of all,
and best for beginners. He thinks they
were at one time a cross between the
Cyprians and Germans, and the color
reverted back to that of the majority.
That Cyprians are destined to take the
lead among the j'ellow races ; though
not suitable for the production of coml)
honey, they are very active honey-
gatherers, of great beauty, and (with
him) extremely docile. Their bodj' is
smaller than the native variety, and
unlike the Italian workers, opens to a
fine point.

In chapter 6, " How to Obtain Good
Working Colonies," we find the follow-
ing : "The secret of successful honey
production consists in always main-
taining the proper proportion of adult
working bees in relation to the quan-
tity of brood and young bees." That
in our working colonies we should al-
ways have young queens, and retain
none that have seen their second sum-
mer. That queens cannot be too pro-
lific, but must do their best before the
season opens, after which they will
simply keep pace with the wear and
tear uijon the life of the workers. To ■
provide that the best powers of the
queen shall be used up before actual
storage commences, we are to have
young queens in very strong colonies
the fall before.

There is much valuable advice given
in the chapter on planting for bees,
and we are assured that systemalic
planting makes jirojits certain.

I was much interested in feeding and
feeders, buying, packing and moving
bees, and especially in the protluction
of wax, non-use of foundation, and
management for heather honey.

It gave me great pleasure to see the
following under queen-rearing : " It
has been observed/ that a young queen

59

feeds upon pollen extensively until she
has met the drone, from whicli time
she is fed by the bees entirelj- uijon
digested food. Now just here I wish
to show the folh" of keeping young
queens confined in the frame nurseries
for a number of days after hatching, as
is done extensively in several Ameri-
can queen-reai'ing apiaries. Witliout
the nitrogenous food at this time when
the constitution should be established,
they are dragging out their existence
upon sugar alone at the most impor-
tant period of their growth."

Mr. Simmins believes, as does Mr.
Alley, that better queens can be reared
by proper artificial means than under
the swarming-impulse.

In justice to the author I refrain
from giving more of this book, but I
can assure the readers that I have
given but a small part of its good
points. This work is now for sale in
this country. It contains nearly 200
pages, and is well illustrated. I ad-
vise all progres.sive bee-keepers (es-
pecially those who make it a Ijusiness)
to thoroughly stud}- this book.

Pawtucket, 5 R- I-

PALESTINE.

An Account of Bec-Kccping
there by an Eye-'Witness.

Wrttterifor the British Bee Journal
BY J. BAIDENSPERGEK.

There is only one waj- to enter the
" land flowing with milk and honey."
According to mythology, Andromeda
■was exjjosed on the rocks lying out
before the town of Jaffa to the seaside,
forming a small harbor for little sail-
ing vessels, and was delivered by
Perseus from the sea-monster going to
devour her. It is wild enough, the
entrance to this town. I have been
standing on the shore looking out for
friends coming back from France and
England, have seen them lighting their
way through the angiy sea, and ex-
posed to the waves carrying tlie boats
high up to the top and down again into
a deep gulph of water hiding them
from sight. Why do they not choose
an easier way ? The steamer can
come no nearer, for the rocks which
abound here. It is always a terrific
sight to see travelers and pilgrims land-
ing. Yet after having traveled so
many days and nights, it is only a mile
on the raging sea to touch the Holy
Land. It is here the prophet Jonas
found a ship going to Tarshish, em-
barked for that place, and was seized
by a tempest. Joppa of the ancients,
now Jaffa, is the port of Jerusalem. It
is here that numbers of bees are kept,
both in the orignal way of keeping

them, I. e., in clay pipes, and in Lang-
stroth hives, kept only by your humble
servant.

Although Palestine is acknowledged
bj- many authorities to be the real
home of the honey-bees, and although
we never read in the Bible of bee-
keeping, yet, very often we read of
the " land flowing with milk and
honey " promised to Moses. Some
writers on Palestine are mistaken when
they mention wild bees as more abund-
ant than the domesticated ones, be-
cause, in Psalm Ixxxi. 16, the Lord
promises honey out of the rock ; this is
only to illustrate the abundance in
saying, " Even out of the rock shall I
fili thee with honey." In nowise was
it meant that the honey out of the rock
was more abundant than the honey
out of domesticated hives. Although
it is possible runaway swarms were
more secure from the interference of
man before the in\'cntion of gunpow-
der, because they could not easilj' be
had without breaking the rocks, yet
certainly they did get some, or else it
would not have been mentioned.

Very likely the Canaanites kept bees
in the same way as the Arals popula-
tion of Palestine, partlj' their descen-
dants. All Eastern invasions were
followed by a retrogi'ade movement,
agricultural, architectural, industrial,
etc. We know that the Canaanites
had chariots and highways, but nowa-
da3's an Arab is astonished to see a
chariot, introduced only about 18 years
ago from Europe ; and, to use their
own expression, it is a " thing moving
along with nothing but two horses in
front to drag it." They had oil-mills
exactly the same as now. The inva-
sions destroyed arts and sciences,
whilst the weaker inhabitant of the
country was always more or less
abandoned, and continued in his
primitive industry, thus carrying
throughout more than thirty centuries
household and agricultural implements
without the least improvements, and
in many cases carrying the verj' name
throughout all the generations, not-
withstanding the cliange of languages
from the Canaanites, Hebrews, Greeks,
Romans, Arabs, Latins to Turks and
Arabs again.

Go to an Arab village, and you will
find women grinding at the mill, either
alone or as illustrated in Matt. xxiv.
71, "Two women shall be grinding at
the mill." The mill is small, and can
easily be transported. Two women sit
down on each side of the mill (the
upper mill-stone having a handle with
just place enough for two hands), thus
driving the mill, and singing a monoto-
nous, solemn song of their departed
loved ones and friends. It is to be
concluded that the aborigines of this
country kept bees in the same way as

the inhabitants now do, bj- comparing-
the above.

Honey was always abundant in
Palestine — I mean real bees' honey,
gathered from flowers of all kin<ls
abounding in tlie land, the almond,
pear (our largest crop), the orange-
blossom, and the cactus ; and in sum-
mer-time, when everything seems dry,
the sesame (from the seeds of wliich
the oil of sesame is produced, and used
to a great extent in the country), and
the labiate flowers, from whicli still
the very highly flavored and high-re-
nowned honey of Hj'mettus was gatli-
ered from thyme-blossoms.

Though some travelers tried to illus-
trate the fact of hone}- flowing from
the trees, it is in no way common, foi-
the want of trees or forests ; and in tlie
ease of Jonathan, 1 Sam. xiv. 25-30,
the honey was not dropping from tlie
trees, but was flowing upon tlie
ground, according to the new version ;
and, furthermore, Jonathan dipped his
rod in a hone^'-comb, thus it was no
honey-dew, and he said : " My father
hath troubled the land ; see, I pray
you, how mine eyes have been enlight-
ened because I tasted a little of this
honey. How much more, if the people
had eaten freely to-day of the sjwil of
their enemies which they^ found ?" The
Israelites came on the encampment of
the Philistines, and suddenly fell on
them. They o\-erthrew everything,,
and the honey, kept in jars or he-goat
skins then as nowada3-s, was ovei--
turned by the frightened cattle and
soldiers, and was floioing upon the
ground.

The honey-dew is only found in
some trees, Ijut in no locality that I
know of, will it yield honey enough to-
give anything more than a taste t»
bees in search of water or pollen dur-
ing the intermediate months of the
honey-flow. In the Jordan Valley n»
bees "are kept, because only the nom-
adic Arabs live here, and never trouble
themselves in their wanderings with
bees.

I dare say, except oi'ange-trees and
cactus-plants introduced here, the-
other honey-plants have always beea
here, and the country yielded honey in
quantity suiHcient to form an article of
export (Ezek. xxvii. 17). Honey was-
translated from the Hebrew " dabash."
the real old name for honey. The
Arabic word for honey is " assal,"'
whilst a treacle made of the juice of
grapes and boiled is called "dibs" or
"dibes"in Arabic; wherefore many
writers suppose thalt the honey so often
mentioned in the Bible was not bees'
honey, but this dibes or grape-treacle f
when we read in Judges, xiv. 8, 9,
that there was a swarm of bees
(daburin) and honey (dabash) in the
carcass of the lion, and that Samson

60

•TH® mv^WMiGMM mMM jQiXsmmmi^.

took thereof in his hands and went on
eating, it leaves no doubt as to the
identification of " dabash" with honey,
and can therefore be applied to most
other instances of "dabash" as honey,
■excepting a few cases, as in Job xx. 1.

"Brooks of honey," were most prob-
ably meant for the grape-treacle, as
•can easily be understood if you bear
in mind that grapes still are pressed
out in pits cut into the rock, and flow-
ing from one pit to another for purifi-
cation, which was the method used
thousands of years ago, and certainly
never applied in the use of honey, be-
cause of robber bees and the thickness
of honey too much would thus be
-wasted. The thinner treacle can easily
'be taken out of the rock again without
much waste. And again, this "da-
bash " — bees' honey — was collected by
the bees (daburin), and not the hor-
nets, as suggested by some ; hornets
are now called " dababeer," and
" dabur," the singular Arabic. The
mixing up of the two names is compre-
hensible when we remember that the
root of the word, " dabr," signifying
■"the buzzer" or " buzzing," was given
to all Hymenoptera and Neuroptera,
:and was only distinguished later when
•civilization came in, and Arabs called
the common fly " dibaan," the hornet
"dabur," and the bee "nahle;" so
with the sweets "dibs" or "dibes,"
the grape-treacle, and "assal" honey.

In almost every village of Palestine
■and Syria bees are kept, and, with a
Tery few exceptions, thej' do not keep
such numbers to depend upon them for
their living, but simply a few hives
placed one on tlie top of the other,
having an arch built over them or
.■some protection intended to keep away
the hot sun-rays, which in summer-
time would melt the combs but for the
protection. The clay pipes are very
<;ool as long as they are kept in the
shade, but as soon as exposed to the
.sun they become fearfully hot. In
winter time the accumulation of the
hives keeps them warm in the first
place, and again, nature helps itself,
lor any colony unable to winter is de-
stroyed in the course of the autumn, by
ditt'erent enemies abounding here as in
all other countries. The hornets, the
wax-moth, the tellio-agamide, and
gecko abounding here, and the bee-
■eater, being the most dangerous ones
to be named.

In general, bee-keeping is carried
■on in very primitive and negligent
ways in some respects, as weak colo-
nies are never cared for — all such colo-
nies are left over to themselves. The
good colonies with plent}' of food and
bees only successfully pass the winter,
thus establishing a good stock on one
liand, whilst on the other, weak colo-
nies could be united into a strong one.

The only work performed is in the
swarming season, when swarms are
watched for a few weeks in April and
May, and hived into clay cj'linders.
The back covers are put on after hiv-
ing, and besmeared with wetted argil-
laceous earth. The interior is rnljbed
with citron leaves, and the small fly
hole stopped -with a few herbs for a
day or two. They are then released,
and not again looked to till the honey-
crop.

In some localities honey is taken
twice, gathered from the early flowers
and in Septembei'. The more general
honey harvest is the September crop.
The covers are then hastily broken
open, a few putts of smoke from the
pitcher-smoker (and it is a pitcher
with a hole in the bottom, tilled with
manure ; some burning coals are put
into it, and by continual Idowing the
smoke is kept going) are blown on the
bees, a comlj or two of honey is cut out
and put away, the cover is imme-
diatelj- replaced, and the bees are left
to themselves for a whole year. In
such apiaries the motli is the worst
enemy, destroying numbers of bees
yearly.

In the watered localities, or such as
afford good food for the carnivorous
hornets, the bees suft'er greatly by
them. They are the only enemies
against which the inhabitants use their
skill ; they liurn heaps of manure in
front of the hives, keeping up a smok-
ing for several weeks, from September
to the beginning of November, which
keeps the hornets out and the bees in.

The Palestine bees are good honej'-
gatherers, and the queens are very
prolific and beautiful. It is not rare
to have colonies yielding upwards of
100 pounds for a single crop, though it
is not the average. This is for bees
handled in Langstroth hives — our sys-
tem. Excepting during the orange-
blossoming in April, our bees can be
handled without a veil, the strong per-
fume at that time filling the air ren-
dering them fierce. Have any of your
correspondents any experience as to
the reason why bees are fierce — in-
fiuence of weather, scent of flowers,
etc. ? With us the east winds render
the bees angry, and the strong odor of
orange-blossoms makes them fierce.

Jafl'a, Palestine, Dec. 7, 1887.

with its usually interesting essays,speeches,
papers and discussions, the bee-convention
will probably last but one day. Reduced
rates can be secured on all railroads, there-
by making the expense much less, and giv-
ing those who wish to do so, a chance to
attend botli conventions.

The following is the programme for the
convention :

President's Address, C. A. Hatch, Ithaca

Notes from American Bee-Keepers' Con-
vention, Frank Wilcox, Mauston.

Relation of Producer to the Commission
Merchant, A. V. Bishop, Commission Mer-
chant, Milwaukee.

The Heddon Hive and How to Use it, W.
H. Putnam, River Falls.

How to Build a Bee-Cellar, D. D. Daniher,
Madison.

How to Get the Best Extracted Honey, E.
France, Platteville.

Comb or Extracted Honey ; Which ? F.
Minnick, North Freedom.

C. A. Hatch, President, Ithaca, Wis.

Frank Wilcox, Secretary, Mauston, Wis.

TVisconsin State Convention.

The bee-keepers of Wisconsin meet in
their fourth annual convention, at the
Capitol in Madison, Feb. 8, 1888.

In consequence of the State Agricultural
Convention being held in the same week,

Susquehanna Co. Conventioii.

The Susquehanna County Bee-Keep-
ers' Association met at the Jay House,
at New Milford, Pa., on Jan. 7. 1888.
A discussion on the "Prevention of
increase," began the proceedings of
the day, and which was fully discussed.
The subject, "Is it advisable to Ital-
ianize an apiary ?" was taken up, and
after a thorough discussion, it was de-
cided that it was advisalde. An inter-
esting talk about hiving swarms was
then given l)y E. B. Smith.

The number of colonies reported by
17 members, was 334, spring count,
and increase, 191 colonies. Amount
of surplus honey reported was, 11,175
pounds. H. M. Seeley, Sec.

COItVEXTION NOTICES.

C:^" The Eastern New York Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet or Jan. 24, 23 and '26, 188R. in Agricul-
tural Hall, at Albany, N. Y. Every one is welcome.
We are sure to have a pleasant an profitable time.
John Aspinwall, Sec,

ty The Dea Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will hold its next meeting on April 24, 1888, at
Burlington, Iowa. JOHN NAn, Sec.

5S^ The Hardin County Bee.Keeper8' AssoclE^
tion will meet at the Court House in Eldora, iowa,
on the second Saturday in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. BUCHANAN, See.

ZW The next recular meeting of the Stark County
Bee-Keepers' Societv will be held in Grange Hall at
Canton, O.. on Feb. 4. 1888. A full attendance is de-
sired, as business of importance will be considered.
Mark Thomson, Sec.

t3?~ The Northeastern Ohio. Northern Pennsyl-
vania and Western New York Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will hold its ninth annual convention in the
Commercial House Parlor, in Meadville, Penn., on
Wednesday and Thursday, January 25 and 26, 1888.
Reduced hotel rates have been secured.

C. H. Coon, Sec.

p^~ The next regular meeting: of the Sus-
quehanna County Bee-Keepers' Association
will be held at New Miltord. Pa., on Saturday,
May 5, 1888. H. M. Seeley, Sec.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

TH® rnvmrnmicMM mmm j@ipkkmil.

61

CONVEKTIOX DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

Jan. 24-;6.— Eastern New York, at Albany. N.Y.

John Aspinwall, Sec, Barrytown, N. Y.

Jan. 25, 26.— N. E. Ohio. Northern Pa. and W. New
York, at Meadville. Pa.

C. H. Coon, See., New Lyme, O.

Feb. 4.— Stark County, at canton, Ohio.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Apr. 24.— Dos Moines County, at Burhngton, Iowa.
John Nau, Sec, Middletown, Iowa.

May 5.— Susquehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.
U. M. Seeley, Sec, Hartord, Pa.

ry In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are request«d to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— ED.

Bees Insured, etc. — D. P. Steven-
son, Kenton, K) O., on Jan. 16, 1888,
writes as follows concerning the insur-
ance of bees against loss by fire :

On page 8, Mr. A. C. Waldron s.ays
that he trietl to get his bees insured
against loss b.y fire, and was refused.
Well, I have my bees insured against
loss in ease of tire, and in a good com-
pany, too. My 40 or 50 colonies of
bees are kept on the summer stands,
between the dwelling-house and barn,
on about one-fourth of an acre of
ground, fenced in for a chicken park.
I have dwelling-house, chicken-house,
bees, barn, horses, cows, grain, etc.,
all insured in the same compan}'. Bees
did very poorlj' here the last season.
It was too drj'.

AVinteriiig ^Vell.

Decatur,? Mich., on

-S. H. Mallory,
Jan. 10, 1888,

says :

Bees are wintering well here so far.
We have had quite mild weather most
. of the time ; 4^ below zero being the
coldest registered here. We are hav-
ing a regular Michigan blizzard to-day.

Bees Packed in Leaves, etc. —

Otto Kleinow, Detroit,OsMich., on Jan.
16, 1888, says :

I began the winter with 86 colonies
of Italian bees, about 75 colonies of
them being in fine condition ; some of
the others were weak and short of
stores. All are on diflorent sized frames,
some in one and two stoi-y chaft' hives,
and some are in single-walled hives ;
they are packed with leaves all around,
antl under the bottom, ai)d all are alive
now. Last season was very drj- here,
and bees hardlj' gathered enough for
winter stores ; some of them I had to
feed. I fed about $25 worth, of the
best granulated sugai\ Some of my

colonies had from 25 to 40 pounds of
honey in the hive. By Nov. 1, 1887,
a few had only about 1 to 5 pounds of
stores ; those, of course, were the late
swarms.

Hive-Entrances in Winter, etc.

— W. S. McCrum, Etna Green, 5 Ind.,
on Jan. 16, 1888, says :

My 20 colonics of bees are being
wintered on the summer stands, packed
with 4 inches of clover chaft" all around,
and al)out one foot deep on top. The
entrances are i-inch by 4 inches wide.
1. Is that too large ; or is it not large
enough ? 2. Would it not be better to
close the entrances, or nearly so, with
snow, when the temperature is at zero
or below ?

[1. It is preferable to have the hive-
entrances |-inch high, and the whole
width of the hive.

2. It would be as well to allow the
snow to cover the entire hive, for pro-
tection against the cold. — Ed.]

The Season of I §87 — Clarkson
Pemberton, Lamoille,© Iowa, on Jan.
16, 1888, writes :

I had 26 colonies of bees, spring
count, but as the honey croji was very
short, I obtained onlj' 200 pounds, and
that was all from ba.sswood. White
clover was a failure in this part of
Iowa. Bees did very poorlj' in swarm-
ing ; 1 had only 4 or 5 swarms the past
summer. I think that all of my bees
have honey enough for the winter. I
like the Bee Journal very much ; I
could not do without it.

Cold Weather for Bees. — John

W. Blodget, Flag Springs, -o Mo., on
Jan. 16, 1888, writes :

The bees are going through the
coldest spell that I ever saw in this
country. On Jan. 13 the thermometer
registered 14° below zero ; on Jan. 14,
120 below ; on Jan. 15, 26° below— the
coldest that I have seen for 20 years,
or over. I should think that bees in
single-walled hives would freeze if ever
bees freeze. I would like to see Mr.
Doolittle throw bees on the snow with
the mercury at 26- below zero, and
then bring them to life again.

The snow is from 4 to 6 inches deep
on a level, and the east and west lanes
are drifted badly, being almost impas-
sable. I think that the snow will pro-
tect the white clover from winter-
killing. The only trouble is, that the
ground being frozen, the water from
the snow cannot get into the gi'ound,
and will all run oft" into the streams.

and thus leave the gi'ound as diy as.
ever ; if so, we will have to depend
upon spring rains to raise a crop of
honey or vegetables. I welcome the
weekly visits of the valuable Bee^
Journal every Thursday.

Bees in C»ood Condition. — Jolin
K. Rich, Cato.Q N. Y., on Jan. 10,
1888, writes :

Last spring I had 17 colonies of l)ees,
of which I sokl one, and increased the
remainder to 26 colonies. I sold one
colony in the fall, and put 13 into the
cellar ; the rest are on the summer
stands, packed with planer shavings.
I took nearl)- 800 pounds of honey, the
most of which was comb honej% being
a yield of aliout 32 pounds per colony,
of basswood ; the balance was buck-
wheat and golden-rod. All of my bees
are in good condition, and are winter-
ing well.

Syrio-Albino Bees, etc E. F.

Meeker, Duncan,© Ills., on Jan. 12,

1888, says :

I commenced the past season with
120 colonies of bees, and I now have
138 colonies in the cellar. I did not
take over 400 poimds of honey. The
Syrian bees were far ahead of the
other races the past season. I have
them crossed with the Albinos, and I
find that they are not bad to handle.
I would like to hear from others, as to
which of the races did the best the past
season.

Ooiden.Rod and Aster Honey.

— Abner Picket, Kassagawej-a, Out., on
Jan. 9, 1888, writes :

I enjoj' the weekly viisits of the Bee
Journal very much. I am very fond
of the bee-business. I commenced the
pa.st season with 91 colonies, increased
them to 126 colonies, and have taken
4,200 pounds of extracted honey. The
season became so dry that they could
not get any honey until golden-rod and
asters bloomed, then the bees filled up
the hives very fast. I did not have to
feed any, and I have them all in a win-
tering-house. They seem to be doing
well. The temperature ranges from
40° to 44°.

Determined to Persevere, etc.

— Edw. Margileth, Mt. Carroll,-o Ills.,
on Jan. 16, 1888, says :

The Bee Journal has been a con-
stant source of interest as well as pro-
fit to me ever since I started in apicul-
ture, which was in 1883, when I com-
menced with 2 colonies of hybrid bees.
I am wintering 29 colonies in a cellar

62

ir^MU MME'MICMPi MMM JOISKr^Sl*.

at a temperature of from 45° to 38°,
according to changes of the weather,
and I am quite confident that the bees
■will winter all right. Notwithstand-
ing tlie poor honey crop last year (I
realized only about 300 pounds of comb
honey from 27 colonies), I shall still
persevere, hoping for better results.

Surplus Crate for Reversible
Hive. — E. 1). Keeney, Arcade, +o N.
Y.. on Jan. 8, 1888, a,sks :

1. Will Mr. Heddon please tell the
i-eaders of the Bee Journal which
kind of surplus crate he would use on
his new hire, to get the most market-
able comb honey, one year with
another ? The expense of the differ-
ent kinds of crates is not to be con-
sidered. 2. Also, when bees are placed
on the summer stands in the Heddon
hive, in one section (packed to keep
them warm), and they become popu-
lous and crowded, would he place the
:second section on top, or unpack and
place the second section underneath ?
Which, in his estimation, would give
the better result in breeding ?

[1. I would use my reversible wide-
frame and tin-separator surplus case,
■with the screw pressure, and reversi-
ble wide-frames, every time, in prefer-
ence to any other style of case, where
the matter of expense is not of great
importance.

2. If your bees are " packed " at the
time of year when a second brood-case
will be needed, I do not cai-e whether
you put it above or below. If not
packed, put it below, because it en-
courages the queen to renewed activity
<3qual to spreading brood ; and yet it
does not spread the brood, but keeps
it in the warmest part of the brood-
chamber. — James Heddon.]

and not visited more than once a week,
to see that everything is all right.
With a good light, any hive desired
can be opened, with the temperature
at 40°, and if necessary, proper care
being used, syrup can be poured inside
of the cover, and the cover then re-
placed. I have kept bees for 7 years,
and what I knew about bees before last
3'ear I had gained by experience ; but
it was pretty expensive learning.

Houcy Crop of Colorado. — J.

M. Clark & Co., Denver,© Colo., on
Jan. 16, 1888, write :

The crojo of honey in this State, last
season, though not a full crop, was
larger in proportion to the number of
colonies kept, than in any other State.

Cellar-^ViHteriiig of Bees — G.

W. Ogden, DeKalb,-o Mo., on Jan. 4,
1887, writes :

On April 20, 1887, I had 6 colonies
«f bees, and by buying some colonies
and building up others, I had 34 colo-
nies, from which I obtained 300 pounds
of honey ; but in the fall I had to feed
200 lbs. of sugar before putting them
into the cellar, and then they were light
in stores, but they are doing well.

Much is said about cellar wintering,
but not enough. A cellar that is too
cold is worse than none, and one too
warm is the same. It should be dry
and well ventilated ; the temperature
should range between 40° and 50° ; it
ought to be made as dark as possible.

Light Cellar for Bees H.S.Bali,

Granby, Quebec, on Jan. 1888, says :

I live about 25 miles north of the
State of Vermont, and for 15 years I
have wintered from 25 to 60 colonies
of bees without a single loss from other
causes than starvation. I winter my
bees in a common dwelling-house cel-
lar, where more or less vegetables are
kept. How is that for this cold climate?
The bees usually remain in the cellar
from Nov. 18 to April 15. But man is
never fully satisfied, and so I think
that bees woidd winter still better in a
light cellar. We all know that a light
cellar is healthier than a dark one, as
a light room is. Will experienced bee-
keepers please state their opinions and
experiences in regard to wintering
bees in a light cellar ? For 2 months
this winter I kept my bees in the cellar
before darkening the windows, and
they seemed to enjoy the light.

Honey and Bees'«vax jMarket.

Bees Wintering WeU — C. A.

Haines, East St. Louis, p Ills., on Jan.
11, 1888, says :

I had 5 swarms and 1,000 pounds of
comb honey from 45 colonies, spring
count, the past season. Mj' honey was
all from fall flowers. Bees are winter-
ing well on the summer stands. I
could not get along without the Bee

JOURNAX.

Poor Seaison in Louisiana. — Dr.

D. R. Fox, Jesuit's Bend, c$ La., on
Jan. 11, 1888, writes :

Bees did nothing here the past year,
having barely supported themselves.
I have extracted no honey since Feb.
1, 1887, and scarcely had a swarm,
being an unprecedented state of affairs
in this vicinity ; and I have been keep-
ing bees here with much profit for 15
years.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We quote : White clover l-lb. sections
18(iMiOG.; 2-Ibs., 16(jyl8c.; dark l-lbs. 17®18c.; 2-bla.
15(SJ16C. Extracted, is Arm at 7@10c.. depending
upon the quality, and style of package. Dark, 2
or 3 cts. below above quotations. Receipts light
and demand fair.

BE BS WAX.-22®23C.

Dec. 20. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 8. Water St,

CHICAGO.
HONEY.— Prices range from 18@20c. for the best

grades, with light demand ; 2-lb. sections, 15@16c.

Dark la not wanted. E.vtracted is steady at 7@10C..

according to style of package.
BBESWAX,-20(a230. R. A. BURNETT,

Dec. 7. 161 South Water St.

DBTEOIT.
HONEY.— Best while in 1-pound sections, 18@20C.
Extracted, 9®10c. Demand brisk.
BEB8WAX.-22£<;23C.
Jan. 20. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

CLEVELAND.
HONEY.- Best white i-lbs. sections sell at 19O20
cts. Extracted 7<fli>^c. Demand small and supply fair
BEESWAX.— 2a®25c.
Dec. 15 A. C. KENDEL, 115 Ontario St.

NEW YORK.
HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white in l-lb. sec-
tions, 16@19c.; the same in 2-Ib8., 14®I6c.; buck-
wheat 1-lbs., 11SI12C.; 2-lb8., 10®iic. Off gradea
l@2c. per lb. less. White extracted, 8@9c. Mar-
ket dull.
BEB8WAX.-22(?.23C.

MCCAUL & HILDRBTH BROS.,
Jan. 20. 29 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote: 'choice white I-lbs., 18®'20c.:
dark, lR@I8c.; choice white 2-lbs., 18c.; dark. 15 to
Ific. Extracted, white, in 60-lb. tin cans, 9c.; in
barrels, 8c.: dark, in barrels, 5@6c. California 2-
Ib. white comb. 18c.: dark. 16c. Extracted, white,
m 6(>lb. cans, 8(SLi)c.: amber, 8c.

BEESWAX.— No. ].2l)c.; No. 2. 16®18o.
Dec. 19. CLKMONS, CLOON&CO., cor 4th AWalnnt.

ST. LOD18.

HONEY.— Choice comb, I8@20c.; latter price for
choice white clover in good condition. Strained.
In barrels, 5fi6c. Extra fancy, and of bright color
and in No. 1 packages, M-cent advance on above.
Extracted, in bbls., 6'^(§*7c.; in cans, 7 to 9 cents.
Short crop indicates further advance in prices.

BEESWAX.— 2(ic. tor orime.

Dec. 19. D. G. TUTT & CO., Commercial St.

CINCINNATI

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4@9c. per lb.
Choice comb, U:(i'i2nc., in the jobbing way. The
demand for extracted exceeds arrivals, and for
comb the demantl is tame.

BEBSWAX.-Demand is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
irood to ch^'lce yellow, on arrival.
Dec. 12. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-Ib. sections,
I7(5jl9c.; fancy 2. lbs.. l.^@I6c. Lower grades l@2c.
per lb. less. Buckwheat l-lbs.. Il@l2c.; 2-lb8,. 10®
lie. Extracted, white. 9(*10c. : buckwheat. fi(gi7c.

Demand has slackened some, and to make sales
we must shade above prices. About Jan. 15 we ex-
pect a more active demand.
Dec.31. F.G.8TROHMBYER&CO., 122Water8t.

PHILADELPHIA.

HONEY.— Fancy white 1-lbs.. I8®190.; fair l-lbs
17c.: dark 1-lbs. are slow sale at 14@15c.; fancy 2-
Ibs., white. 15®lfic.: buckwheat fancy 1-lbs., 13@14
cts.; common, 12c. Prices tend downward.

BEES W AX.— 23@24c.

Dec. 11. ARTHUR TODD, 2122 N. Front Bt.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white 1-lbs., 20c.; f air. 19@2f'c. :
2-lbB., ih®19c.: 3-lbs,, ie<ai8c. White extracted In
kegs or half-barrels. 9'^i'a95ic.; in pails or cans. 9H
to Kic: amber, in H,-barrel8.9M@9Hc.: dark in kegs
and barrels. 7@7Wc. Demand good, supply fair.

BEESWAX.- 22®25c.

Dec. 15. A. V. BISHOP. 142 W, Water St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote : White to extra, 15@l8o,:
amber. 10@i3c. Extracted, white liquid, 7@7Hc.:
amber and candied, SMfSeVec. Market quiet.

BEESWAX ■'0(Sj'*4c

Jan. 14. SCHACHT* LBMCKB, 122-124 OavlS St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote : l-lb. sections, 16®17c.; 2-
Ib. sections, I4®i5c. E.xtracted. 8®ac. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.- 25 cts. per lb. *

Jan. 12. Blakb & RiPLBT. 67 Cbsttaam Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : Choice white 2-Ib. sections,
17®18C.: dark 2-lbs, I4®i5c.: cholcewhlte i-lbs., 18 to
20 cts. ; dark l-lbs., 15® 16c. White extracted, 7®ao.;
dark .5®6c. Demand is light.

BBES'WAX.- 21 to 22C.

Jan. 10. HAMBLIN&BEAR8S. 514 Walnut St.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Best white l-lb. sections, 19@20c. ; 2-lb.
sections. 16®18c. Extracted, finest grade, V2Me.;
dark, 8@9c.

BEESWAX.-20®23C.

Jan. 16. J. M. CLA^K t CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

TMm ffiMERICSM BE®) J©iyfiMIfME..

67

ht,^A^Am»m»^*mt»mtm^

>■ PUBLISHED UY_ '

THOS. G.NEWMATJ E^SON,

CHICAGO, IL.L.

THOMAS «. I^EWJ»IA«f,

EDITOR.

VoiniV. FeU.UJ

No. 5.

ItllKX, ItllKZ, KlIZZ !

From morning's first gray light,
Till fading of dayliglit,
It's singing and toiling

The summer day through.
Oh ! we may get weary,
And think work is dreary ;
'Tis harder by far

To have nothing to do.

—St. Nicholas.

Ml*. It, J. Keiidall, whose many
articles appeared in the Amekicax Bee
Journal three years ago, is now in New
Zealand.

l>t'ei» Sno>v is reported in all the New
England States and Canada. Michigan, too,
is reported to have snow 2 feet deep on the
level, with the temperature at from zero to
16° below.

Host for Advertising-.— Mr. Geo. E.
Hilton, of Fremont, Mich., on .Jan. 2(j, made
this assertion, about advertising :

My pamphlets are going off like hot cakes.
I am advertising in seveval periodicals, but
the Amekican Bee Jouknai, has brought
me more responses, so far, than all other
sources combined ! Long may it live.

Honey Vinegar.— A correspondent
in the Dee-Keepers' Magazine tells what to
do with dark fall honey, and make it of
cash value, thus :

I had about 40 pounds of nice fall honey,
so 1 asked a store-keeper wliat he was pay-
ing for such kind. He said Scents a pound,
but I refuse<l to sell, and took my honey
home, put it in two 4.5-gallon barrels, and
put b<'iling hot rain water with it. When it
cooled off I put some vinegar "mother" in
each barrel, and in the summer, I sold 90
gallons of the best vi.^ecar that was in the
county, at 16 cents per gallon. I paid my
tax with it.

Al nie St. L,oiiis Fair, held last fall
the premiums amounted to $140, besides the
diplomas awarded. These exhibitors ob-
tained all the awards : William Kimble,
DeWitt, Iowa, $58 ; R. Grinsell, Baden, Mo.,
843; Dr. G. Leibrock & Sons, S39 ; and
Simon Moser, Bridgeton, Mo., SI. It cer-
tainly paid the three first-named exhibitors
to make a show of their bees and honey.
They also obtained many premiums at other
Fairs and E.xhibitions in the West.

Xlie Ai>i<-nlliiri»«t is here in good
time. The February number was on our
desk on Dec. 27, and it is full of good mat-
ter on " bees," and forltheir "keepers."

Xlie Year ISSS promises to be event-
ful. Five eclipses will occur— three of the
sun and two of the moon ; the first of which
was a total eclipse of the moon on Jan. 28.
It also gives five Wednesdays in February,
being leap-year, consequently there will be
five issues of the Amekicam Bee JoirRNAL
in the shortest month of the year. It is only
once in four years when there is more than
just four weeks in the month, and the first
and last days may not come on Wednesday
for half a century.

Bees antl Ants as Food.— An ex-
change says that the Cingalese (natives of
Ceylon), eat the bees after robbing them of
their honey. Caterpillars and spiders are
dainties to the African bushmen. Ants are
eaten by vaiious nations. In Brazil they
are served with a resinous sauce, and in
Africa they are stewed with grease or but-
ter. The East Indies catch them in pits
and carefully wash them in handfuls, like
raisins. In Siam a curry of ant eggs is a
costly luxury.

Xlie L,ittle Son of Dr. A. B. Mason is
very ill, and the Doctor writes us that he
has not had his " clothes off for six days and
nights." We are much pleased to learn that
he is a little better now, with prospects for
recovery. The Doctor and his family have
our sympathies.

*' Tlie Itee-Keepers' Advance

and Poultryman's Journal " is the title as-
sumed by Brother J. B. Mason, in the sec-
ond volume. The January number is just
at hand. It is enlarged to 20 pages, and
looks well.

Convention :\nml>er— that is what
the next issue of the Bee Journal will be.
We already have the reports of the proceed-
ings of four conventions waiting, and we
shall give nearly.all our space to them next
week.

Volume II of " Bees and Bee-Keeping,"
by Mr. Frank R. Cheshire, is published. As
soon as we receive a copy we shall give a
review of it.

<«ivins- <'redit for SeleetioiLS.—

On page BU of the Bee Journal for last
year, we called attention to a chapter from
our pamphlet, "Honey as Food and Medi-
cine," being copied into several papers,
credited to the Farmer and Dairyman, and
signed Thos. Brasel, Portland, Oreg. In the
last issue of that paper, Mr. Brasel makes
an apology in these words :

I was surprised myself when I read the
above notice ; it was the first intimation I
had of not giving Mr. Newman credit for his
articles, and, of course, it was unintentional
neglect on my part, and I tiiink it was the
first time I neglected to do so.

In past years I had furnished the Farmer
and Dairyman several articles for publica-
tion, in which were occasional quotations
from Mr. Newman's pamphlet, "Honey as
Food and Medicine," and my only oljject in
doing so was to inform the people all I could
on the good qualities of honey as food and
medicine.

We are always glad to have our articles
copied by other papers when due credit is
given, and we are glad to learn that the
omission in this case was unintentional.

Xlii.x istlie Time for reading. The
long winter evenings can be utilized by
reading up bee-literature. We have all the
newest bee-books, and can fill all orders on
the day they are received.

Bees Flying-.- In answer to the ques-
tion, " At what temperature do bees fly?"
the editor of Qleanings in Bee-Culture re-
marks thus in its issue for Jan. 1.5, 1888 :

I know exactly, for I have just been out
this 6th day of January, and watched the
bees which were pouring out of the hives in
different directions. As the sun did not
shine at all, and there was no wind, I had '
an opportunity of getting a pretty fair test.
A few started out when the thermometer
stood at .50', but there was not a general
flight until it stood at about .55'. Had there
been sunshine it would have made a vast
difference ; but as it was, they flew from
entrances pointing to the north just as
freely as if they were facing the south.

TIi«' Oliio «"onvention.— We expect
to publish the report of its proceedings
next week. In Gleanings, Brother Root re-
marks as follows concerning one well-
known to our readers :

Dr. G. L. Tinker, of New Philadelphia,
also contributed much of value to our meet-
ing. The Doctor is not only a bee-keeper,
but he is one of the finest workers, both in
wood and metal, that we have in our State.
He exhibited some beautiful samples of
cases for sections, honey-boards, perforated
•zinc of his own manufacture, etc. Dr.
Tinker is a firm advocate of sections open
at the sides as well as top and bottom.

l»oor Seasons and Hard '%Vin-
ters are an injury, but poor seasons coiue
to nearly every business. In calculating,
the profits of bee-keeping, we must make
allowance, for poor seasons, and a loss in
winter occasionally. After making this
allowance the experience of those who put
energy and push into their efforts, shows as
good profits are are usually obtained in any
other rural pursuits.— E.t-c/i(i?ige.

68

T'H® MmmmiGMM mmm j©wRH-MEr.

Bogus Bnttei' in England.— The

following cable dispatch will show how
Englishmen view the adulteration of food
products :

London, Jan. 23.— The law passed at the
lastst-ssion of Parliament, relating to the
fraudulent sale of oleomargarine, went into
effect to-day.

For the tirst offense the minimum fine is
$100, second conviction a fine of $350, and
third conviction $500. The law provides
that every package of oleomargarine shall
be branded with the word upon the top,
bottom and sides.

Retail dealers selling small quantities are
required to deliver it to the purchaser in
paper wrappers, on which the word "mar-
garine" shall be printed in capital letters
not less than a quarter of an inch square.

In case of doubt, where adulterated butter
Is exposed or sold, the act prescribes that
the presumption of fraud shall be against
the seller, unless he can prove that he
bought the substance as butter, and holds a
written warranty or invoice to that effect.

Similar restrictions should be enforced by
law upon all adulteration of food products
In America. We are glad to see that the
United States Congress are wrestling with
this subject now.

Foul Brood is very prevalent in Aus-
tralia, as will be seen from the following
from the Australasian Bee Journal for
December, which has just come to hand :

In almost every district, from one end of
the Australasian Colonies to the other, that
scourge of the bee-keeping industry, foul
brood, exists. Eight years ago it was only
known to be in a very few widely-separated
districts, and clean, healthy colonies were
then the rule. The disease has spread to an
alarming extent during the past few years,
thousands of colonies have perished, and
some districts have become so infected with
it that it is only with the greatest vigilance
and perseverance that bee-keeping, even on
a small scale, can be carried on at all in
them. Very few apiaries, indeed, can boast
of being entirely free from the disease at
the present time. It is now a matter of so
serious a nature, in fact, that unless some
thorough-going steps are taken very shortly
to stamp out the pest, the bee-keeping in-
dustry in tliese colonies will soon become a
matter of history. Hundreds of people have
been compelled to give up keeping bees at
considerable loss to themselves, owing to
their inability to conquer the enemy, and
many who looked to honey-production as a
means of livelihood, or to augment their
small means, have been sadly disappointed
by their bees dying off.

Honcy-l>eT>- for 'Winler Stores.

—In the Michigan Farmer we find the fol-
lowing item which explains itself :

As illustrating the vicissitudes of bee-
keeping, Mr. S. Cornell, of Lindsay, Ont,
had 212 colonies of bees which he put into
winter quarters in the fall of 1886. Unhap-
pily, the bees had stored honey-dew, and all
that had laid in winter stores of this, largely
snccumed " to the inevitable." In June of
of the following year, he had but .58 colo-
nies remaining. Mr. Cornell now strongly
advises extracting honey-dew, and feeding
sugar syrup.

Alfiila or LiHCeme. — A correspond-
ent wants us to answer the following ques-
tions about alfalfa or lucerne clover :

What is the best time of the year for sow-
ing it ? How much seed is required to the
acre ? What soil does it require ? How
many pounds are there in a bushel ?

In reply we would say that lucerne or
alfalfa {Medlcago satima) was introduced
into the Pacific States from Chili, many
years ago. It resists the driest weather,
and it is said that when every blade of grass
droops for want of moisture, it holds up
fresh and green.

The hay is valuable for cattle, but as it is
cut for this purpose early, that lessens its
value for honey.

The seed should be scattered plentifully
in the winter months, so that it ;may settle

Alfalfa or Lucerne.

nto the soil with the spring rains and
germinate. It will grow on any soil ; there
are 60 pounds to the bushel, and 2.5 pounds
to the acre will be sufficient. It is said that
this valuable grass was brought into Greece
from Persia nearly five hundred years be-
fore the Christian era. It came to Califor-
nia from Chili, but it is now largely culti-
vated in England, France, and other parts of
Europe, and gives satisfaction as a forage
plant.

Alfalfa will be a prominent crop in all
places where the winters are not too severe.
The power to withstand great heatjand dry-
ness comes from the long, searching tap-
roots, which are sent deeply down into the
soil and find moisture which is inaccessible
to other less energetic vegetation.

Pear Honey and pearciderin Switzer-
land are often found, and a Swiss corres-
pondent from Parkville, Mo., has sent us the
following concerning its manufacture :

I was born in Switzerland in 1837, and was
partly raised there. I have no doubt what-
ever about honey in my native land being
just (IS pure as we have it here. But " pear
honey "is just as pure as such, and that it
is frequently (though not extensively) made
is a fact to which 1 can certify, for 1 have
made it myself.

Pear cider is much more frequenth' made
in Switzerland than apple cider. That, at
least, was the case when I lived there. This
eider is boiled down with fine sugar until it
is of the consistency of honey, and put away
in jars for special occasions. It has the full
flavor of the f ruit,and is a delicious "honey."

If there is any wrong in calling it
"honey," it is a wrong without malice, and
therefore not to be likened unto the " Wiley
lie."

It is a misnomer to call it " honey," but
no worse than to call apple butter, " butter,"
when it is in no wise butter. What we said
about "Swiss honey," on page 819 of last
year's Bee Jouknai,, only had reference
to the real article or an adulteration of it.

Xlie Scandalous '%Viley lAe in

New Zealand. The Australasian Bee
Journal copied an article on glucose from
Harper's Monthly, in which the author
says that it is " much used by confectioners
and brewers, as food for bees, in making
artificial honey, but most of all for the pro-
duction of table syrups. It then adds :

The passage which I have put in italics
smacks very strongly of the famous
" Wiley " scandal, and owes its origin no
doubt to the same source, as the writer, in
a note at the end of his paper,acknowledges
his indebtedness for some of the materials,
to " Prof. H. W. Wiley, of the Agricultural
Department." The defense of the quality
of glucose is not a very convincing one. To
say that it is probably not unhealthy is cer-
tainly a mild way of putting it. It may not
follow that it must be poisonous on ac-
count of the quantity of sulphuric acid used
in its formation, but the process is not a
very appetizing one, especially when we
know that the glucose can be extracted in
this way not only from corn and potatoes,
but even from old linen or cotton rags, or
any refuse containing starch of vegetable
origin. Those wlio prefer such stuff to pure
honey, even though the latter should cost
many times as much, are scarcely to be con-
gratulated on their taste.

Fi-iglitening- Bees M'itli Car1>oIic
Acid Vapor is more effective if properly
applied than smoke ; in the case of straw-
skeps it is the same. I have frequently ad-
vised bee-keepers not to pump the fumes
into the hives ; but many do not seem satis-
fied unless they can " go at " their smokers
or fumigators as though they were pumpers
on a fire engine when the word is passed,
"Down with her." You simply want to
breathe, if 1 may use the expression, with
the fumigator at about the rate that
you breathe yourself, shifting it about to
drive the bees back. The air passed out of
the fumigator must be thoroughly impreg-
nated with carbolic acid vapor, and must
pass over the sponge at least twice to be
thoroughly effective. I have driven hun-
dreds of straw-skeps with the fumigator
both in private and in the bee-tent, and
have not used smoke in my apiary for two
seasons.— Sritish. Bee Jowmal.

Wc Club the American Bee JotTRNAi.
and the "Bee-Keepers' Magazine " for one
year for $1.40 ; or with " Gleanings in Bee-
Culture" for $1.75 ; or with the "Apicul-
turist " for $1.80 ; or the " Canadian Honey-
Producer " for $1.30 ; with the Bee-Keepers'
Review, $1.40 ; or all six for $4.00,

I\'e-»v Subscribers can obtain tlie full
numbers for 1887 and 1888, for $1.75, while
there are any sets of 1887 left.

TirHE? fEMBRICSPf mwM

69

lo.^oRAi^T preji;i>ice:.

Several times during last year we made
reference to the ignorant prejudice of the
neighbors of Mr. Z. A. Clark, at Arkadel-
phia, Ark. His bees, on account of the
drouth last summer, worked on the juice
exuding from decaying peaches. Tliere-
upon these same prejudiced individuals
spread the "howl" that "Clark's bees are
eating up the peaches." One Ignoramus
went so far as to declare that the bees ate
up his " young ducks !"

Thereupon the City Council ordered the
removal of the bees by June 0, and Mr.
Clark was arrested for maintaining a nui-
sance by keeping his bees within the city
limits, and ordered to remove them.

The Bee-Keepers' Union promised to help
him defend his rights, and see the matter
tlirough, for it would be very detrimental to
the pursuit to allow a decision against bee-
keeping to be put upon record on the plea
of its being a " nuisance."

Major J. L. Witherspoon, ex-Attorney
Gleneral of Arkansas (who stands at the
head of the Bar of the State), was employed
to attend to the matter on behalf of the bees.

The ease is now going to the Supreme
Court on an appeal, and the Hon. S. W. Wil-
liams, of Little Kock, has been engaged to
assist in defending Mr. Clark, who wrote us
the following particulars last week :

I was arrested on Jan. 2, 1888, by order of
the Mayor for maintaining a nuisance with-
in the city limits, in keeping my bees there.

I think with the evidence we have, with
Mr. Williams in the case, we will undoubt-
edly win. Now Is the time for us to make
this thing "hot," as it will affect the wel-
fare of every bee-keeper that is so unfortu-
nate as to live in an incorporated city or
village.

I tnink that we should have two or three
good lawyers in this case, as it will be a
great blessing to bee-keepers in incorpor-
ated cities ana towns for us to gain this suit.
If we should lose it, we will all have to "get
out" all over the tJnited States. "In the
multitude of counsel there is wisdom."

I shall have to sacrifice my time, busi-
ness and bees in order to attend to this case
of appeal. It will cost over $300 to appeal
it, and I am too poor to pay any more than I
have already done in the expenses of the
lower court, and for my attorney here. I
must, therefore, appeal for help, through
the Bee-Keepers' Union, to all the bee-
keepers of America.

I am not able to carry on this suit and do
justice to myself and family. I think justice
to bee-keepers demands that this law be de-
feated,and not let us go before the world as a
class of men that carry on a business that is
" a nuisance." we will have to get affidavits
from bee-keepers living all over the United
States, stating whether bee-keeping is " a
nuisance" or not. We have been con-
demned, but not by men that know any-
thing about bee-keeping. If any one can
give me advice, he will please write to me.
Z. A. Clakk.

We have repeatedly requested bee-keepers
to join the Union, and thereby place it in a
position to defend them in such cases as the
above, and unless some hundreds at least do
so at once, the Union will not be able to
lift up a " successful standard " against the
enemy. Reader, what say you about this ?
Will you become a member ? The dues are
now only one dollar !

MOVIIWO BEES IN\¥INTER BY
SLEICII OR RAILROAD.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 511.— Will you kindly advise me as
to the best time, and way, to move 12 colonlps
of bees that are packed in hives, with old
combs in LaDgstroth size, closed-end frames ?
I want to move them on a sleigh three miles,
over pretty rouRh roads, and then 17 miles by
railroad, and then again 2 miles by sleigh. Do
you think it advisable to move tbem in this
way : or do you think it better to move them
the whole way by sitigh? If I move them all
the way by elelgb. after the first 3 miles the
road IS pretty good.— New York.

Move them all the way in a sleigh. —
Mes. L. Harrison.

I would wait until spring, if possible;
if not,move them all the way by sleigh.
— W. Z. Hutchinson.

I do not like to move bees so far in
the winter ; but if obliged to, I would
use the sleigh all the way. — A.B.Mason.

I would wait until April or May, and
move them in a spring-wagon either
all the way, or partly by rail. — M.
Mahin.

If you cannot wait until spring, I
believe I would as soon risk taking
them all the way in the sleigh. — C. C.
Miller.

I should move them all the way by
sleigh, by all means, if I moved them
on snow. But why not wait until May,
and then move them. I think that this
would be better. — G. M. Doolittle.

As I understand the question, I would
pack them in straw, secure them to the
sleigh, and make the whole journey
with the sleigh. — H. D. Cutting.

I should much prefer not to move
them until April. If j'ou must move
them now, put a thick cushion of hay
or straw on a sleigh, and move them
all the waj' on it. — R. L. Taylor.

We would keep them on the sleigh,
although it does not make a very great
diiference. But why do you not wait
until the proper time — March — and
move them on a wagon ? It is far
safer. — Dadant & Son.

I would arrange the time to suit my
convenience, and the condition of the
roads. I would prefer a sleigh. If
the frames are well propolized, they
need no extra preparation, only give
plenty of ventilation by tacking wire-
cloth over tlie entrance, and place
them securelj- in the sleigh, with the
frames running jiarallel with the road.
—J. P. H. Brown.

The best time to move them is when
thej- can fly freelj-, immediately npon
arrival ; but it is not usually good
sleighing at that time. We make no
preference between all the way by
gleigh, or cars and sleigh. Do not be

afraid to give them lots of ventilation,
no matter how cold the weather is. —
James Heddon.

I would not advise moving the bees
on the cars in cold weather ; but they
can be moved by sleigh. — G.L.Tinker.

I would consider it very risky to
move them so far before spring. I
would get two spring wagons, load
them with the frames crosswise of the
bed. and make the one time handling
do, by driving them through in one
day. You should tack screen-wire
over the entrances, to give sufficient
ventilation, and they should have a
flight the day following. — J. M. Ham-

BAUGH.

Move the whole distance by sleigh.
Put the hives on straw in the bottom of
the sleigh, then pack in the sleigh so
the hives will not interfere with each
other, or with the sleigh, in transit.
Drive carefully, and where the roads
are rough, with extra care. — J. M.
Shuck.

I should move them the whole dis-
tance with a sleigh, if the road is fairly
good. They maj' go all right by rail,
but the risk of changes is great, and
can be avoided by moving at one job.
The frames should be securely fastened
in the hives, and ample ventilation
given. It is not safe to move bees such
a distance in the winter, in any case. —
J. E. Pond.

I should prefer to wait until spring ;
though I have known so many cases
of bees being moved in mid-winter with
entire success, that I should expect
success even though I moved them
now. I think that I should use the
sleigh all the way. It would be cheaper,
doubtless, and fully as well for the
bees. Use plenty of straw, and disturb
the bees as little as possible. — A. J.
Cook.

I dislike verj' much to disturb bees
in cold weather, and I should prefer to
wait until spring. If it is necessary,
however, to remove them now, choose
a moderate day, and I should prefer to
move them all the way by sleigh. As
there are only 12 hives, and the dis-
tance is only a reasonable day's drive ;
one load would take them nicely, and
you would be done with it. Fasten in
the bees with wdre-cloth, even in cold
weather while removing them, and if
carefully handled there is little danger.

C. H. DiBBERN.

I would move them the whole way
while they were on the sleigh. I have
moved bees in this way several times
with perfect safetj'. Your close-end
frames will stay in place without any
wedging up. A friend of mine moved
100 colonies 40 miles in four loads, on
a large spring-wagon. Not a comb
was broken. Another time the same
man hauled 50 colonies in Langstroth

70

TM® fEMERICSPi WMM JQURNSI..

hives, on a common farm wagon, on
which he had a long hay-rack. We
move them at any time in the fall,
winter or spring. Perhaps towards
spring wonld be the best ;n j'our
climate, where bees do not have the
opportunitj- to fly as often as they do
here. — G. W. Demaree.

The combs are very brittle now, and
it is dangerous to move bees at this
season on account of the liability of
breaking down the combs. The hives
must be handled with care, and should
onlj- be handled at each end of the
route — therefore a sleigh-ride all the
way is better than part railroad. If
they must be moved now, instead of in
March, secure the frames, and load on
the sleigh, so that the frames cross the
road bed, and let them be very care-
fully driven, especially over the rough
part of the road. — The Editor.

WIIVTER FLIOHT.^ FOR BEES
IIV A CELLAR.

Written for the American Bee Joumol

<lnery 512.— Should bees be taken from
the cellar on a warm day during winter, so
that tbey can have a flight? My cellar opens
into the kitchen, and it Is hard work to take
them up and down the steps ; but if it is
necessary to take them out occasionally, I
will do it. I fear that the cellar is too warm a
part of the time, and there is no good chance
to ventilate it. The temperature varies from
44° to 48°, but the bees seem quiet the most
of the time.— Indiana.

No ; let them remain where they are.
— James Heddon.

Do not take them out. — Dadant &
Son.

Not if they are as quiet as you say.
— A. B. Mason.

Let the bees alope until spring,
would be my advice. — G.M.Doolittle.

Do not take them out. The tempera-
ture is all right.. — W. Z. Hutchinson.

I would make every exertion to keep
the cellar at an even temperature ; and
if the bees are quiet, I would not dis-
turb them. — J. P. H. Brown.

No, not at all. The temperature of
your cellar is fairly good, and j'our
bees are undoubtedly in as good con-
dition as possible. — :R. L. Taylor.

I have no experience with cellar-
wintering, but I would not disturb
them unless they are very restless, and
show signs of disease. — M. Mahin.

If they are quiet, let them alone ; do
not interrupt if all is well. If uneasy,
let the circumstances suggest the
change to be made. — J. M. Shuck.

Not unless thej- are noisy and rest-
less, showing diarrhetic symptoms, by
discharging their feces around the en-
trance and over their combs. Give
them ventilation if possible, and keep
the temperature from 40^ to 45°, Fahr.
— J. M. Hambaugh.

The conditions must govern in all
eases. If thej' are quiet and show no
signs of disease, let them alone vmtil
you are ready to put them out in April.
I think that the temperature is too
high, at 48^,— H. D. Cutting.

So long as the bees are quiet, I cer-
tainly shoidd not disturb them. I do
not give my bees any flight from the
time thej' are taken in until they are
taken out to stay in the spring. — C. C.
Millee.

I have never wintered bees in a
cellar, but judging from my reading of
experiments of this nature, I should
prefer not to give them a flight. It
may do no harm, and may so disturb
them as to cause great loss. — J.E.Pond.

They should not be taken out. The
temperature is about right. If the
bees get uneasj-, later in the season,
give them water. The temperature can
be lowered if thought necessaiy, by
placing some cakes of ice in the cellar.
Another season put in sub-earth venti-
lation.— Mrs. L. Harrison.

Bees do not require to be removed
fi-om a good cellar for a flight during
the winter, as long as they remain rea-
sonably quiet. Indeed, I think it a
disadvantage to do so, as it has a ten-
dency to make them restless afterward.
As long as the temperature can be kept
below 50°, the bees are better oft' in a
cellar than anyu'here else. I have had
bees confined for over five months, with
no bad results — C. H. Dibbern.

By no means. If you have a cellar
where you can keep the temperature
between 36° and 48° Fahr., and the
bees have good food, thej' are all right.
I do not carry my bees out until April.
Should the bees become very uneasy,
and by change of ventilation and tem-
perature I could not quiet them, I
should carry them out if a warm day
came. I never expect, however, any
such experience. — A. J. Cook.

As long as the bees remain quiet and
healthy in the cellar, thej' maj' be left
alone until April. Still the colonies
will do better to take them out about
March 1, and jiack them on the sum-
mer stands. They will be less liable
to spring dwindle, and will build up
into strong colonies at least two weeks
ahead of colonies put out of the cellar
in April. It does no harm to remove
the bees from the cellar at anj' time in
the winter on suitable days, and return
them after a flight, or pack them. — G.
L. Tinker.

As long as they remain quiet, thej-
will not sufter for a flight. I have
kept a small colony in my office all
winter, where there is a summer tem-
perature kept up in the daytime, and
tlie temperature goes down below the
freezing point when the nights are
cold. They are in excellent health

now (Jan. 20). I have another small
colony that is kept in a vegetable and
fruit cellar, at a temperature a little
above the freezing point, during cold
weather. The colonj* is moved into
the oflice once in about ten days, where
thej' are "warmed up" till they venti-
late with a "loud roar" as in summer
time. After their daj''s exercise, thej-
are returned to the cellar. Thej' are
also in fine health. I am verj- much
interested in these experiments. — G.
W. Demaree.

As the bees are quiet in the cellar
they are not diseased, and may with
safety remain undisturbed until the
spring comes. Keep the temperature
as even as possible. — The Editor.

tVisconsin State ConTention.

The bee-keepers of Wisconsin meet In
their fourth annual convention, at the
Capitol in Madison, Feb. 8, 1888.

In consequence of the State Agricultural
Convention being held in the same week,
with its usually interesting essays,speeches,
papers and discussions, the bee-convention
will probably last but one day. Reduced
rates can be secured on all railroads, there-
by making the expense much less, and giv-
ing those who wish to do so, a chance to
attend both conventions.

The following is the programme for the
convention :

President's Address, C. A. Hatch, Ithaca

Notes from American Bee-Keepers' Con-
vention, Frank Wilcox, Mauston.

Relation of Producer to the Commission
Merchant, A. V. Bishop, Commission Mer-
chant, Milwaukee.

The Heddon Hive and How to Use it, W.
H. Putnam, River Falls.

How to Build a Bee-Cellar, D. D. Danlher,
Madison.

How to Get the Best Extracted Honey, E.
France, Platteville.

Comb or Extracted Honey ; Which ? F.
Minnick, North Freedom.

C. A. Hatch, President, Ithaca, Wis.

Frank Wilcox, Secretary, Mauston, Wis.

COmVENTIOlV NOTICES.

B^~ The Des Moinea County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will hold its next meeting on April 24, 1888, at
Burlington, Iowa. JOHN NAD, Sec.

Z^>~ The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' AbsocIH'
tlon will meet at the Court House in Eldora. Iowa,
on the second Saturday in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. Bdchanan, Sec.

ZW The next regular meeting of the Stark County
Bee-Keepers' Society will be held In Grange Hall at
Canton, O., on Feb. 4, 1888. A full attendance is de-
sired, as business of importance will be considered.
Mark Thomson, Sec.

J^~ The next regular meeting of the Sus-
quehanna County Bee-Keepers' Association
will be held at New Milford, Pa., on Saturday,
May 5, 1888. H. M. Seeley, Sec.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

TM^ MMERICJtPi WEM J©1LJRB«f£tr.

71

IRESPOSDEECE.

HONEY-PLANTS.

Insuring Bec»— Honey-Plants of
Minnesota.

WritUn for the Ameiir/^n Bee Journal
BV J. M. DOCDNA.

On page 8, Mr. A. C. '\^'al(li-on asks
if any one has had experiem-e in in-
-uring bees against fire while in the
cellar. I have had mine so insured
for some years in the Minnesota Farm-
ers' Mutual, of Minneapolis.

liluden and IVlilte Clover.

Linden is our only deiJendence for
surplus honey. It has never failed, to
my knowledge, and there are not bees
<-iiough kejjt in this county to gather
a hundredth part of it.

White clover is now to be found in
many places, but we have no old pas-
ture fields, as in the East. Some years
ago I bought a few pounds of white
clover seed, and scattered it in such
places as it would be likely to grow. I
did this for several years, and got a
few pounds of clover honey in 1886. It
<lid not yield any surplus in 1887,
(•wing to the drouth, but I think we
will soon get a good return for the
money invested. I was not as success-
ful with sweet clover, as it does not
get started along the roads at all.

Various Honey-Plants.

Motherwort promises to be the best
honey-plant of all. It commenced to
bloom on June 12, 1887, and the bees
M'orked on it until frost. The bees did
not leave it for linden. I found a few
])lants two jears ago, and saved the
seed, and now have a half peck to sow
in the spring.

For pollen I have never seen any-
thing equal to asparagus. Does it
yield an}" honej* ? Golden-rod has
ni-ver amounted to much as a honey-
plant here. The bees scarcely notice
tlie pleurisy-root, though there is
plenty of it.

I tried the spider-plant, but I could
not get it to gi'ow, except from plants
raised in a hot-bed. The Simpson
honey-plant (figwort) soon runs out.
The Chapman honey-plant is not
hardy in this climate ; the first severe
freeze killed evei-y leaf, and the root
appeared to be dead before the middle
of November.

motbs and Italian Bees.

What has become of the bee-moth ?
i have not seen one for two years.
There was plenty of them before I had
the Italian bees. I have several hun-
dred surplus combs, and I have never
fumigated them, but hang them on

nails driven in the rafters in the shop ;
but not a moth has appeared for the
last two years.

I made, a solar wa.x-extractor that is
as near jjcrfection as I could wish. I
made it from the directions given by
Mr. Demaree, on page 501 of the
American Bee Jouknai. for 1886.

Good Location lor Bee-Keei>lng.

The bees apjiear to be wintering
very well with the mercur}- at 44° in
the cellar. The thermometer showed
only a variation of 3^ in the cellar dur-
ing the late blizzard.

To any one seeking a location for an
apiary, I know of no better place than
this county. Land is cheap and good,
with ])lenty of raspberry and linden,
and as soon as clover is well started,
it will fill the time between them.
Good returns are sure to follow good
management. .Some of the best towns
in this region have scarcel}' a colony
of bees in them. But this is no climate
for " fence-corner bee-keepers."

Alexandria,*© Minn., Jan. 20, 1888.

CALIFORNIA.

Keeping Bees on the High
mountains.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY G. W. COVER.

After the advent of the honey-bee to
this State, the absconding swarms went
to the Sierras. In a few years they
were gathering nectarfrom the flowers
on every hillsitle, from the valley of
dates, figs and oranges, to the snow-
manteled summits of the Sierra Neva-
das ; awa}- among the lakes, at the ex-
treme limits of the timber belt, and in
the gorges and canyons, is the hum of
the busy bee heard. The writer has
frequently found them at work where
one could stand with one foot in a snow
bank, and the other in a bed of flowers,
in August.

I commenced bee-keeping at an ele-
vation of about 4,000 feet above sea-
level. The bees swarmed and did
well. The mountains was still higher
on either side, as I was in the canyon
of the Yuba. The honey-flow is later
as one ascends. I thought that I would
move up a thousand feet higher, so the
bees could work down in the spring,
and they would have 1,000 or 2,000
feet above them later on. The trouble
is, I cannot get any swarms at this
elevation, something over 5,000 feet. 1
have been here about five years, and
have not had swarms enough to keep
up my stock. Bees swarm more below
me, at 3,000 feet, and under that they
swarm to excess, and all absconding
swarms invarial^ly go for the higher
mountains.

The honey crop failed here for the
first time in 14 years ; there were no
swarms and no honey the past year.
Let us hear what has been the experi-
ence of other bee-keepers in regard to
elevation, and what effect it has had
upon swai-ming. I have tried box-
hives, and the bees would not swarm
from them.

DownievilIe,5 Calif., Jan. 2, 1888.

BEE-KEEPING-.

Report of the Work and tlie
Results in the Apiary.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY J. M. YOUNG.

In looking over the pages of the
American Bee Jouenal, I am glad to
note quite an improvement in the paper
since last year. It is undoubtedly the
best work published on apiculture.
Every bee-keeper should read it.

Bees throughout this portion of the
State did fairly up to the close of the
basswood bloom, however only a fair
surplus was stored from that source.
Since that time only enough was ob-
tained by the bees to make a fair living
for them. I fear that a large number
of colonies will be lost in this count}',
from starvation, long before spring.
Apiaries that were well cared for dur-
ing the last summer, will come out all
right.

My report for the season of 1887 is
far from being a good one, and is not
encouraging, by any means. From 76
colonies, spring count, upwards of
1,700 pounds of honey, including both
comb and extracted, ^Yas■ obtained ;
only about 20 colonies were worked
for extracted honej", with two sets of
combs. The remainder of the apiary
was worked for comb honey through-
out.

I put into winter quarters 96 strong
colonies, with plenty of honey to last
them until honey comes again ; 75 col-
onies were jiacked in a summer-and-
winter ehaft' hive, with the upper story
filled with dry l,eaves and chaff. A
portion of the hives are now entirelj-
covered with snow ; the remainder of
the hives are about half-covered. Just
as long as it stays cold I have no feirs
about their wintering all right. I am
not going to disturb them until the
weather begins to get warmer, ami the
snow begins to melt.

One or two days the last week the
mercury was as low as 25° below zero ;
the average temperature for the week
being at zero. With this temperature
of the weather very long, I i)resume
that bees wintered in single-walled
hives will suffer badly.

Kock Blufts,(x Nebv., Jau, 18, 1888.

72

THE SMERICaH MMM J^^MMMLr,

f i>*^*^*^*^»^*ifc*

CANADA.

Annual meeting of the Ontario
Bee-Keepers' Association.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY E. F. HOLTERMANN.

The Ontario Bee-Keeiiers' Associa-
tion met at Woodstock, Ont, on Jan.
10, 1888, at 2 p.m., the President, Mr.
S. T. Pettit, being in the chair.

Mr. Malcohii read an essay entitled.

The Production of Extracted Honer.

Next to the movable frame no inven-
tion has done so much to increase the
production of honey as the extractor.
When it was found that combs could
be lifted from the hive, emptied of
their contents, replaced, and refilled,
a stimulus was given to bee-keeping
that the most enthusiastic never
dreamed of. But much of this en-
thusiasm was based on theorj'. How
simple it looked. Bees are easily win-
tered, honej' is easily gathered, and if
we can empty the combs just when we
please, what is to hinder any one from
making money by keeping bees. But
hundreds, and I may say thousands,
have found theoiy and practice two
verj- different things when applied to
bee-keeping.

Still bee-keeping has a future, and
men and women will succeed in gath-
ering the sweets of nature in large
quantities to the benefit of themselves
and the good of the public, and from
anything we can see at present, honey
in the extracted form will take the lead
as regards the quantity-, by large pro-
portions. It is therefore important
that the producer should understand
the means of securing his crop in the
highest degree of perfection.

As far as quantity is concerned, I am
at a loss to know what to advise, so
much depends upon the conditions, es-
pecially as regards the strength of the
colonies, favorable weather, and the
amount of nectar. Many of the most
experienced apiarists fail in regard to
the first, and the last two are bej'ond
human control. But with all these
conditions favorable, we do claim to
know something. In fact, I have said
in conversations and tlirough the press,
that if there was any one thing I knew,
if there was any one thing I could cor-
dially recommend, if there was one
item of advice I could give with pleas-
ure, it is, do not extract honey till it is
ripe. And j-et, strange as it maj" seem,
there are men who know much more
about bees than I do, who say this is
not necessary, that honey can be rip-
ened after it is extracted. I cannot
account for this except on the princi-
ple that some men lack the ability to
judge both flavor and texture.

It is an admitted fact that some men
are color blind, but that is no proof
that there is not a great variety of
colors. So it is in judgin'g of the
quality of hone)-. Every one must
know for himself. Believing this to
be a matter of great importance, and
wishing to impress it upon the con-
vention, I would say that bees do not
gather honey, the_v gather nectar, and
from nectar produce honey. It is
therefore a process of manufacture, and
if it is removed from the bees before
that process is finished, man cannot
finish it.

If asked what the bees do that man
canjiot, I say, I do not know. But I
do know, and many others know, that
there is a flavor and texture about
honey that has been thoroughlj' capped
that cannot be produced except by the
bees. Why is it that comb honey is so
much preferred to extracted ? Do peo-
ple give nearly double the price simplj-
because it is a fancy article ? No doubt
this accounts for part of the difl'erence,
but the principal reason is, the honey
is really finer than honey extracted be-
fore it was ripe.

I believe it is unwise to extract from
the brood-nest and mix the honey with
what is intended for market ; with very
few exceptions can this be done with-
out injuring the flavor and color. I
believe in and practice taking all sur-
plus from a top super. What the best
size is for combs in the super, I do not
know, havingonly had experience with
combs the same size as those in the
brood-chambers. I believe that this is
the best practice, as it has several ad-
vantages that I need not here mention.

I also believe in using a queen-ex-
cluding honej'-board, for by having the
queens below, a great deal of trouble
is saved while extracting. When the
queen leaves the brood-chamber, it
soon becomes a house in ruins.

A difficulty arises sometimes during
a heavj- hone3'-flow, when everything
is full, but none of it ripe enough to
extract. In that case it is better to
put on a second super, on the tiering-
up system ; that is, putting the empty
one under the full one. The objection
to this is, that it is expensive. I have
tried with some degi-ee of success to
remedy the difficulty by only putting
in one-half of the super combs, when
the super was put on. The bees com-
mence to fill those, and just when they
are commencing to build new comb in
the emptj' half of the super, I fill it
with the remaining combs. Those
that were first \n\t in will be filled and
capped much sooner than if all had
been put in at once, and frequently
they may be taken out and extracted
a few days before the others are ready.
This is a kind of make-shift. The best
plan is a second super. F. Malcolm.

In reply to a question, Mr. Malcolm
stated that he used a perforated metal
honej'-board. He could not say what
the comparative yield of comb and ex-
tracted honey would be. J. B. Aches,
M. S. Shell, J. B. Hall and others sus-
tained Mr. Malcolm in the statements
of his essay, esjjecially as to the neces-
sity of having the honey sealed before
extracting. Mr. A. Picket said he
thought that it could be taken from a
part of the bodj- of the hive by means
of perforated metal. The convention,
b}' a large majority, appeared to be in
favor of Mr. Malcolm's method.

The Mayor of the city, at this stage
of the proceedings, gave an address of
welcome.

J. E. Frith, of Princeton, whose bees
have the foul brood, on account of
careless and inexperienced neighbors,
thought that the extractor was often
dangerous in the hands of the inex-
perienced. W. F. Clarke, of Guelph,
condemned the honej-extractor, but
the members present however objected
to this, and thought if the extractor
is rightly used, it is a great acquisition.

A discussion at this time took place
on the advisability of men commencing
bee-keeping without experience, and a
resolution was read as follows :

Resolved, That whilst it is the in-
alienable right of every body to enter
bee-keeping, the same as any other
honest business, it is the sense of this
convention that it is unwise to do so
without adequate knowledge and due
qualification.

A vote was taken upon the resolu-
tion, after an amendment was made,
allowing the purchase of a colony or
two, and to gain experience as one
went along from papers, books, and
bee-keepers ; 5 voted for the amend-
ment, 8 for the resolution, and a large
number did not vote all.

A long discussion followed upon
"Cellar wintering of bees." The tem-
perature of J. B. Hall's cellar at pres-
ent is 54° ; of C. McNally's, 55° ; of
Jacob Alpaugh's, 50° ; and Martin
Emigh's, 50°.

As to the qitestion of under-ground
ventilators or by air-pipes, the ma-
jority were in favor of discarding them,
among them being Messrs. J. B. Hall,
Emigh, and Alpaugh.

EVENING SESSION.

Mr. J. B. Hall read an essay upon
The Production of Comb Honey.

I am requested to give an essay on
tlie best method of producing comb
honey. Allow me to state that any
method is but of little value unless in
conjunction with the following condi-
tions :

1. Bee-pastiu'age in abundance, of
not more than two miles radius of the
apiary.

T'H® mwimmi^mn mmm jO'^mmmi^.

73

2. That the pasturage should not be
overstoeked, but rather that it should
not have enough bees on it to gather
all the honej-tlow.

3. That there be in charge of the
bees, an apiarist adapted by nature,
assisted by study and practice, to man-
age the same (but the nature part I
consider the most important).

4. It is essential that a hive with
movable combs, having a large top sur-
face, be used.

5. That the bee-keeper be a special-
ist, or as the phrase is, "have all the
eggs in one basket ;" in that case they
can be jealouslj' watched and guarded,
and used to the best advantage ; not
so if the eggs are mixed in man}- bas-
kets with other things.

If the colonies have passed the win-
ter and spring well, and are strong in
bees and brood at the commencement
of the surplus honey-flow, a good crop
of comb honey can be secured by put>
ting on the hive a shallow super of
sections primed with comb or founda-
tion. (I say sections, because if not in
nice sections it cannot be sold to ad-
vantage.) Open the entrance of the
hive to its full size, and when work is
well commenced in the super, raise it
up and put an empty super between
it and the hive ; continue thus until
your judgment or experience tells you
that thej- have enough space to contain
the surplus honey that will be secured.

Other things being right, you will
rejoice in a good crop of comb lioney.
J. B. Hall.

A discussion followed as to the use
of " dummies," and the method was
condemned, unless the colony was of
no more value, and could be destroyed
after the honej' season.

There was quite a diversitj^ of opin-
ion as to the use of full combs, full
sheets of comb foundation, or starters
in the brood-chamber, when working
for comb honey. The weight of evi-
dence appeared to be rather in favor
of full sheets of foundation, unless one
did not care if drone-comb was built.
The old comb some found to soil the
sections. The nicest sections could be
secured by using starters only.

Time of putting on supers : If full
combs are used, supers could be put on
at once ; if full sheets of foundation,
almost at once ; if starters, after the
queen had commenced to lay.

Mr. S. T. Pettit then delivered

Tbe President's Annual Address.

In reviewing the events that have
transpired, and the work that has been
accomplished during my term of office,
I would notice the following :

1. That we have secured incorpora-
tion for the Ontario Bee-Keepers' As-
sociation.

2. That we have secured a Provin-
cial Government grant of $500 per
year.

3. We succeeded in making an ex-
hibit of honey on a grand scale at the
Colonial and Indian exhibition at South
Kensington, London, England.

4. We have gotten the management
and the price-lists of the ai>ianan de-
partment of the leading exhibitions of
the Province, more or less under the
control of one association, and al-
though we cannot redress grievances
of the past, it will be the aim and ob-
ject of the association to prevent the
recurrence of grievances in the future.

5. The foundation of an Association
Library has been laid, the first book,
of which was a present from our good
friend, T. W. Cowan, F. G. S., F. R.
M. S., etc.

6. We would not fail to notice the
gratifying fact that our apiarian litera-
ture has been augmented by the publi-
cation of the Canadian Honey Producer,
hy our enterprising friends, E. L.
Goold &Co., of Brantford.

7. And last but not least, the mem-
bership of our association has been
largely increased.

And now, in order to make our as-
sociation all the more useful, I would
say, that whatever way the "grant"'
may be used, strict justice must be
done to all parts of the province, and
that the weak must be supported as
well as the strong.

The appointing of judges and the
necessity of placing the price-lists upon
a somewhat diflferent basis should be
dealt with.

I will repeat my suggestion of last
year, that reduced railway rates should
be secured for honey. To avoid un-
fair rates in England, honej' is some-
times shipped under the name of s3-rup.

Owing to ill-health and sickness of a
severe nature in my familj- during the
last session of the Parliament, I was
unable to apph' to the Legislature for
legislation to prevent the spread of,
and to stamp out foul brood in the
country. Would it not be well for the
prevention of the further spread of
foul brood, to appoint competent
judges — to examine and report upon
the health of the bees of all those who
advertise bees for sale ? All who own
bees for sale should be very careful
not to sell diseased bees, nor should
bees be sold and shipped out of a dis-
eased locality.

Another dangerous source of spead-
ing foul brood consists in selling honey
from foul-broody apiaries. Empty
containers are thrown out, and neigh-
boring bees lick up the disease and
carrj' it home. Imported bees should
be examined at the port of entiy.

The question arises : Why should
the sale of diseased bees, or anj' other

article calculated to sprea<l tlie di.«-
ease, be tolerated any more tlian the
sale of cholera pigs, or cattle afflicted
with pleuro-pneumonia ? Great care
should be observed by those who visit
apiaries afflicted with foid brood, to
most thoroughly disinfect themselves
and all their tools before going into
the vicinity of other bees. I am sure
that the principle is gaining ground,
that the wealthy should not sit down
by the side of, and starve out and de-
stroy, a poor brother who has placed
all his means, and perhaps more too,
in bees and the necessary buildings and
other appliances for keeping bees.

The principle, as claimed by some,
is not a " new force," but is the same
commendable, kind and brotherly
spirit that moved Abram, when he said
unto Lot, "Let there be no strife, I
pray thee, between thee and me, and
between m}- herdmen and thy herd-
men ; for we be brethren."

To advocate the principle of the
" survival of the fittest " in bee-keep-
ing, especially since there are lots of
inviting unoccupied fields, is simply to
encourage the strong to worry and de-
vour his weaker brother. There is no
"Do as you would wish to be done by"
in it at all.

Whereas an outlet for our surplus
honey, is a question of vast moment to-
every bee-keeper in Canada, I deem it
my duty at this time to say a word
upon that important subject.

It will be remembered that a year
ago I spoke encouragingly of largely
increasing the production of honey in
Canada, but when all the facts now
bearing upon the case are put together,
and weighed and balanced up, they
force upon my mind the opinion (and
I want that opinion to go upon record)
that the British markets are virtually
lost to us at paying prices, or even at
prices at which a man can make a de-
cent living. I know this is a dai'k
picture to present to your minds, and
I am exceedingly- pained to be obliged
to hang up in this cheerful room one
so very opposite from what I could
w-ish to present to the view of this in-
telligent meeting ; but there is no alter-
native ; duty to you all, and to mj'self
as well, imperatively demands that I
deal faithfully in this matter.

The collecting of statistics relative
to our pursuit should be considered.

And now, in conclusion, I would
suggest that the conditions are ripe for
devising a scheme whereby all county
bee-keepers' associations in Ontario
may be affiliated with the parent body.
S. T. Pettit.

C. McNally gave his method of win-
tering, and described h^s cellar. It is
made of stone, 20x37, and 9 feet higli.
There are foiu- sub-earth ventilators.

74

THE; MMERICMrf WBW JO'WKPIMlr.

^ * ^* ■* 1 mii

K>*i»*i~^'^-~-*'~Aa

and a stove-pipe connecting from the
liottom of the cellar with the stove-
pipe above, and a " cooler" pipe from
direct outside. The temperature for
the last four years has been 48^ to 55°,
and he has never yet lost a colony.
8ome members have damp, and others
dry cellars, and are equally successful.

R. F. Holtermann reported that he
■was about to build a cellar under a
dwelling-house. First, stone wall, then
a one brick wall inside, allowing an
air-space between the two. The ceil-
ing would be tongue and groove board-
ed, with felt paper, and between this
and the floor above have a packing of
sawdust ; a spring flows through the
cellar to equalize the temperature,
purify the atmosphere, and probably
help to keep the atmosphere dry, as
the moisture in the warmer atmosphere
would condense upon the cooler spring
water. The finest cellar he had ever
seen was that of J. Alpaugh, and he
had his thus, all but the spring.

R. McKnight gave a description of
his cellar or repository, the general
temperature of whicli was 49°, often as
low as 440, but seldom 50°.

THE SECOND DAY.

The morning session of the second
day opened with President Pettit in
the chair. An essay was then read,
written by Mr. James Heddon, of
Dowagiac, Mich. Mr. Heddon very
ably pointed out how much there was
of speculation as to what would over-
stock a locality with bees. From re-
ports, however, one could see that
where a few colonies were kept,a large
yield could be secured. His essay
closed with the following paragraph :

" I am again determined to add my
mite to answering the question, by con-
tinually increasing the number of my
colonies, until a term of seasons, whose
natural advantages and disadvantages,
all considered, shall tell me something
■of this obscure problem."

An essay was read from Dr. C. C.
Miller, of Marengo, Ills., which may
be found on page 26 of the Ameri-
c.\N Bee Journal, in regard to spe-
cialists in bee-keeping.

By the reception wliich the Doctor's
essay received, many members were
■evidently in favor of specialists.

Mr. R. McKnight then read an essaj'
•on " Our local honej- market, and how
to cultivate it." [This essay will be
published as soon as we have room
for it.— Ed.]

The board of directors reported that
all the members of last year should
have a copy of the revised work of
Rev. L. L. Langstroth, on "The Hive
and the Hone3'-Bee."

The Secretary reported $166.90.

The association ■ adopted a new Con-
stitution and By-La^^'s, by means of

which county associations can afiiliate
with the provincial. County associa-
tions are to pay $5 per annum, and
must have five members (members of
the Ontario). This sum is more than
returned by the share of the grant
which they secure for competition in
prizes at the county show.

The following ofiieers were elected :
President, M. Emigh, Holbrook ; Vice-
President, J. B. Hall, of Woodstock ;
Directors : F. K. Darling, Almonte ; A.
Picket, Nassagawoya ; Wm. Covvie,
Streetsville ; Allen Pringle, Shelbj- ; E.
Schultz, Muskolja ; F. A. Gemmil,
Stratford ; F. Malcolm, Innerkip ; and
R. McKnight, Owen Sound. Auditors:
F. H. Macpherson, of Beeton, and R.
F. Holtermann, of Brantford.

The convention then adjourned to
hold the next meeting at Owen Sound,
Out.

Brantford, Ont.

NEBRASKA.

Results of Keeping Bees for
Eight Years.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY WILLIAM STOLLEY.

While, with many bee-keejjers, the
season of 1887 has been a season of
short crops, I cannot complain, and
the following is my report :

After selling 5 colonies in the spring,
I began the season with but 23 colo-
nies, which were partly in extra good,
and partly in but fair condition.

The amount of honey that I took was
2,078 pounds, or an average of 90J
pounds per colony, spring count. I
had but 2 colonies for the production
of comb honey, which gave a little over
50 pounds each, in one-pound sections.

I increased my apiar3' to only 31 col-
onies, which are all well supplied with
winter stores (each having about 23
pounds), and I have about 300 pounds
of honey in the comb, put aside for
late spring stimulation.

My best colony produced 140 pounds
of surplus (extracted) honey, while
the year previous (1886) 1 obtained 210
pounds from mj- best colon}-. This
success I owe principally to the sowing
of sweet clover, while fields of Alfalfa
clover within two miles of my little
apiarj- have helped the bees materiallj-.
(Remember that central Nebraska is
naturally not well adapted to the keep-
ing of bees.) Ever since Dec. 9, 1887,
my bees have been covered up to staj',
and enjoy their winter rest, in a bee-
house on the summer stand.

So far we have had a very cold win-
ter. On Nov. 27 the mercury ^\-as 32^
below, and this morning it ■^^.s 27"^- lif^
low zero,

For eight years I have kept bees. I
commenced with but 2 colonies of hj--
brids. Guided by the teachings of the
American Bee Journal and standard
works on apiculture, I proceeded cau-
tiously, and the result is, that I have
as fine an apiary as there is to be found
anywhere. During the eight years I
have paid out for bee-house lumber,
implements, comb foundation, queens,
etc., 1642.16. My cash receipts for
honey and bees sold are, $1,636.78.
The value of my apiary to-day is
$640.50 (but I would not sell it at that
figure) ; hence, a balance of $1,635.12
is left to pay me for my labor.

Of course I do not depend upon my
bees for a living ; but thej' are a source
of pleasure and recreation to me. I
like them !

Bees must be attended to accuratelj-
and promptly, whenever they require
attention. Persons who are negligent
about them, have no business to keep
bees. They will only find themselves
" left " sooner or later, if they attempt
it.

During the last week it has been ex-
tremely cold, so that we could not get
nor dispatch any mail matter. It was
35"^ below zero at 9 o'clock this morn-
ing. It is now abating, but is still 15°
below zero.

Grand Island, ©Nebr., Jan. 15, 1888.

THE PAST SEASON.

The Honey Yield, Swarming and
AVintering.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY JNO. a. THORNTON.

The bees came out the past spring in
excellent condition, and never were
better ready to gather a large crop of
honej'. But the honey did not come.
Soft maple first yields honey and pol-
len here ; elm, hickorj-, hard maple,
etc., furnish an abundance of pollen
until fruit bloom is over ; but the fruit,
especially apples, had no bloom last
spring, consequently there was no
honey from that source. Notwith-
standing the above draw-back, the
bees continued to increase in numbers
until their hives were very full of bees.
Most of the colonies were preparing to
swarm bj' May 10. and one colony cast
a swarm on May 8, but it did nothing
until June 5, when it gathered enough
to build comb.

Several more colonies swarmed
about this time, but those colonies that
cast swarms did not gather any sur-
plus. More than half of my bees did
not build comb and store enough
honey to last them until the fall yield
came. From those that did not swarm,
I secured enough surplus to make an

TmM MBJEMICffiM ®E® J©'1PK;E<IMI^.

75

average of 10 pounds each from 140
colonies, or 1,400 pounds, about half
comb and half extracted honey, of very
fine quality.

The fall yield was quite good— very
nearly as good as the four seasons pre-
vious had been. The colonies all gath-
ered a good supply for winter use, and
an average surplus of 10 or 11 pounds,
so that I had nearly 3,000 pounds for
sale, with 150 good colonies for the
winter.

I am wintering 25 colonies in the
cellar, and the balance out-of-doors ;
50 of the latter are in Root chafl" hives,
and some are in Simplicity hives, con-
fined on 7 to 8 frames, with two 1-
inch divison-boards, one on each side,
and an upper story half full of new
wheat chaff. The balance are in Lang-
stroth hives, prepared below the same
as those in Simplicity hives, with a 5-
inch chaff cushion in the cap.

Last Wednesday the bees out-doors
had a good flight, and seem to be in
excellent condition.

Lima,*o Ills., Jan. 8, 1888.

SELLING HONEY.

Bees Drawing Out Foundation
— Ignorant Bee-Keeper§.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY JOHN TURNBULL.

I have just had a peep into my bee-
cave, and find the bees very quiet, with
very few dead ones on the floor. The
temperature is 40° above zero in the
cave, and 26"^ below outside. On Nov.
18, 1887, I put in 5 rather weak nuclei
and 55 good colonies with 20 to 50
pounds each of buckwheat honey, and
honey from the fall flowers.

I started in the spring of 1887 with
48 colonies, iiicreased them to 60, and
took 700 pounds of honej' in 1-pound
and IJ-pound sections. White clover
yielded but little, and basswood the
•.^ame. There was much golden-rod,
liut the bees did not work on it. Where
the chinch-bug killed the winter wheat,
wild buckwheat came up thick, and
yielded well, and the bees preferred it
to tame buckwheat.

For some reason or other, the bees
'lid not like to draw out the foundation.

I gave them some sections filled with
cDinb, and they bulged them out of all
proportions, some being 4 or 4J inches
wide. I will have to use separators.

I have neai'ly all of my honey yet. I
went to La Crosse, Wis., early in the
fall to try to make some sales, and

I I ley asked me what I wanted for my
lioney. I told them 15 cents per pound.
'I'hcy laughed at me, and said that they
( c)uld get all they wanted at 8 cents,
and fully as white lioney as 1 ever saw;

but it is worth 12J to 15 cents, and at
retail 18 to 20 cents. I will try to get
the names of those bee-men that sell
their lioney so cheap. They ought to
read the good old American Bee
Journal.

I tried to find the commission man
in La Crosse that a " Rip Van Winkle
bee-keeper " sold his lioney to, as
mentioned on page 789 of the Ameri-
can Bee Journal for 1887 ; but I
could not find him. I know a La Crosse
bee-keeper that bought several hundred
pounds of hone}' for 8 to 10 cents per
pound, and sold it at retail for 15 cents
per pound.

La Crescent, o, Minn., Jan. 16, 1888.

CAVE FOR BEES.

The Season of 1§87 — Wintering
Bees in a Cave.

Wrttten for the American Bee Journal
BY A. REUSCH.

The past season has been the poorest
one for honey in this locality that I
have experienced since I have been in
the bee-business. I began with 72 col-
onies in the spring, and a part of those
were light, j-et during April and May
I got them into good working condi-
tion, but when June came the drouth
commenced, and from that time they
gathered hardly enough to live on.

My increase was 13 colonies. I had
to feed the bees for winter, and I did
not get honey enough for use in my
own family, besides spending five
months' labor, and an outlay of |65 in
cash. I believe in giving correct re-
ports, whether good or bad.

A Cave for Bees In 'Winter.

I have always wintered my bees in
the cellar, and very successfully. In
1886 I built a cave by digging 3i feet
deep into the gi-ound, and 25x8 feet,
with posts of 61 feet set around it, 2
feet apart, and on top 1 foot apart, and
then I nailed boards on all around. I
banked up the sides and sodded them ;
on top I put earth about 18 inches
thick, and covered the same with long
slough-gi-ass. In the west end is a
ventilator made of lumber 7 inches
square inside ; at the east is an under-
gi-ound ventilator made of 4-inch tiling,
and 60 feet long ; and it has two doors,
outside and inside.

The temperature ranges from 40° to
44°. The total cost was about $50. I
have 56 colonies in the cave, and 29 in
the cellar, and they have wintered well
so far, very few bees dying. I owe
many thanks to the American Bee
Journal for much valuable informa-
tion.

Chariton, ? Iowa, Jan. 23, 1888.

WINTERING BEES.

How the Bees are Prepared for
the Winter.

Written for the American Bee Joumoi
BY P. J. BATES.

I commenced the season of 1887
with 18 fair colonies of bees, from
which I had 2 natural swarms, ob-
tained 100 pounds of honey in one-
pound sections, and a glass case of 24
pounds of comb honey, which I took
to the Fair last fall, and which was
pronounced the best filled and best
appearing case of honey ever shown in
this locality. Of course it took the
premium.

On Dec. 5, 1 put 17 colonies into a
new cellar under the sitting-room,
without any ventilation excepting the
door, where I go in ever}' day to notice
the temperature, which ranges from
38° to 46°. When at 46°, I can hear a
low, quiet hum ; when at 38 ', the bees,
to all appearance, are perfectly quiet.
There has not been a pint of dead bees
on the floor. The cellar is quite dry.

The bees were left in the same con-
dition as they were on the summer
stands, each colony being weighed
when put in. The 3 colonies left on
the summer stands were average colo-
nies, in single-walled hives, without
any protection except a cushion of
forest leaves about 4 inches thick over
them ; and with an upward ventilation
at the back part of the hive, * inch by
4 inches, as an experiment, to ti-y to
get lid of the dampness that comes
from the breath or cluster of bees.
When I put them on the summer stands
I will report again.

White Hall,*o His., Jan. 21, 1888.

SEASON OF 1887.

The Drouth Causes a Dearth of
Bleetar.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY B. D. SCOTT.

I commenced the season of 1887 with
30 colonies of bees in fair condition,
and increased them to 60 colonies. I
bought 2 colonies last fall, so I have 62
in the cellar, and they are wintering
finely, with the temperature at 42-,
while it is 10° above zero outside. We
have had no zero weather in this
locality this winter.

My bees produced about 1.000 pounds
of extracted honey, and 200 pounds of
comb in one-pound sections, the past
season. The season was very poor on
account of the drouth. Alsike yielded
well for a short time, but seemed tO
ripen all at ouee.

76

XH® mimmmi^mM mmw j©iiMfiM£./.

Basswood blossomed very profuselj',
and yielded honey for a few days ; but
when it should have been at its best,
in an ordinary season, it was gone,
being dried to a crisp on the trees
without forming seed-balls. One bee-
keeper said that he saw bees on the
ground tr3'ing to get honey from the
blossoms that had pollen.

Buckwheat has been a failure in this
locality for several years, and why it
is I am unable to explain, as the crop
of grain is generally fair. We have
had two poor honey seasons in this
locality, but I am getting ready for the
expected " gush" the coming season.

Ovid Centre,© N. Y., Jan. 21, 1888.

SPECIALISTS.

Some Conipari$on§ in Regard to
Bee-Specialists.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY WM. H. BALCH.

A specialist in bee-culture or honey-
production is a man (whether he owns
5 or 1,000 colonies of bees) wlio keeps
bees for their real profit in dollars and
cents ; who studies their nature and
habits, so that the best methods of
management in spring, summer and
winter may be applied-; who uses
proper appliances at the proper time,
that the best results may be attained ;
who keeps posted on the market,
watching the present production as
well as the amount of last year's crop
on hand ; who puts his honey in the
best marketable shape possible, and
who devotes the necessary time to ac-
complish the foregoing.

I am very sorry that I am not a
specialist (and all who keep bees), al-
though my first earthly possession,
aside from a hand-sled, was a colony
of bees. I have sold honey bj' the ton,
and hundreds of colonies of bees and
queens. Bee-keeping has been but a
side-issue with me, so, as Dr. C. C.
Miller terms it, I. am on the " middle
gi-ound."

Can the specialist produce honey as
cheaply as the " happy-go-lucky bee-
men ?" Oh, no ! not in this region of
country. But they are the very men
that govern our home and city markets.
Many may be surprised at that, but I
can prove it by a demonstration, viz :
The Doctor says that the bees cost the
happy-go-lucky man nothing, and no
labor bestowed. Well, that is about
the truth ; yet I have known some, and
there are plenty of bee-keepers all
around me, whose apiaries run up to
100 colonies, and each has 1,000 or
1,500 pounds of honey to sell.

Look at the specialist : He h.as a
winter repository, shop, honej'-house,

hives, sections, and other necessary
fixtures, worth from $500 to $:1,000.
This, in a few j'ears, will decay ; but
our farms do not, with 100 colonies,
and with the necessary land to be oc-
cupied worth $1,000 more. Here we
have $2,000 invested in perishable
property, except the land, which will
have to be replaced once in thirty
years, or repaired to that extent. The
interest on $2,000 for one year, at 6 per
cent., is $120 ; to which add the replac-
ing of perishable fixtures once in thirty
years, which is $66.66 a year, making
a yearly expense of nearly $187.

Then add to the above, hives, sec-
tions, crates, foundation, glass, etc.,
with winter losses, a hard year's work,
and witli the anxiety in a poor season ;
and then compute what j'our honey
has cost the past two years ! Some
have put it uji to a dollar per pound.

Oran,0 N. Y.

COLORADO.

Report of tlie Colorado State
Convention.

Written for the American Bee Journal

The fifth annual meeting of the Col-
orado State Bee-Keepers' Association
was held at Denver, Colo., on Jan. 19,
1888.

The usual discussions on the best
methods of preventing bees from rob-
bing, best method of wintering bees,
foul brood, bee-diari'hea, etc., were in-
dulged in. The honey product of
Colorado was reported proportionately
larger than that of any other State the
past season. The industry of bee-keep-
ing is in a thriving condition, and is
developing rapidly.

The following officers were elected :
President, E. Milleson, of Denver ;
Vice-President, Mrs. Levi Booth, of
Denver ; Secretary, J. M. Clark, of
Denver ; Treasurer, Mrs. R. H. Rhodes,
of Arvada ; and the Executive Com-
mittee composed of Wni. Davis and
Mrs. Levi Booth. J. M. Clakk, Sec.

TRANSFERRING.

"When to Transfer Bees — Fasten,
ing Foundation, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal
- BY F. B. REYNOLDS.

1. When is the time to transfer bees
in the spring,from one hive to another?
2. When is the best time to put on
sections ?

My bees had a flight on Jan. 14, ex-
cept 7 colonies in chafT hives, such as
G. M. Doolittle describes. I have 35

colonies, some in Langstroth and some
in Quinby hives. My bees did not
gather much honey this season. I ol)-
tained about 500 finished sections, and
about the same of unfinished sections.
I am making 30 new chafi' hives. I
line the hives for winter with buck-
wheat hulls, of which I can get about
a bushel in a hive.

Fastening Foundation in Sections.

The way I fasten foundation in the
sections is, to put a dish over a small
lamp, and put in it a piece of wax ;
take a glazier's knife and dip it into the
wax, cut the starter the size wanted,
take it in the left hand, and run the
knife along on the section, then double
it up, and you have it fast.

3. We have very much sweet clover
here, our river banks being covered
with it, and also the creeks ; but my
bees do not seem to work on it much.
There is an immense quantity of it.

Rossburg, p N. Y., Jan. 16, 1888.

[1. Transfer bees in the spring,
when there is the least honey in the
frames, and in the middle of a fine,
warm day.

2. Put on the sections when the
honey-flow begins.

3. Many kinds of bee-pasturage do
fail to produce nectar in some seasons,
when the atmosphere is unfavorable to
the secretion of nectar. Sweet clover
is no exception to this. — Ed.]

BEE-CELLAR.

Space for Each Colony in the
Cellar — Temperature.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY c. P. he\w;tt.

After having a well regulated bee-
cellar with ventilators that can be
opened and closed at will, then comes
the most important point, viz : the
space that each colony should occupy.
1 find that 16 cubic feet, no more nor
no less, should be given to produce
good results.

If more space is given, the harder it
will be to keep the temperature up ;
less than that, the harder it will be to
keep it down.

Proper Temperature In Bee-Cellars

I winter my bees at a temperature of
42°, and through this cold weather I
have been able to hold the temperature
at that point. We have now had 14
days that the temperature was belo^v
zero. I have not seen this mentioned
by any writers. I consider it one of
the most important points in wintering
bees.

ntmm M'mmmi^Km mmm jommnMi^.

77

If the apiarist does not let the tem-
jierature go below 40°, oi- above 44°,
ho will not have any bee-diarihea to
icjiort ; if the hives are joroperly ven-
tilated, unless the cellar is too damp.

Kingston,© Wis., Jan. 23, 1888.

COXVEXTIOX DIRECTORY.

I ^-^s. Time and Place of MtfUnQ.

Fob. 4.— Stark County, at Canton, Ohio.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Apr. 24.— Dea Moines County, at Burlington, Iowa.
John Nau, Sec, Middletown, Iowa.

May 5.— Susquehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.
H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

C7~ In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— EB.

First Snonr.Fali, etc. — Mr. John
Boerstler, Vashon, Q Wash. Ter., on
Jan. 12, 1888, says :

The first snow fell to-day. The tein-
jierature was 9^ above zero for 3 or 4
• lays; it was very cold here for a few
.iavs.

Honey Quotations, etc. — J. S.

<!'atterson, Harvard, 9 Nob., on Jan.
:-l, 1888, writes :

I started last spring with 2 colonies,
.■secured one swarm, one absconded,
and 1 took 100 pounds of comb honey.
In conversation with a grocer a short
lime since, he said that he would pay
•• Chicago prices" for hone}' now, and
on asking how much that was, he said,
" From 5 to 7 cents perpound." Hav-
ing just received the Bee Journal
from the post-office, I showed him
where our style of houej' (we have no
white clover or basswood in this local-
ity) was quoted at 17 and 18 cents. He
realized that he was beaten, and pro-
ceeded to set forth the unreliability of
'• market reports." He affirmed that
Ids price-list so reported it to him ; but
he did not exhibit the list.

Severe "Winter — Poor Season.

— H. L. Rouse, Ionia, 6 Iowa, on Jan.
13, 1888, writes :

We are having a very severe winter,
an unusual amount of snow having
fallen already. Last night and this
forenoon the wind blew a perfect gale
from the northwest, while the ther-
mometer marked 21° below zero this
morning, and it kept at 18^ below zero
all day. It is 22o below this evening.

It does not get above zero very far
nowada3's.

I am wintering 100 colonies in chafi'
hives, and nearly one-half are com-
pletelj' buried in the snow. I com-
menced the season of 1887 with 90 col-
onies, intending to work them for ex-
tracted honey, but, alas ! when fall
came I had some experience but no
honey, or just barely enough for win-
ter stores. Thei-cfoi-e a big cipher
would represent my income from the
bees the past summer. My apiary is
not the only one in this locality "that
has failed to reward the apiarist for
his labors.

The American Bee Journal seems
better than ever in its New Year's
dres.s.

Cieansin^r Combs — Plants for
Honey — A. H. Dunlap, Aral, ?Kans.,
asks the following questions :

1. What can I do with combs full of
bees, dead from starvation ? 2. Will
the bees take tliem out if put into other
hives ? 3. Name G or 8 of the best
honey-plants, in the order of their ex-
cellence, and give a brief description
of how and when to sow, plant and
cultivate them. Such information
would be worth a great deal to us who
have a scarcit}' of natural honey-
plants.

[1. Let the bees clean them out.

2. Yes.

3. Any of the books on apiculture
will give you the information. — Ed.]

Results of tiie Season Thos. E.

Turner, Sussex,tx Wis., on Jan. lb,

1888, writes :

My 86 colonies of bees are doing
finely in the cellar, so far this winter.
The trying part of cellar-wintering I
always find to be tlie last part of Feb-
ruary and March. I have realized
about 20 cents per pound for most of
my 1,500 pounds of comb honey, and
10 cents per pound for 430 pounds of
extracted honej- — the crop of 1887. I
hope for a full crop this year, instead
of but 35 pounds per colony, for 1887 ;
but I did better than many others
around me, as some havehardlj- enough
to winter their bees.

Honey for the Liver. — W. H.

Smith, Mount Salem, Out., on Jan. 21,
1888, gives the following directions for
taking honey as a remedy for liver
trouble :

Since my letter on page 27 was pub-
lished, I have received several inquiries
as to the metlK)d of taking honey for
the liver, as mentioned in my letter.

In order to expedite matters, I con-
cluded to reply through the American
Bee Journal, and at tlie same time
give all inquirers the benefit of my re-
ply. Here it is, as practiced by my
wife, who is now a li\-ing epistle of the
virtues of honey as a liver medicine :

Take of Alsike clover or basswood
honey, as much as can be taken with-
out causing too much nausea, say every
two hours tlirough the day, until a cure
is efle'cted.

Bee.Escape for the Extraeting-
Rooni. — Albert H. Lind, Calumet
Harbor, *o Wis., on Jan. 15, 1888, says :

I commenced the season of 1887
with 4 colonies, increased them to 10
colonies, and took 143 pounds of ex-
tracted honey. As a general thing,
the honey crop of this part of Wiscon-
sin was a very poor one. My bees were
put into winter quarters on Nov. 20,
1887, and seem to be doing nicely.
The bee-room gets its ventilation
through a chimnej-. Will some one
please write an article for the Ameri-
can Bee Journal on how to make a
bee-escape for my extracting-room ?

Bees did Weil in 1§87 W. A.

Evans, Gober. ^^Tex., on Jan. 16, 1888,
writes :

Bees did well here in the season of
1887. I started with 31 colonies, in-
creased them to 66 colonies, and ob-
tained 5,000 pounds of extracted honey.

Insuring Bees in the Cellar. —

J. F. Miller, Rodman, 5 N. Y., on Jan.
23, 1888, says :

As Mr. A. C. Waldron wishes to
know about insuring bees against loss
bj- fire, I wc^uld say that I have mine
insured in the Niagara County Com-
pany, of New York City, from Nov. 1
to May 1, while they are in the cellar.

Oood Yield in Texas. — Fred F.
Rockwell, Leonard, c$ Tex., on Jan. 18,
1888, writes :

Our season the past year has been
good, my crop of lioney being about
2,200 pounds from 18 colonies, spring
count. The colony having my best
Italian queen produced nearly 300
pounds of extracted honey. In 1886,
during the drouth, I averaged 80
pounds per colony, and, strange to say,
I did not get any surplus from the
same source that I did in 1887. My
surplus the past season was from horse-
mint, cottfui and fall flowers. In 1886
the yield was from rattan, and a new
(to me) flower, analyzed by a botanist
as one of the "golden-rods."

78

Tmm MMBKICSI* BE^ JO-WRHMEf.

'■■^■^■^^^•^■^*-^*-^*-^-»

BUSINESS MANAGER.

gushicss Notices,

If Yoit Ijive near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we liave on our list.

Siinniiii!i>' Non-Swarming System will
he clubbed with the Bee Journal for one
year, both postpaid, foi' ■Sl.a5.

Beeswax.— We will pay 30 cents per

pound, delivered here, for Yellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, the name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

Preserve Your Papers for future

reference. If you have no IIINMER we

will mail you one for 00 cents; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions" for the Bee Journai.,

Please write American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to tliis office.
.Several of our letters have already gone to
another Hrm (a connnission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Money Or«lers for $5.00 and under,
cost 5 cents. As these are absolutely safe,
it will pay to get them instead of the Postal
Xotes which are payable to any one who
presents them.

Clover See«ls.— We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
perhushel; $3.25 per ijeck; 25 cents per lb.
\rhite Clover Seed : $10.00 per bushel: $2.75
per peck ; 30 cents jier lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Pliotograplis ot lSee-Iie«'pers.—

The " medley ''^gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent witli the Bee Journal for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

Tlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant SEED
at the following prices : One ounce, 40 cents;
4 ounces. $1 : % pound, $1.75 ; 1 lb., S3. One
pound of seed is sufflcieut for half an acre,
if properly thinned out and re-set.

Yncca Brushes are employed for re-
moving bees from the combs. They are a
80ft, veg-etable fiber, and do not Irritate the
bees. We can supply them at five cenis
each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if sent by mail,
odd 1 cent each for postage.

Please to get your Nelgl»bor who keeps
bef s, to also take the American Bee Journal.
It is now so CHEAP that no one can afford to
do without it.

Honey an«l Beeswax Market.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We quote : White comb, lfi@lSc. ; darlt.
13@15c. Extracted. 7<5' 10c. Market dull, but more
active demand luobed for when weather moderates.

BE B8 WAX.-2 1 @22C.

Jan. 25. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 S. Water St,

CHICAGO.

HONE Y.— Choice corab, 18c., with some fancv held
a little higher. Extracted, 7®9c. Demand light.

BBK8WAX,-22®23C. R. A. BURNETT,

Jan. 21. 161 South Water St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Beat while in 1-pound sections, 18@2uc.
Extracted, 9@10c. Demand brisk.

BEBSWAX.-22®23C.

Jan. 20. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch. Mich.

CLEVELAND.
HONEY.— Best white 1-lbs. sections sell at 19@20
cts. Extracted 7<S'^c. Demand small and supply fair
BEES W AX.— 22025C.
Dec. 15 A. C.KENDBL, 115 Ontario 8t.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white in 1-Ib. sec-
tions, 16®19c.; the same in 2-lb8., I4@i6c.: buck-
wheat 1-lbs., il®i2c.; 2-lb8.. io®no. Off grades
I@2c. per lb. less. White extracted, 8@9c. Mar-
ket dull.
BEESWAX.— 22@23c.

MCCAUL & HILDRBTH BROS.,
Jan. 20. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St,

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote: Choice white 1-lbs., 18@20o.;
dark, !R@18c.; choice white 2-lbs., 18c.; dark. 15 to
16c. Extracted, white, in 60-lb. tin cans, 9c.: in
barrels, 8c.: dark, in barrels, 5®6c. California 2-
Ib. white comb, I8c.; dark, l6c. Extracted, white,
m fiolb. cans, s®9c.: amber, 8c.

BEESWAX. -No. 1, 20c.: No. 2. 16®iec.
Dec. 19. C1>BM0N8, CLOON & CO., cor 4th &Walnut.

ST LOUIS.

HONEY.- Choice comb, I8®20c.; latter price for
choice white clover in KOOd condition. Strained,
In barrels, 5^6c. Extra fancy, and of bright color
and in No. 1 packages, M-cent advance on above.
Extracted, in bbls., ts^(*7c. ; in cans, 7 to 9 cents.
Short crop indicates further advance in prices.

BEBSWAX.— 20c. for orime.

Dec. 19. D. G. TtTTT & CO., Commercial St.

CINCINNATI
BEESWAX.— Demand is good— 2n®22c. per lb. for
HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4i<i8c. per lb.
Choice comb, lfi®2iic., in the jobbing way. De-
mand fair and supply good.
good to choice vellow. on arrival.
Jan. 24. C. F. MHTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.- We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
17®I9c.; fancy 2-lbs., 15®16c. Lower grades l@2c.
per lb. less. Buckwheat l-lbB., ll®l2o.; 2-lb8.. 10®
lie. Extracted, white. 9®inc.: buckwheat, fi®7c.

Demand has slackened some, and to make sales
we must shade ab(jve prices. About Jan. 15 we ex-
pect a more active demand.
Dec.31. F.G.STROHMEYBB&CO., 122WaterSt.

PHILADELPHIA.

HONEY.- Fancy white 1-lbs., 18®i9c.; fair 1-lbs
17c.: dark 1-Ibs. are slow sale at I4@15c.: fancy 2-
Ibs., white. 15®16c.: buckwheat fancy l-lbs., 13@14
cts.: common, 12c. Prices tend downward.

BEESWAX.-23®24c.

Dec. 11. ARTHUR TODD. 2122 N. FYont Bt.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white l-lbs., 2nc.; fair, 19@2oc.:
2-lb8.. lx®19c.; 3-lbs.. le@18c. White extracted in
kegs or half-barrels, 94f399Cc.: in pails or cans. 9^
toioc: amber, in ^.-barrels, 9Vi®9^c.; dark in kegs
and barrels. 7®7^c. Demand good, supply fair.

BBBSWAX.-22®2.=.c.

Dec. 15. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- We miote : White to extra, I3@i8c.i
amber, 12@'6c. Extracted, white liquid, 7® 8c.;
amber and candied, 6W®7c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.— 2U®24C.

Jan. 14. 8CHACHT & LBMCKH, 122-124 Davis St.

BOSTON.

HONBY.— We quote : Mb. sections, lG@17o.; 2-
Ib. sections, 14® 15c. Extracted, 8®9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.- 25 cts. per lb.

Jan. 12. Blakk & Ripley. 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : Choice white 2-lb. sections,
17®l8c.; dark 2-lb8, l4®15c.; choice white l-lbs., 18 to
20 cts.; dark I-lbs., 15®l6c. White extracted, 7®8c.;
dark, .'igfic. Demand is light.

BBE8WAX.-21 to 22c.

Jan. 10. HAMBLIN & BBARSS, 514 Walnut St.

DENVER,

HONEY.— Best white I-lb. sections. 19®20c.; 2-lb.
sections, I6@i8c. Extracted, finest grade, 12^^c.;
dark. H(s9c.

BBESWAX.-20®23c.

Jan. 16. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth 8t.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote: White comb, 17®19c.; am-
ber, 121<j®15c. Light amber to white extracted,
7^@«c.; amber, dark and candied, 65i®7^c. Mar-
ket firm and stocks light.

BBBSWAX.-22@23C.

Dec. 12. O. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Front St.

■^Ve Club the American Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices (juoted in the I.-AS'I''
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price of both. Club

The American Bee Journal 1 00

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150 140

The Apiculturist 2 00.... 1 80

Canadian Bee Journal 200 ... 180

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 90 — 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25... 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman) ... 2 00 — 1 75
BiDderfor Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60.... 150
Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth). . .3 00. . . . 2 00
Root's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25. . . . 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 GO 2 20

Simmins' Non-Swarming . ...150 125

Western World Guide 150... 1 30

Heddon'8 book, "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Tear Among the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 150.... 1.30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00. . . . 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00 ... 190

Cabbage and Celery 125 — 115

How to Propagate Fruit 150 125

History of National Society..! 50 — 125

A MACHINE for putting together 1-pieoe
Sections. It will pay for itself in one
day's use. No bee-keeper can afford to be
without one. Price, $2.50. Send to your
Supply Dealer, or to

IVAKEinAN & CROCKER,

LOCKPORT, Niagara Co., N. T.
t^~ Correspondence with Supply Dealers
Solicited. 5A26t

Mention the American Bee Journal.

COMB FOUNDATION MOLDS, $3-75

Langstroth Size. (See page 23.) Address,
5Ait OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Iowa.

FOR SALE.

31 HORSE-POWER Upright Engine and
2 Boiler, with 3 Pulleys, 2 Beits and 16-foot
Shaft, Only in use two seasons. Almost as
good as new : with valves, cocks, steam-gauge,
20-foot smoke-stack and Hancock's injector.
All completed. Will take S160 cash, on board
the cars at Knoxville, Iowa. Cost when new,
$237.50. For particulars enquire of

J. TV. BITTENRENOER,
IDtf KNOXVILLE, IOWA.

^aeniionthe American Hee journal.

NOTICE.

BEE-HIVES and SUPPLIES,

SECTIONS, T • Tin Cases and Shipping-
Crates, Bee - Smokers and Metal Corners,
Honey-Extractors and Honey-Knives.
|PB~ Send for Price- List.

B. J. ITIIL,I.ER & CO.,
49D4t NAPPANEE, INDIANA.

SUPPLY DEALERS

AND OTHERS should write to me for
Speciai, Prices on BEE - SlIPPIilES

for this tall and winter,
(pg" A heavy DlBeount allowed.

Address, A.. IF. ST.A-"0T:F"E:I^.,
44Dtf STERLING, ILLINOIS.

Ok ■ M Burs our DAISY HARNESS, worth at retail *.)!;
IPIPssut to enamine anj return at our ex- OiJ'J
\|h peuae Catalogue flee. CHICAGO HAR«tS« CO .
V I U Wholesale Mtg., 375 Wabath Ave., Ohlcago, lU.

Tmm mwrnrnmiGMM mmm j@wmnmiL.

83

THOS. G. NEWMAN fo SON, ,

XU09IAS €S. IVK^VjVIAUT,

EmTOK.

VoLXEV, FeU.MS

No. 6.

An Illii.sli'ated Arli<-le,giviiig some
historical facts about bee-feeders, may be
expected in next weelf's issue. It covers a
period of over 30 years, and shows the many
progressive steps in that direction.

While tlic NorlliT»^est has been
free/.inij;, with the thermometer ranging at
50' to 60° below zero forseveral weeks— now,
the reports are that it is from 50' to 00°
above in Missouri, Nebraska, and Kansas,
and that bees are sporting in tlie balmy air.
Oh ! how cliangeable !

ConventioMs.— This week we give up
most of our space to the proceedings of
three conventions. There are many good
points brought out in them, and these re-
ports will repay a careful perusal. Some of
the essays will appear later, as we can find
room for them. In next week's issue we
shall give a report of the New York State
Convention.

■f the Oround Hog: came out of his
hole on Candlemas-day (Feb. 2) in this
locality he could not have seen his
"shadow," and therefore as that "saw"
goes, he came out to stay, and we are to
have an early spring. We are therefore to
be saved from six weeks more of cold
weather, which it is claimed would have
ensued had the ground hog seen his shadow
and gone back into his liole for 40 days.

Xhe »cfs are liTinteringr W^ell

80 far, but it is early yet to prognosticate
with safety. One correspondent expresses
himself in this cautious manner :

So far our bees are "wintering splen-
didly," but we must not anticipate the story
that may be told next April.

]<<■«■!« SViiitfi-in;:' in ISox-IIivfs. —

The question is olleii asked why bees in
box-hives fare beUer in winter than those
in frame hives. As a rule they do nut fare
better; there are S(mie cases reported sim-
ilar to the lollowini;, wliii-h comes from Mr.
S. P. Stone, of Holly, Mich. :

In 18.19, in a town ailjoinini:, a swarm of
bees was put into a hive, the inside measure
of whicti is It; inches square and '23 inches
liiyh. The entrance i" 4 inches long anil ;.>'
an inch high. One-liiird fronitue boltoni is
four J^ incli holes, side by side; one-half
■' way U(), is one ,'.j-iueh hole, ;inil in the tup
is a 3 inch anner hole, to admit Ihe bees to
a box lor surplus. A board is laid over llie
hole when the box i^ otf. ll stands out-of-
doors, withciut prnteetiiin of any kind, has
never been niiived, lius yearly c;ist fiiiiu 3 to
5 swarms, and is in good condition ; yet
they are native black bees! Mr. Editor,
can you tell us why they have thus lived
and prospered, while others have perished ?

Can we tell what caused the epizootic ?
Can we determine wliy yellow fever spreads
over a Continent ? Can we give the reason
for the extreme prevalence of typhoid fever
at the' present time? These often take
possession of a locality, or even a single
family, and those on another street or
other localities, are not alTected by it !

Can we tell " why these bees liave lived
and prospered while many others have per-
ished ?" No. We can "guess" at it— but
no one can " tell " with certainty.

A correspondent wrote us as follows
some time ago :

One of our neighbors in the fall had 84
colonies of bees in bux-hives ; but all were
dead in the spring hut one, and that one
was strong, and comineneed to swarm early.
In the next fall he had iJJ colimies in bnx-
hives, and again lost all hut the same one,
and that cast a laige swarm in the folluwing
May. In the latter box hive tlie combs are

built from each corner to the centre, as
shown in the engraving. I know of several
instances very similar to the above.

Now, may not this instance serve to
illustrate the matter, and help to solve the
mystery ? Perhaps the box-hive mentioned
by Mr. Stone has combs built in a similar
manner — fully protected from the winter's
cold — thereby saving the lives of the bees
during our long and tedious winters !

At least we shall guess that it has, and
offer this as our answer to the question.

■We are Sorry to learn that Mr. J.
Vandervort, of Laceyville, Pa., inventor of
foundation mills, has suffered loss by lire.

Wlior«- Nliall it be?— Many are
anxious to know where the next Interna-
tional Convention is to be held. Mr. K. R.
Kyan, ex-President of the Nebraska Bee-
Keepers' Association, writes thus about it :

I would like to have the National Conven-
tion held, it possible, at Columbus, Ohio.
Then we could take in the "Centennial,"
the National Ite-union of the G. A. K., and
the Bee Keepers' Convention. If nothing
happens hits of the "old boys" will be on
hand. Hates will be low, the attendance
large, and a grand good time may be ex-
pected in all tue departments.

So far the votes have been about equally
divided between Columbus and Cincinnati.
Let the rest of the "votes" be sent iu at
once, so that the matter may be decided as
soou as possible.

K..ive a» ■..ong' as Siieep and

Hens.— As another example of the ignor-
ant "scribbling" of those who write for the
daily press, we may cite the following from
the New York Ledger :

The scientillc culture of bee-breeding and
honey-making is leading to interesting dis-
coveries with regard to honey-bees. Ac-
cording to the reports of experts, queen-
bees live as long as sheep and hens, and
have marked distinctions of disposition and
cliaracter, which they so vigorously trans-
mit to their oUspring that the introduction
of a new queen into a hive will change the
character ot the entire swarm in a few
months. The queen lays all the eggs from
which the hees in a hive are hatched, and
they take their ruling qualities from her.
Hence some swarms are industrious, while
others are lazy ; some are good-natured,
while others are ill-tempered, and so on.
As soon as it is found that a queen's progeny
are of an undesirable kind, she is killed by
the bee breeder, and another queen put in
her place.

Just fancy a queen-bee living as long as
a hen or sheep. It is now even questioned
whether a queen should not be superseded
after the first year of her existence !

Mr. F. A. Lockhart, of Lake George, N.
Y., who sent the "item "from the Ledger,
comments upon it in these words :

I have seen sheep 12 years old, and hens
14 years old. I never had a queen-bee that
lived to be of that asre. I do not know
where the New York Ledyer got its report
of experts from. Perhaps where they live,
sheep and hens do not live to be very old.
I think the experts had better learn a little
moie about queeu-bees, sheep and hens be-
fore they compare their ages.

'Warm W^eatlier is reported by sev-
eral in the Northwest, but the following
from Mr. John Blodget, of Flag Springs,
Mo., written on Jan. 31, 1888, seems to carry
otf the palm, at 90= iu the sun. Hesays :

Mybeeshad a fine flight on Jan. 29, 30,
and 31. It is very warm ; the mercury
stiindingat90° in the sun, and .50° in the
shade. My bees are all alive and healthy.
I never saw so few dead bees on the bottom
of the hives. I could hold all of the dead
bees in my hand. They speckled the snow
averyliltle indeed tor so long a confine-
ment. I like the chaff packing very much.

l^'e-w' Sul>.«cribcrs can obtain the full
numbers for I8S7 and 188S, for SI. 75. while
there are any sets of 1887 left.

84

T'M® MBfflJ^'MieMH MMM JQiTSmMMJU.

•■'■^'■^^^'■^'■i

Poiisoning' llie llees.— Under this
headiug, on page 803, of our Issue for Dec.
21, 1887, we referred to a malicious article
in tlie Atlantic, Iowa, Messerujer, advising
grape-growers to poison the bees in tlieir
localities.

It also asserted that " the grape-raising
industry has been almost entirely Ijilled
out in Ohio, by this nuisance." This we
stated wa3 a malicious falsehood, and as-
serted that the author of it was either
ludicrously ignorant.or a willfully malicious
slanderer !

Mr. W. M. Bombarger, of Harlan, Iowa, a
member of the Iowa Horticultural Society,
and a fruit-grower, has written to the Iowa
Homestead, of Des Moines, a further re-
futation, stating that the article in tlie Mcs-
senrjer should " receive the condemnation
of the intelligent grape and fruit grower of
the State which it misrepresents." Mr.
Bombarger fuither says :

That the grape raising industry in Ohio
has been killed out by honey-bees or api-
arists following their harmless pursuit, I
assert is false, whether the assertion be
made maliciously or ignorantly, and is
proven so by the report of the commissioner
of agriculture for 1886, page 116, where,
commenting on " The shrinkage of yield in
Ohio," he reports as follows : "The shrink-
age of grapes in 1881, 1883 and 1885 was due
principally to three facts which cannot be
separated— rot, mildew, and the effect of
the previous severe winter."

On page 117, is a table showing the
shrinkage to be from 27,503,000 pounds in
1883 to 9,043,316 pounds in 1885.

As to any such devastation to grape crops
made by honey-bees in Illinois, I have not
in my annual excursions through horticul-
tural reports, newspapers or bee-papers got
the least hint, but have found that grape
crops have suffered there of late years from
the same cause as in Ohio. I would like
very much to have the Messenger send me
some of these papers and names of parties
sustaining the loss.

The third paragraph of the above reads
very much to me as if the writer does not
know what he is talking about. If bees
could pierce the grape skin they would not
leave it any more than a child would nine
sticks of candy to spoil in a package after
taking one from it.

Close observation and repeated experi-
ments show us that bees do not puncture
grapes, but help themselves only to such
fruit as is burst by weather or over-ripeness
or punctured by hornets, wasps, or torn
open by poultry and birds. I think if the
writer watches closely another season he
will find that birds do the work, and after
they mangle the bunches the bees suck out
the juices from the broken husks which he
can make no possible use of.

Since he speaks of rot, it may be Phoma
WlcolaciT black-rot, as described on page
115 and 110 of the report above mentioned.
It places our portion of the State in the
black-rot district.

I regard the honey-bee as one of ray very
best friends in grape and small fruit culture,
and keep a small apiary in my smaller vine-
yard, which is so located that the palh of
the bees in the air to their best pasturage
during the blossoming season is over my
larger vineyard.

I find the bees so valuable in fertilizing
fruit bloom that I not only encourage my

neighbors to keep them, but intend doub-
ling my stock in the near future. Their
value is greatest whenever we have cool,
wet weather during the fruit-bloom, and
the winds cannot carry the pollen in dust
form from flower to flower.

As to this writer's statement that grapes
are worth more than bees, I disagree. I
have harvested S36 worth of honey from
3 colonies, and over $20 from one yolony of
bees in one season, and left plenty of honey
for wintering. I have generally found an
off honey year a good grape year, and -vice
versa ; and think grape growing and bee-
keeping can be worked profitably together.
I harvested nearly 1,000 pounds from my
apiary vineyard this year. I found bees on
a few bunches that jays and thrush had
mangled. One need not be stung by these
if after cutting off bunches, and while hold-
ing the stem between the thumb and finger
he carefully, with grape shears in his other
hand, clips off mangled grapes and lets the
same fall with the bees thereon upon the
ground.

I have had much trouble with jays and
brown-thrush destroying my grapes. But
since they are so successful in the destruc-
tion of injurious insects, I think it inhuman
to shoot them. There are many though
that do so. 1 have found that the report of
a gun will keep them away; and further,
that fire crackers, that are less expensive,
if properly used will answer the purpose.
It is no trouble to hire small boys, and
cheap, too, to walk up and flown grape
rows, loaded with fruit, and fire them off.
If you repeat this several times a day it is
all'that is necessary. By careful observa-
tion of the habits of the birds you can soon
tell how often to fire them off. A small
patch of grapes near a house can be pro-
tected from birds by one's family by the
same means. If you have children it will
be their delight. And it is well for work-
men and pickers in vineyards to carry them,
and when they see a bird among the vines
to fling and explode a fire cracker beneath it.

A cannon fire cracker exploded in the
midst of aflock of jays does pretty effectual
work. I would advise our friend above to
have his faiuilv ki^ep the birds away from
his grapes, and not try to poison the bees,
that want to take a little pay for pollenizing
our flowers, in sipping up the sweet juices
of mangled bunches that he can make no
possible use of, and which are in that con-
dition because he has not kept birds away
from his vines. W. M. Bombaroer.

Here is the testimony of a fruit-grower in
the matter of the value of bees to grapes,
which we commend to the careful perusal
of all the enemies of bee-culture.

Xlie Honoy Marliet is thus de-
scribed by R. A. Burnett, of Chicago :

Prices are lower than during November
and December, and sales much lighter. It
may be that the extreme cold weather of
January has checked the demand, but the
offerings are becoming heavier ; and many
commission houses, that during the fall
months had no honey, now have several
consiiinments which they are trying to dis-
pose of on easy terms, if they find buyers.

Sorgliimi.— Now that sorghum is once
more attracting the attention of farmers
throughout the cotmtry, and has this time
apparently come to stay, it is well to know
that the Sorghum Hand Book, a valuable
treatise on the cultivation and manufacture
of sorghum, niaj he had free of charge on
application to the BIymyer Iron Works Co.,
Cincinnati, Ohio.

llomoy Trusts. —The daily papers are
determined to have a " honey trust" some-
where. One day it is said to be formed in
New York ; then it is Chicago, which is to
have it ; then Boston. Each city paper
palms it off on " the other fellow." The
Boston Record of Jan. 17, gives this humor-
ous and very unfair sketch of the " trust :"

The New York bee-keepers propose to
form a "trust," nominally to regulate the
size of the comb to be produced, but really
to control the market.

When this honey trust is formed there
ought to be some way found to get it to boy-
cott glucose, and allow the bees to feed
upon clover and other wild flowers. Dame
Nature formed a honey "trust" a great
many years ago, and the modern bee-keeper
has been industriously at work to nullify its
main provisions. The honey of the markets
to-day bears less resemblance to the white
clover honey made by the few colonies of
bees it was the fashion for every farmer to
keep a half century ago, than oleomar-
garine does to the butter our mothers pro-
duced with the old "dash" churn. It used
to be-
How doth the little busy bee
Improve each shining hour,
And gather honey all the day
From every opening flower.

Now, however, under the directions of
bee-trusts, that little type of industry is
gorged with glucose, and forced to produce
an article whose chief resemblance to the
rich and delicifiMS comb taken from the stray
hives of old is its form.

What a happy day it will be for America
when it can be said that the atmosphere of
this free and enlightened country is too
rarifled for trusts. Trusts are the glucose
of business.

It would be a happy day for America if
the unprincipled " scribblers for the press "
found the air too rarifled to permit their ex-
istence ! In lying, and writing "scientific
pleasantries," they seem to revel, no matter
what pursuit is injured, or who may be
ruined !

There is no truth in the " Honey Trust "
matter, and we trust that these scribblers
will now turn their villainous attention to
something else. If they must write such
stuff, give some other pursuit a twirl ! and
Give us a Rest !

Ki-ainer Bees.— S. W. Morrison, M.
D., Oxford, Pa., sends us the following
"History of Krainer Bees in the United

States :"

I find that Carniolans were first known
here as "Krainer bees," and that in 1879, a
consignment of twelve queens laht-led
" Cyprians," reached A. J. King in New
York, for some person with a German
name in Iowa. These were not Cyprians,
but Carniolans, as the shipper afterward
confessed ; the Iowa party probably thinks
to this day he had Cyprians. 1 wnuld like
to have his name and address. Does any
one know of an earlier importation of
Krainer or Carniolan bees ?

A M«Mleru Kee-Farni. and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

's-mm jsMERiC'^tF* mmm j^wmnmi*.

85

PROTECTING HIVES FROM
HEAT, AXn COOL. NICiHTS.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 513.— Will an outer shell, or cap, to
protect the sectioa-case from the sua and
cool nights, pay for the extra expense and
labor, with a section-6ase made of ?8-lnch
lumber?— New York.

Yes.^J. P. H. Shown.

No. — A. B. Mason.

Yes. — M. Mahin.

No. — Eugene Secor.

Yes. — J. M. Hambaugh.

No. I have u.sed such thin cases,
and the bees worked well in them ; but
perhaps the nights here are not as cool
as in New York. — G. L. Tinker.

I think not. I consider it a waste
of material to make them. — J. M.
Shuck.

I have never been able to discover
any advantage in such a shell. — R. L.
Taylor.

No. A case made of |-iuch lumber,
and painted, is all that is necessary.
Use shade-boards in hot weather. — C.

H. DiBBERN.

For the purpose mentioned, no.
But you will need a cap before it is
desirable to put the case on, and fre-
quently after it is taken oft'. — Mrs. L.
Harrison.

I think it might ; but I prefer a su-
per made of |-inch lumber. — C. C.
Miller.

I think it will ; at least it pays me
in this locality to use an outer case to
protect the sections. — H. D. Cutting.

Yes ; for you can use it for years,
and it will be of advantage when the
sections are taken away for feeding or
for packing absorbents. — Dadant &
Son.

I think it will pay well. I should
prefer thicker lumber in the section-
cases, if no outer case was to be used.
—J. E. Pond.

It might be an advantage in cool
nights, but it would be no protection
against the sua. — W. Z. Hutchinson.

I decidedly think not Such ah ar-
rangement is in the way of a handy
tiering-up system, and really does no
good if it was free from other objec-
tions.— G. W. Demaree.

I doubt if it is of any use at all. I
want no such cap. Just the section-
case covered with a plain board. — A.
J. Cook.

I should say not. I do not know
just the climate of all parts of New

York, Init in this locality, latitude 42°
(no mountains), we use and prefer
from i to I of an inch, and an outer
cap is a positive injury, as we know
from repeated ('x])eriments. A shade-
Ijoard is always worth ten times its
cost of construction and manipulation.
— James Heddon.

I think so, but many do not seem to
think tliat waj'. As I use wide frames,
I consider a cap a necessity. — G. M.
Doolittle.

A plain board for shade against the
rays of the sun would be preferable.
It is very doubtful if the " shell " would
pay for the cost. — The Editor.

DIMEIVSIOIMS OF HIVE AND
NlJJflBER OF FRAMES.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 514.— 1. What number of square
inches of comb-surface should there be in a
hive ? 2. What distance should brood-frames
be from centre to centre, the end pieces being
li of an inch, and the top-bars 1 inch ? 3.
What are the inside dimensions of the frame
you use ? 4. What number of frames in each
hive do you use ?— Maryland.

1. That depends upon many circum-
stances. 2. One and f inches. — W. Z.
Hutchinson.

1. Not less than 2,500. 2. They will
work well if but 1] inches. 3. Eight
and J by 16|^ inches. 4. Eight, but
prefer ten. — A. B. Mason.

2. One and J inches. 3. The stan-
dard Langstroth frame. 4. Eight for
comb honey. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

2. From 1| to l.\ from centre to cen-
tre. 3. Nine by 13J inches. 4. Nine
frames. — H. D. Cutting.

1. From 1.500 to 1,800. 2. As near
1 7-lt) inches as you can get them. 3.
Inside, 16|x8f inches. 4. Eight to 12,
depending. — J. P. H. Brown.

1. A hive too large one season may
be too small the next. 2. A little less
than IJ inches. 3. Nine and J by 11^
inches. 4. Eleven usually ; but I have
hives as small as 7, and as large as 15.
— M. Mahin.

1. That will depend much vipon the
construction of the hive, and the man-
ner in which it is to be used. 2. One
and s inches. 3. The brood-frame I
shall use hereafter has about the same
capacity as the Gallup frame, but it is
not so deep. 4. Eight frames. — G. L.
Tinker.

1. It depends upon circumstances,
and what you are working for. 2. One
and i inches, or slightly less. 3. I use
several sizes, but prefer the Langstroth
frame. 4. For comb honej' and cellar
wintering, I prefer 8 frames, and often
contract the latter to 6, when hiving
prime swarms. — Eugene Secor.

1. From 2,880 to 3,000, if you meas-
ure both sides. We use still larger
hives, and prefer them. 2. We prefer
IJ inches. 3. Ten and ', by 18 inches,
old Qui n by style. 4. Nine frames and
two division-boards. — Dadant & Son.

I use the 8-frame Langstroth, and
the 12-frame Gallup hives. The dis-
tance from the centre maj- vary a
little — about li inches. I use break-
joint honej-boards. I have a few of
the new Heddon hives. — A. J. Cook.

I use mjself, and consider the ordi-
nary Langstroth hive 14] inches wide,
inside, and holding 10 frames evenly
spaced. The inside dimensions of my
frames are 8.}xl7, outside 17|x9J. The
top-bar is lOj inches long outside. — J.
E. Pond.

1. A hive should be capable of hold-
ing from 8 to 10 square feet of comb.

2. One and -;; inches, or a little less,
without reference to the size of the top-
bars and end pieces. 3. I use frames
17Jx4J inches, inside, and others
16jx8.i inside. 4. Sixteen of the former
and 8 of the latter. — R. L. Taylor.

1. Perhaps from 10 to 16 square
feet, varying at difterent times of the
year. 2. One and } to If ; no matter
about the width of the top or end-bar.

3. About 17Jx8g- inches, but I should
rather have the Standard Langstroth
hive. 4. From 4 to 8, according to
the time. — C. C. Miller.

After long experience and many ex-
periments, I have adopted a hive con-
taining about 1,700 cubic inches, and
think that about right for producing
comb honey. 2. Frames should be If
inches apart from centre to centre. 3.
The inside, or comb measure of frames
in my new hive, is 6x20 inches, and I
use 10 frames to a hive. — C. H. Dib-

BERN.

1. I use a bi'ood-chamber containing
1,500 cubic inches, or near that. 2. I
use them 11 inches apart. 3. Ten and
J b}' 10:| inches square. 4. Nine, ex-
cept with new swarms ; with these I
use only from 5 to 6. — G.M.Doolittle.

1. I use 10-fi'ame Simplicity hives at
my home apiary. Single body 2,600
cubic inches. In my apiary aljroad, I
use the 10-frame Quinby, a la Dadant,
hives. Single body 3,600 cubic inches.
2. Frames spaced l.V inches from cen-
tre to centre. Inside dimensions of
the Simplicity frame, 16^x8 inches. Of
the Quinby frame, 17J-xl0j inches. All
of my frames are cut ^ of an inch
thick. In the Quinby, the dimensions
are made for eleven frames, a division-
board to occupy the space of one. — J.
M. Hambaugh.

1. The Standard Langstroth frame
contains 140 scjuare inches of comb.
Ten frames would give 1,400 square
inches of comb. By employing divi-

86

TWM Mm^WMlGMM M'MM J@i'PRf*MX.

sion-boards you can use from 1 to 10
frames in the hive to suit the size of
the colony. 2. One and f from centre
to centre of the to])-l)ars. 3. Frames
are gauged from the, outside, to make
tliem uniform in size. I use the Stan-
dard Langstroth frame, whicli is
17|x9J inches, outside measurement.
4. Just as many frames as tlie size and
strength of the colony demands ;
usually ten in the heated part of the
season- — G. W. Demaree.

My frames are of the Langstroth
size, and present about 288 square
inches of comb surface each. Eight
frames to the hive gives me 2,264
square- inches. Before storage begins
I slip in another frame, making about
2,500 square inches of comb surface.
This extra frame increases the .strength
of the colony and lessens the empty
space in the brood-chamber at the
same time. — J. M. Shuck.

1. We have used extensively and
prefer a solid brood-chamber of the
following capacity and shape : Ten
inches deep, 111 inches wide, and 18J
inches long, inside measurement. In
this we use 8 Standard Langstroth
combs in suspended frames. This size
and shape is not always the best for
all purposes, and at all times ; but as a
compromise for all purposes and all
times, we would not change it in the
least. In my patented divisible brood-
chamber hive new functions and re-
sults ap))ear, and another capacity is
])referable. We keep the length and
width of the frames the same, and the
combs the same distance from centre
to centre. The combs are little longer,
however, because the frames are tight-
fitting in the cases. As the brood-
chamber is horizontally divisible, and
the halves practically interchangeable,
there are two sets of 8 frames, each
frame containing a comb 5 inches
deep, and this brood-chamber is of the
capacity of the 10-frame Langstroth
hive, and from it we realize the advan-
tages of both large and small, and
shallow and deep brood-chambers.
Now, our friend can make figures
which will make my answer complete.
— James Heddon.

1. The "times and seasons" control
the amount of comb surface in' a well
regulated hive. 2. The space between
the brood-frames should be a little less
than IJ inches from centre to centre.
3. I have used several sizes and kinds,
but prefer the Standard Langstroth
hive. 4. It contains 10 frames, but
their use depends upon many condi-
tions and circumstances. — TheEditor.

OHIO APIARISTS.

Fiflli Aiiiiual Convention of the
Ohio Bee-Kceperii.

Wrttttn for the American Bee Journal
BY FKANK A. EATON.

I>ook Over last year's numbers of the
Bee Journal, and if any are missing,
send for them at once, as we liave but few
left now, and they are dailj' becoming less.

The convention was held at Colum-
bus, O., on Jan. 10 and 11, 1888, and
opened at 9 a.m.. President E. R. Root
in the chair.

After the routine business of reading
the report of the last meeting, and the
reports of the oflicers, tlie first topic
was announced for disfcussion. viz :

Bee-Conveulioiiiii, How to ITlake Iheni

a Siicve»i»<9 siiitl their Value to

JBee-Keepersa

A. I. Root — It pays to hold and at-
tend conventions. It has been hai'd
work to get me out. I owe a debt of
gratitude to Prof. Cook and others, for
gelling me starled ; it does me good,
ind 1 am thankful that I have been in-
duced to attend conventions. I learned
of a new 5-cent comb-honey package
at Manistee, by going to the Mi<!higan
convention, and getting out among
folks last month. He spoke of the
joint meeting of the horticulturists and
bee-keepers of Michigan ; of a two
hours' address by a Professor — but
when it came to the bee-keepers' time,
they were up and alive, speaking
briefly and to the point, and they had
lots of intelligent fun.

Dr. Mason — It does not pay me in
dollars and cents, for we can get the
best thoughts and the valuable sug-
gestions of our best men who attend
the conventions, in the published re-
ports of the meetings, but it pays
socially.

Dr. Besse — It pays me by learning
of new appliances, getting new ideas,
mental culture, etc. I have got luy
pay already, and the convention has
only just started.

H. R. Board man — It pays the spe-
cialist financially, and always paj's all
socially.

N. Hutches — It has paid me well. I
have kept bees 49 years, but I used to
kei'p them in the old "box" and
"gum" hives, but from attending
conventions I have learned of bee-
periodicals, and all that I know about
keeping bees in the right way. I have
40 colonies in good condition ; three
years ago 1 cleared $300.

Dr. Tinker — I feel that it pays, and
that these gatherings are of value and
interest to the bee-keeping fraternity.

The general impression was, that it
paid to attend conventions, and that
those depending upon the published
reports lost a great deal.

Dr. G. L. Tinker, of New Philadel-
])hia, O., then read the following essay:

'jriie;Sec'tiouaI Krood-riiaiuber, and Its
Advantages.

If it had been announced that I was
to discuss the advantages of sectional
hives, we should be dealing with a
practical subject, one with which ever}'
bee-keeper in the land should be
familiar. But the subject in hand is
one in sore need of discussion, since,
for some cause, vevy little has appeared
in our bee-periodicals to enlighten us
concerning it.

My first season's experience with
sectional brood-chambers seemed very
favorable. It happened to be an ex-
traordinary season with us, and any
hive with good m.anagement would
have made a fair record. The past
season was not a good one, and the
defects of the new hive were apparent
in many things. As compared with
the Simplicity hives, of which I had
seven in use, they were a marked
failure. The bees in the Simplicity
hives of my neighbors also did better.
They not only had more bees all
through the season, but had more sur-
plus, and stored enough for winter,
while the bees in the sectional brood-
chambers had to be fed for winter.

I am reluctantly compelled to make
this confession, partly because of my
own disappointment in these hives,
and partly because of the kindly feel-
ing I entertained for the inventor.

I will give in detail mj' experience
with the sectional biood-chamber, and
my reasons for abandoning it. In the
first place, the horizontal half of a
brood-chamber is too small for a
swarm, too small for a colonj' in the
fall, and too small for wintering. It is
too small for a swarm, since, with a
queen-excluding honey-board, the bees
will store much pollen in the surplus
sections, and soon dwindle down to the
size of a good nucleus. It is too small
in the fall, since the bees are limited
in space for stores and brood, and be-
come too weak in numbers to winter
to the best advantage. It is too small
for wintering, since it will not contain
sutficient stores to winter the colony
and make a respectable start in brood-
rearing in the spring.

Thus it will be seen that one of the
cases of such a hive, by itself, is of no
value in the hands of the practical
honey-producer. It is requiied that
both parts of the brood-chamber be
used together to make any thing like
a success of it. But if they are so
used, the following difiicullies arise :
In the spring, the colony breeds up
slowly, and without much attention
will not get ready for the harvest.
When at last it does get ready, if the
honey-flow is extra good, the bees pro-
ceed to fill up the horizontal space

Tmm mjmMmi€MM mmw j^wmmmiu^.

87

witli biace-fombs, and fill in with
honey. The bee-keeper now thinks of
interchanging the sections and bringing
the brood to the top, bnt finds a strong
lever is reijuired to pry the hives apart.
He quickly finds he can neither inter-
change the jjarts nor close the hives
without killing hundreds of bees. They
pile upon the broken sui-faces, and a
smoker is required in order to cut
away the honey.

If robbers are troublesome, it be-
comes a serious matter, and the bee-
keeper soon gives up the intei-chang-
ing business as a bad job. It seems
that bees do not build brace-combs to
the same extent between whole brood-
chambers, tiered one upon the other,
as between these shallow cases. After
all, there is no advantage from inter-
changing the sectional parts, since the
bees will carry the brood upward and
breed just as rapidly where no inter-
changing is done, as where it is. As
the season advances, the bees put all
the honey, or nearly all, in the upper
case, so that the whole brood-chamber
is required for winter.

The "shake-out" function is a good
deal easier to talk about than to carry
out in practice. With black bees and
a little smoking it may be done, as it
does not take much shaking to get
them out. With Italians, Syrians and
Cyprians, it is a very difficult matter,
and the bee-keeper is easily persuaded
not to ti-y it again, r^ ; i ]

Finally, sectional bi'ood-chanibers
are objectionable because of the extra
expense of so much rigging for the
amount of honey they contain, and
there are no advantages to compensate
for the extra cost.

The sectional, or storifying hive, will
be the hive of the future. By this I
do not mean a hive with a sectional
brood-chamber, for one of the parts of
such a hive is only half as large as the
standard brood-chamber, whose ca-
pacity, as fixed by Fathers Langstroth
and Quinby, is 2,000 cubic inches of
space, which will contain, in suspended
brood-frames, about 1,.350 square
inches of comb. I have already shown
that the half of such a brood-chamber
is too small to be of any practical use
by itself. Nothing less tlian a capacity
for 800 square inches of brood-comb
is deserving the name of brood-cham-
ber, and such a one may be success-
fully used. I mean instead, a hive
made up of two, three, or more brood-
chambers tiered up one upon the other,
or, as our English brethren term it,
" storified." As this lattei- term is
more elegant and expressive, I shall
u.se it.

"Storifying hives" have many ad-
vantages over other kinds of hives. I
have no doubt that the popularity of
the Simplicity hives is due more to

this one feature than any other. We
have had them in use in this country
for many years, but it is only within
the last few jears that we have fully
apj)reciated this admirable function.
It is highly significant that our Eng-
lish friends are placing so much stress
upon this point. Of late they have
given no premiums to any but storify-
ing hives.

In this connection I have but one
suggestion to make, and I have done.
It is, that, if the Simplicity hives were
cut down to take a 7-inch brood-cham-
ber, it would be nearly perfect as a
storifying hive. It would then be just
right for a swarm with a ()ueen-ex-
cluding honey-board ; it would be just
right for wintering, and it could be
" storified " at any time in the work-
ing season, to make a large hive ac-
cording to the necessities of the bee-
keeper. Dr. G. L. Tinker.

H. R. Boarmau — I have made and
used sections and supers 5 inches deep
before I ever heard of such things.

A. I. Root spoke of queens laying in
a circle, and thought that deeper
frames like the Langstroth, were more
desirable than sectional ones, on that
account.

H. R. Boardmau — I have known a
cross-bar in the centre of a comb, to
stop the queen from laying on the
opposite side. I cannot look favorably
upon the sectional hive ; perhaps from
prejudice, but I think not.

The Secretary — I used a sectional
hive la.st season, but I find enough dis-
advantages to deter me from changing
the present mode for it.

E. R. Root — What about the thumb-
screws ? Is there not a difficulty in
the manipulation of frames ?

Dr. Tinker — I find no trouble to
manipulate Heddon's frames, after
getting the first one out ; but, fre-
quently, that is quite difficult.

Dr. Mason — I do not think that the
sectional brood-chamber is a practical
success. I like to have my frames so
that I can lift them out and look at
them. What are the advantages of
reversing ?

Dr. Tinker — Th<; only advantage of
reversing, is to get the frames tilled
with comb ; if not tilled, queen-cells
will be built at the bottom, during
swarming time ; liut if filled, they will
be built along the centre.

E. R. Root — I think it quite an ad-
vantage to have full frames of comb.

A. S. Goodrich — I have had experi-
ence with full frames ; used wired
frames, and let the foundation come
to the bottom-bar.

H. R. Boardmau — Comb fastened at
the sides, is sufficient for extracting.

A. S. Goodrich — If three sides fast-
ened, make the combs quite secure,

will not four sides fastened make them
more so ?

Dr. Tinker — I like to have the combs
fastened to the bottom-bar nearly the
whole length, leaving holes enough for
the bees to crawl through.

G. R. Morris — When the foundation
is fastened to the bottom-bar, the bees
cut it out.

H. R. Hoardnian — I do not want
combs fasten(!d to the bottom-bar, as
the combs will be sure to sag or bulge
just above the bar. Reversing the
brood-chamber is entirely impractic-
able. In reversing in hot weather the
comb would be soft and drop over.

Dr. Tinker — I can reverse brood-
chambers in April, and have the
frames tilled without danger of falling
over.

Henry Bates — I want the combs down
to the bottom-bars, and no wires.

Dr. Mason — Do you run for comb
honey ?

Henry Bates — Yes.

Dr. Mason — You have no experi-
ence then in handling combs ?

Adjourned to 1:30 p.m.

The afternoon session was called to
order by President Root, and the topic
for discussion was,

Bce-Keeptiig In Connection ^vltta other
Pursuits.

Frank A. Eaton led the discussion
as follows :

Bee-keeping as a pursuit is of such
magnitude, and requires so much at-
tention and thought, that to couple it
successfully with other avocations, re-
quires rare business qualities and
good judgment. The question as
stated leaves it open, as to whether
bee-keeping shall have the dignity of
business, or be simply an adjunct, or a
recreation. I take it that the question
this convention chooses to consider
is the keeping of bees in such num-
bers as to raise it above a mere play
thing.

To keep bees at all, means time and
work, and as the number of colonies
increase, so must the other business be
neglected, and those professions and
callings which aftbrd and give the
most time and leisure are the best
suited to go hand in hand with bee-
keepiijg.

Perhaps the gi'eatest and best idea
of how bee-keeping can be carried on
in connection with another pursuit
would be to cite ray own case. I
manage from 75 to 150 colonies of bees
each season ; they require my entire
time and attention, from March until
October. I prepare my hives, sec-
tions, and in fact make all prepara-
tions for the busy sea.son during March
and April, as I ship bees and queens,
beginning liy May 1.

I also run my ai)iary for both comb
and extracted honey (principally

88

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'^■— ■■^^--^^■^■*-^^^-^-^»^«^*^«^*^A^>^*^»l>>»*^«^«^*^*^*<>^^*«

comb), and in that mj' time is most
busily occupied until the first of Octo-
ber. Then I aim to get my honej'
nearlj' all marketed by the first or
middle of November.

The bees have now occupied my en-
tire time from 8 to 8j months of the
year, leaving from 3J to 4 months that
bee-keeping alone cannot fill.

Having been in the music business
prior to my keeping bees, it gave me
considerable experience in this line, so
that at the close of the bee and honey
season, I lay in a stock of pianos and
organs, on consignment, for the holi-
day trade. I realize several hundred
dollars each season from those odd
months, and thereby fill in the year.
The supplj- business goes well with
bee-keeping at all times of the year.

Small fruit and market gardening
are well suited to bee-keeping, but as
the care of each come about the same
time, help will be required. However,
the benefit bees do to the fruit-bloom,
in the way of fertilization, more than
pays for any extra help needed.

Another pursuit that is generalh'
conceded to go hand in hand with bee-
keeping, is farming, but I am of the
opinion that this is not true. I do not
believe that any man can be a success-
ful bee-keeper and farmer at the same
time, as the requirements of each are
numerous, and require the most care
and attention at the same time. If
one is cared for, the other is sure to be
neglected.

Dr. Mason — When I farmed I made
a success of both.

A. I. Root — It is not best to put all
your eggs in one basket. I recollect
how a man once wrote to me for prices
of 40 colonies of bees. I advised him
to buj- onlj' 2 or 3 ; and, better still,
only a nucleus, and stick to his other
business. He accepted the advice, and
finally made a success of bee-keeping.

C. E. Jones — I cannot quit farming
n(n' keeping bees ; they go well to-
gether. I get everything ready f(n-
the l^ees in the winter. There is more
profit in my bees than in mj' farm, but
I want both.

A. S. Goodrich — I made a success of
farming, but failed with bees, except
to get honey eninigh for home use.

N. Hutches — I made a success with
the bees on a 200-acre farm. I would
rather be a l)ee-keeper than a United
States Senator.

A. I. Root — If a man is enthusiastic
enough, many can make a success of
both.

A. Benedict — I have made a success
of bee-keeping and general farming
for 45 years.

Dr. Mason — I have a neighbor that
has 100 colonies of bees and a good
farm, and makes a financial success of
both.

S. R. MorrLs — I started in keeping
bees and farming, but made a failure
of it until I had help ; now I make a
success of both.

S. Hains — I farm and keep from 50
to 100 colonies of bees. I want both.
The best my bees have ever done was
to give me 150 pounds of extracted
honey per colony.

The next topic was entitled, "Bee-
keeping as an exclusive pursuit," and
an essay by Dr. C. C. Miller was read.

H. R. Boardman — If a man puts his
whole soul into bee-keeping, he will
succeed, but he must not divide his
soul up into two pursuits.

Dr. Mason — I difi"er with Mr. Board-
man.

H. R. Boardman — By putting my
whole energy into my business the past
year, I succeeded in getting a fair
crop ; had I done anything else in con-
nection with bees, I would have failed.

A. I. Root — I believe that if a man
has his bees in first-class condition, and
makes an eft'ort by sowing, he can get
a good crop in any season.

Bee-Pa6tnrage«

C. E. Jones— It will pay to keep 100
acres of land to farm, and 100 colonies
of bees, and sow for honey production.
I have sown two acres of sweet clover
on good land and made it pay.

H. R. Boardman — I have been in
the habit of furnishing my neighbors
Alsike clover seed at cost. They make
a success with it, as a grass crop. In
this way I have succeeded in getting
over 200 acres in my neighborhood.

S. R. Morris — I furnish Alsike in the
same way.

A. S. Goodrich — I have the hay to
sell to my neighbors when they get
out, and thej- sow the seed.

Dr. Mason — I think the Chapman
honey-plant is superior to anj' other,
and will pay much better than sweet
clover. The honey tastes and looks
veiy much like linden.

A. I. Root — The Chapman honey-
plant yields da}- and night, and is a
pure .sweet ; Init I doubt if it paj's to
sow 2 or 3 acres of good land with any
plant that is good for honey only. I
think, however, it would be a good
plan to have the commissioner of
agriculture distribute the seed among
bee-keepers.

C. E. Jones — Buckwheat pays, but
must be sown at the right time and in
the right wa)\

On being questioned bj' Dr. Mason,
he said, sow in Apiil on good, well-
prepared soil, and roll well. It blos-
soms with white clover, and does not
injure clover honey. It gets ripe, and
should be sown again about June 20.
I get two crops of honej' and seed on
the same ground in one season.

Dr. Mason — Two years ago there
was buckwheat near' my apiary. The

bees mixed the buckwheat with my
white honey, and spoiled the whole
crop.

C. Gulp — My father had his neigh-
bors sow considerable buckwheat one
season, and got a good yield ; but the
honey was dark and strong, and did
not sell well.

Tbe Election of Officers,

for the ensuing year, resulted as fol-
lows ; President, Ernest R. Root ;
Vice-President, H. R. Boardman ; See-
retarj' and Treasurer, Frank A. Eaton.

On motion a cordial invitation was
extended to the North American Bee-
Keepers' Society to change the location
of its next meeting to Columbus, Ohio,
during the Ohio State Centennial Expo-
sition between Sep. 4 and Oct. 19, 1888.

It was voted that when this Convention
adjourns it shall lie, to meet at the same
time and place, and also with the next
meeting of the N. A. B. K. Society.

EX'ENING SESSION.

Dr. H. Besse opened the next topic
on " Wood rw. Tin Separators ; is it
profitable to dispense with either ?"

A. I. Root — By fastening foundation
at both top and bottom, you can dis-
pense with separators.

H. R. Boardman — I tried some of
the Heddon cases without separators
and failed ; then I tried broad frames,
with separators, and succeeded. The
loss of time in looking after the sec-
tions, without separators, amounts to
more than the loss of honey with
them. I prefer wooden ones. I leave
my honey on until the flow is over. I
very much favor saving and using the
partly-filled sections of the previous
year.

Dr. Tinker — I find that the bees will
fill and finish partly-filled sections
from the previous year. Separators
ai-e a hinderance to sections without
side openings, but I want separators
with side-opening sections.

Mr. Loomis, an editor, was present,'
and being called upon, gave a brief
talk, and asked as a novice, " Must I
try all these things and find out ?"
Several in reply said. No ; consult
good bee-keepers, and read bee-
periodicals.

Question -Box.

1. Which of the following methods
of working bees are the most profit-
able ; selling queens, bees, or produc-
ing comb or extracted honey ? A. I.
Root — Whichever the market demands,
or all four, if you have a demand. It
would be impossible to decide defi-
niteh'.

2. How can swarming be best con-
trolled, when working for comb honey
alone ? H. R. Boardman — By shak-
ing bees into empty brood-frames with
sections.

THE ffiMERICSPt BEE JO^RIMKI^.

89

3. \\^^cll is the best mode of ripen-
ing extracted honey ; artitieially or
with the bees ? Dr! Mason — Leave it
with the bees.

4. How oUl ma}' queens l)e kept and
remain protitable? A. I. Root — Some-
times four years, but not often. A.
Benedict^ — The more space the queen
uses the .shorter time she will live.

5. Is it best to assist the bees in
cleaning- up their hives in the spring,
or should they be left to do their own
work ? Frank A. Eaton — Help them,
if they need help.

6. Give a remedy for spring dwind-
ling. H. R. Boardman — Winter prop-
erly.

7. Should colonies wintered in cel-
lars be put back on the same location
they occupied in the pi-evious season ?
A. Benedict — Set them where they
were the previous season. Dr. Besse
— Set them anywhere, at night. H.
R. Boardman — You cannot tell how
the weather may be the following day.
If set out at night it might prove dis-
astriously. Dr. Mason — Set thein out
anj-where. A. S. Goodrich — Set them
out where they were. I lost 30 colo-
nies by setting them out in a hap-
hazard way. S. R. Morris — Put them
where they were.

8. Which is best, to hive new swarms
on full frames of foundation, draw-n
out comb, or starters only ? Dr. Mason
— On starters, with surplus above, and
a queen-excluding honej'-board.

9. Can worker bees be i-eared in
drone comb ? A. I. Root — Yes, in
some instances.

10. Has the queen full control of
the fertilization of the egg ? Dr.
Tinker — Yes.

11. Is the progeny of a drone-lay-
ing queen of anv value as drones ? A.
I. Root— Yes. Dr. Tinker— No. A.
Benedict — No.

12. What should be done with colo-
nies that get damp when wintered in
the cellar ? A. I. Root— Let them
alone. Dr. Mason — Give warmth and
ventilation.

A. S. Goodrich asked, what ails my
bees ? Half of them are dead, and
the balance will die as soon as they
get strength enough (laughter). I fed
them up for winter on granulated
sugar syrup, with a little tartaric acid
in it. A. I. Root — What sort of vessel
did you mix it in ? A. S. Goodrich —
Galvanized iron. A. I. Root — Thej-
were killed by poison from the action
of the acid on the zinc. Adjourned.

WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION.

The first topic was, "Extracted
honey ; its production, and the best
method of marketing it," by Dr. A. B.
Mason.

The Doctor having urged in his essay
the putting of nothing but the best ex-
tracted honey on the market, A. I.

Root asked him what he would do with
the bad honey ? He replied, make it
into vinegar.

H. R. Boardman — I started in with
producing extracted honey, but had to
conform to my trade.

E. R. Root — Can candied honey be
melted and remain as good as before ?
Dr. Mason — Yes ; but great care must
be exercised. Messrs. Boardman and
Morris thought not, but Frank Eaton
and others agreed with Dr. Mason.

An essay by Chas. F. Muth was then
read on, '• The c(jmmission man and
his relation to the honey-producer, as
afl'ecting the sale and price of honej'."

A. I. Root — We cannot spare the
middle-man, especiallj' such a broad-
hearted man as C. F. Muth.

C. E. Jones — The middle-men are
all right ; the trouble lies with the pro-
ducer.

The assoeation pas.sed a vote of
thanks to Dr. C. C. Miller and Chas.
F. ISIuth for the valuable papers they
furnished in their absence.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.

H. R. Boardman then read an essay
on " In-door i-s. out-door wintering of
bees, and the advantage of the former."

S. R. Morris asked Mr. Boardman if
it is advisalile to set bees out during
the winter for a flight ?

H. R. Boardman — Sometimes, but
the bee-keeper must be the judge.

S. R. Morris — Will they dwindle in
the spring worse when wintered in the
cellar ? Mr. Boardman — Not as badly.
Frank A. Eaton, Sec.

[As the essays are lengthy, they will
be published hereafter as our space
will permit. — Ed.]

NEBRASKA.

Report of the Proceedings of
the Nebraska Convention.

Written for tlie American Bee Jouriial
BY J. N. HEATER.

The bee-keepers of Nebraska as-
sembled in annual convention Jan. 11
1888, at Lincoln, Nebr. The conven-
tion was called to order at 3 p.m. by
the President, R. R. Ryan, who pre-
sided throughout the session with H.
N. Patterson as Secretarj*. Mr. Em-
merson T. Abbott, of St. Joe, Mo.,^was
made an honorarj' member.

Messrs. Heater and Tower were ap-
pointed a committee to examine the
reports of the Treasin-er and Secretary,
after which the President made an ad-
dress upon the aims and needs of the
bee-keepers of the State.

The election of officers was post-
poned until evening.

Messrs. Muir, Johnson and Heater
were appointed a committee to consult
with the State Horticultural Society to
see if arrangements could be made for
holding a joint session of a half day
with that society.

The work of the meeting was then
given up to asking and answering
questions. Under this head the fol-
lowing questions were fully discussed :
Is there sucli a thing as a high-bred
bee ? What is the best manner of
uniting weak colonies for wintering ?
Do the moths ever trouble t"he Italian
bees ? Is there any rule or sign by
which you can tell wlien bees are rob-
bing each other ? What is foul brood ?
How long will two queens work to-
gether in the same hive ? After these
discussions, the convention then ad-
journed until 7 p.m.

EVENING SESSION.

" What are the essential points in
locating an apiary ?" was discussed by
J. S. Hodges and J. L. Blanchard.

The speakers favored a southeast
slope located near or in a timber, with
water near at hand, and plenty of
honey resources in the flight of the
bees.

This question was then opened to all
for discussion, and a number of the
members gave their experience and
their preference of location. There
was a diversity of opinion, some favor-
ing the fronting of the hives to the
east, and others to the south. The
general opinion was, that an orchard
with trees planted about 8 feet apart,
and kept well cut back, was the Ijest
location.

E. To^ver made a few remarks upon
the question: " How^ much comb
foundation, if any, .should be used ?"
He said there was no question as to
the benefit of the use of comb founda-
tion. The principal question, and the
one upon which there was the most
division, was that of what quantity
should be used. Mr. Tower thought
that all beginners sliould use full sheets.

Mr. Trester said it was used by bee-
keepers because it was cheaper than
allowing the bees to make it. He was
in favor of using all that could be put
in the hives, as was also Mr. Heater,
who recommended the use of heavy
foundation, thus supplying the whole
demand, and relieving the bees of all
work in secreting this wax.

The committee ajipointed to confer
with the Horticultural Societj' in rela-
tion to holding a joint meeting with
the bee-keepers, reported that the Hor-
ticultural Society had gladly accepted
the invitation, and would be present at
the afternoon session to-morrow, to
hear the pajier of Prof. Bessey, on
" Honey Plants."

Adjourned until 9 a.m.

90

THE JCME'MICMf* ®E® JQUmnmi^.

SECOND DAY.

The convention was called to order
at 9 a.m., and after the usual business,
a communication was read upon a
"National Organization," from John
Aspinwall, Barrytown. N. Y.

" How does bee-keeping pay com-,
pared with other occupations ?" was
the subject of general discussion
among the members. It was the gen-
eral opinion that bee-culture could be
made profitable if the proper means
were adopted.

J. N. Heater read a communication
from E. M. Hajhurst, of Kansas City,
upon " Results of spring work with
bees." This closed the morning ses-
sion.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

A joint meeting of the bee-keepers
and the Horticultural Society was held
in the afternoon. Prof. Charles E.
Bessey, Ph. D., professor of botany at
the university of Nebraska, read an
essay upon "Some honey-plants of
Nebraska," in which he said :

If we carefully examine the structure
of a nectar-bearing flower, we find in-
variably that the nectar glands have a
definite jiosition in relation to the
organs of fertilization. While there is
an almost infinite variety in the de-
tails, j'et it may Ije stated in a general
way that the nectar is always so placed
that insects in gathering it are com-
pelled to come in contact with one or
more of the organs of fertilization. The
nectar is the bait by means of which
insects are made to visit the flowers,
in order that the pollen may be car-
ried from ijlant to plant. This is its
only use, as has been abundantly
proved by wide observation of many
careful students of this department of
nature.

Now, inasmuch as all flowers have
to be fertilized, it- might be assumed
that all flowers must have nectar.
Such, however, is by no means the
case. If we examine carefully the
flowers of plants, we find that a great
many have the jjollen carried from
plant to plant by the wind. Such are
said to be wind fertilizers, and obser-
vation has shown that in all instances
they are destitute of nectar, or nearly
so. Again, there are some plants
which have such a structure that the
pollen of its stamens comes easily into
contact with their stigma, and thus
fertilization is efl'ected without the in-
tervention of any outside agents.
Such are called self-fertilized flowers,
and here again the nectar is absent.
Finally wc have the plants whose num-
bers can only be expressed by tens of
thousands, in which the structure is
such that fertilization can only be
secured by the intervention of insects,
or in some eases of nectar-loving birds,
as the humming birds.

In these plants which depend upon
insects for carrying the pollen from
fl(jwer to flower, it is found that some
parts of the floral mechanism is ])ecu-
liarly adapted for the purpose. Gen-
erally there are such structures as
compel the insect to enter the flower
in a particular way.and thus it touches
the pollen-sacs with some part of its
body, and carries some of the jjollen to
the next flower it visits. This it does
while trying to secure the honey, and
the contrivances to secure this result
in diflerent plants are among the most
remarkable and interesting in the
whole vegetable kingdom.

Rev. E. T. A1)bott, of St. Joe, fol-
lowed Prof. Bessej' with a few practi-
cal remarks upon bee-culture and
honey plants.

Mrs. Heater read a very concise and
carefully-prepared essay on " How to
prepare honey for display and the
market," for which the associaticm very
gracefully passed resolutions of thanks.
The fact was then brought out that
Nel:)raska honey commanded 2 cents
more per pound than honey produced
in Iowa and other eastern States.

The question whether honey should
be judged from appearance or taste,
was discussed at some length, and was
compromised by the decision that both
appearance and taste should be taken
into consideration.

"Fall Breeding" was the subject of a
very interesting paper by Mr. Heater.
The success of bee-culture depends
largely upon the fall breeding. Mr.
Heater advised feeding in the fall, but
not later than the latter part of Sep-
tember. The young bees should have
their cleansing flight before going into
winter quarters.

This subject was discussed in its dif-
ferent phases, and the meeting ad-
journed until evening.

EVENING SESSION.

Only a few members braved the
storm and attended the meeting.
These did not lack enthusiasm, how-
ever, and entered heartily into the dis-
cussions. The questions which were
brought forward were: "Can the
swarming impulse be controlled ; if so,
how ?" and "Which is best, to divide
for increase or natural swarming ?"

The following ofiicers were elected
for the ensuing two years : President,
M. L. Trester ; Vice-President, R. V.
Muir ; Secretary, J. N. Heater ; Treas-
urer, T. Johnson.

THIRD DAY.

The closing session was mainly oc-
cupied by the reading of a very inter-
esting essay by Rev. E. T. Abbott, of
St. Joseph, Mo., on the " Honey Bee ;
its anatomy, the products of its opera-
tions, and its relations to flowers and
plants." [This essay will be pub-

lished as soon as we can find room for
it.— Ed.]

The committee on examination of
the sample of honey brought in by a
citizen of Lincoln, reported as follows:

"Your committee, to whom the jar
of California honey put up by J. H.
MeDermott, of Chicago, was referred,
pronounced it in their opinion impure
and unfit for family use ; and think
that the man should meet with [public
condemnation for putting sucli an
article on the market as honey."

The meeting then passed resolutions
of thanks to itif retiring officers, and
to Mrs. J. N. Heater, Prof. Bessey, and
Rev. E. T. Abbott, and extended to
the latter a special invitation to meet
with the society at their next [annual
convention. | i

Adjourned to meet at Lincoln in the
second weeTi in Januarj', 1889.

J. N. Heater, Sec.

VERMONT.

Convention lield at Bnrlington,
on Jan. 1§ and 19, 1S88.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY MAKCIA A. DODGLAS.

According to programme, the con-
vention was opened on Wednesday
afternoon ; the President, P. E. Abbey,
in the chair.

After reading the. minutes of the last
annual meeting, the Constitution, etc.,
the convention listened to a poem en-
titled "Vermont Bees," by F. H.
Wheatley, of St. Johnsbury, Vt, which
was followed by a discussion, the gen-
eral opinion being that there are two
races of what are called " black bees."

One member related a visit to a
neighbor's apiary who complained that
a part of his bees were not good honey
gatherers, but were lively and cross,
making it difficult to manage them,
while others in the same yard were of
a more peaceable disposition, and bet-
ter workers. On examination it was
found that the former were small black
bees, while the latter were the brown
German bees.

Mr. A. E. Manum was asked what
he thought of the Holy Land and
Cyprian bees. He said he was favor-
ably impressed with the Holy Land
variety, but not with the Cyprians, be-
cause they are too cross.

One member stated that in one sea-
son his Italians produced 30 pounds
per colony more than the blacks ; and
the stings were more numerous from
black bees.

Mr. Manum was asked if he had
Italians that would work on red clover.
He replied that he had, and gave some
proofs in his experience ; he thought
that they would not work as well in

THE- MMiERieMPf WMW JQVmMmi^.

91

some seasons as others. He ^vas asked
if he did not think that the tubes of
the clover bhissoni was shorter in some
seasons and loealities tlian in otheis.
He said the soil, atmospliere and other
causes made a ditterence.

V. N. Forbes had known German
bees workinji; on red clover one season,
but not in others, on the same field.

Spreading Brood In the Spring, etc.

Is it advisable to insert empty comlis
in the centre of a brood-nest for the
purjjose of spreading brood in the
spring ? This topic was opened by F.
M. Wright. His experience had proved
that if done at all, it must be done
with great care. It might be advisalde
when the weather becomes warm, but
he would " go slow." He inserted at
one time two combs into a strong col-
ony of bees, and it gave them a set-
back that they did not get over that
summer.

Mr. Manum stated that he lets the
brood-nest alone ; keeps the brood-
chamber contracted, and the bees
warm. Sometimes he put a comb of
honey next to the brood-nest on the
outside. He was asked if he practiced
feeding meal or salt to bees in the api-
ary, and rejjlied he had done so in
former years, but did not now, and
rould not say that it did any good.

Preventing Increase.

The following question was led by
A. E. Manum, " What is the best
method to prevent an increase of colo-
nies ?" He had not found it possible
to prevent swarming bj' cuttii^- out
queen-cells ; he could get more comb
honey by allowing the bees to swarm ;
he then puts two or three swarms to-
gether, allowing all the queens but one
to return to the old hive with a portion
of the swarm. He has prevented in-
rrease by hiving swarms on a few
combs, using a queen-excluding honey-
board, giving plenty of box-room, and
then destroying the old bees in the
fall, as they would be likely to die be-
fore spring anyway. Another way is
to take the queen from the colony, and
return her after 15 days, cutting the
queen-cells out in the meantime.

H. L. Leonard did not think it pos-
sible to prevent .swarming, but it could
be checked ; he would give plenty of
box-room, and practice the "tiering
up " j)lan ; he would compel bees to
care for themselves as much as po.s-
sible, and would plan to save time as
much as any other item.

EVENI.VG SESSION.

The following committees were ap-
pointed by the chair : On Nomination
— H. L. Leonard, O. J. Lowery, and
V. N. Forbes. On Awards— J. W.
Smith, P. D. Percival, and M. F. Cram. I

On Resolutions— F. H. Wheatley, and
Miss Marcia A. Douglas.

Bee-Keeping as a Bntttness.

"Bee-Keeping in Vermont — does it
pay ?" This topic was opened by R.
H. Holmes, who discussed the question
nnder the following heads, as given by
N. G. Webster, who was to lead the
discussion, but was not present. Its
hindrances are a poor location ; our
long, cold winters ; and lack of a
thorough knowledge of the business.
A ])erson must have good judgment,
and plenty of common sense.

Its expenses and profits were set
f(irth in an essay by J. H. Larrabee.
He thought the expense of an apiary
of 100 colonies of bees, with all the
neces.sary fixtures and utensils for
carrying it on successfully, with the
addition of a $200 honey-house, would
be worth $1,000. The average yearly
expense he placed at $620, which in-
cluded labor, interest, running ex-
penses, etc. The average yearly in
come was placed at $800, leaving a net
income of $180 to represent the risks
of wintering, disease, the shipping of
honey, etc. .

The question was clo.sed by H. L.
Leonard under the head of " Bee-keep-
ing as a business." He thought noth-
ing was worthy the name of business
that would not pay expenses and leave
a margin for | profit. Bee-keeping
would do this. Jt has its " off years,"
when it will not pay, like all other
kinds of production ; bnt no more so
than others. There are but few loca-
tions in Vermont where bee-keeping
cannot be made to pay to a greater or
less extent. There are less enemies to
bees than in almost any other section
of our country, and the average yield
per colony is larger. Bee-keeping in
Vermont has paid and will pay, but it
is essential that one understands the
business and management of the
apiary.

Mr. J. Van Deusen, of Sprout Brook,
N. Y., said that the formation of the
hills aiid valleys of our State was favor-
able for honey production, as we would
be favcned with early and late bloom
of the honey-producing plants.

This discussion was followed by an
essay by Mrs. F. A. Wolcott, entitled.

The Pleasures and Itlfflcnltles of Bee-
Keeplug.

She thought there was pleasure in
seeing the clean, white sections of
honey taken from the bees, by some
one else, also in preparing it for mar-
ket, but there were some things not
so pleasant ; and she related an in-
stance of attempting to hive a refrac-
tory swarm, and risceiving 33 stings as
a reward for her labor. She also
spoke of the expenses of the business
keeping in advance of the profits for

the fir-st few years, which have to be
met first.

Miss Marcia A. Douglas read an
essay on the question :

Should Women Keep Be«-R and Join
the Bee-Keepers' .Association?

She could speak from experience,
that while there was much hard labor
in connection with the business, she
she saw no reason why a woman could
not keep bees, to a greater oi- less ex-
tent, as successfully as the sterner sex,
provided that slie was adapted to the
calling, and in love with it. If men
were benefited by associations and in-
terchanging of ideas and methods »{
work, why not women ?

THURSDAY MORNING SESSION.

The Secretary's report .showed the
present membership to be 139 ; an in-
crease of 30 since the last report. The
Treasurer's report showed that the ex-
penses of the past year has been
$33.12, and the receipts, including the
amount in the treasury, $24.02, leaving
a deficiency of .$9.10, which was made
up by contributions fi-om those present.
It was voted by the members of the
association that Art. 5 of the Constitu-
tion be amended to read as follows :
"Any person may become a member
of this association by giving his or her
name to the Secretary, and paying an-
nually to the Treasurer a sum not ex-
ceeding one dollar, except ladies who
shall be admitted free." It was voted
that the members be required to pay
50 cents each, to defray expenses for
the coming year.

The following were appointed a
committee to revise the present Con-
stitution, and bring it before the con-
sideration of the next annual session,
P. C. Abbey, H. L. Leonard, R. H.
Holmes, and Miss Marcia A. Douglas.

The committee on nominations re-
ported as follows : For President, R.
H. Holmes ; Vice-Presidents, F. M.
Wright, D. S. Hall, and J. E. Crane ;
Secretary and Treasurer, Miss Marcia
A. Douglas Thej' were then elected
as otKcers for the ensuing year.

The committee on awai-ds repoited
the exhibits made, and the committee
on resolutions presented several reso-
lutions, which were passed. Then the
newly elected oflScers assumed their
re.spective positions, and the next topic
was opened Ijy F. H. McFarland, of St.
Albans, on

Is it Profitable to Use Fnll Kheets of
Foundation In the Brood-Chamber?

He said it is a waste of wax to use
full sheets, although more honey may
be secured by their use. In full sheets,
the foundation is sure to sag and cause
elongated colls near the toji, which the
queen is slow to occupy. Mr. Lowery
advocated the use of starters. Mr.
Leonard would use full sheets, even if

92

THB MMBMICMff MMM JOU'Mffiat.

they were not wired. Mr. Percival
uses full sheets in the middle of the
brood-nest with starters on the frames
at the sides.

In reply to this question, Mr Manum
said if old combs and starters are
placed alternately in the brood-box the
combs will be bulged. He discouraged
the general use of foundation, but
thought that the specialist could not
afford to do witliout it.

Mr. Davis, on account of expense,
last j'ear tested the use of starters, and
being satisfied with the results, tried it
again.

As to the width of tlie starters, some
thought an inch better than three or
four, while others preferred the latter
width.

Tlie Question Drawer.

1. What shall we do with unfinished
sections at the close of the honey sea-
son ? Mr. Manum advised to extx-act
them or feed to the bees between fruit
bloom and honey-fiow. If candied,
uncap and place them over the brood-
nest, to be cleaned by the bees.

2. Is it advisable for bee-keepers to
join the Bee-Keepers' Union ? Mr.
Manum said, yes, by all means. It is
on the same principle as insurance on
buildings.

3. Is it profitable to use a bee-tent
to place over the hive during manipu-
lation to prevent robbing ? Mr.Leonard
said yes.

4. Is comb honey injured by freez-
ing ; if so, in what respects ? Mr.
Manum said that the flavor is un-
changed, but the caj5s are sometimes
injured, and the combs cracked.

5. Are bees ever smothered from
having the hives covered with snow ?
Mr. Manum answered no ; the more
snow the better. When a thaw comes
clear the entrance. Dead bees should
be removed, as sometimes they clog
the entrances, thereby smothering the
bees.

The discussion of "Marketing
Hone}-" was participated in enthusi-
asticallj'. Most of the reports were
laughable as well as lamentable. Tlie
convention adjourned to meet at the
time and place designated by the ex-
•ecutive committee.

Marcia a. Douglas, -Sec.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

S^W~ The DeB Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will hold its next meeting on April 24. 1888, at
Burlington, Iowa. JOHN NAn, Sec.

tW The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Associa'
tion will meet at the Court House in Eldora, lowa,
on the second Saturday in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. w. Buchanan, Sec.

iS~ The next regular meeting of the Sus-
quehanna County Bee-Keepers' Association
will be held at New Milford, Pa., on Saturday,
May 5, 1888. H. M. Seeley, Sec.

CONVENTION DIRECTORV.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

Apr. 24.— Des Moinee County, at Burlington, Iowa.
John Nau, Sec, Middletown, Iowa.

May 5.— Susquehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.
n. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

S^~ In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Ed.

Bees are Quiet, etc. — Geo. G.
Scott, Wadena, 6 Iowa, on Jan. 18,
1888, wi-ites :

Mj' 34 colonies of bees are wintering
well in the cellar. Thus far they have
been as quiet as I ever knew tliem to
be. The temperature is from 38° to
48"^. My surplus honey last season
was about one-third of a crop, and I
was pleased to get that much. Last
Sunday the mercury was 44° below
zero at sunrise, and again at midnight.

Sections and Separator!!; Chas.

W. Bradish, Glendale, N. Y., on Jan.
23, 1888, asks the following questions :

As I intend to change my surplus
arrangement from two-pound to one-
pound sections, and as I have never
used any of the latter, I would like to
ask : 1. What kind of one-pound sec-
tions is the best, all things considered?

2. What advantage are 4 bee-spaces ?

3. If separators are used, what width
is the best ? My bees are now all in
good condition. All are alive, and
the temperature is from 35° to 40° in
the cellar.

[1. The one-piece sections have en-
tirely run all others out.

2. The general opinion expressed by
the largest honey-producers at conven-
tions and elsewhere, is that they are of
but little if any advantage.

3. Two inches. — Ed.]

Extracts from a Diary James

F.Johnson. Salem, ? Mo., on Jan 28,
1888, writes :

The New Year came in warm and
cloudy. January 4 was warm and
pleasant. The bees had a jubilee, the
thermometer being 64° in the shade.
The bees carried in water. On Jan.
12 the weather turned cold and
stormy. On Jan. 14 we had a blizzard,
which left several inches of .sleet on
the ground. On Jan. 25 the bees had
a chance to fly ; the sleet and ice melt-
ing fast, and the bees looked clean and

bright. On Jan. 28 the weather was
still warm and pleasant, and the bees
are beginning to prepare for spring.

In reply to L. G. Reed, on page 11,
I extract the following from my notes
on " Plants for Honey :" "As a sub-
stitute for white clover and bssswood,
— mustard and sunflower. The black
walnut tree is also valuable."

Quite Warm S. J. Miller, To-

peka,oKans.. on Jan. 28, 1888, writes:

My bees had a fine flight to-day, it
being 70° above zero, and it was un-
comfortable in the house unless the
windows were raised. I think our
winter is broken.

More than Pleased. — F. M. Tain-
tor, Coleraine,K3 Mass., on Jan. 30,
1888, has this to say about the Bee
Journal :

I am more than pleased with the
new appearance of the Bee Journal.
I thought it was perfection before, but
now it comes in even a newer and
neater appearance, and is a great
honor to its publishers. I feel proud
in showing it to friends, and at one
dollar a year I do not see whj' eveiy
person, keeping even one colony, can
aflbrd not to have it.

Good Results F. H. Benton,

Renovo, 5 Pa., on Jan. 28, 1888, says :

I commenced the season with 10 col-
onies of bees ; increased them to 13,
and I got 500 pounds of comb honey,
and 100 unfinished one-pound sections.
I ^\^nter my bees on the summer
stands ; they each had from 40 to 60
pounds of stores to winter on.

Bees Uneasy in the Cellar. —

Robert Cissnan, Hageman,v3 Ind., on
Jan. 31, 1888, writes :

I have kept bees in this locality for
ten years. The season of 1887 was
the poorest that I have experienced.
From 115 colonies in fair condition in
the spring, I have taken about 100
pounds of comb honey, and increased
them to 140 colonies. I had to feed
them 300 pounds of sugar for wnter
stores. They went into winter quar-
ters in light condition. I will have to
feed them in the spring. I have win-
tered my bees in the cellar for the last
three seasons, with success. They are
not wintering very well now ; they are
uneasy and crawl out of the hive in
great numbers ; bloating up as large as
their skins will hold. I do not know
the cause ; it m.ay be that I put too
much tartaric acid in the sugar sjTup.
One-half of the bees in this localitj-,

TM® M'smmmi^mM mmm j^^mnmi^.

9'S

kept by small bee-keepers, will starve
to death before next spring. I will
try to take good care of my bees, hop-
ing that next season may be more
favorable. The American Bee Jour-
nal is a welcome visitor. I have read
it with interest for the last eiglit years,
and I could not get along without its
information.

[Most likely you mixed your syrup
in a vessel made of galvanized iron,
and the bees were poisoned from the
action of the acid on the zinc. — Ed.]

Got Good Prices for Honey. —

H. H. Rosebrock, Owatonna, $ Minn.,
on Feb. 1, 1888, writes :

My bees wintered well in 1886 and
1887. I put in the cellar 90 colonies
in the fall of 1886, and took out 90
in the .spring of 1887. No " spring
dwindling ;" propects were never bet-
ter, bnt the dry summer made my
honey crop 1,000 pounds of extracted,
and 1,000 pounds of comb honey. I
have 10.5 colonies in the cellar now.
The bees in my new Heddon hives
were the first to swarm last spring,
and I like them well for comb hone}-.
I sell my honey at home mostly. The
editor of the Bee Journal has my
thanks for assisting to get better prices
for honey.

Bees and Red Cloi'er — B. F.

Fritz, Fulton, P Mich., on Jan. 27,
1888, writes :

In the Bee Journal of Kov. 17,
1886, page 731, Joseph Heath, of Corn-
ing, Iowa, says, if any one's bees
worked on tln^ first crop of red clover
he would like to know it. Mine did
last June, in large numbers. They
were working there when we com-
menced haying, and were there a week
later when we finished. It must have
been heavily laden with nectar, as I
observed a bee on a pale blossom. The
bright sun slione on it, and I could see
the tongue in the tnbe, and it did not
1:0 over lialf waj- to the bf)ttom. My
bees did fairly well last year. I have
12 colonies, all wintering well but two
colonies.

Father Liangslrotli. — Mr. James
Heddon, Dowagiac, p Mich., on Jan.
-6, 1888, wrote as follows :

It was with much pleasuic that I
\iewed our genial and genius-faced
friend on page 53 of the American Bee
Journal. It was jjleasant to read Mr.
Pond's sketch of his life-work, but one
moral point, one which is of vast im-
portance to our great benefactor,seems
to have been over-looked, viz : Why

should one who did so much for his
brothers, now have so little to .show for
it ? What is the trouble ? Has he
been profligate, spi'nding his money as
a whirlwind spends the leaves of a
forest, or did ingratitude rob him ?
Some of ns have paid him |10 each as
a small reward for the great benefits
we have received, but is it not a truth,
and one that should never be left out,
when his history is written, that
through the action of a few designing
men, that this great benefactor and
good man was robbed of the due re-
ward of his labors ?

[It has been repeatedly stated, that
he was defrauded. — Ed.]

|i>iipport tlie ITiiion. — F. A. Snell,

Milledgeville.xj IHs., on Jan. 29, 1888,
writes :

If necessary for the good of the Bee-
Keepers' Union, call on me for a dona-
tion of$l towards the Defense Fund.
The apathy of the bee-keepers is as-
tounding. I should think that every
bee-keeper in America would see the
great importance of energeticallj' sup-
porting the Bee-Keepers' Union. The
Union is supporting riglit and justice,
in every sense of the word. It would
be a power in the land supported to
the extent that it should be. It has
done much by the support of the noble
little l)and of brothers of which it is
composed. The Union, I think, should
have at least 1,000 members.

Allow me to congratulate the pub-
lishers upon the very neat and tasty
appearance of the American Bee
Journal for 1888.

Zephyrs from the West.— F. P.
Stiles, Haverhill,;^ Mass., on Jan. 28,
1888, writes :

I wish the fellow that works the
bellows out yotu' way would kindly
point them in the opposite direction.
By strict economy, with the aid of the
proverbial " east wind diet" of New
England, we have managed to live
quite comfortably until recently. With
the displacement of east wind by your
western zephyr, and the necessity of
hiring a boy to liohl our hair on, the
outlook is a disastrous spring dwind-
ling, unless we can unite with some
plumber.

Xot Di<«eoura$;ed. — F. J. Sawin,
Monmouth.-K3 His., on Jan. 30, 1888,
writes :

I had 70 colonies of bees, spring
count, but I did not get a pound of
honey nor a swarm. This was caused
by drouth. I packed my bees on the
summer stands ; they had honey

enough for winter stores, and I thought
they would winter well. I examined
them to-day, and I find that they have
the diarrhea. I expect to lose all of
them ; but will stock up in the spring,
if there are bees enough left in War-
ren county. I am not discouraged, for
we must expect reverses in any busi-
ness.

The good old American Bee Jour-
nal in January improved so that I
hardly recognized it, when it came on
its friendly visit. I could not keep
bees without it, and do not see how
any one else can.

Wishing; that the Bees Averc in

a Cellar or Cave M. Miller^

Le Claire, ot Iowa, on Jan. 27, 1888,.
writes :

It has been one month and two days
since the bees in this country have
had a flight. It has been quite cokl
most of the time. We had a thaw for
two days last week, but there was no
sunshine ; consequently the bees did
not have a flight. Lots of bees went
into winter quarters short of stores ;
consequently there will likel}' be con-
siderable loss, especiall}' if this cold
weather continues long. I wish I had
mine in a good cave or cellar. Thej'
are packed on the summer stands.

Right Temperature for Bees>

— W. B. Stephens, Stephen's Mills, p
N. y., on Jan. 24, 1888, says :

I commenced the season of 1887
with 157 colonies of bees, and in-
creased them, by natural swarming,
to 230 colonies. They stored 6,000
pounds of honey in one-pound sections,
and 2,000 pounds of extracted honey.
I have 146 cohjnies packed with chaff,
and 84 colonies in the cellar, all being
in good condition. The bees in the
cellar are the most quiet with the
temperature at 40°. I have had it
above and below that point, Ijut 40°
seems to be about right.

Bees "Wintering Satisfactorily^

— W. Mason, Fillmore, +0 Ind., on Jan.
25, 1888, writes :

The bees are so far wintering well,
notwith.standiug a hea\-y crop of honey-
dew was stored, but it was of superior
quality. Reports from all parts of the
State at our convention was satisfac-
tory. The attendance was not as large
as common, I)ut the meeting was inter-
esting. We were honored with the
Agricultural Room in the new State
House. After the adjournment we
were shown through the basement of
the building, where we obtained much
information.

94

n-t-^*-^*^*'^*-*

Wewajrgo Co., Blicli., CoiiTeiition.

Tlie Newaygo County Farmers' and Bee-
Keepers' Association will hold tlieir annual
institute at the Oongresational Cliurcli, Fre-
mont, on Thursday and Friday, Feb. 9 and
10, 1888.

Programme Thursday, Feb. 9, morning
session, 9 o'clock sharp— Music by tlie Fre-
mont Glee Club. Prayer by Rev. J. Koh-
■erts. Music by the Glee Club. President
J. B. Jewell's annual address. Address of
Welcome, bv Joseph Gerber, President of
the F. B. M. A. Sheep Husbandry, Mrs.
P. W. Hall. Corn is Kiug, Thos. Stuart.

Afternooa Session, Thursday, 2 p.m.—
The Roman Standard of Agriculture, M. W.
Scott. Under Draining, Wilkes Stuart.
The Most Profitable Breed of Horses for
the Farm, S. V. Walker. The Farm Boys
of Michigan, Mrs. M. W. Scott.

Morning Session, Friday, Feb. 10.- Music
by the Glee Club. Prayer by Elder Gard-
ner. Music by the Glee Club. The Rela-
tive Benefits of a Creamery to the Village
and Country, J. R. Dudley. Practical Bfe-
Keeping, W. E. Gould. Secretary's Report.

Afternoon Session, Friday, 2 p.m.— Elec-
tion of officers. The Best Orchard Fruits
for Western Michigan, Irwin C. Fox. The
Relative Benefits of Apiculture, Horticul-
ture and Agriculture, Geo. E. Hilton. Se-
lection of time and place for the next meet-
ing. Adjournment.

Geo. E. Hilton, Sec.

One of our Coi-i-e$>pou<lciit>> asks

this question :

What proportion of first swarms, placed
in a single section of a Heddon liive, will
re-swarm, if a queen-excluding honey-
board and plenty of crates for surplus comb-
honey is furnished to the colony ?— E. D. K.

By request, Mr. Heddon answers the
question thus :

With my experience during the past four
summers, I reply— no greater proportion
than with any other hive, whether con-
trolled or not. The contracting system
which reduced the brood-chambers of the
Laugstroth hives and others down to the
size of one case of our divisible brood-
chamber, was practiced years before the
new hive and system was dreamed of, and
no trouble from re-swarming was reported.
Some seasons swarms of that year re-swarm
to some considerable extent, but they do it
alike from all kinds of hives. At least this
has been my experience.

,^^J«€3BHieA|^,.

BUSINESS MANAQER.

We Club the American Bee Journal

for a year, with any of the following papers

or books, at the prices quoted in the I>ASX

column. The regular price of both is given

in tlie first eolunni. One year's subscription

iov tlie American Bee Journal must be sent

with each order for another paper or book:

Price 0/ hoth. Club
The American Bee Journal lOU....

IWew Catalogues for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

B. J. Miller & Co., Nappanee, Ind.— 20
pages— Bee-Supplies.

James J. H. Greffory, Marblehead, Mass.
—56 pafjfes— Vegetable, Flower, and Grain

John Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo.— 10
pages— Bees, Queens, and Bee-Keepers'
Supplies.

E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Iowa— 30 pages—
Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

Northrup, Braslan & Goodwin, Minneapo-
lis, Minn.— .50 pages— Farm, Vegetable and
Flower Seeds.

J. D. Goodrich, East Hardwick, Vt.— 12
pages— Hives and Bee-Supplies.

E. M. Bullard, West Swanzey, N. H.— 13
pages— Poultry and Flower Seeds.

Please to get your Neighbor who keeps
bef 8. to also take the American Bee JotmNAL.
It Is now so CHEAP tliat no one can afford to
do without It.

gxtsiuess Jlotices.

If Vou Ijive near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we liave on our list.

IIilton'!« new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

Simiiiui!!>' Non-Swarming System will
be clubbed with tlie Bee Journal for one
year, both postpaid, for 11.2.5.

Beesvrax.— We will pay 20 c«'nts per

pound, delivered here, for Yellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, the name of the shipper
^hould always be on each package.

I»resciTe Yoiu- Papers for fntiu'e
reference. If you have no III!^1>ER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if yon will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions tor the Beb Jouknai..

Please -wrile Arrwrica/nBee Journal
on the envelope wlien writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Money Orrters for 85.00 and under,
cost 5 ceuts. As these are absolutely safe,
it will pay to get them instead of the Postal
Notes which are payable to any one who
presents them.

Clover Seeds.— We are sellmg Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; $2.25 per peck ; 25 ceuts per lb.
WhiU Clover Seed : SIO.OO per bushel; 82.75
per peck; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melllot,
Clover Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 30 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Pliotograplis oi Bee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containmg the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Jouknal for one
year for 81.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of tlu-ee subscri-
bers and $3.00.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00. .

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50..

Bee-Keepers' Guide 1 50 . .

Bee-Keepers' Review 1 50..

The ApiculturiBt 2 00. .

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 .

Canadian Honey Producer. .1 40..
The 8 above-named papers 5 90 . .

and Cook's Manual 2 25 . .

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 3 00..
Binder for Am. Bee Journal..! 60..
Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth)... n 00..
Boot's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25. .

Farmer's Account Book 4 CO..

Simmins' Non-Swarming . ...150..

Western World Guide 1 .50..

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 1 50..

A Year Amonj; the Bees 1 75..

Convention Hand-Book 1 .50..

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00.

Iowa Homestead 2 00-,

Cabbage and Celery 1 25.,

How to Propagate Fruit 150.

History of National Society..! 50.

175
140
140
140
180
180
130
5 00

200
175
150
2 00
2 10
2 20
125
130
1 40
150
1.30
175
190
115
125
125

Ev«'ry Subscriber is our autliorized
agent ; we have no others, and we greatlj-
desire that each one would at least send in
the name of one new subscriber with his
own renewal for 1SS8. The next few weeks
is the time to do this. We hope that every
subscriber will do his or her best to double
our list of subscribers.

Xliis is tUe Time for reading. The
long winter evenings can be utilized by
readuig up bee-literature. We have all the
newest bee-books, and can fill all orders on
the day they are received.

IVe Club the AsiericanBee Journal
and the " Bee-Keepers' Magazine " for one
year for 81.40 ; or with " Gleanings in Bee-
Culture" for 81.75 ; or with the "Apicul-
turist " for 81.80 ; or the " Canadian Honey-
Producer " for $1.30 ; with the Bee-Keepers'
Review, $1.40 ; or all six for $4.00,

One Dollar invested for the weekly
visits of tlie American Bee Journal for
1888, will repay every apiarist in America.

Slioiild Any One receive this paper
any longef than it is desired, or is willing to
pay for it, plea.se send us a postal card, asking
to have it stopped. Be sure to wiite your
name and address plainly. Look at yowr
u/rapper-label.

A Eavorable 'IVortl from any of our
readers, who speak from experience, has
more weight with friends than anything we
might say. Every one of our readers can
lend us a helping hand, in this way, without
much trouble, and at the same time help to
scatter apicultural knowledge and promote
the welfare of our pursuit.

A Poelcet Oietionary will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with 82.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spelling of words, and to
determine their meaning.

ntmm MTsammivRM ■mmm jowmmmE*.

99

THOMAS G. r«E«'9IA]\,

EDITOR,

YoLIIlV. Feb, 15, 18

No.].

How" dear to my heart is the fierce howling blizzard,

Which comes from the North like a wolf on the fold.
Predicted by Foster, or some other wizard,

The charger of snow, and the demon of cold ;
How sweet to be caught in its grasp like a feather.

And find yourself wrapped round a telegraph pole :
O, how we adore it, this wild winter weather :

The blizzard that comes when we're all out of coal ;
This wild,whirling blizzard. the razor-edged blizzard,

The loud, howling blizzard, freah from the North
pole. —Lincoln Journal.

That i.5 poetic— but tlie blizzards very soon
drive away all poetry, when they take full
possession of a locality.

Sir. Riflisird Grinsell, of Baden,
Mo., well-knowij to many who attend Fairs
iu Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri as
an exliibitor of bees and honey, is dead.
He was an intelligent and progressive
apiarist.

"Pcrliaps llie Clearest and best
idea."— That is how the first line of the last
paragraph but one on page 87 should have
read. It was an oversight of the printer.

XIic Peiiii. rarniors' Iiiistitutc

is now in session at Oxford, Penn. To-
morrow morning S. W. Morrison, M. D.,
Rives an address before it on " Bee-Culture."
The Doctor will, no doubt, give them an
enthusiastic talk— for it may be truthfully
said that "every bee-keeper is an en-
thusiast."

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Itird.>< and Triiit.- Mr. W. M. Bom-
berger, of Harlan, Iowa, whose article on
"Poisoning the Bees" was on page 84 of
last week's issue, writes as follows concern-
ing the birds who injure the fruit in this
locality :

We are in a prairie country. Our planted
groves, near which vineyards and small
grape patches of farmers and others are
situated, being the nesting place and nat-
ural ?tabitot of birds, literally swarm with
the feathered tribe in summer, when the
open stretch of prairie country afford them
an excellent feedini; yround. An open
prairie country under higti cultivation is put
to a great disadvantage by injurious insects
that at times destroy whole crops. Timber
planting and a greater annual advent of
birds will help cure the evil. Since they
have a good livina, a surfeit of in.seclfond,
it seems to create in them a voracious appe-
tite for fruit, especially grapes, as a surfeit
of meat in man does an appetite for the
same.

The " birds " are the destroyers— not the
bees I The farmers should be correctly
informed concerning their friends and
enemies. Then the bees will be found to
be their greatest benefactors— fructifying
the bloom, and causing their trees to bear
fruit abundantly.

Corlc ibr M'iiiter Pa-clciiig-.- J. H.

Howe, Mansfield, Mass., on Feb. 5, 1888,
asks about " cork " for packing :

My bees had a good flight to-day, the
thermometer indicating 52° on the north
side of ray house. I also examined one
colony, and found the bees in good condi-
tion. We have had three weeks of very
cold weather. It was 30° below zero on one
morning, but not much snow. Is ground
cork good for packing chaff hives for win-
tering bees ? ..rf ,r» - --= .._S fei.. '

Yes ; " cork " has been used for winter
packing for bees. Imported white grapes
are often packed in ground cork, and it can
be obtained from fruit-stores very cheaply.
Its advantages are that it never becomes
musty, and it is odorless. Cushions can be
made of cloth and filled with the cork, for
winter packing.

■We are Sorry to announce that Mr.
W. Z. Hutchinson and his little daughter
have been laid up with bilious fever. A
letter from Mrs. Hutchinson last week in-
forms us that both are improving, but, as
the result of this indisposition, the JJeuicw
for February will be a little late.

IIoiiey-I>e^v in February. — Mr.

George E. Hilton, of Fremont, Mich., on
Feb. 8, 1888, thus describes the honey-dew
he has seen on the ivy :

I have just discovered that our English
ivy is infested with aphides, and the leaves
are sticky with the spray they have thrown
off. In one place I found a large one and a
ball of the stuff attached to it, half as large
as a kernel of wheat, granulated, and as
light-colored as clover honey.

Scatter tlie l>ea acts.— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page of this
paper.

Pollen and Sngar Candy.— A.

Sherington, Dutton, Mich., on Feb. 3, 1888,
asks the following questions :

My bees are in good condition, and they
have had no flight since Nov. 20. Tlie
weather is now very pleasant. 1. My bees
have no pollen. Can they breed without it?
3. Can I supply them with it? If .so, in
what way ? 3. How is the sugar candy
made for the bees for winter feeding ?

1. Bees cannot rear brood without pollen
or a substitute for it.

3. Yes ; as early in the spring as they can
fly, you can place some rye meal at some
distance from the hives ; put on top of it
some honey on which the bees have com-
menced to feed. This will insure their im-
mediate attention to the meal.

3. For winter feeding, use 4 parts coffee A
sugar and 1 part water ; simmer till it be-
comes quite hard on being cooled, mould in-
to frames of 1 inch thickness, and lay it on
top of the frames, using sticks underneath
lo'-inch square; or mould it in brood-frames,
tie hemp twine around to hold it in place,
and put it in the center of the brood-cham-
ber.

Rnral \Afc is the title of a new bi-
monthly published at 20 cents a year by C.
Weckesser, of Marshallville, O. It has 16
pages, is nicely printed, and well edited. It
makes a creditable initial number. The
following is an editorial item on the "scien-
tific pleasantry" which may in time prove
very unpleasant to Prof. Wiley :

The intense drouth of the past summer,
which shortened the honey crop so ma-
terially, has exposed the falsehood of the
statements so extensively circulated, that
honey is being made of glucose, deposited
in machine-made combs, and sealed with
hot irons— a statement as absurd as that
which was lately circulated in regard to
eggs being manufactured.

If this could be done, the present .season
would be the time for those dextrously
skilled inventors to reap a golden harvest
by marketing the mannfactured product ;
but, notwithstanding the short supply of,
and the urgent demand at a high price for
honey, the bogus article is nowhere to be
found, for it has never been made.

jr. P. Miller, of Chicago, has been ex-
hibiting bees in New Orleans, La., and
other cities, and has just returned. He is a
good talker, and describes the habits and
characteristics of bees while publicly ma-
nipulating them. He exhibited them at the
Museum in this city last fall, to large
audiences.

It is Exti-avagant Economy not

to have hives, sections, comb foundation,
etc., on hand when needed. To prevent
disappointment, order early what you will
need in that line. Then the hives can be
nailed and painted in odd times, and the
sections put together, so as to be ready at a
minute's notice. It is a sad disappointment
to need these things and then not have
them on hand. They should be ordered
very soon. We are promised an early
spring, and a good honey crop.

100

TTM® MMEMICMIf WMM J@WRP«MEf.

Factory tor Canning^ Honey.—

One at least is in existence. It is conducted
by Mr. A. Cliristie, of Smitliland, Iowa.
Tlie Exponait of Dec. 15, 1887, describes it
thus :

Mr. Christrie owns five apiaries witli from
500 to 600 colonies of bees. Ail llie lioney
from these apiaries are brouglit to liis
Smitliland canning house to be put up for
the marlset. This is a more extensive job
than one would think, and the process is
more complicated.

The honey, when extracted from the
comb, is barrelled up and talien to the store-
house, where it is kept until the time for
canning begins, which is generally about
the first of December.

The building where the canning is done,
is a substantial brick structure 32x30 feet,
and two stories high, with an ell for an en-
gine room. The arrangements are such
that when the lioney is brought hi, it can be
unloaded from the wagons on a level with
the upper story, and the barrels rolled in.
Then the barrels are placed on end, the
heads taken out, and the honey is emptied
into a tank holding about 100 gallons. This
tank is made of boiler iron, and lieated to a
moderate degree by steam. From this tank
the honey passes through a pipe which is
regulated by a stop-cock, into a reservoir
having a capacity ot three barrels. From
this reservoir it passes through another
pipe into a steam chest. This pipe is made
of block-tin, and is made in a spiral form,
so that the honey may be kept in motion,
for it it remained in one place too long it
would be over-heated, and a little too much
heating spoils it. In the chest it is heated
to the required temperature, and drawn off
into cans, the heat preventing granulation.

The capacity of this apparatus is two bar-
rels per hour. In addition to this there is
a steam eiiest in which cans are placed, and
the steam being let on, the honey melts and
runs into the same tank in which the bar-
relled honey was placed. This makes the
whole capacity of the factory three barrels
per hour. The honey is drawn off in cans,
varying from one to sixty pounds each, but
the largest demand is, for the one-pound
cans.

An engine of six-horse power drives the
machinery and furnishes the steam for
heating purposes. Mr. Christie travels dur-
ing the greater part ot the year selling to
dealers in various partsfof the. country.

Xlie I^ect»ii-e of Prof. N. W. McLain,
which we mentionedCsometime ago, is to be
delivered before the "Academy of Sciences"
at Stevens' Art Hall, 24 Adams-st. Chicago,
on Monday, Feb. 27, 1S88, at 8 p.m. The sub-
ject will be the " Construction and function
of bees ;" which will be illustrated by large
charts. Prof. Higley will preside. Seats
will be free, and all will be welcome.

Xlie " Cliapnian Honey-Plant"

has been placed by the Department of Ag-
riculture upon the " free list." All persons
desiring the seed can procure it fkee, by
writing to Hon. Norman J. Coleman, Com-
missioner of Agriculture, Washington, D.
0. ; or if they desire a larger quantity than
is furnished by the Department for experi-
mental purposes, undoubtedly they can get
it by requesting their representative in Con-
gress to send it to them.

Pleasant ■*Vords come Ifrora our
brother publishers, in noting the advent of
the Bee Jouhnal for 1888. To all we say,
" Thanks ;" and we hope that'the pleasant
relations between the editors of the many
bee-periodicals will long continue, and their
exertions for the prosperity of the pursuit
be fully rewarded. We give those so far
received a place here :

The first numbers of our esteemed co-
temporary, the Ameeican Bee Journai.
for 1888, have come out in a new dress. It
is printed almost wholly from new type,
and the matter has been somewhat re-
aiTanged. Altogether, it is a decided im-
provement. As in times past, QJe(nilngs
extends the right hand of fellowship, and
wishes the publisher every success. In this
connection we note with pleasure the
brotherly feeling existing among all our
bee-periodicals at the present time, and
likewise the absence of little petty jeal-
ousies which, we are sorry to say, used to
crop out once in awhUe.—Oleanings.

No. 1 of Vol. XXIV, of the American
Bee Jouenal is on our desk, and we must
confess that Editor Newman has made his
paper 1,00k very nice in its new dress and
new type. The head-lines of all articles
are in large, clear, full-faced type. The
contents and general make-up are perfec-
tion. Bro. Newman is a man of progress,
and never takes a back step.— .American
Apiculturist.

The Ameeican Bee Journal comes to
us in an entirely new dress of type, which
makes a decided improvement in its ap-
pearance. In its articles, the American
Bee JouKNAL keeps abreast of the times,
is a credit to its publishers, and worthy of
patronage. We wish it every prosperity.—
Canadian Bee JouiimI.

Like an old friend in new clothes comes
the American Bee Journal for Jan. 4,
1888. Its appearance has been much altered
and improved. We hope to see those bio-
graphical sketches continued tlirough the
year.— 27ie Bee-Hive.

Xliis is I^eap Ifear. February has
29 days, and begins and ends on Wednes-
day. Washington's birth-day comes on
Wednesday. Memorial Day falls on Wednes-
day. The Fourth of July is Wednesday.
Lent begins to-day— Wednesday, and every
Wednesday in the year the American Bee
Journal will be published, no matter
whether it is hot or cold, wet or dry, cloudy
or bright sunshine ! Wednesday is surely
the "lucky day" of this year of three-
eights (888). If it possesses any " enchant-
ment," it "augurs" well for the bees that
pass in and out comfortably through a three-
eighths inch (888) auger hole. Hurrah for
three-eights (888) and Wednesday I

XIic Stark Co., O., Convention.

I>etter Postage.- It has been pro-
posed in Congress to reduce letter postage
to one cent. The Post-office Committee of
the House has reported back adversely the
proposition. We do not want cheaper pos-
tage, but more efficient service, especially
in the country. Fourth-class postage miglit
be reduced (on parcels of merchandise), but
we can hardly liope for that, as it would
affect the higli-tariff of the express com-
panies. It you have any influence with
your Congressman, it will pay the reader to
use it to secure a rate of one cent for 3
ounces as postage for fourth-class matter.

The Stark County Bee-Keepers' Society
met in Grange Hall "at Canton, O., on Feb.
4, 1888. The President, Jacob Oswalt, of
Maximo, being absent, W. S. Kline, of
Bolivar, was cliairman pro tern. Owing to
the very slippery condition of the roads and
streets, there was a small attendance, but
notwithstanding this fact a very pleasant
and profitable time was had. A committee,
consisting of Henry Beatty, of Massillon,
J. H. Smith and L. J. W^ise, of Canton, -.vera
appointed to wait on the Directors ot the
Stark County Agricultural Society, to ask
for a revision of the bee and honey pre-
mium list. After the questions from the
query-box were answered, tlie society ad-
journed to meet on Wednesday, April U,
1888. Mark Thomson, Sec.

Prospects.— It is yet very hard to
prognosticate, but the indications point to
a good honey-season. Mr. C. H. Dibbern,
in the Plowman for February, says :

At this time the prospects for a good
honey season are excellent. Snow has cov-
ered the ground all over the northern States
since early in December. It is true that,
owing to the drouth, clover is not abund-
ant, but what there is will likely be good.
Judging from present indications, all other
plants will be good also, so that the bee-
keeper may reasonably look for a good
honey harvest in 1S88.

So far, bees that were well supplied with
honey, or sugar syrup, ted early enough, are
in good condition, whether wintered in cel-
lars or out-of-doors. Bees, however, are
not yet "out of the woods," by a good deal.
At the present time, January, the weather
is quite severe, and many a colony, not
properly provided or cared for, will "go to
the wall " before the gentle spring comes
again, with its sunshine and flowers.

Wcw Catalogues for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

Oliver Foster, Mount Vernon, Iowa — 13
pages— Bees, Honey and Supplies.

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Ala.— 36 pages
— Bees, Honey and Supplies.

J. C. Vaughn, 88 State St.* Chicago, Ills.—
80 pages— Garden, Flower and Vegetable
Seeds.

BIrs. Stennett, a lady bee-keeper ot
Blanchard, Out., was thrown from a sleigh
and killed, on Sunday, Jan. 22, 1888, by a
runaway horse. Mr. S. was also thrown
out of the cutter, but escaped without much
injury. She was an estimable lady, and
was beloved by all who knew her.

"Xlie Be«'-Keepers' Advance

and Poultrymen's Journal " is now the title
of Bro. Mason's paper, published at Me-
chanic Falls, Maine. It commenced its
second year with the poultry addition.

Xlie Canadian Honey Producer

completes its first volume with the February
number, which is filled with the report ot
the Ontario Convention.

Postage in Canada on fifth class
(parcel post) was reduced on the 1st inst. to
1 cent per ounce. The registration fee is 5c.

the; mv^mmiGmm mmm jqipkhmi*.

101

DOES IIONET DETERIORATE
IX GRAXlLiATIXO f

Written for the American Bee Journal

Qut-ry 515.— 1. Does honey deteriorate In
the process of granulation? 2. If so, at what
stagre does it commence, and when does it
cease to deteriorate, if ever? I am prompted
to ask this question, by the judges atour State
Fair deciding against my honey, on the plea
that it had commenced to grain, and conse-
quently, to deteriorate.— C.

1. No. — P. L. VlALLON.

1. No. it docs not. — A. J. Cook.

1. I never supposed that it did. —
James Heddon.

1. I tliink not, necessarily. — Eugene
Secor.

1. I think not. — R. L. Tayior.

1. It does not, I think, deteriorate.
— W. Z. Hutchinson.

1. This is the first instance that I
have ever lieard of honey deteriorating
from granulation. — J. M. Hambadgh.

1. Comb honey does ; extracted
honey does not. 2. I cannot answer
definitely. — Mrs. L. HAftRisoN.

While it is possible that some of its
aroma may be lost, there is no deteri-
oration of quality. — J. P. H. Bkown.

1. I think not. 2. Tell those judges
to test the matter more closel}-, and
see if they do not alter their minds. —
G. M. Doolittle.

1. Good honey does not deteriorate
in the process of granulating. 2. The
judges at the State Fair did not under-
stand their business. — M. Mahin.

1. I think not. 2. Honey on exhi-
bition, that has commenced to grain,
is generally cut about two points hy
expert judges ; not because it has com-
menced to deteriorate, but because it
has not the attractive appearance of
honey free from granulation. — H. D.
Cutting.

1. No. 2. Good judges, were they
not ? Melt some of that granulated
honey over wider, and let them taste it
side Ijy side with honey that has never
granulated. The}' will not be able to
tell the difference. — Dadant & Son.

As I am a comb honey producer, I
have had but little experience on this
line. I do not think, however, that
granulation deteriorates good extracted
honey. If I were bujing, I should
prefer to have it granulated. — C. H.

DiBBERN.

1. No, not in (jiiaUl)j, if it is thor-
oughly ripened and put into barrels,
tin or glass, and sealed uji air-tight.
2. Your judges must have been comb
honey producers, and never saw well-
ripened and well-cared-for extracted

honey. Send them over this way, and
we will fix them up all right. This
was one of the most interesting and
best discussed subjects at the recent
Ohio State Convention. — A. B. Mason.

I do not think that granulation de-
teriorates well-ripened honey. Some
claim that it does. It is a mooted
question ; still I think that the de-
terioration so caused will only be
found in honey not well cured. — J. E.
Pond.

Honey well-ripened loses nothing by
granulation ; at least I could never dis-
cover that it does. Honey loses, to a
certain extent, the aroma of the
flowers after extraction from the comb,
but this deterioration is not due to
granulation. Granulated comb honey
is not considered so appetizing as that
which has remained liquid, and will
not command the best price if the
granulation is detected. — J. M. Shuck.

1. In my opinion it does not, and I
think I have some experience. 2. If
honey deteriorates at any time, it is
the result of bad management or bad
conditions. I have samples of honey
dating back to 1877, and quite a num-
ber of the very best judges have pro-
nounced the samples perfect in quality,
and in presei-vation. Some of the best
samples of honej' that I have ever seen
began to granulate quite early in the
fall — in fact, in advance of other
honey that was not so fine in quality.
— G. W. Demaree.

1. No ; the crystallization of sugar
is not a chemical change of elements.
If honey is gi'anulated and slowly
heated by means of a water bath, until
it becomes liquid, there is no change
or loss of principles ; hence granulated
honey is not deteriorated honey. But
if a tin can of candied honey be placed
directly on a stove to liquify it, there
will be a loss of volatile principles, and
the honey be damaged. This may
account for the judges' opinion. — G. L.
Tinker.

1. That depends. Some consider
granulated honey inferior from the
mei-e fact of its granulating. If in the
comb it will bring a less price gen-
erall}'. If extracted, the granulation
would not be objected to by some. It
may be of good or bad qualitj% inde-
pendc'iitly of the granulating. 2. If
the fact of its gi-auulating is considered
deterioration, then the deterioration
commences when the first gi'anules can
be detected, and ceases when it is per-
haps half granulated. — C. C. Miller.

Comb honey is not desirable if it is
granulated, because it cannot be lique-
fied without desti-oying the comb, and
is therefore of no more value than ex-
tracted honey. If the honey was a
good article, and well-ripened before
being extracted from the comb, it has

not deteriorated a particle. If it was
watery or unripe, it may sour in the
process of granulation, but in liquefy- •
ing even this souring is cured hy the
heat necessary to liquefy it. The
"judges" were not good judges of
honey. — The Editor.

HO^V TO PRETEXT ]nOLD
A I5EE.€ELL,AR.

IN

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 516.— What is the best way to pre-
vent mold in a bee-oellar ? This, to me, is the
greatest drawbacli in bee-keeping.— Minn.

By ventilation. — C. C. Miller.

Ventilate it. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

Keep the air dry and cool. — W. Z.
Hutchinson.

Ventilate to let off the moisture, and
keep it warmer. — A. B. Mason.

Sprinkle slacked lime on the floor,
and give the sides a coat of whitewash.
—i. P. H. Brown.

Keep the cellar dry, and give the
hives plenty of ventilation. — M.Mahin.

By keeping the cellar dry ; but
dampness and mold will not hurt your
bees at all, if the temperatiu-e and
food are right. — James Heddon.

I think that good ventilation would
answer the purpose to a great extent.

P. L. VlALLON.

I put a two-bushel bag of sawdust in
my cellar every two weeks, and find
that I have a sweet smelling cellar
compared with what I had before
using the sawdust.— G. M. Doolittle.

What harm is the mold doing ? Any-
thing that woidd take up the moisture
in the air would prevent it. Try stone
lime or dry sawdust. — ^R. L. Taylor.

Is the cellar not too cold ? Try keep-
ing it warmer. If sufficiently warm,
say never colder than 40^, and still
moldy, I should ventilate it, or try to
dry tiie cellar. — Eugene Secok.

If I only knew the conditions or the
cause I could reply better. Give good
ventilation. Whitewash the walls with
a good lime wash, to which add 2
ounces of carbolic acid to the pail of
whitewash.— H. D. Cutting.

Ventilate it plentifully. We would
remove the bottom-boards entirelj-.
We always liave more mold wherever
we leave on the bottom-boards. We
would also advise you to raise the hives
ofl'the ground. — Dadant & Son.

Too much dampness is probably the
cause. It might be prevented by tile
draining, and a thorough system of
ventilation, with artificial heat from a
stove for several days before the bees
are ])ut in for the winter. — J. M. Ham-

BAUGH.

102

itmm MMEmicMPf mwrn j©uMi*i:Mif.

>A^***<^^A<fcA.afcji^Aji

Keep the cellar dry and well venti-
lated. Keep the hives well ventilated
also. Be sure that the stores are well
ripened before the bees are put up for
the winter. — J. E. Pond.

First, confine the bees to the num-
ber of combs that they can occupy, say
six Langstroth frames of comb. Sec-
ond, remove the boutom of the hive or
give large lower ventilation. — G. L.
Tinker.

The best way is to so ventilate your
cellar that it will be dry. But why do
you care for mold ? If the bees are
all right, I think that the mold will do
no harm. Things in my bee-cellar
mold. Yet my bees winter exceedingly
well. I do not fear dampness as I
used to. — A. J. Cook.

Keep the cellar dry. Mold does not
always accompany bad results other-
wise ; yet I would prefer not to have
it. Proper temperature, say 45° to
50°, Fahr., with good ventilation and
drainage, will usually jirevent any ex-
cess of mold in the hives. — J.M.Shuck.

Make the cellar as dry as possible
by cementing the floor. Plaster the
walls and ceiling, ventilate the cellar
thoroughly during the summer, and
whitewash it a few weeks before put-
ting the bees in. Leave the windows
open until the bees are put in, and no
mold will appear ; at least that is my
experience. — C. H. Dibbern.

This trouble of " mold," which
means a condition of dampness, is
what makes cellar wintering nearly
out of the question in a mild, change-
able climate like that of Kentucky.
Some experiments that I now have on
hand, indicate strongly that bees will
be wintered in the cellar on a new
plan in the future. The cellar will be
kept at a low temperature, just above
the freezing point, and at intervals of
ten days or longer, as experience may
fix the time, the cellar will be heated
up to a high temperature till the bees
by ventilating throw oft" all excess of
moisture, and prepare themselves for
another winter nap. The " heating
up " will destroy the mold. — G. W.
Demaeee.

Dampness is the cause of " mold,"
but as its presence in a cellar is of no
detriment to bees, it is diflicult to see
how that can possibly be " the greatest
drawback to bee-keeping," as stated
in the question. To prevent " mold"
in a cellar, give it ventilation ; linae or
sawdust could be used to advantage to
absorb the moisture. — The Editor.

A Modern Bee-Farm,' and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

BEE-FEEDERS.

Historical Reuiini§cence§ Con.
ceriiiiig Bee-Feeders.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY J. M. SHUCK.

What are known as trough feeders
have been in use a long time. The
earliest practical feeder that I have
noticed is described by M. Quinby in
" Mysteries of Bee-Keeping Explained "

to feed at the top of the hive, and was
all made of wood, except the glass
cover. I have also copied the engrav-
ing of this feeder. It will be seen that
one side is cut away so as to better
show the interior, where the bees may
be seen climbing upon the partitions
and sipping the feed.

There is in this feeder also a reser-
voir into which the feed is poured, and
which the bees cannot enter, but they
do enter through a hole in the bottom
of the apartment at the other end, and
pass over the inner wall which is |- of
an inch below the glass cover, and
thus get at the feed.

These two feeders were probably the
best form of anj^ in use down to 1870

QUINBY'S FEEDER.

— 1855 edition. This was a tin-pan,
10x12 inches, and 2 inches in depth.
This pan was fitted with wooden parti-
tions to prevent the bees from drown-
ing, and was then fixed in a hole cut
in the bottom-board of the hive just
large enough to receive the pan which
rested on cleats nailed to the under
side of the bottom-board.

Space was allowed in the end of the
pan for a reservoir in which to pour
the feed which ran under the partitions
and was thus accessible to the bees.

or later. In 1874 I had some feeders
cut with a wabbling saw at Heath's
Planing Mill here in Des Moines, which
so far as I know were the first ever
made by that method. They held
about half-a-pint, and were very much
the same as those brought out by Mr.
A. I. Root, in 1877, and illustrated in
September Olennings for that j'ear, I
think. I had at this time been for
some months perfecting my entrance
feeder, and simple as it may seem, it
took a long time to get it into shape,

GARY'S FEEDER.

This reservoir jirojected behind the
hive, and when not used for filling was
covered by a board of suitable width.
The feeder was thus inaccessible to
outside bees, and was probably very
cflfectual as a feeder. I have copied
the engraving of this feeder as it ap-
pears in the book alluded to, and have
added only the vessel pouring the
syrup, and present it here so that the
reader may fully understand it.

Wm. Gary's feeder was described in
the American Agriculturist for May,
1808. This was also a trough feeder,

I which finally was done, and it was
patented in 1878.

I then had a little tilt with Mr. Root,
who honestl}' thought I had appro-
priated his Simplicity feeder for my
own purposes. The fact was that he
invented the same thing I had already
done, but at a later date. It is scarcely
necessary to state that although we
got a little ivarrn, a comparison of
data enabled us to get along without
either bloodshed or a lawsuit.

In 1880 and thereafter I began to
combine these feeder blocks in various

THB fCMERlcaPi BEE JQlJRNJtlr.

103

- — ^^^-^^^^.^^^^^^^^^A^^^*

ways, so as to be able to feed larger
quantities at once. These experiments
tiually resulted in the _ " top and bot-
tom feeder," that is, it may be used on

ENTRANCE FEEDER.

the top of the hive or at the bottom, as
the bee-keeper may choose. This
feeder is composed of two feeding
blocks, and has bee-passages at the
sides of the blocks, and also at the
ends, so that any drip or leakage will
be sure to fall within the hive, and
may be taken up by the bees.

This feeder is constructed on the
plan of the movable-comb hive, every
part of the inside may be reached by

TOP AND BOTTOM FEEDER.

the bees and cared for by them. When
in use on the hive, the hive-cover just
covers the feeder ; and when in use
under the hive, the hive covers the
feeder, and the bees pass in at the en-
trance in the bottom-board under the
feeder, and through it into the hive
proper.

Des Moines, Iowa, Jan. 30, 1888.

IN COUNSEL.

Kortli'\vc§tern Illinois and South-
western M'is. Convention.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY D. A. FULLER.

The annual meeting of the North-
western Illinois and Southwestern Wis-
consin Bee-Keepers' Association con-
vened at Rockford, Ills., on Jan. 17,
1888, with Vice-President Swezej- in
the chair.

The minutes of the last meeting were
read and approved.

The reports of members for 1887
.showed 1,098 colonies of bees in the
spring, and 1,028 in the fall, with only
970 pounds of surplus honey.

Mr. A. J. Swezey, of Rockford, Ills.,
read an essay entitled.

Lessous to be Learned In a Poor Year
lor Uee-Keeping.

Apparent failure does not alwa.ys
portend ultimate disaster. Many of
the most important enterprises of the
World have been nouri.shed amid de-
feat and disaster. The first Atlantic
trlegraph cable was broken and lost in
mid-ocean. The second was a dead
wire in the bottom of the Atlantic. It
took ten years more of patient investi-
gation, and the utmost eft'orts of
science and skill to make the Ocean
telegraph a success.

A niimber of years ago people tried
to make sugar from sorghum cane,
but the attempt was a financial fail-
ure. ■ Norman J. Coleman, United
States Commissioner of Agriculture,
has faithfully pi-osecuted and continued
his investigations and experiments, and
if recent reports are true, he will yet
make sugar-making under his new
process a grand success.

The bee-keepers of this country do
not always find their efforts crowned
with an abundant harvest. The un-
certainties of the business sometimes
comes with astonishing promptness
and prominence. I know one man
who invested about |200 in the busi-
ness, and before getting any consid-
erable returns, his bee-inventory was
reduced to 2 colonies of bees ! But
that man afterward became one of the
most successful bee-keepers of north-
ern Illinois.

The past year has brought no imme-
diate financial profit to the bee-keepers
of this Association. From this appar-
ent failure, the wise bee-keepers may
learn some profitable lessons.

1. That like the crops of the agricul-
turist, much of success depends upon
the vicissitudes of the seasons, and
that it is of importance to study how
best to overcome or withstand its ex-
tremes of drouth or flood.

2. That bees will not gather a large
crop of honey unless the blossoms
grow that produce the honey. That
if the season is such that the white
clover is a failure, we should grow
some honey-producing plants to supply
the honey.

3. That the bees should at all times
be well cared for, and kept in good
condition so that if at any season of
the year there is a supply of honey,
they will be fully prepared to gather it.

4. That during a term of years there
is no more honey produced than
enough to supjily the market for the
same term of years. That if a good
honey harvest fills up the market one
year, it can be shipped to a less-favored
locality, or a succeeding poor year
will use it all up.

5. That only persevering, scientific
bee-keepers will attain any great suc-

I cess in the business. Those who ex-

pei-t good crops of honey without care
and labor on their part, will be so dis-
gusted with their success in a poor
year, as to abandon the^business.

6. That the wise bee-keeper should
economically save the proceeds of pi-os-
jierous years, or he will have to do
some other business during poor yeai-s
to pay living expenses.

7. That bees should be particularly
well cared for during a poor year. By
the law of probabilities, the next year
will most likely be a good one for
honey. It will bring a good price
in the market. The bee-keeper will
want all of his bees in condition to
gather all they can. : V'

A.' J. Swezey.

Quite a discussion! ensued as to the
advisability of carrying honey over
from a good year to a poor one.like
the present.

Chas. Kisar exhibited some white
clover honey, carried over from 1886,
which was very nice, and certainly
looked as good as any^new honey.

Mr. O. H. Swezey said that he car-
ried a considerable portion of his 1886
honey crop over ; that it froze and
cracked some, but the price realized
for it was far better than he could have
had when taken from the hives in the
fall of 1886.

The discussion brought out from
this showed that good, well-ripened
honey could [be carried over from one
year to another.

-.The question, " When is the best
time to put bees in the cellar ?" showed
that most of the members put them in
from Dec. 1 to Dec. 7.

Dr. Miller and Mr. Hollingsworth
thought that bees should be put into
the cellar earlier, as the disturbance
at that time was not good for them.

President Highbarger arrived and
took the chair, when the merits of the
Chapman Honey-Plant was discussed.
Some of the members had some grow-,
ing, but not enough to say anything
in regard to its merits. Japanese
buckwheat no one had tried, but all
recommended the planting of bass-
wood, and some thought that trees 5
or 6 feet high would grow and do bet-
ter than smaller ones.

The convention then adjourned until
Wednesday at 9 a.m.

SECOND DAY.

On Wednesday morning the meet-
ing was called to order by President
Highbarger, when an essaj' from Mr.
Herrick, entitled, " The experience of
a beginner in bee-keeping,"' was read.

A communication from the editor of
the Bee-Keepers" Magazine, asking the
con.sideration of the A.ssociation as to
the advisability of forming an Inter-
national Bee-Keepers' Association. The

104

TM® JtldERICaM mUM JO^MIfSlL.

following resolution was carried unani-
mously :

Resolved, Tliat the formation of an
International Representative Bee-
Keepers' Association is desirable.

The " Question-Box " was opened,
and answers given by Dr. Miller to the
satisfaction of all.

In the afternoon an essay was road
from Mi\ Gammon, on "Comb Foun-
dation." He commenced with the
comb, told bow he made the wax, and
how it was prepared for foundation, in
a very concise way.

The election of officers resulted as
follows : For President, L. Highbarger,
of Leaf River ; Vice-President, A. J.
Swezey, of Guilford ; Secretary, D. A.
Fuller, of Cherry Valley ; and Treas-
urer, O. J. Cummings, of Guilford.

The convention then adjourned until
May 22, 1888, to meet at Rockton, Ills.
D. A. Fuller, Sec.

ALSIKE CLOVER.

How Much 1o Soiv, Wliere to

Plant, How Many Seed to

the Pound, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY M. M. BALDRIDGE.

On page 56 of the Bee Journal, I
find the following in regard to Alsike
clover: "I can endorse what Mr.
Baldridge says, on page 10, about
Alsike, except that I would sow 4
pounds instead of 2 pounds of seed to
the acre ; and I would not sow it at
all on thin, dry, sandy land. It will
catch in wild-grass sloughs ; but thrives
best witli red-top clover or pasture. If
■wanted for seed, sow 10 pounds per
acre, and it will not lodge so badly.
Be sure to get clean seed, and not
mixed with sorrel as some Eastern
seed is."

It always pleases me to have my
ideas analyzed and criticized, when
free from oflensive personalities as the
foregoing seems to be. What we all
want are facts, no matter from whence
they come.

As a rule it may not paj' to try to
raise Alsike on thin, dry, sandy, or
worn-out soil, liut Alsike will do well
on any soil that will produce a good
crop of red clover when the two
clovers are mixed. Now, do not for
get that statement, and try to grow
Alsike by itself, or on any dry soil that
will not produce red clover. And
when mixed with the usual quantity of
red clover and timothj-, I still advise
not more than 2 pounds of Alsike seed
to the acre.

Now does the reader catch my idea?
The 2 pounds Alsike is to be added to
the usual quantity of red clover and

timothy, so that, in case the Alsike
fails to grow, from any cause, the
land will be properly seeded anyway,
and the only loss which ensues is
simply the cost of the Alsike seed.

But let us see what we add when we
use 2 pounds Alsike seed to the acre.
The Alsike Leaflet says that a pound
of Alsike has about 600,000 seeds, or
three times as many as the common
red. Now as I have never counted the
seeds in a pound of ALsike, I do not
know whether the statement is true or
not, but I presume it is not far from
the truth. Then 2 pounds of Alsike
will have 1,200,000 seeds. Now how
many seeds will this give to a sijuare
rod or a square foot of land ? To the
square rod 7,500, and to the square
foot about 27 seeds ! If only one out
of every three seeds grow, and they
are properly distributed over each
square foot, there would be nine stools
of Alsike, and they would cover the
whole surface if allowed to do so. It
is no uncommon thing to find Alsike
stools 6 inches across wlien not crowd-
ed for room.

My experience is that 2 pounds of
Alsike seed is ample, when mixed with
timothy and red clover as stated, and
it is also my experience, with not less
than 70 acres of Alsike in one year,
that 40 pounds of seed is ample when
sowed alone. And to make the Alsike
stand up, and to keep it away from
the ground, I sliould much prefer to
mix it with timothy, than to use 10
pounds of Alsike for that purpose, even
when wanted expressly for seed.

But, as I want everybody to grow
Alsike profitably and successfully, I
still insist on the use of the common
red clover, so as to secure the proper
shade for the Alsike in dry seasons. If
we could always be sure of wet seasons
we could then safely dispense with red
clover. ■ As a rule it is no trouble to
grow Alsike by itself in Canada, owing
to its cool, moist climate, but we do
not all happen to live in Canada !

The idea of being careful when buy-
ing Alsike to get good seed, and free
from sorrel and other foreign seeds, is
a good one. I have seen Alsike with
apparently 25 per cent, of sorrel seed
mixed with it. Alsike is now so very
cheap that no one should hesitate to
pay the price of a No. 1 fresh, clean
seed. At $t) per bushel for extra choice
Alsike it is no more expensive than
the common red at .$3 per busliel ! And
why ? Because one bushel of Alsike
will seed as many acres of land as
three bushels of red clover. Besides,
a ton of Alsike hay, after the seed is
threshed therefrom, is worth more for
cattle or sheej) than a ton of the best
cured and unthreshed common red.

Some 20 years ago, when I was
growing Alsike extensivelj", and on

rented land at $5 per acre, the price I
then paid was $60 per bushel, and
thousands of pounds of the seed were
sold, at retail, ■ at $1.50 to $2.00 per
pound ! The present exceedingly low
price for Alsike seed is simply evidence
that it is now grown extensively, and
with the greatest of success by thou-
sands who have got hold of the secret
as herein indicated.
St. Charles, Ills.

THE EXTRACTOR.

My Position in Reg;ard to the
Extractor.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY WM. P. CLARKE.

The report of the recent Ontario
Bee-Keepers' Convention on page 72, is
a lop-sided affair. Some of the most
interesting discussions are omitted,
while special prominence is given to
the sayings and doings of the reporter
and his father-in-law. I do not pro-
pose supplying its omissions, but crave
space for a few remarks concerning a
single reference made to myself. The
" report " saj's : " W. F. Clarke, of
Gnelph, condemned the honey-extrac-
tor, but the members present,however,
objected to this." Objected to what?
My condemning the extractor ? Not
at all. I was allowed entire freedom
of speech, without objection on the
part of any one.

There are few bee-keepers of judg-
ment and experience who will not con-
cur in most of the remarks I made on
that occasion. I said, it was doubtful
whether, on the whole, the extractor
had been beneficial to apiculture. It
had opened the door to adulteration of
honey, and had been used most in-
judiciously by many, who tore up the
brood-nest ^^^thout mercy, took large
quantities of unripe honey, and really
put on the market an article of strained
honey, so much brood, pollen, etc.,
being thrown ovit of the cells. The
extractor had been the means of lower-
ing the price of honey, and if not used
until the honey was ripe, and the cells
were capped, I questioned if extracted
honey was more jjrofitable than comb
honey. While preferring not to use
the extractor myself, I strongly urged
those who did use it to leave the
brood-nest intact, and do their extract-
ing from the combs of an upper story,
as recommended in Mr. Malcolm's ex-
cellent paper, out of which the dis-
cussion arose.

The one point of difference between
myself and other bee-keepers present
was in regard to the question whether,
all things considered, it was advisable
to use the extractor at all. My own

T'H® mimmmic:mm be®, jo^mmsiu.

105

IH'eference for comb honey is shared
liy me with some of our best and larg-
est producers of honey, and this ques-
tion is one that must come to the front.
I doubt much if the honey market
will ever be in a satisfactory condition,
so long as large quantities of the in-
ferior extracted article are produced.
These are tlie great disturbing element,

f and no one can read the quotations
and note the difference of price be-

[ tween the cheai)er grades of extracted
honey, and lirst-class comb lioney,

t without feeling that the production of
• xtracted lioney, .so far as it is carried
'111, should be rigidly limited to that of

. the highest quality.

* St. Thomas, Ont.

NEW YORK.

Bec-Kcepcrs of the State in
Convention.

Compiled from the Bee-Keepers' Magazine.

The 19th annual convention of the
State Bee-Keepers' Association was
held at Utica, on Jan. 17-19, 1888,
Avith President W. E. Clark in the
chair. The minutes of the last meet-
ing, and the Secretary's report were
lead and ajjproved.

The first discussion was on,

Various Honey-Plants fur Bees.

Mr. A. I. Root said that he had con-
siderable experience in cultivating
jilauts for honey. He had raised cat-
nip, but it required foo many plants to
make a satisfactory showing, and the
.«anie was true of mignonette. He said:
" I once had 40 colonies of bees that
Avorked on a field of buckwheat two
miles away, and 1 regard that the best
showing of artificial pasturage I ever
saw. iSuckwheat honey is dark, how-
ever, and the yield is irregular. We
•_'i't good results from Alsike clover,
riie crop pays well for the hay and the
si'ed, aside from tlie honey. We call
the clover honey " gilt edge," The
cultivation of rape is carried on in
places for its seed, and we get good
results from tlie plant in the way of
hone}-. The raspberry is cultivated
for its fruit as well as for honey.

John Aspinwall, in speaking of the
tulip tree, said that in passing under a
tree one day he pulled down a blos-
som, and it was filled with honey. All
of the blossoms were covered with
honej-, and there were myriads of bees
there. There had been no rain for
several days.

Mr. Dickinson — The supply of honej"
dcpends largely on climatic conditions
at all times. In my opinion, any one
who plants anything for honey alone,
will " get left." When clover yields

honey, it is of a fine quality. When
you find bees working on white clover,
30U find them on tlie red. Buckwheat
is simply buckwheat, and nothing
more, and as far as the Japanese or
otlier varieties are concerned, I cannot
see that one is better than another.
Raspberries produce a large amount of
honey, and if I had to take my choice
between tliis plant and the clover, I
would take the former. My bees
work on red, white or Alsike clover.

J. H. Taylor — There is a great dif-
ference in the locality as regards the
quantity of honey produced. This
year the bees failed to get honey from
buckwheat near Ilion, but later at
Jordauville, the same bees, when I
took them there, worked on the plant
freely. I find that they will gather
honey from buckwheat on hills wlien
they will not in the Mohawk valley.

Mr. Aspinwall — It seems to me that
it has been proved this year that there
is something else than climatic changes
that afl'ects the yield of honey. The
conditions were apparently favorable
for honey, but the yield was light.

President Clark — Fifteen years ago
I got a good yield from buckwheat,
but since that time I have not been
able to get a good yield from that
source. I presume that my bees get a
little buckwheat honej', but they con-
sume it.

Mr. Dickinson — I. L. Scofield has an
apiary at Chenango Bridge, in a buck-
wheat country', and where he once had
a large yield of honey, he now gets
but little. Bees work very little after
midday. If the night has been warm,
and a fall of dew follows, the condi-
tions are favorable for the bees.

Mr. Knickerbocker — The bees in our
section did not work on the basswood
trees in 1886, but last year they did.

Mr. Root — How many have suc-
ceeded in increasing the yield of honey
bj' moving their bees from one place
to another ?

Mr. Taylor related an instance
where bees had been moved two miles,
and they had worked much better.

Mr. Root spoke of an instance where
bees had worked on buckwheat in the
afternoon.

Mr. Dickinson — Can any one report
a yield from sumac ?

Mr. Knickerbocker — Mr. Jackson,
of Deposit, sajs that he gets a good
yield of honey from sumac every year.
We have a little in our place, and it
yields very well.

Mr. Taylor — The bees work 'on the
red sumac in our locality very nicely.

After some miscellaneous talk, the
convention adjourned until 7 p.m.

EVENING SESSION.

The President called the convention
to order at 7:15 p.m. After the en-

rolling of new mcmb(U'S, tlie time was
given to miscellaneous discussions.

In reply to tliis question, " Does it
pay to use full slieets of foundation in
the brood-chamber ?" Mr. Foster said
that he had always used full sheets, and
his bees never go into winter quarters
with over 15 or 20 pounds of honey.

Mr. Betsinger said that for extracted
honey full sheets of foundation should
be used.

Mr. Knickerbocker said that taking
the average of the season right
through, he would not do without the
foundation if it cost a dollar a pound.

Mr. Aspinwall — In Cuba they use
full slieets, but of course they work
only for extracted honey.

The prevailing opinion seemed to
be that full sheets of foundation should
be used in the iirood-chamber.

Feeding; Sugar to Bees.

Mr. A. I. Root, in response to a
query from the President, said he
thought that a pound of sugar is equal
to a pound of honey for supporting
bees. Granulated sugar is better than
honey for this purpose.

Secretary Knickerbockei- — It seems
to me a detriment to bee-keepers that
sugar has ever been mentioned in con-
nection with bee-keeping.

Mr. Aspinwall — The question of
adulterating hone}' has been drop^Jcd
entirely.

Mr. lloot^ — I have made a standing
ofier of $1,000 for a comb of artiflciallj-
manufactured honey.

Mr. Aspinwall — I will give a thou-
sand dollars for a square inch of it that
cannot be distinguished from that made
by the bees.

Mr. Foster — If it is a losing matter
to feed sugar to bees to put into sec-
tions, whj' is it not a losing operation
to feed it to them through the winter ?

Mr. Root^ — Simply because it is bet-
ter for the bees.

Mr. Aspinwall — I think that the
sense of the Association is, that it is
ill-advised to feed sugar to bees if
there is any possible chance of the
honey getting on the market.

Mr. Kilbourn — My bees want 500
pounds of something to winter on. 1
think I can .secure the necessary quan-
tity of sugar or syrup for $20, whereas
the honey would cost $40. As a matter
of business, I think that we have a
right to use sugar for wintering the
bees.

Mr. Betsinger — Syrup will cost 5
cents a pound. Does any one want to
take what honey I have left next sea-
son, after 1 liave sold what I want to,
and .allow me 5 cents a pound ? I think
not. Therefore, taking honey awaj-
and feeding sugar instead, is not
advisable.

Mr. Foster — That is what it is com-
ing to, unless something is done.

106

TH© MBIERICMff MMM

- — » ^■^—■^ — -^ --■>—- — ■' — ■'-■■'-■■'■-■ ■^■^■^ — ■^■^ ■>^*^^;^*^*^^^^^»^*^ ^^*^»**^*'

An extract from the American Qroccr
was read, in which it was stated that
in New Jersey 42 samples of bottled
honey was analyzed, and it was ascer-
tained that out of 31 samples put up
by packing houses, only six were pure.
The samples purchased of farmers,
however, were all pure.

Mr. Root^ — I fear there is a mistake
about some of those samples examined.
The State Chemist of Ohio says that it
is a difficult matter to tell when honey
is adulterated. Bees gather every
variety of honey.

Mr. Aspinwal'l — With the polariscope
you can detect the presence of 5 per
cent, of glucose. A point in the article
just read is, that the honey procured
of dealers was nearly all found to be
adulterated, while that purchased of
bee-keepers was all pure. There is a
law against adulterating honey, and
can we not induce the State chemist to
analyze honey sold on the market ?

The question of " Artificial Fertiliza-
tion " was on the programme, but N.
W. McLain, who was to lead it, was
unable to be present, owing to illness.
A letter from him was read, express-
ing regrets at his inability to be there.

Mr. Aspinwall — When a bee has lost
its hair on its thorax, it is diseased,
and the malady is termed bacillus de-
cappillis. There are isolated cases in
man)' colonies, but the disease does
not spread.

Mr. Root — In "the nameless bee-
disease " the members of the colony
become weak, have shiny backs, and
many die. New queens have to be in-
troduced.

Mr. Aspinwall — The introduction of
new queens is a great secret of success
in bee-keeping. A queen hatched this
season should never be kept over the
next.

At this point a recess was taken
until 9 a.m.

LIGHT IN CELLARS.

Value of Light in the Bce-Cellar
in tlie Winter.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY T. F. BINGHAM.

Thinking that some of the readers,
in the near futin-e, may have a few
colonies of bees to winter, and for
which they do not wish to spend much
money to make a cellar or cave, not
even to render their ordinary cellar
dark and unpleasant to use for the
ordinary family purposes, I have de-
cided to state a few points perhaps
overlooked by bee-keepers, in regard
to light in the cellar as a means to the
paramoimt purpose of healthfully win-
tering bees.

In this article it is not the intent to
exhaust the evidence, neither to estab-
lish the theory thus far among scien-
tific bee-keepers not mentioned as a
possible factor to successful wintering.
I shall simply state that I have been in
the habit of wintering part of my bees
in cellars at various times and in vari-
ous-places, according to circumstances.
However radical I may have been,
only in one instance has the ordinary
stereotyped rules been disregarded by
me, so far as darkness was concerned.
I have in all cases absolutely excluded
light from my cellars except in one
case, when I wintered successfully a
few colonies in Allegan, Mich., in a
very light cellar, where vegetables
were kept for the daily use of a large
family, composed mostly of children,
who went when they pleased into the
cellar for apples, etc.

The point that i wish to bring out
conspicuously is, that light is essential
to the welfare of all warm-blooded
animals, to which rule bees are in no
wise an exception ; neither are plants.
It will of course be at once assumed
that in order that bees may be quiet,
human ingenuity must exclude from
them all light as the first and prime
essential.

" Habit," the lamented Artemus
Ward said, "is a bad habit." While
in a certain sense his statement is cor-
rect, I shall not presume that the many
gifted bee-keepers and writers who
have, and now do a.dvocate wintering
bees in dark cellars and eaves, do so
simply out of respect to the time-hon-
ored custom, without giving all the
accessories, which they so explicitly
explain, due thought and considera-
tion. No ; but on the contrary, their
articles seem exhaustive, and so far as
a recapitulation of the accidents and
purposes which have come under their
consideration goes, the evidence and
conditions given leave little room for
reasonable diflerence of opinion.

The fact still stands out boldly, that
perhaps the one most important factor
entering into the proper statement of
the wintering problem has been hither-
to omitted, viz : Light. Light in the
cellar ; light in the hive, and light in
the swaying trees.

Having so far outlined what I wish
to be understood, allow me to give a
pen-and-ink sketch of the few of my
bees now in the cellar, to illustrate what
has been written :

My cellar is Gi feet high, and 30
feet square, and under my house where
we live. This cellar has three ordinary
three-pane double cellar-windows, one
on the east side, one on the south, and
one on the west side. These windows
render the entire cellar comparatively
light. The walls are of stone, plastered
with hydraulic cement mortar. Around

the cellar on all sides a row of 2-inch
drain-tile are laid a few inches below
the level of the cellar, and leading out
below the house, to drain the cellar
(which is nicely accomplished).

The cellar bottom is covered about 2
inches deep with dry sand. This sand
is used in preference to cement, as I
regard it as being more healthful to
the family and the bees. Every spring ■
this coat of sand is removed, 'and a
new coat returned in its place. Of
course the cellar is sweet. It is also
cool in summer, and warm in winter,
as the entire bottom plays its part in
radiating and absorbing the heat.

On the east side of the cellar, facing
the east window, and about 10 feet
from it, are three rows of hives, six
hives in each row, piled one above the
other, three high. Eighteen colonies
of bees stand facing the east window
squarely. Each hive has an entrance
23 inches long facing the window. The
bees are at liberty to take in all the
light thei-e is, and the light is ample to
read by.

They have all the daylight and brill-
iant light in the morning when the
sun shines obliquely through the win-
dow into the cellar. The bees are at
liberty to fly also, but few, however,
take such lilierty ; when they do, they
head to the hive as if in the open air,
and after a short fly, they dart to the
window, where, of course, they die.

It will be said that the cellar is cold
or the bees would not keep so still.
The temperatiu-e has averaged, up to
date (Jan. 17), 45p or more ; only once
has it touched 40 J, and then only for a
few hours ; while most of the time it
has shown 50°.

It is not as a matter of convenience
that these bees are placed as they are.
They have been so placed, because I
believed daylight essential to the wel-
fare of the bees. Next May, when the
clover blooms, I shall know how well
my belief was founded. Should it
prove well founded, a valuable experi-
ment will have been made public ; as
it will then be reasonable to keep a
few bees in an ordinary cellar. It is
verj' pleasant to be able to see how the
bees are doing, without the aid of a
lamp.

To the bee-keeper having a fertile
imagination, a long list of desirable
features can be made possible in the
" light " of the light cellar, as well as
in the light of these experiments.

In this article no eflbrt has been
made to show that perhaps five months
in a dungeon may be as detrimental to
bees as to human lieings ; neither that
the absence of light for so long a per-
iod may or may not be as detrimental
to bees in a cellar as a much greater
degree of cold in the sunlight. Neither
has it been the part of this article to

TMM m^mmmiGMM mmm j©iiMifsiLr.

107

prove that spring- dwindling, diarrhea,
etc., would not liave taken place had
the bees atl'eeted with it been wintered
in a light cellar instead of a dark one.

One point remains not yet clearly
stated, viz : that it is not light that
ranses bees in a cellar to be uneasy.
If, then, that is not the cause, of what
value is it to surround them in im-
penetrable darkness ? We have all
seen bees slowly withdraw from ac-
tivity to repose, as one by one the
plants ceased to yield honey and pol-
len ; and wlien no incentive to industry
longer existed, how unbroken became
their repose. Is there any evidence
that darkiicss played any important
part in such quiet? Were the bees
more at rest in the night than in the
sunlight ?

The fact that bees do winter just as
\\ell under apparently much less favor-
alile conditions in the open air, is, to
say the least, a point in favor of the
vitalizing inHuence of fresh air and
sunshine !

Abronia, Mich.

BROOD-COMBS.

Large or Small Combs, and
Divisible Brood-Cliambers.

Written /or the American Bee Journal
BY JAMES HEDDON.

It is with pleasure that I read the
article by J. W. CuUinan, on page 39,
on the above subject, controverting
the mistakes of Mr. Hambaugh, on
page 804 of the Bee Journal for 1887.

It is undoubtedly highly proper and
important that we discuss the merits of
dividing one brood-chamber into two
horizontally divisible parts, interchang-
ing these parts instead of inverting.
This brings us to the question of Mr.
CuUinan's article on page 39, at the
close of which he asked me to give an
account of my success with the divisi-
ble brood-chamber.

At the beginning, I wish the reader
to understand the difference between
double brood-cliambers, or several
brood-chambers piled on top of each
other, and one brood-chamber proper,
divided into two parts,and constructed
in such a nmnner as to be perfectly
adapted to interchanging the parts
with each other for special purposes.
There has been so much said already
that it seems unnecessai-y to enumer-
ate and discuss each function by itself.
I cannot see how full-grown men with
any experience in the business can
imagine any objection to the "sticks
and spaces " that occur between the
sections of the divisible brood-cham-
ber. You all know very well that
bees never breed up faster, nor winter

better in any hi\e than in box-hives,
so full of cross sticks that oftimes the
combs are all in pieces running in
almost every direction. Four years'
experience has demonstrated the truth
of my reply to Query No. 508, on
page 39.

I once paid $18 for a box-hive which
was ij full of comb, the capacity of the
hive being ten times larger than the
Langstroth ; it contained about double
the number of bees usually resulting
from one queen ; I doted on the large
number of frames I should fill with
comb when transferring this colony ;
upon opening it I found so manj^ sticks
running through it that I believe I got
only 3 or 4 Langstroth frames of comb
out of it ; all the rest being in pieces no
larger than your two hands. This
colony had wintered safely, when
many others had died by its side dur-
ing the seven winters they had been
in this hive. They had only swarmed
two or three times during the seven
years, but the swarms that issued were
said to be of double size. When one
section of the divisiljle brood-chamber
is in use in the spring, before breed-
ing has reached a status that more
room is needed, its smaller size and
shallow form both favor the conserva-
tion of heat in the brood-nest, and the
bees breed faster than in any other
hive I have ever used. That bees will
breed up faster in the spring and keep
warmer in the winter in shallow hives
than in deep ones, is proven both by
theory and demonstration. As cold is
not the main cause of winter mor-
tality, experience has shown but little
difference as regards successful win-
tering. When the single brood-case,
which is used in the spring, is well
filled with brood, and more room is
needed, the second one can be placed
under it in the direction which the
queen naturally breeds, downward,
leaving the brood already on hand in
the warmest part of the hive. This is
the correct method of giving more
breeding room. All can see it in
theory, and I know it to be true from
four 3'ears of direct experience.

It seems to me that any experienced
bee-keeper should see at a glance,
without any experiment whatever,
(knowing from past experience that as
the brood moves downward the upper
portion of the brood-chamber is filled
with honey), that the alternating of
the two halves should cause the bees
to carry this honey above, affording
the queen the opportunity, and stimu-
lating the disposition to fill that brood-
chamber full of brood.

To close, I will say a word relative
to our experience here, which, to me,
tells very much. I have in use manj-
of the best modifications of 8-frame
Langstroth hives containing reversible

Langstroth frames completel}' filled
with straiglit, all-worker combs which
I will not tlirow away. Hardly a day
passes in the summer time, when my
foreman and students are not making
remarks something like this: "Oh,
if all of your hives were of the new
pattern !" " Why don't you transfer
them all into the new hive ?" " We
can handle twice as many of the new
style of hives," etc., etc.

Mr. Cullinan is quite right when he
says we should not " imitate nature in
the construction of our hives." Our
hives should be fitted to the operator
more than to the bees ; and in conclu-
sion I will say that we should adopt
such hives and other fixtures as ex-
perience proves to be best.

Concerning Dr. Tinker's essay read
at the Ohio Convention, and the dis-
cussion following it (see pages 86 and
87), I am glad to notice what was said
about the merits of sectional brood-
chambers. I think, however, that only
Dr. Tinker could speak from experi-
ence— none of the others having more
than one of the hives in use, if any. In
the light of the article by Dr. Tinker,
on page 154 of the Bee Journal for
188(J (published also in Okanings on
page 203), many will wonder if the
Doctor is not now in error instead of
then — the two positions being diametri-
cally opposed to one another. / know
that he . is wrong now, as do many good
apiarists who have had experience with
the sectional brood-chamber hive.

Dowagiac, Mich.

INDIANA.

Report of the State Convention
at Indianapolis.

Written for the Indiana Farmer
BY G. K. HUBBARD.

In the absence of President F. L.
Dougherty, Dr. Collins, of Hamilton
county, was made chairman of the
convention.

The discussion of honey-plants re-
vealed the fact that Alsike clover is
the favoi-ite, being both excellent as a
honey-producer and a forage plant.
One member said that it was a good
feed for milch cows, and thus was able
to make " the land How with milk and
honey."

On the question of bees puncturing
grapes, the opinion was unanimous
that it was out of the power of the in-
sect to do so. Mr. Muth, of Cincinnati,
said that when wasps and hornets
have punctured the grapes the bees
will extract the juices, but their man-
dibles are not fitted for cutting through
the skin. He said that the grapes
would not be disturbed by the wasps

108

T-mm MMKMICMSf MMM J@WMI«MI^.

and hornets, if the bees are near the
rinej'ard. He also recommended
salyoilic acid and carbolic acid as
remedies for foul brood, but the only
sure cure is fire.

On the second day the subject,
"Women keeping bees and becoming
members of the association," was dis-
cussed.

On bees freezing, Mr. Mason said
that bees cannot be frozen in a cluster
if the hive is dry, but they can be
chilled to death if the hive is cold and
damp.

Regarding wintering bees, Mr. Bull
said : Three things are essential at all
seasons of the year. They need honey,
bee-bread, and water. If it is desir-
able to have bees winter well, do not
fail to furnish water. It will prevent
them gorging themselves. As to win-
tering out-doors or in the cellar, each
had its advocates.

The association indorsed the resolu-
tion of the State Board of Agriculture
on the State Library. The association
also resolved to appoint a delegate, to
co-operate with delegates from other
societies in presenting this matter to
the Legislature, with instructions to
endeavor to secure an appropriation
by the Legislature suiBcient to cover
the expense of publishing the associa-
tion's rejjort, and other expenses inci-
dental to its annual meetings.

The following officers were elected
for the ensuing year : President, Dr.
E. H. Collins, of Mattsville ; Vice-
President, Wickloff Mason, of Fillmore;
Secretary, Geo. C. Thompson, South-
port ; Treasurer, Mrs. Irvin Robbins,
of Indianapolis.

The convention then adjourned.

BEE-ESCAPE.

Plans for making Bee.Escapcs
for £xtraetins:-Roouis.

On page 77, Albert H. Lind asks
how to make a bee-escape for his ex-
tracting room. In reply to the ques-
tion. Dr. C. C. Miller, of Marengo, 111.,
describes his plan as follows :

Bees will fiy to the light, so it is im-
portant that there shall be no light
admitted to the room except where
the bees can escape. The place for
escape may be a hole in the wall a foot
square, or it may be a whole window.
In cither case, cover the whole of the
aperture with wire-cloth, and let the
wire-cloth be large endugh to continue
a foot or so above the aperture. Now
if the whole thing be nailed down
tight, of course no bee can get out ; so
some plan must be devised to make
the upper part stand out from the out-
side wall, for you understand that the

wire-cloth is nailed on the outside, not
the inside of the building.

At each side of the window nail a
piece of common lath on the building,
so that the lower end shall come 2 or
2 inches below the upper boundary of
the aperture, and let the lath extend
upward as far as the wii-e-cloth goes.
Now nail the wire-cloth on the lath.
It may be necessary to have a piece
of lath midway between the two side-
pieces, so as to hold the wire-cloth
more firmly to its place. This makes
an open space of f of an inch through
which the bees can go up and fly ott',
but no bee will think of starting at the
top to come in.

The sash must be taken out of the
window, or if less light is needed the
upper sash can be let down, and a
cloth, no matter how thin, be hung
over the sash inside. In this case the
wire-cloth need not cover the lower
part of the window, but pains must be
taken to make the window bee-tight.

For greater economy, musquito-net-
ting maj' be used for all but a foot or
so of the upper part, and even that
may be of musquito-netting, but it is
so apt to get out of order.

Mr. S. Burton, of Eureka, Ills., gives
his method as follows :

To make a bee-escape, I tack screen-
wire on the outside of the window
frame, and make a hole at the top cor-
ner of the window about 2 inches in
diameter. Then make a tube of screen-
wire about 5 inches long, to fit the
hole in the screen ; at tlie other end
make about a half-inch hole. The
bees will pass out at the hole, but
none will enter. As they will go to
the window to get in, there may be
two or three such bee-escapes in the
same window, if desired.

Rev. T. H. Dahl, of Stoughton, Wis.,
gives the following plan :

I will be glad to describe my own
bee-escape, as it is an excellent one,
and as far as I know it is the best yet
in use. I would not part with it for
fifty dollars, as it not only clears the
honej'-house of bees, but also of all
other insects. It is not my invention,
but it is used to a large extent among
bee-beepers.

I use wire-cloth on the outside of
all the windows in the room, and I fix
it on so as to reach 6 or 8 inches above
the window.

I i5ut it on in this way : I nail a
piece of lath as long as the screen on
each side of the window, and fasten
the wire-cloth on these pieces, and at
the bottom of the window. There will
then be an open space of f of an inch
between the wall above the window
and the wire-cloth. Through this hole

all the bees will escape, and none i-eturn,
as the bees or other insects always try
to get upward, and not downward.

It is better to darken all other win-
dows but one, when you will get the
bees out, and of course it is not neces-
sary to put wire-cloth on more than
one window. By this " escape " I
keep mj' honey-house entirely free from
bees and flies during the whole summer.

Mr. Enoch Babb, of Herbst, Ind.,
writes as follows about his bee-escape :

I like my bee-escape very well, and
it is made as follows : It is a common
window in a double frames, that is, one
frame inside of the other. Make the
outside frame large enough to receive
the inside frame containing the win-
dow, which should be put in like any
ordinarj' window in a dwelling. To
raise or lower it, put in a small bolt
through both frames in the centre be-
tween the bottom and the top, oval the
outside of the inside frame a little, and
the window swings around and around.

Work near tlie window, and all the
bees that are carried in will soon fly
and alight on the window, when, in a
twinkling, the window can be turned
inside out. In real hot weather raise
or lower one window-sash, and put in
a wire-screen, or tack on musquito-
bar to give ventilation.

BEE-STINGS.

The Rliciiniatism Cured by
Bee-Stings, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY E. W. COUNCn-MAN.

Mrs. L. Harrison, on page 57, favors
some plan by which bees may be de-
prived of their sting. I emphatically
protest ! If such a thing is attempted,
I shall certainly enter a complaint to
Prof. Berge for cruelty to insects.

But laying all " pleasantr}' " aside, I
want to say that everything has its
uses, and nothing was made in vain.
Three years ago, when I commenced
bee-keeping, I was so afflicted with
rheumatism that it was very difficult
for me to stocqj and pick anj'thing
from the ground. Indeed, I was a
great sufi'erer from that terrible dis-
ease. After working among the bees
for awhile, I noticed that my lameness
began to disajipear, and now I am
comparatively free from rheumatism.

Last summer I learned for the first
time that homreopathic physicians used
the virus of the h(mey-bee for rheuma-
tism. This set me to thinking. I am
firmly of the opinion that the bee-
stings (of whicli I have received a
ic^\), have been the cause of my re-
lief, for I have taken no treatment for

T'H® m^mmmicMM mem j&wmMmi^.

109

■•*—•*— *-^*-^*

kAmAmkhmt

Diat th-ead disease. So do not "de-
horn " the bees !

In one part of my article, on page
5G, I am made to say tliat the tem-
perature of my cellar is from 32^ to
45°, and in the closing paragraph it
reads from 40° to 45°. Either I made
a kqisKf: calami, or it was a typographi-
cal error. It should read "from 30=3
to 45^," to be exact.

In extreme cold weather it has been
down to 28° at the bottom of the cellar,
and in the spring, during soft weather,
it was 450. I meant to give the aver-
age (which I believe to be the secret
of my success in wintering bees), which
is from 30° to 45°.

Newark Valley, N. Y.

[It was printed exactly as written
in the copj'. — Ed.]

CONVEJVTIOM DIKECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meetino.

Apr. 11.— Stark County, at Canton. O.

Mark ThoniBon, Sec, Canton, O.

Apr. 24.— Des Moines County, at Burlington, Iowa.
John Nau, Sec, Middletown, Iowa.

May 5.— Susquehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.
H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

B»" In order to haye this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Ed.

stiSP^^iMMM

Colonies in Good Condition.— W.

D. Reufro, Troy, Ills., on Feb, 7, 1888, says:

I have 37 colonies in good condition on the
summer stands. Last month on two days
they had good flights. I examined some ot
the hives, and they have plenty ot bees and
honey. As the last year was a poor one lor
honey, I got only about 300 pounds of comb
honey, in one-pound sections. I am tliank-
ful that we liave as much as we need for
ourselves, and some to spare.

Xlie Season of 1887.— M. L. Barney
&Bro., Hartford, Wis., on Jan.18, 1888, write:

We wintered 117 colonies last winter, and
lost one colony by spring dwindling. We
had a poor season last year. We sold 817.5
worth of bees and queens, and 4,.57.5 pounds
of honey. We have now on hand 140 colo-
nies, all of which are doing well. We ex-
pect to lose a few colonies this winter,owing
to an accident which prevented our prepar-
ing them properly for winter.

Vcw I>4'ad Bees — Iloncy Xrnsts.

-J. AI. A. Miller, Galva, Ills., on Feb. 1,

1888, writes :

In 1887 I had only 3 swarms from 50 colo-
nies, and about 30 pounds of honey. I had
a lot of honey on hand last May, and I only
realized about 8 cents a pound tor it ; now
I notice that honey is selling in the same
store for 30 cents per pound. That is a great
change, indeed. 1 have 48 colonies safely
stored in the cellar • some are quite strong,

and others not so strong. I examined them
yesterday, and all are as quiet as I ever saw
them ; yet they are quite lively, and lor
some cause, that 1 cannot explain, there Is
not a pint of bees on the cellar bottom.
Why is this?

I was told the other day that a "honey
trust "was being formed in Chicago, and
that was the reason honey was so high and
scarce. I thhik tiiat the dry weather has
had more to do with the scarcity and jjriees
than any " trust." Hence, if we have a
good season this year, the first honey that
is put on the market will receive the highest
price. Of course the price will soon fall,
but not to where it was last spring.

[The formation of a honey trust in Chi-
cago, is a myth I

As there are but few bees dead on the
cellar bottom, the presumption is that late
breeding gave them mostly young bees to
go into, winter quarters with, and conse-
quently there are but few to die with old
age.— Ed.]

Talne of PaeUing Bees. — Jno. A.
Buchanan, Holliday'sCove, W. Va., on Jan.

35, 1888, says :

Mr. Seabright, on page 45, expresses him-
self as being in accord with the packing
system. He began the last season with 6:-i
colonies. They were strong, as they had
been packed all winter and spring ; he got
60 pounds of honey. His not-far-distant
neighbor, Mr. Lewedag, from 36 colonies,
wintered in single-walled hives, with but a
cushion over the frames, secured 3.50 pounds
of comb lioney. Will Mr. S. " fix this
up," so that it will help him out with his
pet theory ?

Bees Breeding- Early, etc.— A. V.

Kouba, Crete, Nebr., on Jan. 31, 1888, says :

We are having very cold weather this
winter ; on .Ian. 15, the thermometer regis-
tered 33° below zero. My bees are being
wintered on the summer stands, and so far
they seem to be in fine condition, except
one colony that is weak. We are having
nice weather now, the mercury being up to
65°. The bees had a good flight to-day, and
also a few days before. I examined the
weak colony to-day, and contracted its
brood-chamber to three frames. In tlie
middle of one comb I found a circle ot eggs.
I opened the hive of a strong colony, and
found three combs with eggs, in a circle
from 3 to 4 inches in diameter. I prefer a
good chaff hive, for wintering out-doors.

■Wintering on Siunnier Stands.

—J. Rosecrans, Auburn, N. T., on Feb. 1,
1888, writes :

I commenced the season of 1887 with 7
colonies, increased them to 9 colonies, and
took off 400 pounds of lioney in one and two
pound sections. The bees are on the sum-
mer stands without any packing or cush-
ions, with only a piece of cotton-cloth.
They were all right when last examined,
and I trust that they will continue to be so.
I wintered them last winter on the summer
stands, in tlie same way, with the loss of
only one colony, which starved.

Early Breeding of Bees, etc. —

Wm. Stolley, Grand Island, Nebr., on Jan.
31, 1888, writes :

From Dec. 30, 1S87 until Jan. 35, 1888, we
had fearfully cold weather in central Ne-
braska ; it was at zero or far below, and
once even 35% Fahr., below zero. On Jan.
26, it became warm enough for bees to fly,

being 50° in the shade. Ever since it has
been quite warm, and to-day the mercury
was 60° in the shade. I have improved this
warm spell, and overhauled all of my bees.
The hives were cleaned, all chaff packing
dried, and in a few cases frames of honey
were put in, where the winter stores were
insufficient to last the bees well into spring.

I found all of my bees in excellent condi-
tion, but I was surprised to Bud that a num-
ber of colonies had in one, two, and even
three frames, patches of capped brood. My
aim always is, to keep my bees from early
breeding, and I cannot understand why
they should breed earlier in this excep-
tionally cold winter, than in previous mueli
warmer winters, since the winter packing
is the same as usual ; unless it is that my
bees are vvinterinj^ exclusively on natural
stores, with lots ot pollen, when formerly I
removed the pollen as much as possible, and
fed the best coffee A sugar syrup instead.

I will try to give my bees fretiuent flights,
if possible, and thus I hope to prevent diar-
rhea and loss. I learn that many bees have
succumbed to the cold that we have tiad in
this section of Nebraska.

Cold 'Weatlier — Canadian Eoco-

niotive.— Chas. Solveson, Nashotah, Wis.,
on Jan. 31, 1888, says :

Bees in the cellar are wintering finely,
but those on the summer stands are having
a hard time of it, and it is not to be wonder-
ed at, with the mercury for weeks at from
zero to 40° below, with but two or three
abatements of but a day's duration. To-day,
however, we are having mild weather.

By-the-way, how slow that Canadian
" locomotive " travels ! I have been pa-
tiently waiting for the sounds of the "merry
bells "that were to convey such astound-
ing news of an invention that would "cause
a great commotion among the dry bones,
and not yet extinct fossils of bee-dom :"
and yet so simple that the relator could
hardly refrain from " laughing out right at
the stupidity of the whole tribe, tliat not
one of their number ever thought of it be-
fore." Did you ever ! Well, well ! I hope
Bro. Clarke will not keep us in suspense
much longer, as I fear it will be the " whole
tribe" that will laugh next, unless some-
thing turns up pretty soon.

[This is respectfully referred to Bro.
Clarke for reply.- Ed.]

Cleansing Flights for Bees, etc.

— Evan R. Styer, Morgantown, Pa., on Jan.

33, 1888, writes :

On Nov. 14, 1887, 1 packed 11 colonies in a
bee-house, placing the hives within 3 inches
of each other, and putting meadow-hay
around the insides. The house opens to
the south. I fed 150 pounds of sugar syrup
to 10 colonies, one colony having stored
enough for winter use. On Dec. 9, bees had
a good fiight,and on Jan. 14 they had another
cleansing flight. There was snow on the
ground, and but few bees were lost in the
snow. All the colonies have lost consider-
able in bees during the veinter. If this con-
tinues until March, some will be weak.
Some ot the coloides have only six frames
each, while the rest have eight. What
comb honey I produced was nice, and I re-
ceived 30 cents per pound for it ; and now I
am selling extracted for 18 cents per pound.

I prefer the two-story Langstroth hive to
any other. I expect better results the com-
ing season, as I intend to sow a great deal
of Alsike clover .seed, and will prevail upon
my neighbors to do so.

The Bkk Joukxai, is a welcome visitor
at our fireside, and the information which I
receive is of great advantage to me. Indeed,
I cannot see how I could get along with-
out it.

110

Tmm MMERicMH mmm jo-'ornmi^.

■■■*^*^-^^^-'

AI.FREO H. I\EWJMAr«,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

If Y'on I^ive near une post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we liave on our list.

Hilton*s new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

Simmins* Non-Swarming System will
be clubbed with the Bee Jouenal for one
year, both postpaid, for $1.25.

Beeswax.— We will pay SO cents per

pound, delivered here, for Yellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, tlie name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

Presen'e Your Papers for future
reference. If you have no mi%I>ER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FKEE, it you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Joubnai,.

Please ■wnntte American Bee Journal

on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Money Orders for $5.00 and under,
cost 5 cents. As these are absolutely safe,
it will pay to get them instead of the Postal
Notes which are payable to any one who
presents them.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Alslke
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
per bushel; $3.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
Wliite Clover Seed : $10.00 per bushel; $2.75
per peck; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Pliotograplis ot Ilee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. 0. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journai. for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Honey and BeesTvax Bfarket.

CHICAGO.

HONKY.— We quote : White comb, 16®18c.; dark,
13®l5c. Extracted, 7(£" 10c. Market dull, but more
active demand looked for when weatlier moderates.

BEKSWAX,-2l@'2,:c.

Jan. 25. 8. T. FISH & CO.. 189 S. Water St,

CHICAGO.

HONEY,— Choice comb, 18c., with some fancv held
a littie hipher. Extracted, 7@9c. Demand lisht,

BKK8WAX,-22®230. K, A. BUKNBTT.

Jan. 21. 161 South Water St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best white in 1-pound sectionB, 18®20c.
Extracted, 9(§)l0c, Demand brisk.

BKB8WAX.-22®2:fc.

Jan. 20. M, H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

CLEVELAND.
HONEY.— Best white 1-lbB. sections sell at 19{a2n
ctB. Extracted 7@'^c. Demand small and supply fair
BEES W AX.— 2i@25c.
Dec. 15 A. C. KBNDEL, 115 Ontario St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white In 1-lb. sec-
tions, 16@i9c,: the same in 2-lb8., 14@i6c.: buck-
wheat l-lbs., ll@12c.; 2-lbs., ui@llc. Off grades
l@2c. per lb. less. White extracted, 8@9c, Mar-
ket dull.
BEESWAX,- 22(a23c.

MCCAUL & HILDRETH BROS.,
Jan. 20. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St,

KANSAS CITY.

HONE Y.-We quote: White l-lbs., glassed, 16®I7c;
unglassed, 17@18c.: anddark l-lbs„ glassed, l5c,: un-
glassed, 16c.; white 2-Ibs., glassed, 16c.,: unglassed 2-
Ibs,, 17c. California while 2-lb8.. 17c. California ex-
tracted in 6t>lb. cans, 8c. Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BEESWAX.- No. l,20c.; No. 2, 180.
Feb. 9. CLBMONS. CLOON & CO., cor 4th SWalnut.

ST. LOnlS.

HONEY.- Cboice comb, I8ca20c, ; latter price for
choice white clover in good condition. Strained,
in barrels, 5(^6c. Extra fancy, and of bright color
and in No. 1 packages, M-cent advance on above.
Extracted, in bbls., 6!,^(qi7c. ; in cans, 7 to 9 cents.
Short crop indicates further advance in prices.

BEESWAX.- 2(ic. for orlme.

Dec. 19. D. G. TQTT & CO., Commercial St.

CINCINNATI.
BEESWAX.— Demand is good-20®22c. per lb. for
HONEY.- We quote extracted at 4iit8c. per Id.
Cboice comb, 16(i(j20c., in the jobbing way. De-
mand fair and supply good.
Bood to choice velinw.on arrival.
Jan. 24. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.- We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
17®19c.; fancy 2-lba.. I5@16c. Lower grades l®2c.
per lb. leas. Buckwheat l-lbs., ll@l2c.; 2-lb8., 10@
lie. Extracted, white, 9(§jloc.; buckwheat. fi@7c.

Demand has slackened some, and to make sales
we must shade above prices. About Jan. 15 we ex-
pect a more active demand.
Dec.31. F.G.STROHMEYER&CO., 122Water8t.

PHILADELPHIA.

HONEY.— Fancy white I-lbs.. 18@i9c.i fair l-lbs
17c.; dark l-lbs. are slow sale at I4@l5c.: fancy 2-
Ibs., white, 15® 16c.: buckwheat fancy l-lbs,, 13@14
cts. ; common, 12c. Prices tend downward.

BEES WAX.— 23®24c.

Deo. 11. ARTHCR TODD. 2122 N. Front St.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 18@19c.:
2-lbs.. 1.5®16o.; 3-lb8.. 14®15c. Dark and broken not
quotable. Extracted, white in kegs and tin, 9@9iiic ;
M-barrels and barrels, 8^®9c,; dark and mixed in
same, 6@7c. Market slow ; better demand expected.

BEBSWAX.-22@2.'.c.

Feb. 2. A. V. BISHOP, 142 w. Water St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- We quote: White to extra, 15®18o.;
amber, 13®16c. Extracted, white liquid. 7@7i^o.;
amber and candied, .5H®6>^c, Market quiet.

BEBSWAX.-2n®24c.

Feb. 4. 8CHACHT & LBMCKB. 122-124 Davis St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.- We quote: 1-lb. sections, ie@17c.; 2-
Ib. sections, 14®15c. Extracted, 8@9c. The market
is not very brisk and Bales are Blow.

BEESWAX.- 25 cts. per lb.

Jan. 12. Blake & Hiplkt. ."iT Cbatbam Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.- We quote : Cboice white 2-lb. sections.
17® 18c. ; dark 2-lb8, l4@15c, ; choice white l-lbs,, is to
20ct8., dark l-lbs., 15®I6C. White extracted, 7®8c.;
dark. 5@fic. Demand is light.

BEESWAX.- 21 to22c.

Jan. 10, HAMBLIN & BEAR3S, 514 Walnut St.

DENVER.

HONBY.—Best white 1-lb. sections, 19®20o.! 2-Ib.
sections, I6®i8c. Extracted, finest grade. I2j^c,:
dark, 8(S>9c.

BBESWAX.-2n®'.>3c.

Jan. 16. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote: White comb, I7®i9c.; am-
ber, i2J^®]5c. Light amber to while extracted,
7i^®8c.: amber, dark and candied, 6?i@7Mc. Mar-
ket firm and slocks light.

BEESWAX.- 22®23o.

Dec. 12. O. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Front Bt.

■*Ve Club the Ameriean Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the liASX
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the Ameriean Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price oj bath. Olub
The American Bee Journal 1 GO

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepere'Magazine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150 140

The Apiculturist 2 00.... 1 80

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 90 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder tor Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60 1 50

DzierzoD 's Bee-Book (cloth) ... 3 00 ... . 2 00
Hoofs A B Cof Bee-Culture.. 2 25.... 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Simmins' Non-Swarming . ...150 125

Western World Guide 150.... 130

Heddou's book, "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00. . . . 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00... 190

Cabbage and Celery 1 25 115

How to Propagate Fruit 150 125

History of National Society. .1 50.... 1 25

Give a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lota of it.

Nevi- Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888, for SI. 75. while
there are any sets of 1887 left.

I^ook Over last year's numbers of the
Bee Journal, and if any are missing,
send for them at once, as we have but few
left now, and they are daily becoming less.

Please to get your Weiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Xliis is tlie Xiiiie for reading. The
long winter evenings can be utilized by
reading up bee-literature. We have all the
newest bee-books, and can fill all orders on
the day they are received.

A Pocket ■>ictioiiai*y will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with $2.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spellmg of words, and to
determine theii' meaning.

Yitcca Ilruslies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant

SEE1> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; }i pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, 13. One pound of seed Is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

^Ve Club the AmekicanBee Journal
and the " Bee-Keepers' Magazine " for one
year for 81.40 ; or with " Gleanings in Bee-
Culture" for 81.75 ; or with the "Apicul-
turist " for 81.80 ; or the " Canadian Honey-
Producer " for 81.30 ; with the Bee-Keepers'
Keview, 81.40 ; or all six for 84.00,

TMS^ MBlIMRIC'MH MM'B J@^R£fM£f.

115

- — '■^'■'^•m^m^miit

Ui>**Af***«»«*>r»«1«»*»«'*-'^-^'^'^»a

THOS. G. NEWMAN fc SON, ;

EDITOR.

YoiniV. Feu, 22, 1888, No. 8.

" All Is not gold tbat glitters."

Worth is not measured by show.

Noise is not always productive.

Works make the world's clock go.
The drone is the noisiest bee in the hive,
Yet he brings not a drop to keep him alive.
The plain busy workers are early afield.
And by constant labor their worth is revealed.
— E0GENE Secor.

Alsike and IVIelilot.— Mr. Peter J.
Bates, of Whitehall, Ills., writes for infor-
mation as to these two honey-plants :

As there is scarcely any Alsike, and to
my knowledge no sweet or melilot clover
grown in this locality, and as most of the
farmers consider the two as one plant, to
describe the difference, if there is any, in a
short article in the American Bee Joub-
NAL, would be very satisfactory to me and
to others wishing to propagate it.

Alsike clover and melilotus alba are very
dissimilar, as will be seen by the engravings
of both, given on this page.

Alsike is a hybrid of the red and white
clovers. The stem and the branches are

mi: W. X. Iliitchinsou is seriously
ill ; lung trouble being added to his fever.
This will retard his recovery. This is par-
ticularly unfortunate at this juncture in
the history of the Review. We hope to be
able to .give better news next week.

Died at the residence of her son, \C. 0.
Titus, 86 Hicks St., Toledo, O., on Feb. 5,
1888, at 3:30 p.m., Mrs. Eliza Titus, aged 76
years. Mr. Titus is one of the Bee Jour-
nal family, and an ardent lover of bees.
Since losing his wife several years ago, he
has devoted his attention and energies to his
widowed mother, who has been in her sec-
ond childhood tor years, as though she was
all he had on earth to love. We condole
with our brother in his bereavement.

Alway.s mention your Post-OfHce,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

ALSIKE CLOVER.

finer and less woody than the red. It does
not turn black, but remains the color of
well-cured timothy. It has, as the engrav-
ing shows, numerous branches, and a multi-
tude of blossoms which are very rich in
honey. The blossoms at first are white, but
soon change to a beautiful [pink, and emit
considerable fragrance. The leaves are

Scatter the l.caflets.— Look at the
list (with prices) on'the second page of this
paper.

Xlie Bee-Keepers' Union needs a
thousand more members. It now takes only
one dollar a year as membership fees, and
no more will be asked for unless the mem-
bers vote it themselves. Why there are not
ten thousand members is the great mystery.
The following letter from Mr. J. Few Brown
of Winchester, Va., sets a good example,
and speaks in a business-like manner :

I have read Mr. Z. A. Clark's letter in re-
gard to his arrest by order of the Mayor of
Arkadelphia, Ark., and your note urging
upon bee-keepers the importance of paying
their dollar and joining the Union, thereby
assisting in " lifting up a successful stan-
dard" against the ignorant and prejudiced
enemy, and also securing for themselves
the benefit of the Union, should necessity
arise.

Although I have paid my dues to the
Union for the present year, I hereby au-
thorize you to draw on me at sight for $3
more, if you fall short of the amount needed
in assisting Mr. Clark in defending his suit,
and present certificates of membership to
three of the most likely persons to have
similar action brought against them. I do
not imagine there is a single bee-keeper
who would not be willing to give 8 or 10
pounds of honey each season to assist a
brother bee-keeper out of trouble, and why
not give a dollar,especially when they know
not when they may be the beneficiary them-
selves.

The past season was the poorest, except
one, for honey in this locality we have had
for twenty years, and the hardest in my ex-
perience for selling what little was pro-
duced. I think bee-keepers might help the
demand for their product if they would
form themselves into a committee of the
whole, and resolve whenever they take a
meal from home, especially at a hotel or
public house, to ask for honey, even i£ the
meal costs a little extra.

MELILOT CLOVER.

oval, of a pale, green color, and may readily
be distinguished at any stage of their
growth from the white or red clover, by the
total absence of a pale, white blossom on
the upper surface of each leaf.

Melilot is a biennial, and blooms from the
middle of June until November. It is hardy,
and flourishes on any soil. Its flowers are
very modest, but perfume the air generously
in all the surrounding locality. Both plants
are alike in one thing— they supply the bees
with nectar plenteously, and the honey
from the bloom of each is of the best quality.

Mr. Artliiir Todd, of Philadelphia,
Pa., died on the 11th inst., and was buried
on Tuesday, Feb. 14, 1888, at 3 p.m. We
hope to be able to give a biographical
sketch in our next issue. We know noth-
ing of the cause of death, and hence it is
the greater surprise. His age was 46.

When last we met it was in Paris, France,
eight years ago, and we then took a voyage
together between heaven and earth, in a
balloon. It was a very pleasant visit we
then had. Since then he came to America,
settled in Philadelphia, and was a promi-
nent member of the Philadelphia Bee-Keep-
ers' Association.

Xlie I^ectiire of Prof. N. W. McLain,
which we mentioned sometime ago, is to be
delivered before the "Academy of Sciences"
at Stevens' Art Hall, 34 Adams-st. Chicago,
on Monday, Feb. 37, 1888, at 8 p.m. The sub-
ject will be the " Construction and function
of bees ;" which will be illustrated by large
charts. Prof. Higley will preside. Seats
will be free, and all will be welcome.

Xliis is tlie Time for reading. The
long winter evenings can be utilized by
reading up bee-literature. We have all the
newest bee-books, and can fill all orders on
the day they are received.

116

Tmm MMBKiC'MM mmm j®urhsi<.

SEES AlSn BEE-KEEPi:\Ci.

Mr. Cheshire's second volume, entitled
" Bees and Bee-Keeping," is on our desk.
It contains 650 pages, and Is nearly twice as
thick as the first volume, which was devoted
to the " Scientific " portion. This book
presents the " Practical " part of bee-keep-
ing. Like the former, it is beautifully
printed and bound, in the highest style of
the art. These volumes can be obtained at
this office : Vol. I, ^2.50 ; Vol. II, $3.00.

After reviewing the Langstroth and
Quinby hives, the Bingham hive is described
and the author remarks concerning it :

If the bees are to be examined, the hive
can be opened at any desired spot ; increase
or decrease, division or union ; even tiering
up, can be performed with celerity. For
the latter purpose, however, the Bingham
hive is most suitable.

Mr. Cheshire then introduces and illus-
trates the Heddon hive, and of the divided
bee-spaces remarks :

This principle of allowing a half bee-
space above and below, in each horizontal
section of the hive, so that the needed ?§-
inch, and no more, is given in any possible
combination, is a salient and new feature in
the Heddon.

The queen-excluding honey-board with
alternate perforated zinc and wood strips,
as used on the Heddon hives, is approved
by Mr. Cheshire. While criticising and
disapproving of the " close-ended frames "
of the Heddon hive, he says :

We must, to be fair, remember that the
idea is to manipulate hives, not frames, and
that almost every required operation can,
it is held, be performed without the re-
moval of the latter.

After comparing it with Mr. Hooker's
(English) hive, the author remarks thus :

It would be both unphilosophical and un-
fair thus to dismiss the Heddon without
noting that it has called our attention to
some points of great moment, and that it
has also interwoven with old plans, novel
methods which will hereafter make their
mark. It is narrowness, not patriotism,
that Would deny to one of another country
his full meed of praise, and I conceive that
the unprejudiced will not dispute that the
half bee-space in each hive section, and in
the bottom-board— the narrovp, abbutting
edges, giving possibility of rapid handling—
and the general hivertibility of the whole,
although associated, perhaps, with some
crudities, yet mark another hill-top passed
m the progressive march of practical api-
culture.

The "Alley drone and queen trap" is
illustrated and described, with others of
English make. They call them "swarm
arrestors." What we call "comb founda-
tion," is herem named " wax midrib." The
Root, Van Deusen and Pelham comb foun-
dation is described, after giving a general
history of the invention. Of bee-smokers,
Mr. Cheshire, after mentioning many kinds,
remarks thus :

All the different forms of these are prac-
ticably reduced to two— the Bingham and
the Clark — The Bingham is mostly used,
and is my preference.

Mr. Henry Alley's method of queen-rear-
ing is fully described and illustrated. Mr.
Cheshire disagrees with Mr. Alley in some
details of management.

Folding or one-piece sections are de-
scribed, illustrated and approved, and
many section-cases are represented.

The history of the honey-extractor is re-
counted, many kinds are delineated, and
the salient points of each detailed. Of un-
capping knives, Mr. Cheshire remarks :

Thin-bladed knives, turned up near the
end, to permit of cutting into hollows, are
frequently used, hut the Binghani-Hether-
ington knife is justly the favorite. The
stout blade is so beveled that it must be
kept up from the comb, whereby the
" cling '^ is greatly reduced. The edge
should be keen, and the hollow front per-
mits of sharpening on a hone. It is helpful
to use the knife hot ; the best plan being to
have a pair— one standing in heated water
while the other is in hand. The water
should not boil, or the wax will be melted
and adhere to the knife, delaying the
operation.

But we cannot pursue it further in this
brief review. It is a pity that the book
should have been published in "parts," for,
when put together, its subjects are consid-
erably mixed up, and there is some repeti-
tion. The chapter on hives is bewildering,
especially to a beginner. If the book had
been written more concisely, and less of
the minor details given, it could have been
published in one volume, and would have
been far more acceptable to American
readers. Its price is not excessive for the
amount of matter given, but at one-third the
price with a corresponding , quantity, it
would have found its way into thousands
of apiaries where now it will never be seen.
We are sorry to notice that the author
used the adjective "apiarian" instead of
the noun " apiarist." He repeatedly calls
queen-rearing, queen-raising ; and also
mentions drone-raising and worker-raising.
In speaking of laying worker-bees, he in-
correctly calls them " fertile workers."

While he enumerates many American
inventions, methods, and prominent api-
arists, several of the latter are conspicuous
by the absence of their names, which can-
not be accounted for by an oversight. This,
with some other defects we have noticed,
prove the correctness of the poetic quota-
tion on page 195 of his book :

" He that expects a perfect thing to see,

Expects what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er shall be."

Bees Ciatlieriug; Honey in Jan-
nary.— H. G. Burnett writes to the Florida
Farmer and Fruit Grower, as follows :

It does the heart of the bee-keeper good
to hear the bees hum in these bright, sun-
shiny January days. How busy they are !
From daylight till dark they are busy
rifling the purple bloom of the pennyroyal
of its hidden nectar. I pause frequently in
my work in the nursery or garden, thinking
I hear a "swarm," but it is the roar of the
wings of the busy thousands going or re-
turning heavy laden with their precious
spoils. It reminds me of my experiences
in old Iowa, during a good "clover season,"
only the clover bloom seldom lasted over a
month, while the pennyroyal lasts four
months here.

Bees are now building up — some even
starting queen-cells for swarming— and all
are fast filling the upper stories of the
hives with the thick, heavy, mmty-flavored
pennyroyal honey.

1 have seen bees at work late in the day
on pennyroyal bloom that in the morning
was white with frost. The pennyroyal is
very persistent in honey secretion. I have
watched the bees working on one clump of
plants day after dav for over three months,
and have counted over a dozen bees at work
there at one time, and if the day and hour
were propitious, never less than half a
dozen, yet the " supply " seemed equal to
the "demand."

Xlie Oeneral Opinion is that the
bees are wintering finely so far. Mr. T. F.
Bingham writes : " Here the bees are win-
tering very finely, I think, though they have
yet had no chance to fly."

Mr. C. H. Dibbem, of Milan, Ills., on the
4th inst., wrote as follows :

We have not had a day warm enough for
bees to fly,for more than two months. This
morning it was 23° below zero. Bee-keepers
who winter out-doors, will lose disastrously.
Mr. Wright, near Davenport, Iowa, has al-
ready lost 100 colonies out of 140. Others in
this vicinity have suffered nearly as much.
Bees in winter repositories are all right.

Mr. C. H. Putnam, of Galesburg, Ills., on
Feb. 8, wrote as follows about the bees :

" Tlie Western Bee-Keeper, es-
pecially adapted to apiculture in the Miss-
issippi Valley— West,Northwest and South-
west," is the title of anew quarterly pub-
lished by Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines,
Iowa, at 25 cents a year. The first number
came to hand on the 13th, just as our last
issue was printed. It contains 16 pages, is
nicely printed, and has 12 pages of reading
matter, comprising many items of interest.
This makes the second bee-paper already
started in the first month of a year succeed-
ing the most notable failure of a honey crop
in a decade. The nerue of the publishers
deserves success, and their papers are a
credit to the pursuit.

Having just examined my bees, I can re-
port that, thus far, they are in excellent
condition, and are wintering finely. They
are very quiet, and no signs of disease are
visible as yet.

I have now 114 colonies, which were put
into winter quarters on Dec. 12 and 21, 1887,
which was the latest they ever remained
out. They are in two double-walled bee-
houses, where successful wintering has
been the rule for several years.

The temperature at which the bees re-
main in the most quiet state is 42° to 45°
above zero. Last season was the poorest
that I have known in the 15 years! have
been in this locality. I had only one new
swarm, and no surplus honey worth men-
tioning from 113 strong colonies in the
spring of 1887. The most of them had suf-
ficient honey to carry them through the
winter, though lest some might come short
I fed a quantity of old extracted honey re-
maining on hand. Last fall I weighed each
colony separately, and allowed them from
30 to 35 pounds of honey each, after deduct-
ing the weight of hive, frames, combs, etc.

While it is rather discouraging to contem-
plate the dismal failure of the past year, it
may yet prove a " blessing in disguise," and
if we only have a good season this year, I
shall not complain.

THE 3SMERIC?CK WMW JOtJRrfMI^.

117

Wintering: Bees in llie Sontli
l»y Mr. X. F- Mingliam.

In coutimiation of the biographical arti-
cle on page 21, we here present sonie items
of interest in addition to those there found,
giving his experience in wintering bees. We
also present anotlier and better engraving.

In my hastily-written sketch, on page 21,
1 think that perhaps I omitted some facts
that would interest the readers of the
Amkkican Bee Journal, if they are not
of profit to them, viz : No mention is made
of my change from New York to Michigan.
I sold out my apiary in Govvanda, N. Y., in
1867— all the bees but one colony, which I
brought to Allegan, Mich., to which place I
went to carry on the jewelry business. Im-
mediate! v upon locating there I bought 20
colonies "of bees, which, on the approach of
winter, were put into tlie cellar under my
house. In January and February, after 1
was through business at the store, as I had
no time by daylight to do the transferring,
the 20 colonies were transferred by lamp-
light in my kitchen, to shallow framed
hives, and returned to the cellar again.

The following spring and summer were
favorable, and the bees did well. In the
next season I bought 60 colonies more, and
soon had them in flat hives also, aud a sea-
son's product of fine honey was the result.
The winter was provided for by nnlarging
the cellar under my house, so as to hold my
stock, then about 1-50 colonies.

This was the winter following the Na-
tional Convention held in Cleveland, the one
over which the lamented M. Quinby pre-
sided. Fatal results followed that winter,
and by the tirstof May I had but23 colonies,
and small at that. However, the next sea-
son was good, and 90 colonies with consid-
erable extracted honey were ready for
another winter's trial.

Disgusted with my last cellar experiment,
I built a frame building large enough to
hold 1.50 colonies, placed on shelves around
the walls. This bee-depository was all
above ground, but had a cement floor
(plastered on the gravel). The walls and
gable were tilled with dry planiug-mill
shavings. The bees wintered finely. The
following May my bees were all taken to
Abronia, which, at that time, was all tim-
ber, about 10 per cent, of which was bass-
wood.

A two-story bee-house was built there,and
arranged for outside warming. The walls
were thick, and tilled with sawdust, and
shelved, as was my bee-house in Allegan.
The season was good, and I had a large
crop of fine bass wood honey, and a big fall
crop of boneset on which to wiuter my bees.
They did not do well. May found me again
with only 24 weak colonies out of 280, fall
count.

I purchased all the bees I could find to
recruit my apiary and save my combs. —
Only a few, however, could be found, as
nearly all the bees in the county had died.

That season my honey returns were
small, but my combs were saved, and I had
180 colonies for my depository again, and
all the hives were full of boneset honey, as
in the previous autumn. They were left
later on the stands, and as death seemed to
have hold of them again, the depository was
warmed slightly, with a faint hope that it
would be ot value to the bees.

May again found me with 16 colonies.
Bees were now bought in Kentucky aud
Tennessee to stock up my apiary again. My
combs were again filled, and my decision
was made to take my bees, with hives again
full of boneset honey, to Tennessee to win-
ter. With hope, in November, the car was

started for Eilgefield Junction, 10 miles
from Nashville, as the place for the ex-
periment.

The same diarrhea showed itself there,
tliough the bees could aud did fly as often
as once in ten days. The spring dwindling
was heavy, but not fatal. Nearly all the
colonies came up to time, and were again
taken to Abronia for a summer's work. In
moving, however, all the unsealed brood
was taken out, and breeding stopped. Cold
weather followed,and at the end of a month,
when clover was in its prime, I had only a
few bees to gather honey.

Basswood, however, gave my then popu-
lous colonies a fine run, and I had honey to
sell, besides 200 colonies ready for Ten-
nessee again, i had determined again to
winter there, and return a little later, and
put in practice some points gained.

Accordingly, in September, nearly all the
honey was extracted, and the bees put on
board of a car. The weather became hot,
but only one colony was injured in transit.
The asters of Tennessee bloomed a few
days after my arrival, and the bees got
all the honey needed for their winter use.

On the aster honpy they pros))ered finely.
There was no spring dwiudling, and no
tired, worn-out bees, and spring breeding

MR. T. F. BINGHAM.

veent on apace. Dr. Hamlin's apiary was
then about a mile from my bees. Now was
a good time to note the breeding qualities of
my half-depth, no-bottom frame by the side
of the standard Langstroth frame, under
similar circumstances, aud in large numbers
(not one, single, isolated trial), as Barnum
and Peyton, then the owners of the
lamented Dr. Hamlin's apiary, had about
200 colonies. The result pleased me, aud
was a great wonder to the deep-frame men.

This time the hives were brought home
packed with mature bees, just in time for
clover bloom. They came safely, all but 3
colonies, which, while standing over Sun-
day on a side-track in southern Michigan,
partly melted down, and failed entirely.
The unsealed brood in all the hives had
been taken out by the bees, and I had as
before only old bees left to keep up the
work of the hive and gather honey.

The results were no better than before. I
got the clover yield, but failed to get the
basswood. I had, however, some honey to
sell, but my hope of wintering bees in the
South and getting theii honey in the North,
advantageously, had been blighted. I should
not again try the experiment.

I now resolved to make small, one-roofed
houses, each of all the six sides to be sep-
arate panels, and the corners to be held
with short pieces of hoop-iron. These

houses would hold 3 colonies each, and an
extra set of frames to each hive, (that is,
one hive above the other), the two having
but one bottom-board. Around the three
hives, on all sides and beneath, 7 inches of
aftermath, or fine hay was packed ; while
on top of the two sets of frames (constitut-
ing one hive for winter), 14 inches of fine
hav was packed.

This plan proved a success, and cheaper
than Tennessee wintering and transporta-
tion combined. The first winter, however,
demonstrated that the entrances were liable
to become clogged with dead bees. To
avoid this danger, a rim or frame the size
and shape of the bottom of the hive, was
made and put on the bottom-board for win-
ter only. This rim raised the combs 2
inches from the bottom-board, and allowed
all the dead bees and litter to remain be-
neath the combs, without detriment to the
bees. This plan, and the absence of bone-
set honey for winter, has enabled my bees
to winter with safety and success.

T. F. Bingham.

Items of

A New Po.stsil arrangement has been
made between the United States and Can-
ada, to go into full effect on March 1, 1SS8.
Articles will be allowed to go into either
country if admitted by the domestic law of
either, except sealed packages (which are
other than letters), aud publications which
violate the copyright laws of the country
of destination, liquids, etc.

All articles exchanged under this arrange-
met are required to be fully prepaid with
postage stamps, at the rate of postage ap-
plicable to similar articles in the domestic-
mails of the country of origin, and are re-
quired to be delivered free to addresses in
the country of destination.

Articles other than letters, in their usual
and ordinary form, on their arrival at the
Exchange Post-OfBce of the country of
destination, will be inspected by custom
officers of that country, who will levy the
proper customs duties upon any articles
found to be dutiable under the laws of that
country.

More Ilitml»le-If ees for Austra-
lia.—The clover in Australia is in danger
of dying out, because of the lack of suffi-
cient bees to fertilize the blossoms. Several
large quantities of bumble-bees have been
sent there for that purpose, and now we
note by the following from the Pittsburgh,
Pa., Commercial Oazette. that another
shipment is to be sent from Kentucky :

Joseph McDonell, of Lexington, Ky., has
achieved prominence lately by his expressed
desire to buy $10,000 worth of Kentucky
bumble-bees that understand the manage-
ment of clover. They are to be sent to
Australia to assist ingrowing clover there
by carrying pollen from bloom to bloom. A
gentleman who came from Australia last
fall, and bought some stock from Mr.
McDonell, made the arrangement with
McDonell to supply him with the bumble-
bees, and they will probably be gathered
from the crop of next season. It has been
known for years that it was necessary to
have them in Australia. It will make busi-
ness for the small hoy of this country, and
fun for the Australian school-boy in time to
come.

118

T~Hlg MlHSMICMlf mmW J©^ltIfMI^.

ti^ia^^taao^^*^*^*^*^^-^*^"-

QmmES f Replies,

IVATER FOR THE BEES IIV
WIIVTER QUARTERS.

Written for the American BeeJouimai

ftnery 617.— Islt essential to water bers
while they are In winter quarters ?— C. K.,
Minn.

No. — Dad ANT & Son.

No.— J. P. H. Brown.

No. — James Heddon.

No ; and do not do it. — R.L.Taylor.

Not if they are quiet M. Mahin.

All of my experience says, no. — G.

M. DOOLITTLE.

Sometimes it is, and sometimes it is
not. — A. B. Mason.

I have never found it so. — J. M.
Shuck.

It might be under certain circum-
stances, though I have never done so.
— J. M. Hambaugh.

If in a cellar, yes ; say twice a
month, during February and March. —
Mrs. L. Harrison.

I think generally not. I do not
water mine. — C. C. MrLi.ER.

I do not know. Manj' say that it is
necessary toward spring, when they
begin breeding. — W. Z. Hutchinson.

Under ordinary circumstances bees
do not require water while in winter
quarters. — C. H. Dibbern.

Not at a low temperature ; but if
bees become uneasy at a high tempera-
ture, water will tend to keep them
quiet. — H. D. Cutting.

I have never considered it so. I
give water, though, in early spring,
after breeding has fairly started. — J.
E. Pond.

No ; and as bees winter admirably
with no pains or care of this kind, I do
not think that it is advisable. — A. J.
Cook.

I have no experience. We let our
bees, here in the South, remain on the
summer stands all the year round, and
in winter it is very seldom that they
are 3 or 4 days without a flight. — P.

L. VlALLON.

I would not think it necessary or
desirable, unless toward spring when
they begin to breed and are uneasy.
Then, if a little water will quiet them,
it may be a good thing. I have never
practiced it but one 3-ear. It is too
much labor. — Eugene Secor.

I do not think that bees need water
in their winter quarters, unless they
are in a very dry place, and kept at a
high temperature. I came very nearly
drowning a colony in the cellar some

weeks ago, while experimenting with
an enameled cloth over the frames. —
G. W. Demaree.

I have tried it, but I did not think
that it did any good. Last winter I
had a few colonies that were uneasy in
February, so I gave them water in fine
shavings of the poplar. I saw them
lap it up, but it did not quiet them. A
flight did.— G. L. Tinker.

It is not essential, but some do pro-
vide water for those in cellars when
they commence to breed in the spring.
— The Editor.

AVHICH SIDE OF A HIEE FOR
WIIVTERUVO BEES?

Wrttttn for the Amerif/vn Bee Journal

Query 518.— In wintering bees out-doors,
would it be better to have the apiary on the
south side of a hill, facing south, where the
hives get plenty of sunshine ; or on the north
side of a hill, facing north, and no sunshine,
as some have contended ?— Bee-Keeper.

I would take the south side. — W. Z.
Hutchinson.

Give me the southern slope, every
time. — G. M. Doolittle.

Give them all the sunshine possible.
— M. Mahin.

The south side forever, in out-door
wintering. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

I prefer the south side for this
localitj'. — H. D. Cutting.

The south or southeast hill-side is
my preference. — J. M. Hambaugh.

On the south side, by all means, in
my judgment. — J. E. Pond.

In a northern climate, I should
much prefer the south side. — R. L.
Taylor.

I should say on the south exposure.
But it may depend upon the climate
somewhat. — Eugene Secor.

Facing south, by all means, if you
do not want to lose your bees. There is
nothing worse than a northern ex-
posure.— Dadant & Son.

I prefer the apiary on the north side
of the hill in a warm climate, and on
the south side in a cold climate. — J.
P. H. Brown.

I would prefer a southeastei-n slope
to my apiary grounds. But I have
had my apiary on four sites in the
past, difiering widely from each other,
and I have really seen but little difter-
ence as to the results. — G.W.Demaree.

I would give them all the sunshine
possible, in outrdoor wintering. I have
been experimenting on this line for a
number of years, and I almost inva-
riably find that those colonies winter
best that are protected by a tight board-
fence, or other protection from the
north and west, and have the most
sunshine. I am trying a plan now, by

raising the rear of the hives to an an-
gle of 45°, facing south. Of course it
is necessary to shade the entrance dur-
ing bright, sunny days, while a light
snow is on the ground. — C.H.Dibbern.

I should not choose either location,
but if obliged to use one or the other,
I would choose the south side, and
shade the hives. — A. B. Mason.

Here in the South our bees remain
on the summer stands during winter,
and I have always found those that
have the full benefit of the sunshine
in winter fare better than those that
are too much in the shade. — P. L.
Viallon.

I should prefer the south side. While
I may be wrong, I believe in a south
.slope for the bee-yard. — A. J. Cook.

I have had much experience in out-
door wintering, and I prefer all the
sunshine I can get, for the purpose. —
J. M. Shuck.

I prefer the south side of the hill ;
and if at any time the sun should
tempt the bees out when they ought
not to fly, place a small shade-board
in front of the entrance. — James
Heddon.

I would prefer an apiary on the
south side of a hill. The more sun-
shine there is, the better. To-day
(Jan. 24) I saw bees flj-ing in the
bright sunshine, with the mercui-y 26°
in the shade. But few came out, and
all got safely back. — G. L. Tinker.

I am not sure which might be better
for the winter alone, but as the bees
would probably stay in the same place
during summer and winter, I should
much prefer the south side. — C. C.
Miller.

In a northern latitude, place the
bees on the south side of the hill. In
the South some prefer the hives to
face the north, but all desire them to
have all the sunshine possible. — The
Editor.

CONVEIfTIOIV niOTICES.

B:^" The second annual meeting: of the Southwes-
tern Iowa Bee-Keepera' AsBOCiation will be held at
the Court House in lied Oak, Iowa, on March, 6 and
7, 1888. when these subjects will be treated : Spring
dwindling and how prevented- What time to trans-
fer and Italianize— Spring management of bees—
What are the most essential points in locating an
apiary ?— What size, width and form of section for
comb honey?— Extracted honey, what should be its

Erice compared with comb honey?— The sectional
rood-chambers of bee-hives— Wide frames or sec-
tion cases for comb honey— Use of comb foundation
in Southwestern Iowa— Should the upper story of
hives be double or single thickness for the produc-
tion of comb honey? All bee-keepers are invited.
Come prepared with questions for the Query-Box.
Ladles are specially Invited. B. W. PITZKB, Sec.

B^" The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Assoclv
tlon will meet at the Court House in Bldora, iowa,
on the second Saturday In each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. Buchanan, Sec.

^g~ The next regular meeting of the Sus-
quehanna County Bee-Keepers' Association
will be held at New Mllford, Pa., on Saturday,
May 6, 1888. H. M. Seeley, Sec.

XHE^ jEinERicMjpf mmw jommmm.!^.

119

f. ^ ^ ^. ^ ^ ^ ^, ^ jm. ^ .^ ^ ^._^_^jM. ^. *. .^ ^ ^^ .^ ^j^^^^ *. ^^ ^.^^A^A^^^A^^M^A^M.a^A^Amk^^ik_^^A^^A^^^^l^m^A^A^0>^A^A^^A^A^A^Ml

flMl

SOx^lG OF Xlie BEES.

D. AIKEN.

We watch for the light of the morning: break,

And color of the grey eastern sky.
With its blended hues of saffron and lake,
Then say to each other, "Awake 1 Awake 1"
For our winter's honey is all to make,
And our bread for a long supply.

Then off we hie to the hill and the dell,
To the field, the wild-wood and bower.

In columbine's horn we lore to dwell.

To dip in the lily with snow-white bell.

To search the balm in its odorous cell.
The thyme and the rosemary flower.

We seek for the bloom of the eglantine.

The lime, painted thistle and brier.
And follow the course of the wandering vine.
Whether it trail on the earth supine.
Or 'round the aspiring tree-top twine.
And reach fur a stage still higher.

As each for the good of the whole is bent,

And stores up its treasure for all.
We hope for an evening of heart's content.
For the winter of life without lament.
That summer is gone, with its hours misspent.
And the harvest is past recall.

—Bee-Keepers' magazine.

DRONES.

At what Age are Drone-Bee§
Disposed to Mate ?

WritUn for the American Bee Journal
BY KEV. L. L. LANGSTEOTH.

Since writing my last article, on
pikge 55, I have had the pleasure of
seeing the first volume of Mr. Che-
shire's admirable contributions to the
physiologj" of the honey-bee. Without
defining the time when the drone is
disposed to mate, Cheshire demon-
strates microscopically that the drone
cannot be fit for this office until it is
several days old at least, and my ob-
servations seem to show that sexual
desire comes much later.

Mahan, as stated in my work on
bees, seems to have first made the im-
portant observation that drones leav-
ing the hive to mate, have a large sup-
ply of honey, which on their return is
found to have been almost entirely
consumed. I did not ascertain how
many marital excursions the drones
would average on a single day, but as
they are often flying in favorable
weather about three hours, it seems
probable that a drone makes three
such trips at least. To do this, the
drone must consume twice as much
honey as a swarming worker whose
honey-sac carries from the hive almost
a week's supply. The importance of
preventing any over-production of
drones is therefore obvious without
further comment.

Let me here make some .suggestions
to those who think it best to exclude
all drone-comb from most of their col-

onies. I say suggestions, because I
fully realize that after being wholly
precluded by ill-health, from the prac-
tical management of bees, for most of
the last fifteen years, it would ill be-
come me to speak in too confident a
tone. In limiting the production of
drones to just as few as we think will
be needed for the timely fertilization
of our queens, maj' we not ^o contrary
to those wise precepts, " There is that
scattereth and increaseth yet more ;
and there is that withholdeth more
than is meet, but it tendeth only to
want ?" It is very easy to take it for
granted that every bee in a healthy,
populous colony, will do all that it
possibly can for the prosperity of the
hive, even in the entire absence of
drones. So it is easy to assume that
every bee in an "artificial" .swarm
will work just as well as it would in a
natural one. But who that has had a
large experience with both methods,
can deny that for the production of
comb honey at least, the natural
.swarm has that spur in the head, which
artificial processes never seem to give
it ? Is it not reasonable to think, that
for its highest prosperity, everj' colony
of bees should be in a normal, that is
to say in a natural condition ?

What can be more certain than that
strong colonies with very few or no
drones, in the very height of the
honey-harvest wlien such colonies
crave them so much, are not in a
proper condition to stimulate them to
do all that they are able to do ? Their
owner may know that in his apiary
there are drones enough for all needed
purposes ; but how is he to impart this
information to the droneless colonies,
when every healthy colony, by the fiat
of the Creator, seeks such conditions
as would be proper, if there was not
another family of bees on the face of
the earth ? So far, therefore, from
grudging to any colony a goodly num-
ber of drones, I would prefer to have
one-third drone-comb in one of the
central combs of the hive of each
breeding colon}'.

I will conclude this article by giving
some observations which show that to
insure the mating of queens, many
more drones seem to be needed than is
commonly supposed. At the time I
made my observations in 1885, a drouth
had cut oflf the gathering of honey for
so long a time, that I had no reason to
suppose that any drones could be
found for the mating of my queens,
except such as I had bred and kept
alive by daily stimulative feeding.
Now for over two weeks, I had more
than a dozen young queens which flew
out nearly every day for mating, and
some of them I know made several ex-
cursions on the same day. I had over
I 200 drones, and yet only a single queen

laid any eggs. When the weather be-
came too cool to expect any favorable
results, I dissected the other queens
and found that none of them had
mated. Now when my apiary was so
largely devoted to queen-breeding, and
I had thousands of flying drones, I
had great success in the mating of
queens at the same time of the year,
and under circumstances no more
favorable than when in 1885 I so sig-
nally failed.
Dayton, O., Feb. 10, 1888.

STATISTICS.

Securing the Statistic§ of Bee>
Keeping.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY J. M. YOUKG.

As the Statistician of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture wishes statistics
about bee-culture, so that a full and
complete report can be made of this
special industry, it is the duty of every
bee-keeper throughout the country to
assist in making out a report in regard
to bees and honey. This matter has
been referred to me to obtain as far as
possible, this information from eastern
Nebraska.

The matter of obtaining correct
statistics is one of no small moment,
and yet if every bee-keeper who reads
this yfiW lend a helping hand, and
" put a shoulder to the wheel," a vast
amount of information may be gained
with but little labor. These reports,
when all are in, or as many as we
think we can get, will be forwarded to
the Statistician of the Department of
Agriculture, and very likely be pub-
lished. Therefore every friend to the
progress of bee-culture is earnestly re-
quested to assi.st in making these re-
ports as complete as possible. Let every
bee-keeper in eastern Nebraska, who
may read this article, send to me his
name and full address ; the number of
colonies of bees that he had in the fall
of 1887 ; how many in the spring of
1888 ; how wintered, in-doors or out-
doors ; and, if possible, how many
pounds each, of comb and extracted
honey obtained last year ; the number
of pounds of beeswax, and whether
movable-comb or box-hives are used in
the apiaries.

Send to me not your own statement
simply, but that of your neighboring
bee-keepers who you have reason to
believe do not read bee-papers, and
who are not likely to send in their own
reports. If you do not choose to write
a letter, the whole thing can be written
on a postal card. Write very plainly,
and address, J. M. Young, Rock Blufl's,
Cass Co., Nebr.

120

THE? MMEKICMIf BE® JO^RTSCSlLr.

SOME REPLIES,

To Questions 'which All were
Invited to AnsAver,

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY C. P. HEWETT.

The questions were published on
page 42, and are as follows :

1. How many keep a dailj;, record of the
temperature and degrees which tliey prefer
ill their depositories ?

2. How many believe in hibernation ?

3. How many can winter colonies on
from 3 to 6 pounds ot stores ?

4. How many have had bees steal eggs,
and from them make queens ?

5. How many have had queens fertilized
that did not leave tlie hive ?

6. How many have had queens become
re-fertilized ?

7. How many have had queens die with
the drones, on their bridal trip ?

8. How many have had bees hibernate,
and remain so until taken out in the spring-
time ?

9. How many can tell that they have a
queenless colony in their apiaries, by seeing
bees trying to steal eggs, before they notice
the colony which is queenless ?

10. How many know that there is no
vitalization in some queens' eges, when
they first commence laying in the spring,
and the bees have no regard for her, more
than any other bee, and swarm out ?

Harvey Feathers, of Royalton, Wis.,

sends the following answers :

1. I do. I prefer from 40= to 42^
for very populous colonies, and from
48° to 50° for less populous ones.

2. I believe that the dormant state
that the bees enter into when winter-
ing well, might as well be called
hibernation.

3. I cannot winter a colony on from
3 to 6 pounds of stores, through one of
our winters of 5J months.

4. I do not believe that bees steal
eggs.

5. I do not believe that queens are
ever fertilized in the hive.

6. I am doubtful if thej' ever are re-
fertilized.

7. I liave had queens that never re-
turned from their bridal trip.

8. I have.

9. I cannot tell.

10. I do not. I do not believe that
is the cause of bees swarming out in
the spring-time. I have had a colony
swarm out and cluster on a bush ;
while there, I cleaned the hive and
combs real clean, and returned the
bees. .They staid and did well that
season.

W. H. Stewart, of Kimball, Dak.,
answers some of the questions as fol-
lows :

1. I keep a record of the tempera-
ture in the bee-cellar, and I prefer that
of 45°.

3. I have sevei'al times wintered full
colonies of bees on from 3 to 4 pounds

of stores, and I can do it any time if
I wish to do so, and have them come
out in the spring as good in every re-
spect as though they had consumed
more.

7. I have had several queens to die
with the drone on their bridal trips.

S. W. Conrad, of Hanford, Calif.,
replies to !l few of the questions in the
following manner :

3. I have wintered a colony on from
5 to 7 pounds of honey.

4. I have seen my bees steal eggs
and rear queens therefrom.

5. I have had queens fertilized that
did not leave the hive to meet the
drone.

7. I have seen dying queens at-
tached to the drones after the bridal
trip.

HORTICULTURE.

Arc the Bees our Friends i — The
Vice-President's Address.

Read before the Iowa Horticultural Society
BY EUGENE SECOR.

In some localities, where grape-
growing is the chief industry, and
where, in certain seasons of the year,
or in seasons peculiar in themselves,
the honey-bees have given the growers
more or less annoyance, some persons
who have not studied the structure and
habits of bees, and whose observations
have not been as careful and thorough
as the subject demands, have been
ready to declare them a nuisance, and
to banish them as an enemy to horti-
culture. Hence the question at the
head of this essay is not onl}' an inter-
esting one, but important.

That they do, occasionallj-, annoy
grape-growers, and perhaps others, is
true. Those of us who keep dairy
cows know that t/iey sometimes break
out of their proper enclosure, and give
us trouble and annoyance in conse-
quence ; yet we should hardly be will-
ing to forego the luxuries which tliey
furnish us, nor forget their general
usefulness, on so slight a fault. If good
qualities over-balance the bad, bees
cannot be an unmixed evil.

On the theory that everything was
created to serve some good purpose in
the economy of nature, what was the
purpose in the creation of the honey-
bee ? Was it onlj' that man's palate
might be tickled with the delicious
nectar which she finds hidden in the
delicate chalices ? I think not. The
honey is of only minor importance. I
believe that it was the Divine purpose
to minister to our necessities and en-
joyments, but in a difierent and more
important way. " Male and female

created He them " was no less true of
plants and flowers than of man.

In a good many of the species the
sexual organs are not in the same
flower. In others they are developed
on distinct plants. In still others, al-
though the flowers are hermaphrodite,
the anthers and stigmas do not ripen at
same time. Some means of carrying
the pollen-dust from flower to flower,
or from plant to plant, is necessaiy.

The wind is one of the fertilizing
agencies, but the wind does not always
blow during the brief opportune period
when the pistils are ripe for receiving
the life-giving dust ; and if rains are
frequent, thus keeping the pollen-
germs too damp to be easily carried
by the favoring breeze, many plants
would fail to mature seed and fruit,
but for the insects that perform this
important service.

Charles Darwin, that eminent En-
glish naturalist, whose careful experi-
ments have added so much to our
knowledge of plant and insect life,
states in his work on " Cross and Self
Fertilization," that out of 125 species
that he covered with netting, exclud-
ing insects when in bloom, more than
half were either entirely sterile, or
produced less tlian half the number of
seeds of the unprotected plants. I will
cite one only of the man}' so treated
by him, namely, white clover. I quote:

" Several plants were protected from
insects, and the seeds from ten flowei'-
heads of these plants, and from ten
heads on other plants growing outside
the net (which I saw visited by bees)
were counted ; and the seeds from the
latter plants were verj' nearly ten times
as numerous as those from the pro-
tected plants. The experiment was
repeated on the following year ; and 20
protected heads now yielded only a
single aborted seed, whilst 30 heads on
the plants ont^side the net (which I
.saw visited by bees) yielded 2,290
seeds, .as calculated by weighing all
the seed and counting the number in a
weight of 2 grains."

He says : "The most important of
all the means b}- which pollen is car-
ried from the anthers to the stigmas of
the same flower, or from flower to
flower, are insects belonging to the or-
ders of Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and
Diptera.

The bees are the love-messengers
which carry on the courtship and
hasten the marriage of the blushing
blossoms. They furnish tlie means of
locomotion, and make it possible for
distant and non-related flowers to meet
in happj' wedlock. Other insects do,
indeed, play some part in this impor-
tant work, but no other honey-and-
pollen gathering insect increases with
such rapiditj- in the spring, before the
fruit-trees and small fruits blossom.

Tmm MMl^RICMN BEU JOURKSIL.

121

Bumble-bees are the chii'f fertilizers
of red elover, because of the length of
the eorolla, but as only the queen lives
over winter, and it takes her so long
to rear her young, the first crop is ripe
liefore her progeny are numerous
enough to do much good ; hence only
the second crop is depended upon for
seed.

We have another eminent English
authority (Clieshire) for the statement
that gooseberries are absolutely de-
pendent upon insects for fertilization.
He states that the failure of this crop
so often attributed to late frosts, is
often due to non-fertilization. The
same author also says in reference to
apple blossoms, that the stigmas ma-
ture before the anthers, and that every
blcssom needs five independent fer-
tilizations to make a perfect apple. He
says that many of the wind-falls are
traceable to imperfect fertilization.
Out of 200 apples picked up at random
after a wind-storm, all but eight were
tracealile to this defect. Tlie reason
nature has stored nectar in such abund-
ance in the orchard fruit-blossoms, is
to entice the bees to travel over them
and thereby secure seeds to propagate
the species.

But a still more important service
rendered by tliem is that of cross-fer-
tilization. Nature appears to abhor
the marriage of near relatives. Many
plants, although provided with both
male and female organs in the same
flower, are yet guarded from the bale-
ful eiiects of in-breeding, by the an-
thers maturing at a different time from
the stigmas, as before stated. Others
are self-fertilizing, but at the same
time are much more fertile if the pol-
len from a distant and non-nclated
plant be applied. In other words, the
pollen from a distant and non-related
plant of the same species is much more
prepotent than that from the same
flower or same plant.

Darwin's pains-taking experiments
with self and cross fertilization carried
on for more than 17 years, and fol-
lowed up with numerous plants to the
tenth and twelfth generations, led him
to these conclusions : First, that cross-
fertilization is generally beneficial ;
second, that self-fertilization is gen-
erally injurious.

Now the especial province of ijollen
and nectar gathering insects is to in-
sure the cross-fertilization which is so
beneficial. Nature does not usually
stake all her chances on a single per-
adventure. It is both increase and
improvement that are desired. If en-
tirely dependent upon insects, then
without them there would be no seeds
and no increase. If entirely depend-
ent upon the wind, then during a calm
•the blossoms would die of sterility. I
think you will find it true, however, of

every plant or tree that secretes nectar
in abundance, thus inviting the fre-
quent visits of bees or other insects,
that it is either sterile without insect
aid, or else the crossing thereby in-
sured is highly important.

Cross-fertilization is one of the most
interesting as well as important studies
in horticulture and floriculture. With-
out it, advance is impossible. Ever}'
apple would be like every other apple,
and every flower as stereotyped as a
printer's proof. Variety in color, in
flavor, and in fragrance are largely, if
not entirely, due to cross-breeding.

In an essay read before the Nursery-
man's Convention last summer, our
President Patten stated that about 75
per cent, (and he might have said 95)
of all our improved fruits had come b_y
chance. How much of this, think you,
was due to the Inisy bee, in its quests
after the pearly drop of nectar hidden
for its finding ? " Her honey is but a
fraction of the results of her labors.
Man has had tiny helpers that he knew
not of. While he, for seasons, has se-
lected and hj-bridized, they, for ages,
have, with their little powers, toiled
along, perpetuating every movement
of the world of flowers toward the
beautiful."

The Bees and tbe Fruit-Gronrer.

Now as to bees injuring fruits : I
said at the outset, that they occasion-
ally annoyed the fruit-grower. Per-
haps it would have been more proper
to say " fruit-pickers." If grapes or
other soft fruits get bruised in picking,
or if they burst from over-ripeness or
damp weather ;. or if from any cause
the skin is abraded so the bees can get
at the soft, sweet pulp, they will tum-
ble headlong over each other in their
haste to get at the booty.

Those who have made a scientific
study of their structure maintain that
a bee's mandibles are not formed for
biting or cutting like those of the
hornet or wasp. They can only mold
the -wax that forms the comb, at a high
temperature. If they could bite the
skin of a gi-ape to get its juice, why do
they not bite open the corolla of the
red clover blossom to get the abund-
ant nectar which they can scent but
cannot reach ? Here, again, Dai-win's
observations are valuable. He says
that he has many, many times exam-
ined the blossoms of the red clover,
and often seen hive-bees sucking the
nectar from the sides of the corollas,
near the base, from little holes bored
through them ; but he does not arraign
the bees for boring these holes. They
only appropriate what other insects
have made it possible for them to ob-
tain. He says :

"As far as I have seen, it is always
bumble-bees which first bite the holes.

and they are well fitted for the work,
by possessing powerful mandibles."

Perhaps it may not be generally
known, that there is, in Illinois, an
apicultural experiment station, estab-
lished and supported by the govern-
ment for the purpose of determining
just such disputed questions as this.

In the Agricultural Report for 1885,
may be found a very full account of
the means used to determine the pos-
sible injury which bees can do to sound
fruit. A large screen-house was built,
and several colonies placed therein,
subjected to all the conditions which
might be supposed to increase their
pillaging instincts, viz : drouth, warmth
and starvation. After being kept con-
fined in this condition for a few days,
23 varieties of grapes, besides peaches,
pears and other soft fruits, were hung
in the house or placed on shelves ; and
while the bees visited them constantly,
in search of food, not one was injured
by them. Others were dipped in honey.
Of course the latter was quickly appro-
priated, but not a skin was broken.
Others were placed in the hives, and
although polished like glass by con-
stant travel, none were injured.

The limits of this essay will not
allow me to pursue this part of the
subject further. If any one wishes
more testimony, he should read that
candid report by a disinterested ob-
server.

Forest City, Iowa.

BEE-KEEPINa.

Experience with Bees in Poor
Seasons.

WrUUn for the American Bee Journal
BY GEO. W. MORRIS.

Bees have not had a flight for about
ten days ; they have had several since
winter began. I have not lost a single
colony this winter, although the ther-
mometer has indicated zero tempera-
ture two or three times. I have only
11 colonies now.

My report for 1886 and 1887 is as
follows, as near as I can remember :

In May, 1886, I sold all my bees (16
colonies) for |100. Then I took charge
of an apiary consisting of 100 colonies,
for one-half of the honey and swarms
produced, which amounted to 1,000
pounds of the former, and 34 swarms.
This much for the work of May and
June.

Right here I wish to give some facts
in favor of strong colonies at the
proper season. The strongest colony
gathered in the last week of May, 90
pounds of extracted honey, all from
locust bloom. The same colony in
June gathered from white clover, 45

122

TMM MMBKICMK WMM J©iafMIfMI<.

pounds, and cast 2 large swarms. This
ended the honey season of 1886. If
the other 99 colonies had gathered the
same amount, the honey crop would
have been 13,500 pounds, instead of
1,000 pounds.

If the flow of white clover honey had
been as profuse as the locust flow, my
crop would have been enormous. I
never saw honey come in so fast from
any other bloom, as it did from locust
bloom in 1886, in proportion to the
field-workers.

On account of the dry fall and hard
winter, with a late spring and little
attention, our increase of 34 colonies
dwindled down to 22 tay April 1, 1887.
I moved my half home in a weak con-
dition, but by close attention, I suc-
ceeded in getting them built up so that
they gathered 250 pounds of clover
honey last June, and in October 500
pounds from aster. The entire time
required by me, including marketing,
was only ten days.

To sum the bee-business up in its
entirety, I am forced to conclude that
it pays me as well, or better, than any
other business that I can engage in, as
regards the time and capital invested.

Cornishville, Ky., Jan. 21, 1888.

WISCONSIN.

Report or the State ConTention
at mLadisoii, on Feb. 8.

Written for (he American Bee Journal
BY F. WILCOX.

At the recent Wisconsin State Bee-
Keepers' Convention, four essays were
read, followed by short discussions.
President C. A. Hatch read an address,
recommending among other things the
use of small kegs for extracted honey,
In preference to tin or glass packages.

Mr. Putnam asked, "Would not
small packages, like tumblers, be
better ?"

Mr. Bishop said that small packages
increase the cost of the honey by the
extra cost of the packages. Customers
do not wish to buy tin or glass by the
pound. Five or ten gallon cans, or
kegs, are preferred by his trade. Kegs
are preferred to cans, because the
honey can be more easily gotten out bj'
retailers. He found that many cus-
tomers wished to get good honey in
the cheapest form possible.

A. E. Cooley — Honey in glass is
looked upon as a luxury.

C. A. Hatch — Honey in glass bears
a higher rate of freight than in kegs.

A. V. Bishop — There is a prejudice
in cities against what appears to be
adulterated. Honey in small glass
jars or tumblers is more likely to be so
regarded.

Mr. Bishop read an essay on " The
relations of producers to the commis-
sion merchants." He recommends
shipping honey by freight, and thinks
that the demand for extracted honey is
increasing. Large barrels or kegs
may be used for dark honey, and
small ones for light honey. Large or
full-sized starters are sometimes found
in comb honey while eating it, and
give rise to a fear of adulteration. It
is better to use them as small as
possible.

W. H. Putnam stated that in a bee-
cellar under his shop, with the temper-
ature about 42'3, the moisture con-
densed on the ceiling, though venti-
lated by two pipes, and wished to
know how it could be prevented.

A. V. Bishop and F. Wilcox said, by
making the floor above of the same
temperature as the cellar.

Mr. Hoxie — Let one ventilator ex-
tend to the floor of the cellar, and the
other just through the ceiling.

Secretary F. Wilcox then read his
essay as follows, entitled.

Notes from the Chicago Convention.

On the morning of Nov. 16, 1887, I
went to Chicago to attend the annual
meeting of the North American Bee-
Keepers' Society. Having an hour or
two to wait for the opening of the con-
vention, I visited the honey houses near
bj'. I was pleased with the quantitj'
and fine quality of honey seen. One
thing I saw which I did not expect,
namelj-, the shipping-crates were badly
bedaubed with a composition which
looked like coal dust and kerosene.
Now what is the use of buying clear
lumber, and keeping it perfectly clean
and white, if when shipped it arrives
at its destination in such a filthy con-
dition ?

A full report of the essays and dis-
cussions makes quite a little pamphlet,
which can be had at the oflice of the
American Bee Journal, for 25 cents ;
and it is well worth more than its cost,
to anj' who will read it.

The question of re-organizlng the
North American Bee-Keepers' Society
so as to make it a representative body
is being considered. The best place to
discuss it is in these State and district
conventions. The plan proposed, as I
understand it, is that the inter-national
association shall be composed of those
who pay annual dues to the associa-
tion, and such others as may be sent
to I'epresent State and district associa-
tions ; these bodies to become afiiliated
by the annual payment of a sum of
monej'. The association thus organ-
ized would consist of one grand body,
with subordinate bodies in the difi'er-
ent States. It may well be supposed
that if the bee-keepers of the country
were thus thoroughly organized, they
would possess a power for doing good,

or for the suppression of any evils that
might bear unjustlj' on the pursuit.

At the present time, our associations
are little else than mere annual gath-
erings of bee-keepers for the purpose
of discussing the best methods of pro-
ducing and marketing honey.

Desirable as it may be, there are
some difliculties in the way of eftecting
such an organization. One is, the
difiiculty of organizing the local socie-
ties, and inducing them to send dele-
gates. Another is, the payment of ex-
penses of delegates from distant States.
Whether such an organization is ever
efi'ected or not, it is well that bee-
keepers should think of it, and be pre-
pared to act as thought best at our
next meeting.

Mr. Thos. G. Newman, of Chicago,
was appointed a committee of one to
try to secure a more reasonable rating
of freight charges for extracted honey
in barrels or kegs, as first-class freight
is neither just nor reasonable.

Perhaps the most valuable work
done at that convention was to propose
two practical methods of collecting
statistics of the honey crop, one or
both of which may be carried into
efiect. One plan is to have Mr. A. I.
Root employ three or four special re-
porters in each State, each one to re-
port the crop for his portion of the
State, which, in addition to the indi-
vidual reports usually given, will give
us some means of knowing whether
the crop of the country is good, very
good ; poor, or very poor. Even
though we should not know the exact
number of pounds produced, we would
know where there is an overplus, and
where there is a shortage. Knowing
this, we will better know what price to
fix o5 our honey, and where to look
for a market.

The second plan was for several
members to wi-ite to the Commissioner
of Agriculture, requesting him to col-
lect and publish statistics of the honey
crop in connection with the statistics
of farm crops. In accordance with
this plan I wrote and received the
following reply :

Sib :— Tour letter of Dec. 23, addressed to
the Commissioner of Agriculture, has been
referred to me for answer. We have now
under consideration in this Bureau a plan
for the gathering and publishing of infor-
mation relative to bee-keeping, once or per-
haps twice a year. In order to carry out
this plan, it will be necessary to have a
special corps of correspondents among those
directly interested in the industry. It is
desirable to have the names of one or two
of the leading men in each county where
apiculture is of any comparative impor-
tance. Can you assist me in obtaining such
a list for your State ? Very respectfully,
J. R. Dodge, Statistician.

From the above it seems that the
Agricultural Bureau is willing to un.
dertake the work of collecting statis-
tics of the honey crop, which the bee-
keepers of the country have so long

Tmm mfmnmi^mn mmm jQ^Jummmi^.

123

desired. All they ask is, that we shall
co-operate with, and assist them, by
furnishing the names of two or three
intelligent bee-keepers in each countj',
who will interest themselves in trying
to report accurately. I have prepared
a list of two names from nearly every
county in the State, but considerable
correspondence and inquiry will be
necessary before I can ascertain their
willingness and fitness for the work.
We have reason to be thankful to the
Department for its friendly interest in
behalf of bee-keeping.

In conclusion, I cannot better de-
scribe that conrention than by reading
a little poem, from page 755 of the
American Bee Jodenai. for 1887,
written by Eugene Secor, of Iowa.

The convention then adjourned.

F. Wilcox, Sec.

PECULIAR SEASON.

De§troying: the Bassirood-
Poultry and Bees.

Written for Ui« Amertcan Bee Journal
BY H. M. CATES.

The past was one of the most pecu-
liar seasons that I have known since I
began keeping bees. The spring
opened favorablj', and every colony of
my bees was strong in numbers until
about the first or the middle of April,
when there was about 15 days of the
worst weather for bees that I have
ever seen.

Every morning it would be fair and
sunshiny, and the bees would roll out
of the hives and go to the woods where
soft maple and elm were in bloom.
They would make a trip or two, loaded-
with pollen, when up would come a
very cold north wind, and then great
crowds of bees could be seen dropping
in the grass between the woods and
home, chilled to death. Such affairs
soon reduced the colonies to nuclei.

White clover then opened, when the
bees gathered enough to build up on a
little, and by the time basswood
bloomed, most of the colonies were
strong enough to begin work in the
sections. I finally obtained about 25
pounds of honey per colony, with no
increase, except 2 colonies that I
divided.

About the middle of last November
I went with a horse and buggy, some
50 or 60 miles, to Williamsburg and
Richmond ; and as I drove along I
kept a sharp lookout for bees, but I
saw none except here and there a few
in log or box hives, until I got to
Williamsburg. There I saw the Rey-
nolds brothers.

The next day I visited Mr. Reynold's
apiarj-, and found him just packing his
last hive for winter. He uses chaflf

hives, and is very successful with his
way of wintering.

Catting tbe Bassnrood^jTreea.

One thing that is going to injure the
bee-business in eastern Indiana, is the
"Excelsior" business. There are
thousands of linden trees being cut
here every spring for this business.
One man sold over 2,000 tine linden
trees last spring, that were in size from
6 inches to 2 feet in diameter. This
was all cut within sight of my apiary,
and it will leave us with no honey
source except the clovers, white and
Alsike ; of the latter I have 3 acres that
will bloom the coming season, and I
shall sow 20 acres more of it in the
spring.

Keeping Poultry ivltb Bees.

Some bee-men advocate the keeping
of poultry with bees. These same
writers should have been in my apiary
last May, and have seen a neighbor's
large Pekin duck go flopping out from
the bee-yard, with a dozen or more
bees sticking around its eyes. At the
same time the owner of the duck ap-
peared, and was very angry at the
bees. Had those, who advise keeping
poultry with bees, seen the excitement
in my bee-yard, they would think very
diflerently on the subject.

Shideler, Ind.

COLUMBUS, O.

The Ohio Centennial Exposition
Honey Exhibit.

Written for ITu, American Bee Journal
BY DR. A. B. MASON.

The Ohio Centennial Exposition, to
be held at Columbus, O., next Septem-
ber and October, offers about $320
in premiums in the Apiarian Depart-
ment, and will put up a building for
the apiarian exhibit. I am sorry to
say that the exhibit will be confined to
residents of Ohio. I am Superintend-
ent of the Department, and the Board
of Directors wish me to furnish a plan
for the building. I will send a pre-
mium list as soon as published, to all
intending exhibitors, who apply to me
for it.

I am sure that our honey exhibits at
the Fairs have helped to work up a
market for our honey, and if properly
conducted, they do much towards
showing up the importance of our
industry.

When, a few weeks ago, I told some
of the Directors that the annual pro-
duction of honey in this country was
said to be about 100,000,000 pounds,
and worth $15,000,000 ; and also about
100,000 pounds of beeswax, they
"bunged out" their eyes at me as
though I was " lying," but I gave

them hot shot, and made them sur-
render.

I wish that our Ohio bee-keepers
would " wake up " this season, and
show the people at the Centennial the
importance and beauty of our spe-
cialty, and make an exhibition of bees
and honey worthy of our State.

It is intended to have the building
so arranged that honey can be ex-
hibited without the crates, and still be
safe from bees, etc.

It was said that the honey exhibit at
the Tri-State Fair at Toledo last fall,
was the most attractive feature of the
Fair ; but the bee-keepers of Ohio
ought to make the grandest exhibit at
Columbus that was ever made in this
counti-y ! Let us " pile up " the honey
until the building is filled to its utmost
capacity for a fine display.

Reduced freight and passenger rates
will be made known in good time, and
abundance of time ^vill be had for
arranging displays.

The last, or " Convention Number "
of the American Bee Journal, is
" worth its weight in gold." Every
thing is boiled down," and the useless
parts left out.

Auburndale, Ohio.

TEMPERATURE.

The Eowest Temperature at
IVhich Bees Work.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY S. D. HASKIN.

On page 67 is quoted from Gleanings,
the temperature at which bees will fly.
My observation demonstrates that they
are safe if it is 45° in the shade or
cloudy, and I have had one colony to
work hard on buckwheat at that tem-
perature. It was in this wise :

Keeping bees in a neighborhood
in Pennsylvania where much buck-
wheat was raised, I detected the odor
of buckwheat around one of my hives,
and on examination found that they
were storing that veiy article. Fol-
lowing their direction, I found that
bloom plenty, and bees working on it
pretty freely. The previous year the
same field had buckwheat on it, and
sowed with oats in the spring, the
shelled or wasted grain came up with
the oats.

But here is the peculiarity, and it
shows why and how it is that some-
times we find so much difference in
our honey, and in the same yard at
this time :

I had about 50 colonies, and none of
the rest of my bees paid any attention
to buckwheat, but worked on willows,
fruit and berry bloom until white
clover came. There was a great deal
of buckwheat raised that year, and

124

Tmm MsniEKiC'Mff mmw jQ>wmnmi<.

I

the 49 colonies and their increase did
not store any buckwheat honey ; but
the fiftieth colony and its increase (one
swarm) stored but very little except
the buckwheat honey. But below is
the test :

When it was getting quite late and
cool in the fall, but no frost yet, one
day I noticed mj' " buckwheat bees"
were very bus}-, and the others were
flj-ing only for a little water. I fol-
lowed the course of the working Ijees,
and found that a neighbor had harv-
ested some early buckwheat, and sowed
the field with winter rye. The shelled
buckwheat had sprung up, and was in
bloom. It grew cooler towards night,
and at 45° the bees worked pretty
brisklj-, but at 44° they stopped en-
tirely.

Tliis test was quite satisfactorj' and
intei-esting to me, though I had never
■written it for publication. It illus-
trates the peculiarity of bees' prefer-
ence for the diftVrent honey sources
and flowers. It was a good season for
white clover and basswood honey.

On Feb. 1 the mercury rose to 44°
in the shade, and some of my bees
flew a little. It was the first since last
November. The snow is 2 feet deep.
It is a little cooler to-daj% and is rain-
ing a little.

Waterville, Minn., Feb. 3, 1888.

CONVENTIOST DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting,

Apr. 11.— Stark County, at Canton, O.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Apr. 24.— Des Moines County, at Burlington, Iowa.
John Nau, Sec, Middletown, Iowa.

May 5.— Susquehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.
H. M. Seeiey, Sec, Harford, Pa.

May 8.— Cortland Union, at Cortland, N. Y.

W. U. Beach, Sec, Cortland, N. T.

B^" In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetiuKs.— Ed.

StUOTloX^

Bees ItVintei-iiig ^Vell.— L. Hub-
bard, Waldron, Mich., on Feb. 7, 1888, says :

Bees appear to be wintering nicely. 1
have 100 colonies In the cellar, and nearly
as many packed in chaff. There are no
signs of diarrhea.

OlaiKlnlar System of the Bees.

— J. A. Proctor, M. D., Union City, Ind.,
writes as follows :

Prof. A. J. Cook, in discussing the glan-
dular system of the bee, says that "one
pair of glands furnishes the saliva ; another
the food for the larvse. Drones do not have
this gland, and it is only rudimentary in the
queen, which shows that she once nursed
the larvfe, as the queen bumble-bee now
does in the spring." Will Prof. Cook please
state what gland he alludes to by "this

gland?" What shows that " they once
nursed the larvae, as the queen bumble-bee
now does ?" I ask for this proof, that the
bumble-bee has not changed, but still feeds
its larvffi ; and why the honey-bee has
changed.

The Professor says, on page 58, that
" richer food, through long ages, developed
lart!er ovaries,and a correspondingly greater
fecundity." How is it known that the
queen gets any richer food than she did
ages ago ? Or that their ovaries are more
developed now then they were ages ago ? I
see no change in the queen bumble-bee, and
why in the honey-bee ?

The Professor says, " In the same way
snakes have lost their legs." (I suppose by
being too lazy to use them.) "Zoologists
find rudimentary legs now, and believe
such legs indicate legs once useful." 1 ask
for the proof, as it matters not what any
one " thinks" about it.

Xlie Bees are all Rigiit.— Andrew
Craig, Empire, Dak., on Feb. 6, 1888, says :

I have 3 colonies packed in straw on the
summer stands. They are all right so far.
It has been 34° below zero here this winter,
but it ranges now from 20° to 40° above zero.

Standard ■..ang'strotli Frames.

— L. J. Stone, Littleton Common, Mass.,
asks the following questions :

1. How thick should the top-bars to the
standard Langstroth frames be ? 3. How
much space should there be between tlie
top of the brood-frames and the bottom of
the section-cases '? 3. Will bees build up as
fast in standard Langstroth frames as in
deeper frames ? I mean in early spring.

[1. Make them V-shaped, and % of an
inch deep.

2. Three-eighths of an inch.

3. Yes.— Ed.]

<j}oo«l I.,oeality for Bees.— T. M.
Edwards, Kerrville, Tenn., on Feb. 8, 1888,
writes :

My bees are wintering finely. I have 120
good colonies. We have a fine locality for
bees and honey. I am trying to get my
neighbors to use frame hives, but I succeed
slowly. The Ajierian Bee Joitrnal, is
a favorite in my family.

Sirarms Allg'litiiig' Higli, ete.—

George Hodges, Belmont, N. T., on Feb. 2,
1888, writes :

I now have 6 colonies of bees tliat are
covered with snow. I have kept bees for 10
years in America. I notice that basswood
or linden, as it is called in this country, is
called " lime" in England, and sometimes
it is called "white wood." The bees used
to swarm up in the trees very high some-
times, so that 1 had to use a 30-foot ladder
to get to them. In England I very seldom
had a swarm to leave me ; but here in one
summer 3 swarms absconded for me.

Sliipping' Bees l»y Express.— S. J.

Youngman, Cato, Mich., on Feb., 9, ISSS,
writes :

Being greatly interested in bee-culture, I
am willing to give my views and experience
to promote the same. I have always thought
that bees might be sent to the North from
parts of the South in early spring, and then
be built up in time for the honey season ;
white and Alsike clover, with the basswood

bloom, being the principal sources of honey
supply, and coinniencing in early June and
and lasting until the middle of July. I once
was interested in a large shipment of bees
from Louisiana, which consisted of 150 colo-
nies, sent as freight, and being about 10
days on the road. The transaction was not
a success, as the bees did not liave stores
enough to last them for so long a journey,
and the transportation charges being very
high. Some of them, however, were in
good condition after the long joumej'. 1
nave received bees also by the pound, in
cages, from the South, which were generally
in bad condition on arrival. I have arrived
at the conclusion that the only safe way to
transport bees long distances is by express,
several small colonies being put in one
package in a light, strong, shipping-crate,
and not less than 25 to 50 colonies sent at a
time, each nucleus to coftsist of say 1 to 2
pounds of bees, with a laying queen and
one frame of sealed brood.

^Vliat Ailed tlie Bees ?— Jas. F.
Johnson, of Missouri, writes as follows :

On page 11, Mr. A. Pinkerton, speaks of
great mortality among his bees. I liave
known bees to die from the same cause in
this State, and in California. I knew of an
apiary of 200 colonies situated on Santa
Barbara island, 25 miles from land, in the
Pacific Ocean. They came out of tlieir
hives and died, and the ground was covered
with them. I kept bees on the main land
three miles from the ocean, and some of my
bees were afflicted in the same way ; these
bees were not confined, as the weather was
quite warm. I wish some one would tell us
if this is a disease, and if it is caused by
food, or by tlie state of the atmosphere. By
Mr. Pinkerton's article, we find that bees
are affected, whether conftned or not.

Fastening' Foundation in Brood

Frames.— D. R. Rosebrough, Casey, Ills.,
writes as follows :

Lately there has been a great deal written
about fastening starters of foundation in
sections, and eacli bee-keeper has a method
of his own which he thinks is the best. We
all seem satisfied about the way to fasten
starters in sections, but what troubles me
considerably is, to fasten foundation in
brood-trames. The foundation always sags
for me when 1 put in full sheets, and hive
a swarm upon them ; but if given to a col-
ony made by division, it works all right.
It seems to me that if a narrow piece of
muslin or ribbon could be fastened to the
brood-frames, and then the foundation
fastened to that, it would he an improve-
ment. I would like to have some one try
this plan, or at least suggest something bet-
ter than beeswax or rosin to fasten founda-
tion.

Bees ^Vintered in tlie Cellar. —

Win. Cleary, Algona, Iowa, on Feb. 14, 1888,
writes :

I have 33 colonies of bees. I commenced
last season with 17 colonies, and I was un-
fortunate in spreading the brood. I obtained
3.50 pounds of lioney, and fed about 100
pounds of sugar in the fall. My bees are
very quiet in the cellar, the temperature
ranging from 40° to 48°. I examined them a
few days ago, and they are doing well. My
cellar is very dry, and is under the sitting-
room and bed room, and divided from the
rest of the cellar by a board partition. We
have no frost in any part of it. It has no
ventilation except what comes from the
kitchen as we pass up and down after veg-
etables or coal.

A part of the hives are the Gallup style,
with pieces of sacking or carpet on top of

T'HIE ^MERICMK WMM ■j@13fMf«SlLr.

125

a ^ ^ * '*' j^:^

^ ^ * ^.^^A^^^^^^^^^^^A^^^^^

the frames, with the tops and covers on,
and a stick across the frames for a passage.
Tlie balance of my colonies are in S-frame
Langstroth hives, l,'.<-story high, witli a
honey-board having a slat at the end with
wire-screen over it, and with the caps on.
That is all the ventilation they have, except
what they get from the entrance.

1 notice that the answers to nearly every
question differ, which shows to nie that we
all have more to learn. How can I get
straight, even-tilled sections without sep-
arators ?

[To use narrow sections will aid very
much, but there is no sure method.— Ed.]

Old Fouii«1nliou in Sections.—

Chas. Solvesou, Nashotah, Wis., on Feb. 6,
1888, says :

I have between 3,000 or 4,000 sections that
were tilled with foundation in April, 1887,
and as the last season was a failure, they
were not used. Would it.be advisable to
submit them to a high temperature in order
to soften the foundation, before giving them
to the bees ? Or, what should I do with
them?

[Yes ; that might do, or to steam them
would be preferable. If you have any full
sheets of foundation left, dip them in warm
water before giving them to the bees. That
will soften the wax, and freshen it.— Ed.]

Feeding -tvilli Uniinislied Sec-
tions.—Henry Hohnadel, Fair Haven,
Ills., on Feb. 6, 1888, writes :

Bee-ljeeping was very unprofitable last
season ; we had no surplus honey. 1 com-
menced with 46 colonies, and increased
them to .56, by dividing them. I had no
swarms. 1 commenced feeding in June
with .500 unfinished sections of the previous
season, to keep the bees from starving, as
there was no honey to be had from either
white clover or basswood. On Sept. 1 I
bought about 500 pounds of sugar, and fed
the bees syrup, on the Heddon plan. I then
prepared them for winter quarters, and
stored them away about Nov. 15 ; they ap-
peared rather light when moved, and have
not examined them since 1 put them into
the bee-house, but I have always been very
successtul in wintering.

Tery Cold YVeatlier. — Ira Barber,
De Kalb Junction, N. T., on Feb. 10, 1888,
says :

Another cold wave is hovering over north-
ern New York. This morning the mercury
was down to 30° below zero ; but in ray bee-
cellar the temperature was 46° above zero.
On examining the bees, they sliowed signs
of being in too low a temperature for com-
fort and health, for every top-board that I
took off was wet on the under side, and the
cloths were in the same condition. We are
having an unusually cold winter here, with
not a heavy snow tall, but with roads badly
drifted, and every prospect of cold weather
for some time to come.

Albino Itee.s ft>r] i;Voi-Ii, etc.— J.
Moser, Festina, Iowa, on Feb. 9,1888, writes:

This has been a very poor season for
honey in this locality, but few bee-keepers
having secured any honey at all. There
was au extraordinary crop of basswood, and
colonies which were in just the right condi-
ton gathered honey rapidly for a tew days,
when the honey-flow ceased almost entirely.
Only the pure Albinos worked in the sec-
tions, where the Italians did not touch them

at all, and only secured a little in the brood-
frames. The pure Albino bees were far
ahead of the other races the past season.

My apiary consists of 90 colonies, 65 colo-
nies being pure Albinos, and the others
Italians and Syrians. The Albino bees are
the handsomest that I have ever seen. They
gave the best satisfaction the last four
years, so that I feel like dropping all other
varieties, and keeping them exclusively.
My apiary is located near a public road, a
row of hives are standing along side of the
fence, and the bees have to pass over the
road, but I never had any complaint that
they attacked man or teani.

In the season of 188(j my crop was 4,500
pounds of comb honey in one-pound sec-
tions, and 2,200 pounds of extracted honey
from 45 colonies, spring count. In 1887 I
took about 800 pounds of comb, and 1,200

founds of extracted honey, from 80 colonies,
am wintering 70 colonies in the cellar,
which are very quiet ; and 20 colonies in
chaff hives, that are buried in the snow.

Comb Foundation Fastener. —

Mr. Jacob Alpaugh, of Saint Thomas, re-
marks as follows about one that he has
invented :

I notice on page 790, that Mr. Eden, in
speaking about putting foundation in sec-
tions, says : " It is to be hoped that some
of the many thousands of bee-keepers will
discover a plan that will give general satis-
faction." I have discovered the very
method he calls for. I have used it tor two
seasons ; and some of the largest comb
honey producers are now using it. With it
you need no melted mixture on hand, no
warmed sections, nor a place having a tem-
perature of 90° to work in, but just take the
sections and comb foundation out of the
box and go to work. It can be used in any
out-door building, no matter what the tem-
perature is.

1 mail a sample of the machines' work to
the editor, and ask him to state what he
thinks of it. I can put on at the rate of ten
per minute, which amounts to 6,000 per day.
Is that not fast enough ?

[The work is neatly and strongly done.
Mr. T. W. Cowan, editor of the British Bee
JoMTOOl, says he saw it in operation at the
Toronto Fair, and he speaks very highly of
it. Would it not be well to put them upon
the market ?— Ed.]

Hybrid Bees and the Italians

United.— Daniel Whitmer, South Bend,
Ind., on Feb. 7, 1888, says :

On Nov. 20, 18S6, 1 placed 207 colonies of
bees in the cellar in good condition, and left
33 colonies on the summer stands in the
same condition. In the second week of
April, 1887, 1 took 206 colonies out of the
cellar alive, but about one-half dozen weak
colonies. Of those on the summer stands
I lost about 8 colonies, making about 14
colonies in all, including those lost by
spring dwindling. I sold some, and united
my hybrid colonies with pure Italians, in
order to get rid of them, and at the same
time making my colonies all very strong for
the early flow from white clover. Of coursj*
some would object to this plan, but dff
tributing bees and brood I find to be good.

I commenced the season of 1887 with 175
colonies of Italian bees, increased them to
350 colonies, and secured 5,000 pounds of
surplus honey, 100 pounds of which was ex-
tracted. The past was a very poor season
lor honey in this locality, in consequence of
the drouth. 1 had about one-half of a crop,
and others were not so successful. On Nov.
23, 1887, 1 placed 200 colonies in the cellar in
good condition, except 2, and the rest on
summer stands. They are all doing well.

Oil-Stove in tlie Mee-Ceilar.— F.

A. Lockhart, Lake George, N. Y., on Feb. 1,

1888, says :

I commenced the season of 1887 with 9
colonies of bees, increased them to 25 colo-
nies, and took about 500 pounds of comb
honey in one-pouud sections. There was
about one-third of a honey crop in this sec-
tion of the country. Some bee-keepers near
me secured no surplus at all. I bought 10
colonies in box-hives, which I intend to
transfer to movable-frame hives in the
spring. On Nov. 30, I put my bees in the
cellar where the temperature ranges from
40° to 46°. They seem bo be wintering very
well. There are but a few dead bees on the
cellar bottom. I keep an oil-stove burning
in the cellar when it is very cold weather.
A pipe connects the oil-stove with the
kitchen stove above, which carries all gas
and foul air from the cellar. It is very cold
here ; 48° below zero yesterday morning.

The American Bee Journal comes
every week, bright and clean in its "new
dress." I would not do without it for twice
its cost.

A Ilonie-Itlade Stvarm-Catcber.

—A. H. Dualap, of Aral, Kans., writes :

Take a fiddle, new or old. and if it is
worth nothing to excite the "light fantastic
toe " it will do for the bees. Leave off the
lower string, change the bridge so that the
top will be hollow, or concave instead of
round. Now construct a small, light frame
with a wheel, and crank to turn the wheel,
and fasten this frame on the top of the
fiddle, so that the wheel will be above, and
a little forward of the bridge. String up the
fiddle, and pass a small silk cord (well
rubbed with rosin) over the wheel and un-
der the strings of the fiddle. Tune up the
strings so that their combined tone will re-
semble the bees' tone. When they com-
mence to cluster, take your stand close to
some tree, bush, or anything upon which
you would like to have the bees alight.
Begin to turn the crank, turn slowly, turn
on, keep turning, and never ask again, "Can
bees hear?"

Xbat " Canadian l,ocomotive."

—Rev. W. F. Clarke, of St. Thomas, Ont.,
gives a fresh clang to that locomotive bell :

For the information of "Bro." Solveson
and others who appear to be getting anx-
ious, permit me to say that "latest advices"
about the approaching engine were pub-
lished in the Canadian Bee Journal of
Jan. 35, 1888. Replying to Dr. W. S. Adams'
enquiries (page 896), the editor says :

We beUeve that we wiU be able to guide you " out
of tbe woods," as you put it. Doctor, just as soon as
our engravers get their worlt done. We have not
been BO hurried as we might have been. In a week
or two. however, bee-lteepers will all be "waking
up "after the "hibernation" for the winter, and
will be looking out for their requiretnenTs for next
season. By that time we will have our engravings
ready, and with them will be given a full and ex-
plicit description of our invention, which we trust
will meet with a fair amount of approval. We want
ail the criticism going too, so if it don't "strike"
you as "just the thing," we want you to speak.

Let me add, it is not I who am keeping
the fraternity " in suspense." I was but
the prophet who predicted the coming
event ; the fulfillment is in other hands.
But, evidently,

"There's a good time coming, boys.
Wait a little longer."

[The ringing of the locomotive bell indi-
cates the approach of the train immediately
—unless it is alfalse alarm. The long delay
in the above case, proves that the announce-
ment was far too extravagant, and unless
the invention materializes very soon, will
prove it " a false alarm."— Ed.]

126

TMW «MEMICKK mmm JOURKSI^.

^■**^*-*-*-^*-^*-^*-^*^^^^

Clipping' a. Queen's 'Wing;. — E.

J arvis, Fair Grove, Mich., on Feb. 3, 1888,
asks tlie following questions :

1. Does a queen's wing grow out again
after being clipped ? 2. Does the clipped
queen ever go out with a swarm ? 3. If they
get together, is it always on the ground, or
down where she can crawl ? 4. Does the
swarm ever go out of sight of the hive ? 5.
Will the bees swarm before rearing a new
queen ?

[1. No.

2. She attempts to, but the loss of her
wing prevents her flying with the bees.

3. Yes.

4. Yes. When they find that the queeu is
not with them, they usually return ; but
sometimes they have another queen, or
unite with another swarm.

5. They will attempt it and fail, unless
they unite with another swarm, or follow
another young queen on her bridal trip. —
Ed.]

Bees Flying — Favorable Win-
ter.—D. F. Park, Athens, Pa., on Feb. 14,

1888, says :

Today the bees have had their first flght
since Dec. 4, 1887. I have 85 colonies on the
summer stands, and all were out but one,
which had succumbed. I had introduced a
" dollar queen " last season, and she proved
worthless, not rearing bees enougli to make
a decent cluster. The winter has been
favorable, the mercury having gone below
zero but three times. Five, 10 and 16 de-
grees below zero has been the coldest, with
very little snow.

CLUBBF^C} L,ISX.

W^e Clnb the American Bee Jov/mal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the I^ASX
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be seut
•with each order for another paper or book:

Price of both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00. . .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150.... 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150 140

The Apiculturist 2 00 1 80

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00. . . . 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer. .1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers.. ......5 90 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25 ... . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal . . 1 60 1 50

Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth) . . . 3 00 . ; . . 2 00
Koot's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25. . . . 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 1 50. . . . 1 30

Heddon's book. "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00.... 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00... 190

How to Propagate Fruit 150 125

History of National Society . . 1 50 1 25

AI.FREU H. NEWTJ£A]\,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

coi^VErwTio;\ notices.

tW The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Association
will hold its spring meeting on May 8. 18S8, at Cort-
land, N. T., at 10 a.m. All bee-keepers are mvlted.
W. H. Beach, Sec.

ty The De» Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will hold its next meeting on April 24, 1888, at
Burlington, Iowa. JOHN NA0, Sec

If YoM lAve near one post-office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

'Xeyr Stibscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 18S7 and 1888, for SI .75. while
there are any sets of 1887 left.

Bees^vax.— We will pay 30 cents per

pound, delivered here, for Yellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, the name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

Pi'cserve Voiir Papers for future
reference. If you have no Bi;\I>EK we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if j'ouwill send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Jouk Jf ai„

Please -wTite American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writmg to this office.
Several of oitr letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Money Orders for $5.00 and under,
cost 5 cents. As these are absolutely safe,
it will pay to get them instead of the Postal
Notes which are payable to any one who
presents them.

Clover Seetls.— We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
per busliel; $3.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : $10.00 per bushel; $3.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, orMeUlot,
Clover Seed: $(5.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 30 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Photogrraplis ot Bee-Keepers. —

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketeli of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Joubnal for one
year for $1.75 ; or we will present It free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and $3.00.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 35 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

It is Extravagant Economy not

to have hives, sections, comb foundation,
etc., on hand when needed. To prevent
disappointment, order early what you will
need ii^ that line. Then the hives can be
nailed and painted in odd times, and the
sections put together, so as to be ready at a
minute's notice. It is a sad disappointment
to need these things and then not have
them on hand. They should be ordered
very soon. We are promised an early
spring, and a good honey crop.

Give a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

I>ook Over last year's numbers ot the
Bee Joubnal, and if any are missing,
send for them at once, as we have but few
left now, and they are daily becoming less.

A Pocket Dictionary will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with $3.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spelling of words, and to
determine their meaning.

Yucca Bnislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

W^e Supply Chapman Honey-Plant

SEE1> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; }{ pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

We Club the Amebican Bee Joubnai,
and the " Bee-Keepers' Magazine " for one
year for $1.40 ; or with " Gleanings in Bee-
Culture" for $1.75 ; or with the "Apicul-
turist " for $1.80 ; or the " Canadian Honey-
Producer " for $1.30 ; with the Bee-Keepers'
Review, $1.40 ; or all six for $4.00,

Red Eabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
foj' pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Sixe A. Size B. Size C.

2.50 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2.25

500Label8 2 00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

j(S- Samples mailed free, upon application.

Please to get your Neigbbor,

who keeps bees, to also take the Ajierican
Bee Joubnal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.
A Modern Bee-Farm, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy map. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

If you Eose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

TH® JEMURicMPf mmm j^ismmmi^.

131

> PUBLISHED HY^ — — —

THOS. G.NEWMAN ^SOjS,

CHICy\GO, I LI- ^

XIIOillAS G. MEWaiAIX,

EDITOR.

Vol.niV. Feu, 29, 18

No, 9,

EbIWRWL BmElEGS.

Bpe-men are fn trouble I O. hear them call
On the *' Union "—inviting one and all,
To join them, and nobly " the flght" endure.
For " pluck " shall win, and the outcome is sure !

Let us fare the issue, but never shirk.
And our duty do in this grand good work.
The battle tight bravely— our rights to gain.
Help the weak brothers, their cause to maintain.

It is a Pleasure to announce tliat Mr.
W. Z. Hutchinson is now recovering from
his severe illness. Mrs. H. writes us that
she expects soon to have him " up " again.
Their daughter is also (we are glad to say)
getting well— thanks to the faithful exer-
tions and nursing of the " angel of the
household," whom friend H. has often men-
tioned to us with the most endearing words.
Oh ! what is there in this world to compare
witli a faithful wife and fond mother ? By
her a " heaven " can be made on earth.

Xlie Rev. C P. G. Jenynss, rector
of Kiiebworth, Herts, England, died sud-
denly on Jan. 36, and was buried on Feb. 1,
1888. Mr. Jenyns was a very energetic and
enthusiastic apiarist, and a member of the
British Bee-Keepers' Association. He was
the author of a book about " Bees for the
Young," which was noticed in these columns
on pages 6.59 and 771. He will be missed in
the much-depleted ranks of modern pro-
gressive apiarists.

Trees — Geo. Pinney, of Evergreen,
Door Co., Wis., is out with a catalogue of
Evergreens and Timber Trees, and Seeds.
He offers to send a copy to any person ask-
ing for it.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^'■^'■^'^'■ — - — '■ — ' -.^f.^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^

Scatter the I^eaaets.— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page of this
paper.

Securing: the Stsitistics of ]tee>

Keeping-.— That reliable statistics of the
products of the apiary would be both inter-
esting and valuable is quite beyond ques-
tion ; but the great problem which con-
fronts the apicultural fraternity of to-day
is, the best method to be employed in secur-
ing reports of the animal production of
honey and beeswax in tlie United States.

The plan which we deem to be both fea-
sible and easily introduced, is briefly out-
lined as follows :

Have " bees and their products" included
in the blanks prepared for the use of the
assessor in each townsliip of each county in
the United States. At the head of one col-
umn place the words, " number of colonies;"
another with, "pounds of comb honey ;"
one with " pounds of extracted honey;" and
still another with, " pounds of beeswax."

Then, when the assessor visits a farmer
next May or June, and inquires as to the
number of horses, cows and sheep owned,
how easy it would be to ask at the same
time these questions : How many colonies
of bees have you ? And if the number is
stated, ask, How many pounds of comb
honey produced in 1&S7 ? How many pounds
of extracted honey ? How many pounds of
beeswax ? To ask these questions and re-
cord their answers would be the work of
but five minutes (and perhaps less) at each
farm ; and if all understood that such ques-
tions would be asked by the assessor, those
who keep bees would have the answers pre-
pared in advance, especially after the first
year's experience with this method of ob-
taining statistics of bees, honey and wax.

There is no good reason why the statis-
tics of the great industry of bee-keeping
should not be as complete and reliable as
that of the agricultural interests of this
country ; and that they may be so, is clearly
proven by the correctness attained in the
statistics of all other departments of rural
pursuits.

We have already obtained the attention
and approval of the United States Statis-
tician, as shown on page 132, where he ex-
presses great willingness, on the part of the
Government, to aid in every way possible
in securing to bee-keepers what they so
much desire in the line of ascertaining as
nearly as possible the exact number of colo-
nies of bees kept in the United States, and
the number of pounds of comb honey, ex-
tracted honey, and of beeswax annually
produced.

In 1883 the Illinois Board of Agriculture
inaugurated a plan similar to the one out-
lined above, and we published the table on
page 51 of the Bee JotrKNAL for Jan. 34,
1883. Some similar plans have been adopted
in other States, but what we need is a uni-
form method for every county of the
United States, such as can be had, if it is
taken hold of by the United States Statis-
tician. We very much doubt the feasibility
of the plan to obtain reports from two cor-
respondents in every county, as suggested
on page 133. The only reliable method is
through the assessors. Of this, we feel
positive, and commend it to the Statistician. I

Important Points in Ureetling

Bees are often lost sightof. Among these
are the careful selection of mothers, and
keeping a record of the queens in an apiary
register. Every bee-keeper who would be
considered an apiaiist should keep a Regis-
ter. We approve in the main the points
presented in the following written for the
American Agriculturist by Mr. A. H.
Duff:

Queens for breeding should be selected
with much care. This is overlooked by too
many breeders, and the result is inferior
stock which will not produce as well as
that of better selections. Some breed mainly
tor color, others for the best workers regard-
less of color. Some think that an imported
queen la the only one fit to breed from,while
others are willing to use any queen that
produces bees showing the three yellow
bands characteristic of the Italian. This is
a mistake. While a selected imported queen
is doubtless the best to breed from, we have
found by experience that not all imported
queens are good breeders. We would not
by any means discourage breeding from im-
ported queens, but we are certain that by
careful selection from home-bred stock as
good results have been obtained as from
any imported. There is no certainty in
selecting a queen by her looks for breeding
purposes. An inferior-looking queen may
prove to be the best breeder. Neither can
we tell to a certainty the superiority of a
queen by testing her a single season. Colo-
nies even with not the best of queens often
have such advantage in condition as to come
out ahead. We have often been greatly
disappointed by queens apparently proving
superior the first season, and afterwards
turning out very poorly.

A yearly record should be kept of such
queens as are in view tor breeders, and, by
close observations, in a few years a strain
may be found having the desired qualities.
It IS not necessary to wholly disregard color
in order to get working qualities. Those
two points can be readily combined. The
three golden bands encircling the body of
the Italian bee should never be lost sightof.

The Elms in Bloom,— Mr. David

Grossman, of Terrell, Texas, on Feb. 17,
1888, sent us some bloom of the elms on
which his bees had been at work since Jan.
31, and had carried into their hives thou-
sands of loads of pollen. It will be our
turn to have bloom soon, here in the North.
Everything seems to promise an early spring.

C'lorgymcM and Bees An ex-
change, in speaking of the fostering care of
the art of bee-keeping by clergymen, says :

The bee-keepers of this country are under
great obligations to the clergy for the nros-
nerity of their peculiar industry. To Rev
L. L,. Langstrotli belongs the credit of first
inventing and introducing to American bee-
keepers, and to the world, the movable-
comb frame, which has well-nigh revolu-
tionized apiarian pursuits, and" done as
much tor the production of honev as the
South'"^'" has for the great staple of the

By its use a colony of bees is almost
wholly under the control of the bee-master-
One .interesting illustration of its manv
uses IS found in the lessened production of
drones, which are non-producers and vet
great consumers. The skilled apiarist now
cuts out from the movable frames aim-
nearly all, of the drone comb, and substi-
tutes workers' comb instead, and so rears a
race of industrious workers in place of a
hungry, worthless horde of drones

132

T^H® MMSMieMEf mmu jQ>^mnmi^.

^^^^■^■— ^»— -» — - — ■' ■^^■^^■— ■^■^*—-* — *^»^*^«^*^«^*^*»«r»«1«^»^*^»i*«^*^»^^^>J

k^Am^t .

Prefers Coliinilms. — Miss Dema
Bennett, of Bedford, O., on Feb. 21, 1888,
writes :

In regard to tlie place for lioldingthe next
meeting of the North American Bee-Keep-
ers' Society I would lilte to express my pref-
erence for Columbus, 0. I understand that
the executive committee has the matter in
charge. 1 tliink that under ordinary circum-
stances Cincinnati would be the better
place, but this year there are quite a good
many advantages in favor of Columbus, and
I think that tlie attendance would be larger
at the latter place.

Dr. Mason, the President, writes us on
this subject as follows :

Auburndale, Toledo, O., Feb. 21, 1888.
The executive committee of the North
American Bee-Keepers' Society is consider-
ing the matter of changing the place of its
next meeting, but owing to Mr. Hutchin-
son's sickness, have not arrived at a con-
clusion, and will inform the bee-periodicals
as soon as it does. There is no special need
of haste, but the matter will be arranged as
soon as possible ; until then, it may as well,
perhaps, be better to not vote on the matter.

Hints for March.— Mr. W. B. Tread-
well writes the following to the American
Agriculturist, as seasonable hints for be-
ginners :

Examine every hive as far as practical,
and should any be found in want of stores,
these should be replaced at once, either by
laying bars of cream candy over the tops of
the frames, or by placing a feeder of hot
liquid feed over the frames under the cush-
ion, so that the bees can reach it without
leaving the cluster. Do not feed in the
morning, as this will be apt to induce rob-
bing, and when fed during the day the bees
become restless, are tempted to fly out, and
thus become chilled and die.

Wheu feeding for stimulation, we would
advise the use of a good entrance feeder,
which, when placed at the entrance the
latter part of this month, should not be re-
moved until apple blossom time. Pour
about a gill of hot feed, made of two parts
water and one part of honey or sugar, into
the feeder every evening.

We cannot too strongly insist on the im-
portance of regular daily feeding, when
once begun. Confine each colony to only as
many combs as the bees can conveniently
cover, giving more combs as required. Be
cautious, and not expand more rapidly than
the increasing bees will warrant, as they
may not be able to keep the brood warm.

Ventilation from above should now be
stopped, by laying enameled cloth smooth
side down over the frames. Stimulative
feeding serves the same purpose, even if
the brood-nest is full of sealed honey. This
may, however, be uncapped. Guard against
robbing by leaving no combs or sweets ex-
posed, and contracting the entrances.

Should any colony be found queenless,
either introduce a new queen or unite with
some weak colony. In the North rye meal
should be fed as a substitute for pollen.

Alsike Clover.— M. M. Baldridge, of
St. Charles, Ills., wishes to make the fol-
lowing correction. The error was an over-
sight of the printer. He says :

Four pounds of Alsike clover seed is
plenty for one acre when sowed alone. The
types on page 105 make me say 40 pounds,
which is fust 36 pounds too much.

Statistics of tlie Honey Crop. —

At the Chicago Convention Dr. Mason,
Prof. Cook, and the Editor of the American
Bee Journal were appointed a committee
to correspond with the Department of Ag-
riculture relative to securing reliable statis-
tics concerning honey and beeswax produc-
tion, the number of colonies of bees, etc., in
the United States. Dr. Mason has received
the following from the United States Statis-
tician, which will be read with interest :

U. S. Department op Agkicuxture,
Washington, D. C, Feb. 21, 1888.

Dr. A. B. Mason, President of the North
American Bee-Keepers' Society, Auburn-
dale, Toledo, Ohio.

Sm : Tour favor of the 1.5th inst., ad-
dressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture,
and by him referred to me, is received.

After correspondence with Mr. Eugene
Secor, of the Iowa Horticultural Society,
Mr. Geo. E. Hilton, President of the Michi-
gan Bee-Keepers' Association, Mr. Franklin
Wilcox, Secretary of the Wisconsin Bee-
Keepers' Society, and other prominent api-
culturists, I have decided to make an effort
to gather statistics relative to bee-keeping,
to be published in our regular crop report at
least once a year, provided those engaged
in the industry take sufficient interest in the
matter to furnish us with the necessary
data. In the first place it will be necessary
to have a special corps of correspondents
made up entirely from those actually en-
gaged in bee-keeping. To secure such a list
of reliable men, we should have to depend
upon the officers of various Bee-Keepers'
Associations. Our regular correspondents
who funiish us with monthly crop reports
are made up in the main of ordinary farmers,
and but few would be able to give reliable
information relative to the present condition
of apiculture ; therefore, what we desire,
and must have if a reliable report is to be
made, is a list of intelligent bee-keepers
one in every county where the industry is
of any comparative importance. So far we
have been able to secure such a list from
the State of Iowa only, with the promise of
a list from Wisconsin. Can you, from
among the members of your society, furnish
me such a corps, or give me the names of
prominent men in each State who could
do so ?

I would also be under obligations if you
and the fellow members of your committee
would kindly give me the points, which, in
your opinion, such an investigation should
cover, and the queries which you would
consider it advisaole to put.

Trusting that you will give me all the
assistance in your power in order that a full
and correct report on the progress of this
glowing industry nwiy be made, I am,
Very respectfully,

J. R. Dodge, Statistician.

This commmittee, as representatives of
the "North American Bee-Keepers' So-
ciety," are now corresponding with one
another for the purpose of formulating a
plan to be followed by the different societies,
in order to comply with the above request
of the United States Statistician. TThey
will endeavor to give him " the points," the
" queries," etc., but many difficulties pre-
sent themselves.

Now, we request any one who may have
suggestions to offer, to send such to Dr. A. B.
Mason, Auburndale, Toledo, O., at once, to
aid the committee to finish the work in the
most complete and perfect manner. Give
the committee your best thoughts and
most mature plan of operation— and do it
NOW.

California Honey Crop in 1887.
—Messrs. Schacht & Lemcke, of San Fran-
ciso, in their third annual market review of
the honey and beeswax business of Califor-
nia, remark as follows :

San Diego county, which in former sea-
sons has been the most productive county
for honey, yielded very little, and only sev-
eral carloads of the crop of 1887 have been
shipped from the northern part of that
county ; the honey shipped from the city of
San Diego having been kept for better
prices.

In some parts of Los Angeles county,
which formerly produced several hundred
tons of honey, apiarists did not extract at
all last year ; while in others, not fifty miles
distant, they extracted 400 cases of honey
from 400 colonies of bees.

San Bernardino county had probably the
best honey crop last season, for nearly
every apiarist had some honey to sell. In
the counties north of Los Angeles, comb
honey has been produced. Part of it was
very nice, in one-pound sections, and was
sold at from 13 to 16 cents, according to
quality ; the rest of it was very poor, and
should have been extracted.

It is very difficult to estimate the amount
of honey produced in California, but we
may say that during 1887 not over 500 tons
of extracted honey and 100 tons of comb
honey was produced, against 2,500 "tons of
both extracted and comb honey in 1886, 700
tons in 1885, and 4,500 tons in 1884.

ITears may Come and Years

May Go, but it will take a thousand of
them to bring us to another year having as
many S's as we use to indic-8 the present
time. Full many a lesson does this year
inculc-8.

We may cogit-8 about our bees— dial-8
concerning their winter repose — and spec-
ul-8 with " Old Probs " on the unseasonable
weather, which tends to invalid-8 what we
calcul-8 to do.

We must not, however, hesit-8 to extric-8
them from untimely f-8, so that they may
gradu-8 among " the flowers that bloom in
the spring." To emancip-Sthem from cruel
f-8, will allow them to reciproc-8 with
honied treasures in wondrous store, and let
us anticip-8 our pleasures.

If we particip-8 in their labors we should
never forget to supply their wants— else
they may capitul-8, leaving us no bees to
manipul-8, because we left thorn to f-8 until
too 1-8. That we deprec-8, at any r-8 !

Nevr Catalognes for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

Thos. Jackson, Portland, Maine— 10 pages
—Forest City Nurseries.

F. N. Lang, St. Paul, Minn.— 28 pages-
Field, Flower and Vegetable Seeds.

F. E. Fassett & Bro., Ashtabula, O.— 8
pages— Flower Plants.

D. C. Buck, Dundee, Mich. — 4 pages —
Queens and Bees.

A. I. Root, Medina, O.— 40 pages— Bee-
Keepers' Supplies.

A. Wortman, Seafield, Ind.— 18 pages—
Bee-Supplies and Poultry.

Jos. E. Shaver, Friedens, Va.— 24 pages-
Apiarian Supplies.

E. S. Armstrong, Jerseyville, Ills.— 38
pages— Hives and Supplies.

itmm SMERic^tpc BE® jQwmnmi^,

133

iTIurk»« of Purity.— Hugh L. Lynn,
Glenville, Ky., on Feb. 10, 1888, asks the
following questions :

1. Is there any certain way of knowing
Italians from hybrids ? 2. Is not disposi-
tion a better proof of purity than marks ?
3. When 1 first got an Italian queen she
was a curiosity in our neighborhood, there
bfing no other near it. Her daughter,
reared that fall, mated with a blaclj drone,
there being no others near. Her workers
were as large and as finely marked as any
one could ask for. I think any man seeing
them dead would have pronounced them
Italians. But if he had handled them he
would have called tliem hybrids.

1. Yes ; 3 yellow bands in all the prog-
eny of any Italian queen. If she has been
impurely mated, then the yellow bands of
the workers will vary in number.

2. No ; "disposition" is often the result
of gentle handling and management— but is
not a sure indication of purity of blood.

3. While some of such hybrids may be
■well marked and fine looking, others would
be inferior both in bands, manners, and
appearance.

S'wariu!!' M itii Two Quoeiis, etc.

— Mr. Locke Ferree, of Milroy, Ind., makes
an inquiry concerning the swarms which
issue having dual queens. He says :

The last season was hard on bees here.
My bees had a flight two days ago, being
the first for nearly four weeks. One of the
colonies I think has the diarrhea. What
shall I do for them ? When two or more
queens come out with a swarm, what will
the bees do with the surplus queens ?

If the bees have the diarrhea, a flight will
help them very much. If more than one
queen issues with a swarm, it is an indica-
tion that it is a second or third swarm.
When an old queen has been lost, some ten
or more days before, several queens will
sometimes issue with the first swarm.
Leave it to tlie bees to settle, as to which
queen shall be approved.

IVe1>raska. Convention.— Mr. J. N.

Heater, of Columbus, Neb., on Feb. 19, 1888,
writes :

We have lately had a few days of very
warm weather, and the bees have had a
number of flights. Mrs. Heater's 100 colo-
nies are wintering well, and are in fine con-
dition.

I sent the report of the Nebraska Conven-
tion as published by the Nebraska State
Journal, and expected it to be credited to
that paper. With ray name signed as Sec-
retary it looks to those who do not under-
stand it, that i had complimented myself.

When we receive a report of a conven-
tion from the Secretary, no matter whether
it is printed in whole or in part, we consider
it as an official report, and credit it to the
Secretary. We failed to notice the remarks
referred to about the Secretary, or we
should have made an exception in this case.
The above will straighten it out.

IValional Bee-Keepers' Union. —

Mr. R. L. Meade, of Nassagaweya, Ont., on
Feb. 17, 1888, writes thus concerning the
Union :

I am surprised at the bee-keepers of the
continent, who have a National Union for
the defense of tJieir own business, aud yet
it seems to be so very poorly sustained by
such an intelligent class of men as bee-
keepers generally are. Bee-keepers, send
in your dollar. Strengthen tlie " hands " of
the Union, and place it in a position to
assist those of our calling when there is
any necessity. We want lO.OOO names on
the National Bee-Keepers' Union list for
this year. Here is my dollar.

Yes ; that is right. The only wonder is
tliat there were not ten thousand members
to the Union within a few months after its
organization. There ought to have been a
general rush to the defense of the pursuit.
But too many are selfish, and think that so
long as they are not molested, they will not
join. But we notice that as soon as they
are even threatened, they are rushing for
some help, and want us to tell them what to
do, etc. But the Advisory Board has de-
cided that the Union ought to defend only
those who have become members before
they were in trouble. The present general
apathy is very reprehensible.

Since writing the above, Mr. Z. A. Clark,
of Arkadelphia, Ark., whose case the Union
has now in hand, as before noted in these
columns, has written to us stating that he
lias again been arrested for not moving his
apiary outside of the city limits. He was
fined, but appealed to the Circuit Court
which meets next July. He was then in-
formed that he would be arrested and fined
every day in the interim, and if he does not
pay the daily fine, he will be sent to prison I

The Manager of the Union has advised
hira just what to do, relying upon the
fraternity to support in the defense of
this and other cases now on hand. Will
they do it ?

It will take nearly two thousand dollars
to successfully defend the eases now on
hand, and the Union must have two thou-
sand more members, or it will be obliged
to let the cases go by defaultr-and fhe pur-
suit will suffer an ignominious defeat !
Reader, are you satisfied to accept the latter
as the result of your apathy ? If not, sit
down at once and -send a dollar to this
office as a membership fee to the National
Bee-Keepers' Union. You will get a re-
ceipt by return mail, and may then sleep
soundly with the assurance that you have
done your duty in this case ! It is noiv or
never ! Inaction will insure defeat— ac-
tivity is life— energy— power !

UNION IS STRENGTH !

AlM'ays mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing-
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

How to do it M. M. Baldridge, of

St. Charles, Ills., makes the following good
points in confirmation of the views ex-
pressed in his address before the Chicago
Convention last fall :

Honey, the commission men say, is slow
of sale and lower than some time ago. The
reason is obvious to me, and it should be to
others. The main reason is, that the grocers
are unwilling, as a class, to invest in cash
20 to 23 cents per pound at wholesale, for
honey, and take their chances of selling the
same at 25 cents, which they nnist do to
secure any profit at all. The result is the
honey ren'iains in the commission houses.

Now what does this teach ? Simply what
my Chicago essay advocated, namely, the
necessity of placing honey, in small lots, in
grocers' hands, to be paid for when sold.

The fact is, there are at this time thou-
sands of groceries, in this State, without a
pound of honey in them for sale at any price.
All the honey in the United States might
have been sold by this date at 2.5 cents per
pound for choice white comb, had it been
kept where consumers could see and buy it.

The time will soon be here when the crop
of 1888 will have to be placed on the market,
and all should consider well the remarks of
Mr. Baldridge, who has had more experi-
ence than almost any other man, in placing
the honey on home-markets. We heartily
commend the plan presented, and hope it
will be practiced during the coming season.

Piienol for Fowl Brood.— Wm.
Beall, Ligonier, Ind., asks the following :

In Cheshire's pamphlet on foul brond, on
pages 16 and 17, he mentions "Calvert's No.
1 phenol." What is that ? Our druggist
knows nothing of it. How many drops are
necessary to a quart of syrup for feeding •
bees, to cure foul brood ?

It is difficult to obtain pure phenol except
of the large wholesale dealers. Calvert's
No. 1 can be obtained at this office. One
drop to 500 drops of the syrup is the formula
recommended by Mr. Cheshire, as will be
seen by the following from his pamphlet :

"Ifouud that 1-300 (that is one part of
pure phenol to 300 parts of syrup) was re-
fused by the bees altogether ; that 1-400
iniirht be given constantly to a sound colony
without appearing to limit the queen in
breeding, or touch her health ; that 1-.500
dispatched foul brood quickly, even while
honey was coming in ; and that M.iO ap-
peared enough when it was not. 1 have es-
tablished these quantities as the correct
ones." Moderate quantities are, therefore,
not injurious.

A Conipendiiini of useful know e
about bees. Tliis is what the Germantown,
Pa., Telegraph of the 1st inst, calls our
bee-book. Here is its notice in full :

Bees and Honey. By Thos. G. Newman,
editor of the American Bee Jouhnal,
Chicago, Ills. Price, SI.— Gives in a con-
cise manner the history of bees, tells how
to establish and manage an apiary,describes
hives and surplus receptacles, how to pro-
duce and care for honey, treats of beepas-
turage, improvement of bees, honey and
bee shows, comb foundation and its use,
honey extractor and its use, and closes an
instructive and useful volume with general
advice to beginners. It is a convenient
compendium of useful knowledge on bees.

134

Tmm mmmmi^mn mmm joi^MifMi,.

W

FEEDIKO SOROHUH ]MOL,AS.
SES IN THE SPRIIVG.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 519.— Will It do to feed sorghum
molasRes in the spring, mixed with sujjar?
Or will It do without mixing ?— H„ Iowa.

Yes, either wa}-. — R. L. Tayior.

I have had no experience witli
" sorghum " as a bee-food. — H. D.
Cutting.

Take the sugar and leave the molas-
ses alone. — J. P. H. Brown.

Anj'thing that the bees will take,
will do at that time of the year. — G.

M. DOOLITTLE.

I would prefer to feed the best white
sugar, and let the molasses alone. — P.

L. VlALLON.

If it is a good article it will do with-
out mixing, if the weather is warm
enough for the bees to fij'. — A. B.
Mason.

Sorghum is not fit to feed to bees at
an J' time, mixed or unmixed. — M.
Mahin.

In the spring, when bees are flying
freelj', it will do to feed almost any-
thing.— Mrs. L. Harrison.

We would not use sorghum, although
it matters less in the spring. But the
best sugar, we think, is just as cheap,
for it contains more food. — Dadant &
Son.

I would not feed sorghum molasses
under any circumstances. Trade j'our
molasses for white sugar, and make a
syrup. — J. M. Hambaugh.

If the bees need feed, and will take
sorghum molasses, I should give it in
the spring. — G. L. Tinker.

If used up in breeding, it would not
be objectionable. It would answer, I
think, without mixing. — W. Z. Hutch-
inson.

I tiiink that it will do either way. I
have never tried it, but I should be
very willing to do so, if any one would
furnish the molasses. — A. J. Cook.

I think that there will be no trouble
in feeding it clear, when bees can fly ;
but I should not want any of it clear
or mixed, in the hive for winter. — C.
C. Miller.

I liave never fed sorghum molasses,
but if the bees like it, I think it would
do no harm wlien they are flj'ing every
day. Whether it would be economi-
cal feed or not is another question. —
Eugene Secok.

It will do to feed anything in the
spring, when the bees can fly freely,
which they will eat. Probably the

sorghum molasses might do witliout
the sugar. Surely the sugar would do
without the molasses. Honey is better
than either of them for feeding bees
when they can fly and brood is desii--
able. — James Heddon.

It can be used in the spring either
mixed or unmixed. It should only be
fed in such quantities that it ^\•ill all be
used as food, and none stored for sur-
plus or for winter stores. ^ — J. E. Pond.

If you can get the bees to take it,
pure or mixed, it answers for breeding
purposes as well as anything so far as
I have seen ; but some colonies are
slow to take sorghum "intheirn." I
have tempted them by flavoring it with
honey. — G. W. Demaree.

I do not think that sorghum molas-
f?es will do, even if mixed with sugar.
Such a compound would cost nearly as
much as good sugar syrup, which is
certainly much better for the purpose.
— C. H. Dibbern.

I never would feed bees anything
inferior to honey. If there should be
a charge of adulteration it will be con-
venient to be able to sa)' that the
alleged adulterant costs more than the
article adulterated. Nothing "shuts
up " the " smart Alecks " like this. —
J. M. Shuck.

It would be better to feed the bees
with honey or sugar syrup. Why try
to use sorghum molasses, and fuss with
mixing sugar with it, when nothing
would be saved, and absolutely nothing
gained by its use ? Sell the sorghum
and buy sugar if you have no honey
for spring feeding. — The Editor.

mAKIlVO HIVES, HAIVD.HOEES
AND CAPS FOR HIVES.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 520 — I e.xpeot to make some hives
with lumber planed on one side. 1. Will it be
necessary to have the lumber on the inside of
the hives planed V 2. What Is the best way to
make hand-holes in the hives ? 3. What kind
of a. cap is best to turn rain and withstand
wind ?— M., Nebr.

1. No. 2. With a wabbling buzz-
saw. 3. A board with cleats. — A. B.
BIason.

1. No. 2. With a wabbling saw. 3.
A sound, flat, cleated board. — W. Z.
Hutchinson.

1. Hives with lumber planed on th?
inside can be more easily kept clean.
2. Use a wabbling saw. 3. Have the
cap covered with tin.- — J.P. H. Brown.

1. It is not absolutely necessary, but
it is better. 2. I do not need any. 3.
A Langstroth cap, with matched cover,
all things considered, is the best. —
Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. It is not necessary, but it is bet>
ter. 2. We do not make any. 3. We

always use a roof over the cap. —
Dadant & Son.

1. No ; but I prefer to have it planed
on both sides. 2. Hand-holes are best
made with a gang of saws. 3. I pre-
fer a plain board with cleated ends for
a cover. — G. L. Tinker.

1. I would not make hives with lum-
ber planed only on one side for my
use. 2. With a wabbling saw. 3. A
flat cap. — P. L. ViALLON.

I. It is not necessary. 2. A wab-
bled buzz-saw does it excellently. 3.
If a hive-cover is meant, a sound board
well painted and cleated at the ends is
good enough. — R. L. Taylor.

1. No, but it looks better. 2. If you
can get a saw to cut them, that is best;
if not, nail on a cleat. That serves
about as well. — A. J. Cook.

1. It is not necessary, but I think it
wotdd be better. 2. A wabbling saw
makes good work, but I think that a
cutter-head makes a little smoother. — •
C. C. Miller.

1. Have the inside planed, by all
means. 2. Saw them with a wabbling
saw. 3. Any that can be made water-
tight. I have used all kinds, and have
found no trouble. — J. E. Pond.

Why not plane on each side and
make a good, neat job of it ? 2. A
" dado head " is a good way ; some use
a wabble saw. 3. I do not know what
is the best. What .some think is the
best, othei's would not use. — H. D.
Cutting.

1. I would use the rough side of the
boards for the inside, then the hives
can be painted, and it makes no dift'er-
ence to the bees. 2. I do not know.
A strip can usually be nailed on, to
answer the purpose. 3. Any kind that
is water-tight, and will not blow off. —
C. H. Dibbern.

1. Lumber dressed on both sides al-
ways, and the lumber for hives should
be " " thicknessed " also, so that hives
and parts of hives may be interchange-
able. 2. Cut "hand-holes" with a
wabbling saw. 3. A plain top-board
made so that either side may be used
next to the bees, is best. It soon be-
comes thoroughly propolized on both
sides, and will not leak, and is not
likely to blow olf. — J. M. Shuck.

I. No, it is not actually necessary,
but enough better to pay for all trouble,
in my opinion. 2. Witli a saw set
wabbling, if you have a power saw. If
not, holes bored for the fingers do
very well. 3. I use one covered with
tin, and I consider tliat it pays. — G.
M. Doolittle.

1. Yes, by all means. A rough sur-
face will be a receptacle for large
quantities of propolis. Little or none
will be put on a porfectlj- smooth sur-
face. 2. I see no need of hand-holes.

Tmm MMERicMK mmw jo-iumhm:!*..

135

3. A cap made of ^-incli lumber, with
comb roof. The cap should rest on
cleats around the hive within J -inch of
.the top of the brood-chamber. — M.
Mahin.

1. You will save the bees a gi-eat
deal of unnecessaiy work by having
the inside smooth. They will propolize
a rough surface. 2. If you have no
circular saw to make hand-holes, a
cleat nailed around the hive on the
outside near the top is just as good. 3.
A board cleated to prevent warping is
just as good as anything. — Eugene
Secor.

1. It would be preferable to have
the lumber dressed on both sides. 2.
With a buzz-saw, set wabbling on the
mandrel. 3. When we cannot get
lumber wide eno\igh to cover the en-
tire top, and are obliged to make two-
piece lids^ we cut a saw kerf at the
bottom of the inside joints i-inch deep,
and insert a tin, V-shaped. Of course
all lids should have at least two coats
of good paint. — J. M. Hambaugh.

1. It is not necessary to have the
lumber planed on the inside, although
I prefer it so, but in your case, put the
rough side in. 2. By setting a rip-saw
wabbling, and then get some one who
understands it, to tell you how to fix
the rests, and let the pieces down on
the saw, and take them up again with-
out sawing your fingers off. 3. We
have no trouble from rain or wind, and
do not want any " cap " of any kind. —
James Heddon.

1. If the lumber is ordinarily smooth
from the saw, there is no need of
dressing the inside of the board. I
have used a number of hives made in
that way, and they are as good as any.
2. In the absence of machinery to cut
the "hand-holes" with a saw set wab-
bling, you can lay a J-inch strip of
wood about 3 inches below the top of
the end-piece of the hive, and draw a
line on sach side of the strip, so as to
be about 3J inches long ; then with the
the point of a sharp pocket-knife, trace
the lines, cutting as deep as you can
conveniently ; and then with a sharp,
}-inch chisel, make a cut slanting to-
wards the centre at each end of the
lines, pry out the " chip," and clean
out nicely with the chisel. I can cut
the hand-holes quite rapidly in this
way. 3. I do not know what you
mean b}' a "cap." I use a flat, cleated
hive-cover, and a water-tight shade-
board over it. — G. W. Demaree.

1. It is not absolutely necessary, but
it would be vei-y slovenly to have it
rough. 2. A cutter-head does the
work neatly, but a wabbling saw will
do it well enough, if any hand-holes are
thought to be necessary. 3. Opinions
differ, but any cap will do that cannot
ea-sily he blown oft', and which is water-
tight.— The Editor.

GOOD QUEENS.

Queens not Reared by Natural
Swarming Inferior.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY G. M. DOOLITTLB.

On page 790 of the Bee Journal for
1887, appeared a very interesting arti-
cle from the pen of that sharp, but
good-natured writer, G. W. Demaree.
I am really glad he wrote that article,
for it gives me a chance to say some
things which I have desired to say for
some time. But I have no desire to do
so, in aught but a kindly spirit, and
for good, regarding the improvement
of our queens ; for the spirit of con-
troversy should never enter into any
discussion if we would benefit the
world, and those with whom we dis-
agree.

I accord to Mr. Demaree, that
" right to his own views " which he
gives to me, most willingly, and would
not have said a word further, were it
not that he seems to think that my
articles on the subject of queen-rear-
ing are " mere assertions " which are
based on " mistaken theory, except so
far as I bring my own experience as
proof of the soundness of my position."
Did I desire so to do, I could bring to
my rescue regarding the superiority of
queens reared by natural swarming,
such great lights as Grimm, Gallup,
Heddon, etc. ; but as Mr. Demaree
only lays down his theories and experi-
ence beside mine, I consider it unneces-
sarj- to do so.

My experience with " artificial "
queens dates back to 1870, when I be-
came " ci-azy " on the subject of queen-
rearing — crazy about that kind which
'•costs the apiarist nothing," or but a
trifle at least, and so I reared lots of
these cheap queens, only to find in
1872-73 that my apiary was almost
ruined by the death of queens, dying
of old age after a period of only eight
months to a year and a half had
elapsed after they had left their cells.

When the " dollar "-queen business
was first started, I opposed it, as nearly
all of our older bee-kSepers know, op-
posing it on the ground that so many
queens of the kind " which cost noth-
intf," would be put upon the market.
I have never fought such queens as
Mr. Demaree rears, only so far as the
claim is concerned that they are lietter
than those reared by natural swarm-
ing. My main eftort has been to im-
press upon the minds of all, that we
as apiarists should try to rear queens
of the highest type for honey-produc-
tion, gentleness, good wintering qual-

ities, length of life, and strength of
workers, enabling them to fly further,
fly faster, and endure more hardships
than their ancestors did. Has this not
been a worthy object ?

It is hardly fair for Mr. Demaree to
take his best specimens of queens
reared under the greatest care and
skill at his command, and compare
them with the poorest of natural-
swarming queens. I am as well aware
as any one, that even " queens reared
by natural swarming" can be so
abused as to have the queens of little
value, in these days of controlling
after-swarms by the many methods
put forth. Candidly, did Mr. Demaree
ever try my plan of rearing queens by
natural swarming, where half of the
swarm is returned to await the devel-
opment of the young queens ? And
after such queens were laying, did he
ever compare them with his that were
reared under "scientific breeding?"
If not, I wish he would do so and re-
port. But to return :

Wliy I opposed the whole " dollar "-
queen traftic, was because queens un-
der this name, sent out for 16 to $9 a
dozen, were reared by no " scientific
breeding," but by all the poorest plans
and tricks known to the trade.

To illustrate : A few years ago I
wrote to a prominent queen-breeder,
whose name stands very high, for a
" dollar "-queen. He replied as fol-
lows : " I am shipping queens by
nearly every mail, but as I am desir-
ous of your good opinion, I would like
to rear one for you when I rear my
own, which I am now preparing to do.
If you can wait, I shall be pleased to
have you do so." If this queen-breeder
was rearing and sending out queens,
equal to queens reared by natural
swarming, or as good as Mr. Demaree
rears, why did ho wi-sh that I should
wait? His pretensions in the bee-
papers, that queens from the egg
" were better than these from natural
swarming," with such an acknowledge-
ment from him, amount to nothing
with me ; and it was at this class of
queen-rearers that my article was
aimed, to which Mr. Demaree refers.

If all queens, reared and sent out,
were as Mr. D. represents his to be, I
should not have been called upon to
have said a word. That they are not,
is often proven by my correspondence.
One writes in the month of May :
"What is the trouble with the queens
that I have bought ? Last week I found
three dead in front of their hives.
This leaves but two out of six intro-
duced last fall. The season before,
out of three introduced in August, I
had only one left in the spring, and
she failed in June."

Another says : " Out of nine queens
purchased, seven did not live six

136

'E^mm mimmmi^-mM Mmm j^'^mmmLf.

months, and only one of them lived
a year." Still another says : "I am
disgusted with buying cheap queens ;
five out of six purchased this season
having died of old age." And so I
might go on with many more of a
similar nature, but the above is enough
to convince all, that all queens sent
out are not such as they would desire
to stock an apiary with.

One thing, however, I am pleased
to note, namely, that the number of
poor queens sent out is growing pro-
portionately less with each year, and I
hope this state of things may continue,
until all may feel the responsibility
that is resting upon them, to do to
others as they would be done by.
Always bear in mind, fellow bee-keep-
ers, that upon the queen largely de-
pends the profit or loss in apiculture,
and to her we must look quite largely,
if we are to compete with the low
prices of our product, predicted by
some, in the near future.

Borodino, N. Y.

[Bro. Doolittle is right. We have
repeatedly protested against the cheap-
queen traffic. What we need is better
queens, not lower prices. One good
queen is worth a dozen poor and cor-
respondingly cAeap ones. This "heap-
by-cheap " business is the bane of
modern apiculture, and should be
" frowned down " bj' all who desire its
prosperity. — Ed.]

SHALLOW HIVES.

Sliallow Brood-Frames and Side-
Opening Sections.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY M. M. BALDRIDGE.

Under date of Feb. 13, Dr. Tinker
writes me as follows :

1. lam especially pleased to hear your
opinion of 7-inch brocid-frames. From it 1
infer that your verdict will not differ much
from mine on the Heddon hive.

2. The great value of the open-side sec-
tion rests mainly upon the proper ventila-
tion which it affords.

My reply to the foregoing is as fol-
lows : 1. I have, as before stated,
used many hives with brood-frames 7
inches deep, in the clear, and have
used more or less of them since 1876 ;
ten frames in each story, but eight
frames would be lietter. Geo. Thomp-
son, of Geneva, Ills., and Jas. M.
Marvin, of this city, liave used 6-inch
bi-ood-frames, 11 in each story, since
1877, and they still prefer them to
deeper ones. They now use no other
hive, and claim that bees winter as
well in these shallow hives as in deeper

ones. They always winter their bees
in the cellar.

I have read Dr. Tinker's essay on
Heddon's new hive very carefully, but
I cannot endorse all he says. I have
not yet used this hive, but I do not
apprehend any trouble in its use ; nor
do I expect to find the difficulties and
objections as set forth in the Doctor's
essay. 1 shall try to use some of the
new hives the coming season, and then
I shall know for myself. 1 still think,
however, as favorable of Heddon's
new hive as I did one year ago.

Open-side Sections and Ventilation.

The open-side sections may be just
what honey-producers want, and they
may not be. I would rather use them
awhile before I express an opinion. I
can, however, force bees to store all
their honey in any style of section ;
and, I think I know how to secure the
surplus in sections free from bee-
bread — no matter how shallow the
brood-frames may be. I also think
that I know how to construct and to
manipulate the sectional brood-cham-
ber so there will be no comb, worthy
of mention, between the two sets of
brood-frames.

St. Charles, Ills.

NEW YORK.

Tlie Second Day of llie State
Convention — Jan. IS.

Writtrn for the American Bee Journal
BY G. H. KNICKERBOCKER.

The convention was called to order
at 9 a.m., and the following were ap-
pointed a committee on exhibits : W.
L. Coggshall, J. H. Taylor, and W.
H. Beach.

The question, "How can we or-
ganize an international bee-keepers'
association that will best promote the
interests of bee-keeping ?" was then
taken up, and the following essay
from Dr. C. C. Miller, of Marengo,
Ills., was then read by the Secretary :
An Inter-National Bee-Society.

Before inquiring " how," it may be
well to inquire wliether it is desirable
to do so at all. Only a few weeks ago
an organization held its 18th annual
meeting in Chicago, whose avowed
object is " to promote the interests of
bee-culture." As this is the thing in-
quired for, have we need of anything
further ? The North American Bee-
Keepers' Society has identified with it
some of the best men of our ranks. So
far as I know, great harmony prevails
in it, quite free from bickerings and
jealousies, its meetings are profitable
and highly enjoyable, and the reports
thereof eagerly read by thousands who

are not enrolled members. But the
fact that among its warmest friends
are found those who are raising the
question as to some change in its char-
acter, shows that, as constituted at
present, it is not all that can be de-
sired.

Whether it be better to amend the
present orgauization, or to organize
anew, in either case it is desirable to
discuss the matter thoroughly in con-
vention, and also in the bee-papers,
and try to find out just exactly what is
wanted.

At the Chicago convention Mr. New-
man suggested a plan of operation. Let
others give their tlioughts. If the
matter is fully talked up, I do not see
why we cannot be ready for action
sometime during the present year, if
indeed a feasible plan of action can be
agreed upon at all.

I do not feel competent to map out
a plan, and all I shall say is merely in
the way of a starter. Perhaps it may
help to say what there is in the North
American Bee-Keepers' Association, as
now constituted, that ought not to be.

It ought not to be local. To a con-
siderable extent it is comparing the
last North American with the last
Northwestern, both being held in
Chicago. Tlie North American had
seven more members in attendance
than the Northwestern, one more State
represented, and one member from
Canada. At the last meeting of the
North American in New York, besides
the members from New York, there
were present as follows : Ontario, 7 ;
Pennsylvania, 4 ; Georgia, 1 ; Ohio, 1 ;
Massachusetts, 1 ; fourteen in all.

You can judge better than I, how
much this differed from a State con-
vention. Does it not look a little like
a farce to call this a North American
convention, in which more than six-
sevenths of the States were in no man-
ner represented ? I remember hear-
ing an old professor once say, •' Yes,
any fool can find fault, but the remedy
is what we want." I have taken the
fool's part, and leave others to find the
remedy. I know that some New York
bee-keepers are awake on this subject,
and I shall look with interest for a re-
port of your discussions, as indeed I
always do. C. C. Miller.

John Aspinwall — The cry for better
organization comes from every quar-
ter. We have no organization as it
should be. The name "association"
is a misnomer. We have conventions
rather than associations. The forma-
tion of an international association
must be accomplished by calling on
the various associations, and these
should be affiliated with the "national."
It is ridiculous to think that an inter-
national association can be formed by

Tmm m^mmmi^mM mw^m jccuRKJEHr.

137

the North Americau Association, b}-
simply saying. "We form ourselves
into an International Association." It
shonUl begin with county organiza-
tions.

Mr. Asisinwall also described briefly
the methods of the British Bee-Keep-
ers' Association, which has a member-
ship of 3,000 ; referred to the nse of a
•■ brand " by the dairymen, and advo-
cated the adoption of a copyright label
and a bottle with the mark of the
association blown in it, to be used by
all members of the association, thus
giving a guarantee of the purity of ex-
tracted honey.

A. I. Root said that something ought
to be done to obtain a more thorough
organization, and that it should be a
united and concerted bod)'. Ho heartily
favored the movement, and thought
that more enthusiasm should be
aroused among the bee-keepers, and
that such an association should also
look after the freights charged ship-
pers, as in some places they charge
more to carry honey than the}- do to
carry molasses.

N. N. Betsinger was in favor of a
•• union," but believed that the associa-
tion should be for the benefit of its
members, and not for all the rest of
the world.

W. L. Coggshall said that he was
■willing to make monthly reports, and
give ijl to sustain an organization for
the dissemination of such reports to all
members. Several others spoke briefly
on the subject, after which the follow-
ing resolution was oftered by Mr.
Aspinwall and adopted :

Resolved, That a committee of three
be appointed to draft a scheme for the
formation of an International Associa-
tion, which shall be of benefit to its
members ; the report to be returned
this evening.

The chairman named John Aspin-
wall, C. G. Dickinson and A. I. Root
as the committee.

]ni8celIaueou8 Toples.

The giving away of secrets was dis-
cussed jjro and con. Some were in
favor of publishing everything, while
others believed that for the best inter-
ests of those already- engaged in the
pursuit, all knowledge and secrets
should not be scattered broadcast.

The origin and different treatments
of foul brood was also full}- discussed.
Mr. Betsinger said that the simplest,
easiest and surest method was by the
use of salt. Some had laughed at and
ridiculed the statements that he had
made at Syracuse a few j'ears ago, but
he said that he now has Mr. N. W.
McLain to back him up, and he con-
sidered him good authority.

The inaccuracy of the newspaper
quotations in regard to honey was also

discussed. Thos. W. Mulfordsaid that
the market reports were hard to ob-
tain, and must be taken from dealers
near at hand ; but if bee-keepers would
send them correct reports, they would
be glad to publish them.

A recess was then taken until
1:30 p.m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The convention was called to order
at 1:30 p.m. by President Clark. The
Secretary then read a letter from I. L.
Scofield, the Treasurer, stating that he
was sick. Mr. Betsinger suggested
that the Secretar}- obtain the report of
the Treasurer, by mail, and incorpor-
ate it in the minutes of the session.

The election of officers resulted as
follows : President, W. E. Clark, of
Oriskany ; Vice-President, P. H. El-
wood, of Starkville ; Secretary, G. H.
Kinckerbocker, of Pine Plains ; and
Treasurer, C. M. Goodspeed, of Thorn
Hill.

President Clark then called Vice-
Fresident Ehvood to the chair and
delivered his annual address.

The Production of Comb Honey.

"The best management of the
apiaiy to produce comb honey," was
then discussed.

Mr. P. H. Elwood — The principal
thing in producing comb honey is to
get strong colonies early in the season,
as almost everything hinges on this
one feature. 1 cannot i-ecall a single
instance when our bees were in good
condition, that we did not get a fair
crop ; but I remember that we failed
several times because we could not
get them strong in time for the hat-
vest. I have used wide frames at the
sides of the brood-nest, but we aban-
doned that because we got no more
honey than by top-storing. We have
practiced making colonies queenless
for several j-ears, and have had good
results ; no system that we have ever
tried will produce as much comb honey
as b)- this way. The principal draw-
back is in re-queening. We first
adopted this method when we had
chiefly black bees, and then did not
have as much trouble in re-queening.
We leave the colonies queenless 16 to
18 daj-s.

Mr. Root — Will the colony not rear
a queen if there was brood left in the
hive ?

Mr. Elwood — We prevent that by
breaking out all the queen-cells on the
ninth daj'.

N. N. Betsinger — I would advise a
method very similar to Mr. Elwood's,
except that I would not destroy the
queen.

Tlie Reversible Feature In Hives.

R. L. Crocker — I used the past sea-
son 46 reversible hives, and 41 Quinby
hives. I followed the directions of

Mr. Heddon as nearly as I could, and
was very successful. I worked the
hives exclusively for comb honey, used
only one shallow brood-chamber, and
I did not reverse it. The past season
was a very poor one. New swarms,
that were put into the Heddon hives
stored rather more honey in the boxes
than those put in Quinby hives, and in
the fall were as strong in bees as
other new colonies, but had scarcely
any honey in the brood-chamber, and
some of them had nothing at all. The
most of those in Quinby hives had
enough to winter on. I have always
had the best results the first season
with the Heddon hives ; after that the
Quinby gives the best results. The
bees in the Quinby hives also build up
ve7-y much faster in the spring, than
those in Heddon hives.

In answer to some further queries,
Mr. Crocker said : "I am not as yet
fully satisfied with the Heddon hive,
and I do not think that it is the hive
that I want,"

Artificial Fertilization of Queens.

The subject of "Artificial Fertiliza-
tion of Queens " was discussed as fol-
lows :

C. "M. Goodspeed — Years ago this
wonderful feat was said to have been
accomplished. We have had 10 or 15
years of success alternating between
the green-house, the tent, the barrel,
the hive, the operator's thumb and
finger, and last the royal-cell itself.
Each of these has had its advocates, its
experiments, its proclaimed success,
and in its turn has sunk into the ob-
livion of practical nothingness. We
will take a passing view of two only of
the above methods of securing artificial
fertilization. First, let us consider the
manipulation as it is practiced on the
royal-cell. After the embryo germ has
attained some size, or about two days
before the cell is capped, select two or
three drone larvaj of about the same
age, reduce them to complete jelly,and
place in the royal-cell about two drops
(or that bulk) of this'mass. If more
is used, the bees will eject the whole.
I have also used the organs of mature
drt)nes for this same purpose. I can
and have repeatedly produced queens
by this process as large when first
hatched as laying queens, and from all
appearance one would judge them to
be such. But in every instance during
a whole summer's trial, I failed of get-
ting the desired result ; a short time
after hatching they assumed the size
and motion of a virgin queen. After
the queen-cell is entirely completed,
the same operation maj- be ])erformed
through the side of the cell, but the
closing up must be carefullj' secured
by melted wax, or the bees will de-
stroy the whole. The above I call
unsuccessful.

138

T~H® MBfiBMicMff mmw j^wwmmi*.

^■—■■'^■^—■■—■'■^*a>»«>f •*»*•<

Mr. Goodspeed then read some ex-
tracts from a report of successful ex-
periments made by N. W. McLain.
Continuing he said :

I believe that the best method is
this : Select the colony containing
the drones you wish to use. Isolate it
so far as convenient. Place the queen
within hearing. Secure by guards
both drones and queen from flight.
Confine the drones until 4 o'clock, or
an hour after the natural flight of
•drones. At the time and place of the
experiment, give them a regular flight
each day. At this time, when the
selected drones are well in air, liberate
the queen and wait for her return,
which will be in a very short time.
Nine times out of ten it will succeed in
this way. The mating is perfectly
natural, yet all the advantages of the
'• artificial" are secured with none of
the disadvantages.

Combs in tJufiulsbed Sections.
Mr. Foster asked if it was profitable
to use the combs in unfinished sections
the second year.

Mr. Elwood — Yes ; extract the
honey and use them as "bait "to get
the bees to work sooner in the boxes.

Mr. Foster — I liave done so, and
taken pains with them, but the honey
was of inferior quality, and the combs
presented a watery appearance.

Mr. Betsinger said that the honey
was not all removed from the combs ;
that this had granulated, and caused
the watery appearance. It is always
best, after the honey is extracted, to
let the bees clean out the combs before
putting them away.

Mr. Ehvood — We expect the honey
to be second quality, because it is
gathered first, and remains longest on
the hives ; but I know of no way to get
the bees to work in the sections as
soon.

The President then appointed John
Aspinwall and N. N. Betsinger mem-
bers of the committee on Constitution
and By-Laws, in place of S. M, Locke
and I.' L. Scofield. P. H. Elwood, C.
M. Goodspeed, and J. H. Taylor were
also appointed as a committee on reso-
lutions, after which an adjournment
was taken luitil 7:30 p.m.

EVENING SESSION.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr.
L. C. Root, deeply regretting his in-
ability to be present, and open the
discussion on the question, "How can
we increase the demand for honey and
maintain present prices ?" He, how-
ever, submitted an essay, which was
then I'ead, and the sentiments gen-
erall}' approved.

Mr. Aspinwall — I believe that Mr.
Root has hit the nail squarely on the
head, and covered the ground per-
fectly.

It was then suggested that, inas-
much as Mr. Root had removed from
the State, the Association should make
him an honorar}' life member, with all
the rights and privileges of the Asso-
ciation. This was then done.

President Clark remarked, that the
Association now had two Roots as
honorary members, and if they only
would strike deep enough, the Associa-
tion would be firmly "i-ooted."

The committee on constitution and
by-laws submitted its report, which
was substantially the same as the old
constitution, with the amendments
which were made at Syracuse, in 1885.
After a short discussion and a few
slight changes, the report was adopted.
Mr. Root, of the committee on the
question-box reported 16 questions and
replies.

Marketin:; Comb Honey.
This subject was then discussed by
N. N. Betsinger. Going back to the
infancy of honey marketing, he noted
the gradual increase in sales, and
talked about prices for honey, past,
present and future. He attributed the
fluctuations, in a large part, to the
packages in which it was sold. He
thought that the improvements made,
both in the packing and placing on the
market, increased the sales, as the
consumers were continually wanting
something new. He believed that
false reports in regard to the amount
of the honey crop also had its influence
on the market.

Mr. Dickinson said that there is now
too much variety in shape and size of
packages. I think that the wishes of
tlie wholesale dealers in regard to the
size of packages should be consulted.
He also said that dealers preferred to
have packages that were a little short,
rather than over-weight ; that is, a 25-
pound package should weigh a trifle
less, rather than to weigh 26 or 27
pounds. Retail grocers selling them
out by the piece, lose on the heavier
packages, arid therefore they always
reject them and selected the lighter
crates. He also advised the grading
of honey very carefully, without veneer-
ing the crates. Get the honey into the
market as clean and nice as possible.

A few minor subjects were discussed,
after which the report of the commit-
tee to draft a scheme for the formation
of an international association w^as
called for, which was then read, and
after a short discussion, was "tabled"
until a subsequent session.

A recess was then taken until 9 a.m.

SECTION HONEY.

The Use of Thin Foundation for
Comb Honey in Sections.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BT F. I. SAGE & SON.

nome markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

During the past few years we have
had much complaint, and many curi-
ous questions asked, regarding the so-
called " fish-bone " found in honey in
sections by consumers. We have be-
fore asserted that there are manj- thou-
sands of intelligent people who believe
that tons of comb honey is manufac-
tured by man, without the least aid
from the bees, and these people, when
they purchase a section or two of
honey in the centre of which they find
a thick sheet of gutta percha (as they
express it), are quite easily convinced
that "Wiley" knew what he was talk-
ing about when he wrote his " scien-
tific pleasantries."

That Wiley and thick foundation
have greatly damaged the houey-trade,
we have not the slightest doubt, and
although manj' bee-keepers may take
it all as a " huge joke," if they could
but follow us through our honey-sell-
ing routes, they would be quickly con-
vinced that we are correct in our esti-
mate of the damage done to bee-keep-
ers by these causes.

So well satisfied are we that the two
causes named above have, and are
damaging our hone}--trade, that we the
past season conducted some tests and
experiments to decide as to which is
the best style and manufacture of thin
foundation for honey in sections ; and
\^'ithout consuming space by going into
the details of our tests, we will simply
say that the thin, flat-bottomed founda-
tion proved to be decidedly the best
and most satisfactory of any. We hope
that all bee-keepers of whom we buy
honey will hereafter use thin, flat-bot-
tomed comb foundation. We recom-
mend this because it has proved to be
most satisfactory to us, for we are not
acquainted with the makers of it.

This section-foundation question is a
serious one, and has more influence on
the honey market than many bee-keep-
ers are aware of. At first glance, we
should most certainly decide that foun-
dation made with natural shape of base
would be most acceptable to the bees,
but our practice proves the superiority
of the flat-bottom foundation ; and it
has occurred to us that possibli/ the bees
are compelled to still further thin and
manipulate the flat-bottom cell in order
to bring it to the desired shape.

We do not think it advisable for
bee-keepers to make thin foundation
for their own use, as not more than one
in twenty would produce an article
equal to that made by almost a7iy of

THE SMERICSK BUE JO^RKSlLr.

139

the leading manufactures. Of one
thing our bee-keeping friends may be
certain, viz : That we shall hereafter
be more particular when buj-ing honey,
to examine veiy closely the quality
and thickness of foundation used in
their sections. We hope they will con-
sider their own and our interests iden-
tical in this nuitter, and govern them-
selves accordingly.
Wethersfield, Conn.

GRAPES AND BEES.

Poi§oning; the Bees, as Advised
toy the " Messenger/'

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY G. B. OLNEY.

No doubt any one would have been
surprised to have overheard the in-
terview which I had on Feb. 11, with
our Atlantic "Wiley," the editor of
the death Messenger. After exchang-
ing a few compliments, etc., I accosted
him with the following : " I would
be pleased to know the author of an
item published in the Messenger a short
time ago, proposing a plan of admin-
istering an active poison to the honey-
bee, for the purpose of protecting the
grape-culture of our vast and noble
country, of this free and independent
America."

" Well, yes," said Mr. Wiley, " I re-
member there was an article some-
thing of that nature in one of the back
numbers, and, by the way, in some
places the bees are creating sad havoc
with many grape-tields, and I don't see
why .something isn't done to rid such
parts of the country of the little pests.
In some places there are State laws to
protect certain districts wherein gi'ape-
fields exist to any great extent."

Where do such laws exist, Mr.
Wiley ? " Why, in California, for one."

Any other place ?

" Well, that is the principal place
where grape-growing, as a general
thing, is made a specialty, and the
growers have to be protected."

By what authority do 3"ou say such
laws exist in that State ? "" Why, Dick
Harding told me, and he came right
from there."

Dick Harding ! said I. That little,
low-lifed, brainless, one-horse lawyer !
Is it possible. Hank, that you have
come to this, to lay yourself bare to
the world from information received
from a some-and-substance of a com-
plete nothingness. If you are no better
judge of caliijre than that, I pit}- jou.

I then gave him the Bee Journal
of Dec. 21, 1887. He looked at it, and
then with a clinched fist, " banged "
upon it, and roared aloud : "There's
a lie right there ; he says it is a local
sheet !" It was no sheet at all ; it was

a slip. I saw it before the fellow sent
it, and I didn't know until lately that
there was a Bee Journal published.

Wiley, I beg to inform you that that
Bee Journal was first edited at Wash-
ington, D. C. by Samuel Wagner, in
1861 ; then in Chicago by Thos. G.
Newman, and has a circulation through-
out every civilized nation on the globe.
I do wonder what you have been at
the last twelve years of your editorial
life ! Not dead, are you ? but sleep-
ing ! And now, sir, I think you have
a much larger wad than you can con-
venientl}' swallow, and unless jour
throat is more elastic than I think it
is, it maj' choke a little before you get
it down. It is not likely you could do
much harm araid the intelligent men
and women that might perchance read
your article ; but there are some that
might think they had struck a bonanza
on " protection," and adopt your ne-
farious scheme of extermination, thus
laying themselves liable to the law,
damage the innocent, and do untold
mischief.

I then left him in his dilemma, and
called on a Mr. Bates, editor of the
Cass County Democrat who is a gentle-
man, and an honor to his profession.
He readil}' caught up the line of
thought intended, and requested me to
leave the number of the Bee Journal
with him. I did so, of course, and in
the next issue of the Democrat he gave
the Messenger and his nefarious article
a severe censure.

Atlantic, Iowa.

STARTERS.

Fastening Foundation in the
Sections.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY ELIAS FOX.

I would say in reply to Mr. Eden's
article, on page 27, that he is a veiy
good mathematician, and so far as he
has gone, he has figured correctly. I
would like to have him compute the
cost of fastening starters by using
melting wax. I have tried both, and
for 7ne my method is cheaper, better,
and more speedy.

I never have found any starters
curled to one side, and I have had
them stand all winter. If they are
properly fastened by my method, they
will not cui'l.

Mr. Eden also says that if I should
use a starter that would reach across
the section, I would find that it would
prove very unsatisfactory. In reply
to tliis I would say that I use the same
implement for fastening foundation in
brood-frames, and prefer it to any
other method.

In reference to Mr. Haag's article
on page 42, I suggest that I did not
saj- that my method of fastening foun-
dation was the only satisfactoi-y
method. It has i^roven so for me, and
if Mr. Haag does not approve of it I
would advise him not to use it. I have
tried his method, and discarded it on
account of the waste of time and wax.
I said that not one starter in 500 would
drop oft', if properly put on ! You can-
not get bees enough on one to break it
loose. I have no use for grooved
sections.

My bees seem to be in as good con-
dition as when I put them in the cellar,
which was on Nov. 8, 1887.

Hillsborough, Wis., Feb. 2, 1888.

WINTERING BEES.

Bees ^Vintered in the Cellar-
Rearing Queens.

Written inr the American Bee Journal
BY WM. H. FORD.

In the fall of 1886, I put into the
cellar 23 colonies of bees, and they
wintered well. I took them out in the
spring about March 28, with the loss
of but one colony, 'its queen having
died of old age. So I had 22 colonies
to commence with last season. They
built up fast, and were strong by the
time apple trees bloomed. Swarms
were expected early, but on the ac-
count of the dry weather there was
scarcely any colonies that swarmed. I
had only 5 or 6 swarms, but only one
did anjthing, and the rest I doubled
up.

I purchased one imported queen on
Aug. 25, and a 3-frame nucleus. Can
I rear queens from them in the spring?
What method is the best for early
spring ?

I put 23 colonies into the cellar last
fall, and I think they are wintering all
right. They did not gather any honey
the past season. Basswood bloomed
about Jul}' 1, but on account of dry
weather it did not yield any honey ; so
I had to feed my bees for winter stores.
I put them into the cellar on Nov. 14,
1887.

I owe the A.merican Bee Journax
many thanks for what knowledge I
ha->e obtained from it. This report is
written for my apiary located in
Marshalltown, Iowa.

Yorkville, Ills., Feb. 6, 1888.

[Yes ; you can rear queens from the
imported bees in the spring. Remove
the queen, and let the bees start queen-
cells. If you want several queens,
transfer the cells to nuclei, and when
the queens are laying, you can intro-
duce them to full colonies. — Ed.]

140

TWM MVmMMlGMM MMM J©WKHMlf.

BRACE-COMBS.

The Objections to the Sectional
Hives Discussed.

Written for the AmerlAnn Bee Journal
BY JAMES HEDDON.

I quote the following from a letter
just received from one of New Eng-
land's brightest bee-keepers, and with-
hold the name because I have not the
writer's permission to publish it :

Referring to the essay read by Dr. G. L.
Tinker, at the convention of Ohio bee-
keepers, regardina the sectional brood-
chamber, etc., will you please give, througli
the columns of the American Bee Jour-
nal, your answer to his statements ; es-
pecially where he says, "If tlie honey-flow
Is extra good, the bees proceed to fill up the
horizontal space between the two brood-
cases, with brace-combs, and till in with
honey?" We have not yet arrived at this
point. He seems to have given this style of
hive a black eye, so to speak, and if you
can give arty satisfactory answer to this
statement, we sliould be very glad to see it.

Well, neither have I yet arrived at
the point in question. I can truthfully
state that during a four-years' use of
the hive, I have never met this brace-
comb trouble, and the following quo-
tations from Dr. Tinker's article on
page 154, of 1886, makes his essay
quite an enigma. I quote :

But first, what is the most practical and
advantageous method of disposing of the
brood near the sections at will ? Beyond
question it is the proper management of the
shallow, sectional brood-chamber. Has it
any disadvantages ? We assert fearlessly
that it has not, neither in wintering, the
laying of the queen, nor in the manipula-
tion of hives or combs.

In another place in that article we
find this :

Again, as we shall not have occasion to
liandle the frames very much, but instead,
the sectional cases, it will not be greatly to
our advantage to have the frames as readily
movable as are the Langstrotli frames. On
this account, a very simple case is all that
is necessary to hold the frames.

This was written after my new hive
was brought out, and in Mr. Root's
foot-notes to the article, he says :

By the way, the Doctor's letter is a con-
sideration of the principles suggested by
friend Heddon, though he does not say so.

No, my name was not mentioned, but
more than ignored, although nowhere
in all prior bee-literature, could one
word relative to these principles be
found.

The honey season of 1886 was an ex-
tra good one in the Doctor's location,
he tells us, and after passing through
that good season, securing a large
yield of surplus comb honey, especially
over my divisible brood-chambers, as
he wrote me, he sent me the following
testimonial, dated Oct. 9, 1886 :

I have been able the past season (which
has been extra good in tliis locality) to make
a full and, as 1 think, satisfactory trial of

your new principles, in the use of 38 hives.
Your double brood-chamber of cases, made
so as to be interchangeable and invertible,
is a great success, in working for comb
honey. The facility for contracting and
expanding the brood-space is perfect, and
the advantages to be secured are so great
that the practical apiarist of to-day cannot
afford to dispense with the use of a system
so valuable.— Dr. G. L. Tinker.

After carefullj- looking up the mat-
ter of the novelty of my invention, the
Doctor placed in his circular for 1887,
the following :

The new system of management of sec-
tional bee-hives, recently introduced by Mr.
James Heddon, has wrought a great change
in the practice of many of our largest bee-
keepers— The justice of Mr. rieddon's
claims (of invention) have been generally
admitted, and all should recognize his
rights.

Now if the brace-combs did not pre-
vent the Doctor from saying as above,
" The facility for contracting and ex-
panding the brood-space is perfect,"
during a bountiful honey season, by
what hook or crook, or mistaken man-
agement, could he have experienced
all these brace-combs during the past
poor season ? This is the first reported
case of trouble of this kind, if I re-
member aright, and over 500 bee-
keeiDes have the new hives in use.

But, as the correspondent says, the
Doctor gives the whole thing " a black
eye," and space forbids further re-
futations of his mistakes. They are
not such bad ones, however, as were
the " continuous passage-wa}'s."

Here, we all believe we knew very
much about the functions of the style
of hive that the Doctor praises in Ids
essay in question. Before we finally
settled on the divisible brood-chamber,
and realizing that it would be cheaper
of construction, we made a single-case
brood-chamber on the same plan of
my present brood-cases, and while 1
much prefer it to the style of brood-
chamber described by the Doctor, 1
found that I lost the advantages of the
contraction system, rendered the shake
out function only partially operative,
as also the system of examining the
condition of the interior of the brood-
chamber, clipping out queen-cells, etc.,
without exposure to robbers, or remov-
ing a frame ; and also that alternating
system, so truly and positively eulogized
by the Doctor in his former article. 1
found I could not aft'ord to use a brood-
chamber so small as the 8-frame Lang-
stroth brood-chamber during the
months of May and June, nor so large
as that during other portions of the
year.

But as to the philosophy of the Doc-
tor's error regarding the impractica-
bility of the bee-space between the sec-
tions of my new brood-chamber, and
the practicability of piling one whole
brood-chamber on top of another, I am
sure all observing bee-keepers of any

considerable experience will at once
recognize his mistake. Years of ex-
perience with both kinds of manipula-
tion have demonstrated to me what I
will now try to show the reasons for,
basing my deductions on well-known'
facts.

Who does not know that bees build
most brace-combs through that portion
of the hive where storage is going on,
rather than breeding ? This is not all;
just as surely as bees store most readily
close to the brood, so of all places
where most brace-combs will be built
and stored with honey, none can com-
pare with just above the brood circle.

As a rule, queens rarelj' breed clear
up to the top-bars of the Langstroth
frames, and the 10-inch Langstroth
hive exceeds all other depths for the
building of brace-combs between the
top-bars of the frames and honey-board,
or frames and surplus receptacles,
where no board is used. As hives in-
crease or deci'ease in depth, brace-
comb building grows less, and more
particularly is this the case as the
depth is lessened.

When the brood-chamber is so shal-
low that the brood comes clear up to
the top-bars, and that, too, nearly
throughout their entire length, scarcely
any brace-combs are found between
them and the honey-board.

But one writes me that he did have
lots of brace-combs built when he used
but half of the new brood-chamber, or
one brood-case. Certainly he did, be-
cause he contracted the brood-chamber,
and then did not correspondingly en-
large the surplus department. Con-
traction is intended to, and results in,
increased surplus comb-building, and
in case we do not give ample room in
the surplus department, the bees will
turn this newly-created tendencj- to
building brace-combs.

Now if one should pile one Lang-
stroth brood-chamber upon another,
and let the bees alone, the bee-space
between them might not have as many
brace-combs in them as would be found
betM'een the sections of the new brood-
chamber, because almost double the
room is furnished in the former case.
But let us place two comb-honey cases
on the new brood-chamber, making
the total capacity the same, and then
compare, and ten times as many brace-
combs ■will be found between the two
brood-chambers. In other words, a
bee-space opened in the middle of the
brood-nest, is not nearlj' so likely to
be filled with brace-combs, as one
opened just above it, or in the surplus
department ; and I suppose that all
experienced bee-keepers know this.

I have never had one particle of
trouble about alternating and separat-
ing the halves of mj' brood-chamber,
and I never before heard of any one

Tmm JiMUKicar* mmm jO'^fsmmmi^.

141

who had, but all will have some if they
neglect to give theii- bees the surplus
room whieli the honey-tiow demamls.
Every adverse report which I have
heard, has resulted directly from im-
proper construction or manipulation of
the hives ; usually the former. The
hive and system are entirely new.

Reports Wanted.

Now, Mr. Editor, it seems that there
is no longer any worthy dispute as to
who is the inventor of the hive in
question ; and with regard to the value
of it, would it not be desirable to test
its use practically, and call for a brief
report of the actual experience of those
who have used them ?

As I am now issuing a weekly paper,
I know the value of " space," much
better than formerly, and that the an-
swers may be short (of few words) I
would suggest the following questions,
each to be answered with a word or
two, and only by those who have used
the hive in question ;

1. How many hives have you used,
and for how many seasons ?

2. Who made the hives, and from
what pattern ?

3. What style of hive do you now
prefer, all things considered ?

Dowagiac, Mich.

[As the hive in question has been
adversely mentioned in the report of
the Ohio Convention, and as both it
and the system of management are
new, it will be in the interest of the
pursuit to let those report briefly, as
suggested, who have tested it. Let
the replies to the above questions be
brief and to the point, or else we can-
not promise to give space to this mat-
ter. Send all the Reports to this
oflSce direct. — Ed.]

COi\VEI\TIOX DIRECTORY.

CO:^'VEi\TIOI\ NOTICES.

ty The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Association
will hold its spring meeting on May 8. iR>w, at Cort-
land, N. Y., at 10 a.m. All bee-keepers are invited.
W. H. Beach, See.

CP" The Des Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will hold its next meeting on April 24, 1888, at
Burlington, Iowa. JOHN NAu, Sec

^^ The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Assoola.
tion will meet at the Court klouse in Btdora, Iowa
on the second Saturday in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. Buchanan, See.

^^ The next regular meeting of the Sus-
quehanna County Bee-Keepers' Association
win be held at New Milford, Pa., on Saturday
May 5, 1888. H. M. Seeley, See.

This is tlie Time for reading. The
long winter evenings can be utilized by
reading up bee-literature. We have all the
newest bee-books, and can fill all orders on
the day they are received.

1888. Time and Place of MteUng.

Apr. 11.— Stark County, at Canton, O.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Apr. 24.— Des Moines County, at Burlington. Iowa.
John Nau, Sec, Middletown, Iowa.

May 5.— Susquehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.
H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

May 8.— Cortland Union, at Cortland, N. Y.

W. H. Beach, Sec, Cortland, N. Y.

B:^" In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— &D.

I.ig;]it Honey Crop.— David Watter-
son, Bristow, Iowa, on Feb. .5, 1888, writes :

I had 29 colonies of bees in 1886, and lost
all but 3 colonies, and 1 have 9 colonies
now. The winter had been very cold until
last Thursday ; it is pleasant now. The
honey crop was li«ht, but there was 35 or 30
acres of buckwheat near me, and I got 75
pounds of honey. The indications for white
clover are good, it it does not get winter-
killed. There are plenty of flowers on the
prairies, and if we can save our bees, there
would be plenty of honey. In 1887 the
white clover was nearly all killed, and
about 90 per cent, of the bees.

Bees Had si Fine FligfUt. — Jno. D.
Wise, Camden, Ind., on Feb. 14, 1888, says :

I commenced the season of 1887 with 6
colonies, increased them to 10 colonies, and
my crop of honey was about 60 pounds of
comb honey, which I obtained from 3 of my
strongest colonies. White clover yielded a
little honey. Linden, although full of
bloom, yielded no nectar. The bees stored
enough from golden-rod and other fall
flowers so that I think they will winter
all right. They had a very tine flight
yesterday, and seem to be in good condition.
Six colonies are on the summer stands, with
chaff cushions on tlie frames. 1 have 4 col-
onies in chaff hives.

CioocI Fliglil!i« for the Bees.— J. M.

Harvey, Brooks, Iowa, on Feb. 20,1888,says:

I had 75 colonies of bees to commence the
season of 18S7,that increased to 107 colonies,
and gathered 500 pounds of comb honey,
and 500 pounds of extracted honey, from
white clover and basswood. I stored 94
colonies in the cellar on Nov. 18, 1887, and
they are in good condition, with the tem-
perature from 44' to 48°. I have 13 colonies
on the summer stands, and I have lost one ;
the others had a flight on Jan. 38 and Jan.
29, and also on Feb. 16 and Feb. 17.

Sawed Sections. — Chas. H. Van
Vechten, of Victor, N. T., asks :

How can 1 smooth the sections after leav-
ing the saw. I get sections smoothed on
one side ; they are said to be sawed ; then
why are they smooth on one side, and not
on the other ? 1 run saws and cannot get
one that will cut smooth enough for me.

[That is easily accounted for. The man-
ufacturer gets stuff of double thickness,
planed on both sides, and then saws it in
two, leaving one side smooth ; the other re-
maining as the saw leaves it.— Ed.]

The Bees in l\ortliWcstem Mis-
souri.—J. G. Graham, Agency, Mo., on
Feb. 18, 1888, writes :

We have over 100 bee-keepers, with about
1,000 colonies of bees, in this county, and
many bee-keepers are using improved hives
with all the modern appliances in their
apiaries; but our bee-keepers are mostly
farmers, and not writers, hence we do not
hear from them very often.

Out honey crop was very short last year ;
Alsike clover and linden only, yielding any
surplus, and we have but little Alsike. As
Alsike blooms before linden, our honey was
unmixed, and the quality was very fine.

Bees are wintering well (according to re-
ports received so far), having had several
flights since Jan. 1 ; my Syrians have al-
ready commenced brood-rearing, and every-
thing promises well so far, for another sea-
son. Bee-keepers are enthusiaMtic in their
talk about making our display at the Ex-
position next fall to outstrip our last ; but
time will tell better what we will do.

Trying Time to Come.— Edwin
Hutchinson, East Avon, N. Y., on Feb. 21,
1888, says :

I had packed on the summer stands 84
colonies of bees in the fall of 1887. They
flew from every hive yesterday, and seemed
to be in good condition. But the trying
time is to come— the month of March and
the first half of April.

Drone-Laying- Queens.— M. W. W.

asks the following questions :

I have 2 queens, and about every thirty-
sixth bee that hatches out, is a drone. I
now have drones hatching out. What is the
cause ? Would it not be better to supersede
the queens 1 They are mother and daugh-
ter.

[The queens are useless, and should be
superseded as soon as practicable.— Ed.]

White Clover and Weak Colo-
nies.—W. B. Thome, Glenn, Kans., on
Feb. 21, 1883, writes :

One would think from the many predic-
tions, without investigation, that the com-
ing honey crop would be large ; but in those
States where the severe drouth prevailed
last summer, and where they depend upon
white clover as the principal honey source,
there will probably be disappointment.
The older plants of white clover are almost
entirely dead, and the dependence must rest
upon the young growth, which, unless it be
an extraordinary season, will not do to de-
pend upon ; and, no doubt, many will find
their colonies in a weak condition, from the
fact that the bees were old before going into
winter quarters. All these facts before us,
cause us to have more or less misgivings,
and if 1 get an average of 35 pounds per
colony, 1 will be content. A half-loaf is
better than the past year's nothing.

Affiliated Bee-Associations, etc.

— R. F. Holterraann, Brantford, Ont., on
Feb. 11, 1888, says :

The Brantford Bee-Keepers' Association,
at a meeting on Feb. 4, applied for aflilla-
tion with the Ontario Association. They
are the first to take this step, and I had the
honor to be the first to propose such a
scheme (affiliation of county associations
with the Ontario) in Canada. Reports show
that bees are wintering well so far. Those
wintering outside should soon have a flight.
It was about 17° below zero yesterday.

142

T~Hi5 m^mmmi^mm mnM jowmmmi^.

B0SINESS MANAQKB.

gusiucss Jlotijcjes,

If Yoii liive near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give tlie
address tliat we liave on our list.

Hilton^s new pamplilet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

IVe-w Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888, for SI .75. while
there are any sets of 1887 left.

Beeswax.— We will pay SO cents per

pound, delivered here, for Yellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, the name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

Preserve Your Papers for future
reference. If you have no 1JII\1>ER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Jour nai..

Please v^Tite American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writmg to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

ITIoney Orders for $5.00 and under,
cost 5 cents. As these are absolutely safe,
it will pay to get them instead of the Postal
Notes which are payable to any one who
presents them.

Clover Seeds.— We are selluig ^Isifce
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
per bushel; S3.35 per peck ; 35 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : $10.00 per bushel; l$3.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 30 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Photogfraplis of Itoe-Kcepers. —

The " medley " gotten up by E. 0. Tuttle,
containmg the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and $3.00.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, forSl- cents, postpaid.

It is Extravag^ant Economy not

to have hives, sections, comb foundation,
etc., on hand when needed. To prevent
disappointment, order early what you will
need in that line. Then the hives can be
nailed and painted in odd times, and the
sections put together, so as to be ready at a
minute's notice. It is a sad disappointment
to need these things and then not have
them on hand. They should be ordered
very soon. We are promised an early
spring, and a good honey crop.

Give a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

Hiook Over last year's numbers of the
Bee Journal, and if any are missing,
send for them at once, as we have but few
left now, and they are daily becoming less.

A Pocket IMctionary will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with $3.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spelling of words, and to
detenuine their meaning.

Yncca Itrnsltes, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

fVe Supply Chapman Honey-Plant

SEEO at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1; }o pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

We Clnb the American Bee Journal
and the " Bee-Keepers' Magazine " for one
year for $1.40 ; or with " Gleanings in Bee-
Culture" for $1.75 ; or with the "Apicul-
turist " for $1.80 ; or the " Canadian Honey-
Producer " for S1..30 ; with the Bee-Keepers'
Review, $1.40 ; or all six for $4.00.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantitie."i at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.50 $3.00 $2 35

.500Labels 2 00 3.00 3 50

1.000 Labels 3 00 4.00 5.00

AO- Samples mailed free, upon application.

Please to get yonr I\eiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

A Modern Bee>Farin, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

If yon Lose Bloney by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Honey and BeesM'ax Market.

KANSAS CITV.

HONEY.— We quote ; Choice white 2-lb. sectiona,
17@l8c.; dark 2-1 bs, I4@15c.; choice white l-lbs.. 18 to
20 CIS. . dark l-lbs., 15(§Jlfic. White extracted, 7@Sc.;
dark, .sgjec. Demand iB slow. White extracted is
firm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BBB8WAX.-21 to 22C.
Feb. 29. HAMBLIN & BKAR88, 514 Walnut St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white in 1-lb. sec-
tions, 15@18c.: the same in 2-lbs., 13@15c.; buck<
wheat l-lbs., ii®i2c.; 2-lb3.. K)@uc. Off Kradea
l@2c. per lb. less. White extracted, 8®9c.; dark,
5W®6c. Market dull.
BEB8WAX.— 22W23C.

MCCAUL & HILDRETH BROS.,
Feb. 21. 28 4 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane St

CINCINNATI

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4(S9c. per lb.
Choice comb, lfi@2nc.. in the JobblnR way. De-
mand fair and supply good.

BEESWAX.— Demand is good- 20O22C. per lb. for
irood to choice yellow, on arrival.
Feb. 20. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

BOSTON

HONEY.- We quote ; l-lb. sections, 16@17c.: 2-
Ib. sections. i4@loc. Extracted. 8@»c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.- 25 CIS. per lb.

Feb 18. Blake & Kiplet. s7 Chatham Street.

DENTER
HONEY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, 19®20c.; 2-lb.
sections. Ifi@i8c. Extracted, 8@10c.
BKESWAX.-20®. 3c.
Feb. 18. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote: White to extra, )5®18o.i
amber, 13@l6c. Extracted, white liquid. 7@7J.6c.;
amber and candieo, sU.(aG}4c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.- 20®24c.

Feb. 18. 8CHACHT & LBMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.- Bestwhite in 1-pound sections. 17@19c.
Extracted, 9®10c. for light colored. Market weaker
and supply only fair.

HEBHWAX.— 22®2.'1c.

Feb. 17. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— Prices range from 16@18c. for best one.
lb. (-ections: 2-tbs. or about. I4@i5c. Dark is slow of
sale, with no steady price. Extracted moving slowly.
Offerings of all kinds are large. Demand better.

BEKSWAX,- 22®23c. B. A. BUHNETT.

Feb. 16. 161 South Water St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY. -We quote: White l-lbs.. glassed, lR®17c;
unglasaed, 17@lSc.; and dark l-lbs., glassed, l.^r. un-
glassed, 16c.: white 2-lbs.. glassed, l6c..; unglassed 2-
Tbs., 17c. California while 2liiB, 17c. California ex-
tracted in 6U-lb. cans, Sc Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BEBSWAX.-No. l,2nc.; No. 2. 18c.
Feb. 9. CLBMON8. CLOON & ('O., cor 4th &WaInat.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections. I8@l9c.:

2-lbs.. 15® 16c. 3-lbs.. Mt^il.sc. Dark and broken not

quotable. Extracted, white in kegs and tin, 9®9''sc.;

V^S-barrels and barrels, 8^!®9c.; dark and mixeu in

same. R®7c. Market slow ; better demand expected.

BEESWAX.— 22@2.-.c. _

Feb. 2. A. V. BISHOP. 142 W. Water St.

^dtrettisements.

FOUNDATION mroI^DS made of Plaster
of Paris, for makintt Foundation. $3.50,
Langstrotb size. Pure Italian QUEENS, UD-
teated, $1 00 each, in season.
DAlt JOHN FABIS, Town House, Va.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

ONE Untested Queen, Jl.on; 3 for »2.no. BEES
by the Pound and Nucleus. Send for Price-l..ist.
Address, H. O. FRAME.
9£>13t North Manchester, Ind.

For Sale or Exchange,

ITAliIAN (or a Cross of Italian, Albino and
(ypriaDS) Bees and Queens by the Full
Colony, Nucleus, and by the Pound. Books
and Supplies for Bee-Keepers.

Address, OTTO KLBINOW,
9Dtf (Opp Ft.Wayne Gate), DETROIT, MICH.
Mention the American Bet Journal.

THE! mvmmmi^mM mmm jauRrfMi..

147

^^^j^''^''^"'^-'— ---'—■^— ■^■^■^ ■»■■■■ ■^■^■^^^^^^ »

EDITOR.

VoiniY. IarcU,1888, No. 10.

Editqeiel Bmi

HONEIT-DEIV.

There are ninny golden sweets
In the sunny suul's retreats
^Vhich are not from the flowers of our planting nor
care ;
But are nft heaven-willed.
And in mercy distilled,
ThouRh the others our heart's had been pHntint; to
share.* —Eugene .sccor.

Coimei'sville, Ind., has passed an
ordinance prohibiting the keeping of bees
within its corporate limits, declaring the
keeping of bees a nuisance ! What are we
coming to ?

Tlie Taliie of lUe Honey imported
into Great Britain during the month of
January was £46.5, about S2.300. The value
of the honey imported from the United
States of America during the yearl8S6 into
Great Britain, amounted to the grand sum
of £37,107, or $135,000.

CansKlisins are laboring with the rail-
roads for a new classification of honey.
That is wliat we need, also. There the
postage on seeds is 4 cents per ponnil ; in
England it is 6 cents, but in the United
States the outrageous tariff collected is 16
cents per pound !

Cod Uver Oil and Honey.— The
former is very disagreeable to take alone,
and honey cannot be mixed witli the oil,
unless there is an addition of some acid.
An exchange gives the following formula
to make cod-liver oil a pleasant medicine,
for it is a great help iu chest affections :

Take one-half pound each of cod-liver oil
and extracted honey, arid the juice of two
lemons, and shake it until it is thoroughly
mixed. It will be found a pleasant as well
as a beneficial medicine.

Ciallicrins' Slalistics.— The follow-
ing, dated March 1, ISSS, is received from
Prof A. J. Cook, who desires its immediate
insertion :

Soon after returning from the convention
at Ciiicago, I wrote very fully to the Com-
missioner of Agriculture, and gave my let-
ter to President Willits, who was to visit
Washington, and asked him to press tlie
matter personally, wliich he kindly con-
sented to do. He wrote me from Washing-
ton that the head of the Department prom-
ised all possible aid, and asked that we
should suggest how he could best serve us.'

The Commissioner has also communi-
cated with Dr. A. B. Mason, as published
on page 132, and again asks for aid.

The committee, consisting of Dr. A. B.
Mason, Mr. Thos. G. Newman, and myself,
suggest that the bee-keepers all tbrongh the
United Stiites, write at once to Mr. Thos.
G. Newman, and otter service as reporters
of statistics.

The Commissioner wishes two for each
county. While we can hardly hope for so
much at first, the nearer we approximate to
it, the more value we shall receive. Let
every bee-keeper, then, proffer service at
once. Then the committee can select by
lot, or otherwise, irom counties where
more than two offer. Surely, bee-keepers
will be prompt and generous. We ought to
have a good corps of correspondents from
each State, and one at least from each
county in those States where bee-keeping
is an important industry.

The Commissioner will send out blanks
to fill out. The nature of these, as to how
the bees wintered ; what per cent, of a full
crop of light honey in June and July was
secured in your section ? What per cent,
of a full crop of autumn honey did you
secure? What plants are valuable in your
section ? etc., will be considered later by
the committee. Now for volunteer re-
porters ! By Oi'.der of Committee.

«a- Will other bee-papers please copy ? —
A. J. Cook.

Mr. J. F. Dunn, of Ridgeway, Ont, on
March 1, writes thus :

I believe that the plan you give on page
131, for collecting statistics of bee-keeping
is the only one by which we can find out
exactly all about the honey industry in this
country. Just five hours before your Joite-
NAL came to hand, I mailed a communica-
tion to the Canndinn Bee Jownxal (which
I presume will be pulilished in the next
issue), detailing a plan substantially the
same as the one you give. I send you this
explanation that you may not think I wrote
the article after seeing yours.

The bees had a flight on Feb. 24, after a
confinement of S3 days. The winter has
been favorable for the clover as well as the
bees, and as a good sea.son very often fol-
lows a poor one, we may expect a prosper-
ous year.

We deemed that plan the best, but the
time is now too late for it to be adopted this
year— there being so much " red tape " to
encounter at Washington. And again,
each State has tlie arranging of its own
method of assessing ; and we may not get
our plan adopted for some years. Mean-
while, the plan suggested by the committee
may as well be faithfully tried, and if it is
"found wanting," then the plan we sug-
gested may by that time be " in working
order ;" for the methods are for different
objects, and do not clash.

Mrs. Cotlon'M annual circular for
1888 is sent us by Mr. C. W. McKown, of
Knox Co., Ills., who remarks that she is
" still hunting for green-horns, who are too
penurious to take a reliable bee-periodical."
On the envelope, Mrs. Cotton prints this
attractive paragraph :

Every one who has a Farm or Garden can
keep Bees on my plan with profit. I have
received one huiidred dollars profit from the
sale of Box-Honey from one Hive of Bees
in one year.

So every one who buys her drawings,
book and bees, expects a profit of $100 on
each hive of bees, for which she charges
$20, three times its value, or more. Such do
the pursuit much harm by raising the ex-
pectation, and then landing the would-be
apiarist in " blasted hopes."

Xlie Cliicag-o Academy of Sci-
ent-es held a special meeting on Feb. 28,
1888, when Mr. N. W. McLain, Apicultural
Agent of the Division of Entomology, De-
partment of Agriculture of the United
States, delivered an address on "The
Anatomy and Physiological Development
of the Honey-Bee," illustrated by charts
and drawings. The lecture was very inter-
esting, and the members of the Academy
kept Mr. McLain busy answering questions
for over an hour after the conclusion of the
address, upon the habits and instincts of
bees. A vote of thanks for the very inter-
esting address concluded the exercises.

Corlc-Hnst for '^Vinter Packing-.

♦-In answer to inquiries received since the
reply we gave to Mr. Howe, on page 99, we
desire to say that ground cork, or " cork-
dust," as it is called by fruit-men, cannot
be obtained of any manufacturer or whole-
sale dealer — but the retail dealers, who ob-
tain imported fruit in original packages, are
usually glad to sell the " cork-dust " at 3.5
cents per bushel.

Bees are wintering finely, is the general
remark from all parts of the country, from
Maine to Colorado, and from Canada to the
Gulf of Mexico. Mr. T. F. Bingham, of
Abronia, Mich., on Feb. 26, wrote thus :
"My bees had a fine flight last week. They
are all right— both in and out-of-doors. The
season seems to open early, so far." The
present indications pomt to an early spring.

■We are Cilad to state that Mr. W. Z.
Hutchinson is improving, and the Revieiv
for February will now soon appear.

If is ■witli Pleasure we notice that
Mr. Eugene Secor has just had the honor of
being elected one of the trustees of the
Iowa State Agricultural College. These
are elected for six years, one from each
congressional district, by the Legislature.
We congratulate Mr. Secor on this new
mark of the appreciation of the public.

One-Cent ^Vax-CaUes.— The Cera
Manufacturing Company, of Catonsville,
Md., is making a specialty of one-cent cakes
of wax. It takes 72 pieces to make a
pound. There is a good margin for profit.

148

'rmm mmmmi^mM mmi^ j©^KNMir.

PEKSECtJTED AN» IW JTAII..

Mr. Z. A. Clark, who has had daily trials
and fines at Arkadelphia, is now in prison,
for keeping bees in the corporate limits of
that city. The following is a letter from
one of his neighbors, with a donation of $5
sent to tlie National Bee-Keepers' Union,
to aid in his defense. The letter will be
read with interest. It is dated Feb. 24, 1888 :

1 am not a member of the Bee-Keepers'
Union, but please find enclosed S5 for the
fund for defraying tlie expenses of one who
is now languishing in the city jail for vio-
lating a city ordinance of keeping bees in
Arkadelphia, Ark. Mr. Z. A. Clark, whom
I have known for about eight years, is an
upright, civil, quiet, honest, hard-working
man. No one stands higher here. He has
been working hard to try and rise above
poverty. He nas a small home here, which
IS mortgaged. He has a wife, four little
gurls ana a mother-in-law to care for.

I have been a resident here since 1858, and
keep a few colonies of bees for pleasure and
family use. 1 can atford to quit keeping
bees, but Mr. Clark cannot without making
a great sacrifice. The ordinance is an ouP-
rage, and is so considered here. Mr. Clark
has several prominent attorneys, but is pay-
ing very dearly for the defense of his prop-
erty and rights. I do not need any protec-
tion from the Bee - Keepers' Union, but
some brother may fall by tlie wayside.

Send certificates of membership to the
Union to five bee-keepers whom you may
know to be worthy.

Mr. Clark has taken two appeals, and the
third day when fined, refused to pay the
fine and cost. He went to jail on the 23rd by
the advice of his counsel.

S. A. RuDisrLL.

We had just made out certificates for five
bee-men who were not able to join the
Union, but wanted to become members,
when we received another letter in the same
mail from England, signed "Apis," with
another $5 for the Union. This we treated
in the same way, and made out five more
certificates of membership, and sent to
would-be members who could not afford to
join the Union.

We also received the following from Mr.
Clark, written in prison on Feb. 24, 1888 :

I am in trouble, and in jail also. I have
had three trials in three days, in succession.
1 appealed the two first trials, and came to
jail yesterday, lam to be arraigned again
to-day at 2 o'clock. My attorneys have
claimed trial bv jury each day, but it has
been refused by the Mayor each day. I am
somewhat unwell to-day. „ c, nr

I received a letter from the Hon. bam W.
Williams, our attorney in Little Rook, Ark.,
yesterday. He sa^s that we are bound to
win. 1 should be greatly relieved if I knew
that he could be secured to come here and
defend this case at the Circuit Court in
July. It will cost $A50.00, but if I Jfnew for
certain that he would be here, I should be
quite satisfied. , ^ ^ . ,

P. S.— 3 p.m.— Just had another farce trial,
and was denied right of trial by jury. Plead
not guilty, and was fined by his Honor. 1
appealed it, and will have another to-
morrow. Z. A. Clakk.

The Manager of the Union had already
sent Mr. Clark $25 to assist in the local de-
fense, and ?25 to Hon. Sam. W.Williams, the
most noted attorney in the State of Arkan-

sas, as a retaining fee. He will now take
hold of the case, and by the aid of the
Union will win it— at least we confidently
hope so. His fees are $250.00.

On the second day in prison Mr. Clark
wrote us as follows :

Akkadelphia, Ark., Feb. 25, 1888.

Friend Newman :— Yours of the 23rd
with $25 from the Union for local defense,
is received. I also had the Bee Journal
poked through a crack to me ou the eve of
my first incarceration. The first thing I
read was the letter of the Virginia friend,
Mr. J. Few Brown, accompanying his en-
closure to the Union defense tund. It
cheered me, and made my heart rebound
with joy.

1 was arraigned again yesterday at 2 p.m.,
claimed right of trial by jury, was refused,
plead not guilty, and a tine of $8 was im-
posed upon me. Z. A. Clark.

Knowing that this senseless opposition to
bee-keeping will spread like wild-fire if not
successfully resisted, the Union has decided
to make a lively fight in this case, and meas-
ure swords with the enemy, fully realizing
that it would be very detrimental to the
pursuit to allow a decision against bee-
keeping to be put upon record on the plea
of its being a " nuisance."

Mr. William Anderson, of Sherman, Mo.,
writes thus concerning this case and its im-
portance to the bee-fraternity :

The day seems fast approaching when the
bee-keepers will have to get a license. If
we let the case go undefended, we shall
hasten that day. Let us fight it, and if the
Union has not funds enough, let it call for
an extra dollar from each member. 1 was
in favor of reducing the fees to join the
Union, but I am now in favor of assessing
its members to carry out its designs. We
should fight this case, for every such suit
we lose we are, as an organized body, that
much weakened. Brother bee-keepers, let
us defend a brother in trouble. The idea of
bees eating up ducks and peaches ! I be-
lieve that bee-men should try to hold up our
banner, and support our order. Do not let
us lose this suit. Now is the time for us all
to prove our devotion to our pursuit.

The Little Rock, Ark., Press of Feb. 24,
thus discusses the topic under consideration :

The town council lately passed an ordi-
nance making it unlawful to keep bees
within the corporate limits of Arkadelphia.
Mr. Clark, who is said to be a good citizen,
an active prohibitionist, and an earnest
member of the Presbyterian church, con-
tinued to encourage the producing of honey,
and was arrested, brouglit before the Mayor
and fined $5. He refused to pay the fine,
and the Marshal took him to the calaboose.
Further legal proceedings are expected ; but
at the present time the bees are still doing
husiness at the old stand. Mr. Clark is one
of the most respected citizens of Arkadel-
phia, and will make a stubborn defense of
his business.

Mr. Clark wrote thus from jail on Feb. 38,

1888:

We are having a trial every day, claiming
trial by jury, etc. Yesterday we tiled an affi-
davit signed bv invselt and two of our best
and foremost citizens, setting forth that the
Mayor was prejudiced and would not give us
a fair and impartial trial, etc. ; all of wliich
has been overruled by the Mayor. We must
gain this case, and not go upon record as up-
lioUling and keeping a nuisance within city
limits, etc. My nearest neighbors— some of
whom have lived by me for 7 and 8 years-
will swear positively that my bees are not a
nuisance, and that bee-keeping in Arkadel-
phia is not a nuisance.

A XEVr IMVEJ^TIO:*.

The Rev. T. H. Dahl, of Stoughton, Wis.,
writes tlius concerning a new invention :

In the last number of Tidsskrift for Bisk-
jotsel, the editor, Mr. Ivar S. Young, of
Christiania, Norway, mentions a new in-
vention by a German teacher, Mr. Koerbs.
It is nothing less than the manufacturing of
honey combs. What ? Honey combs ?
Are we not rid of that "Wiley lie" yet.
Does it even come from Europe ? Oh !
Let us take it easy ! That new kind of
wax-comb is not intended at all for table
use. It can only be used for extracting
purposes, but in that respect, it is claimed
to be excellent. The bees deposit honey
in its cells with the same willingness as in
their natural comb ; but they do not use it
for pollen, and the queen never puts an egg
in its cells. If this new kind of comb is
what they claim it to be, a new era is at
hand in the extracting business. We ex-
pect to hear something more about it, and
when we do, the readers of the American
Bee Journal will be kept posted.

We fear there is something about it not
exactly reliable. Mr. Koerbs will not
divulge the secret of its manufacture and
use at present. He simply wants apiarists
to " Look out for the engine when the bell
rings," we suppose.

He intends to issue a pamphlet describing
the process of manufacture, and the uses to
which it may be put. To take orders for
the pamphlet at 40 cents each, and when he
has several thousands of such subcribers,
then he will mail a copy to each, on the
same day. In this we think Mr. Koerbs
will be s«dly disappointed. Americans will
not nibble at that bait ! As we understand
it, the peculiarity of this invention lies in
the fact as stated, that the comb mid-rib
(not finished cells) will not be used by the
queen for breeding, even if it is inserted in
the brood-nest.

These combs are made of pure beeswax,
by means of the Rietsche press, and are for
use only for extracting purposes, which it
is claimed is done in one-halt the time now
required to extract the honey from a comb.

Our friend, C. J. H. Gravenhorst, editor
of the Bienen Zeitung, has seen the Inven-
tion, and the combs "completed by the
bees," and predicts a "revolution" in the
matter of bee-comb, even if the invention
accomplishes but one-half of what is
claimed by Mr. Koerbs.

Bee-keepers will be apt to " look with
suspicion upon the method employed to
make the invention known," as remarked
by the British Bee Journal, whose editor
asks : " Why does not Mr. Koerbs sell his
invention to some foundation manufacturer,
and introduce it in that way ? or, take out a
patent and charge a small royalty ?"

We shall watch this matter closely, and
keep our readers posted concerning its ad-
vent and revelation— and ring the bell just
intimeforall to witness the arrival of the
locomotive !

It is possible that this " invention " may
turn out to be the construction of comb
foundation having the base of larger cells
than even drone-cells, which would be
avoided by the queen, and used by the
workers for store comb.

THE ffiMERICffiP* BE® J©^KKMI,.

149

Heat and Cold Endurable by

ll<?es.— David Craig, Macleay, Oreg., asks
the following questions :

1. How long can hatching brood, larvse and
eggs, be exposed to a low temperature with-
out injuring or killing them ? 3. How long
can they be exposed to extreme heat with-
out being injured or killed ? State the ex-
tremes or temperature that they can endure.

Mr. N. W. McLain, by request, answers
thus :

1. Eggs and uncapped larvse cannot be ex-
posed to a low temperature without injury,
riif length of exposure and the degree of
temperature will determine the degree of
injury. When it is too cold for the adult
bees to fly with freedom, exposure of the
brood is injurious, and often fatal.

2. If queen larvae be exposed to extreme
heat for two hours, they die. The range of
temperature to which queen larv;e may be
sul)jectert, and still live, is from 00° to 98'
Fahi-. The normal temperature for queen-
rearing is from 85° to 93° Fahr., in the hive.
Wo! ker larvffi can endure a temperature of
112° Fahr. in the hive, and a colony of
normal strength do not allow the tempera-
ture t>) exceed that degree, even when the
mercury is indicating 134° Fahr. outside of
the liive.

XHE I.AXI: ARTHUR XOI>l>.

Frequent PUgbts for Itees. — B.

F. Barb, Joetta, Ills., on Feb. 33, 1888,
writes :

Bees are wintering well so far, especially
those that have plenty of stores. They
have had a good flight every month this
winter, and this month they have had more
than one.

1. Why is it, that apart of my bees, when
they come out on a warm day for a flight,
will pull and fuss over each other as if tliey
were fighting ? 1 have .seen them doing so
in the summer time, but I thought tliat they
were fixing up the young bees.

2. Do bees act the same in winter as in
the summer, when they are qneenless ?

3. What time in the spring does the queen
generally begin to lay eggs, in this locality,
on the summer stands ?

4. It a colony becomes qneenless in the
winter, should 1 give them some of the first
eggs that are laid in the spring ?

By request, Mr. N. W. McLain answers
as follows :

1. Evidently the bees were trying to rob
each other ; the bottom-boards should be
cleansed, and the entrances contracted.

3. The loss of the queen in winter has
commonly a more demoralizing eifect on
the colony than in summer. The chance
for repairing the loss is the measure of the
apprehension and disquietude manifested.

3. That depends upon the season, the
strength of the colony, and the race of
bees. Under the conditions you mention, I
should say very early in the spring. Cau-
casians begin breeding later than Italians,
Syrians, etc., but they breed rapidly after
beginning.

4. My practice would be to use the bees
from qneenless colonies in strengthening
the weaker colonies in the apiary, in the
early part of the season. Two strong colo-
nies are more efficient for any purpose than
three weak ones.

The death of this prominent apiarist was
noted on page 115, and a further biographi-
cal account promised. Mr. Todd traveled
extensively in England, Germany, France,
Switzerland and Italy, and also in Algeria
in Africa, and was personally known to
many of the prominent apiarists of those
countries. He was intimate with Mr.
De Layens, the noted French apiarist and
author.

Mr. John Shallcross, of Philadelphia, has
furnished the following biographical items
of interest for publication, and also a photo-
graph from which we have made the en-
graving which is presented herewith :

Arthur Todd, a prominent bee-keeper of
Pennsylvania, died at his residence, 3132 N.
Front Street, Philadelphia, Pa., on Satur-
day, Feb. 11, 1888, of typhoid-pneumonia.

Scatter the I^eaflets.— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

MB. ARTHDB TODD.

Mr. Todd was born at Sandymount, near
Dablin, Ireland, on Feb. 35, 1843. Prior to
1873 he was engaged in the dry-goods busi-
ness, as general manager, in London, for
the Dublin firm of Pine Bros. & Co., and at
one time traveled through this country in
their interests.

About 1870 he became interested in bee-
culture, and subsequently made a tour
through Europe, visiting the principal api-
aries, and forming acquaintance with sev-
eral prominent apiarists, with whom he
kept up correspondence until the time of
his death.

In 1877 he gave up his business in London,
and went to Blidali, Algeria, to establish
himself in the business of bee-keeping and
the furnishing of apiarian supplies.

In 1878 he attended the Paris Exposition
in the interests of the Algerian bee-keepers,
and was awarded the large diploma. After
the Exposition he removed to Rambouillet,
in France, where he pursued his favorite
avocation with considerable success. In
the following year he took the "gold
medal " at the Ville de Beuvais Exposition,
and two "silver medals" at the Amiens
Exhibition.

In 1880 he came to America for a perma-
nent residence. He joined the Philadelphia
Bee-Keepers' Association, and was its v ice-

President for the years 1884-8.5. His large
experience and his intelligent discussion of
all bee-questions, added much to the inter-
est of the meetings. He was, at the time of
his decease, a member of the New York
State Bee-Keepers' Association, and was
Vice-President, for Pennsylvania, of the
Northeastern New York Bee-Keepers' As-
sociation.

From 1884 to 1887 Mr. Todd made large
displays of bees, hives, honey and imple-
ments at the Pennsylvania State Agricul-
tural Exhibition. His enterprise was re-
warded with eleven silver and bronze
medals, besides diplomas and cash prizes.

At the Burlington County Aericultural
Fair, at Mount Holly, N. J., in 1886, he was
awarded a medal for honey manufactures.
During the same year he established a small
public apiary at the Philadelphia Zoological
Gardens in Fairmount Park.

Mr. Todd was a Fellow of the Royal
Geographical Society, and an Associate of
King's College, London. He was a careful
student of modern apiculture, and well-
informed upon everything pertaining to the
history and management of bees. For the
last four years he labored hard to open a
profitable honey market in Philadelphia,
but did not meet with the full success that
his zeal and energy deserved. His loss to
the Philadelphia Bee-Keepers' Association
will be much felt.

How to Sell Honey. -M. M. Bald-
ridge, of St. Charles, Ills., on Feb. 25, 1888,
wrote as follows :

I do not find it necessary to sell extracted
honey, when it is a choice article, to con-
sumers, for less than 24 cents per pound,
and could get a higher figure if I should
try. It is but little trouble to convince the
average consumer that liquid honey is
really worth from 3 to 5 cents per pound
more than the same would be, when added
to the wax and wood. This fact can be
easily comprehended by consumers, and no
other will be volunteered by any one who
understands the art of selling extracted
honey properly.

Selling honey is a profession, and Bro. B.
is a professional.

^Vliy Advertise in the Ajeericait
Bee Journal ? Here are some good
reasons :

1. Because it has a large and influential
circulation in every State and Territory,
Canada, and other foreign countries.

3. Because it is well-printed, and an ad-
vertisement in it appears neat and attrac-
tive, and invites a reading.

3. Because it reaches just the class of
persons desired— professional men, lawyers,
doctors,and the best of the rural population.

4. The rates are low as possible, and the
returns from advertisements are satisfac-
tory.

Wew'Catalogues for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

Martin & Macy, North Manchester, Ind. —
34 pages— Poultry and Bees.

Lewis Roesch, Fredonia, N. Y.— 16 pages
—Grapevines, Small Fruit Plants, etc.

E. C. Jordan, Jordan's Springs, Va.— 24
pages— White Sulphur Springs.

Wm. Hoyt, Ripley, Maine— 33 pages— Bee-
Keepers' Asverliser No. 1— Apiarian Sup-
plies.

150

TM® JtMEMicffiff mmm jowKifMi*-.

Queries f Reflies.

PRACTICAL QIEEX-EXCLUD.
IXG HOXEV.BOARDS,

Written for tlM American Bee Journal

Query 531 .—Which ia the beet queen-ex-
cluaing honey-board for practical use—one
with wooden slats and strips of perforated
zinc, alternate, or one made of full sheets of
zinc the size of the hive ? State why you pre-
fer the one or the other.— Kentucky.

Full sheets of zinc. They give the
bees more room to pass through. — M.
Mahin.

Wood and zinc combined, because
of greater firmness. — ^Eugene Secok.

I prefer the full sheets of zinc, be-
cause it has more perforations, and is
less in the way of the bees. — P. L.

VlAXLON.

I think that one with wooden slats
is entirely better than either. The
reasons are, cheapness combined with
utility.^MKS. L. Harrison.

I prefer the one with wooden slats
and strips of perforated zinc. Full
sheets are too liable to get out of
shape. — J. P. H. Brown.

I prefer the former, for the reason
that it makes a much more substan-
tial board, and is just as good in every
other way. — G. M. Doolittle.

The first mentioned is the best, be-
cause more rigid, and so more dur-
able ; and also because it is cheaper. —
R. L. Taylor.

I have never used the wooden-slat
honey-board. Zinc queen-excluders,
the full size of the hive inside, an-
swers all purpose. — J. M. Hambaugh.

For practical use, I prefer the wood
and zinc. It is much easier to remove
from the hive than are zinc queen-ex-
cluders, and keeps its shape better. —
H. D. Cutting.

I prefer that with wooden slats, be-
cause it keeps its shape and place
better. — C. C. Miller.

Some say one, and some the other ;
I have used both, and find • but little
difterence if an}- in results. I think
that the zinc sheets are preferable. — J.
E. Pond.

Wood and zinc, slatted. It has
rigidity, thus keeping the bee-spaces
exact, while the metal is thin and of-
fers the least diiSculty to the passage
of bees ; besides the openings are al-
ways exact. — W. Z. Hutchinson.

I prefer the full sheets of zinc with
a wood rim. Practically, there would
be but little difterence in the results
obtained from the use of the one or
the other. The slat honey-board nec-
essarily has an uneven face, and this

induces the bees to build "bits of
comb " between the top-bars of the
brood-frames and the board, and the
slats hide this from the eyes of the
apiarist, and the board must be ripped
oft" when it is to be removed. The
sheet of zinc is perforated all over its
surface, through which j'ou can see
the " bits of comb," and the sheet will
spriug when j-on raise one side, and
will admit a knife-blade to sever the
" studs " of wax. — G. W. Demaree.

I perfer the first, as they answer so
well as a double bee-space arrange-
ment. The Heddon honey-board, with
the zinc between the slats, I consider
a wonderful acquisition to any apiary.
— A. J. Cook.

The combined zinc strips and wood
slats by all means. The reason is this :
The honey-board made as above is
substantial and strong, and will not
warp, twist or get out of shape.
Further, the break-joint principle can
be easily and perfectly maintained
with the combined honey-board. —
James Heddon.

I find that wooden slats properly
spaced please me best. If I were to
use perforated metal, it would be in
combination with wood. This method
of making queen-excluders is doubt-
less well understood. I prefer wood
to metal, because it does not scrape
the laden bees as they pass — J. M.
Shuck.

I must say that I do not know. I
am experimenting with a half-dozen
dift'erent devices, for excluding the
queen from the section-cases. I am
using a Heddon honey-board with slats
only 3-16 of an inch apart, and it works
very nicely. It is very dilfieult, how-
ever, to have the slats just right, and
keep them so. To make the matter
perfectly certain, / think that a full
sheet of the perforated zinc is best. —

C. H. DiBBERN.

The one with wooden slats and
■strips of perforated zinc is the best,
but the strips of zinc should have two
rows of perforations instead of one
row. The strips should be only i|-inch
wide, and be let into the slats a little
less than J of an inch. Then the two
rows of perforations leave little zinc,
and come so near the wood as to secnre
foot-hold to the bees in passing
through the zinc, when, if the perfora-
tion are of a proper size, they are
positively no hindrance to the workers.
With full sheets of perforated zinc, it
is only by a struggle that the bees can
get through, and hence, they are a
hindrance to the bees ; and the same is
true of the wood-and-zinc board if the
perforations are too far from the wood.
Again, the full sheets are more or less
imeven, will sag, and be bound down
to a great extent, while the wood-and-

zinc board is almost free from these
objections. — 6. L. Tinker.

The honey-board made of perforated
zinc alternated between wooden slats
is very preferable, because it can be
more readily and conveniently hand-
led ; will keep in better shape and con-
dition ; aud is stiffer and straighter.
Full sheets of zinc will very often ciii'I
and bulge, the zinc being very sensi-
tive to otu- ever-changing climate and
temperature. — The Editor.

THE RESrET.S CLAIMED FOR
REVERSIBLE FRAME!*.

Written for tlie American Bee Journal

Query 522.— Do reversible frames pro-
duce the results claimed for them, by caus-
ing the bees (when the frames are reversed)
to place the honey in the sections ?— Rhode
Island.

Not according to my experience. — P.
L. Viallon.

I cannot speak from expeiience, but
I think they do. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

If the frames have brood in them
down to the bottom, reversing, with
uncapping, will. — A. B. Mason.

I do not know ; I have never used
them, and have no desire to tiy them.
— M. Mahin.

If the conditions are just right, it
will in many cases. — H. D. Cutting.

They certainly aid, if I can see
straight. — A. J. Cook.

I presume that they generally do,
but not alwa3-s. — C. C. Miller.

Yes, they cause the bees to remove
the honey from below to above, as a
rule. — Dadant & Son.

I think that the reversing of frames
for this purpose has been largely
abandoned at the present time. — G.
M. Doolittle.

Yes, at certain times, and under the
right conditions, all of which have
been explained before. — W. Z. Hutch-
inson.

I answer this question in the style
of the quack doctor, when called to
testify in a ease of poisoning : " They
'moiCt,^ and then, they "inoulnH.'' " — J. P.
H. Brown.

Not in a practical way. I mean to
say that the plan does not work uni-
formly, aud if it did, there would be
nothing gained by it in the long run.
— G. W. Demaree.

If the honey is sealed, I think that
the bees seldom disturb it. If tliiu and
uncapped, the probability is tlicy will
remove it. — Eugene Secor.

I do not practice reversing, but tlie
result claimed would undoubtedly fol-
low if the reversing were done at the
proper time. — R. L. Taylor.

Tmm mmLMMic-mn wbm jQ'\jimmmu,

151

tai*^r>^*j|

The theory is, stores above, and
brood beneath. Of course, should the
frames be reversed, the honey will be
carried above the brood ; more es-
pecially, should the honey be close to
the bottom-board and entrance. — J. M.
Hambaugh.

I would not use reversible frames,
simply, " too many bites to the
cherry." Manipulation in bulk lessens
the work of the apiary. Inversion iloes
not prevent swarming, and does not
always cause the honey to be "carried
up-stairs," but by it a colony can be
kept up to flighting and storing strength
more perfectly tlian by any other one
plan that I am acquainted with — J. M.
Shuck.

There are times that bees will re-
move sealed honey from the brood-
combs to the super without reversing
the combs. My present opinion is,
that the laying of the queen, and the
state of the honey-flow, has more to do
with it than the reversing of combs. —
G. L. Tinker.

It is well known that I am an op-
ponent of reversible frames, and for
that reason my answer may be taken
by some as an attempt to bolster up
my opinion. I believe, however, that
the results claimed for reversing
frames, can be accomplished easier
and better, and far more economically,
in another way. Any answer to tlie
above query is an opinion, only. — J. E.
Pond.

Yes, to a considerable extent, es-
pecially if the frames are deep. I had
expected to test this matter during the
past season, but owing to the failure
of the honey crop, I could not do so.
I think tliftt reversing the frames or
hives, a little before the honey season
closes, is an advantage. — C. H. Dib-

BERN.

I do not know all that may have
been claimed for reversible frames.
They do cause the bees to carrj^ the
honey into the surplus sections when
reversed at the proper time. They
are worth much more than their extra
cost, Ijecause you can keep them at all
times full of comb, leaving no lurking
places for bees. I would no more go
back to non-reversible frames, whether
suspended or otherwise, than I would
dispose of my spring-bed and adopt
the old cord and auger-hole system. —
James Heddon.

If the frames are reversed at the
right time, the bees will doubtless
carry the honey into the sections, but
I doubt tlie expediency, in general, of
the reversing system. While it may
be advantageous at some times, and
under some conditions, there are many
serious objections to it — but it is un-
necessai-y to enumerate them here. —
The Editor.

BEE-ANATOMY.

Evolution and the Cilands in

Wrillen for tlie Amtrleam, Bet Journal
BY PROF. A. J. COOK.

I gladly reply to Dr. J. A. Proctor's
letter on page 124, even if I have re-
ceived such a " shaking up" from Mr.
Pringle, in the Canadian Bee Journal.
The truth is, I do not relish being re-
viewed in another paper with disparag-
ing remarks, in which case all readers
have to take the critic's version, and
cannot judge for themselves. Still I
care not much. In all such cases I re-
member the stanza,

" Ever the right comes uppermost,
Ever is justice done."

Mr. Pringle misjudged me utterly.
I did not back down because I was re-
plying to a lady. As to evolution, as
Prof. Le Conte well says, it is so prob-
able in the light of recent researcli,
that it is as irrational to talk of an
evolutionist as of a gravitationist.

That all rudimentary organs are re-
mains of once useful ones, is not true.
The rudimentary milk-glands in male
mammals is an example. These struc-
tures are explained in other Avays, not
necessary to explain in a bee-paper.
While I have the most profound re-
spect for ladies, and would, I hope, be
ever respectful and deferential towards
them, I would never quibble or mis-
state knowingly, even in controversy
with a woman. I assure Mr. Pringle
that evolution needs no advocacy of
error to hold it up ; it can stand on
truth's platform.

The glands I refer to as useful in
providing food for larval bees and the
queen, are large glands in the head of
the bee. They are in the form of a
compound leaf with very small leaflets.
The fact that these glands, as mere
rudiments, exist in the queen, would
argue, not prove, that they were once
useful organs in the queen. We posi-
tively know that the queen bumble-
bee in early spring does feed the
larvae ; indeed, at this time there are
no worker-bees in the nest, and at this
time these glands are large and active
in the queen.

By the study of fossil animals, of
embriology or the development of the
young animal liefore birth, zoologists
are convinced fully that higher ani-
mals have arisen from the lower ; often
the intermediate forms, as in the
horse, snakes, and many other ani-
mals, have been found. Such proofs

are so abundant that the intelligent
student is convinced. The fact that
abortive organs, like the splint-bones
of the horse, are found in all stages,
argues loudly for evolution. Thus the
abortive glands in the queen, in the
light of cognate facts in other animals,
suggests that the queen-bee was once
able to feed the larva;, when doubt-
less she was less prolific than now.

Tlie honey-bee is the highest pro-
duct of progressive development in the
bee-family. Early in the rocks we find
no fossil bees — indeed bees are the
latest to appear ; and from their com-
plex structure we should expect this.
As they liave developed from a lower
condition, they have advanced beyond
others, and the queen has been set
apart, and in the economy of their
lives, has nought to do but lay eggs,
and so, of course, she lays far more.

Some queen bumble-bees are now
more prolific than others, and so tliey
have more workers, and thus have less
to do ; thus they constantly tend to in-
crease in prolificness.

The strongest argument as to snakes'
legs comes from the study of fossils.
Snakes, like animals, are found with
legs. Snakes are very late to appear
in the rocks. Though they are the
lowest of reptiles, yet they were the
last of all reptiles to appear, as geology
clearly sliows. The loss of their legs
is a case of retrograde development.

This is too large a subject for'a short
article, and requires more space than
is proper here. I would advise all who
are interested in the subject, to pro-
cure Le Conte's work on evolution.
This author is a Christian gentleman,
no less than one of our distinguished
scientists. Like ^the late Dr. Gray, he
is a grand exempliflcatiou of Christ in
the heart and life. At the same time,
he is a master in science.

Agricultural College, Mich.

WINTERING BEES.

Cellar-^Vinteringr and Insurance
of Bees.

Written for the Americari Bee Journal
BY MRS. EMMA HULETT.

The past season was the poorest for
honey tliat I ever have seen. I com-
menced the spring with 60 fair colo-
nies, and increased them to 97 of the
strongest colonies (both in bees and in
honey) that we ever put into winter
quarters. I never hived larger or
stronger swarms than those of last
season, and up to the present time my
bees are wintering splendidly in the
cellar or house, built above ground,
18x24 feet, and with sawdust filling of
22 inches. The bottom is dry and

152

XH© MMERICSFf BE® JQ(\Smwmi^,

dusty, and the hives and walls are as
dry as when taken in, on Oct. 1, 1887.
I have visited them only twice since
then, and I found the temperature at
40°, the same as when they were put
in.

The water was dripping from the
upper ventilator into the tile sub-earth
ventilator below, and on frost}- and
cold mornings the vapor may be seen
escaping from the outside ventilator
like smoke from a chimney. The win-
ter was quite mild until Jan 1, and
since then it has been quite severe,
with considerable zero weather, and
some sudden changes, which affects
out-door wintering of bees. But of
course from now on will be the " nip
and tuck " with bees.

After 9 years of cellar or in-door
wintering of bees, I concluded that
such wintering is best ; I believe that
it will yet attain perfection, and that
our pets will be wintered as easily as
tliey are summered. By giving to the
latest swarms, and also to the old colo-
nies that did swarm, the extracting
combs, they were nicely cared for, as
to food of a nice article.

The demand for honey here is good,
with none to supplj- it ; but with hope
for a good season to come this year.

Insuring Colonies of Bees.

In regard to insuring bees, I wish
to say that I have insurance on the
bee-house and honey-house attached,
on all the implements, and $5.00 per
colony in the bee-house, or within 100
feet from the building, outside, if de-
stroj-ed or damaged by fire from the
burning of the building.

Our bees are situated between two
main traveled roads ; the hives all face
to the centi'e of the bee-yard, and quite
near to the road tra\'eled the most, as
it is the main line to the railroad and
to town, but being fenced, and quite
an ascent, it elevates them above all
pedestrians, and we have never had
any trouble or any complaints. As
for our neiglibors, we keep them, or
their tempers, sweetened up with an
occasional section of honey, which has
never failed to conquer the most ob-
stinate with us.

We combine blacksmithing with our
bees, which works well, as Mr. H. and
I have two boys to help.

South Dayton, N. Y., Feb. 20, 1888.

[Insurance of bees against loss by
fire, especially when in a cellar, is veiy
difficult to obtain in the West. There
are but fcnv fire insurance companies
that will take the risk. When such
can be obtained, we think it ought to
be done, for it is much easier to pay
for the insurance than it is to stand tlie
lo.ss, in case of fire. — Ed.]

NEW YORK.

The Third Day of the State
Convention — Jan. 19.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY G. H. KNICKERBOCKER.

The convention was called to order
at 9:30 a.m. by President Clark. The
Secretary then read an essay prepared
by Mr. R. F. Holtermann, of Brant-
ford, Ont., as follows, entitled,

Shading and Ventilating Hives, and
Obtaining Extracted Honey.

In my experience, and the experi-
ence of the Germans in particular,
shade and ventilation form no mean
factor in securing a good honey crop.
At the present time, where the price
of a colony in the spring is no more
than the price of the hive, its combs,
and the number of pounds of stores
required to winter the bees, to winter
successfully and sell, is no gain ; and
to lose a colony is only a loss of the
value of the stores consumed in winter.
Tlierefore, everj- pound of honey we
lose through increase, beyond what is
absolutelj' necessary, is mismanage-
ment. What we must aim at, is to
manage our apiary in such a way that
increase will be prevented bj* employ-
ing methods which will not diminish
the honey yield.

There are methods recommended,
and particularly so amongst begin-
ners, which I hold are a positive waste
of time and an injury to the colonj'.
To break down queen-cells to prevent
swarming is such a waste ; to use per-
forated metal for this purj^ose is also
a waste of time and material, and I
incline to the opinion that to resort to
any method to prevent swarming, after
the bees have received the impulse, is
also worthless ; but I would not be
positive about the latter, and leave the
question with the convention.

What must we then aim at to pre-
vent swarming, and how does it in-
fluence our honey yield ? Prevent the
very first step, namely, the impulse.
How shall we do this ? By shade and
ventilation. I have at present, trees
of such a height, and trained that the
morning and late afternoon sun can
strike the hive, and but little if any of
the hot middaj' sun. I have ventila-
tors in some of tlie bottom-boards, and
the lids of the hives are raised at the
back to permit a current of air passing
over the quilt which lies upon the
combs. I want a shade-board upon
every hive, which shall be used with
discretion.

The ground is covered witli grass,
carefullj' kept from growing suffi-
ciently long to prevent ventilation at
the entrance ; earUi and sand cause
more radiation, especially the latter.

and are very trying on men and bees.
I want no high board-fence, to exclude
every current of air from the yard.

Then I find if a colony is left beyond
a certain stage without supers to store
honey, and receives, even though not
yet indicated, the swarming impulse,
giving of room will generally not
check this impulse, but they will swarm
before filling such a super, and this
must be carefully avoided. Give room
as required. This can be done more
easily whilst working for extracted
honey than comb honey. I use the 8-
frame Langstroth, and with good colo-
nies and during a good flow I use two
full supers, allowing honey always to
ripen or he capped. The first super is
raised and the second put between it
and the brood-chamber.

I use perforated metal ; care should
be taken to have a bee-space on both
sides of the board. From colonies not
so good, extract four combs out of the
super, leaving the remainder until
ready, when they are extracted, leav-
ing the first four, and so on. In this
way I have been veiy successful in
preventing much increase and secur-
ing a lai'ger yield per colony than my
neighbors. Last summer my strongest
colony gave me 270 pounds of honey,
with no attempt. I have thus far
handled 25,000 pounds, and know
what a vast difference there is in
honey properly and improperly taken.
R. F. Holtermann.

Ventilation of Bee-Repositories.

The "Ventilation of bees in winter
repositories " was then taken up. Mr.
P. H. Elwood read an essay on this
subject, which was very attentivelj'
listened to, and showed that the au-
thor was thoroughlj- posted in everj-
particular, and was a vex-y close ob-
server.

N. N. Betsinger — I have an improved
method of wintering bees, by burying
them. The ventilator that lets in fresh
air is the same height as the ventila-
tor that carries off the impure air ; in
this way I can maintain a more uni.
form temperature, and by the use of
slides in the ventilators, the tempera-
ture can be kept from changing
scarcelj' a degree from the time of
putting them in, in the fall, until tak-
ing them out in the spring. I believe
that bees can be wintered perfectly in
this way, consume but very little
honey, and not liave a handful of dead
bees from each hive.

Mr. Elwood — I believe that most of
us err in having too much ventilation
in our bee-repositories. When I left
home, the ventilators of exit were all
closed, and the entrance ventilator left
open. From the best authority, I can
conclude that the air which would be
required by one person,is sufficient for
250 colonies of bees.

'TM^ m^MMMlGMM WMM J^lS^MIfMlU.

153

fci»^*^a*

A. I. Root saiil that apiarists dis-
agreed somewhat in regard to the
dampness of cellars in which bees are
kept. He had heard of some instances
where springs of water in the cellar
were thought to be very beneficial, by
keeping an even temperature, and also
aiding in ventilation.

it was thought by some that running
water woukl help carry off the mois-
ture in the atmosphere, and therefore
aid in the successful wintering of the
bee.s. It was generally conceded that
the different kinds of soil had much to
<lo witli changing the condition of the
cellar.

The report of the committee on
<li'afting a "scheme" looking to the
organization of an international asso-
ciati<in was taken from the table. Mr.
Aspinwall, chairman of the committee,
explained the object of the resolution.
It was discussed at length by the mem-
bers, the majorit}' of whom were in
favor of the exchange branch, but
somi' thought the international asso-
ciation too large an undertaking.

Mr. Elwood advocated the inter-
change of reports of amount of crops,
etc., and asked if the bee-industry was
not of sufficient importance to warrant
a demand being made on the Agricul-
tural Department for a report of the
condition of the honey crop, say, for
instance, in May or June, as to how
the Ijces have wintered, and in the fall
how large the crop was.

Mr. Dickinson thought thei-e would
be too many obstacles in such a de-
mand. He believed that but few of
the l)ee-kcepers would care to give
such information. He suggested that
the Secretary ask the Secretar}- of the
North American Society to notify all
the associations in the United States to
send delegates to the next convention.

After further discussion the report
of the committee, which had been de-
clared adopted, was again brought be-
fore the convention by the reconsider-
ing of the vote, and this time was re-
feried back to the committee for re-
vision. Mr. Elwood was added to the
committee.

Bees Tor BuRiness.

" The coming bee for business " was
then considered as follows :

X^N. Betsinger — We will not have
to wait for " the coming bee for busi-
ness ;" it already exists ; it is a full-
blood Italian rjueen mated with a
black or brown German drone, i want
only the first " cross," and if the Ital-
ian queens are bred up to a high stan-
dard of purity and excellence, the
workers will all be three-banded.

Mr. Goodspeed and Mr. Knicker-
bocker had noticed the same thing
very often, but said that it was a hard
matter to get Italian queens that would
do this every time.

Mr. Goodspeed said that many of
his customers preferred the dark or
leather-colored Italian queens for
honey-producing purposes ; but that
some others thought that pure Italians
were good enough for them.

The subject of Italian queens and
the markings of the workers and
drones was also discussed.

The special ciniiniittee on re-organi-
zation then submitted the following
revised report :

Your committee would suggest that
this Association shall resolve itself into
a honey producers' exchange, for the
purpose of gathering statistics of the
wintering of bees, and the honej' crop
throughout the United States.

licsolved. That the duties of the Sec-
retary of this association shall be the
forwarding of suitable blanks to re-
porters, which they shall return on the
first dajs of May, June, July, August
and September, from every honey-pro-
ducing Slate ; no State to have more
than six reporters, who shall fill out
the blanks and send them by return
mail to the Secretary. He shall have
the reports printed and mailed to
members and the reporters, by the
10th of each month.

Resolved, That the Secretary keep an
account of his time involved in this
work, and report the same at the next
convention. He shall be empowered
to draw upon the treasurer for funds
neeessar}' to carry out the work.

After a shoi't discussion the report
was adopted.

Mr. Aspinwall volunteered to defray
any deficiency that might be occa-
sioned in cari-ying out the plan of the
committee. A recess was then taken
until 1:30 p.m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

President Clark again called the
convention to order at 1:30 p.m.

Votes of thanks were adopted to the
proprietor of Briggs' Hotel for reduced
rates ; to the daily papers for publish-
ing such good reports ; to the apiarists
of other States for attendance, and to
Mr. Aspinwall for an offer to meet any
deficiency in the Honey-Producers' Ex-
change for the first year.

The committee on exhibits reported
the difterent articles on exhibition, and
G. H. Knickerbocker and J. Aspinwall
were directed to have the " seal press"
altered to meet the needs of the asso-
ciation.

The Treasurer's report is as follows :
Received from Treasurer Scofield,
$14.05 ; membership fees for 1888,
$30.00 ; total «44.05. Paid for print-
ing, postage, stationeiy, and fee of
Secretai-y, $15.60. Balance on hand,
$28.55.

Adjourned to meet at Syracuse next
year on the call of the executive com-
mittee. G. H. Knickerbocker, Sec.

FOUL BROOD.

Ho-w to Eradicate tlie Scourge-
Putting on Sections.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY J. W. SMITH.

I think that the matter of foul brood
will be one of the leading topics here-
after, for it seems to be getting scat-
tered pretty well already. We have
the genuine article here in the centre
of this State. I am of the opinion that
any information which can be given
from actual experience (not theory) in
the successful treatment and cure,
aside from burning, will be thankfully
received by many.

While I was at our bee-convention
in Burlington the other day, I was
talking of foul brood with one of the
largest bee-men in this State, who has
at present, I suppose, about 700 colo-
nies. He told me that his bees had it
about 18 years ago, and described
how he cured it in one season. If I
understood him rightly, it was as
follows :

He moved the hive with the affected
colony from its stand, and placed on
the stand an empty box or old hive
without combs or stores. He let the
bees go into it and remain there for
four days ; then removed them and put
a new hive in place of the box ; he
shook the bees into that, with empty
combs or foundation, and let them
stay. He took good care of the old
hive, and all that belonged to it, and
in that way he got rid of the foul
brood. Does any one know of a bet-
ter way ?

Putting Sections on tbe Hives.

I would also like to know why it is
not just as well to place all the sec-
tions that will be likely to be wanted
on a hive, at once, to save the trouble
of raising up and putting others under,
and disturbing the bees.

Moscow, Vt.

STARTERS.

Uow to Fasten Foundation in
tiie Sections.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY H. C. GIFFORD.

I notice that in almost every number
of the Bee Journal something is said
about fastening foundation in sections,
and written by men, to all appearance,
that ought to be well posted in this
matter. It seems strange to me that
so many difter in opinion, as there
seems to me to be but one proper way
to fasten the foundation, if to econo-
mize in material and labor is the object,

154

TH-M mmLMMl^MM WMM JO^^IJKffJilf.

which, of course, it ought to be. My
experience of last year is as follows :

I began by using a putty-knife,
pressing the foundation in the groove,
and then straightening it up. I dipped
the knife in lioney so that it would not
stick, and, to do my best, some of them
would pull otf when the bees got on
them, which makes bad work.

Then I saw an item in the Bee Jour-
nal something like this : Take one
part rosin and two parts beeswax ;
melt them over a stove, just so they
are melted, but not hot ; reduce the
fire so as to keep it just warm, and dip
the foundation in this mixture with the
right hand, hold the section in the left
hand, and press it into the groove of
the section, when it is done, and you
cannot pull it off ; the foundation will
tear to pieces before it will let go. I
tried it, and I found that it took onl}'
one row of cells to fasten it solid to
the section, when by the other way it
took two or three rows ; I could put
them on five times as fast, and they
were straight, solid, and so much
neater to look at. There was no fear
of their dropping ofl'. If you do not
use all the wax mixtui-e, let it stand
until you want to use it again, as it
will not spoil or waste. It is a gi'cat
saving in time and material, and any
old wax will do. The less wax used
on each piece of foundation, the better
job you can do.

I would not think of using any other
method than the above, after the ex-
perience 1 liave had in this branch of
our industry.

Last season was a perfect failure
with me, yet I am not discouraged ;
but I am afraid I would be if it was not
for the weekly visits of the American
Bee Journal, that clears everything
up, and I feel refreshed after perusing
its valuable contents.

Morris, Ills.

BEE-MEN'S TALK.

The BIortliea§lcrn 0., Xorthwes.

tern Pa., and Western N. Y.

Bee-Keepers' Convention.

Written for the Pennsylvania Farmer
BY C. H. COON.

This convention was opened at
Meadville, Pa., on Jan. 25, 1888. After
the reading of the President's address,
the enrollment of members, and pay-
ing of dues, the election of officers was
held and resulted as follows :

D. H. Lefever, of Hayfield, Pa.,
President ; J. A. Barrett, of Cherry
Valley, O., 1st Vice-President; C. H.
Coon, of New Lyme, O., Seeretarj' ;
George Spitler, of Mosiei'town, Pa.,
Treasurer.

The convention at 3 p.m. proceeded
to the discussion of the subject, " How
may we increase the product of our
apiaries ?" After a thorough discus-
sion of this topic, which brouglit out
many practical points, the question,
'■For tlie production of comb honey,
by what management is the best pos-
sible result obtained, as to yield and
quality ?" was taken up. This discus-
sion was followed \>y the question-box,
after which the convention adjourned
until evening.

EVENING SESSION.

The convention was called to order
at 7 p.m., with President Lefever in
the chair.

Can Extracted Honey of tlic Best (taal-

Ity be Produced at IiesM Cost tban

Comb Honey ol'JUike Quality t

Mr. Barrett affirmed that it could,
and that if he got two-thirds as much
for his extracted honey, it would pay
him to extract it.

Mr. Phelps — If I produce good ex-
tracted honey, it will cost me quite as
much as comb honey. It takes the
bees just as long to produce the one
as the other. My first consideration is
to get all the honey produced pos-
sible. I make three grades of my ex-
tracted honey, and I think by so doing
that I realize more monej'. It cannot
be made to sell as well as comb honey.
Then there is the cost of packages and
trouble in getting them back again.

Mr. Barrett — I get more honey by
extracting it. Let it ripen well before
extracting, and h will come out of the
comb without difficulty.

Mr. Mason — Honey of the best qual-
ity can be gotten only out of comb
made with tbe honey. When we con-
sider tluit the honej' must be evapor-
ated and ripened before extracting, I
am forced to ct)nclude that extracting-
combs refilled cannot contain the best
quality of honey.

Mr. Phelps — Ripening takes place
after the cells are capped over, and
Mr. Barrett well knows that the nicest
honey can be produced only by allow-
ing this process to be finished in the
comb.

Mr. Mason — The cells must crack
open before ripening. Bees ripen
honej' by lieat.

President Lefever — After honey is
once capped it can be ripened, if nec-
essary, after it is taken from the hive,
by putting it in a warm room. I will
sell such honey as first quality, and it
will give satisfaction, too.

Mr. Mason — Honey ripened outside
of hives lacks in flavor. You can often
observe sweat on the hive where the
water is evaporating from the honey.
Honej' should be kept in a drj', warm
room. If in a damp room it will ab-
sorb moisture.

President Lefever — The source from
whicli the bees obtained the honey has
much to do with its keeping qualities.

Mr. Phelps — I am aware that honey
will absorb water at a certain heat.
My experience is that the cause of
sweating is to be found in the fluctua-
tions of temperature. I think the
proper temperature to insure against
sweating is 80° to 90°. I store my
honey in a room with a chimney I'un-
ning up through it. I find that the
honej' near this chimney never sweats;
but that farthest awaj', where the tem-
perature varies at different times,
sweats more or less. I have some that
is four j-eai's old.

Question, " Is not your 1884 honey
thicker than your new ?"

Mr. Phelps — Yes, that farthest from
the chimney is candied more or less,
but that nearest is not.

Mr. Marlej- — My experience agrees
exactly with that of Mr. Phelps.

For tlie Production of Comb Honey, by

^Vbat Sjsteiu of Iflanaseineut i* the

Best Ponsible Kesult Obtained

as to Yield and Quality ;

Mr. McLane — Contract the brood-
nests and feed up for winter ; but this
is riskj', though it was necessarj* last
season.

Mr. Burnett — My experience is tliat
in hives where the bees have free ac-
cess to the whole hive, I could get
more honej', and could get as good a
price.

Mr. Phelps — They might begin
where the widest space existed, but
tliis does not prove the point.

President Lefever — I use separators.
I cannot well get along without them.
It is possible to get straight combs
without them, but still I would use
them for convenience.

Mr. Mason — My own system siuts
me best, but might not be adapted to
other localities. I get no buckwheat
honey, it all comes from clover or ,
basswood. When the white clover be-
gins to bloom I draw from the " boom-
ers " to help the light ones. Then I
put on the sections. Heat must be
economized, because heat costs honey.
I use full sheets of foundation. I think
it is better than comb. 1 use a few
combs as a bait, and keep emptj- sec-
tions near the brood-nest. I do not
want too manj- fi'ames in the bj'ood-
nests. I reduce to from 3 to 5 franu'S, ■
then they have to go into the sections.
Bees should not be deprived of the
natural impulse to swarm, but they
must be managed economicallj' after,
this, if j'ou would get anj' profit.

The convention adjourned to 9 a. ra.

THURSDAY JIORNING SESSION.

The convention was called to order
at 9 a.m., with President Lefever in
the chair. After some preliminary
business.the programme was taken up.

Tmn mTmMmivmm mwM jQ.'i»Ri«i?EiLr.

155

Throiiiih wliat Channel Slionld tbe
Prodiu-tK of the Apiary be Con-
veyed to the consumer?

Mr. Beldi'.ii sold the most of his pro-
duct to a shipper, for cash. He thought
it paid him better than to retail it.

T. F. Shepard, one year, took his
lioney to New York city, and sold it at
35 cents per pound, while at home,
owing to the market being glutted, he
could only have realized 10 and 12
cents for it.

Mr. Sutton had always been able to
sell in the home market.

M. E. Mason — Some people look
upon the middleman as a monster,
when the fact is, without him it would
be hard to get along. He had been in
the business a long time, and has
never yet seen a time when a large
crop was general over the country.
Now the middleman makes it his busi-
ness to find where the crop is short.
While the small producer could not
afford to ship his honey, the middle-
man buys the surplus and ships it at
less expense than could the small pro-
ducer to where it is wanted, and by so
doing helps to keep up the price in
the home market.

Mr. Sutton — Many must sell at
home. The large producer should
look up a market for his honey.

Mr. Mason said that the past season
a fair honey crop was produced in his
vicinity, and honey was sold in Jefler-
son at 10 cents ; he went and bought a
lot of it. The price was put to 12
cents ; he bought it. Then the price
'went to 16 cents ; he bought what he
wanted at the price. So by stepping
in and buying he made money, as did
the producer. Had he not bought, he
thinks the price would have been low
through the season.

C. H. Coon has been engaged in
sliipjting' poultry the past 20 years,
and lias always sold through commis-
sion houses, and has never lost a dollar
imtil this fall. Always find out whether
the liouse you ship to is "solid," and
also before you ship an article, be it
honey or anything else, find out
whether there is a demand for it. Do
not crowd the market. When honey
is wanted, ship it ; not before. He al-
ways grades his honey and keeps the
best back, has made it a point to place
some with the grocer where he trades.

Mr. McLane marketed about 2,000
pounds at 15 and 16 cents whole.sale,
when his neighbors sold at 10 and 12
cents. He took orders from sample,
and sold 48 cases in a very short time,
at the same terms at which tliey (the
dealers) bought their other goods. His
second shiiiraent was one-half larger.
Now he could not supply the demand.

I« it Best to Fill the Seclloua with
Foundation, or only Use Starters 1

Mr. N. T. Phelps always uses full
sheets in sections, because it is better

fastened on the sides ; combs stick to
the wood better. He never uses
starters unless he is short of founda-
tion, when he invariably finds the
combs not very well fastened in the
sections.

Mr. Bartlett first used a V-shaped
starter, but he believes that it is more
profitable to use full sheets. When he
used starters only, he was troubled
with queens in the sections, which he
attributed to the drone-combs being
built there by the bees at the bottom of
the starters. He had many sections
spoiled then, but none now since using
full sheets.

A vote was taken as to starters and
full sheets, two-thirds being in favor
of full sheets in sections.

Is modern Ree-Keeptng Snffloleutly

Iteniuiierative to Warrant tlio^e

\vho Aspire to tlie Iiuxuries

ol' lille. to Engage In it

as a Special jPnrsult?

Mr. Phelps — It depends upon what
are called luxuries.

I doubt about its being feasible, as
we find people in the United States.
If expenses were not too great, a per-
son might make a living at the busi-
ness.

Mr. Barrett — It depends upon the
range which we have for the bees to
gather honey in. If one could have
the whole field within a radius of
three miles, it miglit do, but as things
are, if a neighbor would see me . get-
ting lots of monej', " getting rich," as
they say, the business would soon be
overdone. As we find the circum-
stances, it will not pay to make a
specialty of the bee-business, but as it
is, the bees have paid better than any
other branch of farming. I have in-
duced neighboi's to sow Alsike clover,
which is a good yielder of honey, and
makes most excellent hay. The trouble
in bee-keeping is, to have forage
enough for the bees.

AVIiat is the Best Method ot Feeding
Bees in the Spring?

Mr. Mason — Feed the " Good "
candy over the cluster on top of the
frames under the cushion ; keep the
bees warm.

Mr. Shepard — Feed syrup at the
entrance.

Mr. Freeman — Feed syrup in a com-
mon quart fruit-can. Tie a thin cloth
over the mouth of the can, and invert
it over the cluster.

Mr. Reynolds — I like feeding on top
of the frames best, because the bees do
not become so excited as they do when
fed at the entrance, consequently less
bees are lost by flights off in the cold
air.

The convention adjourned to meet
in Franklin, in January, 1889. This
last meeting, somc^ of the oldest mem-
bers say, was one of the best and most
full of life ever held.

IOWA.

Report of the Nashua Convcn.
tioii or Bee-Keepers.

Written for the American Bee JouT^nal

The Nashua Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion held its second annual meeting at
Nashua, Iowa, on Feb. 18, 1888. The
convention was called to order at 10-
a.m., with Prcs. Tracy in the chair.

The forenoon session was devoted
to the discussion of topics of general
interest. Alsike clover was highly
recommended as a honey-plant, and
one member who had practical experi-
ence with it, said that it was superior
to other clovers for pasture and hay.

In the afternoon the following ofii-
cers were elected : President, Thos.
Tracy,of Nashua ; Vice-President, Geo.
H. Potter, of Ionia ; and Secretaiy, H.
L. Rouse, of Ionia.

The following questions and answers-
were then given :

Should bees be taken out of the cel-
lar for a cleansing flight ? No.

What amount of ventilation is best ?
Some preferred very little, and others
preferred considerable.

Is shade desirable during the sea-
son ? Yes ; but natui'al shade is the-
best, and shade boards come next.

How large an entrance should the
colony be given in early spring ? One-
fourth by 1 inch.

When is the best time to put bees ia
the cellar ? The majority favored
putting them in early in November j.
but better too early than too late.

Thirteen members reported that they
were wintering 818 colonies, and that
they obtained no honey in 1887.

Pi^sident Tracy said : " Sometimes
my bees become uneasy towards
spring, and when I would take a pan-
ful of snow, and throw a spoonful in
at the hive-entrance of each colony,
thej' would become quiet." He win-
ters his bees in the cellar. About two-
thirds of the bees represented by the.
members are being wintered in the
cellar, and the balance in chaff hives.

The convention adjourned to meet
in Nashua, on May 19, 1888, at 10 a.m.
H. L. Rouse, Sec.

CO!VVE]^TIOI\ WOXICES.

C^^" The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Associatiott
wiU hold its spring meeting on May 8, 1 8H8, at Cort-
land, N. y., at 10 a.m. All bee-keepera are invited.
W. H. BEACH. Sue.

8^* The Des Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will hold its ne.vt meeting on April 24, ins-i, at
Burlington, Iowa. JOHN NAP, Sec

E^* The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Associa^
tion will meet at the Court House in BIdora, towa,,
on the second Saturday in each month, at nooa
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. BUCHANAN, Sec.

J3ff~ The ne.xt regular meeting of the Sus-
quehanna County Bee-Keepers' Associatioa
will be held at New Miltord, Pa., on Saturday,
May 5, 1888. H. M. Seeley, Sec.

156

T'M© mmmmiQmm mmu j^^mnmi^.

COXVEIVTIOX DIRECTORY.

1888. Time ond Place oj Meeting.

Apr. 11.— Stark County, at Canton. O.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Apr. 24.— Des Moines County, at Burlington. Iowa.
John Nau. Sec, Middletown, Iowa.

May 5.— Susquehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.
H. M. Seeley. Sec, Harford, Pa.

May a— Cortland Union, at Cortland. N. Y.

W. H. Beach, Sec, Cortland, N. Y.

^W In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- Ed.

Anticipating Pavora.l>le Re-

snlts.— Eugene Secor, Forest City, Iowa,
on Feb. 37, 1888, says :

I have not "disturbed" my bees since
they were put into tlie cellar, some in Octo-
fter, iind otliers early in November. They
have been so quiet, with the cellar tempera-
ture at 3.5° to .50' (generally between 40° and
4.5°), that I have not thought it necessary to
overliaul them. There are but few dead
bees on the floor. I anticipate favorable
results.

Cellar- W^intering — Bnck-Busli.

— G. S. Prime, Arapahoe, Nebr., on Feb. 18,
1888, says :

I am much interested in the question of
light in winter for bees in tlie cellar. lam
favorably impressed with the idea.

This is the best bee and honey country
that 1 am acquainted with. I have kept
bees in Indiana and Iowa, but this is the
best for good, pure honey, the season
through. We had a good yield here the last
sea-ion, and the five years previous. Those
who have eaten our honey want no other. It
is largely from what is known here as
"buck-bush," and it is much like the
"snow-drop" that we had in our gardens
and lawns in the East. It is very abuhdant
In the low grounds on all streams where I
hav.^ ever been, that have their source in
the Rocky Mountains. I never see it on any
other places. It blooms profusely for about
three months.

I have wintered bees in the cellar for
about twenty years, and I have had no loss
■except from mice or queenle.ssness. I try
to keep the temperature down near the
freezing-point. 1 think that nearly all the
trouble in wintering bees in cellars, is in
letting them get too warm.

Cleansing' FligUts — Bee-Keep-
ers' Union.— H. M. Gates, Shideler, Ind.,
on Feb. 37, 1888, writes as follows :

Bees for the last three days have had a
grand flight. This winter has been a fine
one for bees, and in this locality there has
been no snow of any consequence, and a
■very even temperature. It has been mostly
dark days, so that bees wintered on the
suniu^er stands have had, on an average,
one or two cleansing flights per month ; this
has kept them healthy. 1 have lost no bees
•worth mentioning, and to-day they seemed
as strong as they were last September.

For want of a cellar to winter my bees in,
I packed them, by making large boxes 13
feet long and 3 feet wide, which would hold
6 colonies to the box ; I then packed clover
ch itf in between and back of I lie hives. I

have saved all except 3 nuclei that had
nothing to live on when put in. So far the
prospect for a honey crop here is good, as
the wliite and Alsike clovers are not injured
by the winter.

I have just read the editorial about the
Bee-Keepers' Union, on page 115. You will
find my membership fee enclosed with this
letter, as I feel that I would not be doing
my part. If I did not join the Union now. I
think that all bee-keepers should encourage
Mr. Z. A. Clark to press the battle to the
very gates, for if we do not stand by each
other in our rights, the day will soon come
when bee-keepers will have to advertise
that "I, or we, on a certain day, will apply
to the County Commissioners for a license
to keep bees." It appears that some people
would like to have it just about that way.

Bees are all Riglit.— Col. R. Wal-
ton, Industry, Pa., on Feb. 37, 1888, writes :

Thus far my bees are all right, except
very late swarms that issued about the latter
part of September. I had about 6 or 7
swarms in that month ; we had a nice flow
of honey about that time, my colonies were
strong in bees, and they began to swarm. I
secured only about 300 pounds of honey
from about 60 colonies of bees. I am ex-
perimenting some this winter with my bees.
None of them are packed this -.vinter, and
all are on the winter stands, with a big box
placed over them. Tlie bees flew nicely
last week, and they are all right except 3
small colonies.

Bee-Keepers are Happy. — Jacob
Oswalt, Maximo, O., on Feb. 33, 1888, writes:

I am wintering my bees in the " Falcon "
ohatf hive on tlie summer stands, and they
now seem to be in fine condition. Thev
had a grand flight today, and on examina"-
tion I find that they have all pulled through
the winter nicely, excepting two colonies.
Bees in this section of the country, as far as
heard from, are doing well, and bee-keepers
are feeling good.

Bees Mostly in Oood Condition.

— B. W. Peck, Richmond Centre, O., on
Feb. 30, 1888, writes :

I have been out in tlie apiary examining
my bees, and so far they are mostly in
good condition ; only 3 or 4 colonies having
the diarrhea. I had 8 or 10 colonies that
had only 13 to 15 pounds of honey ; I ex-
amined them to see If they need any more,
and I found they had enough to last until
April, at least, having consumed but little
iKiney. I do not believe that my loss will
exceed 10 per cent. I have just purchased
3 more colonies from a neighbor, so I now
have 47 colonies. Iwill report again in the
spring.

Disposing of Snrplns Honey. —

B. E. Foster, Utica, N. T., writes :

What Shalt we do with our surplus honey?
This is often asked, not so much this year,
as honey has been scarce in some States,
but not in New York. Comb honey can be
bought at 13 cents to-day, and extracted at
8 to 10 cents. Now how is it that honey is
as cheap as it was last year in New York ?
Below is one of the reasons, I think :

Every year the bee-men feed so much
sugar for winter stores for the bees. Now,
if honey was used instead, how much would
there be left? I would say none. But it
seems as if the bee-men had got to feed
sugar in order to keep their bees alive. This
is not true, it we do as we ought, namely,
feed nothing but honey, the loss of bees
would be very small, if this is all that makes

the bees die. I would like to ask how much
is made by extracting all the honey and
feeding back sugar syrup, it their time is
worth anything ? I think that if we want
to teed.honey, we can always get it, if we
have none. But the best way is to keep
from 100 to 300 pounds of honey over for
this purpose, and not sell the last drop.

I was pleased to read Mr. Lindle's article
on page .55, where he says that he never fed
.50 cents worth of sugar in 31 years, and for
15 years he had made bee-keeping his busi-
ness. This shows that honey is as good as
sugar. If you are afraid the honey is not
all right, just bring it to a boil, and this will
make it all right, if it came from colonies af-
fected with foul brood. Let us feed no more
sugar, but honey.

Colonies Strong and C'arrying

Pollen.— Albert Newman, Rolla, Mo., on
Feb. 33, 1888, says :

My bees carried in pollen on Feb. 30,
which is much earlier than usual. They
are as strong now as they were last fall,
notwithstanding we have had weather from
6° to 13° below zero. They are on the sum-
mer stands, protected on the east, north and
west by a bank of straw. Those, however,
who do not believe in book-learning, and
read no bee-paper, will lose heavily, not
knowing that all the bees had to be fed last
fall in this part of tlie country. I fed about
170 pounds of granulated sugar to 17 colo-
nies, and by the way they are breeding now,
I will have to feed them some more before
the honey-flow comes.

Liiglit in Bee-Cellars, etc. — S. J.

Youngman, Lakeview, Mich., on Feb. 23,
1888, writes :

I think that the article on page 106, by T.
F. Bingham, giving his experience with
wintering bees, is the most intensely inter-
esting article published in the Bee Jour-
nal since I have been one of its readers.
Has it ever been given to the public before?
I, for one, would like to know more of the
details, especially of the transferring by
lamp-light in midwinter. If those bees
winter well, surely disturbance in winter is
not disastrous to bees.

According to Mr. B's article on page 117,
the Southern wintering question was surely
given a good trial ; but could not the un-
sealed brood have been saved by giving
water to the bees, while en route ? Or could
not the transit have been hastened by send-
ing the bees by express ? Cannot Mr.
Bingham be prevailed upon to give us
another article on these subjects ?

Carrying in Pollen — Honey-

Plants— W.M. Hess, Conway, Ark., on

Feb. 15, 1888, says :

My 10 colonies of bees are wintering well.
Yesterday they carried in pollen tor the
first time this year. In 1887 they carried in
the first pollen on Feb. 7, and the last on
Oct. 16, and just got enough for a living. I
had but one natural swarm, and it issued
on July 13. Our bees generally swarm in
May, but sometimes in April.

Our main honey-plants are sumac, rag-
weed, black-gum, cotton, hore-hound, wil-
low, persimmon, and boneset. There is not
much buckwheat sown, and no clover.
Clover thrives well here, but the trouble is
to get it started on account of the grip-
grass, but if once started, it will remain
until it is killed out. Sumac is a good
honey-producer, and of good flavor, but it
gets sour before it is ripe. My bees nearly
filled all the section-cases, and before they
had it half capped over, it turned sour and
run down through the brood-frames, so that
t'le bees all left the inside and hung around

Tmm ^MB^MicMH mmw j&vimMML,.

15T

^m^^kAmkAt

fc»^A^» J

the outside of the hive or on the ground.
The lionej; was as thin as water when they
gathered it, and I had a great deal of
trouble. I did not Icnow what 1 should do
with all this sour honey. Of course I tooli
It off, and put it in the smoke-house. There
was some bees in the section-case yet, and
I left the hive open about 2 inches, so that
all the bees could come out.

We have had no cold weather this win-
ter, the coldest being 10° above zero. My
bees have had flights for a week. I look
for a good honey season this year. There
are no Italian bees in this locality. I sent
for an Italian queen last June, and I found
the Italians far ahead ot the black bees. I
use the Langstroth hive, 16 inches long, 12
inches wide, and 11 inches deep, Inside
measure.

Results of 1887— AlsiJke Clover.

— D. L. Campbell, Royal Oak, Mich., on
Feb. 24, 1888, writes :

Last year I think was the poorest that I
have experienced in my 18 years of keeping
bees. I started with 100 colonies last sea-
son, and they got a good start in the spring
on elm, maple and willows. They com-
menced to swarm in May, and increased to
210 colonies. They stored about 2,000 pounds
of surplus extracted honey, and 500 pounds
of comb honey, with an abundance for
winter, which is a better showing than
most bee-keepers had for last year.

IsowAlsike clover and furnish seed to
my neighbors ; I think that is one of the
best lioney-plants we have. It also makes
the best of hay. I do not think that it will
pay to raise any plant for honey alone,
although I sowed some Chapman honey-
plant .seed last year, and I think tliat the
same plant grows wild on new land in this
locality.

I am wintering 125 colonies in ttie cellar,
and they seem to be all right so far. I also
have 73 colonies in chaff hives, and these
had a nice, cleansing flight on Feb. 22 and
Feb. 23, which they needed very badly, as
they had not flown for over two months. 1
believe there will be serious loss among bees
that are not protected, as I hear of quite a
number already.

Stvarming' — Peeding Bees. — A.E.
Maley, Auburn, Nebr., on Feb. 20, 1888,
writes :

The weather is very changeable here.
The bees have had a flight every few days.
A swarm issued for me on Feb. 17, and
after re-hiving them four times, I had to
take a new hive with fresh combs, and
drive them in with smoke. The weather
since then has been damp and rainy. There
has been about 14 inches of snow so far this
winter, and it is all melted and soaked into
the ground. We have a good prospect of an
early spring, and a good season. I had
some colonies that had to be fed in January,
and I filled some empty combs with sugar
syrup, and gave it to them, and they are
now doing well. This is a much better way
than to feed sugar candy.

Early and Absconding Swarms.

— Wm. Irwin, Columbus Grove, O., on Feb.
20, 18S8, writes :

I commenced the season of 1887 with 7
colonies of bees ; one was robbed, and the
other 6 were in fair condition. I increased
them to 22 colonies by natural swarming,
and obtained 82 pounds of honey in one-
pound sections. My bees are Italians and
hybrids.

On page 472 of the Amehican Bee Jouit-
N.^i. for 1887, Mr. Willis M. Barnum says
that he had an extra large swarm one morn-
ing at exactly 7:30 o'clock; and then says.

" Who can beat that ?" I can. I had a
swarm on June 17, at 6:25 in the morning,
and another at 7: 10 a.m. They were prime
swarms. I had a large second .swarm that
was bound to go to the woods. It issued on
June 14, and returned to the parent hive.
On June 15 it came out again, went about
40 rods, and then returned to the hive
whence it came. On June 16 it started off
again, and went Jf mile. X "belled " them
every time they went off, and they became
disorganized and came back. On June 17
they came out again, and went high up ou a
tree, less than half a mile away.

I winter my bees on the summer stands,
on from 4 to 6 frames, packed in wheat
chaff and forest leaves. They had good
flights on Feb. 12 and Feb. 13, and seem to
be wintering well.

Bees did IVell in 1887.— A. C.

Loomis, Grand Rapids, Mich., on Feb. 28,
1888, says :

My bees did well last year. I increased
them from 4 colonies to 8 colonies, and ob-
tained 350 pounds of comb houey.

I^angstrotli Hives — Hiiglit Cel-
lars.— H. S. Ball, Granby, Quebec, on Feb.
13, 1388, writes :

The best hive for this northern country,
and I think for any other country, is the
Langstroth hive. It is the best for winter-
ing, and it exceeds any other that we have
in this country for summer use. I have
used them for ten years, and have never lost
a single colony from any cause in wintering.
I knew of one case where a man lost 190
colonies in what he called the Jones hive,
and not one colony that was in a Lang-
stroth hive. All were in the same cellar.
I have used five or six different kinds of
hives, and I say, give Langstroth the medal!
Can bees be wintered in a light cellar ?

[Yes ; read the article on page 106, on this
subject.— Ed.]

Bees Breeding Early. — H. G.

Frame, North Manchester, Ind., on Feb. 23,
1888, says :

My bees had their first flight last Satur-
day, the first since Sunday, Dec. 4, 1887,
lacking just one day of eleven weeks' con-
finement, aud nearly five weeks longer than
last winter. My bees are wintering nicely
so far, on the summer stands. My method
of packing in the spring differs from nearly
all the methods that I have ever read ot. I
examined several colonies to-day, and I
found that some have capped brood, some
have larvie, and some have nothing but
eggs. Nearly every colony carried in more
or less pollen to-day. I believe that we will
have an early spring.

Xlie Season in Texas.— B. F. Car-
roll, Blooming Grove, Tex., on Feb. 16, 1888,
writes :

The season of 1887 in Texas will long be
remembered ; we had 5 inches of rain from
Jan. 1 to Aug. 28. We had Ififo inches at
one time ; from Aug. 38 to Nov. 8, 5 inches
more, 8 inches in November, and about 10
inches up to this date. We have had 10
inches ot snow, and the mercury 2° below
zero here, and 18° below in northwest Texas.
Bees began bringing in pollen on Feb. 8,
ten days later than last year ; and now the
mercury is at 32° Fahr., with a prospect ot
a lower temperature before morning. The
mint is up in the best stand since 1882, and
the bee-men look for another grand honey
crop. 1 have lost 40 per cent, of my bees,

and I am feeding the 25 colonies left, with a
view of an increase to 75 colonies ; as I have
good combs in 40 two-story Simplicity hives.
Six years ago there were within five miles
of my place 1,000 colonies of bees ; novr
there are about 200. I have plenty of
room now.

The old Ameuican Bee Jouknal grows
younger, puts on a brand new dress, and
goes out to be admired by all who take a
peep at its new face.

Honey and Bees\rax market.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.— We quote : Choice white 2-lb. sectlong,
I7@l8c.; dark 2-lbB. 14@lfjc.; choicewhite l-lbs., 18 ta
20ct8.. dark 1-lbB., ISOlBc. White extracted, 7@8o.;
dark. 5@6c. Demand is alow. White extracted ia
firm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BBBSWAX.-21 to 22c.
Feb. 29. HAMBLIN & BBARSS, 514 Walnut Bt.

NEW YORK.
HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white In 1-lb. sec-
tions, 15@]8c.; the same In 2-Ib8., 13@15c.; buck,
wheat r-lbs., I10I2C.; 2-lb8., 10®110. Off grades
l@2c. per lb. less. White extracted, 8®9c.; dark^
5!^i@Bc. Market dull.
BEB8W A X.— 22(l!)23c.

MCCAUL St. HILDRBTH BROS.,
Feb. 21. 28 & SO W. Broadway, near Duane Sli.

CINCINNATI.

HONBY.— We quote extracted at 4®9c. per lb.
Choice comb, lfi@2(ic., in the Jobbing way. De-
mand fair and supply good.

BBKSWAX.— Demand is good-20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Feb. 20. C. F. MDTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

BOSTON.

HONBY.— We quote: 1-Ib. sections, ifiOiTc; 2-
Ib. sections, 14@ 18c. Extracted, 8@9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEES W AX.-25 ots. per lb.

Feb. 24. BLAKK & KIPLST, 57 Cbattasm Street.

DENVER.
HONEY.— Best white 1-Ib. sections, 19020c. i 2-lb.
sections. I6@i8c. Extracted, 8@10c.
BBESWAX.-2n®_'3c.
Feb. 18. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote: White to extra, 15®18o.s
amber, 13@16c. Extracted, white liquid. 7@7^c.;
amber and candied, nii.(ae!.^c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.- 20@2-lc.

Feb. 18. SCHACHT & LBMCKB. 122-124 Davis St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.- Bestwhite in 1-pound sections. 17@ 19c.
Extracted, 9@10c. for light colored. Market weaker
and supply only fair.

BBB8WAX.— 22®23c.

Feb. 17. M. H. HUNT, BeU Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONE Y.— Prices range from 16®18e. for best one.
lb. sections; 2-lb8. or about. I4@l5c. Dark is slow of
sale, with no steady price. Extracted moving slowly.
OlTeriTigs of all kinds are large. Demand better.

BBKSWAX,— 22@230. R. A. BURNETT.

Feb. 16. 161 South Water St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONE Y.— We quote: White l-lbs., glassed, i6@17oj
unglassed, i7@1H(;.: anddurk l-lbs.. glassed, 15c.: un.
glassed, 16c.; white 2-lbs.. glassed, 16c.,; unglassed 2-
Ibs., 17c. California wllite 2-lbB.. 17c. Calii'ornia ex.
tracted in 60-lb. cans, 8c. Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BEESWAX.-No. 1, 20c. i No. 2, 180.
Feb. 9. CLEM0N8. C1.00N & CO., cor «h &Walnut,

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections. 18®i9c.:
2-lbs.. 15®16c.; 3-lbs.. 14®1.5c. Dark and broken not
quotable. Extracted, white in kegs and tin, y®9Hc.:
)^-barrela and barrels. H".t.®9c.; dark and mixed ia
same. 6(!^7c. Market slow ; better demand expected.

BEBSWAX.-22®2.')C.

Feb. 2. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water Bt.

Apiary Kogislcr.— All who intend to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
should get a copy of the Apiary Register and
begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For SOcolomea (120 pages) fl 00

" 100 colonies (220 pages) 125

'• 200 colonies (420 pages) 1 50

158

'THE? MMBKICMIf mMM JO^RKMEr.

AI.FRED H. NETTVIAIV,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

hxsmt5s ^^ticts.

If Yon I>iTe near one post-office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production lias been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

]\ew Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 18S7 and 1888, for SI. 75, while
there are any sets of 1887 left.

Beesff^ax. — We will pay SO cents per

pound, delivered here, for Yellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, the name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

I»resei-\-e Yoni" Papers for future
reference. If you have no mi\l>EIt we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or yoxi can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Jourjtai.,

Please -t^Tite American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to tliis office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a eouunission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Bloney Orders for $5.00 and mider,
cost 5 cents. As these are absolutely safe,
it will pay to get them instead of the Postal
Notes which are payable to any one who
presents them.

Clover Seerts. — We are selling Alslke
Clover Seed at the following prices : .^8.00
per bushel; S3.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : .^ 10.00 per bushel; $3.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, orMelilot,
Clover Seed: $0.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Miotograplis ot Bec-Meepers.—

The " medley " Rotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it /?-cc, by
mail, to any one, for a club of tlu'ee subscri-
bers and $3.00.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

It is Extravagrant Economy not

to have hives, sections, comb foundation,
etc., on hand when needed. To prevent
disappointment, order early what you will
need in that line. Then the hives can be
nailed and painted in odd times, and the
sections put together, so as to be ready at a
minute's notice. It is a sad disappointment
to need these things and then not have
them on hand. They should be ordered
very soon. We are promised an early
spring, and a good honey crop.

Give a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

I>ook Over last year's numbers of the
Bee Jouenal, and if any are missing,
send for them at once, as we have but few
left now, and they are daily becoming less.

A Pocket I>ictionary will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with $3.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to tlie spellmg of words, and to
determine their meaning.

Yucca Briislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents e^ch, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents,; 4 ounces, $1 ; Jj pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, If properly
thinned out and re-set.

■We Clnb the American Bee Jotiknai,
and the " Bee-Keepers' Magazine " for one
year for $1.40 ; or with " Gleanings in Bee-
Culture " for $1.75 ; or with the "Apicul-
turist " for $1.80 ; or the " Canadian Honey-
Producer " for $1.30 ; with the Bee-Keepers'
Keview, $1.40 ; or all six for $4.00.

Retl Eabels ftor Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2 25

nOOLabelB 2.00 .'J.OO 3.50

l.OOOLabels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«®- Samples mailed free, upon application.

Please to get your ]\ei;^liboi-,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

A Motlern Bee-Farm, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

If you Eosc Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

gtduertiscmeuts.

BEES,'

-ITAIilANS — PURE

Good in every reaped. Cheap,

for the Quality. Address,

I A. V. aovi.0,

lOAlt /KTDGEVILLK, IroquoisCcILL.
Mention the American Bee JoumaX.

SMITH & SMITH

We have one of the largest

Bee-Hive Factories in tlie World.

1l^~ If you are interested in BEES, send for
our Pnce-Llst— Free. Good Goods, and fair
Prices. Address, SmiTH Ac SITIITH,

lOEtf KENTON, Hardin Co., O.

idenMonthe American Uce Journal.

THOMAS G. NEWMAN & SON,

WHOLESALE & RETAIL

SUPPLIES for BEE-KEEPERS

ALSO DEALERS IN

HOXEY and BEESWAX,

923 & 925 West Uadison St., CHICAGO, ILL.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, vrliolesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

G. B. LEWIS & GO.

WE make the beet Bee - Hives, the best
Sections, the best Shipping - Crates, the
best Frames, etc., etc.
i^~ We sell them at the Lowest Prices.—
Write for free Illustrated Catalogue.

G. B. LEJATVIS &c CO.,
37Atf WATEETOWN. WIS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

MINNESOTA AHEAD!

WE are selling- 100 All-'Wood Liangs-
IrotU Brood-Frames for $1.00; and
Lanestroth HIVES, with Supers, for 55 cts.

t^~ Don't order your Supplies for 1888
until you see our Circular.

■V^nvi. H. BI^IGHT,

lOAtf MAZEPPA, MINNESOTA.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

FOR Quality and Price these SECTIONS
have no equal. Send for Prloe-Llst, retail
and wl'olesale ; also of Wood Separators,
Foundation, Cases, etc* Address as in t>he
Cut ab(we. 7A4t

Mention the Americaii Bee Journal.

2-Slory Langstroth Hive, 80c.

WE still have a few of those Two-Story
Langstrotli HIVES with 10 Brood-
Frames, at 80 cents.

Who wants them? Speak Quick, or It will
be too late. Address,

lOEtf KENTON, Hardin Co., OHIO.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Tmm, MiyiBRiGMM. mmm j©^RH.Mir.

163

THOMAS G. MEM JIAN,

EDITOR.

VoiniV, MarcH U 1888. No, 11.

ITIaiiiiua aud I were looking o'er
The last bee-papera for bee-lore.
Our three-yeared " pet " was busy too,
Removing wrappers from a few.

New costumed A. B. J. she spied ;
Then, " Oh ! new picture I see 1" she cried.
Then paused— then, with admiring glee,
"A nice big ' pungkun 1' Mamma, see."

—Oliver Foster.

WcfM in Cellars should be allowed to
remain there until settled warm weather.
We often think of an apt remark made by
Dr. Miller to us some years ago. It was
this : " I never regretted letting my bees
remain in the cellar too long, but I have
often regretted taking them out too soon."
Let all take the hint. Do not be in any
hurry to take them out on the first fine day!
Wait!

Fastening' Foiindsition in Sec-
tions.—Mr. G. W. Cole has sent us some
samples of the work done by his machine—
the temperature being 40° and 46= in the
room where it was done— the rapidity being
S and 10 in a minute. He says the tempera-
ture should be from 60° to 90° to have the
best results. The work is well done, aud
at the higher temperature (46°) it is perfect.

CaiKliecI Honey in Combs, etc. —

11. V. S. Stout, Dover, Del., on March 3,
1888, writes :

I have a very few sections and combs in
which the honey has candied. How can I
get them cleaned up for use the coming
season ? Bees are wintering well. The
weather has been mild, and queens are lay-
iug freely.

Give the candied honey in the sections
and combs to the bees. They will clean
them up.

Canlliering' Hie Statist ios.— Some
names have been received at this oflice of
those who would be willing to act as cor-
respondents for the gathering of statistics
by the Goverinnent, but nothing like the
number required, or even an apology for
such number. Some approve the plan, and
others do not. It is quite evident to us that
no plan already mentioned will be accepta-
ble to all, aud, further, that there is much
apathy in reference to the matter among
bee-keepers. Perhaps they do not want it
known what they are doing, and take a
more selfish view of the affair. Here is a
letter from E. France, of Platteville, Wis.,
who does not like tlie method we proposed,
of gaining the information through the
assessors :

It is stated on page 131, that the best and
surest way to obtain statistics of the bee-
industry, "is to have questions in the asses-
sors' blanks to be answered. That plan
would not suit the average bee-keeper. Per-
haps not one-fourth of the bees in the coun-
try are now taxed, and if the assessors took
down the number of colonies of be6S,honey,
etc., lie, of course, would have to set some
value on the property, and levy taxes on the
same, 1 do not know how to get the statis-
tics ; but I am satisfied that the assessor
would not get one-half of the information,
and wliat he did get, would not be worth
very much.

That is right, let the matter be discussed
freely, and all the points of interest brought
before the readers of bee-literature. It is
not so difficult to say what ivill not do, as it
is to point out a successful method, which
will give universal satisfaction. We are
anxiously awaiting the advent of the person
who will say, " Behold I show you |a more
excellent way," and who can prove the
assertion satisfactorily.

Uadly Stnug' Mr. G. B. OIney, of

Atlantic, Iowa, on March 2, 1888, sends us
the following item from the Cumberland,
Iowa, Current :

We see by an article in the Democrat that
the Messenger has succeeded in running
against the red-hot end of the American
Bee JornNAi,. It does, or should feel the
sting of the contact.

Mr. Olney remarks that there is a general
interest arising in that community about
bee-keeping, and that in consequence there
will be many from Atlantic who will attend
the Bee-Keepers' Convention at Red Oak
this week. He adds :

The article from flie American Bee
Journal of Dec. 31, 1887, is going the
rounds, and I am glad to meet so many with
a pleasant smile (raised to about 90° in the
shade). That "dose of poison" article is
stinging the Mcsscmjer thoroughly on all
sides. Having no shield to ward off the
thrusts, it is compelled to quietly take all
that comes, without the slightest resistance.

A Frame lUfter is sent to our Mu-
seum by Mr. B. E. Foster, Utica, N. T. It
consists of two bent wires as handles, oper-
erating two " nippers" at the ends of the
wires, which hold tlie frame, and it will
answer the purpose very well. It is placed
in the Museum.

Cliange lo Coliimbns, O We

think that the expediency of changing the
place lor holding the North American Bee-
Keepers' Convention is quit;e apparent. The
Grand Army of tlie Republic will hold a
Reunion at Columbus, 0., during the Cen-
tennial celebration at that city, and these
two attractions alone will call for cheap
transportation— probably one-lifth of the
usual fare. This item is usually the largest
one for bee-keepers who attend conven-
tions—especially the International. We un-
derstand that this matter is now before the
executive committee, and the change from
Toledo to Columbus should be made witli-
out the least hesitation or delay. All the
" expressions " sent to this office but two,
are in favor of the change to Columbus—
and not one has been received which favored
its being held in Toledo ! Two State con-
ventions have passed resolutions favoring
the change to Columbus, and have elected
delegates to attend that convention. Let
the change be made and announced at onpe,
so that all arrangements may be made for a
rousing meeting.

Queens from tlie Sontli.— L. B.

Graves, of Nineveh, Ind., asks the follow-
ing questions :

1. Would it be practicable lo send South
for an early queen, say April or early in
May, to Italianize ray .5 colonies of bees ?

3. Would tliey be as hardy as queens
reared in the northern States ?

3. Are Albinos a desirable strain of bees ?

4. What is the general opinion of the
Carniolans ? Please answer through the
Bee Joubnal.

As there are many who have made similar
inquiries to the above, we will reply for the
benefit of all.

1. Yes ; but it should not be shipped .until
the weather is settled and reasonably warm.

3. Yes ; equally so.

3. Yes ; if they have as good working
qualities as their plumage.

4. They are hardy, and generally liked.

Be "%Vise and Be Happy.— This is

the title of a circular sent to us by W.R. G.,
Greenville, Texas. It purports to be sent
out from Chicago, and he wanted us to in-
vestigate the source. It is another of the
many frauds operating through the United
States mails. It wants the "dupes" to
send a sum of money for a book entitled
"Secrets of Bee-Keeping," which promises
all kinds of impossible things, among the
latter, it proposes to teach the buyers of the
book how to get " from 300 to 600 pounds of
honey from every colony.

We sent the money to the address named
for a copy of the book. It was a boarding
house ; the person named had a small room
there, but did his business only through the
mail, said the keeper of the house, and she
added, " He is not in through the day." The
way to be wise is not to send money to such
unknown persons. All the books of any
value on the pursuit of bee-keeping can be
obtained at tiiis office without risk, at the
publishers' prices.

164

T'H® MMM'MIC'MIf Mmm J©^Kf*SI<.

Honey for Aiialyzation. — Mr. J.

R. Bostwick, of New Milford, Conn., has
sent us a copy of the Gazette, which states
tliat he has supplied some honey to be ana-
lyzed from which a standard for the State
will be made. He evidently has a double
end in view, for with such a " State stan-
dard" derived from an analysis of his
honey, he has a secure field for all the honey
he can produce. The Gazette says :

On Jan. 27, H. L. Jeffrey packed at the
residence of J. R. Bostwick a few samples
of honey to be sent to the Connecticut Ex-
periment Station to be analyzed, and the
analysis to be used as a standard. Mr. Jef-
frey, a few days before, had been requested
by letter from the Station, to send some
samples of liquid and comb honey known to
be the straight article, for analysis.

When Mr. Jeffrey was sorting out and
finishing up the crop of Mr. Bostwick's
honey last October, he selected two one-
qu<trt jars full, with the intention of placing
them in the hands of the State Board. One
of the jars was taken to Hartford when the
Agricultural Board met, the other went to
the Experiment Station in the case of sam-
ples. In the same case was a sample of the
same lot of honey equal in every way ex-
cept that it had been exposed to the cold
weather, and had become as hard as any
sample of butter, but it was not frozen.
This peculiar quality possessed by honey,
to become hard at a temperature below 5U%
and its peculiar appearance iu that state, is
as sure a test of purity as is any chemical
analysis.

A 5 per cent, adulteration, or even an ad-
dition of water, is very plainly seen, as it
leaves quite an amount of liquid among the
granules of the sugars which the pure honey
as it is gathered from the flowers is com-
posed of. Honey that is not properly ripened
IS easily detected even by a person not an
expert. Many look upon granulated or
solidified honey with suspicion, and yet the
fact is that the harder the honey the purer
it is.

In the case sent to the Experiment Station
were two samples of comb honey ; one from
the basswood bloom, usually sold by the
misnomer of white clover, and the other was
gathered from fall flowers and the juices of
fruit. Both were rich and heavy in quality,
though lacking in tempting appearance.
Mr. Bostwick had about 13 gallons of this
quality of extracted honey, and quite a
crop of comb honey.

Euoalyptii!^ Honey.— In the Oak-
land, Calif., Enquirer for the 9th ult., Mr,
W. A. Pryal makes these remarks about
eucalyptus honey :

All along the foothills near Oakland bees
do well, and annually store a good supply
of as luscious honey as one could well de-
sire to eat. The honey gathered during the
winter months may be said to be collected
exclusively from the flowers of eucalyptus
trees, and is of a dark color, and very thick.
This honey is said to possess medicinal
properties. The clearest and most delicious
honey is stored during the latter part of
May,"and all through June.

Bees were first brought to this county in
ttje fifties, long before they were introduced
to the now famous honey regions of the
State.

A SMs:ai--I»ro«lMCins' Tree. — Mr.

Lewis Proxmire, of Mt. Union, Pa., sends
us the following from the Grocers' Criterion,
for publication in the Bee Jouknai, :

A report comes from the East which is of
great importance, if true. It is that there
has been discovered in British India a blos-
som of such saccharine properties tliat it is
destined to revolutionize the sugar business
of the world. It is the flower of the mahwa,
or moola, a tree of large size,whioh abounds
in the southern portion of Hindostan. This
blossom has a sweet taste, and yields one-
half its weight in sugar. The Hindoos have
for a long period been accustomed to extract
a syrup from the mahwa's flowers but in the
most primitive fashion, without attempting
to develop a process. The tree, it is stated,
demands neither care nor cultivation. It
produces annually a thousand pounds (?) of
blossoms, which it sheds during the night.
The saccharine matter is also serviceable
for a spirituous liquor, and for an oil which
may be used for both lighting and food. If
this wonderful report is correct, it may be
seen at a glance what a disastrous competi-
tion the mahwa is likely to make with ex-
isting sugar industries.

The best West India plantations produce
400 pounds per aspent (IM acres), and the
French and German sugar beet farms do
not equal this amount. But it is claimed
that the blossoms of five mahwa trees will
yield the same amount, a statement not con-
sistent with the reported weight of the
bloom, which, however, must be an error.
From 200 to 250 trees can be grown upon an
aspent from which it results that the crop
of sugar will be from 40 to .50 times greater
per acre of land than that of the sugar cane.
The English-speaking Hindoo press is
already urging the Government to take
steps for making this new sugar industry a
monopoly as far as possible.

We know nothing more of this tree than
is stated in the article.

Scatter tlic I>eafflets.— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

l>r. A. B. Mason has been appointed
superintendent of the Apiarian Department
of the Ohio Centennial Exposition, to be
held at Columbus next fall. The Director
General says that a suitable building will be
provided for the Bee-Department, and that
the superientendent shall have "full
swing." The Doctor writes us as follows
concerning the arrangements contemplated:

I have thought of having an octagonal
building erected, with a fine large pyramid
of comb and extracted honey in the centre,
so made as to constantly, but slowly revolve
with other pyramids, and different kinds of
arrangements on the sides, all enclosed with
bee-proof (and thief proof) wire cloth, and
all the light to be admitted through the
roof.

Suitable premiums will be awarded, and
it the North American Bee-Keepers' Con-
vention should mefft at ColuniDus, there
would be no trouble in getting the best
judges in the country to award the
premiums.

Frencli Hook.— From our friend and
co-laborer Mr. Ed. Bertrand, Nyon, Switzer-
land, comes a new bee-book in the French
language. It is a guide for the apiarist for
each month of the year. It contains 150
pages, and is illustrated. Mr. Bertrand is
one of the most progressive and practical
apiarists of Europe, and his book is full of
valuable suggestions concerning the proper
management of bees. Its cost after paying
transportation and postage is about 80 cents.

Bee-Cellars. — Mr. A. Bridges, of
Ontario, gives this description of his prep-
aration of his bee-cellar for the prdsent
winter :

I boarded the walls of my cellar with
rough boards, leaving a small space between
the stone walls and the boards, then I lined
the board walls with building paper, and
laid a board floqr on the bottom of thwcel-
lar, leaving a 2-iiich space between the bot-
tom and the floor. This makes the cellar
very dry and warm ; no frost can possibly
get in.

Xlie Farmei-!!i' and Uee-Keep-
ers' Association of Newaygo County,
Mich., was held at Fremont, on Feb. 9 and
10, 1888, and new By-Laws adopted. The
Glee Club rendered some excellent music,
and a banquet was spread at the St. Charles
Hotel, of which about 70 partook. Mr. Geo.
E. Hilton was re-elected Secretary-Treas-
urer. Mr. W. E. Gould read an essay on
" Practical Bee-Keeping," which was very
interesting. "Relative benefits of apicul-
ture, agriculture and horticulture," by Geo.
E. Hilton, and a talk about " The Clover,"
by A. M. Alton, closed the exercises.

T^cvr Catalog-ues for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

Frank A. Eaton, Bluffton, 0.-13 pages-
Eaton's Specialties.

Nixon Nozzle and Machine Co., Dayton,
O.— 20 pages— Spraying Machinery.

Wra. H. Bright, Mazeppa,Minn.— 24 pages
— Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

Smith & Smith, Kenton, 0.-34 pages —
Implements in Bee-Cnlture.

G. M. Doolittle, Borodino, N. Y. — 4 pages
—Italian Bees and Queens.

H. P. Langdon, East Constable, N. Y.— 4
pages— Bees and Queens.

Thomas B. Blow, Welwyn, Herts, Eng-
land—04 pages— Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

W. E. Gould, Fremont, Mich.— 13 pages-
Bees, Queens, and Apiarian Supplies.

COIWEI^XIOM NOTICES.

BrF" The Wabash County Bee-Keepers' Association
will meet at North Manchester, Ind.. on April 10,
1888. F. S. COMSTOCK, Sec.

B^" The Eastern Indiana Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will hold its sprin? meeting on Saturday, April
21, 1888, at Richmond, Ind. M. G. REYNOLDS, Sec.

^;W The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Association
will hold its spring meetioe on Mays. 18S8, at Cortr
land, N. v., at 10a.ui. All oee-keepers are invited.
W. H. BEACH, Sec.

5^" The Des Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will hold its next meeting on April 24. 1888, at
Burlington, Iowa. John NAu, Sec

^W The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Associa.
tion will meet at the Court Mouse in BIdora, xowa,
on the second Saturday in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. BUCHANAN, Sec

The next regriilar meeting of the Sus-
quehanna County Bee-Keepers Association
will be held at New Milford, Pa., on Saturday,
May 5, 1888. H. M. Seeley, Sec.

t^^ The tenth annual meeting of the Texas State
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at the bee-
yards of Vice-President W. R. Graham, in Green-
viUe. Hunt Co.. Texas, on May 2 and 3, 1888. A
leading feature of the convention will be criticisms
upon subjects that have been mentioned in the bee-
papers. A good lime is expected, so let all 'rexas
and Arkansas bee-keepers attend. A cordial invi-
tation IB extended to all bee-keepers wheresoever
dispersed. Remember, no hotel bills to pay at our
conventions ! B. F. CARROLL, Sec.

1 HEJ KMERICajNK BE© J©WKS«IMX^.

165

COI\VE.\TIO.\ DIRECTOUY.

1888. Time and Place of Meetlno.

Apr. U.— Stark County, at Canton, O.

Mark Thomson, Sec. Canton, O.

Apr. 21.— Eastern Indiana, at Richmond, Ind.

M. U. Keynulds, Sec, Williamsburg, Ind.

Apr. 24.— Des Moines County, at Burlington, Iowa.
John Nau, Sec, Middletown, Iowa.

May 2, 3.— Texas State, at Greenville. Tex.

B. F. Carroll, Sec, Blooming Grove, Tex.

May 5.— Susquehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.
H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

May 7.— Welland County, at Welland, Ont.

J. F. Dunn, Sec, Ridgeway, Ont.

May 8.— Cortland Union, at Cortland. N. Y.

W. H. Beach, Sec, Cortland, N. Y.

May 19.— Nashua, at Nashua. Iowa.

H. L. Rouse. Sec. Ionia. Iowa.

Aug. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark. Sec. Denver, Colo.

ZW In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Ed.

Bees in Fine Condilioii.— CalviD

Boyd, Petrolea, Ont., on March 3, 1888, says:

I commenced the season of 1887 with 20
colonies, increased them to 37 colonies, and
toolc 1,500 pounds of extracted lioney, and
100 pounds ot comb honey. 1 doubled up
my colonies to 27 colonies last fall. I fed
400 pounds of sugar syrup, and packed them
tor winter on the summer stands. They
had their first flight on Feb. 34, the first
since the middle of November ; they appear
to be in fine condition- All the bees in this
locality appear to be wintering well.

Hotv to Fasten Fonnclation. —

M. M. Cram, Mankato, Minn., writes thus :

My method of fastening foundation in
sections, is as follows : By means of a
blade fastened to a lever, I split the section
before it is folded, from one of the ends to
the first V-groove ; then spreading the parts
sufficiently, 1 insert the edge of the piece
of foundation, of whatever size I wish to
use, into the crack so made ; then folding
the section, the dovetailed parts hold the
foundation between the parts of the split
end as in a vice. Of course, with sections
having bee-spaces only above and below,
the riglit end must be split ; that is, the end
having the bee-spaces in it. By using a
suitable gauge, the section is split exactly
in the centre.

Packlna;- Itees for ^Vinter.— L. C.

Seabright, Blaine, O., on Feb. 29, 1888, says:

Mr. Jno. A. Buchanan, on page 100, asks
me to fix things up so as to help me out
with my " pet theory," as he chooses to
term the plan pursued by hundreds of prac-
tical apiarists in regard to chaff packing. I
have tried other modes of wintering my
bees, but none so successful as packing
them on the summer stands. Admitting
that, 1 commenced last season with B3 colo-
nies, only receiving 60 pounds of honey.
Would Mr. B. say that had I wintered niy
bees in single-walled hives, with nothing
but a cushion on top of the frames, as Mr.
Lewedag had done, I would have secured a
good crop of honey ? Well, Mr. Lewedag
has broken over the line, for he is wintering
only 2 colonies a la Buchanan theory. 1 do
not think that it is the fault of the liive, the

hei s or my nianagemeiit, that 1 gut^o honey
to.>pcak of.

Last week we had beautiful, spring-like
weather, and yesterday morning the mer-
cury was down to fi' above zero. It is dur-
ing such sudden changes in the latter part
of the winter and commencement of spring,
that I most appreciate chaff-packing.

^Vintering' 'Well — Introduoing-

Queens.— Edmund R. BuUer, Campbell-
ford, Ont., on March 2, 1888, writes :

Bees are wintering well in this locality,
and those in the cellar, from present ap-
pearances, are likely to come through all
right, although we have had weather 30° be-
low zero at times. One of my bee-houses,
built in the side of a hill, and covered with
cedar and earth, contains 50 colonies which
seem to be doing remarkably well, with a
steady temperature of 43°.

I wish .some correspondent would give
directions on how to successfully introduce
virgin queens to strong colonies. I have
tried it, and always have failed.

Moving' Bees.— W. L. Ginter,McCaIls-
burg, Iowa, on March 5, 1888, says :

I commenced last spring with 9 colonies,
increased them to 18, by natural swarming,
and obtained about 20 lbs. of comb honey
from mustard, of winch there is a plenty in
this neighborhood. 1 am nine miles from
any basswood, and there is but very little
white clover here \et, but it is getting
thicker every year. I winter my bees in
the cellar, and I have to move about a mile
this spring. Had 1 better let the bees have
a flight before moving them ? or shall I
move them and then let them out ?

[When taken from the cellar, put tliem
where they are to stay, and let them mark
their location, and enjoy a flight at the same
time.— Ed.]

Marketing' Honey.— Chas. H. Van
Vechten, of Victor, N. Y., says :

The greatest market is for nice white
clover honey, which is put up in the nice,
1'4' pound sections. I canvassed a whole
city over two different times, and I cannot
sell 1,.500 pounds in that city. But, hold on ;
one person said he could give 10 cents per
pound ; that he had written to several
parties in New York, and he could not get
such prices as are quoted in the bee-papers.
I notice that in San Francisco they quote
honey at 19 cents for the best in one-pound
sections. There must a big mistake some-
where ; for in a warm climate as that to
keep bees, and being easy to winter, you
find California honey in all the Eastern
markets : and then see the quotations above
New York, and other markets. There lias
not been a pound of honey sold here for less
than 14 cents, and that was early in the sea-
son. Bee-keepers should never wait until
this time of the year to sell honey. That is
where the trouble is.

Feeling: Kno«nirage«l*— Honey-
Boards.— Wm. Lossing, Hokah, Minn.,
on Feb. 14, 1888, writes :

I put 196 colonies in a winter cave in good
condition, and they seem to be all right now.
The last season was a poor one for lioney in
this part of Minnesota. There was no
white clover, and very little basswood ; but
there was plenty of t'all honey to fill up the
hives for winter. My hives were never
heavier than they were last fall. I am look-
ing for a better time for bee-keepers, for the
reason that poor crops connected with low

prices have discouraged a great many be-
ginners, besides inducing some ot the older
ones to go ont of the business. I have kept
bees for 13 years, and never felt more en-
couraged. 1 had about 1,.500 pounds of ex-
tracted honey, which I sold readily for cash
at a good price.

Please answer the following : 1. Which
kind of a queen-excluding honey-board is
the best, all things considered? 2. Does
perforated-zinc give perfect satisfaction to
those who have used it for years ?

[1. The " slatted" queen-excluding honey-
board, made of alternate wood and zinc, is
undoubtedly the best. As zinc contracts
and expands with changing temperature,
when used in full sheets over the brood-
frames, it sometimes " bulges " or presents
a contorted surface ; the alternate wood and
zinc allows room for expansion and con-
traction, and keeps it always straight and in
place. For a general opinion, read answers
to Query 521, on page 150.

3. Yes ; as far as we have ever heard, it
;ias "given perfect satisfaction, when tlie
holes are ot exact size. A worker, when
loaded with honey, requires a hole five
thirty-seconds of an inch, and this will ex-
clude a queen or drone. Some of that first
manufactured varied between five and six
thirty-seconds, and did permit the passage
of an under-sized queen. — Ed.]

Better Prospects for a Crop. — G.

W. Johnston, Holden,Mo., on Feb. 28, says :

Bees are wintering well here. Those in
the cellar have used from 4 to 7 pounds of
honey per colony ; while those on the sum-
mer stands have consumed from 10 to 15
pounds. The prospect for a crop of honey
is better than it was at this time last year.

Severe ^Vinter in Canada. — Thos.
Stokes, Minesing, Ont., on March 3, 1888,
writes :

We have had a pretty severe winter here,
since a little before Christmas. The lowest
it has registered was 27° below zero, on Jan.
21. It has been from 10° to 30° below a
great many days. But for all the cold, my
cellar has only lowered from 47° to 44°, and
I think that is very good, not having any
underground ventilation, or artificial heat
either. Bees are wintering well. Snow has
covered the ground all winter, about 18
inches on the level in the woods. The roads
are very much drifted.

Selling Honey to Private Fami-
lies.—David Wilcox, Oxford, N. H., on
Feb. 29, 1888, says :

I have 108 colonies of bees, and my last
year's increase was 30 colonies. I had 3,400
pounds of honey, .500 pounds of which was
taken from the brood-chamber and unfin-
ished sections. There was little fall honey.
I fed them about 400 pounds of sugar to
carry them through the winter. I put 1!.
colonies into the cellar, and the rest in chatf
hives. All are doing finely so far. I sold
the last of my honey last week. Nearly all
of my honey was sold to private families,
from my wagon or sleigh. I believe more
than ever in this way of disposing of our
honey. I consider that we had about half
a crop last year. There are but few who
liave used box-hives that obtain any surplus
lioney. I sell my extracted honey in quart
jars, for the same price by the pound as the
other. When the weather is warm, 1 carry
it in bulk.

166

Trnm MMERICJEH B.U©' JOsURfiai,.

WmS W MEPUES,

PROPER TEMPERATURE
FOR R£E§ TO FL,Y.

Writteti for the Amerir^n Bee Journal

Query 523.— 1. At what temperature is it
Bale to give bees a flight ? 2. Is it advisable to
do so with snow on the ground ? My bees
were put In the cellar on Nov. 10, 1887.— Wis.

1. Fifty-five degrees to 60=-. 2. Not
unless quite warm. — A. B. Mason.

We would not give bees that are in
the cellar any flight until spring. The
temperature should be above 45°. —
Dadant & Son.

1. At 60° in the shade. 2. No. Do
not do it until it is about time for wil-
lows to blossom, except it may be as a
doitbtful remedy for a very serious
disease. — R.. L. Taylor.

Our bees here in the South are very
seldom three days consecutively with-
out a flight. I have noticed that they
will not fly out when it is 40° to 42°
above zero. — P. L. Viallon.

1. About 50° in the shade. 2. It
would 'be desirable that no snow should
be close to the hives in front. But
why do they need a flight ? Bees ought
to stay in the cellar from Nov. 10 to
April 10, with no bad results. — Eugene
Secob.

1. I let the bees on the summer
stands judge the temperature for them-
selves. I would not give bees win-
tered in a cellar a flight until taken
out in the spring. 2. It is; the bees
that are found on the snow, after a
flight, are mainly old bees whose lives
are spent. ^Mes. L. Harbison.

1. I do not generally put my bees
out until the temperature is 55° or
more ; but if the sun is shining it might
do at a lower temperature. 2. If snow
is on the ground, 1 should like it prettv
warm. — C. C. Miller.

1. About 50° Fahr. 2. Yes, if the
snow has a crust on it. If they are all
right in the cellar, it is better to leave
them until the snow disappears. — C.

H. DiBBERN.

1. If bees in the cellar aije meant, it
•is not best to give them a flight at all
until spring, unless they are diseased
and restless ; and I am not sure that it
is then. 2. It is safe to let bees on the
summer stands fly whenever they want
to, snow or no snow. — M. Mahin.

1. Some of my colonies were put
into the cellar last October, and I do
not expect to take them out before April
8 or 10, unless I see pollen before that
time. 2. My bees have had many a
flight with snow on the ground, with
no bad results. — H. D. Cutting.

I would not remove the bees from
tlie cellar while there was snow on the
ground, unless they were veri/ restless.
Fifty degrees or 55° in the sun, 45° in
the shade ; and if very windj', not then.
You must be governed by circum-
stances.— J. M. Hambaugh.

1. At 45° in the shade, if still, and
the sun is shining. Otherwise it must
be as warm as 55°. 2. Yes, bees can
get oft' the snow as well as oft" the bare
ground if the temperature is right. If
your bees are quiet, let them alone till
about April 10 to April 25. — G. M.

DOOLITTLE.

1. Not lower than 60° Fahr. If the
bees are quiet, let them alone. The
very best evidence of successful win-
tering is that they are quiet. Go among
them as much as is necessary to brush
up and keep the room tidy, Isut do not
fuss and tinker with them witliout
cause. — J. M. Shuck.

It all depends upon whether or not
there is snow upon the ground, how
brightlj' the sun shines, and how hard
the wind blows. Leave a few (packed)
colonies out as a guide. I have had
mine fly safely at 50° in the shade,
with snow, when the air was still and
the sun was shining. It was 45° once.
— James Heddon.

I should like 60° to 65° in the shade.
I would not remove the bees until
April 10, when they can commence
work if they keep quiet, as they will if
the food and the temperature of the
cellar is all right. If uneasy in the
hive, they may safely be given a flight
on a real warm day, even if there is
snow. Some cover the snow with
straw. — A. J. Cook.

1. I leave my hives open all the
time, and allow the bees to fly out
whenever they choose. If any are not
able to return, I consider them no loss,
as thej' would, in my judgment, die if
confined. 2. It makes no dift'erence
with myself, whether there is snow on
the ground or not, for the above rea-
son.— J. E. Pond.

In this climate it is never safe for
bees to take a flight when there is
snow on the ground, and they seldom
attempt to do so unless they have been
confined unusually long, and are dis-
tressed for a flight. It depends upon
the weather, in fact, more than on the
temperature. On a still, sunshiny daj%
bees may fly safely at from 50° to 56° ;
while they fly with dangerous conse-
quences at 60°, if the wind is blowing
a stitt' breeze. — G. W. Demaree.

The lowest temperature that bees
may be taken from a cellar for a
flight when there is snow on the
ground, is 50° in the shade ; but the
air must be quiet and the sun .shining
clear. On putting them out, put straw
or hay in front of the hives for the

bees to alight on. If it is a cloudy
day, the temperature should be 60°.
If there are higli winds, with the sun
shinging clear, the temperature should
be at least 55° in the shade. — G. L.
Tinker.

If the bees in the cellar are restless
or diseased, it might be of advantage
to give them a flight when the tem-
perature is from 55° to 60° Fahr. If
tliey are on the summer stands let the
bees fly or not, as they desire, whether
snow is on the ground or not. To
take bees out of the cellar before
April 10, in this latitude, is very un-
wise.— The Editor.

PRACTICIIVG CONTRACTION
AND BVILrDING COIHBS.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 524.-1. In contracting the hive to
five or six combs, more or less, tor wintering,
and the same to economize heat for breeding
in early spring, do you work the combs to one
side of the hive, and use one division-board ?
Or do you put the combs to the middle of the
hive and use a division-board on each side?
If you use two, what are your reasons for so
doing? 2. When not using loundation, what
way do you secure the building of the comb
solid to the bottom-bars of hanging frames ?—
Ohio.

1. To one side. 2. I use founda-
tion.— C. C. Miller.

1. I use a dummy of the right thick-
ness to fill the space desired. 2. By
putting them in an upper story. — G.

M. DOOLITTLE.

1. We never contract strong colo-
nies to such small space. For winter
we would use two division-boards
rather than one, because we can put
absorbents on both sides. — Dadant &
Son.

1. I use a Langstroth hive 14 J
inches wide, with 9 frames in the win-
ter, and at least one inch of space over
the top of the frames. 2. I use full
frames of foundation, and consider it
more profitable to do so than to use
simple starters. — J. E. Pond.

1. I put the combs to one side of the
hive in nearly every case when I have
to contract. 2. I use foundation.^-H.
D. Cutting.

1. To one side, and one division-
board. 2. Strong colonies will gen-
erally secure the comb to the bottom-
bar. When they fail to do it, and it is
necessary to have it done, I insert bits
of comli to fill out J. P. H. Brown.

I. I do not use division-boards. 2.
The best way to get frames filled
" solid " with comb, is to invert them,
by turning the liive upside down. Very
fair success may be attained by tiering
the hives up, putting the frames to be
completely filled over the brood-nest,
but without a honey-board. — J. M.
Shuck.

TH® mmLisMiv^n mmm jQ'Wmh^ci^.

167

1. When the hive is protected by
ehaff, etc., on the outside, I work the
combs to one side of the hive, and use
one division-board. If not so pro-
tected, I use two division-boards, and
paclc between the division-boards and
sides of the hive. 2. By reversing. —
A. B. Mason.

1. I use two division-boards, as it
nialces nearly a dead air space on each
side of tlic hive', and protects the col-
ony from the cold or sudden changes.
2. When I do not use foundation, I let
the bees do as they please. — Mks. L.

HAliRISON.

1. In the middle, provided the col-
ony was to be wintered ont-doors, and
not packed. If packed, or in the cel-
lar, I would put them to one side. You
see the reason, of course. 2. I know
of but one practical way to get frames
full of combs, foundation or no foun-
dation, and that is by reversing. That
secures them so, and keeps them so. —
James Heddon.j

1. I use two division-boards when
there is room for them, and the rea-
son is, that it " economizes heat." 2.
I secure it wlien I use the combs for
extracting purposes in the second
story of the hive ; that is, over the
brood-nest, during a good hone3--llow.
— R. L. Taylor.

1. Yes ; here in the South, when it
is necessary to contract, we work the
coniljs to one side, and use a wooden
division-board. 2. I would not do
witliout foundation. A few years ago,
before the "foundation days," I either
used a i or 5 iuch strip of natural
comb, or a triangular guide added
after the frame was built out in comb.

— P. L. VlALLON.

1. I have, and I practice both ways.
I think it about as well to use one
division-board. If we pack well and
warmly above, I think we need not
minil side-packing very much, es-
pecially if bees winter well. — A. J.
Cook.

1. I have in use a brood-chamber
having about the same capacity as six
Langstroth frames, and I vnW transfer
the greater part of my bees to such
brood-cliambers in the spring. I shall
not need to use division-boards in
these hives. 2. I invert the brood-
chamber. — G. L. Tinker.

1. It is better to use two division-
boards. But if the frames are full of
comb, contraction is of little value. 2.
I let the bees do as they please. Thej-
do not want brood-comlos attached to
the l)ottom-bars. If the combs are put
in an upper stor}-, and filled with
honey, they will generally be built
solid. — M. Mahin.

If the bees are to be wintered in a
cellar, I would place the combs on one

side, using one division-board. For
out^doors, I would use two. Tlie dead
air space or packing is, to some ex-
tent, a non-conductor of heat. 2. It
can be done by inverting, or inserting
pieces of comb. — C. H. Dibbern.

In winter, I work the combs to the
centre of the hive, using a division-
board at each side of the cluster, and
filling the intervening space with dry
maple leaves, chaff, or some equally
as good an absorljent. After absorb-
ents are removed in the spring, I
usually confine them to the south side
of the hive, to get the warmth from
the sun, using but one division-board.
2. I use full sheets of foundation ;
hence I have no rule to obtain full
combs otherwise. — J. M. Hambaugh.

1. I have never wintered bees on
the summer stands. If I should, and
should practice contraction, I would
prefer the combs in the centre, and
the division-boards on both sides. I^
would then pack some dry absorbent
and non-conducting material between
the division-board and the outside of
the hive. 2. I know of no way to se-
cure that result without inverting the
hive or using it above another for ex-
tracting from. The latter will not
alwaj's accomplish the object sought. —
Eugene Secor.

1. My practice is to place the combs
on the south side of the brood-cham-
ber, and close witJi a division-board on
the north side. This plan is decidedly
best for this climate, as the bees get
the benefit of the warmth of the sun,
at intervals through the winter, and
especially in the spring. 2. I do not
care to have them built solid to the
bottom-bars, except where they are
used for taking honey from the combs.
In that case some narrow strips of
comb are pressed between the lower
edge of the comi) and bottom-bars, at
their first use for extraction, and the
bees will make them solid for all time.
— G. W. Dejiaeee.

1. To put the combs in the centre
and have a division-board on each
side, is preferable because of controll-
ing the temperature by the use of
cushions or absorbents on the sides,
when bees are wintered on the summer
stands. 2. As the bees evidently do
not desire " the building of the comb
solid to the b<ittom-bars of hanging
frames," we see no reason in trying to
" secure" such. We prefer the use of
comb foundation. — The Editor.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
should get a copy of tlie Apiary Register and
begin to use it. Tlie jn-ices are as follows :

For SOcolOQies (120 pages) $1 00

" 100 colonies (2'-;o pag-ea) 125

'■ 200 colonies (420 pages) 1 50

CmRESPOMDEMC

HIBERNATION.

AVIiat i!« Hibernation, as Applied
to Bees i

Writttn for the American Bee Journal
BV J. F. LATHAM.

As an ausw er to the interrogatory
on page 42. "What is hibernation?"
I wotdd say, analogically, the term
signifies to pass the winter, Latin
hicmo, to winter, and hybeniia, winter
quarters. In the roots hi-bern{i)a{tion)
we have the material from which lin-
guists have constructed the word, and
assigned its modern position in ety-
mology, which, when interpreted in
the sense justified by the original, in-
definitely conveys the idea of its sub-
jects' passing the winter in winter
quaters. In the accredited scientific
acceptance of the term, hibernation is
used to designate a condition ; in the
common acceptance it is used to desig-
nate an act.

The actual question is, which of the
two definitions most correctly describes
the general phases accompanying the
passage of the hive-bee through its
period of winter confinement in North-
ern latitudes ? Bee-keepers in cold
climates know from observation that
their colonies pass the winter, in win-
ter quarters of some kind ; but they
are not as positive in regard to their
physiological condition during that
period ; nor is it possible that they can
be, so far as optical evidence demon-
strates the actual hibernal condition.
Therefore, it would seem admissible to
say, in th«> scientific appellation of the
term, that the hive-bee does not hiber-
nate.

It is a well-known fact that, in the
temperate zones, the hive-bee is in-
fluenced, in a greater or less degree,
by the periodical changes of the sea-
sons ; and, in experiencing those
changes it must conform to natural
circumstances, or "laws" governing
the principles of life, animation, growth,
disintegration and suspension, as well
as the revivifying efflux of .successive
rounds of development in an androgy-
nal asi)ect. But when the chemical
process by which tlie flame of life is
stimulated to activity, becomes inac-
tive, the organic mechanism — the vis-
ible machine — which constitutes the
livin"', moving, growing animal, or
veo'ctable, ceases to exist as such ; and
dissolution follows, leading . to the
fact that, a total suspension of func-
tional activity is preceded by a total
absence of calorific combustion, the

1G8

THM MMERicar* mmm j©URP*aiu.

only inextinguishable motor of ani-
mate existence.

It is very apparent that the hive-bee
is only physically constituted to ex-
perience, to a certain degree, the
coma to which the brute animals are
subjected during the hibernal period,
and can but lapse into short periods
of repose ; so that, when the fuel in
its stomach becomes exhausted it must
arouse, and eat to replenish the flames
of life. The true hibernating animal
does not partake of food during the
hibernating period ; although it does
at times leave its hibernacular during
very mild and comparatively long-con-
tinued thaws, even in mid-winter.

After having passed the limits of a
definite grade of development, in its
progress from the vegetable to the
animal, no animal can become frozen
solid, or even become suflicientlj- be-
numbed by cold, as to wholly destroy
its vital functions, and live. The hive-
bee, in its evolutionary rounds, has ad-'
vanced bej'ond the degree correlative
of the vegetable, and is now ver}'
nearly, if not wholly a distinct species
of the insect animal, so to speak, and
its existence, organic structure, means
of obtaining food, method of reproduc-
tion, and habits of domestic economy
are irrefragible evidence that its con-
dition is beyond the radical principles ;
but not be3'ond the broad principles
that govern the periodical subsidence
and revival of the strictly vegetable
species.

When the season wanes, the forest
trees and shrubberj' put on their termi-
nal buds ; growth ceases ; and the ele-
ments contributing to their develop-
ment are held in suspension imtil the
genial warmth of the spring sun stimu-
lates a renewal of their cyclic round
of activity. Is not this period of re-
pose and period of activity, as illus-
trated in the economy of the vegetable,
when unconnected with the amimal,
as admissible as when allied to, or per-
forming its functions in union with the
animal ; when animate life is, in a cer-
tain degi-ee, dependent upon the
vegetable elements for the support of
its impetus ? Life, without the influ-
ence of motion on matter, is inadmis-
sible.

When the term hibernation is used
to describe the conxlition, or profound
coma experienced by certain species
of animals during the winter season,
its scope can only include the vegeta-
ble elements, and must be confined,
necessarily, to very nicely defined
limits. Less than hibernation would
be nil ; more tlian hibernation would
be dissolution. The intermediate con-
dition, the equilibrium of the evolving
forces, would be simply repose.

Again, it does not appear that the
comatose condition evinced by the

hibernating species is habitual with
the hive-bee, asi uoes not accompany
that insect from the regions of flowers
and snow-storms, to the ever-blooming
flora of tropical climes.
Cumberland, Maine.

NATURE'S WAY.

mianagcnient of Bec$ on Natural
Principles.

Written for the Ama^can Bee Journal
BY W. S. VANDKDFF.

In this article I suppose I will de-
part considerable from the present way
of managing bees, and especially for
surplus comb honey. I think that the
present system of working for comb
honey is far from being in accordance
with natural principles, and this is
why there is so much trouble in get-
ting bees to work in the sections. It
seems that with the present manage-
ment it is almost impossible to get the
bees to build nice, straight comb
honey in sections, free from pollen
and brood, without using queen-ex-
cluders, separators, honey-boards, etc.

To get the bees into the sections also
seems to be a great problem, and it
seems that the only way devised by
our leading bee-keepers is to use some
kind of "force work." We read of
all kinds of contraclion methods that
can be devised to force the bees into
the sections, and after they are in the
sections, the next great trouble is to
get them to build the combs straight,
free from pollen and brood, without
using force work again, thus forcing
the queen to stay below by putting on
a queen-excluder. I think that if the
natural inclinations of the bees were
fully understood, and by proper manip-
ulation, all this trouble could be over-
come.

We should study the secrets of the
bee's nature more than we do, and
theorize less, and not make hives and
fixtures just as we think they ought to
be, unless they are in accordance with
natural principles. I will now men-
tion wherein I think that the present
system is not managed on natural
principles :

1. Bees naturally build their combs
about li inches apart, or a little less,
from centre to centre. 2. Bees nat-
urally cluster all together in one clus-
ter to build comb. Now, to make the
sections nearly 2 inches wide, and
force the bees to build combs so far
apart, is against their nature ; and
sections without side-openings are
against their natural way of working.
Also dividing up the cluster into a
multitude of little clusters is entirely
against the natural instincts of bees.

Just think of a surplus chamber with
aUy or more apartments divided oft"
only about 4 inches square, and a
little less than 2 inches wide, as is the
case in usuing wide sections with sep-
arators and without side-openings. No
wonder that we read of so much
trouble in getting the bees into the
sections. The system is against the
ver}- natnre of bees.

I have used several kinds of hives,
and know of about all kinds in use,
but I have yet to see or read of a hive
that comes up to my idea of one that
meets the natural inclination of the
bees. I have never used queen-ex-
cluders or separators — I have alwaj'S
believed them a hindrance to the
working of bees. I have always man-
aged to get along without them. I
have been studying the natural incli-
nation of bees, and the more I work in
accordance with their nature, the more
I can accomplish. I am working on
the natural-principle system, and I am
succeeding beyond my expectations.
I succeeded the past season in getting
nice, straight comb honey in sections,
free from pollen and bi-ood, even in
the brood-chamber, and without using
queen-excluders or separators. I used
no force work to keep the queen out
of the sections, but manipulated ac-
cording to the nature of the queens
and bees.

There is a cause for the queen laying
in the sections, a cause for the bees
putting pollen in the sections, and a
cause for the bees making bulged and
crooked combs ; and I am making it a
special study to try to discover these
caasf s, and a remedy for them. I ex-
pect in the near future to perfect a
system of getting nice, straight comb
honey, free from pollen or brood.
Such a system I will call the "Natural
principle system," as I will work en-
tirelj' on natural principles. I expect
to be able to get comb honey in either
storj' of the hive, without using queen-
excluders, separators, or anything of
the kind. I believe that it is possible
to get honey in sections side by side
vnth the brood-combs, without the
queen laj'ing in the sections, and with-
out using queen-excluders.

It is because the combs are not ma-
nipulated in exact accordance with the
nature of the queen and bees, that we
get brood and pollen in the sections.
The more machinerj' and hindrances
in the way of queen-excluders, separa-
tors, etc., that we have about the hives,
the less honey we will get ; because
any S3'stem that is not in accordance
with the nature of the bees results in a
loss of honey, as it retards the work of
the bees.

This article may bring forth many
criticisms ; I cannot expect much else,
as I am attacking a system in general

'TH® MMERICSM BE® J©URN.S1L.

169

use all over this continent, and a sys-
t(!m most generally approved by the
leading boe-keopers of the present
daj'. But I do not think that they be
lieve the system has reached perfection.

[This " attack " fairly takes one's
breath — it is so sudden — so general — so
positive. Well, we shall await the
advent of the " Natural principle sys-
li-ra," and its practical test. We know
that perfection has not been reached —
but the system maj' or niaj- not be one
of the steps leading to it. — Ed.]
^♦^

APPLE BLOOM.

Destroying the Codling; Motli
with London Purple.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY JOSEPH BEATH.

I noticed sometime since in the
Western Rural, an article from Prof.
A. J. Cook, relative to poisoning the
codling moth. Will he please give an
article on that subject in the Ameri-
can Bee Journal, telling how to do
it, so as not to injure the bees, where
there are a large number of trees ?
and where to get a suitable force
[lump, stating the price, etc.

Corning, Iowa.

[The following is Prof. Cook's re-
sponsive article on the subject : — Ed.]

No enemy of the apple has been so
much and so justly dreaded as the cod-
ling moth, Cnrpocapsa iJomoneUa Linn.
This little miner of the apple — the so-
called "apple-worm" — is so wide
spread, and so generallj" destructive,
that many thousands of dollars worth
of apples have been destroyed bj* it
annualh'. Of late, however, we have
found a very cheap, safe, and eft'ective
remed)- in the Arsenites, London pur-
ple, or Paris green. I prefer London
purple, as it is cheaper, more easily
mixed with water, and stays mi.xed
longer.

To use it, we mix one pound of the
poison to 100 gallons of water. We
apply it in May, just as the blossoms
have fallen from the apple or pear
trees. If applied earlier it may poison
the bees, and will do no good for a
few days, till the apple is formed, and
before that it may be all washed off by
a heavy rain. If deferred longer than
just after the blossoms have fallen,
many of the larva? — " worms " — will
have entered the fruit, and so be out
of harm's way.

The time to apply it is when the
apples are the size of small peas. If
no heavy rains come, one application
answers so well that a second one

hardly pays. If a heavy rain comes
within three weeks, a second ajiplica-
tion may well be made.

To treat an oichard, barrels of the
liquid mixture sin mid be taken in a
wagon and drawn through the orchard
and applied by use of a powerful force
pump (.as the poison is only held in
suspension, of cour.se it must be kept
well mixed ; we easily accomplish
this by pumping into the liquid), so
that the spray may be thrown on with
such force that it will scatter to every
fruit. With this weak mixture we can
be so thorough as to be very certain
to strike every ajiple, and yet not kill
the foliage. If the spray is thrown on
with great force, it scatters so that we
are pretty sure to do very perfect ex-
ecution. A good spray-nozzle is de-
sirable. The Nixon — made at Dayton,
Ohio — is the best that I know of.

NIXON FORCE PUMP.

The "Moody Field Force Pump"
(N. Y.), attaches by a gearing to the
wheels of the wagon, and so runs by
the same power that draws the wagon.
This costs about ^28, but pays well
where larger orchards are to be
treated. A. H. Nixon also works a
cax't which is so arranged as to run the
pump. The former pump I have tried,
as I have the nozzle, and I know they
are admirable. The latter pump I
have not tried. — A. J. Cook.

BROOD-CHAMBERS.

My Position Rc;;arding !$eetional
Hires.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY DR. G. L. TINKER.

There seems to be an effort to draw
me out on this suliject, but I have no
interest in the matter, one way or the
other, except the general good of liee-
keepers ; and to this extent, those who
wish to draw on me, may do so freely.

The subject of the essay I wrote for
the Ohio State Convention, as published
on page 86, was suggested by friends
who no doubt expected me to write
favorabl}' of sectional brood-chambers,
and so promote tlie interests of Mr.
Heddon ; and that I should have done,

and have been glad to have done, if I
could at the same time have written in
the interests of bee-keepers. But that
I could not do, and longer defend the
sectional brood-chamber.

In the matter of bee-hives this ex-
periment of Mr. Heddon is not the
first, by any means, that has come to
nothing ; and he well alludes to ojie of
the writers of a parallel nature. I am
not at all ashamed of it, as in the case
of Mr. Hcddon's experiment and that
of hundreds of others in this country,
it failed in practice to "pan out "as
beautifully as it did in theor}'. The
only difference, if any, between us is,
that my theory of " continuous pas-
sages " was not as finely spun as that
on his divisible and interchangeable
brood-chamber. Hence, I do not an-
ticipate that my failure to idealize will
at all compare with his.

While failures have been the rule in
introducing new bee-hives, they should
not discourage us in the hope of ob-
taining something better than we now
have ; but the)' may well teach us that
a trial of time will often bring out de-
fects in our inventions that could not
well have been foreseen.

As to my record in this matter, I
confess to have thought well of the
beautiful theories that Mr. Heddon
gave us on bringing out his new hive,
and only regret that they did not
prove to be all that the gifted writer
expected.

I have nothing further to add on the
subject, to the carefully worded matter
in my essay read before the Ohio
convention.

New Philadelphia, O.

ALSIKE CLOVER.

Experience with Alsike Clover

for Honey, for Pasture, and

as a Fertilizer.

Written for theAmericari Bee Journal
BY (iEO. W. MORRIS.

I wish to add my little mite in favor
of Alsike clovta-. Five years ago I ob-
tained one bushel of seed, and sowed
the same on about 20 acres of wheat
and oats land, and got a fair stand of
clover. The second year there was a
fine bloom, and I had an extra crop
of honey — 1,300 pounds of extracted
honey from 7 colonies, spring count,
besides hiving 7 good swarms cast
from them. I cut and threshed about
4 acres of the best of it, and received 6
bushels of nice, clean seed as a result.

I believe that it is equal to, if not
better, as a fertilizer, than the common
red clover,for three years ago I sowed,
on shares, a field (wheat-field) be-
longing to another person, and the

170

T'ME ■ m'mmmi^mm B'SEJ jQ^vimmmi^.

t«i^A^A^.»«^»«kA^^^A^A^^^^^^^^^A^^^^A^^^^^^^^^^^^^»^^^^^ j^A^^^^^^_^^^^^^^^^^^

result was a good stand of clover which
was pastured the second season, and
furnished a fine lot of grazing, too,
considering that the land was thin and
"tired."

The next spring (last year) this field
was cultivated in corn, and although a
comparatively dry season, it produced
more corn and fodder than it had in
one'season for 15 years.

Another thing that I have noticed is,
that horses inclined to rogue will al-
waj-s go to the field that has Alsike
clover, thereby demonstrating their
appreciation for this clover to other
grasses. I have none sown at present,
nor anj' land to sow on, but if some
seedman will send to me a lot of
Alsike clover Leaflets, free of cost, I
will distribute them to farmers.

Cornish ville, Kv.

HIVES.

Experience ivitli Small Hives vs.
Liarse Hives.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY W. J. DAVIS.

I was much interested in the con-
troversy between Messrs. Heddon, Da-
dant, and others, in Volume XXIII of
the American Bee Journal, and then
I proposed, at some fui'ther time, to
give the results of my experience in
the use of different sized hives.

I have no doubt that the season of
tlie year at which the main honey har-
vest may be expected in different
localities, has something to do in de-
termining the proper size of hive for
that place ; and where the princiiJal
harvest occurs late (as in some por-
ticnis of the West), a large brood-
chamber may be preferable, hence Mr.
Dadant may be correct in preferring
such. But in northwest Pennsylvania
our main harvest is from white clover,
and commences about June 10, and
lasts about four or five weeks. When
the weather is favorable the yield of
surplus honey is satisfactory. But
good seasons are the exception. A
majority of our Junes are either too
dry or too wet for the best results.

After adopting the Langstroth hive
in 1860, I made most of my hives to
hold 8 Langstroth frames. The top-
bar of the frame is 19 inches long. Bj'
way of experiment, I made about 60
hives to hold 12 frames in the brood-
chamber, with an upper story for 80
pounds of surplus honey. These were
mostly used for " out apiaries," of not
more than 20 colonies each. A few of
these large hives were used for sev-
eral years in my home apiary, but
never with satisfactory results ; the
larger the hive, the less surplus honey,
and the most bees in the autumn.

About ten years ago 1 concluded to
shorten my frames 5 inches, making
them with a top-bar 14 inches instead
of 19 inches. I made the change
slowly, as facts demonstrated safety,
until at present over 200 of my colonies
occupy the shoi'ter frames.

I am a specialist. I do not keep
bees for fun, nor as a remedy for rheu-
matism. My bread and butter de-
pends upon the success of the apiary.
The hive that will give the most sur-
plus honej' without regard to increase
of colonies, is the one for me. There
are comparatively few bee-keepers
who are located where the 100 or 200
pounds of surplus per colony is the
aver.age yield. Where one is so located
where fields of white clover and foi-ests
of basswood abound, a hundred others
will scarcely average 20 pounds per
colony, and it is the sheerest nonsense
to say that it is all in the management.

Presuming, then, that ninety-nine
out of every one hundred bee-keepers
of North America are not in a land
flowing with milk and honey, it be-
comes a practical question how to
secure the best returns for the capital
and labor invested.

What 1 term a " small hive," .as I
use them, is one 12x13 inches, inside
measure, and 10 inches from the bot-
tom-board to the honey-board, and
containing 752 square inches of comb,
or 1,504 square inches of comb-sur-
face. Allowing 28 bees to hatch from
each square inch of comb surface, we
have 42,112 bees hatching in every 21
days, or about 2,000 per day. This
applies to the height of the breeding
season, when there should be little or
no honey in the brood-nest. During
March and April I find that colonies
build up more rapidlj' in the smaller
hive, owing to the fact of greater
wai'mth, or the better economizing of
the heat of the cluster.

To get the brood-chamber crowded
with bees, at the beginning of the
honey harvest, and then apply the
section-cases as fa.st as needed, raising
the cases when about two-thirds full,
and placing an empty case between
the first case and the brood-nest, gives
room sufficient. I find in every case
that the bees in the smaller hives com-
mence work in the sections several
days sooner than in the larger hives.
In poor seasons, like the summer of
1887, we are able to secure some sur-
plus from colonies in small hives, while
the large ones j-ield none.

Another reason why I prefer the
smaller hives is, that on the approach
of winter we have (to my mind) a
pi'opcr sized colony of. bees, and not a
" boomer," with say one-half Inishel of
bees (and an exhausted queen) to con-
sume the labors of the previous season,
and be not one whit better on May 1,

than the medium sized colonj- of the
previous autumn.

It must be remembered that 1,000 or
10,000 bees cannot be reared without
that per cent, of exhaustion to the
queen, and also of the stores of the
hive, and it should also be remembered
that at present prices, the bees them-
selves have no value in the fall of the
yejjr, as they will not sell for more in
the spring than the cost of the hive,
value of the combs, and stores con-
sumed, allowing such stores to have
been placed in a marketable shape the
previous .summer. I speak only of the
production of comb honey (extracted
has no market in this locality).

Another reason for my preference
is, the ease with which the hives are
placed in winter quarters, and removed
again to the summer stands.

Youngsville, Pa.

WATER FOR BEES.

Is it IVecessary in 'Winter i 'When
to Put tlieni in the Cellar.

Written for Die American Bee Journal
BY J. M. LYMAN.

At the recent convention in J In-
dianapolis, regarding wintering bees,
Mr. Bull is reported as saying that it is
essential that bees be supplied ^ with
water. I do not know why. In New
York State I have wintered bees on
the summer stands, in Ohio only in the
cellar, and I have lost bees in both
ways ; here, however, only from star-
vation, possibly by having never pro-
vided water.

I have taken bees out of their win-
ter quarters in the spring, and upon
examination I have found them with-
out one drop of honey in all their
realm. By a little feeding the}- made
prosperous colonies. There are essen-
tials in order to obtain the best ' re-
sults in everything, but conditions
sometimes make it so impracticable
that those sweeping assertions gen-
erally fail.

'Wlien to Put Bees Into the Cellar-
In another convention was asked the '
question, " When is the best time to j
put bees into the cellar ?" Would not ]
good, common-sense be the best source '
of information ? I recommend putr
ting bees early into their long night of
winter. The chill of early November
warns them that it is time to prepare
for the inclement season that is about ^
to precipitate " upon the face of all the
earth."

Generallj-, from 10 to 15 days there-
after, comes a warm, bi'ight, sunnj'day i'
to gladden and refresh the gloomy, f
old days, and out-rush the bees for a
flight, a change, a rest and sight-see-

THl© MMERICJKP* BE® JOWRlflSlLf.

171

ing, and seldom reclustering in the
' same compact, judicious positions pre-
f viously occupied. Detached, strag-
gling chimps of bees can be found sep-
arated from tlic main clusters, on dif-
ferent positions of the combs and sides
of the hive, prob;)Jjly expecting the fol-
lowing day to assume their proper
place and position ; but, alas, the sud-
den and severe change, to which tliis
climate is subject, proves fatal, for the
day of sunshine is changed to a night
of frost ! From the chill they seldom
I'ecover, so the loss is more than the
gain from their brief flight.

My bees are never taken from the
cellar until they are placed in position
for their summer campaign.

I have the utmost patience for what
seems the silliest question, when hon-
estly set before us for information (the
one quoted above is one of the solid
ones) ; but I have infinite contempt for
the man who parades his opinions as
deductions from logic and science.
Toledo, Ohio.

FOUNDATION.

Fastening it in Sections and
Frames.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY ED. S. EDEN.

It is somewhat interesting to me to
read the dift'erent replies to my letter
on "Fastening Foundation into Sec-
tions," as published on page 790 of the
Bee Journal for 1887. Each one
claims tliat liis method or machine is
just what is wanted. But I fail to see
as yet (even after reading Mr. Al-
paugh's letter on page 125) that the
point of satisfaction is reached.

One of the faults with the majoritj'
of machines is, that they cannot be
adjusted to ditierent sized sections.
Some macliines (and Mr. Alpaugh's is
one of them) can only fasten founda-
tion into 4-piece sections, and that be-
fore the sections are put together.
Each machine must be made for a cer-
tain size of section.

I liave found that a large majority
of bee-keepers prefer to fasten tlie
foundation after the sections are put
together, as it is far better and handier
in every respect. I believe that my
plan comes nearer to the line of per-
fection, for I can fasten foundation of
any size, from J-inch to full sheets, into
1, 2 or 4 piece sections ; either before
or after they are put together, at the
rate of 12 to 15 per minute, or from
7,000 to 8,000 per day.

My liees are wintering well ; all are
alive so far, and ajjpear to be in good
condition.

Eastwood. Ont., Feb. 24, 1888.

TEMPERATURE.

The Proper Temperature or a
Bco-Ccllar.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY WILLI A J[ CEOWXEY.

I have read Mr. Tyn-ell's article on
page 25, with very much interest, as
it coincides with my experience as to
the proper temperature of a bee-cellar.
I would like to ask, if bees will break
cluster and become restless on the
summer stands at a temperature of 45°
Fahr., why will not the same condi-
tion exist in the cellar at the same
temperature ?

I have wintered bees in my cellar
for three winters, and the first two
winters I intended ta keep the tem-
perature at about 45°, but, like Mr.
Tyrrell, I failed to control the ele-
ments, and the temperature in the
coldest weather went down to 28^, and
remained from 30- to 35° the greater
part of the winter ; at that tempera-
ture my bees remained quiet, but when
the temperature reached 40° and up-
wards, then the)' became restless, and
a great many left their hives and
perished on the ground.

Last summer I had a powerful
colony of a choice strain of bees (a
prime swarm) tliat stored 140 pounds
of comb honey, being about double the
average of my apiary. When I took
oft" the supers and prepared this colony
for winter, the brood-chamber was so
full that all the bees could hardly get
in. After putting them in the cellar,
this colony was very restless, while all
the others were quiet, until the tem-
perature went down below 40°, then it
gi-adually became (juiet.

When I examined them a month
after putting them in, I found that the
death-rate in the strong colony was
equal to a dozen of anj" of the other
colonies. I ofter tliis observation to
strengthen Mr. Tyrrell's theory, that
we should make tlie colonies as nearly
equal in strength as possible, before
putting them into winter quarters.
When the colony became reduced in
numbers, they could endure the same
temperature as the others.

I must go a little further than Mr.
Tyrrell ; for I want my bee-cellar to
range from 30° to 35°, or as near the
freezing point (32-) as possible, to in-
sure the best results. How many,
from careful fibservation, dare le.ave
the beaten track and " beard the lion
in his den," on this question ?

It seems to me that the climate in
our diflerent hatitmles may have some-
thing to do with tliis question. Here
in Minnesota the air is very dry in
winter ; it .seldom thaws after winter
begins, until it breaks up in the

spring. It is cold here at times ; on
the mornings of Jan. 15 and 20, the
thermometer registered 40° below zero.
We call it mild weather here when it
is at zero, and 20° to 25° below zero is-
not bad.

Redwood Falls, Minn.

BEE-KEEPING.

The Italians vs. Common Bees-
Honey-Plants, ete.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY ROLAND SHERBURNE.

The past season may prove a bless-
ing ill disguise to some of us. The
winter has been cold and steady, and
no doubt nearly all the bees in this,
part of Iowa, that have been left uii-
cared for, will perish. As far as I can
learn they are nearly all dead already
in this neighborhood.

My largest apiary being in a good
locality near timber, the bees gathered
sufficient stores for the winter, aftei-
equalizing them. But the apiary near
town, on the prairie, did not average
10 pourids per colony in the fall.

The past season fully demonstrated
the great superiority of Italians over
the common bees. What few nearly
black colonies I had, did not gather
more than enough to eat ; and my best
Italian-hybrids, that I had always con-
sidered equal to any as honey gath-
erers, did not do nearly as well as the
pure Italians ; while about a dozen
hives that I had marked in the spring
as extra colonies, fully proved them-
selves such. For one to have such
hives with 50 or 75 pounds of honey iu
them, while rows of other hi\'es equally
strong in bees have but little honey,
speaks volumes towards the profitable-
ness of bee-keeping.

I am wintering my bees in the cellar,
and to all appearances they are in ex-
cellent condition. I expect to lose a
few colonies for want of stores, if the
cold weather continues long.

White clover, heart's-ease, and many
other honey-producing plants are
abundant in this part of Iowa, and as
a consequence, a great many keep
bees, and supply the local market with
honey. It is brought to market in.
manj' ways, and, of course, sold cheap.
If an excellent article is produced, it
must find another market, for people-
rate the price by the cheapest sold.

I hope no one would for a moment
be so selfish as to wish a loss, even in
part, to an honest industrj-, that adds
to our agricultural wealth, to the en-
hancement of a few ; but the past sea-
son may prove to tis the necessity of
taking care of our bees, and of having:
a fair knowledge of them.

Lone Tree, Iowa, Feb. 25, 1888.

172

XH^ MME-RICMB* MMM J@^M1«MI,-,

COLORADO.

Report of the State Convention
Held at Denver.

The Colorado State Bee-Keepers' As-
sociation held an adiourned meeting
on Feb. 23, 1888. There was an un-
usually large number present, and
great interest was manifested. Col-
-orado is rapidly coming to the front as
a honej'-producing State, and our bee-
keepers are alive to the needs of the
hour.

The proceedings consisted in thor-
•ough discussion of topics pertaining to
successful bee-culture.

The following is from the Colorado
Farmer :

In discus.sing " The causes of can-
died honey," Mrs. Le^a Booth consid-
-ered it was owing to the kind of honey
and the season ; when there was a good
■deal of dew and rain, honey does not
candy. She had kept it in a dark
room, and had 500 pounds candy solid
in the comb. This year she had kept
it in a light room, and it was in good
condition, notwithstanding the fact
that it had frozen.

Messrs. Davis, Rhodes and others
thought that the candjang of two or
three years ago was caused by the dry
season. The bees secured the honey
irom the yellow rosin-weed.

President Milleson had wintered
vbees on candied honey, not a spoonful
■of liquid honey being found in the
hive ; but he kept a saturated sponge
in the top. Bees must have the water.
Before he used the sponge the bees
tore the comb and scattered it to get
out the moist parts of it.

V. De Vinney wanted to know if
alfalfa honey would not candy faster
than clover.

Mrs. Booth " had no candied honey
last year, yet her bees had nothing but
alfalfa and bee-weed.

Louis Brock, of Littleton, had had
the same experience.

" How often should the queens be
•changed ?"

Robert James thought that if they
would change every two years they
•would ha^ e stronger colonies. When
asked by the President to give his ex-
perience with Cyprians, he said he
woukl not keep them for they were too
■cross. He had counted 1G5 queen-
cells in a single hive, fifty of them
being capped over. They were so
■cross you could hardly smoke tliem
<lown, j'ct they woidd fill a 20-pound
box with surplus in a short time after
swarming.

" Can you restore a colony of fertile
-workers ? In what way ?"

D. C. Thompson, of Brighton, ex-
■amincd his hives la.st year, and occa-
sionally he would find no queen, but

fertile workers. He introduced queen-
cells, queens in cages, etc., but to no
avail.

" How long does it take to hatch
bee-eggs ?"

The President said : " By the best
authorities, 16 days for queen-bees, 21
for workers, and 24 for drones to
mature."

" Which is preferable, natural swarm-
ing or dividing ?"

Mr. Rhodes considered there was not
much difl'erence. He divided as it was
most convenient, where they kept an
imported queen to get queens from.
Natural swarms come when we do not
want them.

The discussion showed that natural
swarming would cause the most honey;
dividing, the most bees.

" Is it advisable to keep bees unless
familiar with theories of standard au-
thors ?"

Mr. Porter in answer would say, no.
Out his way many had rushed into the
business, and yet had to buy their
honey. They should read and get one
colony to practice upon. The first year
he kept bees he thought he knew it all,
but now he felt he knew nothing, al-
though he studied much. The Ameri-
can Bee Journal was recommended.
Mrs. Booth, on the best method to
prevent robbing, said : " Make the
entrance to the hive about J inch only,
and this will enable the colony to keep
out the robber bees."

Mr. Goodrich, of Illinois, said that
the}' were satisfied with 15 days. They
must be in readiness for their swarms.
If they get ten days' good flow of honey
they were pretty sure of 125 pounds of
surplus honey. After GO days from
the time of the first flight, they can fill
the hive. If you want bees, you must
let them swarm naturally, but divid-
ing the colonies might be successful.
If the colony was weak, cut ofl" the
queen's head. Do not divide so as to
depopulate the hive.

"How does California compare with
Colorado in bee-culture ?"

Robert James said that the white
sage which grew in the canyons was
the chief honey supply. When there
are a plenty of blossoms the honey
crop is good. Since we have intro-
duced alfalfa there is rarely a failure,
but drouth often causes it there.

Mrs. Rliodes said that with alfalfa
there was little honej' four years ago.
We were liable once in a while to
failure.

Mr. Clark said all preferred Col-
orado honey. He could get 2 or .3
cents per pound more for it than for
California, yet we must expect some
failures, as all States had tliem.
" How can we best winter bees ?"
Mr. Porter said that we need to pay
little attention to that. We iwere so

busy that we left them out-doors, and
they were all right. If he had a large
cellai', and conveniences for getting
them in, he would prefer the cellai-.
But if a little straw or earth be thrown
OP the north side, they can be kept out
all winter

The convention elected as delegates
to the next North American Bee-Keep-
ers' Convention, Mr. W. L. Porter, of
Greeley, Mrs. Levi Booth, of Denver,
and Mrs. R. H. Rhodes, of Arvada.

A motion passed unanimously, giv-
ing the preference to Columbus, Ohio,
as the place of meeting of the next
North American Bee-Keepers' Con-
vention.

After discussing the time for holding
the annual meeting, and the subject of
rye meal for spring feeding, where
there was a great diversity of opinion
as to its value, the association ad-
journed to meet Aug. 14, at IW a.m.,
in the Horticultural Association rooms.
J. M. Clakk, Sec.

QUEEN-CAG-E.

Cage for Introducing i^ueens,
and How to Use It.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY VET. TUCKER.

Quite a number of queen introduc-
ing-cages have been spoken of in the
Bee Journal, but the following sug-
gested by a friend, I think is superior
to any other that I have examined :

It is similar to the Peet cage, except
that it is covered on both top and bot-
tom with wire-cloth, and has a bee-
space opening on one side, and a
queen-excluding opening on the other.
It is provided with food as usual, and
the queen and her attendants are run
in at the bee-space opening, when all
is closed. The cage is then placed on
top of the frames of a queenless col-
ony, and a cover placed over, in which
an opening has been made the size of
the cage into which it is adjusted.
Place a small cover over the cage.
The queen is now similarly situated as
in the Peet cage.

After the usual time given for tin-
bees to become acquainted with the
queen, remove the plug from, the
queen-excluding opening into the
cage, and raise the cover even with
the top of the cage, and fasten it by
means of small pins inserted for the
purpose. The workers now have free
access to the queen, but the queen can-
not leave the cage.

After leaving things in this condi-
tion for a short time, return and see if
all is well, by lifting the small cover
from the cage.

The object of the wire-cloth on top
is, that these examinations, etc., can

THE a»«IERICar« BE® JO^JRlfffit.

173

^^^^^^^*^*^^^^^^^*^*^^^Lt-^*~*~"^-"^-''~^^^'^-^-n

be made without coming in contact
■with the bees.

If all is well, the bees will soon com-
iiionce carryinn; the food from the cage
to the frames below, and thus become
acijuainted with the queen. If, on ex-
;imination, the l)ees are found belliger-
rnt, drop the cover to the bottom of
the cage, and with a few i)ufl's of
smoke, remove all the bees but the
attendants, and close the cage. After
the usual time, the same can be re-
peated, and so continue until the bees
are friendly to the queen.

When this has been accomplished,
open the bee-space on the other side
of the cage, and the queen can leave
at her pleasure, and commence her
labors without danger of attack. Thus
the colony is not disturbed at liberat-
ing the queen — a factor of no small
value, as disturbance sometimes causes
the bees to attack their queen after she
has been with them for months.

It is diflicult to catch and cage a
queen, if she is not accejited when
liberated. With this cage the queen
is alwa_vs in hand. I have liberated
queens which were immediatelj' at^
tacked and put to flight before going
among the bees. This could never
occur with the above-described cage.
I think that it is nearly, if not quite,
infallible.

Shelby, Ohio.

MOLDS.

How to Itlake and Use Founda-
tion molds.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY .JOHN FARIS.

Foundation molds are made as fol-
lows : Make two frames the size of
the mold wanted, something like a
slate-frame ; hinge the two frames to-
gether, fit a board in one frame, lay a
sheet of foundation on the board, and
close the frames. Have the plaster of
Paris already mixed, till the top frame,
working it well into every cell, and
when the plaster sets, turn over the
frames, and take out the board and fill
the other frame in the same manner.
Let them alone about ten minutes, and
then pry open and take ofl" the sheet of
foundation, when the molds are ready
for use.

Make a tin box for Langstroth molds,
44 inches long, 14 inches wide, and 6
inches deep, with a wooden rim
around the top 3 inches wide. Now
make another tin box an inch larger,
and tack it to the rim ; fill the empty
space with water, and put it on "a
stove. Put the beeswax into the box,
and heat tlie wliole apparatus until the
wax is thoroughly melted ; then let the
wax cool down, put in two cross-sticks

2 inches from the top of the box at one
end of the box.

Before operating is begun,, put the
molds in luke-warni water, and let
tliem get thoroughly wet ; then put the
molds on the cross-sticks in the box,
and with a dipper or tin cup, pour the
wax on one plaster. Close the molds
immediately, and gently press them
with both hands four or five seconds,
and then plunge them into cold water
a few seconds. Take them out, and
pry them open, and peel ofl" a perfect
sheet of foundation, ready for the bees.
Or, if you have 10 or 15 pounds of
wax, you can dip one plate in the wax,
put the plates on the cross-sticks, and
close them as in the previous opera-
tion. This waj' makes foundation
which will will not sag or break down
like the rolled.

Town House, Va.

CANADA.

Report of the Welland County
Convention.

The Welland County Bee-Keepers'
Association was organized at the T<jwn
Hall in Ridgeway, Ont., on Mondav,
Feb. 20, 1888. Owing to the hea\V
rains during the day, and the condi-
tion of the roads, many persons who
had signified their intention of being
present, were prevented. Eleven per-
sons were enrolled as members. A
courteous letter from Prof. Snider, re-
gretting his inability to be present,and
promising to be at the next meeting,
was read. The following were elected
as officers : H. J. Herber, President ;
C. H. Mathews, Vice-President ; and
J. F. Dunn, Secretary-Treasurer.

The different methods of wintering
bees was pretty thoroughly discussed.

Mr. Herber winters his bees in a
clamp, packed with sawdust in a barn,
with the hive-entrances so arranged
that the bees can fly on warm days.

Mr. Mathews winters his bees in a
clamp, out>doors, the hives being
packed in sawdust and forest leaves,
with a cushion over the brood-nest, and
the honej'-boards oil'. His bees are in
good condition.

H. Johnston winters his bees in
double-walled sawdust hives, with a
sawdust cushion 3 inches thick over
the bees, and the super filled with
corn-cobs. His bees winter well also.

A number asked, "Do bees seek a
home before swarming ?" The opin-
ions seemed to be pretty evenly divided
on this question.

One member said that a Mr. Troup,
of Welland county, had observed a
few bees cleaning t>ut a cavity in a
decayed tree, and the next day a col-
ony from a neighboring yai'd occupied
the cavity.

Tlie Secretary thought that was no
proof, and that bees do seek a home
before swarming. A small swarm
may have occui)ied the cavity first, and
the one issuing the next day united
with them. ; 1

Then followed a talk on hiving
swarms and contracting the brood-
nest. Mr. Herber favored contraction,
but thought that the bees would be
found in better condition for winter if
contraction wore not practiced. The
bees would have to be fed, etc., and
the novice had better let contraction
alone.

Discussions on minor topics occupied
the balance of the time, after which
the convention adjourned to meet
again in Welland, Ont., on Monday,
May 7. 1888. J. F. Dunn, Sec.

Honey and Beeswax Market.

DENVER.
HONEY.— Best white 1-Ib. sections, 17@19c.: 2-Ib^
sections, 15@il7c. Extracted, 7® IOC.
BEESWAJ[.-20@23c.
Miir. 1. J. M. CLARK & CO.. 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : Choice white 2-lb. sections,
17@l8c.; dark 2-lb8, I4@15c.; choice white I-lbs.. 18 to
20cts. , darli I-lbs., 15®16c. White extracted, 7®«o.;
dark. fi®6c. Demand is slow. White extracted la
Arm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BEESWAX.— 21 to 22C.
Feb. 29. HAMBLIN & BBAR8S. 514 Walnut St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.- We quote : Fancy white in 1-lb. sec-
tions, 15@18c.; the same in 2-lbs., 13@15c.; buck-
wheat 1-lbs., 11®12C.; 2-lb8., 10®llc. Off grades
l®2c. per lb. less. White extracted, 8®9c.; dark,
5H@i6c. Market dull.
BEESWAX.— 22(«23C.

MCCAUL & HttDRBTH BROS.,
Feb. 21. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane 8t

CINCINNATI

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4®9c. per lb.
Choice comb, 16(S!2iic., in the JobbinK way. De-
mand fair and supply good.

BEESWAX.— Demand is good— 20<Sj22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.

Feb. 20. C. F. MDTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote: 1-lb. sections, 16®17c.; 2-
Ib. sections, l4®l«c. Extracted. 8®9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow. .

BEESWAX.- 25 cts. per lb.

Feb. 24. Blaks & KiPLBT. 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote: White to extra, 15® 18c.;
amber. 13®iec. Extracted, white liquid, 7@T}4c.;
amber and candied, .')J^®6Hc. Market quiet.

BEESWAX. -J IM24C.

Feb. 18. SCilACHT & liEMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best white in 1-pound sections, 17®19o.
Extracted, 9@i0c, for light colored. Market weaker
and supply only fair.

REB8WAX.— 22@23c.

Feb. 17. M. H. H0NT, BeH Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.
HONEY.— Prices range from ie@18c. for best one.
lb. sections; 2-lbs. or about, 14®l5c. Dark is slow of
sale, with no steady price. Extracted moving slowly.
Offerings of all kinds are large. Demand better.
BEESWAX,- 22®230. R. A. BURNETT,

Feb. 16. 161 South Water St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONE Y.-We quote: White 1-lbs., glassed, 16®17c;
unglassed, 17@lSc. : anddark 1-lbs., glassed, loc; un-
glassed, HJc; white 2.1bs., glassed, l6c,,: unglassed2-
Ibs., 17c. California white 2-lb8.. i7c. California ex-
tracted in 6u-lb. cans, 8c. Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BEEBWAX.-NO. 1, 20c..; No. 2, I8c.
Feb. 9. CLEMONS, CLOON 4 CO., cor 4th AWalnut.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections. lSf51l9c.;
2-!l)s.. Ij®l(ic., 3-lbs., I4®15c. Dark ;uul l>roken not
quotable. Extracted, white in kegs and tin. y®y^c-;
iii-barrels and barrels, m^@9c.: dark and mixed in
same, ti&7c. Market slow ; better demand expected.

BEESWAX.— 22®25C.

Feb. 2. A. V. BISHOP. 142 W. Water St.

174

TWrn MlMERieSrf WMW JQ'iPRHMlr.

iiijouiul

BUSINESS MANAGER.

It Yon trive near one posto£Bce and
get ytfur mail at anotlier, be sure to give tlie
address that we liave ou our list.

lliltoii's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at £his oface.

PreseiTe Yoiir Papers for future
reference. If you have no BINWER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, it you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journai,.

Mease \vi-ile Ameriaxn Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this ofBce.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

IHoney Orders for $5.00 and imder,
cost 5 cents. As these are absolutely safe,
it will pay to get them instead of the Postal
Notes which are payable to any one who
presents them.

Clover Seeds.— We are sellmg Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : »8.00
per bushel; S3.35 per peck ; 3.5 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : $10.00 per bushel; S3.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melllot,
Clover Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 30 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Pliotograplis of Bec-Koepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. 0. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, tor a club of three subscri-
bers and $3.00.

Xlie CoDTenlion. — The pamphlet
containing the report o£ the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 35 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for.5i.' cents, postpaid.

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in auy locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

It is Extravag-ant Economy not

to have hives, sections, comb foundation,
etc., on h'and when needed. To prevent
disappointment, order early what you will
need in that line. Then the hives can be
nailed and painted in odd times, and the
sections put together, so as to be ready at a
minute's notice. It is a sad disappointment
to need these things and then not have
tliem on hand. They should be ordered
very soon. We are promised an early
spring, and a good honey crop.

Oive a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

L.ook Over last year's numbers of the
Bee Journal, and if any are missing,
send for them at once, as we have but few
left now, and they are daily becoming less.

A Pocket IMctionary will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with $3.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spellmg of words, and to
determine their meaning.

ITiicca Briislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not initate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant

SEE1> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; Jo pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

^Ve Clnl> the American Bee Journal
and the " Bee-Keepers' Magazine " for one
year for $1.40 ; or with " Gleanings in Bee-
Culture " for $1.75 ; or with the "Apicnl-
turist " for $1.80 ; or the " Canadian Honey-
Producer " for $1.30 ; with the Bee-Keepers'
Review, $1.40 ; or all six for $4.00.

Red Eabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at oue cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1..=)0 $2.00 S;2 -25

.500Labels 2 00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels ...3.00 4.00 5.00

«B- Samples mailed free, upon application.

Please to get your I%eigli1>or,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

A ITIoderu Bee-Farm, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

If yon Eosc Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Full Colonies of Bees for Sale

CHEAP, durin;; the season of 18S8.
C. M. HOLLINGSWORTB, Koclsford. Ills.
11-15-19

1888. QDEENS. 1888.

I HAVE 50 Select Tested QUEENS of last
vear's rearing, that I will sell in April at
S3 00 each: in Mav, $2..50: in June, $2.00; and
from July 1 to Nov. 1, $1.50.

QUEENS, warranted purely mated, $1.00;
6 tor $5 00. They are bred from the best of
mothers and are superior to the common run
of Queens sold at a lower price without any
guaranty as to purity. I do not pretend to
rear Queens under the Swarming Impulse. I
lielieve with those who answer Queries in this
Journal— that it is a humbug. When it ia
necessary to stimulate to get good Cells, 1 do
so. And that is all there is in It.

3^~ Have your orders booked ahead, and
send for the Queens when vou want Ih'in. I
will commence shipping Warranted Queens
as early in May as possible. T guarantee sale
arrival. Address, J. T. WILSON,

- NICHOLASVILLE. Jessamine C , KY.

OThe BUYEKS' GUIDE is
issued March and Sept.,
each year. It is an ency-
clopedia of useful infor-
mation for all who pur-
chase the luxuries or the
necessities of life. We
can clothe you and furnish you with
all the necessary and unnecessary
appliances to ride, "walk, dance, sleep,
eat, fish, hunt, work, go to church,
or stay at home, and in various sizes,
styles and quantities. Just figure out
what is required to do all these things
COMFORTABLY, and you can make a fair
estimate of the value of the BUYERS'
GUIDE, which will be sent upon
receipt of 10 cents to pay postage,

MONTGOMERY WARD & CO.

■'''1-114 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111.

THE BEE-KEEPERS'

REVIEW,

FOR FEBRIi.\KY, is now out. lit has
been delayed by the serious illness of its
editor). The special topic of this issue is
"TEMPERATUKE" as applied to bee-reposi-
tories. So much information on this topic has
probably never before been gathered into so
small a space. The treatment is e.\haustive,
and it would seem that nothing more need be
said on the suhjeet.

Among the cmitribntnrs tn this Number are
such men as R. L Taylor James Hcddon, H.
R. Doardinan, F. Bnomhowpr, T. F. Bingham.
J. A. Buchanan and C. C. Mil er.

Several pages are devoted to editorials upon
a variety of live topics. There are also choice
extracts from the writings of Prof. Cook, C.
W, Davton, C. C. Miller, and others.

A list of contents will not be published, as
acopy"'lll cheerfully be sent to all who ask
torit. Priceof the REVIEW, 50 cts. a year.

Tlie ProUuctlon of Comb Hone}',

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 25 cents.
The REVIEW and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.
Address, "W. Z. HUTCIIINSON,

llAtf FLINT. MICHIGAN.

WANTED,

Uccswax.— We will pay 30 <-«'iils per

pound, delivered here, for Yellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, tlie name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

THOS. G. NEWTMAN Sc SON,
923 4 925 West MadlBOn St., - CHICAGO, ILLS.

THE^ SMERIC^tN MMM J©^RffMI<,

179

voiniv,

"We «lo ISot hesitS to st8,

That 1888

Will doubtless be quite choice and grS,

For bees to hurry up their g8 ;

And when ttiev'e found some honey-frS,

I'm sure we don't exaggerS,

When boldly we asseverS,

That not a worker will be 18

In sipping up the tempting b8.

Xlie 4]rreatest Ulizzard of modern
times raged last week all over the Eastern
States, suspending business for four days,
and working untold miseries to man and
beast. Mails have been delayed by the
abandonment of trains, and telegraph and
telephone communications nearly all sus-
pended. The blockade was raised last Fri-
day, and the large cities were then restored
to the world of commerce.

TUe Conslitntion and By-Laws of
the Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association is on
our desk. It contains 12 pages, if we may
count the last page which is occupied with
an advertisement of the Canadian Bee
Journal, where it was printed. It displays
poor taste to have the latter there, but as it
is inditferently printed, perhaps the blunder
of putting it there will be overlooked, as
well as the advertisement itself.

Bees have ^Viiitered Well.—

That is the general verdict. The following
are samples of the reports of all, and voice
the universal hope for a good season.

P. C. Dowler, New Paris, O., on March
10, 1888, writes : "My bees have wintered
finely on the summer stands. The prospects
for the future are flattering."

K. F. Holtermann, of Brantford, Ont.,
March 10, 1SS.8, wrote : " Our bees had a
splendid flight yesterday, and reports so far
go to show that bees are in very good con-
dition generally. We can all stand a pretty
good season, and we all hope for the best."

Xlie Uritiiiih Itee JTournal has

copied our article relative to its editorial
averring that an English clergyman has
been to the United States, and had per-
sonally visited some " adulterating bee-
farms" said to exist here. We branded
the article of our cotemporary thus :

It is a base slander — a nefarious lie ;
neither the clergyman in question, nor "any
other man " ever visited any such " adul-
terating bee-farms !" They do not exist ! !

It is nothing more nor less than a scancia-
toMs/alschood— the production of a sensa-
tional reporter's brain, written for spice,
but lacking even the flimsiest " thread " of
truth !

Its only possible excuse is the infamous
" scientific pleasantry " written " tor the
funoi the thing," by Prof. Wiley— who is
so unprincipled as to let it " fly " on electric
wires to "the uttermost parts of the Earth,"
without a word of regret, or denial !

The British Bee Journal states that it
has instituted " an inquiry into the truth of
the information supplied" by the clergy-
man. That is just what it should do, and
our confidence in the integrity of Mr.
Cowan is such that we have no doubt of its
being done. He was in Switzerland when
the article was published, and we expect he
was as much surprised and disgusted at its
contents as we were.

Our friend, the Rev. L. L. Langstroth,
wrote us on the 10th inst. the following
scriptural quotation which is very applica-
ble to the situation :

I see that your severe but just condemna-
tion of the Wiley "pleasantry " very prop-
erly finds place in the British Bee Journal.
Proverbs xxvi. 18, 19 reads thus : " As a
madman who casteth firebrands, arrows,and
death, so is the man that deceiveth his
neighbor, and saitli. Am I not in sport ?"
Does not that just describe the Wiley
pleasantry ?

Statistics.— We have received a large
number of replies from bee-men consenting
to become correspondents to supply statis-
tics to the Agricultural Department on bees
and honey. One remarks thus :

If there are two or more from one county,
would it not be necessary for each to know
who the others are, so that they may make
arrangements to divide the territory, and
make no duplicate reports ?

We expect when the number is full, that
it will be thought necessary to print the
names and addresses, and arrange the ter-
ritory assigned to each person. But we are
not yet informed about the details.

IJIr. Aaron Singei-, of Wabash, Ind.,
has sent us one of the Statistical Blanks
which have been used in that State since
1881. It is a very indefinite and antiquated
affair. It has only these three inquiries :

Number of stands of bees.

Number of atandB of bees killed by moth or other
causes past twelve months.

Number of pounds of honey taken past twelve
months.

The blank is headed : FOR STATISTI-
CAL PURPOSES ONLY, and properly-
put questions answered correctly would be
all that could be desired. It is evident that
the blank was made out by some one who
knew nothing of bee-keeping.

BIi-.s. Ulleii S. Xupper, who was

well-known in apicultural circles some 30
years ago, is said to have died at El Paso,
Texas, on March 13, 1888, where she was
temporarily visiting her daughter. Since
her arrest and trial for " forgery " in 1875-
76, she resided in Dakota, where, we under-
stand, her husband died.

Something like a dozen years ago, she ob-
tained between .330,000 and -540,000 from
banks in the West, upon " forged notes,"
endorsed in some instances by her friends,
leaving the latter to settle with the banks
after the notes had gone to "protest," and the
purported signers had been proved to be
mythical— among these,, the editor of this
paper may be enumerated for $3,000, besides
several hundreds of dollars for " expenses "
and "other crookedness " on her part.

On her trial she pleaded " insanity," and
to prove this, her lawyers exhibited several
" bank notes " made payable to her, bearing
the signature (or rather mark) of "Jesus
Christ." On this plea she was acquitted,
for the testimony against her was over-
wlielming ! She was a " strong-minded
woman"— but many have cause to regret
that they ever saw her ! ! " Oh ! Frailty I
thy name is woman." But " peace to her
dust!" Let it rest in peace.

Apiarist.— A correspondent asks the
following questions :

Will you be kind enough to explain why
" apiarian " cannot be used as a noun as
well as "apiarist?" The suffixes "an"
and " ist" both mean the same thing, and I
confess I can see no reason why we should
not say " apiarian." If not, why not ?

Why is " queen-rearing " to be preferred
to " queen-raising ?" Please give us some
more "light" on these words.

We reply, the standard authorities such
as Webster, Worcester, Kirby and Zell, all
agree that apiarist is the noun, and apiarian
the adjective. The choice of the suffixes
having already been made,it is unnecessary
for us to explain why— -we simply use the
words as they are defined by lexicographers.

Queen-rearing is a more elegant expres-
sion than queen-raising— we therefore pre-
fer to use it. t-

A Wliite Clover Itlossoni is re-
ceived from Mr. J. W. Winder,of Louisiana.
While the Eastern States were taken pos-
session of by a blizzard, and all the North-
ern States are experiencing " the chilling
blasts " of winter. It is refreshing to know
that somewhere the flowers are blooming,
the birds are warbling their sweetest notes,
and all Nature is smiling under sunny
skies. Welcome, little blo.ssom, as the
harbinger of coming spring !

Mr. C. C. I»ailey, of Chicago, has
placed one of his tin feeders in our Museum.
It has a projecting trough which may be
put into the entrance of the hive, and under
the frames which connects with the outside
reservoir. We brought a similar one from
Europe in 1879. This has more surface
on which the bees can get the food.

180

Tmm «MEmi<ciiif mmm jQ^^mnmi^.

,,„ -^-^-.-.- ^. ■■,.,. «.«.>.■.>. »»«.«.«>«««■ ■^■J«l«««-L!'l'^' ■'****

f «>*»»fca>A

were bees were indispensable in promoting
the settinR of fruits, especially in squashes,
melons, etc., and the fertilizing of beans,
clover and peas, which could not go on with-
out the aid of bees.

Tlie ^Veatlter in England.— The

British Bee Journal for March 1, 1888, con-
tains the following item on the comparative
weather in Great Britain and North
America :

While in the great northwest of North
America we are told that those awful visi-
tations called "blizzards" (i. e., tornados pt
icy particles) have swept over large dis-
tricts, destroying man and beast, that the
■whole country was freezing with the ther-
mometer ranging from 50° to 60° beloio zero
for several weeks, and then suddenly rose
to 50° and eo- ahove zero, " causing the bees
to sport in the balmy air," here, in old Eng-
land, a week of unusually mild weather
over the whole country was followed by a
change to the opposite extreme, and for the
* last fortnight the earth has been frost-bound
and covered in all parts by deep snow, the
storms having begun in the north ot Scot-
land, and spread southward, until the whole
face of the land is covered with an icy gar-
ment of snow. From Scotland, Ireland,
Wales, Somerset, Cornwall, Jersey, 1 ranee,
Spain, Switzerland, etc., the same accounts
reach us, of snow and frost in abundance
with cutting, searching north and east
winds, such as the oldest inhabitants never
remember to have occurred at this season
of the year, when we were all looking for
balmy airs and gentle zephyrs to usher in
the spring. In our southern counties the
hazel catkins were beginning to appear, the
dead nettle and sneedwells were in bloom,
and on sheltered banks beneath the hedge-
rows the spring flowers were bursting into
bloom, when horrid Winter, with icy hand,
again seizes upon every scrap of vegetation
and nips it in the bud. And still, as we
write, snow on the hills, snow in the valleys,
snow everywhere, and snow still falling!
But we shall be told that vegetation was
getting forward, that a check was required,
that better now than later (yes, if we do not
get it later as well) that—

" February should fill the dyke,
And it with the white
It's the better to like."

Well, let those like it who can, but we do
not think our bees will be among the num-
ber By the cutting, withering blasts, and
driving, piercing snow, their numbers will
certainly be thinned, and many a colony
will fail to greet the sunshine— when it
comes— with murmuring joyful hum and
gaily quivering wing. For ourselves we
shall in the future certainly pray, in dear
old Virgil's words— " Di taJem fejTis a-ucr-
Utepestmi-0, ye gods, avert such a
scouige from the earth."

Anollier Blo>v.— At the Maine Bee-
Keepers' Convention, the President, in his
annual address, gives another blow at the
infamous lie of Prof. Wiley about manu-
factured comb-honey. He said :

We have just passed through one of the
hardest seasons in our.pursuit that has been
known for many years. It is said there is
never a cloud so dark but it has a silver
lining. I think it is not hard to see at the
present time that this poor season may be a
blessing in disguise, and may work for the
good of our business.

Our large markets had got over-stocked
with honey, prices had been knocked down
by shipping honey into the already over-
stocked markets, until honey was selling at
ruinous prices.

The Wiley lie was floating over the coun-
try, that there were numerous manufac-
tories where bee-comb was manufactured
and filled with glucose syrup, and sealed
over with hot irons. The newspapers
wafted this story along, and thousands be-
lieved the story, although it was so incon-
sistent. „ ., a ,

This failure of honey from the flowers has
cleared out the honey markets, so that com-
mission men have called loudly for honey,
at good prices. Where are these gluco-
manufactories all this time, that they allow
the markets to become so bare of honey
even at the doubled-up prices ? This ought
to open the eyes of the community on this
subject, and strike a death-blow to that in-
famous lie.

Bees and «rapcs.— The editor of
Popular Oardcning, when commenting
upon the late meeting of the Michigan Hor-
ticultural Convention, and the discussion
upon the value of bees to grape-growers,
says that nearly all the testimony was in
favor of the bees, and then adds :

Mr. J. A. Pearce had a new point in their
favor. He said that birds punctured a large
number of his early grapes, and the juice
ran out, disfiguring the clusters, and he
thought they would be entirely unsalable.
But tlie bees came to his rescue and sucked
up all the oozing juice, cleaning out the in-
jured grapes, so that a slight brush vvould
rub off the dry skins, thus the unpunctnred
grapes were clean, and he was able to put
them on the market, securing fair remuner-
ation for them. Many instances were given

Fastening' Fonndation in sections
has been commented upon several times,
and some machines described in these
columns. On page 171, Mr. Eden made
some statements about such machines in
general, and on the one made by Mr.
Alpaugh in particular. To this the latter
objects ; and, in justice to him, we must let
him make the following correction :

As Mr. Eden in his article on page 171, re-
fers more to me than any one else, I would
like to correct some of his statements. He
says, " one of the faults with the majority
of machines is, that they cannot be adjusted
to different sized sections, some machines
(and Mr. Alpaugh's is one of them) can
only fasten foundation into 4-piece sections,
and that before they are put together." I
would like to contradict that statement ;
one of my machines in use not far from
where he lives (made a year ago), was made
to suit sections of different sizes, and I have
now arranged the machine so that it will
fasten foundation in either I or 4 piece sec-
tions, and width from 1 to 3 inches, either
before or after the section is put together,
either for full sheets or starters.

In my last, I omitted to state : No mat-
ter what the temperature is, so long as it
will permit the foundation to be handled.
Jacob Alpaugh.

Our correspondents should be careful
when making statements, to knoiv that they
are correct before they are allowed to ap-
pear in print.

Mr. R. A. GrimsUaw, in the British
Bee Journal, says that the " bee-disease "
so-called which, sometimes affects bee-keep-
ers (Mr. Heddon for instance) is "pollen-
cold," or hay-fever. He prints, side by
side, the symptoms ot it given by the latter
and Dr. Mackenzie in his work on "the
catarrhal symptoms of hay-fever." Mr.
Grimshaw then adds :

If we read what Pastor Schonfeld tells us
on " What do bees use in winter when the
pollen collected by them is exhausted ?" we
shall find plenty of evidence that there is
plenty of pollen at hand in the hive in win-
ter, in old combs, cell-walls, and margins,
membranes left by the nymphs, and in the
excreta of larva: at the bottom of the cells.
He shows that even the stomach of the bee,
let alone that ot the larva, is unable to make
all the pollen-grains yield up their contents,
by reason of the hardiness of the extine re-
sisting their digestive or assimilative juices.
Now when bees go out of their hives silvern
and golden in hue, the body hairs covered
with pollen, bent, as the insects are, in
making the most of a honey glut, and leav-
ing the pollen-cleaning until dark, the
whole hive will be not unlike a flour-mill,
the air charged with floating grains. If
one, at this time, only take a peep under the
edge of the quilt (even has a smelt at the
bees, as Mr. Heddon puts it) a current of
hot air rushes out of the opening, carrying
on it myriads of pollen-grains to the nos-
trils. By the showing of various bee-keep-
ers, the disease instantly begins its course.
What theory so reasonable as that he gets it
from pollen grains fanned about by multi-
tudes of agitated wings, especially when the
apparent causes and symptoms are so iden-
tical with those of hay-fever known under
other names, e. g., pollen catarrh, summer
catarrh, idiosyncratic catarrh, rose-cold,
peach-cold, and pollen poisoning ?

I do not doubt that the bee which flew
close past Mr. Heddon's face, and gave him
an attack, instead of discharging poison,
wafted pollen-grains, which he inhaled. In
short, with the infinitesimal percentage of
people who are subject to pollen-poisoning,
to keep off certain flora gives immunity, and
equally keep away from the pollen collected
by the bee, and there is no bee-disease,
rrtie two must be identical.

My remarks, however imperfect, would be
still more so if I did not say something with
regard to prevention, etc. Dr. Morel Mac-
kenzie says, " If the poison be continually
introduced into the system, the antidote, if
one exists, can have but little chance of
effecting a cure. Change of residence,
from the country to the seaside or town, is
recommended," (keep oft the bees). And
(strange to say, but welcome to bee-keep-
ers), he recommends also a veil to be worn
over the face. "I have found a 'double
gossamer ' veil, which can be had in several
colors, answer the purpose in some cases.
Protected in this way many people predis-
posed to hay-fever escape altogether." Verb,
sap. Tobacco-smoke sometimes afi^ords re-
lief. One part salicylic acid to 1,000 of
water, snuffed up the nostrils cuts short the
disease. fBinz.)

Prevention being better than cure, let
those who are susceptible wear a fine silk
veil.

Tlic Brttisli Bee-Keepers' Ad-
viser is the name of the new monthly pub-
lished at two shillings per annum. Address
J. Huckle, King's Langley, Herts, England.

Mew Catalogues for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

Edward R. Newcnmb, Pleasant "Valley, N.
Y.— 37 pages— Bee-Hives and Bee-Keepers'
Supplies Generally. This is the handsomest
catalogue ot bee-keepers' supplies issued for
the present year.

J. E. Pryor, Dexter, Iowa— 8 pages— Bees,
Honey and Supplies.

J. C. Sayles, Hartford, Wis.— 9 pages-
Apiarian Supplies.

THE jeSMERICSN ]BMfB JOtJRNSI^.

181

Xlie Bee-Keepers' Union. — The

case of Z. A. Clark is now being attended
to by two of tlie most noted lawyers of
Arlsansas : Hon. S. W. Williams, of Little
Roclf, and Major Witherspoon (ex-Attorney
General) of Arljadelpliia. Mr. Clarlc gives
the following particulars of the present
status of the case :

I was released on luibeas corpus bond on
Marcli 3, for my appearance at 10 a.m. the
next day. 1 had not been home with my
family more than about three hours when I
was arrested and taken before the Mayor
and fined $14 and costs, and remanded to
jail again. Of course it would be nonsense
to pay the fine, and go back and have the
samething to go over again the next day.
Judge Williams advised me never to yield,
as we rest on a constitutional right to de-
fend our homes and property. I have .suf-
fered physically and mentally since this
persecution began. We failed on the habeas
cm-pus before the County Judge, and as my
wife was worried and distresseet about the
matter, she had the whole apiary dumped
outside the corporation line. This is a dis-
astrous loss, as I have been hard at work
about eight years to build up this apiary,
and now it is taken from us without a trial
by j ury.

The Mayor fined me one day when no
one had seen any bees about my place. He
sent the Marshal to my house to ascertain if
he could see any bees. One day it was
cool, and no bees were flying. The Marshal
did not see any bees, and swore that he did
not, but the Mayor fined me " all the same."

We have appealed all the cases — eleven
in number— the first day's fine was .8.5, and
an additional dollar for each day; the last
day's fine being $1.5. He even fined me
after we had made affidavit asking for a
change of venue, because that 1 "could not
get a fair trial, and that he was prejudiced,
etc."

1 am confident that if bee-keepers could
fully realize my condition, the Bee-Keepers'
Union would have 10,000 members in 34
hours.

The following is a sample of many letters
we have received. It is from J. T. Scofield,
of Barnesville, Ohio :

I hope the Arkadelphia case will enlist
the sympathy of bee-keepers who were not
heretofore members of the Union. Our
brother beekeepers should be defended,
and if necessary the case should be appealed
to the court of last resort by the Union, and
fully vindicated. 1 will pay assessments if
needed.

Mr. James McNeill, of Hudson, N. Y.,
wrote thus on March 13, 1888 :

I am much Interested in Mr. Z. A. Clark's
plucky defense of his rights in keeping
bees. It is our duty to stand by him, and
hold up his hands while he is suffering iiu-
prisonuient, and put to great inconvenience
and pecuniary loss in the defense of a prin-
ciple which is dear to us all. Surely in a
matter of this character the injury of one is
the conceni of all. I would willingly pay
a dozen assessments rather than have Mr.
Clark worsted in this matter.

No assessment would be necessary, if
but a tenth of the bee-keepers of America
should join the Union. The Manager does
not favor an extra assessment, and will not
consent to such, unless it becomes an abso-
lute necessity. If its devotees will not de-
fendjthe pursuit, who should do so ? The

defense should have universal support. A
lew ought not to bear the burden for all.

Mr. A. C. Tyrrel wrote the following
letter on this subject :

I enclose SI which please place to benefit
fund to aid Mr. Clark in his suit with the
city authorities of Arkadelphia, Ark., who,
by an unjust ordinance, and enforcing the
same, have deprived a worthy man of his
liberty, and rights arcorded to every citizen
of the United States. Granting that Mr.
Clark has been guilty of a crime in not
obeying the decree of a City Council, and
Slayor of that unsavory city — under the
Constitution of the United States, he should
enj(iy the right of a speedy and public trial
by an inparttaJ jury, which it appears has
been denied him. He should have applied
for and have been released immediately on
a writ of habeas cor/) its, and forthwith in-
stituted criminal proceedings against the
Mayor for depriving him of liis liberty, and
for "refusing him a trial by a jury of his
countrymen. He has a strong case if prop-
erly managed, and I believe he is entitled to
damages for the unlawful act. In view of
the fact that similar suits are liable to be
commenced against bee-keepers without a
moment's warning, let every bee-keeper
in the United States who is able contribute
81 to the Bee-Keepers' Union, to be ex-
pended in defending worthy bee-keepers
who are unable to procure counsel. The
amount is so small none would feel the Joss,
for it is not a loss when expended for a
worthy purpose, and you will have the
sweet satisfaction of knowing that a small
portion of your money has been of lasting
benefit to an unfortunate brother— a victim
of prejudice and ignorant fanatics.

Honey from Apple Ulos!«onis. —

Prof. Cook remarks in the New York Tri-
bxhne that but few kinds of honey are su-
perior to that from apple blossoms. The
color is light amber, and though not quite
equal in appearance to that from clover or
basswood, it is not so dark as to be objec-
tionable. The flavor is very characteristic,
and reminds one of quince preserves. Upon
sampling it no one has ever expressed any-
thing but admiration of its quality. The
fact that so early in the season as apples
bloom, there are very few bees in the hives,
as there are yet but few pleasant working
days, accounts for the fact that we usually
get very little honey from the fruit blossoms.

Wliite Clover and Plum blossoms
are received from Mr. E. Israel, of Miss-
issippi. He says the bloom of the elms and
maples have come and gone. White clover
has been in bloom since the last of Feb-
ruary, but he has not yet seen a bee on it.

Frank I^eslie'.s Sunday IMaga*
Kine for April marks the fact of its being
an Easter number by a fine hymn tune,
" Christ is Risen," by G. Wenham Smith,
and two Easter poems, viz : " Easter— Be-
side a Tomb," by Myrta Harper Lockett,
and "Easter Flowers," by MariaA. Agur.
" His Banner Over Me," comes to a happy
conclusion, and a new story by George
Macdonald, entitled, " The Elect Lady " is
begun. As usual in this magazine, there
are many short articles, and an abundance
of illustrations, both large and small.

Ciatherin;;' !4taliM<ics.— Mr. F. Wil-
cox, of Mauston, Wis., on March 9, 1888,
sent us the following on the above subject :

in reply to your editorial on page 147,
"Gathering Statistics," 1 will say: 1 have
just mailed to J. K. Dodge, statistician, a
list embracing o?ie name from each county
of Wisconsin where apiculture is of any
comparative importance. Those personally
known or recommended to me were marked
to designate that fact. As to the willing-
ness or fitness of the others, 1 advised him
to satisfy himself by correspondence.

Your plan of asking for volunteer corres-
pondents, is a good one, and will help you
very much. In my opinion, no one should
be depended upon until he first consents to
serve, however well qualified he may be.

I do not understand just how the Depart-
ment will use two correspondents from a
county. If each reports the crop of the
whole county, it will be a double report ; it
each attempts to report a portion of the
county, I fail to see how they will know
when they have it all reported and none
counted twice.

If but one is employed to report the
county, and he is paid something to cover
the expense of correspondence, the name
of every bee-keeper in his county can be
obtained from the assessors or town clerks
when he can furnish each bee-keeper with
blanks, and ask for a report at certain
specified dates. I doubt if a full and ac-
curate report will ever be obtained without
the use of money enough to pay the un-
avoidable expenses.

Permit me now to offer a word of friendly
criticism of your plan of collecting statis-
tics by assessors. The first impulse with
some persons is to conceal some portion of
their property from the assessor. The as-
sor also wishes to underrate the number of
horses, cattle, hogs, sheep, colonies of bees,
etc., that his town, city or village may have
some advantage when it is equalized
by the County lioard. In short, the asses-
sors would not report more than halt or
three-fourths the bees to the county clerk.
In regard to the honey crop of the previous
year, the assessor could get a fair estimate,
but I can see but one way that the informa-
tion can be used when we get it, that is, let
one reporter from each county estimate
what per cent, of last year's crop the pres-
ent crop is, and then figure out the number
of pounds from the assessor's returns.

Now 1 stop. I do not feel competent to
give much advice on this subject.

The task is one of Herculean dimensions,
and what the result may be it is too early
now to even guess. We shall arrange the
names into States, and perhaps counties,
but that will represent considerable labor.
The list will iii all probability be printed.

A Corr«'spoii«lent desires us to state
" which is best— to have the entrance face
the end of the frames, or their sides ?" To
have it at the ends of the frames saves the
travel of the bees, as they can enter at the
end of any frame desired.

I^ew Music— We have received from
Richard A. Saalfield, 41 Union Square, New
York,the following pieces of music : Kocka-
by Lullaby, by Chas. H. Williams ; The
Old Love Story, by Edwin Christie ; White
Sails in the Harbor, by J. P. Skelly ; Pretty
as a Butterfly, (Schottische) by Newcomb ;
Tripping Through the Clover, (Polka) by
Ed. Hoist. They retail for 40 cents each.
Sent post-paid at half-price (Sl.OO for the
lot), by the publisher, Richard A. Saalfield,
41 Union Square, New York.

182

TM® ' MBI®MICMff MMM J©^Mlf MEr.

miES f Replies,

DISTIJRBIIVG THE CLUSTER
OF BEES.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 525.— In looking into a hive on a
cool morning in early epring, by raising the
hive from the bottom-board and peering up,
or by raising the honey-board and looliing
down, where do the bees show the most
activity, at the bottom or at the top of the
cluster ?— New York.

At the bottom, always. — G. M. Doo-

LITTLE.

At the top. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

Other things being equal, at the
bottom. — A. J. Cook.

I never take time for this particular
investigation. — H. D. Cutting.

I give it up ; however, as heat rises,
I would say, at the top. — J. M. Ham-

BAUGH.

At the bottom, usually. Why ? —
James Heddon.

At the top, I think. I never have
tested the matter. — M. Mahin.

I have never seen any difference. —

C. H. DiBBERN.

On a really cool morning in early
spring there would be no perceptible
difiference. — R. L. Taylor.

Probably at the top ; but this is one
of the important things which I never
thought of. — Eugene Secor.

The bottoms to my hives are nailed
on tight, except Heddon's and Arm-
strong's ; and having used them but'
one seasnn, I do not know ; but in the
cellar this winter the most activity is
at the bottom. — A. B. Mason.

I do not know. Sudden admission
of light is apt to disturb the bees at
either the top or the bottom. As far
as my observation goes, there is no
difl'erence. — J. M. Shuck.

Invariably at the top — taking for
granted that it is too cool for them to
fly out ; as the top is always the
wai-mest. — P. L. Viallon.

If the querist has a practical object
in view, in asking such a question, will
he please state it ? I give it up. — G. L.
Tinker.

That depends. When undistui-bed
they would be more active at the top
of the cluster. You cannot raise the
honey-board nor lift from the bottom-
board without some disturbance of the
bees and signs of activity. — J. P. H.
Brown.

I have not often looked at the clus-
ter from below. I should think that
the "activity" would show more
where the disturbance was the great-
est, and you cannot look at the clus-

ter from below with as little cause of
disturbance as you can look at them
from above. Every thing else being
equal, the cluster should show the
greatest activity at the top of the clus-
ter, as the greatest warmth of the hive
is at the top of the combs, and here is
where the iirst white tips of the length-
ened cells appear in the early spring.
— G. W. Demaree.

At a guess I should saj' below, if
there is any difference ; but I do not
know. Make observations and you
can determine, but I am not sure that
the knowledge will be of any value. —
C. C. Miller.

I do not think that it will make any
dift'erence ; that is to say, the most ac-
tivity will be sliown first where the
bees are first opened to. But why
open the hive at the bottom at all, if
properly packed ? or why disturb the
bees at all, anyhow ? I can see no
good reason for so doing. — J. E. Pond.

In the first place we would advise
the author of the query not to open
the hive on a " cool morning," unless
absolutely necessaiy either to prove
some scientific point or repair the ef-
fects of some dire calamity. In cool
weather the warmest place is at the
top of the frames, and there the bees
will usually be clustered. The admis-
sion of light and air suddenly, will
cause activity among the bees, whether
it be at the top or bottom. — The
Editor.

DESTROYIIVC; DRONE-BROOD
IN THE SPRINCJ.

Written Sor the American Bee Journal

Qncry 526.— 1. How will it do to kill all
drone-brood as it may be capped over in the
spring? 2. Will it prevent swarming to any
extent ? 3. Will it tend to make the bees
cross ? 4. Have you tried this method ?—
Ravenna.

1. I should not advise (Joing it. 2.
It will not. 3. It will. 4. To some
extent. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. If you do not want drones, what
do you rear them for ? Kill them if
j'ou want to, and then rear more, and
kill them, and so on, etc. 2. No. 3.
No. 4. Yes, but I do not intend to do
so any more. — A. B. Mason.

It will pay you better, and be more
quickly done, to cut out the drone-
comb and rejjlace with worker-comb.
— Dadant & Son.

1. It will do well. 2. To no great
extent. 3. In most cases it does so. 4.
I have, hundreds of times. — J. P. H.
BuowN.

1 and 2. I do not think that it would
pay for the trouble, or that it would
prevent swarming. 3. I do not know.

4. No. — C. H. DiBBERN.

1. It is better not to have drone-
brood. If killed, the queen will im.
mediately laj' eggs in the combs, and
other drones will be produced. 2. No.

3. No. 4. No. — M. Mahin.

1. It might do to cut out all drone-
comb in the spring. 2. Many drones
incite to swarming when there is much
honey coming in. 3. Yes. 4. Yes. —
G. L. Tinker.

1. Yes, it will do, but it is not pro-
fitable to rear brood to kill. Why not
rear worker-brood instead of the
drone-brood ? 2. I think not. 3. No.

4. Yes, years ago. — R. L. Taylor.

1. It will do better than to let them
hatch out. 2. No. 3. No. 4. I have
uncapped considerable drone-brood. —
C. C. Miller.

I have to use this method nearly
every spring on account of queen-
rearing, to prevent having drones from
hybrids or inferior queens, and I never
noticed that it made any difference
with the bees. — P. L. Viallon.

1. It would be better to keep the
drone-comb out. 2. No. 3. No. 4.
Yes, often, both by pruning out all
drone-comb and cutting off' the heads
of the drones. The first method is the
best, by far. — A. J. Cook.

1. I have not tried the plan for the
purpose you speak. I do not think it
will do to practice. 2. As to prevents
ing the bees from swarming, I cannot
say, but I do know that it will make
them cross. Cut out the drone-comb
and replace with worker-comb, before
the bees occupy it. — J. M. Hambaugh.

1. It is far better to get rid of the
drone-comb, so as to prevent the rear-
ing and feeding of this brood. 2. No.
3. No, not unless you make them so by
j'our careless handling. 4. I used to
practice decapitating drone-brood, but
I prefer not to rear such, of late years.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

1. I would not advise it. 2. I do
not believe that it would. 3. I cannot
say. 4. No. It is too much trouble,
even if it should be successful. It is
too much like cutting queen-cells to '
prevent swarming — more work than
the honey-producer can well afford. —
Eugene Secor.

1. It is better to cut out the drone-
comb before it contains eggs. It would
be better still to use full sheets of foun-
dation, and thus avoid drone-comb. 2.
and 3. It will not prevent swarming,
nor make the bees cross. — James
Heddon.

1. It is not advisable to do so, un-
less there is likely to be a great num-
ber of them to play the part of worth-
less consumers. The best way is to
remove the drone-comb from the
brood-nest, and supply its place with
worker-comb, 2. No, it has no ^ect

THE SMERICJEN mmm JOURNJtt.

183

whatever, so far as I have been able to
see. 3. I have noticed that bi-es were
cross when I have decapitated their
drone-brood. 4. Yes, often ; but I
now regulate the number of drones by
regulating the combs in the brood-
chamber. — G. W. Demaree.

1. It would depend upon circum-
stances. 2. I do not think that it .will
prevent swarming. 3. I do not re-
member that it made any difference
with them. 4. I tried this plan years
ago. — H. D. Cutting.

1. It is first-rate if it is desired to
prevent drone production for any rea-
son. 2. I do not think that it will
affect the matter of swarming at all.
4. I have often killed drone-brood in
the comb, in daj's past ; but of late
years by the use of foundation. I can
control the matter quite easil}-, and
with far less trouble. — J. E. Pond.

This can be done with a colony or
two for experiment. The method, if
it be a method, is not practical.
Banish the drone-cells from the hive
by the use of foundation, or patch up
full frames of worker-comb ; or, if you
find that one of your colonics builds
mostly worker-comb, use it for that
purpose. Have all worker-combs by
hook or crook, and do not rest until
you get them. — J. M. Shuck.

If you do not desire drones, cut out
the drone-comb ; if j'ou kill the brood,
the queen will lay eggs in the cells,
and you will have more to "kill."
That plan will not prevent swarming,
and will not improve the temper of the
bees. — The Editor.

CO;>"TE3iXI03i I^OXICES.

ffjP" The Wabash County Bee-Keeper8' Association
will meet at North Manchester, Ind.. on April 10.
1888. F. 8. COMSTOCK, Sec.

C^" The Eastern Indiana Bee-Keepera' Associa-
tion will hoid its spring meeting on Saturday, April
21, 1888, at Richmond, Ind. M. G. RKYNOLDS, Sec.

B3^ The Coirtland Union Bee-Keepers' Association
will hold its spring meeting on May 8, 18S18, at COrtr
land, N. Y., at 10 a.m. All hee-keepers are invited.
W. H. BEACH, Sec.

t^ The Dea Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will hold its next meeting on April 24, 18H8, at
Burlington, Iowa. JOHN NAD, Sec

8:F~ The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet at the Court House in Eldora, Iowa,
on the second Saturday in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. Buchanan, Ste.

mESPOWEECE.

i.-v r:>io:^ is sxRE^rcsxH.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY D. C. BUCK.

Let US like a band of brothers.

Raise our standard higrh above,
And we'll tight for one another —

All for right and brother's love.

Let " advance," then, be our watchword.
And " In union there is strength ;"

So let us thus be felt and heard.
All o'er our land's great breadth and length.

Then rally to our cause, friends.

Let's show what we can do,
In fighting for our rights, and then

Demonstrate that we are true.

Our Bro. Clark lies now in jail,

For keeping bees in town ;
Let's help him out on bail.

Then beat the opposition down.

His loved ones now, with broken hearts,
Mies husband and father po dear.

Come, brothers, come ! We'll take their parts,
And show that their cries we hear.
Dundee, Mich.

^~ The next regular meeting of the Sus-
quehanna County Bee-Keepers Association
will be held at New Milford. Pa., on Saturday,
May 3. 1888. H. M. Seei-ey, Sec.

ZIT" The IRth semi-annual session of the Central
Michigan Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in
the Pioneer Room at the State Capitol. -m Saturday,
April 21. 1888. Prof. A. J. Cook will give an address.
A cordial invitation is extended to ail, as it will be
a very interesting meeting. W. A. Bahnes, Sec.

C^~ The tenth annual meeting of the Texas State
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at the bee-
yards lit Vice-Presiilent W. R. Graham, in Green-
ville, Hunt Co.. Texas, on May 2 and 3, 1888. A
leading feature of the convention wilt be criticisms
upon subjects that have been mentioned in the bee-
paper.s. A good time is expected, so let all Texas
and Arkansas bee-keepers attend. A cordial invi-
tation 18 extended to all bee-keepers wheresoever
dispersed. Remember.no hotel bills to pay at our
conventions ! B. F. Cakuoll, Sec.

ALFALFA.

The Growing of Alfalfa in Col.
orado, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY WM. mUTH-RASMUSSEN.

In answer to Mai-y A. Goodale's ar-
ticle on page 792 of the Bee Journal
for 1887, I send the following from the
Denver Field and Farm, in regard to
alfalfa in Colorado :

How to Kaise AITaira.

" Alfalfa is not an expensive or diffi-
cult crop to grow. The seed will cost
here about 10 cents per pound, and 25
or 30 pounds is ample for an acre of
land. It should be mixed and sowed
with barley or rye. as usually the first
year it is thin, and the barley will keep
down the weeds, and at the same time
make a splendid feed. Besides, it
springs up quickly, and affords pro-
tection in the way of shade to the ten-
der, young alfalfa plants. One man
with a fairly good single team can
plow, sow, and harrow in, about 2h
acres per day.

"There are various times for seed-
ing alfalfa. Fall seeding is attracting
some attonion, although early spring
planting is preferred by man}-. The
month of February in Colorado, if the
weather is open, and the ground has
been prepared beforehand, is a good
time to seed, for the late snows are
vei-y beneficial to the seed in the
ground.' It should be irrigated about
three times between cuttings. One
man will irrigate five acres per day if
the ground is in good condition, and
there is a fair head of water. It is

probably fair to estimate the expense
of cutting, raking and putting in stack
at |2 per acre. Thus it will bo seen
that the total cost of the first crop of
an acre of alfalfa, including the pur-
chase of seed, plowing and planting,
irrigating, cutting, stacking and bal-
ing, will not exceed $8. Baling, how-
ever, is not commonly done, and that
expense is usually dispensed with.

"The uses of alfalfa are fourfold.
The cattle-men are the heaviest con-
sumers of alfalfa. When it is fed, no
grain is necessary to keep saddle stock
in fine condition. A large amount is
also fed to poor cows with calves, on a
short range, which otherwise would
not be able to raise their calves. And
the time has come when the steers of
this section, now shipped East and
sold as feeders, will be fattened on
alfalfa, shipped to the mai'ket and sold
at 4 and 5 cents per pound instead of
2, as has been the custom for some
time past.

" Another great use of alfalfa is in
hog-raising, but as the great American
porker has only a few friends in Colo-
rado, the industry has not yet received
much attention. It is said by those
who know, that'one acre of alfalfa will
fatten forty head of hogs per year. We
will flgiu-e the hogs at 200 pounds
each, and say they are sold at Kansas
City quotatio"us at 3J cents per pound
— they are worth more money here —
and it vnW be seen that one acre of
alfalfa will grow 1280 worth of pork
per year. Now figure the interest in-
vested in the hogs, and the cost of car-
ing for the same, and you have the
net profit of your alfalfa.

" It would seem that with these facts
at command, Colorado farmers ought
surely to raise hogs sufficient to sup-
ply at least the Denver market, which
has to depend largely upon the corn
counties of Nebraska and Kansas for
pork supplies."

There is no doubt that alfalfa is a
valuable plant for honey, aside from
its other uses. During eight 3-ears
residence in this locality, where I de-
pend altogether upon alfalfa for my
honey crop, I have never found it a
failure. In an ordinarily good season
I can always depend upon getting two
sets of (84) sections finished by each
colonv of bees, while some colonies
will fi^nish tliree sets (120 to 126 sec-
tions). The honey is very white, and
of excellent body and flavor ; but if
wild flowers are abundant, as after a
very wet winter, their honey will give
the alfalfa honey an amber color.

The value of alfalfa as a honey-
plant depends mainly upon how it is
treated by farmers. In the southern
counties, wliere barley is used for hay,
alfalfa is used mainly as green fodder,

184

TTHU mBflMMlGMm BM® JO'OREfMI^.

or sometimes as hay for railk-cows,and
is out as soon as the bloom appears —
fom' to six times during the season.
There it would consequently be of no
value to the bees. Here the alfalfa is
used as hay for horses, and is cut gen-
erally only twice, sometimes three
times, and the first two cuttings never
until it has formed seed, or is nearly
out of bloom.

As it is alwa3-s irrigated, and the
roots strike deep down into the ground,
it is independent of local rainfall.
With plenty of snow on the mountains,
furnishing the water for irrigation, we
feel safe in predicting a good season.

The past year the first crop of alfalfa
yielded well, but for some reason,
probably connected with the causes of
the general failure everywhere, the
second crop yielded but sparingly.
Still I got over 5,000 pounds of very
fine comb honey in sections, which
sold at a fair price ; and I might have
sold carloads (having had calls for
such quantities) if I had had it.

P. S.— Alfalfa hay sells here for $7
to $8 per ton, unbaled, delivered to
the buj-er.

Independence, Calif.

REVERSIBLE HIVES.

Experience ivitli tlie Sectional
Hive — Severe Weather.

Written for the American Bee JoutiuU
BY JOSHUA BULL.

The report of my success with one
colony which I put into a Heddon sec-
tional hive, is as follows :

Colony No. 7 swarmed on June 30,
1887, and was hived in a Heddon hive
on a new stand, with full sheets of
foundation in the brood-frames. After
tlie above date, as poor as the honey
season was last summer, this colony
filled two sectional parts of the hive
with brood and honey, and two more
sectional parts solid with honey well
capped over ; also 56 sections 4Jx4|,
and 7 to the foot, filled with honey and
nicely capped over, besides another
case of 28 sections which were about
lialf filled when the honey harvest
ended. ,

When I removed the supers from
this colony at the close of the season, I
was oljliged to allow them three sec-
tional parts of the brood-chamber for
winter quarters, for the bees could not
all get into two parts.

jl do not give the foregoing as an
average case ; I had no other colony
that did as well as this one — neither do
I attempt to say how much or how lit-
tle llio hive had to do with the result.
I simply state tlie facts in the case,
and leave it for each one to draw his
own conclusions.

In order to make the history of this
colonj' a little more complete, 1 might
say that the parent colon}' was win-
tered on the summer stand, upon deep
frames of the Jones pattern ; and that
prior to the issuing of this swarm, they
had filled and capped 54 sections
4}x4Jx2 inches, making 110 sections
in all ; and 4 sectional parts of a hive,
besides some unfinished sections.

Cold Weatlier Since Jievr IT ears.

Since New Year began, the winter
has been very severe in this locality,
frequent heavj' storms alternating with
extremely cold weather. On Jan. 21
my thermometer indicated 46° below
zero, and on Feb. 9, 45° below ; since
the latter date it has not been quite so
severe, although it is often below zero.
Notwithstanding the intense cold, bees
on the summer stands appear to be in
fine condition, so far as can be ascer-
tained without lifting the frames. Bees
in my cellar are apparentlj' as well
and happy as they were last Septem-
ber. Although the mercury has been
down to zero and below, every morn-
ing for the past five days, yet I heard
a crow to-daj-, which is a precurser of
spring.

Seymour, Wis., March 7, 1888.

KENTUCKY.

Bee-Hives and Frames as Used
in Kentucky.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY G. W. DEMAREE.

The article of J. M. Tyler, on page
821 of the Bee Journal" for 1887, will
doubtless be a surprise to many Ken-
tucky bee-keepers. From his remarks
about the Langstroth hi\'e, one not
acquainted with the facts, would be
led to believe that the Langstroth hive
is a rare thing in Kentucky. I have
attended nearly all the bee-conven-
tions that have been held in Kentucky
for the past ten years, and I have an
extensive ^icquaintance with bee-men
of the State, and it is news to me, to
learn that the Langstroth hive has
gone out of use in this State.

In 1884 the Kentucky State Bee-
Keepers' Society, through mvself as its
President, and 'Ur. N. P. Allen, of Mr.
Tyler's own county, as its Secretary,
sent out circulars to nearly all the
bee-keepers in the State, and obtained
about 100 replies. These replies
among other things mentioned the
kind of hives used by those making
the replies.

Tliese reports are now on, file in my
secretary, and they show that the
Langstroth frame is well nigh exclu-
sively used in Kentucky. More than
four-fifths of all the movable-frame

hives in Kentucky are of the Lang-
stroth stj'le, as to size and make of
frame ; and four-fifths of the hives
used are of the <c?!-frame size. I know
but one bee-keeper in the State who
uses 8-frame Langstroth hives exten-
sively, and he lives in the northern
part of the State.

I have often mentioned the fact to
bee-keepers of Kentuckj-, that if all
the States in the Union had adopted
the Langstroth frame as have Ken-
tuck}' bee-keepers, we would have a
"standard frame" in the United
States without any concert of action.

It is true that many of the advanced
bee-men of the State have discarded
the old portico and telescope features
for a more convenient and handy outer
case for the frames. But the frame
itself has not been changed as to
length and depth, and it is uniformity
of brood-frames that makes the desir-
able interchangeable system of bee-hive
manipulation possible.

In the olden time the bee-hive was
regarded as simpl}- a domicil — a home
— for the bees, and to this day that
idea clings with tenacious grip to manj"
modern bee-men.

The big, clumsy chaflf hives, leg« and
porticos, rabbeted or beveled tops to
the sectional parts of the hive, roof-
shaped hive-covers, etc., are all plain
out-croppings of the old-fogj- notion
that the bee-hive is simply a home for
the bees.

Were I going to build " homes " for
my bees, I would build them of pressed
brick, and put sky-lights in the slate
roofs to warm up the " genteel " in-
mates of these palatial homes, in
dreary winter, to enable them to take
their meals more comfortably. But as
my bees are my working stock, and I
am the proprietor and chief manager
of the enterprise, I resort to the most
profitable methods of utilizing their
working force, and in order to accom-
plish this, I put my bees on movable
frames as implements in the produc-
tion of honey, and these implements —
movable frames — are adjusted in a
handy, manageable outer-case which
serves as a tenement, and- store-house
and work-shop for my little servants.

If anything more is necessary for the
safety of my bees in the winter months,
that must be a winter arrangement en-
tirely disconnected from my hives.
The honey harvest is the all-impor-
tant season, and there must be no
hindrance at that time.

There has been but little written on
the subject of wintering bees in Ken-
tucky, for the simple reason that
plenty of stores is the main factor in
bee-wintering in this State. Dr. N. P.
Allen, in Mr. Tyler's own count}', kept
a large apiary for many years, and his
plan for wintering was to confine the

'THiE m^i&mmi€RM ®e» j©um]mmi..

185

■-*-*■ *i>*ifc*

bees to the brood department of the
hive by means of a quilt, and in the
empty super over the brood depart-
ment he put about 4 to 6 inches of dry
forest leaves, cut-straw or chaff. He
never lost any bees if they had plenty
of stores, when protected in this way.

I have wintered my bees in the same
way as did Dr. Allen, for many years,
except tluit I use from two to four ex-
tra (juilts over the frames instead of
the forest leaves, etc. I do this be-
cause fjuilts do not litter my bee-yard
like leaves and chaff do, and give
luuch less labor.

I never lose any bees if thej' have
plenty of stores. All chaff" hives and
all side ]iacking is not only of no
service to our bees, but is a positive
injury to their prosperity in the latter
part of the winter and earlj" spring,
because such an arrangement deprives
the bees of the reviving influence of
the sun's rays at that season of the
year.

It is a little strange, at least it will
appear so to many practical bee-
keepers in Kentucky, that metal queen-
excluders, when used as horizontal
division-boards, have been found to be
a failure bj- Mr. Tyler. They are a
perfect success when used by all the
best-informed bee-keepers in this
State, so far as I have heard from
them. I use them extensively, and
the perforations are never tilled with
propolis, if properly adjusted on the
hive. Sometimes a few perforations
are closed by the studs of wax built up
from the tops of the frames, but this
does no harm, as there is plenty of
room for the bees to pass without
these.

Many of the best things we have in
practical bee-culture, are a failure un-
der bad management. If Mr. Tyler
will manage the metal queen-excluders
in a proper way, I will warrant that
he will throw aside the clums}- wood
honey-boards, and never use them
again. Let him put on the metal
queen-excluders at the beginning of
the honey harvest, and remove them
as soon as the main breeding season is
over (say about the middle of August),
and he will have no cause to complain
of propolis. But if he leaves them on
until the bees begin to prepare for
winter quarters, they will sometimes
, undertake to fill the perforations just
as the}- will sometimes try to till tlie
spaces between the top-bars of the
frames.

How the zinc-excluders adjusted be-
tween the brood and surplus depart-
ment of the hive, whei'e the direct heat
of the sun never falls, could be the
cause of the combs melting down in
Mr. Tyler's hives, is another incom-
prehensive mystery. I presume that
Mr. T. simply neglected to protect his

hives with good sliade-boards during
the unprecedented hot weather of last
season. That was the trouble, not the
metal excluders.

Mr. Tyler is cordially invited to
join our State Bee-Keepers' Society,
attend its annual meetings, and post
up a little, or our good friend, Mr.
Muth, will smilij at him for hinting
that he (Mr. Muth) is " behind the
times" in bee-culture.

Christiansburg, Kv.

CAPPINaS, ETC.

Old Fogy Bee-Keepers, S-wariii.
ing and Hybrid Bce§.

Writtett, for the American Bee Journal
BY H. J. ROGERS.

There are many bee-keepers- in this
neighborhood, and they are all of the
"old-fogy" sort. I met one the other
day, who, hearing of my success the
past year, asked :- "Can 3-ou raise a
queen when j'ou have no queen-egg ?"
This is a sample of other questions, all
equallj' sillj-. Of course he would not
invest $1 in a bee-paper. He has kept
bees for 50 years.

I predict a fearful mortality among
bees in this section ; not from lack of
stores, but gross negligence in other
details equalh- important. I can buj-
almost any number of colonies for
•12.50 to 13.00, but I prefer to wait un-
til the wintering problem is entirely
solved.

I notice on page 824 of the Bee
Journal for 1887, that Mr. E. L. Hol-
den speaks of having swarms issue in
from 2 to 6 dajs after cutting out
queen-cells, and putting back a
swarm. I think that if he would wait
two or three days before trying to find
the cells, he would be more sure of
getting them all ; and he should re-
move two of the middle frames of
brood and put frames of foundation in
their place. This will be at once oc-
cupied by the queen, and brood-rear-
ing will go on, while the desire to
swarm is almost entirely overcome.
Mr. H. should see that there is plenty
of room in the supers at this time.

I shipped my honey last fall to a
commission house in New York, and
received VJh cents per pound.

Is it a fact, that the honey stored by
black or hybrid bees presents a much
better appearance in the sections, than
that stored by the Italians ? My bees
are hybrids, .and when I can get 100
pounds to the colony in a good season,
I do not believe it will pay to change.
However, this may only be because I
am a little old-fashioned myself.

In regard to bees roaring in wintei-,
I would say that I never have heard

bees roar in cold weather unless some-
thing was wrong internally.

Value of a Bee-Paper.

No bee-keeper, in my opinion, can
afford to be without the American
Bee Journal. It has certainly been
worth §25 to me the last j-ear ! Some
will smile at this, but I can furni.sh the
figures to pr<jve what I say. In the
market reports alone, it more than
pays back the " dollar," even though
they may be somewhat unreliable —
which I doubt.

Wintering and Transferring Bees.

Bees in this locality seem to be win-
tering well, although they are getting
uneasy since the last " cold snap "
stays so long (25 days). Yesterday it
was cloud}-, and the mercury was 30°
in the shade, yet I noticed a few bees
on the wing ; of course none found
their waj' back to the hives. 1 have
bought 12 colonies in box-hives, which I
shall transfer to Simplicity frames by
the Heddon method. I want full
sheets of foundation for the brood-
frames ; in no otiier way can I get per-
fect combs. I look for a good yield of
honev this season.

Stannard's Cor., N. Y., Mar.10,1888.

[It is a fact that hybrid bees cap the
honey in such a manner that a slight
air-space is under the capping, and
makes it appear a trifle whiter than
other bees. — Ed.]

BEE-CELLARS, ETC.

Cementing Cellars — Honey-Dew
Called ^nanna.

WHtlen fur the American Bee Journal
BY JOHN B. LINDLE.

Oh page 41 I notice that Mr. C. H.
Dibbern recommends cementing a bee-
cellar. Has Mr. Dibbern tried such a
cellar for bees ? I have, and it is a
failure with me. The bricks were
laid in cement, the wall was 8 inches
thick and grouted, with cement out>-
side, arched, with 4-inch brick wall
cemented outside, and. the floor of
brick, laid on cement. The inside
walls were plastered with cement, but
not back plastered. It is always wet
and damp. I kept my bees in it, and
lost over half of them. I now use it
for storing pumpkins. It is an outside
cellar.

Ten years ago I built a new cellar,
with a "house on top. The cellar is
32x10 feet, outside measure, has an 8-
inch wall, with 4-inch studding from
the ceiling some 4 feet down, is cham-
fered down at the lower end level with
the wall, lathed and plastered all
around with common caustic lime.

186

Tmm mmmmnDMM mmM jo^wmmi^.

The windows are double and glassed.
The chimney is midway along the
foundation wall, with 4 bricks left out
near the bottom for a ventilator. In
this cellar I have wintei'ed 270 colo-
nies of bees, and lost but three during
the winter of 1886-87. My cemented
cellar is but 25 feet away. I can leave
matches lay in the house-cellar for 4
or 5 dajs, and then light a candle
with them. The walls are never
damp.
Is Honey- Dew tlie Same as Manna?

Are those who reply to queries in
the Bee Journal, in ac^iord with the
following from the Agriculiural Report
for 1885, page 85 ?

"The nectar thus produced has a
sweet and pleasant taste, and unques-
tionably forms at times no inconsider-
able portion of our best honey ; for
bees are very eager in gathering it.
The honey it yields is light-colored, has
a pleasing taste, and is perfectly safe
as a winter food for bees. The com-
position of honey-dew, as given by
Bossingault and Zoller, is 48 to 55 per
cent, cane-sugar, 28 to 24 per cent, of
inverted sugar, and 22 to 19 per cent,
dextrine. A little of the substance
' manite ' has also been detected in it.
This composition is exactly the same
as that of the 'manna' collected by
the monks at Mount Sinai."

Eureka ! It is good to eat, good to
feed, and has a sci'iptural name ! Why
not include all grades of extracted
honey ? What say you, brother bee-
keepers ? Call it manna.

Muscatine, Iowa.

THE " UNION."

The Apathy Among Bee-IMeii

Regarding their " Union "

for Defense.

Written lor Ihc American Bee Journal
BY B. F. LITTLE.

Last summer I was talking witli Mr.

, a short-hand court-reporter

living in county, Iowa, who, in

reply to a question of mine, as to how
he was succeeding in keeping bees,
cursed the bees, and said that they
were a nuisance ; that he had got rid
of them, and that his neighbors' bees
had ruined his wife's flower garden by
sucking all the sap out of the plants !

Last fall one of my neighbors
claimed that my bees were taking all
bis grapes, saying the bees were thick
on them. I have partially convinced
him that it was the birds or ovei'-ripe
grapes that first did the damage. I
am inside of the corporation, and no
community is free from "cranks." If
bee-men will let the golden opportu-
nities slip, they will have themselves
to blame.

Brush Creek, Iowa.

When the Bee-Keepers' Unicm was
organized, thinking it a good thing, I
became a memljer, and have paid per-
haps for two years, but on account of
the apathy of the bee-keeping frater-
nity, I dropped it. In California, where
the most trouble was likely to arise,
but a small number enlisted, so I
thought the whole matter, so far as I
was concerned, might go by default.
But the way the matter looks now, no
community has any guarantee of
security.

Last year the Council of the little
town of Clermont, Faj'ette Co., Iowa,
deemed that no bees should be kept
inside the corporate limits. Two bee-
men had the choice of going out of the
business, or move. One moved, and
the other ceased keeping bees.

TEXAS.

my Experience in Keeping Bees
in Texas.

TT'rttten for the American Bee Journal
BY A. C. ATEN.

The seasons of 1886 and 1887 were
very poor here, most of those with
box-hives and black bees securing no
honej' at all ; but those witli Italian
bees and movable-frame hives gener-
ally got some surplus.

I began the season of 1887 with 85
colonies, increased them to 125, and
obtained about 3,000 pounds of honej',
all being extracted but 250 pounds.

My bees are in two apiaries, and
have wintered well. They have been
gathering pollen, and perhaps some
honey, for over two weeks. There is
no difficult}' in wintei'ing bees here, if
we do not let them starve to death.
The worst time we have in this part of
Texas, is between the middle and last
of March, ilirectly after fruit-bloom.
The bees use up all their honey in
rearing brood, then comes a time
when no honey can be found, and
bees starve almost before we are
aware of it. Let me say to Texans, be-
ware of that time ! You cannot be too
watchful.

When they have exhausted their
honey stores, they eat pollen, and it
bloats them and causes the diarrhea,
just as the bees have in the North, and
that, too, when they can fly every da}'.
I have seen this very often. But feed
them honej' or sugar syrup, and in a
short time they will be all right.

The honej' we got last year was of
excellent quality. One of my apiaries
is situated 13 miles, and the other 16
miles, north of the city of Austin ; one
being in a narrow strip of timber, and

the other a half mile from anj' timber.
The land is as rich as any upland in
Texas. The bees gather hone}' from
numerous kinds of trees and plants,
consijicuous among which are horse-
mint, bore-hound, wild marigold,
morning-glory, asters, cotton and rich-
weed, besides many other plants of
lesser note. Then we have peach,
pear, wild and tame plum, haw, elm,
India-gum, wild and tame China, the
wild China being the best. For the
last two years horse-mint has been a
failure here, but I have never failed to
get a surplus.

There are but few persons giving
much attention to bees in this locality.
One of my neighbors has nearly 40 col-
onies of black bees in box-hives, and
did not get a pound of surplus last
year. He has an excellent situation.
There must be some reason for this.

Round Rock, Tex., Feb. 18, 1888.

BEES IN A ROOF.

How to Transfer Bees from a
Roof to a Frame Hive.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY JAJIES HEDDON.

I am requested to reply to the fol-
lowing from Mr. E. L. Plumb, Wind-
sor, Conn. He asks :

Please inform me through the American
Bee Jouunal, how and when to transfer
bees from under the loof of a bay-wiudow
to the Heddon hive. The size ol the roof is
6 by 8 feet. They have been there for three
years, and are ,'.. mile from my place. The
owner of the house gives me the bees,
honey and comb, if I will remove them.

If Mr. Plumb had my book, and
would turn to page 32, under the head
of " Modern Transferring," he would
perhaps get an idea of how I would
transfer the colony of bees that he_de-
soribes above.

I do not know just how they are
situated, but believing that they are'so
housed that I could drive out of their
home, about two-thirds of the bees, I
should get the " New Hive" all ready
with frames filled with comb founda-
tion, and then drive out the bees as
above, and with their (jueen put them
into the new hive, and carry them four
miles away ; tlien in 21 days open the
old hive, or bay-window, and cut out
the broodless combs, put the bees and
their new (jueen into another fully
equipped "New Hive," and carry
them away as before. I would ex-
tract the honey from the old combs,
and melt them up for wax.

There is no objection to transferring
any of this empty comb iiito brood-
frames, provided it is straight and all
worker. I would not advise piecing
when transferring combs ; neither do I

'TM® MMEMICMM ®B® J0'liJK;l«llClU.

187

practice transferring combs containing
brood or honey.

After a few weeks — say from two to
four — tlie colonies in the " Ne\v Hive "
can be brought to your home, when
they will stay in their permanent loca-
tion. This moving 4 miles away would
not be necessary if you could move
that bay-window 4 rods awa}'. The
old colony need not necessarily be
doubled ; if increase is not wanted,
simply carry the last " drive" out to
the new colonj-, and add them to it.
Smoke them well, and the bees will
not quarrel, being all from one (jueen,
and the queens can be allowed to tight
it out, or you may destroy one, keep-
ing your preference.

I would no more think of doing any
old style of transferring than storing
surplus comb honey in starch boxes.

Dowagiac, Mich.

HIVES-FRAMES.

Diiiicn§ions of Hives and IVuni-
ber of Frames.

Written ior the American Bee Journal
BY J. R. ROEBDCK.

This is the subject of Query 514, on
page 85. It is a vei-j' important one
to the bee-keepers, but more so to the
bees. I think that my experience of
25 years with bees, and a number of
contraptions called bee-hives (some of
which cost me a good deal of money,
and more vexations and trouble than
all of them are worth), enables me to
answer some of " Maryland's " query ;
hence I would like to add mj- views on
this subject, with the answers given to
the query.

As well might " Maryland " ask
what size of harness a farnKu- uses on
his horse. I cannot think of anytliing
better to illustrate my idea tliau a com-
parison of a horse and its harness.
That noble animal would be of little
worth, so far as working it is con-
cerned, without a harness suitable to
its size and strength. So with a colony
of bees, they are of little use unless
they are in a hive suitable to their
nimibers.

It has long since been discovered
that we either must have as many sizes
of harness as there are horses to be
worked, or that the harness must be
made adjustable by means of buckles,
etc. ; the latter being adopted to be the
most practicable. It seems to me that
such ought to be the case in reference
to bee-hives.

I will take the query in its order,
viz : 1. What number of square inches
of comb surface should be in a hive ?
If I were to harness a horse, I would
ti-y to get the harness so buckled that

it would fit up nicely and comfortalily
all around the horse for which it was
intended, whether he was large, small,
fat or lean. In giving comb surface
to a colony of bees, I would use the
same judgment, and give only so much
as would nicely accommodate the
number of bees in the colony ; I be-
lieve that any more or less is not only
unnecessary, but actually injurious to
the bees, the same as a harness is in-
jurious to the horse if too lai-ge or too
small.

I imagine that I here some one ask.
How much is necda! "} I would measure
the surface needed by the amount
which the colony can comfortably fill
when the temperature is so that bees
fly freely, say at GO^ to 70°. A short
and j-et a correct answer to this part
of the query would be, a frame of comb
to any number of inches that a colony
can fill comfortaljly, and no more.

2. What distance should brood-
frames be from centre to centre ? For
the brood-nest I would recommend
them to be 1 7-16 inches, irrespective
of the top or end bars of the frame ; if
for extracting, the distance, I think,
should be more, say 2 inches, or even
more.

3. What are the inside dimensions
of the frame you use ? I use a frame
8Jxl2 inches, which is equal to, as the
bees usuallj' till them, about 200 inches
of conib surface.

4. What numbers of frames in each
hive do 3'OU use ? I use from one to
sixteen, according to the size of the
horse — colony, I mean. In connection,
let me say that my surplus cases rest
on top of the frames, and are adjusta-
ble so that I can use 3 to 36 one-potmd
sections without tiering up ; and by
tiering up, as man}" hives more as the
bees can fill.

Burton Citj', Ohio.

EMPTY COMBS,

utilizing Empty Combs, Room
for the Qneen, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY M. S. ROOF.

It is often asked, what to do with
empty combs. Some say, render them
into wax, hire some one to take them
away, or hive young swarms on them.
It seems strange tliat when it takes so
many pounds of honey to make one
pound of wax, that any one would ad-
vise destroying this valuable comb.

It would be a nice idea to hive a
swarm of bees on empty frames, right
in the beginning of the basswood
honey ilow, and keep fully one-half of
them busy building comb below, until
the honey-flow is over !

I know several bee-men who are too
stingy to buy foundation, and while
their liees are filling up the brood-
chamber with worthless drone-comb
(which they will do when there is a
good flow of honey), my bees are
storing honey in the sections ; then
they will say to me, "How in the
world do you get so much more honey
than I ?"

Suppose the bees do crowd the
queen ; give them room above as fast
as they may need it, and it will be-
seen that they will elevate the honey
as fast as the queen needs the room
below. Why will not the bees in a
young colony move the honej' above,
just the same as the bees do in the hive
they came from ?

Carrying Honey above the Brood.

Some one has said that, as soon as
the young queen begins to lay, the
bees will move the honey above as
fast as she needs the room below.
This is strange. Black bees will often
till their hive with honey, and then
stop work. The way to do with them
is, to extract their honey late in the
day, taking it out so clean that they
will not have enough for " breakfast ;"
then it will be seen that they will go
to work at once. A rule that will
work to perfection in the Eastern
States, will ruin bee-keepers in Iowa.

Bees are wintering very -nicely in
this vicinity.

Council Bluffs, Iowa.

INDIANA.

Tbe Bee.Keepers of Tipton and
Hamilton Counties Convene.

The Bee-Keepers' Association of
Hamilton and Tipton counties met at
Westfield, Ind., on Feb. 4, 1888, and
were called to order by the President,
Dr. E. H. Collins.

The minutes of the previous meet-
ing were read and adopted, after which
the society listened to a very instruc-
tive address from the President, mak-
ing suggestions for the benefit of the
association ; the first being that it
appoint a reviewer, whose duty it shall
be to correct any serious mistakes that
might be made in our meeting, and
read them at the close of each session ;

Secondly, that the executive com-
mittee be directed to make out the
programme during the first of the in-
tervening months, and notify persons
of whom work is expected at the en-
suing meetings of the Association ; and

Thirdly, that the executive commit-
tee appoint at least one person for
each meeting to experiment on some
subject to be agreed upon ; so that we
may have at least one idea well defined.

188

><>jfcJUfcjfc^A^

XH® mmMMlGSM' MMM J©^KrfMI*.

^■^*-*-*-^*-^*-^*--^*^*^A<fc<fcJ

Orren Maker was appointed reviewer
for the day.

Dr. Test then read an interesting
essay on the "Agency of insects in
producing color in flowers," of which
the following is a brief synopsis :
" Many , insects, especially bees and
butterflies, have an acute color-sense.
The exhaustive process of flowering
has a tendency to give autumnal tint to
leaves near a flower cluster. Insects
capable of appreciating and remember-
ing colors, would then have a mark to
guide them when hunting pollen for
food. Cross-fertilization would then
be aided, and more vigorous plants
with more showj' blossoms would be
produced ; the color-sense in insects
would become as pleasurable as use-
ful, and the gaudiest insects would be
7nost attracted to their mates and leave
the most numerous oft'spring, till in
time the plants passed from the un-
vai-ying green of the coal age, to the
floral magnificence of the present
time."

J. D. Braj' read an essay upon
" Doing your work by others' methods."

Dr. Abbott read an essay written by
his son, on " The artistic side of bee-
keeping." He said a great many arti-
cles are judged mainly bj' their appear-
ance, and honej- is one of them.
These are a few simple, primary rules
for preparing honey for the market :

1. Extracted honey should be care-
fully strained through two thicknesses
of some kind of thin cloth, before
bottling.

2. Clear flint-glass jars should be
used, for common green glass makes
the clear golden yellow of the honey
look a mudd}', greenish yellow.

3. Plain, neat labels ■with the name
of the producer, kind of honey, etc.,
should be used.

It would be well for honey producers
to profit by the above suggestions.

A few of the members are raising
Alsike clover, and find it good for both
bees and stock.

The meeting then adjourned, subject
to the call of the executive committee.
H. O. EsTES, Sec.

COBTVENTIOX DIRECTORY.

Pliotog'i-apli!^ ot Bee-Keepers.—

The " medley " Kotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing tlie faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent witli tlie Bee Journal for one
year for Sl.TS; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

* A Mo«lerii Itee-Fariii, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

1888.
Apr. 11.-

Apr. 21.
Apr. 24.'
May 2, 3,
May S.-
May T.-
May S.-
May 19.
Aug. 14.

Time arid Place of Meeting.

'Stark County, at Canton, O.

Mark Thomson. Sec. Canton, O.

-Eastern Indiana, at Richmond, Ind.
M. ^i. Reynolds, Sec, Williamsburg. Ind.

-Des Moines County, at Burlington. Iowa.
John Nau, Sec, Middletbwn, Iowa.

;.— Texas State, at Greenville. Tex.

B, F. Carroll, Sec, Blooming Grove, Tex.

Susquehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.
H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

Welland County, at Welland, Ont.

J. b". Dunn, Sec, Ridgeway, Ont.

Cortland Union, at Cortland, N. V.

W. H. Beach, Sec, Cortland, N. T.

-Nashua, at Nashua. Iowa.

H. L. House. Sec. Ionia. Iowa.

—Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark. Sec, Denver, Colo.

B^" In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Bd.

>!»»»«;m«»»««i!««««i«»«t«»!H«n?TT

Worst Part of the M'imter.— G. M.

Doolittle, Borodino, N, Y., on March 7, says:

According to that old " saw," regarding
the bear seeing his shadow on Feb. 3, we
were to have warm weather right along
from that time on, but contrary to this we
are having at this time, and tor the past
week, about the worst part of our winter, as
far as cold and wind are concerned. Mer-
cury at zero, or nearly there, is the order ot
the day in this locality, with no flight for
our bees since last year. I almost" envy
those who report " bees flying," tori know
that such with me, means sate wintering :

Xlie Cariiiolan tlie Coming' Itec.

— H. W. Carman, Hardinsburg, Ky., on
March 6, 1888, writes :

My bees are in better condition now than
ever before at this time of the year. 1 com-
menced the season of 1887 with 10 weak
colonies, moving them 10 miles on a road-
wagon, over a very rough road, about the
middle of February, 1887. One colony was
Carniolans, and the balance were Cyprians.
1 increased them to 31 colonies. 1 sold 10
colonies at S7..'50 per colony, and took 1.50
pounds of golden-rod honey in October. I
have U colonies, 10 colonies Carniolans, and
1 colony of Cyprians wintered on the sum-
mer stands. I have not fed a pound of
syrup or anything else. I hope to do a
great deal better the coming season. 1 con-
sider the Carniolan bee the " coming bee."

Use orCoiub Foundation in tlie

Seetions.— Thos. O. Ilines, Anamosa,
Iowa, on Feb. 18, 1888, writes :

The inventor of comb foundation gave it
the right name, for it is that and nothing
more. Bees do not draw the wax out into
cells. At the Nebraska convention some
advocated putting in the hives all that could
be put in, thus relieving the bees of secret-
ing this wax. I cannot see that it saves
what the bees would liave to secrete to build
this middle wall. I have often scraped the
honey from the foundation, and have found
it as perfect as when put in. I use heavy
foundation the full size of the frame, and
wired, for extracting, because thev are
stronger, and can be used ottener. In the

brood-nest I use starters 13< inches wide, be-
cause I can get straighter combs ; it used
wider than IJ.j inches, they get wavy.

1 have a fine lot of unfinished sections,
and I wish that 1 had as many more. I put
these unfinished sections over the frames,
and let the bees clean them out, when I
carefully put them away, and use them next
season. I can see no difference in quality
from new ones.

I use starters in sections cut T-shaped,
the full width. The "extra thin" founda-
tion is the best. I cut the starters with a
warm knife, and then use a plate just hot
enough so as not to burn the wax. I put
some pure wax on it, and when melted 1
take a section in ray left hand, the grooved
side up, and a piece of foundation in my
right hand, which I wipe across and back
over the plate of wax, and insert It in the
groove. In this way I can put in 1,000 a
day. I place my hives on the level so that
the starters hang plumb, and in this way I
get straight combs.

Rescue tlie Oppressed.— P. J. Eng-
land, Fancy Prairie, Ills., on March 10, 1888,
says :

I rejoice to know that I am one of the
charter members of the Bee-Keepers' Union.
It does seem to me that any bee-keeper with
a soul as big as a " peanut shell," would
come to the rescue when he knows that his
brother is languishing in jail !

Xlie Season of 1887 — W. H.
Graves, Duncan, Ills., on March 8, 1888,says:

My report for 1887 is soon told. I wintered
96 colonies throuali the winter ot 1886-87,
and then doubled them down to 80 colonies.
I never had bees in as tine condition as mine
were on June 1. We all know what fol-
lowed, and there is no use to repeat, suffice
it to say that I took off less than lOu pounds
of honey. I am very sorry that I put on a
super. I cannot say how my bees are soing
to come through this winter. I have 4.5 col-
onies in the cellar, and 35 colonies on the
summer stands.

Rever.sil>le Hives.— R. L. Crocker,
Lockport, N. T., on March 5, 1888, writes :

I notice that in the report of the New
York State Bee-Keepers' Convention, on
page 137, I am made to say that, " I am not
as yet fully satisfied with the Heddon hive,
and do not think it is the hive I want.'*
Now that is not just the way I meant to be
understood, but I should have said that I
am not as yet fully satisfied that it is the
hive I want, without further trial ; for I am
very much pleased with it for the first sea-
son, and have not had a chance to test it
for the second season's work, only to a
limited extent, and during a very poor sea-
son at that. So I am not fully satisfied ih;it
it is not the hive I want. I make this staie-
ment as only what is due Mr. Heddon and
others who might wish to try the hive, and
be deterred thereby after reading the report
of the convention.

Hunting' Itees, Tentilation, etc.

—Frank Stephens, Ilageman, Ind., on Mar.
10, 1S88, writes :

In hunting bees in the woods for ten
years, I found about 100 swarms. I found
one good swarm that had 350 pounds of fine
honey, in an ash tree.

During my experience in hunting bees I
found several swarms in trees about 30 feet
high; two trees had their tops broken off.
The bees had been in trees for two years,
that I know of, and tne entrance was 8
inches in diameter. They wintered well,'

THU mS^mm.lCKU BE® JQURIfSlL^.

189

and had lots of honey. They had upward
ventilation. I have had bees in hollow logs
several times, but I lost all of them.

I saw an article on page 811, referring to
ventilation. I differ from that writer in re-
gard to lower ventilation. Last spring my
colonies did not have the diarrhea. I had
the inside cellar door open every night into
the pantry. When I would go down to the
bees, they were perfectly quiet ; I could not
hear one bee hum. I think that upward
ventilation proves to me to be the best.

Last year was a poor one in this locality.
My 14 colonies were all strong in the spring,
except 4 that were short of stores. I got
about 300 'pounds of comb honey in one-
pound sections, and the increase was 11
swarms, secured by natural swarming,
which gave nie 2.5 colonies. These I put
into the cellar on Oct. 5, 18S7. They had a
flight on Feb. lb. They are quiet in the
cellar, but they had the diarrhea badly.

yio IjOss iu Wintering.— G. W.

Cole, Canton, Ills., on Feb. 29, 1888, says :

I have wintered H colonies of bees on the
summer stands without loss. I used no
protection, only covering them to the depth
of 4 or 5 inches with planer shavings on the
painted muslin, which I use for summer
cover on the frames. 1 do not think that it
is necessary to remove the summer cover,
and put on porous cloth for winter.

Honey-Comb or Wax Beoomingf
Honey.— Mrs. 1. J. Glass, Sharpsburg,
Ills., on March 5, 1888, says :

Having several times heard it stated that
honey-comb, when mixed with extracted
honey, when grained or candied, would turn
to honey (the comb or wax) ; and not find-
ing it so in my own experience, I come to
the Bee Journal, hoping that I will state
it plain enough so that 1 may find an an-
swer. The question is this : Will honey-
comb or wax become honey, when mixed
with extracted honey, either when granu-
lated, or betore that process takes place ?

[Xo. "Wax "and "comb" are not the
same, and never become such.— Ed.]

Xbc Canadian Convention Re-
port.—Concerning Mr. Clarke's strictures
on page 104, R. F. Holtermann, Brantford,
Ont., remarks thus :

As Mr. W. F. Clarke has made some un-
warranted comments on page 104, upon my
report of the late meeting of the Ontario
Bee-Keepers' Association, 1 wish to sav that
the spirit of his letter is manifest. Upon
looking at the report which I made, the in-
justice of his attack is also manifest. I
must admit, that when reporting conven-
tions of bee-keepers, it would sometimes
appear rather unfortunate that I stand in
the relationship of " son-in-law " to one who
Is well and favorably known as a practical
and successful bee-keeper, and one whose
opinion is valued, and whose "sayings and
doings " are reported amongst bee-keepers,
not only in Canada, but the United States
and Great Britain ; and who also was Presi-
dent of the association, and occupied the
chair. Under these circumstances, unless
1 follow the very rare practice of mention-
ing iu my report that "President occupied
the chair," without mentioning who he was,
and unless I excluded the President's ad-
dress, I am entirely innocent of reporting
"the sayings and doings" of my very esti-
mable father-in-law.

Then as to uiyselM may have been a little
presumptuous in giving a brief description
of the bee-cellar that I was about to build,
but even here I was honest enough to give
Mr. Jacob Alpaugh credit for being the

father of the plan. I thought the plan so
valuable that I adopted it,and will certainly
be pardoned for thinking it a sufficiently
valuable one to report ; but I might have
excluded my name, merely mentioning that
"some one" said this.

Now as to the " niost interesting discus-
sions " which are omitted. In a condensed
report which the American Bee Journal,
with so much matter of value on hand,could
only find room for, much must be excluded,
and it must then be a matter of judgment as
to what shall remain ; and when matter of
equal value has to be decided between, that
which is newest to the readers of the paper
you are reporting for should have the
preference.

If Mr. Clarke means to say that I was ab-
sent when important matters were brought
up, permit me to say that 1 always take lull
reports of meetings, and attend such ses-
sions as I agree to ; but Mr. Clarke can
hardly mean this— this would be too danger-
ous ground for him to tread upon.

As to the position which I reported Mr.
Clarke to have taken upon the honey ex-
tractor, I may here again have failed ; I
should either have excluded this as value-
less, or perhaps Mr. Clarke will think I
should have reported him at greater length ;
but 1 again state deliberately that some ob-
jected to Mr. Clarke's remarks, openly say-
ing that we would have "strained" honey,
if not extracted, and the feeling of our best
bee-keepers was that the views expressed
were not worth contradicting ; he con-
demned the extractor— and no one else.

[Now that both sides have had an " airing
of their views," let the matter rest. We
have no room for sueli controversies.— Ed.]

Victory or I>eatli R. B. Wood-
ward, M. D., Somerset, C, on March 9, 1888,
writes as follows :

I send you to-day ray dollar for the Na-
tional Bee-Keepers' Union. I did not re-
alize the importance of the Union until I
read the persecution of Z. A.. Clark, of Ark-
adelphia. Ark., on page 148. I think that
now is the time to hght for our rights
against ignorance and cussedness, and that
our contribution to the " defense fund "
shall be liberal, and sufficient to employ
capable attorneys. It is now victory, or
death to the pursuit. I have no financial
interest in the matter, as I only keep a few
colonies for pleasure, and honey for family
consumption.

[Yes ; it is now or never. If the present
suits against bee-keepers are allowed to go
against them, then it is "all up." Every
bee-keeper who happens to have jealous
neighbors would then have to obey the
order to move on, like the poor Indian, un-
til he is driven out of the country.- Ed.]

Bees and Poultry.— W. C. Coffman,
Pewamo, Mich., on March 5, 1SS8, writes :

I was somewhat surprised when reading
the article by H. M. Cates, on page 123. My
experience is different from his views about
keeping poultry with bees. I let my Ply-
mouth Rock and Wyandott chicks roam
about the bee-yard and fields from early
spring until fall, and in the past three years
not more than one-half dozen chicks has
been attacked by the bees, and those were
some that would stand in front of the hives
and peek in at the entrance, until a bee
would persuade the intruder to move along,
by stinging them usually about the head.
U he same chick does not stop to look for
any bugs or worms about tnat hive, but
moves on as fast as it can. 1 have never
had a chick die from the effects of bee-
stings, and I raise 200 each year. Those

who wish to keep poultry with bees, can do
so without any trouble, as the bees will not
kill the fouls, and they will receive as large
profit for the money invested in poultry, as
from any other rural pursuit. Bees in this
locality are wintered in cellars, and are in
fine condition.

Taxing Uees in Illinois, etc—

John Davis, Birds, Ills., on March 1, 1888,
says :

It is rather early yet to report, but my
bees have wintered splendidly this winter,
with no loss so far. That is so much for
chaff hives. I never have lost any bees in
in wintering. Jn this neighborhood bees
have wintered well so far. Does the law
require us to pay a tax on bees in this State?

[Yes ; bees are taxable in the State of
Illinois.— Ed.]

Honey and BeesM-ax ]VIarket.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white clover i-lbs.,
16@17c.; 2.1b8., I5(Sil6c. Dark is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7@10c.

BEESWAX.— 23c.

Mar. 13. B. T. FISH & CO., 189 8. Water St.

CINCINNATI

HONEY.- We quote extracted at 4!«<S9c. per lb.,
for which demand is pood. Comb honey, 14@17c. —
Supply larKe and demand slow.

BEESWAX.— Demand is good- 20®22e. per lb. lor
200d to choice vellow. on arrival.
Mar. 11. C. F. MUTH i SON, Freeman & Central Av.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white in i-lb. sec-
tions, 14@17c.; the same in 2-lb8., I2S.14C.: buck-
wheat 1-lbs., iCK»iic.i 2-lb8..9®ioc. White extracted
8@9c.; dark. 5Wrv6c. Market dull; prices declining.
BEESWAX.- 22023C.

McCAtIL & HILDRETH BROS.,
Mar. 10. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

MILWAUKBH.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections. I7@18c.:
2-lb8., 15@16c.; 3-lb8.. 14c. Dark and broken notquo-
table. Extracted, white in kegs and H-barrels.s;.^ to
9c.; in tin and pails, y'-.iSiuc.: dark, ^-barrels and
kegs, .^7e. Market Blow.

BEESWAX.-22@25C.

Mar. 10. A.V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water Bt.

DENVER
HONEY.— Best white lib. sections, 17®:9c.; 2-lb.
sections. I5(ai7c. Extracted, 7@i0c.
BBESWAX.-20<a23e.
Mar. 1. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth Bt.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.- We quote ; Choice white 2-lb. sections,
17@lSc.; dark 2-lb8. I4@15c.; cholcewhite l-ibs.. 18 to
20 cts., dark l-lbs., 15(5jI6c. White extracted, 708c;
dark. 5(3.6c. Demand is slow. White extracted is
firm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BEB8WAX.-21 to 22c.
Feb. 29. HAMBLIN&BEABS8, SUWalnatSU

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote: 1-lb. sections, l«®17c.; 2-
Ib. sections. 14®16c. Extracted, 8<^9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.— 25 on. per lb.

Feb. 24. BLAKX & RiPLxr. 57 CtaatbBm Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote: White to extra, 15®18c.;
amber. 13016C. Extracted, white liquid, 7@7>io.i
amber and candied, 5^@6^c, Market quiet.

BEES WAX.— 21 »S 24c.

Feb. 18. SCHACHT & LEMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

DETROIT.

HONBY.— Beet white in i-pound sections. 16@i7c.
Extracted, 9@I0c. for light colored. Market weaker
and Hupnly only fair.

BEE 8 W AX.— 22®23C.

Mar. 14. M. H. HUNT, BeU Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— Prices range from 16®18c. for best one.

lb. sections; 2.ibB. or about, I4<S15c. Dark is slow of

sale, with no steady price. Extracted moving slowly.

Offerings of all kinds are large. Demand better,

BBKaWAX,-22®230. R. A. BURNE1-T,

Feb. 16. 181 South Water St.

KANSAS CITY. *

HONE Y.-We quote: White 1-lbs., glassed, 16®17c;
unglassed, 17@l«c.; and dark Mbs., glassed, 15c.; un-
glassed, I6c.; white 2-lbs., glassed, lec.,: unglassed 2-
Ibs., 17c. California white 2-lb8., 17c. California ex-
tracted in fi(hlb. cans. 8c Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BBESWAX.-No. 1, 20c.: No. 2. 18c.
Feb. a. Cl*BMON8 CLOON & CO., cor 4th iWalnat.

190

Tmm MMERicMH mmn jo'ummmi^.

AI.FREI> H. RfE\¥iVIAIV,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

Uismjess Jilotirjes,

11 Yon tiive near one postofiBce and
get your mail at another, be sure to give tbe
address that we have on our list.

Ililton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

If yon tiose Money by carelessly en-
• closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Please to get yonr Neiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bke Journal. It is now so cirEAr that
no one can afford to do without it.

Pi-eserve Ifonr Papers for future
reference. If you have no BIMI>ER we
will mail you one for 60 cents; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Jouknai,.

Mease -write America/n Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of oiu- letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and ti-ouble.

Money Orders for 85.00 and under,
cost 5 cents. As these are absolutely safe,
it will pay to get them instead of the Postal
Notes which are payable to any one who
presents them.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; 83.2.5 per peck ; 35 cents per lb.
Wliite Clover Seed : 810.00 per bushel; 83.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clcwer Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; fl.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containmg the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 51' cents, postpaid.

Home Markets for honey can be
tnade by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

^niy Advertise in the American

Bee Journal ? Here are some good
reasons :

1. Because it has a large and influential
circulation in every State and Territory,
Canada, and other foreign countries.

2. Because it is well-printed, and an ad-
vertisement in it appears neat and attrac-
tive, and invites a reading.

3. Because it reaches just the class of
persons desired— professional men, lawyers,
doctors,and the best of the rural population.

4. The rates are low as possible, and the
returns from advertisements are satisfac-
tory.

It is Extravagant Economy not
to have hives, sections, comb foundation,
etc., on hand when needed. To prevent
disappointment, order early what you will
need in that line. Then the hives can be
nailed and painted in odd times, and the
sections put together, so as to be ready at a
minute's notice. It Is a sad disappointment
to need these things and then not have
them on hand. They should be ordered
very soon. We are promised an early
spring, and a good honey crop.

Crive a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

I>ook Over last year's numbers of the
Bee Journal, and if any are missing,
send for them at once, as we have but few
left now, and they are daily becoming less.

A Pocket l>ietionary will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with 82.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spelling of words, and to
determine their meaning.

Yncca Briislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

■We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant

SEED at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; K pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, 83. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

■We Club the American Bee Journal
and the " Bee-Keepers' Magazine " for one
year for 81.40 ; or with " Gleanings in Bee-
Culture" for $1.75 ; or with the "Apicul-
turist " for 81.80 ; or the " Canadian Honey-
Producer " for 81.30 ; with the Bee-Keepers'
Review, 81.40 ; or all six for 84.00.

Red Isabels tor Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels J1.50 $2.00 $2.25

.500Labele 3.00 3.00 3.o0

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

jW Samples mailed free, upon application.

gidu^rtisctnctits.

FOR SALE-Large Apiary with appurtenances.
Reason, bad health. Afiflress,
1 2Ait DR. G. W. YOUNG, Lexington, Mo.

FRIENDS : I have QUEENS in my Apiary as fine
and as pood as you can import to the free land of
America. Yes, 1 mean just what I say ! My Bees
equal any that ever spread wing 'neath the sunny
skies of Italy. You have but to try them and be con-
vinced. From now through the season. Untested, $1;
Tested, t'2; Select Testeii, ^±50; Standard Breeders,
$3.00. BEESby the Ih,. $i: Frame of Brood. 75 cts.
R. H. CAMPBELL, (Lock B-x 215),
I2El2t MAU1:?0N. Morgan Co., GEORGIA.

ALSIKE CLOVER SEED

FOK SAIiE at $6.00 per bushel. With 2
busbela of seed, sack is free; for less than
2 bushels, sack is 25 cents extra. On board
the cars at Mauston. Address,

J. T. Sls/LXTIS.,
12A2t MAUSTON, Juneau Co., WIS.

THAT CANADIAN LOCOMOTIVE

Is Nowhere compared with Eden's Pat-
ent Comb Foundation Fastener. It

will fasten toundation of any size or shape
from '2-inch to full sheets, in I, 2 or 4 piece
Sections, either before or after they are put
together, at the rate of 600 to 800 per hour.

For neatness and streng;tli it cannot be
excelled. Not a particle of loundation wasted.
No melted mixture used. Can be adjusted to
different sized Sections, will work in any tem-
perature, and will last a lifetime. When you
order, send sample Section.

Price, Single Machine $5.00

Combined •• 6.00

Address, ED. S. EDEN,

ST. CHARLES. MICH., U. S ,

12A12t and Woodstock, Ont., Can.

Electrotypes of EngraviDgs.

WE can furnish Electrotypes of all the
EuKravings used in this Journal or In
our Catalogue, at 'ia cents per square inch.
If to be sent by mail, add 10 cts. for postage.
No single Electrotype sold for less than 23 cts.
Measure from outside points shown, on both
length and width of the printed impression.

XHOS. G. NEWMAN A; SON,

923 & 9?5 W. Madison St., - CHICAGO. ILLS.

2-Story Langstrotli Hive, 80g.

WE still have a few of those Two-Story
tiangstrotk HIVES with 10 Brood-
Frames, at 80 cents.

Who wants them ? Speak Quick, or It will
be too late. Address,

lOEtf KENTON. Hardin Co., OHIO.

Nothing Succeeds Like Success.

How I Produce Comb Honey. TEN
years' Experience. First Thousand sold
in four months. By mall, 5 cts. each; $3.00
per 100. My Illustrated Price-List of Supplies
for the Apiary, Bees, Queens, etc.. Free.

GEO. E. HII^TON,

51Atf FREMONT, MICH.

Mention thi American Bee Journal,
pif~ May also be obtained at this office. _^i

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

G. B. LEWIS & CO.

WE make the best Bee - Hives, the best
Sections, the best Shipping - Crates, the
best Frames, etc., etc.
p»~ We sell them at the Lowest Prices.—
Write for free Illustrated Catalogue.

G. B. x.b:"wis <Sc CO.,
37Atf WATKRTOWN, WIS.

THE? ffiMERICaiN BEE JOWRNIEE,.

215

™os,]il|MVs«,

EDITOR.

VoiniV. April 4, 1888, MM

False CIiars«'s The Farmer and

Stackman published at Sioux City, Iowa,
indulges in this little bit of ridicule :

What an array of tools the lioney-bee
would have to carry it the charges against
it by its enemies were true. According to
these enemies, the bee can "bite," "pierce,"
"tear," "cut," and "drill" their way into
fruit and flowers, and "suck, draw, drain,
eat and devour" the juices and pulp of saul
flowers and fruit. The next thing we may
expect to happen, will be the grocers charg-
ing the bees with coming into their stores,
borina holes in the syrup barrels and carry-
ing (itf the contents.

This is to refute a silly item going the
rounds of the press, which says :

Instinct of the honey-bee is admirably set
forth in their practice of cutting into the
base of flowers of which the corolla is too
deep to be penetrated by the organs of feed-
ing.

Their jaws are not formed for cutting into
the base of flowers or anything else ! What
nonsense !

BmRML MUEnEGS,

It Pays to wear a smiling face.

And laugh our troubles down.
For all our little trials wait

Our laughter or our frown.
Beneath the magic of a smile.

Our doubts will fade away.
As melts the frost in early spring

Beneath the sunny ray.

Xlii!< is Our Spocial SPRI^XS
^'timber— the first in April— and contains
six more pages of reading matter than
usual ; the rest of the extra pages being
devoted to advertisements. The articles are
very interesting and valuable, and we hope
the advent of this large number of the
American Bee Journal will formally
usher in and give a general

W«-lc«nif to Spring'.

From Karly Spring iinlil llie
Hont-y-Flow, it pays well to feed every
colony a little daily, even if they have an
abundance of honey in the hive. It stimu-
lates brood-rearing, and it is only by such
judicious feeding that we can bring a colony
up to the highest condition. It is from such
that we reap the ricliest reward during the
honey season. Such colonies are usually
ready to swarm two weeks earlier than
others, and powerful swarms result, in-
stead of "hat-fulls." Whether bees are
wintered in cellars or in chatf hives, they
should remain in their winter quarters until
settled warm weather comes in, which may
be from the middle to the last of April, and
sometimes even later.— American Agricul-
tv/rist for April.

It Slill liives.— In enumerating the
many bee-papers of the present day, Mr. C.
II. Dihbern, in the Plowman, remarks as

follows :

One of the most remarkable things con-
nected with bee-keeping is the great in-
crease of papers and magazines devoted ex-
clusively to the pursuit. About 2.5 years
aao the American Bee JoriiNAi. was
started at Washington by the late Samuel
Wagner. It was prophesied at the time
that it would be short lived, that a journal
devoted to one pursuit could not exist long.
It still lives, however, and to-day is the
largest and best bee-paper we have.

Bro. Dihbern has our thanks for his ap-
preciative remark. Ye? ; the Ameiucan
Bee Joi'isNAL still lives, and instead of
being, as formerly, a monthly at S2.00 a
year, it now comes out weekly, and is pub-
lished at Sl.OO a year— only 3 cents a num-
ber—and it may also be stated that it never
was so strong and vigorous as it is to-day !
That is what they all say, and just what we
all know is the plain and unvarnished
truth. May it long live to uphold the in-
terests of the pursuit, and be the beacon-
light of generations yet unborn !

I>o i^ol strike at a bee, jar the hive, nor
breathe on the bees.

Uon'l M«-li«'V«' It !— If you should see
an advertisement agreeing for two stamps
to tell yon all about bee-keeping, and how
to make S'2.5 per colony out of your bees,
don't believe it.

It i!« F«or Economy to use old and

dirty sections for comb honey. It will pay
better to commit all such to the flames, and
buy new and clean sections for new and
delicious honey. New sections are so cheap
now that there can be no excuse for using
old ones.

Hang tiie Adulterators. — The

Clearwater, Calif., Ftccord advises the hang-
ing of the adulterators of the various kinds
of food for humanity, and adds :

One of the city papers complains of the
adulteration of foods and drinks, so ex-
tensively practiced in this country and age.
This is a subject concerning which a great
deal of righteous indignation has been
poured out, through the press and other-
wise, but as yet no practicable laws or plans
have been adopted for stopping the almost
universal practice of adulterating tonds and
drinks, by reason of which human health
and life are being sacrificed at a fearful
rate. The man who deiiberately puts dele-
terious ingredients and health-destroving
poisons into food which he knows will be
sold to unsuspecting victims, is far worse
ttian the average murderer.

And yet our National Chemist, who is
paid for defending us against the nefarious
schemes of adulterators, actually works in
their interests, and defends them in their
diabolical work.

Be Snr«- to order your hives, fratnes,
sections, comb foundation in good time to
have them at hand when they are required.
It is poor policy to wait until such things
are needed before ordering them.

Contraction, etc.— F. B. Reynolds,

Rossburg, N. Y., asks as follows :

Bees are doing nicely, only -3 colonies
being dead out of 3.5, and they were queen-
less. Please answer the following : 1. Is
it necessary to contract the brood-chamber
at this time of the year, to get good results ?
2 What is the cause of my foundation
cracking and breaking to pieces ? I made a
mold and got a perfect cast, but the founda-
tion cracked and broke to pieces. 1 fol-
lowed the directions as given on page ITS.

1. Not absolutely and always— but it is
preferable to do so.

3. Probably the trouble is in handling it in
cold weather ; but it may be caused by
something else. We have never used
" molds," and know nothing of the methods
to be employed, more than we have already
published.

Fertilizing tlie Clover.— A pains-
taking person made some experiments rela-
tive to the fertilization of the clover heads
by bees, and this was the result :

Of white clover, ten heads unprotected
save nearly ten tunes as many seeds as ten
heads covered with gauze; twenty heads
covered produced only one poor seed, and
twenty heads open gave 3,290 seeds.

Of red clover, 100 heads covered gave
nothing, and 100 heads open produced 2,720

Insects will abundantly cross-fertilize
plants growing }i to U mile apart.

Reports on the Heddon hive are still
coming in. So far, 78 reports have been re-
ceived, covering the use of over 2,000 hives.
As to choice, 50 prefer tte new Heddon
hive, and 22 have not fully decided, ot pre-
fer some other kind.

IJce-Iieeping in the Sontli.— Mr.

James M. Lisenbey, at the late session of
the Florida Fruit Association, said :

Everything should be in order about the
aniary bet evervthing be perfectly clean
about the hives, the grass and weeds cut
from about the entrances. The bee-keeper
should work with gentleness and care,
ivoiding jarring movements or anything
tliat will agitate the bees. Care sliould
always be taT^en that each hive contains a
Queeii If any are found to be queenless,
thev should be supplied with brood from
some strong colony, or doubled up with a
weak colony.

216

THE fiMERIC?tI« BEE JQUfRlfMlr.

XUe '%Viley I^ie in Eiig^Iand.— Our

respected cotemporary iu England, the
Britisli Bee Journal, contends that its
statement is true, about the existence of
the American "adulterating bee-farms,"
located in the " far West." It says on page
126:

On page 98 we reprinted the reproof of the
editor as it appeared in the Ambkican Bee
Journal, witliout comment on our part,
and have made inquiries, and find that, so
far as we can gather, all said in the article
headed "Facts," is true. The clergyman
who supplied the information, and whose
name for obvious reasons we withhold, is a
well-known dignitary of the church, whose
word we cannot for a moment doubt.
Whether he was a victim to a fraud we can-
not say, but he further informs us : "The
farm 1 was on was 15 miles from Kansas
City. 1 do not remember the name, but
there are plenty of them in the Western
States." Perhaps, this will give American
beekeepers a clue to the detection of those
unprincipled adulterators who are doing so
much harm to bee-keeping.

It matters not whether the informant is
a " dignitary of the Church" or not. The
statement about the adulterating bee-farms
in the United States, is a positive falsehood
— such do not exist near Kansas City or at
any other place in America. The " clergy-
man " was deceived, it he really thinks he
was on such a farm ! . And if so, it is his
duty to attempt to clear his skirts, by nam-
ing the place and the person who practiced
such deception upon him 1 Out with it, Mr.
Clergyman !

Again, our British cotemporary makes
this assertion :

Our aiticle was based on the above infor-
mation, and we also gave an extract from a
magazinH, Tlie Monthly Magazine of Plutr-
macy, Chemistry, andMedicine tor Decem-
ber last, part of which— "So much like the
genuine article that only experts can detect
the ditference "—the American Bee Jour-
nal considers the British Bee Journal to
have said, but which was only a portion of
the quotation from the Monthly Magazine.

There again the British Bee Journal is
mistaken— we copied on page .52, its exact
words, which were :

The latter of these scientific bee-keepers
[the manager of the "adulterating bee-
farm."— Ed. A. B. J.] is best described in
the following quotation from a magazine
of this month.

No ; no, we made no such mistake ! Im-
mediately following the above, was the
statement that "ARTIFICIAL HONEY"
in "racks" was "now MADE in New
York," so much like the genuine article that
only experts can detect the difference."
Merely another version of the infamous
Wiley lie to cause another racfe-et !

Finally, the editor of the British Bee
Journal avows his disbelief in the story
from that " Magazine of this month " in
these words :

Naturally, subjects coming from a Profes-
sor would be considered facts, and we hope
that our informant was deceived, although
we must point out that there is a difference
between "artificial combs" as described by
Prof. Wiley, and which no bee-keeper for

one moment would believe it possible to
produce, and the productions of combs by
feeding, which is not at all impossible, as
every bee-keeper will know.

Had our cotemporary thought far enough
ahead last December to have come to this
conclusion, that infamous citation would
not have been endorsingly given ! This is
an after-thought of the real editor— the
other was the blunder of a subordinate !

It seems to us that it would have been far
better to have admitted the blunder, than to
have attempted to defend it, and to have so
signally failed !

We quite endorse the language last
quoted, that " no bee-keeper for one moment
would believe it possible to produce" the
"artificial combs as described by Prof.
Wiley !"

But how peculiar does that assertion ap-
pear when placed side by side with what
that editor endorsingly copied tinto that
original article entitled " Facts," viz :

The latter of these scientific bee-keepers
is best described in the following quotation
from a magazine of this month : " Artificial
honey now made in New York is so much
like the genuine article that only experts
can detect the difference. It is in racks,
the same as the natural product, and now
and then the wings and legs of a few dead
bees are to he seen to further the deception.
It can be sold at a profit of 5d. per pound.

"Mistakes will happen in the best regu-
lated" periodicals— but when the error is
pointed out, it is better to acknowledge it
than to try to defend it !

Xlie Wesitlier is varied enough to
suit the most fastidious. We have all the
varieties within 24 hours, with a change of
60° of temperature. Mr. Eugene Secor, of
Forest City, Iowa, on March 26, 1888, wrote
us thus concerning the weather in his
locality :

The past week has discounted the stories
of "the oldest inhabitant." One week ago
we had a foretaste of Florida ; imme-
diately following, the rigors of Nova Zem-
bla. One of the worst blizzards of the win-
ter came close upon the heels of a balmy
spriug day, when geese were winging their
way to the northern lakes, when robins
were calling their mates to the familiar
haunts in the orchard and lawn, and the
bees (if in the open air) were sporting in
the joyous sunshine. This is a country of
michty possibilities !

My bees are still in the cellar, and will
stay there until the weather settles, "if it
takes all summer."

Yes ; by all means let the bees remain in
winter quarters until settled warm weather
has come.

New Catalogues for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

The D. A. Jones Co., Ld., Beeton, Ont.—
20 pages— Bees and Supplies.

A. O. Crawford, South Weymouth, Mass.
—20 pages— Honey Labels.

E. L. Goold & Co., Brantford, Ont.— 23
pages— Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

G. K. Hubbard, La Grange, Ind.— 12 pages
— Hubbard Bee-Hive.

Abbott Brothers, Southall, England— 73
pages— Hives and Bee Furniture.

E. W. Reid, Bridgeport, O.— 34 pages-
Small Fruit.

'Woodman— Spare tliat Xree, is

the first line of that old song so popular
when we were a boy. It forcibly came to
our mind when reading the following iu the
Plowman from the pen of Mr. C. H.
Dibbern :

Last month I made some suggestions to
the farmers to sow Alsike clover, buck-
wheat, and other crops of value for honey.
Something can also be done to keep farmers
and others from destroying trees, and other
honey resources we already have. A num-
ber of years ago a neighbor and friend of
mine was thinning out a wood lot of some
35 acres, near my apiary, by cuttinfr out
about three-fourths of the timber. This lot
contained a good many basswood or linden
trees that I had watched jealously. As
they were not regarded as of much account
tor timber, I soon discovered that they were
being cut down, and ash, oak and butternut
left to grow. I had ou several occasions
given him a present of a few pounds of
honey, and I now explained to him the
value of the basswood trees for the bees.
He at once agreed to let all the good shaped
trees of this variety grow, and now I have
some forty splendid linden trees within
easy range as the result. The man is now
dead, but whenever I see these magnificent
trees, an impulse of kind remembrance
comes over me. Perhaps others can do
something on this line with their neighbors
also. I have hundreds of linden trees
within reach of my bees, but these are so
near that they are of special advantage.

Much can be done to save the the honey-
producing trees if attended to judiciously,
and in the right spirit. The hint of Mr.
Dibbern is a good one, and we hope will be
acted upon by others.

Among Hints to Iteg^lnners, an

exchange gives the following items ot in-
formation :

Never crush a bee if you can help it.
• Bees will not follow one into a building.

Newly-hived swarms should be placed in
the shade.

It is easiest to manipulate bees when they
are gathering honey.

Let all your movements be slow and reg-
ular, if you would not be stung.. Do not be
nervous or fidgety when working with bees.

The proboscis of the bee is moved like the
trunk of an elephant, and is susceptible of
expansion and contraction, and of being
bent and twisted in all directions.

XUe Old ReliaWe "American Bee
Journal " donned a new dress with the new
year, and looks as neat and clean as a new
dollar. It gives the latest news in bee-
keeping, and we never knew a bee-paper
that could take its place. Long may it
prosper.— Ifestem Farmer and Stockman.

CONVEIVTION NOTICES.

Ef^" The annnual meeting of the "Western Bee-
Keepers' Association will be held at Independence,
Meat the Court House, on April 2r>, 1888. It will
be carried on as a sociable. frienJly gathering. Let
all bring their baskets and have a good time.

Pktbr Otto, Sec.

5^^ The next meeting of the Susquehanna County
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at New Mil-
ford, Ph.. on May 5, ik.sh. The f(»llowlng subjects are
to be considered : Bee-keeping for pleasure and pro-
fit—Spring work with bees— Is it advisable to use
foundation? If so, to what extent 7— Huw can we
make our Association of the most practical value to
Us members. All are cordially invited to come.

H. M. Seelev, Sec.

THE aMERICKN ]3EE JOURNTSL.

217

^A^mjt^JLM

CONVEXTiOX DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

Apr. 10.— Wabnsh County, at N. MancliPjiter, Ind.

F. S. Cuuiitock. SecJSorth Manchester, Ind,
Apr. II.— Stark County, at Canton, O.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O-
Apr. 14.— Union, at Menio, Iowa.

Mrs. J. E. Pryor, Pres., Dexter. Iowa.
Apr. 21.— Central Michiean, at I^anaing, Mich.

W. A. Barnes. Sec, DeWitt. Mich.
Apr. 21.— Eastern Indiana, at Kichraond, Ind.

M. U. Reynolds, Sec, Williamsburg, Ind.
Apr. 24.— Dea Moines County, at Burlintrion. Iowa.
John Nau, Sec, Middletbwn, Iowa.
May 2, 3.— Texas State, at Greenville. Tex.

B. F. Carroll. Sec. Blooming Grove, Tex.
May 5.— Susquehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.
H. M. Seeley. Sec, Harford, Pa.
May 7.— Welland County, at Welland, Ont.

J. K. Dunn, Sec, Ridtreway, Ont.
May 8.— Cortland Union, at Cortland. N. Y.

W. H. Beach, Sec, Cortland, N. Y.
May 19.— Nashua, at Nashua. Iowa.

H. L. Rouse, Sec. Ionia. Iowa.
May 22.— N. W. Ills. & S. W. "Wis., at Rorkton, Ills.

D. A. Fuller, Sec. ('herry Valley. Ills.
Aug. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, f 'ni>).

J. M. Clark. Sec, Dtrnver, Colo.

T^ In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place f-i future meetings,— Ed.

sikS?M°^M&OA,

<]roo<I ProMprc-ts fbr tlie SeaNoii.

—A. C. Aten, Round Kock, Tex., on March

22, 1838, says :

Bees are doing well so far. There has
bP"-!! no freeze or frost to aiDount to aiiy-
thiug for the last six weeks, and we have
had plenty of rain. The prospects are good
for an excellent honey crop.

Abnoriiinl Svramiing'. — A. D.

Lord, Amiret, Minn., asks the following
questions :

1. Did you ever know of a swarm of bees
to leave the hive after four days from nat-
ural swarming, and when they had made
three frame-fulls of comb, two partly full,
Hnd all laid full of esjgs ? 2. Did ynu ever
kuow of 2 swarms of bees comiuK troiu one
hive at the same time, and a queen with
each ?

Mr. Heddon answers these questions in
this way :

1. Yes ; but only once or twice among the
thousands of swarms we have hived. Some-
limes bees go contrary to all rules. We
think we have had less of these exceptions
than most bee-keepers, considering the
number of colonies we have kept.

2. We all have both first and second
swarms leave their hives witli two or more
queens, and with the after-swarms. Such
is the rule, and should one of these swarms
divide, and each have one or more queens,
it would come under the head of your No. 2.

Rlieiiiualisiii and Bee-Keeping.

— Wm. H. Graves, New Carlisle, Ind., on
March 34, 1888, writes :

I feel that I would be lost without the
weekly visits of the American Bee Jouk-
XAL, althouiih I do not know that 1 will ever
be able to do much with bees again. I have
been confined to my bed with'^ilieumatism,
and under the doctor's care since the latter
part of last July. 1 commenced the season
of 1887 with TO colonies, and increased them
to 110, by natural swarming, and obtained

about 1,000 pounds of honey in one and two
pound sections. My loss will be from 25 to
30 percent,, on account of not being able to
take care of them last fall.

Hard ^Vintei- for Bees.— Frank
Andrews, Smethport, Pa., on March 24,
1888, says :

I moved my bees about half a mile the
first of last October, and it turned cold soon
after. I lost some of the queens. I packed
the bees on the summer stands, and I find
that 15 colonies are dead, all but two dying
queenless, and those had plenty of honey,
but during the last cold spell they failed to
reach it. My report for 1887 is as follows :
I had 43 colonies, spring count, and took
1,000 pounds of ciinili honey, and SCO pounds
of extracted. This has been a very cold and
hard winter for hees here. 1 think one-half
of the bees are dead in this county.

Cireat Bee-Moi-tality Predieled.

— M. O. Tuttle, Osage, Blowa, on March 22,
1888, writes :

The inercury is 15° below zero this morn-
ing. (Take the bees out ?) My bees were
put into the cellar about Nov. 18, or Nov. 16
to 19, 1887. They are quiet, and in good
condition. 1 have 170 colonies in one cellar,
which is under the dwelling-house. The
cellar is large, about 8 feet deep, dry, and
ventilated by the chimney. A stove is used
in the coldest weather. The temperature is
about 45° now, but was 41° to 42- until near
March 1. All but a few cofonies have plenty
of stores, and those had poor queens, hence
all I care for them is their combs. We had
no surplus to speak of last year. I predict
great mortality among bees in this county,
as those remote from timber had no sup-
plies, and no matter what the locality, with
those that were allowed to swarm during
the one week of honey-flow we had— they
are all gone, or will be going, if not fed. I
notice some are prophesying a good season
for 1888. I can wait for my boom this year,
till about July.

Beeiii fVintered 'Well, etc.— Clar-
ence W. Wilkins, Cortland, N. T., on March
24, 1888, writes thus :

Bees have wintered well in this locality
the past winter, and are " springing " quite
fairly, although the weather is extremely
cold. The mercury stood at zero last night,
and will go below to-night. This is simply
getting "our pay" for the severe thaw
which we were subject to the forepart of
tlie week. Last Wednesday, previous to
this " freeze-upj" the bees of this neighbor-
hood had a jubilee. It was the first chance
they have had for a good flight, and they
improved it with a will. As vet I have lost
but one colony out of the 2.5 with which I
began the winter, and when it is considered
that the bees have been shut in ever since
last fall, this loss will seem slight— at least
it does to me ; and if I lose no more, I shall
be well pleased with the result of my win-
tering.

The Bee Jotikxal was,in my estimation,
previous to its renovation, far superior to
any other apicultural periodical that ever
came under my notice. Now, It has " fairly
out-done itself."

Cutting the Ba^stvood Xrees,
etc.— L. Keed, Orono, Mich., on March 32,
1888, writes :

The snow is 2 feet deep yet. We have
had a very severe winter ; it has been blow-
ing a gale for the last 24 hours, and the mer-
cury has been down at zero all day. The
prospects are for a late spring. There has
been but one day here that bees could fly

since last November. I commenced in the
spring of 18S7 with 42coloiiies. after selling
12 colonies. 1 sold 1,200 pounds of comb
honey, increa.sed ray apiary, by natural
swarming, to 83 colonies, and took 12 colo-
nies on shares, making 95 in all. I put
them into the cellar on Nov. 12, and I am a
little uneasy about them, as there are more
dead bees on the cellar bottom than usual.
Ihe prospects are not very flattering for
next season. The basswood timber has been
cut ilown at a fearful rate this winter, there
being thousands of cords of basswood bolts
piled up at the railroad stations. It will
soon be a thing of the past. We get about
one-half of our honey-crop from basswood
in this section, so we shall have to substi-
tute something else for it, or go out of the
business.

Varying- Xentperatui-e C. F. G.,

Boouville, Mo., on March 22, 188S, writes :

The past year was a very poor one for the
bee-keepers of this localitj'. There was no
honey in the white clover, and very little in
anything else. At the close of the season
the bees gathered a little honey, the best
Italian colonies averaging a fair winter
supply. Those bee-keepers who failed to
feed their poor colonies in the fall, and who
then neglected them in the winter, invaria-
bly lost them. Several parties lost as high
as 20 colonies and over, while almost all
bee-keepers have lost more or less, and with
not a few it was a " clean sweep." How-
ever, those colonies that were fed and prop-
erly cared for, wintered fairly well.

Last Sunday we had beautiful spring-like
weather, the thermometer ranging as hifh
as 84° in the sun, and the bees flew about
quite lively, many carrying in pollen. This
morning it was 14°, making a difference of
70° within four days. It is these sudden
changes that kill so many bees, and espec-
ially those wintered in the cellar, and then
prematurely placed on the summer stands.
The arrival of the Bee Journal is always
hailed with delight by me.

COI^TEI^TIOIV WOTICES.

tSf The Wabash County Bee-Keepers' AsBoeiatlon
will meet at North Manchester, Ind.. on Anril lo
1888. F. 8. COMSTOCK, Stt. '

tw The next meeting of the N. W. Ills, and 8 W
Wis. Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in Roct
ton, Ills., May 22, 1888. D. A. Poller, sec.

..'^"T,'',? Bastern Indiana Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will hold its spring meetinu on Saturday Anrll
21, 1888, at Rlchmond.lnd. M. G. Ritnolds, Sec

.'P" '''n.l'^S' ?'°"'5.' County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will nold Its next meeting on April •>4 is88 at
Burlington, Iowa. John NAtr, See.

t^ The Union Bee-Keepers' Association of Wes-
tern Iowa, will hold their annual meeting at Menln
Iowa, on Saturday, April 14, ismh, at hi am. "'

H. D. IjK.nocker, Sec.

tW- 'The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Association
will hold ns spring meeting on Mayn, iH'in at Corr
land, N. T.,at IOa.m. All ^lee-keepers are invited
W. H. Beach, Sec.

I»- 'The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Asaocia.
tion will meet at the Court House in Eldora. loSi^
on the second Saturday In each month at nonn
(12 o'clock), until further notice. ""^'"°- "' °''°'>

J. W. B0CHANAN, Sec

IW The Miirsliall County Bee-Keepers' A»«i,H«.
tion will meet at the Court House hi MarshamowS
Iowa, on Saturday. April -I, mw.at IU:3iiam 'Thp
subject fcr discussion is. "Spring an,', summer man-
agement of hces." A general invitation is extended
A good meeting is expected. J. w. SA-voersTs"^ ,

'Pf" The tsth semi-annual session of the Central
Michigan BecKeepers' Association will be held i*n
the Pioneer Hoom M the StateCap,to,_.n Saturday
April 21, 188-<. Prot. A, J. Cook will give an address"
A cordial invitation is extended to all as It will 1^
a very interesting meeting. w. A. Bakxes, Sec.,

IW The tenth annual meeting of the Tevas Sfnto
Bee-Keepers' Association will ge held at the hee
yards of Vice-President W. R. Graham in GrllS
vine, Hum Co., Texas, on May 2 find 3 l.SS*^A
leading leatureot he convention will be criticisms
upon subjects that have been mentioned in the b?e-
papers .\ good time la expected, so let all rvxaa
andArkaufas beekeepers attend. A cordial inv^
tation 18 extended to all bee-keepers wheresoever
dispersed. Remember, no hotel bills to pay at oSr
conventions 1 B. F. CAmcOLLri'ec

218

TMB SMM'KICffiH mmW J@^KlfMlU.

^^^'- ^g ^- -^v^fc^A^kA^^A^fcA^kA^^jfc^fcAJ^A^fcA^^A^fcA^iki^UfcJ^A^^JJL^.^ A*^'**'^'^*'^'^^^

htb^mk^mk^m^m^s

m

m

MfllEE,

HONEY THAT WILL, KOT
GRANULATE.

WrilUn for the American Bee Jourrml

Query 529.— 1. Why is It that my honey
will uot granulate or candy? 1 would like to
have it do so. I have some that is five years
old, that is still liquid. It was well-ripened
before I extracted it ; I then put it into 6 and
10 gallon tin-cans, and let it stand with a very
thin piece of domestic tied over it. Occa-
sionally I took oil the cloth and skimmed It.
It was that way until winter, when I put the
top on. I have tried it in glass jars, still it re-
mains liquid. It will sometimes have some
grains in it in the winter, but when summer
comes, it all becomes liquid again. Our sum-
mers aie of more uniform temperature here
than in the North, the thermometer seldom
indicating 100° above zero, or seldom falls to
zero. 2. What can I do to make it granulate
thoroughly ?— Tennessee.

I know of no remedy. I wish that
mine would act that way, but it does

not.— G. M. DOOLITTLE.'i

I have no receipt to cause honey to
granulate. Neither do I wish for one.
—J. M. Hambaugh.

Honey from some bloom will uot
granulate, and I cannot tell you how
to make it do so.— J. P. H. Brown.

1. Honey from some plants granu-
lates much more readily than that
from others. 2. I do not know. — M.
Mahin.

We think that it was not ripe
enough. We have never seen ripe
honey that would not candy here,
unless it was heated. — Dadant & Son.

I do not know. Ask a chemist.
Aerate it thoroughly, and put it into
an ice chest— J. M. Shuck.

I cannot say. If it is pure honey,
and exposed to the air and cold, it
should granulate.— Mrs. L. Harrison.

You do not say from what source
the honey was gathered. Some kinds
o-rauuLate sooner than others. I should
not worry about that. I wish mine did
not granulate. I believe that custo-
mers generally prefer it in liquid
form. — Eugene Secor.

1. Some kinds of honey will not
granulate. I saw some at the Ohio
State Convention, that was four years
old, and no signs of candying. 2. Try
putting it in vessels, preferably bar-
rels, that have had candied honey in
them, and have not been washed. — A.
B. Mason.

1. No doubt your honey is from
some source which yields that kind
that does not granulate, or does not
granulate readily. 2. If it will gran-
ulate at all, bring it up North, and
stir it, and let it get a few weeks of
our zero weather. — James Heddon.

I have never seen our spring and
summer honey granulate, but our fall

honey gathered from September to
November always granulates at a tem-
perature of 30^, and remains so until
melted by heat. Probably if the honey
was subjected to a very cold degree, it
would granulate. — P. L. Viallon.

Honey in different localities seems to
differ in this respect. My honey al-
ways granulates when cold weather
comes, and sometimes sooner. I know
of no way that it can be granidated
artificially. — C. H. Dibbern.

1. Extracted honey is not apt to
candy if kept in a warm place, say 80'^.
2. Place the honey where it will freeze.
— G. L. Tinker.

1. The peculiar character of your
honey is undoubtedly owing to the
source from which it was gathered.
All kinds of honey do not candy, al-
though to do so is the rule. The riper
honej' is, the slower it is to candy. —
R. L. Taylor.

Only tell us all how to get our honey
like yours. If you mix with it some
honey not well ripened, I think it may
granulate. Possibly the flowers from
which it was taken, are at the root of
the matter. — C C. Miller.

1. I cannot give you just the rea-
sons why ; but I wish my honey would
do as yours does, as I cannot sell gran-
ulated honey in my market. 2. Ex-
pose it to the light, and as cold as pos-
sible.— H. D. Cutting.

1. This is one of those questions that
no one can answer. I might guess a
dozen things, and be wrong. Why
not be contented with your honey as
it is ? Many of us would give much
to know how to bring about this very
state of things. The temperature
probably has much to do with the mat-
ter.— J. E. Pond.

I think it is in the nature of the
honey, and I know of no way to secure
granulation. I have honey from Cali-
fornia and Louisiana — apparently nice
honey — that has never shown any signs
of crystallization even in oiu' coldest
winters. — A. J. Cook.

1. Honey seems to be a combination
of sweets, and it depends upon the
combination as to how soon, and un-
der what conditions honey will granu-
late. The fact is, honey in a tempera-
ture as high as is natural to the imme-
diate brood-nest, will never granulate.
This proves that granulation is the re-
.sult of low temperature, and some
honeys are more susceptible to the
cause, than some others. I have sam-
ples of honey running back to 18CT,
and two or three out of the number
have never granulated, and the quality
cannot be excelled. 2. Just let your
honey alone. I wish that my honey
would never granulate. — G. W. Dem-
aree.

Your honey was either gathered
from different kinds of flowers, or it
was not ripe when extracted. To ex-
pose extracted honey to the air and
cold will almost universally cause it to
granulate. The exceptions are rare,
and usually with some inferior quali-
ties.— The Editor.

€OinBSFRo:n foul-broody

APIARIES.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 530.— 1. Foul brood exists in some
apiaries in this locality. If I buy the comb of
the extinct apiaries, and render it in a Cary
wax-press in my bee-room, do I run mucb
risk of introducing foul brood to my own
apiary of 73 colonies of healthy bees ? 2. If
so.what precautions are necessary ?— Apiarist.

I would not risk it. — M. Mahin.
I should hardly think there would
be any risk. — G. M. Doolittle.

1. You do. You had better spend
your time, money and energy in some
other way. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

No, not with caution. The impor-
tant thing is to be sure that the bees
get no honey from the combs. — A. J.
Cook.

I have had no experience whatever
with foul brood. I would be extremely
cautious. — J. M. Hambaugh.

We had rather not buy that comb,
unless it was rendered into wax at the
place where it is bought. — Dadant &
Son.

I have never had, nor have I seen
a case of foul brood, and I am not
sorry of my ignorance, from what I
have heard of the disease. — P. L.
Viallon.

You do. If you must purchase, do
all your handling of them after night,
and burn up all refuse. — J. P. H.
BroVn.

I know nothing about foul brood
from experience, but I would not want
to run even that much risk. — C. C.
Miller.

I do not know anything about foul
brood. Our best books on apiculture
treat of it. — J. M. Shuck.

I would have nothing to do with
frames that had been exposed to foul
brood. If you value the bees you
have, you cannot be too careful. — C.
H. Dibbern.

I have had no experience with foul
brood, but I should not risk it. I
would prefer to go to the apiary where
the foul brood is, and extract the wax.
— G. L. Tinker.

Yes, you do run a great risk. If you
have anything to do with it, go to the
place where the combs are, and melt
them there, and do not bring anything^
but the wax away. — H. D. Cutting.

T'MK MME'RICS.ISE WMM J©Piei<ISt.

219

I am happy to say I know nothing
of foul brood", only from reading, and
yon can get information from some
p.amplilet on the subject, worth a hun-
dred times a\y theories. — Eugene
Secok.

Not any, provided you do it so that
not one of your bees ever gets a taste
of any honey from these combs, or of
the combs before they undergo the
•heating necessary to rendering the
wax. My advice is, to render the wax
somewhere else. — James Heddon.

1. To say the least, you run too
much i-isk — more than any one who is
not anxious to become belter ac-
quainted with the disease can aftbrd
to run. 2. Do not bring them any
nearer your ajjiary than they are, un-
til they are thoronghly boiled ; and
even that is not entirelj' safe, if the
person who does the work is to be
near your bees soon afterward. — R. L.
Taylok.

I should think that it would be pos-
sible to box the combs so closely that
no bees could get at them, and every-
thing could be so carefully conducted
tliat there would be no danger to your
bees. But why not render the wax
on the premises where the disease ex-
ists ? — G. W. Demakee.

1. Foul brood is so insiduous, and so
easily carried from one hive to another,
that it is dangei'ous to fool with it at
all. Let it alone severely ; that is, do
not procure any comb or bees from
an)f apiary where the least suspicion of
the disease exists. An ounce of pre-
vention is worth many pounds of
cure. — J. E. Pond.

1. I do not know what a Gary wax
press is, and I would have nothing to
do with the combs unless it was desir-
able to get them out of the way so that
j'our own bees would not get to the
combs. 2. You cannot be too careful.
Do not run any risks. It has cost Mr.
A. I. Root over $1,000, and a few years
ago it cost me from $300 to $500 in
one season. Do not let your bees touch
the combs. Boil them, and evei'j'thing
about them that can be boiled, and
wash you hands and everything that
cannot be boiled, in Mr. Muth's prep-
aration of salycilic acid. — A. B. Mason.

Either have nothing to do with the
combs, or else render them into wax at
the apiary where they now are. You
would run a great risk by taking these
combs into your apiary, or placing
them where your bees could get at the
honey. — The Editor.

THE DRONE.

Our Poor, Slandered Drone Asks
for His Day in Court.

Writteri for the American Bee Journal

BY REV. L. L. LAKGSTBOTH.

"Virgil, who was a great poet, but
not enough of a practical bee-keeper
to know a laying from a virgin queen,
was the first writer of much note, to
have his fling at me. To him I was
only an idle knave, born to consume
the fruits of others' labors, and deserv-
ing no better fate than death, by
ignominious expulsion from the indus-
trious Commonwealth. Ever since he
so grossly libeled me, to compai-e one
to a drone, is the most orthodox form
of denunciation for laziness, gluttony,
and what has been called ' general
cussedness.' "

Now I am proud to say to this Court,
that I can disprove every charge
brought against me, by simply prov-
ing, that to the best of my ability I

A Ulotlern JBee-Farni, and its

Economic Management ; showing liow bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

iSir Drone.

fulfil the express object for which I was
born. Surel}' no creature can do any
better than this, and excuse me for
thinking that few men do as well.
Charged with liazlness.

If any of my enemies had authority
to call the roll of my demerits, he
would surely begin by accusing me of
being too lazy to gather any honey.
But an expert in points of this kind
could remind him, that if he examines
my proboscis, he will see that it is
much too short for sipping nectar from
the opening flowers.

makes no Wax.

I am free to admit that I make no
wax, but even Cheshire himself, whose
microscopes have fairly turned me
inside-out, will tell you that I have
not a single wax-secreting gland, and
am also without those plastic, trowel-
like jaws which enable the worker-
bees to mold the wax into such delicate
combs.

GalherH no Pollen.

Now do not insinuate, that I might
at least employ some of my leisure
time in gathering pollen ! Can you
not see that my thighs have no basket-
like grooves, in which it could be
packed — and are quite destitute of the
hairy bristles by which the workers
hold the pollen in place ?

Accused of being a I^azjr Coward.

No doubt you have often denounced
me as a big, hulking coward, that
leaves to the women, the whole de-
fense of the State. Are you not aware
that I have no sting to fit me for acting
on the offensive ? Would thq^t I had
one proportioned to my bulk ! if only
that I might make proof of it, upon all
who berate me for not accomplishmg
impossibilities !

I am not at all ashamed to admit
that I spend the most of my timo^ not
given to eating, either in sleeping, or
in what you are pleased to call, listless
moping about the hive. Has it never
occurred to you, that if I should try to
assume the restless activity of a worker-
bee, I could be nothing better than a
meddlesome busy-bodj-, perpetually
interfering with the necessary business
routine ? I guess the silly meddler
who would put me up to such non-
sense, ought more than once to have
had a dish-cloth pinned to his rear, to
teach him not to bother the women in
their work !

IHlsnnde rstood.

I am sorry to number Shakespeare
among those who have misconceived
me, bj' calling me " the lazy, yawning
drone " — but as one of my maligners
has likened me to Falstaff, I may be
allowed to quote in my own defense,
what this great braggart, when ' ac-
cused of cowardice, says of himself to
the Prince : "Was it for me to kill
the heir apparent ? Why, thou know-
est I am as valiant as Hercules ; but
beware instinct ; the lion will not touch
the true prince. Instinct is a great
matter ; I was a coward on instinct. I
shall think the better of mj'self and
thee during my life. I for a valiant
lion, and thou for a true prince." I
lie not, like the false knight, when I
say, that what you call my laziness, is
a matter of pure instinct.

With all your boasted reason, you
seem to have entirely overlooked the
doctrine of the conservation of forces.
You upbraid me with consuming so
much of the precious honey, to the
gathering of which I contribute noth-
ing ! Well ! if I made a single un-
called-for motion, would not that
necessitate an extra consumption of
food ? What better can I' do, then,
than to keep as quiet as possible ?
Tliere is nothing either inside or out-
ide of the hive which calls for any

220

THE MWdERICftPf MMM JQVMUmi,.

^ -^ * '»■ -^ -^ ^

otliei- line of conduct, until the young
queens are on tlic uin^r ; anil as they
<io not .sally foilli until long after noon,
why should I go abroad any earlier ?
I can assure you, that if bridal excui'-
sions were in order, as many hours in
the day as the flowers secrete honey,
no worker would ever be earlier to
rise, or later to go to bed than myself.
ini^represented*
I, an idle, lazj-, listless lounger, for-
sooth ! Does any one wish to witness
the most perfect embodiment of inde-
fatigable activity ? Let him then look
at me, when at the proper time, with
an eager, impetuous rush, and a manly,
resonantTvoice, I sally from the hive !
See with what amazing speed, I urge,
what our old friend Samuel Wagner,
called my " circumvolating " flights!
For ought you know, I may cover
greater distances in describing these
vast circles, than the busiest worker,
in the longest summer day. There is
great need then, that I should be
abundantly provisioned for such ex-
hausting excursions, and it is only a
law of nature, that on my return from
them, all that I carried out with me,
should be found to have been used up.
If you taunt me either for the full or
the empty stomach, I merely ask you
if you have never heard of honey-
moon trips among your own people,
which began with extra-full purses, to
end only with uncomfortably light
ones ?

Savage Dellgtat over my Deatb.

To cap the climax of your abuse,
what savage delight you take in seeing
the workers drive me from my pleasant
home ! and how glibly you can moral-
ize, over what you call a righteous
judgment upon a life spent in glut-
tony, and inglorious ease ! Just as if
you did not know that the whole econ-
omy of the bee-hive is founded on the
strictest principles of utilitarianism.
Is not a worker-bee when disabled by
any accident, remorselessly' dragged
out to die, because it can no longer
contribute to the general good ? Even
so exalted a personage as the queen-
mother herself, as soon as it is plain
that her fertility is too much impaired,
has a writ of stqjersedeas served upon
her, in favor of one of her own
daughters.

Knowing well the law under which
I was born, I urge nothing against
being put to death when Shakespeare's
" pale executioners " deem the day of
my prospective usefulness to be over.
Trulj-, the sword of Damocles is sus-
pended over mj' head, and from the
hour of m^' birth, till that of my death,
it may fall at any moment. Many bit-
ters are thus mingled with my sweets.

I have time to mention only one
more. While I know that most of the
young queens come safely back from

their wedding excursions, I cannot
help sometimes foreboding the worst,
when I see that no drone ever returns
to tell us of his experience.

Appreciated by Bonner.
I will close my defense by remind-
ing you how the good father of the
great Scotch bee-keeper, Bonnei',
showed his appreciation of our perse-
cuted I'ace. It was his custom to
watch every year for the first flying
drone. Its cheerful hum so filled him
with delight, as the happj' harbinger
of approaching swarms, with their
generous harvest of luscious sweets,
that he called an instant halt on the
work of his busy household, and de-
voted the rest of the day to holiday
feasting. The patron of the drones
ought forever to bear the honored
name of " Saint Bonner."

Tlie Decision of tbe Court.

Sir Drone : — This court having heard
yoin- defense, declares it to be a true
and manly one, all those to the con-
trary notwithstanding, who would
further injure you by calling it nothing
more than crafty special pleading. It
only regrets its want of power to pun-
ish adequately your slanderei-s. But,
alas, my worthy fellow ! you must not
expect too much from this acquittal.
Remember how difficult it is for Truth
to overtake a Lie that has got a start
of only a single day. No doubt the
time will come when those who have
been stigmatized as the

"I^azT Fathers of tbe Industrious
Hive,"

will be held in due honor by the
world ; therefore console j'ourself with
this bright hope for the future of your
race, while you protest against the lies
that have had so many centuries the
start of your true story, that you may
well despair, in your short lifetime, of
ever overtaking them.

inorals from tbe Drone's Plea.

It were eas}' to draw more than one
good moral from the drone's plea, such
as, " Do not give even a dog a bad
name, unless you are quite sure he
deserves it," but the moral which I
think at the present time can hardly
help suggesting itself to well-read bee-
keepers, may be very fairly stj'led the

moral of the Prof. Wiley Scientific-
Pleasantry Iiie.

It is only too well known, to the sor-
row of most of our large honey-pro-
ducers, that some years ago Prof. H.
W. Wiley, an entomologist in the ser-
vice of the Government at Washing-
ton, published substantially this state-
ment, viz : That honey-combs, after
being manufactui'ed, filled with glu-
cose, and sealed over, all by human
skill, so nicely as to escape detection,
are largely sold as genuine bees' honey;

when the bees have had nothing to do
with a single step in the whole cheat-
ing process. This absolute falsehood
having got a good start as coming
from a scientific man (?) has widely,
at home and abroad, prejudiced the
public against buying the purest honej-,
in the most beautiful combs.

Many times have I heard the above
story spoken of as either undoubted
truth, or have been asked if it were
not the truth. It has been refuted
again and again, and large sums of
money have been oft'ered by responsi-
ble parties, to anj- one who will pro-
duce even a small specimen of such a
man-made product ; and j-et the story
is constantly appearing in print in
America, Europe — and not long ago
even in Australia. It has found its
way into a periodical of as high re-
pute as the British Bee Journal, and it
sometimes seems to have a greater
vitality /or mischief, than when it first
started out on its hurtful career.

Prof. Wiley, when called to account
for fabricating such a story, thought it
a sufficient excuse to say that he meant
it only as a " scientific pleasantry.''''
Could any one wish him a harder task
than over his own signature to try to
stop the march of such an inexcusable
utterance ? Could there be a stronger
condemnation of his conduct in this
matter, than the words of Holy Writ ?
" As a madman who casteth firebrands,
arrows and death, so is the man that
deceiveth his neighbor, and saith. Am
I not in sport ?" — Prov. xxvi. 18, 19.

Dayton, O., March 8, 1888.

THE IDEAL.

Careful Breeding and Cro8§iug
Two Races of Bees.

Written for the Western Tree Planter
BY PROF. A. J. COOK.

We often read of a large, brown bee
which was indigenous to this continent.
I think that any such bee is only a
variety of our common black bee,
which was introduced into America
long years ago, and so has become
widely distributed, and it would not be
strange if color variation had taken
place to quite a degree ....

The good points of the black bees
are : They cap their honey thicker,
and so comb honey from them is very
white ; they are very ready to go into
sections or a surplus chamber on top
of the hive, at the dawn of the honey
harvest. This point is specially prized
bv many of our best bee-keepers. This
fact leads many of our wisest apiarists
to desire at least some black blood in
theu' bees ....

I have had considerable experience
with SjTian bees, and like them very

THE ^_ME.RICaBf BE® JQISRHMS,.

221

much. I am now carefully crossing
Syrians and Carniolans in hopes to get
the vigor and i)rolificness of the former,
and the amiability of the latter. I be-
lieve that such a cross will give us the
ideal bee. As bees, unlike cattle, are
reared for a single purpose, there is no
objection to crossing them. Indeed I
believe one of the greatest lines of
progress lies in this direction. If we
can rear a race with the amiability of
the Carniolan, the vigor and fertility
of the Syrian, which shall also have the
excellence of the black bee as a pro-
ducer of comb honey, we shall surely
make a great advance.

Agricultural College, Mich.

HIBERNATION.

Review of Mr. Latham's Article
on Hibernation of Bees.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY WM. F. CLARKE.

I suppose Mr. Latham will feel
slighted if I do not pay my respects to
his article on page 167, but really it is
so hyper-scientific, that it well nigh
bamboozles me. It reminds me of a
young lawyer, who, in his maiden ef-
fort at the bar, indulged in such high-
flown language, and used so many
learned phrases, that the Judge, in
summing up, was led to remark, that
Mr. had " soared out of the juris-
diction of his court." One word es-
pecially bothers me, viz : " androgy-
nal." I am away from my library ;
*' Webster-on-a-bridge " is not within
reach, and lam obliged to "give it
up."

Yes, Mr. Latham, we all know that
hibernate in its common unscientific
use, means merely to " pass the win-
ter," and in that sense, we human
beings, as well as the lower animals
and insects, hibernate. So do plants
and stones. But, as Mr. L. says, "in
the accredited scientific use of the
term, hibernation is used to designate
a conclition."

Why does he assert that we cannot
arrive at any positive knowledge on
this subject, "so far as optical evi-
dence dcnnonstrates the actual hiber-
nal condition ?" We can see that,
under certain circumstances, bees
form a tight cluster, and remain in an
almost, if not quite motionless state.
We know, too, that when thus quies-
cent, they consume the minimum of
of food, thereby showing that they eat
seldom and sparingly. Many bee-
keepers have testified to observing the
bees when so torpid that it required
considerable disturbance to arouse
them, and that when they wintered
thus, their consumption of stores was
verj- meagre.

Mr. Latham says, " The hive-bee is
only physically constituted to experi-
ence to a certain degree " the condi-
tion of hibernation. If it experiences
the condition in any degree, is it cor-
rect to say as he does, " that the hive-
bee does not hilx'rnate ?" The same
is true of the red-squirrel. It hiber-
nates "to a certain degree." It is so
constituted that it must arouse every
now and then, " and eat to replenish
the flames of life." Still, the red-squir-
rel is classed among true hibernators.
Why, then, should not the hive-bee be
similarly classified ?

Mr. Latham says that no animated
organized being " can become frozen
solid, or even become sufiiciently be-
numbed by cold as wholly to destroy
its vital functions, and live." This is
not so. The black ant can. Mi'. Doo-
little demonstrated this a long time
ago, and in Gleanings of March 15,
1888, Prof. Cook states the same fact
in regard to the black ant. "Thej'
seemed utterly dead. Pinching or
rough treatment of any kind did not
arouse them at all !" But on being
subjected to warmth, they soon "be-
come wide-awake and lively." The
hive-bee is not so physically consti-
tuted as to he capable of this. It
must have a certain degree of warmth
to hibernate. Intense cold first arouses
it to abnormal activity, and then causes
it to succumb through exhaustion.

Mr. L. says : "Life without the in-
fluence of motion on matter, is inad-
missible." Then there is and can be
no hibernation in any case. Even the
bear does not hiberhate, according to
this showing. The black-ant example
is in point here again. So are the
numerous well known cases of other
insects and chrysalides that freeze
.solid, and yet thaw out and come to
life again. Carp and other fish have
been known to pass through the same
experience. The fact is, we know but
little, after all, about the life-principle.
It is a great mystery. Life survives
under certain circumstances, and then
under apparently similar ones, becomes
extinct. Truly we are all as Tenny-
son says :

" Like children groping for the light,
Lilte children crying In the night."

I must " fyle a demurrer" to the
use of the terms " coma" and "coma-
tose " in relation to this matter. Tliey
designate a state of disease. " Coma "
is not healthy, normal sleep ; hiberna-
tion is.

The statement, " it does not appear
that the comatose condition evinced
by the hibernating species, is habitual
with the hive-bee, as it does not ac-
company that insect from the regions
of tlowers and snow-storms, to the
ever-blooming flora of tropical climes."
admits of question. There is a sum-

mer sleep, called by scientists, astim-
son (I think that is the term applied
to it), and possibh' the hive-bee takes
a turn at that in tropical climes. Our
brethren who keep bees in the " Sunny-
South," can perhaps inform us on this
point. Bees must have a period of
rest, surely, in the South, as well as in
the North.

St. Thomas, Ont.

POLLEN-MOTHS.

At What Times do Mature Bees
Eat Pollen I— IVax-Moths, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY G. M. DOOLITTLE.

I notice in a recent bee-paper that
Prof. Cook claims that the diet of ma-
ture bees is largely composed of pol-
len. Well, I am no scientist, so I do
not suppose it would look well for me
to oppose the Professor, but as a " cat
may look on a king," so I suppose it
will not be objected to, if I ask him a
question or two regarding his position.

What I wish to know is, at what
times, or under what circumstances,
do mature bees eat pollen ? Surely,
not at all times, or at their conven-
ience, as I thoroughly proved in my
experiments a few years ago, when I
killed several colonies trying to make
them eat it, as a means of support.
They starved to death just as soon as
the little honey was gone which I gave
them, never touching the pollen, as far
as I could see.

When I gave the experiments in the
Bee Journal, to prove that old bees
do not eat pollen, as a rule, Mr. A. R.
Kohnke took it up and said they (mj"^
experiments) proved nothing but my
failure. He further said, "This does
not prove that the bees do not eat
pollen, for we know they do. Pollen is
not, and cannot be the primary cause
(of bee-diarrhea) ; certainlj' not. Pri-
mary causes are those which compel
the ijces to eat the pollen when they
ought not to, viz., out of season. If
Mr. D. had furnished besides pollen
and a little or no honej', those other
conditions necessary to produce the
disease, I dare say he would have
succeeded."

The above was written in 1883, and
in all the years since, I have been try-
ing to find out "those other conditions
necessary," to make bees eat pollen,
but so far, it has all proved a failure.

Now, Professor, here is a chance for
you to get a great name, aiul do the
world much good, bj' telling us how
to know the conditions tliat are favor-
able to our success, along the lino of a
pollen diet for bees. Please tell us all
you know about it, because if we can

222

Tmm msmmmi^MM mmm j^i^mmmi^.

keep our bees a part of the time on
pollen, even if we cannot all of the
time, it will be a great saving in honey,
and rid our comljs of so much pollen
that we are often anxious to dispose of.

Keeping Wax-lTIotbs from the Honey.

Picking up a bee-paper lately, to
look over while I rested a few mo-
ments, I read in it this sentence : "As
fast as the honej- is sealed, it is re-
moved from the hive, and all openings
in the boxes pasted over with paper, so
that the moth cannot get within to de-
posit its eggs." This was given as the
true plan for keeping the larvre of the
wax-moth from comb honey. I was
very much surprised that any writer of
recent date should advocate such a
doctrine as this, at this day and age of
the world, for Quinby proved the
fallacy of such a course, as long ago as
1865. In his "Mysteries of Bee-Keep-
ing Explained," published in 1865, but
wi'itten some time previous to that, he
says :

" I have taken off glass jars, and
watched them till the bees were all
out, and was certain the moth did
NOT COME NEAR THEM ; then imme-
diately sealed them up, absolutely pre-
venting anj' access, and felt quite sure
I should have no trouble with the
worms. But I was sadly mistaken. In
a few days I could see a little white
dust, like flour, on the sides of the
combs, and bottom of the jar. As the
worms grew larger, this dust was
coarser. By looking closer at the
combs, a small, white, thread-like line
could be perceived, enlarging as the
worm progressed."

He then continues: "The reader
would like to know how these worms
come in the jars, when to all appear-
ance it was a physicax impossibility."
To this he says he cannot give a posi-
tive answer, but thinks the bees cari-y
them among the combs on their feet,
where they are left to hatch.

That all should know that combs
taken from the hive in the summer are
liable to the attack of the larva3 of the
wax-moth, and should be looked after,
as often as once a week, is the object
of my noticing this point here.

Hiving Back the Sivarms.

A subscriber of the Bee Journal
says that he desires to control his bees
so as to avoid increase, and asks what
I think of the "hiving back" plan
given by Prof. Cook, as compared with
" let your bees swarm — just once."

1 have not tried the "hiving back"
plan thoroughly, except one season,
when I used it on all the swarms that
came, but the first one, as is recom-
mended by its advocates. As that year
we had rather a poor season for honey,
it might not be fair to speak of it as a
whole, so I will only say that, in a poor

season I would much prefer letting the
bees swarm but once, to this or any
other plan of preventing increase I
have ever yet tried, and I have tried
nearly all so far given to the public.

Instead of having that impetus for
work which a swarm has when hived
in an empty hive, they acted more like
a " driven" swarm, working no faster
for the first few days, than they did in
the parent hive. This first few days'
work of a new colony often decides the
matter of a really good crop of honey,
or only a fair crop, from such indi-
vidual colony.

If I must really have no increase,
then I know of no better plan than the
above ; but I think it will pay in the
end to let the bees swarm, hiving them
in empty hives, even if I have to double
them up in the fall or early spring. I
am positive that enough more honey
will be obtained, to well pay for all the
trouble ; besides, it often happens that
we meet with a loss in wintering,
when we should be glad that we kept
our increase o\er.

I am getting more positive evei-y
year, that the proper time to double
up bees, if we wish to do so, is in the
spring, rather than at any other time
of the year ; doing the work in May,
or the forepart of June.

Borodino, N. Y.

TRANSFERRING.

The Best ITIelliod of Transfer-
rins Bees.

Written lor the American Bee Journal
BY GEO. F. ROBBINS.

The time is approaching when the
above subject will become one of par-
ticular interest and inquiry to manj-.
Already inquiries relating to it have
appeared, and the answers being, as I
regard them, misleading to beginners,
I am prompted to tell what I think
that I know about it.

A few weeks ago an inquirer was
told to transfer during fruit-bloom. /
cannot do it. The idea, of course, is
that the combs will at that time be
nearly empty of honej', while at the
same time the bees will be so occupied
that the operation will not start rob-
bing. It may be so in some localities,
but it is not so in mine, and I think it
is so in very few. I once tried trans-
ferring in the height of apple-bloom,
and in less than ten minutes I had
almost the entire apiary upon me.
Indeed, there has never been a season
when I have not had to choose morn-
ing and evening to open hives at any
time before clover began to yield well.
Unless fruit^bloom keeps bees busier
elsewhere than it does with me, the

one who attempts to transfer bees out-
of-doors at that time will be sure to get
into trouble, and may be very serious
trouble.

The quickest, neatest, easiest, safest
and best method of transferring is, to
drum out the bees twice, and "use the
old combs for beeswax, a la Heddon.
I would not use the combs in the new
frames at all, unless they contain but
little honey, and can be trimmed so as
to fit into the frame. I do not at all
like these combs made of chips, with a
surface as rough as a cobble-stone
pavement. The details of that method
should be pretty much as follows :

About 21 days before white clover
begins to yield copiously, is the time
to drum out the first swarm. Here
that time is usually from June 1 to
June 5, so that the time to begin is
about May 10 to 15. Place the new
hive on the old stand. When making
a new swarm this early in the season,
empty combs must be used. One or
two or them had better have a little
honey. Full sheets of foundation
might do in some localities, but I tliink
not here, although I have not tried
them.

Carry the old hive to a new stand,
invert it, remove the bottom-board,
place an inverted box of the same hori-
zontal dimensions on top of it, and
wrap a sheet around the whole, so as
to keep light out and the bees in.

Now drum on the sides with sticks
(not too heavilj-) at intervals for 15 or
20 minutes. As there is apt to be
cool weather still in May, it will be
better if a con.siderable cluster of b(^es
is left in the old hive. Butin 15 min-
utes the most of the bees, including the
queen, will have passed into the drum-
box. Turn the box mouth upward,
and carry the bees and shake them
upon the sheet in front of the new
hive. Do not have the sheet so tliat
the bees can crawl in clusters into
crannies under and around the hive.
Turn the old hive right end up, and
watch it for a day or two. If there
seems to be danger that they will be
robbed, fasten up the entrance en-
tirely for a few dajs, until enough bees
can have time to hatch to protect their
home. There will be no danger of
their smothering.

In 21 days the bees will all be
hatched except a few drones, and a
queen about ready to lay. Now drum
them out again, and put them in the
new hive. They may now be put on
empty frames if it is desirable. If the
bee-keeper has correctly timed the first
drumming, there will be but little
honey in the combs to bother. Cut
those combs out, and in the evening
lean them in frcmt of a few of the
hives of the strongest colonies. Drum
a little near the entrance initil the bees

T-HM mmmmi^.R.M mms jq^mmmi^.

223

run out to see what is the matter.
The.y will generally lind the lioney im-
mediately, and clean the combs up by
morning. The newly-made swarm will
scarcely come out at all, as the bees
will be engaged in secreting wax and
building comb.

By tlie time the old combs are ren-
dered into wax, I think all will con-
clude that the method described above
is the quickest, neatest, easiest, safest,
cheapest and best way to transfer bees.

Mechanicsburg, Ills.

FREE LANCE.

Had I Not Better Start Another
Bee Periodical i

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY EUGENE SECOR.

I think I had better start a new bee-
paper. It has now been fully a month
since one was born. If I do, it will
not be a repetition of the old story in
the fable, where the mountain labored
and brought forth a mouse, either. It
will be a genuine " Vesuvius " belch-
ing forth streams of bee-lore, till all
the little craft are buried in obMvion.

The fact is, we need more "intel-
lectual bee-bread." I am taking only
ten bee-periodicals, and there is not
ro<im enough in them to hold what we
do not know about bees and bee-keep-
ing. Then, is not the time ripe for
another ? And why not furnish the
necessai-y pabulum myself, according
to the protective idea that we should
buy nothing which we can produce at
home ?

I have already selected the name
that the infant is to bear when the
maternal throes are over. It shall be
THE FREE LANCE. The title is sug-
gestive. Free, because I shall get
enough advertising — gratis — through
this notice to put it well on its feet.
Free, also, because I expect to out-do
all my rivals, and furnish the paper to
all subscribers for two goose eggs
(OO). Free Lance, because I expect
everybody to pitch into the editor to
his heart's content. Its columns will
be open to all manner of criticism on
all manner of subjects. Ever3'body
who wants to air his cerebellum shall
have the inestimable privilege.

The editor's serene picture will oc-
cupy the centre of the top of the first
page. Above it will cross two Don
Quixote lances, and from either cardi-
nal point of the compass'will be the
cut of a Cyprian bee pointing for his
(the editor's) blossoming nose. His
composure will indicate with what
calm serenity he can withstand the
darts of adverse criticism. He will
take everything just as coollj' as he

would if the four Cyprians, aforesaid,
should all have reached his rubicunil
proboscis at once.

Its motto will be, "To be or not to
be." In the future conduct of the
paper that, sentiment will be strictly
adhered to. Its management will be
original. Its advertising columns will
be open to the world — and Canada —
at $2.50 per inch, brevier type, each
insertion, when the advertiser planks
down the " dollar of the daddies " in
advance.

Every contributor to the reading
columns must deposit with the editor,
as a matter of good faith, at the rate
of five dollars per column for the space
he occupies. Then if he wants to tell
all about his patent reversible double-
action drone-trap, he can occupy just
as many columns as he chooses. If he
wishes to establisli his prioritj' claim
as the first one to furnish the bees
with timothy straws through which to
suck honey from red clover, the editor
will give him all the space he paj's for.
If any one is aching to disclose to the
world (and Canada) his recent inven-
tion for bringing a swarm of bees out
of the clouds (and jugging them as
Franklin did the lightning), by turn-
ing a crank, he shall have the sympa-
thy of the editor, and unlimited space
in the "Free Lance " (for a considera-
tion).

If the foregoing plan will not cause
a shaking among the dry bones of bee-
dom — a revolution in the history of
ajoicultural progress — then this editor
is no profit. I give fair warning to all
bee-periodicals that are not backed bj-
a National Bank, or a lucky con-
catenation of favorable surroundings,
to clear the track or join my syndicate.
"Look out for the locomotive when
the bell rings."

Forest City, Iowa.

[The "Free Lance" may fight its
way to popularity — but the "goose-
eggs " will but poorly pay the expense
of printing, paper, postage, etc. It
will be a " free tight," and the editor
will soon have his hands full and purse
empty — for there are hundreds who
are spoiling to take part in a " free
fight." " To be or not to be ; that's
the question !" Like many others — it
will " be " awhile, and then " not be "
forever ! — Ed.]

Pliotogpraplis nt Bee-Keepers.—

The "medley" gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketcli of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journai, for one
year for S1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and S3.00.

THE HONEY-BEE.

Ittii Anntoiiiy, Prodiictei, and Its
Relation to Plant Bloom.

Written fur the American Bee Journal
BY KEV. E. T. ABBOTT.

The story of bees reaches back be-
yond the pages of written history, and
can only be fully known by studying it
in the rocks of geological ages. As
this would not be of any practical
utility I will not attempt it, but will
call your attention to some of the spe-
cial features of its anatomy.

The bee has some peculiarities of
structure worthy of our attention. But
first let me remark that a bee belongs
to the great class of animals known as
insects, so called from the Latin "insec-
tus " from •' in," into, and " seco," I cut,
because the bodies of many of them are
divided into parts— that is, cut in.
These parts in the bee are known as

Queen-Bee.

the head, thorax and abdomen. You
will notice that we do not call a man
who studies insects an insectolosist,
but we go to the Greek for a name and
call him an "entomologist," and the
science entomology from Greek " ento-
ma," and "logos,'' a discourse. Now,
this Greek word, " entoma," means the
same as the Latin word "insectus" —
" en," in, and " toma." to cut.

But to return— our bee belongs to the
order of "hymenoptera," which means
that it has membranous wings, from

Drone-Bee.

Greek "hymen," a membrane, and a
word from the same language meaning
wing. It belongs to the family "api-
dije," or bee family, and to the Genus
known as "apis."

Please note that "apis" is Latin for
bee, and that "apiary" is a place where
BEES and not "apes" are kept. An-
drews, in his Latin Lexicon, under the
word "apis," a bee, suggests that it is
derived probably from Greek "hapto."
to cling. "Apis," then, literally means
a clinging animal, which seems a very
appropriate name to one who knows
the habits of bees. To follow the bee
on down until we reach the individual,
it belongs to the species "apis mellili-
ca," so called because it gathers honey.
Of this species there are several races,
such as the German, or black, the Ital-

224

itmm ftBdERicsM BE® ja^mrcsiu.

inn, Cyprian, Syrian, Carniolan, &c.
These races are divided into varieties,
and of each variety there are three
kinds of individuals in each colony, or
hive, known as queen, workers and
drones. That is, in the summer, each
liive in its normal condition contains
the three kinds of bees mentioned.
Briefly, the queen, or mother bee, which
would be a better name— for she has
nothing to do with ruling the hive in

Worker-Bee.

the ordinary sense of the word— lays
the eggs; the workers gather the honey
secrete the wax, and do all the work of
the hive; the drones are the male bees
and do no work whatever beyond that
of impregnating the queen.

lis Anatomy.

We will now return to the anatomy
of the bee and spend a few moments
on the most interesting points of its or-
ganism. I invite your attention first
to the head. The things of special
interest about a bee's head are its
mouth, jaws, tongue, antennae, or feel-
ers, and eyes, of things external; while
the most important internal items area
few special glands with their secretions,
and the brain ganglia. A bee's jaws do
not move up and down, as do those of
other animals, but sidewise. The jaws,
while they are strong and well suited
to the work they have to perform, are
not toothed but smooth in the workers.
The queen and drone have notched
jaws. The jaws of the worker being

in one of my pamphlets, a bee, unlike
people, cannot have too much tongue.
This is one of the advantages that some
of our new races of bees have over the
natives or blacks. They have longer
tongues.

The antennae are very interesting
and important organs also. I can see
no reason, however, why they should
be called antennae. This is a Latin
word and means 'sail-yard." Why a
bee's feelers should be called "sail-
yards " I am at a loss to know. " Ten-
tacles " would be a more appropriate
name, it seems to me, as this comes
from a Latin verb which means to feel
or touch. But I have no authority for
re-naming them, and will call them by
their usual name. They are composed
of twelve joints. The first is called
the " scape " and the remainder the
"flagellum," which two words are
equivalent to a whip-stalk and lash.

The antennai are covered with sensi-
tive hairs that aid the bee very much
in its examination of the cells and its
fellow bees. In them, too, is located
the bee's organ of smell; and Mr.
Frank Cheshire, a noted scientific bee-

Head of Queen — Magnified.

smooth, it is entirely unable to commit
the depredations upon fruit, such as
grapes and peaches, which are fre-
onentW charged upon it. But more of
this further on.

There is no more important member
in the bee's body than its tongue, tor it
gathers with it all of the precious nec-
tar that furnishes its own food, and at
the 8ame time helps to make glad the
jialate, if not the heart, of man in the
days of buckwheat cakes or hot biscuit.
The bee's tongue is so constructed that
it can lap, like a cat, or suck up nectar
like an elephant does water with his
trunk. The tongue is not a tube, but
is so made that the bee can form it into
a tube if it desires to do so. Upon the
length of a bee's tongue its value
largely depends; for, as I nave remarked

that they show a decided preference for
blue. He further states that bees have
played a very important part in the de-
velopment of the color of flowers. He
is not alone in holding this view, as it
is held by many noted scientists.

We call your attention, next, to the
thorax, which furnishes points of at-
tachment for about all the remaining
external organs of our little but inter-
esting insect. The thorax is composed

Head of Drone — Magnified.

keeper and writer, thinks he has dis-
covered that without a doubt the bee's
organs of hearing are located in the
outer joints of the antenna, so that
with these two small organs the bee
feels, smells and hears. I will not at-
tempt a further description of these
organs, for a writer and scientist of no
less note than Swammerdam closed his
description by saying: " I cannot re-
frain from confessing, to the glory of
the immense, incomprehensible Archi-
tect, that I have but imperfectly de-
scribed and represented this small or-
gan ; for to represent it to the life in
its full perfection far exceeds the
utmost efforts of human knowledge."

The bee is well supplied with visual
organs, having on each side of its head
a large compound eye which is com-
posed of a great number of single eyes
that are hexagonal in shape. Mr. Ches-
hire counted 6,300 of these facets, or
small eyes, on one side of a worker bee;
4,920 in a queen, the mother of this
worker ; and in one of her sons, a drone,
he found the immense number of 13,090.

In addition to these compound eyes,
there are found on the upper part of
the head three simple eyes, called
" ocelli ." from " ocellus," a diminutive
of the Latin, " oculus," an eye.

We all know how accurately a bee
can mark the location of its home, and
how quickly it finds its way back to its
own hive. Sir John Lubbock has dem-
onstrated by a series of experiments,
that bees can distinguish colors, and

Head of Worker — Magnified.

of three rings, and the bee has three
pairs of legs which are inserted on the
under side of the thorax, a pair in each
ring. There are manv points of inter-
est about these six legs, but I have
space to note but a few of them. No
one who has witnessed the marvelous
skill and dexterity with which a bee
handles its legs, can fail to be deeply
interested in the legs of this wonderful
little creature. They are very strong,
and are composed of nine joints, which
enables a bee to move them in many
directions, and put them to many uses
beside that of locomotion. A bee's
foot is composed of two claws, which
enable it to hold on to rough substan-
ces, or hang itself upon its fellows, as
it does in swarming, and a soft, pliable
substance called the " pulvillus," which

Leg of Worker — Pollen-Basket.

means a little cushion. A remarkable
little cushion it is, too, for it enables
the bee to walk up a glass, or any
smooth substance, with about as much
ease as it can a board. I remember
reading, when I was a boy, in a district
school, an article entitled " How a fly
walks on a ceiling." I got the idea
there that it had a kind of suction
pump in its foot which enabled it to
withdraw the air from under it, and
the pressure of the air on the outside
held the foot in place. Of late years I
have learned that it does and has noth-
ing of the kind, for it can walk in a
vacuum as well as anywhere else; but
it can not walk on a wet glass. Nei-
ther can a bee. The pulvillus of both
bee and fly gives out a clammy secretion,
which, for the moment, glues it fast.
IJut, by a peculiar movement, the bee
or fly is enabled to take it up and put
it down in anotlier place, and so can
move up a smooth surface very rapidly
by means of this viscid secretion. Since
the bee cannot use its" pulvilli "with-

TWM M'mmmicmm mmm jO'tjKifMiLr.

225

out loss of material, it is so arranged
that it can, by an automatic movement,
throw the " pulvillus " back and let its
claws come in contact with the surface
on which it is walking, or it can turn
up the claws and let the " pulvillus "
touch, at pleasure.

ItH PoIIen-Sacs.

You have all, no doubt, seen bees in
the summer, when they were busy,
come home to the hive with a peculiar
looking substance sticking to the inside
of their hind legs. This substance is
the pollen of the male organs of flow-
ers, and it furnishes part of the food of
the nurse bees. The little cavity in
which it is fastened is called the " pol-
len-basket," for it is a cavity that is
formed by stiff hairs and the shape of
the leg. The bee gathers this pollen
with its tongue and the hairs of its legs
and body, and then, by the use of the

Bee's Tongue,

same tongue and legs, it forms the pol-
len into minute balls. It then takes
them up with the front legs, passes
them back to the middle legs, and with
these packs them snugly away in the
pollen-baskets of the hind legs until
the pollen stands up and hangs over
much like the way that hay does when
loaded into a wagon bed. There is a
little spine or spur, on one of the joints
of the second, or middle, legs by which
it removes this pollen, when it reaches
the hive, very much as a man puts a
crowbar under a stone to lift it up.

There is one other little organ on
each of the front legs, to which I desire
briefly to call your attention, and then
I must leave this part of the subject
and hasten on to other things of inter-
est. 1 can assure you , however , I have

only hinted at the wonderful organism
of a bee's leg when I have done this.
There is a peculiar notch, or opening,
on each of the front legs with which a
bee wipes its nose very much as you
have seen an unclean boy wipe his with
his coat sleeve. It is also used to clean
off its tongue. It is very hard to de-
scribe without an illustration, but it is
none the less useful to the bee.

A bee has four wings which also have
their points of attachment in the tho-
rax. They, too, are very strong, and,
on the whole, are a Que piece of organ-
ism. When at rest, they are folded
very closely to the body and occupy
but little space. They carry a contriv-
ance for increasing the bee's wing sur-
face, and at the same time not have
them extend beyond the body when
folded. A flying animal must have a
wing surface proportionate to the size
of its body. A common blue fly has
two very large wings, and when at rest
they extend out from the body so that,
at the widest points, they are about
one-half inch from tip to tip. This
would not do for a bee, for it must be
able to enter a cell Hve of which make
an inch. Of course, a bee has two
wings on each side, but this would not
aid it any in flight, if they were not so
constructed that the bee could use
them as one. A simple bar on one
wing and a row of hooks on the other
enables the bee to do this.

The abdomen, the third and last part
of a bee's body, has no external organs
except eight wax-pockets, of which I
will speak further on. These, however,
are found only on the worker bee, not
on the drone or queen.

Internal Formation.

The internal anatomy of a bee is
equally as interesting as the external.
They do not breathe by the use of lungs,
as we do, but by openings, called ' spir-
acles, " of which the bee has fourteen :
five on each side of the abdomen, and
one behind the insertion of each wing.
Its internal organs are located in the
posterior part of the body, only one of
which we have time to describe, or in
which any special interest centers.
This is the honey-sac, which is locat-
ed in the anterior part of the abdomen,
and is in connection with the mouth by
means of the (esophagus, which extends
through the thorax to the head. It has
nothing to do with the true stomach of
a bee, except it is in connection with
it by an opening which is in the end
opposite the entrance to the oesopha-
gus. This opening is stopped by a
plug so arranged that the bee can open
and close it at pleasure. In the honey-
sac the bee stores and carries home
the nectar which it gathers from the
flowers. It is furnished with muscles
which enables the bee to empty it
through its esophagus and mouth. It
can also remove the stopper, referred
to above, and permit any food, which
the honey-sac contains, to pass on
into the true or chyle stomach, if it de-
sires to do so. So, you see, a bee al-
ways carries its dinner-basket with it,
and it generally carries some dinner in
the basket except when goingto the Held
in search of stores. When bees swarm
they All their honey-sacs and take this

much with them from their old home
ready to set up business in the new.

A bee also has four pairs of secretory
glands, to which we may call your at-
tention further on. One pair is located
in the jaws, two in the head, and one
in the thorax.

We have sometimes heard it remark-
ed of men who seem very dull, that
their brains were in their heels. Now,
while this ia not exactly true of bees,
yet it comes very near having brains,
or brain substance in the form of gang-
lia, all over it. They are found on the
median line of the body throughout its
entire length, there being no less than
flve of these ganglia in the abdomen,
and three in the thorax, with an abim-
dance of nerves extending to all of the
organs that have their points of attach-
ment in it. This accounts for the won-
derful tenacity of life manifested by
these little creatures when maimed or
decapitated. It has been remarked that
drones have sometimes been known to

Bee\s Respiratory Organs.

live longer, when in conflnement, with
the head cut off than they did without.
I have often been surprised to see bees,
whose heads had been mashed flat,
walking along as though nothing had
happened to them.

The term bee is used in two senses.
First, to denote the full-grown bee, es-
pecially the worker; the second and
broader signification includes the bee
in every condition. I have been using
it almost entirely in the first sense, but
permit me now to call your attention
to the bee iu its

Stu^oK of DcTelopiiient.

1 will begin with the egg , which is
white, about the size of a small pin-
head, and shaped very much like the
egg of a bird. It is deposited in the
bottom of a cell by the queen, which
cell has been previously prepared for
its reception by the workers. ^Vhen
Hrst laid it is covered by a glutinous
substance which immediately hardens

226

THE) MMBKICMfl MMW; JOOKIfMI*-.

and sticks it fast. In three days this
egg hatches, and there appears in the
bottom of the cell a young animal
called a "larva," which word means
"masked." It being so-called because
the true character of the perfect insect
is hidden. The larva is fed by the young
bees an abundance of food which
is probably secreted by one of the spe-
cial glands of the head previously re-
ferred to, instead of a mixture of pollen
and honey as has been supposed, and it
grows very rapidly. In Ave days it
straightens out in the cell and the bees
seal it over. The larva soon spins its
cocoon and enters the "pupa" state,
80 called from its lifeless and puppet-

Larva of the Bee.

like appearance. It remains in this
condition about thirteen days. What
it does during this time 1 would be
glad to tell you, but I do not know. I
only know that it passes through a
gradual transformation until it becomes
an imago, or perfect insect. In other
words, a young bee full grown, about
the twenty-first day after the egg is
laid, cuts a circular hole through the
capping, emerges from the cell, and be-
gins to walk about on the comb. This
is the history of the development of
the worker.

But as I remarked before, there are
three kinds of bees in each hive and
they differ not only in their general ap-
{jearance and the offices which they ful-
fill, but they have a somewhat different
history as we trace their development
from the egg to the perfect bee. The
queen begins life in a cell three or four
times as large as that of an ordinary
worker. Her cell is perpendicular in-
stead of horizontal. From the moment
the egg hatches, which is on the third
day, the young larva (not a "worm")
receives an extra amount of food, which
is also richer than that given to the
larva of an ordinary bee. This extra
food and care hastens and changes her
development, and causes her to mature
in a shorter time than would the larva
hatched from the same egg in an ordi-
nary cell and treated as are the larvae of
worker bees. About sixteen days after
the egg is laid, the young queen cuts a
circular hole in the bottom of her cell,
crawls out on the comb and begins to
help herself to the honey about her.
In four or five days she comes out of
the hive, takes wing, flies away in the
air, meets a drone, or male bee, is fe-
cundated, returns to the hive, and, in
two or three days, begins her life work
of laying eggs.

Eggs that produce drones are laid in
cells a little larger than those of the

workers, and it is about twenty-four
days before his droneship makes his
appearance. How it is that the queen
is able to lay eggs that produce three
kinds of bees so different in their de-
velopment, appearance and office, is a
matter of deep interest, but my space
will not permit me'to go into an expla-
nation of h. I call your attention next
to the

Products of Bees*

The products are wax, shaped into
combs, honey and propolis. The early
liee keepers and scientists, such as
Reaumur and Swamtuerdam, held to
the opinion that wax was made from
the pollen, or " bee-bread," as it is
sometimes called, which the bees were
seen carrying in on their leas. About
1768 it was discovered by a Frenchman
that this was not the case, but that it
was the result of the secretion of the
glands, found in the lower part of the
abdomen, under the wax pockets to
which I previously referred. It is se-
creted by the glands in a liquid state,
passes through by osmose on to the
surface of the wax pockets, and there
hardens in the form of little scales.
During the busy season of comb build-
ing these can be seen protruding from
between the segments of the abdomen,
with the naked eye. The bee removes
them from their resting-place by the
use of a peculiar pair of nippers found
between two of the joints of the hind
legs. They are then passed forward to
the mouthwhere they are mixed with
the secretion of some of the special

the comb is completed, it is composed
of hexagonal, or six-sided, cells, and is
constructed in a way that renders it
very strong, and at the same time it
occupies the smallest amount of space
possible. Five worker cells occupy one
inch of space, while four of the drone
cells, which are larger, make an inch.
This gives about twenty-five cells to
the square inch on each side of the
comb for the workers, so that, you see.,
a very small space will contain a very

Brood- Comb — with Queen- Cell.

glands previously referred to, worked
up by means of the tongue and jaws,
very much like a mason works mortar,
until they become soft and pliable.

The bee is now ready to commence
comb building, which it does by depos-
iting little bits of wax on the frame
where the comb is to be made. Anoth-
er follows its example, and so the work
goes on until " In the darkness and be-
tween the bees, " to use the language
of another, " grows downwards that
wonderful combination of lightness
and strength, grace and utility, which
has so long provoked the wonder and
awakened the speculation of the philos-
opher, the naturalist, and the mathe-
matician."

A further description of this comb-
building would be interesting had I
the time. Suffice it to say that when

Ovaries of the Laying- Worker.

large number of cells. The combs are
now ready for the queen to lay eggs in
them, or tor the workers to use them
for storing.

Relation to Flowers and Frnit.

There has been more or less prejudice
against bees, by fruit-growers who are
ignorant of a bee's organism and hab-
its. You frequently hear people talk
about bees eating up their peaches,
grapes and other fruit, in a way that
would lead one who did not know bet-
ter, to think the bees had jaws, teeth
and tusks like a tiger. Now, the truth
of the matter is, a bee cannot eat up
anything in that way. It has no teeth
to do it with, and its jaw is so con-
structed that it cannot break even the
skin of a sound grape. It can only
suck or lick up the juice after the grape
has burst from over-ripeness, or dry
weather, or has been punctured by
wasps or other insects. Bees are not
only not a detriment to fruits and flow-
ers, but 1 propose to explain now how
they are a great benefit, and that we
owe it to them that we have many of
our fruits and flowers at all. Sir John
Lubbock well says: "Most botanists
are now agreed that insects, and espe-

Conib.

cially bees, have played a very impor-
tant part in the development of flow-
ers."

It has been demonstrated by such
men as Darwin and others, that the
flowers need the bees as much as the
bees need the flowers, and that one is
the complement of the other.

THE aMERICSN mmW JQlJRKSlLr.

227

The honey and pollen which the bees
take from the Howers, is the pay which
the flowers give to the bees for services
rendered, and the flowers are not in-
jured by removinf? that which they
gladly give. In fact, the bright color
of the flower, and the nectar in its bo-
som are the allurements which it throws
out to the busy bee to pay it a visit,
and do the plant a service thereby. It
has been truly said, " There is a protest
made In nature, for some profound,
perhaps inscrutable reason, against con-
tinuous in-breeding, which applies no

Wax Segments of the Bee.

less to plants than to animals, to flow-
ers than to bees. "

To make my point clear, let me brief-
ly call your attention to the structure
of a flower, and the law of the perpetu-
ation of plant and animal organism.
A plant flowers, of course, that it may
produce fruit and seed, but the flower
will never mature into fruit unless cer-
tain laws are complied with, namely:
The male element of the flower must
be brought in contact with its comple-
ment, the female. A flower is com-
posed of two sets of organs, the essen-
tial and non-essential.

The outside of an ideal flower is com-
posed of two rows or whorls of modi-
fied leaves. The outer is called the
calyx and the inner the corolla, and
these make up the non-esseutial organs,
or floral envelopes. The essential or-
gans are of two kinds also, placed one
above and within the other. They are
called stamens, or fertilizing organs ;
and pistils, the organs to be fertiilized.
We will need to look a little more
closely into their construction. On the
top of the stamens of the flowers there
is a little organ called an anther. This
is filled with fine dust which is named
pollen or "fertilizing dust." The pis-
til is composed of three parts, two of
which are very important, and we must
remember their names. They are called
ovary and stigma. The middle and
less important one is called the style.
The stigma on the tip or some other
portion of the style, is composed of
loose tissue, and "is not covered, like
the rest of the plant, with skin, or epi-
dermis. The ovary is a hollow case,
or young pod containing rudimentary
seeds called ovules. Now, these ovules
contain the embryo of the future fruit
and plant, but they will never mature
unless they come in contact with some
of the pollen dust of the anther found
on top of the stamens of this or some
other flower of the same kind.

The moment the pollen touches the
stigma, if the stigma is at the proper

stage of development and in a recep-
tive condition, it begins to grow and
form what is known as the "pollen
tube. " This tube reaches down through
the style, and in some inscrutable way
finds and enters the ovule, reaching the
embryo sack, and causing the germ
there to form into a cell. Thus the
new plant-life begins. You say, "what
has all this to do with bees? and what
have bees to do with this wonderful
and intricate process? Simply this
and nothing more: They aid the plant
by bringing the pollen to the stigma.

They not only bring pollen, but they
bring it from another plant, and thus
avoid in-breeding which would be inju-
rious to the future plant and fruit. It
has been demonstrated that many plants
are so constructed as to prevent the
pollen of their own stamen from com-
ing in contact with their own stigma.
At the same time the flower is so ar-
ranged that a bee cannot visit it and
secure its nectar, without bringing
some of the pollen of another plant of
the same kind to its own stigma. As
it leaves, the bee takes with it pollen
from this flower to fall upon the stigma
of the flower next visited. Thus it is
the plant aids the bee and the bee the
plant, and so the chain of nature is
complete. Bees never go from one
kind of flower to another, but always
to one of the same kind. They go from

Honey and Propolis.

Honey— the next product which we
are to examine. It is the nectar of
flowers gathered and stored in the comb
where it is subject to a ripening and
curing process by the bees. That it
passes through some change and re-
ceives some secretions from the bee,
after it is taken from the flowers, while
in the honey-sac, and in the comb he-
fore it is sealed over, I have no dou'it ;
but just what these changes are, and
the exact nature of the secretion I h to
not able to tell. There are many theo-

Egg-Tubes and Ovaries of Queen.

clover head to clover head, and never
from clover head to any other kind of
flower.

You, no doubt, have noticed how
imperfect the apples are in some years.
This is caused by cold weather during
the fruit bloom which prevents the bees
from visiting the blossoms sufliclently
to secure their perfect fertilization.
An apple is the result of the fertiliza-
tion of five pistils ; and if any of these
fail to be fertilized, it is sure to be im-
perfect.

So you now see we need the bees in
order to raise perfect fruit— in fact in
many cases, any fruit at all. There
was no red clover in Australia, and
they could not raise seed there until
they imported nests of bumble-bees to
fertilize the clover. Italian bees would
have answered the same purpose.

Sectional View of Bee-Sting.

ries and speculations about this, but I
have not the time nor disposition to ex-
amine them now. Let me say, howev-
er, while I am on this subject, that you
cannot feed bees sugar syrup and have
them make honey out of it. Neither
has any one been able to make comb,
and fill it by machinery with glucose,
and sell it for honey. This has never
been done, the popular yarns to the
contrary notwithstanding. " Mark
this, ■' if you please.

Propolis, from "pro" before, and
"polls, " a city , is so called because the
bees use it for stopping the holes in the
hive, to protect their home or city. It
is placed, as it were, before the city for
a wall of protection. In other words,
it is the bee's glue, or cement, with
which it stops every crack and crevice
in its hive. In fact, in time it gives
the entire inside of the hive a coat of
this propolis. It is a kind of resinous
substance which the bees gather from
various sources. They use it not only
to stop the cracks of the hive, but to
cover up any objectionable or offensive
substance which may get into t!ieir
hives. Drop a snail into the hive, and
not being able to remove it, they will
stick it fast to the bottom of the liive,
and then cover it entirely with propolis.

They also put a thin coating of this
propolis over the entire surface of all
the sealed honey that is left in the hive
over winter, or late in the fall. This

228

Tmm MMEKICMSf UWM JQ-UKHML.

gives it a yellow, shiny look, and causes
it to be rejected as second class by most
people. But for my own part I think
It is greatly improved by being left in
the hive late in the fall, even though it
is done at the expense of whiteness,
which is only a matter of looks any-
way.

Jifow we are at the end of our story
for the present, yet I have only touched
briefly the wonders of the bee and its
work. We can but exclaim, in view of
all that we have learned, in the lan-
guage of Scripture, "Great and mar-
velous are thy works. Lord, God Al-
mighty ; in wisdom hast thou made
them all. "

St. Joseph, Mo.

EXCLUSIVE.

Should Bee-Keeping be made
an Exclusive Pursuit i

Written for the Ohio State Convention
BY DR. C. C. MILLER.

Taking the question in a general
sense, if a man should ask me, "Is it
best for me to give up all other busi-
ness and produce honey ? " I should an-
swer, " That depends. If your taste
is mainly for money-making, the prob-
ability is, that, the way matters stand
at present, you can gratify that taste
more fully in some other pursuit. Still,
it is possible that, in a favorable loca-
tion, if you are fully posted in the busi-
ness, and have no particular adapta-
tion for money-making in any other
line, bee-keeping may be the best thing
for you to follow as an exclusive busi-
ness. "

But why EXCLUSIVE in any case?
Simply this : The man who devotes his
entire energies in one direction is more
likely to be successful in that direction.
Then, too, there are certain advanta-
ges in having a large number of colo-
nies, such as making the cost of fix-
tures and other expenses less per colo-
ny, or, if you please, per pound of
honey produced. In short, the reasons
that, in general, during the past fifty
years have tended to such a great sub-
division of labor in all departments,
apply with equal force to bee-keeping V

But suppose you have a liking for
bee-keeping, and at the same time have
ability in another line that is far more
remunerative to you, say practicing
law. By no means send the law adrift
unless you have a strong dislike to it,
but keep a few colonies as a recreation.
The man who devotes his entire ener-
gies to the law as a vocation is likely
to be a good lawyer, for one vocation is
better than two ; but, if, as an avoca-
tion, he keeps a few bees, he may be
the better lawyer for it.

Going still further down in the scale,
or, rather, up, we come to the man who
cares for money only for the enjoyment
to be gotten out of it, and the good to
be done with it. His business is, per-
haps, that of a traveling salesman ; and
with a yearly salary of $2,500 and all
expenses paid, he may be considered
hardly sane by his friends to adopt bee-
keeping as his sole business, with no
prospect of half the annual income.

But he replies something like this;
" So long as I am a commercial traveler,
no matter how much money I make, I
am only getting ready to live. Life for
me is where my wife and children are,
and at my present business I can sel-
dom be with them. Ten years from now
I may expect to have laid by enough
to withdraw from this distasteful life,
and settle down at home to really live.
Now, why should I throw away this
ten years of my life that I might have,
if I settle down to bee-keeping and
make a bare living for the rest of my
earthly sojourn? No, thank you, I
would rather commence to live now
than to wait for the ten years that may
never come."

Against entirely depending on the
bees for a living, is the fact that sea-
sons of partial or total failure may
come ; but this applies to all agricul-
tural pursuits.

I have considered the matter only in
its relation to the producer ; and as the
matter looks to me now, I should say
that circumstances and tastes must de-
cide for each one whether he should
keep one colony or a thousand.

When it comes to the discussion of
consumers' interests, whatever will
furnish the best supply of good honey
at lowest price is the thing to be de-
sired. The tendency in all departments
is toward subdivision of labor; and
however nice it may be to talk about
having all the stockings knit in the
home, the shoes and coats made (as in-
deed they were not a century ago), still
the shoe-factories and the stocking-fac-
tories have become almost a necessity.
I do not see that honey obeys any differ-
ent laws, hence it is probably best for
the public that honey production be-
come a regularly established business,
followed by men who expect to devote
their lives to it.

Marengo, 111.

LIQUID HONEY.

Extracted Honey — its Produc-
tion and Marketing.

Written for the Ohio State Convention
BY DR. A. B. MASON.

It has been said, that the tendency of
the times is toward each one becoming
a specialist; and as the struggle for
success becomes greater, each one feels
that every force must be husbanded
and every effort made to accomplish
the desired result : but, is it true that
the greatest comparative success in
bee-culture will be attained by the spe-
cialist ?

Some know that I do not get as large
a surplus of honey as many others ; but
that is no evidence that I do not know
how to get all that my field furnishes.
My locality is not favorable to large
yields of honey, for, as I said at the
Detroit Convention, there is a large
city on one side and a wilderness on
the other; at any rate, the. soil is not
favorable to the production of white
clover; and linden, except a few trees,
is not within tlie reach of my bees; but
there are large areas of boneset. gold-
en-rod, and asters, near by, and the

three combined have never furnished
my bees with sufficient honey for win-
ter stores.

If I am not mistaken, extracted hon-
ey has been in use over twenty years,
and its desirableness for table and
other uses, when compared with comb
honey, has been fully established ; and
I believe an Ohio man, none other than
our friend A. I. Root, was among the
first, if not the first, to produce it in
America.

Many people know the excellence and
beauty of first-class comb honey, which
needs no praise ; but a first-class article
of extracted honey is something with
which most people are not familiar,
they never having seen its crystal beau-
ty, nor caught its delicate aroma, and
never tasted its delicious flavor as gath-
ered from forest and field. When
served upon the table it makes a fine
appearance, and, to many, "nothing is
better for breakfast than hot cakes and
honey." It can be poured upon them
till they "fairly swim in luscious sweet-
ness." If our table is ever set for a
meal, and the pitcher of extracted
honey is left off, some one of the family
is sure to say, " Please pass the honey."
We have no use for honey in the comb,
except when we want to show off for
company, and even they frequently
prefer the fine, richly flavored extracted
article.

The aim should be to produce honey
for the masses, for those who cannot
afford to pay for luxuries.

" A land flowing with milk and hon-
ey," both being very nutritious and
strengthening, was promised to and
was desired by the Jews as the " ne
plus ultra " of good things. When prop-
erly ripened, white clover, linden,
Alsike, alfalfa, and some other honeys,
have a sparkling clearness, and the
flavor is exquisite, and like other kinds,
when candied are free from any liquid
portions; and 1 have no doubt that
such honey is generally really nicer
than much of the well capped white
comb honey placed upon the market ;
and if all the extracted honey offered
for sale were as thoroughly ripened as
is comb honey, the latter would be
almost driven from the market.

Is it not a fact, that extracted honey
is depreciated in price mainly because
its quality is inferior to comb honey,
and is inferior because it is not properly
ripened, or different kinds have been
mixed, thus destroying their distinctive
flavor? Each kind should be kept by
itself, and so retain its distinctive aro-
ma and flavor. Well do I rememtier
how delicious the honey was that we
used to get from bee- trees on the home
farm in the East, in my boyhood days.
We didn't know what kind it was, but
now I know it was linden. To secure
plenty of well-ripened honey it will be
necessary to have strong colonies to
gather aiid ripen it, and it should be
extracted when it can be done to the
best advantage of the apiarist and the
bees. In the production of such honey
it is often necessary to leave it in the
hive with a populous colony for some
time. AVhen this is not convenient it
should be as thoroughly ripened artifi-
cially. Many bee keepers think that
honey must be sealed to be ripe. This
may be true in some seasons, and in

TM® MBiMmicjEM mmm j®ijrMi«Mt.

229

some localities, but I am sure that it
may be sealed before it is ripe, and it
may be ripe before it is sealed.

All are aware that there has been a
great deal of discussion as to the prop-
er time for extracting, some claiming
that it saves honey and time to extract
it before it is sealed, and that it is just
as good when artihcially ripened as
when ripened by the bees ; while others
as earnestly contend that it should be
well sealed before being extracted. It
seems to me, although 1 have claimed
the opposite to be true, that honey
ripened in the hive, whether sealed or
not, has a richer flavor, and possesses a
finer aroma, than that ripened artifi-
cially.

To have plenty of bees, good queens
are a necessity ; and to give her room
to "spread herself" and deposit eggs
according to her ability, large hives are
needed. For several years I took my
surplus from the brood- nest of eight-
frame Langstroth hives ; but owing to
their small size I had to extract often,
and sometimes the honey was not prop-
erly ripened ; and I am thoroughly con-
vinced that an eight-frame Langstroth
hive is not large enough for accomplish-
ing the best results in securing extract-
ed honey, although it may be the best
for the production of comb honey.

As soon as the colonies are strong,
whether in small or large hives, and
the bees are building new comb at the
top of the frames and in other parts of
the hive, put on the surplus story, filled
with empty wired combs, if you have
them ; if not, use full sheets of wired
foundation, putting one or more combs
of brood from the brood-nest, after
having extracted the honey in the su-
per, supplying the place of the comb of
brood with foundation.

If it is intended to fully ripen the
honey in the hive, and it requires seal-
ing to be ripened, and the honey-flow
continues, the super should be raised,
and another, prepared as before, put
under it as soon as the combs are pretty
well filled, and before the bees are in
the least crowded for room, and the
process repeated as often as necessary ;
and when the yield from the particular
source has ceased, and the honey be-
come thoroughly ripened, all surplus
should be extracted, and everything
put in readiness for the next flow. If
it is intended to ripen it artificially, an-
other super will not be needed, and the
surplus honey can be extracted at the
convenience of the apiarist, but always
before the bees are crowded for room.
"Judicious tiering," some one has
said, " will often have a strong tenden-
cy to prevent capping, while the ripen-
ing process goes on rapidly." I am
satisfied— yes, I may say I'm sure— that
in some localities and in some seasons
it is neither feasible nor desirable to
tier up and wait till the close of that
particular honey-yield; not feasible,
because of the large and rapid honey-
flow that would require so large a num-
ber of extra combs and supers to hold
the surplus ; and not desirable, because
the honey is very nearly, if not quite,
fully ripe without being sealed over.
This will possibly account for the dif-
ference in opinion in regard to ripening
honey artificially, or ripening it in the
hive.

In my locality it is frequently desira-
ble and always feasible to tier up and
wait till the close of the honey-flow be-
fore extracting, and I have of late, fre-
quently asked myself if my eight-frame
hives are not partially responsible for
this condition of things.

The care of extracted honey is of
more importance than it is generally
considered to be ; for if it is improp-
erly cared for, much of its nice flavor
and fine, delicate aroma is either in-
jured or entirely lost. I believe the
best results will be obtained by putting
the honey in large vessels, preferably
tin, for a few days, just long enough to
allow all impurities to rise to the top,
when it should be drawn off by means
of a molasses-gate at the bottom, and
into such receptacles as can be sealed
up air-tight, and it will not in the least
taint it, or injure the flavor. Honey so
cared for can be kept as long as desired,
and will be just as nice as when taken
from the hive ; and if such honey only
were offered to the consumer, the mar-
ket would not be overstocked.

I believe the time is not in the near
future when there will be an overpro-
tion of a strictly first-class article of
extracted honey. Perhaps some of you
are wanting to ask me, " What then is
the cause of the low prices ?" I believe
there are two principal causes, and I
hardly know which to place first— a
poor article or an undeveloped home
market; but I believe if I put "the
last first " I shall not miss the mark
very much. This brings me to the last
part of the subject assigned me— "The
best method of marketing."

I believe the most important thing of
all in marketing extracted honey is,
never to sell a poor article. The best
time for selling seems to be in the fall
and winter. The best way will be just
the way your customers have been
taught to buy it. Some markets de-
mand tin pails, weighing, when filled
with honey, from one to ten or more
pounds. Other markets prefer glass
pails, holding from one-third of a pint
to a pint. Others prefer fruit-jars hold-
ing a pint or a quart, the smaller ones
selling most readily. In other places
the Muth honey-bottles meet with the
most favor. Some localities require it
candied, and others prefer it in a liquid
state. My locality calls for it candied
in stone crocks holding from one to
four or five gallons.

The best place to sell is in the home
market, and the editors of our bee-pa-
pers have been telling us so for a long
time. Friend Newman, through the
American Bee .Journal, has been
singing that tune so persistently and so
long that it has become quite monoto-
nous ; but for all that, he is right, and
he knows it, and seems to be acting
under the inspiration of the adage,
" Be sure you're right, then go ahead."
Friend Root frequently awakes to its
importance and repeats the story.

The Dadants have a town of only
1,500 inhabitants in their locality ; and
although they had 24.000 pounds in 1886,
it was all sold in their home market,
and at much better prices than would
have been realized if sold by commis-
sion men in large cities, in competition
with others.

A good way which has been adopted
by some, is to call at houses and sweet-
en up the babies, leave a sample of the
honey that they have for sale, with a
circular, a card, or a leaflet, giving the
uses of honey, and the price; and,
within a few days, call with the honey
for sale.

I should like to refer you to articles
on pages 15 and 183 of Gleanings for
1886, on marketing extracted honey,
and to many other articles on the same
subject in the same paper. Do not take
Gleanings, did you say V Well, you
ought to, and then perhaps you would
know better how to dispose of your sur-
plus honey. Tlien turn to the " old re-
liable," the American Bee Journal,
and read the articles by G. M. Doolittle
(isn't that man wrongly named V but
then, we've heard that things some-
times go by contraries), the Messrs.
Dadants, and others, and post your-
selves as to the how to do it. Did you
say you don't take the American Bee
Journal either ? Well, what are you
thinking about y Do you belong to the
large family of bee-keepers, and are
not using the means to inform yourself
as to what is going on in the family ?
Perhaps you belong to the number who
do not take any bee-paper because
there is so much in them that is of but
" little value." You do not talk that way
about your grain and vegetables. You
do not throw them away because there
is chaS and dirt among them. " The
good and the bad grow together."

Let me ask, "Where is all the honey
produced by the thousands of bee-keep-
ers, sold V' Is it not really in a de-
veloped home market ? Some of you,
perhaps, will say you sell to our friend
Muth. Well, where does he sell itV Is
it not in a developed home market,
that it has taken him years of
time, and cost him much labor to work
up ? Perhaps some of you will say
that he ships large quantities to other
markets. Suppose he does ; do not
those to whom he ships sell in a devel-
oped home market. Now, if you prefer
to pay freight, and friend Muth, or the
commission men, and those to whom
they wholesale, instead of selling it
yourselves, please do not complain
about low prices.

Are any of you farmers, and did you
ever sell any apples, butter, eggs, corn,
or potatoes ? How did you do it V Did
you sit down in the shade, or by a
warm Are, with a great, nasty quid of
tobacco in your mouth, and literally
befoul everything within reach with
your filthy expectorations, or with a
well-filled old stump of a pipe fill the
air with your (to you) beautiful, and, to
others, offensive wreaths of smoke, dis-
gusting, not " the girl you left behind
you." but the one you once thought
was the brightest, best, and sweetest
being on earth ? or did you load up the
wagon and start out to find a market
for what you had produced by earnest
thought, and hard and persistent labor ?
Were you ever ashamed to ask the law-
yer, doctor, minister, business man, or
any one else, to buy what you had so
honestly produced ? If you were, and
had a first-class article to sell, you be-
littled your vocation, and disgraced
your manhood, and ought to fail.

230

T'ME MBdBRicJSK wmm jQmmnmi^.

Just try the same course with your
honey, that you do with your other pro-
ducts, offering only a first-class article
in first-class shape, and do'nt try to
SHINGLE it. Let the specialists "go
and do likewise :" and if they have more
than they can dispose of in this way,
then sell to the commission men, and
they and you, I doubt not, will realize
better prices.

Auburndale, O.

SPRING WORK.

Hints to Beirinner§ about Sea-
sonable Work.

Written for the Canadian Advocate
BY A SPECIALIST.

The season in which it is most diffi-
cult to manage bees is upon us, and the
beginner is apt to make blunders which
will decrease his honey crop, if not de-
stroy his colony entirely.

If bees are wintered in a cellar they
should remain there if possible until
some of the early flowers are out, such
as the willows, or even later ; colonies
may have diarrhea, which will be in-
dicated by the spotted condition of the
front of the hive, but unless this is
very serious it is better to not take
them out of the repository.

The idea that a colony may be taken
out of winter quarters and allowed a
cleansing flight upon a fine day, to be
again placed in the old quarters at
night, has been a very general one, but
however much our best apiarists may
diiler upon very vital questions, upon
this they are almost if not entirely one.
A colony loses by such treatment. By
keeping colonies in proper quarters
through the changeable spring, when
it may be bright, warm and tempting
to the bees outside one moment, and
raw and chilly enough another to cause
the loss of all bees away from the hive,
much is gained.

Bees upon their summer stands may
be examined if they appear to be weak
and short of stores ; if you are satisfied
they are not, leave them alone. See
that the entrances are kept clear, and
if there are many dead bees upon the
entrance board, you may upon a fine
day when bees are flying, assist them
in their house-cleaning operations, by
pulling dead bees out with a bent wire.

Avoid the exposure of any honey or
any manipulation of hives that might
tend to start bees into robbing. Of
robbing, the inexperienced bee-keeper
is perhaps more afraid than the experts
are ; all dread it after it has been com-
menced. By having the hive-entrances
facing the prevailing spring winds,
there is less liability to rob, the acent
of honey, if any is at the back of the
hive, being driven by the wind in that
direction ; if the opposite way, it is at
the front and only an additional guide to
the bees to enter at the front ; if at the
back they can get no entrance even if
they find their way there. If a colony
has not lost all fight, instead of con-
tracting the entrance, leave it open,
and this method is especially to be rec-
ommended if robbing has not yet com-
menced, and as a preventive.

SELLING HONEY.

Oiir Local Honey market, and
HoYV to Cultivate It.

Written for (he Ontario Convention
BY B. M'KNIGHT.

Until the production of honey in
Canada becomes much greater than it
is likely to be,' the best market will be
the home market. I have no sympathy
with the class of bee-keepers who con-
stantly lament over low prices and slow
sales, who strain their eyes to catch a
glimpse of the proverbially green fields
that are far away, the verdancy of
which pales as they are approached.
The demand for honey and the prices
paid for it are relatively as good here
as elsewhere. I believe that this coun-
try needs and will take all the honey
the bee-keepers can supply. The expe-
rience of the past warrants this conclu-
sion.

What was the production of honey in
this Province ten or twelve years ago,
as compared with its production now V
And what is its consumption to-day V
Was there not a ton of honey put upon
the market last year— poor though the
season was — for every one hundred
pounds offered twelve years ago V
Then the man who had honey to sell
carried it to the drug shop. Now the
provision dealers are his best custom-
ers. Then honey was used as a medi-
cine, or partaken of as a luxury— now
it is frequently found on the breakfast
table, and esteemed a wholesome, epo-
nomical treat of diet. What is the
conclusion to be drawn from these
facts ? Obviously that the demand is
keeping pace with the supply ; that
honey is no longer associated with
drugs or enjoyed only by the wealthy,
but is steadily working its way into
the homes of the poor, who are begin-
ning to recognize the fact that its food
value is worth what it costs them.

It is true that the price of honey is
now much less than it was a decade
ago, but it is also true that bee-keepers'
requisites are better, and cost less than
they did then ; while the demand for
what they produce is steadier and more
extensive. To my thinking, honey is
now selling for all it is worth as an ar-
ticle of food, and he who looks for high-
er prices, either here or elsewhere, is
doomed to be disappointed.

The wholesale price of extracted
honey in Canada markets has ranged
from seven to ten cents per lb. for
some years past, and I know of no mar-
ket in which our bee-keepers can net
better prices. I see nothing to prevent
these prices being maintained if bee-
keepers only show themselves equal to
the requirements of the business they
have embarked in. The general law
that regulates the price of industrial
and food products is, "a living profit
on the labor and capital employed in
their production," the supply and de-
mand being well balanced.

It cannot be denied that the demand
for honey in Canada has kept pace with
the supply, neither can it be disputed
that present prices give a fair profit on
labor and capital employed in its pro-
duction. The wisdom and duty of cul-

tivating the home market is therefore
obvious. It is true that we have good
reasons for anticipating a steady in-
crease in production, as time rolls on,
but we have just as good reasons to
look forward to a corresponding in-
crease in consumption, and a like in-
crease in demand ; but these will not
follow without an effort on the part of
both the individual bee-keeper and this
Association to keep the market active
and steady. It will be vain to look to
the middle men to do this.

The output of the apiary is as yet a
comparative stranger in the market,
and it must be watched and protected
by those most interested, and not left
to the tender mercies of those who
care only for the profits to be made out
of passing it from one hand to another.
With this end in view, the wants of
our immediate neighborhoods must be
fully met by keeping the local markets
well supplied, and this should be at-
tended to by those who have most in
stock, and most at stake. Such are not
the class of bee-keepers who demoral-
ize and destroy the local honey market
—their interests lie in the opposite di-
rection and their interests will be con-
served by not only abstaining from un-
settling the market by cutting prices
and unwisely putting their goods into
every hole and corner, but by prevent-
ing their neighbors, who produce but
little, from doing so.

It is, I venture to say, within the
knowledge of every one of you, that
the cutting of prices, nay the slaughter
of honey, is carried on by small out-of-
the-way bee-keepers who produce but
little, have no regular customers, and
whose income is not materially affect-
ed whether they sell what little they
have at 10 cents or at 5 cents per lb.
Such people, having no market already
established, and not yet skilled in put-
ting up their little honey in attractive
forms, are compelled to sell it at or
near home for whatever prices they are
offered.

The usual practice of such people is
to empty their honey into crocks or
milk-pails, drive into the nearest town
or village, and there make the rounds
of the hotels and grocery shops, dispos-
ing of it for whatever prices they can
obtain, frequently selling it two or
three cents per lb. cheaper to one man
than they succeeded in getting from
his neighbor, but in most cases trading
it off to the shop-keepers for goods.
The purchaser getting it by way of
barter, is generally willing to sell it to
his customers for cash at what it nom-
inally cost him. Thus both retail and
wholesale prices are unsettled and the
market demoralized.

What is the remedy for this— the
greatest obstacle we have to contend
against is building up a steady, profita-
ble home trade ? I think that the only
solution to the difliculty is for the bee-
keepers in every community to become
honey-dealers as well as honey-pro-
ducers.

Let them arrange with the dealers I
have above described, to take all their
honey at the close of the season at
prices that is fair to both parties, and
thus put themselves in a position to
control their own market, and I am
persuaded that most small bee-keepers

TH® MMEKlCaj* MMM JOURIPtMS,.

231

■will be willing to meet their larger
brethren in a scheme of this kind. The
subsequent operations of the holder
must be influenced by his situation.
If he be an old stager he will have a
greater or less business connection
already establised. If this becommen-
surative with what he has in stock, he
can bide his time and let the buyer
seek him, instead of him seeking the
buyer. If it be necessary for him to
push sales to effect a clearance of his
stock, he may adopt the means success-
fully pursued by some people, and take
to the peddling wagon, If this kind of
traffic is distasteful to him he may se-
lect a few agents from among the shop-
keepers.

It will be a mistake, however, on his
part if he seeks to put his honey into
every grocery and provision store in a
town. If he should succeed in placing
it in all, it will necessarily be in small
quantities, and when shop-keepers take
small quantities of an article they
make little or no effort to push sales.
If the article be honey, they will likely
put a " gem jar " or two filled with it
in the window, and stow the rest in
some out-of-the-way place where it
never meets the eyes of the customer.
I would rather sell 1,000 pounds to one
dealer than 3,000 to twenty dealers in
the snme town, at the same time, if I
wanted to establish a market in that
place, Better establish one good agen-
cy and stock it well than supply twenty
store-keepers with a little just to add
variety to their stock.

Let the holder select his man. He
may be a grocer, a provision dealer or
a baker. He must be a live business-
man, occupying a prominent place on a
leading business street, with a showy
front to his shop. Make arrangements
for the entire use of one of his win-
dows and some space on his counter to
be exclusively occupied with your hon-
ey for a given time. Then with your
goods put up in attractive shop-bottles
and suitable boxes, dress, or cause him
to dress, his window in such a way that
the display will arrest the attention of
every passer-by, and I am free to say
that man will sell more of your honey
in a given time than 20 of his neighbors
will do, keeping it as it is usually kept.

But do not stop here. Send a case of
your best comb honey to the editor of
the town paper and advertise the
"show" in its columns. If such a
display filled even one shop window in
every town and village throughout the
country, I am persuaded that we would
hear less of honey being a drug in the
market, for the jealousy of your agent's
neighbors would soon be excited by his
customers asking for that which he has
not got, but which might be seen in
such rich abundance in his competitor's
window across the street.

In establishing such agencieSj care
should be taken to encourage their suc-
cess by charging no more than a fair
price to the agent, and by insisting
upon him selling your goods at no more
than a fair profit to himself.

The above are some of the many
methods by which the local honey mar-
kets may be improved by the efforts of
local bee-keepers. The aid of this As-
sociation can only be of an indirect
kind. It can make its power felt, how-

ever, and by its local aid it can at the
same time effect much general good by
keeping the industry and the product
of the industry prominently befoie the
public. To this end a portion of the
government grant should be set apa~t,
and may be employed in a variety of
ways.

A good plitn, in my opinion, would be
for the Association to offer one or more
prizes for ttie best and most attractive
display of honey at the local horticul-
tural and agricultural shows, such aid
to be given only to those districts that
have organized local associations al-
ready amliated to the parent society.
How lamentably bare of such displays
are local and county shows generally!
Whereas if we were well represented
at them, a vast amount of good would
be done, in attracting attention and
promoting sales.

Still another matter that the Associ-
ation should take in hand is, the gener-
al diffusion of knowledge pertaining to
our industry among the masses. Here,
again, the general meetings of the hor-
ticultural and agricultural societies
may be made to serve our interests by
our sending to each of them a represen-
tative of our Association to remove
the prejudices that are too common
amongst their members against the so-
called ravages of bees amongst fruit,
etc.

In nearly every district within our
corporate limits there may be found
one or more bee-keepers who could
worthily represent our Association at
such meetings, and who would be gladly
welcomed and heard by them, if our
Secretary intimated to their officers
the fact of his intended presence as our
delegate. But to guard against disap-
pointment, in such cases we ought an-
nually to appoint one or more Associa-
tion lecturers to fill appointments in
case no local man was available. The
expenses of such would of course have
to be met out of the government grant,
and in no better way can a portion oi
it be employed.

"The relation of bees to flowers"
might be dwelt upon by the lecturer at
horticultural meetings, and would in-
deed be a very good stock subject at all
such meetings, or the work of bees in
fertilizing and hybridization might
either be incorporated or made a sepa-
rate subject. Indeed, the subject-mat-
ter for lecturers is almost unlimited,
and I know we have more than one
man in our ranks capable of doing the
work in a way that would be at once
instructive to his audience, beneficial to
the industry, and creditable to this As-
sociation.

Owen Sound, Ont.

As "ive Constaiitly "Hear rumors of
a great war in Europe which, beKhiuing on
tlip Russian frontier, may hivolve all tlie
powers, it' is interesting to know how
France has prepared for the next struggle
with Germany. "France's Bulwarks," in
Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly for April,
is a remarkable and careful article, showing
the new lines of defensive works in that
country, evidently from~carefur'and~cau-
tious study. The whole number is brigiit
aud interesting.

BUSINESS MANAGER.

gusiwiess ^0txx;jes.

I< IfoH lA-ve near one post-office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

Ifyoia I>ose Bloney by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Please to get your I^eiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so citeap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Preserve Voiir Papers for future
reference. If you have no IIINMER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FKEE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journal .

Please -write America/n Bee Jowmal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a comuiission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Money Orders for $5.00 and imder,
cost 5 cents. As these are absolutely safe,
it will pay to get them instead of the Postal
Notes which are payable to any one who
presents them.

Wc Club the Asierican Bee Journal
and the " Bee-Keepers' Magazine " for one
year for $1.40 ; or with " Gleanings in Bee-
Culture " for St. 7.5 ; or with the "Apicul-
turist " for S1.80 ; or the " Canadian Honey-
Proilucer " for $1.30 ; with the Bee-Keepers'
Keview, $1.40 ; or all six for $4.00.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 2.5 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, forSt- cents, postpaid.

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, "Honey as Food and Medicine."
Sucli will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

232

TMW jKMERicKM mmm SQ'Wmnmi^.

Honey and BeesTf-ax iVIai-ket.

CHICAGO.

HONE Y.— Prices range from lR@18c. for best one-
lb. tections, to 14@15c. for off color and condition;
2-lb8., 14®l5c. Darlt is slow of sale at almost any
price. Extracted, 7@yc., with good supply, ijigbt
demand.

BBKSWAX,— 22®230. R. A. BURNETT,

Mar. 22. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
I4@15c.; fancy 2-lbs., 12c. Lower grades l(g;2c. per
lb. less. Buckwheat l-lbs., 10(<!jlO!.^c.; 2-lb8., E)®9><ic.
Extracted, white, 7®7>4c.; darii, 5!^@iic.
Mar. 19. F.G.8TR0HMBYBR &C0., 122Water8t.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We quote ; Fancy white clover I-lbs.,
16@l7c.; 2-lbs., 15@lfic- Darli is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7(3tl0c.

BEB8WAX.-23C.

Mar. 13. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 8. Water St.

CINCINNATI

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4}^@9c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, 14®17c.—
Supply large and demand slow.

BiCKSWAJt.— Demand is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Mar. 28. 0. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white in I-lb. sec-
tions, 14@17c.i the same in 2-!bs., 12@14c.; buck-
wheat l-lbs., lOSllc; 2-lbs., 9lg)10c. White extracted
8@9c.: dark, 5^(3i6c. Market dull; prices declining.
BEESWAX.— 22<5)23c.

MCCAUL & HILDKETH BROS.,
Mar. 10. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Ouane St.

MILWAUKEE.

HONKY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, I7®i8c.:
2-lbs., 15@16c.: 3-lbs., 14c. Dark and broken notquo-
tabie. Extracted, white in kegs and ^-barrels, 8^ to
9c.; in tin and pails, 9}.^@10c.; dark, ^-barrels and
kegs, 5@7c. Market slow.

BEESWAX.- 22®25c.
Mar. 10. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water Bt.

DENVER.

HONBY.-Best white 1-lb. sections, 17®19c. ; 2-lb.
sections, I5®17c. Extracted, 7®10c.

BEE8WAX.-20®23C.
Mar. 1. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote ; Choice white 2-lb. sections,
I7®i8c,: dark 2-lbs, I4@i5c.; choice white l-lbs.. 18 to
20 cts., dark l-lbs., 15®16c. White extracted, 7®8&;
dark. 5@6c. Demand is slow. White extracted is
firm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BEESWAX.— 21 to 22C.
Mar. 29. HAMBLIN & BBAR88, 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.- We quote : 1-lb. sections, 16®17c.; 2-
Ib. sections, I4@li3c. Extracted. 8®9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.- 25 ots. per lb.
Mar 24. BLAKS & RIPLBT, 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote ; White to extra, io®17c.;
amber, 9®14c. Extracted, white liquid, 7®7Hc.;
amber and candied, e®7c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.- 1 8®2 1 c.
Mar. 20. 8CHACHT 4 LEMCKB. 122-124 Davis St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best white In 1-pound sections, 16®17o.
Extracted, 9®i0c. for light colored. Market weaker
and supply only fair.

BBB8WAX.-22@23C.
Mar. 14. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote: White l-lbs., glassed, ie@17c;

unglassed, 17@18c.; and dark l-lbs., glassed, lijc: un-

flasaed, 16c.; white 2-lba.. glassed, 16c.,: unglassed 2-
bs., 17c. California white 2-lbs-. 17c. California ex-
tracted in 6u-!b. cans, 8c. Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BEESWAX.- No. 1, 20c.; No. 2, 18c.
Mar.19. CLBMONS, CLOON & CO., cor 4th AWalnut.

It is Extravagant Economy not

to have liives, sections, comb foundation,
etc., on liand wlien needed. To prevent
disappointment, order early what you will
need in that line. Then the liives can be
nailed and painted in odd times, and the
sections put together, so as to be ready at a
minute's notice. It is a sad disappointment
to need these tilings and then not have
them on hand. They should be ordered
inunedjately.

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

FOU SALE BY

THOMAS G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 WeBt MadiBOn-St., CHICAGO, ILL

In this and the following pages will be
found a list of the Apiarian Supplies for
which your orders are solicited. Remember
that low-yrlced Goods are proportionately
inferior ! Excellence is cheapuess I

If Goods are Damaged or not such as
were ordered, do not return them, but write to
UB, and we will direct how to dispose of them.

YoHi- Full A<l«lr«'s», plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes
and delays.

Wv Pay I*o.stage on all articles
quoted by mail. All others are to be sent
by express or freight, at the purchaser's
expense.

Gooas >vill 1>e Sent C. O. I>. only
when sullicient money is received with the
order to pay charges both ways, in case
they are not taken from the express office
by the person ordering them.

Ho-H- Ooodis ai-o tol>e Sent, should
be very distinctly stated. Anything to be
shipped by freiglit should be ordered from
10 to 30 days before needed for use, accord-
ing to the distance from Chicago. Express
charges are high on long distances, and
heavy goods should not be sent by Express,
unless particularly needed for use at once.

Credit.— We sell on small margins, and
cannot afford to take the risk of selling: on
Credit. If we did a credit business, we should
be obliged to add from 10 to 20 per cent, to
our present prices, to make up for those who
never pay, and for clerk-hire to keep books,
etc.— this we know our cash customers would
not think to their advantage. In order not to
do injustice to any one, we make this an
Invariable rnle— tlierefore do not ask
for credit. This system gives all the advan-
tage to " cash customers," but the " credit
system " works to their Injury. We therefore
always require Cash with tbe Order.

Always mention your Post-OfHce,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing —
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; 83.3.5 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
TFTiite Clover Seed : 810.00 per bushel; 83.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 30 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Red I.,u,l>els for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.,50 $2.00 $2 25

.500 Labels 2 00 3.00 .•1.50

l.OOOLabels 3 00 4.00 5.00

«9- Samples mailed free, upon application.

OPir>'IOMS <»F OUR PAXRO:^'S.

Before proceeding to enumerate any of the
Goods we offer for your selection, we desire to
call your attention to a few among the many
unsolicited testimonials we have received
concerning our Goods, and our promptness in
fllling orders. Please read the following:

Best.— The parcel came in due time. The
veil and gloves are the best I ever saw.— G. H.
PnosLEY, Canada.

IVell Pleased.— I am well pleased with the
Excelsior Extractor. It beats the one I have
been using, and is strong and durable.— H. W.
HiTT, Illinois.

All Goods as Represented.- Thanks for
tbe promptness my orders receive at your
hands. All tbe goods are fully as represented.
— E. E. GiBERSON, Illinois.

Prompt.— The hives came all right. Thanks
for such prompt attention to my order. Here-
after I will know who to trade with.— John D.
Moore, Illinois.

All In Good Order.— The hives and sup-
plies I ordered of you came promptly, and in
good order— in fact in better condition than I
expected.— John T. Snyder, IllinolB.

It is a Daisy.— The Bingham Smoker you
sent me is the best I ever saw, though T have
used four other kinds ; but not one of them
will begin to come up with this. Itlsadaisy.
— D. S. Way, Iowa.

The Best Extractor.— I like the Excelsior
Extractor very much. W. M. Kellogg was
here a few days after I got it, and he said it
was the best extractor he ever saw.— J. M.
Aiken, Illinois.

Deserve a Gold Medal.— The foundation
you sent me arrived here in Just 36 hours
alter the order was placed in the mail here. 1
think you deserve a gold medal for your
promptness in business at all times.— Joshua
Bull, Wis.

Gratltnde for snch Promptness. — I

must express my gratitude for the prompt-
ness with which you filled my orders for sup-
plies during the season ; also for the valuable
information which the American Bee Jodr-
NAL brings every week.— A. Sperliso, Ills.

Convenient.— I have tried your honey
kegs and find that that they are what we ha%-e
long needed. They are made in a workman-
like manner ; they do not leak, require no
waxing, and are of very convenient size. — A.
A. E. WiLBER, New York.

Complete Machine.- The Excelsior Ex-
tractor is the most complete machine of the
kind that I have seen. It seems impossible to
make one more perfect. I have been waiting
to get one to suit me, and now I can exclaim
"Eureka."— E. Secor, Iowa.

Entirely Satisfied.- The goods reached
me in five days ; thanks for your usual
promptness. I wish to express my entire
satisfaction in all my dealings with you. The
articles have been shipped promptly, and
upon arrival proved to be as represented.—
Gust. Murhard, Oregon.

Gave Entire Satisfaction.— The goods
you sent me were all flrst-class, and gave en-
tire satisfaction. I would not part with the
Conqueror smoker or the honey-knife, if I
could not get others hke them. Thanks for
Dlling my order so promptly : this I And, by
experience, is your way ot doing business.—
George W. Harris, Indiana.

My Best Friend — I could no more do
without the Ameuican Bee Journal than
without my meals. I have always regarded It
as my best friend and adviser in the manage-
ment of my .50 colonies of liees. I know of
nothing that cc»uld he compared to it, unless
It be the excellent four frame extractor, and
other articles purchased from you for the
proper conducting ot our apiary. Thomas G.
Newman & Son is, with us, synonymous of all
that is staunch and good. The book, " Bees
and Honey," has been, and will always be,
our guide. It is our ambition to establish an
apiary second to none in the State.— D. A.
Dimitry, Louisiana.

_5

T'M® mw&mmi^mu m.m'm jQiumnmi^.

238

SUPPLIES rOR Iti:i:.Ki:El>ERS-I'oi- Sal« I>y Xlioiua<« G. r«eM man & Son, Cliivaso* !"»•

Comb Foundation for Brood-Frames.

All our foundation is made by Dadant &Son, who have justly
earned tlie reputation of making tlie best foundation in the world.

We keep four sizes on hand, viz : 4 Vxl7, 12x18, 8xl6i.>', and 10x11,
and can fill orders in any quantity, prompty. Orders for special
sizes tilled within a week of the receipt of the order, without extra
charge, and it will be shipped direct from the factory.

0' ^.; H'S!-

..11-^

iK- , i^Sa,^i<TV%f

One pound, by mail, postpaid, small sheets 60c

1 to 10 lbs., per lb., by exoress. . . 40c

11 to 35 " " "" 39c

26 to 50 " " " 38c

51 to 100 " " " .37c

Prices Subject to Change, AVlttaout Motlce.

BEESWAX.— We pay the current market price for Beeswax, as:
quoted in the Ameuican Bee Journal, cash on arrival. The namej
of the shipper should be put on every box, to prevent mistakes.

SECTIONS FOR COMB HONEY.

We carry in stock a large assortment of sections of the various
kinds ; all benig made for single combs. A sample of either style
sent postpaid for 5 cents.

FORNCROOK OXE-PIECE SECTIONS.
These are made of basswood, and are all in one-piece with the
V-groove. Theuaoksot the grooves sliould be steamed ordampened
vith a sponge, to save breaking at the joints. These sections can
ic put into shape, ready for use, much faster than any otlier style,
uid have become the most popular sections now iii use.

±

]

We keep constantly in stock the two regular sizes, iUt^i'i and
iHx6}4, a trifle less than 2 inches wide, with both narrow and wide
tops ; these will respectively hold about one and two pounds of
lioney each. We also have them seven to tlie foot, with narrow tops.
The following are our latest reduced prices:

In quantities of 1,000 $;3 50 84 00

" " 500 200 2 35

" " 250 1 25 1 50

" " 100 60 70

Thin Foundation for Surplus Honey.

We keep three styles of thin foundation for comb honey in sections.
The figures in the first column giving the prices of the thin— 9 to 10
square feet to the pound. Those in the last column being the prices
ot the EXTRA THIN, and also of the Van Deusen (with flat bottom) —
11 to 13 square feet to the pound :

THIN. EXTRA THIN

1 to 10 lbs., per lb., by express 50c 60c

llto25 " " '^ 49c 59c

36 to 50 " " " 48c .580

51 to 100 " " " 47c 57c

Wired Comb Foundation.

This prevents sagging, making all combs strong and durable. It
has flat-bottomed cells, exceedingly thin and even, the wire being
incorporated into it. It is for use only in tlie brood-chamber. Size,
SxO'o and 10x11 inches.

Ito 25 lbs., per lb > 60c

35tol00 " " 58c

Samples of all kinds, by mail luc

Comb Foundation Mills.

Pelham. Vaudervort. Root.

4 inch Rolls ..$10 00

6 " $9 00 $20 00 13.50

10 " 15 00 25 00 20 00

12 " 30 00 30 00

14 " 40 00

Carlin Foundation Cutter.

Small size, with tin wheel, 10c

Large size, with steel wheel,.. 75c
When wanted by mail, add 2c.
to the former and 5c to the latter
price.

Bee Yeils.

The accompanying illustration
gives a good view of these veils
as they are worn,— making it a
complete face protection. Price,
by mail, 50 cents.

Carlln Cutter.

DOVETAILED SECTIONS.

These are made in four pieces, 5;^\G}i, with wide or
narrow tops ; all a shade less than 2 inches in width.
The prices are the same as the one-piece sections.

We fill all orders with the regular sizes,and 2 inches
in width, unless otherwise specified.

PRIZE SECTIONS, (to be nailed).
These Sections are made only of one size, 5)^x6)^,
uitablefor 5x6 glass, if desired, and are a trifle less
hail 3 inches wide. The top pieces are grooved for
uundation. Being made by machinery, they are
iceurately and smoothly cut, and when packed in the
?rize Crate, are very desirable and attractive. We
ceep two styles of these sections— wide and narrow
;ops— at the following prices :

Narrow top.

In quantities of 1,000 J4 00

^' " 500 2 25....

" " 2.50 1 25....

" " 100 60....

ODD SIZES, of any style, 5x6 inches (or less), will be made to
order in quantities not less than .500, and will cost $3 for 500, or .1f.5.00
per 1,000, and can be furnished in about a week from the receipt of
the order. They will be shipped direct from the factory.

WIRE naus.

We carry a full line of wire nails, and can fill brdere for any
quantity promptly. For nailing Sections, Cases, Frames, Racks,
Crates, etc., they are very essential.

The entire length of the nail being the same thickness, they do not
loosen like ordinary iron nails, and are not as liable to bend or
break. They can be easily driven through two jneces of tin.

From the assortment of lengths given in the table below, any kind
of nailing may be done, even to making large boxes.

LenKth of Nails. SizoofWire. NuiuDer in one lb.

^ inch long, wire No. 20, 10,000 . . . .

}i " " 19, .5,.3.S0

re
13^

IS, 3,300

18, 2,750

17, 1,780

17, 1,.5.>5

16, 910

16, 760

1.5, 435

If wanted by mail, add IS cents per lb. for postage,
furnish larger nails- up to 5 inches m length— when desired.

Price.

per lb 25c
" 20c
" 16c
' 15c
•' 13c
. " 12c
" 10c
•' 10c
" 9c
as- We caa

Bee Veil

YTTCCA BRUSH.

For brushing bees from
the combs. Price, 5 cents'
each, or 50 cents per dozen

Postage, Ic. each, extra.

BARNES' FOOT -POWER SAWS.
Fifteen Different Machines.

WILL SEND MACHINES ON TKIAL IK DESIKED

A complete illustrated catalogue and price list
ot these mtichines will be mailed free, upoji appli-
cation.

234

^■-■^■'■^■'■^^■*

,T-HB MMBRICMIf BE® JQWmifMt.

SUPPLIES FOR BEE-KEEPERS— For Sale by Thomas O. IVewinan &. Son, Cliieago, Ills.

STANDARD LANGSTROTH BEE HITE.

(14x18% inches inside.)

The dimensions of this hive, and the ten different styles made,
are exactly the same as the Improved Laugstroth Hive.

SAMPLE HIVES— foiled, not painted.

No. 1.— Brood ehamber with portico, 10 frames, 7X inch cap,

but no surplus arrangement $1 25

No. 2.— Same as No. 1, with the Comb Honey Rack complete. . 2 00

No. 3.— Same as No. 2, with an additional story containing 10
extra frames for extracting, interchangable with those in
the brood cliamber— a complete 3 story hive; 2 50

No. 4. — Brood chamber with portico, 10 frames, and a 7 inch
story, with 7 cases containing 31 Prize Boxes, and tin
separators, for surplus honey, with a 3 inch cap 2 25

No. 5.— Same as No. 4, with an additional story containing 10

extra frames for extracting, a complete 3 story hive 2 .50

No. 6. — A complete 2 story hive containing 20 interchangeable

frames, witli a close-fitting— 2 inch— cap 1 75

No. 7.— Same as No. 6, with the second story containing seven
cases holding eight one-pound sections each (50 in all),
and two tin separators attached to each case, complete.. 2 85

No. 8.— A 3 story hive containing 20 interchangeable frames

and seven cases, as described in No. 7 325

No. 9.— Brood-chamber with portico, 10 frames, and Heddon's

surplus arrangement, containing 32 one-pound sections.. 3 00

No. 10.— Same as No. 9, with the surplus arrangement contain-
ing 24 twopouud sections 2 00

All Laugstroth hives have metal rabbets for the frames to re.st on.

IMPROVED LANGSTROTH BEE HIVE,

With Hanipalating Side.

This is a combination of the North Star Hive, patented by Sparry
& Chandler, of Minnesota, and the Standard Laugstroth Hive.

SAMPLE UiYE— Nailed, not painted.

No. 1.— Brood chamber with portico, 10 frames, 7}< inch cap,

but no surplus arrangement 81 75

No. 3.— Same as No. 1, with Comb Honey Rack, complete 2 .50

No. 3.— Same as No. 3, with an additional story containing 10

extra frames, for extracting, whicli are the same size as
those in the brood chamber— a complete 3 story hive

3 25

No. 4. — Brood chamber with portico, 10 frames, and a 7 incli
story, with 7 cases and tin separators containing 21 Prize
Boxes, with a close-fitting- 2 inch — cap 3 75

No. 5. — Same as No. 4, with an additional second story contain-
ing 10 interchangeable frames — a complete 3 story liive.. 3 25

No. 6.— A complete two story hive with a close-fitling— 2 inch-
cap, containing 20 interchangeable frames, fur extracting 3 25

No. 7. — Two stories, containing 10 brood frames and 56 one-
pound sections with separators, complete 3 35

No. 8. — Three stories, with 20 frames and 7 cases containing .50

one-pound sections, (the same as No. 7,) complete 3 76

No. 9.— Brood-chamber with portico, 10 frames, and Heddon's

surplus arrangement containing 32 one-pound sections... 2 50

No. 10.— Same as No. 9, with the surplus arrangement contain-
ing 34 two-pound sections 2 50

Parties ordering Material for Laugstroth Hives should always
order a sample nailed hive, as a pattern for nailing.

MATERIAL FOR LANGSTROTH HIVES

LANGSTROTH

-in the Flat, Ready to NaiL

STANDARD

Quantity. Numbers 12 3 4

5 liives, or more, each,. .S0.90.....?1.25.. ..Sl.eo... .$1.45.

10 hives, or more, each,.. .88 — 1.23.... 1.58 — 1.43.

25 hives, or more, each,.. .85 1.20 1..55 1.40.

50 hives, or more, each, . . .80 1.15 — 1..50 1.35.

100 hives, or more, each,.. .75 — 1.10 — 1.45 1.30.

HIVES [14x18% inches inside.]
5 6 7 8

S1.75, . . .$1.30. . . .S1.70. . . .$3.00. . .

1.73.... 1.18.... 1.08.... 1.98...

1.70.... 1.15.... 1.05... 1.95...

1.65.... 1.10.... 1.00.... 1.90...
, 1.60.... 1.05.... 1.55.... 1.S5...

IMPROVED LANGSTROTH HIVES-With Manipulating Side.

Quantity. Numbers | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

5 hives, or more, each, . .81.30. ...SI.H5... ..12.00.. ..§1.90.. ..$2.30. ...$1.65.. ..$3.10... ,f2.45..

10 hives, or more, each,.. 1.38.... 1.03 — 1.98 1.88 3.18 1.63 3.08 3.43..

25 hives, or more, each,.. 1.35 1.00 1.95 1.85 2.15 4.60 3.05 2.40.,

.50 hives, or more, each,.. 1.20 1..55 1.90 l.SO 2.10 1.55 2.00 2.35.,

100 hives, or more, each,.. 1.15 — 1..50 — 1.85 1.75 3.05 1.50 1.95 3.30.

HtS- The top and bottom boards, on all the Hives, are in one piece. "SM

as- We make Hives Nos. 4 and 5 to contain 28 one-pound sections, at the same prices, when so ordered. «

Wiring Tool,

FOU

Pressing Foundation

INTO

WIRED FRAMES.

SOMETIHNG
ENTIRELY NEW.

Price, by mail, 20c.
By express, 15c.

P.VRKEK'S

Foundation^Fastener

Price, 3o cents, by ex-
press, or 40 cents, post-
paid. Suitable tor 1 lb.
sections.

The fixstener should bo
screwed to a table. Tha
ilhistratiou will shuw ths
position of tbe sectioa
and foundation, and tba
method of operating".

Tarn MMERicffiff mmw j@^i*r*aif.

195

EDITOR.

VolIXIV. MarcH 28, 1888, No. 13.

Soon the Bees will (rally hover,
O'er the fields of blooming clover ;

Searching for the sweets there yielding.
When caressed by love's gay rover.

Have you heard the Jolly varlet? •
Scarlet-breasted, piping clear,

Robin's sure that earth is waking.
Shaking sloth, and Spring is near I

The gentle showers soon will come.
From more genial Southern skies.

On the barren hillsides falling.
And bid the flowers to " Arise I"

Statistics.— In offering his service as a
reporter of bee-keepers' statistics for Yates
County, N. T., Mr. A. F. Robson remarks
as follows :

I am interested in this matter, as I own
300 colonies, and 1 think that this is the
method. The plan of pathering the statis-
tics by the assessors will not work in this
(N. Y.) State, for personal property is ex-
empt to the amount of one's debts, and so
in most cases no questions are asked.

It is very diflicult to mention any method
which will be suitable to such a vast coun-
try as America.

We Regret to learn that Mr. A. Pink-
erton, of Marshalltown, Iowa, was thrown
from a load of wood some six weeks ago,
and dislocated his shoulder, as well as in-
juring his neck. He is getting better now,
but it was a great atfliction for the family —
his wife having been afflicted with dropsy
for several years. His report concerning
the wintering of his bees, is as follows, and
is dated March 33, 1888 :

My 133 colonies of bees are all very quiet
in the cellar. The mercury stood at 41° this
morning, in the cellar, and has stood at
from 40° to 43° all the winter, except one
cool morning when it got down to 37° for a
short time. My bees have been very quiet,
so 1 think they are doing well.

It Oiig'Iit to nave a hundred thou-
sand subscribers ! This is what Dr. A. B.
Mason says of the AMEBiCA>f Bee Jour-
XAL. It could have them very easily if its
many friends would exert tlieir influence
f.ir it ! We have done and are doing all we
can to make it of permanent value to all the
bee keepers in America, and the more sub-
scribers it has, the more it can do for the
pursuit. Will our friends kindly induce
their acquaintances wlio keep bees to send
in their subscriptions ? The Doctor says :

I do not want to praise it too much, but I
must say that the American Bee Jour-
nal is " just a dandy!" It ought to have
100,000 subscribers, if any other l)ee-paper
is worth $1.00, what is the American Bee
JounNAL worth ?

It looks up at me, when I take the wrap-
per off, with a bright, clean face ; eyes wide
open and intelligent. I am Justin love
with it, and I do enjoy speaking well of my
friends when they do a good thing.

As an inducement to our friends to en-
large the number of our readers, we will
present a copy of the "Bee-Keepers' Con-
vention Hand-Book," by mail, post-paid, to
any present subscriber who will send to
this office two new subscribers, with $2.00.
Remember you must claim the book when
sendhig the subscriptions. It contains a
simple Manual of Parliamentary Law and
Rules of Order for the guidance of officers
and members of Local Conventions— Model
Constitution and By Laws for a Local So-
ciety—Programme for a Convention, with
subjects for discussion— List of Premiimis
for Fairs, etc., etc. It is a valuable assis-
tant to every bee-keeper.

X© Clarify Beesvrax.— Major A.
Shallard, of Glenbrook, New South Wales,
Australia, asks the following question :
"What is the best way to clarify or clean
cakes of dark wax and second quality wax?"

Melting the beeswax in a kettle of clean,
hot water will do it. The dirt will separate
from the wax and go to the bottom, leaving
the wax to "cake " on the top of the cooling
water. This will also improve the color of
the wax.

Any clean, bright tin-pan will do to put it
in, if itytare.s at the top. An iron vessel
will generally spoil melted wax when put
into it.

Xhe Use of Big W^ords.— Mr. G.

B. Sanborn, of Bristol, Vt., writes as fol-
lows concerning the use of big words :

I have just commenced in apiculture, and
am deeply interested in it, but I find that
the writers in this science, as in all others,
use too many big words. The uneducated
apiarist is unable to comprehend them,
riierefore the prolixitv of the stratagem
might prove detrimental to the cause, as it
would keep them assiduous so much of the
time trying to excogitate and discriminate
the promiscuous magniloquence. So do not
be quite so profuse with your big words I

Let your conversational communication
possess a clariBed conciseness, a compacted
comprehensibleness,coalescent consistency,
and a concatenated cogency. In promul-
gating your esoteric cogitation, or articulat-
ing your superficial sentimentalities and
amicable, philosophical or psychological ob-
servations, beware of platitudinous ponder-
osity. Eschew all conglomerations of flatu-
lent garrulity, jejune babblement and asin-
ine affections ; and do not use big words !

Let your extemporaneous descantings and
unpremeditated expatiations have intelligi-
bility and veracious vivacity, without
rhodomontade or thrasonical bombast— and
do not use big words !

Sedulously avoid all polysyllabic pro-
fundity, pompous prolixity, psittaceous
vacuity, ventriloquial verbosity, and vanilo-
quent vapidity 1

E. H. Cook, in the September number of
the Bee Hive, on page 89, proposes that ex-
tracted honey be obliterated from the Eng-
lish language,substituting " abxeszoimdym-
fyuvqetjtgk honey" in its place.

Just see the prolixity of that word. I
should like to know the ponderosity of that
honey, viz : How many ounces would it
take to make a pound ?

This letter reminds us of a good story
which is told of a public lecturer. It is
this : One of his audience addressed him
thus : " Mr. Lecturer :— Several times dur-
ing the evening you have used the word
periphrasis. Would you kindly inform me
of its precise meaning ?" " Certainly,"
said he, "it is simply a circumlocutory
pleonastic circle of oratorical sonorosity
circumscribing an atom of ideality lost in
verbal profundity." We therefore can
sympathize with Mr. Sanborn, and also say :
Do not use big words .'

Ignorant Bee-Keepers.— E. Israel,
of Oak Lawn, Miss., on March 20, 1888,
writes us as follows on the average intelli-
gence of the bee-keepers in his neighbor-
hood :

There are 20 bee-keepers in this county,
and only myself and one more keep bees
for the money there is in them. Three
others have frame hives, but they would be
better off with box-hives ; they do not keep
them for pleasure either; they put them
into the fence corners, on the gromid, or on
a l)ox, and expect tlieni to " work for noth-
ing and board themselves," and then com-
plain of getting no honey. Moths consume
them, and weeds and briars hide them so
that you could notget to them if you wanted
to. You could hardly expect such bee-
keepers to give the assessor any informa-
tion, when it would look like taxing an
agricultural product.

State Statistics on Iloncy, are in

the future to be had in Illinois. We wrote
to the Secretary of the Illinois State Board
of Agriculture to ask why there was no
such statistical information given since
1883, and the following is his reply :

SPRiNoriELi), Ills., March 17, 1888.

Thmias G. New.man, Esq.— Dear Sir :—
Yours of late date is received. Each asses-
sor in the State will in the future collect
information annually in May, concerning
the number of colonies of bees in each
township in the State, as well as the num-
ber of pounds of honey produced therein.

The information sent you (1883) is the
latest data on the subject, published by this
office. Yours truly,

Charles Mills.

We have also received one of the new
blanks, but we fear the information ob-
tained in Jfay of 1S88, as to the number of
colonies of bees in the year 1888, and the
number of pounds of honey produced in
1837, will be quite useless for all practical
purposes.

196 TH®

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GLEMS

Prof. "Wiley has again " put his foot
in it," when giving the Senate committee
on agriculture the result of his microscopic
examinations of the various samples of lard
submitted to him. He stated that lard
made by Armour & Co., and branded " pure
refined family lard," contained cotton-seed
oil and stearine. IS -SM ■ '-- ' "'^^^

A sample of lard manufactured by Whit-
taker & Sons.brauded " pure imadulterated,
honest refined lard," contained no cotton-
seed, while a sample manufactured by the
same firm, branded "adulterated refined
lard," contained cotton-seed oil. He had
rendered the head, entrails, and intestines
of the hog, and found them to make a pure
lard that could not be distinguished from
other lard. Leaf lard had a little less color.

Upon being questioned further on the
quality of the lard obtained, the daily
papers give these questions by the commit-
tee, and answers by Prof. Wiley :

Prof. Wiley said he did not think there
was any way of distinguishing dead hog-
grease from pure lard. The way the hog
died had no effect upon the lard.

Senator Blair— These lards made from the
intestines are as good as any ?

Prof. Wiley— 1 had just as soon eat com-
pound lard as pure lard.

Senator Blair— Do you eat dead hog lard ?

Prof. Wiley— 1 presume I do. It is just
as good as any other. I would as lief eat it.

The chairman— It is charged that manu-
facturers of lard take dead hogs and throw
them in, entrails, hair, and heads, and white
grease is rendered from them. Would that
be nocuous?

Prof. Wiley— I think not. There is noth-
ing deleterious in decomposed animals.

This opinion of the ivily professor is so
disgusting to every honest man that the
daily papers are administering to him a
a severe rebuke tor such charlatanry. The
Chicago Times remarks as follows :

It is pleasant to be informed by Prof.
Wiley, Chemist of the Department of Agri-
culture, that there is no way of distinguish-
ing dead-hog grease from pure lard, and
that the way the hog dies has no effect upon
the lard. In that case, success to the adul-
terators. Tliere cannot be too little hog's
grease or too much cotton-seed oil and
stearine in what is eaten as lard.

This is the same "skunk" who deliber-
ately and wilfully endeavored to ruin the
production and sale of " pure honey in the
comb," by inventing his lie about the manu-
facture of combs out of parafflne, filling
them with glucose, sealing them up with
hot ijous, and selling such as pure honey.

His work is all in the interest of adultera-
tors— paving the way for their fraudulent
products, and tlieu covering them with the
mantle of the United States National
Chemist— saying that the abominable death-
dealing, filthy and fraudulent production is
just as good as the pure article I !

Such nefarious schemes put to blush the
honest and honorable— deceives our Gover-
nors and legislators, destroys honest com-
merce in healthy products, and fills the
mouths of clergymen in other lands with

wonderful stories about adulterating bee-
farms and the like, which exist only in the
imagination of these would-be sight-seers !

This wily scamp and his followers are
doing more damage to morals and honest
dealing, than all other influences corabmed.

Seasonable Triitlis.— In her- in-
imitable style, Mrs. L. Harrison crowds into
one short paragraph in the Prairie Farmer,
all these hints on important subjects for the
present season :

Bee-keepers have been under a cloud the
past year, but it is lifting, and clear sky ap-
pears. According to reports from all points
North and West, bees have wintered well.
The colonies out-doors have had frequent
flights ; those in the cellar are healthy, and
the outlook is good. It is refreshing during
these freezing nights and chilly days
(March IS) to read of <)ees swarming and
gathering honey in Florida and Louisiana.
The blue-birds made a mistake this year,
and returned to this locality too soon. Those
who have bees in the cellar, should not be
in a hurry to put them upon the summer
stands, but let them remain until danger of
freezing weather is past. Such a thing as a
bee-keeper regretting that he did not re-
move his bees from the cellar earlier, has
never been heard of, but the opposite has.
If the bees are uneasy, give them a drink,
and they will quiet down ; sweep up the
dead bees, and give the others fresh air, but
let them remain.

Crop Reports.— Mr. Caleb L. Sweet
gives us a "Prime" thought on obtaining
reliable statistics. He says;: Iti'teij ka«*

As you request correspondents to suggest
plans for gathering statistics, let me state
that Mr. Samuel T. K. Prime, of Livings-
ton, Ills., is running one of the greatest
bureaus of private " crop reports " in the
world. I do not know how many corres-
pondents he has in the United States and
Canada, but my number is 1212. Corres-
pondents get their circulars once a month,
which is a summary of the correspondents'
reports for their labor. Dealers, I suppose,
pay him. He might take hold of this for
the honey producers, and ask his reporters
the questions desired. Under this plan the
producers and dealers could have the re-
ports by paying for them, while the con-
sumers would not, to any great extent, be
informed.

We have commenced a correspondence
with Mr. Prime, to ascertain whether such
an arrangement as that suggested by Mr.
Sweet could be made at the terms upon
which it could be consumated. As soon as
we receive anything definite, we will in-
form our readers most fully. AVe are mak-
ing progress, and hope to evolve something
of great value to bee-keepers.

nir. 4)!<*o. K. Hilton has had the sec-
ond thousand of his pamphlet on the pro-
duction of comb honey, printed at the office
oiQleaniiigs, and it is needless to say that
the printing is a grand improvement on the
former thousand, which was evidently done
where they had no facilities for such work,
and no experience in doing it. It is a great
mistake to have books or pamphlets printed
in such places. "Botch work" is all that
can be expected in such cases, and all that
is ever realized.

Entrance Controller. — Mr. A. C.

Tyrrel, of Madison, Nebr., has sent us a
contrivance for controlling the entrance of
hives, by enlarging or ensmalling it. It
consists of a bent piece of zinc with four
holes, having another piece with three of
such corresponding holes, which can be
slid along, and thus make the entrance of
any size desired. Mr. Tyrrel thus de-
scribes it :

I use the device on my hives to prevent
robbing and swarming, and it is a drone-
excluder. To open, push the slide one
space to the right. This will allow the
worker-bees free egress and ingress, and
prevent queens from emerging. This latter
is to be used in case it is necessary to be ab-
sent for a time from the apiary during the
swarming season. To leave but one bee-
space, in case a colony is being robbed, push
the slide one space to the right,if the spaces
are already open ; if closed, two spaces to
the right.

When extracting or taking comb honey,
if robbers are a source of annoyance, every
hive can be closed quickly and effectively
by simply pushing the slide so as to close
all the open spaces. If the weather is hot,
leave a half or quarter space open for ven-
tilation.

The device is placed in front of the en-
trance to my hives. It has eleven spaces,
but any length can be made to correspond
with the hive used. A wire nail put through
the upper right hand corner, allows it to
swing to its place, perpendicularly with the
edge of the hive, when not in use, and
fastened with a small tack ; which, when
taken out, lets it drop to its place in front
of the entrance, and it is ready for use.

l^it is desired to diminish the number of
drones, or save the best for breeding pur-
poses, after they leave the hive for a flight,
drop the trap to the front of the entrance,
and open the spaces. The workers can go
in and out, but drones cannot get back.

I find this device much better than blocks
I have used heretofore, for it is always at
hand. It works like a charm.

Statistics at Conventions. — Mr,

D. A. Fuller, of Cherry Valley, Ills., makes
the following inquiry :

Why cannot the desired statistics be gath-
ered at the bee-conventions better than any
where else, by the use of cards ?

As not one in fifty bee-keepers ever at-
tend bee-conventions, taking reports from
members who attend them, would be totally
inadequate for statistics of the industry.
To be of any value, statistics must include
all the product of honey and beeswax, as
well as the number of colonies of bees.

One or Oiu* European subscribers,
who is an Episcopal clergyman as well as
an apiarist, desires to locate somewhere in
North America, where he could in addition
to pastoral duties devote his time to bee-
keeping. If any one knows of such a com-
bination, offering a permanence, he may
address this office, and we will communi-
cate with the clergyman.

• Apiary Register.- All who intend to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
should get a copy of the Apiary Register and
begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) *1 00

" 100 colonies (220 pages) 1 25

" 200 colonies (420 pages) 1 50

itmm m^ammiemM mm^ j@T3fMifMi<.

197

Ekes and I\'atlirs.— Many of our
readers will wonder what is the meaning of
"ekes," as mentioned by Mr. Dadant on
page 199. An " eke " is a small additional
story (generally a half-story) placed under
a hive to add to its capacity. A "nadir"
is a whole additional story placed under the
brood-chamber for the same purpose.

These contrivances are used in Europe,
and tlie following from the British Bee
Journal will give more descriptive infor-
mation concerning them, and their uses :

Nadikinq.— Nadirs or nethers are vessels
of wood or straw, or a compound of both, or
a compound of both with glass, to be placed
beneath a stock hive, either for the purpose
of increasing the breeding space or provid-
ing storage room for honey. A nadir for a
straw skep would be exactly similar to
about 4 inches of the lowest part of the skep
itself, supposing it to be cut off evenly ; it
is, however, made separately, and usually
in the form of a straw ring of the same
diameter as the skep, and when placed un-
der the latter their junction is luted with a
mixture of cowdung and clay, which form a
hard cement, impervious to insects. The

sometimes called "raises ;" and when hives
are said to have been raised, it is implied
that a nadir or an eke, or both, have been
placed below the stock-hive.

These "ekes " and " nadirs " bear no re-
lation to a brood-chamber that is divisible,
and should not be confounded therewith.

Both large and small hives have their
friends and admirers, but we cannot now
give space to a prolonged discussion of
these points. An article or two on each
side will serve to show that this question,
like many others, has two sides— and like
our wives and babies, each of us think ours
the best. This thought is both pleasant and
pardonable in us all.

A Section containing Ja piece of thin
comb foundation fastened to the top-bar
came to our desk in a tin box, but it was all
broken down. It is marked on the wrap-
per : From R. Barlow, Toledo, 0.

Apiary of Mr. J. H. Robertson, Pewamo, Mich.

rim of an old barrow-wheel is often called
into service as a nadir, and sometimes a
simple wooden hoop is used.

With bar-frame hives shallow boxes are
used of about half the depth of the stock
hive, and fitted with frames to correspond.
In ordinary box-liives similar shallow boxes
are used without frames— the object being
simply (as in the other cases) to increase
the depth of the stock hive. In all hives
where nadirs are used as above, the en-
trances should be kept in their original
positions, ;. c, on the floor-boards, the nadir
being intermediary between it and the stock
hive. When nadirs are used as receptacles
for honey, means are usually adopted to
prevent the queen and drones from gaining
access thereto, which is generally effected
by interposing a slotted board or adapter,
which will admit the workers only; and in
that case the entrance to the hive must be
on a level with the top of the nadir, so that
the bees shall go doion into it. There should,
however, be a way out of the nadir at Its
lowest part, or the bees, finding it easier to
get into than out of the slotted gateway,
may become over-crowded and perish of
suffocation.

Ekes are also used for enlarging a stock-
hive, and sometimes for increasing the size
of a .super. Like the nadirs thev are placed
beneath, to increase the depth of the hive or
super, but are much shallower than the so-
called nadirs. Both nadirs and ekes are

Fiing-us and Foiil Brood.— Mr. G.

Wendelken, of Marietta, O., remarks thus
about once having had foul brood in his
apiary, and asks the following questions :

" How to cure foul brood" is a subject
which interests me. All writers say that
bacteria has some connection with tonl
brood. If these parasites really cause that
disease, it is important to know their na-
ture, how they are produced, and how to
destroy them. I would like to have the
following questions answered in the Bee
Journal :

1. Why is fungus sometimes called a
plant and sometimes a living being ?

2. Are the bacteria of foul brood plants or
living beings ?

Knowing that this was in the line of
study of Mr. N. W. McLain, Manager of the
United States Government Apicultnral
Station for Illinois, we sent the questions
to him for consideration, and here is his
reply :

1. Web.ster defines fungus as "a term ap-
plied by botanists to a large natural order
of plants of a peculiar organization and
manner of growth, comprehending mush-
rooms, toadstools, the microscopic plants
which form mold, mildew, smut, etc.," and
the term " being " be defines in the sense in
which it is used in the query, as " an ani-

mal, any living creature ; as, animals are
such beings as are endowed with sensitive
and spontaneous motion."

Accepting this definition of terms it
would not be proper to speak of fungus,"an
order of plants," as " a living being."

3. The disease known as the foul brood
disease, is due to the presence of minute
vegetable organisms, of the order of plants
to which the term fungus is applied, grow-
ing and multiplying within the animal or
living being.

Bacillus is the term applied to that genus
of fnngi which multiply in the larvEe and
adult organisms of bees.

These micro-organisms multiply by fis-
suration or division. Under congenial con-
ditions they multiply with astonishing
rapidity.

The germs of fungi may be speedily de-
stroyed, and the growth of bacillus in larviB
and bees, arrested by the use of suitable
remedies.

We recommend the study of the pamph-
let on "Foul Brood," by Mr. Cheshire,
which can be had for a dime at this office.

Against IVatnre.— Many an argu-
ment is based on this remark, and the Re-
view remarks thus concerning it :

" Not according to Nature." How often
we hear this used as an argument against
some method ; those using it forgetting that
it is not always to our advantage to allow
Nature to have her own way. Almost the
whole system of modern bee-culture is an
innovation upon nature, and we ought no
longer to ask, is it according to nature, but,
all things considered, is it best ?

The Indiana Farmer makes this addi-
ional comment upon the matter :

Here is a simple illustration carrying this
point still further. We once introduced an
Italian queen into a queenless colony, and
within a day after being let out of the cage,
and before she had laid any eggs, the bees
swarmed and were put in a new hive, and
the parent colony given a frame of brood
from which they reared a queen. Now it
would have been "according to nature" to
have left the colony queenless both before
and after it swarmed, and allowed them to
dwindle away. Disregarding this old fogy
whim, keeping them in movable-comb hives
and handling them by an intelligent and
progressive system, saved the bees. This
is as far as we use the according-to-nature
argument ; of two methods, equally good,
take that which most nearly conforms to
the natural instincts of the bees.

Wem- Catalogfties for 1888 are on our

desk, from the following persons:

W. E. Clark, Oriskany, N. Y.— 3i pages-
Bees, Queens, and Apiarian Supplies.

H. H. Brown, Light Street, Pa.— 20 pages
—Queens, Bees, and Supplies tor Bee-
Keepers.

M. E. Phelps & Co., Binghampton, N. T.
—8 quarto pages— Poultry.

S. W. Morrison. M. D., Oxford, Pa.— 1
page— Carniolan Queens.

Berlin Fruit-Box Co., Berlin Heights,
Erie Co., 0.-32 pages— Berry Packages and
Apiarian Supplies.

F. R. Pierson, Tarrytown, N. "S.— lOO
pages— Seeds and Plants.

C. W. Costellow, Waterboro, Maine— 13
pages— Apiarian Supplies.

Tbos. S. Wallace, Clayton. Ills.— 4 pages
—Italian Queens, Bees and Honey.

Scatter tlic Ijcaflets.- Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

198

'THU MBlKKICMlf ®B® J@T3fKffMlf.

w

MANAGEMENT TO PREVENT
INCREASE.

Written fur Uie American Bee Journal

Query 527.— How would it do, when you
desire no Increase, to let the bees swarm nat-
urally and then hive them on the old stand,
placing the old colony close by, and at night
or the next day open the hives ot the old colo-
nies and shake all of the bees otf o( the combe
in front of the new colony, letting them run
in, thus giving the new colony a large force
of workers ? Then take the combs of brood
and give them to weak colonies. You would
then have some nice queen-cells to give to
others in place of old queens, as it is said that
queens reared by natural swarming are beet.
—Miss.

It will do. — Dad ANT & Son.

It will do very well. — A. B. Mason.

It would probably do very well. — C.

C. MiLLEE.

It would do excellently, so long as
your weak colonies held out. — R. L.
Taylor.

In case you do not desire much in-
crease, it will do very well. — J. P. H.
Brown.

It would be very fair practice if well
executed ; but you would have to dis-
pose of your old queens first, before
giving the colony a queen-cell. — Mrs.
L. Harrison.

I hardly think that the plan would
work well, as the weak colony would
be likely to swarm in a week or two
after the brood was given them.
Otherwise it probabl)' would work all
right. — G. M. Doolittle.

Yes, that is a very good plan as long
as you have any weak colonies to build
up. When all are strong and deter-
mined to swarm, what then ? — C. H.

DiBBERN.

This is almost too large a subject for
so short a space. That might work
very well if you always had weak colo-
nies. But it seems to me that I should
prefer increase from the colony strong
enough to swarm, rather than try and
doctor up a weak one. — Eugenk
Secor.

The plan I think will work, but
should the honey-flow continue, they
may swarm again as soon as queen-
cells can bo started. You can keep
down the swarming impulse in a great
measure by giving plenty of surplus
room for the bees to store honey in. —
J. M. Hambaugh.

Your plau will do, but why not
shake tlie bees from the old hive at
once, if thi^ swarm is in a hive supplied
only with empty frames of wired foun-
dation, and add a surplus story or
crate of sections ? It is a risky busi-
ness to give queen-cells in place of old
queens. — P. L. Viallon.

I see no objection to this plan, but
why not permit one swarm ? It will
doubtless produce more honey, if the
colonies are all wintered well, and
cared for in the spring. — A. J. Cook.

Try your plan with a few colonies,
and see how you like it. Why not
shake all off at the time of hiving, and
have it done with, and not wait until
night or the next day ? — H.D.Cdtting.

Try it and see. It would be far
easier for myself to return the swarm
at once. Why not try instead some of
the tested plans for non-increase, that
have been given from time to time in
the bee-papers during the past years P
—J. E. Pond.

A better way would be to return the
bees and remove the old queen, and in
five or six days destroy all queen-cells
but one ; or, better still, destroy all
queen-cells, and give the bees a young
laying queen. In the meantime, give
plenty of room and plenty of ventila-
tion.— M. Mahin.

Your plan will work well enough,
but it necessarily leaves the old queens
on hand to intensify the swarming
fever the rest of the season, and cer-
tainly the next season. I prefer my
depletion system, which results in pre-
serving the old colony with a vigorous
young queen, and exhausts the swarm
in storing surplus honey. Of course I
mean when it is desirable to suppress
increase. — G. W. Demaree.

Hiving all the bees of a colony into
a new hive on the old stand after
swarming, is good practice with a con-
tracted brood-chamber in working for
comb honey. But the uniting of the
bees should be done as soon after
swarming as possible. I had one col-
ony to kill a large number of bees
from this operation,put off till the next
day. — G. L. Tinker.

This query answers itself, and sets
forth an excellent method. The sug-
gestion about the care of queen-cells,
and superseding poor queens with
those that promise well, is a good one.
If the honey-producer does not rear
and test his own queens, he goes into
the harvest with no correct idea of the
efficiency of his forces. — J. M. Shuck.

It would be good, when you thus
have use for the brood in the old colo-
nies. If the weak colonies to which
you give tlie C(nnl5S of brood, are verj'
weak, do not break up the parent col-
ony until you fear the queen-cells will
be hatching. I have practiced this
manj' times, when I could use the
brood to better advantage than to
make increase. This is coming down
to practical bee-keeping in harmony
with the prevailing prices of honey.
Go on, and soon you will want a hive
different from the Langstroth. — James
Heddon.

After disposing of the old queen, it
might do to give the colony a queen-
cell and carry out the plan proposed,
but there are many better methods to
pursue, but there is not space enough
in this department to give the details.
— The Editor.

WIRED FRAMES WITH COMB
FOUNDATION.

Written for the Amerir/^n Bee Journal

Query 528.— 1. In using frames with start-
ers and full sheets of foundation, would you
advise using wired frames 1 2. If so, how
should they be wired ?— S.

1. No.— G. L. Tinker.

1. For most people, I would. 2.
Diagonally. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

I have used very few wired frames
so far, but I shall try more the coming
season.. — G. M. Doolittle.

1. By all means. 2. I use vertical
wires, about 2 inches apart. — C. C.
Miller.

I have no use for wired frames, if
good foundation is used, and it is well
secured. — J. P. H. Brovtn.

When we use wires at all, we use 2
or 3 horizontally. We do not believe
in excessive wiring. — Dadant & Son.

1. Yes, every time. 2. I use about
3 or 4 wires equal distances, parallel
with the frame. — J. M. Hambaugh.

I do not use the wired frames, as I
have no difficulty in getting nice,
straight combs without them. — C. H.
Dibbern.

1. Yes. 2. I put 8 wires (No. 36,
tinned) up and down in a Langstroth
frame ; the end ones about an inch
from the ends of the frame. I use a
Given press, to put ^in the foundation.
— A. B. Mason.

1. No. Certainly not when using
starters. If you have the skill to have
good, straight combs drawn from foun-
dation without wires, you will like
them better than any wired combs. —
G. W. Demaree.

1. Always and invariably in both
cases. 2. Put wires from the top to
the bottom-bar about 3 inches apart,
with diagonal wires on Langstroth
frames, running from the ends of the
top-bar to the centre of the bottom-bar.
—3. E. Pond.

1. If starters only are used, I see no
necessity of wire. If full sheets are
used, they are an advantage. 2. Per-
pendicularly,from 2J to 3 inches apart.
— Edgene Secor.

1. I do not think that I should, with
starters ; but I would with full sheets
of foundation. 2. I wire the frames
up and down, having the end wire
within an inch of the frame end-bar. —
A. J. Cook.

TMU ^MERICMH BE® JQURNSEr.

199

1. With starters, no ; with full sheets,
yes. 2. That depenils upon the size
and shape of the frame. A wire
stretcher from the upper corners to the
centre of the boltom-liar of the frame,
will be sufficient with heavy founda-
tion.— M. Mahin.

I would advise wires alwaj's with
full sheets, but not with guides. Nar-
row guides are better than wide ones ;
3 or 3 cells wide is best.. — James Hed-

DON.

1. Yes, use 5 or 6 vertical wires to
the Langstroth frame. 2. Sow them
back and forth through the top and
bottom bars, and draw them just tight
enough to hold them straight. — J. M.
Shuck.

1. Invariably with full sheets of
foundation. I would also use the
wired frames with starters, but have
them built between two straight combs.
I have had many combs built on wire
with only starters, but the building of
too many drone-cells is an objection.
2. I use 6 wires running from top to
bottom, and also diagonal wires and a
tin bar in the centre. — Paul L. Viau-

LON.

1. I would, if I had time to wire
them, especially for extracted honey.
2. I have used frames wired horizon-
tally, and also perpendicularly, and
can see no difference. Last season I
wired nearly all of my frames horzon-
tally, with three wires. — H. D. Cut-
ting.

1. Yes. 2. With perpendicular wires
about 2 inches apart, the outside ones
being within J an inch of the end-bars.
Then if there is danger of the top-bar
sagging, the wire should be continued
from one of the upper corners down
diagonally through the middle of the
bottom-bar, and from that point up
diagonally to the other upper corner ;
then a piece of folded tin should be
sprung in at the middle of the top and
bottom-bars, to keep them the right
distance apart. — R. L. Tatlor.

1. We certainly should not advise
wiring frames when starters are used.
When using full sheets of foundation
there is some excuse for wires, but
even then, in ordinary cases wiring is
not so necessary as some imagine. 2.
Wiring should be done from the top-
bar to the bottom-bar, about 2 inches
apart, with diagonal wire supports. —
The Editor.

Always :VIention your Post-OflBce,

County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour wlien actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state tlie old as well
as the new address.

BROOD-COMBS.

Liarge Combs vs. Divisible Brood-
Coin bg.

Written for the American Bee Jmimal

BT J. M. nAMBADGH.

On page 37 of the American Bee
Journal for 1886, from the pen of
Rev. W. F. Clarke, will be found the
following :

" The idea of manipulating hives
instead of frames, though it may seem
very simple to some, and superficial
thinkers may ■ hastily conclude that
there is nothing in it, is just going to
revolutionize bee-keeping, and ' don't
you forget it,' Mr. Pooh-pooh, who-
ever you are."

The same writer on page 135, of the
same volume, in speaking of the new
Heddon hive, says : " That a new
revolution is upon us, becomes daily
more evident ; no power can check it,
and the sooner we fall into line, the
less we have to unlearn."

A little further down the column he
continues: "That the new hive will
gradually supersede all others, and be-
come the ' standard of excellence,' is
one of the inevitables to which Mr.
Demaree will have to bow with the
best grace he can command." Still
further on he says :

"This is what I want, and all I
want. It is ' long-looked-for come at
last.' I have dreamed of a hive like
this, and the reality surpasses the
dream. It will henceforth be a luxury
to keep bees. The hard, slavish work
is all taken out of the business, and
what remains is mostly pastime. The
danger now is that bees and bee-keep-
ing will become too common. Everj--
body will want to rush into a business
so inviting. But little honey will
' waste its sweetness on the desert air,'
in the ' good time coming,' etc."

Was ever a hive so lauded at its
birth, before its swaddling clothes
were fairly donned ? Its praises were
echoed, long and loud, all over this
broad land ; and such undeveloped
"boys" as the Dadants and myself
could but hold their breath with won-
der and astonishment to see how like
a veritable cyclone it would sweep all
other hives from the face of the earth.

Two or three years have passed
.since the birth of Mr. Heddon's cyclone
hive, and noticing the reticence of
those whom we expected to astonish
thS world with theii' wonderful achieve-
ments in the apiciiltural art, I framed
my article on page 804 of the A:meri-
CAN Bee Journal for 1887, thinking

that I would develop something pro or
con, with the result of Mr. Heddon's
article on page 107 of the current
volume. My article was intended to
bring out the result in plain figures of
disinterested parties, who have used
all kinds of movable frame, and divis-
ible brood-chamber hives, that a dis-
criminating public might see which are
the most proUtable to the honey-pro-
ducers ; and now I ask that these im-
portant facts be given, and from dis-
interested parties.

The reader should turn to page 86,
and read Dr. G. L. Tinker's essay on
" The sectional brood-chamber, and its
advantages." In a former article I
have fully refuted Mr. Cullinan's
theoretical etchings. I am by no
means prejudiced, and stand open to
conviction, but the means thereto
must eman.ate from disinterested
parties, who can show in black and
white the profits of the divisible brood- ,
chamber to exceed those of any other
hive. Let us have light.

I have just received the following
letter from Mr. Charles Dadant, which
is too good to be concealed, and which
will speak for itself :

Friend Hambaugh : What do you
think of the article of our friend Hed-
don, about the large combs ? We are
mere boys since we are not able to see
the advantages of his invention of the
divisible brood-chamber, while such
full groivn men as Mr. Heddon and his
studenls prefer it.

Some two or three years ago I wrote
in the American Bee Journal that
divisible brood-chambers were used
about 250 years ago, by Butler, who,
in his "Feminine Monarchy," shows
hives composed of three ekes.

I know of at least twelve French
writers who described eke hives, one
of them, Radonau, in his Manual, pub-
lished in 1821 (67 years ago), advised
the use of well distanced triangular
bars above each eke. In 1845 (43
years ago), Chas. Soria, in his "Notice
sur la Ruche a Bspacement," (space
hive) advised to fix these bars above
and below every eke, so as to leave a
bee-space between them. Of course a
great many hives were made on these
indications. But soon after it was dis-
covered that these bars, hindering the
queen, decreased the crop ; so L'Abbe
Collin, in his (liiide, published thirty
years ago, advised not to place so
man}' bars, and to use a wire to cut
the combs before removing the ekes.

Mr. Hamct, for 32 years editor of
the journal LWpiculteur in his Cours
T/ApicuUure, ailvises to manage a four
inch square hole in the middle of
these bars, not to so much hinder the
bees. Mr. Vignole also, in his book,
"La Ruche," advises to use large

200

Twrn MMERicMK mmm jo-nmif-MiL.

*A^A^^^^^jfcjfc4ji>^<»»*^>^ilgl.*jfc*jifcA^ajifc*^*-^^^^-^^^^-^^^^^^f^^-^;^J^^J^^^*^'^^-^*-"- ^■*.*---*.^*.^.^^*^*.^*^*^*^

combs and roomy hives to increase the
crop.

Such ideas are not exclusive to
French bee-keepers. The brood-cham-
bers of tlie standard German hive
(Normahnaas) is divided in two stories.
Mr. Regnier, of Saarlouis, after ex-
perimenting comparatively his Ger-
man hive with the Quinby enlarged,
known in Europe as the Quinby-Da-
dant hive, wrote in the Revue Interna-
tionals UAjnculHre, that his crop in
German hives averaged 22 pounds,
while his Dadant-Quinby's averaged 51
pounds (page 259).

In the same number, 318, 1887, page
255, the editor, Mr. Bertrand says :
" Some of my neighbors, finding these
large Dadant hives even too small,
have enlarged them to 13 frames in-
stead of 11, and I have seen some of
them filled with bees and honey, to-
gether with two half-stories, th^ whole
holding about 120 quarts, inside the
frames, all from the same queen."

In the February, 1888, number of
the Italian bee-paper, L''Apicoltore,
page 61, a Mr. Giuseppe Bianchi, says
that his Italian (German) hives aver-
aged 67 pounds of honey, and his large
Americana gave him 264 jjounds.

If you desire it, I may give you the
opinion as given in the bee-papers of
Europe, of one hundred bee-keepers of
France, Switzerland, Italy, Germanj'
and Spain, who, after comparative ex-
periments, have adopted the large and
indivisible frames.

Had Mr. Heddon experimented seri-
ously, before pronouncing his jadg-
ment, he would have added one more
vote to the disinterested verdict, in
favor of the enlarged Quinby hive,
with suspended frames, a la Langstroth.
Chas. Dadant.

[See comments on page 197. — Ed.]

FOUL BROOD.

A metliod fop Eradicatini
from the Apiary.

it

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY SAMUEL BARNHAKT.

I had 12 colonies last spring, 10 of
them being badly aflected with foul
brood, and the othgf 2 were not af-
fected at all. My Ijest colonies instead
of getting stronger in May, as they
should have done, were getting weaker
every day. I concluded Unit they
might be affected with foul brood ; so
I went to see a bee-keeper who has
over 50 colonies, and who knows what
foul brood is, for his bees had it a year
or two before ; he pronounced it foul
brood of the worst type.

Mj' best colonies had not over two
quarts of bees, so I made rough boxes
and put the bees into them. Some

were put in the cooling room, and
some were left on the stands for three
days. I boiled the boxes for five or
ten minutes, and scalded the bee-house
and cleaned it effectually.

On the third day I put them in the
same boxes with new frames and full
sheets of foundation, using 6 frames
instead of 8, and putting in two side-
pieces instead of frames. I saved the
combs that had any brood worth men-
tioning, filled a few boxes, and put a
few bees with them to hatch out the
brood ; then I carried them to a neigh-
bor. After they were all hatched out,
I treated them the same way.

This was after the middle of May. I
treated 3 colonies for a neighbor in
the same way, but I did not save any
of the brood, there being none to save.

I destroyed the combs, boxes and
all. They were in common boxes.
Two days after, I put them into new
hives, partly filled with foundation.
They have done very well, and have
had no foul brood since.

I sometimes fear that my bees may
have it next summer, as I know of one
lot of bees that I am almost certain is
affected ; but the owner will do nothing
with them.

I hived a swarm on nice, clean foun-
dation combs (some only partly drawn
out), which I saved. They were too
nice to melt up. There had been no
brood reared in them. I fumigated
them three or four times eft'ectually
(almost melted them) with sulphur. I
afterwards divided that colony, and
they are both strong to-day.

There were 2 colonies not so bad as
the rest.I left, thinking that they miglit
get along, but they got worse. I then
put the combs that contained any
brood worth while, in a clean box,
with a few bees, and left them, and
they are there yet, and as good as any
I have to-day. They were without a
queen for fully five weeks ; conse-
quently they reared no brood. They
lost their first queen ; afterwards I gave
them two frames with brood, and they
now have one of the nicest and best
Italian queens, and is one of the
strongest colonies I have. Last fall
there was no foul brood about them,
and they had just as nice, solid sheets
of sound brood as I ever saw.

I was born and reared among bees,
and could always do just what I saw
any other person do. My father
used to have about 100 colonies, and
any quantity of honej'. In 1854 he had
60 colonies in the fall, but had only 10
colonies left in the spring. In 1857
he had 37 colonies. He died that win-
ter, and the bees were nearly all sold
at auction. I had then too much *to
do on the farm, and neglected the
bees, but I have never been altogether
without bees or honey. I

A few years ago I made frame hives
and transferred my bees to them, but
I became too greedy for increase, and
lost them through the winter. I have
never used gloves or a bee-hat in either
transferring, or in working wth bees
in any other way. I have a bee-house
18 feet long and 5 feet wide, placed
on locust posts close to the gi'ound.
The front I have divided into five
spaces, and in each space I keep 2 col-
onies. Those on the upper tier appear
to do equally as well as the lower ones.
There is a passage-way in the rear 2J
feet wide. It is lined, and has 4 inches
of sawdust filled in.

In the winter I pack with straw be-
tween and on top of the hives, and also
the passage. I have shutters to tit the
spaces in front, making it completely
dark. They have wintered well in it
so far. I can easily keep them from
flying, if the weather is unfavorable.
I increased my apiary till I had 22 col-
onies, 14 of which are in the bee-house,
and 8 in the cellar. I can see no dif-
ference in there wintering. My cellar
temperature remains at about 40°. I
had them all out on Feb. 11, and they
had a good flight.

Greensburgh, Pa.

BEE-HOUSE BURNED.

A Great l,os§ by Fire — Experi-
ence in Bee.Keeping.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY C. H. BKEEDEB.

A terrible accident occurred here on
March 8, 1888. At 4 o'clock in the
morning we were alarmed by. our
neighbor's screams and rappings, and
telling us that our bee-house was in
flames. We at once tried to check the
fire, but it had advanced to such an
extent that it rendered all efibrts in
vain. The fire started in the smoke-
room, in one corner of the building,
constructed for the purpose of smok-
ing meats. We estimate our loss at
$1,200, with no insurance. This cer-
tainl}', placed among the ranks of mis-
fortunes, is the greatest loss on record
in the bee-line. If all people heed our
warning, they will have their smoke-
houses away from other buildings.

^ly Experience n'itli Bees.

About eleven years ago I made my
preliminary step in bee-keeping, by
liunting and finding bees in the woods,
and had 5 colonies the first season in
box and log hives. I held no other
hive in preference until about two
jears after, when I realized the vast
importance of using frame hives. I
saw an account of such a hive, and in
making my selection, I preferred the
10-frame Langstroth hive, and at once

Tmm MMEMICMff BE® JOl^KKMIL,-.

201

ordered ten finished hives ; but when
they arrived, some of my coh)nies had
been swarming, and this made extra
labor to transfer the swarms from the
box-hives and nail-kegs into the new
Langstrotli hives. But it worked with
gi-eat satisfaction.

This renewed my energies, and my
increase became more as year by year
passed. I always have kept my bees
in strong condition, wintered in a par-
titioned department under my dwell-
ing-house until the year 1883, when I
concluded to build a bee-house and
cellar.

My location is on the westerly- banks
of the Mississippi river, about 12 miles
north of Burlington, in which honey
has such an extreme demand. Nature
has endowed my surroundings with
such an abundant of honey-plants of
every describable sort which grow in
the Mississippi Valley and its adjacent
rough bluff lands, and which give the
bees every advantage.

The size of the cellar and house was
16x24 feet, made of frame, filled out
between the outer and inner wall sid-
ing with sawdust, in order to keep ex-
treme cold out of the cellar in winter.
It was cool in summer, and a kindling
fire would keep it comfortable in win-
ter for making and repairing apiarian
fixtures for the coming year.

It consisted of a carpenter-room,
honey-room, and smoke-room. The
carpenter-room was 12x16 feet, and in
it tliere was a set of carpenter tools, a
circular saw, work bench, 69 honey-
racks filled with foundation, and comb,
all ready for the coming harvest ; 12
empty hone3--crates of 24 pounds each,
and 10 empty honey-crates of 48
pounds each.

The honej-room was filled with in-
numerable articles used in an apiary,
$35 worth of Dadant's comb founda-
tion, a roll of perforated zinc, brood-
combs to fill 20 hives, etc.

The garret contained 2,000 one-
pound sections, and 1,000 two-pound
sections, and 62 newly-nailed Lang-
stroth hives. In the smoke-room had
been placed our meats a few weeks
ago, for smoking it in the near future.
The bee-cellar liad an 18 inch wall
with a small, opaque window in each
side, and end of it. The bottom was
well cemented, with a chimney base in
the centre, and a hole to carry ofi' the
damp air from the cellar. It was ven-
tilated with a 5-inch tile inserted in
the wall and extending 130 feet dis-
tant. The cellar contained 69 colonies
of Italian bees, and on the morning of
March 8, all was consumed by the
flames.

In 1884 I had 101 colonies, but they
became reduced to 69 colonics, by the
gi'asshoppers tlie first year, anil drouth
the last two years. In 1887, although

there was too much drouth for actual
comfort, we had aViout 200 pounds of
surplus comb honey, which sold at 16
cents per pound ; and 400 pounds of
extracted honey at 8 to 9 cents.

All who keep a few colonies of bees
should also read the American Bee
Journal ; for if its instructions are
fully complied with, there is no excuse
for not becoming prosperous and suc-
cessful in bee-culture.

Sperry, Iowa, March 14, 1888.

BEE-KEEPINa.

Keeping Bees in Missouri, and
Fastening Foundation.

Written for the American Bee JourfLal

BY H. L. TUCKER.

I am 20 years old, and have. been in
the bee-business ever since I was old
enough to do anything. At Arrow
Rock, Mo., my father and I now have
86 colonies of bees, most of which be-
long to him ; 56 colonies are pure Ital-
ians, 10 are Syrians, or Syi'ians mixed
with Italians, and the rest are hybrids.
Our bees came through the winter of
1886-87 almost entirely without loss.
They were in splendid condition about
April 1, but after that they seemed to
build up veiy slowly.

The spring was very dry. At length
the time for swarms and storing to be-
gin arrived, which is about May 25 in
this locality, but for some cause or
other white clover liad a very small
bloom, and only yielded honey enough
to keep up breeding. After this, I had
to feed some of the colonies, especially
the hybrids.

Boneset yielded some honej' from
Aug. 25 to Sept. 5, and on Oct. 1, the
hybrids had an average of little over 5
pounds per colony, tlie Italian colonies
about 20 pounds, and the Syrians
about 35 pounds.

In preparing them for winter, I
took one frame out of each hive, and
spread the rest apart,giving the widest
spaces to the centre frames. I use the
Simplicity hive. I aim to give an
average of 30 pounds per colony for
winter stores. I fed 500 pounds of
honey and 600 pounds of the best
granulated sugar, making the sugar
into syrup according to the " Heddon
plan."

Our report for the season of 1886 is
as follows : On May 15 we had 62
colonies in good condition, increased
them to 88, by natural swarming, and
took about 5,900 pounds of extracted
honey, and 700 pounds of comb honey,
all from clover, and the bees stored
enough fall honey for winter. This
time, also, the Syrians were ahead, the
average stored by 6 colonies of Syrians
being at least 25 to 30 pounds ahead

of the average stored by all the rest ;
they had the same opportunity, and
the same attention as the others. I
found them to be very cross and ill-
natured to handle, but, on the whole,
I think them worthy of attention, and
that their good qualities more than
counter-balance their bad ones.

Fastenins Foundation in Sections.

I see that nobody has as yet given a
plan for putting foundation in the sec-
tions as good as the one I use, so I will
explain it :

I use one-pound sections, and full-
sized pieces of foundation. Make a
paddle 3i inches wide, and get a stand
or box about 30 inches high, and light
a lamp and place it on the floor near
the edge of the stand. Get a piece of
board the width of the sheets of foim-
dation, and place it on the stand, so
as to have one end extend out over the
lamp. Now all is ready to begin op-
perations.

Place several pieces of foundation
on the board with the edges exactly
even (the edges of the foundation
must extend over the edge of the
board at least J inch) ; turn up the
light just right, dip the paddle in some
water, and commence plastering the
pieces of foundation in the sections.
One will soon become verj' expert at it
with a little practice, and it will not
take nearly as long to get at it, as it
does. to tell it. ,

I have tried all the methods in use
so far, and find that this excels them
all, because it is quickly done, and if
properly executed, the foundation
never falls out.

I have been a constant reader of the
American Bee Journal for years, and
it has been a source of much delight
to me. I have derived much useful
information from it. I would like to
hear, through its columns, a discussion
of the bee-resources of the country,
especially of the South and Southwest.

Nevada, Mo.

BROOD-CHAMBERS.

A Review of Dr. Tinker's Posi-
tion on Them.

Writt^en for the American Bee Journal

BY JAMES HEDDOX.

On page 169, Dr. Tinker has re-
stated his position on the above topic.
The Doctor is a vei-y good writer, and
the spirit of his sentences is kind, but
his criticism of something he knows so
little al)out, seems very unwise.

It is refreshing to know that the
Doctor feels so kindly toward me that
he would have lieen glad to promote
my interests by saying something good
of the sectional brood-chamber.

202

T^wM mwmmmi^MM mwrn jQ^mmmi^,

I believe I have never felt a finan-
cial interest in the invention in ques-
tion, which rose paramount to my en-
thusiasm in the great improvement I
have ahvays believed it to be. This
may be a bit of news to the Doctor,
and to some others, but it is true, and
how plain all will see it when, in the
future, they learn the worth of the
new hive. The reason why it does
not look that way now is because all
are looking ahead at something not
yet fully conceived of ; but if we read
up the attacks upon Father Lang-
stroth's great improvements, and the
howl against the practicality of his
hive, by those who, like the Doctor,
had not yet caught a conception of its
worth, and then take a look at both
the hive and the inventor to-day, all
seems clear enough.

At the time when Father Langstroth
was being robbed, how many bee-keep-
ers in this country do you think there
were that did not think that he wrote
his book, "The Hive and Honej'-Bee,"
" for no other purpose than to sell
hives and rights ?" that every time he
tried to explain the grand improve-
ments which he knew that he had
made (and no one could explain them
so well as he) — improvements that he
knew would benefit this world thou-
sands of times more than himself
alone, some one called it " Mr. Lang-
stroth's interests," just as Dr. T. now
mentions: "Mr. Heddon's interests."
From whence did the Doctor get such
groveling ideas of the person he was
praising only one j"ear ago ? I do
hope that he will give the names of
the prompters of that essay. If not,
will the prompters themselves do it ?

The Doctor says this hive is not the
first of my failures, any more than
were his "continuous passage-ways"
the first of his failures. But this hive
is no failure, either with me or with
others who have tried it, even so short
a time as to only half understand its
advantages.

Will the Doctor be so kind as to tell
where I ever pronounced a thing good,
and that too for years, and then pro-
nounced it bad and threw it away for
something that existed before it. But
the Doctor threw away his continuous
passage-way hive at once when my
hive came to the public ; and first
claimed my invention, then acknowl-
edged that it was mine, and procured
a right to use it, and used it a little so
"Tinkered" as to half destroy its
functions ; and now he recommends a
hive made paitly on my plan, but
enough dift'erent so that (he claims) it
does not infringe the letter of my in-
vention, even if it does the spirit.
Time will tell about that.

The Doctor speaks truly when he
says that a long-time trial may bring

out defects that less time and theory
did not discover. I am aware of this,
so I have more than almost any one
else, tested my theories on a large
scale, and with many repetitions. Be-
cause I was aware of that fact, I tested
the new hives two years — all the patent
law would allow.

When we get answers to the call
that I have made — answers from act-
ual experience, I shall be glad to see
how the experience of honey-producers
agrees witli that of the Doctor, who
used a mongrel hive, and who is a
very good workman, good writer, but
poor inventor, I think.

Dowagiac, Mich.

[With the two articles on each side
which have now appeared, the per-
sonal controversy between Dr. Tinker
and Mr. James Heddon is closed. The
Bee Journax has too many other sub-
jects waiting a chance for discussion,
to give any more room to it. — Ed.]

WINTERING BEES.

Season of 1§§7 — Temperature of
a Bee-Cellar.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY JOSEPH BEATH.

My report for 1887 is as follows : On
Dec. 5, 1886, 1 put 30 colonies of bees
into the cellar, and on April 20 I took
out 29 colonies alive ; but they began
robbing, and I lost 2 colonies, so I had
27 colonies to commence with on May
1. They were mostly in good condi-
tion, but as I made the prophecy in
May, that there would be less bees in
the spring of 1888 than there was then,
I cut out queen-cells to prevent early
swarming.

In June there was a fair honey-flow
from white, Alsike and red clover.
They were working on all at the same
time, being about 2 bees on white
clover, 4 bees on Alsike, and 1 bee on
red clover ; my bees being all hybrids,
and two-thirds of them filled their su-
pers, and increased to 40 colonies.

As I was very busy with my farm
work, I only extracted about 50 pounds
of honey, so that when the drouth
came they had plenty of honey.

Now comes the queer part : Although
they had worked on the first crop of
red clover, not a bee was to be seen on
the second crop, although the bumble-
bees were working right along on it,
and it was just the same with the sweet
clover, smart-weed or heart's-ease. I
did not see half a dozen bees at work
on them, never a bumble-bee.

We had fair rains in August, so that
we had good fall feed for cattle, but no

honey until the last half of September,
when the strongest colonies filled up
their hives again.

About the middle of September I
took from the surplus departments of
those that had it to spare, and gave to
those that needed it, as I thought suf-
ficient for winter, and I did not take
off the balance until the middle of
October, when I found those that I had
fed, were again short, and some that
had the upper story full before, were
entirely empty below. So, after mak-
ing them even again, I onlj' took off
200 pounds more honey, making 250
pounds in all.

I then let them alone until Dec. 15,
when in the morning I began to carry
them into the cellar. But I carried
onlj' 6 colonies in, when they became
too lively. The sun shone brightly,
and they had a good flight. I carried
the rest in at night and the next morn-
ing, except 6 colonies that had again
become too light ; for those I made
candj', and put it on top of the frames,
using about 40 pounds of sugar.

My cellar was at a temperature of
about 40°, until the blizzard in Jan-
uarj-, when it fell to 32°, 30°, and on
one day 28°. The bees had been very
quiet, just giving forth a contented
hum ; but as tlie temperature fell, the
hum was less and less, until at 28° I
had to put my ear close to the hive in
order to hear a sound ; this being in
direct opposition to the theory that, as
the temperature falls below 40°, the
bees fan their wings, thrash around,
and raise a racket like a man thrashing
his hands, in order to keep warm.
Have others noticed anything similar
to the above ?

I thought best, however, to raise the
temperature, and did so by placing a
lamp in the cellar ; the next day it was
32°, and the bees made more noise
than they have any other time during
the winter. But I think that was
caused by the lamp's smoking. I
remedied that, and kept it there for 2
or 3 days, until it was again 38°, and
they had their natural hum. It has
remained so to tlie present time (Feb.
13.) CZl

I wish to thank those who answered
my queiy about "bees working on red
clover." But to get any value out of
it, we should know what kind of bees
they have.

Corning, Iowa.

Pliotograplis ot Bce-Keepers. —

The " medley " gotten up by E. 0. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiai-ists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Jot'RNAi, for one
year for 81.7.5; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and $3.00.

THE MMEMICSM BE® JQ^RKSIr.

203

COKVEXTIOIV DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of MeeUng.

Apr. in.— Wabash County, at N. Manchester. Inrt.
F. S. ComBtock, Sec, North Manchester, Ind.

Apr. 11.— Stark County, at Canton. O.

Mark Thomson, Sec Canton, O.

Apr. 14.— Union, at Menlo, Iowa.

Mrs. J. E. Pryor, Pres., Dexter. Iowa.

Apr. 21.— Central Michigan, at Lanslne, Mich.

W. A. Barnes, Sec, DeWilt. Mich.

Apr. 21.— Eastern Indiana, at Richmond, Ind.

M. U. Reynolds, Sec, Williamsburg, Ind.

Apr. 24.— Des Moines County, at Burlington. Iowa.
John Nau, Sec, Mlddletown, Iowa.

May 2, 3.— Teias State, at Greenville, lex.

B. F. Carroll, Sec, Blooming Grove, Tex.

May 5.— SuMjuehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.
H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

May 7.— Welland County, at Welland, Ont.

J. F. Dunn, Sec, Kidgeway, Ont.

May 8.— Cortland Union, at Cortland, N. Y.

W. U. Beach, Sec, Cortland, N. T.

May 19.— Nashua, at Nashua. Iowa.

H. L. House, Sec. Ionia, Iowa.

May 22.— N. W. Ills. & S. W. Wis., at Rockton, Ills.
D. A. Fuller, Sec, Cherry Valley, Ills.

Aug. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark, Sec, Denver, Colo.

93^ In order to have this table complete, Secre-
tariea are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- Ed.

««»»»HH«»»»»««»««»«««1«»H»TYTT

Gi-ay-Bircli SaM'dust for Pol-
len.—Frank Wilkins, Pelliam, N. H., on
March 13, 1888, writes :

I notice that a great many bee-keepers
put out rye meal in the spring for their bees
to use as pollen. If they will put out gray-
birch sawdust once, they will never put out
any more rye meal ; for the bees will not
work on rye meal, when the two are placed
side by side. 1 wish every bee-keeper
would try it, and enjoy seeing the bees carry
the pollen from it. It must be gray-birch
sawdust. I put 8 colonies of bees into my
bee-house in December, and they are now in
fine condition.

Bees in Ciood Condition.— Jolm K.

Rich, Cato, N. Y., on March 13, 1888, writes:

My 25 colonies of bees are in good condi-
tion, with plenty of stores to last them
through the spring. I sold the last of my
honey crop last week, at 16 cents per pound
for the white, and 12'-i cents for the dark
honey. 1 have sold it all in my home mar-
ket. I use a Barnes' foot-power saw, and
make all my hives and frames.

Bee-Keeping; an a Busines.Sietc.

— ^D. R. Rosebrough, Casey, Ills., on March
2, 1888, writes as follows :

It will never pay to mix up bee-keeping
too much witli with other work ; for then
the bees are invariably neglected, if any-
thing has to be slighted. It will not pay to
try to make a living from beekeeping in a
poor locality, unless the bee-keeper owns a
farm, and will grow honey-producing plants;
nor will it be profitable to locate with bees
where there are too many old-fogy bee-men.
The first year that I kept bees, it paid me
better than anything I ever did. 1 made a
busiHCss of it, iind cared for my bees prop-
erly ; but since tlien I liavehad other duties,
and have neglected the bees, in consequence

of which they have not paid so well. It
pays to give the need attention to tlie bees,
and to liave the honey in straight combs
and clean sections.

A colony of golden Italian bees that was
close to our kitchen door, swarmed three
times one summer, and in about 90 days all
the bees of the colony were black. They
must have stolen an egg from which to rear
a queen, or a queen went into the hive from
another colony.

My 58 colonies are wintering very nicely,
and are in good condition, having been
packed well last fall. I think that if blanks
were furnished assessors, it would be but
little trouble to secure correct statistics of
bees, honey and wax.

Bees liVintering Finely.— W. F.

Roe, Canton, N. Y., on March 10, 1888, says:

Bees seem to be wintering finely in the
cellar, but very poorly on the summer
stands, where they are not well packed.
My 132 colonies are" mostly in the cellar, and
are all right now.

First Fligflit since November.-

H. M. Seeley, Harford, Pa., on March 12,
1888, says :

Bees appear to be wintering well. They
had a fine flight on Feb. 23 and 24, and from
my 7 colonies there was not more than one-
half a tea-cupful of dead bees. It was the
first flight since the last of November.

Putting- Bees «nt for a Flig-Iit.

— B. T. Pierce, Grand Rapids, Mich., on
March 14, 1888, says :

I commenced in the spring of 1887 with 36
colonies of bees, increased them to 50 colo-
nies, and secured 800 pounds of honey in
one-pound sections, although the drouth
caused a poor honey crop. I commenced
the winter with 51 colonies, and have lost
two ; 18 colonies are in the cellar, and the
rest are packed on the summer stands.
Ought those in the cellar to be put out for a
flight, before it is warm enough to leave
them out ?

[No ; not unless they are diseased.— Ed.]

Early Spring Expected.— B. A.

Manley, Milo, Iowa, on March 12, 1888, says:

Bees seem to be wintering fairly well
here. I hear of some bees being in a starv-
ing condition, but where they were properly
cared for in the fall, they bid fair to winter
all right. I put 15 colonies into winter
quarters, 2 of them being weak, but the
balance were strong colonies. I have full
faith in their being ready for work when
spring opens. The prospect for an early
spring is good.

ApiciUtural Statistics — Bees
Starved.- J. M. Young, Rock Bluffs,
Nebr., on March 15, 18&S, writes :

Prof. A. J. Cook's letter on the statistic
question was read with interest. The plan
suggested by that committee is certainly a
good one, but then, the method suggested
on page 131, of obtaining them by the asses-
sors, is the only sure plan, if it can be
adopted.

For the last four years we have spent con-
siderable time and money on this very ques-
tion, and up to this date we only obtained
something over 2.50 names in the State of
Nebraska ; some of these names are quite
old, and perhaps Ihey do not keep bees now
at all. In a great many instances we have

sent out postal cards, and in return we sel-
dom get full reports, and in many cases no
answer at all. About all we get on them is
the bee-keeper's address, and sometimes the
number of colonies tliat is kept.

We came to the conclusion long ago, that
if a correct statistics of bee-keeping would
be had, no other method was more sure
than that of obtaining through the assessors,
the same as other farm products are ob-
tained.

Bees throughout this county are winter-
ing poorly, and also throughout other por-
tions of the State. Starvation is the main
cause. Perhaps nearly one-half of the bees
will die from ttiat cause.

Bees bad a Cieniiine Flight. —

Geo. E. Hilton, Fremont, Mich., on Ma:ch
19, 1888, says :

Tally one more forchaff hives. This has
been the first spring day, and the first day
that the bees have had a genuine flight
since last November. They pounced out
of the hives as though they were swarming,
and the air was literally black with them.
It is certainly a sight to see 85 colo;iies vir-
tually swarming at the same time. I have
not had a single loss so far. The tempera-
ture Is 60°.

Experience of X^vo Seasons. —

Milo George, Bowling Green, 0., on March
19, 1888, says :

So far as I know, bees in this part of Ohio
have wintered well. I started in the spring
of 1886 with 17 colonies, on Gallup frames,
which I transferred to American frames,
and increased them to 34 colonies. I ob-
tained about 1,000 pounds of extracted
honey, and 75 pounds of comb honey. 1 put
33 colonies into winter quarters, lost 4, and
had 29 colonies in the spring of 1887. Last
season was a very poor one, but I increased
my apiary to .53 colonies, doubled it back to
39 colonies, and got about 20 pounds of
comb honey, and 75 pounds of extracted
honey. On Feb. 16 I examined my bees,
and found some with 3 frames of brood. I
have lost 5 colonies so far. My bees are in
double-walled chaff hives.

An Old-Fasbioned Bee-Hive.—

W. F. Marks, Chapinville, N. T., on Feb.

27, 1888, writes :

In buying bees a few years ago I came in
possession of a hive that was something of
a curiosity to me, and beekeepers who
have seen it, said that they had never seen
anything like it. The party of whom I
bought me bees, said that he started bee-
keeping with the same colony of bees 40
years before ; or, in other words, that it was
the same colony of bees, without intermis-
sion, that he started with 40 years before. I
had no reason to doubt him, and the hive
was so rotten that 1 had to handle it with
great care. It was in the shape of a cone,
the brood-chamber being in the centre, and
the surplus boxes three tiers, the upper ones
projecting over the lower ones, and having
the entrances in the bottom part that hung
over the lower ones.

Packing Bees for fVinter.- Allen

Bartow, of Milan, O., writes :

What is there in packing bees for win-
ter ? Some .sav. "Invariably nothing."
This is true where they are improperly
packed in any one respect. Because bees
have suffered and died when they have
been poorly packed, is no reason that pro-
tection by proper packing is not beneficial.

What is the best protection suited to the
climate in which bees are kept, according

204

TWrn MMBKIC-Mff MUM J©T3fKlfMI«..

to the severity of the winter, as winters
vary in the same places ? We must study
conditions of cold and lieat, and see tlieir
effect on the bees, as regards their comfort
and liealth. Bees in a state of nature are
healthy. Are they ever afflicted with foul
brood, or such other diseases ? I say no.
Man's manipulation has given these dis-
eases to the faithful little workers.

1 agree with Mr. Buchanan in most of his
conclusions in the usual way of packing,
but let us vary that packing just a little, and
see what a difference it makes. Have the
front or entrance side of a hive with a single
wall, and it allows the hive to warm up,
and the bees take flight whenever they
would be benefited by a flight.

I agree with all that Mr. B. says of the
ten-frame hive, and its condition. I would
have the outside case as tight and dry as the
hive inside, with the bare hive in front, and
the hive 2 feet from the ground. This
method keeps the bees from flying at every
little warm spell that would take bees in
single wallea hives of K of an inch, out to
perish.

I believe, as does Mr. Buchanan, about
ventilation. Any top ventilation is always
attended with injury to the bees ; while
lower ventilation is natural, beneficial and
healthful.

Fig-Utiiig tlieir O^m Interests.—

J. A. Rickenbacher, Gahanna, O., on March
20, 1888, writes :

Bees have wintered pretty well around
here. They had an occasional flight during
the winter, which was to their advantage.
I think the councilmen and Mayor of that
place where Z. A. Clark lives, are fighting
against their own welfare.

]>isease<l Colonies.— J. H. Blanch-
ard, Boise City, Idaho, on March 9, says :

Bees in this locality are not doing very
well. I have lost 3 colonies since March 1,
from what I think must be diarrhea. My
bees were put into winter quarters in a very
strong condition, with plenty of bees, houey
and pollen ; and through all the cold
weather, tlie mercury ranging 28° below
zero, they were still strong. I cannot un-
derstand why they should die as soon as
warm weather comes. When they took
their first spring flight, they daubed their
hives with a dirty excrement, which I
washed off, and thought nothing of it ; but
they have done the same thing repeatedly
ever since. Can any one explain this, and
give me a remedy for it ? It seems a little
strange to me, that they should continue in
this way in warm weather.

Fertilization of Qnecns.- John
Andrews, Patten's Mills, N. Y., on March
12, 1888, writes :

I will answer questions 5 and 6 published
on page 120 as follows : In rearing queens
from an imported Carniolan queen, I had a
young queen with a deformed wing, and
could not fly ; but I wished to save her, as I
was short of queens. I put her with a small
colony ot bees about the middle of October,
and kept drones with her until she was put
into the bee-cellar about Nov. 20. Being
anxious about lier on account of the ques-
tion of fertilization in confinement, I
watched her very closely. She did not lay an
egg before she was put into winter quarters ;
her wing had begun to spread out a little,
but she had never flown an inch.

The next day after I took her from the
cellar (about April 20), I examined her, and
she had two good wings, and two frames of
brood, larviB and eggs, with hatching bees.
She met an Italian drone, and her bees
through June and July were the most evenly

marked (two-banded) that I ever noticed.
She did not bring her colony up so as to
produce any surplus.

The colony being very gentle and hand-
some, I exhibited them to visitors every few
days. In August I discovered that her bees
were changing, and I could see no other
cause for it, except that she had been out
and met another drone ; her bees turned
nearly back to Carniolans, and what were
once my beautiful bees, passed off like the
morning dew, and were exhibited no more.

Did that queen pieet the drone in the
hive ? Did she meet the drone the second
time in July or August ? My answer is,
that she did these two things.

Another Carniolan queen, hatched about
the same time and in the same lot, had as
industrious a colony as I ever had ; but she
became fertile, and her bees hatched before
being put into winter quarters.

Orannlated Honey in Combs. —

Mary A. Goodale, Clear Creek, Ind., on
March 15, 1888, asks :

How shall J proceed to empty brood-
combs of granulated honey ? I winter the
bees on the summer stands, packed inside
and outside. The stores are natural, gath-
ered from aster and golden-rod. On exami-
nation I found that most of the unsealed
honey is granulated ; the bees are taking
out some of it, but there is so much that I
fear they will not remove all of it. Bees
are in good condition, and are breeding. .

[If the bees do not remove it all, and you
do not need these frames of candied honey
for spring feeding, you might melt them up,
the wax would congeal at the top of the
liquid honey, and both would thus become
marketable.— Ed.)

Storing Surplus Honey. — F.

Schmitt, Tazoo City, Miss., on March 19,

1888, writes :

Last fall I had 240 colonies of bees, and I
lost 40 of them during the winter. They
commenced storing honey in the surplus de-
partment on March 17, from fruit-bloom,
red-bud and maple.

tVintering- Bees in Sectional

Hives.— Lighty & Zeigler, Mulberry, Pa.,
on March 16, 1888, write :

We find none of the faults with the Hed-
don hive that Dr. Tinker mentions in his
essay on page 86. Our bees wintered just
as well in the one section of that hive as in
the extensive chaff hives. We winter our
bees on the summer stands. In 1887 we ob-
tained no comb honey from the colonies in
chaff hives, while from the sectional hives
we got a few hundred pounds. The season
was very poor here. Our bees are equal
now in building up.

Itloving Bees trom the Cellar,

etc.— A. Pinkerton, Marshalltown, Iowa,

on March 13, 1888, writes :

The place where I have always kept my
bees when on the summer stands is near
the street, the first row of hives being with-
in a few feet of it, and the last row 180 feet.
I wisli to move the front ones bark when I
put them out of the cellar. 1. Will it do to
put those that have been in front, in the
rear, or had I better move them all hack,
and keep the same in front that were there
last fall ? 2. Will Alsike clover do well on
black, sandy soil, on a hillside, if sowed
with oats ?

Perhaps some would like to know how to
keep bees from coming out of the hive

when carrying them in and out of the cellar.
I take 3 or 4 linen towels, wet them In cold
water, and place them in the entrance of
the hives, so as to close the entrance ; then
alter carrying the hive where I want it, I
take the towel away, and not a bee will
stick to the cloth. I learned this of Mrs.
Dr. Lewis a few years ago, and I find it a
great advantage if the bees are a little cross.

[1. Some pay no attention as to how the
hives were placed in the previous season,
when putting the bees out of the cellar in
the spring, allowing them then to re-mark
their locations. If it was thought more de-
sirable to have the hives stand in the same
relative position, we should advise moving
them all back to the required distance.

2. Yes ; but it would be better to mix
"Alsike" with timothy or red clover, or
with both.— Ed.]

Reversible Bottom-Boards. —

James M. Goodrich, South Frankfort.Mich.,
on March 10, 18S8, writes :

On page 170 of the Bee Joitenal for last
year, I described my reversible bottom-
board for the Simplicity hive thus : The
board is 3 inches longer than the hive ;
there is a rim on three sides of it, ^of an
inch wider than the bottom-boards are
thick, and the same thickness as the body
of the hive. The boards reach across the
hive, and are the same length as the hive is
wide on the inside, and are halved or
matched, the rim being nailed to the board,
so that it projects ?8 of an inch on each side
of the board nailed to the hive, which rests
on {he rim, and this leaves a flj'-hole 9i of
an inch in front, the width !of the hive, and
the entrance-blocks are held as firmly as in
the portico hive, and the bottom-board is
the same either side up.

I have now changed the bottom-board by
having the rim wide enough to make the fly-
hole ?! of an inch on one side, and % on the
other. This is a great improvement, as
one can change to the larger fly-hole by
simply reversing, in hot weather or when
hiving swarms, and can change back to ?4
by simply turning it back.

I»i*oper Xemperatnre of a Bee-
Cellar.— Geo. H; Potter, Ionia, Iowa, on

Feb. 27, 1888, writes :

I have for a long time had a question that
I wished answered, and it is this :

I usually have in a bee-cellar from 80 to
100 colonies of bees, in single-wall hives,
with honey-boards down tiglit, and the only
ventilation is the entrance, which is ?nxl4
inches- They are tiered five high. What
should the general temperature be for bees
put in such a cellar? 1 use a frame S^.<
inches deep by 18 inches long, and have
been quite successful in wintering ; but I
find that when the cellar is kept up to 45°,
the bees get uneasy. I regulate the tem-
perature by a large-sized oil-stove in the
vegetable part of the cellar. Ihave come to
the conclusion that perhaps those bee-keep-
ers who recommend 45° to 50°, remove the
honey-boards and spread over quilts, and
raise up or remove the bottom-boards.

I have kept bees more or less for the past
thirty years, and I just begin to find that I
know but very little about the business.
The American Bee Journal is the first
paper read upon the arrival of the mail,
and, allowing me to judge, is the best bee-
paper published.

[That temperature at which the bees are
the most quiet is best. In your case, we
would try it at a lower degree, and regulate
accordingly.— Ed.]

'THB mimmmiemn mmm jQi3Mnmi^.

205

^^-5.A3^3BHiaag^,^,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

lustttess %oixcz5.

M You Lave near one post ofiBce and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address tliat we liave on our list.

Hilton*!!! new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

Ifyoii I^ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Please to get your IVeigliljor,

who teeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Preserve 'Voiir Papers for future

reference. If you have no BIXUER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journai,.

Please -wTite American Bee Jouryuil
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Money Orders for S5.00 and under,
cost 5 ceuts. As these are absolutely safe,
it will pay to get them instead of the Postal
Notes which are payable to any one who
presents them.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; $3.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : SIO.OO per bushel; S2.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: 86.00 p8r bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 30 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Xlie Convention The pamphlet

containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

■W^ty Advertise in the Asierican
Bee Journal ? Here are some good
reasons :

1. Because it has a large and influential
circulation in every State and Territory,
Canada, and other foreign countries.

3. Because it is well-printed, and an ad-
vertisement in it appears neat and attrac-
tive, and invites a reading.

3. Because it reaches just the class of
persons desired— professional men, lawyers,
doctors,and the best of the rural population.

4. The rates are low as possible, and tlie
returns from advertisements are satisfac-
tory.

It is Extravag-ant Economy not

to have hives, sections, comb foundation,
etc., on hand when needed. To prevent
disappointment, order early what you will
need in that line. Then the hives can be
nailed and painted in odd times, and the
sections put together, so as to be ready at a
minute's notice. It is a sad disappointment
to need these things and then not have
them on hand. They should be ordered
very soon. We are promised an early
spring, and a good honey crop.

Give a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

Look Over last year's numbers of the
Bee Journal, and if any are missing,
send for them at once, as we have but few
left now, and they are daily becoming less.

A Pocket Dictionary will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with $3.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spelling of words, and to
determine their meaning.

ITticca Bruslies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate tlie bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEE1> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; >^ pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, If properly
thinned out and re-set.

W^e Club the American Bbb Joxjbnal
and the " Bee-Keepers' Magazine " for one
year for 81.40 ; or with " Gleanings in Bee-
Culture " for 81.75 ; or with the "Apicul-
turist " for 81.80 ; or the " Canadian Honey-
Producer " for 81.30 ; with the Bee-Keepers'
Review, 81.40 ; or all six for $4.00.

Red Isabels fbr Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of tlie bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels S1.50 $2.00 $2.25

SOOLabels 2 00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

49* Samples mailed free, upon application.

CL,i;BBINCi I.ISX.

■We Club the American Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the l^ASX
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

_, , J „ PHce ol both. Club
TneAmericanBeeJournal 100...

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Mag-azine 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 1.50.... 140

The Apiculturist 1 75 1 60

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 3 65 6 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman). . .2 00 1 75

Binder for Am. Bee Journal . . 1 60. . 1 50
Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth)... 3 00.... 2 00

Boot's A BCof Bee-Culture.. 2 25 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4(50... 2 20

Western World Guide 1 50 130

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 150.. 1 40

A Tear Among- the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 1 .30

Weekly Inter-Oeean 2 00 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00 1 90

How to Propagate Fruit 1 50.... 1 25

History of National Society. . 1 50. . . . 1 25

COI^VEI^TIOW IVOTICES.

jy The Wabash County Bee-Keepers' Association
will meet at North Manchester, Ind., on April 10,

1888. F. S. COMSTOCK, SeC.

SW The next meetinR of the N. W. Ills, and 8. W.
Wis. Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in Rock-
ton, Ills., May 22, 1888. D. A. Fuller, sec.

tW The Eastern Indiana Bee-Keepers' Associar
tion will hold Its spring meeting on Saturday, April
21, 1S88, at Richmond, Ind. M. G. REYNOLDS, Sec.

B^" The Des Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will hold its next meeting on April 24, 1888, at
Burlington, Iowa. John NAU, Set.

ff®^ The Union Bee-Keepers' Association of Wes-
tern Iowa, will hold their annual meeting at Menio,
Iowa, on Saturday, April 14, 1888, at 10 a.m.

H. D. Lenockeh, Sec.

ZW The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Association
will hold its spring meeting on Mays, 1888, at Cortr
land, N. Y., at 10 a.m. All oee-keepers are invited.
W. H. BEACH, Sec.

B^* The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet at the Court House in Eldora, Iowa,
on the second Saturday in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. Buchanan, Sec.

The next regular meeting of the Sus-
quehanna County Bee-Keepers' Association
will be held at New Milford, Pa., on Saturday,
May 5, 1888. H. M. Seeley, Sec.

US'" The Marshall County Bee-Keepers' Aesociar
tion will meet at the Court House in Marshalltown,
Iowa, on Saturday, April 21, 1888, at 10:30 a.m. The
subject for discussion is. "Spring and summer man-
agement of bees." A general invitation is extended.
A good meeting is expected. J. W. SANDERS, Sec.

J»" The 18th semi-annual session of the Central
Michigan Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in
t.hfi Pionp.fir Room at the State Canitnl. nn Siit.tirrtnv

Michigan Bee-Keepers Association will be held in
the Pioneer Room at the State Capitol, on Saturday,
April 21, 1888. Prof. A. J. Cook will give an address.
A cordial invitation Is extended to all, as it will be
a vfirv Interestlnsr meeting. W. A. BARNES, See.

jy The tenth annual meeting of the Texas State
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at the bee-
yards or Vice-President W. R. Graham, in Green-
ville, Hunt Co., Texas, on May 2 and 3, 1888. A
leading feature of the convention will be criticisms
upon subjects that have been mentioned in the bee-
paper.-*. A good time is expected, so let all Texas
and Arkansas bee-keepers attend. A cordial Invi-
tation is exteniied to all bee-keepers wheresoever
dispersed. Remember, no hotel bills to pay at our
conventions ! B. F. Carroll, Sec.

Wew Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 1S87 and 1888, for 81.75. whUe
there are any sets of 1887 left.

206

Twm M'mmmiv&M wmm j©^Ki*str.

kA^A^A^^

»^-^*-^--*-^--»-^-*-*-*--*-*--^A^A^AJ

Honey and Bees'vra.x market.

CHICAGO.
HONEY.— Prices range from lfi@l8c. for best one-
b. sections, to I4@i5c. for ou color and condition;
2-lb8., I4®l5c. Dark is slow of sale at almost any
price. Extracted, 7^9c., with good supply, liight
demand.

L^BBBSWAJE,— 22@23C. B. A. BTJRNBTT.

Mar. 22. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. Bections,
14®ii5c.; fancy 2-lb3., I2c. Lower grades l®2c. per
lb. less. Buckwheat i-lbs.. in@iOHc.; 2-lb8., 9@9>ac.
Extracted, white. 7^i7^c,; dark. 5!^@fic.
Mar. ly. F.G.STROHMETBtt &CO.. l:i2Water8t.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white clover 1-lbs..
16@l7c.; 2-lbs., l5(§Jliic. Dark is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7^l0c.

BBB8WAX.-23C.

Mar. 13. 8. T. FISH & CO.. 189 8. Water St.

CINCINNATI

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4}4®9c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, 14@l7c.—
Supply large and demand slow.

UEESWAJC.— Demand is good— 20@22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Mar. II. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white in 1-lb. sec-
tions, 14@l7c.; the same in 2-lbs., I2@l4c.; buck-
wheat 1-lbs., I0@iic.; 2-lba.,9@I0c. White extracted
&®yc.: dark.5H@6c. Market dull; prices declining.
BBB8WA5.— 22@23C.

McCAUL & HILDBETH BROS.,
Mar. 10. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

MI LW AUK BE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 17®18c.:
2-lb3., I5@]6c.; 3-lbs.. 14c. Dark and broken not quo-
table. Extracted, white in kegs and?^-barrels,8?^ to
9c.; in tin and pails, 9^@10c.; dark, ^-barrels and
kegs. f>@7c. Market slow.

BEBSWAJt.-22@25C. __.

Mar. 10. A. V. BISHOP. 142 W. Water St.

DENVER.
HONEY.— Best white i-lb. sections, 17@19c.; 2-lb.
sections. 15@i7c, Extracted, 7@10c.
BEE8WAX.-20@23C.
Mar. 1. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote: Choice white 2-lb. sections.
17@l8c.; dark 2-lb8, I4@l5c.; choice white l-lbs., 18 to
20ct8., dark i-lbs., 15@]6c. White extracted, 7®8c.;
dark. 5@6c. Demand is slow. White extracted is
Arm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BEESWAX.- 21 to 22c.
Feb. 29. HAMBLIN & BBAR88, 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.- We quote: 1-Ib. sections, 16@17o.; 2-
Ib. sections. I4@i6c. Extracted. 8@9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.— 25 ct*. per lb.

Feb. 24. BLARX at RIPLKY. 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote: White to extra, 15@18c.;
amber. I3@l6c. Extracted, white liquid, 7@7J^c.;
amber and candied, 5^@i6}^c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.— 2tKSj24c.

Feb. 18, BCHACHT &. LEMCKB. 122-124 Davis St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.- Best white in l-pound sections, 16®17c.
Extracted. 9(yil0c. for light colored. Market weaker
and supplv r.nty fair.

BEE8WAX.-22@2.3C.

Mar. 14. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

KANSAS CITY.

HONE Y.-We quote; "White l-lbs"., glassed. I6@17c;

unglassed, I7@l8c.; anddark l-Ibs., glassed. I5c.; un-

f:la8sed, 16c.; white 2-lb9., glassed. I6c..; unglassed 2-
b8., I7c. California white 2-lbs., 17c. California ex-
tracted in eo-lb. cans, 8c. Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BEESWAX.-No. 1. 20c.; No. 2. 18c.
Feb. 9. CLEMONS CLOON & CO., cor 4th AWalnut.

gTTgTIt«a«tlXaiIHT«»«ITTggHrTTT^

3ttXw^rtisjemcttts.

EGGS for Hatchlnu, 12.00 per 13. Prom Prize
Plymouth Hoicks an<\ Wyandott Fowls, scorinK
SO to m'i- W. O. COFFMAN, Pewamo, Mich.

13A4t

Now is Your Time ! Don't Wait!

No. 1 POPI.AR SECTIONS,

dfeO Crj PER l.OOO. Special rates on 5.000 or
^O. *J\J more, Samples free, and Price-Lifit of
BEKS. HIVK8, FRAMES.CRATBS, FODNDATION,
80PBKS, &0. I can Buit you I

Address, H. P. l,ANei>OK,

13Alt BAST CONSTABLE, Franklin Co., N. V.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

HOOD'S Sarsaparilla

Hood's Sarsaparilla is a carefully prepared extract
of the best remedies of the vegetable Idngdom known
to medical science iis Alteratives, Blood Purifiers,
Diuretics, and Tonics, such as Sarsaparilla, Yellow
Dock, Stillingia. Dandelion, Juniper Berries, Man-
drake, Wild Cherry Bark and other selected roots,
barks and herbs. A medicine, like anything else, can
be fairly judged only by its results. We point with
satisfaction to the glorious record Hood's Sarsapa-
rilla has entered for itself upon the hearts of thou-
sands of people in New England who have person-
ally or indirectly been relieved of terrible suffering
which all other remedies failed to reach. C. I. HOOD
& CO., Apothecaries, Lowell, Mass. Price $1.00, six for
$5.00 Sold by Drug^nsts and Dealers in Medicines.
13A2t
Mention the American Bee Journal.

XjOOK: HEl^lEJ 1

FOR Sale Cheap-Bee-Hivea. Shipping - Crates
and Brood-Frames: Comb FounJation, Planer-
Sawed V-Grooved Sections a specialty. Price-List
free. J. M. KINZIE & CO.,

isAtf Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

Friend, See Here I

WE have a good stock of Apiarian Supplies
on hand, and we should like to quote you
prices on Cary-Iiiinsstrotli and Standard
Ijangstrotb Hives, Frames, Sections,
Foundation, etc.

Our Goods are well made, of good stock,
and prices— well, just send us a list of what
you want, and see for yourself.

Address, R. STBATTON A: SON,

13A4t HAZARDVILLE, CONN.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

WANTED,

Beeswax.— We will pay -30 cents per

pound, delivered here, for Yellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, the name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

THOS. G. NETnttAN & SON,

923 &. 925 West Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.8.

BEESDPPLIES,

UUMI The Largest Steam

RETAIL

AND

Wholesale.

The Largest Steam-Power Shops
in the West; exclusively used to make Every-
thing needed in the Apiary, of prantlcal con-
struction and at Lowest Prices. Italian
Bees, Queens, 12 styles of Bee-Hives, Sections,
Honey-E.Ytractors, Bee-Smokers, Bee-Feeders,
Comb Foundation, and everything used by
Bee-Keepers always on hand. My Illustrated
Catalogue FREE. E. Kretcliiner,
13A2t IBEtf Coburg, Iowa.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

J. C. SAYLES,

MANUFACTURER of and Dealer in
Apiarian Supplies. Also Pure Bred

ITALIAN QUEENS AND BEES.

{^~ Catalogue free. Send name and address.
13Atf Hartford, Wisconsin.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

BEE-KEEPERS' GUIDE;

Or, MAirr^AJI^ OF THE API.AJKT.

I5,000 SOLD SINCE 1876.

T.OOO Sold Since May. ISSS.

MORE than 5n pages, and more than 50 fine iUus-
tratlODs were added in the ^th edition. The
whole work has been thoroughly revised, and con-
tains the very late.st in respect to bee-keeping. It is
certainly the fullest and most scientiflc work that
treats of Bees, in the World. Price, by mail, tf 1*S5.
S^f Liberal discount to dealers and to clubs.
A. J. COOK. Author and Publisher,

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. MICH.

Mejition the American Bee JoumaV

Muth's Honey Extractor,

Perfection Cold-Blast Smokers,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS, et«.

For Circulars, apply to

CIIARI.es F. MUTH * SOW,

Tor. Freeman & Central Aves., CINCINNATI, O.

P. 8.— Send lOc. for Practical Hints to Bee-Keepers.

3[entton the American Bee Journal.

British. Bee Journal

AND BEE-EEEFEBS' ADVISEE,

IS published every week, at 10s. lOd. per
anaum. It contains the very best practical
information for the apiarist. It is edited by
Thomas Wm. Cowan, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., etc., and
published by John Huckle, King's Langley,
Herts, England

J. FORNCROOK & CO.,

MANUFACTURERS OF THE

"BOSS" ONE-PIECE SECTIONS,

Patented June 28, 1881.

WILL, furnish you, the coming seasOD, ONE
PIECE SECTIONS as cheap as the cheapest.
^p- Write for prices.
Watertown, Wis., Jan. 1, 1888.

^r"Thos.G. Newman & Son, of Chicago, sell
the one-piece Sections manufactured by us.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

The American Apiculturist.

—SAMPLE COPIES FHKE I—
Address, HENRY AliIiEY,

47Atf WENHAM, Essex Co. MASS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

ALSIKE CLOVER SEED

FOR SAI.E at $0.00 per bushel. With 2
bushels of seed, sack is free; for less than
2 bushels, sack is 25 cents extra. On board
the cars at Mauston. Address,

J". T. S3VtITI3:,

12A2t MAUSTON, Juneau Co,, WIS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

The I X L Extractor

LEADS them all for Quality, Efficiency and
Price. Place your Orders early, and thus
avoid delays, giving size of frame to be used.

13A2t ORLEANS, Orange Co., IND.

BEES AND QUEENS READY TO SHIP.

FRIENDS, if you are in need of Hees and
Queens, I can accommodate you at the
following low prices : One Colony of Italian
Bees, on 8 Simplicity frames, in lightshlpping-
boxes $6.50; 5 Colonies, $30. One Untested
Oueen. $1.25; 3 for $3.30; 6 for $6. One lb.
ftalian Bees, $1.25; 3 lbs., $3; 6 lbs: $5.40; 10
lbs. $8.50. Prices to dealers sent on a Postal
Card. Address, W. S. CAHTHEN,
13D4t PLEASANT HILL, S. C.

Mention the America/n Bee Journal.

XH® MMERIC'IKK mMW JMUMnmi^.

243

■■*-^^'^*-^-'

THOMAS G. NE^V]ȣA]\,

EDITOR.

VoiniV. April 11, 1888. No. 15.

Plant Blessings, and blessings will bloom

Plant hate, and hate will grow ;
You can sow to-day— to-morrow shall bring
Blossoms that prove what sort of a thing

Is the seed— the seed that you sow.

Wc have received a copy of the Con-
stitution and By-Laws of the Newaygo
County Farmers and Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion, adopted Feb. 10, 1888.

■We RejsTct to learn that Mr. G. H.
Knickerbocker, Secretary of the New York
State Society, has been aflHicted of late with
inflammation of the eyes, making it difficult
to conduct his correspondence. He is now
much better, and we hope will soon be fully
recovered.

Mr. Xhos. Will. Cowaii, editor of
the British Bee Journal, was elected an
honorary member of the Ontario Bee-Keep-
ers' Society, at its last meeting. We regret
to learn that friend Cowan has been very
unwell during February and March, and
has been confined to his winter home in
Lausanne, Switzerland. We hope he will
soon regain his usual health and strength.

Fraotional Ciu-rency is again in
demand for sending small sums through
the mails. Postal notes are no more safe
than currency, and can only be obtained at
Money Order offices. Such are very incon-
venient to obtain in the country, and silver
coins are often lost in the mails. We are
glad to note that the bill for the issuance
of silver certificates of 10, 1.5, and S.'i cent
denominations passed the House on March
19, by 177 yeas to fi7 nays. It will doubt-
less pass the Senate, and soon become a
law!

Snper»e«ling- tlie <tueeii.— Ira N.

Lj man, St. Peter, Nebr., asks for informa-
tion as follows :

What is the cause of the queen coming
out of the hive on or about March 23 ? I
have 3 colonies of bees. I bought a very
weak colony early last spring, and one old
colony and one swarm in July. The old
colony had not swarmed. It stored about
100 pounds of surplus honey ; the other
two stored only about 10 pounds more honey
than enough to winter them. I put them
into the cellar, and they are all strong this
spring. It was from the hive of the new
swarm that the queen came out In March.
I put it back into the hive on top of the
frames, and it soon came out again the sec-
ond time, with a lot of guards. I put her
back on top of the frames at the rear end of
the hive, and she came out no more, so far
as I know.

I put my bees out once in February, and
then put them back into the cellar. I put
them out again, and the time the queen
came out was the third time I put them out.
The cellar became damp, and the combs
molded a little. The bees are grade Italians;
in home-made Langstroth hives. There is
still snow on the ground, in places.

As the queen came out accompanied with
guards, she was evidently being superseded
by the bees, who judge her not equal to
keeping up the strength of the colony. As
she did not come out again when put back,
she evidently was killed by the bees. You
should examine the colony, and if you find
it queenless, give the bees a frame of eggs
when you have hatching drones, so that
they may rear a queen and have her fer-
tilized in due time. Meanwhile it would be
well to give the bees some frames of brood
from a strong colony, as soon as such can
be spared. Or, better still, procure a queen
and introduce her to the colony.

Xlie ^e\r Itrilisli Bee-Keepers'
Guide Book, by Thomas Wm. Cowan,
F.e.S., F.R.M.S., is on our desk. This is a
new edition (the ninth, and seventeenth
thousand). It is mostly re-written and
greatly enlarged, now having 174 pages.
This edition contains many new illustra-
tions, and much new matter in our ever-
advancing pursuit. This " Guide Book" is
exceedingly interesting, and has been trans-
lated into more foreign languages than any
other apicultural book. Its range of sub-
jects covers the entire ground of practical
bee-keeping, as is shown by the topics em-
braced in its 37 general heads. We can fill
orders for it after May 1, at 50 cents, post-
paid.

Honey-Hotise.— Mr. G. A. Elliott, La
Salle, Ills., on March 31, 1888, writes :

I have about 800 feet of 16-foot lumber
which I intend to build a honey-house
with ; is there any better plan than 12x12, 8-
foot high ? Last year was a very poor one
here. 1 had 10 colonies in the spring of
1887, and only 12 in thf fall, which were in
Simplicity hives. Tliey have wintered
safely, so far. I am very much pleased with
the Bee Journal.

We should think 12x12 and 8 feet high
would do very well for your honey-house—
but it all depends upon your needs, as to
the necessary capacity.

Wliile Me have been arranging a
plan to have the United States Statistician
gather statistics regularly and all over the
country, Mr. A. I. Root, our friend and co-
worker has been gathering from every
State, intelligence which shows that there
has been only about 15 per cent, of loss in
bees during the past winter ; that there is
a favorable prospect for a good honey crop ;
that for three or four weeks honey has been
gathered in the extreme South ; in the mid-
dle States the first honey is just now been
gathered, and in the northern States none
has yet been gathered.

Xliat Bell has commenced to ring, over
in Canada, and the first installment of the
description of the new invention of Mr. D.
A. Jones is at hand. It consists of a side-
opening super and crate, and a system of
management arranged to agree with such
fixtures. Some adverse criticisms have been
offered, and some predictions that it will
revolutionize fixtures for obtaining comb
honey. Let a good trial be made, and the
result will be welcomed— which ever way it
may point ; for we need all the good things,
and can afford to throw all the bad away.

Plaster - of- Paris Molds.— Mr. P.

Breman, of Lakeside, Out., asks us to ex-
plain in the Bee Jsuhnal how to mix
plaster of Paris for making foundation
molds.

It must be mixed to about the consistency
of thin paste, and then used immediately—
for it will " set " very quickly. Have every
thing ready for its use before mixing it.
Then let it stand for several hours to
harden.

Care of Empty Combs.— A corres-
pondent in Kentucky, writes as follows :

Please state in the Bee JoLrRNAi, how to
keep the moth out of frames of empty
comb, and oblige a bee-keeper.

Strong colonies of Italian bees are the
most effectual method of preventing the
ravages of the moth. It is next to impos-
sible to keep the moth out of hives, when
such pests are prevalent.

In order to preserve empty combs, it is
necessary to fumigate them repeatedly with
sulphur, to kill the hatching worms. Close
up the room containing the combs tightly,
and burn tlie sulphur in it, after you have
gone outside and shut the door.

SaM'tliiMt for Pollen. — Mr. Frank
Wilkins, Pelham, N. H., has sent us some
of the grey-birch sawdust which he men-
tions on page 303, to be used instead of rye-
meal, upon which the bees will work in the
spring for pollen. We will report later as
to its bee-use, meanwhile thanking Mr.
Wilkins for his trouble in sending it.

Xo Stimulate in Spring:, some
apiarists give the bees, as early as they will
work on it, chopped oats, placed in trays.

244

THE JLMERICaif KE® JOTSW^mL,.

'■•^ — ■» — - — --^- — -^^J^^^ » ^ ^ ^.^«^«^A<

Ooverniueiital Stati»«tics.

The chairman of the committee on statis-
tics, appointed by the Chicago Convention
of bee-keepers, Prof. Cook, has sent this to
the U.S. Ltatistician, to be sent out as a
CIRCtTLAR TO REPORTERS.

The general condition of the bee-industry is of
srreat importance In bee-lieepers. Will yuu please
flllout this blank for your county, district or Slate,
at once, according to your best judement, and
return immediately to

COM.MISSIONER OF AGRTCrLTUBK,

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Name

Post-Offlce

County

State :

This report is for ..I ounty.

or for State.

Xlie Circular for April contains
these questions :

1. What per cent, of the bees in your

have survived the past winter ?

2. By what method were the bees generally
wintered ?

3. What are the present prospects for ne.vt sea-
son's crop ?

XUe Circular for July contains
these questions :

1. \Vhat per cent, of an average crop of honey was
secured in May, J une and J uiy ?

2. From what sources was it gathered ?

Xhe Circular for September con-
tains these questions :

1. What per cent, of an average fall-crop of lioney
is there this year ?

2. From what sources V

3. What per cent, of an average crop la the product
for this year ?

MoTiiig Kees a I^ong: IMsf ance.

— F. C. Erkel, Lexington, Minn., on April
3, 1888, asks the following questions :

I should like to know when is the best
time to move bees. I have 38 colonies that
I wish to move about 100 miles. Would it
be tipst to move them soon after taken out
of the cellar, or later on in the season ?
Also, which would be tlie better way to
move them, by wagon the whole distance,
or seven miles by wagon to the station,
and then fifty miles by freight, when they
would have to be transferred, and then filty
miles more by freight ?

Move the bees as soon as possible after
taking the bees out of the cellar, while the
hives are not encumbered with much honey
to break down, etc. We should prefer to
move them the whole distance by wagons,
seeing they must be taken seven miles in
that way, tor when they are once properly
prepared and placed on wagons, much of
the work is accomplished. The changing
cars on two railroads, as well as changing
from the wagon would be far more danger-
ous to the bees than to go all the distance
by wagons. Secure the frames, and load
on the wagons so that the frames cross the
road-bed, and let them be carefully driven,
especially over rough parts of the road.

Xlie Reduction of Postage on

seeds, plants, bulbs, etc., is now before
Congress. In Canada the postage on such
is 4 cents per pound ; in England it is 6
cents ; and in the United States it is 16
cents per pound ! a manifest injustice. Let
the law be amended at once.

Tliat ]\'ew Inveiition mentioned on
page 148, concerning " comb " building, has
been revealed. It is merely comb founda-
tion " made on glass, wood, tin, card-board
or other material, with the impression of the
cells in wax on one side, the other being
left smooth." The intention is to have the
cells of double length, the mid-rib or foun-
dation being at one side.

A great " splurge " was made at its an-
nouncement. There was a great ringing of
the bell to announce the advent of the
locomotive, but, alas, the coming of the en-
gine creates no enthusiasm. It is almost
a useless affair, if not absolutely so. Here
in America, at least, we have no use for
such an invention ! We can secure longer
cells by simply spreading the combs, but
even that is undesirable, because of the
slower ripening of the honey, and the con-
sequent hindrance to the bees.

The method proposed to make the inven-
tion known made us look with suspicion
upon it, as stated on page 148.

Some periodicals have been injudicious
enough to announce it as a "new artifi-
cial comb"— which will to a few give some
color to that scientific pleasantry which we
have been fighting for years. Call things
by their right names ! This is the only
safe thing to do.

Spring Feeding, Supers, etc.—

Mr. W. C. Peck, Larrabee, Wis., asks the
following questions :

1. Which is preferable for the 8-fraine
Langstroth hive, a super made of 1-iiich
lumber to hold 34 section.s, or one made of
thin lumber and holding 27 sections ?

2. Will brace combs be between the
brnod-frames and the sections, if the bee-
space is reduced to H inch, and the tops of
the brood-frames scraped clean ?

3. Is the sap of the sugar maple injurious
to bees ? or will it serve to stimulate them
to breed in early spring ?

1. Either would do, but we should prefer
the thin lumber and 27 sections, other things
being equal.

2. The space not being large enough for
passage-ways, the bees will be likely to put
brace-combs there.

3. Maple syrup will answer for stimulat-
ing the bees in the spring, when they can
fly freely.

Xlie Hon«'y-Xrade.— Mr. Geo. Hen-
derson, of London, England, has sent us
the following item:

The total value and amount of honey im-
ported into Great Britain in the year 1886,
was £2.5,610— or 21..533 cwt. The value and
amount from the United States was £5,8.30—
or 4,.569 cwt. This is considerable less than
that given in the American Bee Journal
for March 7, but it is authoritative.

l.,oss in M'inter.— Mr. E. D. Keeney,
Arcade, N. T., reports on April 4 that he
put 301 colonies into cellars last November,
and on April 4 took out 295 colonies in fine
condition— being a loss of less than 2 per
cent. That is an excellent showing.

Licnd a Helping Hand.— Mrs. N.

Stanley, Adrian, Minn., on March 24, 1888,
writes :

I send one dollar to aid the bee-keepers'
"defense fund," and let me say to those
beekeepers who weekly read the Bee
Journal, that aside from the principle,
" Do unto others as ye would that they
should do unto you," is it not our duty to
cheer and aid a sinking brother ? Let us
rally around our standard, and do battle for
our rights and a just cause. Could I send
an arrow of remorse into the heart of that
Mayor of Arkadelphia, you may be sure it
would be quickly sent. 1 am only a bee-
keeper in a small way, and I do not expect
ever to need the aid of the Union, neverthe-
less 1 cannot hear appeals for help, in vain.

Our bees the past season did better than
some have repotted. We obtained a surplus
of 30 pounds of comb honey per colony, be-
sides one large swaim and an abundance of
stores for winter. The bees are wintering
nicely in the cellar, being very quiet, with
few dead bees.

I think so much of the American Bee
Journal that I am binding it, and very
attractive and useful volumes they make
for convenient reference.

Mr. E. Liston, of Virgil City, Mo., has
this to say about the Arkadelphia case :

Brothers, awake ! Send in your dollar
and join the Union. We that are being
carried along ou " flowery beds of ease," do
not know how soon some one filled with
malice and prejuiice will out us in trouble.
Even if we pass through without trouble,
tor the honor of our pursuit and our brother-
hood, we should pay our little mites to help
Brother Clark to obtain his rights as an
American citizen. Tour dollar is a mere
pittance to what Mr. Clark is suffering. And
to the Manager of the "Union" I would
say, run it through all the courts— give Mr.
Clark justice as an American citizen, and
assess the fraternity for the necessary
funds. Brother bee-keepers, think of this
case, and be liberal.

Mr. C. Weeks, a queen-breeder of
Tennessee, offers to present a colony of
pure Italian bees to the Bee-Keepers' Union,
to be awarded to the person who first sends
$4 to four membership fees to help support
the Union. The bees are in a Simplicity
hive. Who will be first to send, the four
members ?

lSe\r Catalogues for 1888 are 'on our
desk, from the following persons:

A. F. Bright, Mazeppa, Minn.— 16 pages-
Bees and Piiullry.

Geo. A. Wrinht, Glenwood, Pa.— 1 page-
Poultry and Bhcs.

Mrs. J. N. Heater. Columbus, Nebr.— 16
page's— Bees and Apiarian Supplies.

Gould's Manufacturing Co, Seneca Falls,
N. Y.— 16 pages— Spraying Pump.

J. M. Harabaugh, Spring, Ills. — 16 pages-
Apiarian Supplies.

W. P. Davis, Goodman, N. C— 6 pages-
Bees, Queens and Apiarian Supplies. >

F. M. Atwood, Riley ville. Ills.— 7 pages— i
Apiarian Supplies.

C. F. Muth ife Son, Cincinnati, 0.-34
pages — Honey and Bee- Keepers' Supplies.

Cork for A^'inter Packing. — Its

advantages are that it never becomes tmwty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be maue
of cloth and tilled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for Sl.OO.

Itmm fCMERICffif* BltlE JO'lURPiat.

245

- — ^ ■-■■» — '_-^-> -^ " — -■—■» — -■-■■^■— ■■^^^f;;<l^^^>^«^l*•>^^*>*«>*^^■^■'f^;J^:^^':^^*^*■'

t*»*j^^^>j>>^

APRIL SH01VERS.

The warm, sweet rain is falling

From April's clianseful skies ;
Theerpen leaves ou the Willows

LauEch out their Klail surprise.
The Violet wakes from dreaming

Beneath the dead year's leaves.
Each blossom adds its bri«htiiess

To webs that spring time weaves.

The buds on Oak and Elm tree

Seem growing as we look ;
{Spring legends are repeated

By the babbling little brook.
The air is full of sweetness,

The skies are brighter blue,
The rain that falls in April

Makes all tlie old world new.
E. E. Rexfoki), in Vick's Miigiizine.

Alfalfa as a lloney-I'laiit.

On page 8, Mr. William Willis tells his
experience with alfalfa as a honey-plant, in
California. On page 68, we gave more par-
ticulars concerning this excellent honey
producer. A. H. M., a correspondent in
Moroni, Utah, gives these particulars con-
cerning its cultivation :

Lucerne will grow on any land that will
produce wheat, corn or potatoes, and will
thrive on many lands that none of these
will arow on, especially very liuhtsandor
gravel, though it does well on clay. But it
will not grow on any land that the water
stands within one foot of the surface, and
there is no use in sowing it in an alkali
strong enough to keep wheat from growing.
Though particular aoout wet land, it will
stand any amount of wet in the summer, as
long as there is plenty o( drainage. It will
aNo stand all of the water in the winter
that may fall in the shape of rain, or snow
that may melt.

It is a very quick grower, and will mature
the first crop in about two months from the
time that growth commences. The second
crop will mature in about six weeks from
cutting, and the third is about five weeks
from cutting of the second. The second
crop is the heaviest, but the first is a little
the best feed, as it grows a little lonaer than
the ottiers. It will yield anouton an aver-
age of six tons per acre, and I have known
it to produce double that quantity. It is a
perennial of the clover tribe, but will out-
yield it two to one, makes just as good feeil,
and has a great advantage over the clover,
for it never falls down, but stands up
straight.

Sowing.— The best method is to sow
broadcast about 15 pounds per acre, where
the land is in good condition, but on very
weedy land or clear gravel or sand that is
very poor, put about 3 pounds more. You
cannot get any crop from it the first year,
but do liOt get discouraged if the plants are
on an average of 10 inches apart, little, slim
single stems about 4 or 6 incni-s high. Your
prospect is good that you will get 4 tons per
acre next year, and the next it will be as
good as ever it will, and stand that way for
ten years. It is best to sow with grain.
Oats are the best ; thus you will lose no
time, but can have a crop from your land
every year. In fact it does better to have
it shaded when young. Sow at the same
time that you do spring grain.

Cultivation.— Where there is plenty of
rain, there is no cultivation needed, for it
would be unwise to manure it, as it thrives
fully as well on washed sand as it will on
the best garden-spot, but in a few years it
will make clear sand a rich land, owing to
the decay of the root. The roots will sink
themselves for a distance of 10 to 'iO feet
straight down. They are about IVj inches
in diameter, and fully one-half of that root

decays every year from the outside, and
keeps growing larger from the centre every
year.

It should be cut when in full bloom. A
little old is better than too young ; when
the bloom is ready to fall off is not too late.
Do not cut too much at once, for if you
allow a rain to come on your hay after it is

cut, it will not be worth more than one-half
for feed, and will be entirely worthless for
market. Heavy dews are not good either.
Rake into windrows, if cut with a mowing
machine, and let dry until it begins to let
the leaves fall when handled roughly, then
pick it up and lay it in piles, just one fork-
full in a pile, to cure. Do not roll it to-
gether, or it will not load easily, then you
will have to pull it to pieces, thus losing
one-half of the leaves. By following my
directions you can put each on perfectly
clean at one fork-full, and not waste time
nor any of the leaves. But let me warn you
against condemning it as a worthless lot of
sticks, until you try your horses and cows
and see them clean up the sticks before
they do the leaves. There are not many
animals that take to it when dry, without
having it in their manger for a few days
with other hay ; but in a few days you will
see the grass hay left, while the lucerne is
cleaned up. A ton of lucerne will not go
quite as far as a ton of timothy. Do not let
hungry cattle get on it while green, es-
pecially when wet, for it will bloat them,
which is apt to result in death. If pou wish
to pasture it. first feed your stock all that
they can and will eat, and then turn them
on the greeu lucerne, and no harm will
come to them. It is the best thing to renew
old, worn-out land that I ever saw, and
there is not a weed or anything else in this
country that can stand before it.

We would add that lucerne or alfalfa
(Medicago saliva) was introduced into the
Pacific States from Chili, many years ago.
It resists the driest weather, and it is said
that when every blade of grass droops for
want of moisture, it holds up fresh and
green.

Ou page 184 Mr. Wm. Muth-Rasmussen
also gives his experieifce with alfalfa as a
honey-plant. He obtained .5,000 pounds of
comb honey from it, which he sold at a
satisfactory price.

Alfalfa will be a prominent crop in all
places where the winters are not too severe.
The power to withstand great heat and
dryness comes from the long, searching tap-
roots, which are sent deeply down into the
soil and find moisture which is inaccessible
to other less energetic vegetation.

Canada.— At a meeting of the Board
of Directors of the Ontario Bee-Keepers'
Association, at Toronto, on March 38, 1888,
the resignation of E. Schulz, of Kilworthy,
was accepted, and Mr. McPherson elected
to fill the vacancy.

The resolutions adopted were the follow-
ing:

That all duly qualified local societies ap-
plying for afliliation on or before Aug. 1,
1.SS8, receive an appropriation of $35.

That each member of the association for
1888, receive an Italian queen, supposed to
be purely mated and laying, for the purpose
of introducing new blood into their colo-
nies, and that she be received on or before

That the President, Secretary, and Mr.
McKnight be a committee for the purpose
of arranging for the supply of queens to
the members, and that the same be of
Canadian production. ...

That the Ontario Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion offer a special prize of $35 for the most
tasty and attractive display of honey at the
Industrial Exhibition at Toronto; the dis-
play to be the production of the exhilntor,
provided the Industrial Exhibit Association
supnlement it so as to make the prize fifty
dollars.

246

TMM m'SmmHtCM'H ®®1^ JOtJKKMt'.

OmmES W Replies.

kvuber and position of
brood-fraihes.

Written for the American Bee Journal

ftnery 531.— 1. Are 12 frames lO'AxlOy.
Incbes, ineiiie measure, sufSclent for the
brood-chamber ? 2. For wintering on the
summer stands, buildinc up weak colonies In
the spring, etc., would it not be preferable to
have the Irames the short way of the hive,
say a hive the shape of the Langstroth ?—
Indiana.

1. No. 2. No. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. Yes. 2. Not for me.— H. D.
Cutting.

1. Yes. 2. No.— G. L. Tinker.

1. I think so. 2. No.— R. L. Taylor.

1. Yes, piobablj-. 2. I do not know.
^C. C. Miller.

1. Yes. I prefer the regular Lang-
stroth frame. — C. H. Dibbern.

1. Yes, amply so. 2. It does not
make any difference in this climate. —

P. L. VlALLON.

1. They are. 2. I do not think that
it would matter muclt witli your
frames. — J. P. H. Brown.

1. We prefer larger frames. 2. Not
unless you can enlarge them after-
wards.— Dadant & Son.

1. It would do very well. 2. Theory
says yes ; but I never have tried it. —
A. B. Mason.

1. Yes. I use only 9 such frames,
and consider them ample. 2. Such
frames as -the above must run the
short way of the hive, for they can run
no other way where 12 frames to the
hive are used. — G M. Doolittle.

1. Yes. 2. No. The size and shape
.(9J deep, and 17f or 17f long) of the
Langstroth frame, is probably the best
known. — J. M. Shook.

1. Yes, I would never use more than
ten such frames for summer, and seven
would be better for winter. I do not
like that shape of fi'ame at all. 2. I
should prefer the frames of tliat depth
to run the short way of the hive. The
depth is objectionable. — James Hed-

DON.

1. Yes. 2. I use 11 frames 11] x9J
inches, inside measure, and of course
the frames run the short way of the
hive. The entrance is in the side of
the hive, so that the frames run from
front to rear. — M. Mahin.

1. Yes, but I prefer 10 Langstroth
frames, which is about equal in comb
to 12 such frames as you mention. 2.
I have some experience in tlie difi'er-
ent ways of adjusting frames, and I
think that you will gain nothing by
placing the frames crosswise of the
entrance. — G. W. Demaree.

1. Yes. 2. Having tried the short
frame and the Langstroth, I have never
been able to see any difference — win-
tering always in the cellar, however.
Successful bee-keeping depends more
upon the man, than on tlie hive or
frame he uses. — Eugene Secor.

1. It might be, but the best results I
have ever obtained were from hives
with a brood-chamber capacity of 3,600
cubic inches. Location might make a
difference. 2. It is generally conceded
tliat the combs sliould hang straight
with the entrance. — J. M. Hambaugh.

1. Yes, I tliink that they are about
right, altliough I prefer the Langstroth
frame, and 10 to a hive. 2. Not by
anj' means, in my own experience.
The Langstroth frame has stood the
test of years, and never has been
found wanting yet. Why not, then,
let well enough alone ?• — J. E. Pond.

1. I use just such a hive, lljxllj
inches, and I like it mucli. I think
that lOJ inches would be about the
same — no essential difference. For
several reasons I would sa}% yes. If
all used such hives, I should prefer
them to the Langstroth. As so manj'
more use the Langstroth style, I think
that is most desirable. This is a case
where it pays to be with the majority.
— A. J. Cook.

1. It is proliable that 12 frames of
that size would suffice for the breeding
apartment, but I niucli prefer 10 Lang-
stroth frames. 2. By no means ; the
entrance to the hive should be at the
ends of the frames. — The Editor.

MANAOEItlElVT TO PREVENT
INCREASE.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 532. Havlnsr as many bees as I

care to handle, and working for comb honey,
when the bees do swarm, ou^ht I to take the
queen away and return the bees, or cut out
the queen-cells and return the old queen with
the bets ?— Outarlo.

See answer to Querj' 527. — P. L.
Viallon.

See Querj- 527, for an answer. — A.
B. Mason.

Neither way would be good practice.
— Mrs. L. Harrison.

You will find neither practice prac-
tical, as a rule. — James Heddon.

See Query 527, with answer J. M.

Hambaugh.

It depends upon the age of the
queen. If too old, kill her. — C. C.
Miller.

I think that the first plan will work,
if after live days all the queen-cells
but one are destroyed. Tlie latter
plan w<nild not do at all — it would
lead to inactivity, and to more swarm-
ing.— R. L. Taylor.

There are objections to both of your
methods, but probably the least to the
plan of cutting out all the queen-cells.
—J. P. H. Brown.

I would return the old queen with
the bees ; cut out all the queen-cells
first. — H. D. Cutting.

Your method would not always suc-
ceed. Using large hives will make
less swarming. — Dadant & Son.

See answer to Query 527. The
swarming fever shoidd be subdued to
get the best results. — G. L. Tinker.

I would prefer to hive the swarms
and double up colonies in the fall ; or,
better still, double down one-half in
the spring, so as to make all strong,
and then increase to the original num-
ber by swarming when the season
arrives. — G. M. Doolittle.

Let them swarm, as Mr. Heddon
does, and then reduce in the fall, will.
I think, pay the best. Else remove the
old queen and cut out all the cells bnt
one ; otherwise they will usually keep
on attempting to swarm. — A. J. Cook.

Return the bees, taking away the
old queen, and be sure to destroy all
queen-cells but one. With plenty of
room and ventilation, you will have no
more trouble. But look out for too
much honey in the brood-combs. — M.
Mahin.

This is a mooted question. I prefer
to use the so-called artificial method of
swarming, and thus control the matter
of increase. I should prefer cutting
out queen-cells and returning the
queen, but ample room for surplus
must be given, else a great risk is run
of having the queen killed. — J. E.
Pond.

How to prevent increase when
working for comb hoiiej' is one of the
unsolved problems in bee-cidture. I
do not know of any one who can cer-
tainly control swarming. Many
methods are used ; sometimes one will
give satisfaction for a season, and then
the charm is broken. Most of the rules
are subject to exceptions. I should
not practice either of the methods
mentioned in the query. I should not
expect to control swarming by either
of them. — Eugene Secor.

This will not work. If the old queen
is killed and the bees returned, they
will swarm when the first queen
hatches out. If the queen-cells are all
cut out, and tlie swarm is returned
with the old queen, thej' will at once
rear other queen-cells, and with a large
apiary on your hands, you would soon
be in a "peck of trouble."— C. H. Dib-
bern.

Neither way you suggest will pre-
vent swarming. If you should remove
the queen and return the bees, the
bees would swarm as soon as the

Tmm JiMEMICMH SB® J©PS«r«ll.l<.

247

j.^^^.,^^>m^^^^^^^^^^^^.^^^_^^^^^j^^^_^'^^^

young queens hatched ; and if you
shoukl cut out the queen-cells and re-
turn the queen with the beCvS, the bees
woukl start queen-cells immediately.
You can prevent increase by taking the
queens away from the swarm, and re-
turn the swarm, and six or seven days
after the swarm issued, destroy all the
cells but one. Then again, on the
tenth day go over the combs again,
and destroy any cells that may have
been started before all the larvie was
sealed, so as to leave but one young
queen. This plan will work, but you
will get tired of it. — G. W. Demaree.

Hive the swarm on the old stand,
and give it the supers from the old
hive, so that the work of the colony
may not cease. As the bees emerge
from the parent colony, shake them in
front of the sw^arm, or treat the parent
colony in any way that your judgment
may dictate. Do not be in haste to
destroy queens and queen-cells. Care
for them, test them, and preserve the
most promising. — J. M. Shuck.

Both of the methods you mention
are objectionable. How to prevent in-
crease invarialily and successfully is
one of the problems as yet unsolved.
— The Editor.

COI^TEI^TIOIW UrOTICES-

ITF" The next raeetint; of the N. W. Ills, and 8. W,
■Wi8. Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in R^ck-
ton, Ills., May 122, 1888. D. A. FULLER, .Sec.

t^~ Tlie Eastern Indiana Bee-Keepers' AsBocia-
lion will hold Its spring meeting on Haturday. April
21, 1888, at Richmond. Ind. M. G. Reynolds, Sec.

tsr The Deo Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will hold its next meeting on April 24, ihhk, at
Burlington, Iowa. John NAu, Sec.

t^" The Darke County Union Bee-Kpepers' Asso-
ciation will hold its annual meeting on Friday. April
27, lr88, at Ansonia. O. J. A. Hue, Sec.

J^F" The Union Bee-Keepers' Association of Wes-
tern Iowa, will hold their annual meeting at Menlo,
Iowa, on Saturday, April 14, i«8M, at lo a.m.

H. D. Lenucker, Sec.

^^~ The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers* Association
will hold its spring meeting on MayH, ih^h, at Cort-
land, N. Y., at 10 a.m. All bee-keepers are invited.
W. H. BEACH. Sec.

jy The Marshall County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet at the Court House in Marahalltown.
Iowa, on Saturday, April 21, l«s8. at lo :j(i a.m. The
subject for discuseion is, "-Spring and summer man-
agement of hees." A general invitation is extended.
A good meeting is expected. J. W. Sanders, Sec.

tW The iHth semi-annual session of the Central
Michigan Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in
the Pioneer Hoom at the State Capitol, on Saturday,
April 21, 1H8'*. Prof. A. J. Cook will give an address.
A cordial invitatU.iti in extended toaU.as it will be
a very interesting meeting. W. A. Ba knes. Sec.

Z^~ The annnual meeting of the Western Bee-
Keepers' Association will be held at Independence,
Mo., at the Court House, on April 2.*>, ihhk. It will
be carried on as a sociable, friendly gathering. Let
all bring their baskets and have a good time.

Pkteh Otto, Sec.

jy The next meeting of the Susquehanna County
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at New Mil-
ford, Pa., on May 5. im,h8. The following subjects are
to be considered : Bee-keeping for plea-^ure and pro-
fit—Spring work with bees— Js it advi^itble to use
foundation? If so, to what extent?— How can we
make our Association of the most practical value to
its members. All are cordially invited to come.

H. M. Seelev, SfC.

t^^ The tenth annual meeting of the TexMs State
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at the bee-
yards of Vice-President W. R, Graham, in Green-
ville, Hunt Co., TevHs, on May 2 and 3. iHrtw. A
leading feature ot the convention will be criticisms
upon subjects tliat have been mentioned in the bee-
papers. A good lime is expected, so let all Texas
and Arkansas bee-keepers attend. A cordial Invi-
tati<m IS extended to all bee-keepers wheresoever
dispersed. Remember, no hotel bills to pay at our
conventiona I B. F. Carroll, Sec.

LARGE HIVES.

The SiiiaH

Hives vs. the Large
Hives.

Written for the Amcrimn Bee Journal
BY CHAS. DADANT.

The article of Mr. W. J. Davis, on
page 170, on large hives, reminds me
of the objections raised, 25 years ago,
by the bee-keepers with box-hives, who
condemned the frames on account of
the impossibility of taking them out
after the building of combs. The
combs were crooked, passing from a
frame to another, and therefore such
hives would never, never, be used by
the majority of bee-keepers.

Of course such bad results were not
to be imputed to bees, but to their
owners, who had neglected to watch
the building of comb, and to help the
bees ; while a few minutes per colony
would have obtained the desired
result.

Mr. Davis is guilty of about a similar
neglect,for he writes : " During March
and April I find that colonies build up
more rapidly in the smaller hive,
owing to the fact of greater warmth,
or the better economizing of the heat
of the cluster." Then he did not take
the trouble of providing his large hives
with division-boards, which would
have enabled him to reduce the num-
ber of combs according to the size of
the cluster of bees. We are not in a
linden country ; like Mr. Davis, our
main crop is from clover. Here white
clover begins to bloom about June 1.
Yet we find less difficulty to get our
bees ready in time, with our large
hives and partition boards, than with
small hives and no partitions.

A little thinking will explain the
above. Suppose that, on March 1, we
have a colony so reduced in numbers
that it is unable to warm, sufficiently
for breeding, more than 500 cubic
inches. If we reduce the space inside
of our large hive three combs, the
upper surface of the room inhal5ited
by the bees will be reduced to aliout
80 square inches ; and the bees will be
enabled to warm about 6 inches in
depth, since the warmth always rises.

If, on the contrary, we have a 10-
frame Langstroth hi\e, or even a 10-
frame division of the Heddon hive, the
surface of the whole will be about 250
square inches, and our bees will be
unable to warm more than 2 inches of
depth ; 4 inches less than in our large
hive. Then while tli<' small cluster in
our large hive will be able to keep the
brood warm, the same number of bees

in the whole small hive will exhaust
itself to prevent its brood from being
chilled, and the laying will be alto-
gether stopped.

Another curious objection of Mr.
Davis is, that a queen can be ex-
hausted by laying too much. During
the spring, if bees find something to
harvest, the queen is abundantly fed,
and slie lays more or less, not accord-
ing to her liking — not according to the
number of cells — but according to the
quantity' of footl oftered her by the
bees. When the queen does not find
cells to lay in, her eggs are dropped
and lost. Besides, we can show by
our experience, that although our
queens can lay from 3,500 to 4,000
eggs per day, they are as long lived
as any.

In our home apiary we keep from
80 to 100 colonics, all in very large
hives. If our ([ueens were exhausted
by their excessive laying, they would
not last, on an average, more tlian two
years. Then the whole number would
be replaced at the rate of about 3 or 4
queens every month. Three queens
every month, from Nov. 1 to March 1,
wouid give a loss of 12 queens, whose
colonies would be queenless or brood-
less in March. We are far from losing
half this number, on the average.
Then our queens are not exhausted by
their laying.

We can prove the same during the
time of liarvest ; as we prevent swarm-
ing, the number of our swarms shows
how many colonies replace their
queens, since in such cases they swarm.
As our 80 or 100 colonies do not give
more than three swarms, on an aver-
age, during the honey crop, we know
that our queens are as long-lived as
those that inhabit small hives.

As to wintering bees in large hives,
we know that according lo llie laivs oj
nature, a large aggregation of animals,
horses or sheep, and even bees, will be
more comfortable in winter, than a
small aggregation. If I needed to
prove it, I would open to page 83,
where Mr. S. P. Stone asks why a col-
ony in a box-hive lived and prospered
for 27 yeai's. The answer is found iu
the size of the box ; 16x16x22 inches,
or 5,632 cubic inches.

On page 107, Mr. Heddon says that
a colony in a liivc as large as 10 Lang-
stroth liives combined, had wintered
safely for seven years, while many
others had died by its side.

Both of the above colonies and hives
were in Michigan, in the " bee-diar-
rheadom," as Mr. Heddon terms that
State. Why did they winter better, if
not on account of the size of the hives?
I could multiply these examples, even
witliout quoting our own regular suc-
cess in wintering bees in large hives.

Hamilton, Ills.

248

Tmm JEMEKICMff MMW J©WRMM1<.

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HIVING SWARMS.

How to Secure the Swarms that
Alight High.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY C. W. HELLEMS.

I have kept bees about all my life
time, on a small scale, just for my own
use and amusement ; and for the last
few years I have tried to combine
pleasure and profit on a large scale,
but living- in the city I have not ground
enough to accommodate more than
about 70 colonies, and then they are
rather close together.

Until last j'ear they had proved to
be quite profitable, but then the crop
was not more than one-fourth of that
of former years. I have been in the
habit of going up trees, some times as
high as 40 feet, to take a swarm of
bees ; but two years ago last season I
had a fall of 21 feet. The ladder
slipped off of the limb that it was rest-
ing upon, and down I went, ladder,
bees and all, to the ground. I was
bruised, and pretty well shaken up,
but no bones broken, but I secured the
bees after a little while.

I then thought that I must use some
other means of catching runaway
swarms. I was getting too old a man
to climb trees, being then in my 78th
year, and my weight was 210 pounds.

I got a long, light pole, and fastened
a small tackle block at the top of it,
with a cord to run through the block.
I made a small hi\ing-box that would
hold 3 or 4 racks with combs in tliem,
that the honey had been extracted
from. When the bees had settled on
a limb, I would put the pole up against
that limb, and run the box up, eithiM-
under or over the bees, giving them
quite a jar, and in five or ten minutes
they would all gather in the box on
the combs. I let them down by the
cord, and took them to the hive al-
ready prepared for them. This worked
very well.

Last season I thought of and tried
another plan. I planted a pole in
about the centre of the bee-yard, about
50 feet high, with a tackle block at the
top of it, and a cord to reach to the
ground ; when the bees began to come
out to swarm, I run the hiving-box up
as high as most of the bees were fly-
ing, kejjt the box moving slowly up
and down a few feet, and often by the
time the bees were half out of" the
liive, they would begin to gather in
tlie hiving box. As soon as they were
settled, I lowered them carefully, and
took the box to the hive already pre-
pared for them, and either shook off
the bees in front of the hive, or lifted
the frames and bees all out and put
them in the hive, when the job was done.

I have often, in preventing bees
from leaving the hive, taken a comb
from the hi\'e they came from, with
brood in it, and put it into the hive of
the new colony. I have never had
them leave the hive since I adopted
that plan.

This above-described pole-arrange-
ment is new to me, and whether anj'
one ever used it before, I do not know ;
but so far it has worked well. The
hiving-box is made out of f-inch stuff,
very light, and just long enough to
hang the frames in lengthwise, the
same as in the hive, and wide enough
to hold 4 or more frames. I found
that combs lately extracted are the
best.

If the apiary is large, I think that by
having poles jjlaced in different parts
of the yard would save much trouiile.
When I leave the yard in swarming
time, I always run the hiving-liox up,
and leave it tlicre until I return. I
then made another tight box that would
hold the. hiving-box, and I keep the
hiving-box in it, with the combs alwaj'S
ready for use, but covered up so that
bees in the yard cannot get at them on
the ground, at the bottom of the pole,
read\' for use.

Bees did very poorly the past season
in this locality, many of the colonies
not gathei-ing enough to winter on. I
have 40 cidonies on the summer stands,
packed in chaff hives, and so far they
are doing well.

St. Catherines, Ont.

GOOD QUEENS.

Are the " Queens Not Reared by
Natural Sivarming Inferior i"

TTrttfeii fur Oie American Bee Journal
BY o. O. rOPPLETOX.

On page 135, Mr. Doolittle has an
article on the above subject, the most
of which meets my hearty approval,
but not all, and a further discussion of
so important a branch of bee-keeping
can do no harm.

All that part of Mr. Doolittle's arti-
cle which condemns the cheap, un-
scientific methods of queen-rearing,
meets my more than hearty approval,
and the more that such influential
writers on bee-culture as he is, will
hammer away on that line, the better
it will be for the interests of that pur-
suit ; but readers are always quick to
detect an over-statement of facts on
which opinions and advice are founded,
and any such over-statement always
lessens the effects of such good advice.

The whole question simply is,
whether queens reared by the best arti-
ficial methods known, are equal to
those properly reared under the
swarming impulse ; and neither Mr.

Demaree's alleged mistake (I have
none of the back numbers of the
American Bee Journal here in Cuba
with me, so I cannot examine the arti-
cle referred to), nor Mr. Doolittle"s
mistake of comparing naturally-reared
queens with poorly-reared artificial
ones, touches the real point under dis-
cussion at all. Phiusible and seem-
ingly correct theories bj- scores, (I
might almost say hundreds), have been
given why such and such methods of
rearing queens are the best, but the
real truth of these theories must be
tested bj- the manj' wide-awake, prac-
tical bee-keepers of our country who
are rearing and handling queens by
tlie hundreds, and only by their imited
exiiericnce fur a series of ) ears can the
ri'al facts be known.

Like many others who have made
honey-producing their special business,
I long ago learned that good queens
were an absolutely essential element
of success in that line, and to aid me
in learning how to secure such queens,
for several years previous to being
compelled to leave Iowa on account of
failing health, I kept an account of the
method by which each queen in my
apiary was reared. The four or five
years that I kept this record before
leaving, was too short and incomplete
to be a definite guide, but it gave me
some ideas.

It caused me to entirely abandon,
even for experimental purposes, all
careless methods of rearing queens,
such as having them reared in nuclei,
in weak colonies, or, in fact, in any
colonies not in a thriving, vigorous
and normal condition. The record
was kept long enough to thoroughly
satisfy me on this point. Although
not fully satisfied of its correctness, I
was coming to the conclusion that
queens reared by any method, would
average better if reared during. the
swarming season of the year ; and
mav not this account largely for the
preference given by Mr. Doolittle and
others to naturally-reared queens ?

The method of taking an old queen
away from a strong colony, and allow-
ing cells to be built on any or all of
the combs was not satisfactory as re-
gards quality of queens or ease of
manipulation. Giving such a colony
of bees a single comb of selected brood
on which to build cells, was better in
both respects, but not equal in the
latter to the Alley plan. The Jones
plan of getting natural queens gave as
good ones as any, but I did not suc-
ceed in doing the manipulating as
easily as I wished. I shall trj' to test
that method further while down here.

Natural swarming gave good queens,
but at an expense of extra labor not
justified bj' the result. I had so little
natural swarming in my apiary that I

Tmm MMERICISIN: be© JOURKSlLr.

249

had to work certain colonies for that
particular object to obtain what cells
I needed. The number of bees left in
the old hives had no effect, so far as I
could see, on the ([uality of the queens,
at least so far as those were concerned
that were in sealed cells when the
swarm was east. I tested returning
none, returning a part, and returning
all of the old swarm. The Alley
method, with some changes of details,
had so many advantages that I very
closely watched the quality of the
queens, and while my record, as
already said, had been kept only four
or five years, and covered some 150
queens only, that had been reared l)y
that method, and therefore not full
enough to be at all conclusive, yet
they strongly pointed to the conclu-
sion that such queens were fully equal
in every respect to natural queens.
One thing was certainly proven,
namely, that to obtain good queens by
any method required intelligent, care-
ful working of the method — no slip-
shod work or attention would succeed.
While the larger part of Mr. Doo-
little's article — all of that relating to
])oorlj--reared queens — cannot be too
often repeated by such writers as he is,
yet it has no bearing whatever on the
question under discussion, as stated in
the caption of his article, and the good
effects of the article must inevitably
be lessened by its being interwoven
with what manj' others, as well as mj--
.--elf, believe to be an overstated idea
of the superiority of properly-reared
natural queens, over carefully-rea\;ed
artificial ones.

Mr. Doolitittle makes so few mis-
takes that it is almost a pleasure when
one does get a chance to have a good-
natured discussion with him on some
difference of opinion.

And now, Mr. Editor, I want you to
take into consideration what I have
.said about an overstatement lessening
the force of any argument, and apply
it to the fight you have been making
for several years past on the " untested
queen trallic." Fight the " poor (jneen
traffic " all you can, but always keep
in mind the fact that ten dollars worth
of the riglitly-reared, young, untested
queens are worth more to such honc}'-
producers as I am, than is the same
money's value of older tested queens.

The thing for all of us to tight is,
the abuses of the traffic, and so far as
my knowledge goes, those have Ijeen
fully as great in the high-priced traffic
as in the lower price<l.
Havana, Cuba.

[Our remarks following the article

of Mr. Doolittle, on page 136, were

these :

Bro. Doolittle is right. We have repeat-
edly protested against the clieap qiieen
tratHc. What we ueed is better tjueens, not

lower prices. One good queen is worth a
dozen poor and correspoiidmKlyc'ieap ones.
This " lieap-by-eheap" business is tlie hane
of modern apiculture, and should be
"frowned down" by all who desire Us
prosperity.

It will be seen that we did not use
the words "untested queen traffic."
We want qunlity, not quantity ; and
our ideas in this respect are fully in-
dorsed by both Messrs. Doolittle and
Poppleton. For the past six years we
have been fighting the ''poor queen
traffic," and shall continue to do so,
because the interests of the pursuit
demand it. In the first article we
wrote on the subject in February, 1882,
we used this argument against the
purchasing of inferior queens for
breeding purposes : " Who but a luna-
tic would think of buying a cheap Dur-
ham bull, fidl-blooded horse, or pig,
for the purpose of breeding the best
stock ?" What we should be particu-
lar about is the quality, not the price.
—Ed.]

STATISTICS.

SiigffCMlions asi to Oatlicriiig
Stuti»tii-» or Bee-Keepiiig.

Written for the A nt < rictin Bet Juuj-Tuil
BY B. T. DAVENPORT.

In regard to gathering statistics, I
would say that I agree with several
others who have expressed an opinion
in regard to it, that it cannot be done
through the assessors, for the reasons
already given ; but it can be done
through the bee-keepers themselves,
those of them who are interested
enough in the pursuit to go to a little
trouble in getting the required infor-
mation.

The " assessor's i)lan " would work
all right where bees are not taxed, as
in this town, and might perhaps work
as well as any other method where
they are taxed. I think that a list of
those producing h<iney to sell (the
smaller ones can be omitted) can be
obtained through the several town
assessors ; but then, how can we best
get the statistics after having their
names, is another problem.

If the town assessors could be
furnished with a certain number of
addressed postal cards, with the proper
headings all on, to be tilled out at such
a time and mailed, and let them hand
each apiarist one, it seems to me like
— well, I wont say it is the best, nor a
good plan, but offer it as one way that
has presented itself to me. I shall
be willing to do what little I can to-

ward centralizing and making effective
this huge undertaking.

I send 11.00 for the defense fund,
and though I am quite heavily in debt,
I should be willing to pay several
times this amount, rather than to see
Mr. Clark beaten, and obliged to either
make a great .saeritice by moving his
property out of " Sodom," or give up
as legitimate and upright a calling as
a person can engage in.

It is warmer to-day, and rainy. The
snow is 18 inches deep yet. Bees are
wintering well, I think.

Auroraville, Wis., March 26, 1888.

MARKETING HONEY.

The Coiniiiiiiision Merchant and
the Honey-Trade.

Bead at the Ohio SUite Convention
BY CHAS. F. MUTH.

It is the object of bee-keepers' meet-
ings to stimulate a friendly relation
among bee-keepers and the friends of
bee-keeping ; to gather knowledge in
the art of bee-keeping by a friendly
exchange of ideas, and to advise as to
the manner of disposing of our product
to the best advantage.

Although millions of pounds of
honey are produced annually, and in
every part of tlie world, and thousands
of people are interested in the pursuit,
and hundreds of bee-papers and agri-
cultural periodicals are spreading
knowledge and enlightenment on the
subject in every land and in every lan-
guage, yet the public are still poorly
posted as to tlie many beneficent quali-
ties of honey. Honey is comparatively
little known yet, even to the great
majority of our nearest neighbors.

A great deal of this unfortunate
ignorance is due to our selfishness.
Not only do our Canadian brethren
represent their own linden honey as
far superior to our American bass-
wood, but our American brethren also
will mislead the consumer when his
own interest conflicts with that of a
rival bee-keeper.

Our great anxiety to change the
name of "machine-extracted^' honey,
for fear that consumers should trans-
late a very projjer name into an ab-
surdity, such as " machine-made," or
as "manufactured" honey, shows a
weak spot indeed. Our own knowl-
edge that the honey is pure, and was
extracted from the comb by a machine,
needs onl}' our positive assertion to be
a(-cepted by a sensible community.
We may succeed slowly, but we shall
succeed best, with a straight and fear-
less story. Let us, therefore, always
call our honey by the proper name,
and never be afraid to show it, granu-
lated or liquid. Expose the adultera-

250

XPB) MBIE'RICMM mwrn JQURI^ME-.

>«^»»««i*^*i»*^*^«

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tor, but do not look at your neighbor's
honey with a suspicious smile.

The price of honey has been very
low for a numljer of years — too low to
satisfy producer or dealer— l-the same
as ail other products of 'the farm.
Wheat at 70 cents per busheh'is to our
farmers no more satisfactory than
10 cents a pound for the best comb
honey is to our bee-keepers, or 6 cents
a pound for the best extracted clover,
or 3 cents a pound for dark honey.
But, what could be done under the
circumstances ? Could our farmers
say, " We will keep our wheat until it
brings a dollar a bushel ?" Could bee-
keepers form a " trust," or make a so-
called " corner," or elect a commis-
sion to stipulate the price at which
honey should be sold ? It takes a
younger man than I am to indulge in
such impractical ideas.

If a number of our sanguine bee-
keepers could have only a part of our
experience, they would know that
comb honey sells fast when cheap, but
that it is almost impossible to dispose
of a large lot if an advance of only a
few cents per pound is added. They
should not confound their own small
home trade (even if their crop was
5,000 pounds or more) with the trade
of dealers in large cities. They should
know that tlie country is not saved, if
only they have disposed of their crop
at a good price.

There are two large dealers, one of
thein in New York, who, under the
impulse of a " short crop," bought
comb honey which they now oiler at
2 cents per pound below cost. Such is
not healthy business, and it will come
back to the bee-keeper another season.
Sanguine bee-keepers will be the cause
if we have an over-production, a honey
famine, and again an ovei'-prod action
all in the course of twelve months.
This is within the range of possibili-
ties in our country, where we occa-
sionally slide from one extreme to
another.

Comb honey will remain a luxurj'.
It will sell fast when cheap enough,
and though a good business can be
done in it for the bee-keeper and
dealer, its production will be only of
secondary consideration as compared
with that of extracted honey. Since
manufacturers make use of extracted
honey, it bids fair to become a staple
article ; nothing will hinder it from
becoming such, unless the prices put
on will place it be3'ond the reach of
manufacturers. Its prices will be con-
trolled more or less by the prices of
sugar syrup, whicli cannot be other-
wise. Let us make due note of it !

The wish to obtain the highest mar-
ket prices is the most natural with
producers, and nobody is more de-
serving of that piivilege than they are.

Manufacturers know, from their time
of labor, which is worth a certain
amount per day, and their cash ouU
lay, how to determine the price of
their goods. Farmers, gardeners, bee-
keepers, and others, however, labor
for uncounted liours ; and when their
product is marketed, tliej' have to
accept the prices that they can get.
They determine nothing.

When times are flush, and demand
is good, good prices are realized, and
the reverse is the case when times are
dull. Is it a wonder that a sort of
anarchistic feeling creeps over the
producers ? Our condition should be
bettered. There is no doubt about it.
But how shall we proceed ?

Farmers sell their wheat to their
neighboring mills, to dealers (middle-
men), or they ship it to the city. Who-
ever pays the best price is the buj'er.
Gardeners, bringing their produce to
the city, sell it in the market, as a gen-
eral rule ; but if they fail to dispose of
it, they leave it with shippers (midille-
men again) to dispose of it for them.
These shippers have a custom among
hotels and boarding-houses ; other
dealers ship to other places, and make
a living in their own manner, benefit-
ing themselves and others. Without
these middlemen our gardeners would
labor under great disadvantages. Our
markets would be poor sliows without
the " huckster."

The same proportion holds good
with bee-keepers. Honey-dealers are
not only ornamental when occasion
ofl'ers — for instance at fairs, exhibi-
tions, etc. — but they are useful aud in-
dispensable to bee-keepers.

The dealer holds forth in a place
handy to consumers and other dealers;
makes himself acquainted with the
wants of the public, and works up a
demand, the like of which is just as
impossible for the bee-keeper to do, as
it is for the farmer to peddle out his
own wheat among his neighbors. The
dealer has facilities which the bee-
keeper has not.

The truth of the proverb. "Every-
one to his own trade," has been dis-
pla3'ed to me lately so well that the
matter deserves to be mentioned in
this connection. A party hail ofl'ered
to us his services as salesman. Talk-
ing the matter over, he came to the
conclusion that he would be a poor
wholesaler, but that he would do bet^
tor by buying the honey of us and
selling it in his own manner, and on
liis own account. We had no objec-
tions.

He took a 50-pound can of honey on
a passing street car, and went to the
lower part of the city. Here he com-
menced to canvass, homeward, everj-
house. His can became lighter as lie

went on, and when he reached our
neighborhood it was empty.

He took another 50-pound can, and
canvassed another street in a similar
manner, etc. In less than two weeks
ovn- friend and brother bee-keeper hatl
sold 800 pounds of honey, and cleared
$67. He told me that he sold his own
honey in the same manner when at
home. How many producers in a
hundred could do like he did ? This
time you see he was a middleman,
useful to himself and others, and I had
no reason to begrudge his large profits.

Middlemen are useful to all branches
of industry, otherwise they would not
be there. Large manufacturers would
be lost without them. The prosperity
of their business depends upon them,
to a great extent ; otherwise they would
not pay them high salaries or large
commissions.

It is a lack of experience, or a sign
of narrow-heartedness in a number of
bee-keepers, to consider the dealer a
leech, instead of a benefactor — an
opinion not shared, however, by the
larger part of experienced bee-keepers.

In dull times, like the present, the
bulk of the lioney would remain unsold
in the hands of bee-keepers, but for
the unceasing industry of dealers, who
take upon themselves responsibilities,
invest their capital, and use their best
endeavors for their own success and
that of bee-keepers. Their interests
are mutual, and their motto should be :
" How can we best work and best
agree ?"

Cincinnati, Ohio.

SWARMING-.

Do Bees Select a New' Home
Before Swarniing i — Temper-
ature and Tcntilatioii.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY J. E. HAND.

It seems that from Mr. G. W. Dem-
aree's answer to Query 505, on page
23, that writer does not think that the
bees select a new home before swarm-
ing, and no doubt there are many
others of the same opinion. I used to
think the same, until several instances
came under luy observation, that led
me to conclude tliat bees do sometimes
if not always, look for a home before
swarming ; tliough they are not always
successful in their undertaking,I firmly
believe that tlie majority of swarms
know just where they are going befoj-e
tliey leave tlie maternal roof.

I u.sed to hunt bees during swarm-
ing time, and transfer them from the
trees to the hives. On several difter-
ent occasions, having found the tree
which I sujiposed contained a large
I swarm, judging from the way the bees

TTH® MMEMIC'MJH: BE® J&V^mMRI^.

251

were going in and out, upon im-
mediately felling the tree, I was much
surprised t() find that there were only
a handful of bees, which were engaged
in cleaning out the hollow, prepara-
torj' to the swarm's taking possession.
I soon found that it did not jjay to cut
bee-trees during swarming time, as
not half of the trees cut at this time
will be found to contain swarms.

Upon a certain occasion, one of my
neighbors told me that a swarm of my
bees had taken possession of the gable
end of his house. Upon examination
I found that the bees were going in
and out through the siding, but from
the inquisitive manner in which thej'
were crawling into every hole they
could find, I concluded that they were
looking up a place to locate, and not
wishing to lose a swarm of bees, I
went home, when I found a large
swarm clustered on a tree, and hived
them, and they did not trouble the
neighlior afterward.

One of my neighbors told me last
winter that he secured 17 swarms in
one season, by placing emptj' hives in
trees. Now if bees do not look up a
future home, there must have been a
great many swarms of bees flying
through the air, to have accidentallj'
found so many of those empty hives.

Winter Temperature and Ventilation*

In Mr. Tyrrel's article, on page 25,
he says that temperature and ventila-
tion are the most impoi'tant factors in
the wintering problem, all else being of
minor importance, as matters over
which we have no control, such as
honey-dew, improper food, etc. I
think that Mr. Tyrrel is putting it
pretty strong, when he says that
honey-dew, improper food, etc., are
of minor importance. My experience
has proven that bees with stores of
good, ripe honey, will winter under
most unfavorable conditions ; while
with stores of poor honej', and honey-
dew, they will not winter well under
the most favorable conditions of tem-
perature and ventilation.

Again, I cannot agree with Mr.
Tyrrel, as to our having no control
over the kind of food which our bees
shall have for winter stores. The ad-
vanced strides of modern bee-culture,
together with the improved manner of
manipulating hives, places it entirely
at the option of the apiarist, whether
his bees will have honey-dew or some-
thing better for winter stores ; and for
my part, I expect to see to it that my
bees tlo not have honey-dew for winter
stores in the future.

If Mr. T. had said that all those
bees, during his experiments, had the
same kind of stores, it might prove a
gi'eat deal in favor of a lower tempera-
ture for cellars ; but if his bees with
stores of good honey wintered well at

28° to 30°, and again on stores of
honey-dew did not do well at a tem-
perature above 42-, it does not f<jlIow
that 28° to 30O is the right tempera-
ture. I have always considered the
matter of food a very important factor,
and in conducting experiments it
should always be considered.

The temperature in my cave never
goes below 40-, nor above 43°, no
matter what the weather is outside, and
the cave did not cost ten dollars.

Osage, Iowa.

'K5g;TaTg5HTgtIIT»II8;;;gSigTYT^

CONVEXTIOIX DIRECTORY.

Time and Place of Meeting.
Stark Countv, at Canton, O.

Murk Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.
■Union, at Menki. Iowa.

Mrs. J. K. Pryor, Prea., Dexter. Iowa.
-Central Michiean, at IjansiriK, Mich.

W. A. Barnes, Sec. DeWitt, Mich.
-Eastern Indiana, at Richmond, Ind.

M. i>. Reynolds, Sec, Williamsburt:. Ind.
-Des Moinea County, at Burlington, Ii)wa.
John Nau. Sec, Middletown, Iowa.
Darke County, at Anannia. O.

J. A. hue. Sec. Union City, Ind.
Marshall Co., at Marshalltown. Iowa.

J. W. Sanders, See., LeGrande, Iowa,
—Texas State, at Greenville. Tex.

B. F. Carroll, Sec, Blooming Grove. Tex.
Susquehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.
H. M. Seeley. Sec, Harford, Pa.
Welland County, at Welland, Ont.

J. F. Uunn, Sec, Ridgeway. Onl.
Keystone, at Scranton, Pa.

Arthur A. Davis. Sec, Clark's Green. Pa.
Cortland Union, at Cortland. N. V.

W. H. Beach, Sec, Cortland, N. Y.
-Nashua, at Nasliua. Iowa.

H. L. Rouse, Sec Ionia, Iowa.
-N. W. Ills. & S. W. Wis., at Rorkton, Ills.

D. A. Fuller, Sec. (Iherry Valley. Ills.
—Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Claik, Sec, Denver, Colo.

^T" In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meettnKs.— Bd.

1868.
Apr. 1 I.-
Apr. 14.-
Apr. 21.-
Apr. 21.-
Apr. 24.-
Apr.27.-
Apr. 21,-
May 2, 3,
May S.-
May T.-
May S.-
May S.-
May 19.
May 22,
Aug. 14.

ggfggjgggggyygggTggwggiigngrryy

sm^^^

f^^

Cemented IJee-Cellaps. — C. H.

Dibbern, Milan, Ills., on March 31, 1888,
says :

In reply to Mr. .Jolin B. Lindle, on page
18.'), I will say that I liave used exactly such
R bee-cellar us described by me on page 41.
Duruijf the last ten years I have stored,
every winter, from 100 to 180 eoloides of
bees in it, and I have not lost to exceed 2
percent, in winterhig. The present winter
will be no exception, as the bees appear to
be in fine condition.

Finding: tlie i^iieen, etc.— Frank
Waring, Philipsburg, Pa., on March, 38,
1888, writes :

This Is how I now find queens after all
other niethoils failed : I procure an empty
hive like the one with the bees in, move
the old hive back a lew feet, and put the
empty one on the old stand, with a drone
and queen trap at the entrance, so that all
the bees have to pass through the zinc. X
then take a frame out of the old hive, and if
I do not see the queen, I shake enough of
the bees in front of the new liive so that 1
am aure the queen is iwt on tlie frame ;

then I put the frame into the new liive,
cover it with a cloth, and proceed with
another frame in the same way. It I get all
the frames into the new hive without find-
ing the queen, I find her trying to get in
through the perforated zinc.

Last fall 1 had 14 colonies of bees, and
now 1 have 13, one having frozen to death
early in the winter. They were wintered
on the summer stands, and are all in good
condition. One strong colony had a hive-
entrance l'.ixl3 inches, and is in splendid
condition now. Yesterday I started the
bees on rye meal, and to-day they worked
on it with great vigor. Bees were flying ia
as great numbers as during a honey-flow in
ndrtsnmmer. I have one colony of pure
black bees, and the rest are of all degrees
up to nea/rly pure Italian.

Oood Prospects — HItc Stan-
dards.—D. P. Barrows, Nordhoff, Calif.,
on March 21, ISSS, saj's :

The season has opened very favorably,
and the prospects are very fair for a good
year for bees. There was very little honey
last year, but our hees are doing very well,
and the majority are well supplied witii
honey. My bees have not swarmed yet,
but 1 am looking for them to do so soon,
as there are a great many drones about the
apiary, and in many hives. Will someone
suggest a good standard for which to place
hives on ?

Experience in llec-Keeping:. —

Walter B. Boutwell, Lowell, Mass., on Mar.

18, 1888, writes :

I began with 1 colony, increased it to 3
the Hr.-t year, and the next year I Increased
them to 8 colonies: the next year I increased
them to 13 colonies. I have lost all but S
colonies. I had a swarm issue on Aug. 30,
which was very late, but I thought I would
try to save it. I hived it on comb founda-
tion, and it gathered some honey before
frost came; so I put it into the barn cellar,
in a window, so that the sun would shine in
very warmly. I fed it with one-pound sec-
tions of honey in the window, and it carried
the honey into the hive ; it wintered in that
way, and in the summer it built up so as to-
make a very strong colony. I can sell a
great deal of honey in Lowell for 30 cents a
pound. There is not much honey in that
town now.

Properly Caring' foi" tUe Bees.

—J. W. Sanders, Le Grand, Iowa, on March
33, 1888, writes :

I prepared my 04 colonies for winter last
October, by strengthening the weak in
stores from those that had enough and to
spare, and putting in division-boards. I
made a record ot the condition of each col-
ony, by giving the age and quality of the
queen, number of frames, strength of the
colony, and amount of stores. This I have
in my apiary r^gister, and also on a tablet
which is tacked on the front of each hive,
where I can see it at any time when in the
bee-cellar.

On Ni)V. 19 and 21 I put all the bees into
the cellar, where I intend to have them re-
main until about the time willow and maple
are ready to bloom. The temperature of the
cellar has been fnim 86° to 43» the most of
the time since they were put in. A few
times I had to use a little stove in order to
keep the temoerature above freezing, when
it was 20= to 30= below zero out-doors, and
perhaps a high wind. Such weather will
some times alfect cellars here, and I find it
a good thing to have a thermometer in the
cellar. March IS was a very warm day, being
00" in the shaile, but about .')0= in the cellar,
and the bees were more restless than at any

252

Tmm MMERicftM mmm j&\3m.nmi^.

•■^^'■^'■^'■—'■^^^^^'

time during tlie winter. I opened the doors
in the evening, so as to admit a good ctiange
of warm, t'resli air.

Tlie cellar is so arranged tiiat I can open
tlie outside doors, and not admit light to the
bee-room. On March :31 I examined them,
cleaned out the d^ad bees wiiere necessary,
and as far a'! 1 could see all seemed well ex-
cept two or three colonies that were a little
too much clogged up with dead bees.

The harvest of 18S7, iu this part of Iowa,
was almost an entire failure, and from my
own observations and inquiry, 1 tliinli that
there will be a large number of colonies
that will perish during the winter, for want
of stores where they were not properly
cared for in the fall. The mercury this
morning was 6= below zero. It is a good
thing that the bees are in the cellar yet.

salt on it, and apply it. It will stop the
pain instautly, and keep it from swelling.

I would like to hear from some one that
has had experience with house apiaries. I
am thiulcing of building one as an experi-
ment, on a cheap scale, 10 feet wide, -50 or
(iO feet long, one story high,to accommodate
two rows of hives on each side ; the walls
to be double, and warm enough to let the
bees stay in it the whole year around. It
will have bee-escapes, as described on page
108. There is lots of bad weather on the
farm, that I could work at the bees in the
house, wht-nl could not do anything else.
They could tly when they wished. It is so
much work tu carry bees in and out of a
cave, and they are always liable to mold.

Bt^cs W'interiiig- l»oorly .— J no. G.
Pursel, Round Plains, Out., on March 29,
188S, says :

In this locality, so far as I can learn, bees
are wintering badlv, the losses being about
•one-half. They are badly affected with
diarrhea. I have 20 colonies in the cellar,
which are all right. I wintered my bees at
a temperature of 40°.

Ho-»v tlie Bees liave ^Viiitered.—

Roland Holmes, Ft. Wayne, lud., on March

23, 1888, says :

Bees have wintered well in this locality.
The drouth last year cut the hcmey crop
short, my bees producing only S-t pounds of
surplus per colony, and they were in good
condition for the honey flow ; but it did not
*' flow." i have 40 colonies at present.

Strong- Oolonieiii in Cliait Hives.

—Nathan Mercer, Neosho, Wis., on March

18, 1388, says :

I have 83 colonies of bees left from 99 col-
onies, all in chaff hives. About one-iialf of
them now cover 10 frames of comb, and are
increasing fast. Twelve colonies starved to
death. I supposed they had plenty of stores
to last them until spring ; but being such
strong colonies, they consumed more than
i expected. I suppose I will have to feed
some.

Snccessful «:ells«r-lViutering-.—

E. P. Colburn, New Cassel, Wis., on March
■33, 18S8, writes :

My bees have wintered nicely. Five colo-
nies were outside, iu double-walled hives
filled with dry sawdust. They had a
cleanshii flight on March 19, and I found
that tliey were in line condition. I have 40
colonies mure in the cellar, wbicli I have
not taken nut yet, but I know they are all
riaht. My cellar has a furnace in one part
■of it, which makes it a iiice place to winter
Ijees. 1 never have any moldy combs to
bother with in the spring. I never have
lost but 3 colonies while wintering them in
the cellar. 1 am very fond of bees, and owe
what 1 have learned at)0Ut them to the
American Bee Jouhnal. I am a miller
by trade, have about 1.5 acres of land, with
ttie bees near the mill, so that I can atteml
to them at odd times, with some of my
wife's aid iu case of necessity.

Bees Wiuterliis Well, etc.— J. L.

Comstock, Sac City, Iowa, ou March 38,
1888, writes :

My bees are wintering well so far. I have
31 colonies in the cellar. They had good
honey to go into winter quarters with,
being mostly basswood. In the spring of
1887 1 took .Vi colonies out of the cellar, and
I siild 27, which left 25 colonies. I had only
7 natural swarms. My bees gathered .500
pounds ot comb honey in one and two
pound sections. 1 united 3 colonies in the
fall, which made 31 good colnnies, and all
are alive. The imlioations are that we will
soon have them on the summer stands. It
is very warm to-day.

Expei-ience -witli Blacic Bees. —

E. T. Smith, Bowling Green, Mo., on March
39, 1888, writes :

Last fall I had 47 colonies of mostly black
bees, which were reduced, by doubling and
letting the moth destroy them.to23 colonies.
I now have 7 fine cohmies of Italians and
pure hybrids. 1 want no more black bees.
They are like poor land, which produces a
good crop when the season is perfect. We
have had some fine spring days, but mostly
cold, damp weather. My bees brought in
pollen from soft maple on March 18. I am
not discouraged, but still fond of my bees,
which I keep for pleasure, and, as my re-
ports shows, not for profit.

Bees all Rigrht in tke Cellar.— A.

,J. Adkisou, Wiuterset, Iowa, on March 39,

1888, says :

I put my bees into the cellar during the
cold weather that we had the last of Novem-
ber, 1887, and they appear to be doing well.
There are very few dead bees ou the cellar
floor, and they are very quiet. I have a
partition across the east end of the cellar
where the bees are, and I never go in there
except to look at the b^^es. There is no
window in that part. When the weather
was 30° below zero outside, it was 36° above
zero iuside. I think that more than half of
the bees that were leltou the summer stands
will die. Some bee-men have lost more
than half ot their bees already.

Bee-Slingfs— IIoiise-/t.i>iary, etc.

—Alva F. Wilson, Prairie City, Iowa, on
March 35, 1888, writes :

I put 60 colonies into a beecave last fall,
«nd I am ashamed to say I let 13 or 14 colo-
nies starve : the rest are in fine condition.
In mild weather I open the door in the
south end of the cave, and also the ventila-
tor in the iioith end at niglit, thus letting
the bees have fresh air. I am a fanner, and
1 would as soou think of doing without my
•cows as to be without the bees. Bees sting
occasionally, cows kick, hut J will take the
bees and himey for piolit, in preference to
the cows aruf butter, compared with the
amount of labor an.l expense. Last year
was a poor year for honey, as well as for
other crops.

I think tiiat I have found the best anti-
dote lor a bee-sting. It is lemon juice and
salt. I out ofl: a piece of lemou, put a little

Rearing Queens, etc.— G. Crouse,
Ithaca, Mich., ou March 20, 1888, says :

I notice that Mr. Doolittle claims that
queens reared by natural swarming are bet-
ter than those reared as breeders generally
rear them. Will some one please state in
the Bee Jouknal how they are reared in
the latter case ?

My bees have wintered well. I have 32
colonies in chaff hives, on the summer
stands, with hut one weak colony among
them. So far I have not lost any, and young
bees are hatching in nearly all of the colo-
nies. I began last season with 11 colonies,
sold 2 swarms, increased my apiary to the
nresent number, and obtained .5.50 pounds of
hnney in sect oiis. The bees were wintered
on stores ot their own gatlierin^

Cliea|> Colleens. — W. H. Shaner,
Leechbnrg, Pa., on April 3, 1888, says :

Last August I bought 4 cheap, untested
Italian (pieens. One was ailing when I cot
her, and the colony kept Ms drones. The
queen did not lay until October, when 1
noticed the bees carrying several young
queens out. 1 examined the colony, and
found a young queen (which has proved to
be a drone-layer) and a little brood. On
Feb. 12, I found another cheap queen in
front of a hive, ilead ; and on Marcli 26 still
another. I am disgusted with cheap queens.
1 want no more of them.

Bees have wintered well in the cellar and
on the summer stands. They carried iu the
first natural pollen on March 27.

Bee-Keeping- in 'W. Virginia.—

G. C. Hughes, Pipestem, W. Va., on March
26, 1888, writes :

The industry ot bee-keeping is yet in Its
infancy in this part ot tlie State ; yet I see
no reason why it may not be made a profit-
able business. We are situ'ited on the back-
bone of the Alleghany Mountains, where
the coves and valleys are covered with bass-
wood, poplar, locust, etc., and the ridges
are covered with sourwood. White clover
grows spontaneously, and red clover grows
well. My brother was the first to place
bees in frame hives in this county, about
ten years ago ; soon afterwards he died,
when the industry waned, until about two
years ato Rev. Mr. llnuchins and myself
bought some bees in ludlow-log gums,whieh
we transferred into chaff hives. So far as I
have been able to find out, bees have win-
tered well, and tlie prospects are good.

Col«l Weatlier for tlie Bees.— W.

Mason, Fillmore, Ind., on March 33, 1888,

writes :

We are again in the midst of a blizzard,
and with such a chill that a great amount of
brood may be lost, as some have been feed-
ing already to start brood-rearing, through
some of the warm days just past, which I
claim is bad policy. Mv bees have wintered
well, having but two flights in four month.s,
the first on Feb. 23, and the last on March
18 and 19. I always return ray bees to their
winter quarters on the appearance of a cold
spell, in spite of other work. Bees have
wintered well in this part of the State, and
where properh' packed, but of those left to
take care ot themselves, a large per cent,
are lost. I find this to be the result of not
taking a good bee-paper, and not attending
bee-meetings and profiting by them. But
such are not bee-keepers, but bee failures.
A great many bees are being lost by drown-
ing in the sap^pails in the suiiar orchards.
My plan to stop this is, to take an ax and
ao to the nearest sugar trees and hack them
as high as one can reach. The bees will go
to that instead of the buckets.

Xlii: JEMERICPtN E8EU JOURHai^.

253

BCeiNGSS MANAGER.

itsiucss Motices,

It Von l^ive near one post office and
get your mail at anotlier, be sure to give tlie
address tiiat we liave on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this ofBce.

If'yon I.1OSC Money by carelessly en-
closiufjitin a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Mease to get yonr l»iffIiI»or,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Jouknal. It is now so cirEAP that
no one can afford to do without it.

Preserve Tonr Papers for future

reference. If you have no IH>'I>ER we

will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FKEE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Jotibnai..

Please vrrite AmerUxm, Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Money Orders for $5.00 and under,
cost .5 cents. As these are absolutely safe,
it will pay to get them instead of the Postal
Notes which are payable to any one who
presents them.

■We Clnb the American Bee Jouknai,
and the "Bee-Keepers' Magazine " for one
year for 81.40 ; or with " Gleanings in Bee-
Culture" for Sl.T.") ; or with the "Apiciil-
turist " for 81.80 ; or the " Canadian Honey-
Producer " for Sl.30 ; with the Bee-Keepers'
Review, 81.40 ; or all six for 84.00.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up witli the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for Si.- cents, postpaid.

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Xlie AnsMers.— The following are the
replies to the " Questions " propounded on
page 141, concerning the new Heddon hive,
tabulated in order to save space.

O. F. Ahrens

P. J. Bates

P. Baumhauer

H. Bienuan

.1. W. Bittenbender

W.BIt/.er

W. E. Bcittardus

C. K.Boyer

.lofihuu Bull

li.C. Burgess

Louis K. Burgess ..

Wiu.S.BuBi

K. K. Gardner

W. F. Clarke

J. M. Cheesiuan —

J. Deetian

A. M l>own5

E. E. Flwinjt

G. W. Fair

W. B. Korbes

0. Foster

D. Funiees

1. R. Gofxl

W. H. Gowttn

OS. Hall

N. L. HaiiROD

U. Harmon

S. H. Harrison

A. .1. & E. Hataeld

E Hawley

S. Heath

}j. i:. Hippie

F. L. Howes

W. Z. Hutchinson.
J. E .Tones

B. D. Keeney

W. J. Keller

W C. Kme

I.lghtv iZeiKler ..

D. B.Lirulpey

T. W. I.ivin(;-»ton..

A. Mi'Dour.^il

A. McWain

K. R. Ma^'oon

T. N. Marquis

J. H.Martin

G. .1. Moloney

M. S. Morgan

W. C. xutt

J. J. Owens

A. A. Parsons

H. B. PuterPaugh.

W. H. Putnam

J. Richardson

.lohn W. Rider

L. H. Robey

J Rogers

c. M. Ruland

P. Schaub

K. H. Seares

E. M. Slocuni

c. F. Smith

G. Smith

C. Solveson

.1. J. Snydor

M. L. Hneneer

W. B Stephens

F. P. Stiles

W. A. Stolley

SvkCH JiSon

\V. C. Seymour

R. L.Taylor

M 'I'homfon

l>. H 'I'owneend...
'I', li. Vnn Durn....
W. G.Wads«orth.

F. B.Wilde

J.Woodraansee.Jr.
A. Wortman

2U

20(1 2

12U I 3

2 1

2Ut 2

Zi

24t 1
IM 1

3U

13
14lie 2

21

19

49

27 (

10

14

50

40

no

1st

10
36U

s

41t
10

.. v
Ji 1 1

2? I 1
30 I 1

2

9
go

!

X

V

P.

ja
&

B

0

The Htve which 1
now prefer— every-
thing considered.

myself

Heddon

Langst'h
NewHed

"j

I

*

Jones
myself

••

Heddon
Newm'n
Heddon

s "

Chat'q'a.
NewHed

B '*

Hed'n
myself

Newm'n
Heddon

Old-Hed.

Lang&t'h
NewHed

B *'

I

Newm'n
Heddon

■»

Bish.

myself

Hed'n
myself

Heddon

Falcon'r
Heddon

S *'

myiielf

N«»wm'n
Heddon

«

"

"

"

1

Newm'n
Heddon

«

1 Hed'n
imyself
! Hed'n
myself

Newm'n
Heddon

Simple' y
NewHed

»

NPwm'n
Heddon

*

1 Lewis

myself

I

I "

„

n

"

tt

"

•

1

I

8 "

8 •'

•

REKEHENCES.-t Indettnite figures.

* Undeiided. on atcount of poor season,
s Preference for comb honey,
t Making a quantity more for use.

In all, there are 79 answers from persons
having 2,183 of these hives in use ; of which
as prefer the " New Hive ;" on account of
the unpropitiousness of the past season, 16
have not decided upon its merits ; while
preferring it for the production of comb
honey, 6 cannot decide upon its adaptability
for the production ot extracted honey ; and
•■5 prefer some other hive.

It must be understood that this is not here
given in the interest of any person, but for
the information of bee-keepers in general.

It is Extravagant Economy not

to have hives, sections, comb foundation,
etc., on hand when nee<led. To prevent
disappointment, order early what you will
need in that line. Then the hives can be
nailed and painted In odd times, and the
sections put together, so as to be ready at a
minute's notice. It is a sad disappointment
to need these things and then not have
them on hand. They should be ordered
iniiuediately.

AlAvays Sleution your Post-Offlce,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing —
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

PhotogT^plis ot Bee-Keepers. —

The " medley " gotten up by E. 0. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for 81.7-') ; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

, Yucca Itriislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at .5 cents each, or .50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Scatter tlie leaflets.— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

A Pocket IMotionary will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with 82.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spellmg of words, and to
determine their meaning.

Your Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes
and delays.

Clover Seeds.— We are sellmg Alsike
Clover Seed at the following price,s : 88.00
per bushel; 82.3.5 per jieck ; 25 cents per lb.
Vmite Clover Seed : 810.00 per bushel; 82.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Apiary R»'sister.— All who intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiary,

sliould get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) (1 00

" 100 colonies (220 pages) 125

" 200 colonies (420 pa^es) 150

Red Isabels <br Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2 25

500Label8 2 00 3.00 ;i 50

l.OOOLabels a.OO 4.00 .5.00

MO- Samples mailed free, upon application.

254

TmW, MlttMRICJEH MMM JI@^MlfMlU.

> ^ t^* — •■j^_^ ^_t — '■^ 'J^J'jT^' ^^^_^ ^^."^ '■_ ■"■ '■_T' ^:^ ^ft-tl^^^ ^^5^ ^^L^^*-^ ^^^^ ^ A^^ ^^^^

-■^^^^^■^■^^^^^■^■^■Si

Honey and Beeswax Market.

CHICAGO.

HONBV.— Prices raoce from 16®18c. for best one-
lb. sections, to l-KSiloc. for offcolnr and condition;
2-lbB., I4@l5c. Darli is slow of sale at almost any
price. Extracted, 7a9c., with good supply. i,igbt
demand. _ „„

BBK8WAX,-22@2S0. R. A. BURNBTT,

Mar. 22. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
14(3150.; fancy 2-lbs., 12c. Lower grades l®2c. per
lb. less. Buckwheat i-lbs., ui@ici!^c.; 2-lbB., 9@9tsc.
Extracted, white, 7®7V2C.; dark, 5>4®6c.
Mar. 19. F.G.8TR0HMKYER&C0., 122Water8t.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white clover l-lbs.,

16®17c.: 2-lb8., 15®lfic. Dark is slow sale at almost

any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7@ioc.

BKE8WAX.-23C. _

Mar. 13. B. T. FISH 4 CO., 189 8. Water 8t,

CINCINNATI

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4^@9c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, 14@17c.—
Supply large and demand slow.

BBKSWAJt.— Demand is Kood— 20®22c. perlb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Mar. 26. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.- We quote ; Fancy white In l-lb. sec-
tions, 14®i7c.; tne same In 2-lb8., I2®i4c.; buck-
wheat l-Ibs., 10®llc.; 2-lbs.,9@10c. White extracted
8®9c.; dark. .5W®6c. Market dull; prices declining.
BEESWAX.- 22®23c.

MCCAUL & HILDRETH BROS.,
Mar. 10. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

MILiWATTKEB.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 17@18c.:
2-lbs., 15®16c.; 3-lbs., 14c. Dark and broken not quo-
table. Extracted, white in kegs and i^-barrela. S]^i to
90.; in tin and pails. 9i2@10o.; dark, J^-barrels and
kegs, .'j@7c. Market slow.

BBE8WAJC.-22@2.')C. „

Mar. 10. A. V. BISHOP. 142 W. Water 8t.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Best white i-lb. sections, 17®19c.! 2-lb.
sections. 15@i7o. Extracted, 7®10c.

BBE8WAX.-20@-'3c.
Mar. 1. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote ; Choice white 2-lb. sections,
17®18c.; dark 2-lb8, I4®15c.; choice white l-lbs.. 18 to
20 cts., dark l-lbs., 15®lfic. White extracted, 7®«o.!
dark. 5®6c. Demand is slow. White extracted is
firm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BEESWAX.- 21 to 22c.
Mar. 29. HAMBLIN & BBAR88, 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote: 1-lb. sections, 160170.; 2-
Ib. sections, I4®16c. Extracted, 8@»c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BBK8W AX.— 25 cts. per lb.
Mar 24. BLAKE & RIPLET. 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANC18C0.

HONEY.— We quote : White to extra, in®i7c.;
amber. 9@Mc. Extracted, white liquid, 7®7^c.;
amber and candied, 6®7c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.- 18®2lc.
Mar. 20. SCHACHT i LEMCKB. 122-124 Davis St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best white in 1-pound sections, 16@17c.
Extracted, 9®10c. for light colored. Market weaker
and supply only fair.

BEK8WAX.— 22®23c.
Mar. 14. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote: White l-lbs., glnssed, lfi®17c;

unglassed, 17®l8c.; and dark l-lbs., ylaased, l.sc: un-

flassed, 16c.; white 2-lbs., glassed, 16c.,: unglassed 2-
bs., 17c. California white 2-lb8.. I7c. California ex-
tracted in fiolb. cans, 8c. Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BBB8WAX.-N0. 1,20c.; No. 2, 18c.
Mar.l9. CLEM0N8, CLOON & CO., cor 4th &Walnut.

giducrtisemettts.

6. B. LEWIS & GO.

tTtTE make the best Bee - Htves, the best
VV Sections, the best Snipping - Crates, the
best Frames, etc., etc.
t^r- We sell them at the Lowest Prices.—
Write for free Illustrated Catalogue.
Cr. B. lb:-^7^is <Sc CO.,

37Atf WATKRTOWN. WIS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

My 20tli Annual Price-Llst fnd'S'lHan^fgS

yi'eens and Nuclei Culonies (a specialty): also Sup-

niies-will be sent to all who send their names and

addresses. H. H. BKOWN,

15D2t-18C3t ],IGHT STREET, Columbia Co., PA.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

BEE-HIVES for Sale VERY LOW.

ABOtrT 30 new LAN6STR0TH. complete.
Write to, JAMES T. NORTON,

ISAlt WINSTED, CONN.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

"WILL SEIN'II) C. O, TD.

TTALIANS on Langstroth frames — two-frame
I Nucleus (no Queen) tl.5U; 3-frame, $2.00. BEES
per lb.. 75 cts. Tested Queens, S2.0ii ; Untested, in
May, $1.00 To insure shipment of Bees by express,
C. O. D., sufficient money should be sent to at least
pay all express-charges. No foul brood.
15A4t H. It. Pttngborn, Maqnoketa* Iowa.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

DESinNED for the Farmer, Lawyer. Doc-
tor, Postmaster, Merchant, Township and
County Officer, the Bee-Keeper, the Home-
in fact every one should have a secure place
for valuables.

We offer In the VICTOR SAFE a flrst-
clafes Fire-proof, Burglar-proof, Combination
Lock Safe, handsomely flnished. Round cor-
ners, hand decorated: burnished portions are
nickel-plated. Interiors nicely fitted with sub-
treasuries, book-spaces and pigeon-holes.

Prices range as follows :

OUTSIDE. INSTTIE. WEIGHT. PRICE

Ho. 2. 22x15x16. 12x8x8'=, 250 lbs. $30 00
No. 3. iSxlSxlS, 15x10x10, 600 " 40 00
No. 4. 32x22x22, 19xl4xl2'5 800 " 60 00

THOmAS G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 West Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.

APIARY for Sale.— 150 Colonies, Extrac-
tor, Foundation Press, and other fixtures.
For particulars and prices address.

T. W. lilVINOSTON,

15Alt AINSWORTH, Washington Co., IOWA.

II^G-GS for Hatching, »2.(»l per 13. From Prize
J Plymouth Rocks and Wyandott Fowls, scoring
90 to 93Mi. W. C. COFFMAN, Pewamo, Mich.

13A4t

MentUm the American Bee Jounuil.

Nothing Succeeds Like Success.

How I Produce Comb Honey. TEN
years' Experience. First Thousand sold
in tour months. By mail, 5 cts. each; $3.00
per 100. My illustrated Prloe-List of Supplies
for the Apiary, Bees, Queens, etc., Free.

GEO. E. HIIiTON,

SlAtf FREMONT, MICH.

Mention ths ArMrican Bee Journal.
t^~ May also be obtained at this office, _^i

The Bee-Keepers' Review

FOR MARCH is devoted to " Planting for
Honey." If undecided upon this subject,
by all means read this Number. The April
Number (which will be out about March 20)
win take up the topic of " Securing Workers
for the Harvest," or perhaps it would be more
proper to say, "Spring Management."

R. L. Taylor, James Heddon, Dr.A.B. Mason,
Dr. C. C. Miller, E E. Hasty, F. P. Stiles, H. R.
Boardman, J. H. Robertson, J. H. Martin and
Oliver Foster are among the contributors to
these two issues. Besides this, there are sev-
eral pages in each Number devoted to extracts
and to short, pointed editorials upon live and
practical subjects. An exhaustive review of
Mr. Cheshire's great work, " Bees and Bee-
Keeping," is begun in the prest nt issue.

^T" Price of the REVIEW, 50 cts. per year.
Samples free.

Tbe Production of Comb Honey,

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 25 cents.
The REVIEW and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

Address, W. 1. HCTCHINSON,

llAtf 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY,

PAMPHLET full of new and improved
methods ; Price, 5 one-cent stamps. You
nf ed also my list of Italian <t"eenN, Bees by
the lb., and Supplies Oliver Foster,
13Att Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

jVcJitio?!. tJie Am.erlcan Bee Journal.

Bright Italian (jueens.

I HAVE 50 Select Tested QUEENS of last
year's rearing, that I will sell in April at
$.3 00 each; In May, S2.50: in June, $2.00; and
from July 1 to Nov. 1, $1.50.

QUEENS, warranted purely mated, $1.00;
6 tor $5 00. They are bred from the best of
mothers and are superior to the common run
of Queens sold at a lower price without any
guaranty as to purity. I do not pretend to
rear Queens under the Swarming Impulse. I
believe with those who answer Queries in this
JouRNAi,— that It is a humbug. When it Is
necessary to stimulate to get good Cells, 1 do
so, and that is all there is in It.

t^~ Have your orders booked ahead, and
send for the Queens when you want them, I
will commence shipping Warranted Queens
as early in May as possible. I guarantee safe
arrival. Address. J. T. WILSON,
llD4t NICHOLAS VILLE, Jessamine Co., KY.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

SUPPLY DEALERS

AND OTHERS should write to me for
Special Prices on BEE - SUPPLIES

for this fall and winter.
pe~ A beavy Discount allon^ed.

Address, A.. IF. ST-A-TJIFIFrEI^,

44Dtf STERLING, ILLINOIS.

BEES AND QUEENS READY TO SHIP.

FRIENDS, it you are In need of Bees and
(tiieeus, I can accommodate you at the
following low prices : One Colony of Italian
Bees, on 8 Simplicity frames. In light shipping-
boxes, $6.50; 5 Colonies, $30. One Untested
Queen, $1.25; .3 tor $3.30; 6 for $6. One lb.
Italian Bees. $1.25: 3 lbs., $3; 6 lbs. $5.40; 10
lbs. $8 50. Prices to dealers sent on a Postal
Card. Address, AV. S. CAUTHEN,
13D4t PLEASANT HILL, S. C.

MINNESOTA AHEAD!

WE are selling 100 AlWWood Langs-
troth Brood-Frames for $1.00; and
Langstroth HIVES, with Supers, for55ots.

t^~ Don't order your Supplies for 1888
until you see our Circular.

lOAtf MAZEPPA, MINNESOTA.

c

Full Colonies of Bees for Sale

HEAP, during the season of 18?i8.

C. M. HOLLINGSWORTH, Rockford, Ills.
ll-l.')-lfl

Mention tlte American Bee Journal.

THE mv^MMiGRjsi mmm j^&urmril.

259

THOS. G.NEWMMJ »»SON, ;

EDITOR.

Vol, XXIV. April 18, 1888. No. 16,

All tin- Hells of lu'iiveu may ring,
All tlie birds of heaven may sin>.',
All the wells on earth may sprinij,
All the winds of earth may bring

All sweet sounds together.
Sweeter far than all things heard,
Hand of harper, tone of bird,
Sound of woods at sundown stirred —
Bees (ire sioarming— welcome word,

Soundiug in warm weather.

Hoge's Honey Company, in Lon-
don, failed, and in February offered a
" fir.st and final dividend " of onesixty-flfth
of a penny to the pound sterling to its credi-
tors, or about .¥2.60 dividend for $1,000. This
is a 'wonderful offer for the London Yankee
honey-dealer.

It is no Secr«'«, although it is said to
be "confidential," that an effort is being
made to create a life-annuity of §300 for the
Rev. L. L. Langstroth. This very small
amount is proposed to be raised by annual
subscriptions or donations— or, more prop-
erly speaking, by " free-will offerings,"
borne by ready hands, with the hearty
benedictions of the donors, and the warmest
wishes for peace and happiness, to rest
upon the liead of this " grand old man," and
Father of modern apiculture. As this mat-
ter is "confidential" among his friends,
any one can obtain full particulars by send-
ing a Postal Card giving your name and
address to Dr. C. C. Miller, Marengo,
Mcllenry Co., Ills.

A ino«leru Bce-Farni, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Siramina. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

A<liilt<-i-sitioii — Impurity, «'tc.—

On page 2(i5, Dr. Leers make? some very
fine distinctions, while criticising a matter
brought out at the New York Convention
(see piige 106). These distinctions will not
bear the light of the definitions of these
words by Webster.

For instance: To adulterate is thus de-
fined : " To corrupt liy some foreign mix-
ture, or by intermixing what is less valua-
ble; to pollute." Am impurity is "an ad-
mixture of base ingredients." The words
mean just about the same thing.

On our desk is one of the slips which one
of Thurber's agents had the assurance to
scatter at the New York Convention, stat-
ing that out of 43 samples of bottled honey
analyzed, only 6 were pure, and Thurber's
was one of the six. The whole thing looks
like a base impostion, to use the words of
the member of that convention who sent us
the slip.

It is but a short time ago that the United
States Chemist sent to honey-dealers in
various cities for samples to analyze. Mr.
Muth, of Cincinnati, sent him some, and
nearly all were reported as "probably adul-
terated." Mr. Muth's were marked "prob-
ably pure." The whole thing was worthy
of Prof. Wiley, the author of that infamous
" scientific pleasantry !" He had the brazen
effrontery to send to Mr. Muth for more
samples to analyze. This was indignantly
refused— in these words : " We know what
we deal in, and handle only straight goods
—and want nothing more to do with your
jrrohably pure." Good, for Bro. Muth. The
name of that wily chemist will go down to
posterity loaded with infamy !

If the chemist is honest and capable,
would he not know the result of an analy-
sis ? Then is it not an evidence of fraud
to say that a sample so analyzed is " prob-
ably pure ?"

i^tatistics of Maine. — Ml'. Isaac
Hutchins, Secretary of the Maine Bee-
Keepers' Association, has gathered statis-
tics about bees in four counties in that
State, and here are the aggregate figures :

Whole number of colonies reported :
3,3.53 in the fall of 1880 ; 3,068 in the spring
of 1887 : 3,T37 in the fall of 1887 ; winter loss
nearly 39 per cent., and the gain in number
of colonies from the fall of 1886 to the fall
of 1887, 11 per cent. ; average amount of
honey per colony, 13^ pounds.

Xln' Summer Sleep of animals and
insects was mentioned by the Kev. W. F.
Clarke, on page 331, but his word .^sUvlsm
was incorrectly spelled, and Mr. C. desires
it corrected. Our proof-reader was not
familiar with the word, and consulted Web-
ter's Unabridged Dictionary, and not find-
ing the word there, made it as near to the
writing as he could. .Mr. C's writing is
usually excellent, but in this case it was a
little " blind," as printer's call it. When
using a word not in the Dictionary, all
should be very particular to write it so
plainly that the spelling cannot be in
doubt. Many of our best-informed writers
are very careless in this particular. Of
foreign words, botanical names, etc., each
letter should be separated and written
plainly.

Mr. 'W. Z. llulcUinson wisely re-
marks, that to produce comb honey in
abundance, bees must bejstrong in numbers
at the beginning of the honey harvest, and
to secure this desirable condition, feeding
must be carried on uninterruptedly for at
least two months preslous to the opening of
the honey harvest.' ' 'Aside from food in
abundance, warmth is the great requisite
for breeding. A colony of bees generates
sufficient heat, but very much of it is lost
by radiation. ,' Warm, beautiful spring
weather is sometimes followed by severe
freeze which chills some of the brood.

1'Iie Uuioii, Albinos, etc.— Chas.
D. Barber, Stockton, N. Y., on April 9, 1888,
writes :

It is warm here to-day. On April 4 I took
my bees out of the cellar. I had put them
in the c.Hllar en Nov. 11, 1887, being in 145
days They came out in aood condition,
and had plenty of stores. I think that we
will have a good season this year. I lost
but one colony. We have had a very cold
winter. I think that we all ought to stand
by Mr. Z. A. Clark. I am ready to pay
an assessmetit, or five times the amount, to
defend the members of the National Bee-
Kee])ers' Union. Are there any bees that
look like the Italians, but that are white in-
stead of yellow ? If so, what kind of
workers are they ?

Yes ; Albino bees have white bands in-
stead of yellow, and we have had such who
would work fully equal to the best Italians.

In reference to the case of Mr. Z. A.
Clark, we expect to be able to give some
good 7iews in our next issue. We can now
say this much— that Mayor and those Alder-
men have been ousted by indignant citi-
zens, and if we mistake not, Mr. Clark's
defense by the Union has been the prime
cause of their expulsion from office.

Place oi Meeting.— If the next meet-
ing of the North American Bee-Keepers'
Society is held at Columbus, it seems that
we are to have a good place to hold the ses-
sions. Dr. Mason, the President, says :

In a letter just received, I am informed
that the hall of the House of Representa-
tives has been granted for the use of the
Bee-Keepers' Convention, at Columbus, 0 ,
from Sept. 18 to 31, inclusive.

We understand that circulars are to be
sent to all the mehibers to vote on the
change from Toledo to Columbus, O. Let
answers be returned as soon as possible, so
that it may be decided definitely.

IScw Calalos>»e8 for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

M. J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas— IB
pages— Bee-H ives and Supplies.

J. W. K. Shaw cfcCo., Loreauville, La.— 4
pages— Bees and Queens.

Walter Harmer, Manistee, Mich.— 1 page
—Two-Ounce Honey-Sections.

260

-y-Hu m^mmmi^mm mmM jo/wmMML,.

PK

Bee-Keeping in Belgitim.— The

following article from the British Bee Jour-
nal, gives a good idea of the interest taken
in bee-keeping by the authorities in Bel-
gium, and will be read with interest by
Americans :

If we are to judge from the tenor of a
communication which has reached the
Revue Bitematlonale d' Apiculture, from
M. Karel de Kesel, of Amougies-les-Renaix,
Belgium, is at last not only becoming alive
to the importance of apiculture as a means
of improving the condition of farmers and
others engaged in agricultural pursuits, but
is about to take such practical steps as will
place itat no distant date in a line with
other European countries. We cannot do
better, therefore, tlian place before our
readers a translation of M. Karel de Kesel's
communication, as published in the Reroue
Internationale d' ApieuUwe, and which is
to the following etfect :

" I am in a po-ition to inform you that our
Minister of Agriculture has jnst approved a
report upon Practical means for spreading
the knowledge of keeping bees in our coun-
try, and decided to at once give etfect to the
following two recommendations, viz :

"First.— To hold an International Bee-
Exhibition in Brussels in the course of the
present year, of which I will send you later
on the prospectus.

"Second.— To order fifty lectures to be
given in the most suitable Belgian districts
for successful bee-keeping.

" In order to spread as much as possible
the knowledge of bee-keeping, it has been
decided that for this year no more than one
lecture is to be given in each district. This
first lecture will deal merely upon the rudi-
ments of bee-keeping and manipulating, so
as to initiate into correct principles those
who have already acquired a natural in-
stinct in the management of bees.

"The lecturer will be furnished with horse
and trap. In these he will carry about with
him, anmng other things, a stock of bees to
be used for practical demonstrations at his
lectures. An adequate amount of publicity
will be given, to the effect that a bee expert
is about to arrive with an ambulant api-
ary, that he will bring with him bee hives
on the movable bar-frame principle, that the
combs will be removed from and replaced
into the hive at pleasure, and that the bees
will be seen working through glass. Men-
tion will also be made that the lecturer will
bring with him bees of several breeds, as
well as bee-hives, from which as many as
75 kilos of honey can be obtained in favor-
ble seasons ; and that, in fact, lie will show
them sundry bee-furniture of the latest in-
vention, etc. It will also be made known
that editors will be supplied gratis with a
summary of the lectures, together with a
lithographic design of an improved bee-
hive, together with explanations and a list
of the most approved books on bee-keeping.
The explanations and documents which you
have sent me, showing how a bee-associa-
tion could be best organized in Belgium,
will be of great iis^istance to nie. Again
M. Vernieuwe, attached to our Ministry of
Agriculture, himself an amateur bee-keeper,
has received the particulars which you and
Mr. Cowan have sent him.

" We shall soon send out to all the bee-
keepers known in Belgium an invitation to
a general meeting, in order to agree upon
the main point ot a proposed association."

I\'e\r Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888, for $1.75. while
here are any sets of 1887 left.

Fraternal Relations with our co-
workers should always be maintained, if
there is a possibility of its being done. We
have often urged this, and at the Inter-
national Convention held in Cincinnati, O.,
in 1880, we made some remarks upon an es-
say by Mr. A. J. King, relative to this, which
were recorded in the printed (minutes in
these words :

President Newman remarked that it was
exceedingly encouraging to witness the
spirit in which Mr. King had written, and
of his kind allusions to the Rev. L. L. Lang-
stroth, whom some unwise enthusiasts are
now trying to misrepresent and abuse. Mr.
Newman said that he had not the pleasure
of even a personal acquaintance with Mr.
Langstroth, but revered him only for his
noble work and devotion to the science and
art of bee-culture. Mr. King's allusions to
the necessity of adopting the newest and
most perfect methods, as well as to keep
abreast with the times in every department
of apiculture, he regarded as the very key-
note of success.

The speaker very heartily endorsed the
position taken by Mr. King, that " the living
issues " of to-day demanded of us something
else besides bickering and strife, begotten
of envy and malice. In the great work be-
fore us, he was happy in the thought that
generally we were alive to our duty, and
wiited.

Himself, the editor of the Bee Joxjknai,
in Chicago, he had been gallantly supported
on his right and left on the platform at this
meeting by the editors of Gleanings in Bee-
Culture and the Bee-Keepers^ Instructor,
the two Ohio bee-papers. He had noticed
in the auditorium the editor of the Bee-
Keepers' Chvide, of Indiana, who was tak-
ing a lively interest in the discussions, and
the paper just read was from the editor of
the Bee-Keepers' Magazine, of New York,
and he noticed On the programme an e.ssay
from the editor of tlie Bee-Keepers' Ex-
change.

Tliese six editors are now all arranged in
solid phalanx, ready for the fray, and will
give the common enemy a fierce and de-
termined battle. This is not only flattering
to the Society, but inspires all to look for a
successful and triumpnant issue. He con-
gratulated the Society upon the self-evident
union, peace and harmony now prevailing,
and earnestly desired that it might be
permanent. He felt happy that his term of
oCBce as President concluded under such
auspicious circumstances.

It is a pleasure to note that these senti-
ments are fully endorsed by Bro. Root in
the last issue in Gleanings, in these words :

Very often, in meeting bee-friends, and a
good many times visitors at our establish-
ment, when the subject of our bee-papers
comes up, some, with a little embarrass-
ment, acknowledge that they have been
taking the American Bee Journai, in-
stead of Oleanlngs ; and sometimes they
seem to think that may be I shall feel dis-
pleased when I am told this. Why, bless
you, friends, if I should let any such feel-
ing get possession of me, I should be un-
worthy ot my position. It affords me just
as much pleasure to take a brother by ttie
hand who has taken the Ajierican Bee
Journal for years past— yes, and con-
tributed to its columns— as if it were the
other way. In fact, i am more likely to get
original "ideas, thoughts, and suggestions
from him.

The American Bee Jouknai, is an
honor to our industry. It comes weekly,
which is more than Cfleanings ever expects
to do, and it costs only a dollar a year. Bro.
Newman has been standing faithfiilly at his
post for many long years. Not a single
number has failed, or even been behind-
hand. Many of the best friends of Olean-

ings are among the contributors of the
AiiERicAN Bee Journal. Now, if we
cannot be brothers, all the same, even
though we do take different periodicals, we
are not up to the spirit and progress of the
times.

True ; quarrelsome and jealous persons
are not up to the spirit of the times. Olean-
%ngs was started by its present editor in the
same year that the American Bee JoLTt-
NAL came into the hands of its present
editor. Both periodicals have run along
side by side, and while aiming to do the
same work, are to-day in full harmony and
fellowship— rejoicing In each other's pros-
perity. Long may these feelings continue.

While we cannot endorse all that we notice
in other bee-papers, if we criticise anything
we desire to do so respectfully ; and if
others criticise us in the same manner,
there should be no contention between us,
other " than that noble contention, or rather
emulation, of who can best work and best
agree." While harmony Is desirable, jeal-
ousy is despicable.

f J^Vortli a Year's Subscription. —

Many have written their congratulations
uponjeceiving No. 14. It was a genuine
surprise to receive that Special Spring
Number of the American Bee Journal
for April 4, 1888— and that day was a beauti-
ful one in this latitude ! The Bee Jour-
nal did (as we expressed the hope that it
might) " usher in and give a general wel-
come to Spring !" Here is what Mrs. M. B.
Chaddock said about it :

Why, the American Bee Journal is
having a boom ; isn't it ? First, it conies
out in a new dress, so that I have to look at
the heading a time or two to be sure that it
is the old American Bee Journal ; then
last week there came such a wealth of read-
ing matter— such a great wealth of engrav-
ings ! Why, that one number is worth the
whole dollar that you ask for the year. Are
you going to keep on doing this way ? I
have said before, and I say it again, that
editors are the most surprising people in
the world !

]»lr. A. C. Xj-i-i-el, Madison, Nebr.,
has sent us a photograph of his residence
and apiary, and remarks as follows :

I send you a winter view of my residence
and apiary in the far West ; once consid-
ered the " Great American Desert." The
honey-house is in the rear of the dwelling
liouse. The bee-hives are not shown, from
the tact that they are yet in the hee-cellar.
When I bought the grounds in ISTO, before
the advent of railroads and the influx of
actual settlers, I little realized that such
wonderful strides wonid be made in my
day and generation. Our county now points
with pride to her public improvements, viz:
Insane asylum, street railways. Normal
College, Court House, three story brick
blocks, two great lines of railways travers-
ing the county east and west, and north and
south, etc., and another surveyed.

The residence and grounds exhibit fine
taste, and shows that the " Great American
Desert" is being transformed into a rich
garden, with trees and flowers, interspersed
with grand residences of active, pushing
men. The beautiful photograph is placed
into the Bee Journal album with niueh
pleasure.

.

frmm jtMERicicpf mms jo^mrfMEr.

261

floitoy as Foort.— We copy the fol
lowiug item from the British Bee Journal
on " honeyed food :"

The aim of your new venture would, may-
hap, be furthered by the gathering together
of receipts for eatables in which forms a
part.

In the hope that you will find room for
siieli, and that others of your readers will
adil to tlie stock, I send the following by
way of beginning :

III Miss Gordon-Cunimings's Wanderings
in CTiina, wherein she describes a Chinese
dinner, occur " ham stewed in honey," and
" pears sliced in honey," " crab-apples and
chestnuts preserved In honey and dried."
We are not told what kind of pears are used,
but our stewing pears seem suitable.

It does not appear whether the ham is
cured, or stands for leg ; but perhaps the
latter, for we have it, in his own Confes-
sion that St. Patrick found fresh pork sea-
soned with lioney so luring that he ate more
of it than was good for him. Being on board
ship, where thev were short of provisions,
at last they fell in with a herd of swine, of
whom, killing many, they ate their fill, sea-
soning the meat with an opportune find of
wild honey. As might he expected, St.
Patrick had night-mare. This was not due
to the honey, but to the surfeit of pork to a
starved stomach.

Tour readers are advised (1) to try such
of the Chinese dishes as they have a chance,
and(2) to take warning by St. Patrick.— G.
0. WuAY, L.L.D., Bedford.

lu America our best liams are cured with
honey, and pears and apples are often pre-
served in honey. In fact, honey has the
quality of preserving, for a long time in a
Iresh state, anything that may be laid in it
or mixed with it, and to prevent its corrupt-
ing in a far superior manner to sugar ; thus
many species of fruit may be preserved by
being laid in honey, and by this means will
obtain a pleasant taste, and give to the
stomach a tieaithy tone. One who has once
tried it, will not use sugar for preserving
fruit.

Honey may replace sugar as an ingredient
in the cooking of almost any article of food
—and at the same time greatly add to Its
relish.

Digestion (all-potent in its effects on the
mind as well as the body) depends largely
on the food. Poor honey, received into a
poor stomach, is the cause of many un-
happy homes— while good, healthy food,
received into a healthy stomach becomes
"an Angel of Peace" to many a house-
hold.

S. J. VOUI\GiTIAI\.

The following is a biographical sketch of
this successful apiarist of Michigan, written
at our request, by Mr. Youngman himself :

My father was born in Tioga county. Pa. ;
and my mother in Boston, Mass. My father
afterward removed from the United States
to the Dominion of Canada, but becoming
complicated in the so-called rebellion or
patriot war of 1837-38, he was obliged to
leave. Applying to the Mayor of the city of
London, tor a " pass " to the United States,
lie was told by him in a very emphatic and
bombastic manner, " Yes, I will give you a
pass to London jail, and from there to

h ." A hint being sufficient for the wise,

he, like the Arabs, " folded his tent and
silently stole away." coming to Michigan ;
and the subject of this sketch was born at
Oxford, in Oakland county, on Feb. 1, 1848,

tainingat one time 140 colonies in Lang-
stroth hives, and with all the modern im-
Ipiovements, such as extractor, comb foun-
dation, etc.

In 1884, I conceived the idea of having
bees wintered in the South, and the same
sent to the North in time for the basswood
bloom. Bees having wintered disastrously
at the North, a contract was made with Mr.
E. T. Flanagiin, of Illinois, to try the pro-
ject. Accordingly a carload of bees were
sent from Keiiner, La., in a common freight
car, via Chicago, arriving at Lakeview,
Mich., on the evening of .June 19, 1884, hav-
ing been about ten days cji route. Many
colonies had perished for want of .stores.

As no agreement had been made with the
railroad companies between Chicago and
the place ot destination, they evidently
thought that so valuable a consignment
should pay a round transiinrtation price, and
so the modest charge of S489 was fixed upon
by the companies of the two roads that the
bees passed over. I refused to acceed to
their exorbitant demand, and also to take
the bees. The railroad agent having such
an "elephant" upon his hands, was obliged
to call upon me tor assistance to remove the
bees from the car, and also to take care of
tliem, wliich I was of cour.se glad to do, as
they were in need of having the dead bees
lenioved from the hives, etc. The charges
were finally reduced to $140, which was
quickly paid, and the bees removed to my
farm some three miles from the depot.

I will not receive any more bees by
freight, but will sometime give, in the Bee
.louRNAL, my views as to how bees should
be sent by express.

Although largely engaged in farming
(having a farm of 480 acres), I still have
time to attend to the bees. 1 had about 30
acres of Alsike clover the past season, and
the result shows a larger yield of honey
than any apiary near, that did not have
access to the same. S. J. Youngman.

8. J. YOl WOMAN.

entitling him to the distinguished title of
" Wolverine."

RofeUing^.— An exchange wisely makes
the following seasonable suggestions :

Stimulative feeding in early spring often
produces robbing. This should be carefully
guarded against, as disastrous results are
often produced at this season by robbing.
Colonies are weak in bees.andare not liable
to protect their combs with such certainty
as when strong in numbers at other seasons
of the year. Hence we should be on our
guard at the critical time. It should be as-
certained if every colony has a fertile queen.
This is the best preventive. Colonies hav-
ing defective queens are always the founda-
tion of trouble, and such never fail to come
to naught it neglected. If good queens are
not at hand to till the deficiency, they
should be united with other colonies con-
taining good fertile queens.

My father again removed to Montcalm
county, settling in the town of Cato, in 1856.
It was then a new country, and he moved
through 30 miles of unbroken forest, appar-
ently only the home of the Indian and the
wild beast. Tlie making of sugar from the
maple tree, and bunting of the deer, was a
source of revenue, and a pastime. It was
also soon found that the woods were full of
wild bees— the more strange, as there were
no domesticated ones within at least 20
miles, and there but a few.

The hunting of bees soon was practiced,
and the cutting of some huge pine trees for
the honey was a much-looked-for event.
The honey was quickly sold at a price that
would make a modern apiarist smile ; and
although the honey was mostly from bass-
wood, the way it was handled would make
the purchaser of the present day decline,
with thanks. It was when enjoying tliis
exciting sport and revelling in the delicious
sweet, stolen from the wild bees, that 1 con-
ceived the Idea of doiiiesticating some of
these, which were regarded, at that time, as
being unmanageable insects. So some
medium-sized trees containing bees were
selected, and let down gently with a block
and line. But this did not suffice. A deep
interest was aroused. The interior of these
log hives could not be exposed, so some
movable-frame hives were procured, and
some of the bees transferred. This was
the beginning of an extensive apiary, con-

T%o Iletter Evidence of the spread of

modern bee-culture over the world has
lately reached us than a little journal pub-
lished in Mahon, Balearic Islands, east of
Spain, entitled Remista Apicola (Apicul-
tural Review). It is edited by Francisco F.
Andreu, and Is tlioroughly abreast with the
latest improvements. Mr. Andreu has just
been traveling through France and Eng-
land, and has adopted the system most
prevalent in the latter country. The large
yields per colony made in England seem to
astonish Mr. Andreu ; but we seem to think
his astonishment will increase when he
learns the large yields made by Edwin
France, for instance, in hundreds of colo-
nies. He speaks of apiculture in France as
being In a very backward state. He says
that in the garden of Accllmitization, in
Paris, the old box-hives are shown as repre-
sentative of apiculture in France to-day.
The journal has S pages, and Is published
at a nominal price which does not seem to
be stated.— GtedJiinfls.

■•'avors llie Syrians. — John H.
Guenther, Theresa, Wis., writes :

I commenced with 37 colonies last spring,
and some of these were rather weak, be-
cause I put too much confidence in outside
packing. I work for extracted honey, and
depend upon Alsike and basswood chiefly
for surplus. I have nearly all Syrian bees,
and for our short season I think they are the
best.

262

Tmm MMMKicMif mmm j©^ki«mi*.

OmmES S Replies. •■

SPACE FOR BEES TO CLUS-
TER IX WINTER.

Written far the American Bee Journal

Query 533.— Would it make any percepti-
ble difference in wintering bees in a cellar of
the proper temperature and ventilation, to
remove a few of tbe frames in the hives to
give wider space for the bees to cluster? It
seems to me that in a cellar properly venti-
lated and tempered, there is not enough in it
to pay for the trouble.— E. W.

No. — A. B. Mason.

No. — Dadant & Son.

No.— G. L. Tinker.

No. — M. Mahin.

I think not, — J. M. Hambaugh.

No, you are quite correct. — R. L.
Taylor.

I have no experience in cellar-win-
tering of bees. — P. L. Viallon.

The "perceptible difference" would
be very small. — J. P. H. Brown.

That is just what I tliiuk, having
tried it. — Eugene Secor.

I do not spread the frames for win-
ter, and I doubt its paying so to do. —

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

I do not think that it would. It
would be better to use "Hill's device
over the frames. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

I do not think that it will pay for the
trouble and disturbance. — H. D. Cut-
ting.

No, not for wintering. Yet I prefer
to do so, as it gives a smaller chamber
in the spring. I always contract the
brood-chamber before putting the bees
into the cellar in the fall. — A. J. Cook.

I do not think that there is any need
of so doing. Give an inch of space at
least over the tops of the frames, and
you will be as nearly right as is pos-
sible.— J. E. Pond.

I do not think that it would be of
any advantage whatever. It would
not pay for the trouble. — C. H. Dib-

BERN.

Some good authorities attach much
importance to it, but I have never
thought it worth the trouble to make
any change— C. C. Miller.

I have tried this plan repeatedly,
and I iind no marked results. Differ-
ently spacing frames between summer
and winter, is not practical, and will
never be generally practiced. — James
Heddon.

Ordinarily, I would not do it. But
if you use nine frames in an 8-frame
hive, the comlis are too thin to liold as
much honey over the cluster as there
ouglit to be. In this case it is well to
remove one frame and space the re-

maining ones so they can "fatten up"
a little. When frames are spaced IJ
inches from center to center, the sea-
son through, this manipulation is not
necessary. — J. M. Shuck.

I think tllat you are right when you
say that " there is not enough in it to
pay for the trouble." I do not be-
lieve that there is anj'thing to be
gained by sjireading the combs at any
time or under anj' condition. That
the cluster should be divided by the
thin septums of the combs to insure
ventilation and healthful conditions, is
plainly indicatetl by the form of the
fjrood-nest, as we see it in a state of
nature. — G. W. Demaree.

If there wei-e any advantage it would
be so slight that it would not paj' for
the trouble. — The Editor.

DVllinilES FOR COXTRACTIIVO
THE BROOD-XEST.

Written for tlic American Bee Journal

Query 534.— If I would use wide frames
with a thin board on either side filled with
chaff or some other substance, would it not be
asood "dummy," oris It not the best ? If not,
what IS the objection to it for contraction ?—
Iowa.

Yes, it is equal to any. — R.L.Taylor.

I think that it would be good. — Mrs.
L. Harrison.

It is too expensive for a simple
dummy. — A. B. Mason.

Yes, that makes a good dummy, for
my experience says so. — G. M. Doo-

LITTLE.

Certainly, very good. — J. M. Ham-
baugh.

I think that it is good. — C.C.Miller.

It would be a first-class dummj'. —
M. Mahin.

Wide frames when filled as you sug-
ge.st, make a good "dummy." — J. P.
H. Brown.

Instead of thin boards on both sides,
I would use cotton duck on the side
towards the bees. — P. L. Viallon.

I should think that they are all right
for either purpose. — Eugene Secor.

It is good, but a board is cheaper,
stronger, and more easily made, and
about, if not quite, as good. — A. J.
Cook.

We want tlie board to fill uj) at the
ends. Yoiu- frame would not do so,
and would leave an escape for the
heat. — Dadant «& Son.

Yes, it will make a good dummy if
you would perforate with holes about
3-16 of an inch on the side next to tlie
bees. — H. D. Cutting.

I do not know, as I Iiave had no ex-
perience with such' an arrangement. —

C. H. DiBBERN.

I have used wide frames as de-
scribed, and they work well in a large
brood-chamber. — G. L. Tinker.

Yes, the wide frames boarded as
you describe, make first-rate " dum-
mies," and I think that that is all they
are fit for. My objection is, that they
cost too mucli ; besides, I prefer plain
division -boards to any sort of "dum-
mies."— G. W. Demaree.

It is a good " dummy," and just
what I use witli the Langstroth hive ;
but since I have used the. new hive for
contraction, I am discouraged from
practicing contraction with the Lang-
stroth hives. — James Heddon.

I do not understand the question,
unless a chaff division-board is meant.
If that is the case, I will say that I find
no better protection than a frame of
comb itself. I discarded all extra
means of protection in the way of
division-boards or dummies, some
j'cars ago, and I now lose no more
bees than formerly. — J. E. Pond.

Yes, this makes a good dummy or
filler. I have made many in this way.
The bottoms and ends sliould be cush-
ioned so as to fit tlie inside of tlie hive.
I do not use such things anj' more ;
they are too "dummy."— J. M. Shuck.

Yes; as a "filler" it would be all
right, if the ends and bottom were
cushioned to make it tit tightly, and
thereby retain the heat. — The Editor.

CONVEl^XIOM r«OXICES.

^;w~ Tbe Eastern Indiana Bee-Keepei-s* Ai^Bocia-
tion will hold its spring meeting on SatTinUiy, April
21, 1888, at Richmond, Ind. M. G. Reyaoi.ds, Sec.

5:^" The Dea Moines County Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will hold its next meeting on April 24, 1K88, at
Burlington, Iowa. John NAtr, Sec.

ZW The Darke County Union Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation will hold its annual meeting on Friday, April
27, lf88, at Anaonia. O, J. A. Koe, Sec.

It^" The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Association
will hold its sprint: meeting on May8, iRS8,at Cort-
land, N. Y,, at Ki a.m. All Dee-keepers are invited.
W. H. BEACH, Sec.

Z^^ The Marshall County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet at tlie Court House in Marshalltown,
Iowa, on Saturday. April 21, ISHH, at in:3Utt.m. The
subject for discussion is, " Spring and summer man-
agement of hees." A general invitation is extended.
A good meeting is expected. J. W. Sanders, Sec.

Z^~ The 18th semi-annual session of the Central
Michigan Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in
the Pioneer Room at tbe State Capitol, on Saturday,
April 21, 188><. Prof. A. J. Cook wdl give an address.
A cordial invitation is extended to all, as it will be
a very interesting meeting. W. A. Barnes, Sec.

TW The annnual meeting of the Western Bee-
Keepers' Association will be held at Independence,
Mo., at the Court House, on April 2.i, 1888. It will
be carried on as a sociable, friendly gathering. Let
all bring their baskets and have a good time.

PKTEit Otto. Sec.

Z^^ The next meeting of the Susquehanna County
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at New Mil-
ford, Pa., on May 5, isss. The following subject* are
to be considered ; Bee-keeping for pleasure and pro-
fit—Spring work with bees— Is it advisable to use
foundation? If so, to what extent ?— How can we
make our Association of the most practical value to
its members. All are cordially invited to come.

H. M. SEKI.EV, SfC.

Z^~ The tenth annual meeting of tbe Texas State
Bee-Keepers' Association will be hold at the bee-
yards of Vice-President W. R. Graham, in Green-
ville, Hunt Co., Texas, on May 2 and 3, 188K. A
leading feature ot the convention will be criticisms
upon subjects that liave been mentioned in tbe bee-
papers. A good time is expected, so let all 'I'exaa
and Arkansas bee-keepers attend. A cordial invi-
tation IS cxteiMleO til all bee-keepers wheresoever
dispersed. Remember, no hotel bills to pay at our
conventions ! B. F. Carroll, Sec.

THB JEMERICJtN BEE JOURNffil^.

263

MO^TII OF APRIL,.

WritUn-Jor the American Bee Journal
BY EUGENE SECOK.

The gentle showers

And springing flowers
Proclaim the winter ended ;

The perfumed breeze

From Southern seas
With song of birds is blended.

With active glee,

The joyful bee
Plays hide-and-seek with pleasure

'From tulip-bell,

In search of mel,
She conies with dusty treasure.

'Tis time towed

The maples red.
And bees transport their kisses ;

The willow sees,

Those blushing trees,
And tempts the little misses.

Box-elders smile.

And oft beguile
The insect world to tarry ;

Anemones

Too, treat the bees
To more than they can carry.

Thus April brings

The truit of Spring's
Bright hopes and youthful ardor ;

The birds Djabe love.

From wren to dove.
And, nesting, work the harder

At His behest

Who gave them rest.
So Winter's kindly given

To make us prize

These sunny skies,
And dream once more of lieaven.
Forest City, Iowa.

VENTILATORS.

Automatic Ventilators for Use
in a Bee.Cave.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY C. THEILMANN.

This is surely something new in
bee-literature, at least I have never
heard of it, or have I seen it in print.
It is not theory, but facts, and my
personal observations.

Some time ago Mr. Doolittle said
that iiis bees do not need any ventila-
tion, while in liis cave in winter, and
reijuested other bee-lceepers to describe
their e.xperiments on the problem. As
I winter my bees in a cave similar to
one that Mr. D. has described in
(Heaninys, I will give my experiments
for the past three winters.

I cannot refrain from expressing my
surprise, that there is so great a differ-
ence in the results of the two caves,
and I could hai'dly believe what Mr. D.
tells us (if his observing abilities did
not rank among the liest of our scien-
tific writers), namely, he had 710 venti-
lation in his bee-cave all wiyilcr ; though
there are many queer things in bee-
keeping we do not yet understand.

Mr. D's cave is 26x6j feet, 7 feet
high to the plates, and contains 1,092
cubic feet ; mine is 19x10 feet, 7 feet
high, and contains 1,330 cubic feet ;
but if lie would reckon the space above
the plates, to the top of tlje roof, the
difference in room would be still
greater between the two caves.

My cave-entrance has three doors,
and his has four ; I have one under-
ground ventilator (100 feet long, 4 feet
underground, made of 6-inch tiling),
and one at each gable end, 4 inches
inside, and 8 feet high, of boards nailed
together. As I understand it, Mr. D's
cave lias ventilators, but he has them
shut up during the winter ; this latter,
with my greater capacity of cave, and
that I keep from 100 to 135 colonies,
and Mr. D. onlj- about 50 colonies in
the cave, is the only difference of con-
sequence between our caves ; yet his
bees keep quiet and winter well, while
mine would suffocate — die, in less than
one week's time, from gasses, if I would
close the ventilators tight.

My experiments are as follows : Two
years ago on Nov. 17, I put 100 colo-
nies into the cave, and shut up the
lower ventilator after the bees were all
quiet ; the temperature kept steadilj'
at 420 above zero, until the week of
Christmas, when a storm came on,
with 20° below\ I then shut up the
two upper ventilators ; the wind blew
stronger and colder for four days, and
it reached a temperature of 35^ below
in the evening of the fourth day. I
went (or rather tried to go) into the
cave, but every time I opened the in-
ner door, my lighted candle went out.
The third time I got in far enough with
the light to see the register of the
thermometer, which indicated 42^
above zero by the time my light was
nearly out ; but thinking of gasses, I
held it up high, but it did no good, so
1 lowered it, when I was at once in the
dark.- How is this explained, that
gasses are heavy or light, low or high,
on the bottom or on the top ?

The time I was in the cave while
the light burned, was not more than
about half a minute. My head com-
menced to "swim," and I could hardly
find the door, but I got out safely.
Some of the bees were quite noisy. 1
at once opened all the ventilators
(think of it, 35^ below zero outside !
How is this for a sudden change ?) and
in one hour's time the gasses had es-
caped and the bees were quiet. I then
closed the lower, and partly shut the
upper ventilators, but watched them
closely afterwards.

Last winter we had just about
another such a storm, when I tried the
same thing, but went into the cave on
the third day after closing the ventila-
tors, and found the same conditions as
the year before, but in a weaker de-

gree, as the time the ventilators wei-e
closed was shorter ; this time I did not
open the lower, but opened the upper
ventilators, and have left them open
ever since, and for the past nine days
it has been SS-" below zero (on two
mornings, Jan. 15 and 16, it was 50°
below zero) ; in the cave it keeps
steadily at 45° above zero.

Almost all experienced bee-keepers,
and other scientific men, would theor-
ize that with two 4-inch holes in a bee-
repository, with a temperature of 50°
below zero outside, it would surely
freeze considerably inside ; but it must
be remembered that the tubes are only
8 feet high, from the inside top of the
gabel end, and will create a great draft
in the cave, especially when the outer
air is much colder than the inner. But
here comes in my natural .automatic
arrangement, which is as follows :

In moderate weather the upper ven-
tilators furnisli pure air enough to keep
the ca\-e at alxiut 42° above zero ;
when the weather gets colder, white
frost accumulates in and on top of the
tubes, which makes the holes smaller ;
at zero weather the holes close to
about 2 inches, and get smaller as the
cold increases. At 1(1° below zero, a
volcaiu)-like cone forms on top of the
tubes, througli which a steady volume
of steam rises four or five feet high,
which is (piite a curiosity to behold at
sunrise.

At present (Jan. IS) there is a pyra-
mid of ice one foot high on top of the
tubes, closed solid ; but next to the
base of it the frost and ice is porous,
through which ventilation goes on,
and when the weather becomes warmer
the frost melts gradually, which reg-
ulates it better than 1 possibly can. I
have not done the least thing in regard
to I'egulating the ventilators, since a
year ago the forepart of this month, or
since the second attack of the gasseS
in the cave, and my bees seems to en-
joy it. By this, I feel that nature
would do a great de.al more for us, if
we would only give it a chance, and
direct our minds to aid it more closely.

The lower cave-ventilator is used
only in the fall and spring, when it is
too warm in the cave ; 45° above zero
is as high as my bees will stand it,
without getting noisy.

One thing that I do not understand
is, that the gasses did not raise the
temperature in the cave. Will Prof.
Cook, or any others, give us some
light on this ?

1 forgot to mention that with all the
gasses and sudden changes of tempera-
ture, the bees have wintered with little
loss ; but I am convinced that they all
would die on account of the gasses, if
all the ventilators were closed up for
one week.
I Theilmanton, Minn.

264

THE-' MME'KIC'Mff WBW JO'1JI*l«MI<.

^— ■^ — ■'■^* ■^^;^^^-^ ■^^^■'■^^^_^^^'^^» *«»»»* ^*^*»*i»**>*i>*^*a»««>*<JM

POLLEN.

The Vse of Pollen as Food for
Bees.

WHUen fnr the American Bee Jimrnal

BY PEOF. A. J. COOK.

If Mr. Doolittle will faithfully prom-
ise never to be guilty of any .such " cat
and king " absurdity again, I will most
cheerfully comply with his request, on
page 221.

First, we must have albuminous food
or we will soon die. But suppose Mr.
Doolittle attempts to live on pure
cheese, almost wholly albuminous, and
see how his experiment turns out. Dr.
Kane was nauseated at the sight of
fat at home ; but near the North Pole
he could take a pint of clear oil with a
relish. Bees, like us, must have a
varietj' of food. Again, the relative
quantity of each kind will vary with
circumstances.

Suppose that Mr. Doolittle should
kill one of his chickens, and should
open its crop and find corn. How
long would it take to convince him
that the chicken never ate corn. It is
just so if we examine the digestive
tube of a bee. We almost always find
pollen — just such pollen as we may
secure from the pine or other plants
and trees. I will show some pollen
from a plant and some from the intes-
tine or stomach of a bee at the next
North American Bee-Keepers' Conven-
tion.

Now, Mr. Doolittle, come and visit
me, and I will engage to convince you.
Still I would not engage to feed bees
extensively on bee-bj'ead, no more
than I would feed friend Doolittle on
exclusive cheese, should he honor and
delight us with a visit.

Bees in summer, or whenever they
are breeding and working hard, need
much pollen. In winter they need
very little, indeed I think they need
almost or quite none. I know that
Schoufield thinks that they must have
pollen, and supposes, that they feed
upon cast .skins and larval excreta
from cells. I think that the great
German experiment is mistaken. I
shall know ere another year passes by.

Now that bees live wholly without
pollen in winter, is not strange. In
hot summer, when we exercise but
little, we can live and enjoy life on a
diet of exclusive fruit ; while hearty
food like meat is distasteful. Put us
at hard work, and tliemeat is relished.
Add cold winter to the work, and we
like the meat fat. So the bee, during
the winter quiet, when it is only just
active enough to keep the tempera-
ture of the hive in the proper condi-
tion, eats only honey, and I think that
it is the better for it. Hence while bees

must have pollen, they must also have
honey ; either alone would, as an ex-
clusive diet, prove fatal to the bees.
Witliout any honey, they die quickly ;
without pollen they die as certainlj-,
but not as soon. If inactive and not
breeding, flie want of pollen is so
slight that they take very little, and at
times none for weeks or months.

Then, to answer Mr. Doolittle's
question, and " get a great name," I
will saj* : You can always get bees to
eat pollen bj' securing the two condi-
tions of activity and breeding. But at
the same time they must have an
abundance of either honey, or a sub-
stitute like syrup. But bees can never
be kept on pollen alone.

Agricultural College, Mich.

BEE-NOTES.

Spring Care of Bees — Citrowin;
Alsike Clover.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY J. M. HICES.

The l:>ee-master at this season of the
year should know the exact condition
of all his colonies, and especialh'
know that each has plenty of honey
and bee-bread to last them until the
early spring flowers supplj' a new
crop. Should the bees be destitute of
bee-bread, it can be supplied by plac-
ing in tin pans or shallow boxes newly-
ground rye meal, a short distance
from the hive, from which the bees
will soon carry to their hives a supply
for present use.

I have often made a pool of mud, by
throwing on sand with salt and sweet-
ened water, for the purpose of giving
the bees a watering place, as it is a
well known fact that bees must have
plenty of water in the spring, in order
to feed and rear their young ; hence
they use water, bee-bread, and honey
as food in rearing early swarms.

It would be well for all who con-
template keeping bees for their own
use, or in making a business of it for
profit, to purchase a few colonies now,
and also get first-class movable-frame
hives ; and aljout two weeks before
swarming time, the bees, combs and
brood should be transferred into the
new hives, which should be of such
style that you can easily handle and
manage your bees profitably. At the
same time you can make a proper in-
crease of colonies, 7iot too jnany, but a
judicious increase, say an increase of
3 from 2 good, strong colonies, and
then work the bees for honey the first
year, while you are gaining knowledge
in their proper management. This of
course deijends very much upon the
style of frame lii\ e selected.

Alsike Clover for Honey.

The next duty the bee-keeper owes
to himself and to the bees, in order to
succeed, is to prepare at least a few
acres of good pasture for the bees to
work on. Alsike clover is the best,
which produces many hundreds of
pounds of the finest and best honey to
the acre, in quantity, not to be ex-
celled by any other honey known to
the civilized world. The plant is of a
very hardy variety, and not easy to
heave, as is the red clover, by freezing.
It is a perennial, and one of the best
of hay-producing clovers. The first
crop each year is the seed crop.

It is not too much to say that the
hay of the Alsike clover is far ahead
of all other varieties for cows giving
milk, making the richest and best of
butter. It is also grand food for fat-
tening in the winter, and makes the
best of pasture for all farm stock in
the summer.

Four pounds is a suflicient quantity
of seed to sow on one acre of ground ;
and it should be sown on oats, wheat
or rve ground, as soon as it becomes
dry enough to crack in the spring. I
have had about 20 years' experience
in the management of Alsike clover
crops, and I have found that it will
flourish well on almost all the soils in
this country, the damp, wet lands
seeming to be well adapted to its na-
ture and growth. All the common
bees, as well as the Italians, work on
the Alsike bloom, and do well on it.

Battle Ground. Ind.

NATURE'S 'WAY.

management of Bees on Katural
Principles.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY J. E. rOND.

In his article on page 168, Mr. W.
S. Vandrufi" says : "I suppose I will
depart considerably from the present
way of managing bees, etc.," and then
states, in substance, that heretofore
bee-keepers have been all wrong in
their methods, and that he alone has
discouraged the true means of success,
viz., "Nature's way." He further says :
"This article may bring forth criti-
cisms ; I cannot expect much else, as I
am attacking a system in general
use, etc."

Now I do not wish to criticise any
one unjustly, but when a wholesale
attack of this kind is made, and that,
too, backed up by nothing but vague
assertions, and without oftering any
remedy, or intimating any points con-
nected with his wonderful discovery,
I feel that I for one am entitled (before
admitting Mr. Vandruft' to have done

TMM MB«IE;RICS;N mMM J@WKffKlLr.

265

what he claims), to ask a few pertinent
questions, viz : Who is Mr. Vandnifi" ?
How long, and to what extent, has he
kept bees ? What experiments has lie
made, and what way and manner has
he verified his new (?) discoveries ?

I am aware that tlierc is much yet
to be learned in regard to the science
of bee-culture ; that we perhaps are
yet far from knowing all the hidden
mysteries of nature as applied to the
Apis — still I do believe that something
has been learned in the past, and that
it is a little " cheeky," to say tlie least,
on the part of an oljscureman,to make
assertions of a nature such as are con-
tained in the article, in regard to
those, who, right or \vrong, have given
us the benefit of their experience ; and
particularlj' so, when the author does
not even give us a hint as to his own
experiments.

Judging from the general tenor of
Ml-. Vandruff's article, I think that he
has read a few works on bee-keeping,
but none of recent date ; " that he has
used several kinds of hives," but that
he " knows all of about all kinds of
hives in use," without using them, is
on par with his condemning the use of
queen-excluilcrs without having used
them at all. He states a number of
truisms in the article, but none that
are not commonly known to the veriest
novice in the business.

I am looking with impatience for a
full description of "Nature's way;"
aud if upon trial it shall be found to
be the way, no one will more readily
accept it than myself. ^

Nortli Attleboro, Mass.

PROTECTION

Is Wanted Against the Adulter,
ation of Honej'.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Br DR. WM. LEERS.

Mr. A. I. Root referred (according
to the report of the New York Conven-
tion, on page lOG) to a statement of
the State Chemist of Ohio, that it was
difficult " to tell when honey is adul-
terated." This deserves an explana-
tion.

I think Mr. Root, as well as the State
Chemist, are mistaken about the sig-
nification of the term "adulterated"
in connection witli honey, and trade in
general, confounding "adulterated"
witli impnritij ! Nearly all drugs as
made in the factories, and all natural
products sold in the stores, contain
impurities ; but if such impurities are
, not mixcid for a fraudulent purpose, no
notice is taken of it.

For an example : The immense
quantities of acids employed in the

arts are all more or less impure, but
no one would call them adulterated !
Commercial sulpliate of iron (green
vitriol), as sold in the stores, may
cont.ain 10 per cent, of impurities
(ordinarily more), is styled impure.
It is made so by the manufacturing
process, and purifying it so as to ren-
der it " chemically pure," would be
too costly, and would not improve it
for tlie ordinarj' use in arts. On the
contrary, if baking soda contains 5 per
cent, of clay, it is properly called
adulterated — the clay is mixed to fraud-
ulently deceive the one who may be
using it.

This applied to the honey-trade,
would not make it an " adulerated "
article, if bees should gather glucose,
molasses, or any other sweet, occa-
sion.ally found (as they sometimes do
in times of starvation, or in the spring,
if empty barrels are within their
reach) ; or if strained honey is not as
pure as extracted ; this would simply
\)Q an impurity ! It such, or any other
contamination should happen, in a
small degree, it may be somewhat
difficult for a non-chemist to detect it,
but to an experienced chemist it would
not be difficult !

But such cases do not disturb bee-
keepers. Their complaints are made
against the manufacturing of trash
(glucose with or without a small
amount of cheap honey, and other
drugs, under the name of "honey")
at prices with which the producers of
genuine honey cannot compete ! This
is where the State Chemist is wrong,
or Mr. Root mistaken.

The main question for the manu-
facturers is : Does it pay ? Now the
addition of a small amount of glucose,
say 5, or even 10 per cent, in reality
would not pay, and consequently,
honey with so insignificant an adul-
teration, will not come into the mar-
ket. It must be mixed in such pro-
portion that the detection even for a
less experienced man is easy. Honey
contaminated with glucose, or other
impurities, in so small proportion as to
make the detection difficult, would not
be called adulterated, " but impure,"
or of a poor quality !

That, as Mr. Root says, bees "gather
every variety of honey," is correct ;
but that they gather a variety, which,
by the chemist, may be declared
" adulterated," will seldom if ever
happen. But suppose they did, the
producer would be in a similar posi-
tion to a farmer who had (without his
fault) in his rye or wheat so much
motlier-corn, or in his clover seed so
much dodder-seed, that he could not
find a buj'er ; or of a merchant, who is
condemned by public authority for sell-
ing merchandise, which (without his
fault) had become uuwholesome.

I will say to Mr. Aspinwall, that glu-
cose in honey of a far smaller percen-
tage than 5 per cent, can, by a non-
chemist, be detected, not only with
the polariscope, but also by easier
methods. And commercial glucose
also can easilj' be detected at all times.
In other countries (England, Germany,
Switzerland, etc.) it is not difficult,
why should it be impossible in this ?
A law against adulteration of honey
does not exist in Illinois, as far as
noxious substances are concerned.

Time Tor Action.

In the past year, when honey was
so cheap, was the proper moment for
bee-keepers to have taken steps to pro-
tect their business. The universal
adulteration of all human commodities
had alarmed the public, the low price
of honey stopped its adulteration, be-
cause it did not pay, and so .strong ef-
forts oi tlie ailulterators was not prob-
able. The passing a law similar to
that of New Jersey by the Legislature
(or even by Congress) would not have
found insurmountable obstacles — the
demands of the public going in such
direction, and no great interests op-
posing. For the law against the adul-
teration of milk and of butter, the
chances were far less favorable.

Mr. Dadant, to whom I proposed to
begin an action, said that the time was
not favorable ; State's rights were an
obstacle, and adulteration had nearly
entirely ceased. But State's rights will
not soon be abrogated, and'as soon as
the price of honey has improved a
little, adulteration will doubtless flonr-
ish again.

The prohibition of adulterated honey
is a vital question for bee-keepers, and
connected businesses. Important in-
vestments are made in bee-keeping,
factories of apiarian supplies, periodi-
cals, etc. What will be their fate if
one bee-keeper after another abandons
this unpaying business ? Then, comb
foundation mills may be converted into
wash-wringers, and bee-hives into hen-
coops, while people may eat unwhole-
some trash, and pure honey dries up
in the fields !

Other industries work for protec-
tion, and have succeeded. Why are
bee-keepers so easy ? We do not
want heavy duties, patents, appropria-
tions for premiums or other support —
we want protection against frauds
upon the public ! We need no "trusts"
or "corners." Manufacturers may
sell their trash as cheap or as dear as
they can — all that we demand is that
it be sold to the public for what it is !
The protection of the puljlic against
fraud, will also be our protection.

Sigel, Ills. w,,

[Editorial remarks on this subject
may be found on page 259. — Ed.]

266

Tmm fEMERicMif mmm jQJsmnmi^.

HONEY-PLANTS.

The Season of 1887— Some Bee.
Questions.

Written fur the AmericaiiBcc Journal

BY FKED. SLIiVERT.

I commenced last spi'ing with 5 col-
onies, increased them to 10, by natural
swarming, and obtained no honey.
Owing to the great drouth in this
locality, the most of the bee-keepers
had to feed their bees.

The principal honey-plants in this
part of Indiana are linden and white
clover, and the latter produced no
nectar. There was but little fall honey
secured from golden-rod and boneset.
The linden trees in this vicinity have
been consideraly cut out, and it will
prove quite serious to bee-keeping.
The bee-keepers are encouraging the
farmers to sow Alsike clover, which
will be beneficial to the farmers as
well as to bee-keepers.

I fed my 10 colonies 130 pounds of
sugar syrup, according to the Heddon
method, and put them into the cellar
on Nov. 19, 1887, and I think they
were put into winter quarters in fine
condition. They have been confined
for 126 days, and are in good condi-
tion now. The temperature in the
cellar ranged from 40^ to 48'^ Fahr.,
and the bees seemed to be the most
quiet at 40^. I am favorably im-
pressed with Mr. TjaTel's article on
page 25, referring to proper tempera-
ture of a bee-cellar, hence I think that
from .30^ to 40^ is the proper tempera-
ture for a bee-cellar or cave.

The indications for white clover are
good, if it has not been winter-killed.
Tliere are plenty of flowers in the
limber localities, and everything
promises well for another season.

The Bee Jouknal is a welcome
visitor at our fireside, and the infor-
mation which I have received from it
is of great advantage to me ; indeed I
cannot see how I could do without it.

I want to sow some Alsike clo^v er.
1. Where will it produce the largest
crop, on high, clay, or sandy land, or
'in low, loamy soil ?

2. What temperature is preferable
to look at bees in the spring ?

3. Is it essential to feed sugar syrup
in the spring for stimulating brood-
rearing ?

4. Is it preferable to contract th(?
brood-eliamber to get the bees into the
sections ?

5. Will it prevent the old colony
from swarming twice, by hiving the
young swarm on the old colony's
stand ?

Chesterton, Ind., March 24, 1888.

[1. A moist soil is better than dry,
sandv land for Alsike.

2. The temperature of the centre of
the cluster averages 70^ Fahr., and if
the temperature outside is less than
that, the hives should not be opened
unless in an emergency.

3. It is not essential, unless they are
short of stores, but it is sometimes
desirable to feed them sugar syrup to
stimulate brood-rearing.

4. Yes, if the colonies are weak.

5. Not invariably. — Ed.]

STATISTICS.

Agrieiiltural Statisties from the
Crop Reporters.

Writte7i for the American Bee Juur^ial
BY C. L. SWEET.

States take the agricultural part in
some way every year. It may be that
all the committee will have to do is,
to furnish, as far as thej- can, the
names of the reporters, and suggest
the questions which they want an-
swered, to the Washington Depart-
ment, and they will take care of it
afterwards. That is what the}- are
there for.

The secretaries of the State Boards
can be notified from there, what is
wanted. They know who the secre-
taries are. Of course, if the statistics
are taken by Government machineiy,
and at Goverinnent expense, it will be
for publication. The "light" obtained
will go on the house-top. I am on that
side of this question. It will be for
the consumer as well as the producer.

Glenwood, Ills.

As it is requested that those bee-
keepers who are willing to report as
to the condition of' the bees and yield
of honey in each county, I will agree
to be one of them for Cook county,Ills.

I am one of the crop reporters for
Cook county, and have been such for
the past nine years. For the past two
or three years, the blanks furnished to
the correspondents have contained the
(juestion to be answered on the first
day of Ma}% as to the "condition of
honej'-bees ;" and of course it was an-
swered by all the crop reporters in
Illinois, according to their best infor-
mation. I had wintered about 100
colonies last year, and they were in
good, average condition ; so I marked
that question 100. Now I suppose the
blanks for this year will contain the
same question.

Suppose the committee on bee-keep-
ing statistics ask Mr. Charles L. Mills,
of Springfield, Ills., to have printed in
the blanks such questions as to the
yield of honey, as they may desire to
be answered on the first day of August
and October. The number of colonies
of bees and pounds of honey produced
last year will, I suppose, be taken .as
usual by the assessors. The committee
will then have made a commencement
as far as Illinois is concerned.

The statistics taken by the township
or county assessors in the several
States, is also used by the Department
of Agriculture at Washington, as a
foundation upon which to estimate the
amount produced ; the number of acres
being given for the year before, and
the reporters answering from month
to month, :is the season advances, for
the current year. For bees, .the nmii-
ber of colonies, and pounds of honey
and wax, forms the foundation.

The United States only takes the
census including agricultural statistics,
once in ten years, while the difterent

WINTERING BEES.

Bees Flying in the Sunshine in
Winter.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY E. L. HOLDEN.

On page 788, of the Bee Jouknal
for 1887, Mr. J. A. Buchanan has an
article on packing bees for winter, in
which he says : "Bees in thin board
hives come through in better condition
than those in hives that are packed ;"
and gives his reason for it, Avhich is,
that the sun shining upon the thin liive
warms up the bees and causes them to
come out and take a cleansing flight.

I have experience in wintering bees
for more than half a century, and I
early learned that the sun often warms
up the bees, so that they will come out
for a flight, when the air is much too
cold for them ; and the consequence
was, that hundreds of them fell to the
ground, and never relin-ned to the
hives. In such cases, the bees in the
hives become very much reduced in
numbers, and if many such days occur
the chances are tliat the colony will
perish.

Last fall there was a gentleman
from Rhode Island at my place, who
wanted to.look over my bees, and in-
quired how I wintered them without
losing anj-. He said that he lost his
entire apiary of bees last winter, by
their coming out on sunny days, and
being chilled bj- the cold air. His bees
were in thin hives, and not packed. I
showed him my double-walled hives,
and told him tliat I filled the spaces
with sawdust.

Who has not seen snow on the roofs
of buildings melted by the sun, when
the general temperature was much be-
low freezing ? I have seen it melt on
a roof facing the south, when the ther-

Tmm mmkmmit^mn m^nm jo^rnsx.

267

mometer indicated 20^ below freezing.
So fatal is the sun wlien sliining
directly on the hives, that I early
learned to use wide boards, set up to
shade the hives from the sun ; and
when there is snow on the ground I
(flften scatter straw around, so the bees
may fall on that, and not be chilled by
the snow ; then some of- them will get
back into the hives.

I do not know the lowest tempera-
ture at which a bee can fly with safety.
It must be considerably over 40-, for a
bee will perish at a temperature of 40^.
Bees will sometimes rise from a hard
crust of snow, but when it is new and
S(jft, I have seldom seen one rise from
it. Such has been my experience in
this latitude ; how it is in West Vir-
ginia, I do not know.

North Clarendon, Vt.

HONEY-BOARDS.

HoAV tliey Should be 9Ia<le and
Used.

JTritten for Ihc American lice Journal
BY JAMES HEDDON.

In Dr. Tinker's reply to Query 521,
he advises placing between the slats of
a honev-board, queen-excluding metal
containing two rows of queen-exclud-
ing passages. Let us investigate this
theory by the light of what is well
known to those who can correctly be
called practical honey-producers.

In the first place the Doctor does not
say whether he is using a Heddon
honey-board (that is, one containing
either, or both, the bee-space and
break-joint principle) — I would rather
use no honej'-board, than one with
either of these features left out. If
the bee-space is not u.sed, the tiering
method is impracticable. If the break-
joint feature is omitted, brace-combs
will bother greatly between the top
surface of the honey-board and the
bottoms of tlie wide-frames, or sec-
tions, next to it, as the case ma^- be.

Supjjose the slats of the Doctor's
honej-board are placed upon the
break-joint principle. If they are that
distance apart wliich just lets in one
row of perfora<i(jns (which, say is ] to
J of an inch), there will be no trouble
with brace-combs between so narrow a
strip of zinc and .surplus cases above.

But one now asks, "Wliy. trouble
with combs there ?" I will answer
from experience. All know that to
have the least brace-combs in a bee-
space, it should not be deeper thai. |
of an inch, scant, or 5-16 of an inch.
As the zinc is J of an inch furtlier
away than the general slat-surface of
the honey-board, if this further-away
surface is wider than J of an inch, in
go the brace-combs — the verv things

that we use the honey-board to prevent.
To be sure, the zinc might be tacked
to the upjoer surface of the slats, but
in that case the quantity of brace-
combs below (that is, between the
lower surface of the honey-board and
the toj)-bars of the brood-frames) will
be vastly multiplied — would be much
more than are now found between the
top-bars and surplus-cases, where no
honej'-board is used. While it is true
that brace-coml:is below the honey-
board are not to be compared with
those above, as for the trouble they
make, still though it be a fact that the
honej--board does not, and was never
devised to lessen the brace-comb build-
ing below it, yet it is a step backward
to have them increased there.

Again, to have the slats far enough
apart to admit of a strip of zinc so
wide as to contain two rows of per-
forations, is to make the honey-board
weaker ; and last, but most of all, eight
rows lengthwise of the Langstroth
hive is ample to give a passage-wa}' to
more than twice ,as many workers as
an}' Langstroth hive ever contained.
The last I know to be a fact, from re-
peated tests made in difl'erent years in
both of my apiaries. I made these
on a large scale, and I am proud to go
on record as controverting the fallacy
of want of passage-room. If it was
desirable, enough testimonials to fill a
whole bee-paper could be obtained
from those who can corroborate this
statement, from actual experience.

The pride and pleasure which I take
in placing before my fellow bee-keep-
ers improvements in hives, is all the
time marred by the proposed altera-
tions by those who do not compre-
hend the things which they are imitat-
ing and proposing to improve. Cer-
tainly it makes one feel badly to see
wholly original, worthless inventions
setting forth claims of superiority ;
but when we find our own inventions
altered and made impracticable on
account of the alterations, then our
pride as well as interest in the success
of our brothers, is aroused.

I shall consider it .a great iiwor if,
in the future, those who claim to test
any of my inventions, will not presume
beforehand that they know more about
it than I do ; but be sure that they use
them exactly as I make them ; when,
after proper experimenting on a com-
prehensive scale, tlieir reports will be
gladlj- received by all.

Surely the reports published on page
253, of those who have my New Hive
in practical use, give sufficient reply to
th(? criticisms by Messrs. Hamljaugh
and Dadant, on page lfl9. Those re-
ports also settle the (piestion of its mer-
its, and hereafter it will onl}' be neces-
sary to discu.ss the best way to use it.
Dowagiac, Midi.

CONVENTION DIRECTORY.

1888. Tlnit and PUice of MeeUng.

Apr. 121.- MarsliHll Co., at Marsballtown, Iowa.

.1. W. Sanders, Sec. LeGranae. Iowa,
Apr. 21.— Central Michia'Hn, at Ijauaing, Mich.

W. A. Barnes, Sec, DeWltt, Mich.
Apr. 21.— Eastern Indiana, at Richmond, Ind.

M. o. Reynolds. Sec, Williamsburg, Ind.
Apr. 24.— Des Moines (?ounty. at Burlintjton, Iowa.
John Nau. Sec, Middletown, Iowa.
Apr. 27.— Darlte County, at Ansonia. O.

J. A. Koe, Sec-, Union City. Ind.
May 2, 3.— Texas Suite, at Greenville. Te,ife

B. F. Carroll, Sec. Blooming Grove, Tex.
May 3.— Progressive, at Bainbridge Center. Oliio.

Miss Dema Bennett Sec, Bedford, O.
May 5.— Susquehanna County, at New Mil ford. Pa.
H. M. Seeley. Sec, Hartord, Pa.
May 7.— Welland County, at Welland, Ont.

J. )f'. Dunn, See, Ridgeway, Ont.
May 8.— Keystone, at Scranton. Pa.

Arthur A. Davis. Sec, Clark's Green, Pa.
May 8.— Cortland Union, at Cortland, N. Y.

W. U. Beach, Sec, Cortland, N. Y.
May 19.— Nashua, at Nashua. Iowa.

U. L. Rouse. Sec Ionia. Iowa.
May 22.— N. W. Ills. & S. W. Wis., at Rooliton. Ills.

D. A. Fuller, Sec, Cherry Valley, Ills.
May 31.— Wis. Lake Shore Center, at Kiel, Wis.

Ferd. Zastrow, Sec, Millhome, Wis.
Aug. 14.- Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark. Sec, Denver, Colo.

C^'~ In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— E]».

»»»»»«»»»«H«»H»»«»««««»HTTgTT

iBi?i>r

storing' n»ney and Pollen.— B.

M. Fari.s Fort MUl, S. C, on Marcli 38,
1888, says :

Bees are all in good condition. I win-
tered 18 colonies on the summer stands in
Georgia hives, with no loss. Bees stored
honey and pollen in February from aliler,
maple and elm. Peaches and plums are in
full bloom now.

[Some of the flowers were enclosed. It is
refreshing to know that our fruit trees will
soon commence to bloom. — Ed.]

Colonics Strong in Bees.— John F.
Dipman, Fremont, O., on April 10, 1888,
says:

I have been examining my bees for the
last few days, and I find that tliey liave
wintered well out-of-doors. 1 lost only one
colony out of 7.3. They are all strong in
bees except 4 colonies.

l\ot a Colony I..ost in Xm'o Years.

—Ferd. Zastrow, Millhome, Wis., on April
9, 1888, writes thus :

The past winter has been the most severe
for many years. I have lived here tor 23
years, but 1 have not seen one like it. The
thermometer indicated from V to 26° below
zero on 2.") different days, and on a t'ood
many days at zero and a few degrees above.
Bees had no regular flight from Nov. 2:5,1887,
to April 3, 1888 ; but the long coulinement
and Ihe pinching cold-snaps did not injure
bees properly packed in chaff on the sun-
nier stands, while I have heard a good many
complaints about colonies kept in the cellsr.
What 1 call proiierly packed in chaff, I will
describe in a future letter. I have not lost
a colony in the last two years, while every
year before, as long as I have kept bees,
was recorded as disastrous.

268

fcf--*^-*--*-^-*--'^-*-^— -^■-^-■^-*-*-*^--'^* ^ *'^'^^*

^■'■■^■^■^■^■^*^-*

Ciood ISeiiiuU!!! in ^Vinterimg.—

Samuel Cusliraan, Pawtucket, R. I., on
April 6, 1888, writes :

My bees liave come through in good con-
dition, although I fed them for winter as
late as Oct. 1. Out of 33 colonies in the
home apiary, 3 have died, 2 of starvation.
These were also made-up colonies from
driven bees. In the Attleboro Apiary, 2
colonies out of 14 have died, and in the
ottier apiaries none have died. This I call
pretty gcJbd. All are strong. I shall test
the " Simmins' plan " more thoroughly the
coming season.

Colonies Generally Strong.— R.

R. Murphy, Garden Plain, Ills., on April 9,
1888, writes :

I took my bees out of the bee-house last
week, and found three dead colonies, one
being starved ; one was to all appearances
queenless last fall, and the other was one
that I transferred from a box-hive in No-
vember to extra combs from other hives. I
have found two other colonies queenless
out of 62 put in last fall. The colonies are
generally strong in bees, and were breeding
rapidly when taken out. There are heavy
losses of bees where they were left out-
doors without protection in this locality.

Itringing in Pollen.— S. A. Shuck,
Liverpool, Ills., on April 17, 1888, writes :

Bees have wintered reasonably well in
this locality. I placed 119 colonies id mv
bee-cellar, 5 colonies for a neighbor, and 113
of my own. They were all alive when put
out some two weeks ago. The weather
turned cold and stormy soon after the bees
were put out. One colony starved during
the bad weather, four were queenless and
too weak to survive, and one nucleus
swarmed out. A few others are quite weak.
The mercury rose to 80° in the shade to-day.
The bees were at work with a will, bringing
in pollen from soft maple.

the breeders will say, " We feed to stimulate
colonies that rear our queens." But can
that produce as good results as come from a
good honey-flow from the flowers, in the
season of a natural swarming impulse ?
This question (to me) would be of snme im-
portance, if I wished to buy queens at tlie
present time ; and it will be somewhat
gratifying to me, and perhaps beneficial to
many, to have this question discussed
through the American Bee Joubnal. My
experience may not be the same as that of
others.

Expeoting a Good Season. — C. B.

Thompson, Knoxville, Iowa, on April 2,

1888, writes :

My colonies that have wintered are very
strong. 1 put -16 colonies into a cave, and
took out 37 colonies in good condition. X
am looking for a good honey year. Bees
have wintered poorly ; those bee-keepeis
that wintered their bees on the summer
stands, and those that wintered them in
cellars, have lost about the same per cent,
as I did.

Hartl W^inter for Bees. — John
Bauernfeind, Menasha, Wis., on April 5,

1888, writes :

The past winter was a very hard one for
bees in this locality. My colonies were
light last fall, and a long and severe winter
was more than they could stand when short
of stores. I began the winter with 67 colo-
nies, but I liave already lost 20 colonies, the
most of them having starved. There is
still 3 feet of snow on the ground, but to-day
It looks spring-like, the snow is disappear-
ing fast, and I may yet save one-half of my
bees.

Freaks of Queens. — C. Weeks, of
Clifton, Tenn., writes :

Some answers to Query .506, state that 2
Queens never leave the parent hive with the
tirst swarm. I once had a prime swarm
issue with the old wing-clipped queen and 3
young queens. In the spring of 1886 I
founii 3 laying queens that had wintered in
one hive. There was no mistake about it,
as it was too early for drone-brood to be
even capped in any hive. About one month
later, when I next opened the hive, there
was but one queen to be fouud.

[Tours are unusual cases— those answers
I contemplated the general practice in a nor-
mal condition.— Ed.]

Cliair Hives for Wintering. —

Geo. H. Kirkpatrick, New Paris, Ohio, on
March 28, 1888, writes :

1 am wintering my bees on the summer
stands, all in sinale-walled hives, crated,
and packed in chaff. About 50 per cent, of
my colonies are in chaff hives. I have used
the single-story chaff hive for Ave years
successfully. My bees had a fine flight on
March 17 and 18. I examined and found all
the colonies breeding. Bees in this part of
the country, as far as heard from, are doing
well, and bee-keepers are feeling better.

The Fertility of Qneens.— John
Andrews, Patten's Mills, N. T., on April 2,
1888, writes :

As I have been somewhat disappointed in
years past in the fertility of queens that I
obtained from (what was considered) re-
liable breeders, most of which were ob-
tained in September, 1 have come to the
conclusion tliat late-reared queens are of
not much value to me. The most of these
queens were obtained simply for experi-
ment, holding them over for the next year's
observation. Now and then one has been
up to the average of the bees in the yard in
activity, but tour out of five have been be-
low the average. For years I have bred my
own queens, and in this I have noticed that
the late-bred queens did not produce active
cohmies, as a rule ; and now the question
is, should a bee-keeper breed queens after
the honey-flow had ceased, from which the
natural honey-supply comes ? I know that

Honey for Itees in IVinter. —

Fayette Lee, Cokato, Minn., on April 8,
1888, writes :

The colony that I was wintering on noth-
ing but honey was defunct on March 10.
They had the worst kind of diarrhea, and
were full of a dirty-colored water. They
did not have 5 cells of pollen in the hive
last fall. They had 15 pounds of the best
kind of fall honey, and it was not capped
over. They had no upward ventilation.
They ate about 7 pounds of honey before
dying, and I am now sure that dampness is
the cause of bee-diarrhea.

Another thing that I liave found out is,
when the ground does not freeze, the cellar
is damp, and so are the bees. This is the
reason that they do not winter the same.
The temperature of my cellar has been 4.5°
all winter, and only for a little while last
fall it was .50°. 1 wish every one wnuld see
if they do not find the lower row ot hives
very damp, and the bees sick, with the en-
trance to the hive all daubed from the diar-
rhea. I expect to lose 15 or 20 colonies out

ot 96. The snow is one foot deep yet. I
have taken 10 colonies from the cellar, and
they are flying nicely. I expect to take the
rest out this week.

Planting for Honey. — Wm. A.

Ridenour, Elida, 0., on April 3, 1888, says :

I commenced the season ot 1887 with 7
colonies, and my crop was 235 pounds of
comb honey in one-pound sections, from
white clover and linden, although the
drouth caused a poor honey crop. I bought
5 colonies in the fall, which made 12 colo-
nies ; I packed them on the summer stands,
and they have wintered all right. On March
31 and April 1, they carried In pollen for the
first time this year, I have 7 acres of Alsike
clover that will bloom this summer. In 1885
I planted 60 linden trees from I to 3 inches
in diameter, and they bloomed the second
year after being planted.

UronevConib and S^varming. —

James Irwin, Columbus Grove, O., on April
3, 1888, writes :

I must say that niy bees have wintered
extremely well this winter. I wintered
them on the sunnuer stands. They have
been taking in pollen now for two or three
days. The outlook for a good honey season
is very promising. I noticed from some of
my colonies that there were a good many
young bees flying. Will the absence of
drone-comb in a hive prevent swarming ?

[The absence of drone-comb in a hive
will not always prevent swarming— to give
the bees extra room is generally more ef-
fectual.—Ed.]

Old-Fogy IJee-Keepei-s.- Mr. R. A.

Rummel, Butler, Ind., on April 2, 1888, says:

Bees have wintered well, so far as 1 have
heard. I asked one of my neighbors who
keeps bees, to take tlie Bee Journal. He
said that he could not learn anything from
it ; that he knew more about bees now, than
any of those who write for it. He generally
has about 7 colonies in the spring, increases
them to about 35 or 40 till fall, and all that
are strong enough to draw their last breath,
die before spring. He never obtains much
honey from them.

[That is just the way of one-tenth of the
world. Surely "When ignorance is bliss,
'tis folly to be wise."— Ed.]

Putting Bees out too Early.— A.

B. Atwater, Marion, Iowa, on April 7, 1888,
writes :

I have not yet taken my bees out of the
cellar, as I consider it too early. I took
them out last .year before the snow was off
the ground, and 1 lost .50 colonies out of 80.
I do not think that I will do so again. The
weather is nice and warm. I did take one
colony out about a week ago, and I will
have to feed it to keep il from starving. My
bees stored scarcely any honey last year.

Still in Wint«-r Quarters.— Wm.

Dyer, Hastings, Minn., on April 10, 1888,

says :

My bees are still in winter quarters.
There is too much snow on the ground yet,
to put them out. They have been in the
cellar about 140 days, and are still as quiet
as they were the first week after being
put in.

T&m mummmi^mn mmm jommmmi^.

269

^^

liijpraNiEi

BUSINESS MANAGER.

^xxsmtss Notices,

If You I>ive near one postofBce and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

Give a, Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine" to everyone who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

If yon Lose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Please to get your !Neig;Ii1>or,

who keeps bees, to also take the Amekicax
Bee JouijNAL. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Presene Your Papers for future
reference. If you liave no ItII\'l>ER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for tlie Bee Journai..

Please -wTite American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 2.5 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for no cents, postpaid.

Home Msirltets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Al>vays Mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may liappen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

CL,i;UBIi^'Ci I.ISX.

■We Club tlie American Bee Joivmal
for a year, witli any of the following papers
or books, at the prices (juoted in the I^ASX
colunui. The regular jirice of botli is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for anotlier paper or book:

Price of both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00 . . .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepere'Magazine...- 1 50 140

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150... 140

The Apiculturist 175 1 60

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25 ... . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binderfor Am. Bee Journal.. 160.... 1 50
Dzierzon'8 Bee-Book (cloth) ... 3 00 ... . 2 00
Boot's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25. . . . 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 150.... 1 30

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Tear Among the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 3 00.... IJT.t

Iowa Homestead 2 00... 1 90

How to Propagate Fruit 150 1 '25

History of National Society. .1 50 1 25

Your Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes
and delays.

IVe Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SKE1> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; K pound,
S1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
per bushel; S2.35 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
Wliite Clover Seed : $10.00 per bushel; 82.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
CU/uer Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

<^oi'lc lor Winter Packing:. — Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. Tlie prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (1'20 pages) $1 00

" 100 colonies ('220 pages) 125

'• 200 colonies (420 pages) .... 1 50

Red Isabels lor Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels *1.50 $2.00 $'2.'25

500Label8 ..2.00 3.00 3.50

l.OOOLabels 3.00 4.00 5.00

aa- Samples mailed free, upon application.

The I^ovelist— A l^ovel Enter-

prise.— Novel in name, form, purpose ami
method is TItc Novelist,Ald.ei\'sne-w weekly
magazine of American fiction.

It is certainly handy in form, beautiful
in dress, excellent in all mechanical quali-
ties, and low in price ; well suited in all re-
spects to meet the wants of the intelligent
millions who are capable of appreciating
"the best."

Terms, $1.00 a year, at which rate it will
give over 3,500 pages, equal to from eight to
twelve ordinary American dollar novels.

The stories will follow successively, one
at a time, a novel of ordinary length, thus
being completed in from four to eight
weeks. If one story does not please, you
will not have long to wait for the next. For
a ten-cent subscription (if you don't wish to
enter for all at $1.00), you will receive the
first chapters of every story published dur-
ing the year, which you can then order sep-
arately, if yon wish. A specimen copy of
The Novelist will be sent free on request.
Address, John B. Alden, Publisher, 393
Pearl St., New York ; P. O. Box 1237.

Piiotogfraplis of Bee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containmg the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of tliree subscri-
bers and $3.00.

Yucca ISriislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not .irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Scatter tlie Leaflets.— Look at the

list (with prices) on the second page.

A Poclcet l>ictionary will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with $3.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spelling of words, and to
determine their meanmg.

COBJVENTIOSr NOTICES.

ty The next meeting of the N. W. Ills, and 9. W.
Wis. Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in Rock,
ton, Ills., May 22, 188K. D. A. Fuller, *ec.

I^" The sprinfi meeting of the Wisconsin Lake
Shore Center Bee-Keepers' Association will he held
on May 31. 188H. in Mueller's Hall, at Kiel. Wis.

Feeu. Zasthow, Sec.

C^~ The Keystone Bee-Keepers' Association will
hold its sixth annual meeting in the Court Mouse at
Scranton, Pa., on Tuesday, May 8, ihsh. at 10 a.m.
All bee-keepers are invited. A. A. Davis, Sec.

tW The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet at the Court Uouse in Bldora, Iowa,
on the second Saturday In each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. Buchanan, Sec.

;l?- The semi-annual meeting of the Progrossive
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in the Sons of
Temperance Hall at BainbrldgeCentre.O.. on Thurs-
day, May a, 18H8. Parties wishing conveyance from
Geauga-Lake atation, on the Erie railroad :i miles
distant, will please iiutify Mr. L. H. Brown, Bissels,
Geauga Co., O.. so that arrangements can be made
for the same. All interested are invited.

Miss Duma Ben.vett, sec.

270

THE) j5MERic?EK mmm jQmmmmiu.

Honey and Bees^rax Market.

DETROIT.
HONEY.— Best white in l-pound sections, 15®16c.
Extracted, 9010c. Little demand and few sales.

Apr. 12. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

NBW YORK.

HONBT.— We quote ; Fancy white in 1-lb. sec-
tions, 13®15c.; the same In 2-lbs., 10®llc.; buck-
wheat l-lbs., Uic; 2-lb8..9c. Market dull.

BKBSW AX^-24C. ^ jjjj^jjgg^H Bjiog _
Apr. 7. 2« & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane 8t.

CHIOAQO.
HONE Y.— Prices raose from 16®18c. for best one-
lb. sections, to U&15C. for otr color and condition;
2-lbs., 14® 150. Dark is slow ol sale at almost aiiy
price Extracted, 7®iic., with good supply. Light

demtind,

BBBSWAX
Mar. 22.

-22®23C.

R. A. BURNBTT,
161 South Water 8t.

. pe;
i9kc

16®17c.; 2-
The market

THOSE BLASTED BEES!

MAKE your own Queen-Exoliitling
Zincs. Dee my Perl'oraliiis Stamp.

Saves its cost in less than one hour. This tool
cuts out the holes; will also cut tin or lifrht
sheet-iron, is made of best EoKlish tool steel,
ground to right size, and is very durable. You
can leave the spaces directly over the frames
blank, and perforate between, or otherwise
if you wish.

|^~ Price, 65 cents, sent by mail.

Supply dealers wishing to make this tool-
write me for outfit. Nothing- patented.
Address, GEO. F. NUSSEL,

16Atf FARIBAULT, Rice Co., MINN.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.- We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
14®150.; fancy 2-Ib8., 12C. Lower grades 1(?"" "■"■
lb less. Buckwheat l-lbs., 10@luJic.; 2-lb8.,
Extracted, white, 7fffi7>oc.; dark, 5^^®6c.
Mar. 19. F.G.STBOHMBYBK&CO., 122Water8t.

CHICAGO.
HONBY.-We quote : Fancy white clover l-lbs.,
16®l7c.; 2-lb8., 15(ai«o. Dark is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7®10c.

wir^l^'^""'!':!. FISH & CO., 189 S. Water 8t,

CINCINNATI

HONEY —We quote extracted at 4^@9c. per lb.,
for which demand i» good. Comb honey, 14®17c.—
Supply large and demand slow.

BKKSWAX.-Demand is good-20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Mar. 26. C. F. MOTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

MILWAUKEE.
HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 17®!8c.:
2-lbs., I5®16c.; 3-lbs.. 140. park and broken notquo-
table. Extracted, white in kegs and ^-barrels, Sij to
9c ; in tin and pails, 9M®luc.i dark, Ji-barrels and
kegs, 5®7c. Market slow.
^BBB8WAX.-22®25C. ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^

DENVER.

HONEY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, 17®I9c.; 2-lb.
sections, 15®17c. Extracted, 7®10c.
^BBESWAX_.-20®.30. ^ & CO., 1409 Fifteenth 8t.

KANSA8 CITY.
HONEY.— We quote : Choice white 2-lb. sections.
17®18o.: dark 2-lbs, l4@15c.; choice white I-lbs„ 18 to
20cts., dark l-lbs., 15® 16c. White extracted, 7®8c.;
dark. 5®6c. Demand is slow. White extracted is
Arm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

MSr'?29*^'^MBUN & BBAR88, 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote : 1-lb. sections,
lb. sections, 14®16c. Extracted. 8®9c.
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BBBSWAX.- 25 cts. per lb.
Mar. 24. BI.AKB & RIPLBT. 57 Chatham Street

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONBY.-We quote: White to extra, 10®17c.;
amber. 9@i4c. Extracted, white liquid, 7®7^c.;
amber and candied, 6®7c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.— 1W@21C.
Mar. 20. 8CHACHT & LEMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.
HONBY.-We quote: White l-lbs., glassed, 16®17c;
unKlas8ed,17®lHc.; and dark l-Ibs., glassed, 15c. ; un-
elassed, 16c.i white 2-llis.. glassed, l6c.,; unglasped 2-
IbH 17c. California white 2-lbs., 17c. Calif ornia ex-
tracted in «o-lb. cans, He. Market quiet and receipts

"'bb'bSwAX.-No. 1,200.; No. 2, ISO.

Mar.l9. CLBMON8, CLOON * CO., cor 4th iWalnut.

Aducvtiscmcuts.

Bee-Hives, Sections, Section-Cases,

Foundation & other Apiarian Snpplies.

J^~ Our Section Folder should be in
tlie hands ol' every Honey-Producer.

Send for our new Catalogue with a description of

THE " SlICCESS HIVE,"

which is fast gaining the favor of many bee-men.

ALBINO QUEENS and BEES for 1888.

IT should be remembered that we are also
Head-Quarters tor the" Albino Queens."
We also breed Select Italians.
Address, S. VALENTIINE &. SONS,

16Alt HAGERST< 'WN, Wash. Co., MD.

BEES for SaleClieap — 7 or 8 Colonies, at
S4.00 per Colnnv: or all In one lot at $:!.50
each. Address, MRS. J. F. CiAIyL,

Cor. C'larit St. & Graceland Ave.,
16Alt • LAKE VIEW, Cook Co., ILLS.

FULL COLONIES

ol iheBost HVUKins lor Sile— 18S8.
Address, I. It. HABFIELW,

lOASt WAUKESHA. WIS.

Mention Oic American Bcc Journal.

6. B. LEWIS & GO.

\]17E make the best Bee - Hives, the best
VV Sections, the best Shipping - Crates, the
best Frames, etc., etc.
E^ We sell them at the Lowest Prices.—
Write for free Illustrated Catalogue.

G. B. r,IS\\7'IS <Sc CO.,
WAtf WATRKTOWN WIS,

Meiitwn the American Bcc Journal.

•wilij seiinix) c, o. id.

ITALIANS on l.Ling.^troth frames — two-frame
Nucleus (no Quocn) »l.fin; 3-frame. *2.00. BEES
per lb.. 7.'> cts. Tested Queens. *2. on ; Untested, in
May, ll."") Tn insure shipment of Bees by express,
C. O. D., sufficient nuitiey .-should be sent to at least
pay all e.vpress-char::es. No foul brood.
15A4t H. li. PunKborn, Maquoketa, lovi^a.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY,

PAniPHLET full of new and improved
methods ; Price. 5 one-cfnt stamps. You
nfcd also my list of Italian Qiiecnd, Bees by
the lb., and Supplies Oliver Foster,
1.3Atf Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

Mention the ^hncricaii Bee Journal.

WANTED,

Iteeswax.— We will pay 30 oeius per

pouiul, delivered liere, for Yellow Beeswax,
f o avoid mistakes, the name of tlie shipper
shoiUd always be on eacli package.

THOS. G. NEWTflAN & SON,

923 it 925 W«Bt Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILLS.

Extra Thin FOUNDATION

In 25-Ponnd Boxes.

WE CAN now furnish the Van Densen
Extra-Thin Flat-Bottom Foundation
put up in 25-lb. Boxes, in sheets 1614x28
inches, at $12.50 per box. 12 ft. to the lb.
^~ The above is a special uflTer, and is a
Bargain to all who can use that quantity.

All orders for any other quantity than
exactly 23 lbs. (or its multiple) will be filled
at the regular price— 60 cents per lb.

THOS. C. NEWTTIAN A: SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison St.. - CHICAGO, ILL.

British. Bee Journal

AND BEE-KEEPERS' ADVISEE,

IS published every week, at 10s. lOd. per
annum. It contains the very best practical
information for the apiarist. It is edited by
Thomas Wm. Cowan, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., etc., and
published by John Huckle, King's Langley,
Herts, England

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Dadants' Foiiiidation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

100

rol.ONlES of BEES for Sale. A
iiar^iiiiu lor any one wanting the en-
tire lot. Write for particulars.
S. .*. SHUCK,

l()A.5t LIVERPOOL, II LS.

2-OUNGE HONEY SECTION.

SEND for Circular of the Shaving System
'or smali SoctuniB. Invented and brought
to practical perfection by

WAI.TER HARinEK,

KiAtf 411 West 8th St., MANISTEE, MICH.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

J. FORNCROOK & CO.,

MANUFACTURERS OP THE

"BOSS" ONE-PIECE SECTIONS,

Patented June 28, 1R81.

WILL furnish vou, the cominK season, ONB
PIBCK SECTIONS as cheap as the cheapest,
ly Write for prices.
Watertown, Wis., Jan. 1, 18«S.

^P~ ThoB. G. Newman & Son, of Chicago, sell
;he one-piece Sections manufactured by us.

J)fe7itt0Ji tltc American Bee Journal.

Dadants' Foinulatioii Factory, wholesale

and retail See advertisement in another column

Muth's Honey Extractor,

Perfection Cold-Blast Smokers,
SQUARE GLASS HOJiEY-JARS, etc.

For Circulars, apply to

CHARLES F. MTTTH •& SON,

Tor. Freeman & Central Aves., CINCINNATI, O.

P. 8.— Send 10c. for Practical Hints to Bee-Keepers.

Mention tJic American Bee Journal.

J. C. SAYLES,

MANUFACTIREB of and Dealer In
Apiarian Supplies. Also Pure Bred

ITAMAN dUEENS AND BEES.

^pw Ca'alogue free. Send name and address.
13Att Hartford, Wisconsin.

Mention Hic ^1 mcrican Bee Journal.

MINNESOTA AHEAD!

WE aie sellinfr 100 All-Wood Langs-
irolli Brood-Frames for $l.OU ; and
Langstroth HIVES, with Supers, for 55 cts.

pm~ Don't order your Supplies for 1888
until you see our Circular.

■■^77"i>/L. -£3.. BI^IGHT,
lOAtf MAZEPPA, MINNESOTA.

Nothing Succeeds Like Success.

How I Produce Comb Honey. tEN
years' Experience. First Thousand sold
in four months. By mall, 5 cts. each; $3.00
per 100. My illustrated Price-List of Supplies
for the Apiary, Bees, Queens, etc., Fkee.

GEO. E. HIIiTON,

51Atf FREMONT, MICH.

Mention tin American Bee Journal.
^^ May also be obtained at this office.

31ME-RICRP* mmm jQ''&mnmi^.

275

^^^■^■^-*-^^-*-^

EDITOR.

mniV, April 25, 1888. No. 11,

Editqrml BmEiSGS.

Ijet Fate do lier Worst; there are relics of

joy.
Bright dreams of the past, ahe cannot destroy ;
They come in the night-time of sorrow and care.
And bring baclc the features that joy used to wear.
Like the vase, in which roses have once been

distilled.
You may breaii— you may shatter the vase, if you

will.

But the scent of the roses will hang round it still.

no r\'ot take the bees out of cellars until
the advent of settled warm weather.

The Appeal on the one-piece section
is now before the United States Supreme
Court. It was argued on the I3th inst., and
a decision may be now made any day, by
the Court.

Paint your Hires just for the sake
of appearance, to which it adds so much.
It is best to paint them of liyht colors, so as
not to reflect the sun's rays, and make it
" too hot" ou the inside.

Xl«e Reviov for April is out, and con-
tains much that is interesting to tlie craft.
In tlie advertisement on page 381, it was
promised to be issued on March 30— it should
have said April 20. It was an oversight of
the printer.

Has amy One yet received any of the
Chapman Honey-Plant seed from the Com-
missioner of Agriculture ? A. Fiddes, of
Centralia, Ills., complains that he sent for
some six weeks ago, and has heard nothing
of it yet. Perhaps it is like a good many
other things at Washington, very slow work
to get matters straightened out. There
" red tape " is the niXe !

Mr. X. A. dark, of Arkadelphia,
Ark., wliose appeal from the persecutions
of the Mayor comes up before the Supreme
Court in July, is gradually gaining the
"upper hand." The Mayor and council-
men were badly defeated in the late elec-
tion, and Mr. Clark is now sustained by the
majority.

The case Is docketed for the Supreme
Court, and will come off probably at "the
time appointed," and witnesses are becom-
ing moie numerous in favor of Mr. Clark
and his bees. He has a few colonies now in
the city, and is unmolested in keeping them
there. He contemplates making public ex-
hibitions of bees at the schools, and manip-
ulating them before the classes, and all this
with the sanction of the new authorities.
This shows that the " persecution ' was
done maliciously, and without cause. Mr.
Clark thus speaks of some new witnesses
he intends to use :

A gentleman drove a two-horse team by
my apiary last summer, and drove through
as large a single "swarm" of Italians as
you probably ever saw, and was not mo-
lested in the least. (Will he not mak*- a
good witness for us ?) I saw this with my
own eyes.

Two young ladies who have lived by me
since my residence here, and often in my
apiary, say they were never stung by a
bee in their lives ! (How will they do for
witnesses ?) We have others equally as
good.

Klillin;; tlie Molli-I^arvse-— Mr. M.

W. Hinkley, of Bowdoinham, Me., in the
Eastern Farmer, says he has tried sulphur
and failed, and thus describes his favorite
method :

I have discovered that bee-combs infested
with moth-larvse can be perfectly and safely
cleansed by immersing them for a few
moments (until the cells are well filled), in
a quite strong solution of potash, then
quickly and carefully rinsing and drying.
Care is necessary in the handling, as the
potash has a tendency to soften the comb.

Spiders rarely cause any trouble with
bees. Strong colonies are fully able to re-
pel them, should they enter the hive. All
webs about the entrance should be brushed
away, or bees will be caught and devoured.
Some mistake the work of the moth-worms
for spider viebs.—Excluinge.

Wiiy SlioiiUl lte<'S make the honey
dark by traveling ovt r it ? This is'.what a
correspondent asks. Prof. Cook says that
bees emit a sort of glutinous fluid from their
feet, when walking over a plain surface, to
help them adhere to it. This is what stains
the white cappings, and makes them look
dark and soiled.

Breeding-.— In an item on page 359,
Mr. Hutchinson was said to advise feeding
for two months previous to the honey har-
vest. For the last word in the fifth line
read breeding instead of " feeding," and
the item will then correctly convey the
views of Mr. Hutchinson.

!it>variiiin»' Box. — The Ameriam
Agriculturist for May contains the follow-
ing on the use of a swarming box :

During the swarming season every bee-
keeper should provide himself with a
" swarming box." This saves an immense
anionut of labor, besides obviating the dam-
age often committed on valuable fruit trees
and vines by cutting and mutilating them in
order to detach swarms therefrom. This
box may be made 10x14 inches, inside meas-
urement. It should be perforated with many
holes, % or 1 inch in diameter ; a pole 8 or
10 feet long should be fastened through the
centre of the box, so that it may balance.
After a swarm has pretty well settled on a
branch of a tree, the box may be pushed up
into the cluster of bees, when they will
ordinarily take to it and occupy it. If they
should not do so readily, the box, being
open at one end, may be held under the
swarm, when, by giving the limb a jar, a
portion of the bees become dislodged into
the box. The remainder will readily alight
on the same, and all may be carried to the
stand.

Storing' Honey.— Mr. E. Israel, Oak
Lawn, Miss., on April It, 1888, says :

I send you some linden buds and leaves.
My bees are storing honey in the sections,
and working on white clover, which is in
full bloom.

We have an abiding faith that the com-
ing season will he a good one, and reports
such as the above confirm our faith— prom-
ising prosperity for the bees, after many
years of failure.

Strong Colonies to gather the harvest
are very necessary. Mr. Dibbern, in the
Plowman, remarks thus on this subject :

In regard to getting the best yield of
choice honey, try to have all your colonies
very strong when the honey-flow comes.
This is best accomplished by feeding a thin
syrup of honey each evening, commencing
about six weeks before the expected yield.
Give room in the sections as soon as needed
to delay swarming as long as possible.

It Pays to be ahead of time in the mat-
ter of procuring hives, sections, foundation,
etc. ; when needed for use is too late to send
for them— they should all be at hand then,
waiting until wanted.

ree«ling Bees in the morning is apt
to induce them to commence robbing ; feed-
ing during the day is also dangerous during
cold spells— for they sometimes become
restless, fly out, chill and die.

Att<'nlion is Fixed on Oei-inany.

One veteran ruler, the Emperor William,
has just passed away, and the grave is even
now ready to receive his successor. The
crown will rest on tlu-ee heads in a single
year. There are elements of deep interest
in a reign like that of the Emperor William,
whose life covered most of our stirring cen-
tury. The story can be read in a finely
illustrated article in Frank Leslie's Popu-
lar Monthly for May, which also gives an
endless amount of interesting and attractive
reading.

276

T'H® MMEKicMif wmm j^wmmML,,

Honey by Ihe Barrel, drawn from
trees like maple syrup.— Mr. E. K. Dean, of
Amenia Union, N. T., on April 11, 1888,
wrote us as follows :

From time to time 1 read in the Bee
Journal tlie product of the pen of some
who are foolish enough to think that
whatever they may say about the " wonder-
ful and mysterious honey-bee " everybody
is bound to believe ; and strange to say, a
great many still continue to regard these
industrious insects with the old-time won-
der, and are perfectly ignorant of those
" mysteries of the hive " (now so wel I under-
stood by nearly or all subscribers of the
Bee Joubnal)— are ready to accept these
fallacies with wonder and open eyed amaze-
ment. I enclose a clipping from a Georgia
paper, sent me by a friend, who evidently
is astonished at its revelations. I also send
his comments on the article, and think you
will agree with me in thinking it strange
that any one can for one moment credit the
veracity of such preposterous statements.
Here is his letter : ,, „ .« ,^ >

"This clipping from the Griffin, (Ga.)
News, is unique in the annals of bee culture.
Of course honey is a natural product. If
tills account is verifiable, how do you ac-
count for it ? Would it not be a good thing
if a few of these trees could be grafted up
here ? S. S. Lewis."

This is the clipping :

After dinner at Mr. Mitchell's we were
sitting on his front piazza, smoking, and I
discovered some bees going in and out of a
knot in one of the large oak trees in front of
his dwelling. This tree is known to be over
a hundred years old. I learned that several
years ago a swarm of bees assembled in
that tree as their new home, and they have
worked and lived there ever since. After
they had been there for three years, the
colony became very large and strong, and no
attempt had ever been made to rob them of
their honey. At last Mr. Mitchell came to
the conclusion that the tree must be full of
honey, from seeing large numbers of flies
and bees around the root of the tree ; so he
set to work to devise some means to get the
.honey without cutting the tree down. After
applying all the tests known to bee-men, he
satisfied himself that the tree was full, and
then decided to tap it like a fellow is tapped
for dropsv. So he got a faucet and an augur
and bored a hole in the tree near the root,
and then screwed in the faucet, and to his
surprise and great delight a solid stream of
pure and elegant honey as clear as crystal
gushed forth, and the supply seemed almost
inexhaustible. It continued to pour out
until lie had filled six barrels ; and he has
drawn each year since that time from three
to four barrels of pure strained honey from
that old oak tree, and up to this there seems
to be no signs of a failure of the supply, as
the bees are still a very strong and healthy
colony.

The same year that Mr. Mitchell tapped
the old oak tree there was a new, thick
growth sprung up all around the old oak, of
an unusual appearance, having a smooth
bark and thick, waxy leaves. One day he
pulled off one of the leaves and put it in his
mouth, and found it to be very sweet, and
upon examining the place from which he
had plucked the leaf, he discovered that the
plant was bleeding or emitting from the
wound a clear, thick-looking juice, which,
upon tasting and examination, proved to be
honey. He then conimenoed to nurse the
new volunteer gmwlli with the teiiderest
care and attention, limking alter them daily;
and as the snniiiier advanced the plants cdii-
tinned to grow, and in the tall he selected
and transplanted 300 of them in very rich

soil, 30 feet apart, and they grew very rap-
idly, making a beautiful display with their
straight, smooth trunks, and their thick and
glossy wax-like leaves. And the grove was
seen and admired by all tor miles and miles
around. Mr. Mitchell's idea was that as
large money was made from the sugar
maple, by boiling the iuice, he ought to
malie more from a tree that would run pure
honey, and he was right. When the trees
were four years old in the fall of the year,
they were large enough to insert faucets.
So he had 300 faucets made to order, and
screwed them into the young trees, and the
following spring the result was remarkable.
Each tree yielded an average of 10 gallons
of the richest golden honey ; the following
year each tree yielded an average of 20 gal-
lons, and now the average is about a barrel
to each tree during the year, and the grove
continues to grow and flourish, and shows
no signs of failing to supply a bountiful
yield in the years to come. The quality of
the honey is so fine, and the flavor is so
delicate, that it always commands the
highest prices, and the demand is greater
than the supply.

This is only another proof that the
" flashy " reporters for the daily press of the
country draw heavily upon their imagina-
tion in order to cause a sensation, and get
up "spicy" articles for a credulous public.

All of the above sensational article is
elaborated from the simple fact of some one
finding a bee-tree in the woods, and taking
from it some broken honey, unfit for the
market, and mostly unfit for table use. The
Idea of drawing honey through a faucet
from combs in a bee-tree ! ! The idea,
even, is supremely ridiculous !

Bee!^ and Grapes.— A correspondent
from Middle Falls, N. Y., has sent us the
following taken from the New York Sun of
April 4, 1888. It is a question, and reply by
the agricultural editor :

Can you suggest any means, besides bags, to pro-
tect grapes from the attacks of bees ? The theory
that bees do not attack sound grapes Is a mistake.
Half my crop was destroyed by bees last year.

William n. Nblson, Millwood, Va.

Answer.— We do not know of any better
way of protecting grapes from the attacks
of honey-bees than by enclosing the bunches
in paper bags. However, you might try
spraying the vines with some liquid that
would be offensive to the bees. Try a very
weak solution of carbolic acid when you
find the bees attacking the fruit. You are
certainly right in your statements in regard
to bees destroying sound grapes, and while
entomologists know that bees will not only
attack and destroy sound grapes, but also
peaches, quinces, pears, apricots, and many
other kinds of fruit, apiarists deny it, and
endeavor to show that the bee caunoi; cut
through the skin of such fruits, and that it
is only after wasps and hornets have punc-
tured the fruit that the bees attack it and
suck out the juices. Langstroth, Quinby,
Root, and other noted apiarists scout the
idea of honey-bees cutting through the skin
of grapes, while entomologists and thou-
sands of practical fruit-growers know it to
be a fact.

There is one side, however, of this ques-
tion which isfiir too often overlooked, and
that is the variableness of the appetite or
taste of the bees. One season the bees will
attack various kinds of fruits, and daily
gorge themselves with their juices as long
as any can be found, and the very next sea-
son they may not touch fruit of any kind.
Whether this vHiiahleness is due to some
peculiarity (if Die weather or season, we do
not profess to know, but that the bees do
take .such freaks we have learned from ex-

perience. Next season you may not need
any paper bags to protect your grapes from
the attacks of bees.

Such " wiseacres " as the above editor,
persist in asserting that bees attack sound
fruit, when repeated assurances from ento-
mologists and professors who have studied
tlie anatomy of bees, and are thoroughly
conversant with the subject, most positively
deny that they are physically capable of
doing so.

Out in California — such ignoramuses
raised a howl about bees injuring grapes,
and as a result, they sued a bee-keeper for
damages, said to be done by his bees. This
suit was carried to the Supreme Court, and
the bees came out ahead. It was proven at
the trial that the bees could not bite into
the skin of a grape. A San Diego bee-keeper
settled the question in this way, says the
San Francisco Cfironicle :

He took a perfect bunch of grapes, every
berry of which was sound and in good order,
and suspended it in the middle of a hive of
bees for an iudefinite time. It remained
there several weeks, or perhaps months,
and at the expiration of the period was re-
moved In as perfect a coundition as when
first put in the hive. Thousands of bees
had been crawling all over the fruit during
that time, only too eager to attack the tooth-
some juice thereof, but had been unable to
satisfy themselves.

Fruit men found that they had been
fighting their best friends, and now have
given up the persecutions of the Innocent
bees.

We might quote from scientists, profes-
sors, and others to prove that bees are in-
capable of damaging sound grapes— but of
what use is it, when such scribblers as the
Sun employs, make their bold assertions to
the contrary. Verily, " Wliere ignorance is
bliss, 'tis folly to be wise."

City and Country l,ife.— A corres-
pondent in the British Bee Journal has this
to say about the difference between life in
a city and that in the country :

After our experience of the dense London
fog up to noon on the 17th ult., the day after
our annual meeting, when gas and electric
lights failed to dispel the gloom, and choked
almost to suffocation, pitying the gasping
Londoners, while contrasting their state ot
existence with that of our own happy coun-
try fraternity, we exclaimed in fullness ot
heart,—

" We possess the flowers and trees.
Modern hives and golden bees :
Fruit and nectar, both divine, _
We sball reap at harvest time

And, finding on reaching our quiet country
home, with its hive-scattered lawns and
shrubberies, that the day had been one ot
brilliant sunshine, we were more thin ever
impressed with the truth of the old saying,
"God made the country, mau made the
town."

New CatalosHCs for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

Charles H. Smith, Pittsfield, Mass.-48
pages— Apiarian Supplies.

S. H. Stocknmn, East Auburn, Maine--34
pages— Bees,Queens,aiid Apiarian Supplies.

M. W. S'lepherd, Rochester, 0.-4 pages
—Bees and Queens.

•vmm mimmwi^mM mmm j&'&m.mmi^.

277

[These questions were intended for the
Query Department, but to save time and
space, one reply is deemed sufficient, and is
({iven by the Editor or some other member
of that Department to whom he refers it : 1

Xhe Sections for a Beginner.—

L. wants to know the following :

What size of sections would you advise a
beginner to use ?

The most popular sections are those hold-
ing a single pound of honey.

Carniolan and Black Bees.— J.
B. A., of Stittville, N. Y., asks the following
question :

Are Carniolan bees as good for all pur-
poses as the common black bees ?

Tes ; and some think that they are even

superior to the Italians.

Fonl-Broody Hives & Frames.

— C.A. S., of Connecticut, propounds this
question :

Can I have the hives and frames, where
bees have had foul brood, cleaned so as to
render them safe to use again ? If so, how?

Perhaps so ; but great care should be
taken. Boil them in hot water. We should
probably bum them all np. That would
be safe.

Robber Bees.— H. L. R., asks this
question :

If a hive containing capped honey, but no
bees, be placed on a stand during the spring,
will it be molested by robber bees ?

If the entrance is left open, it would be
almost sure to be robbed. Such feeding is
demoralizing.

Diilerf-nt Kinds ofFoundation.

—J., of New York, desires the following
answered :

1. Is foundation made with a Pelham
mill just as good as that made with any
other mill, everything else being the same ?

3. Is it as acceptable to the bees ?

Upon a test it has proven quite as good,
and was as readily accepted by the bees.

Making' Comb Foundation. — C.

W. desires information on the following
questions :

1. What causes sheets of wax to crack on
the dipping-boards, when the boards have
been previously well soaked in water ?

2. What will prevent it ?

3. What is the best lubricator to prevent
the sheets of wax from sticking to the rolls?

1 Either the wax is too hot, or the air too
cold.

2. Avoid the above conditions, and have
the boards sharp at the edges, so that the
wax will first crack there.

3. Lye is the best lubricant.

BraM'ing Out Foundation.— T.

O. asks the following question :

Di) bees draw the foundation out into
cells ?

Yes ; and they often tMn the base, to
do so.

Arranging Sections in a Case. —

J. L. C, of Indiana, asks the following :

1. As there is only a half bee-space, or
half an opening in each section, how shall I
manage about putting in the first and last
rows so that there will be room for the bees
to get in and out of the sections next to the
sides of the section-case ?

3. Shall I put the sections up close to the
sides of the case, or leave them away about
3-16 or ^ of an inch ?

3. If so, how is it done so that they will
be secure in their places ?

Use sections having % inch openings in-
stead of H inch ; then the half of that space
at the sides will admit the bees. In the
absence of sections with ?^ inch openings,
if your " case " is wide enough, place at the
sides wood separators 1-16 inch in width.

Free Trade and Honey.— A cor-
respondent from New York asks the fol-
lowing :

What is your opinion in regard to the ef-
fect of free trade (in this country) upon the
price of lioiiey ?

It luiuht work adversely at the start on
low sirailes, but not so on the best quality.
In our business we can compete with any
country.

Separators and MotU-Wornis.—

J. F. Gile, Basswood, Wis., on April 16,
1888, asks these questions :

1. Can I use sections without separators
in the supers of the improved Langstroth-
Simplicity hive ? 3. Are separators neces-
sary in the brood-chamber, if frames are
provided with half or full sheets of founda-
tion ? 3. What shall I do with my comb
honey in case it becomes Infested with
moth-worms ?

1. Yes ; it your super is arranged with
reference to it.

2. Separators are not intended to be used
with brood-frames. Wide frames holding 8
one-pound sections are sometimes placed at
the sides of the brood^jhamber ; in such,
separators are necessary.

3. Fumigate it, by putting it in a closed
room, and burning sulphur in it. This will
kill the moth-worms.

"fVhcn fve Consider that pure
honey is the very essence of flowers and
plants, in which, we are told, there is a
remedy for every disease, surely we cannot
doubt the happy combination of honey as
medicine. The Scripture tells us in many
passages of the wonderful efficacy of honey
as food and medicine. As the treatment of
disease becomes more and more rational, so
will the value of honey as a medicine be-
come more and more apparent." So says
the Ru/ral Canadian.

Statistics.— Mr. L. J. Stone, Littleton
Common, Mass., on March 33, 1888, writes
as follows :

As a volunteer to gather statistics on bees
and honey, I offer my services for Middle-
sex county. There are not many bees kept
here, but I have a team and can and will do
the work carefully and thoroughly if
desired.

It seems to me that the only way that we
can get correct statistics is to nave some one
interested to personally see the different
bee-keepers, and fill out the blanks, and
not leave or send blanks for them to fill out,
for I think that in seven times (if not more)
out of ten, tliHy will not fill them out cor-
rectly if at all. If we could have two or
three in each county to take statistics, we
could go and see them with our teams well
enough, in this part of the country. Of
course if there was but one in a county, so
we had to go around on the cars, we ought
to have our expenses paid, but that would
only be a little. I take the American Bee
JouKNAi,, and 1 was never better satisfied
with a dollar investment in my life.

At first we thought the best way to get
the statistics would be through the assessors
or Statistical Bureau of each State ; but in
all probability those gathered by persons in-
terested in the pursuit, are of the most im-
mediate value. We like the plan inaugurated
by Mr. Root, in GteaniTigs, for that purpose;
of which we gave a summary on page 343.
Those obtained through the United States
Statistician will go upon record, and be
handed down to posterity in the history of
the material resources of the country. We
fear that they will not be gathered and pub-
lished soon enough to be available to the
producer in regulating the market prices,etc.

A correspondent from Ohio has sent us
the regular statistical blank used in that
State, and adds :

The assessors in this State are under oath
and bond to ascertain the number of colo-
nies of bees, and the number of pounds of
honey produced, and I can tell in a few
minutes the resnit in this State. I know
what 1 am talking about, for 1 am assessor,
and have been for the last three years. Of
course the result is only approximate. In
18a5 there were 79,589 colonies, and 818,060
pounds of honey ; in 1886 there were 111,803
colonies, and 3,113,479 pounds of honey.
With the proper effort we might get much
information tlirough the proper officers in
the different States.

Frank I-esUe's Sunday Maga-
zine for May is a valuable and interesting
number of this favorite family monthly.
Both solid and light reading, grave and gay,
prose and verse, are found in its pages, and
the many beautiful illustrations add to the
interest and value of the text. Dr. Tal-
mage's sermon is a striking one on " Thirst
in a Cavern," and there are many other
good things in verse and prose, and a tjne
and vigorous hymn tune on the last page
by C. Wenham Smith, to the hymn, "Crown
Him with Many Crowns."

A Modern Bee>Farm, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

278

THE MMERICMf* mmM JQ^RIfSIr.

W^HAT TO DO AVITH ESCORT
BEES.

Written for the Amertnn.n Bee Journal

Query 535.— What should T do with escort
bees, when receiving a queen by mail ?— Ohio.

Kill them. — C. C. Miller.
Liberate them. — Mes. L. Hakhison.
You cannot use them to any account.
— A. J. Cook.

I simply let them fly. — J. M. Ham-

BAUGH.

Let the poor things die. You can-
not save them. — Dadant & Son.

Send them adrift to shift for them-
selves.— J. P. H. Brown.

Let them shift for themselves. I
have never succeeded in saving them.
— M. Mahin.

Liberate the bees in front of a
queenless nucleus. — G. L. Tinker.

Let the bees go. It is alwa3's safer
to introduce queens without escorts. —

P. L. VlALLON.

If the shipping-cage is also one for
introducing, like the " Peet " cage,
leave them with the queen ; at any
rate, leave a few with her. My boy
says, " Put the rest in a bird-cage." —
A. B. Mason.

Open the cage and let them all go,
and introduce the queen alone in the
cage. — H. D. Cutting.

Introduce them with the queen, or
let them free, as so few bees are not
worth the bothering with. — C. H. Dib-

BERN.

Anything except letting them fight
with the bees of the colony to which
you wish to introduce the queen. — R.
L. Taylor.

Let them fly out of the cage and go
where they will, before attempting to
introduce the queen J. E. Pond.

Open the cage on the inside of a
window, and let the bees out ; then
cage the queen alone, or introduce her
without her attendant bees. — Eugene
Secor.

Always kill and bury every one of
them. Should there be foul brood
where the ipieen came from, you might,
in this way, avoid getting it into your
apiaiy. — James Heddon.

I used to just turn them loose to look
out for themselves ; but now I intro-
duce them with the queen. I have ex-
perimented in this matter until I am
perfectly satisfied that the workers
can be introduced sooner than the
queen can. I now rarely ever intro-
duce a queen fi-om my own apiary,

without taking a few bees with her. —
G. W. Demaree.

If you have a queenless colony they
may be given to it ; otherwise they
may as well be killed, for that is what
any colony having a queen will do
with them. It is not best to try to in-
troduce them with the queen, for such
a course often results in the loss of the
queen. — G. M. Doolittle.

If they are " Apis dorsata," send
them to the American Bee Journal,
in alcohol. If they are not, set them
free, and let them take their chances.
I have placed them caged with the
queen in a colony of bees, and 72 hours
afterward fixed the cage so that the
bees of the colony could liberate
them, and afterwards saw no sign of
their untimely death. They are us-
ually executed as intruders. — J. M.
Shuck.

It is safer to kill them — then there
will be no danger of their communi-
cating disease to your apiary. — The
Editor.

PACKINCi BEES ON svinmER

STANDS.

Written for the AmeT'lcan Bee Jcnimal

Query 636.— 1. When bees are packed on
the summer stands, is it necessary to put
packing under the hive? 2. If so, how is it
arranged ? Please give details.— Michigan.

1. No. — R. L. Taylor.

1. No. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

We simply pack leaves, grass or
straw under it, without further ado. —
Dadant & Son.

1. No, l5ut it is best to do so. 2.
Make a double bottom and fill be-
tween.— A. B. Mason.

I think that packing under the hive
is of but very little importance. — M.
Mahin.

I prefer to let the air pass under my
hives to keep them diy. — G. W. Dem-
aree.

It would certainly be better. Place
the hives either on cut hay or chaff. —
A. J. Cook.

The chafl-hive bee-men may have
the space. — Eugene Secor.

After trying such packing I have
concluded that it is not of enough
benefit to pay for the trouble. — G M.
Doolittle.

, I have never put packing under the
hives. I think that it is unnecessary.
— J. M. Hambaugh.

It is not absolutely necessary, but it
is best to pack under with straw or
hay, if the hives can be kept dry. — J.
P. H. Brown.

Here in the South we let the bees
remain on the summer stands without

any preparation whatever, all the year
round. — P. L. Viallon.

It is not absolutely necessary, but I
think that it is a help to pack under
the bottom-board with leaves. — H. D.
Cutting.

I do not think that packing under
the hives is of any use unless it is to
make a nice place for mice. What I
understand by "under the hive," is
under the bottom-board. — C. H. Dib-

BERN.

1. Yes. 2. If the hives rest near
the ground, sawdust can be banked up
against them, or leaves may be tucked
beneath. I usually place my winter
hives on a I'im filled with sawdust. —
G. L. Tinker.

1. I have never done so. I give 2
or 3 inches of space under the frames.
I do not know that such packing will
do any harm, but my bees winter well
without it. — J. E. Pond.

1. No, not if you have plentj' of
snow, and you do in our State. 2.
The details of the arrangement varies
according to the various methods of
packing. — James Heddon.

I do not think that it is necessary,
and I have tried it hundreds of times.
As successful as I ever was in out^door
wintering, was with a 6-inch hole in
the bottom-board covered with wire-
cloth immediatelj' under the cluster.
The wire-cloth was all there was be-
tween the bees and the weather. I
had 4 inches of chaff at the sides and
ends, and 6 inches of chafl' on top. I
risked my whole apiary of 40 colonies
and lost none. — J. M. Shuck.

It is neither necessary nor desirable.
Snow would be better under the hives.
— The Editor.

IIVDIJCINO BEES TO BITIL.D
COmBS IN CASES.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 537.— Could the bees be induced to
build comb in surplus cases by placing them
under or In front of the brood-chamber.where
the bees would have to pass through in going
to and from the hive ; I mean for a short time,
and then reversed.— Minnesota.

No. — Dadant & Son.

I can see no advantage in your doing
so. — J. P. H. Brovv^n.

Yes, if they have no vacant room
elsewhere. — C. C. Miller.

Yes, sometimes, but not profitably.
— R. L. Taylor.

Yes ; but why not put them on top
at once. — A. B. Mason.

It is utterly impractical for any and
all purposes. — James Heddon.

Yes, they could be • so induced, but I
see no object in so doing. — G. M. Doo-
little.

THE) m-mwMiGmn mmm j&i^mmmi..

279

uA^Am^mA^ArnkM^*

^^^■^^^^■^^■'■•^'■'^'■■^'■•'ttf-^'^

Yes, but better results can be had
by adjusting the cases over the brood-
chamber. — G. W. Demaeee.

I would consider it poor practice.
Put your surplus cases where you ex-
pect thcni to i-eraain. — Mrs. L. Har-
rison.

I have never tested this matter, but
should go slow in adopting the plan. —
J. E. Pond.

This is quite a problem ; fertile
brains might put it in practical form.
Who will try it ? It might be so — J.
M. Hambaugh.

I do not know, but I should fear to
try it on a large scale. If they did,
would not the queen occupy them, and
the combs be filled with pollen ? —
Eugene Secor.

From several trials I say no. Un-
less sections are placed right by the
side or among the brood, they would
better be above. — A. J. Cook.

I do not think that it would be of
any help to you. Put them on top,
where they belong. — H. D. Cutting.

Yes, it may be done ; but there will
be a good chance for pollen in the
sections. A better plan is, to invert
the hive and put the sections over the
brood-nest. — J. M. Shuck.

I have had no experience in placing
section-cases under the brood-cham-
ber, or compelling the liees to pass
through it in going from the hive. The
natural place for bees to store surplus
is over the brood-nest, as you can
readil}- see by looking at a brood-
comb. — C. H. Dibbern.

I have tried that once with no suc-
cess, therefore I cannot speak of it
with much knowledge, but I do not
believe that it will induce the Iniilding
of comb. Contract the brood-nest,
and move the frames closer together,
and if honey is gathered, the bees will
build comb on top as well as anywhere
else. — P. L. ViALLON.

If the colony is strong, and there is
honey to be gathered in sufficient
quantity, the bees will occupy sections
over the Ijrood-frames, if one section
filled with empty comb, or, what is
better, partly tilled with unsealed
honey, be placed in the centre of each
row of sections ; otherwise they had
better not build comb. — M. Mahin.

When honey is coming in, bees will
build comb either under or in front of
the brood-chamber ; but as they prefer
to carrj- the surplus above the brood,
I believe, as a rule, that is the best
place to put the surplus cases. — G. L.
Tinker.

Bees will build comb there if they
can find no better places, but the sys-
tem is undesirable and impracticable.
— The Editor.

SPRIIVO.

Written fnr the Tnuth's Companion
BY Wn.LlAM H. HAYNE.

When tiirds are singing

On brush and tree,
And opening roses

Allure the bee,—
When urass is growing

In glade and glen,
And young leaves gladden

The lonely ten,—

When earth yields glimpses

Of hoarded grain,
And the sunshine glimmers

Through threads of rain,—
When dew is falling

On stalk and bud.
And tervid fancies

Invade the blood,—

When brooks are flowing

In music free,
And warm winds travel

Across the sea.
When earth beguiles us

With smile or tear.
We know with gladness

That Spring is here !

LARGE HIVES.

Large Combs and Strong Colo-
nies Conducive to Strength.

WrttUn for the American Bee Journal
BY J. M. HAMBAUGH.

On page 789, Mr. Buchanan, in
speaking of 15 colonies of bees which
he purchased from a neighbor in large
box-hives, with many openings about
them, says :

"Such powerful colonies I had never
seen in April. I could but view them
with astonishment. Musingly I asked
myself this question : Of what use is
our modern system of contraction, and
careful expensive packing, if bees will
winter in such splendid condition as
they have in th(^se old excuses for
hives ? What do we know ?"

Mr. Buchanan has evidently noted
the superiority of large, roomy hives
and combs in the case spoken of, and
now I will just state that not only
have dozens of instances come under
my own observations, where bees were
occupying large, roomy hives with
combs built according to their own
liking, but with them in movable-frame
hives of two jjatterns, namely, the
Simplicity and Quinbj', a la Dadant.
The difl'erence has been so marked,
that there can be no possibility of a
doubt in my mind, as to the superiority
of large, roomy combs and hives, for
outrdoor wintering, and consequent
large yields of honey per colony.

Another point unquestionably is,
that thev are nearer a non-swarming

hive, than those of smaller patterns,
and equally as capable of increase
should it be desired.

In regai'd to my statement on page
804 of the AmkuicanBee Journal for
1887, that where bees are found in all
kinds of hives and left to build their
own combs, that the same principle
that governs one, governs all, in the
main, (namely, large, deep, roomy
combs, with stores above, brood be-
neath, and combs spaced from \\ to 2
inches from centre to centre), Mr. Cul-
linan remarks on page 39, as follows :

"Did he not find those combs of all
shapes and sizes, made and shaped
more with a view of filling the reposi-
tory in which they were built, than to
honor any whim or requirement of the
queen-mother ?"

Most certainly not. unless driven to
it for the want of space. A cramped
" repository " will necessitate crooked
combs, but as a rule, where they are
provided with large, roomj' brood-
cliambers, ccmbs will be built as before
stated.

Mr. C. says : "The Quinby frame,
which is the frame that Mr. Hambaugh
alludes to, is too large and unwieldly
for extracting, as well as slower of
manipulations at all times." As Mr.
Cullinan has never tried that which he
condemns, we will let the public weigh
the assertion for what it is worth.

I distinctly remember my first visit
to Mr. Dadant's, and with all the argu-
ments coupled with their long experi-
ence, failed to convince me that the
" Quinby frame was too large and un-
wieldly, etc." Yet I never expressed
myself so in print, but brought a frame
of both brood-chamber and surplus de-
partment home with me, by which to
make some hives, and satisfy tax own
mind. This was in the spring of 1883.

That spring I put 5 colonies on
frames of this pattern, with only par-
tial sheets of foundation. There was
quite a marked dift'erence in the
strength of the colonies in the fall,
during spanish-needle bloom, they
filling their supers and brood-i-hambers
from top to bottom ; and with the same
treatment, they came through the fol-
lowing winter much stronger in num-
bers, built up very rapidly in the
spring, and having but a single tier of
supers for each hive, they swarmed all
around, and one of them sent out the
second swarm. This began to make
me open my eyes, and from that time
on I began to pave the way to the use
of the Quinby hive for extracting i)ur-
poses, and the three subsequent years
have more than confirmed my former
convictions. Mr. C. should know that
we are after the results first, and not
so much the pleasure of handling. I
quote the following from "Quinby's
New Bee-Keeping," page 56 :

280

TMM MJIIERICMf* mmM JOXJRHMfc.

"In 1874 I commenced with 100
colonies, and did not take any surplus
honey until basswood blossomed — July
20. During the next 40 days I secured
10,000 pounds of surplus,and increased
the colonies to 119, giving me an aver-
age of 100 pounds of surplus, from my
old colonies."

In the spring of 1886 I had 33 colo-
nies in Dadant hives ; I extracted from
their surplus departments on June 8.
In just one week, or seven days, I ran
over the same surplus departments and
got from the 33 colonies 798 pounds of
honey. On July 3 I got 1,238 pounds,
a total of 2,036 pounds in 25 days,
being an average of 81 11-25 pounds
per colony. The gross product of the
season of these 33 colonies was 3,992
pounds, or 121 pounds per colony, and
this was obtained without a fall har-
vest, as it was almost an entire failure.

I had 49 colonies in all in this yard,
and they increased to 56. The bal-
ance, or 16 colonies, were in 10-frame
Simplicity hives, and they did not
average as much bj' 15 pounds to the
colony as those in the larger hives,
notwithstanding the smallness of the
number.

As regards my assertion, that we
must imitate natui-e by making our
hives after the style of log gums, etc.,
I will say that my article is written so
plainly that a school-boy cannot fail to
understand its meaning.

Now Mr. C. shows (by theory) how
the horizontal bars and bee-spaces, in-
stead of a detriment, become a benefit
to the queen's functions as an egg-
layer. He argues from the assump-
tion that the queen is obliged to pass
back and forth from each side of the
comb, and concentrate her brood in
the form of a ball or globe, with the
instinct of concentration of heat for
the protection of the brood. Very
well ; but let me ask if he ever ob-
served frames of brood in March, of a
colony in a normal condition. If so,
will lie not see 3 or 4 frames of brood
probably 6 inches in diameter ?

What would be the condition of this
same amount of brood, were it placed
in a single section of combs, a la Hed-
don ? Would it not be spread more
in the form of a pancake, than a globe?
and would it be in a condition to get
the concentration of heat from the
cluster as it would in large combs ?

Again, suppose two of the sectional
bodies togetlicr, have an equal amount
of brood in each, would it not be
spread over more surface, on the two
sets of combs, than on the one ?
Which would require the most bees in
the cluster, to nuise and protect the
same amount of brood, not taking into
account the air-space that has to be
filled in the centre of the cluster ? A
good qMcen can always keep her hive

stocked with eggs in the early part of
the season, to the capacity of the col-
ony to nurse and protect the same
from cold, and the more unbroken and
compact the cluster and brood, the
more rapid will be the development of
the same in early spring ; and as the
colony increases, so does the animal
heat in the same ratio, and by the
time we are in need of the queen's full
power of egg-lajing, which is from
the middle of April to the middle of
May in this latitude, the hive is so
well stocked with bees, and cold snaps
less frequent and severe, that the
queen plys her vocation to the utmost
capacity of her surroundings, with less
regard for concentration of brood, and
the consequence is, the better inside
surroundings, to facilitate egg-laying,
the stronger and more powerful will
be our colonies ; and, on the other
hand, the more compartments into
which the brood-chamber is divided,
with the transverse bars, bee-spaces,
etc., in the same ratio will we realize
a loss, as the queen's time is taken up
in passing from point to point.

In the face of these facts, wherein
are the sectional brood-chambers an
advantage in brood-rearing ? I will
challenge any bee-keeper to disprove
the statement by actual test. We want
facts — no fiction ; and though some
would try to make it appear that the
prolificness of the queen is a minor
consideration, I will state, that the
hive best suited to the production of
bees, is best suited to the production
of honey, either comb or extracted, if
the surplus receptacles are properly
constructed and manipulated.

Mr. Hutchinson, in the Review, criti-
cises my article on " Large vs. Small
Combs," with an admission that, " In
many instances, larger colonies are
secured by using larger hives ;" but
continues, "What is gained? We
simply have our bees and combs in
fewer hives, and get larger yields per
colony, but no larger per comb or per
bee. Successful bee-keeping does not
depend upon large yields per colony,
but upon securing the greatest amount
of honey, with the least expenditure of
capital and labor."

Very good ; and as the smoke has
barely cleared away since the " wordy
war" on small rs. large hives, in the
Bee Journal of 1885 and 1886, by
Messrs. Heddon, Hutchinson, the Da-
dants and others.any thing that I might
say would probably shed no more light
upon the subject, than has already
been given ; yet I was tempted to in-
vestigate a little for myself, and here
is the result :

Mr. H. says, " We simply have our
bees and combs in fewer hives, and
get larger yields per colony, but no
larger per comb or per bee." Since

learning the above, I sent to a supply
dealer for estimates on 8 and 10 frame
hives, without inside furnishings, and
I here quote his reply :

" EighWrame hives would be worth
just as much (as 10-frame hives), as
we do not keej) them stock. We would
have to make them to order, and the
extra trouble of making them would
be worth all that we would save on
the lumber." Now taking the regular
catalogue-prices on 100 10-frame hives,
with discount, would be $61.75 ; this
includes single bodies, platforms and
covers. Now these 100 hives will hold
1,000 combs, and should we wish to
put the same amount of combs into 8-
frame hives, we would have to pur-
chase 125 hives, which would cost us
$77.18 ; in other words, it would be
nearly 6} cents per comb for privileges
in our 10-frame hives, and nearly 7f
cents per comb for privileges in the 8-
frame hives. Or, it costs us IJ cents
more per comb to work our bees in 8-
frame hives than it does to do so in
10-frame hives.

Now if we can harvest more honey
per colony, as Mr. Hutchinson admits,
in 10-frame hives, and it is more ex-
pensive to work the same amount of
combs in 8-frame hives, where is the
economy in " securing the gi-eatest
amount of honey with the least expen-
diture of capital and labor," with the 8-
frame hives ?

As regards the idea of " making our
hives so small that an ordinary prolific
queen could lay two eggs in each cell,
and 'loaf half the time at that," it is
too ridiculous for comment ; and as my
former arguments cover this subject,
we will await the verdict of a dis-
criminating public.

Spring, Ills.

BEES IN" SPRING.

Results in AVintering — Immense
Country.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY T. F. KINSEL.

I put my bees out of the cellar on
April 3, and found brood in all the
colonies except 1, which was queen-
less ; 3 colonies died, 1 was queenless,
1 starved, and 1 had an abundance of
buckwheat honey of tine quality, and
yet it died. I would be glad to say
what ailed it, but I do not know the
cause ; nor could I discover any ma-
terial difierence between it, and some
of the living colonies. There was some
mold throughout the entire lot, but not
more in the dead colony with plenty of
stores, than in others that were alive,
and had brood. I have finally come
to the conclusion that where human
patients, in the prime life take sick

'THIS rnvmrnmiGmM mmm jQ>umnmTL.

281

and die, undei" treatment of skillful
physicians, we may expect some loss
in bees.

There are some impossibilities in
bee-keeping, as well as in other call-
ings ; for instance, there was no gen-
eral yield of surplus last year, and the
cause seems to make bee-keepers dis-
agree. If I felt as confident of the
" why " of the death of the above-men-
tioned colony, with pleutj' of stores, as
of the honey dearth last year, I would
not hesitate to make an assertion,
though in doing so I could ofler no
known remed}-.

Last fall, in placing the colonies in
the cellar, 8 were found too light to
winter safely. In February the cluster
was separated and a frame of honey
hung in, so that they could feed.
These colonies were among the best
when put out on April 3. I did the
same last jear, and experienced no
bad results. Some had the diarrhea in
the cellar, and smeared the hive front,
and when put out all spotted every-
thing that thi'j- could alight upon.

Since putting the bees out, I have
examined every frame in each colony,
spacing close, according to Mr. J. E.
Pond's plan. I am convinced that
warmth and close spacing are essential
in quickly building up colonies in the
spring.

I winter my bees with 8 frames in a
10-franie hive, occupying all the hive,
and leaving more space between the
combs in winter. I use the Lang-
stroth frame in Simplicity hives. It
may be more expensive to hang combs
of honey in the hives for winter stores
than syrup, yet the convenience is an
item not to be overlooked, and so far
it has been safe here.

Our country is immense, climate
variable, and no man should lose his
judgment and follow advice regardless
of latitude. Think of it, ■' men of the
North," who are now sowing oats and
barley, our good E<litor already has
received a white clover blossom from
" the Sunnv South !"
Shiloh, 6., April 9, 1888.

HISTORICAL.

Sonietliing on Sectional Hives
used 30 Year§ Ago.

WrllUn for the American Bee Juuj-nal
BY M. M. BALDHIDGE.

Under date of Feb. 25, 1888, Chas.
Dadant sends me an extract copied
from one of my letters dated Feb. 13,
1888, which I reproduce as follows :

"Who ever used a breeding-hive made
of two half brood-chambers, and ar-
ranged so as to divide the brood-nest
instantly into two equal parts horizon-
tally, to be used separatel}' or inter-

changeably, and for the purposes as
set forth by friend Heddon ? There
is something here in manipulation,
which the Heddon hive, combined with
his instructions, enables us to do, that
seems both neiv and novel."

Mr. D. then adds this to show me, I
presume, that the Jeatures &nA functions
of the Heddon hive are simply old
ideas, to-wit : " Please look at the
American Bee Journal for April 14,
1886, page 231 ; and, at the following

engravings, which were published 30
years ago."

To which I reply as follows :
The cuts you inclose, and which are
given above, represent a sectional hive
of three horizontal divisions, but I
have no means of knowing from what
they show, nor from what you say in
the American Bee Journal to which
you refer, the puijui.ics for which the
said hives arc made. The brood-cham-
ber of the new hive of Mr. Heddon is
also made of two or more horizontal
sections, but the best approved form
of his hive is made of only two half
brood-chambers lilled with close-fitting
and j'et movable frames, and arranged
and manipulated thus and so, through-
out, for special and very important
reasons.

I certainly infer that one of the
sectional hives to which you direct my
attention, is simply provided with bars;
and, in the^ absence of any proof to the
contrary, I assume the right to infer |

that these hives were never used as
Heddon uses his, nor were they in-
tended for the same purposes. Hives
made of two or more horizontal seg-
ments are by no means new to me, as I
have seen a few of such hives in actual
use, perhaps 25 or 30 years ago, but
they were of no special practical value,
and I presume nfine of them can now
be found in use ! But, notwithstand-
ing that fact, I have never seen a
breeding-hive made of simply two half
brood-chambers, and for the special
and very important reasons as set forth
by Mr. Heddon ; nor have I yet seen
any evidence that any one else has
ever seen or used such a hive prior to
Heddon's description, and his instruc-
tions for using the same. The great
trovible is, Heddon and other advocates
of his hive, are not intelligently under-
stood by the general reader, and per-
haps never will be ! But the same was
and still is true in regard to what con-
stitutes a Langstroth hive. There are
in fact, to-day even, but few who in-
telligently understand the special fea-
tures and functions which were the
sole property of Mr. Langstroth, as
covered by the re-issue of his patent.

My motto is, and always has been,
" Honor to whom honor is due." I
alwaj's try, however, to hold myself
open to conviction, and when I am
convinced that I have been in error, I
will cheerfully admit it. All I want is
simply the truth, no matter how, nor
from whence it comes.

St. Charles, Ills.

SPRING WORK.

Some of the Tilings IVecessary to
be Done in Spring.

Written for the Western Plowman
BY C. H. DIBBERN.

It is wonderful how much can be
written and learned about the bees.
Week after week and month after
month, and one year after anothei',
papers, journals, and magazines are
printed, and great books are written,
all devoted to this one subject, and
yet it is not exhausted. Indeed, the
more we see, hear and learn in this
department of study, the mcjre we are
surprised at how little we reallj- know.
One would think in reading the bee-
periodicals, there would be much rep-
etition, and that they would become
verj- dry reading, but it is not so. The
American Bee Journal, and other
bee-papers, are our most welcome visi-
tors. We are always sure to find
something new, if not rich and spicy
in them, and they are seldom laid
down till the last article is read. Then
there is something to think about for
days after, and nights, too. Some one

282

T'H®) MMERICIEff MM^, JQUmPiME,.

m.^^n..t.M *.».^^-fc*.«^*^>.* ^^ -a^-^-lr ^m*-^-* -^^ ■»■ * ^ * A *.^ A^^ .^ A^Aiafc^alfcj>^*j>l> a<m^^

>A.».A,».A^^-.^.a.^,»-^^».A.^A.^A^

perhaps lias suggested aa idea, nnin-
tentioually, it may be, that not only
sets us to thinking, but to experiment-
ing in various directions.

The Bee»' Sting.
To many, the bee is an "animal"
onlj' to be avoided, to throw stones at
their hives, like a lot of boys would at
a hornet's nest. Of course such people
do not like bees, and the bees soon
learn to make the matter mutual.
Their only interest is in the honey, if
they could only get it away from them.
There's the rub, they are afraid of
those horrid stings. Now why did an
all-wise Creator provide the sting, for
is it not said that He made nothing in
vain ? Is it not easy to understand
that without this weapon of defense —
and they perhaps never use it only in
defense — the poor bees would have
had a hard time of it all these years ?
Ancient History of Bees.

Bees existed, perhaps, before man
was created. Herman mentions them,
and they are referred to often in the
Bible. Indeed their product, honej',
was the only sweet known for hun-
dreds of years. They have co-existed
with man from the earliest times, some-
times cared for, but more generallj'
neglected or hunted like the wild
beast. In our own times, who does
not remember the brimstone pit, where,
after a season of patient toil, the poor
bees were needlessly slaughtered for a
mess of honey, bee-bread, brood and
old comb ? But a better day has come
for the bees as well as the bee-keeper.
From the writings of such men as
Ruber, Quinby, and Langstrotli, and
the light shed broadcast over the land
by our bee-papers, we have learned
the better way. We no longer " rob"
the bees, but by our care, knowledge,
and kind treatment, manage them in
such a way that they produce much
more honej- for us than formerly, and
the bee-keeper not only leaves them an
aliundanoc for winter, but in times of
M-arcity provides them with the needed
scores.

When we think of the great progress
til at has been made in the last quarter
of a century, of all the books that have
lieen written, the conventions that are
lield, and the papers that are pub-
lished, we often wonder if the time
will ever come when man will know
all that can be learned about so simple
a creature as the honey-bee. Will it
be in a hundred years, or will it be
when lie has counted and named the
last star that can be observed through
the great Lick telescope ?

Preparing Feed for Bees.

In studying over the losses that have
been reported, we begin to fear that it
was not the cold that killed them, but
that they were thoughtlessly poisoned.

The honey crop last year was so poor
thas many colonies had not enough for
winter, and feeding had to be resorted
to. A good many had never fed any-
thing to the bees before. The bee-
papers came promptly to our aid with
well written articles by some of the
most successful apiarists, describing
fully the kind of sugar to buy, in what
proportion to mix it with water and
cream-of-tartar, etc. They forgot one
verj- important thing, howe^'cr, that
was to caution us not to boil it in cop-
per or galvanized iron vessels, and let
it stand in them. I came very near
making this same mistake. I had
boiled a batch of syrup, using cream-
of-tarter, in a copper wash-boiler, and
the next day noticed that the acid was
acting on the copper. I then emptied
it out, and made more to mix with it.
I fed it all, and so far do not see anj'
bad results from it. It shows, however,
how careful we should be in preparing
food for bees, as well as for ourselves.
Active Work— Winter Experiments.

Well, the active work of the apiary
is once more upon us. The bees should
be removed to their summer stands as
soon this month as the weather be-
comes fine. If the weather continues
stormy, do not be tempted to put them
out, if in repositories, no matter if it is
April. If put out at such a time, many
will be lost by becoming chilled in
their attempts to fly,and spring dwind-
ling will surely result. If bees have
been out all winter, they will remain
in their hives, as they have had plenty
of pleasant days to fly.

All colonies should be examined as
early as practicable, and their condi-
tion and wants ascertained and sup-
plied. If any are dead, the combs
should be taken care of, and stored for
use at swarming time, where the bees
cannot get at them. If the combs con-
tain any considerable honej' they ma)'
be given to such as are short.

The colonies should be equalized, as
to bees and honey, as far as possible,
so as to give all a fair start. They
should have all the sunshine possible,
and do not be in a hurry .about putting
on honey sections. When there is
honey coming in, and bees are begin-
ning to get crowded is time enough.
Of course much depends on latitude.
In the South, they will be gathering
honey freely this month, while at the
North little can be expected.

It is much better to devote all our
energies to induce the bees to breed
up to strong colonies this month and
next, to have them in extra good con-
dition for the clover and linden har-
vest, than to vainly spend time giving
them room they cannot occupy.

From experiments made this winter,
our ideas of in-door wintering have
undergone a slight change. Hereto-

fore it has been our aim to make the
cellar as warm as possible. This win-
ter more ventilation was given, and at
no time since the bees were put in last
November, has the temperature been
above 45<^. The consequence is that
the bees have remained clustered and
veiy quiet all the time, and very few
bees have died on the floor. They
have consumed only a small quantity
of stores, and their present condition
is the best for many years. April,
however, is a critical month for such
as are not well provided for, and a
good deal of feeding will have to be
done.

Milan, Ills.

BEE-LEG-ISLATION.

Selling the Rig^lit to tlie Nectar
on Land.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY W. J. WXLLEK.

Prof. A. J. Cook said at the Chicago
convention, that when land is sold,
the right to the nectar is not sold with
it. Taking that for law, then it must
be common property, and the people,
as such owners, have a light to de-
mand that it shall be gathered as
economically as possible.

Let us look at the way in which it is
gathered now. Supposing one-half is
gathered by one-horse bee-keepers ;
they will get some bees to start with,
and let them do as thej' like, the result
is that each colony will cast from 3 to
5 swai'ms, thus using all the nectar to
rear young bees, only to die from neg-
lect. In this way the owners receive
but very little honey in exchange for
their nectar. The other half of the
producers being experts, b.it little
honey is wasted.

Why is it not as much the people's
right to sell their nectar, as it is to sell
their land ? My plan would be to
have it sold off in townships, on the
same terms as school land is now sold,
the bees to be kept two miles from the
town lines, and the small producers to
have the privilege of keeping bees
until the owner of such territory has
a stipulated number of colonies of bees.

The above plan would undoubtedly
raise a disturbance at first, the same as
.actual settlers do with " s(iuatters."
Can any one tell how many bee-farms
there would then be in the United
States ? One of the advantages of
this plan would be, the ease with which
the statistics could be gathered.

But "to err, is human," so tlie pro-
fessor may be wrong ; or, what is more
probable, I may be wrong in my
deductions.

Sandusky, Mich.

1

Tf^H® MBMmmi^mM MMU J©lJMf«MIL.

283

ARKANSAS.

Bcc-Keeping in Soulli\irci«tcrn
Arkan<«as — Bees Dying, ete.

Written for the American Dee Journal
BY R. M. KAWLINS.

Last year the honey crop was cut
short by the drouth, the bees storing
only about | of a crop. Linden did
not yield any honey, but the honey-
flow up to May 15, Was better than
usual ; after that the bees gathered but
little surplus, in fact we did not take
any after the rattan bloom in May.
Tlie}- had more honey than they really
needed, unless it is in a late spring,
such as we have sometimes.

Here bees are usually wintered on
the summer stands, with the top stories
on the hives. Bees do not freeze to
death much, the gi-eatest loss being
from starvation, which occurs in
March and April, after the hives are
full of combs of brood and bees ; when
it is cold and rainy, if they have not
plenty of honey, they have to be
watched very closely and fed. With
the movaljle-frame hive this can be
attended to much better than with the
box-hive, hence the loss is not so great
now as formerly.

The principal honey plants are rat-
tan, holly and linden (or " linn," as it
is called here). The fall flowers are
principally asters, but cotton yields
some honey. Clover is not sown very
much, but the farmers are increasing
the acreage in this honey-plant. We
are dependent upon the forests for the
most of our honey, and they are being
cut down and the land cultivated, so
we will have to encourage the planting
of clover more than ever.

The box-hive bee-keepers say that
the bees do not jjroduce as much honey
now as they used to do. They surely
do not for such bee-keepers ; but the
Italian bees, kept in movable-frame
hives, average per colony about 40
pounds, on the hills ; bees near the
river-bottoms produce one-half more.
The llnlou and Itti Non-Suppurterit.

I think, as the editor has said, that
among so many bee-keepers it is a
shame that no more belong to the
" Union." It is too bad for an honest
industry to be trampled upon as has
been done in Mr. Z. A. Clark's case,
at Arkadelphia. Mr. Clark had in-
vested a considerable sum of money in
bees and fixtures, and had increased
them to the number of colonies that he
expected to keep (150 or 175 colonies),
expecting to get a living from the bees.
Bees Divlndliug and Dying.

Last spring, 5 colonies in 12-frame
Simplicity hives, with top-stories on,
strong in bees, and with plenty of I

honey, commenced dwindling. The
bees that work s(>eni to die the worst.
Their abdomens are somewhat swollen,
they crawl out and try to fly. and
when the aftected ones do work, it is
very easy to detect that they are sick.
Some hop from the alighting-board,
and lie flaj)ping their wings until they
die. Some are dragged out by the
well bees, and some rest on the alights
ing-board, flapping their wings, and
constantly kicking and rubbing their
feet. About the same number of colo-
nies are in a similar predicament this
spring, but not all of the ones that
were aftected last year.

The best, colony in the yard is one
of the sick ones. 1 s.ay " sick," but I
do not know what is the trouble with
them. It cannot be the diarrhea, and
if they are poisoned, why are not more
of them aftected ?

During the honej'-flow last year,
they gradually stojjped dj-ing, but the
colonies became very weak before it
ceased. Is there anything that bothers
bees at night ? It seems to me that
they were troubled in that way. Can
any one, judging from what I have
described, tell what ails the bees, and
how to cure them ?

Okolona, Ark.

COLUMBUS, O.

The Bee and Honey Show at the
Centennial.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY DR. A. B. MASON.

The following is the premium list
for bees, hcftej-, apiarian supplies,
etc., for the Ohio Centennial Exposi-
tion to be held at Columbus, O., from
Sept. i to Oct. 19, 1888.

No entrj'-fee will be required, and
no charge made for space in this class,
and all intending exhibitors in this
class will be furnished with entr}-
blanks, rules, regulations, etc., free on
application to me. Others desiring
premium lists, etc., should apply to L.
N. Bonham, Secretary, Columbus, O.

Exhibitors can begin arranging their
exhibits on Aug. 21. Exhibitors' ad-
mission tickets, good during the Ex-
position, .fo.OO. Competition and ex-
hibition in this class, is confined to
Ohio.

A Innlding is to be erected for this
Department, and it is vert/ desirable to
know at once how manj- will want
space, and how much they will want
for honey, and how much for other
exhibits, so as to have the building of
suitable dimen.sions ; and I hope such
as intend to make an exhibit will let
me know immediately, what space
they will need. Sometime since I made

such a request in Oleanings, and only
two responded. At that rate no build-
ing will be needed, for a corner in
some other building would do, and
Ohio bee-keepers would have occasion
to be ashamed of their lack of inter-
est in this display of the State's ma-
terial progress in this direction during
a hundred years.

It is expected that the annual meet-
ing of the North American Bee-Keep-
er.s' Society will be lield in Columbus
during the Exposition, a»d Ohio bee-
keepers ought, and I trust will, have
pride enough in the good name of their
State, and in this industry, to make
the grandest display ever made on this
continent.

As shown below, there is a first, sec-
ond, and third premium oftered on
most of the exhibits, or articles, and
the total amount oft'ered is over $400,
being the largest amount ever oifered
by any State.

Such exhibitors as do not desire to
remain at the Exposition, can leave
their exhibits in my care, and they
will I)e looked after and cared for to
the best of my ability, and without
charge ; a.nd such as do not care to
arrange their exhibits themselves (ex-
cept for display of comb and extracted
honey) can send their exhibits to me
at Columbus. O., after Aug. 21, with
all charges paid, and I will see that
thej' are properly placed and cared
for, without charge, and they can
visit the Exposition at such time as
will best suit their convenience, and
find their exhibits all in place.

I am in hopes that we shall be able
to have an apiary established on the
grounds, and have public manipulation
of the colonies by bee-keepers who
may visit the Exposition. As the Ex-
position is intended to show the
material advancement of Ohio in a
hundred years, it will be "just the
thing " to have on e.xhibition the most
antiquated appliances, as well as the
most modern, and to show also how
bees used to be kept and honey ob-
tained, and I hope those having old
things of interest in bee-keeping
whether they live in Ohio or not, will
correspond with me with a view to
having such things on exhibition.

The old " log gum," box-hive, and
the straw hive, all with bees at work
in them, will be among the attractions,
" if it takes all summer " to get them.
The cow-bells, tin horns, and tin pans
that used " to make the bees alight,"
will recall to some " the days of child-
hood," and make them young again.

Here is the Premium List in the
Apiarian Department :

Bees, Honey, and Apiarian Supplies.

A. B. Mason, AUBUKNDALE, 0.. Superintendent.
All entries close Aug. 6. Anything com-
petins; for a single premium cannot be in-
cluded in a display. Colonies must be

284

XH® MBlEKICMfi mM'm J©^MIf®I*.

■ »^^^» — » — »^ ' — - — ■'■-■-■---—- — '■ -^■'--V":^ *-*"'^* — ~- — *^>^*^«^A^A^Aia>»^><i»«^»a»»^a«>>^>^*

exhibited in such a shape as to be readily
seen at least on two sides. Such provision
will be made for tlie display of comb honey
(and other articles that might be injured by
bees), that it can be exhibited without
crates. Everything must be in place by the
morning of Sept. 4, 1888.

Best display of comb honey (largest and most

attractive) »25 00

Second best 20 00

Third best 15 00

Best display of extracted boney (largest and

most attractive) 25 00

Second best 20 00

Third best 15 00

Best sample of extracted honey, not less than

2n lbs., in best shape for retailing 5 00

Second best..... t 92

Third best • 3 00

Best sample of comb honey, not leas than 20

lbs., in best shape for retailing 5 00

Second best * 00

Third best 3 00

Best colony of bees, numerical strength and

purity of race being competing points. 10 00

Second best 8 oo

Third best .• 6 00

Best race of bees, numerical strength ana

purity of race, the competing points — 10 00

Second best 8 00

Third best 6 00

Best collection of honey-producing plants 15 00

Second best lO 00

Third best 5 00

Best display of beeswax 8 00

Second best « 6 00

Third best * 00

Best foundation mill o 00

Second best. 5 00

Third best * 00

Best foundation press 6 00

Second best 5 00

Third best * 00

Best foundation for a brood-chamber, made

on the grounds 4 00

Second best 3 00

Third best 2 00

Best foundation for surplus, made on the

grounds 4 00

Second best 3 00

Third best ■•.• 2 00

Best foundation for surplus, sample of not less

than 10 lbs 3 00

Second best 2 00

Third best 1 00

Best foundation for brood-chamber, sample of

not less than 15 lbs 3 00

Secondbest 2 00

Third best 1 00

Best honey-cake, with recipe for making 3 00

Second best 2 00

Best honey-cookies, with recipe for making — 3 00

Secondbest 2 00

Best honey jumbles 3 00

Secondbest 2 00

Best honey candies 5 00

Second best 3 00

Best honey vinegar, not less than 5 gals., dis-
played in glass 4 00

Second best 3 00

Third best 2 00

Best display of queens, in such shape as to be

readily seen 4 00

Second best 3 00

Third best 2 00

Best honey-extractor 5 00

Second best 4 00

Third best 3 00

Best wax-extractor 3 00

Second best 2 00

Thirdbest 100

Best bee-hive for all purposes 4 00

Secondbest 3 00

Thirdbest 2 00

Best bee-hive exhibition 3 00

Second best 2 00

Best tiee-smoker 3 00

Second best 2 00

Best arrangement for securing surplus honey. 3 00

Secondbest 2 00

Thirdbest 1 00

Best sections tor comb honey, not less than 50. 2 00

Second best 1 00

Best apiarian supplies and fixtures 8 00

Second best 6 00

Third best 5 00

FOUNDATION.

Historical Description of
Sfeir Comb Foundation.

the

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY C. J. H. GRAVENHORST.

A bee-keepei' of Thuringia, the
homeland of Baron von Berlepsh, in
Germany — a Mr. Koerbs in Bath
Berka — has been successful in produc-
ing a new kind of comb foundation.

For a few years he had subjected his
invention to a test, and found that it
works very well.

A careful obsei-vation of the bees,
suggested by a remark in the third
and fourth edition of my book, " The
Practical Bee-Keeper," prompted him
to make experiments. His new foun-
dation has the following advantages :

1. It is made of pure wax,by means of
a hand-press, and it is not used by the
queen for breeding, even if the foun-
dation-combs are put in the brood-nest.

2. It is veiy durable, and the most
delicate combs of such foundation will
stand the employment of a full force
in extracting the honey.

3. The honey is extracted very
quickly, the operation scarcely requir-
ing half the time that others take.

4. In bad seasons, these combs re-
main empty, not being used for breed-
ing, and there being, unfortunately, no
honey to collect.

5. The bees store no pollen there.

The separation of the honey com-
partment in the hive, from the brood-
nest, becomes superfluous. As Mr.
Koerbs told me this, I wrote to him,
that he promised a good deal. Though
I knew him as a successful bee-keeper,
and fortunate inventor of a frame ma-
chine, I nevertheless was not over-
sanguine in regard to his latest inven-
tion. But as Mr. Koerbs ofi'ered to
give me particulars of his invention, I
gave him my word of honor not to
divulge his secret. Full particulars
were given me, and in addition I re-
ceived one of Mr. Koerbs' combs of
foundation, completed by the bees,
from which the honey had been ex-
tracted several times. ,

The matter did appear to me to be
very simple, and I thought that if this
new invention should accomplish only
half of what Mr. Koerbs expects it to
do, we shall undoubtedly see a great
revolution in the manufacture of comb
foundation, as well as in bee-keeping.

Mr. Koerbs has sold the patent of
his invention to Mr. Otto Schulz, a
German manufacturer of foundation
on a great scale, who now has, by his
patent, the right to manufacture this
new foundation in Germany and Aus-
tria, and no one in these countries
has the permission to use the new
combs, except after buying the comb
foundation from Mr. Schulz.

I do not like patents in bee-keeping
matters, and should have been very
glad if another plan were cai-ried out,
to the benefit of both the inventor of
the combs, and the bee-keepers of Ger-
many and Austria.

In oi-der to enable bee-keepers to
manufacture their requirements of
such combs for themselves, Mr. Koerbs
has started a subscription to a pamph-
let in which his experiments, and also

the manufacture of the foundation, and
the method of using it are described.
Any one who would agree to take this
pamphlet at 25 cents, would, in due
time, receive a copy, postpaid, in case
Mr. Koerbs secured at least a few thou-
sand subscribers. The pamphlet would
be mailed to all subscribers on the
same day. But only 350 subscribers
had agreed to buy the pamphlet. Many
of the German bee-keepers condemned
this way, and pleaded for a patent.
Mr. Koerbs applied for a patent, and
then sold it to Otto Schulz.

And now comes the secret : The
new comb foundation is one-sided,with
prolonged honey-cells. One side of a
frame is closed with a tin sheet, cov-
ered with wax and worked into foun-
dation. The bees work out the cells
to double the length, and fill them
only with honey. Perhaps many bee-
keepers have seen one-sided combs in
hives full of honey, and many perhaps
have had comlis with prolonged cells
on both sides of each comb, and have
seen only honey in them. I do not
doubt that a comb of such qualities as
Mr. Koerbs claimed for his, would be
of great benefit for every bee-keeper,
if he only understands how to use it in
the right way ; and this way will be
found out, I think, next season.

Wilsnack, Germany, March 12, 1888.

CONVEI^XIOj^ motices.

t^~ The narke County Union Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation will hold Its annual meeting on Friday, April
27, 1«88, at Ansonia. O. J. A. Koe, Sec.

(^- The next meeting of the N. W. Ills, and 8. W.
Wis. Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in Ruck-
ton, Ills., May 22, 1888. D. A. Fuller, sec.

iW The spring meeting of the Wisconsin Lake
Shore Center Bee-Keepers^ Association will be held
on May 31. 1888, In Mueller's Hall, at Kiel, Wis.

FEKD. ZASTBOW, StC.

JW The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Association
win hold its sprinc meeting on May 8, I8S.S, at Cortr
land, N. Y., at li' a.m. All Dee-keepers are invited.
W. H. BEACH. Sec.

t^* The Keystone Bee-Keepers' Association will
hold its sixth annual meeting in the Court House at
Scranton, Pa., on Tuesday, May 8, 1888, at 10 a.m.
All bee-keepers are invited. A. A. DAVIS, Sec

J^" The annnuai meeting of the Western Bee-
Keepers' Association will be held at Independence,
Mo., at the Court House, on April 25. 1888. It will
be carried on as a sociable, friendly gathering. Let
all bring their baskets and have a good time.

Petek Otto, Sec.

IW The semi-annual meeting of the Progressive
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in the Sons of
Temperance Hall at Bainbridge Centre, O.. on Thurs-
day, May 3, 188*^. Parties wishing conveyance from
Geauga-Lake Station, on the Kne railroad 3 miles
distant, win please notify Mr. L. H. Brown, Bissels,
Geauga Co., O.. so that arrangements can be made
for the same. All interested are invited.

Miss Dema Bennett, Sec.

BS^ The next meeting of the SusquehannaCounty
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at New Mil-
ford, Pa., on May 5. I>iS8. The following subjects are
to be considered : Bee-keeping for pleasure and pro-
fit—Spring work with bees— Is it advisable to use
f{)undation? It so, to what extent?— How can we
make our Association of the most practical value to
its members. Ail are cordially invited to come.

H. M. Skeley, Sec.

B^" The tenth annual meeting of the Texas Statfi
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at the bee-
yards of Vice-President W. R. Graham, in Green-
ville, Hunt Co., Texas, on May 2 and 3, 1888. A
leading feature ni the convention will be criticisms
upon subjects that iiave been mentioned in the bee-
papers. A good time is e.xpected. so let all Texas
and Arkansas bee-keepers attend. A cordial invi-
tation IS extended to all bee-keepers wheresoever
dispersed. Remember, no hotel bills to pay at our
conventions ! B. F. Cahroll, Sec.

TMm mw^mmi^MM mwM joiumnmi^.

285

CONVENTION DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

Apr. 27.— Darke County, at Ansonia. O.

J. A. Koe, Sec, Union City, Ind.
May J, 3.— Texas State, at GreenTllle. Tex.

B. F. Carroll. Sec, Blooming Grove, Tex.
May 3.— ProgrcBslve, at Balnbrldge Center. Ohio.

Miss Dema Bennett. Sec, Beilfonl. O.
May .5.— Susquehanna County, at New Mtlforri, Pa.
H. M. Seeley. Sec, Harloril, I'a.
May 7.— Welland County, at Wellanrt, Ont.

J. F. Dunn, Sec, Kidgeway, Ont.
May 8.— Keystone, at Scranton, Pa.

Arthur A. Davis, Sec, Clark's Green, Fa.
May 8.— Cortland Union, at Cortland, N. Y.

W. H. Beach, Sec, Cortland, N. Y.
May 19.— Nashua, at Nashua, Iowa.

H. L. House, Bee. Ionia. Iowa.
May 22.— N. W. Ills. & S. W. Wis., at Rorkton. Ills.

D. A. Fuller, Sec, tiherry Valley, Ills.
May 31.— Wli. Lake Shore Center, at Kiel, Wis.

Ferd. Zastrow, Sec Millbome, Wis.

Aug. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark. Sec, Denver, Colo.

jy In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Bd.

gM»«»«»»M»«««««««»l«»m«»gTTTT

fVorking: on tlie Forest Uloom.

— T. M. Edwards, KerrviUe, Tenn., on April
16, 1888, writes :

My bees are now booming on the great
variety of forest trees that are now in
bloom. The poplars will be in full bloom
in a few days. My bees wintered well ; out
of 120 colonies only one starved to death,
and i were queenless. There are no bees
diseased in this country, and the prospects
are tine. I had one swarm on April 14.

Hig-h Water in Io\t'a. — John B.
Lindle, Muscatine, Iowa, on Apritl 16, 1888,
writes :

I liave had my share of trouble with high
water. Over 100 head of cattle and horses,
and over 60 slieep, and a lot of hogs are all
on about 60 acres of dry land, the balance of
my farm (consisting of 400 acres in all)
being flooded with water. This changes all
of my farming calculations. There is water
in the cellar now. Cedar river is higher
than any time since 1860. I have feed enough
for my stock, but my poor bees suffer the
most, as they are flying to the timber
which is one-half mile distant, with one
sheet of water lor miles around on three
sides of my place. The trees are budding,
and also the willows. As the bees come in
on the "home stretch" with pollen, they
tire and chill with the cold wind, and drop
by the hundreds to rise no more, then swept
off by the current. It seems that one ex-
treme follows anotlier.

Experimenting; Avitli Uees.— John
Boerstler, Vashon, Wash. Ter.,on April 6,
1888, writes :

Yesterday morning, about 10 o'clock, I
noticed that the bees in hive No. 3, were not
flying. I rapped on the hive, but 1 could
not hear a sound ; so I opened the hive, and
there I found all the bees dead. I picked
up the queen and layed her on the ground,
and then I brushed all of tlie bees on the
ground, but not a bee moved. I studied for
five minutes what to do, and finallv put all
the bees and queen into a pail, and placed
them near the stove in the house. What do
you think they did ? They began to move,

when I breathed on them, and aftfr an
hour's work they were all revived. I made
syrup, and fed it to tliein iu the combs, and
a great many of tliem are fl.\ing again. I
believe that I will yet save them from as
close a call as I ever have known bees to
have in rav 20 years of bee-keeping. The
bees are all riglit again to-day, and I tliink
that they will do well by feeding them as I
am doing.

Condition of tlie White Clover.

—Rev. M. Mahin, Bluffton, Ind., on April 4,
1888, says :

My bees have wintered well. I lost 3 col-
onies out of 34. In this part of the country
I think that the white clover is badly dam-
aged. At New Castle, where ray bees are,
it does not seem to be much injured.

W^intering Bees in Idaho. —F. H.

McDonald, Star, Idaho, on April 10, 1888,
writes :

The winters being usually mild here, bees,
as a rule, are wintered on the summer
stands, without any protection. The last
winter being colder than usual, a few colo-
nies froze to death, and others were made
weak by the cold. On their first flight they
daubed the hives considerably, but they
soon became all right. The first pollen was
gathered on Feb. 17. Colonies nave built
up fast, and are now strong.

Bees Not in Ciood Condition.—

Christian Weckesser, Marshallville, O., on
April 16, 1888, says :

Bees are not in very good condition, gen-
erally, in this vicinity, and a very large per
cent, have died. Cool winds are prevailing,
and many bees will yet die, if not very well
cared for. I notice that those colonies that
were fed late in the fall, and "tinkered"
with, are the worse for it, apparently. Those
wintered iu the cellar are rather the best,
but most of them, though strong, had
little brood when placed on the summer
stands.

-B.

tiiood Ontlook tor the Bees.

A. Mauley, Milo, Iowa, on April 11, 1888,

says :

Marcli is gone, and April brings a good
outlook for bees. My bees wintered in ex-
cellent condition. I packed them in corn-
corb cliafE from an elevator, which I will
describe at some future time. Sometime
ago it was thouglit tliat bees were wintering
well in this section, but April reveals the
tact that only tlie bees that were well cared
for in the fall were able to get througli. I
hearot some losing all, and some having a
small remnant left. But the thoughtful
ones have no reason to complain. My bees
are using this fine weather with all their
might. 1 saw them carry in natural pollen
on April 2. This is a good country for
white clover, and it is starting up nicely.

Experience in JBee-Keeping-.—

Jesse Willis & Son, St. Charles, Mich., on
April 10, 1888, write :

Our experience with bees dates back 20 or
2.5 years, the first colony being taken from a
bee-tree ; since that time we have never
been without bees. We have tried almost
all kinds of hives— patented, motli-proof,
and non-swarming— as claimed by the mak-
ers, and many other kinds, and we have
come to the conclusion that the closed-end
Quinby is preferable fur our own use: but
we find them somewhat unhaiuly wl.en

shipping bees. We now have 250 colonies
of hybrids. We winter them in chaff hives
with fair success, and worlc exclusively for
comb honey, which we find the most profit-
able. The most of our honey is shipped
north, to Bay City, Saginaw, and other
places, as our home market requires but
little. We generally aim to get our crates
and sections ready, and also the foundation
fastened in the sections, before the honey-
flow comes. Our greatest trouble has been
iu fastening foundation in sections, and we
have been helped out of that with one of the
latest foundation fasteners. Our best honey-
flow is from white clover and basswood.
The fall honey comes from wild rice and
button-balls.

Colonies Need Building Up.—

Rev. John Hunt, Plain City, O., on April
11, 1888, writes :

Last fail I had 20 colonies of bees. Last
season was a very poor one for honey. The
white clover yielded nothing. I had no
swarms, and no surplus honey— not even a
supply for the bees themselves. Three col-
onies died during the winter, and the re-
mainder are weak in numbers, though ap-
parently in good condition, but will need
building up greatly, to take advantage of
the honey season, if it should be a good one.
1 have fed them on sugar syrup.

Bees Booming- in Tennessee. —

John H. Christie, Dyersburg, Tenn., on
April 9, 1888, says :

Bees are fairly booming. I do not think
that I ever have seen them in as good con-
dition at this time of the year as they are
now. Some of my bees have begun work
in the sections. I had a swarm on April 6.
Peach and plum trees are through blooming,
and pear, apple and cherry are now in full
blast. Strawberry beds look white. I lost
but one colony out of about 100 in winter-
ing, and that starved to death for the want
of noney.

Clamp tor W^intering Bees. —

Justus Chapman, Woodville, Mich., on
April 14, 1888, writes :

I started in the spring of 1887 with 2 colo-
nies, having lost tne balance of my bees
during the previous winter. I increased
them to 6 colonies, and took off 50 one-
pound sections of white clover honey. The
hives were heavy the last of October, when
they were put into a clamp, a la Hutchin-
son, without cushions or division-boards, or
other extras. They were taken out on April
9, and were all right excepting a slight
diarrhea.

Heavy I>oss in Bees — Alfalta

Seed.— E. Jarvis, Fairgrove, Mich., on
April 14, 1888, says :

There is, I think, a heavy loss of bees in
this region, and many colonies have no
honey left. We could not well double up
colonies last fall, as there were many bees
in each hive. I have 4 colonies left from
2(j. Some were in a shed, and some out in
the wind. Two of those wintered outside
are alive. My bees three years ago were
hybrids, Cyprians and blacks. One queeu
mated witli a yellow drone in 1887. Where
can I get alfalfa or lucerne seed by the
pound ?

[It is worth 40 cents per pound by mail.
It can be;obtained at this office.- Ed.]

Scatter the t.eaflets.— Look at the
li.st {with prices) on the second page.

286

TMM MMMKICMlf MMM JO'lSiMlfMlL.

BUSINESS MANAGER.

Sitsiuess Moticts.

In

OO;

Market dull.

If Yon LiTC near one post office aud
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address tliat we have on our list.

Hilton's nevr pampliletonComb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at tliis office.

Crive a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

If yon liose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Please to get your I^eig-libor,
who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Preserve Yoiu* Papers for futiu:e
reference. If you have no BIMWER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journai.,

Please wrilc AmeHeam, Bee Jowmal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatioxis delay and tiouble.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 35 cents. Or bound up with the history
of tlie International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for .50 cents, postpaid.

Home Markets tor honey can be
made by juiliciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Alvi'ays Mention your Post-Offlce,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

Honey and ICeesvrax Market.

DBTBOIT.
HONEY.— Best white In 1-pound sectionB, isoiec.

Extracted, 9@10c. Little demand and few sales.

BEESWAX.- 23®-24c.
Apr. 12. M.H. HUNT, Bell Branch. Mich.

NEW YORK.

1-lb. sec-
tions, 13@15e.: the same
wheat l-lbs., lOc; 2-lbs..9c
BEBSWAX.-24C.

MCCAUL & HILDKBTH BROS.,
Apr. 7. -28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— Prices range from 16@18c. for best one-
lb. sections, to l4('«15c. for off color and condition:
2-lb8., 14(§)l5c. Dark is slow of sale at almost any
price. Extracted, 7@9c., with good supply. Light
demund.

BEESWAX,— 22®23C. R. A. BURNETT.

Mar. 22. 161 South Water 8t.

NSW YORK.
HONEY.- We quote : Fancy white i-lb. sections,
I4(ail5c.; fancy 2-lbs., I2c. Lower grades l@2c. per
lb. less. Buckwheat i-lbs., lOOlOHc; i-lbs., 9®9Hc.
Extracted, white, TiSiVi-^c.: dark. 5>^@6c.
Mar. 19. F.G.STROHMKYER&CO., 122 Water St.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white clover i-lbs.,
16@i7c.: 2-lbB., 15@16c. Dark is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7@10c.

BBESWAX.-23C.

Mar. 13. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 S. Water St.

01N(UNNATI

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4J^@9c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, 14@17c.—
Supply large and demand slow.

BEKSWAJC.— Demand is good— 20O22C. per lb. f or
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Mar. 28. C. F. MDTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 17018c. :
2-lbs.. 15@16c.; 3-lbs., 14c. Dark and' brofcen not quo-
table. Extracted, white in kegs and ^-barrels, 8?^ to
9c.-, in tin and pails, Di^Oloc.; dark, ^-barrels and
kegs, 5@7c. Market slow.

BEBSWAX.-22®2,sc.
Mar. 10. A. V. BISHOP. 142 W. Water St.

DENVER

HONEY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, 17®19c.i 2-lb.
sections. ]5@17c. Extracted, 7®loc.

BEESWAX.-20(iS'3c.
Mar. 1. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

2idtret*tiscmeuts.

BEES FOTl S^^VHiE,

DANIEL. WHITinER,

17D2t P. 0. Box 48.1. SOUTH BEND. IND.

ITAI^IANS on Langstroth frames— 2-frame
Nucleus (no Queen), $1.25 ; :i-frame, $1.75.
Bees per lb. 65c. Tested Queeo, $2; Untested.
$1.00. Also Dew-Berry Plants which I will
sell for 50o. perdoz. Every plant warranted
to live, or I will replace them.
15A4t 11* L. Panprborn, Maqnoketa, Io\%'a.

35 COLONIES of BEES

In good condition
I

17A2t

For particulars, address,
. O. BOX 40,

BELLEVUE, NEBR.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY,

PAMPH1.ET full of new and Improved
methods : Price. 5 one-cent stamps. You
n( ed also my list of Italian Queens, Bees by
the lb., and Supplies Oliver Foster,
13Atf Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

WANTED,

Bees-wax.— We will pay SO cents per

pound, delivered here, for Tellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, the name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

THOS. G. IVEWTTIAN & SON,

923 & 925 WflSt Madison St.. - CHICAGO. ILLS.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote; Choice white 2-ib. sections,
17@l8c.; dark2-lb8, I4(3il5c.; choice white l-lbs.. 18 to
20ctB.. dark l-lbs., 15®16c. White extracted, 7®8o.;
dark. 5(5.fic. Demand is slow. White extracted is
Arm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BEESWAX.— 21 to 22C.
Mar. 29. HAMBLIN & BBAR88, 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote : 1-lb. sections, 16®17c.; 2-
lb. sections, 14@16c. Extracted. 8@9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BBKSWAX.— 25 cts. perlb.
Mar 24. Blakk & KiPLBT. f.7 Chatham Street

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONBY.— We quote ; White to extra, io®l7c.;
amber. y@I4c. Extracted, white liquid, 7@7>^c.:
amber and candled, 6(3)7c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.— 18®21c.
Mar. 20. 8CHACHT * LBMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.-We quote; White l-lbs., glassed. I6®17c;
unglassetl, I7(rtil8c. ; and dark l-lbs., glassed, l.'jc. : un-
glassed, 16c.; white 2-lb8., glassed, 16c., : unglassed 2-
Ibs., 17c. California white 2-lb8.. 17c. Caliiornia ex-
tracted in fio-lb. cans, 8c. Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BBEttWAX.-No. 1.200.; No. 2, ISc.
Mar.l9. CLBM0N8. CLOON & CO., Oor 4th iWalnut.

Clover Seeds,— We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at tlie following prices : $8.00
per busliel; $2.2.5 per peck ; 35 cents per lb.
Wliite Clover Sepd : $10.00 per bushel; $3.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: Sfi.OO per bushel ; $1.75 per
peek : 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

YiK-ca ICi-iislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. . We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

A Grand Offer on Bees !

IlVII^Ii SElili to the tlrst man that means
business, my 20 «olonies, and Hives
\v-|lli Empty Combs, Extractor and Cap-
ping-Box, etc., at a bargain. For I can-
not run a store and bees to. I must sell imme-
diately. This is the best kind of a chance for
any one to go into the business. Come and
see me if you wish to buy.

J. B. iniiRDOCK, Dexter, micb.

2-OUNGE HONEY SECTION.

SEND for Circular of the Shavinsr System
for small Sect ions. Invented and brought
to practical perfection by

1VAI.TER H.ARinER,

]6Atf 411 WfSt 8th St., MANISTEE, MICH.
MenMoJi (^f Amrrknyi Bee Journal.

Dadants' Fonndation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

SC'KE to send for our Circular
before buying. Italian Bees by
the lb., 2 or 3 fr. Nuclei, Queens,
Foundation, &c. Unt'd Queens In
May. SI; in June, 75c.; 6 tor $4.
Jno. Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo.
14Atf

Jones' Frame Fliers.

FOB taking frames ont of lilveB, or
moving them in any way desired. It 18
made of Japanned Iron, and can be utillzea
in many ways. It has a long claw for loo^
ening frames, and a book which maybe used
for carrying other frames besides the one
held by the Pliers. Price, 40 cents., by mau.
By express, 30 cents.

THOS. G. NEWTWAN & SON,
923 & 926 W. Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.

TH® jtMERicKP* mmm j^wmmmi^.

291

^ -*- ^- ^ ^- -*- ^

fc^^i>^*i^*^*^4^4^A^*^*a

INb^^^s^^^^

THOMAS <S. I\e^V9IA:V,

EDITOR.

VoiniY. lay 2,1888. No. 18.

Listen to the honey-bee
As it dances merrily

To the little fairies' drum —

Humming-, humming, humming, hum.
Never idle, never still,

Humming, humming, hum.

In Anstverto our question, "Has any
one yet received any of tlie Chapman
Honey-Plant seed ?" Mr. Ea. T. Smitli, of
Pike Co., Mo., says : " I got a nice package
weeks ago. I wrote to our Congressman."
.Several others have received some of it.

I..eltci-s are often lost which contain
money— stolen in transit. We liave lost
several lately, and tliis item from the Chi-
cago Times explains it :

Letter Carrier C. F. Burgwardt. of t he
West Madison Street Station, was bound
over to the grand jury in $1,200 bonds for
rifling letters.

When a Money Order, which Is absolutely
safe, can be obtained for 5 cents, there is no
excuse for carelessly putting money into
ordinary letters. If a Money Order is
stolen it can be duplicated. If a Money
Order cannot be conveniently obtained,
register every letter which contains money.
As every clerk, carrier and route agent must
account and receipt for every registered
letter passing through their hands in transit,
it is about impossible for a dishonest person
to tamper with one, without discovery.

XIi«' Best AdTortising^ lUediiini.

—The Bee-Keepers' Review for April states
that while its advertisement has appeared in
all the principal bee-papers, that of all those
who have answered it, ihree-fourtbs say that
they saw it in the American Bee Journal I
Straws show which way the wind blows. As
a means of placing anything of value before
bee-keepers, the American Bee Journal
stands at the head. The BEST is the cheapest.

Xlie Appeal to the Supreme Court on
the one-piece section patent was decided on
Monday, April 23, 188S, by confirming the
decision of the lower court. As we under-
stand it, this nulliHes the patent. It is
strange that the Government should so often
issue patents and then not. sustain them.
We have been appealed to for advice quite
often about getting patents on some imple-
ment or contrivance, and have invariably
recommended parties not to go to that ex-
pense and trouble, for we did not think that
it would pay them to do so.

In this case, the costs have amounted to
thousand of dollars, and to obtain the de-
cison on the appeal it has taken nearly four
years !

This reminds us of a story as given in
Texas Sif tings. It is thus :

A client meets his lawyer on the street
and asks him how his case is coming on.

"Thanks to my skill," replied the lawyer,
"I have obtained a judgment in your favor
in the United States Supreme Court."

"After four years."

"But, my dear fellow, better late than
never."

" How much do I get ?" asked the client
anxiously.

" The court decrees that you shall receive
$2,000. The costs and my fee will only
amount to .153,500, so all you will have to pay
meisSl,.500."

"Merciful Heavens! and I must lose all
my money besides !"

"Of course you lose all your money, but
console yourself. You have gained your
case. Tou can't expect to gain everything."

Such suits are fat things for the lawyers,
and they are the only ones generally bene-
fitted. To 30m o suit is a very empty
thing, when that is all there is to it, after
all the expense and worry. Our advice is
again repeated— do not think of patenting
any bee-implement ; it will not pay !

The " section patent " contest is of no par-
ticular interest now to either party, for the
price of sections have been so much re-
duced that there is but little profit in their
manufacture.

Oust the Chemist.— E. E. Ewing,
Rising Sun, Md., writes thus concerning the
scandalous schemes of Prof. Wiley, the
National Chemist. Some time ago the
Manager of the National Bee-Keepers'
Union, wrote to President Cleveland con-
cerning the intrigues of the wily professor,
and asked him to cause an investgiation.
He is a National disgrace. Here is Mr.
Ewing's remarks :

I think bee-keepers owe it to themselves,
to the Government of the United States, and
to the public, to get un a petition setting
forth the scandalous lies of Wiley, that
chemical fraud, together with his answers
in regard to the lard of hogs that have died
of disease, etc., praying the authorities at
Washington to nave him dismissed from
Government employ, and send the petitions
all over the country for signatures. Such a
scamp is a disgrace to the Nation ! What
will be thought of American lard by Eu-
ropeans who read such answers coming
from a chemist in the employ of the Govern-
ment. His honey lies and his lard chemistry
look as though the author was in the employ
of the adulterators- as well as that of the
Government.

Educate tlie Oppo.sition.— Mr. G.

A. Adams, of Perrysburg, 0., on March 3,
1888, wrote his views of defending the pur-
suit as follows :

In sending my remittance for the Bee-
Keepers' Union, I do not wish to be con-
sidered as approving of the method of de-
fense by law. A better method, in my
opinion, would be to e^illghten the public
instead of fighting it.

Would it not have been better for Mr.
Clark, of Arkadelphia, to have yielded to
the wishes of his fellow citizens, and re-
moved his bees at once ; and then quietly
ditfused a very little bee-knowledge among
his neighbors? A little patience, and a
little expenditure of money forMr.McLaiu's
report, and the many other testimonies
which have been published, if judiciously
placed, would do wore to restore peace be-
tween Mr. Clark and his neighbors than a
triumph at law.

In a town near me, a bee-keeper and a
grape-grower came very near liaving a con-
flict last year. The grape-grower finding
the bees troublesome when he came to
gather his grapes, mashed some pears, and
sprinkled a little sugar on them, ana the
bees left the grapes for the sugared pears,
and he had no more trouble.

He told his neighbor of his success in
getting rid of the bees, and the owner of
the bees said he did not want his neighbor to
feed his bees for nothing, and so gave the
grape-grower a few sections of honey. Both
men were pleased, and are good friends to-
day. I venture to say that no lawing wOl
ever take place betvfeen them. The sugar
experiment convinced the grape-man that
he had a better way of ridding himself of a
nuisance than going to law, feeing law-
yers, and cultivating the fighting qualities
of himself and his neighbor.

Let me suggest the publication of a
pamphlet by the editor of the American
Bee Jouknal, which will give the facts
about bees biting grapes, etc., and then let
them be scattered wherever needed.

Yes ; that is a good plan in ordinary
cases. We should always be peaceable, and
when our rights are not being trampled
upon, submit to the views of our neighbors,
but in Mr. Clark's case, only a very few
opposed his keeping an apiary there, and
they only spitefully and maliciously. Mr.
Clark was opposed to the saloon element,
and that element took this way of per-
secuting him. This is as we understand it.
If we are to submit to such— then we may
expect a " reign of terror " indeed. But
backed up by the National Bee-Keepers'
Union, Mr. Clark will be sure to score a
victory next July before the Supreme Court.

At tlie Nebraska Convention the
Rev. E. T. Abbott delivered an interesting
address on " The Honey-Bee," only a synop-
sis of which came to us. We wrote to him
for a fuller report of it, and the result was its
publication on page 233. By an oversight it
was not there credited to the Nebraska Con-
vention. This explanation answers an in-
quiry concerning it, and at the same time
gives the proper credit.

TSe:w Catalogues for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

A. M. Gander, Adrian, Mich.— 20 pages-
Apiarian Supplies.

W. G. Russell, Millbrook, Ont.— 16 pages
—Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

292

TM® MMERICMM MMM J©WMlfSlU.

^•■^■^■^■^j^;* *-^*T*f^^^^^^J^^l^-^^^^^^— ^^^^^*^*^

-■- — ■--'-»J

CoinI> Honey in 5c. Packages.—

Mr. W. Harmer, of Manistee, Mich., lias for
three years beeu engaged in putting up
comb honey in 3-ounce packages, and has
sold several thousands of them. Mr. A. I.
Koot, editor of Olcanlngs, visited his apiary
last December, and thus describes in that
paper his method of making these small
sections :

He takes a % board, just long enough to
slip inside of a Langstroth frame. Then
with a jack-plane, set coarse, he scoops off
the shavings. The shavings, of course, roll
up : but lie tumbles them into a pail of
water; and when they get well soaked,
they are sti^^ightened out, piled up and
dried. This gives thin strips of veneer,
and cheaper than you can imagine. He then
fixes a board as in the second engraving.
The Langstroth frame is slipped over this
board.

1 want to say, first, that these little blocks
are made by gluing a ^h board on top of a %
board, as you see. Now, with a circular
saw,cut grooves clear through the thin board
until the saw strikes the thick one. These
grooves are of such a width that three of the
afore-mentioned strips of veneer will drop
into each groove, the strips running length-
wise of the frame. When this is done, three
short pieces of veneer are dropped into the
grooves crosswise. But to make these bits
of wood stay in place when the frame is
pulled up, a little glue is put into each cor-
ner, with a camel s-liair brush. You want
to be careful, so thw glue will not run in too
far, and stick to the form. Before you put
in the glue, however, drop some little
squares of foundation into each little sec-
tion. The glue should just catch each cor-

ner of the foundation. When the whole
thing is dry, lift it off and hang it in the
hive. When the little sections are full and
sealed over, take frame and all to the gro-
cer ; slip off the outside, and show him that
he can separate the squares into long strips.
With a sharp knife he can now cut them up
into little cakes as wanted. If a customer
wants two, four, six, or eight, let him have
them all in a slice, to save handling so
many loose pieces.

The engravings were kindly furnished by
Mr. Root from Gleanings, and this descrip-
tion by Mr. Harmer is also from the same
source.

Getting small sections filled, never
troubled me ; for I knew that bees would
fill spaces with comb honey that are a little
more than a quarter of an inch, so that^
with a good honey-flow, I was not afraid
but that they would fill a 3-inch space. I
would say just here, that I have had sec-
tions well filled, only Ji' of an inch square,
so that, in this particular, I was all right ;
and I have proved to my satisfaction, and,
1 think, to the satisfaction of the few bee-
keepers who have called on me, that I have
developed a practical system for making
small sections out of shavings from a com-
mon hand-plane, and will suit any size of
sections for less than 1 pound of honey, vrith
the proper mold or form for adjusting them.

The reasons why 1 wanted them are, first,
because I have seen comb honey cut in
pieces, making it leak in every instance,
often being a nuisance, daubing everything,
causing considerable trouble, and making it
diflicuit to give a customer, perhaps a boy
or small child, a few cents' worth of comb
honey ; for every one has not 20 cents to
spare to buy a whole section ; and if they
had, they do not always want so mUch. 1
think there are very tew grocerymen who
would cut a comb to suit such customers ;
and there are thousands of children around
us that do not know the taste of comb honey
on this account. I also thought that well-
to-do people would buy them for the pur-

pose of putting one on each plate instead of
serving or cutting into a large comb. These
reasons have all been verified, for I have
found such customers delighted in every
instance. I have not had the opportunity
of trying them at Fairs, hut I should think
they would be just the thing, and would as
readily bring .5 cents for a 3-ounce section
as 4 ounces would on a piece of paper. That
is what I sell them for, which is at the rate
of 40 cents per pound, so that, in making
these sections in the winter, you have
profitable employment.

I can put hundreds together, and comb
foundation in tliem in a day, ready for the
honey-flow in summer. The size 1 have
been making you will find by dividing a
Langstroth brood-frame by 10 one way and
4 the other. The shavings for this size are
Ji of an inch wide, and 1-36 of an inch thick.
I find this size, when filled, to weigh 2
ounces. I have just weighed 1.5 separately,
which are on the work-bench, ready for
market, and were not selected for uniform-
ity of weight, and each one just balanced
the scales at 3 ounces.

If these little cakes of comb honey can be
put on sale in groceries, on the cars, at
fairs, etc., they will prove a great boon not
alone to honey-producers, but to humanity
in general, by placing a pure sweet in small
quantities within the reach of all.

Cliaiicer to Ijongfello-w' is the title
of a new book just published by Johnson &
Erskine, 107 Madison St., Chicago. This
book contains 656 royal octavo pages, being
a selection of lectures on English literature
by the late Prof. John Eraser, a man of rare
and scholarly attainments.

Among the great names of the period that
come under review in the lectures are
Chaucer, Surrej', Wyatt, Sidney, Raleigh,
Spenser, Bacon, Shakespeare, Webster,
Beaumont, Fletcher, Shelley, Ben Jonson,
Milton, Burns, Hood, George Eliot, Mrs.
Browning, Madame De Stael, the Bronte
Sisters, Margaret Fuller, Mrs. Stowe and
the Modern Novel, Tennyson, Longfellow,
and Scotch poetry. Among all these great
names there is no single one that the student
of literature wants to miss, and nowhere
will be found more concise and clear views
of the true literary worth of each.

Prof. Fraser was an acknowledged master
in literature. He combined scholarly abili-
ties and culture, with a pure and popular

style. He instructs and conveys iuforma-
tion in the most pleasing and interesting
way. His lectures afford a rare opportunity
at a trifling cost, of acquiring a knowledge
of great men and their writings, which will
become more and more in good society a
mark of refinement, and a test of general
accomplishment. Those who aspire to
write gracefully and accurately, will find
this book invaluable. Price, 83.00. It can
be obtained of the publishei-s.

;«g;gT;TigxT»gT«xa:i5xi!{giixTm

Colonies Close Xosretlicr.— E. G.

Haven, Belleville, Kans., on April 19, says :

I have 41 colonies of bees, and all appear
to be doing well. Eighteen colonies were
wintered in the cellar, and 33 colonies not
on the summer stands, but were placed on
a bench, close together, for the convenience
of packing straw around them. They are
all doing finely at present. 1. Will there be
any harm in leaving them so close together
during the summer ? Or should they be
placed further apart ? 3. It so, what would
be the best way of getting them separated,
without their going back and being lost ?
3. Is there any way to prevent the bees
from gathering around the watering-tank
where cattle drink ?

1. Place them further apart.

3. Move them a little at a time. Jarring
and smoking aid in causing the bees to
mark their location anew.

3. It will be very difficult to prevent the
bees from watering where they now do,
unless the place is dried up, compelling
them to seek another.

Xiglit Hire Bottoms and Cov«

ers.— F. Roulo, Portville, N. Y., on April
23, 1888, says :

Last fall I put 99 colonies in the cellar,
and 59 out-of-doors packed In chaff. Both
lots seem to have wintered equally well.
Bees in this vicinity have wintered com-
paratively well ; but they are affected con-
siderably with the diarrhea, which 1 think
is caused by so much cider being made here
last fall. 1 put my bees out on April 17,
and after reducing 6 by doubling up, 1 have
153 colonies left. I would like to have this
question answered : Are not bees too
warm with a tight bottom and cover on the
8-frame Heddon-Langstroth hive, at a tem-
perature of 45°. Mine seemed to need more
ventilation.

No ; thousands of colonies are every win-
ter carried through in perfect health ar-
ranged just as you mention. It is not more
ventilation which your bees need. Very
likely they are becoming overloaded with
fecal matter, which is not caused by too
much or too little ventilation.

Honey Candy.— C. H. Drummond, of

Winslow, Maine, says :

I should like to ask, through the Ameei-
canBee Journai., if any one will tell bow
to make honey candy, or is it patented f

The methods are not patented, but so far
we have not been able to get a formula for
publication. When we do, such will appear
in the Bee Journal.

"jmw jciviERiiCJEPf WMW jQumnmi^.

293

Arc the Zinc Queen-Excluders a
Disadvantage '{

Written /or the American Bee Juumal

i

Huery 538.— Have you demonstrated iu
practice, that the zinc queen-excluder is a
hindrance to the free passage of the bees from
the brood-ehainber to the supers ? In other
words, have you found any difference in the
quantity of honey stored where such were
used V— Mo.

No. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

No, to both questions. — ^A. B. Mason.

I never used a queen-excluder. — M.
Maiiin.

I do not think that it is any hin-
drance.— A. J. Cook.

I have seen no difference in the
amount of honey stored, bj' its use. —
Eugene Secor.

I have not had experience enough
to give a decided answer. — C. H. Dib-

BEHN.

It has seemed to me that there was a
difference, though 1 have not experi-
mented largely in this direction. — J.
M. Hambaugh.

I do not think that the zinc makes
any difference in the amount of honey
stored. If it does, I have not been
able to discover it. — G. M. Doolittle.

Summing up the advantages and
disadvantages in its use, I find the
latter over-balance the former ; and I
believe that I can get more honey
when it is not used.— J. P. H. Brown.

I have used the zinc queen-excluder
so little that I cannot answer. The
slat honey-board serves me for a
queen-excluder. — C. C. Miller.

I have demonstrated by the use of
several hundred of them, and for three
years, that the}' are not a hindrance. —
James Heddon.

No. During the last sea.son I had
several colonies with queen-excluding
honey-boards that stored more surplus
than anv' colonies that did not have
them ; still I hardly think that the
queen-excluder is to be credited with
the difference. — R. L. Taylor.

I have testeil zinc queen-excluders
sufficiently to satisfy myself that they
are a great advantage. I do not tind
that less stores are secured when they
are used. — J. E. Pond.

I have found no difference in the
quantity of honey when using the per-
forated horizontal honey-boards. I
have no doubt, however, that many
persons fail to get the full Ijenefit of
the zinc excluders, for the want of the
knowledge of the proper way to make
and use them. Tliere is practicallj- no
difference between the wood-and-zinc

horizontal honey-board, and those
made out of plain sheets of zinc, if
tlie latter are rightly made, and all the
departments of the hive are rightly
made and adjusted. The difference
is one of cost only. The perforated
excluder is a success. — G.W.Uemaree.
The zinc queen-excluders are no
hindrance to the bees. — The Editor.

What and How to Feed Bees
in. the Spring.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 539.— 1. When feeding bees in the
spring, what kind of sugar is best for syrup?
Should the syrup be thick or thin? 2. When
an inside feeder Is used, should it not be re-
moved from the hive every morninfr, and left
on only at night ? Would it not raise a dis-
turbance among the bees to leave it on dur-
ing the day ? .1. Should the feeder be removed
from the hive for re-fltling, or should the
syrup be poured into the feeder without re-
moving the latter ?— New York.

1. Standard "C " sugar made into a
thin syrup. 2. No. 3. Let it remain.
The less you disturb a colony, the bet-
ter.— Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. Coffee A or granulated sugar
made into rather thin syrup. 2. No.
3. It depends upon circumstances, and
the style of feeder used. — Dadant &
Son.

1. Granulated. 2. I would not re-
move it. 3. I would not use a feeder
that had to be removed every time you
filled it.— J. P. H. Brown.

1. Granulated or coffee sugar. I
should use about 2 pounds of water to
1 pound of sugar. 2. No ; not if your
hive is bee-proof. 3. Fill the feeder
without removing it. — R. L. Taylor.

1. Almost any kind will do, but I
use either granulated or coffee A, and
make it a little thinner than for win-
ter feed. 2. No, to both questions. 3.
I would not use a feeder that had to
be removed to fill it. — A. B. Mason.

1. Granulated is best. I would make
the syrup much thinner than for win-
ter use. 2. No. It is best to leave it
where you will want it again. 3. No.
It will be empty. Poitrthe syrup into
it while on the hive, and save all this
extra work. — C. H. Dibbern.

1. Granulated sugar, and tolerably
thick, if much is needed. 2. Leave it
on. 3. Pour it in the feeder on the
hive. Beginners need to proceed with
some caution about the whole business
of feeding. — C. C. Miller.

1. Honey is better than any svigar
when bees can Jly freely. Granulated
sugar is the most apt to be pure. 2.
No ; it will be well to leave it on all
the time. 3. A properly made feeder
should not need to be removed to be
filled, and no contact with the bees is
necessary James Heddon.

1. The purest is the best, but a good
article of C sugar is good enough. 2.
No. It will make no disturbance.
When bees become a little accustomed
to being fed, it produces no excitement
in tlie hive. 3. That depends upon
whether the feeder can be filled with-
out being removed. — M. Mahin.

1. I have had limited experience.
I should not I)e particular if the bees
appeared to like it. I would have the
syrup about the consistency of honey.

2. It would not be practical to remove
the feeder, if you were feeding many
colonies. 3. It ought to be refilled
without disturbing the colony. —
Eugene Secoii.

1. Granulated sugar syrup ; though
any kind will an.s\ver for spring feed-
ing. 2. No ; not necessarily. Not at
all if it is the right kind of a feeder.

3. That would be according to the
kind of feeder that you are using. One
of the Shuck pattern is my favorite,
which does not necessitate removal. —
J. M. Hambaugh.

1. It makes little difference, but I
prefer granulated sugar at any time.
I have it rather thin, and I like to
have it a little warm. 2. I never move
it at all, until done feeding for the
season. 3. I would not like a feeder
that had to be removed. I prefer to
leave it in place, and to have it so
made that we can feed without dis-
turbing the bees at all. — A. J. Cook.

I use diluted honey, or sugar syrup
of the best granulated sugar. I prefer
it tolerably thin. I feed at night, only
in quantity sufficient for the day's
needs, and leave the feeder on. It
causes no trouble with myself. 3. I
pour the syrup directly into the feeder
without removing it. I can see no
reason for taking the extra trouble
caused by removing to fill it. — J. E.
Pond.

1. At all times of the year I use
granulated sugar for feeding bees, when
I use any. which is not veiy often.
However, for spring feeding, C sugar
will ^answer all purposes, and is pre-
ferred by some. Tliin .syrup is best.
2. Leave it in all the time, but feed
only what will be used during the
night. 3. Pour in the feed without
removing the feeder, as syrup will not
harm the bees if tlicy do not drown in
it. — G. M. Doolittle.

1. I prefer tlie best unrefined New
Orleans sugar, flavored with honey ;
and coffee A as next choice. The
former excites breeding best of all,
when the weather is warm. Granu-
lated sugar is a good winter food for
old bees, but is nearly wortltless for
stimulative purposes, as nearly every
element in the sugar is destroyed by
poisonous acids. 2. Have the covers
tight, and leave the feeders on the

294

Tmrn MBdEKICMff MM^ J©WRlf-Mlr.

^^^'.^^^^^^^^^.^^^^^^^^^'^^^^'■■^'■^^^'^^A^A^^^tkitm^m^mM^mAjm.MmiAM

hive till done feeding. A close-fitting
hive with a contracted entrance pre-
cludes all robbing. 3. Just pour in
the sjTup while the feeder is in jjosi-
tion on the hive. — G. W. Demaree.

1. For spring feeding the syrup
should be tliin. Make it of A sugar.
2. Leave the feeder in place, but give
the bees onlj' what is necessary. 3.
Refill the feeder while on tlie hive, and
save the trouble of removing it. — The
Editor.

!««»»«I««HT«II««II»II!tg»I»gTTTT]

MANIPULATION.

Easy and Prolitable in ^Veil-
Adapted Hives.

Written for the American Bee Jawnval

BY REV. L. L. LANGSTROTH.

Although 1 was present at the Detroit
Convention of bee-keepers in December,
1885, where Mr. Heddon first called atten-
tion to the system of management with his
" new hive," 1 heard him too imperfectly to
get any adequate conception of his inven-
tion. My head trouble returninti soon after,
and lastinf! nearly two years, 1 lost all in-
terest in bee-matters, and it was only in
February last (my attention being recalled
to this hive), that I was impressed with the
idea that it might be a great step in advance,
in practical bee-lseeping. From the very
start 1 saw that many abused the power of
manipulation given by the Langstrotli hive,
because they tailed to see that progress lay
in reducing the necessary manipulations to
a minimum. In the latest work of our
honored Dzierzon, his wonderful acquain-
tance with the habits of bees, seems, to
Americans at least, to be greatly wasted
upoU a hive and system of management
which would make our honey cost more
tlian it would sell for.

To manipulate with whole cases of frames
instead of by single frames, seemed to me
a very wide extension of the principle so
much insisted on in my first work on bees,
published in 1853, that a hive ought not to
require one single unnecessary motion
either for the bee or its owner.

Influenced by such considerations, I de-
termined to see the actual workings of the
Heddon hive in his apiary at Dowagiae,
Mich. As the weather on my arrival there
was too cold to handle bees, 1 carefully
studied the hive. From what I know of the
habits of bees, and construction of hives,
just as a short examination of a Munn hive
shows me that it is worthless either for
amateur or practical uses— so the longer I
studied the Heddon hive, the stronger was
my belief that it would accomplish what he
claimed for it.

As soon as I could see bees handled in
these hives, and could handle them myself,
all my favorable preposessions were fully
contirmed, and knowing how little I could
count upon the continuance of health, I felt
that in justice to the public, as well as to
Mr. Hetldon, I ought to put this opinion on
record, by writing to some of my bee-keep-
ing friends.

I think tliat no one who knows how I
was deprived of tlie legitimate fruits of my
own invention, will be surprised that 1
should feel it to be a "positive duty to use
what influence I may liave among bee-keep-
ers, to secure for Mr. Heddon both the

honor and the profit to which he seems, not
only to me, but to so many of our best api-
arists at home and abroad, to be justly en-
titled.

Siium Cuique—" TO each ms own."

From my earliest recollections my dear
father enjoined this as a sacred duty upon
his children— and I believe that all who
know what X have done and written in con-
nection with bees, will bear me witness that
I have not departed from the spirit of his
teachings. It was this strong sense of duty
to give honor to whom honor is due, wliich
made me desire, even before I had any cor-
respondence with Mr. H. about his liive, to
go to Dowagiae and judge of it for myself.
I will now describe some of the most im-
portant things that I there witnessed :

1. Before I saw the easy working of his
frames (even in hives which 7iad been occu-
pied fcyr several years by bees), with close-
fitting uprights (t prefer this French term
to our word, ends), I could not conceive
liow they could possibly be handled as
rapidly or safely as the Langstroth frames.
The propolis trouble alone seemed to forbid
this. Judge of my surprise then to find,
that by leaving no space for bees to get be-
tween the uprights and the cases holding
the frames, and by keeping the touching
surfaces of the uprights so closely pressed
together by the thumb-screws, as to leave
no joint open wide enough for bee-glue, he
had actually reduced the propolizing pro-
pensity of bees to a minimum !

My knowledge of the trouble and delay in
manipulating all the previous styles of
close-fitting uprights, led me to think that it
would be quite difficult to handle the Hed-
don frames. To find that I was mistaken
on this point, was a greater surprise than
the way in which the propolis dithculty was
met. In handling Langstroth frames of the
standard depth (and still more with deeper
frames), bees are often hurt between the
uprights and ease— a thing impossible with
the Heddon arrangement, while at the same
time the uprights of his case— as they go
down into the hive, when a frame is put
back— only push the bees away instead of
pinching them between their closing sur-
faces. When the Langstroth frames are
put back, even by experts, it often happens
thatthey must readjust the spacing, to get
room for the last frame, whereas, the Hed-
don frames always go to their proper places.
As a matter of fact then, the Heddon frames
can be safely handled with more rapidity
than any in jirevious use ; thus securing all
the advantages of close-fitting uprights
without their old inconveniences.

2. I was actually charmed to see how
quickly the queen can be found in this hive.
There is really no place where she can hide
behind either tlie uprights of the frames, or
on any of the frame pieces, or on the combs,
which by a single inversion of their contain-
ing case, have all been made to completely
fill the frames. Alarmed, now, by the in-
troduction of both light and smoke into
such a shallow case, .she u^ually glides at
once to the bottom-board to hide herself be-
tween it and the bottoms of the frames. Jf
she does uot show up when the case is lifte<l
otf, she can, as 1 have seen, be readily
shaken out from such shallow and uniformly
straight combs, so as to be easily secured.

To catch a queen witli so little trouble,
and with no danger of robbing, seems al-
most too good a thing to be believed, until
it is actually witnessed, and the mere
thought that such a feat is possible, must
recall to many of my readers tlieir weary
queen-hunts, "in the old styles of hives, un-
der the broiling sun, and with the hateful
annoj'ance of robber bees.

3. Another important feature in this hive
is the remarkable rapidity with which the
exact condition of affairs, in the brood-
chamber, can be ascertained. In less time
than is needed to remove and replace a sin-
gle frame in otlier hives, a Heddon brood-
section can be lifted off, and from its being

shallow enough to allow a good view of the
combs from both above and below, even
without shaking out the bees— the quantity
of brood and honey, and everything else
essential to be known, having been learned
by a few glances of an expert's eye— the
section may be replaced before any robbing
can be done.

4. The shape, size and lightness of the
parts composing this hive, greatly facilitate
all necessary manipulations in the apiary,
and must therefore make it peculiarly ac-
ceptable to all who for any reason wisli to
economize their physical strength. A weak
person who cannot handle many hives
needs it, and tlie strong man also needs it,
that he may make all his strength tell, in
the management of the largest possible
number of colonies.

5. Thesimplewayof holding the frames so
firmly in place by thumbscrews, admirably
tits this hive for safe transport. I use the
word transpoit in its widest sense, so as to
include every movement of any of the parts
of the hive, from the simple lifting off of a
section, to the carrying of a hive with bees
for any purpose, to any distance, however
short or long. I have seen a frame filled
with comb, tossed about the room, and
thrown out of a second story window— also
a whole section of such frames slid, and
even kicked about a room, and all with-
out any injury to the combs.

6. lam strongly Impressed with the great
advantages, wliich seem to me must cer-
tainly be gained by one of the leading fea-
tures of Sir. Heddon's invention and sys-
tem of manai;ement, viz : the divisible
brood-chaniber— bat as this is a point on
which the season (April 17) gives me no
opportunity to speak from actual observa-
tion, I relegate it to the many able bee-
keepers who can speak from their own ex-
perience, remarking only that when capa-
cious brood-chambers and surplus apart-
ments are desired for any purpose, they can
all be readily obtained in the best form, by
the Heddon hive and system.

7. Perhaps there was no feature in the
Heddon hive which surprised me quite as
much as the facility it affords for the use of
the extractor. Indeed, when I first gave it
my attention, I was so ignorant of Its scope,
as to suppose that it was a conceded point
that it could only be used profitably for the
production of comb honey ! This is one of
the points where I cannot speak from my
own actual observation ; but those in Dow-
agiae, who have had the largest experience,
affirm confidently, that, in a given time,
they can actually extract more honey by the
Heddon system than they could with their
Langstroth hives, and give these reasons
for their belief :

Nearly all the bees can be easily shaken
out of the combs of the extracting sections,
and these quickly carried to a safe place,
where the few bees not shaken out, will
soon leave them. The eight frames of a
section may then be turned out in a stand-
ing position upon a table.by a .single motion,
their regular .shallow combs uncapped witfi
unusual rapidity, and all their contents ex-
tracted at the same time ; and nearly all of
this worli can be done under cover. Need
anything more be said on this subject, to
those who have followed the tedious routine
of shaking and brushing off the bees from
each separate comb in the sun, and exposed
to robber bees ?

8. It need hardly be said to any good bee-
keeper, who has carefully weighed the
above points in favor of tlie Heddon hive
and system of management, how greatly it
reduces in an apiary the liability of robbing.
Those who have the Heddon hives will have
no use for any bee-tent, when thej' can so
easily find the queen, or can shake out the
bees from any section when necessary, to
examine it at leisure under cover.

In reading this enumeration of benefits to
be had from Mr. Heddon's invention, it
might seem that if I have not exaggerated
them, any one of a number of them must be

Tmm JEME'Micaf* mms j^ismmmi^.

295

worth, to a person who handles many colo-
nies, at least the price of an individual right
to use his patent.

I can only say that I have sought to avoid
all over-statements, and have, in addition to
what 1 could see with ray own eyes, ques-
tioned at much length some wlio have
largely handled the Heddon hives, and have
been from the beginning familiar with
every step in tlie progress of his invention.
I would therefore not be afraid to risk my
reputation for sound judgment as to the
great value of the forward step whicli lie
has taken, even if I did not know that my
opinion accords so well with the e.xperience
of many who have had the opportunity to
put the hive and system to the test of prac-
tical use.

It is proper that I should say before clos-
ing this article, tliat 1 have carefully ex-
amined the claims of the Heddon patent,
and the reasons which have been thouglit by
some to invalidate them. Neither my ac-
quaintance with the literature of bee-keep-
ing, nor my familiarity with our patent
laws, nor any facts which have been alleged
against the Heddon patent, lead me for a
moment to question its validity.

History seems often to" repeat itself. In
my own day, how often it was declared to
be enough to invalidate the claims of the
first person who had invented a hive, which
commended itself at once to those most
largely engaged in the production of honey
—how often, I say, it was thought enough,
to show that some one before me, had used
a frame in a bee-hive. It mattered nothing
that I never claimed to have been the first
to invent a movable-frame— that my frame
and way of using it were fully described,
and that the few frames which antedated
mine were of no practical account— still the
attempt was for many years persisted in (I
sometimes shudder now at the bare recol-
lection of tlio.se weary years), to persuade
the bee-keeping public that my patent was
invalid.

On all sides patents sprung up, using,
BUT NOT CLAIMING tlie most valuable fea-
tures of my invention, and one bee-paper,
having then the largest circulation, went so
far as to accuse me of perjuries, which, if
committed, ought to have sent me, in my
old age, to the penitentiary. Thus were the
feelings of my wife and cnildreu outraged,
and even where no credit was given to such
atrocious accusations, many honest bee-
keepers were so misled as to believe that
•they had a perfect right to the free use of
ray movable frames, or were induced to pay
for infringing patents the money which
would have provided amply for me and
mine.

I do not think that the bee-keepers of this
country will ever suffer a similar outrage to
be perpetrated either against Mr. Heddon
or any other lionest Inventor and benefactor.

928 Steele Ave., Dayton, Ohio.

BEES AND FLOWERS.

Benefit!!) of Bees to Agriculture
and Horticulture.

Bead at the Fremont, Mich., Convention
BY GEO. E. HILTON,

From the very " pointed " argument
used by the bee in self-defense, either
real or imaginary, the masses believe
that the sole occupation of the bee is to
sting ; and we often hear the remark
that, " a bee will go ten rods out of its
way, any time, to sting me."

Let us see if this be true. The bee,
is never more happy than when hard at
work, and at a time when honey is
coming in rapidly. There is nothinc!

stingy about them. At that time of
the season I have taken from the hives
hundreds of pounds of honey without
the least protection of either smoke,
veil or gloves.

Why is nectar placed in the flower or
blossom ? Is it necessary for the set-
ting and maturing of the fruit V The
scientific horticuturist says, No 1 Was
it placed there for the bee? Again the
scientist say.s, No ! Then let us exam-
ine the mysterious construction of the
blossom, and see if we can solve the
problem.

The blossoms are composed of one or
more leaves called petals. The base of
this is called the corolla, and there, as
a rule, nectar is deposited. The sta-
mens or pollen-bearing stems— in other
words, the male organs of the plant —
protrude beyond this nectar, and in or-
der for the bee to secure this much
coveted sweet she must brush by these
stamens, and to a greater or less ex-
tent the pollen adheres to the legs and
body of the bee. It no sooner drains
the cup that Nature has filled for a
two-fold purpose, than it hies away to
another, and here is where the wise
economy of Nature is being performed.
The bee in coming in contact with this
second blossom, mingles the pollen of
the two, impregnation takes place, and
all fruits and vines are made to bring
forth fruit, "each after its own kind."
If any doubt this assertion, next spring
when your fruits, vines and clovers
blossom, just before they open, with a
bag having the meshes small enough to
exclude insects, see how much fruit
and seed you get from the blossoms
thus treated.

In the West, in some sections where
the bee and hornet do not exist, they
fail to raise pumpkins, for the want of
something to fertilize the blossoms.
In some of the mid-ocean islands they
could not raise red clover seed until
they imported bumble bees to impreg-
nate the blossoms. Now the Italian
bee is aiding in this grand work.

The bee is the friend of horticultur-
ists and agriculturists, and as there is
no insect that increases in such vast
numbers so early in the spring when
their services are so much needed, they
are of more value to the farmer, gar-
dener and fruit-grower than all other
insects.

A man near Boston makes a business
of raising cucumbers for the winter
markets. I am informed that he has
several acres under glass, and until
within the past few years he did all the
fertilizing by hand. This was a most
tedious and expensive piece of work,
reducing the profits to a minimum.
But now in each section of this vast
winter garden, he has a colony of bees,
and while the mercury is sporting with
zero outside, these little helpers are
gathering honey from cucumber blos-
soms, and at the same time doing the
work of many hands; and one great
advantage is, that they do their work
so much better. The proprietor says
that by the old method they never suc-
ceeded in fertilizing over 50 per cent,
of the blossoms, but that the bees fer-
tilize at least 80 per cent, thus advanc-
ing his industry from a basis hardly
paying expenses, to one that is profit-
able.

I might dwell for hours upon things
connected with this very interesting
pursuit, but I will not tire you, for
what may seem interesting to me may
be idle talk to you ; but let us learn a
lesson from the bees to do all the good
we can in this life. The bee that gath-
ers the nectar from and fertilizes the
blossoms, never lives to consume the
honey stored for the winter months;
but toils on uncomplainingly, and if
the season be favorable it not only
stores sufl!icient for the winter's supply,
but a surplus sufHcient to compensate
the bee-keepers for the attention given
during the summer months besides, and
giving us the only pure sweet known to
the civilized world.

Fremont, Mich.

EKE HIVES.

AVIiat they are, and AVIiat they
are Used for.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY CHAS. DADANT.

Although my description of eke hives
on page 1!)9, seemed to me very plain,
the editor advised his readers to see
comments on page 197, vi'here he says :

" An ' eke ' is a small additional
story (generally a half story) placed
under a hive to add to its capacity."
And further : " These ekes and nadirs
bear no relation to a brood-chamber
that is divisilile, and should not be
confounded therewith."

To show that a hive raised with an
eke is not an " eke hive," and that

eke hives were formed of divisible
brood-chamliers, as I described them,
I send engravings of divisible brood-
chambers ; of which we have procured
the electrotypes, with many others
representing hives of the old country,
which will appear in the new book,
"Langstroth revised." One engrav-
ing shows a siiuare hive formed of
three ekes. The hive has 7 combs, and
cannot hold luc^-e than a hive with
seven Langstroth frames. Then the
three ekes are about of sufficient ca-
pacity to satisfy partisans of small hives.

296

'TMM M'mMMlVMM MMM JO-limMMLf.

If this is not convincing, I will refer
to the American Bee Journal for
1866, page 72, in an article written by
our lamented Samuel Wagner : " All
these sections or ekes ai-e of equal size,
without bottoms, and with an opening
6 inches square in the top. The bees,
thus provided .... will usually fill two
or more such sections with combs,
brood, and honey." On page 85 : " The
mode of dividing stocks [to make
artificial swarms] by severing one or
more ekes or sections from a hive,
should be condemned and rejected,
causing a lamentable destruction of
bees and brood.''''

The other engraving shows a Soria
" eke," with spaces. It is easy to

notice that the bai's to support the
combs, in this eke, are placed a little
below the side of the eke, to aft'ord a
space between two ekes or sections,
a la Heddon.

As soon as tlie book of Soria was
published, about 43 years ago, a friend
of mine, a notary in my village, was so
enthusiastic about changing, inverting,
etc., of these ekes, that for two years
he hived his swarms in Soria hives.
But these spaces, cutting the combs
horizontally, interfered with the laying
of the queens, and the crop was there-
by decreased.

How many times in my cai'eer of
bee-keeping, have I seen such inven-
tions praised for several years, then
disappear ! The Soria hive was not
alone to receive such acclamations of
short duration ; the Debeauvoys hive
was awarded medals on medals, and
its inventor published six editions of
his book ! Wliore are these hives now?
I dare say that, in the whole of France,
it would be impossible to find even one
specimen of them. I was able to ap-
preciate their qualities and defects.
The " eke hive " was easy of' manipu-
lation for the bee-keeper, but hindered
the laying of the queen. The Debeau-
voys was good for bees, but difficult to
manipulate. Other bee-keepers of
France and Gernianji invented verti-
cally-divisible brood-chambers, which,
praised also for years, liave disappeai'-
ed before the movable-comb hive.

Most of the partisans of the new
Heddon hive, using, as he does, Lang-
stroth hives, reduced to 6 or 8 frames,
are unable to see whether the laying
of queens is hindered by the spaces be-
tween the ekes ; for, in their small
Langstroth hives, the laying is even
more decreased ; therefore, the}' may
answer, with full confidence, as they
did in the American Bee Journal, on
page 54, that they do not consider the
bee-space an impediment to the laying
capacity of a queen.

Mr. R. L. Taylor, in answer to the
question on page 39, on the iniluence
of the spaces on the number of bees,
in comparison with hives having full
combs, writes that one of his col-
onies in the new Heddon hive pro-
duced, of comb honey, five times the
average of his apiary, and about twice
as much as the best of his colonies
in Simplicity hives, and it was because
of their numbers that they did it. Of
course, as the veracity of Mr. Taylor
cannot be questioned, such a result
struck me dumb. All my experience —
all my theories on bee-culture — had to
be put aside, and I had to study the
principles of the new school. A hard
task for a man of my age !

But I never accept what is seen at
the surface without looking at the bot-
tom of things. What did I see in this
case ? The Heddon hive of Mr. Taylor,
containing 16 half frames, oifered to
the queen a surface of 16xl7jx4r3, or
1,344 square inches, while his 8-frame
Simplicity had but 8xl6jx8J, or 1.136
square inches. This difference of 208
inches, offered to the queen of the
Heddon liive, about 12,000 more cells,
in which she laid 12,000 more eggs
every three weeks. (See Feb. 8, page
85.)

Mr. Taylor was mistaken in putting
to the credit of the spaces between
the ekes, that which was the result of
the enlarged size. No doubt the same
mistake was made by Mr. Heddon, for
his new hives contain 20 half frames,
or 1,780 square inches, while his Lang-
stroth hives contain but 8 frames, or
1,136 square inches. The difference
is 644 inches, or 36,000 more cells.

These facts not only are in favor of
enlarging the hives, but they answer
also to the new, and, to my mind,
strange idea of Mr. Hutchinson, that
"It does not matter if our queens are
hindered in their laying, for we do not
make hives simply for the convenience
of the queen." (See page 54.) Ac-
cording to nij' experience the conven-
ience of the queen is the convenience
of the bee-keeper, for the more our
queens lay, the more bees are in the
hive for the harvest.

The crop of Mr. Taylor would have
been increased, had most of his colo-
nies been as populous as the one which

gave him this large harvest. Then it
is profitable to provide our queens with
the means of laying abundantly, and
to feel happy. But nothing is better
than a large brood-chamber to attain
such a result.
Hamilton, Ills.

[Knowing that our readers were not
familiar with the " ekes " and "nadirs"
used in Europe, and mentioned by Mr.
Dadant on page 119, we copied from
the British Bee Journal an explanation
of these terms simply for general in-
formation. Perhaps that was unneces-
sary, as our friend Dadant intimatjs —
thinking that he made the matter suffi-
ciently plain. We certainly had no
intention of interfering with, or taking
any part in the discussion on hand.

Quoting from the American Bee
Journal for 1866, pages 72 and 85.
Mr. Dadant says that those articles
were written by " our lamented Sam-
uel Wagner." By referring to page 9
of that same volume, it will be seen
that Mr. Wagner credited those very
articles to " an experienced and intelli-
gent German " — he would not thus
refer to himself.

As to the engravings in Mr. Dadant's
article — the fir.^t shows the French
hive of Palteau, which had fixed bars
or slats, the surplus honey to be cut
out of any section desired by the bee-
keeper.

The second engra^-ing represents a
Soria hive which shows a principle
which was used in a hive with
round sections without movable frames,
figured and described in Hartlib's
"Reformed Commonwealth of Bees,"
published in London in 1655, and
mentioned by us at the Indianapolis
Convention in 1886. (See the report
on page 663.)

Certainly neither of these, nor the
"ekes" and "nadirs" described by
the item we copied from the British
Bee Journal, are the same as a com-
plete interchangeable brood-chamber,
liaving the movable frames. Neither
are those described by the "German"
author on page 85 of the American
Bee Journal for 1866 — for such
"ekes" required to be cut off' " bj'
means of a thin wire." Sucli " sections
or ekes" were " without bottoms," and
had "an opening six inches square in
the top " — differing materially from

'THE? m^mmmi^mn mmm j^^mnmi^.

297

complete sectional brood-nests provided
witli frames, which are all movable and
interchangeable at will !

But all this is a friendly chat on the
definition of terms, having no reference
to the discussion on the desirability q/
tisiny large or small hives, or sectional
brood-chambers. In that discussion
we shall take no part. The average
honey crop of our friends Dadant
being over 20,000 pounds, they arc
abundantly qualified to argue upon
the best size of hives for use, and are
able to give an opinion of value to
producers of honey. — Ed.]

HONEY-BOARDS.

Hotv lliey

Should be
U§ed.

RIade and

Written for the American BceJowmal

BY J. M. SHUCK.

This honey-board consists of nine
slats of clear, straight-grained white
pine \ of an inch thick. The two out-
side slats are about IJ inches wide,
and the seven inside ones ai'e about
IJ inches wide ; they are as long as
the hive that they are to cover, and
the nine slats are intended to cover a
brood-chamber 1 foot wide, and two
side walls | inches each in thickness.

These slats are Iield together by two
pieces of heavy galvanized iron, one
edge of which is folded at right angles
^ of an inch, to cover the ends of the
slats.

These honey-boards are nailed to-
gather in a cast-iron frame, bed-plate
and clamp combined, so that the board
may be true and propei'ly spaced when
done.

HoiT to Nail Houev-Boards.

Lay the nine slats into the nailing
frame ; then laj' on top of the shits the
two end-pieces of g.alvanized iron, with
the folded edge down and covering
the ends of the slats ; now put in the
" spacers " — these are steel checks
about an inch long, about | of an inch
wide, and 5-32 of an inch tliick ; they
are hold loosely upon a polislied steel
rod, so as to be handj', and not get
lost ; two of these rods are used, one
near each end of the honey-board.
After seeing that the spacers are in
place, bring up the "following-bar" at
the end of the board, and also the one
at the side of it snug and close, and
you are ready to nail.

Make holes in tlie galvanized iron
with a prick-punch, and nail with i-
inch wrought tacks, or clout nails.
Nail carefully, or the slats may split ;

when the point of the nail has touched
the cast-iron bed-plate, tap liglitly
three or four times, and the nail will
turn back into the wood, when it may
then be driven " home " without split-
ting. Drive two nails in each end of
each slat, and a nice, light, stiff queen-
excluding board, only ^ of an inch
tliick, is the result. No perforated
metal is needed, as the wooden one
will be found to render better satisfac-
tion in every way.

This honey-board is not on the
"sink break-joint" principle. I get
the bee-spaces all in the hives and
supers themselves, so that when a hive
or super is placed on anj' plain board,
the liee-space prevents the wholesale
slaughter of bees. This board. placed
upon an 8-frame hive, with the frames
accurately spaced IJ inches from cen-
ter to center, would "break joint;"
but when frames are not accurately
spaced, the "break-joint" theory will
in a majority of cases bo at fault.

I take some pride in viy honey-
board, and can show some rich, dark
specimens ten years old ; yet, if any
one wishes to improve upon it, either
with or without my permission, he is
welcome to do so.

Des Moines, Iowa.

SWARMING.

Do Bees Select a Home Before
SwarininsT i — Rearing Queens.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY .J. E. POND.

I certainly do not wish to say an}--
thing that will tend to cause an un-
profitable discussion, but the above
question is one of some interest and
importance to beginners at least, and
any light given them may be of value.
Whether bees ever select a home be-
fore swarming, is one that probably
no one can answer, as tlieir vagaries
are such, that the facetious remark of
the late Mrs. Tuttle, viz., "Bees do
nothing invariably," may be taken as
an axiom.

In my own experience I do not find
that bees do select a new home before
swarming. If they did, there would
be no protection wh.atever, in my
judgment, against leaving the new
hive after being placed therein. My
own belief, l)ased on my own experi-
ence, is that as soon as the swarm set-
tles, pioneers start out to find a new
home ; if they succeed in so doing
they return and take the swarm with
them. For this rea.son, I believe, that
all swarms should be hived as soon as
they have setth'd, and when this is
done, I have no more trouble with
their leaving the new hive.

It is true that no one can determine
accurately, when a newly-hived swarm
leaves the hive, whether tliey selected
the new home liefore or after they
swarmed ; but I think that if the rule
is followed, of hiving all swarms as
soon as they fairly settle, but little
trouble will follow.

My advice to beginners, who de-
pend upon natural swarming is, to
watch the apiary closely during the
swarming season. Keep constantly
prepared for issuing swarms, and hive
them as soon as they have fairly set-
tled. By so doing I believe they will
find less trouble than in any other way.

Rearing Good Queens.

Much that is written in regard to
good queens is misleading to the be-
ginner. One bee-keeper writes that
" good queens are only reared while
the colony is under the swarming im-
pulse ;" another, "that it makes no
difference whatever, whether they are
reared under such an impulse or not."
I am on record as urging the rearing
of better queens, rather than poorer
ones, and I fully lielieve that any
method that will bring about this result
is to the advantage of all.

There is no question that good
queens can Ije reared in both ways.
The evidence is full and complete that
this is true. Every breeder of queens
knows this, and has proved it time and
time again ; and for this reason I be-
lieve that we must depend upon the
honesty and integrity of the breeder
from whom we purchase our queens,
rather than upon the matter whether
he rears his queens under the swarm-
ing impulse or otherwise. All we need
to do is to follow nature's law, in a
natural way.

It is natural for a qucenle.ss colony
to rear a new queen, and equally nat-
ural for it do so, as to rear a queen
when the swarming fever seizes the
colony. This being the case, who is to
say in the face of the existing state of
things, that one queen will prove bet-
ter than another, simply Ijecause nat-
ural laws are followed in one direction
rather tluxn in another ?

My own view of the matter, based
on my own experience, is this : If the
queen is removed from a full colony,
when honey is coming in freely, or if
such is not the case, tlie colony is reg-
ularlj' fed in small quantities, equally
as good queens are produced, as when
the swarming impulse causes the
queen production ; and I have further
found, that by the misname<l " artifi-
cial method " of rearing queens, there
is far less risk of producing from 10 to
13 day queens, than under the swarm-
ing fever ; and tliis for tlie reason that
we can know positively and absolutely
whether our queens are reared from

298

Tmm MBdERieKEf mmm j^'umwrni^.

^■^*-^*ifcA^i

the egg,or from larvce from 3 to 4 days
old.

After all, however, the matter comes
to this point : If the bee-keeper de-
pends upon the queen-breeders for his
supply of new queens, he must select
those upon whose honestj' and in-
tegrity he can depend.

North Attleboro, Mass.

STARK COUNTY, O.

The Bee-Kccpers meet in Regii.
lar Convention.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY JtARK THOMSON.

According to adjournment this So-
ciety met at Canton, O., on April 11,
President Oswalt in the chair.

After approving the minutes of the
last session, receiving J. R. Roebuck
into membership, and deciding that
the niembersliip fee received at anj-
other time than at the annual meeting
in April, should applj- only until the
next April meeting, Messrs. J. A.
Taber, A. Zimmerman, and W. S.
Kline were appointed to draft resolu-
tions relative to Mr. John M. Mowe, a
member who had died since the last
meeting.

Reports from the Apiaries.

W. S. Kline put 25 colonies into
winter quarters, and lost 2, which were
queenless in the fall. His bees in
chaff hives on the summer stands came
through in the best condition. One
colony placed in the cellar early in
the fall, seemed to winter the best of
any.

J. A. Taber had 35 colonies and one
nucleus in the fall. The nucleus had
no chaff cushion on top, and it died,
but the remainder are in excellent
condition. His bees were wintered on
the summer stands.

H. O. Best had 13, and lost none.
They were wintered in the cellar.

M. Chamberlain had 19 colonies in
the fall, and lost one. They are in
good condition.

Mark Tliomson put 13 colonies into
the cellar in the fall, and all but one
came through in good condition. That
one was queenless.

A. Zimmerman said that from his
four years of experience he favored
cellar-wintering, and that he had never
lost one thus wintered. He did not
think that bees wintered outside were
any more lieallhy than those wintered
in the cellars.

W. M. Sweany had 40 colonies, and
succeeded in carrying 35 through tlie
winter. He put 6 into the cellar, 4 of
which starved, and the other one came
out very weak. Those on the summer
stands were in chaff hives. He said

that it was possible to put too much
packing on the top of bees, and in
l)roof of this he had fixed one up
specially well, as he thought, but it
died with the diarrhea.

Mr. Trook had 8 colonies ; he left
them on the summer stands, and 2
weak ones died.

A. McKinney left 13 of his colonies
on the summer stands, and put one
into the cellar. The one in the cellar
died.

Mrs. Pellon spoke of a colony in a
box-hive, belonging to a neighbor,
protected by a shed, which was quite
lively, and in good condition. Her
bees had wintered well, so far as she
knew.

Mr. Chamberlain said that he be-
lieved in center ventilation, by means
of a hole in the bottom of the bee-hive,
covered with wire-cloth.

Mr. Roebuck lost several by neglect-
ing to feed them enough in the fall ;
he did not feed them until October.
He had 69 colonies (50 in the cellar,
and 19 on the summer stands) ; 7 of
those in the cellar were dead by March
15, when he took the balance out, and
within a week 9 more died. Those in
the cellar were nearly all weak.

Mr. Roebuck asked Mr. Zimmerman
how his hives were arranged in the
cellar. Mr. Zimmerman said they had
a thickness of burlap over the frames,
and a board on top of that, with the
entrances wide open.

Mr. M. R. Welker packed 14 colo-
nies on the summer stands, in single-
walled hives, with chaff cushions on
top, with a wind-break of straw. He
lost only one nucleus. The others are
in good condition, with some drones
flying.

Mr. Kline said that the presence of
drones indicated a drone-laying queen.

Mr. Oswalt's bees were wintered on
the summer stands in Falcon chaff
hives ; the inner side of the outer-wall
and the inner side of the bottom being
lined with paper. He lost 3 colonies
before winter began. He thought that
was caused by the lack of late breed-
ing. He had fed some r)'e flour, and
put candy over the frames.

The afternoon session w^as opened
at 1:20 p.m. The members paid their
dues, and the following were elected
officers for the ensuing year : Jacob
Oswalt, President : Henry Beatty, Vice-
President ; and ISIark Thomson, Sec-
retary.

Various Bee-Questions and Answers.

Questions -were answered as follows :
"Would you use 10 frames or less
for comb honey ?" Mr. Beatty said
that he used 12 frames. Mr. ' Kline
thought that 8 frames were enough.
Mr. Taber said that he used 11 frames,
and had produced as high as 125
pounds to a single colony.

"Do young bees which had no
flight in the fall, wanter as well as
older ones ?" Mi'. Beatty said that it
made no difference.

"Do bees eat rye flour, or make
pollen of it ?" Mr. Sweany said that
he fed common wheat flour, and that
the bees used a great deal of it.

"Is it considered favorable for
drones to be found in the hives as
early as April 1 ?" Mr. Chamberlain
said that it depended upon whether
there was drone-comb in the brood-
nest or not. Mr. Kline said that he
thought it was of no advantage, unless
you wished to rear queens early. Mr.
Beatty said that he had had drones
flying on March 20, from strong colo-
nies. Mr. Waits said that if a colony
is strong and in good condition, drones
might be seen early.

" What time would you commence
to rear queens ?" Mr. Beatty said, as
soon as the colonies are strong enough
to divide.

" What would jou put on after the
chaff' cushions are taken oft' ?" Mr.
Chamberlain uses oil-cloth. Mr. Beatty
uses duck. Mr. Kline thought that a
board was as good as anything. Mr.
Taber preferred a honey-board the
size of the top of the hive, with two
auger-holes with glass over them.

"What is best to be done with a
queenless colony having laying work-
ers ?" Mr. Waits advised giving them
a queen. Mr. Beatty would give them
brood and let them rear a queen. Mr.
Sweany would unite them with another
colony.

The convention then adjourned until
Aug. 21, 1888.

Makk Thomson, Sec.

FOUNDATION.

Experience in malting Founda-
tion ^vitli molds.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY RANDOLPH GRADEN.

On page 23, Mr. G. M. Doolittle
saj's : "Can it be that few, if any of
our apiarists are using molds for mak-
ing foundation ? And if such is the
case, why are they not using them ?"
Perhaps they were not more successful
than I was in making molds.

When I first heard of molds I pro-
cured a perfect sheet of foundation,
and soon had very good molds made.
But in making found.ation, I did not
follow the directions which Mr. Doo-
little has given, as that would seem
almost impossible to me. The way
that I made foundation on the molds,
was almost the reverse of the way that
Mr. D. describes.

I put the molds into warm water
some time before using, and when they

TT^H® HMEMi^MK mmm j@^mkhiu.

299

became quite warm, I jjlaced them
over a tub of cold water to catch the
wax tlnit wouhl run over the sides of
the molds. Then I ojiencd the molds
and poured on the melteil wax. and
closed them. But in cold weather the
molds would soon get quite cold, and
the hot nvax would harden as soon as
it touched them ; and as soon as the
molds were closed, it could be again
opened ; but on account of the wax
cooling too quickly in the molds, it
woidd be all cracked, and the sheet
would have to be again heated.

Perhaps my molds were too thick,
as the sides are J of an inch. Or i)er-
haps the wax is not as it should be ;
but I used it as it comes from the wax-
extract(n- into warm water to settle
and cool.

I can make foundation on the molds
quite as nice as that made on the mills,
but it is slow work, and the molds
must be neitlier too warm nor too cold.
If I were to insert the molds into ice-
water, the sheets of 'foundation would
be so badlj' cracked that they could
not be lifted from the molds without
being torn into pieces.

Mr. Doolittle does not say that any-
thing except wat»r is used to pi-event
the wax from adhering to the molds.
He must use wax at a boiling heat, or
it would harden as soon as it comes in
contact with the ice-cold molds, and
the mold would be used more as a
press than a mold. Cannot some who
have been equally as successful as Mr.
D., give us tlieir way of making foun-
dation on molds ?

Taylor Centre, Mich.

LARG-E HIVES.

The Large Hives vs. the Small
Hive§.

Written for the American BceJom-nal

BY W. J. DAVIS.

I have just re-read mj' article on
page 170, also Mr. Dadant's article on
page 247, and I confess that I cannot
see anything in the former that could
in any way remind any one of the ob-
jections ma<le 25 years ago, to the
movable-comb hive. That such ob-
jections were made, I do not doubt,
but the connection between those ob-
jections, and my own experience with
<liflerent sized hives, I fail to see.

I have had an experience of 40 years,
and with several apiaries a part of
that time, running from 200 to 350
colonies, with almost 28 years with
movable-comb hives, and using divi-
sion-boards ever since adopting the
movable-comb system. If experience
is of any value, I at least ought to

know how it works in this immediate
locality.

While I have no desire to promote
any controversy on the question as to
the proper size of a bee-hive, pre-
ferring that the bee-keeper should use
just the kind and size of hive he
chooses, I trust that Mr. Dadant will
allow me a good laugh, for pronounc-
ing me "guilty of a neglect" in not
providing division-boards for winter,
and then proceeding to prove how bees
had wintered, 1 colony for 7 years, and
another for 27 years, in a very large
hive, when contraction was not thought
of. Let us see. How large was that
hive ? As large as 10 Langstroth hives
— or 2} sugar barrels, or, sa}' 10 bush-
els. Now that was a whopper (the
hive, I mean).

I wish to say further, that I have no
ax to grind on the hive question ; I
make my own hives, and spoke of the
smaller hive as I prefer them in my
home apiary. In my house apiaries,
away from home, I use 12 of the
shorter frames per hive in one, and 8
standard Langstroth frames in an-
other apiary.

The year 188G was emphatically a
swarming year in this part of the
countrj', and I ran out of hives. In
one of my out apiaries, I instructed
the man in charge to procure boxes of
any kind to secure the swarms, and I
found, among the rest, two that were
ouly 10] inches square, by 8i inches
deep, or about 892 cubic inches. They
appeared heavy for the size of the
boxes. They were brought home in
the fall, and at the usual time were
placed in winter (juarters with others,
and winteretl perfectlJ^ The bees in
them were transferred in the spring,
and were prosperous colonies. Other
swarms were hived in large boxes, had
double the comb, and more bees, but
not half as much honey. My oliserva-
tions retluced to words, would be about
thus :

Two swarms of equal strength, hived
on the same day, with a honey harvest
of 30 pounds each to gather above
their daily rations — one is hived in a
box of 1,000 cubic inches, and the
other in one of 2,000 cubic inches —
each will fill its hive with comb, and
at the close of the harvest the smaller
will have 20 i)ounds of hone}', and the
larger but 10 pounds.
BackiTard Sprins; In Pennsylvania.

The spring here is cold and back-
ward. The grass in spots begins to
show the green. Not a drop of honey
or pollen has been taken in yet (April
19). I use both the standard Lang-
stroth and the shorter frame in my
home apiary, liutmj' strongest colonies
are in short-frame hives.

Youngsville, Pa.

SWARMING OUT.

The C'aiiKe and Prevention or
Bees Swarming Out.

Wrilten fm the American Bee Journal
BY JOHN S. EEESE.

The time for swarming has arrived
here (March 12), and the past few
days has att'orded ample opportunity
for verifying my belief that I knew the
true cause of the abominable freak of
" swarming out," and, to give a lucid
idea, I will state the facts just as they
occured.

About 2 p.m. on Feb. 21, the sun
had so warmed up the hives that my
20 colonies of bees all seemed to be
enjoying a general flight ; when I ob-
served 1 colony (a rather weak one)
sending out more bees than any of the
others, and some excitement at the en-
trance, and on stepping quickly to it I
saw the queen running about on the
alighting-board in an excited manner.
In a few moments she re-entered the
hive, and just then I took off the cover
and packing, and found the four
combs almost deserted of bees, but
every thing was sweet, clean and
warm, and there was plenty of honey.
There was a small patch of brood
from the ogg state to that just being
sealed over, and no evidence whatever
that any bees had hatched so far this
year. By this time the Hying bees
came tumbling back to their home and
queen.

Now just at this time another weak
colony, near by, started to go through
the same performance, and I got to-
their entrance just in time to catch the
queen in the act of taking wing, and
an examination of this hive revealed
exactly the same state of afl'airs as the
first — a small quantity of young brood,
but no young bees to remain witti the
queen, while the old bees were out for
their tirst general flight.

The remaining 18 colonies are
strong enough to have young bees-
hatching, and will not " swarm out."
We of course know that bees will
desert their hives for want of stores and
other causes, but what is known as
"swarming out" is most likely to oc-
cur with weak colonies only, and may
be jn-evented by the use of queen-ex-
cluding entrance guards, but they
should be arranged in such a manner
so that the bees cannot clog the en-
trance in their efforts at " spring
cleaning."

Winchester, Ky.

A modern Bee-Farm, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bee&
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For Sale at this office. Price, $1.

300

THE MMERICSP* Wmm ja^RIfMIr.

•^■— ■^■~-»— *^-^^*-~^*-— ■ '■^^^^^ '■^ ^ ^ ^^ A ^ A ^ »^ > ^«^»^*^*«

COaiTElVTIOSf DIRECTORY.

1888. Time arid Place of Meeting.

May 5.— Susquehanna County, at New Milford, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.
May 7.— Welland County, at Welland, Ont.

J. K. Dunn, Sec, Ridgeway, Ont.

Mays.

-Keystone, at 8cranton, Pa.

Arthur A. Davis, Sec, Clark's Green, Pa.

May 8.— Cortland Union, at Cortland. N. Y.

W. H. Beach, Sec, Cortland, N. Y.

May 19. — Nashua, at Nashua. Iowa.

H. L. Kouae, Sec. Ionia. Iowa.
May 22.— N. W. Ills. & S. W. Wis., at Rookton, Ills.

D. A. Fuller, Sec, Cherry Valley, Ills.
May 31.— Wia. Lake Shore Center, at Kiel, Wis.

Ferd. Zastrow. Sec, Millhome, Wis.

Aug. 3. — Ionia County, at Ionia, Mich.

H. Smith, Sec, Ionia, Mich.

Aug. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark, Sec, Denver, Colo.

Aug. 27.— Stark County, at Canton, O.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

5^" In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- Bd.

«««ga!»»»»M«»«»«l«Ht»l«««!»gTTYT

good, normal condition), well covered with
bees, and containing honey, larvse and eggs
young enough to produce queens, or under
four days old. Place these in a hive, parti-
tioning it off with a division-board to a suit-
able size. Place this new colony on the old
stand, tirst removing the original colony to
a new location. The bees in the new hive,
finding that they have no queen, will form
embryos, and rear new queens.

Then two or three days before the young
queens emerge, place the embryos in the
queenless hives, and those needing new
queens. Care must be taken to have the
hive warm and tight, and the bees well pro-
vided with honey.

When all the colonies are supplied with
queens, leave an embryo in the " queen-
nursery," and you will thus have the queen-
less colonies remedied, and a new colony
besides.

Pollen from Skiink-Cabba^e.—

G. M. Doolittle, Borodino, N. T., on April
19, 18S8, writes :

The first pollen was gathered to-day from
skunk cabbage, which is our earliest pollen-
pioduoer. The mercury is at 48°, so that
very few bees are flying, and when the sun
goes under the clouds, these pollen-laden
bees fall to the ground and stay until the
suu again comes out and warms them up.
One day the last of March, the mercury
went up to 58°, which gave the bees a fine
flight ; otherwise it has not been to 50° this
year.

Bees Wintered Poorly.— C. W.

Baker, Martinsville, Mo., on April 13, 1888,
writes :

1 began the winter with 12 colonies of
bees, unprotected on the summer stands,
except that I banked the snow around them
when there was enough to do so. Three
colonies are all that I lost, and two of them
werelate swarms. But almost all of the
bees in this country are dead, or at least 75
per cent, of them.

Many Colonies Iiaxe Starved —

Thos. C. Stanley, Boyleston, Ills., on April
21, 1888, writes :

Last year 15 cases (about 300 pounds) was
our crop of honey from 2.i0 colonies, Sf)ring
count. Perhaps there was a barrel or two
of extracted honey, liad we taken it out, but
we never count it. Many bees are starved
out through the country — 1 should say .50
percent. I always keep a supply of honey
on hand for such seasons, and consequently
suffer no loss from that cause. But there is
a cause from which we have lost heavily
for three years.

swarmed, and it was a very large colony in
time. They were there for five or six years.
He would go up and sweep the room out
once a week. They built the comb all over
the hive, and the frames to the floor, and
loaded them so heavily that one day it fell
to the floor in a heap, losing the bees and
all. My brother built a room of the same
kind two years afterward, and had the same
misfortune, and lost his bees in ^lie same
way.

Where 1 now live the water in 1884 was 10
feet deep in my yard and garden, so it is
not a very good place to keep bees in my
cellar. I have had one colony in the garret
for two summers, in a sectional frame hive ;
but it is too much labor to go up two long
stairs to see them, so I shall move them
down to my bee-house that I have been
building for them. The room is 7)4 feet
wide, 20 feet long, and TJ^ feet high. I do
not see why they should not do well in it,
as I can pack them well for winter.

:^ot Overstocked -wltk Bees.— J.
T. Caldwell, Cambridge, Ills., on April 19,

1888, says :

Bees have wintered in poor condition in
this part of the country, and we will not be
overstocked with bees this year. • The pros-
pect for a good honey season is not promis-
ing, to say the least. White clover was
nearly all killed by the drouth last season,
and unless we get much rain our crop will
be a failure. Last season I obtained only
40 pounds from 200 good colonies.

Storing' Pollen — Alsike Clover.

—J. H. Stanford, Cherokee, Iowa, on April

12, 1888, writes :

I am happy to report that my bees have
survived the terrible blizzards of the past
winter, and are now gathering pollen from
maples and willows. My new bee-cellar,
built according to Dr. Miller's instructions,
has proved to be a success so far. The tem-
perature of the cellar has not varied more
than 4° this winter, and at no time above
38°. I planted six acres of Alsike clover
last spring, but very little of it lias come up,
as it was very dry here last summer. Can
any one tell about Alsike clover seed grow-
ing the second year ? I know that white
clover seed will lie in the ground for two or
three years, and then grow. I increased my
bees from 12 to 39 colonies in 1887, extracted
775 pounds of honey, and took off 50 pounds
of comb honey. I sold the extracted honey
for 13J,< cents per pound, and the comb
honey for 20 cents a pound.

Ionia Co., Micli., Convention. —

Harmon Smith, of Ionia, Mich., the Secre-
tary of the Association, sends the following
report :

The adjourned meeting of the Ionia
County Bee-Keepers' Association was held
in the office of Oscar Talcott, at Ionia,
Mich., on April 18, 1888. It was called to
order by Chairman J. H. Robertson, with
Harmon Smith acting Secretary. Seventeen
members reported 929 colonies put into win-
ter quarters last fall, and a loss of only 43
of that number in wintering.

After deliberation and interchange of
views on various matters, Mr. Robertson
introduced a printed constitution, practically
agreed upon at the March meeting, which
was adopted. Copies of it may be had of
the Secretary, upon paying a membership
fee of 25 cents.

The following officers were elected :
President, J. H. Robertson ; Vice-Presi-
dents, A. H. Gurnsey and Wm. H.Penny;
Secretary, Harmon Smith ; and Treasurer,
Oscar Talcott.

After a profitable and pleasant exchange
of views amnong the members, the conven-
tion adjourned to meet at Ionia, on Aug. 3,
1888, with a request to all the bee-keepers of
the county and vicinity to meet with them,
and bring in full reports of the summer's
products, and become members of the
Association.

Sletiiod of Rearing' 0"*^«'t'*'~D.

P. Barrows, Nordhoff, Calif., on April 17,
1888, writes :

On page 252, Mr. G. Grouse asks how to
Tear queens. I would suggest this method,
which I have used, and have seen used, with
satisfaction :

Take two or three combs from an Italian
colony, or as nearly pure as possible (pro-
viding the colony is strong, and the bees in

Keeping Bees in Houses.- J. H.,

of Ohio, on March 6, 1888, writes thus about
houses for bees :

In an article by Mrs. L. Harrison, on
page 57, she says that all attempts at keep-
ing bees in houses have been failures, with
one exception, which is pronounced a suc-
cess, and that is ' patented.' I do not know
what kind of a house she can mean.

When I was young and at home, my
father used to keep from 4 to 6 colonies in a
shed (open in front only), in the old-fash-
ioned liox-hives, 14x14 inches, and 2 feet
high. He kept them thus for many years,
until high water once destroyed them all.
After that he built a room in the gan'et
about!) feet square, putting the hives on a
frame IS inches from the floor, and taking a
brick out of the wall for an entrance to the
hive.

The hive was a three-section hive, each
section 14 inches square by 10 inches deep.
He would take oft' one or two top sections
each year, and fill one or two milk pans
with nice, white honey. They never

Xliat Ontario Convention. — Dr.

A. B. Mason, Auburndale, O., writes thus :

" O wad some power the gif tie gie us
To see oursels as ithers see us,
It wart Irae mony a blunder free us.
And foolish notion."

When I saw the above quotation in one
of Mr. W. F. Clarke's articles in the Ameri-
can Bee Jottf.xal last summer, while
criticising Dr. Miller's position in regard to
the desirability and practicability of bee-
keepers getting the control of a limited
area as pasturage for bees, I thought, " O
how I do wish some power would take
some of the egotism out of some writers,
and lead them to make Burn's words their
most earnest prayer, and that it might be
heard and answered." Evidently it is
" possible for a man to misunderstand him-
self," or tlie above lines would not have
been penned by Burns. From his writings,
I have no doubt that Mr. Clarke speaks the
truth when he says, " I can afford to be
pooh-poohed, and 1 rather enjoy the fun of
tormenting prejudiced unbelievers." In
reading the report of the Ontario Conven-
tion (see page 72),I thought it was unusually
good, and since reading Mr. Clarke's criti-
cism, on page 104, I have re-read it, and now
it seems better than it did at the first read-
ing. If the report is a "lopsided affair," I
hope some one will give us an equally good

xhe; smiKKicMi^. mmm j©^KifMir.

301

'—■*■-■*—■' -^^ ^ ^~^^^ ^^>^

report of next year's meeting, and put in as
many more " of tlie most interesting discus-
sions " as possible. As an interested, but
unbiased " spectater," 1 cannot see tlie
trullifulnessof tlie assertion made in tlie
fifth, sixtli and seveiitli lines of the article
on page 104. The reporter did say some-
tliing about maiiins a cellar somewhat like
that of J. Aipau>;h's, and I believe 1 am
gladhedid. Mr. Reporter, please give us
some more "lop-sided" reports. VVIiat is
there bad about that "father-iu-law '?" He
is respected and lionored by the Ontario
bee keepers, and was elected President of
their association, and was so unfortunate as
to be chosen as one of their commissioners
to tlie Colonial, and also chairman of the
commission ; but he has been annoyed and
badgered until life is almost a burden.
What did he do at the Ontario Convention
that should merit such an insinuatiou ? He
presided over the convention and delivered
the "annual address," which is pulilished
in the report, and Messrs. Maeolm and Hall
also have essays in the report.

I gather from the few words reported, that
Mr. Clarke was opposed to the use of tlie
honey extractor at all, and if that is a cor-
rect inference, it is nothing new, for he has
done the same thing before, but it did not
get into the " report" to suit him.

Mr. Clarke says, " My own preference for
comb honey is shared by me with some of
our best and largest producers of honey,
and this question is one that must couie to
the front." My truthfulness and "modesty"
prevent my saying that I am one of the
"best and largest producers of honey," and
that probably accounts for my not " shar-
ing " in that " preference."

Cold and IlacliMard Spring. —

W. A. Hodge, Victory, Wis., on April 23,
1S88, says :

I wintered 24 colonies of bees, mostly
Italians, in the cellar, with a loss of only 2
colonies. They came out heavy, and seem
to be all right. In 1887 I had 1,143 pounds
of honey in IJj-pound sections, from 1.5 col-
onies. The spring is very cold and back-
ward here, and the Mississippi river is very
high— the highest, I believe, ever known in
April.

COI^VEI^'XIOW NOTICES.

tW The next meeting ot the N. W. Ills, and 8. W.
Wl8. Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in Rock-
ton, Ills., May 122, ie»«. D. A. Fuller, Sec.

B^" The spring meeting of the Wisconsin Lake
Shore Center Bee-Keepers' Association will be held
on May 31, 1888, in Mueller's Hall, at Kiel, Wi.s.

Ferd. Zastuow, Sec.

t3^ The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Association
will hold its spring meeting on May 8, I S'.ihi. at Cort-
land, N. Y., at 10 a.m. All bee-keepers are invited.
W. H. Bkach, Sec.

tW The Keystone Bee-Keepers' Association will
hold its sixth annual meeting in the Court House at
Scranton, Pa., on Tuesday, May 8, 18mh, at 10 a.m.
All bee-keepers are invited. A. A. Davis, Sec.

f^* The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet at the Court House in Bldora. Iowa,
on the second Saturday in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. Buchanan, Sec.

ty The next meeting of the Susquehanna County
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held at New Mil-
foril, Pa., on May 5. 1888. The following subjects are
tci be considered : Bee-keeping for plenHurc and pro-
fit—Spring work with bees— Is it advisable to use
foundation ? If so, to what extent ?— How can we
make our Association of the most practical value to
its members. All are cordially invited to come.

H. M. Seeley, Sec.

w/s

^ijOTBiK

AI>FKEI> II. I^EVOIAI^,

BUSINESS MANAQEB.

A I»ocWef l>ictionar>' will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with .§'3.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spelling of words, and to
determine their meaning.

gusiucss Jtotices.

It Yon Eive near one post-oflBce and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

Give a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

If yon Eose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Please to get yonr M'eiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the Asierican
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Presei-ve Yoni- Papers for future

reference. If you liave no BII\I>Eie we

will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journal,

Please >vritc American Bee Journal
on the envelope wlieu writuig to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Xhe Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report ot the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Al'ways Mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

Honey and Beestvax Market.

DETROIT.

HONBY.— Best white In one-pound sections, I5c.,
Extracted, 9@loe. Large supply and few sales.

BBB8WAX.-a3®'24c.
Apr. 24. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white in 1-lb. sec-
tions, 13@15c.: the same in 'i-lbs., lOffTiiic.; buck-
wheat 1-lbs., 10c. ; 2-lbs.,9c. Market dull.
BBBSWAX.-24C.

MCCAUL & HILDRETH BROS.,
Apr. '7. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— Prices range from 16®18c. for best one-
lb. sections, to I4@i5c. for off color and condition;
2-lbB., I4@i.'",c. Dark Is Blow of sale at almost any
price. Extracted, 7@9c., with good supply. Iiight
demand.

BBE8WAX,-22®23C. R. A. BURNETT,

Mar. 22. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.- We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
14@15c.; fancy 2.1b3., 12c. Lower grades l(a,2c. per
lb. less. Buckwheat l-lbs., 10®10!^c.; 2-lbs., 9®954c.
Extracted, white, 7(3i'7}4c.; dark, 5^^@6C.
Mar. 19. F.G. STROHMEYER .SCO., 122 Water Bt.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white clover l-lbs.,
16@i7c.: 2-lbs., I5®16c. Dark is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7@10c.

BEBSWAX.-23C.

Mar. 13. 8. T. FISH & CO.. 189 S. Water St,

CINCINNATI

HONBY.— We quote extracted af4@9c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, I4@17c. —
Demand slow.

BKK8WAJC.— Demand is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Apr. 23. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 16®I7c.:
2-lb9.. ]5@]6c.; 3-lb8.. 14c. Extracted, white in kega
and ^-barrels, 8 to 8^6.; in tin and pails, 9^i;®10c.i
dark in barrels and kegs, 5@7c. Market fair.

BEB8WAX.-22®25C.
Apr. 23. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Best white Mb. sections, 17®19c.; 2-lb.
sections. 15@17c. Extracted, 7®10c.

BBBSWAX.-20®23C.
Mar. 1. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.- We quote : Choice white 2-lb. sections,
17®iac.; dark 2-lbB, 14@15c.: choice white l-Ibs.. 18 to
20ct8.. dark 1-Ibs., I5®i6c. White extracted, 7®8o.i
dark. .'>@6c. Demand Is slow. White extracted i&
Arm when in eo-lb. tin cans.

BEB8WAX.-2I to 22c..
Mar. 29. H AMBLIN & BBAR8S, 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote: 1-lb. sections, ie@17c.; 2-
Ib. sections, I4®16c. Extracted. 8®9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BBB8WAX.— 25 cts. per lb.
Mar. 24. Blaks * Riplkt. 57 CbBttaam Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote: White to extra, 10®i7c.l
amber. 9®i4c. Extracted, white liquid, 7@7J^c.:
amber and candied, 6@7c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.- 18®21c.

Mar. 20. 8CHACHT & LEMCKE, 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.- Wequote: White l-lbs., glassed, 16®17c:
unglassed, 17®18c.; and dark 1-lba., glassed, 15c.: un-
glassed, 16c.; white 2-lb9.. glassed. I6c., : unglassed 2-
lbs., I7c. California white 2.1b8.. 17c. California ex-
tracted In 60-lb. cans. 8c. Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BEESWAX.- No. 1, 20c.; No. 2, ISC.
Mar.l9. CLBM0N8, CLOON & CO., cor 4th iWalnnt.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling AUike
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
per bushel; S'3.25 per peck ; '25 cents per lb.
Wliite Clmer Seed : SIO.OO per bushel; $2.75-
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: S6.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

ITncca lli'^islies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

302

TMM MMERICSTf MMM JOWRMSIt.

- ^ -^ " ^ ^ ■«

>*^*^*^*^*i^^-^*^"~^*-~--^-^^^-^»-^-^-

giduettisemiettts.

BEES ^'OPl S-A.IjE,

DANIEL WHITMER,

17D2t P. O. Box 485, SOUTH BEND. IND.
Mention thi American Bee Journal,

35 COLONIES of BEES

In Kood condition. For particulars, address,
P. O. BOX 40,

17A2t BELLEV0E, NEBR.

Mention the Atnerican Bee Journal.

APIARY

OF i30cox.oisriE:s

— mostly Italian— BEES to
let on shares, or will sell.
Address, G. C. SODEN,

18Alt CANANDAIGUA, Out. Co., N. T.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

200 FOUNDS of BEES

AT $1.00 per Lb. Italian Queens. $1.00
each. Circular free. S. C. PERKV,
18A9t PORTLAND, Ionia Co., MICH.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

iTu^Xji-A^isr be:e;s.

I 'WILL sell .'i-f rame Nuclei, with full-sized
frames and Tested Queens, at $3.00 each.
Full Colonics at $5.00 each. Address,

Rev. J. E. Kearns, RockvUle, Ind.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

ITALIANS on LanRStroth frames— 2-frame
Nucleus (no Queen). $1.25 ; 3-frame, $1.75.
Bees per lb. 65c. Tested Queen, $2; Untested,
$1.00. Also DeAV-Berry Plants which I will
sell for 60c. per doz. Every plant warranted
to live, or I will replace them.
15A4t H, r.. Panerborn, Maqaoketa, Iowa.
Mention the American Bee Jnumal.

D'CU'-KEKPEKS' Supplies. Queens. Nuclei,

JjJCj Cj HiKh-Grarte Poultry. Small Fruit Plants,
etc. Send for Catalosue. A. 'WOKTMAN,

UCat SBAFIBLD, White i;o., INDIANA.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY,

PAMPHLET full of new and Improved
methods ; Price. 5 one-cent stamps. You
need also my list of Italian ijneens. Bees by
the lb., and Supplies Oliver Foster.
13Atf Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

SURE to send for our Circular
before buying. Italian Bees by
the lb., 2 or 3 fr. Nuclei, Queens,
Foundation, &c. Unt'd Queens in

^May. $1: in June, 75c.; 6 for $4.

1 Jno. Nebel & Son, High Hill. Mo.
HAtf

Mention the Amcrlean Bee Jouriial.

Qonil 7R Pontc *<"' ™y New Book — '• a
OCIIU lu UGlllo Vear among the Bees:"
114 pages, cloth bound. Address.

DR. C. C. miLLER,

20Atf MARENGO, ILLS

My 20th Annoal Price-list ^^S^)^\.^&.

Quepns and Nuclei ('ninnies (a specialty): also Sup-

pliBH— will be sent t(i all whn send their names and

a<idre8ses. H. H. BROWW,

18C3t LIGHT STREET. Columbia Co.. PA.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

We ruuQufaoturc Bee-Keepers' sup-
plier or all kiuds. best quatit!/ at
lowcut prices. Hives, Sfciiuos,
Fouudatiou, Extractors, Smokers,
Crfitt's, Veils, Keedera, Clover
Seeds. Buckwheat, etc. Im-
ported Italian Queens.
Queens and Bces^ Sample
tnpv of our Bei" Journal,
"The Weittcrn Bee-Koepcr,"
and latent Cutaluciic mailed
Free to Bee-Ke-'pers, Adtirrss
JOSEPH NY»EWANI>ER,
l>£S M0INE8. IOWA.

4a6nUom.ne American iSct journal.

Muth's Honey Extractor,

Perfection Cold-Blast Smokers,
SQUARE (JLASS HONET-JABS, etc.

For Circulars, apply to

CHARLES r. MUTH «fe SOJT.

Tor. Freeman & Central Aves., CINCINNATI, O.

p. 8.— Send IOC. for Practical Hints to Bee-Keepers.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

British. Bee J0u.r2a.al

AND BEE-EEEFEBS' ADVISEE,

IS published every week, at lOs. lOd. per
annum. It contains the very best practical
information for the apiarist. It is edited by
Thomas Wm. Cowan. F.G.S., F.R.M.S., etc., and
published by John Huckle, King's Langley,
Herts, England

Mention the American Bee Journal.

J. FORNCROOK & CO.,

MANUFACTITRERS OF THE

"BOSS" ONE-PIECE SECTIONS,

Patented June 28, 1881.

WILL furnish you. the comiiiK season, ONE
PIECE SECTIONS aa cheap as the cheapest.
V0~ Write for prices.
Watertown, Wis., Jan. 1, 1888.

3IenUon Vic American Bee Journal.

Dadants' Fouudatioii Factory, wholesale

and retai' See advertisement in another column

J. C. SAYLES,

MANUFACTIKER of and Dealer in
Apiarian Supplies. Also Pure Bred

ITAliIAN QtTEENS AND BEES.

F^~ Catalogue free. Send name and address.

1.3Atf Hartford, ^Viscousln.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

MINNESOTA AHEAD!

WE are selling- 100 All-Wood Langs-
trotli Brood-Frames for $T.0O ; and
LanKstroth HIVES, with Supers, for 55 cts.

1^- Don't order your Supplies for 1888
until you see our Circular.

lOAtf MAZEPPA. MINNESOTA.

Mention the American Bee Jounuil.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

2-Story Langstroth Hive, 80c.

WE still have a few of those Two-Story
Laim-Ktroth HIVES with 10 Brood-
Frames, at SO cents.

Who wants them? Speak Q01CK, or it will
be too late. Address,

SIVEITia: Sc SIVHTH,

lOEtf KENTON. Hardin Co., OHIO.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

The Bee-Keepers' Review

IF ever a bee-paper was started with a place
ready and waiting: for it, the Review has
had that luck. Theflratnumber was welcomed
before it was read, and when it was read, it
took its place easily and at once amon^ the
things that .iustify their own existence, and
need no probation before being fully and
finally accepted. It is an imitation of none of
its cotemporariep. and it is on a level with the
best ot them, both in the merit of its general
scheme, and in typographical neatness. This,
we believe, will be the verdict of the intelli-
gent bee-keeping public, and. as proof of the
correctness of this belief, we append the
following, which we select from a large
number of similar congratulations :

I am greatly pleased with the Review, and think
it very creditable. It must take the lead with
intelligent bee-keepers.— R.L.TATLOR.Lapeer.Mich.

You have made an excellent start ; and I am very
favorably impressed witii your plan of makintf each
issue a "special number."— E. M. Hayhitrst.
Kansas City, Mo.

From a practical standpoint you are well qualified
to make the venture a success, 1 hone you mav do
well financially, and estjtblish and enviable reputa-
tion for editorial ability, as you have already as a
writer on apicultural topics. — EUGENE Secok,
Forest City. Iowa.

Review No. l lies before me, and I must say it is
like a chestnut— brimful of meat, properly cooked,
and served in flrst-tlass palatable order. Before
reading it I thought, " Wliat can friend Hutchinson
say that has not alrea.ly been said by others?" But
you have given u.'^ a teast of fat things. If the
REVIEW keeps up til the standard of No. l, it has a
bright future before it.— ■W.E.CLARK,Oriskany,N.r.

I like the Review in every respect. There is more
in it than in any other tme-paper 1 have ever seen ;
that is, more real meat, or what is called meat, as J
see it. The whole matter, including advertisements,
is tastefully arrange). I cannot conceive who would
not instantly subseribo. at the price, after seeing
a copy.— JAMES Heddon, Dowagiac. Mich.

I congratulate you upon the excellence of the
Review. It will be an lionor to the craft, and to
our ^tate. if y^u maintain it at the starting pitch—
and 1 do not doubt tuit you will. At first I was sorry.
What we want is fewtT, better papers. But 1 forgot
ft^r the moment whn was at the helm. I believe you
will succeed, and if you do not go to the too, you will
stride well up.-A. J. Cook, Agricultural College,
Mich.

A sample copy of the Review is at band, and I
wag agreeably surprised, to say the least. Asa rule,
periodicals in starting furnish at first a sickly,
discouraging appearance that stamps /aihtre all over
them. What acontr:i^*t in beholding the REVIEW !
Why, friend Hutchinson, the first glance at it shows
\IB success. And thi-n its contents -the very cream
(if aavanced bee-liter;iture. 1 read it through before
laying it out of my iKind.-E. Kuetchmer, Ooburg,
Iowa.

Four numbers of the Review have been
issued. The January number discusses "Dis-
turbing Bees in Winter ;" the February issue
is devoted to "Temperature." as applied to
bee-repositories : the March number takes up
the subject of " Planting- for Honey;" while
" Spring Management *' is the special topic of
the April issue. The special subject of the
May Review will be " Hiving Bees.'*

Besides these special discussions, which are
carried on by the best bee-keepers of the
country, there are several pages in each issue
devoted to short, sharp, concise editorials
upon current apicultural topics An exhaus-
tive review of Mr. Cheshire's book, " Bees and
Bee-Keeping, Vol. 11." is begun in the March
Review, and will be finished in the May num-
ber. If you wish for the cream of this great
work, read these three numbers.

Price of the Review is 50 cents a year.
Samples cheerfully sent upon application.

The Prodnotlou of Comb Honej",

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 25 cents.
The REVIEW and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

Address, "W. Z, HUTCHINSON,

18Atf 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.
Merition tl^c American Bee JoumaL

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

1888. Italian Queens. 1888.

SEIjECT Tested Queens, in May, $2.50 ;
in June, $2.00; after June, $1.50.
Queens Wnrranted Purely Mated, $1 ;
6 for $5.00. See pape 174. March 14th Num-
ber of the " American Bee Journal."

Address. J. T. AVIIiSON,
18A5t NICHOLAS VILLE, Jessamine Co.. KY.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

TMm' wMERicKP* mmm jourhkil..

307

EDITOB.

VoLXXIY, May 9, 1888, No. 19.

Give IIS of your sunshine,
O ! .vn bonny spring,
Of your golden treasure,
Days of sunlight bring.

Come and deck with beauty
Hill and valley fair.
Every swaying tree-top.
Every meadow bare.
Robe all with beauty rare.
Acrostic. —Lizzie Godfrey.

Cbriiiit Ilefbre Pilate, a painting by
Munkacsy, the famous Hungarian artist, is
on exhibition at Central Music Hall, Chi-
cago, where it may be seen during the day
and evening for several weeks. It meas-
ures 18x25 feet including the frame, and
contains nearly forty life-sized figures.
When gazing at the picture as it stands
draped on the stage, in the large hushed
hall, one almost waits to hear words issue
from the canvas, so very realistic does the
scene appear.

Honey on tlie Bill of Fare.— F.
A. Huntley, in the Minnesota Farmer, says
about the future of honey consumption :

Bee-keeping was one of the first rural
occupations. At the time when man first
conimenced to stir the soil for his daily
bread, bees were managed for domestic use,
to furnish the only product then known and
used exclusively as a sweet. The discovery
of sugar making supplied a cheaper staple,
which placed honey among the luxuries.
For hundreds of years such has been the
state of the honey trade. Now we see ad-
vanced bee-keeping increasing the produc-
tion to an extent that will soon place honey
on the regular bill of fare of the most un-
pretentious hotels. ' Indeed, we should see
it there to-day.

The way to do it, is for bee-keepers and
others to call for it when at hotels. " Mine
host " will provide whatever is demanded.
If honey is not required, it will not be
provided.

l.et Statistics Alone.— H. M. Moyer,
of Berks County, Pa., writes as follows, for
publication, on the subject indicated in the
heading :

To get governiental statistics through the
assessors may be good for some, but I am
sure tor the majority of bee-keepers it is
not a good thing. If the assessors do such
work they will surely tax the bees. We
have tn pay enough tax without the bees in
such a poor locality as this. There are
enough, without the bees, in the United
States to pay taxes for. It is not pleasant,
when we have not money enough to pay for
other things. Why should bee-keepers pay
a tax when the poultry-keepers do not ? In
some places they pay taxes, but in general
they do not. What is the taxable value of
a colony of bees ? Somewhere I have read
that it is $2.00. They generally sell them
tor .$10.00 ; to value them to the assessors at
$2.00 does not look honest ! In Pennsyl-
vania we must make an affidavit as to the
value (if all our taxed articles, and to tax
colonies of bees at S8, SIO, or 812 would
make too much tax. If you will work for
the benefit of bee-keepers in general, let the
governmental statistics and assessors alone.

Evidently Mr. Moyer does not understand
the object of obtaining statistical informa-
tion. He thinks, perhaps, that what is de-
sired, is pronjpted by idle curiosity ; or,
peradventure, for rivalry as between States
or localities— to show which are the greatest
honey-producing localities, or to indicate
which are the most important in the in
dustry of bee-keeping. But such is very far
from the facts in the ease.

It has been fully demonstrated that in-
formation concerning the supply of any
commodity is of .special value to its pro-
ducers in fixing the prices at which such
products may be put upon the markets of
the world.

Not only is it desirable to know the num-
ber of persons engaged in the production of
honey, and the number of colonies of bees
they keep, but also the amount of the an-
nual product of marketable honey (both
comb and extracted), and also of beeswax.

Such information, furnished at the right
time, would be of great value to those who
are engaged in the industry of honey-pro-
duction. The fear that assessors would tax
the colonies of bees is not worthy of con-
sideration. The blanks issued by many of
the States for obtaining statistics are totally
independent of the taxing blanks ; and
whether bees are to be taxed or not is de-
termined by the laws of the State, and not
the whim, of the assessor.

It is all very well to say, "Let statistics
alone !" but when the bee-keepers in con-
vention assembled appointed committees to
attend to the matter, map out plans and put
them into operation— they, in their united
wisdom, evidently thought that the statisti-
cal information was worth obtaining, and,
if obtained, it would be of much value to
the industry at large.

From the efforts put forth this spring it
has been ascertained that the loss during
the past winter was only 15 per cent, and
that the prospect for a good honey crop is
very fair 1 Is this not worth knowing ?
Many think so, even if Mr. Moyer does
not!

Diabetes and Sugar-Eating. —

Mrs. H. Hills, of Sheboygan Falls, Wis., on
April 26, 1888, writes us as follows on the
above-named subject :

In the Union Signal published at Chicago,
dated April 19, 1888, James Clement Am-
brose remarks as follows :

In every ten cases of diabetes nine are
the result of sugar-eating, and honey is a
more unwholesome sweet, for with the
sweet the bees gather more or less of the
volatile oils at the base of the flowers, many
of which oils are poisonous.

Is this not some " wily " fellow's talk ?

Yes ; of course it is. We have consulted
with many physicians, and with one accord
they deny the wily assertions of Mr. Am-
brose. Diabetes is not caused by sugar-
eating or honey-sucking. It is a disorder
of the general system from the non-assimi-
lation of food, leaving an excess of animal
sugar in the blood and secretions. Although
its cause and cure are not fully known, yet
it can be controlled to some extent by a
careful diet, clothing and warm baths.

The ingeniously-worded statement of Mr.
Ambrose, about honey being poisonous is
too absurd for anything. For fifty centuries
it was about the only sweet used by man,
and is still a prominent ingredient in all
the best and most potent medicines ! Such
a statement as that made by the Union
Signal is of the most stupid and preposter-
ous character !

Xlie Best Advertising- medium.

—The Bee-Keepers' Review for April states
that while its advertisement has appeared in
all the principal bee-papere. that of all those
who have answered it, ihree-fourths say that
they saw it in the American Bee JonRNAL I
Straws show wiiich way the wind blows. As
a means of plaelnp anything of value before
bee-keepers, the American Bee Joxtrnal
stands at the head. The BBST is the cheapest.

The above paragraph, which we published
last week, Mr. Hutchinson de.sires to have
amended thus : " Of all those who men-
tion where there they saw his advertisement,
three-fourths state that they saw it in the
American Bee Journal."

Since we have been asking our readers,
when answering advertisements, to say
where they saw them, our advertisers are
very well pleased, and the "old reliable"
gets full credit for its excellence as an ad-
vertising medium.

Evei-y Fritit <Sro-»ver should have a
few colonies of bees, in order to insure the
more perfect growth of the crops. The bees,
while gathering honey, carry the pollen
from flower to flower, and thus fertilize the
bloom, spread the growth, and multiply the
fruit.

The ■Wroiiglit-Xacks or clout nails
used by Mr. Shuck for nailing honey-boards
are ?s inch, not % as stated on page 295, at
the bottom of the first column. It was a
tpyoiraphical error.

IToiir Full .Iddress, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

308

rtmm mmkkicmk mum j@^kkmil.

Cfaapman Honey-Plant.— M. W.

Shepherd, Rochester, O., on April 26, 1888,
writes as follows concerning this honey-
plant :

I wrote to Commissioner Coleman for
seeds of the Chapman honey-plant, and re-
ceived them. Please detail the best method
of sowing the seed, aud cariuK for the
plants while growing.

The season thus tar has been very un-
favorable for bees. Owing to the continued
cold weather the supply of pollen has been
cut short, and the result is, the bees have
not generally built up as they otherwise
woulil have done. The outlooli for white
clover is bad, but linden may produce well.
There has never been any honey gathered
from fall bloom here— not more than for the
keeping up of brood-rearing.

The following are the instructions given
in the report of the committee appointed by
the Detroit Convention to examine and re-
port on this plant :

Its seed may be scattered in waste places,
or it may be sown in drills or hills like
onion seed. It seems to be characteristic
of the plant to root out all other vegetation,
and take possession of llie soil. It may be
sown broad-cast, and liarrowed in like rye.
By the latter method it makes a vigorous
growth, and seems to take entire possession
of the soil.

The height of the mature plant is from 3
to 4Ja feet ; each root bears from 5 to 15
roun'd balls or heads, from 1 inch to 1%
inches in diameter. These heads stand up-
right, and the entire surface is covered with
small, white flowers bearing bluish stamens.
The stalks and leaves so nearly resemble
those of the common thistle, that, were it
not for the head, the difference would not
be easily noticed.

The flowerets on the top of the head open
first, then they open later along the sides of
the ball, continuing in the order of nature
around the entire surface of the sphere.
Near the stem the last flowerets open, after
the blossoms on the top of the heads have
disappeared, and the seed-capsules of the
first blossoms liave hardened.

From the time of the appearance of the
bloom upon the tops of individual heads,
until the fading of the last blossoms upon
the lower part of the head near to the stalk,
is about eight days, the continuance of the
blooming depending upon the nature of the
soil and the season ; but the heads or buds
sent out from each individual shoot and
forming each individual cluster, vary in
degree and size, so that the natural term of
blooming and honey-bearing may be safely
reckoned at from 20 to 30 days.

The term of blooming may also be pro-
longed to a consideralile extent by cutting
back a portion of tlie plants, and the facility
with which the honey liarvest may be thus
prolonged constitutes an important feature
when estimating the value of this plant.
The plant is hardy, easily propagated, per-
ennial, and appears to flourish in all kinds
of soil, and there is no danger of its becom-
ing a pest or noxious weed. It does not
bloom until the second season, and as it
does not spread in seeding, its extirpation
would be easily accomplished.

Bogrns Comb Honey Again.—

One of our subscribers being in Chicago re-
cently, called at this office and left the card
of a certain commission firm in this city,
who bluffed him and almost made him be-
lieve that they could supply any amount of
manufactured comb honey ; that they
knew where it was made, and that they
could furnish it on short notice. He re-
quested us to investigate it thoroughly.

Having the above information (?) we pro-
ceeded to look into the matter. We called
upon the before-mentioned firm, and was
shown some comb honey in cases holding
21 pounds each. The cases and also the
sections were covered with propolis, and
the combs were somewhat irregular— all
indicating that it was genuine honey, and
not the reported manufactured article.

In order to ascertain the truth regarding
their claim to be able to furnish the manu-
factured comb honey, we asked if that
really was the bogus article; and almost be-
fore we had finished our question, we were
met with a strong assurance that the firm
never had anything to do with manufac-
tured honey. " Why," said they, " we
would give S500 for a sample of manufac-
tured comb honey. The Michigan Bee-
Keepers' Association has offered Si, 000 for
a pound of it. You cannot find it in Chi-
cago. It does not exist !" Thus was
another false report exploded.

Ever and anon the famous— and infamous
—Wiley lie appears in its various forms,
but never without all its blighting effects ;
and just as frequently as it reappears, it is
met and "downed '"—but, alas, it will not
stay down, so long as exist those who are
so willing to do anything to cause a sensa-
tion. Enough has been written already to
have a thousand times relegated that
"scientific pleasantry " to the borne where
many other fine-spun theories and hallu-
cinations of attenuated imaginations have
been forced.

But why will bee-keepers assist in keep-
ing the " Wiley lie" upon its feet? Why
do they not attempt to stop its ravages, in-
stead of repeating what they know to be
untrue? Hereafter let all compel every
one who asserts that comb honey is manu-
factured, to produce the proof, and thus
help to enlighten the public, and to close
up the mouths of irresponsible reporters,
whose perverted imaginations and greed
for notoriety, is unequalled except by the
falsity of the fabrications which they pro-
duce. By so doing the malicious slanderers
would soon cease their abuse of this im-
maculate and inimitable sweetness— honey
in the comb.

Vierw Catalogues for 1888 are on our
desk, from the following persons:

J. C. Sayles, Hartford, Wis.-lO pages-
Apiarian .Supplies.

J. N. Colwick, Norse, Texas— I page-
Italian Bees.

CONVEI^TIOI^ NOTICES.

t^" The next meetinK of the N. W. Ills, and 8. W.
Wis. Bee-Keepers' Association will be held in R<'ck-
ton, Ills., May 22. issH. D. A. Fuller, Sec.

t^^ Tlie spring meetinff of the WisconBin Lalce
Shore Center Bee-Keepera^ A9,sociation will be held
on May 31. 1888, in Mueller's Hall, at Kiel, Wis.

FBKi). Zasthow, Sec.

ffy The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Associa.
tlon win meet at the Court House in Bl'lora. Iowa,
on the second Hatunlay in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J, w. Buchanan. Sec.

Cleaning Musty Combs.— A Sub-
scriber at Creamery, Pa., asks the follow-
ing questions :

Will the bees clean out old, musty brood-
combs containing larvae and dead bees ? Or
would it be better to melt them into wax ?

Yes ; the bees will clean them up better,
quicker and cheaper than you can do it ;
and if the combs are straight and in good
condition otherwise, it will be better to let
the bees clean them, than to melt them up.

Bees Robbing'.— P. M. Little, New
Waterford, C, sends us the following to
answer :

I have 10 colonies of Italian bees. A
neighbor of mine, about one mile distant,
has 13 colonies, and some of them are weak.
Some three weeks ago, or less, he fed his
bees outside ; about a week ago he took
the old hives from tlie stands and trans-
ferred the frames and bees into clean hives,
(being careless about his work.) On Friday
and Saturday of last week 3 of my strongest
colonies attacked his weak ones, and de-
stroyed 4 or 5 of them. He wanted me to
shut my bees up, or he would kill them. In
justice to both parties, what would be the
proper method of procedure to allay the
trouble ; that is, to stop the robbing ?

The careless work of your neighbor makes
him responsible for the robbing ; his bung-
ling work caused it. As robbing is de-
moralizing, not only to his apiary, but also
to yours, it was to your interest to do all
you could to stop it, and should have con-
tracted the entrances to your hives so that
only one or two bees could pass at a time.
The weak colonies of your neighbor should
have been covered up with a large sheet ;
this would allow the robbers to leave, and
keep others from getting in, and still not
smother the bees ; or they may be removed
to a cellar for a few days, and when re-
turned to their stands, the entrances should
be contracted, so as to allow but a single
bee to pass— thus enabling the bees to de-
fend their hive.

"TUe Rulers, Flags, and Coats-of-
Arms of all Nations," the title of the beau-
tifully lithographed album published by W.
Duke, Sons & Co., the cigarette manufac-
turers of Durham, N. C, is on our desk.

The album contains pictures of rulers
and statesmen, -.vliich approximate the color
and naturalness of fine and artistic oil
paintings. The beauty and accuracy of all
the portraits are interesting as an exhibit
of the perfection attained in the art of
lithography in colors. Aside from its com-
pleteness, the album has value as a book of
reference. Its beauty and utility make It
worthy of a place in any parlor. The firm
sends it for 75 of their cigarette folders re-
turned to them.

Ne-w' Subsorib<-rs can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888. for SI. 7.5. while
there are any sets ot 1887 left.

TTH® ?EMERIC3SI« MISM J@ltJMI«Mlf.

309

-■'—-■*■■'-'■-■*■•■■'

Records of Queens, and Super-
seding Tlieni.

Written fur the American Bee Jmirnal

Query 540.— Is It beet to keep a record of
the queens, so as to supersede them when
they arc two or three years old. or let ihe
bees manage it In their own way '/—Indiana

It is best to keep a record. — J. P. H.
Brown.

Let the bees do it. — Dadant & Son.

I let the bees take care of that mat^
ter. — G M. Doolittle.

Perhaps so, but I never have super-
seded my old queens. — Eugene Seoor.

Keep a record of ever3thing, and
supersede the queen when she ceases
to be prolific. — A. B. Mason.

I have never kept a perfect record,
but I am inclined to think that it is
the best way. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

Keep a record anyway ; but I do not
know what is best as to the supersed-
ing.— C. C. Miller.

It is much better to keep a record.
Supersede the queens when they begin
to fail — it makes no difference if they
are 1 or 3 years old. — P. L. Viallon.

I let the bees manage it in their own
way, with all valuable queens. — G. L.
Tinker.

Deeds, not days, determine a queen's
usefulness. With experience you can
tell when a queen becomes unprofit-
able by looking into her hive, and I
should assist the bees as much as pos-
sible to supersede worthless queens. —
R. L. Taylor.

I prefer to keep a record of all
queens, including pedigree, so far as
ascertainable. But I let the bees
supersede a good queen. They know
when to do it. — M. Mahin.

I keep a record only of my fine
breeding queens, and the older thej'
are, the better for breeding purposes.
I let my bees supersede their own
queens. — G. W. Demaree.

No ; let the bees manage it. I keep
records of sale queens only. The bees
do it better than we can, cost con-
sidered.— James Heddon.

Keep a record always. Thus you
will know the pedigree, etc., and be
able at any and all times to know the
age of every queen in the apiary. — J.
E. Pond.

Yes, keep a record of queens, but
supersede them only when they de-
cline in vigor. Superseding by rule
would often depose queens of great
value. The bee-keeper must have

brains as well as a record J. M.

Shuck.

I think that the bees can manage
the matter for themselves. If queens
are found that are doing veiy poorly,
it pays to supersede them ; but age is
not the test. Our vision will serve
better. — A. J. Cook.

As a rule, the bees will attend to
these matters more satisfactorily than
you could possibly do, and before j'ou
are aware that such was their inten-
tion. It is well enough to know which
hives your best queens occupy, and if
J'OU have many colonies it will neces-
sitate a record. — J. M. Hambauoh.

I find that the bees manage that
thing very successfully, if you let them
alone. You will find many cases
where it is best to supersede, and you
will not be obliged to keep a record to
find it out. For a beginner in the
business, a record of all work is an
excellent help. — H. D. Cutting.

I think that it would be a good idea
to keep a record of the age of queens.
I do not think, liowever, that it would
be advisable t" supersede queens less
than four years old, unless they prove
inferior ; in tliat case do so at once. I
supersede only such as fall below my
standard. — C. H. Dibbern.

It is certainh' best to keep a record
of queens, but as to superseding the
queens, the bees will manage that
more satisfactorily themselves. — The
Editor.

Metal Rabbets in Hives-
Queens.

-Prolific

Written f(/r the American Bee Journal

Query 541.— 1. Do you use metal sup-
ports (called metal rabbets) in your hives ? "2.
If not, why not ? 3. With everything favor-
able, can a prolific queen keep more than 12
Gallup frames (or their equivalents in comb
surface) filled with brood ?— Q.

1. Yes. 2. Yes.— P. L. Vl4.llon.

1. Yes. 3. No— A. J. Cook.

1. I do not. 2. I do not need them.
3. I think that is suflBcient space for
brood. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. No, except on reversible frames.
2. They hurt my fingers in handling,
and also get bent. 3. Yes. — A. B.
Mason.

1. No. 2. They are of no use. 3.
No. — M. Mahin.

1. Yes. 3. For a short time in May
and June, yes. — G. L. Tinker.

1. No. 2. Principally because tin
rabbets make the frames too loose for
hauling. — C. C. Miller.

1. I have used metal supports for
many years, and I like them on ac-
count of the bees not sticking them up
with propolis. 3. I consider the num-
ber of frames mentioned as abundant
for the purpose. — C. H. Dibbern.

1. I do. 3. Twelve frames are
about as many as an average queen
can keep filled. — J. P. H. Brown.

1. Yes. 3. I have seen queens that
would do it ; but when you say 12
frames filled with brood, you say a
great deal. — H. D. Cutting.

1. Yes, in some of my old ones, but
not in any made within five years. 2.
Because their disadvantages just about
equal their advantages, and their cost
is an entire loss. 3. No, but a very
prolific one might for a time. — R. L.
Taylor.

1. I use about one-half metal sup-
ports. Some object to them, but I
look upon them as of value. 3. I have
had queens keep 20, and in one case
30, Langstroth frames filled with brood
during a whole season. — J. E. Pond.

1. I do not. 2. My greatest objec-
tion is, that they allow the combs to
slide around when moving the hive.
3. Yes. I have seen as high as 16
Quinby franles, well stocked with
brood from one queen. — J. M. Ham-
baugh.

1. Not as a general thing. 2. Be-
cause they have as many disadvantages
as they have advantages, and do not
pay for their cost in my apiary. 3.
Yes, and in same cases more. But it
is not advisable to let them ever do
things in that way. Eight Langstroth
frames full of brood is enough for the
best results. I want the other two of
the ten frames full of sealed honey. —
G. W. Demaree.

1. No. 2. Because I do not con-
sider them enough better to pay for
extra expense. 3. Mine do not aver-
age over 9 such frames full of brood
when working for comb honey. How-
ever, in working for extracted honey,
I have had them keep 20 or more
frames filled for a month at a time. —
G. M. Doolittle.

1. Never,, in the brood-chamber.
Hanging frames bother enough in the
mo\able-hive system' of honey-produc-
ing without metal rabbets. I have
tried them again and again. In ex-
tracting supers of the Langstroth sys-
tem, I prefer them, but I am abandon-
ing the Langstroth frame for extract-
ing.— James Heddon.

1. No. My hives are not made that
way. 3. Twelve Gallup frames full of
brood from May 15 to Aug. 15 would
be a good record for a queen in this
locality. Some might do better, but
with hives arranged for the average
queen-bee, such would be uselessly
prolific. — J. BI. Shuck.

1. I have quite a number of hives
with metal rabbets. I like them better
alone than in conjunction with metal-
cornered frames ; with both thej' are
loo movaljlo for anj'thing except ex-

310

T'mm MBdi^KicMPf mmm j@wKifMi*.

tracting and queen-rearing. For comb
honey it is not necessary to manipulate
the frames every week. 3. Let us
figure a little : One. authority gives
about 125 square inches on each side
of a Gallup frame. At 25 cells to the
square inch, would tfive 3,125 worker
cells ; 24x3125=75,000 cells in the
hive. A queen would have to lay
more than 3,500 a day to fill the hive
in 21 days. Allowing one-third of the
above frame-pace for honey and pol-
len she would still have to average
more than 2,500 eggs a day to keep it
full. — EOGENE Secor.

1. Yes ; we used them almost ex-
clusively for several years. Their
chief advantage is in not allowing the
bees to stick them down with propolis.
3. No ; not in ordinary cases. — The
Editor.

:»i»»iii«»««i»T«««««Kii»ii»g»iirn

EATINa HONEY.

Educating the People to the Use
of Extracted Honey.

Written for the Amerimn Bee Journal
BY W. J. CULLINAN.

Four years ago last June I began the
keeping of bees, and since that time
myself and family have not known
what it is to be without honey in the
house, and on the table — eating it al-
most three times daily during that
period. We always ate and preferred
it separated from the comb, and what^
ever I produced iu the comb was sold
to those who preferred it in that shape.
I always considered them, however,
more nice and particular in selection
than sound and experienced in judg-
ment, as to that which was best ; for if
comb honey is good, extracted honey
is certainly better, and it requires but
a brief trial in the case of the unpreju-
diced, to demonstrate the fact.

Let those who have been " wedded
to their idols" so strongly as to eat
nothing but comb honey, and who
have been swallowing large quantities
of the unpalatable and indigestible
stuff called "wax" — which, by the
way, is only a receptacle for the pure
nectar which is secreted in the flowers
— discard it for a time and resort to
the use of the pure, clear and clean
article, known to the bee-fraternity as
extracted honeij ; and after using it
three months, if they do not admit that
their digestive organs have improved,
and they feel better, and it was the
honey tliey were after, after all, I shall
have missed my guess, and still be in-
clined to doubt their judgment as to

that which is good. Let them try it
and report.

It has been said before, and said so
often that it scarcely needs repeating,
that the leading objection to extracted
honej', by those uneducated in the
mysteries of the art of bee-keeping, is
the fear and suspicion of adulteration.

" 'Tis pity ; pity 'tis ;
And pity 'tis, 'tis true."

Now if the consumers of the coun-
try (ignorant through no fault of
theirs) were educated to the fact that
there is no such thing as adulteration
at the present time ; that glucose, sugar
and other saccharine substances form-
erly used to adulterate honey, cost
almost as much as the pure nectar it-
self, and that those unscrupulous
enough to do the mixing, could not
make it a success from a dollar-and-
cent stand-point (which is about the
only thing that would induce them to
engage in it), they would soon begin
to think difterently, and this blight —
or curse — which has hung like a black-
winged messenger of despair over an
innocent fraternity for so long a
period, would be at once dispelled, and
in its stead a new era be inaugui-ated
in which that much-maligned, but
ever - to - be - praised article, extracted
honey, would occupy its proper niche
among the products of the hive.

The difference in the price of comb
and extracted honey at the present
time is too great, and it is due to no
other cause than the suspicion of adul-
teration. Here in Kansas City comb
honey is retailing for 25 cents per
pound, while they retail just as good
an article of extracted for 12J cents.
To come down to the real merit of the
two — and it is by merit that we arrive
at value — the extracted honey is worth
the most, pound for pound ; and when
j'OU buy a pound of extracted honey
you get 16 ounces ; but it is different
when you buy a section of coml) honey
(it is sold by sections here). The re-
tail dealer would always rather have a
24-pound crate that weighed only 22
pounds, than one of full weiglit, be-
cause in that case he makes 2 pounds
of honey to the crate clear, besides his
profit ; so that when you buy a pound
of comb honey you get about 1 ounce
of wood, 1 ounce of comb, and full 1
ounce short weight, leaving you only
13 ounces of honey.

Now why should 13 ounces of honey,
because it is encased in comb and
wood, bring as much in the market as
32 ounces of the pure nectar, thrown
from the comb ? Surely there is some-
thing wrong. And I cannot help
thinking tliat most, if not all of the
trouble is due to the name — " extracted
honey." The name is so closely allied
with extracts, essences and various
artificial compounds, that it is scarcely

to be wondered at — though much to be
deplored — that nearl)- nine-tenths of
the people outside of the bee-keeping
fraternity themselves, look with a sus-
picious eye upon the transparent nec-
tar displayed, for sale in large quanti-
ties, and labeled " extracted honey."

After an experience of about five
years in producing and selling honey,
I cannot help entertaining the belief
that the woi'd " extracted," as used in
connection with lioney, has worked an
injury to the honey-trade that it will
take long years to repair, and created
a doubt in the minds of the majority
of consumers, that will require much
time and patience on the part of the
honey-vender to explain away.

I can well remember when a boy,
that jars of clear " strained " honey
were looked upon with an eye of pride,
and their contents prized as a tooth-
some article iu many a farm-house.
More value was attached to it than to
that much comb honey.

I have not written this article for the
purpose of calling out any discussion
upon the subject, but simply from a
humanitarian stand-point. Should it
set some genius to thinking, who might
be able to hit upon a plan by which my
favorite article of diet could be lifted
from the mystery and doubt which at
present surrounds it, I shall feel highly
recompensed.

Kansas City, Mo.

SPRINa TALK.

Some Seasonable Hints to the
Beginners.

Written for the Prairie Farmer
BY MRS. L. HARRISON.

In some localities it may pay to feed
meal or unbolted wheat flour or ground
oats ; but here, along the Illinois river,
there is generally natural pollen to be
gathered as soon as it is warm enough
for bees to fly. The overflow from the
river draws out the frost and causes
earlier bloom.

Ash-leaved maple {Neyundo aceroi-
des), which is commonly known as
box-elder, is a great favorite with bees,
yielding both honey and pollen. One
year a neighbor came in, saying,
" Your bees are swarming in my trees."
On going to them I saw at once why
they were there ; the trees were alive
with bees, and the happy hum of in-
dustry prevailed, and not that peculiar
note which is heard when bees swarm.

Ash-leaved maples are planted
largely as a shade tree throughout the
city, and some years are a source of
much honey and pollen, which imparts
new life to the bees, and stimulates
brood-rearing. We drove through the
streets yesterday to look at these trees,

THE aMERICJtK Wmm JOURNai..

311

and admired the pretty little tassels on
every bough, as tlii^y blossom just as
the leaves start. Like the country
maid and her milk pail, we calculated
how much profit we should reap by our
bees gathering hone)- and pollen from
them. But alas ! like the milk-maid
of old, our pail is upset, for last night
(April 18) a hea^'y frost and freeze
occurred, which blasted our hopes for
honey from this source at least.

There will be no peach bloom, and
very little cherry, for the trees have
all been killed by drouth and cold, and
we comfort our hearts that we may at
least have bloom on crab-apples ; and
dandelions are hardy, if they are not
all dug up for greens. The catkins on
the silver-leaves and cotton-woods are
growing, and yield pollen.

In the meantime, let bee-keepers,
one and all, not sit idly on their hives
whistling to keep their courage up, but
go to work wth a will, and clean up
the apiary, and let it at least look
prosperous, for honey comes like a
thief in the night, at a time when we
are not looking for it — so have all
things ready. Do not disturb the bees
and kick over hives. See to it that
every hive stands true and firm, for if
the hives lean to one side, crooked
honey will be built, just as surely as
water runs down hill. Look out for
leaky roofs, closing cracks with paint.

I have never seen bad results follow
painting hives with bees in them. You
maj' find some dead colonies ; if so,
lift out the frames, and clean out the
hive. A wide chisel is a good tool to
use in scraping out a hive. If the hive
is foul, scrub it out with hot suds and
rinse with boiling water. Eft'ace every
trace of diarrhea, for who knows but
it may breed disease. Scrape off the
frames, brush off the bees with a whisk-
broom, and cut off all queen-cells, for
they are never used again, and are
unsightly.

Do not spend time picking dead bees
out of the comb with a pin or pinchers,
for the bees have better tools to do it
with than you, and can work more
cheaply. The frames can be put back
into the hive, which wll be better for a
fresh coat of paint, for a hive should
last as long as a house, if kept well
painted. A new swarm will be very
glad of this hive well furnished, all
ready for housekeeping,and not empty.

The old Scotchman said to his son :
" Jock, plant a tree, it will be growing
nights while you sleep." If you do
not plant a tree in the apiary, plant a
grapevine, and in three years you can
eat the fruit of it. Then when you are
tired in the fall, taking off honey, you
can sit in the shade of the vine, and ob-
tain fi-om the refreshing fruit renewed
courage for the fray.

Peoria, Ills.

EXPERIMENTS

In making Hives Suited to the
Art and Times.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY G. M. AlVES.

I have experimented with many dif-
ferent kinds of hives, without finding
one which exactl}' suited me. Prob-
ably some churlish bee-keeper will
add, " and you never wll." Be that
as it may, I have recentlj' constructed
a few hives, for next season's experi-
ment, which, in my humble opinion,
contain less objections and more ad-
vantages, than any other that I have
used or read about.

A description of my hive is sub-
mitted, for the consideration of those
unfortunates, who, like myself, are
always craving something better.

The hive consists simply of as many
frames as one chooses to use, placed
side by side with boards placed on
each side of the frames. The upright
pieces of the frames are j of an inch
thick and 1| inches wide, with holes
as shown in the illustration. The top
and bottom bars of the frames are } by

f inch. All of the corners of the
frames are alike, and as shown in the
figure. The side-boards are the same
length and heighth as the frames, and
have corresponding holes in the ends.
The size of the holes of the side-boards
and frames are .j-inch, excepting the
centre frames, which have }-inch holes.

I use |-inch bolts without nuts, but
with washers ; hence the bolts screw
firmly into the centi'e frame, and at
the same time have ample plaj' in the
other frames and side-boards to pro-
vide for slight inequalities. Of course
the bolts are to be manipulated with a
^vrench, and when so done you have
the whole held together with a vice-
like grip ; in fact, you practically have
a solid box which you could throw over
the fence without injury.

Let us now consider the advantages
of this hive :

1. By means of different length of
bolts, you can expand or contract the
hive to any desired extent. A .3-frame
hive will take four 3-inch bolts ; a 5-

frame hive will take 4 4J-inch bolts; a 7-
franie hive will take four 6-inch bolts ;
and a 9-framc liive will take four 7i-
inoh bolts, and so on. If you desire
to divide a hive into 2 nuclei, you
have but to introduce a thin division-
board in the centre.

2. There can be no sagging, warp-
ing or dislocation of the frames, as is
frequently the case with hanging
frames.

3. A very precise accuracj' in con-
struction is not necessary.

4. The hive is easy of construction,
and not expensive ; | by 6 inch bolts
may be had at about 3 cents each.

5. It has all of the advantages of a
box-hive (and U has advantages) and
a movable-frame hive.

6. Last but not least, it is a reversi-
ble hive. This feature is tabooed by
some, but when practiced at the proper
time, it will nevertheless give excel-
lent results. It affords all of the ad-
vantages of spreading the brood, with-
out its serious risks.

Should the bee-keeper at the time
when he finds the first clover blossom
in some warm and protected fence-
corner, reverse the hives or frames of
thrifty colonies, take my word for it,
he will have more gatherers for the
harvest.

Henderson, Kj'.

KENTUCKY.

Successful Wintering — Bee-Cul-
ture in Kentucky.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY JAMES M. TYLER.

Having given, on page 821 of the
American Bee Journal for 1887, the
manner of wintering bees in Kentucky
in the Langstroth hives, I will report
the results.

The 24 of the 25 colonies packed,
wintered in fine condition, and on
March 26 each one had more or less
brood, and were bringing in pollen
from the elm and maple bloom with a
vim. The one that perished was 1 of
the 7 colonies made by division, about
July 1, 1887. But for an oversight in
allowing them all the frames, and fail- •
ing to put them between division-
boards, as I did with the other small
colonies, I am sure that there would
have been no loss.

These nuclei colonies did not build
up much, owing to the severe drouth.
They covered only from 2 to 3 frames.
I would have doubled them up, but I
desii-ed to save my queens that I reared
from mj' best stock. I gave them only
about 10 or 12 pounds of honey to the
colony, mostly uncapped and mixed
largely with pollen, stored too late in

312

TMm m-^mmmi^MM mmM j^vimmmLf.

>*^»^«»>i»«^>^*a>«^>r»«a>»^*«>*^*o»^<i^*^A^

the fall to allow the bees time to cap
it. Such stores doubtless would have
proven disastrous to long confinement
of the bees in cellars, or even on the
summer stands. Tliey had frequent
flights at intervals of 8 or 10 days, and
at such times they would spatter the
tops of the hives with a yellow, watery
excrement.

Bee-Hives and Frames In Kentucky.

In regard to my venerable and re-
spected friend, Mr. G. W. Demaree, I
■would saj- tliat when I saw the head-
ing of his article on page 184, I read
it with great aviditj', as just the infor-
mation I wanted. He and my former
countyman, Dr. Allen, now of Kansas,
have been in the past the Gamaliels
and Mentors of the smaller bee-keeiJ-
ers of Kentucky. From tliem and
other specialists we have learned what
little we know about bee-culture. But
I was soon greatly surprised to find
that with his pen (which he knows so
well how to wield) he was after me,
because I expressed my fears that I
might be a little behind the times in
adhering to the 10-frame, 2-story, cot-
tage-roof, telescope-body, portico-front
Langstroth bee-hive, which Mr. Muth
calls his "favorite;" because I con-
demned the zinc, slotted, queen-ex-
cluding honey-board; because I thought
the Heddon break-joint slotted honey-
board was a good thing ; because I did
not give the orthodox method of win-
tering bees in Kentucky ; and, it
seems, because I recommended any-
thing necessarj- other than an abund-
ance of stores for wintering bees suc-
cessfully here.

The fact is, Mr. Demaree's article
reminded me very much of a colony of
cro.ss hybrids that had not been tamed.
They will follow every person, animal
or fowl about the premises, tr3dng to
sting, saying by their actions, " You
have no business fooling around here,
anyhow."

By way of apology, let me tell what
inspired me to write. A few j'ears ago
I lived in Chicago for about a year,
and while tliere, those go-ahe.ad, push-
ing Nortlierners, with whom I became
acquainted, talked to me after this
fashion: "We like the Kentuckians
pretty well, but do you know tliat you
are about a hundred years behind,
down there in Kentuck}- ?" Ever since
I returned I have believed this to be a
fact, and I havi- an idea that we are
far behind in bec-cidture.

It occurred to me tluit the eilitor of
the American Bee Jouknal was one
of those who could enlighten me on
tlie subject. I meant to iiniuire after
the best form of the Langstroth hive
for use in this locality. His answer
was satisfactory, anil I have laid in
another supply of the Langstroth hives
of tlie sanu' pattern.

Mr. Deiuaree misconstrued my arti-
cle, making me convey the idea that
the Langstroth hive was but little used
in Kentuck}'. The vety universality
of the use of the 10-franie Langstroth
hive that I described, in small patches,
compared to the bee-keepers, rarely
exceeding a dozen at a place, and
more often not more than two or
three ; constant reports in the spring,
such as, "Half ray bees are dead,"
" The Langstroth liive will not do to
winter my bees in ;" talk, by intelli-
gent men, of going back to tlie box-
hive, etc., impressed me with the be-
lief that we were, as my Eastern
friend said, "A little old-fogy and Ije-
hind." in bee-culture as well as other
matters. We Kentuckians are dread-
fully " sot in our wa5's," and inclined
to follow in the footstepts of our
fathers. They are likely to continue
in the same old rut, if they follow Mr.
D's advice, that "An abundance of
stores is all that is necessary in Ken-
tuck}'," and read his severe criticisms
against any who take the trouble to
inform bee-keepers of methods of suc-
cessful wintering, as followed bj' Mr.
Demaree, Dr. Allen, and other success-
ful bee-keepers.

The readers of my article referred to
by Mr. Demaree, and his own article,
will be curious to find any dift'erence
between that given by me, and by his
method ; except that he condemns the
packing in of the brood-chamber by
use of the division-boards and chafT,
and does not mention that he uses
" Hill's device " on the brood-frames
to give a passage-way.

When I shall appear at our next
annual bee-keepers' convention, which
I expect to attend, I will have a bundle
of bee-literature under my arm, and
by his own record, condemn Mr.
Demaree of contumacy, before a jury
of liis peers. I will show that while he
condemns " all side-packing in the
brood-chamljer, as a positive injury to
the bees," on page 167, in answer to
Query 524, he said: " My practice is
to place the combs on the south side of
the brood-chamljcr, and close with a
division-board on the north side ;" and
; the evidence of tlie other answers to
j to this Querj', and by the editor on tlie
I very same page, who says, "To put
j the combs in the centre, and a division-
j board on each side is preferable, be-
I cause of controlling the temperature
by the use of absordents on tlie sides
I when liees are wintered on the sum-
mer stands.'*

In the American Apiculturist for
1886, page 231, Mr. D. said : '" For
this climate the best preparation for
bees in winter is protection on the
north side and west ends of the hive."
On page 740, of the American Bee
Journal for 1887, in answer to Query

496, asking if winter passages were
necessaiy, he said : "I prefer some
strips of wood or pieces of corn-stalk
between the quilts and tops of the
frames, so that the bees can pass over
the tops of the frames ;" and the edi-
tor said that the comlsined evidence to
the Querj' was, to use " Hills device or
its equivalent."

His brother bee-keepers will surely
laugh at him for condemning the
method which I pursued in wintering
bees here, which method is copied
from the plan he and other experi-
enced bee-keepers are following.

My condemnation of the queen-ex-
cluding zinc honej'-board was doubt-
less hasty, and owing to the faulty use
of it, as Mr. D. says ; but I am not sure
that it does not injure the bees as they
rush through the sharp-edged slots, by
tearing their wings and cutting the
hairs from their bodies and legs more
or less.

They will certainly laugh at my old
friend for condemning the break-joint,
slotted honey-board, now so uniAersally
recommended.

In the future I mean to talk in our
county conventions more about the
necessity of reading up our bee-litera-
ture, and ui'ge the bee-keepers to take
the bee-periodicals as the best way to
improve bee-culture in this State.

Bowling Green, Ky.

WINTERING BEES.

Six months'' Sleep in llie Cellar —
Honey-Plants.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY EUGENE SECOR.

Three weeks before the meeting of
the North American Bee-Keepers' So-
ciety last fall — on Oct. 26 — I put into
winter quarters aliout half of my bees.
The remainder were put in on Nov. 8.
By winter quarters I mean the cellar
under the house. On April 21, 1888,
I began removing them to the summer
stands, and finished on April 28.

The longest time of confinment was
180 days. During that time they
never saw daylight nor lamplight. I
visited the bee-room less than usual.
I had a thermometer in a convenient
position, which I examined every few
days. It registered as low as 32°, and
as high as SO'-', but most of the time
between 40° and 45°. There is no
ventilation in the room, other than
what is possible through a plastered or
stone wall.

The bees wintered quite well, on the
average. Some sliowed signs of diar-
rhea, and others not at all. I lost 6
colonies out of 40, and all but one of
these by starvation. I have packed

Tmm MMERieJEM mmm jowmumil.

313

some colonies in dry forest leaves.
Tlie others are in single-walled hives.

Silver maple bloom was about over
when the bees were brought (jut. The
spring has been very backward, and
there have been only a few days when
bees ouglit to leave the home nest.
Bees have generally wintered well, so
far as I have learned.
Alsike and the Oliapinan Honey-Plant,

I sowed two bushels of Alsike elover
seed this spring. Quite a good deal
was sown last spring. Our farmers
are beginning to believe that Alsike
clover will do well on wet land. If it
proves to be a fact, more of it will be
sown in the future. ■ The Chapman
honey-plant seed which I sowed a year
ago, is looking well. All who see the
patch think that it is thistle.

Forest City, Iowa, April 27, 1888.

TRANSFERRING".

How and When to Transfer
Colonies of Bees.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY H. E. HILL.

The method given by Mr. Geo. F.
Bobbins, on page 222, is quite ingen-
ious— perhaps even the " neatest,
safest, cheapest, easiest," etc., but I do
not think that it is the "quickest;"
and whj" it is cheaper or easier, I fail
tu see. The sirnjjlest effectual method
i.s what the beginner wants, and im-
proved ideas will follow experience.

If the beginner has more than one
I olony to transfer (if not, try Mr.
Kobbins' plan on that one), have some
one to assist ; liave the empty hive,
about fifty very thin strijjs of pine, i-
inch in width, and of sntiicicnt length
to be tacked across the frame in anj-
i. direction desired ; two boards a little
larger tlian the frame to be used, a
light hammer, hatchet, smoker, a pail
of water, sponge, a couple of sharp
knives, tacks, and a table or bench ;
and last but not least, a half-dozen
good wing-feathei:s, to be used as bee-
brushes.

If but 1 or 2 colonies are to be trans-
feiTed, I would select the morning or
evening, when other bees were quiet.
Smoke rather freely in the hive-en-
tranee at first, then tap liglitly on the
box with the fingers, smoking gently
for a few seconds at the entrance (not
inside) to prevent the bees from rush-
ing out.

Now lift the box from the stand and
place it bottom upwards on the ground
besiile the ucav hive, which is placed
upon the old stand, with 2 or 3 frames
of foundation or empty frames. The
bottom is now pried off, while keep-
ing the bees under control by an occa-

sional gentle puff of smoke, as their
actions demand. Then a side is re-
moved, giving free scope for business.

It is but the work of a few minutes,
to cut out eacli comb and brush the
bees off into the new hive ; while the
assistant, with the combs and frame
upon one of the boards pi'eviously
prepared, "cuts and fits" the good
worker-comb into the new frame, tack-
ing tlie strips across the frame, so as
to support the various shaped pieces.
When the first side is finished, place
the other board upon it ; then lift both
boards and frame, and lay them down
with the other side upward. Remove
the top board, and tack the strips
across the other side.

To remove the frame with combs,
do not attempt to lift it oft' the board,
but raise one side of the board until
the frame stands as it does in the hive,
then lift up, drawing it off without
displacing the comb. Leave these in
the hive, and fill out with empty
frames, or frames with full sheets of
foundation or starters, as may be
desired.

Cover down tlie hive, sponge off the
table, boards, feathers and other tools,
remove all particles of honey that
might attract robbers, and if the col-
ony is not very strong, contract the
hive-entrance and slightly elevate the
front, to prevent any dripping honey
from running out, until they get
"cleaned up." The whole operation
takes about the same length of time
that is required to drum the first lot of
bees into a " drum-box."

One advantage that Mr. Bobbins'
method possesses over the plan de-
scribed above (and the only one that I
can see) is, the saving of brood, which
is quite a consideration, especially
when tlie operator is a novice ; but this
one weak point in my plan, may to a
great extent be obviated, if the opera-
tor will remember that each cell of
l)rood represents a worker, and ex-
ercise greater care in fitting the brood
into the new frames.

During the past two years I have
transferred more than 200 colonies of
bees in tlie above way, from odd-sized
frames, boxes, barrels, liollow logs,
etc., with invariable success ; and unless
the combs are in a worse condition
than any that I have met, from one to
eight fairly good brood-combs can be
saved in this way. If thej^ are of the
" cobble-stone pavement" kind, it is
the fault of the w^orkman, as any pro-
tuberant part nuiy be easily pressed
into position two or three days after
transferring, and at the same time the
sticks may be remo\ed as carefullj' as
possible.

If no eggs are to be found on the
fourth or fifth day after transferring,
and the . bee-keeper has no laying

queen to give them, destroy all queen-
cells but one, reserving the better
looking one ; tliough my loss of queens
in transferring would not exceed 2
per cent.

I have transferred witli equal suc-
cess during eveiy month in the year,
but I prefer, and would recommend,
doing it at the time of fruit^bloom in
this locality.

Mr. Robbins says, with reference to
drumming the bees into a box, "In 15
minutes most of the bees, including
the queen, will have passed into the
drum-box." Admitting that in tlie
majority of cases the queen would be
" included," it is by no means invari-
able, especially if it is a young queen,
or one of those nervous (?) disposi-
tioned ones that is " all over, and no-
where," at such a time.

I think that Mr. Robbins should
have gone a little further with his ex-
planation, as the results of a beginner^
being guided by the positive assertion
might prov(i disastrous. He might
follow the rules to the letter, and con-
clude that the new colony was all right
— queen included — but if, upon inves-
tigation a couple of weeks later, he
found " large white worms in the
combs, the bees presenting a black,
polished appearance, trembling, very
irritable and venomous, and do not
act at all like the other bees," the bee-
papers would be called upon to pub-
lish a report of " a terrible, nameless
bee-disease."

Titusville, Pa.

HIBERNATION.

Reply to ITIr. Clarke's Critique,
on Hibernation of Bees.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY J. F. LATHAM.

Mr. Chirke supposes, on page 221,
that I shall feel slighted if he does not
" pay his respects " to my article on
page 167. No, not in the least. When
I wrote the article in question, the
idea of reaching into the burrow of
wood-chuck, tliat I might get bitten,
in order to discover the whereabouts
of the inmate, was totally absent from
my thoughts ; as well as the expecta-
tion of being made sensible of the ex-
istence of my mercurial hypercritic.
But.as the resulting consequence of my
inadvertency, in not defining my posi-
tion, with strict regard to personality,
I must ailniit that 1 do experience a
satisfactory surprise at the explosion
i-esulting from unconsciously pricking
a bubble.

"It well-nigh liaraboozlesme," wrote
Mr. Claike. Well, as my assumed
monitor did not get really bamboozled,
I presume the shock will not be fatal ;

314

T'mm MMERICSH ®E® JQURNat.

■•*-*-*-*-*-^*-*-^-^*-^*-^*'^*-'

at least I hope it may not, for I have
no desire to perpetrate a capital
offense.

As to " soaring out of the jurisdic-
tion of the court," with due deference,
I think that, with proper discrimina-
tion, Mr. Clarke will discover an un-
fortified point in his position, when he
attempts to exercise judgment in a
sphere where title might be made a
matter of dispute. " Rhadanianthus
was not always. ;«>■<."

Androgynal — 'tis a pretty big word,
come to look at it, and requires ten
letters to spell it ! but, on review, if
there is any indiscretion in its use, as
applied in ray article, I have, as yet,
been unable to discover it ; and as it is
a factor in the English language, I
presume its use is free to all ; further-
more, if its scope of meaning was
fully illustrated, and the deductions
that might be drawn therefrom rightly
applied, they might supply nourishing
food for thought in regard to the
phenomena of hibernation, besides,
jostling some of the favorite theories
of its advocates.

" We all know that hibernate, in its
common unscientific use, means merely
to pass the winter." Mr. Clarke says,
" We human beings and insects hiber-
nate. So do plants and stones." But
our scientists tell us that there is
another definition applied to hiberna-
tion, which describes the specific phys-
iological condition of the hiliernating
subjects ; and that all in nature, ani-
mate or inanimate, are not subject to
that condition in cold climates ; al-
though the (id may be termed sponta-
neous. If Mr. Clarke includes stones
in the list of his liibernating subjects,
I presume he has an undoubted right
so to do ; but I am not prepareil to
accept their condition other than that
of a suspension of the elements of
their composition, which has existed
since the subsidence of the Plutonic
epoch in the evolution of this planet.

Mr. Clarke avers that we can arrive
at a positive knowledge of the actual
hibernal condition, and says, "We can
see that." See what ? " Bees form a
tight cluster and remain in an almost,
if not quite, motionless state." So they
do at any time when in repose, whether
as a swarm hanging from a limb,
secreting wax in the hive, loafing from
lack of forage or other causes, or
among the combs of the brood-cham-
ber in mid-winter. The efl'ect is
prominent ; but it is the cause that
demands solution.

During the past winter one of my
colonies remained, what might be
termed, perfectly quiet for 158 days,
and when it flew on April 6, it was, so
far as 1 could ascertain, in a most sat^
isfactory condition. Thirty other col-
onies were in very nearly the same

condition. But I do not consider the
acts of the above 31 colonies more
favorable to a confirmation of the
hibernation theory, as set forth by
Mr. Clarke, than those of the other 28
that had a flight on Feb. 22.

Mr. Clarke quotes me as saying that
"the hive-bee is only physically con-
stituted to experience to a certain de-
gree the condition of hibernation^
(Italics are miue.) The evasion ex-
hibited by Mr. C. in the above quota-
tion, seems to be a favorite method
with him of substituting his own, for
the language of those from whom he
difl'ers, in discussion. If I am correct
in my recollections, the same spirit
crops out in his pen-attacks on other
correspondents of the American Bee
Journal.

Had Mr. Clarke quoted correctly,
he could have omitted the word hiber-
nation in his comments. I used the
word coma as a synonym of dormancy,
to illustrate the quiescent condition ex-
perienced during cold weather, by
such animals as scientists term the
true hibernating species, viz : the bear,
raccoon, etc. If the " hive-bee is only
physically constituted to experience to
a certain degree the coma (dormancy)
to which the brute animals are sub-
jected during the hibernal period," it
is correct to say that the hive-bee does
not hibernate in the accredited scien-
tific definition of the term.

I am ignorant concerning the habits
of Provincial red-squirrels ; but the
red-squirrels in this vicinity are out at
all times, and in all weathers. They
hibernate ! certainly. The fiddle pos-
sesses a dual capacity, and when the
theme is not reconcilable to the com-
pass of one string, a "shift" can be
made to the other. At the opening of
his fifth paragraph, Mr. Clarke quotes
me as saying that "no animated
organized being ' can become frozen
solid, or even liecome sufficiently be-
numbed by c-old as to wholly destroy
its vital functions and live ;' " and says:
"This is not so. The black ant can."
Here again Mr. C. molds the phraseol-
ogy to suit his purpose. I made use
of the adjunctive phrase, "after hav-
ing passed the limits of a definite
grade of development, etc.," in accord-
ance with its explanatory import.

Observation, and the teachings of
those who have made the anatomy of
insects a special life-study, prompt me
to the belief,that the constituent fluids,
the secretory glands, and, in short,
the physical organisms of the hive-bee
occupy a position in the line of pro-
gressive development far in advance
of that of the black ant; requiring
artificial means to protect existence,
where, we are told, the black ant can
freeze up in winter, and thaw out in
the spring following.

I have never seen a carp ; but if the

carp possesses a pneumatic and circu-
lating apparatus on a par with those of
the hive-bee, it would require conver-
sion to convince me that a carp can be
frozen-to-death, and be susceptible of
rc-animation.

Again, Mr. C. writes: "Mr. L.
says that, ' life without the influence of
motion on matter is inadmissible.' "
Admission requires proof. If the bear
iloes not breatlie, nor change its position
while hibernating, I should say that
the " flames of life " were extinct. The
black ant is motionless when frozen
solid, as I have observed while splits
ting partially decayed wood in the
coldest weather in mid-winter. We
often find the ants in a mass of ice in
hollow trees, but I am not sure that
they ever " come to life" again.

" Crysalids that freeze solid, thaw
out and come to life again," says Mr.
Clarke. So will the molecules of many
of the vegetaljle species. The stone of
the peach germinates more readily by
being planted in the fall. The seeds of
countless flowering plants freeze, and
yet the germ of life is not destroyed.
I am not informed that the black-ant
can be frozen solid, i. e., that its fluids
are susceptible of congealation !

I think that Mr. Clarke will be com-
pelled to go further than to where
" our brethren of the Sunny South
who keep bees " reside, to verify his
remarks in his closing paragraph.
" Bees must have a rest, surely, in the
South, as well as in the North." But,
when " in the South " means the Torrid
Zone, with its " ever blooming flora,"
can that " rest " be termed hibernation ?

In conclusion it is noticeable that, in
his review of my article, Mr. Clarke
skirmishes around allusions that savor
of evolution. It seems to me that if
the word evolve was substituted for
create, in the English language, a
huge stumbling block to right thinking
would be removed. To talk of creat- J
ing, is a continual butting against fact, \
when it is very apparent that every-
thing possessing an organism, so to
speak, is but the result of evolution —
a manifestation of the attributes of
one God, one Law, one Element.

Severe fTlnter aud Backward Spring.

I can report 59 colonies of flying
bees at present, all apparently in good
condition ; notwithstanding a severe
winter, and a very cold, backward
spring. My bee-yard is nearly covered
with snow — in some places 1 foot deep. ,
No pollen has been gathered yet ; with
unfavorable prospects of any for a '
week to come.

Cumberland, Me., April 16, 1888.

[One article on each side of this dis-
cussion is sufficient ; it is now closed
with the above article. — Ed.]

'rmm mmericmi* bk® j&JsmMMLr.

315

SHIPPING BEES.

A Beginners" Experience in Re-
eelving and Caring for Tiieni.

A Letter tcrUten (o the Shlpptr.
BY JOHN HILL.

The bees were very nearly starved
when they came to Norton ; there the
express agent, by mistake, sent them
to a man having a very similar name,
and when he In-unght them back, there
happened to be an apiarist in the office
who asked whose bees they were.
After examining tliem he said they
were almost starved, and he would
feed them. He bought some sugar,
made syrup, took the bees into a room,
let them out of the box, fed them, and
then put tliem back again. If it had
not been for this man, all the bees
would have died, before they reached
me ; and then thej' got no more to eat
until they came here.

I made some syrup for them at once.
and they seemed to be almost starved.
It was interesting to see how quickly
they licked up large drops of it.

When I had their hive made, the
comb foundation had not come yet, so
I put them into the hive with empty
frames. When I took them out of the
box, I found one comb entirely broken
loose from the frame, and as dry as if
thei'e never had been any honey on it.
The next frame to that one was broken
and bent to one side, and a part of it
was loose at the top, with a veiy little
honey in it. The other frame was all
right, and had the queen on it.

I put the comb with the queen in the
middle of the hive, the comb that was
partly broken next to it, and filled the
rest of the hive with empty frames.
This was early in the morning. There
was very nearlj- two handfuls of dead
bees in the bottom of the box, which
appeared to be mostly young bees.
There was a little bunch of bees that
did not hold to the combs when I took
them out, so I brushed them out of the
box on the alighting-board of the hive,
and they all wont in.

The whole operation was performed
without receiving one sting. I was
very much gratified, for I expected to
be stung before I was through. They
crawled all over my hands, and never
appeared to sting me. I then sat down
on the gra.ss, with my nose almost to
the hive-entrance, to see what they
would do. I soon noticed that some
of them came out of the hive and flew
away, and before 10 a.m. they were
returning loaded with pollen. They
worked hard, but paid no attention to
me, though I was almost in their way.

Everything appeared to be going on
like clock-work ; but between 1 and 2
p.m. they surprised me, by commenc-

ing to come out of tlie hive until about
one-third of them were out, and kept
flying around my head as thougli they
wanted to alight on it. They finally
alighted on a bunch of grass about 12
feet from the hive. I do not know
what was the matter. The other bees
did not seem to pay any attention to
them. They came out of the hive and
flew right througii the othei-s, and
came back loaded. After all had set-
tled on the bunch of grass, I carried
them back to the hive, but some would
return to the grass. I carried the most
of them to the hive with my hands,
and at sundown I had all but about a
table-spoonful of the bees to stay in
hive, but those would go back to the
grass everj- time. So I thought if
they were determined to cluster there,
they might. Early the next morning
there was not a bee on the grass. I
think that when night came they went
to the hive.

The second day everything was all
right ; but the third day there seemed
to be more trouble. There was from
three to six bees at the entrance that
seemed to be angry, strutting around
with their backs up, taking notice of
every bee that went in and out, and
" cuflang" them. Some of the bees
were so weak that they could hardly
rise from the alighting-board, and
those they would kill. I saw them
kill five or six, and a good many more
were dead on the grass. This con-
tinued for about three days, when it
ceased ; while it continued there would
be a buzzing in the hive at times, but
all the time they were busy at work.
Not knowing anj'thing about bees, I
knew not what the trouble was. I be-
came greatly interested in the whole
business ; but I concluded that these
bees were so nearly starved that they
were weak and unable to work, and
the strong bees killed them. All the
dead ones seemed to be young bees.
After this trouble was ended, all went
well with them, and the buzzing in the
hive ceased.

After they were in the hive about
ten days, the feeder, smoker and comb
foundation arrived ; then I made more
frames and filled them with founda-
tion. I opened the hive and found
that the broken comb had fallen down.
I took it out, and there was about half
a tea-cupful of honey in it. They had
commenced to build comb in one of
the empty brood-frames. This frame
I did not take out, but I removed all
the empty ones, and filled the hive
with frames of foundation.

Up to this time I think there was not
more than one-third of the bees a live,
caused by starvation and rough usage.
I had received but one sting from
them, and that was when I gave them
comb foundation.

all over my liands, and one of them
got under my wrist-band and stung
me on the wrist. From the time the
killing of bees was over, they worked
with th(! greatest industi-y, but there
was no more than about two handfuls
of them left.

When thc^y had been in the hive for
about 20 ilays, I saw the first full-
blooded Italian bees appear ; they
multiplied very rapidly, and about
Oct. 1 the hive seemed to be full of
young bees, not one of the old ones
remaining. I believe that they will do
very well in this country, and I do not
think that bees could do much better
in any countrj' than these have done,
considei'ing what the}- had to endure.

Furnas Co., Nebr.

CALIFORNIA.

Keeping Bee§ in a Salubrious
Climate.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY A. D. STOCKING.

I left Cedar Beach, Ind., on Dec. 22,
1887, the weather being very cold
there, and the bees all shut up in their
winter quarters. I arrived in National
City, San Diego Co., Calif., in the
evening of Dec. 29, and what a con-
trast there was !

The following morning I found 2
colonies of bees, and they were flying
all day, and seemed to be bringing in
some honey. I do not think that there
have been ten days since I came here,
that bees have not been out, and now
they are very busy getting both pollen
and honey. Cultivated flowers have
been in bloom outrof-doors all winter,
such as geraniums, pansies, roses,
candy-tuft, mignonette, etc., and now
the country looks beautiful in its car-
pet of green — beautiful with its mj'r-
iads of variegated wild flowers, with
peaches and apricots in full bloom, and
many other fruits are now (March 22)
coming into bloom.

The weather, since I have been here,
has been like beautiful spi-ing and fall
weather of the East. In January we
had a few frosts ; on three nights ice
formed on water outrof-doors, and the
ground froze lightly, yet vegetation
was but slightly injured. The orange
and lemon blossoms were not injured,
nor the flowers blooming out-of-dooi-s.
The influence of the ocean breezes pre-
vents injury from frosts.

National City is situated on the east
side of San Diego Bay, and we can
look across the bay to the west and see
vessels passing, and the surf breaking
on the low beach that separates the

Bay from the ocean. We are sur-
They were crawling ' rounded by mountains on three sides.

316

•THE! MMERICSH BE© JO'UMTimi^.

^'■■^'■■^'■■^'■■^^'^''^^^AmM^A^AmkMM

h^m^Ai^A^A^A*

^■^*-*--^-^*^--^^*-^*'*l>lfc*^AJ

distant from 6 to 12 miles, and we can
see many snow-capped mountains, yet
I liare not seen a flake of snow, neither
have we liad eitlier thunder or light-
ning, though there have been several
heavy rains.

This is literally a land flowing with
bees and honey. The bees occupy'
crevices in the rocks of the mountains,
the church spires, and chimneys of
houses in the town. I am told that
hundreds of swarms were caught as
they were going over the town last
season. What bees I have seen were
Italians, also a cross between Italians
and a brown bee. and are verj' mildly
disposed. All that is required in bee-
keeping here is, to provide hives or
boxes for the bees to occupj' , and room
for the storage of honey. No care or
preparation is required for the winter-
ing of bees. From what I can learn,
bee-keeping is done in a verj' slip-shod
manner, and generally a large and
cumbersome hive is used — a movable-
frame hive, but only a few steps re-
moved from the box-hive.

The most of the honey taken here is
extracted. What comb honej- is taken,
is in the Harbison section, secured to-
gether with strips, and used as the
Hill sectional box is used. They are
put on the market, or in bulk, and the
combs cut out of the frames. The im-
proved one and two pound sections
are not used here, but they are being
introduced into the northern part of
this county, and in the counties north
of this.

Improved methods and improved
hives are being introduced. What is
called the " Harbison hive " has been
extensively used. It is a large, cum-
bersome hive, and very unhandy to
manage. But a form of the Lang-
stroth hive is now being used, which
takes 9 Langstroth frames in the
brood-chamber, and 8 frames in the
supers. For e.xtracting they are tiered
up as liigh as required.

I am told tliat the greatest difficulty
in bee-keeping is to prevent swarming.
Mr. Harbison, the great California
bee-keeper, lives in San Diego, four
miles from here. Honey is retailing
here at the following prices : Comb
honey 18 to 20 cents per pound ; ex-
tracted, 5 to 12 cents per pound, and
the quality is fine.

The best honey season ever experi-
enced here is anticipated the coming
season. Bee-keeping is not profitable
on the low or mesa lands of the coast,
but on or near the hills and mountains
it is made very profitable, and honey
can be produced at one-fourth the ex-
pense tliat it costs in the East.

National City, Calif.

CONVENTION DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

May 19.— Nashua, at Nashua, Iowa.

H. L. House. Sec. Ionia, Iowa.

May 22.— N. W. Ills. &, S. W. Wis., at Bockton. Ills.
D. A. Fuller, Sec, Cherry Valley. Ills.

May 31.— Wis. Lake Shore Center, at Kiel. Wis.

Ferd. Zastrow, Sec., Millhome, Wis.

Aug. 3.— Ionia County, at looia, Mich.

H. Smith, Sec., Ionia, Mich.

Aug. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark, Sec, Denver, Colo.

Aug. 27.— atark County, at Canton, o.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

B^" In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place uf future meetings.— Ed.

»»T»i?m»«v«««i»«»»»»«im«gT»T

sM^^^^M.

ff~^^

An Early STvarm.— Henry Patter-
son, Humboldt, Nebr., on April 30, 1888,
writes :

The weather is nice, with frequent
showers. Apple bloom is opening, and is
giving the bees the first nectar of the sea-
son. What bets survived the winter are
buildiug up very fast. We have better
prospects for a successful harvest than we
have had for two years. I hived a natural
Italian swarm on April 26. Who had an
earlier swarm in this latitude ?

Scatter the l.,eafletM.— Look at the

list (with prices) on the .second page.

Honey from Hard Maple.— Geo.

H. Kirkpatrick, New Paris, Ohio, on April

30, 1888, writes :

My bees are doing finely. I never have
seen bees breed as rapidly as mine are doing
this spring. I think that the majority of
bee-keepers will have no trouble to get
their colonies in proper condition for the
white clover honey-flow. The hard maple
trees are now in bloom, and the bees are
gathering honey from them. Some of my
most populous colonies are gathering sur-
plus. 1 find it necessary to remove some of
the filled combs and replace them with
empty one.s, to give room tor the queen to
lay. The peaches, pears, plums and cher-
ries are in bloom ; soon the apple trees will
be in blossom, and as the white clover is
looking fine, surely the prospects are good
for a bountiful crop of lioney.

Heavy I^osses in W^intering.—

Wm. Anderson, Sherman, Mo., on April 30,

1888, writes :

The outlook for honey this year is the
poorest that 1 have ever known. White
clover was killed by the drouth and the
winter, and red clover is ail dead. It looks
as though there will be nothing for the bees
to gather honey from. We liave had no
rain for lour weeks, and everything is dry-
ing up, but it looks as if it would rain to-
day. About 70 per cent, of the bees in this
part of tlie country have died from starva-
tion, and that dreadful scourge— toul brood.
My loss was very heavy, after trying many
of the so-called "foul brood cures. I had a
fine swarm on April 26, which is something
very uucoranion here. Everybody was sur-
prised, and I thought something was wrong,
but upon examining the colony I found
them all right, with a tine young queen ;
the old colony seems to be in splendid con-
dition, and will be ready to cast another
swarm in due time.

Cool and Liate Spring:, etc.— G.

M. Whitford, Arlington, Nebr., on April 23,
1888, writes :

The spring is cool and late. Bees are
gathering some pollen, but it is nearly a
month later than they commenced storing
pollen last spring. As a general thing, bees
did not winter as well the past winter as
the winter before. I lost 3 colonies out of
13. I enclose my dollar for the 'TJnion."
It is the duty of each and every person in-
terested in bee-culture, to aid the Union in
its noble undertaking. I have received a

Package of the Chapman lioneyplant seed
rom the Department of Agriculture.

Cotton-Seed lor ^Vinter Pack-
ing.—G. W. Crowder, Kosciusko, Miss.,

on April 24, 1883, writes :

I have 25 colonies of bees in the Simplicity
hive.s. which I work with single story and
super with 28 boxes on top. Bees are doing
finely here this season. The readers of the
Bee Jouknal should try eottoii-seed for
winter packing. 1 think it is excellent for
that purpose. Italian bees are far superior
to the blacks here.

A <jrood Harvest Expected.— Mr.

F. B. Reynolds, Rossburg, N. Y., on April
30, 1888, writes :

Bees are doing well. We are having
some very hot weather here now— 86° in the
shade. The trees are all ready to burst
their buds, and we will soon have a harvest
for the bees. By the way they are carrying
in the pollen, it seems as if they would fill
the hives in a short time. I received two
packages of the Chapman honey-plant seed
m good time, from Che Commissioner of
Agriculture.

■Wintered Well and W^orking
Hard.— S. Burton, Eureka, Ills., on April

28, 1888, says :

My bees have wintered well on the sum-
merstands. They were paclved the same as
last winter, which is described on page 684
of the American Bee .Iournai, for 1887.
I lost one colony by its being queenless. I
have 14 colouies, and tbey are building up
fast. They have been gathering natural
pollen for a week, and are working hard
now.

I^oss in Wintering. — Jas. W. Mills,

Melleray, Iowa, on April 22, 1888, writes :

I Iost23-colonies out Jf 29 In the cellar,
where the two previous winters I had no
loss. Some of them starved, and the rest
had the diarrhea, or some other disease. I
had 28 colonics in the spring of 1887, some
of wliich were very goi>ri. and some very ■
poor.- I doubled up the old ones that were '
weak, and gained only one colony, witli
about 2 gallons of extracted honey that I
ought to have left. I bought 3 colonies
about April 1, and I would rather liave
those than all the rest. I am not the only
one to lose bees in this place.

Higit Walei — Bringing Pollen.

— C. Theilmann, Theilmanton, Minn., on
April 26, 188S, writes :

I put out my 217 colonies of bees on April
21, all liavinu wintered in fine condition,
except one that starved. I had put them
into two caves on Nov. 17, 1887. Three
weeks ago we had about 3 feet of snow.
Yesterday and the day hetore the bees
brought in much poUeii. Soft maples are

TMm MMERicMN mmm j@ukmmi*.

317

>j» * j» « ^ > 1 • m^m A a> > «> »,» « ■

in full bloom. It Is warm to-day, and bees
are boomliiK for this time of the year. The
melting of that heavy snow-fall has made
the creeks and rivers very lil«h. The Zum-
bro river has not been so high sinoe 18.59. It
has swept away nearly all the bridges and
fencing, and the fields are flooded. The
railroad was badly damaged. I had no mail
for nearly two weeks ; but it is all right
now.

Ciatheriug: Pollen.— U. M. Seeley,

Harford, Pa., on April 27, 1888, writes thus :

I know of three who have received seed
of the Chapman honey-plant from the Com-
missioneror Agriculture ; I being one. We
received it very promptly. My bees gath-
ered the first natural pollen yesterday, and
all are doing finely.

Immense Forest Bloom.— N. D.

Coffin, Westland, Ind., on May 1, 1888,
writes :

I sent to Konnan J. Coleman for the
Chapman honey-plant seed, and received a
package promptly. The bees are doing
well. The forest bloom is immense ; but
the prospect for white clover is notflatter-
iug, by any means.

!^o I>oss in IrVinlering.- Horace S.
Ball, Granby, Quebec, on April 28, 1888,
says:

It is quite warm here to-day— 80° in the
shade. 1 put my 40 colonies of bees out on
April 25 and 26. They were in good condi-
tion after being 160 days in the cellar. Those
in Langstroth hives came out in the best
coudition, as they always do with me. The
first pollen was brought in ou April 27.

Hiving^-Uox— Honey -Plant Seed.

—Randolph Graden, Taylor Centre, Mich.,
writes :

I used just such a hiving-box as is de-
scribed on page 275. I find it the most con-
venient of any method that I know any-
thing about.

I sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture
immediately alter I saw the item, in the
American Bee Joitrnal, that tlie Chap-
man honey-plant seed could be had by ap-
plying to that Department for it. I re-
ceived it with several other varieties of seed
about three weeks ago.

Clovers 'IVinter - Killed, etc.—

Alex. Rose, Sullivan, Ills., on April 30, 1888,
writes as follows :

I wrote to Norman J. Coleman, Commis-
sioner of Agriculture, for the Chapman
honey-plant seed, and induetime it arrived.
I am an agricultural correspondent for this
(Moultrie) county ; I will also report bee-
statistics for the county. I have three per-
sons who will assist me in getting statistics.
I find the employes of the Department at
Washington very prompt in granting all
reasonable requests that come under their
care. Almost every county in the United
States has regular correspondents who no
doubt will look after the reports of bees and
honey.

Bees have wintered poorly as a rule in
this county. Some bee-keepers have lost
)^, some >8, and some almost all ; a few
have lo't none. Bees seem to be healthy,
though weak. The white clover seems to
be about all dead, and red clover is all dead.
The apple, peach, cherry and plum trees
are all in full bloom, but seem to yield but
little honey. The hard maple or sugar trees

are in full bloom, also red-bud, which seems
to have .some honey.

I am selling my old Iwmey at 25 cents per
pound. I averaged about 25 pounds per
colony last season. allot it being of areiUlish
cast. There was scarcely any white clover
honey last year, and but little linden honey.
Our crop was mostly from wild bloom, and
red clover cut short by drouth, which made
the blooms short, so that the bees could
reach the honey.

I have no use for separators iu sections ;
I look upon them as a nuisance. I find but
little trouble in making foundation stick in
the sections. 1 use full sheets in one-pound
sections.

Resnlts of the Season of 1SS7. —

C. H. Jones, Pierceton, Quebec, on April

25, 1888, writes :

In the spring of 1887 1 commenced with 13
colonies, 7 of them in box-hives, and in-
creased them to 34 colonies. I bought 19
colonies in the fall, making 53 in all. I
secured 500 pounds of linden and clover
honey, and transferred those in box-hives,
getting 41 pounds of wax. I use the Sim-
plicity hive, and winter my bees in the
cellar. The temperature has been from 38'
to 42° all winter. I have lost 6 colonies.

Bees Wintered IVeU.— Mr. John R.
Sample, Elizaville, Ind., on April 25, 1888,
says :

My bees have wintered well. I com
menced in the spring of 1887 with 3 colonins,
increased them to 8, and took 100 one-pound
sections of honey. I nacked 8 colonies last
fall for winter, of which 7 are strong, and 1
is weak.

Liiieeme and Siireet Clover

Honey.— George Hone, Jr., Benjamin,
Utah, on April 27, 1888, writes :

1 have wintered 1.50 colonies on the sum-
mer stands without loss. I took 2,500 pounds
of comh honey, and 14,000 pounds of ex-
tracted honey last season, which was gath-
ered from lucerne and sweet clover. This
honey was gathered by 138 colonies, spring
count, with an increase of only 12 colonies.
I find that giving bees plenty of room is the
best method to prevent increase. Last sea-
son was a very good one for honey in this
locality.

Fairly Strong: Colonies, etc. — Ira

Adamson, Winchester, Ind., on April 26,
1888, says :

I began the past winter with 21 colonies
of bees, and I have now 13. Two colonies
died with the diarrhea, 1 was killi-d by rob-
ber bees, and 5 became queenless. The rest
are tolerably strong. I have been feeding
some. If a bee-keeper has but 1 or 2 colo-
nies of bees, it will pay him to take the
American Bee Jouex.vl. I am sorry to
hear of Mr. Z. A. Clark's persecutions.
Suppose his bees were just outside of the
corporation ; if there was anything inside
of that corporation to work on, how long
would it take the bees to get to it ? The
bee is a privileged chaaracter, and if there
are any sweets to be gathered, it will have
them, or will work very hard to secure
them. I have received a package of the
Chapman honey-plant.

A Pocket I>iotionary will be pre-
sented for tvvo subscribers with S2.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spelling of words, and to
determine their meanuig.

AL,FRE» H. r¥EWT»IAI^,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

business gtotitjcs.

If Yon I..ive near one post-office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this oflice.

Give a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

If yoM I>ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Please <o get yonr IVeiglibor^

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Preser»'e Yonr Papers for future
reference. If you have no BII\I>ER we

will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journal.

Please write Ajmerican Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

The Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for .50 '.'ents, postpaid.

Home markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Always mention your Post-Offlce,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the nfw address.

318

TSB) MMiERICMff BE® J@^MlfMI«..

Iloney and Bees^rax Market.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best white in one-pound sections, 15e.
Extracted. 9@10c. Large supply and few sales.

BBK8WAX.-23@24C.
Apr. 24. M. H. HUNT. Bell Branch, Mich.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white In 1-lb. sec-
tions, 13@15c.; the same in 2-lbB., 10@nc.; buck-
wheat 1-tbs., lOc; 2-lb8.,9c. Market dull.
BEB8WAJE.-24C.

MCCAUL 4 HILDRBTH BROS.,
Apr. 7. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane 8t.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.- Prices range from 15®l6c. for best one-
lb. sections; other grades are slow, at lower prices.
Extracted, 7®8c. l.ight demand, and supply larger
than usual at this season of the year.

BBB8WAX,-230. R. A. BURNETT.

May I. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. lections,
14@i5c.: fancy 2lb3., 12c. Lower grades l®2c. per
lb. less. Buckwheat i-lbs., lOSIW^c; 2-lb8., 9@9>4c.
Extracted, white, 7®7>^c.; dark, sjjsec.
Mar. 19. F.G.8TR0HMBYER &C0., 122Water8t.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.- We quote : Fancy white clover i-lbs.,
16®17c.; 2.1bs., 15®16c. Dark Is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7®iOo.

BBBSWAX.-23C.

Mar. 13. 8. T. FISH & CO., 180 8. Water St,

CINCINNATI

HONBY.— We quote extracted at 4@9c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, 14@17c.—
Demand slow.

8KK8W AX.— Demand Is good- 20®22c. per lb. f or
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Apr. 23. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.- Choice white one-lb. sections. 16®17c.:
2-lb8., 15®16c.; 3-lb8.. 14c. Extracted, white in kegs
and Ji-barrels, 8to8)4c.; in tin and pails, 9>i®10c.;
dark in barrels and kegs, 5@7c. Market fair.

BBKSWAX.-22®2SC. „

Apr. 23. A. y. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DENVER,

HONEY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, 17®19c.i 2-lb.
sections, 15®17c. Extracted, 7@10c.

BEESWAX.-2f>®23c.
Mar. 1. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.— We quote : Choice white 2-lb. sections,
17@i8c. : dark 2-lb8, I4@i5c. ; choice white 1-lbs.. 18 to
20 cts.; dark 1-lbs., 15@16c. White extracted, 7@8c.;
dark. 5(§jec. Demand is slow. White extracted is
firm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BEESWAX.- 21 to 22c.
Mar. 29. HAMBLIN & BBAB88, 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON

HONEY.- We quote: Mb. sectiOM, 16@17c.; 2-
Ib. sections, I4®16c. Extracted. 8@9c. The market
la not very brisk and sales are slow.

BKB8WAX.— 25 cts. per lb.
Mar 24. BLAKE i RIPLET, S7 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote: White to extra, 10®17c.;
amber. 9@t4c. Extracted, white liquid, 7@7>^c.;
amber and candied, 6®7c. Market quiet.

BBESWAX.-18®21c.
Mar. 20. SCHACHT 4 LBMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY,-We quote: White 1-lbs., glassed, 16®i7c;

unglassed, 17@18c.: and dark l-lbs., glassed, 15c.; un-

flassed, 16c. ; white 2-lb8., glassed, 16c., : unglassed 2-
bs., 17c. California white 2-lb8.. 17c. California ex-
tracted in 60-lb. cans, 8c. Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BBbSWAX.-No. 1, 200.; No. 2, 18c.
Mar.i9. CLBM0N8, CLOON & CO., cor 4th ftWalnut.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; 83.3-5 per peck ; 35 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : 810.00 per bushel; 83.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
CUmer Seed: 86,00 per bushel ; 81,75 per
peck: 30 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Vucca Uriislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
tliein at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 23c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., $10.00.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

A modern BEE-FAR^, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this ofBce. Price, $1.

Paper Boxe.s— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4J^x4}^ and 534x53^.
Price, 81.00 per 100, or 88.50 per 1,000.

»tig;;i5«;«ig««»»g»i»»«iiTm

^Avizxiistmznts.

80 COLONIES of BEES

FOR SALE, CHEAP. For Prices and
further particular?, addrees
19Atf G. A. Proclinow, May vllle, \¥i»*

Mention the American Bee Journal.

ITAr.IAHf8 on Lanpstrotb frames— Two-frame
Nucleus (no Queen) t\.95; 3-frame. $1.75. Each
Nucleus to contiiin frames tilled with brood and a
plenty of bees. Orders filled promptly. TESTED
QUEENS. $2.(10: Untested, after May 20. $1. BEES
per Pound, after May 20, 65 cents. Safe arrival and
satisfaction guaranteed. No foul brood.
19A4t H, Ij. Punirborn, Maquoketa, Iowa.

Mention the Amcricayi Bee Journal,

OUR ILLUSTRATED

CATALOGUE

FOR 1888

WILL be mailed free to any one who is not
already supplied with it. Send us your
address, plainly wiitUn, on a Postal Card.
THOS. G. NEWSMAN A: SON,

923 & 92,-j W Madison-St., - CHICAGO, ILLS.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY,

PAMPHLET full of new and improved
metlinda ; Price, 5 one-cent stamps. You
ni ed also my list of Italian QneeiiH, Bees by

the lb., and Supplies Oliver Foster,
l.^Aif Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

Dadaiits' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

Sl'RE to send for our Circular
before buying. Italian Bees by
the lb., 2 or 3 fr. Nuclei. Queens,
Foundation, &c. Unt'd Queens In
May, $1; in June, Toe; 6 for $4.
Jno. Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo.
14Atf
Mention the American Bee Journal.

o6nQ tO uGlllS Year among the Bees:"
114 pages, cloth bound. Address,

DR. C. C. ITDLLER,

•^OAtf MARENGO, TLI.(--

THOMAS G. NEWMAN & SON,

WHOLESALE & RETAIL

SUPPLIES for BEE-KEEPERS

ALSO DIALERS IN

HONEY and BEESWAX,

923 & 925 West Madison St., CHICAOO, ILL.

Da<liiiit>' Foundation Factory, wliolesale

and retail. Seo advertisement in another column.

The Bee-Keepers' Review

IF ever a bee-paper was started with a place
ready and waiting for it, the Review has
had that luck. The first number was welcomed
before it was read, and when it was read, it
took its place easily and at once among- the
things that justify their own existence, and
need no probation before being fully and
finally accepted. It is an Imitation of none of
its cotemporaries, and it is on a level with the
best ot them, both In the merit of its general
scheme, and in typographical neatness. This,
we believe, will be the verdict of the intelli-
gent bee-keepioK public, and, ae proof of the
correctness of this belief, we append the
following, which we select from a large
number of similar congratulations :

1 am greatly pleased with the Review, and think
it very creditable. It must take the lead with
intelligent bee-keepers.— R.L.TAYLOR,Lapeer,Micb.

You have made an e.\ceUent start ; and I am very
favorably impressed with your plan of making each
issue a " special number." — E. M. HATHUR8T,
Kansas City, Mo.

From a practical standpoint you are well qualified
to make the venture a success. I hope you may do
well financially, and establish and enviable reputa-
tion for editorial ability, as you have already as a
writer on apioultural topics. — EtJGENE SiCOR.
Forest City, Iowa.

REVIEW No. 1 lies before me, and I must say It is
like a chestnut— brimful of meat, properly cooked,
and served in flrst-clnss palatable order. Before
reading it I thought, "What can friend Hutchinson
say that has not already been said by others ?" But
you have given us a feast of fat things. If the
Review keeps up to the standard of No. i, it has a
bright future befure it.— W.E.Clark, Oriskany,N.y.

I like the Review in every respect. There is more
in it than in any other bee-paper I have ever seen ;
that is, more real meat, or what is called meat, as J
see it. The whole D)attcr, including advertisements,
is tastefully arrange l I cannot conceive who would
not instantly sub.scribe. at the price, after seeing
a copy.— James Heudun, Dowagiac, Mich.

I congratulate you upon the excellence of the
Review. Itwillbe an honor to the craft, and to
our State, if you maintain it at the starting pitch—
and 1 do not doubt but you will. At first I was sorry.
What we want is fewer, better papers. But I forgot
for the moment whn was at the helm. I believe you
will succeed, and if you do not go to the top, you will
stride well up.— A. J. Cook, Agricultural College,
Mich.

A sample copy of the Review is at hand, and I
was agreeably surprised, to say the least. As a rule,
periodicals in starting furnish at first a sickly,
discouraging appearance that stamps /ai[ur« all over
them. What a contrast in beholding the Review 1
Why, friend Hutchinson, the first glance at it shows
its success. And then its contents— the very cream
of advanced bee-literuture. I read it through before
laying it out of my hand.-E. Kretchmer. Coburg,
Iowa.

Four numbers of the Review have been
issued. The' January number diecussee " Dls-
lurbing Bees in Wioter ;" the February issue
is devoted to "Temperature." as applied to
bee-repoeltories : the March number takes up
the subject of "Planting for Honey;" while
" Spring: Management " is the special topic of
the April issue. The special subject of the
May Review will be " Hivmg Bees."

Besides these special discussions, which are
carried on by the best bee-keepers of the
country, there are several pages in each issue
devoted to short, sharp, concise editorials
upon current apicultural topics An exhaus-
tive review of Mr. Cheshire's book, " Bees and
Bee-Keeplng, Vol. II," Is begun in the March
Review, and will be finished in the May num-
ber If you wish for the cream of this great
work, read these three numbers.

Price of the Review is 50 cents a year.
Samples cheerfully sent upon application.

Tbe Production of Comb Btoiiey^

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 25 cents.
The REVIEW and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either D. S. or Canadian.

Address. W. 5E. HUTCHINSON,

18Atf 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.
Mention the Ameriean Bee Journal,

WANTED,

BeesTrax.— We will pay 20 cents per

pound, delivered here, for Yellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, the name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

THOS. G. NETITMAN & SON,

J2:l & !«.•> WiMt MaalBon St., - CHICAGO, LLLS.

rtmrn m^mmmi€mm mmm jci^RifHiLr.

823

XHOI»lAS G. MEWT»IAW,

EDITOR.

VoiniV, May 16,1888, No, 20,

Xlie i>li;;'Iil is iiiutlierof tlie Uay,

The Winter ot the Spring,
And evpr upon old Decay

The greenest mosses cling.
Behind the cloud the starlight lurks,

Through showers the sunbeams fall ;
For God, who loveth all his works.

Has left liis Hope with aU.—Whittier.

IliTes, Sections, comb foundation,
and everything needed should be ob-
tained at once, ready for use at a mo-
ment's notice.

Some very Sensible Advice is

contained in the following paragraph which
is taken from one of our agricultural ex-
changes :

Keep all colonies strong. Provide aBun-
dant bee-pasturage. Handle bees carefully
and intelligently. Study up beekeepintf
thoroughly. Every one should realize how
little is really known. Bee-keeping and honey
production does not impoverish farms or soil.
Bee-Reepingcan be successfully carried on
by women. The best hive is the one you
know how to handle best. The best bees are
the ones that have best care and feed. IJeg^in
small and enlarge cautiously. One or two
failures give more real knowledge than three
or tour successes.

E. X. Flanagan, Bellville, Ills., sent
us his catalogue for 1888—12 pages— Bees,
Supplies, Carp, Seeds, and Small Fruit.

» i ^ ■ m

Attention is called to the first two
excellent paragraphs of Dr. Tinker's
article on page 330. That is the only
way discussions .should be made. And
yet, strange to say, since this Journal
was ready for the press, we have an
abusive letter from a correspondent,
for omitting his offensive personalities.

I^al lire's Way.— We have just re-
ceived a small pamphlet published by E. H.
Cook, Andover, Conn., entitled, " G. M.
Doolittle's Method of Rearing Queens,"
which Is called " The nearest approach to
Nature's way yet devised." It contains 30
small pages, is neatly printed, but poorly
bound, and is sold at 15 cents. On the im-
portance of good queens, Mr. Doolittle says:

In no one thing in bee-keeping does good
quality count tor as much, as it does with
the queen or mother-bee. Upon her centers
the whole of bee-keeping. It would be im-
possible to secure a pound of honej; without
the queen. While a poor queen Is better
than none, yet it must be patent to all that
the better the queen is,the more workers we
get ; and the more workers we have at the
right time the more money we obtain.

When we come to fully realize the great
value of a really good queen, one that you
can get to lay from 3.000 to 4,000 eggs a day,
six or more weeks before the honey-harvest,
so as to have our force of laborers when the
tield Is ripe for the harvest, we shall hear of
less queens which "cost the apiarist noth-
ing."

Good queens cost something, and are
valuable In proportion to the pains taken in
rearing them. Hoping that the time is not
far distant when all will take more pains In
this part of our fascinating pursnlt.I thought
it might not be a bad idea at this time to

five a plain statement of some of the plans
use to procure queens for my own use ;
always aiming each year to excel anything
done in the past. In doing this it shall be
my aim to make all as plain as possible, so
that even the novice can understand the
how and why of it.

Concerning the advantages of the method
described, Mr. Doolittle remarks thus :

This mode of preparing the colony so that
they will be ready with plenty of prepared
queen-food, is ahead of everything I have
ever tried. It will be seen that an hour be-
fore they were feeding thousands of larvae,
and several fiueen-cells, when, all at once,
they are obliged to hold the accumulating
chyme, and take ou an anxiety for anything
to feed as a queen, that is almost as strong
as their existence. They are now supplied
with from 1.5 to 20 little larvje, all cradled
In queen-cells, upon which they bestow all
the provision and caresses thev were before
doing for a whole hive; and let me assure
you if good queens can be reared outside of
natural swainiing, such queens as will hatch
out of these cells'are the good ones.

It maybe obtained at this office at the
publisher's price.

Many Compliments have been re-
ceived concerning the excellent typographi-
cal appearance of the American Bee
Journal since the new volume com-
menced last January. Much of the credit
is due to the exquisite face, finish and gen-
eral excellence of the body type, which was
made expressly for the Bee Journal by
Barnhart Brothers & Spindler, manufac-
turers of the celebrated " Superior copper-
mixed type," at their type foundry at 115
and 117 Fifth Avenue, Chicago. We have
'dealt with this firm tor 20 years, and cheer-
fully commend them to our " brother typos,"
for their business methods are the very
essence of integrity and honor, and their
make of type excellent and durable. Our
"old dress" was made by them, and after
using it regularly for seven years, one bee-
publisher remarked incidentally that it still
appeared so well that he did not see the
necessity for our buying new type. This
was a very flattering remark to our type
founders and printers.

Apiciiltiiral Experiments.— Prof.

A. J. Cook, of the Michigan Agricultural
College, remarks thus in the American
AptculUirist concerning his intended ex-
periments :

Under the new Hatch Billl am going to
undertake two new lines of investigation
looking to the advancement of bee-keeping.
First, I shall select and breed with great
care to secure a better bee. I have been
at this for some years, using Syrian and
Carniolan stock. The other is to experi-
ment to see whether it will pay to plant for
bees. If so, what ?

IV^itli Rain plentifully distributed over
the country, warm sunshine inter-
spersed between the showers, and pro-
fuse fruit bloom with other early
blossoms, a good honey harvest may
very naturally be expected.

Xlie Nebraska Slate Fail- will be
held at Lincoln from Sept. 7 to 14, 1888.
There are $30,000 offered in premiums. Class
L. Is devoted to bees, honey, and apiary
goods, and E. Whitcouib, of Friend, Nebr.,
is superintendent. Here is the list of pre-
miums in this department :

1st 2d

Pre. Pre.

Best comb honey, not less than 20 pounds,

crated and in single comb sections,

weighine not more than 2 lbs. each... $10 95

Best gallon of extracted honey 5 3

The above to be limited to competitors producing
their own honey in Nebraska during the year 1888.
Best colony of bees $io $5

" 20 lbs. of granulated honey 5 3

" and largest display by any one, includ-
ing bees, extracted honey, apiary sup-
plies 20 10

The test for colonies shall be the net gain in
stores, and will be determined bv the weight of
honey that can tte extracted from the combs of the
hive. Each colony shall be weighed, inspected, and
sealed at the commencement of the trial, and ex-
tracted as above stated at its close. The test of
colonies sliall end on Wednesday morning of the
Fair, and begin on Wednesday morning two weeks
previous. No caging of queens will be allowed, or
any other practice by which a colony is put out of
a normal condition. The bees of each colony shall
be the sole progeny of the queen therein, and no
colony shall be entitled to compete for a premium
not showing, when handled, the ordinary amiability
of pure Italians.

No colony shall be admitted coming from any
locality in which there is reason to suspect the
presence of foul brood.

The test for colonies shall end on Tuesday of the
State Fair.
Best exhibit of brood and surplus comb

foundation full, to partly drawn 95 92

Best exhibit of apiarian implements and

supplies 10 5

Best display of honey in marketable shape. 5 2
Best candied honey 5 3

These premiums amount to $113 in all.
Full particulars, blanks, etc., can be ob-
tained of the superintendent.

Frank Ivcslie's Sunday IMagfa-

zine for June is a number timely to the
season, and two of Its articles relate to Lake
Champlaln. Both are finely and fully
illustrated, and they make one long to go
thither. Lake George has so long monopo-
lized attention that it is an agreeable change
to find Lake Champlain receiving the recog-
nition its beauties merit. Dr. Talmage con-
tributes a capital article on " Woman her
own Defense." The shorter articles are
numerous as usual, and very interesting.
The whole number is valuable.

324

TMM S,MERICaS« MmM J^^MMffilU.,

-^ — » — ' — '—^^j-^^^^^^^t»hm»m»»»»»^**^*^^*

ExtracteU Honey in Calilbrnia

seems to be a non-paymg production. The
excessive freights when exporting it to
Australia and Europe talie away all the
profits, and the production of the past two
years has been at a loss. The San Bernar-
dino Times of a late date contains the fol-
lowing characteristic article on the subject,
to wliich we invite attention :

The fact cannot be denied that the bee-
keepers of California have for several years
past been having a pretty hard time of it.
We have seen prices go down gradually,
year atter year, until now they are so low
that there is absolutely no profit in the
business, at least so far as the production of
the extracted article is concerned. And the
decline in price has seemed to have very
little reference to the amount produced.
Naturally, one would suppose that in sea-
sons of short crops prices would become
correspondingly stimulated. But such has
not been the case. The price has grad-
ually fallen until 2 or 3 cents a pound is
about the limit of the price received Dy the
producer, and one does not need to know
that at such absurdly low prices there is no
profit for the bee-keeper.

There seems to be some insuperable ob-
jection among the majority of people against
the use of extracted honey. When that
article was first put upon the market it was
thought possible, and even probable, that its
use might become general, and that so pure
and healthful an article would quickly take
the place of the impure and adulterated
molasses, syrups and "drips" which are so
largely consumed. Especially was it
thought that this would be done when the
price for the pure honey was put at a lower
figure than those articles could be sold for.
But for some reason it has proven all but
hopeless to attempt to persuade people gen-
erally to become consumers of honey. As
a consequence the price has, as already
been stated, reached a very low point, both
here and in the East, though it was much
longer in getting down there than on the
Pacific Coast.

Now, bee-keepers all over the country are
seeking some method by which to make
their business profitable. Many of the
most experienced bee-keepers of the East
have decided that there is nothing to be
done except to put a stop to the production
of extracted honey, and devote their entire
time to the comb.

It is now claimed to have been a great
mistake to have put the extracted honey at
so low a price compared with the comb ;
but the damage has been done, and it was
based upon the idea that the bees could
make about 3 pounds of extracted honey to
1 pound of comb honey, and that therefore
the relative prices should be about in the
same proportion. But this does not work
very well in practice, for while extracted
honey at 3 cents a pound, no matter in how
great quantity it is produced, does not yield
a profit, comb honey at 8 to 10 cents pays
very well indeed.

As a consequence the advice to stop the
production ot the extracted article seems
to be well founded. It is certainly far bet-
ter to produce two tons of comb honey that
will give a profit of 2 cents a pound, than to
produce six tons of the extracted that has to
be sold at a loss.

The fact is that the honey-producers of
California pushed the sale of their liquid
product so extensively that the great mar-
kets of the Eastern States were crowded
with it, and that brought down the price, not
only of California honey but also of that

produced in the Middle and Eastern States,
it also glutted the markets to such an ex-
tent that the demand for liquid honey was
more than met, and sales were exceedingly
slow. There was evidently an over-pro-
duction on the Pacific Coast, with only an
ordinary supply and demand in the older
States.

Wisdom would seem to dictate that, in-
stead of discouraging the production of
extracted honey, bee-keepers should try to
find avenues for its consumption. These
have been greatly enlarged during the past
decade, and may be doubled within the
coming few years. Tons upon tons are
used every year in the following manner :

It is used in the manufacture of confec-
tionery, cakes and pastry, soda-water, mead
and metheglin, jellies and jams, honey-
wines and liquors, liquorice, honey egg-
foam, and honey-vinegar, medicinal prep-
arations, sjTups, ointments and salves, pop-
corn balls and harvest drinks.

It is also used in canning and preserving
fruit in its natural state, curing hams and
meat of various kinds.

In making printers' rollers it forms a
principal ingredient, also in the manufac-
ture of beer, ale and tobacco, it holds a
prominent place.

In making comb foundation it is used
considerably.

In compounding medicines of all kinds,
it has for ages held an important place ;
while as an article of food it has been es-
teemed as one of the principal delicacies for
many centuries.

It will be well for all honey-producers to
see if they cannot find out new avenues for
the use of honey. In this way we can pre-
vent a decline in prices when the future
honey crops will be large.

The extracting of honey was not a mis-
take—but it might have been a mistake to
put the price at less than that in the comb.

To-day honey out of the comb is retailing
in this city at 15 cents per pound, and the
demand is very fair. The great error was
made years ago by bee-keepers themselves,
by lively competition, to break down the
prices, and it is very difficult now to boom it,
even when the crop is short.

The Inter-State law is just what has
killed the honey-production on the Pacific
Coast, by increasing the freight tariff so
much that it takes all the honey is worth to
bring it to the Eastern markets.

But what is disaster to them is a blessing
to apiarists in the Middle and Eastern
States. By keeping Californian honey out
of the latter markets enhances both the
price and demand of the Eastern product.
This is another illustration of the old adage,
that " It is an ill wind that blows no one
any good."

Carniolan Queens.— S. W.Morri.son,
M. D., ot Oxford, Pa., has sent us a de-
scription of them, their progeny, and good
qualities, with full directions for introduc-
ing them to alien colonies. It will be sent
free by him to all inquirers.

Experiments. — Mr. C. H. Dibbem, of

Milan, Ills., gives these graphic descriptions
in the Plowman of some of his experiments
in " the days of yore :"

While I am writing of experiments, I will
say that my ideas have not always proved so
successful. Many years ago, when I used
surplus boxes holding 20 lbs., without bot-
toms, I was greatly puzzled as to how I
should take them off without getting stung.
1 did not then understand the best use to
make of smoke, and a good smoker was un-
known. Often I would pry off the box and
then try to blow smoke on the bees from a
roll of rags, but often just at the critical
time the fire would go out, and the bees
would make it so hot tor me that i was glad
to let them alone, honey and all.

Finally an idea struck me, that if I would
take two sheets of tin I could slip it under
the box double, and then divide between
the sheets, and remove the box of honey by
holding on the tin bottotii to keep the bees
in and leave the other sheet on the hive to
keep those in the hive down. This worked
very well, till I tried to lift the box off,
when the tin warped, letting out a hoard of
infuriated bees, which immediately com-
menced a tour of conquest up my shirt
sleeves, causing me to beat an inglorious
retreat to the house. The bees in the main
hive were soon " on their ear," as well as
those in the box, and it was not till dark
that any of us dared to ventiu-e out of the
house. Even the chickens and dogs had to
" climb" when they came too near the hive.

After dark I managed somehow to carry
the hive to the cellitr, allowing the bees to
fly out through an open window afterwards.
It was quite awhile, however, before I
could go anywhere near that colony without
them " going for rae." and they " bummed "
around the house tor a week.

Another experiment I tried about the
same time was a " new method " of hiving
swarms that lit high up on a tall tree. I had
such a tree that was the pest of my life.
Everv time a swarm would issue they would
go right tor the top branches of that tree,
and perhaps before I could secure them 3 or
4 swarms would cluster in the same branch.
It took some time to climb the tree, saw off
limbs and let down the hees, and it was
usually hot and tiresome work. Finally the
idea struck me that by getting a light pole
some 20 feet long, and nailing on a hook and
a muslin bag, 1 could secure the most of
these swarms by giving the branch on which
they might hang, a sharp rap with the end
of the pole, and catching the bees in my
sack, then gently let them down, and shake
them into my hive.

How strange I had not thought of that
before ! Now I fondly imagined that all
my trouble, on this point at least, was at an
end. A trial of my great invention, how-
ever, soon shattered my hopes, when 1
found that the first rap on the limb with my
swarm-catcher landed a half dozen bees in-
side of ray shirt collar, and oh ! how hot
they felt.

The climax was reached, however, when
the weight of the bees brought down the
whole affair with a crash, and killing many
bees. This made them furious, and the way
they " went for me," compelled me to seek
shelter in a neighboring shed. Even there
they tried to get through knot holes to get at
me. It was a long time before I got that
colony settled in a hive.

It is needless to say that I have ever since
regarded any pole arrangement with sus-
picion. At any rate a great coolness soon
settled over that invention, and I have
never since been seen going around the
apiary with a long pole with a bag at the
end.

Crire a Coi>y of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honej'. It will sell lots of it.

THE aMERicjLN mmm j^T^mmmi^.

325

Xliat Arkadelpliia I'asf, etc —

Messrs. Harmon & Skiuner, Zeuos,Arizoiia,
on April 25, 18SS, write :

It was with feelings of joy tliat we read
of that Mayor and aldermeu being kicljert
out of office in Arkadelphia. It sliould not
stop at that, but they should pay Mr. Z. A.
Clark the damage and expense to which
thev have put him. We are ready to help
the Bee-Keepers' Union if they need any
means. There liave been some threats
made Iiere lately, of passing a city ordinance
to oust the bees from the city limits. We
hope there will be no one so unwise and
foolish, as to start any such thing here ; but
it seems as if tliere is a craze on the subject
of bees. We hope that Mr. Clark will re-
ceive full satisfaction.

Our bees are doing well this season. We
extracted honey two weeks ago, and took a
little over 26 pounds per colony, from 70
colonies. We use the Heddon 8-frame
Langstroth hive, and like that size of hive.
We have 2 colonies of hybrid bees, from
each of which we took 30 gallons of ex-
tracted honey in one season. The honey
was extracted seven times in the season.

Tlie Bee-Keepers' Union will have use
for all the means within reach next July,
for it has decided to leave no stone un-
turned to win the suit against Mr. Clark in
Arkadelphia. The very best legal talent
has been employed, and every inch of
ground will be hotly contested. The oust-
ing of the Mayor and councilmen, and the
election of men of reason only guarantees
for the future. The suit, having been ap-
pealed to the upper court, will have to be
fought just the same.

A Snsar-Producingp 'JPree.— O. O.

Poppleton, of Apartado 278, Havana, Cuba,
writes as follows :

On page lfi4 is a clipping from the Orocers'
Criterion, about a " Sugar-producing tree in
India." Judging from the part of the de-
scription about the yield of suuar in the
West Indies, tlie entire thing can be safely
judged as being on a par with Wiley's
'•scientific pleasantry "—in plain English,
as a regular, old-fashioned lie.

I have taken some trouble to ascertain
what the average yield of sugar is here in
Cuba, and I am told by those in a posi-
tion to be well posted, that new land will
yield from 6,000 to 6,300 pounds per acre ;
and old land from :i,600 to 4,000 pounds, in-
stead of only 400 pounds per 1)5 acres, as
the Criterion has it.

Importers in Havana pay planters from 2
to 3 cents per pound for sugar delivered in
the city : so the reported yield of but little
over .500 pounds per acre, would not begin
to pay for seed and rent of land, saying
nothing about the immense expense for
labor and machinery. I wish there was
some way that Cuban sugar could be placed
on the American retail market, without its
passing through any process in getting
there. It would largely replace other grades
of sugar, on account of its great richness
and absolute purity.

The selection was sent to us by Mr. Lewis
Proxmire, of Mount Union, Pa., and he cut
it out of the Orocers' Criterion. In reply
to his question, we repled that we knew
nothing more of the tree described than was
contained in the article, and our tlianks are
tendered to Mr. O. 0. Poppleton, who is
DOW in Cuba, for stating his opinion of the
article. It seems it is another of those dis-
gusting lies which are perpetrated as
"scientific pleasantries !"

Clisipniiin lluitcy-PIiiitl !>i«c<1,

«'«c.— Leniy Ilighharger, Leaf River, Ills.,
on April 37, 1888, writes :

In reply to Mr. A. Fiddes' request on page
37.5, I would say that 1 have received a
package of the Chapman honey-plant seed,
through oiu- Congressman. When I wrote
him to get it for me, he replied by return
mail, that he would attend to it, and so it
came right along. Whenever I want seeds
from the Agricultural Department at Wash-
ington, by writing to him I ^et tliem. I
shall not plant the seed, as it is not a hardy
plant, and will not stand the winters in
northern lUiuois. I raised about 400 plants
last year, and today 1 have between 40 and
.50 left. What I did save were mider a snow-
drift until April 1. Every plant that was
not protected is dead. If any others raised
plants from it last season, I should like to
hear from them, and how they have wintered.

Wintering bees last winter in this (Ogle)
county was a failure. I have taken con-
siderable pains in investigating, and I find
a loss of at least .50 per cent., from that
great scourge — diarrhea. The colonies
to which I had led sugar syrup fared fully
as badly as those that had natural stores.

John B. Lindle. of Muscatine, Iowa, on
April 28, 1888, answers the same question
thus :

I have received some of the Chapman
honey-plant seed, and it was planted a
month .^go ; it is up, and has been culti-
vated iince. Therp would be less complaints
if orders were sent early, and not expecting
it sent by return mail. I do not know what
force of clerks are kept in the Comniis-
sioner"s office, but it would require thou-
sands to till all orders on such short notice.

Among others who also report the receipt
of this seed are C. W. M. Burroughs, Hills-
borough, N. J., who got twice as much as he
needed, and liberally divided with a neigh-
boring apiarist. F. Wilcox, Mauston.Wis. ;
L. B. Gilmore, Blooming Valley, Pa. ; G.
H. Knickerbocker, Pine Plains, N.T., etc.

Mr. Fiddes complained of not receiving
his seed, and intimated that none may have
been sent out. It is pleasing to know that
" our public servants " at Washington have
done their duty in this matter, and as Mr.
Fiddes did not receive his, it is pretty evi-
dent that his letter was lost, or the seed
miscarried. We are very glad that the ques-
tion was asked, and answered so satisfac-
torily and numerously.

Removing: Beei^ from the Cellar.

— B. T. Davenport, Auroraville, Wis., on
April 28, 1888, writes :

I took the first of my bees from the cellar
on April 34, about two weeks later than
they have remained in the cellar for 1.3
years. It was too cold prior to that time to
take them out. The weather turned very
warm on April 35, and I noticed the first
pollen. The following day was fairly hot,
the mercury reaching 82° in the shade,
which brought willows out very rapidly ;
and on the two following day.s, bees gath-
ered honey as fast from that source as I
ever saw them gather it from clover. But
to-day their work is stopped by a cold,
northeastern rain-storm.

My 112 colonies were put into the cellar
the last of November, 1887, making their
confinement five months. They have win-
tered quite poorly, and I think I shall lose
one-third or more, depending upon the
weather from now on.

I have learned one of the best and most
practical lesions si net' I have been engaged

In beekeeping. It reminds me of a pas-
sage of scripture, "Ever learning, and never
able to come to a knowledge of the truth."
I carried out a great many colonies during
the middle of the day, on two days, while
the mercury was 82° in the shade, and they
mixed up very badly, all pouring upon two
other hives until they were covered, and
strong colonies were almost entirely de-
populated ; while those that I carried out
after dark, and on the first two days while
it was cool, came out slowly, marked their
location, and returned to their respective
hives. This was my first experience in
putting out befs during such hot weather ;
and of late years I have neglected to num-
ber the hives, so that they are not placed
on the old stand, and I never had any
trouble of this kind before.

Numbering the hives is a very important
item when cellar-wintering is practiced, so
that they may be placed on the same stands
occupied during the previous season. The
old bees cannot be spared thus early with-
out materially interfering with the season's
operations ; and there is danger of their
being lost by entering the wrong hives.

eiiiiiiiTiiiiintixiiiiiiiiiimg

W^ax Secretion— Moldy Combs. —

J. B., of Ohio, asks the following questions:

1. Is the secretion of wax voluntary, or an
involuntary act with bees ?

2. I have a great many frames of empty
combs, and some of it is pretty moldy.
What would be the best way to use them ?
Would it be best to hive swarms on them,
make nuclei and use them, or render them
into beeswax, and have foundation made
from it ?

1. We do not know whether it is always
voluntary or not ; but we think that it is, as
a rule.

2. If the combs are otherwise good, put
them into or over strong colonies, which
will soon clean them. Do not hive swarms
on them, nor give them to nuclei.

Sprinkling Strarms in Xrees. —

Mrs. Jas. S. Stapler, of Tahlequah, In-
dian Territory, asks :

Is there any arrangement by which a lady
could sprinkle bees that have settled in the
top of a tree, in case where one has to wait
for a man to hive them ? Or, are there any
other means of retaining the bees ?

Yes, the Whitman fountain pump is the
best thing that we have used. With it you
can hold a swarm in cluster for an indefinite
length of time, by sprinkling them often—
every 10 or 15 minutes if the air is hot and
dry. Be careful not to administer so much
water at any one time as to break down the
cluster. Experience will teach you.

WeTT Cataloffiies for 1888 are on our

desk, from the following persons:

Geo. H. Knickerbocker, Pine Plains, N.
Y.— 20 pages— Queens and Bees.

M. E. JIason. Andover, C— 8 pages— Bee-
Keepers' Supplies.

326

Twrn MBiERic-Mif mm'm j©iimmmi«..

-j--^^^^^^-^->— ■■'^ " -7- -^-^ *■—■'■ ^--^^^^ ■~-»-^--— ■'■^j^^»^*«»«.'»>»»»^»^**»^**'*^»^*'^*^

Oood Location for Successful
Bee-Keeping.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Qaery 542.— Given, the latitude of Cincin-
nati creek and river bottoms, with clay hills
as high as 200 feet, country well-farmed, white
clover the principal source of honey, many
lawns and much fruit-bloom, some molilot In
the bottoms, and golden-rod and aster on the
hills (no buckwheat and no basswoodi, and a
good market. Would one who is ijualitled and
loves the work, be apt to succeed as a spe-
cialist in the production of honey ?— Southern
Ohio.

Yes.- — M. Mahin.

Yes. — C. C. Miller.

I think that he would. — Mrs. L.
Harrison.

Yes, if he is qualified. — R.L.Taylor.

He would be apt to succeed. — J. P.
H. Brown.

Yes. We are in just such a country.
— Dad ANT & Son.

I have no doubt that the locality
would be a good one. — P. L. Viallon.

Most assuredly, if all you state be
true. — J. M. Hambaugh.

I can see no reason why he could

not.- — G. M. DOOLITTLE.

Others have done so, and there is no
reason why you should jiot. — J. E.
Pond.

I think that such a locality will
average with the honey-producing
States. — Eugene Secor.

I think so. If basswood could be
added, it would be very desirable. — A.
J. Cook.

Yes, if there is plenty of clover, and
it yields plenty of honey. As it was
here (northwestern Ohio) last season,
the bees would starve. — A. B. Mason.

There are points along the rich
river bottoms near Cincinnati where a
specialist should succeed well. — G. L.
Tinker.

I should be a little afraid of your
location, but if you have plenty of
nectar for the bees, you will succeed if
you have the necessary qualilication,
and love the work. — H. D. Cutting.

This depends upon many things, and
is a difficult question to answer. If
the person has a love for the bu,siness,
is industrious and economical, and has
ordinary business ability, he would
probably succeed. — C. H. Dibbern.

I rather think so. But I would sow
sweet clover and jilcurisy-root as I
had opportunity, and coax the farmers
to sow Alsike clover. I sowed, three
years ago, 40 acres of mammoth or
peavine clover, and the bees frequent
it as much as any plant I ever saw. —
J. M. Shuck.

I should call the location a fairly
good one. It is a rare thing that any
location combines all the desirable
qualities in one. I would not fear to
undertake it, if I was looking for a
location, and other things suited me. —
G. W. Demaree.

Yes ; such a location and such a per-
son as is described should make a suc-
cess of bee-keeping. — The Editor.

Markin;

the Hive of
Queen.

a niating

Written for the American Bee Journal

Qnery 543.— The hives front east, are 4'/!
feet apart Irom centre to centre in the rows,
and the rows are S'/2 feet apart. If you find a
queenless colony, and have no fertile queen
to give it. but must (five a caged cell or virgin
queen, would you jrive the colony a new loca-
tion, so as to give it more room in order that
the queen returning from her mating-trip
may be sure to enter lier own hive ? — Apiarist.

No. — M. Mahin.

No. — A. J. Cook.

No. — A. B. Mason.

No, I should take tlje risk. — R. L.
Taylor.

No ; the distance is as far as needed.
— P. L. Viallon.

No. 1 would lay down a wide board
in front of the hive, or in some other
waj' make it look a little different from
the others, when you should have no
trouble. — G. M. Doolittle.

I would not. There is very little
risk of the queen mistaking her own
hive. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

If you want to incur no risks, it
would be better to remove the hives
for the time being, to a new location
not crowded. — J. P. H. Brown.

No, but I would move the hives to-
gether in pairs, and thus double the
chance of the young queen finding the
right hive. — C. C. Miller.

I should not change the location at
all. The chance of losing the queen is
so small that the trouble of so doing

will not pay J. E. Pond.

No. Lean a board or some other
prominent object against the hive,
about the time the queen will hatch,
to make it easily distinguishable from
the others. — Eugene Secor.

Place a twig of green leaves either
side of the entrance, and the young
queen will not miss her hive. — G. L.
Tinker.

I would let the hive stand right
where it is. Entering the ^vi'ong hive
is not what causes losses in the mating
of young queens. I have spent hours,
days and weeks in observing these
matters, and no young queen ever
makes the mistake of entering the
wrong hive unless two young queens
chance to flj' at the same time from

the adjoining hives. Young qiieens
return home guided by the signal
"hung out "by her own bees. The
loss is caused by the unaccountable dis-
position of the bees to "ball" their
young queens. — G. W. Demaree.

By no means ; but place some marks
about the hive entirely different from
any in the yard, that she may not fail
to know on her return from her raaX-
ing trip. — J. M. Hambaugh.

No. It is well to place a wide board
on each side of the hive, projecting a
foot in front, to enable such a queen
in finding the right hive, they other-
wise being similar. — C. H. Dibbern.

No, she will be very apt to get home
all right. The best plan to aid her is
to place something over or against her
hive, that plainly designates it from
all others. Do not move it. — James
Heddon.

No ; but I would put an old carpet
or an old coat over the hive for several
days, and the queen will find the right
hive, as far as location is concerned. —
H. D. Cutting.

It is not necessary to change the
hive. Mark it in some way so that the
returning queen will distinguish it
from the others. Lean a board against
the front of the hive, or lay a brick or
an old shoe on the alighting-board ;
dozens of ways may be thought of, and
all would be good. — J. M. Shuck.

No. It is unnecessary to move the
hive ; but it might be well to place a
bush or board slanting over the en-
trance, or something that would be a
distinguishing object on the top of the
hive. — The Editor.

COI%VEI\'XIOI\ r«OXIl^^ES.

J^" The next meetinE of the N. W. Ills, antl 8. W.
Wis. Bee-Keepers' Association will be helii In Roct-
ton, Ills., May 22, 18»«. D. A. Fuller, Sec.

ZW~ Tlie spring meeting of the Wisconsin Lake
Shore Center Bee-Keepers' Association will be held
on May 31. 1888. in Mueller's Hall, at Kiel, Wis.

FERD. Zastkow, Sec.

8^" The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Asaocia-
tlon will meet at the Court House in Eldora, Iowa,
on the second Saturday in each month, at noun
C12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. BUCHANAN, See.

C^" The Linwood Bee-Keepers' Association will
meet at Bau Galle, Dunn Co.. Wis., at 10 a.m., on
Friday, May 18, 188'^. A fine programme has been
arranged, and an excellent time is promised. Ail
are cordially invited. B. J. Thompson, Sec.

Always mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your adilress
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

Scatter tlic I^eaflets.— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

Tmm MMJsmiC'MSf mmm jmumnmi^.

327

CHARintlNO MAY.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY J. F. LATHAM.

All nature hails bright, bonny May !
A new-bfirn verdure crowns the spray,
BursthiR buds, and sprinKing flowers ;
Balmy zephyrs, gentle showers,
Followini; iii the merry train
Of the leathered songsters' strain.

The busy bee, with joyous hum.
Revels amid tlie willows' bloom,
CuUina with care the choicest food,
}l(>me bears it to her growing brood ;
While perched aloft, with sportive lay.
Rod red-breast chants the charms of May.

The bUie-bird, too, on listless wing.
Lends, by its note, a charm to spring ;
From thicljet dense, th' allu'ing spell
Responds t' the music in the dell
With ciiuntless tliroats, in sweet refrain,
A prelude of the summer's reign.

With heedless dash, the foaming rills.
In restless leaps, rush down the hills.
Or, hahbling through the meadow wide.
To hroader channels yield their tide.
And seem to lend, as zephyrs play
In glist'ning sheen, a charm to May.

At morn and eve the blushing clouds.
No longer frown on winter's shrouds ;
The vernal sun, with smiling grace.
Betokens smiles from Nature's face
In countless hues, on wood and plain.
Proclaiming— Spring has come again.
West Cumberland, Me.

BROOD-CHAMBERS.

How I Arrived at the Size of the
Brood-Chamber I L'Se.

Written for the American Bee Journal
By G. M. DOOLITTLE.

Seeing that some still prefer a large
brooil-chamer, and seem to think that
those who prefer a smaller one are
just a little " off the track," A few
words about how I was led to adopt
the smaller brood-chamber might not
be amiss, especially to those just start-
ing in the business of bee-keeping.

When I first began to keep bees,
all the old bee-keepers about me kept
them in hives of 2^00 to 2,200 cubic
inches ; and knownig that both Lang-
stroth and Quinby also recommended
that size to secure the best results, and
as I knew naught of the business, I
supposed, of course, that they were
correct ; so I started out with the stan-
•davd Langstroth hive with a capacity
of 2,200 cubic inches in the brood-
chamber, and surplus room on top for
about 35 pounds of hone)-.

After using this hive for two sea-
sons, I became convinced that the
square form of frame was better
adapted to this latitude than the shal-

low Langstroth frame, and so I adopt-
ed the Gallup form of the Langstroth
frame, which is lOfxlOJ inches square,
inside measure. As Gallup used 12
frames, giving about the same sized
brood-chamber as Langstroth, I thought
that 1 must, so I started out with 12
frames in each hive. I soon found,
however, that as a rule three of the 12
frames would be filled with nice white
honey early in the season, and gen-
erally remained in the hive the next
spring.

After a little thought on the subject,
I concluded to place three blanks or
division-boards in the place of three
frames, two on one end of the hive,
and one on the othei\ To this end I
nailed top-bars of frames on boards
which were short, the depth of the
hive, one-half of an inch at the bottom,
and hung them on the rabbets in the
place of the three frames.

I had previously found that mj' best
queens would only ogcupy about 800
square inches of comb with brood,
which left about 600 square inches of
comb to be filled with honey and jool-
len, and my hive of 2,200 cubic inches
gave me about 1,400 square inches of
comb, surface measure. Thus each
year I was losing the use of 25 pounds
of the choicest honey, for the sake of
insuring that the bees had abundance
of honey for winter. This honej-,
placed in boxes, was worth 15 at least,
at the time, while if necessary to feed
on account of a smaller brood-cham-
ber, %2 worth of sugar made into a
sj-rup would provide them as much
feed as the 15 worth of honey would
supply.

I tried about 10 colonies with the
three boards in the place of three
frames of comb, thinking it best not to
go contrary to the old veterans on a
large scale at first, fearing that they
might be right after all. However, I
was more than gratified to find that I
not only obtained the 25 pounds in
boxes, but that these 10 colonies aver-
aged about 50 pounds more honey
than those that had their 12 frames of
comb. The reason soon became ob-
vious whj' this was so. As the queen
kept the nine frames nearly filled with
brood, when tlie honey haiwest came
the bees had nowhere to put the
honey which they gathered, except in
the boxes, so they immediately com-
menced work in tliem. With the 12
frames of comb they had room to store
quite a quantity of honey in comb
alreadjr built, and so they were loth to
go into the boxes, as they had made
their first start below.

Another thing pleased me much,
which was this : I found as cold
weather approached in the fall, that
the bees placed their fall or dark
honey in the brood-chamber, as the

queen decreased laying preparatory
for winter, and that as a rule the 10
colonies had enough honey for winter,
namely, 25 pounds, and as this was
not so salable as the white honey, I
had made a great gain here also. The
next year I placed boards in many
more of my hives with like success,
and the year after found me with all
of m}' hives having only nine frames
in them.

Having established the size of the
brood-chamber (as nine Gallup frames)
to my satisfaction, I found that unless
I used the boards in the new hives
that I made, I should not have room
enough for boxes (GO pounds capacity
being about right) on top of the hive.
This set me to thinking of side boxes
in connection with the top boxes, and
I soon had the hive I have so many
times described in the American Bee
Journal.

These hives give me better results
than any before obtained, and I was so
well pleased with them that I adopted
them altogether when working for
comb honey. In 1877 the colonies in
them gave me the average yield of
o^■er two hundred pounds of comb
honey each.

For a few years I was satisfied, and
each year gave me good results, but I
soon saw that if I was to secure the
greatest possible results obtainable, I
must stop the rearing of too large a
force of bees in the honey harvest,
which not only took much of the hpney
while they were in the larval form, but
became useless consumers when
hatched, after the honey harvest was
over.

To this end I commenced to contract
those 9-frame hives to but 5 or 6
frames when hiving swarms, and also
the pai-ent colony as soon as the
young queen began laying, where they
were held until the honey harvest be-
gan drawing to a close, so that the
queen which now began to cease her
extra prolificncss did not wish to oc-
cupy more room with brood ; when the
full complemeut of combs was again
given in time to have their winter
stores placed in them from the fall
blooming flowers.

In the above way I have secured
very gratifying results, and I would no
more think of returning to a hive of
from 2,000 to 2,200 cubic inches, than
I would to the box-hives of our fore-
fathers.

While I prefer the Gallup brood-
frame to any other, I should not ad-
vise any one that had from 30 colonies
upward, to change frames, for any of
the frames now in use can be so
worked as to secure good results, on
the plan of small brood-chambers as
above given.

Borodino, M. Y.

328

■S^H® MMERICSJf mWW JOUiRNSI,.

BEES IN WINTER.

Bees Flying in llie Sunshine-
Syrian Bees.

Written for the American Bee Jouriial
BY KEV. M. MAHIN, D. D.

In the American Bee Journal of

April 18, 1888, there are several things

upon which I wish to offer a few

thoughts and suggestions. The tirst is.

Bees Flying In tlie Sunshine.

I have been keeping bees for 19
j'ears, and have always wintered them
on the Slimmer stands, because I have
had no suitable cellar or repository- in
which to winter them. I have had
them facing all points of the compass,
sheltered and unsheltered, shaded and
unshaded ; and while I have kept no
accurate statistics, tlie general results
are prett}' well fixed in my mind.

In some winters there has been but
little difference in the condition of the
bees in hives differently situated, and
in others the difference has been mark-
ed. In winters in which the losses
were great, those colonies have uni-
formly wintered best which where
most full}' exposed to the sunshine, and
that fronted south. Sometimes a few
bees will venture out when the tem-
perature is too low for them to return ;
but generally they are diseased, and
would die in the hives if they did not
come out ; and it is better for the col-
ony that they perish on the snow than
in the hive.

Careful observation has satisfied me
that, as a rule, healthy bees will not
leave the hives when the temperature
is so low that they cannot return in
safety ; and I am satisfied that I have
had colonies benefitted by flying when
the temperature was considerably be-
low 50°.

I wish also to speak concerning
Syrian Bees, their Temper, etc.

For six years or more I have kept
Syrians and Italians in the same yard,
in the same kind of liives, and with tlie
same treatment ; and part of the time
in nearly ecjual numbers. I have had
some Syrian colonies that were not
good honey-gatherers, just as it has
been with Italians ; but every season I
have found the rule to he, that the
Syrians had the most hone}-. They
have proved themselves superior both
for comb and extracted honey.

Something needs to be said in re-
gard to their temi)er. This is a (|ue,s-
tion to which I have given careful at-
tention, and my conclusions are that,
as a rule— there are exceptions of
course — they are more gentle, and
easily handled, when honey is coming
in plentifully, than are Italians, but
ni(ii<' ilillicult to manage during a

honey-dearth. They will not bear
much smoke. A little is an advantage,
but if they are heavilj- dosed vcith it,
they become so angry as to be im-
manageable, and to subdue an angry
colony with smoke is impossible. They
require gentle treatment when the
hive is first opened, and then they may
be handled as easily as any bees. I
have taken all the combs out of a full
colony, and put them back again, with-
out using a particle of smoke, and
without a bee getting angry.

I have never had the least trouble
with them when they swarmed. No
bees are more gentle In swarming
time. On the whole, I like and pre-
fer the Syrians.

Prospects for the Season.

As far as I know, bees that had
honey enough have wintered very
well, and are in good condition. They
will be, unless we have a veiy hea\-j'
frost, an unusually abundant fruit-
bloom, which will give the bees a good
start. But in this vicinitj' the white
clover will be a failure. I do not re-
member ever to have seen it so badly
frozen out. At New Castle, where all
of my bees are except 2 colonies, the
white clover does not seem to be dam-
aged much ; and there, and perhaps
in the central and southern part of the
State generally, the prospect is good
for a large honej' crop.

Bluffton, Ind., April 19, 1888.

PACKINa BEES.

The Winter Preparation of
Bees.

Written Jnr the American Bee Journal
BY JNO. A. BUCHANAN.

When I wrote on page 788 of the
American Bee Journal for 1887,
stating that bee-masters of this State
do not, for the most part, think that it
pays in this latitude to pack bees for
winter, or make and use chaff hives,
I knew that the statement would draw
some comments. The first was from
Mr. Ran, on page 11.

He thinks that we have made an
"astonishing revelation," and suggests
that a house well lathed and plastered
would be warmer than it would be
without such lining. We will agree
on that point, but let us go further and
suppose that we had a colony of bees
with their combs built to the ceiling in
one corner of the plastered room, and
another c^olony so situated in a room
with only the siding of the building
between tlie bees and the cL'ments.
which would winter best ? I firmly
believe that the bees with their combs
built against the siding, where the sun
would so often warm, cheer, and in-

vigorate them, would winter best.
How often have we seen reports of
colonies of bees being located in a
building between the plastering and
the siding, where for years they have
lived and flourished !

Some years ago my bees had
swarmed so much that I ran short of
hives to put them in. One day three
large swarms clustered together. After
looking at their mightj' proportions
awhile, I concluded to experiment on
them, so I got a board 2 feet square,
nailed cleats 3 inches wide around it,
put a stout staple in each corner, tied
ropes to the afl'air, and' hung it to a
cross-beam in an old wagon-house,
with one edge resting against the
weather boarding in which were open-
ings of half an inch, by shrinkage.
Before putting this board up, strips of
comb the full width of it were waxed
to underside, as guides, running to-
wards the openings in the siding. The
big swarm was brought on, and made
to cluster on the starters.

The bees went to work with a
hearty good-will, and although late in
the season, the center combs were
built down as much as 3 feet, and
contained a great abundance of honej'
for winter. Here we had a veritable
curiosit}-, a powerful colony of bees
without a hive, save the old wagon-
house, which was about as cold in
winter as out-doors.

"What will you do with them in the
winter ?" was asked bj' many. "Leave
them there," was the reply.

" Will they live there?" I replied,
"That is just what I wish to find out."

To my surprise this was as strong a
colony at the time of apple bloom in
May, as there was in any of my chaff
hives.

Many times when there was zero
weather during that winter, I would
at night take a light out, and by hold-
ing it so that the rays would pass up
between the combs, the bees could be
seen clustered just as any one has
seen them through the glass in a hive.

These bees, with the combs, were
transferred during fruit-bloom the next
spring. There was comb enough to
fill 21 Langstroth f^xnies.

Now I just relate this experiment to
.show that bees are not such tender,
frail little creatures as some would
have us believe they are. We all have
seen liees wintering in boxes or hives
so cracked and open as to expose the
bees to view all the winter, and yet
tliev would come out in the spring in
the very best condition. But though
all these things have been seen by
hundreds of close observing bee-
keepers, in almost every State in the
Union, they may be, to Mr. Ran,
" astonishing revelations."

THE m'mmmiQRm mmm jommmmLr.

329

**-^*^-^-*-*— ■*-^*-'

When I say that I have kept nearly
100 colonies of bees for 30 years, and
for the last 15 years one-half of that
number ; and that they have been win-
tered in good - chaff hives witliout
showing any better record as to
swarms and honey than thost^ kept in
single-walled hives, it may seem to be
a still greater " revelation " to Mr.
Kan. Were I constructing a thousand
hi\es for my own nse, they would be
made of •-inch lumber, square joints,
with sectional or half-depth upper-
stories adapted to the tiering system,
either for comb or extracted honey.

Mr. R. says that he wants the
•' brood-chamber contracted for win-
ter, and 3 or 4 inches of paching on
the outside of the hive." I have no
patience at all with this idea of pack-
ing to be put outside the hive. If we
find a colony in the fall that is not
-strong in bees, it is well to contract
with division-boards, filling between
these and the hive-walls withchaft'or
other good material ; and over all
place a quilt and cushion. This pro-
tection is easily put in place, easily re-
moved when not needed, and the hives
so arranged are not cumbersome
and unsightly. When spring comes,
the packing on the south side of the
hives should be removed, the combs
moved to that side, and the packing
all put on the north side. This places
the cluster where it receives the benefit
of the wai'mth from the sun, with all
its life-giving and exhilarating in-
fluence.

As bi'ood-rearing closes in the fall,
we find that the Ijees generate but
little heat, which grows less preeepti-
ble during the fall and earl}' winter,
until the approach of the breeding
season, when there is a gradual in-
crease of warmth, which reaches its
greatest intensity at the heighth of
brood-rearing. Now, it is during the
cool months of spring that contracted
brood-chambers and packing may
serve a good [jurpose, where there are
not bees enough to form a lieat-retain-
ing crust around a good-sized brood-
nest.

As cold weather comes on, bees are
wont to form themselves into a cluster
and enter a semi-quiescent state wliere,
if undisturljed and in a normal con-
dition, they rest and grow no older.
In this condition respiraticni and the
vital forces are measurably suspended.
This is the bidding of nature's laws.
But here comes our tender-hearted
bee-keeper, and wraps his pets so
warmly that they scarcely cluster at all,
but rattle about and wear themselves
out prematurely, instead of sleeping
the sleep of peaceful rest. Bees in
this State are wintered without any
loss wortli mentioning in single-walled
hives, and whv should we trouble our-

.selves with cumborsorae double-walled
hives.

I believe ther(> is a possibility of a
system being ilisrovered in the near
future, by wliicli bees may be safely
wintered with l)ut little or no consump-
tion of food, as in the manner of hiber-
nating ants. Many things are possible
in this age. In tlie meantime, hold to
3'our packing, Mr. Rau.

Holliday's Cove, W. Va.

EASTERN BEES.

Characteristics of Cyprian and
Carniolan Bees.

Written for the British Bee Journal
BY FRANK BENTON.

From Great Britain and from Amer-
ica letters similar to the following have
so often been received by me that I
deem the answers of sufHcient general
interest to warrant their publication
on both sides of the Atlantic. They
are given in accordance with my ex-
perience and honest convictions :

Dear Sir :— 1. Are the Carniolan bees as
Rood honey gatherers as the Cyprians ?

3. Will they at all times defend their
hives ?

3. Are the t)ueens as prolific as the Cyp-
rian and Syrian queens ?

4. Do yiiu consider them as well a defined
strain or race as the Cyprians ? Tlie Cyp- 1
riaus, according to my experience, are a far
better defined race tlian the Italians. When
crossed, their markings are transmitted
much further. 1 am inclined to give the
Germans the next yilace. 1 have experi-
mented with the German, Italian and Cyp-
rian races.

.5. How do the Corniolans winter in con-
finement ? John W. Group.

An.swers. — 1. No ; but they are
good both as honey gatherers and
comb builders, and they seal their
hone)' in such a manner that the combs
look whiter than those sealed by Cyp-
rians, Sj'rians, Palestines or Italians.

2. No. If made queenless, they are
thrown into greater excitement than
are other bees under the same circum-
stances, and if dcjjrived of their brood
at the same time, are frequently so dis-
concerted as to neglect, for the time
being, the defence of their hives. At
other times, that is, under ordinary-
circumstances, they are most excellent
defenders of their hives.

Carniolan queens are not, as a rule,
as prolific as Cyprian and Syrian
queens, but are far more prolific than
black or Italain queens. The best
Carniolan (jueens do not fall far short
of Eastern (pieens as regards prolific-
ness.

I do not. Mr. (Jroup is quite right
is saying that " tlie Cyprians are a far
better defined rare than the Italians,
and when crossed their markings are
transmitted much further ?" And the

same thing is true of Cyprians, as com-
pared with Carniolans or any other
known race. Cyprians are the " thor-
ough-breds " among bees — the only
ones whose pedigrees are pure, and
their long line of ancestors bred in
pent-up Cyprus, under conditions that
must necessarily have produced a
wonderful race of bees, repro<luces its
individuals to our admiring and cove-
tous gaze — adnuring because these
bees transmit their markings and great
beauty ; and covetous, because they
transmit also, even should their pure
blood be adulterated by several gen-
erations of cross-breeding, their won-
derful energy in collecting honey.

Among European races of bees,
Carniolans, according to my experi-
ence, are, in all points of importance,
decidedly superior, no matter whether
we consider their qualities as honey
collectors, or their ability, if their
working force be so directed, to in-
crease rapidly ; their readiness to en-
ter surplus receptacles and ability to
build and seal over snow-white combs ;
their gentleness of disposition — their
quietness under manipulation, and in-
clination to adhere to the combs, yet
the comparative ease with which they
can be brushed or shaken oft' ; their
ready defense of their hives under all
ordinary circumstances, both against
moths and robber bees ; their quiet
submission when confined for shipment;
their readiness in constructing numer-
ous queen-cells ; the great prolificness
of their queens ; the indisposition the
workers show towards gathering pro-
polis to daub up sections and glue
frames solid ; the greater size and in-
dividual strength of the workers ; their
ready submission upon the application
of smoke, if perchance they may have
been aroused by rough manipulation ;
their disinclination to attack any one
who merely enters the apiary ; their
hardihood, enabling them to withstand
the severest climates, and their quiet-
ness and compactness in their winter
clusters making them remarkably good
winterers ; if we test them in regard to
any of these points, side by side with
any other commonly cultivated Euro-
pean race of bees, all must yield the
palm to the " silver race " of Carniola.

Mr. Samuel Simmins, in his excel-
lent work, '-A Modern Bee-Farm,"
tells the whole story in one sentence,
when he says of Carniolans, " Scarcely
a fault can be found with them."

5. Excellently. They have been
developed in a cold, mountainous re-
o^ion, where snows are diu'p in winter,
and rains often prolonged and even
cold during the summer season. The
past winter bees have been confined
here without a good flight for four
months continuousl}'. Snow has been
over two feet deep in the open coun-

330

THlp MMERICMNt BE® JQB'MEfMLr.

»>o«a>»^«^*»«^><ai>j

try, while mountain ravines are drifted
full. The thermometer several times
indicated 13° Fahr., below zero. Very
possibly this question is meant to refer
to wintering in cellars or special re-
positories. In Carniola, bees ai-e not
wintered in cellars, so far as I know.
The native bee-keepers paek their shal-
low box-hives (which are 6 to 8 inches
deep, 12 to 18 inches wide, and about
3 feet long) side by side, and one
above another, in old-fashioned bee-
houses or sheds, and surround them
with moss or fine hay, letting a mat or
trap-door close the front during the in-
tense cold, or when the ground is cov-
ered with light snow and the sun is
bright. In this sort of repository, with
abundant stores, colonies winter well.
Upper Carniola, Austria.

DISCUSSION.

Hard Argtiineuts, but Pleasant
^Vords the Most Eifectual.

Written for Vie American Bee Journal

DR. G. L. TINKER.

The readers of the .Bee Journal
will have seen that I have had little to
sa}' in reply to attacks upon me con-
cerning ray essay at the Ohio conven-
tion on hives. Now I desire to say
that no angry communications to our
bee-periodicals can be of any possible
benefit to bee-keepers, and further-
more they should not be tolerated.
For a long time there has been general
good-will manifest among bee-keepers
everywhere, and all ditterenccs of
opinion have been tolerated in a frater-
nal spirit, and I desire to see this state
of tilings continue. Until bee-keeping
is reduced to a perfect art and science,
difi'ercnces will exist, and thej' .should
be tolerated in a proper spirit.

All will heartily concur with the ed-
itor in his remarks on page 260, that
all " quarrelsome and jealous persons
are not up to the spirit of the times."
How very true this remark is, every
well informed person of the present
day must know. Angry contention
never has, nor never will help any
cause, but honorable and courteous
discussions may do so. Selfishness and
its offspring, jealousy, should give way
to charity and fraternal good-will
among all men, not alone bee-keepers,
inasmuch as the latter qualities are in-
dispensal)le virtues, and the founda-
tion of moral and intellectual progress.
In the new dispensation, the first com-
mandment is to " love thy neighbor as
thyself."

I am ready to fraternally discuss
matters of importance with any one,
but just at present I have no time to
reply to such attacks as have been

made on me in the Review and in the
Bee-Hive.

Probably no man in this country has
had a larger or more varied experi-
ence in the contraction of brood-cham-
bers in the past five years than the
writer, and I am a firm advocate of it
in the production of comb honey, and
especially for young swarms, but I
think that it has been carried to ex-
tremes.

A fair swarm of bees should not be
hived in a brood space less than the
equivalent of six Langstroth frames,
for the best results. Even with six
Langstroth frames, the bees are prone
to swarm out, and need to be guarded.
But once established in such reduced
quarters the colony will continue
strong, and rarely deposit bee-bread
in the sections. But six Langstroth
brood-frames contain about 800 square
inches of comb, and anj- brood-cham-
ber having only a capacity for 700
square inches of comb, more or less, is
certain to result in more or less bee-
bread in the sections. In some seasons
little pollen will be carried above one
division of shallow hives, in others a
good part of the crop is liable to be
ruined b)' bee-bread. Five Gallup
frames, although having less capacity,
give less trouble than 8 shallow 5-inch
frames. My greatest objection to the
latter is in the size of the brood-cases ;
the next is the horizontal bee-space in
the centre of the brood-nest in the
spring, which beyond any question is
an impediment to the proper extension
of the brood.

As to the use of queen-excluding
zinc in honey-boards, I desire to say
that I was the first to so use it, and
first to make it public. In its con-
struction I have had large experience
both in the manufacture of the zinc
and in the various plans for its u.se ;
and have finally settled the matter to
my full sati.sfaction that single-rowed
strips of zinc used in alternation with
the brood-frames is a hindrance to the
working of bees in supers ; and whether
it is because of insufiicient passage
wa,y or insntficient ventilation, I am
unable to say, but both causes may be
operative. At least my trials of two-
rowed zinc have removed all objections
to its use in honey-boards.

The two-rowed strips I use are f
inch wide, and there is a margin of
5-32 of an inch for entering the saw-
kerfs in tlie edges of the slats. The
slats used may be i to. 15-16 of an inch
wide for a hive with frames spaced If
from center to center, leaving a space
between the slats of 7-16 to l inch, so
that we have no serious trouble from
brace-combs, except where the space
between the slats and top-bars of the
brood-frames is over 5-16 of an inch.

New Philadelphia, O.

QUEEN-REARING.

Various Klclliods of Rearing
(Queens.

Written far the American Bee Jourtuil

BY THEODORE .JOHNSON.

On page 252, Mr. G. Grouse asks for
descriptions of queen-rearing other
than by natural swarming; and on
page 300, Mr. D. P. Barrows gives his
method, which I have practiced very
successfull)', but 1 have now aban-
doned it except in extreme necessity.
I have several large hives for queen-
rearing, made to receive the common
Langstroth frame, each hive being 15
inches wide inside, with the partitions
i-inch thick, which are let into grooves
so as to be easily removed if desired.
This gives four apartments, each hold-
ing two full frames, and an entrance
on each side of the hive.

I select the queens from which I
wish to breed (I keep nothing but pure
Italians), and crowd two or three with
brood from colonies I do not wish to
breed from, so as to induce drone-
rearing. At the proper time I divide
one colony, leaving the most of the
brood in the hive on the old stand,
but remove the hive with the queen
only a few feet. When the bees have
completed a number of queen-cells, I
remove the whole of the balance of the
frames, putting one in each of the
apartments in the queen hive. I de-
stroy all of the small queen-cells, and
leave one on each of the combs ; the
balance of the queen-cells I cut into
other combs, from other hives, and
put them into other queen hives. This
being done, from other hives I remove
combs partlj- filled witji brood and
honey, and well covered with young
bees, and put one in each of the sev-
eral apartments in the queen hives ;
and in tliis way I have the warmth of
a full hive, and at the same time rear
four queens from selected mothers.

As soon as the old colony is thus
broken up, I place the nucleus contain-
ing the old queen back on the old
stand, to receive the old bees on their
return. By this means I generally
have from 8 to 12 j'uung queens on
hand all of the time. This year I win-
tered four qeeens in one of those hives,
and have had use for two of them to
supply other colonies this spring.

My bees ai"e in excellent condition.
I put 77 colonies into a bee-cellar last
December, just before Cliristmas ; and
the last week in March I took 77 colo-
nies out. Four colonies were weak,
and before I attended to my duty they
were robbed. I am now extracting
from 5 to 10 pounds of surplus honey
from each hive, leaving a large supi)ly
for June use, which is our hardest

TMM MMBmiCJl:!^ MMW J@\IMf€MI^.

331

month here. All have considerable
brood, and there is drone-brood cap-
ped in several hives whose queens are
only one year old. I have stimulated
by feeding each day a little uncapped
honey in sections. I shall keep my
bees back as long as possible, as I do
not care to have them increase much.
Bower, Nebr., May 3, 1888.

SEASONABLE

Hints About Populous Colonies
and Overstockings*

Written for the Western Plowman
BY C. H. DIBBERN.

The balmy days have come at last,
and the bees and the bee-keepers are
once more busy at their accustomed
work, the former gathering honey
and pollen from the bloom of the
apple and peach, the plum and the
myriads of wild blossoms that are found
in the woods, over hills and valleys
during this the loveliest month of the
year. Everything is now springing
into life — in spring such hope as one
cannot always feel in the latter months
of the year. The bee-keeper can now
take heart and go to work with a will,
at least that is what we must do if we
hope to succeed.

The apiarist of the present da}' must
be a general. The bees are his array.
He must divide them into companies,
regiments, divisions. If he has two
or more apiaries he may regard them
as separate armies. Like the true
general he should know the exact
condition of his army before starting
out on the season's campaign. See
that evei-y company (colouj) is full, if
not, be sure that the recruiting officer
(queen) is doing her duty, if not,
supersede her at once. Remember
that on the strength and discipline of
each company (colony) depends our
success in the apiary as well as in war.
Never mind about lines of retreat,
better burn the bridges behind you
and keep ever marching to the front.
If you find any lions in the way, there
is always a way to make a " flank
movement" on them. While the bees
must be allowed to roam at their own
sweet will among the flowers that suit
them best, gathering their delicious
treasures, the bee-keeper must ever
know the condition of their hives, and
keep their general welfare well in
hand.

Another idea has suggested itself to
me, and it is that many localities had
become overstocked. During prosper-
ous years we keep on increasing the
number of our colonies, while perhaps
our neighbors on all sides of us are
doing the same thing, as if there was
no limit to the honey resources. A

bad season or two, like the last, shows
>is the folly of such a practice. It is
far better to keep only a limited num-
ber of colonies, and they as strong as
possible. Nature produces honey, like
pure gold, only in limited quantities,
and we must so manage with our bees
that the profit does not all go for
expenses.

Perhaps some of us have missed it
just as badly Ijy caring for hundreds
of colonies, involving much work and
expensawhen we could have produced
just as much honey with fifty. We
must remember that only a limited
amount of honey is produced in any
localitj', and if we increase the number
of our colonies out of proportion to
what could gather tliis at a profit, we
are working at a loss. As the colonies
are thus increased, the quantity stored
per colony is in inverse proportion to
numbers of colonies kept. It will thus
be seen that the bee-keeper having
more bees than can find profitable
work, is like the farmer ti-ying to farm
all creation. Now I would not be un-
destood that I do not want plenty of
bees, I want them by the millions, but
I want them in a limited number of
hives.

Milan, Ills.

SEPARATORS.

The Use of Wood vs. Tin Sep.
arators.

Read at the Ohio Convention
BY DR. II. BESSE.

I suppose that all are aware that
separators are used between the sec-
tions in order to obtain straight combs.
I have not yet progressed far enough
to find any benefit in the use of sep-
arators made either from wood or tin,
although I have experimented quite
extensivelj' with both kinds ; and if I
should continue the use of either, I
should prefer the wood, on account of
cheapness. I think that separators
should be discarded entirely, except,
perhaps, in side-storing hives, and this
I do not recommend.

I have made many experiments to
get straight and true combs in sections,
and have succeeded just as well with-
out separators as witli them, and thus
I do away with considerable time and
expense, as well as oljjectionable fix-
tures to the bees. I am of the opinion
that bees will gatlier from 10 to 20
per cent, more honey without separa-
tors, than by their use. I am aware
that in about every 30 or 40 sections, I
find where separators are not used, a
bulged or "fat" section that cannot
be readily crated for shipment ; but
these I lay aside, and can find use for

all such in the family, as well as retail
them to friends and neighbors.

I should have said, that one of my
objections to separators is, that the
bees will persist in building brace-
combs from the face of the beautiful
comb to the separator; this has tried
my patience a great many times. This
trouble exists equally with wood and
tin. Since foundation has become so
cheap, and in such general use, I think
it entirely unnecessary to use separa-
tors of any kind when the sections are
placed over the brood-chamber ; but,
as I have stated above, the}' are indis-
pensable in a side-storing hive, and
this kind of hive, in my opinion, should
soon pass out of existence.

I doubt if any one could tell the
difterence in my comb honey that has
been built between separators, or with-
out separators, after being crated
and ready for market. It is not the
separators that make the nice honey.

Delaware, Ohio.

CONVENTION DIRECTORY.

I.SH'^. Time and Place of Meeting.

May in.— Linwoort, at Bau GaUe, Wis.

B. J. 'rhompson, Sec, Waverly. WlB.

May 19.— Nashua, at Nashua. Iowa.

H. L. House. Sec. Ionia, Iowa.

May 22.-N. W. Ills. & S. W. Wis., Bt Rorkton. Ills.
D. A. Fuller, Sec, Oherry Valley, Ills.

May 31.— WiB. Lake Shore Center, at Kiel, Wis.

Ferd. Zastrow, Sec, Millhome, Wis.

Aug. 3.— Ionia County, at Ionia, Mich.

H. Smith, Sec, Ionia, Mich.

Auk. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark, Sec, Denver, Colo.

Aug. 27.— Stark County, at Canton, O.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

E^ In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- Ed.

m»t»»»«tg»««mtimiIIIimZIX

SBISSW^M^^M

]^e>v Honey— Early Swarm.— L.

A. Miller, Coviuston, Tenn., on April 30,

1888, writes :

My bees have wintered well, out of 117
colonies only one having starved. 1 do not
tliink that I ever have seen them in as gond
condition as they are now. Some of my
colonies have stored 30 pounds each, of new
honey in sections, whicli was put on the
market on April 20. I had a swarm on Apiil
4. White clover is beginning to bloom.

Condition of Bees in Missouri.—

John Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo., on May

4, 1888, write :

Bees are doing fairly well, now that we
have had a week of warm weather. They
came through the winter weaker, on an
average, tlian we have known them to do in
our ten years of bee-keeping. Stimulative
feeding last fall would not induce queens
to lay, consequently all colonies went into
winter quarters with few bees, and the

382

TMm KBiB'MieMff M'mm j@'&mnms^.

>■— ■»— ■^ — ■'■-■■^^^^■^^■^ — *-^^^f:-~-^^:f^_^^^^^^^^^*^*^*^*^*^^

most of those were old, leaving but few
young bees to start and protect brood-rear-
ing this spring, which commenced the latter
part of March. We put into winter quar-
ters on Dec. 1, 1887, 300 colonies in two cel-
lars, where the temperature was kept at
from 40° to 45° ; on taking them out on
March 26, we found our loss to be only 8
colonies. Bee-keepers in this vicinity, who
work on the let-alone plan, have lost nearly
all. There was great loss of bees in this
State the past winter, and it will take sev-
eral years to replace them. If we are
favored with occasional rains, we may ex-
pect a surplus from clover, though the
drouth of last year killed most of it, and the
dry spell we had during last month, has
done it a great inj ury. We find some clover
looking exceedingly well.

I^ot a «Jolouy I-ost.— Lewis Carbiuo,
Potsdam, N. Y., on April 26, 1888, says :

I put out my bees to-day, and found them
all right. I had 42 colonies in a bee-house,
and all wintered in good condition.

Bees are Swarming. — Mr. Jos. E.
Shaver, Friedens, Va., on April 30, 1888,
writes :

Bees are doing well now on fruit blossoms.
I have not had any swarms yet, but one of
my neighbors had a swarm yesterday, and
another neighbor had a fine swarm today,
which he saved ; but the one who had the
swarm yesterday, was not ready, and had to
go 2}4 miles to get fixtures before he could
hive the bees ; when he returned the bees
had become tired waiting, and left for the
woods. The weather is very fine now.

I have received two packages of the
Chapman honey-plant seed from the Com-
missioner of Agriculture, and the seed of
the first package is up and growing finely.
A friend of mine sent for some later, and
he received seed of sweet clover, or melilot.

Drones Flying, etc. — Geo. W. Mor-
ris, Cornishville, Ky., on May 2, 1888, says :

I have had drones flying for three weeks,
but this morning I found quite a number of
them dead at the front of the hives. I sup-

Eose that the cool weather which we are
aving at present, is the cause. My colonies
are more popolous than I have ever had
them this early, but the prospect for white
clover is very limited at present. I have re-
ceived a package of the Chapman honey-
plant seed from the Commissioner of Agri-
culture, and will plant it in a few days.
Will some one in northern Alabama inform
me how it would do as a location for an
apiary.

Ileginning in Bee-Keeping.— L.

W. Lighty, Mulberry, Pa., writes as fol-
lows:

"Buy black bees in box-hives, transfer
them to frame hives, and Italianize them."
The foregoing advice 1 see so frequently ;
I saw it in about the first bee-paper that 1
ever read, and to ray sorrow. My experi-
ence and observation both show me that the
advice is wrong. I have seen dozens of
failures by following it.

1 once bought 3 colonies of bees ui box-
hives, and as they were strong colonies, I
concluded that I needed some one to help
me to bring them home. I employed an old
bee-keeper, with smoker, etc. ; hut we did
not secure the bees. A few days later I had
a greater bee-man to help me, with his im-
plement, and he vowed that they must be
queer bees if we could not bringthem home:
again vcedid not do it, but were stung half
to death. We left those bees until winter.

in zero weather, and then had to go twice
before we could conquer tliem. If 1 would
have bought a colony of fine Italian bees,
in a frame hive, in the beginning, 1 would
have been better off in dollars, and would
also have escaped many stings. I could
then have studied the habits of the bees
with more satisfaction, and less pain. I
could relate the experience of others, but
it would not be very instructive, as they
generally gave up bee-keeping in disgust,
and never tried it again. My advice is this:
Buy a colony of gentle Italians in a mov-
able-frame hive, and become acquainted
with bees before you try to perform such
operations as transferring or Italianizing.

Hiving Swarms Early, etc. — Mrs.
S. E. Sherman, Salado, Tex., on April 37,
1888, says :

The prospects are very flattering here for
a good honey crop. I have had 15 swarms,
and would have had many more, had I not
cut out queen-cells, and given the bees more
room, shade and ventilation. I secured 14
of the queens in the queen-cage and drone-
trap combined. There has been no climb-
ing of trees, not a twig has been cut, and
they have all been hived without any
trouble. My hives are running over with
bees.

Severe tVluter and Cold Spring.

— Wm. B. Ray, Alaska, Wis., onlMay 7,1888,
says :

Bees have wintered well Ihere. The win-
ter was a very severe one, with a very cold
April following. There has been only two
days when bees could fly.

I>ate Spring' — Colonies Starved.

—Charlie W. Bradish, Houseville, N. T., on
May 7, 1888, writes :

Bees have wintered in poor condition in
this part of the country. It has been a very
late spring,and many colonies have starved.
I have just finished putting bees out ; when
I unite what weak colonies I have, my loss
will be about one-third. The first pollen
was gathered on May 5, from willows.

The Shaking or Palsy Bee>Dis-

case.— N. M. Middlebrook, Patterson,
Tex., on April 23, 1888, says :

My bees have been dying badly since last
fall, with the shaking or palsy disease. I
never saw the like before. Out of 56 colo-
nies, 46 or 48 have the disease badly. I have
lost 8 colonies, and of some of them, the
ground in front ot the hive has been covered
every day since early last fall. Several col-
onies now show only a little of the symp-
toms of the disease. I have had several
swarms.

How tlie Bees have Wintered.—

O. R. Goodno, Carson City, Mich., on May

5, 1888, writes :

It is hard to guess the result of the win-
tering of the bees the past winter. I put
105 colonies in the cellar, and on March 19
I took out 100 colonies, and returned them
the next day. On April 25 I took tlieni out
again, with six more dead ones, and many
more have since died. The nights have
been cold, and ice formed as thick as win-
dow-glass. More bees will die. I h;ul out-
doors 28 colonies in Root chaff hives, and on
March 19 three colonies were dead, and
since then several more have died. The
weather is too cold to try to examine them.
Soft maple, elm, and a portion of the wil-

lows have past their bloom, without giving
the bees a chance to visit their flowers. The
few box-elders within reach of my bees are
visited when it is warm enough for bees to
fly. It is anything but encouraging, so far,
but it reminds me of the Dutchman who
bought an organ to place in his saloon to
draw custom. It was effectual ; he held his
crowd until a late hour, when Catherina,
his wife, came down stairs, and ordered the
music stopped. To this Hans said : " What
for you s'pose I buy that orison ? Wind
her up, John !" So with the bee-business—
wind ner up again ; make it boom if pos-
sible.

6ood Honey Season Expected.

—A.R.Simpson, State Line, Ind., on May

8, 1888, says :

The prospect is favorable for a good honey
season in this locality. We are having good
rains each week, that will bring out white
clover, which is our principal honey source.

Cold and Backward Spring. —

Alex. Sherington, Dutton, Mich., on May 4,
1888, writes :

It has been a very cold and backward
spring. When soft maple and elm was in
bloom, it was so cold that the bees could
not fly, but the last week of April they did
very well on willows. The hard maples are
blooming, and the weather is damp. The
spring ot 1886 I bought one colony of bees
for $8.00, increased them to 4 colonies, and
took 100 pounds of comb honey in one-
pound sections. The winter ot 1886-87 1
wintered my bees on the summer stands,
packed in straw, and had no loss. Last sea-
son was a poor one, but I increased the 4
colonies to 13, by natural swarming, and ob-
tained 1.50 pounds of honey from Alsike
clover and linden. I had one colony that
was hived on June 13, and on July 4 it had
three brood-chambers full, and 38 one-pound
sections ot linden honey. The past winter
I lost 5 colonies, and all the rest were in
good condition except one, and that was
very weak. On April 35 I unpacked my
bees, and by changing them around, I have
the weak one as strong as any. On April
27 I caught a small swarm on the fence ; I
took it home, hived it on 5 frames full of
comb, and a frame of brood, and now 1
have a very fine colony.

Results of tlie Season.— Mr. Wm.

Crowley, Redwood Falls, Minn., reports

thus :

After puttins 30 colonies in the cellar in
November, 1886, I began to figuie on adopt-
ing a hive and improving my strain of bees
for the next season. Upon these two fea-
tures, with a little care and attention, de-
pends the crop of surplus honey. 1 sent to
apiarists in different parts of the United
States for samples of the hives they used,
and also bought an extractor, and a circular-
saw for making hives. After the samples
arrived, I examined each one carefully, and
found some good points in each of tliem,
and also some features that I did not like.
It costs money tn change the fixtures of a
large apiary to keep up with the times. I
finally constructed a hive incorporating the
desirable functions of each ot them, leaving
out the objectionable ones, according to my
opinion. 1 have named it the Minnesota
hive. It takes a frame the same as the
Langstroth hive, except the frame is 1-inch
shorter ; a super holding four tiers of one-
pound boxes just lits on top of the hives.
W^hen spring arrived I put mv bees out on
April 9, a little too early. One-fourth of
them were rather weak, and one queenless
with a drone lnyer.

TMii; mwrnrnmi^mM mm® j^i^mmmi^.

333

I Italianized my aiiiary, and gave my new
hives a fair trial, hopiiis to pet a crop of
surplus honey. 1 found it a difficult joh to
transfer my bees and combs from old hives
into new ones. I purchased two more im-
ported queens in 1887, as I found tliat
foreign blood introduced into my apiary had
started a boom. Too much increase will
lessen the crop of surplus honey, so I made
only 23 swarms, worth $5 each, $1U>; 1,<)00
pounds of extracted honey, at 1-5 cents, $150;
and 500 pounds of comb honey in one-pound
sections, at 30 cents, SIOO. My total income
was $3iVj. 1 obtained an average ot 7.5
pounds of surplus honey per colony, spring
count, and a profit of $18.2.5 per colony. One
colony from my choice strain of bees stored
140 pounds of comb honey In one-pound sec-
tions last summer, besides enough to winter
on. The season of 1887 was poor for honey,
there being only one-half of a crop in the
United States, although Minnesota was bet-
ter than the average. I have put in a hard
winter's work making hives and fixtures,
and getting ready for the season of 1888,
hoping for Detter results than last year.

Fine WcatUer tor Bees.— Leslie
Stewart, Jeflferson, N. Y., on May 7, 1888,
writes :

My bees are in fine condition, though not
removed from the cellar until April 26.
They had large quantities of brood in all
stages, and some young bees, when re-
moved to the summer stands. They have
wintered without loss. The weather is fine,
and the bees are working for all they are
worth on willow and soft maple. We have
had a very late spring. White clover is in
good condition, and I shall look for a grand
honey crop during the season of 1888. The
loss in wintering in this part of the country
is about 10 per cent.

Bee-Keeping' in Nebraska.— Geo.

Gale, of Adams, Nebr., on April 37, 1888,

writes :

The season of 1887 was dry, and conse-
quently a very poor one for bees. I com-
menced in the spring of 1887 with 12 colo-
nies, and 2 were robbed by the others in
May. I had only one swarm, and the bees
made very little above a living until Sep-
tember, when they stored a little surplus.
I had 400 pounds of comb honey, and 100
pounds of extracted honey. One colony

S reduced over 100 pounds of comb honey,
[y bees are blacks. 1 lost 3 colonies the
past winter, but all had honey enough ; one
was destroyed by mice, and the others were
probably queenless. Very few bee-keepers
here had any increase last season, and I do
not know of any that obtained more sur-
plus honey than I did. Some of the largest
and oldest bee-keepers lost more than half
of their colonies last summer before the fall
honey-How commenced. I think that the
bees which survived the drouth last sum-
mer, have wintered very well. The weather
is as fine as could be wished for, and pros-
pects for the season are now good. Wild
plums are now in full bloom, and the bees
are working on theiti. Our bees stored no
white honey last season until late, and that
was from a species of thorough-wort that
grows in the timber land.

Tlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 2.5 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

ALFRED H. NEWT»IAN,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

lUsxttjess Motxcts.

li Yon Ixive near one post-ofiBce and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

If yon I>ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Please t4> get your Neiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Preserve Yoiu* Papers for futMe

reference. If you have no BIIVUER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Jouknai.,

ITncca Bruslie^ii, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please wi-ite American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Photograplis of Bee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
contalnmg the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee JotrBNAL for one
year for 81.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

Apiary Kegistor.— All who intend to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
should get a copy of the Apiary Register and
begin to use it. The jirices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) $1 00

" 100 colonies (220 pages) 125

" 200 colonies (420 pages) 150

Honey and Beeswax Market.

DKTROIT.

HONEY.— Best white In one-pound gectlons, 15c.
Extracted, 9@10c. Larcre supply and few sates.

BBBBWAX.-23®24c.
Apr. 24. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONE v.— Prices range from 15®iec. for best one-
lb. sections; other grades are slow, at lower prices.
Extracted, 7@8c. Light demand, and supply larger
than usual at this season of the year.

BBB8WAX,-230. B. A. BURNETT,

May 1. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white I-lb. sections,
14®15c.; fancy 2-lb9., 12c. Lower grades l@2c. per
lb. less. Buckwheat 1-lbs., lOOloi^c; 2-lb8., 9@9!4c.
Extracted, white, 7®7Hc.; dark, 5(i®6c.
Mar. 19. F.G.8TR0HMEYBB&C0., 122 Water 8t.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.- We quote : Fancy white clover 1-lbs.,
16@i7c.: 2-lb9., I5@16c. Dark is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7@10c.

BEESWAX.- 23C.

Mar. 13. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 8. Water St.

CINCINNATI

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4®9c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, 14@17e. —
Demand slow.

BEESWAX.- Demand Is good— 20@22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Apr. 23. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central At.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, :e®17o.:
2-lbs., 15@I6c.; 3-lb8.. 14c. Extracted, white in kegs
and i^-barrelB, H to 8'-<ic.; in tin and pails, 9>^@10c.;
dark Tn barrels and kegs, 5@7c. Market fair.

BEESWAX.- 22@25C. _

Apr. 23. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, 17®19c.; 2-lb.
sections, 15®17c. Extracted, 7® 10c.

BEESWAX.- 20® 23c.
Max. 1. J. M. CLARK & CO.. 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.— We quote : Choice white 2-lb. sections.
17®18c.; dark 2-lbs, I4®15c.; choice white 1-lbs., 18 to
20 cts.. dark 1-lbs., 15@I6c. White extracted, 7®8c.;
dark. 5@6c. Demand is slow. White extracted is
firm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BEESWAX.— 21 to 22C.
Mar. 29. HAMBLIN & BEARSS, 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote: 1-lb. sections, ie®17o.; 2-
Ib. sections, 14®1GC. Extracted, 8®8c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.- 25 cts. per lb.
Mar. 24. BLA K II * RIPLIT. 57 Chatham Street.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- We quote: White to extra, 10@17c.;
amber. 9@14c. Extracted, white -liquid, 7@7Hc.:
amber and candied, 6@7c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.— 18®21c.
Mar. 20. 8CHACHT 4 LBMCKE. 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote: White 1-lbs., glassed, 16®17c;
unglassed, 17®isc.; anddark 1-lbs., glassed, 15c.: un-
glassed, 16c.; white 2-Ibs.. glassed. 16c.,; unglassed 2-
Ibs., 17c. California white 2.1bs., 17c. California ex-
tracted in 60-lb. cans, 8c. Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BEES WAX. —No. 1. 20c.; No. 2, 18c.
Mar.l9. CLBMON8. CLOON&CO.. cor4thiWalnut.

Your Fnll Address, plainly written
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

NcTv Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888, for SI ,75, while
there are any sets of 1887 left.

Clover Seeds.— We are selluig Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : S8.00
per bushel; S3.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : SIO.OO per bushel; $2.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

A Pocket IMctionary will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with 82.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spelling of words, and to
detenuine their meaning.

334

TM@ MSmMMIGMM MMM JQilSMf^MI^.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name aud
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2.25

SOGLabels 2.00 3,00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

JW Samples mailed free, upon application.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 345.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 32c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 55.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., $10.00.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

A nioderD UEE-FARJM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

"We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; K pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, S3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Kx4J^ and 5i^x5J^.
Price, 81.00 per 100, or $8..50 per 1,000.

gidxrertisjemjetcts.

OUR No. 3 One-piece Sections are the
cheapest in use— $2.60 per M. No. 1 are
the best in use— $3 60. These are iy^xiM. of
various widths. Address as in out. 20A4t
Mention the American Beo Journal.

FOR. SJ^X-jE.

QC C01.01N1ES of Italian Bees In Langstroth
OQ hives made trost-pioof. Apply to,
20A2t PKTEK DIXON, Saginaw, Mich.
Mention the American Bee Journal,

ITAIvIAKS on LanuBtrnth frames-Two-frame
Nucleus (no Queen) Jl.'.";; 3-fraine. $1.75. Bach
Nucleus to cuntain franie« fllledwi'h lirood and a
plentv of bees. Orders Hlled promptly. TES'l'Bl)
QUEENS. t2.i»): Untesied, after May an, »1. BEES
per Pound, after May a i. n.s cents. Sate arrival and
aatlsfftclion taiaranteed. No foul brood.
19A4t H. L. Panffborn, Maquoketa, Iowa.

Mention the Amcrlcnn BceJourmil.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement tn anolber column.

The Bee-Keepers' Review

FOR MAV is now out. Having regained
the time lost during his illness, the editor
will hereafter take pride in getting out the
Review promptly on the 10th of each month.
The special topic of the present Number Is
" Hiving Bees." The review of Mr. Cheshire's
work, which was begun in the March No., is
finished in the present Issue. We have a sur-
plus of the Numbers containing this review,
and, so long as they last, these three Numbers
win be sent free to all who apply.
J^r Price of the Review, 50 ets. a year.
Tbe Production of Comb Honey,

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 25 cents.
The REVIEW and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

Address, W. Z. HUTCHINSON,
20Atf 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

(Patent applied for).

BEST FOUNDATION FASTENER for
Brood-Frames and Sections. Bescription
and Illustration sent free on application.

J. W. BITTENBENDER,
20Etf KNOXVILLE, Marion Co., IOWA.

7 per cent. OFF

ON SECTIONS, from prices piven in price-
list. We make lour grades of COMB
FOUNDATION - Heavy Krood, Ligbt
Brood, Tliin A: Esitra Thin for Sections.
^F" Send for free Price-List and Samples.—
Dealers, write for special prices.
Address, M. H. HUNT,

Bell Branch, Wayne Co., Mich, (near Detroit).
2Ett

Mention the American Bee Journal.

SAMPI-E COPIES of the AMERICAN
- APICUIiTUBIST and our Price-List of

Winter Strain of Pare Italian Bees
sent free. Address,
ISEtt APICULTUEIST, Wenham, Mass.

OUR ILLUSTRATED

CATAI.OGUE

FOR 1888

WIIiL be mailed free to any one who is not
already supplied with it. Send us your
address, plainly written, on a Postal Card.
THOS. G. NEWMAN A: SON,

923&925 W. Madison-St., - CHICAGO. ILLS.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY,

PAMPHIiET full Of new and improved
methods : Price, 5 one-cent stamps. You
nf ed also my list of Italian Queens, Bees by
the lb., and Supplies Oliver Foster,
13Atf Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

WANTED,

BeesM-ax.— We will pay SO o<-nlM per

pound, delivered here, for Yellow Beeswax.
I'o avoid mistakes, the name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

THOS. C NEHnHAN & SON,

923 & 925 WoBt MaalBon St., - CHICAGO, ILLS.

SMITH & SMITH

We have one of the largest

Bee-Hive Factories in tlie World.

fS~ If you are interested in BEES, send for
our Prlce-Llst— Free. Good Goods, and fair
Prices. Address, SMITH A SMITH,

lOKtf KENTON, Hardin Co., O.

BEESUPPLIE8,

MMUMl The Largest Steam

RETAII.

AND

TFIioIesale.

The Largest Steam-Power Shops
in the West; exclusively used to make Every-
tblng needed in the Apiary, of practical con-
struction and at Lowest Prices. Italian
Bees, Queens, 12 styles of Bee-Hives, Sections,
Honey-Extractore, Bee-Smokers, Bee-Feeders,
Comb Foundation, and everything used by
Bee-Keepers always on hand. My jfliustrated
Catalogue FREE. E. Kretchmer,
16Etf Coburg, Iowa.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

THE NEW HEDDON HIVE

NAILED AND PAINTED.

WE have a FEW of the above hives, all
complete, for sale, at S4.00 each. As we
do not handle these hives this year, we cannot
fill orders for them in the flat. Those nailed
and painted are left from last year's stock.

TB08. G. NEWMAN di SON,

923 & 925 West Maaison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

1 C\Ci COIiONIES of Italian and Hybrid

-Lv/U Bees for Sale at bottom prices. Also,
Japanese Buckwheat for Sf-ed. It has a pro-
fuse bloom and is wonderfully productive. —
Write for prices. A. J. A: E. HAT FIELD,

14Etf SOUTH BEND, IND.

Metition Vie American Bee Journal.

Eaton's Improved
SECXIOrV-CASE.
BEES & QUEENS. Send
for free eataloKue. Address
FBANK. A. EATON,
7Etf BLUFFTON, OHIO.

Mention tlic American Bee Journal.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

ONE Untested Queen, »1.00 ; 3 for |2.no. BEES
by the Pound and Nucleus. Send for Price-List.
Address, B. e. FRAME.
9E13t North Manchester, Ind.

Metitkm the American Bee Journal.

IMPORTED QUEENS.

FRIENDS J I have QUEENS in my Apiary as fine
and as good as you --an import to tbe free land of
America- My Bees equal any that ever spread wing
•neath the t-unny skies of Italy. You have but to try
tb era ami be convinced. Untested, $1 ; Tested. $2 ;
Select Tested, $-2.50; Standard Breeders.fS.OO. BEES
by the lb.. $1; Frame of Brood, 75 cts.

R. H. CAMPBELL, (Lock Box 2T5).
12E12t MADI80N, Morgan Co.. GEORGIA.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

2-Story LangsM Hive, 80c.

WE still hare a few of those Two-Story
Liangstrotli HIVES with 10 Brood-
Frames, at 80 cents. ^

Who wants them ? Speak Quick, or It will
be too late. Address.

lOEtf KENTON, Hardin Co., OHIO.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

I nni^ UCDC I If ~^o" Think of giving
LUU^ nCriL ■ the Betslnger Case or the
Paper Bo.x a trial the coming season, send for
Circular and Prices of these, and other BEE-
SliPPI^IES. If you wish to have your honey
crop in the best shape for market, do not fall
to send me your address (written plainly) on a
postal card. A. M. GANDER,
14E4t (Box 591). ADRIAN, MICH.

Mention flie American Bee Journal.

'THB m^mmmicMM mmm j^wmmmL,.

339

EDITOR.

Voiniy, May 23,1888, No. 21.

'DIWRML BmE!M€S.

Many Itc<>»> IVecd Feeding' during
this cold and unseasouable weattier. Do
not let tliew starve just before the harvest
is ready.

Every Apiarist should be well in-
formed, not only on the habits, but also on
the natural history of the honey-bee.

Anotlier lot of statistical information
is presented in Oleanings for May 15, from
which we learn that the majority report the
prospects favorable for a good honey crop.

In Reference to Mr. Moyer's letter,
and our comments on page 307, he says that
he is in favor of getting statistics, but not
by the Government and assessors. So many
are now engaged in gathering statistics that
it may not be necessary for the assessors to
" take a hand " in it.

Bees arc not Malable to Canada.
We received an intimation of this from Dr.
S. W. Morrison, of Oxford, Pa., and imme-
diately wrote to Mr. Bell, Superintendent of
Foreign Mails at Washington, for the facts
in the ease, and here is his reply :

Washington, U. C, May 16, 1888.

SiK :— In reply to your letter of the 14th
inst., I have to inform you that under the
Postal Convention now in force between
the United States and Canada, queen-bees
are absolutely exeliided from the mails ex-
changed between the two countries, and
consequently are not allowed to be for-
warded by mail from the U.S. to Canada.

A proposal has been made to the Canada
office to so modify the Convention as to ad-
mit, for the future, queen-bees to the mails:
should it be accepted by the Canada offit^e,
public notice thereof will be promptly
given. N. M. BELL,

Supt. of Foreign Mails.

Alfalfa,— Mr. C. Thielmann, of Thiel-
manton, Minn., writes us as follows con-
cerning the difference between alfalfa and
lucerne clover :

There is a great difference in the illustra-
tions on pages (is and 245. The first shows
exactly the clover which my father culti-
vated in Germany (Baden), and which has
been planted in that country for centuries
baclJ. It did not hold out very long in
white clay soil; but was a good stand for
hay and green fodder for 20 years on rooky,
lime-stony soil. We had no sandy land
there, and so I do not know how it will do
on it. The illustration on page 24.5, resem-
bles the clover which I have seen on the
Pacific Coast, and was called alfalfa. 1 am
sorry to say that at that time I did not feel
so niuch interested in the plant as I do now,
and 1 did not examine it very closely, but I
noticed enough in going by to see that it
was not exactly like our German alfalfa, or,
as we called it, everlasting clover. In Switz-
erland it was called lucerne. There is also
a county in Switzerland called Lucern. The
most noted difference seems to be that, tlie
stalks of the German alfalfa are larger, the
leaves larger and longer, and the seeds or
flowers further apart, though the difference
may result from the land or climate.

The difference is probably similar to
sweet clover — the common variety is called
melilot, while tlie imported is Bokhara
clover. Lucerne is the common variety,
while the alfalfa (or sand lucerne) is the im-
ported article, and costs more than the com-
mon article, as does Bokhara clover cost
more than melUot.

Xo Strengthen Weak Colonies

is good advice for Spring management. Mr.
E. K. Hubbard, in the Indiana Farmer,
gives this advice on the subject :

It is an excellent plan to equalize the
strength of your colonies in the spring,
and instead of having a few very weak and
the rest very strong, bring up the weak
ones by taking from the others and giving
to them. The reasoti why this can be profit-
ably done is that giving brood to a weak
colony will do more good than to leave it in
the strong colony. A good colony can spare
a frame of brood, and still keep full of
bees, but if enough brood is taken away to
show, in a few days, that they have been
materially weakened, the matter has been
over-done, and it would have been better to
leave them alone. A full colony will gather
many times more houej than several weak
ones, but by intelligent and careful manage-
ment all colonies may be brought up to
near the same standard, and the good ones
not materially injured.

Rendering Beesifrax.— The Lon-
don Oardener's Chronicle recommends as
a simple method of obtaining clean bees-
wax direct from the comb, that the latter
be melted in hot water, andja hoop that will
fit into the container, covered with cheese-
cloth, fastened down into it below the sur-
face of the water. The melted wax rises to
the surface through the cloth, and when the
water is cool, is found on top in a perfectly
clean cake.

Foul Brood seems to be very preva-
lent in many portions of Australia, as we
notice from the April number of the Ans-
tralastan Bee Journal, which has just
come to hand.

Putting Su|»er.s On. — A few timely
suggestions are given to beginners, and
those who are not thoroughly posted in
apiculture, by Mr. W. S. CuUinan, of Kan-
sas City, Mo., in the Farmers' Revieiv for
this week. After mentioning the impor-
tance which attaches to the time and man-
ner of putting on and taking off the supers,
he remarks tlius :

Doubtless white clover is now in bloom,
and it will be time to have the supers in
place, especially upon .strong colonies. If
you have studied the condition of your bees,
you will know the colonies that are needing
more room, and by all means you should be
ready to supply it. If working for comb
honey, you should have your supers filled
with sections, which have been previously
supplied with comb foundation, and give to
each colony one case of sections— no more.
Many specialists who work their bees for
comb honey contract the brood-chamber to
5 or 6 frames before giving the first case of
sections ; this gives the bees less room be-
low, and less brood to take care of, and so
drives a greater number of them into the
supers, by which, of course, more surplus
is secured. Should any one wish to prac-
tice this method, all they will need to do is
to remove one or two frames from each side
of the brood-chambers, and substitute a
division-board or dummy in their stead.
The division-board should be of the same
dimensions as tlie frame, and have project-
ing tops, so as to hang in the hive just as the
frames do, and one of them should take the
place of each frame removed, for if the
space occupied by a frame in the brood-
chamber be left vacant, the bees will cer-
tainly fill it with honey when they become
crowded for room.

Xlie British Iloney Company

seems to have been unsuccessful in busi-
ness, and it is proposed to wind up its af-
fairs. The following from the British Bee
Journal for May 3, 1888, will explain the
matter better than we can otherwise do :

We very much regret to announce that we
have received a circular intimating that a
meeting of the aboVe company will be held
at Charing Cross Hotel on May 10, when
the following resolution will be proposed,
" That it has been proved to the satisfac-
tion of the meeting tiiat the company can-
not, by reason of its liabilities, continue its
business, and that it is advisable to wind up
the same voluntarily.",

Xhc Best of its Class.— This is what
the Bath, Maine, Sentinel says about our
Bee Journal and bee-book :

The Bee Journal is the best of its class,
and " Bees and Honey " not only the latest,
but the best among the works on the apiary
and the honey-bee. It is profusely illus-
trated, and the text careful, concise and to
the point. Its arrangement is good.

TSevr Catalogues for 1888 are on our

desk, from the following persons:

George Neighbour & Sons, 149 Regent St.,
W. London, England— 64 pages— Bee-Hives
and Appliances.

Dr. G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.—
16 paaes— Bees, Queens and Bee-Keepers'
Supplies.

B. P. Barber & Son, Colebrook, O.— 16
pages— Bee-Keepers' Supplies, Fowls, Tur-
keys, etc.

J. B.Haines, Bedford, O.— 8 pages— Bees,
Queens and Apiarian Supplies.

340

TMi? mmtmmiQmm wmm j®^mkmiu.

XHREK-SIUEW IIIVES.

Mention has several times been made In
these columns of a three-sided hive made by
D. Chalmers, of Poole, Ont. As we intend
to keep our readers posted on the " devel-
opments of the times," vre present the fea-
tures of this hive with engravings from the
Canadiam, Honey Producer. Mr. Chalmers
does not claim to have invented any new
kind of a hive, and the name " three-sided
hive" is a misnomer. This is Mr. Chalmers'
own description of what his invention con-
sists :

New and useful improvements in bee-
hives, consisting of movable sides, and a
cut in the ends of the frames, by which the
frames are suspended on iron slides, and
one side of which engages a groove in the
inner center of the ends of the hive, while
the other side projects far enough to support
the frames in C, a transverse groove in the
center of the ends of the frames of about
11-32 of an inch in width ; the slides pass

inverted, the comb
inch, and thus re-

through the ends of the side pieces of the
hive as well, and can be slipped in or out
from either side ; tliey are well adapted tor
supporting the frames, and at the same time
are so secured that they cannot spring or
bend under the weight

When the hive is
frames drop 5-16 of an
sume the same relative position as before
It is immaterial which side of the hive is
up, and should tlie manipulator see fit to
invert it, he may rest assured that on his
return he will find the frames retaining
their position, without danger of dropping
out of place.

B indicates the comb-frames which are
5-16 of an inch less in verticle dimensions
than the hive, so that when the latter is in
position, the upper level of the top hive
giving full bee-space between the top of the
frames and the honey-board ; tliey also
hang slightly below the bottom of the hive.

By this arrangement it will be seen that
when the latter is placed across the bottom-
board, or of level pieces, that the frames
will be raised to a degree sufficient to re-
lieve the slides, which can then be easily
withdrawn, alowing any of the frames to be
taken out, or the hive lifted off, all frames
at once, or witlinut either changing the

gosition of the hive or removing the slides,
ut simply by detaching the side, the ma-
nipulation is readily accomplished.

The reader will understand at a glance
how nicely the movable-side vporks with my
plan of suspending frames with closed ends, 1

the method of securing abjustable side is
yet incomplete, it should have spring
enough to come and go with closed-end
frames (or sections side by side) as affected
by weather.

The bottom-board is also invertible. It is
made of a board of equal width with the in-
terior of the hive, with pieces nailed to the
sides, and one end corresponding in thick-
ness with the sides of the hive, and wide
enough to project % of an inch on one side,
and % of an inch or more on the other side
of the board ; the former is for summer, and
the latter for winter use, and requires to be
turned up in early fall.

The winter extension I do not claim, but
I am told that it is the invention of Mr. J.

B

D

B. Young, of Stratford (I also saw in a late
issue of the American Bee Jottenal a
similar board described, so far as 1 have
gone). Across the center on the summer
side of this board I drive a row of strong
wire nails until the top of their heads come
level with the top of the ledges, one nail
under each frame. This is to prevent the
frames from sagging • the interior of the
frames are supported by a strong wire
which reaches from the lower to the upper
bar, and the frames in the cases above
(should there be any) by a piece of tin 5-16
of an inch in width, which stands on the
edge on the frames below. It is T-shaped
on either end, and its position is maintained
by those ends being placed between the
lower and upper side frames.

The honey-board is made of woven strips
of wood (same as window blinds) ; they
are strong enough to carry their own weight
across the hive, and only being propolized
around the under edge of the hive, are easily
ripped off.

The top, as shown in the engraving, con-
sists of four narrow pieces being nailed to-
gether, rabbeted on one edge to rest on the
hive. This is used for spring and fall pack-
ing, and in hot weather it keeps the cover
at a distance from the combs and bees. The
roof is flat, and is held in place by cleats
being nailed to the lower side of it, which
slips inside of the box.

Xlie rVortli Ainerioan Coiivt'n-
tion was to have been held at Toledo ne.\t
fall. It is proposed to change it to Colum-
bus, O., and the following circular has been
sent to each member to ascertain the views
and votes in the matter :

Owing to the holding of the Ohio Centen-
nial Exposition, at Columbus, C, from Sept.
4 to Oct. 19, next, and the consequent re-
duction of railroad fares, a goodly number
of the members of the North American Bee-
Keepers' Society, among whom are Miss
Bennett, Messrs. Thos. G. Newman, A. 1.
Root, Eugene Secor. R.F.Holterman, James
Heddon, Geo. E. Hilton, Dr. C. C. Miller,
H. K. Boardman and Prof. Cook, have e.x-
pressed the wish to have the place of the
next meeting changed from Toledo to Co-
lumbus, and the executive committee has

been urged to make the change, but the
members of the committee are unanimous
in the opinion that they have no more
power to make the change than have any
other members of the society ; but at the re-
quest of some of the above named, and
others, and in accordance with the best
judgment of the committee, this circular
has been prepared, and will be sent to every
member of the society who has not already
expressed their preference to the commit-
tee, and the request is that each one receiv-
ing this will say on the enclosed postal
whether he or she is in favor of the change
or not, and, if not, wliether he or she is
willing to abide by the wish of the majority.
In corresponding, about 200, all who have
expressed their preference, are in favor of
Columbus. Please do not lay this aside,
and make it necessary to write to you again,
but put your answer on the enclosed postal
card and return it at once.

A. B. Mason, Pres.

W. Z. HiTTCHLNsoN, Sec.

Mrs. L. Harrison, Treaa.

Executive Committee.

S>vaniiiiig.— Mr. A. H. Duff, Creigh-
ton, O., gives his views upon the above
subject in the City and Country in these
words :

Excessive swarming Is very detrimental
to the crops of surplus honey, and to pro-
duce the best results in surplus, swarming
must be controlled to quite an extent. To
place a colony in the best possible condi-
tion for storing honey, is jlacing it in a
condition to swarm also. The perquisites
some colonies have for swarming is often
very perplexing, and every manner of per-
suasion will finally wear out with them.
We have found that if colonies are in first-
class condition, or very strong in numbers
at the opening of the honey flow, they are
nearing the swarming point, and we can
gain pounds by allowing a division, or a
first swarm to issue. Too many bees can
be kept in one hive to make it profitable,
but, of course, we have reference only to
powerful colonies, and would not wish to
convey the idea that any profit can be ob-
tained from weak colonies. Strong colo-
nies Is the road, and the only road, leading
to large honey crops.

One of the most important points in
securing large crops of honey is to give
abundance ofroom for the bees to store it.
This is also one of the best preventives of
swarming. In the Italians and the other
new races, [however, this is not a decided
prevention, but has some effect. But if this
fails, and preparation is commenced (which
will be the construction of queen-cells), we
can postpone it by removing the queen-
cells. This may be followed np just as long
as it will produce the desired effect. This
will oftentimes wear out, and the swarm,
being tired of this kind of treatment, will
come forth, leaving behind no trace of
queen-cells whatever. There is but one
remedy left, provided we wish them to oc-
cupy the hive as formerly. This is to take
their queen away from them, and put them
back again as before. This compels them
to remain until yomig queens are reared,
which will require S or 10 days.

Queenless colonies may for a time do well,
but certain destruction is sure to follow it
they are not provided with the same in due
time. If a colony in the act of storing sur-
plus should swarm, and the swarm hived to
ilself, the surplus receptacles should follow
the swarm, as they can be brought to the
condition for storing much sooner than the
parent colony from which they issued.

All second or after-swarms are a failure
if surplus honey is the object. After-
swarms may be prevented by removing all
queen-cells but one, or, what is better, re-
move all and introduce a fertile queen, of
which a supply should always be on hand
for such emergencies.

CONVENTION DIRECTORY.

Twm mjmmmi€mM mmm j@^mh.mi*.

341

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

May 31.— Wii. I^ake Shore Center, at Kiel. Wis.

Ferd. Zastrow, Sec, Mlllliome, Wla.

Aug. 3.— Ionia County, at Ionia, Mich.

H. Smith, Sec., Ionia, Mich.

Auk. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark. Sec, Denver, Colo.

Aug. 27.— Stark County, at Canton, p.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

tV In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
lime and place of future meetings.- Kd.

sti^^I^k

^Vintcriii;; oil SiuiinuT Stands.

—Locke Ferree, Milroy, Ind., on May 13,

1888, says :

I winter my btes in the Langstroth hive,
on the summer stands, with a '4inch pine
board laid across the frames, with a bee-

gassage over the frames and under the
oard. I use no cloth, but a piece of mus-
lin laid over the boards.

I notice tliat some bee-keepers are not re-
ceiving the Chapman honey-plant seed
readily from Washington. I received mine
in a very tew days alter I sent for it, but it
seems a little tardy about coming up.

Bees ^Vintered Finely, etc-.— Mr.
John H. Martin, Hartford, N. Y., on May 8,
1888, says :

My bees have wintered finely, and I am
hoping for a good honey season.

We are going to have a grand food pro-
ducts' exhibition at Albany, on Sept. 10 to
15. This was fir.st started as a State exhibi-
tion, but it is now an assured fact that all
portions of the country will be represented.
If bee-men desire to make an instructive
exhibit, this is a good opportunity. A space
12x123.2 feet will be given to exhibitors for
au entry fee of SIO. I propose to make an
exhibit. Are there other bee-men wlio will
also exhibit ? I will send a '•bulletin" to
any one who may desire to exhibit.

Ciood Outlook for Honey.— Mr.

Francis M. Merritt, Andrew, Iowa, on May

13, 1S88, writes :

Owing to the backward spring, bees are
not gaining very fast. They gatliered nat-
ural pollen on April 1, but extreme cold
weather beginning about that time, the pol-
len bearing plants failed to bloom, until
about a week ago. I wintered 3 colonies of
bees last winter, and have bought .5 more
this spring ; some of them were in finite a
weak condition. The outlook for honey
this year is very good. White clover is just
blooming, owing to a week's steady rain.
To-day is cold, the mercury indicating 6°
above the freezing point.

I^osseis in ^Vintering, etc. — M. O.

Tuttle, Osage, Iowa, on May 9, 18&8, writes :

Sometime in March I reported my own
anticipations and predictions for the winter-
ing of the bees of this county. From what
I have learned, I think that more than 50
per cent, of the number of colonies on Sept.
1, 1887, are now dead. As I stated before, I
put 170 colonies in the cellar on Nov. 16
to 19, 1887. On April 7, 1888, 1 took 50 colo-
niesout. On April 23 I took the rest out,

and 168 colonies were lively and apparently
in tine condition. I scion found that 2 colo-
nies were queeniess, but had plenty of bees
and stores. I have united some, as 1 prefer
to lessen my number of colonies for the
season, and I shall continue to unite when
the weather is favorable. The past two
weeks has been rainy, and the thirsty earth
is getting a good drink. Our prospects for
some clover is good.

Su)«qnetaannu Connty Conven-
tion.—H. M. Seeley, of Harford, Pa., the

Secretary of the Association, send the fol-
lowing condensed report :

The Susquehanna County Bee-Keepers'
Association met at New Milford, Pa., on
May 5, 1888. The meeting was called to
order by President E. B. Smith, and then
followed essays and discussions on the va-
rious questions pertaining to bee-culture.
Taken altogether, it was a very enjoyable
meeting, and doubtless of much benefit to
those in attendance. Bees in this vicinity
have wintered finely, bat few being lost,
but those that canu- throutih are in good
condition. We have at present but 21 mem-
bers, 16 of wliom were present at the meet-
ing. It is the wish ot the association to
have the name of all persons in the county
who keep liees, on the roll as members ;
and it is intended to hold the meetings in
the different towns in the county, to make
it as convenient a.s possible for all to at-
tend. The next meeting will be held in
Montrose, Pa., on Sept. 8, 1888.

Tery Rainy Weather.- C. Thiel-
niaun, Thielmanton, Minn., on May 9, 1888,
writes :

My bees have been confined for about 10
days, on account of wet weather. It rained
nearly day and night. The ground is
flooded, and creeks and rivers are overflow-
ins. There is only a little seeding done
here, as we cannot get into the fields for a
nuiuber of days yet, eveu if the weather
should be good. It is raining now, and
there is no signs o( any good weather. I
have lived for 31 years, but I never saw such
weather at this time of the year. We could
always seed in April, with a few exceptions,
which was then done in May.

I have just seen the Zumbro river. It is
very high, and has hardly been within its
banks for the past five weeks. In my esti-
mation, more water has passed here in this
river in the five weeks, than in four or five
years altogether heretofore. Yesterday was
the first day that the railroad trains have
run regularly since April 9, and we expect
another tear up to-morrow. It has rained
very heavily the past 34 hours.

are reared from an imported mother. I
think that every bee-keeper ought to have
a pure queen to breed from, for the bees
will deteriorate fast enough then, if he has
neighbors that keep black bees.

Long' Confinement of Ilees, etc.

— Wm. Malone, Newbern, Iowa, on May 11,

1888, writes :

1 notice on page 312, that Mr. Eugene
Secor kept his bees in the cellar 180 days.
Some of mine were in 190 days. They were
put in on Oct. 1, and taken out on April 1 ;
this was for a test. Some were put in on
Nov. 30, and 5 colonies were left out until
the last of December ; and those 5 were
taken out the last of January, tucked up
warm, and left out ; I think that they are
the strongest colonies in the yard to-day.
Those that were left in 190 days are doing
well. I winterep 47 colonies in a cave made
for the bees, and 5 colonies on the summer
stands. The temperature at which the bees
are the most quiet is 40°. and the cave tem-
perature has never been below that point.

One thing that bee-keepers should recol-
lect when writing on the subject of hiberna-
tion is, that if hihernating animals, such as
ants and snakes, be exposed to cold, freez-
ing air for 30 minutes, there is no reviving
them. Tliey may be surrounded with frost
for months and live ; but 30 minutes of ex-
posure as before stated, will kill them. Try
it and see.

In 1887 I made a mistake in working 10
colonies for comb honev ; and those 10 did
little else but swarm. The 30 that I worked
for extracted honey, stored 1,500 pounds,
besides enough to winter them and the
others— 52 colonies in all. I had 5 colonies
in the spring of 1887 that came nearly dying,
and I had to feed them for winter. I lost 6
colonies last winter, 3 on the summer
stands and 3 in the cave.

This has been a peculiar spring, being
cold and dry up to May -5, and since then
cold and wet. Buckeye is in full bloom,
and the bees work hard when the sun
shines. While I am writing I can hear the
bees. A novice might think that the bees
were swarming. Yesterday I prepared
some colonies with two sets of combs, and
if the weather is favorable, I will be ex-
tracting honey in a few days. I do not
think tliat my bees were ever stronger on
May 11, than they are this year.

Prospects tor the' Season.- John
Blodget, Flag Springs, Mo., on May 14, 1888,
writes :

Last October I packed 10 colonies of bees
in chaff hives, and have lost only one col-
ony. They are building up freely. Apple
bloom has come and almost gone, and dande-
lion is in bloom. The weather has been .so
changeable that the bees could not work
half ot the time. We have had heavy rains,
and the ground is more watered than it lias
been for four years. I think what white
clover there is, will be good, I see ever so
many young plants coming up after the
rains, and it will be in good condition for
another year. Most of the bees are dead in
this locality, and what bees that are left
will have plenty to work on. The black
bees are all dead within three miles, so I
can rear some fine bees from my young
queens. 1, have .started queen-cells. All
my bees are pure Italians, except 1 or 2 col-
onies of good hybrids. All of my queens

A Pecnliar Queen, etc.— Richard
Rawlins, Okalona, Ark., on May 3, 1888,
says :

Rattan is in bloom, but not in full bloom ;
the honey crop from this source promises
to be better than usual. The strong colo-
nies are storing honey in the third story
now. , . ,

I noticed a queen, reared this year, which
lays about half drone eggs intermingled
with worker eggs in worker comb. She is
not very prolific, but her bees are fine look-
ing. Is she likely to overcome the weak-
ness, or will she gel; worse ?

[Most probably the queen will deteriorate,
and it would be advisable to supersede her.

-Ed.]

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report ot the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of tlie Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

342

ntMM MME'RICMlf BB® J©lJRSfMEf.

Queries f Replies,

The Proper Time to Extract
Honey. •

Written for the American Bee Jmi/mal

Query 544.— I Intend to work the greater
portion of my apiary for extracted honey, and
have been tbinliiDg of adopting- the following-
plan to keep down the swarming fever :
Allow the prime swarm to go out, then after
the queen has been caged, remove the old
hive a short distance, and place a new one on
the old stand having a queen-excluder over
the brood-frames. After the bees have been
hived, I will shake all of the bees out of the
old hive, and run them into the new one, then
examine the old frames thoroughly and re-
move all queen-cells, after whicn I will put
them in a super over the newly-hived bees.
1. How long should I wait before extracting
from the super? 2. How ami to dispose of
the drone-brood in the super? ,3. Would it
be advisable to adopt the above method ?—
Ontario.

1. Extract when ' about one-third of
the honey is capped. 2. Shave their
heads oft' as they are capped over. — P.

L. VlALLON.

1. I would extract from the super as
soon as the honey is sufficiently ripen-
ed. 2. Let it hatch. 3. No. — M. Mahin.

Instead of taking so much trouble,
use 2 hives full of comb on top of each
other, and j'ou will have very few
swarms, if you give them room in time.
— Dadant & Son.

1. I should wait until at least a third
of the comb was capped. 2. Cut it
out. 3. I can see nothing gained. — J.
P. H. Brown.

Look here, my friend, letting the
bees swarm is not a " plan to keep
down the swarming fever." I doubt
if you will like the plan so well as to
simply keep the honey extracted close.
C. C. Meller.

1. So much depends upon so many
circumstances. 2. Cut it out before it
hatches. 3. No ; you wont like this
plan. I have tested so many similar
principles, that I should say, no. —
James Heddon.

1. It will all depend upon circum-
stances. 2. Cut it out and melt it up.
3. Your method will work all right,
and if you prefer that way, follow it
until you find a better one.— H. D.
Cutting.

1. Wait until all is sealed, or nearly
so. 2. I do not have any to dispose
of. Use only worker-comb. If there
are patclics of drone-comb, cut them
out and put pieces of foundation in
their place. 3. It is a good plan, but
the (lueen-exeludcr is not needed. — A.
B. Mason.

I do not like the method in theory ;
I have never tried it. I have had but
little trouble to i-ontrol swarming,
when working for extracted honey.—
Eugene Secor.

1. Until your frames are filled and
capped. 5. With a honey-knife, slice
oft'tlie heads of the drone-brood before
j'ou put the frames in the supers. 3.
It would be tolerably fair practice. —
Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. It will probably not do first until
all the brood is capped over. 2. Cut
it out and insert worker-comb ; but
how about the drones above the zinc
queen - excluders ? 3. I think that
there are several better plans. — C. H.
Dibbern.

I. You could extract at once. 2. I
do not know, unless you cut it out, and
replace the vacancies with worker-
combs. 3. I hardly think j-our plan
advisable. Wliy not use large hives ?
You will then be trouble but little with
swarms ? — J. M. Hambaugh.

The plan would doubtless work fairly
well, but it seems to me that you
should have no trouble with swarming
when running an apiary for extracted
honey. In my experience along this
line, not one colony in ten have at-
tempted to swarm. — G. M. Doolittle.

I. Wait until all the brood is sealed
over. 2. A small auger-hole in any
suitable part of the hive above the
queen-excluder will let out all of the
drones. 3. In producing extracted
honey, the method may be advised
where no increase is desired. — G. L.
Tinker.

1. Until the combs contain a con-
siderable amount of well-ripened
honey. 2. That depends. You might
cut out the drone-brood and destroy
it ; or let it hatch and fly away, as
from time to time you open the hive.
3. No ; as but few colonies in an apiary
properly managed for extracted honey
will cast swarms ; unless their queens
are past their prime, I should remove
the queen, return the swarm and per-
mit them to rear a young queen. — R.
L. Taylor.

This question, or the questions, in-
volve a big theory. The best I can
advise is to test it thoroughly and re-
port. The plan suggested would not
work at all in my own apiary, as it
will cause more labor and trouble
than I can aftbrd to give my bees. — J.
E. Pond.

1. Until room was needed, or sooner
if desired. 2. Why not prune, so as
not to have droue-comb. 3. I think
that the plan is not a good one, though
I have not tried it. If the queen is to
be caged, why not put bees back in
the old hive, and put on the super full
of empty combs ; or, if you have not
combs, use foundation. — A. J. Cook.

In your statement you fail to tell
what is to be done with the old queen,
and this is a very important matter in
the final results. If the queen is to go

with the swarm below the queen-ex-
cluder, you will delay swarming ; but
if the season is a lengthy one, j-ou will
most likely have it over again. ]. Till
the honey is sealed over. 2. Raise the
hive cover in the afternoon, and let
the drones escape, and close it when
they are out. Keep this up until all
are out. 3. Not as you stave it. — G.
W. Demaree.

I have not found this plan to lessen
the swarming-impulse. By this method
you allow the prepartions for swarm-
ing to be matured, and the swarming
to actually occur, and then place the
colony in almost the condition in which
it was before it swarmed. I would
prefer putting the new hive under the
old one prior to the building of queen-
cells. In a majority of eases this will
prevent swarming entirely. — J. M.
Shuck.

1. When the brood is sealed over.
2. Decapitate the drone-brood. 3. The
plan is too laborious and uncertain. —
The Editor.

Are Drones AlloM'ed to Enter
Ditlerent Hives i

Written for Oie American Bee Journal

Query 545.— Will drones from one colony
be permitted to go into hives of <tther bees
without being troubled by tnem ?— Dixie.

Yes, usually. — James Heddon.

Yes, they quite often do. — H. D.
Cutting.

Yes, sometimes. — P. L. Viallon.

Yes, at times. — J. M. Hambaugh.

I am not sure. — Eugene Secor.

They will ordinarily. — Mrs. L. Har-
rison.

Yes, as a rule, but not always. — G.
M. Doolittle.

Yes, if strong colonies. — J. P. H.
Brown.

Yes, at times ; no, at other times. —
Dadant & Son.

Sometimes they will, and sometimes
they will not. — A. B. Mason.

In the swarming season, or at any
time when honey is being gathered
plentifully, they will. — M. Mahin.

Yes, at times when the " other bees"
will tolerate their own drones. — R. L.
Taylor.

Yes, often ; perhaps always when
drones are tolerated. — C. C. Miller.

I think so, but I am not sure that
they will in all cases. — A. J. Cook.

Din-ing swarming time they will, but
not at other times, as a general rule. —
G. L. Tinker.

When hone}' is plentiful they prob-
ably often do so, but not when it is
scarce. — C. H. Dibbekni

T'mm MMERICW'JNE MMM JOtJRNJtl^.

343

In my f)wii yanl tliey arc allowed to
mix indiscriminately, and to ijo from
one hive to another without being'
troubled at all. — J. E. Pond.

Drones are free eommoner.s until the
time of their deslruotion arrives. I
have set apart a nucleus for queen-
rearing without a drone or an}^ drone-
broo<l, and in a few daj's I have found
hundreds of drones in it — J. M.
Shuck.

No, not as a general rule. They are
admitted by queenless colonies as a
general thing, but not always. Drones
mark their locatio7i just as do worker
bees ; and if you introduce them to
queenless colonies after they have
mtiH;ed their location, they will return
to the old stand as do worker-bees. I
have often proven this by direct ex-
periment. If they are removed from
their home before they have been out,
they will stay where you put them just
as do J'oung worker-bees. — G. W.
Demaree.

They will, as I have positive proof
of the fact. I have one colony that
liatched out .select drones (Italians of
course) on Jan. 10 ; it is the only col-
on\' out of 60 that has drones now (Jan.
25). I have another colony that
hatched out a young queen last week,
and after she was hatched I looked into
the hive and found 4 or 5 drones on
the middle combs, and I know this
particular colony had not had any
drones since last July — of course they
came from the colony that had the
young drones, which is nearly in front
of the one witli the young queen. — R.
H. Campbell.

Bees will usually admit drones from
other colonies when houey-gathering
is going on and the colony is strong
ill numbers, if drones are welcomed in
other hives. — The Editor.

CO.KVEI^XIOI\ P«OXI«_KS.

|:y The next meelinK of the N. W. Ills, and 8. W.
WiB. Bee-Keepers' Asauciation will be held in Rock,
ton, 11)8., Miiy -2. IMKy. D. A. FULLER, Sec.

t3S^ The spring meeting of the Wisconsin Lalte
Sliore Center Bee-Keepers' Association will be held
on May 31. I88<, in Mueller's Hall, at Kiel. Wis.

Ferd. Zastkow, Sec.

t3^ The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Associa.
tion will meet at the Court Uouse in Uitlora, Iowa,
on the second Saturday in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. BtTCHANAN. Sec.

Al-*vay» Mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
oflice. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never nieiitiou anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

WHITE CLOVER.

MRS. L. IJ. FLEMIN<t.

Scatter the L,eaflet!«. — Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

My little maiden came tome,
Her small hands hrimmiiigover.

Not with the gai den's choicest flowers.
But only sweet, white clover.

I took her yift, the while my thought
The Icing years traveled over —

When I, like her, with busy hands
Made wreatlis of sweet, white clover.

I dream my childish dreams again,

In fairy land a rover,
A magic garland, this, I ween.

Though ouly sweet, white clover.

Yet much of life's best sweetness we

In homely things discover.
As honey-bees pass gaudy flowers,

To seek the low, white clover.

COMB HONEY.

Tiie Be§t methods for Obtaining
a Oood Article.

Written for thelEastem Farmer

BY E. p. CHURCHILL.

As the time is at hand for obtaining
comb honey, a word about the methods
to be employed may not be amiss.

No doubt shallow frames without
comb tend to drive the bees into the
sections ; but at the same time the
queen must be suppressed in her duty,
namely, to keep the colony supplied
with brood ; for where there is ample
vacant cells, the queen is sure to in-
crease even beyond one's expectations.
I believe that I first gave the origin of
my own plan in the Lewiston Journal,
a number of years ago, which is in
full harmony with the instincts of the
bees.

As the queen will onlj' use comb J
of an inch thick, it must be shaved
down to that depth. Now where there
is much honey in the comb, it is to be
extracted. But the combs must not be
left, as it generally is, say f of an inch
or so apart. They are to be closed np
to at least f of an inch, and by using
strips of wood i;xi, with a large-headed
tack driven in the edge 'f of an inch
from the top (the strip is half the
length of the end-bar to the frame) ;
these are now hung on the tin rest,
and the frames crowded ag.ainst them,
one at each end of the frame next to
the side of the hive, and so on. At
last they are hung between the divi.sion-
board and the last frame, and all
crowded up close. Thus the frames
are all spaced alike, and we can move
the hives, and yet all is secure. Thus
close, the bees cannot bulge much of
the comb, and the queen is sure to use
the natural thickness, which she has

pltuity of, and the bees are glad to
enter the sections.

I am sure. too. that we need less
comb ill this way. and j'et we are sure
of more brood. I get nine frames into
a hive only lli| inches wide ; with even
this number, the bees will work in the
sections far better than in the old way,
when crowded down on live or six
combs, spaced away apart by bulged
and thick comb. Such was sure to
cause swarming, as instinct plainly
teaches tlie bees that they must soon
be unknown if no brood-room is pro-
vided ; and how often we have found
but little brood where there should
have been an abundance, and yet the
cause never occurred to us. This
shaving and narrow spacing also pre-
vents storing of pollen in the sections
to a great extent, simplj- for the reason
that there is plenty of room right
among the brood, where it should be.
Where one has a large number of colo-
nies, there is a great saving in the
comb, which is quite an item.

Of course for winter the combs are
spread, and a "stay" like the above
only i of an inch would plea.se any
one when he comes to move the hives
into and out of the cellar, as they are
simple and clieap, and remain nicely
in place. Try it.

After trying about ever3' method, I
have proved the above plan to be the
one. Also that it pays to use full
sheets of foundation in sections, and
to cover the boxes up warmly, and
then rest assured if there is honey in
the field, it will be carried into the
sections.

Hallowell, Me.

INCREASE.

methods of Obtaining Comb and
Extracted Honey, etc.

Bead at the Nebraska State Cmivention
BY J. M. TODNG.

Knowing the interest taken in the
advancement of bee-culture, I improve
this opportunity of making a short re-
port of my labors in that direction.
The honey crop of last season was con-
siderably below the average in this
part of the State, and in certain parts
an almost total failure. The fall crop
was very light, owing to the continued
drouth tluring the summer months.

Fruit-bloom and the early blossoms
of white clover put the bees in good
condition, and kept them so until
swarming ; but they secured only
enough nectar from these sources to
build np rapidly, and not enough to
store any surplus. White clover proved
neai'lj", if not quite, a failure in this
part of the country, so far as I know.

344

T-mm mvmmmicMm ^ki©) jQ'\j'mmmi^.

About June 20, there was a line flow
of lioney from tlie basswood blossoms,
which grow abundautly on the banks
of the Missouri river, and all along
our water-courses. This flow lasted
two or three weeks, when it ceased,
leaving the bees with well-filled hives
and a fair surplus stored in the sec-
tions. The balance of the season
furnished the bees only enough to
keep them in good condition, and keep
brood-rearing under good headway.

The present condition of bees in
general is very good, with the excep-
tion of late swarms, which will stai've
long before spring. My bees, which
ai'e being wintered on the summer
stands, began the winter with all the
conditions favorable, the colonies be-
ing strong in nnmljers, and having an
abundance of well-ripened honey.

During 13 years' experience in api-
culture, I have always practiced out-
door wintering. By actual test and
experience in this matter, I long ago
arrived at the conclusion that bees
wintered on the summer stands suc-
cessfully, must have protection against
the extremes of temperatures of the
cold winters of Nebraska. The bees
wintered with proper packing, in-
variablj' come through the winter
stronger in numbers, build up more
quickly in the spring with less dwind-
ling, and are in better condition to
receive the harvest than those in single-
walled hives standing side by side.

The inventory of my apiary at this
date (Dec. 31) shows that 73 colonies
out of 96 are packed in chatt" on the
summer stands, and if mj' experience
is anything like it has been heretofore,
I do not expect to meet with any
unusual losses in wintering.

making Increase by DlTislon.

While dividing colonies for increase
is preferred throughout the country by
a large majority of bee-keepers, I prac-
tice and prefer in my own apiary,
" natural swarming," from the fact
that apiculture is mj' sole occupation
for a livelihcicid, and 1 work the busi-
ness for all that is in it.

If the bee-keeper has plenty of time
and extra combs, with which to supply
his divided colonies, he will without a
doubt succeed with this method. I
will say this in behalf of dividing colo-
nics, from tile fact that I do not wish
to be understood to say that lice-kcep-
ing cannot be made success financially
without it, viz :

If increase is the bee-keeper's oljject,
and he has plenty of comb foundation
already drawn out, and plenty of
money in his jiocket, by all means use
the dividing-method of incrc-ase. On
the other hand, my experience has en-
abled me In arrive at the conclusion
that nntiiriil swdi-minri pays best, if

dollars and cents is the object to be
sought.

The question might be asked, how
do j'ou control swarming ? I do not
always do it, l)ut then to a certain ex-
tent I do. Just as soon as the bees
begin to .show symptoms of swarming.
I put on the sections, and keep the
bees supplied with plenty of room,
never allowing them to be idle if there
is honey in the fields. In a few days
after the first swarm issues,' 1 open the
hive from whence the swarm came,
and remove all queen-cells but one, if
there seems to be no newly-hati'hed
queen present.

Some apiarists may claim that bees
will swarm too much, Ijut my experi-
ments in that direction have proven to
the contraiy. From 76 colonies,
spring count, I obtained only about 30
swarms altogether, for the season of
1887 ; and in summing up all my re-
ports from year to year, I cannot find
one instance whatever, of doubling my
number of colonies by natural swarm-
ing.

Dividing colonies is a safe way to
increase, and can be carried to almost
any extent ; and while I have said so
much against it, I could not well dis-
pense with this new improvement in
bee-culture ; for it is by this means
that all my nuclei colonies are formed,
and queens reared.

Comb and Extracted Honey.

Now a few words as to m}' method
of obtaining comb and extracted
honey : The apiary is woi'ked for both
comb and extracted honey, from the
fact that there is to be found in any
apiary a number of colonies that do
not feel disposed to work in surplus
sections ; whenever colonies of this
kind are found, they are supplied with
an extra set of combs, and by this
means they can be induced to store a
fair surplus of honey to be extracted.
In this way a portion of my apiarj' is
" rigged up " with two sets of combs,
for extracting purposes. When honey
begins to come in fast, these combs
are placed in the extractor about once
a week (or just as often as necessary),
and the honej' taken out. I seldom
disturb the lower story in extracting.

The rest of the apiary, being com-
posed of all strong colonies, is supplied
with sections whenever necessary.
When one case is partly full, it is
raised and an empty one placed under
it. My favorite section for obtaining
comb honey is the 4^x4} inches. 1 use
two widths, namely, the IJ-inch and
the 2-inch. Which width is the best, I
am not prcjiared to say.

Mj- market demands a section that
holds a pounds of honey ; sometimes I
get this pound in the IJ-inch section,
and oftimes in the 2-inch section. My
judgment, based upon experience is,

that a section which will hold as nearly
as practicable one pound of honey, is
what the trade and market demand.

In conclusion I will state that the
season's work for 1887, summed up in
a nut-shell, is not an encouraging re-
port by any means. After uniting a
few late swarms in October, I began
the winter with 96 colonies, having
had 76 colonies with which to com-
mence the season's work. My sales of
comb and extracted honey amounted
to upwards of 1,700 pounds, about
1,500 pounds of which was produced
during the last summer. The comb
honej' was disposed of at a good price.
Extracted honey has had only a fair
sale, but I am glad to say that the de-
mand is increasing.

Rock Blufls, Nebr.

QUEEN-REARING.

Ifletliods for Rearing Crood
tjueens.

Written for the American Bee Jov/mal

BT S. A. SHUCK.

On page 297, concerning this sub-
ject Mr. J. E. Pond says: "Much
that Is written in regard to good
queens is misleading to the beginner."
Has not Mr. P. committed a greater
error than those he endeavors to
correct.

He also says : "I have further
found that by the misnamed ' artificial
method' of rearing cjueens, there is far
less risk of producing from 10 to 13
da}' queens, than under the swarming
fever." Here Mr. Pond conveys the
idea that the production of 10-day
queens under the swarming impulse is
a common occurrence ; also that 13-
day queens are inferior.

If Mr. Pond has been troubled with
lO-daj' queens under the swarming
impulse, it is an exception that I have
not met with in 12 years' experience
with bees.

I am confident that the beginner,
who secures his queens from his best
colonies, under the swarming impulse,
will not be wanting for good queens ;
and the results will be much more
satisfactory than if he were to depend
upon his own eli'ort to secure them by
the so-called " artificial method."

As I have no queens that are more
than 13 days from the hatching of the
egg, will Mr. Pond please tell why 13-
day queens are not as good as anj',
provided that all other conditions are
favorable ?

How to Rear Good Queens.

To the beginner who would like to
rear a few good queens for his own
use, I ofter the following method of
securing them :

THB SME:MICSN BE® JQiyfMNMIU.

345

Select tho best colony, and if there
is little or no hone}' coming ill from the
rt<j\vers, feed this colony every even-
in <r, a little more than the l)ees will
consnme during the following 2-1: hours.
Continue the feeding for a week, or
until tho colonj' is in a thrifty condi-
tion ; then, on any afternoon remove
the ([ueen.

On the fourth day after removing
the queen, open the hive and examine
the combs earefullj- ; if there are cells
sealed, open them and examine the
larva. Do not molest those not scaled.
Replace the combs, and on tho twelfth
day from that on which the queen was
removed, open the hive and cut out all
the queen-cells but one, and put them
where they are needed. Be sure to
continue the feeding until the cells
have been taken out. If you stop
feeding, and there is no honey coming
from the flowers, the bees are liable
to destroy all the cells except two or
three.

In the above way the queens will all
be reared from eggs or larvje less than
24 hours old, and the food from the
cell from which the larva; were re-
moved can be given to the larva; not
yet sealed. This plan will produce
good queens, and is much safer, and
more economical for the beginner,
than to purchase queens and take the
risk of introducing them.

Liverpool, Ills.

FOUL BROOD.

Bce-Kce|>iiiK and Curing Foul
Brood in Ocriiiany.

Written for the American Bee Jaii-nial

BY WILLIAM KLINTWORTH.

My parents used to live aljout 18
miles from Bremen, Germany. They
came to this country in ISSt!, and at
that time there were many who kept
bees there. Thej' made tlieir iiixcs of
straw in winter, as they were all made
that way. Bees were generally fed in
the spring, to get them strong, and to
secure early swarms. The German
bee-keepers would commence to feed
by giving the bees a little once a week;
as the season advanced, they would
feed them once a day ; and when
spring opened, the bees could get pol-
len and nectar.

Great bee-keepers would move their
bees three or four times during the
season, where they could get the most
honey. In the fall they would examine
the hives, and those that weighed over
30 pounds wer(! kept for the next sea-
son ; for it took about that much hone}'
to winter a colony. Those colonies
that did not weigh so much, were
killed, and the honey and wax were

taken from them. The honej' was
pressed from the comb, part of which
was saved for the next spring. If the
bees needed more room, they would
raise the hive up, and put an addition
under it, so that tlie bees could build
downward.

The greatest bee-man that lived
there at that time, was Geo. Danker,
who made bee-keeping his business.
One year Mr. Danker had foul brood
in his bee-3'ard. It was a serious mat-
ter with him, as he depended mainly
upon his bees for a living. He ob-
tained some sulphuric acid, mixed it
with honey, and fed it to the diseased
bees. He said, after he had fed it,
that it was terrilile to see the stuft'
lying under the hives ; but his bees got
well, and he obtained only 1,000
pounds of honey, where he should
have had 2,500 or 3,000 pounds. Mr.
Danker removed to this country about
the time my parents came. He ' be-
came a minister, and was well known
in Ohio.

Mr. Wendelkin, a neighbor of mine,
who lived in Germany, and at the
same place, told me that in 1835 he
fed his bees and was looking for
swarms, for they had built queen-cells.
But time passed, and they did not
swarm. He did not know what to
think of it, as he was a beginner in
the business. He went to an old bee-
man who lived there (a brother-in-law
of Mr. Danker), and asked him to
come and look at his bees — they had
built queen-cells, but did not swarm.
The man went with him, turned up a
hive, and blew smoke down into it.
•'They are foul," he said. After an
examination of tho others, he pro-
nounced them all diseased.

Mr. Wendelkin asked, " How can
j'ou tell ?"

" O," said he, " I will show you."

He took a knife, and soon said,
"You see those little holes there.
Those are full of a mattery substance."
Mr. Wendelkin asked, " Can I do any-
thing to cure them ?" " I have some-
thing that I will give you," was the re-
ply. He then ga\ e him sulphuric acid,
which Mr. W. mixed with honey, fed
it to the bees, and thej- got well, and
swarmed late in the season.

Mr. Wendelkin came to this countrj'
about ten years after ni}' jiarents ar-
rived, and is now keeping bees in this
neighborhood. Last sjiring he fed
sulphuric acid to some of his bees.
When he first conuiienced to feed it,
he gave it s-,> strong that they would
not eat it ; then lu' weakened it with
sugar syrup. If it is mixed with honey-
it can be fed to bees stronger tlian
when mixed in sugar syrup. Sulphuric
acid is also used for curing chicken
cholera.

Marietta, Ohio.

HIVING SWARMS.

Clippings of <tueen'§ Wings, and
Oilier metliods.

Written for the Bee-Keepers' Review

BY K. L. TAYLOR.

In preparation for the hiving of
swarms when the time for their issuing
comes, while making an examination
of the several colonies in my apiary in
the spring, I seek out each (jueen and
clip one of her wings if one be not
already clipped. I find it quite an ad-
vantage to do this before young bees
begin to hatch largely, because then
the bees are comparatively few, and
the queen is generally easily discovered.
Then in anticipation of the advent
of the swarming season, other prepara-
tions must be diligently attended to.
Hives must be all ready for immediate
use, and in a cool, shady place, as
convenient as possible to the apiary.
If the apiary be large, three or four
baskets will be necessaiy, and a good
supply of cages for the queens as they
issue with swarms is indispensable.
The cages I use differ from anything I
have seen described, and maj' be made
thus : Take a ])iece of soft wood |xl
inch, 4J inches long, and with a ij or J
bit bore a hole through it from side to
side so near one end as to leave at
that end o inch of solid wood, and cut
the stick carefully and squarely in two
through the centre of the hole. Then
enlarge the half circle in the larger
piece by boring through it (the stick)
one or two holes with a smaller bit,
and smooth out with a knife. Also
form a piece of wire cloth, 4 inches
long, and about SJ inches wide, around
a piece of wood f xl inch, beat with a
mallet, and weave smoothlj' together
where the edges meet, then withdraw
the wood, and having pushed into one
end of the wire-cloth tube the shorter
j)iece preinired as above, tack it firmly
in place. Now push tho longer piece
into the other end of the tube for a
stopper, and you have a cage alvvays
read}-, convenient, safe and durable.

With tht'se preparations all made I
will suppose I am set to hive the
swarms in a large apiary on a warm
daj' in the height of the swarming sea-
son. Kvcrything likely to be needed,
including heavy wire hooks for sus-
pending the baskets, a pair of large,
white cotton sheets and a lighted
smoker are at hand in the shade of a
centrally located tree. It is 9 o'clock,
and a hive near by spurting forth ex-
cited bees indicates that work has f
begun.

With a cage in my hand I step to
the side of tlie hive and watch for the
appearance of the queen in front. In
one or two minutes she is seen climb-

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the blades of grass, and trj'ing to t;ike
wing. The open end of the cage, the
stopper being witlulrawn, is held im-
mediately over her, when she at once
enters and the cage is elosed, plaeed
in a basket, and the basket hung by its
hook in a tree ontof the sun, at a plaee
where the swarm may find the queen.
Take a new hive to the one sending out
the swarm, removing the latter from
■its place and turning it around, put the
new hive where the other stood, and
change the section-eases from the old
hive to tlie new. In the meantime the
swarm has found the queen, and is
soon clustered in the basket, when I
pour the bees out upon the ground in
front of the hive prepared for them,
and when they fairly take up their
march for their new home, I release
the queen and see that she runs into
the hive, because many of the bees
will refuse to go in until she does.
This is hardly done before another
swarm issues. I cage' the queen and
arrange the hives as before, but the
swarm, instead of finding the queen
in the basket, begins to cluster at
another place, so I at once remove the
basket and hang it near that point,
and the swarm at once takes possession
of it. Before this one is fully hived,
another swarm is in the air, and bj'
the time I have caged its queen, it dis-
covers her absence, and is already re-
turning as I place their new hive in
position. I hasten the return by
placing the queen at the entrance,
and as soon as the bees are rapidly
alighting I release and run her in.

It is now 10 o'clock, and swarming
has fairly begun. Two swarms now
come out almost at the same moment,
and unite in the air. I cage their
queens, but notice that the swarms
are attracted by the commotion at the
hive into which the last swarm was
put, and are already beginning to
alight there. I push the queens into
my pocket, snatch a sheet and the
smoker, and spreading the former over
the hive threatened with invasion,
with a few pufVs of smoke from the
latter, 1 drive away the flying swarms,
when they begin to cluster on a neigh-
boring branch of an apple tree. I at
once put each queen in a basket by
herself, and hang the baskets together
where the cluster is forming. Soon
one basket has its share of the bees,
and I steal it away and hang it out of
sight in thick foliage, or set it in the
bee-cellar.

Now other swarms come out — tive
in pretty quick succession — so I take
• the otiier basket with the swarm and
hang it in plain sight on a branch
favorable for holding a large cluster
of bees, and convenient for shaking
them off. Here, attracted by the
swarm in the basket, all swarms will

for the present congregate. I now
proceed lirst to cage all the queens out,
and all others as they come out and
put them in Ijaskets hung near tlie
cluster, or out of the way in the shade
until wanted. Then as I have time I
arrange the hives, and hive swarms
taken from the general cluster, giving
each a queen until all the bees are
distributed.

It would make a long story to re-
count all the expedients at times re-
sorted to, to induce the bees to assist
in making their hiving easy, hut the
foi'egoing indicates the general method
pursued. Sometimes a swarm will
clu.ster out of reach from the ground.
In such cases, if practicable, a basket
with the queen is hung und^r the clus-
ter near the ground, and with a little
shaking the cluster drops down, the
queen is soon discovered, and the
swarm gathers in the basket, or, if
more convenient, a pole is used with a
hook for the basket, say 20 inches
from the upper end. The basket is
raised with the pole and held under
the cluster, while the latter is jarred
off with the upper end of the pole.

With undipped queens on a good
day for swarms, I should be almost in
despair. I have had but one queen
superseded that I thought was super-
seded on account of clipping, and she
had all four wings cut off short. My
queens are not superseded soon enough
to please me. I find too many that are
approaching three years in age.

Lapeer, Mich.

HIVES AND NECTAR.

Winter Losses and Large Hives
— Selling Bfeetar.

Written for the American Bee Jmi/maX

BY WILLIAM CAMM.

Out of 90 colonies my loss will be
fully one-third. Looking for a better
location last fall, I expected to move,
or sell my bees, and would not break
the brace-combs to look int<j them,
preferring to let the winter weed them
out, as we need a race of bees here
that can stand drouth.

Most of the white clover was killed
bj' the excessive dry weather of last
year ; om- spring rains passed without
getting nnich into the ground, as the
frost was not out when they fell. The
weather has continued dry, and though
apple-trees are blooming profusely,
the weather is too cool for bees to get
mucli from them.

M;iny express impatience at the cool
weather ; but it is our only hoiie for
rain. We have no moisture to send
up to form th(! clouds that give us local
rains, and summer showers ; and
should it turn warm, a calamity would

result ; for the heat radiated by the
exposure of so much bare soil to an
ardent sun, would force up to the con-
densing point and exhaust, and clouds
that could otherwise reach us from a
large body of water.

Hives to Suit Ijoralltles and Seasous.

Small hives may do for southwestern
Michigan, where prevailing winds give
rains from the lakes, but they will not
not do here, unless we are able and
willing to feed back more than the
profits of our apiaries. Mj' frame is
10x12 inches, outside measure. I have
60 hives with 10 frames and telescope
caps, 5 Armstrong hives of the
"Crown" pattern, and 25 hives with

13 and 14 frames, of my own make,
but single-walled. All were treated
alike, except the 25 of the colonies in
10-frame telescope hives had been used
last season, with an upper stoiy for ex-
tracting, and such colonies usually do
not store as much in the brood-cham-
ber as colonies used for producing
comb honey.

All of m}' bees were exposed to the
winter on the summer stands ; but half
of the colonies in the 10-frame hives
are dead from starvation ; 15 of those
used for extracting having gone, al-
though they had the advantage of
double walls ; only one in the 13 and

14 frame hives has died, though the
walls were single, and no frames were
taken out, or division-boards removed ;
while none in the Armstrong hives
died.

I much prefer the 10-frame hive for
convenience in handling, and with
good seasons it will allow of as great
a yield as a large hive ; but since we
cannot make the season to suit the
hive, we must make the hive to suit
the season.

Selling Neetar on Land.

On page 282, W. J. Wilier suggests
the selling of nectar land. Nectar is
a natural product that cannot be gath-
ered without the bee, and those who
take the troubh^ to keep bees, should
have the nectar for tlieir pains. We
must not forget, in this connection,
that the bee was not made primarily,
to gather honey,but to fertilize flowers;
the gathering of honey is only inci-
dental, and inducive to the fertilization
of flowers. If, then, the bee-keeper
should have to pay the land-owner for
the nectar the bees gather, the land-
owner should, in strict equity, pay the
bee-keeper still more for the service
performed bj' his bees.

But there is another phase to this
question that must not be overlooked.
We decided a hundred years ago that
men were endowed by their Creator
with an inalienahk' right to life, etc.,
but we liave made a farce and mock-
ery of this self-(n-ident truth by prae-

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347

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tically (leiivin;;; men a natural right to
the means tif life, or to natural oppor-
tunities. We assert, in a national
deelaration, that the right to life is a
natural right ; but we legislate to make
the means of life purchasable only. So
far the right to gather nectar has been
in aeeordanee with our fuiulamental
assertion of human right, but Mr. W.
suggests a ehango, and that we carry
the evil that is undermining our civili-
zation, into practice, with regard to
nectar as well as other bounties of
nature.

A neighbor once asked me how
much I was going to allow him for
the honej' that mj' bees had gathered
off his pasture. My reply was that, if
he would leave me enough for my
family, he might take all the rest there
was in mj' honey house — about 2 tons.

" What, for nothing ?" he asked in
surprise. " For nothing for the honey,"
I replied, " but I shall take 15 cents a
pound for the trouble' of gathering it.
You would not ask me to ' work for
nothing and board myself would
you ?" That was the last I ever heard
of honey being wanted by the land-
owner ; but that land-owner became a
good customer.

When it is reasonable to ask a man
to control the flight of his bees it will
be time enough to talk about limiting
his pasture for them, provided they
are taking what would otherwise not
be wasted.

Murrayville, Ills.

VENTILATION.

Tlie I*roper M^ajr to Tentilate
Hives.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY L. W. LIGHTY.

Patent ventilations, or their venders,
have deceived so many bee-keepers
that ventilation is a subject not much
spoken of. Bees are not such large
consumers of oxygen, comparatively,
as some other living beings. When in
a state of (piietude, they want very
little air ; but when they are at work,
and the temperature is high, they will
need much. The air for the bees
should generally be supplied at the
entrance, or from the bottom of the
hive.

In this latitude it is most convenient
and most profitable, to winttn- bees on
the summer stands, packed with chaff
or something similar. After placing
the chaff cushion (which should not be
less than 0 inches thick) on top of the
frames or Hill's device, there sliould
be an air-chamber between the cush-
ion and the hive-eover of at least from
2 to 4 inches, and that air-chamber
should be ventilated by two opposite

holes from .] iucli to 1 inch in size. In
that way the cushions will always be
dry, and naturally warm and clean.
If the hive does not have this top air-
chamber and ventilation, the cushions
will soon become damp, moldy and
frosty, and then it would have been
better to have had no cushions on
at .all.

Most chatt' hives are provided with
this air-chamber and the holes for ven-
tilation. When using single hives, I
generally use a second story or half-
story for packing, but I do not like to
bore holes in tliose, so I generally
make a rim to fit the hive, about 3
inches high, and bore the holes in that.
As soon as bees begin to rear brood
on a large scale in the spring, they
need much moisture and heat in the
hive ; therefore it is then best to cover
them tight, and keep all the heat and
moisture in. The entrance may also
be contracted to suit the size of the
colony.

In the summer, when the weather is
very hot, top ventilation is good ; but
in our climate of sudden changes in
temperature, the temperature in the
hive frequently falls so low that the
bees cannot work the wax in the sec-
tions, and that is a serious objection
which should be avoided, and can be
done only by closing the top ventila-
tors ; but as that is generally' neglected,
it is better to use only bottom ventila-
tion and shade over the hive. If the
bees are given a chance, they will ven-
tilate the hive themselves in summer,
but the entrance must be of the proper
size for them to do it.

Mulberry, Pa.

WINTERING BEES.

In-Door vs. Out-Door Wintering
of Bees.

Read at the Ohiu State Convention
BY H. R. BOABDMAN.

There has always been a feeling of
insecurity in bee-keeping as an occu-
pation, on account of the uncertainty
of wintering. This question settled,
and some sure and reliable way of
wintering, provided the business will
be placed on a firm basis by the side
of other industries.

The ground has all been gone over
so manj' times, that it would seem use-
less to attempt to present anything
new or interesting ; and j'et the win-
tering problem has not reached its
solution. In-door and out-door win-
tering have their ailvocates, and both
alike have their recoi'd of successes
and failures. Out-door wintering is
among my earliest, and, I may also
say, mj' saddest experiences in bee-
keeping. The most important factor

in the wintering problem is climatic
inliuence. There are others important
that come within our control ; but the
influences of the weather we can at
best only modify.

Cold does not kill the bees ; but it
conies in contact with the warmth pro-
duced by the living colony inside the
hive, and condensation of moisture en-
sues. Moisture, combined with the
cold, furnishes one of the most de-
moralizing and destructive conditions
with whieii we have to contgnd in out-
door wintering, both upon the bees
and the stores. When a colony is so
prepared that an excess of moisture
accumulates within the liive, the stores
(both honej- and pollen) especially if
unsealed, are contaminated by these
conditions, and rendered unfit for the
bees ; and no amount of packing or
protection against the cold will im-
prove these conditions.

A large per cent, of the loss of colo-
nies that have been specially prepared
for out-door wintering is undobutedly
the result of improper preparation.
Colonies exposed to the severest cold,
ill climates much colder than ours,
often winter in good condition without
any protection whatever ; even when
subjected to the most reckless exposure
in old, dilapidated hives, crumbling to-
pieces with age, and split and seamed
from bottom to top, colonies have
wintered year after year, for many
years, while others, protected in the
most careful manner, according to the
most approved methods of modern
bee-culture, have died.

We are perplexed and astonished at
such results. The existing conditions
were not those anticipated. The only
conclusions are, that the favorable
conditions in such exposed colonies
that wintered well, over-balanced the
unfavorable conditions ; and, also, in
such protected colonies -that perished,
there was a preponderance of unfa-
vorable conditions, oi-, in other words,
that such exposed colonies were in
more favorable condition for wintering
than the carefully protected colonies.
This sounds strange, but is it not true ?

I have, often observed, that if the
stores are of good quality, and remain
in good condition, that the bees will
also keej} in good condition, and win-
ter well, while if the stores are in bad
condition, no amount of protection
from the cold will avail in preserving
the health and vitality of the colony.
Even stores of inferior quality, if in
good condition, are not necessarily
fatal to the bees, if other conditions
are favorable.

Mr. Hutchinson, in the American
Bee Journal for 1887, page 650 says :
" I have yet to lose a colony having
cane-sugar stores, and wintered in a
warm cellar, and by the method I now

348

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employ." Does Mr. H. know that the
same colonies would not have wintered
well by any other reasonable method ?

Mr. R. L. Taylor, at the Chicago
convention, reported in the American
Bee Journal for 1887, page 777, says :
" I am confident that I can winter any
fair colony well on stores, which are
certainly good, by any of the approved
methods." Who doubts his ability to
do the same ? Mr. Taylor also says :
" I am satisfied that I cannot winter a
colony well on stores that are decidedly
j)oor in quality, by any method with
which I am acquainted." Who can
tell me how to do it ? Stores may be
so decidedlj' poor in quality that bees
would not winter upon them bj' any
method ; I)ut I have an abundance of
evidence that stores decidedly poor in
quality, if preserved in good condition,
will not necessarilj- produce serious re-
sults, if aided by other favorable con-
ditions.

I am aware tliat the results of in-
door wintering are far from being
uniform, and are very far from being
satisfactory. Disastrous losses are not
infrequent, even with apiarists of ex-
perience. Success depends as much
upon the careful attention to details of
preparation as does out-door wintering.

In-door wintering is my preferred
method. It enables me, by my pres-
ent methods, to secure all of tlie condi-
tions favorable to wintering, both to
the bees and the stores, with more cer-
tainty, and, at tlie same time, with less
labor and expense, than the methods
employed in out-door wintering.

In the construction of my first bee-
house, I gave much attention to the
ventilation. I had ventilating-tubes
put in for the purpose. This was based
upon theory. I have been compelled
to change my views very much upon
this subject.

Mj- ventilators are now all taken
out, being worse than useless, and I
now employ no special means of ven-
tilation whatever for my bee-rooms.
But the most ample ventilation is given
to each colony by leaving tlie bottom
of the hives entirelj- open, and placing
them upon stringers, one upon another,
with an open space between, in such a
manner that each hive is directly over
the open space below. This gives
what I term downward ventilation. It
also affords an opportunity for all dead
bees and rubbish to drop out of hive.

Of course, it would not be a matter
of prudence to leave the bee-rooms
closed throughout the season, disre-
garding all circumstances. I visit them
on tours of inspection as often as I
think occasion requires, and at the
approach of warm weather I freq\iently
leave the doors and windows open at
evening and morning, in order to keep
the temperature from getting too high.

There have been, during the past
few years, some extravagant notions
in regard to proper temperature of
bee-houses and wintering repositories,
and some immoderate reports and
statements have been made that are
well calculated to mislead even those
of some experience. Some of tlie ad-
vocates of high temperature for win-
tering have gone to unwarranted ex-
tremes. I am myself convinced, liy a
liberal experience, that a high temper-
ature is important to the welfare of
the country, late in the season after
brood-rearing has begun. But 50^ to
55° I shall explain as the maximum,
and 60° as the extreme of high tem-
perature. It is well to avoid extremes
of temperature, but I am not quite
sure that uniformity is essential or
even beneficial. I should prefer that
the temperature go not below the
freezing point, nor remain very long
near it. But I liave never been able
to discover any very serious results
from a low temperature, if not too
long continued.

The use of ai'tificial heat in bee-
rooms in winter has attracted some
attention. I have had considerable
experience in its use, and at one time
I became quite enthusiastic over it.
But I do not attach as much impoi'-
tanee to it as formerly. There are
times during a long cold spell when it
may be employed with benefit. I dis-
pense with it in several of my apiaries
entirely, and the comparative results
in wintering show but little diiferenee.
I prefer to have the rooms perfectly
dry, and sometimes I use lime on the
floors to secure this condition.

East Townsend, Ohio.

SUNDRY ITEMS

About Bee« and Bce-Keeping; in
New York.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY JAMES EVANS.

The winter of 1886-87, with me,
was disastrous. I had packed my bees
carefully in chaft', although rather late,
but the same as I had done previousl}^,
and I lost all but 2 colonies, and those
were in poor condition. I then bought
black bees in box-hives, and trans-
ferred them to frames of the Gallup
size, and waited for results.

The spring ojiened fairly well, but
bees barely lield their own until nearly
June 1, Ijy which date strong colonies
gave eveiy indication of swarming ;
but at tliis time Alsike clover began to
bloom, and I had about 2 acres near
by. From that time for nearly four
weeks swarming was entirely given
up, and all the liees were entirely de-
voted to the Alsike. The 2 acres

yielded about 100 pounds of surplus
honey, besides what was used in the
brood-chamber.

About July 1 Alsike and timothy
was cut for hay, and better hay I never
had. It was to most farmers a new
thing here, but all were pleased, of the
many who inspected it, and some has
been sown, as a direct result. I vote
for Alsike every time.

I produce only comb honey, and I
have ready sale for all that I can
spare, at 16 to 20 cents per pound. My
yield per colony, spring count, was
nearly 62 pounds per colony, mostly
to be credited to the Alsike, without
which I should have had much greater
increase, as there was just yield
enough to stimulate brood-rearing
freely, but less surplus, for after July
and sweet clover bloom we had verj-
unfavorable weather — damp days and
cool nights and mornings. Bees could
not work freely, and they barely held
their own for the remainder of the
season, making it difficult to breed up
nuclei and small colonies, so that many
colonies went into winter weak in bees
and with poor stores.

My strongest colonies I packed out-
doors in chaft", the hives raised about
8 inches from the ground, over a box
of leaves. The weaker colonies were
put into a cellar wliere they could be
looked after and fed when necessary,
which I do b}- using partly-filled sec-
tions on top of the frames, covered by
two thicknesses of carpet.

Fastening Foiiiidatlon and Rlpeulns
Honey.

As to foundation, I use as little as
possible in the sections — a V-shaped
strip about 2 inches long by 1 inch
wide at the base. I fasten it in the
sections by using a stift' putty-knife, or
a thin chisel, working where the sun
can warm up both sections and foun-
dation, with a little honey at hand to
moisten the knife or chisel.

To start the bees in the section-case
(I tier up), a few partly or wholly
tilled sections with comb, in the center
of the case, is better than anything
else that I know of.

To ripen lumey, I leave it in the
hives quite late, and by putting on 3 or
more cases, bees soil the upper and
finished ones but little, if any. To
take off honey easily and rapidly, on a
cool evening I take the cover off of
the hive, and in the morning the filled
cases will be mostly free from bees,
and can, without smoke or disturlj-
ance, be renioved bodily, and the hives
covered again befiire the bees are fly-
ing, and thus avoid robbing. After i
taking it from the hives, I pile the '
filled cases 10 or 15 high, in a warm \
room, and cover them with cloths,
when the few uncapped cells soon
thicken so much that they will not
break or leak.

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349

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Separators and Races or Bees.

In the beginning and at the close of
the season, when honey comes in
slowlj-, I think tliat separators are a
necessity, to have the combs straight ;
but in a good lioney-flow, I have no
need of them ; yet I cannot dispense
witli tlie small foundation starter or
guide, to keep the combs straight in
the sections. As to races of bees, the
blacks arc good, but disagreeable to
work with ; my best yield the past sea-
son was from a black colony — 103
pounds of comb honey in sections.
Carniolans have many good points,
and I shall keep at least a few of them,
if only to supply surplus combs in
frames, partly built out and filled with
brood for use at swarming time, and
for making nuclei. Carniolans are
good comb-builders, and wonderfully
prolific breeders ; and if the swarming
impulse can be controlled, they are
good honey-gatherers. In any case,
for timid people they will pi'ove val-
uable, being very gentle and easy to
manage !

As for pure Italians, of a good
strain, all things being considered,
they are, in my estimation, the bees,
and have come to stay. Too much
cannot be said in their favor.

Hives for Prodnclng Comb Boney.

As to hives, I will say that I have no
Langstroth frames myself, but I am
familiar wdth them and their workings,
having occasion to handle them in
neighboring apiaries. For comb honey
in sections I do not like them — they
have too much top area for the begin-
ning and end of the season. It takes
bees too long to get at work in the
sections, and as soon as cool nights
come, the bees too readilj' go down
into the brood-nest for warmth. I like
a hive with small top area, and a
rather cramped brood-chamber. With
me, the bees go up into the sections
much more readily, and after once
getting them at work, it is easy to
keep them at it by tiering up. Besides,
with a small section-case, honey is less
liable to be mixed in the sections or
case, as a good working colony fre-
quently fills a small case in from 1 to 5
days in a good honey flow.

I have a simply-made hive in this
way : The sides of i or | inch stuff;
ends about 1 inch thick, and the cover
simply a flat board, or boards thick or
thin cleated with clinch-nails, and to
prevent warping and melting of the
combs, I put on top the same two
ftiicknesses of rag carpet that I use
over the frames for wintering, on top
of which a stone or brick is put to
prevent the wind blowing the carpet
or cover ofl'. It answers a nice pur-
pose, and I cannot think of anything
simpler or more convenient.

making

Section-Oases and Rearing
<lueeiis«

After trying nianj- styles of section-
cases, I am best pleased with T-tin
ribs, either loose or fast, but I prefer
them fast, and I have used them so for
about four seasons. I also use pro-
polis-shields or guards at the top and
bottom of the sections, and they come
out easily, and are neat and clean.

It will hardly pay the small bee-
keeper to rear his queens, except for
the knowledge he gains from the
operation. I do, however, find it
profitable, after my best and most val-
ued colonies have sent out a prime
swarm, to take from them all queen-
cells but the one that is largest and
best ; the others I cage in a hatching-
box, or frame, made by nailing screen-
wire on one side of a regular frame,
dividing the inside into small compart-
ments, and on the back fastening with
tack heads, strips of tin to slide in and
out as covers. This I then hang in a
strong colony, and as the queens hatch,
if good and promising, they are used
to replace others, to form nuclei, etc.

This is as far as I attempt to control
or hinder swarming, and it almost uni-
versally prevents after-swarms, gives
a supply of good young queens, and
leaves Iboth colonies in the best pos-
sible condition for profitable work.

The Clilck-a-Dees Killing Bees.

When the bees flew freely, about
Feb. 1, I for the fli-st time discovered a
new (to me) enemy of bees, viz., the
chick-a-dees ; perhaps 8 or 10 were
constantly about and on the watch,
and nearly every bee that alighted on
the snow, and failed to I'ise, was, as
soon as helpless, pounced upon, carried
to a limb near by, and pecked upon at
the back, the honej'-sac extracted, and
then dropped into the snow again.
None, however, wi're taken until they
became helpless and unable to rise !

Is this a new enemy, and will the
habit be continued in the flying sea-
son ? or have the birds been forced
into it from starvation, caused l)y the
long-continued cold w^eather and deep
snow ? Will some one having knowl-
edge of the facts, please answer. As
yet I have not that any, since the tak-
ing of the old and worn-out bees of
course is not an actual loss.

Schaghticoke, N. Y.

■ ■»-^^

A Pocket IMotionary will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with S3.00. It is
always useful to have a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spellmg of words, and to
detemiine tlieir meaning.

ITour Pull Address, plainly written
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

Wot Siibsoribors can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888, for SI .75. while
there are any sets of 1S87 left.

^^^M^:

ALFRED H. NEliVlttArV,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

It IToii Ijive near one post-ofBce and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

HUton^s new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

If yon Liose IVIoney by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Please to get your IVeig^libor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Joubnal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Preserve Your Papers for future
reference. If you have no miVI>ER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journai,,

Yucca Uruslies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -write American Bee Jou/mal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Home Iflarkets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Photograplas ©t Bee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
contammg the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Jouknai, for one
year for S 1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and S3.00.

Apiary Regfister — All who intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pasres) fl 00

" 100 colonies (220 papesl . . I 25

'■ 200 colonies |420 pages) ] .00

350

'^'M'm mmimmi€'MM mwB j^-jsmmwi^.

-'■^^— ■^■^•■^^^■~-' ■^ * ^^— ■»— »— »

Frank l.esUe's Popular Montli-

ly for Jtime.— Summer Saunterings in
Spanish San Sebastian is a charming bit of
descriptive from the pen of Mrs. Frank
Leslie, one of the most notable women of
the day, equally skillful in the management
of a great business and in literary effort, in
prose or verse. The description of the
famous old frontier town, now becomes a
resort of gayety and fashion. Is full of char-
acteristics touches. The stories are all
bright, attractive, and well written, and the
Popular Monthly for June gives a most
attractive and interesting mass of reading
for the pleasant days when travel or a
shaded porch invite one to read.

Honey and Bees'vrax Market.

DETROIT.

HONET.— Best white in one-pound sections, 15c.
Extracted. &@10c. Large supply and few sales.

BBESWAX.-23®24C.
Apr. 24. M. H. HUNT. Bell Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONBY.—Prices range from lo@16c. for best one-
ib. sections; other grades are slow, at lower prices.
Extracted, 7@8c. iiight demand, and supply larger
than usual at this season of the year.

BBB8WAX,— 230. B. A. BURNBTT.

May I. 161 South Water St.

NBW TORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lb. sections,
14®i5c.: fancy 2-fbs., 12c. Lower grades l®2c. per
lb. less. Buckwheat l-lbs., lOOlOJ^c; 2-lbs., 9@9Hc.
Extracted, white, 7(et7]4c.; dark, 5>^®6c.
Mar. 19. F.G.8TR0HMBTBR&C0., 122WaterBt.

CHICAGO.

HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white clover 1-lbs.,
16®nc.; 2-lbs., 15®16c. Dark Is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7@10c.

BEB8WAX.-23C.

Mar. 1 3. 8. T. FISH 4 CO.. 189 8. Water St,

CINCINNATI.

HONBY.— We quote extracted at 4@9c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, 14@i7c.—
Demand slow.

BEBS W Ai.— Demand is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrtval.
Apr. 23. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central At.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, I6®i7c.:
2-lbs.. 15®16c.; 3-lbs., 14c. Extracted, white In kegs
and W-barrels, 8to8i2C.; in tin and palls, 9>^®10c. ;
dark in barrels and kegs, 5(al7c. Market fair.

BEESWAX.- 22®25C.
Apr. 23. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water Bt.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Best white lib. sections, 17®19c.i 2-lb.
sections. 15®17c. Extracted, 7@10c.

BBB8WAX.-20®23c.
Mar. 1. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth Bt.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.— We quote : Choice white 2-lb. sections,
17®i8c.; dark 2-lbs, I4®i5c.; choice white l-lbs.. 18 to
2(1 cts., dark 1-lbs., i5®iBc. White extracted, 7®8a;
dark. ,=i@6c. Demand is slow. White extracted is
firm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BEESWAX.— 21 to 22c.
Mar. 29. HAMBLIN 4 BBAK88. 514 Walnut 8t.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote: l-lb. sections. 16®17c.; 2-
Ib. sections. I4@inc. Extracted. 8®9c. The market
Is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.- 25 cts. per lb.
Mar 24. BLAES 4 RiPLBY, A7 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEV.-We quote : White to extra, ici@i7c.;
amber. ti@'4c. Extracted, white liquid, 7@7^c.:
amber and candled, fii.i.7c. Market quiet.

BEBSWAX.-1H621C.
Mar.2(l. SrHACHT & LK.MCKK, 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.-We quote; White 1-lbs., glassed, 16@17c;
unglasBCd, 17t;ilHi;.; itiiddark I -lbs., glassed, isc- un-
glassed, IHc; wliile 2-H>s.. glassed, I6c.,; unbiassed 2-
Vbs., I7c. <';i|ifnrnia wlilte 2-lhs., 17c. Calllornia ex-
tracted in tilt-lb. tarts, He Market quiet and receipts
are larger.

BBKSWAX.-No. 1, 20c. i No. 2, 180.
Mar.l9. CLBMONS, CLOON & CO., cor 4th AWalnnt.

Refl Isabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

2.50 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2.25

500Label8 2 00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«»• Samples mailed free, upon application.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 33c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, $5.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., $10.00.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling ^tsfke
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
per bushel; 82.35 per peck ; 35 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : $10.00 per bushel; $3.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

A modern UEE-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

■We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEE1> at the following prices : One
ouuce, 40 ceuts ; 4 ounces, $1 ; )o pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient lor half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4J<x4)^ and 5J^x.5>4.
Price, $1.00 per 100, or $8.50 per 1,000.

Give a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

^idxrertisemewts.

To prevent Increase, I will sell five lbs. of
Italian Bees, with tested queen for $5.00.
Miss A. M. TAYliOK, Box 77,
2IAlt Mulberry Grove, Bond Co., 111.

OK COLONIES of Italian Bees in Langstroth
OU hives made frost-proof. Apply to,
20A2t PETEK DIXON, Saginaw, Mich.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

DON'T OVERLOOK THIS, iba.equit

bee-keeping, and offer 50 Heddon hives
(Simplicity ttame). 70 upper stories painted
two coate white lead. used one season, Heddon
Hon**v-Uoar(i. and operything- complete lor
only $'2o ; also one Foundation Mill (6 inches),
new. $0.20 ; new Heddon Feeders (largest size),
25 cents each, and a sample hive complete.
50 cents. Satisfaction guaranteed.
£. J. SfOFIRl'Df
21Alt HANOVER, Kock Co., Wis.

The Bee-Keepers' Review

FOR MAY is now out. Having regained
the time lost during his Illness, the editor
will hereafter take pride In getting out the
Review promptly on the 10th of each month.
The special topic of the present Number is
" Hiving Bees." The review of Mr. Cheshire's
work, which was begun in the March No., is
finished in the present Issue. We have a sur-
plus of the Numbers containing this review,
and, 80 long as they last, these three Numbers
will be sent free to all who apply.
EP~ Price of the Review, 50 cts. a year.
The Production of Comb Honer.

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 25 cents.
The REVIEW and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either tj. S. or Canadian.

Address, W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

20Atf 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

OUR ILLUSTRATED

CATALOGUE

FOR 1888

Wllilj be mailed free to any one who Is not
already supplied with it. Send us your
address, plainly written, on a Postal Card.

THOS. G. NEWMAN A; SON,

923&925W. Madison-St., - CHICAGO, ILLS.

liEJA-IDTr TO SHII*.
t)A ITALIAN QUEENS, all reared from
^Tt imported mothers in swarming season.
One, untested, $1.00, 3 for $2.75. Two-frame
nucleus with 2 lbs. of bees and untested queen
for $4.00. Price list free.

J. N. COIiWICK,
21A3t Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

Mention the Americmi Bee Journal.

WANTED,

Bees'wrax.— We will pay 20 cents per

pound, delivered here, for Yellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, the name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

THOS. G. NE'tTMAN & SON,

923 & 925 West Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILLS.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

THE NEW HEDDON HIVE

NAILED AUD PAINTED.

TTl/Ehave a FEW of the above hives, all
Vt complete, for sale, at $4.00 each. As we
do not handle these hives this year, we cannot
fill orders for them in the flat. Those nailed
and painted are left from last year's stock.

THOS. e. NETTMAN A SON,

923 & 925 WcBt Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

OUR No. 2 One-Plece Sections are the
cheapest in use— $2.60 per M. No. 1 are
the best in use— $3 60. These are 4^x4^. of
various widths. Address as in cut. 20A4t
Mention the American Bee JourrwX.

T'H® MBiEmiC'MK mmw j&v^mwm'L:

355

^^■^■^■~--'-~--'-^-^-*

EDITOR.

VoiniV, May 30, 1888. Ho. 22.

Kv«r, I..variiiug; auil exploring the
fields of thought, speculation and invention
— still the best apiarists have yet much to
learn about bee-lieeping, and the manipu-
lation of bees, and the marketing of the
honey product. Much yet remains to be
learned, much to unlearn, and still more to
be developed from that which has not yet
evolved from the human brain.

flailing; Queen-Bees to Canada.

—Last week we published a letter from the
Superintendent of Foreign Mails, announc-
ing that though queen-bees could not now
be mailed to Canada, that a modification of
the treaty was expected so as to admit them.
Dr. S. W. Morrison, of Oxford, Pa., wrote
to us on the 34th inst., the following con-
cerning the matter :

I am requested to address a cage with
bees to the Superintendent of Foreign Mails
for transmission to the Canadian authori-
ties for examination. Permission to send
queens by mail to Canada will be surely
arranged for within the next week.

Holy I^aud Bees.— A correspondent
writes the following queries for answer in
the Ajierican Bee Jouknal :

What do you know about " Holy Land
bees ?" Are they better than the Italians ?
If so, I want queens. Who rears them for
sale ? I see none advertised, and why not ?

The Holy Land bees are good workers,
and are favorites with many bee-keepers.
If our memory serves us right, we have
advertised them for some breeders. They
ought to know enough about , business to
"keep these matters before the people,"
especially at the proper season for selling
queens. The American Bee Journal is
unsurpassed as an advertising medium, and
offers advantages possessed by no others.

Cremation.— Mr. L. C. Wemple, of
Rogers' Park, Ills., is now traveling in
California, and has sent us the following
cut from the Los Angeles, Calif., Tribune
of April 33, 1888. It seems that Mr. Hinde,
who was very far behind the spirit of the
times, has cremated .500 colonies of bees,
sacrificed them to ignorance and supersti-
tion. The Tribune says :

Mr. Hinde, of Anaheim, who burned up
500 colonies of bees, possessed by himself,
because the alleged Ijusy little workers had
been engaged \n pillaging his neighbor's
orchards and vineyards, must be a man
made of the same stern stuff as that which
went to the mental and physical composi-
tion of our Pilgrim fathers. He is honest,
certainly, to a fault— for he destroys his
own property to save the property of others
—but after all I cannot find it in me to com-
mend his act.

He did not think of the bees, you see, wlio
were to suffer a fiery martyrdom for obey-
ing their natural instincts ; and yet the bees
had rights. They had the right to live out
their little span of life, to gather sweets, and
to alight upon the flowers, and to flash their
wings in baths of sunshine.

Mr. Hinde's bees were probably not con-
senting parties to their burning, either, and
it they had not been so blinded by smoke as
to forget all about their possession of a
business end, I have no doubt that they
would have endeavored to bring the gentle-
man to a realizing sense of that fact. But
it is very doubtful whether they would have
been successful even under the most favor-
able circumstances.

A man of his stony heart and adamantine
conscience must be the possessor of an
epidermis totally impervious to so small a
thing as the sting of a bee. And it he was
not, a thousand stings would not turn him
from what he conceived to be his duty.

Superstition has brought untold woe upon
the world, and men of Mr. Hinde's stamp
have long been a curse to the world. He is
a slave to an erroneous idea. The bees were
busily engaged in fertilizing the flowers,
increasing the fruit, and proving a blessing
to the orchard and its owner, and yet in his
blindness, the owner of the bees cremated
them, and thus repaid them for their gener-
ous labors by instant death.

This is the same piece of superstitious
stupidity as that of the bee-keeper who
closed the entrances to his bee-hives on
Saturday night to prevent them from work-
ing on Sunday ! Such ignorance is inex-
cusable in the full blaze of the light of the
closing years of the nineteenth century !
The fiat of the Almighty is: "Let there
be light," and it behooves men and women
of the present day to help scatter the light,
and banish darkness and superstition from
the earth.

Tvro-Onnce Sections. — We have
received a frame containing 20 " two-ounce"
sections for honey (that is to hold two-
ounces of honey when filled) from Mr. W.
Harmer, of Manistee, Mich. The frame
came safely by mail, with pieces of foun-
dation in each, and when put on our desk,
attracted considerable attention for several
days. It now occupies a place in our
Museum. These two-ounce honey sections
were fully described on page 393. If they
can popularize honey by putting it up in .5-
cent packages, all will bid them welcome.

'riiat Xreiiil»ling^ Misease.— Salt
as a cure for the trembling disease in bees
has been recommended by several in these
columns, and now comes Mr. C. H. Dibbem
with the result of a trial in his apiary. He
remarks, under date of Milan, Ills., May 33,
1888, as follows :

It seems that some bee-keepers are seri-
ously troubled with what is usually called
the trembling disease. I had a colony last
fall that was badly affected, and had dwind-
led away to a mere quart. I had heard salt
recommended, and I gave them a sprink-
ling with salt water on top of the frames,
but had little faith in it. The disease has,
however, entirely disappeared, and the
colony is strong again and hard at work.

A Riddle.- S. M. Keeler, of Chenango
Bridge, N. T., propounds this riddle for ex-
planation :

Concerning the Chapman honey plant, I
read in the American Bee Joitiujal, page
308, the committee appointed at the Detroit
Convention, report that the seed may be
scattered in waste places ; that it seems to
root out all other vegetation and take pos-
session, etc., to commence with, and then
closes with this remark : " It does not
spread in seeding." Can you, Mr. Editor,
solve this riddle ?

Oh ! " riddle me, riddle me right "—that
is easy to solve I

That committee was well-" rooted." In
fact it consisted of tivo Roots (L. C. Root
and A. I. Root), and N. W. McLain. They
commenced at "the root of the matter,"
and at first stated that it was " character-
istic " of the plant to " root " out all other
vegetation, and take possession of the soil.
That is done by the roots— not the seed ! !

Now at the end of the report they speak
of the seed, and declare that " as it does not
spread in seeding," that the winds do not
carry the seed, because it is not provided
with baloons for that purpose, and there-
fore it is not like the Canada thistle, " a
pest or noxious weed," and its extirpation
is therefore easily accomplished ! !

When the "roots" and the "seed" are
kept separate, the " riddle" vanishes out of
sight ! !

Xlie Votes on the location of the next
meeting of the North American Bee-Keep-
ers' Society are coming in. Dr. Mason re-
ports that 63 of the 81 votes so far received
from the members, are all but one (which
is not against it) in favor of the change to
Columbus. We felt sure that there was no
question but that the vote would show that
the members desired the change, under the
circumstances.

Now, it should be borne in mind that, as
this is a migratory convention, it is not best
to decide upon a location a year in advance.
It should adjourn subject to the call of the
executive committee, who, during the in-
trim, can canvas the claims of the different
localities and decide upon the best, all
things considered. This would save trouble
and annoyance, and would often be of great
advantage to the Society, and save members
much of the cost of railway transportation.
This matter should be thought of when an
adjournment is taken at the next meeting.

356

'FmW MmMMl^MM MMM JO^KlfMILr.

still tliey Come.— M. W. Shepherd,
of Eochester, 0., writes us as follows :

I enclose a clipping from the Family
(Monthly) Visitor, published in Camden,
N. J., for February, 18S8, showing how the

bogus honey business is carried on

somewhere ! Here it is :

The industrious bee will have to be more
industrious than ever, now that artificial
honey is being made. The comb is manu-
factured from a white wax, placed in a jar
and the syrup poured over it. It is not a
very good imitation, and can easily be de-
tected, but it is much cheaper than the real
article. Will the dealers raise its price and
pass it off as genuine honey ?

Some are determined to push these asser-
tions—and to accommodate them, an inven-
tor is now trying to make comb with cells
half an inch deep or more. We have seen
some of it, but so far no one has attempted
to fill it with honey and seal it over, a la
Wiley. The same writer adds this :

Also inclosed you will find an article
clipped from the Orchord and Oa/rden, pub-
lished in Little Silver, J^. J., which 1 think
will answer tlie person who said the bees
had destroyed the grape industry of north-
ern Ohio, the particulars of which were
given In the Amekican Bee Journal,
page 84. The counties mentioned are two
of the smallest engaged in grape culture,
and if the bees have destroyed the same,
what must it have been before the little
sinners got in their work. Some people will
lie for fun (Wiley for instance), and others
will lie because they do not know any bet-
ter, and between the funny man and the
fool the poor little bee will have a hard
time of it.

The article in question is written by Geo.
H. High, of Ottawa county, O., and in it he
completely refutes the lying assertions of
the Atlantic, Iowa, Messenger (viz., that
"the grape-raising industry has been al-
most entirely killed in Ohio " by the bees).
He says :

We have had but few entire failures with
the Catawbas here for 17 years. My own
vineyard has averaged for that time 3,872
pounds to the acre. No vine responds so
quickly to good treatment. More than 60
per cent, of the six or eight thousand acres
in this and Erie counties are Catawbas.
More than 12,000 vines will be planted in
this vicinity this spring.

The Messeng&r, it will be remembered,
advised grape-growers to poison bees in
their localities, and as an excuse for doing
so, Ued about the industry in Ohio— proofs
of the falsehood is presented above from an
extensive grape-grower himself !

IVEl^COiME: APIARY.

Bees are Smarming.— That is the

general tune now. The following is a sam-
ple of many of the letters now coming in,
and Is from J. H. Loudon, of Bloomington,
Ind., and dated May 21, 1888 :

Bees are just booming. I had a very large
swarm yesterday, if it was Sunday, and to-
day 1 had three more. The hives are run-
ning over with bees, the result of keeping
them in chaff hives, with a cushion on top,
where they keep warm during cold spring
nights.

The engraving represents " Welcome
Apiary " at Bedford, O., which was found-
ed by Mr. J. B. Hains, who, when a mere
lad, captured a fugitive swarm of bees
which were seeking to assert their inde-
pendence, while their fellow-citizens on a
higher plane of creation were, with perhaps
less order and more ardor, with fife and
drum and waving banner at the head of
their column, parading the streets of their
little village, celebrating the 67th anniver-
sary of our National Independence.

The line of march taken by the patriotic
citizens and that of the absconding swarm
being at right angles, crossed each other,
the bees passing over the squad of bare-
footed boys who were following in the rear
of their elders.

The sweet music of the bees contrasted
with the discordant notes of the amateur

graving, as it is across the railroad tracks
that are seen in the rear of the house.

The name of the apiary was suggested by
the fact that visitors to the apiary were
always made welcome, and being only 12
miles from Cleveland, on the lines of the
Cleveland & Pittsburgh, and Cleveland &
Canton Railroads, a large number favor
Welcome Apiary with a visit every year.

Fiinny.— An item is going the rounds
of the American papers about the honey
product of France, which reads thus :

At Bordeaux, a bee-keeper obtained 1,965
kilos (3,930 pounds) of honey in one season
from 71 colonies. He uses the movable
frame. At Claixan, in the Pyranaes, there
is an apiary of 100 colonies that yields an
annual revenue of about 350 frames, but the
bees are smothered every fall.

In 1874, the honev and wax product in
France was worth 25,000,000 francs ; in 1875
the product was 10,000,000 kilos, of honey.

martial band, and aided perhaps by the
visions of sweetness rising before his imagi-
nation, caused the boy Hains to give chase
to the bees which soon clustered, perhaps
having been thrown into disorder by the
noise which the boys thought to be the
finest of music.

He then procured a dry-goods box and
dumped the bees into it. For a few years
boxes and salt barrels furnished shelter for
their decendents, presenting a motly row,
until the invention of the Rev. L. L. Lang-
stroth, which was destined to revolutionize
bee-keeping, was brought to his notice, and
changed his methods. Although he con-
structed a house-apiary or bee-house, at
quite a considerable expense, he does not
recommend it lor practical purposes, but
very much prefers chaff hives.

This view was taken from the west half
of the apiary, which is not shown in this en-

and 2.5,000,000 kilos, of wax. On Dec. 31, 1885,
1,731,604 colonies of bees were in France.

What an enormous honey crop that bee-
keeper of Bordeaux had ! A little over 50
pounds per colony ! ! Had it been ten times
that amount there might have been some-
thing to crow over ! What would he think
of our Texan's report of 1,200 lbs. from a
colony, or a similar amount from 3 or 4 colo-
nies that in Bordeaux it took 71 colonies to
gather I

At Claixan it is even a worse report.
That honey from a hundred colonies was
gathered and deposited in large brood-
frames— instead of tu the small American
sections holding a single pound of delicious
honey deposited in virgin combs !

The fact is that France is away behind
the times in apiculture— away behind almost
every other country in Europe in bee-
manipulatiou and honey production.

TMrn rnvmrnmi^MM. mmm jojj^mmmi^.

357

Honey Xransforniatioii.— Mr. D.

Stoler, of Saxton, Pa., sends us the follow-
ine (or explaDation. It is takeu from the
Grocers' and Caiiuers' Gazette. Please no-
tice that the last word in the second line
stamps the article as pure honey. All the
"transformation that occurred was the ordi-
nary grannlation consequent upon its being
exposed to tlie air after a part of it had been
eaten. The article reads thus :

Some weeks since it was our fortune to
come into possession of a pound-box of pure
honey, with which we had an experience
such as to warrant reference to it here. For
sevt-ral days we ate the honey with our
lunch until there remained but a thin layer
on the bottom about }4 to 3.< of an inch in
thickness. This we left untouched in the
drawer of our desk for some two w^ks,
whi'ii, upon examining, we found a peculiar
translormation had taken place. All sem-
blance of the honey structure had disap-
peared, and in place thereof we discovered
a white substance that closely resembled in
appi'arance the crust upon cooled lard, be-
neath which was a white semi-fluid of
about the consistency of condensed milk.
It was sweet and palatable, yet no one
would judge that it could have been honey.
To make inquiries relative to the matter,
we called upon a iirm which handles a
large part or the honey that comes to this
market, and from them received a courteous
explanation of the phenomenon. Said tfle
one interviewed : "It was what we call
' winter-fed ' honey ; that is, during the
months of winter the bees were fed by a
mixture of honey, much sugar and some-
thing else the nature of which is kept a
secret. From this artificial feed the oees
made the honey of which you speak, and
which, in its nature, is that of a natural,
artificial product.

The explanation given by the honey-
dealers simply show their Ignorance and
stupidity. They ought to have known that
bees never make honey ! They gather it
from the flowers, hut never make it. In
order to cover up their ignorance, they in-
vented the silly story of "winter-fed honey,"
a mixture of sugar and a mysterious " some-
thing else !" These fellows had not the
ordinary intelligence, or even cheek of the
vlllifier of honey, or they would have said
that it was glucose. They simply made an
exhibition of their ignorance by saying that
it was a " mixture of honey, much sugar,
and something ?lse, the nature of which is
kept a secret." Bah ! Such bare-faced lying
is deplorable !

Eiate Springr.— Thos. Stokes, Mines-
ing, Ont., on May 18, 1888, writes :

We are having a cold, windy, late spring.
The growth is very slow. -The native red
plums are not open yet. It snowed enough
to make the ground white on May 1-5, when
the mercury went down to 30°. Bees have
only gathered honey one day, from golden
willow, and not many days were fit for pol-
len. They are breeding fairly well ; those
having a good supply of stores have come
out strongly. Fully 50 per cent, of the bees
in this locality have been lost in the past
winter and spring. The honey harvest will
be late this year ; the sward of clover is
splendid.

Bees are now making up for lost time.
The wet and cold weather of the past .S or 4
weeks has passed away, and beautiful
sunny weather has come— we hope to stay.

'■■^-.^'.■~.--^'.^-^^'

Uroiieiii Flyiiig- Early— JJIailins'
<liieens.— Ira N. Lyman, St. Peter, Nebr.,
on May 19, 1888, writes :

I had only 3 colonies of hybrid-Italian
bees wintered in a cellar, and all came out
strong, save one that lost its queen, but
reared another. Drones were flying from
all my hives on April 15. I think that it is
the earliest that 1 ever have seen drones
flying in this country from all the hives.
The spring has been very backward, there
being only an occasional day when bees
can fly ; but they are all doing first-rate,
considering the time they have had to fly.
Some in this neighborhood have lost a part
of their colonies, from being short of food,
I think, and bad weather. They were all
wintered nut-doors. I like wintering bees
in a dry cellar the best. The bees have an
abundance to work on now, if only the
weather was good. Plum blossoms, goose-
berries and otlier plants are in bloom now.
Please answer the following :

1. Can an Italian queen be sent by mail
safely, and be three days on the way to its
destination ? 2. If a queen should die on the
way, would the sender be likely to send
another, or would it not be reasonable to
expect one ? 3. Would candied honey be
sufficient feed to put into the cage to send a
queen on a long trip by mail, say three
days ? 4. Please give a good description of
the Albino bees ? •'>. Where can I get thor-
ough-bred queens and bees, described as
thoroughbreds, and what is their cost ?

1. Tes ; it may be in transit for three
days or thirty, it sufficiently protected and
provisioned.

2. Yes ; have the post-master certify to its
being received dead, and send it back to the
breeder, cage and all, just as it was re-
ceived, and he will send another. That is
what "Safe arrival guaranteed" means.

3. No ; do not use candied honey, but
make " candy " of sugar and honey, so that
it may not soil the mails in transit.

4. Albino bees have white bands.

5. Consult the advertising columns of this
paper.

Uniting Colonies, etc.— Henry H.
Arnold, Ionia, Mich., on May 15, 1888, writes:

I have 5 colonies of bees in good condi-
tion, wintered on the summer stands. I lost
2 small colonies in the cellar, but it became
too cold for them. I obtained no surplus
honey from my bees last year.

Please answer the following : 1. How do
you unite bees or double up colonies ?
When is the best time to do it ? 2. Can we
take frames of bees and brood from differ-
ent hives and place them together, and not
have them fight ?

1. The best time to unite, weak colonies
is upon the eve of the honey harvest.
Sprinkle both colonies with sweetened
water scented with the essence of pepper-
mint ; smoke well, and put them all together
in one hive. If you do not wish to select
the poorest queen and kill it, leave that
matter to the bees to settle. Feed any col-
ony that is short of stores, or unite it with
one that has plenty.

2. If they show any signs of fighting,
smoke them thoroughly, and that will prob-
ably take the " light " out of them.

ma lliey IIiI>ornat«- ?— Mr. Malone,
Newbern, Iowa, asks for information about
a damaged colony of bees which lived in a
clamp when all the others died :

In the fall of 1885, on Oct. 15, and when
the mercury was at 60° at sundown, I put 10
late colonies of bees into a clamp, each of
which did not have to exceed 4 pounds of
honey. When putting the last one in, the
little boy let his end of the hive drop ; but I
got them in, and after thev were covered 12
inches deep, I could hear them roaring. On
March 1, 1886, 1 took them out, and all were
dead except the one before mentioned, and
it it had eaten any honey, I could not de-
tect it.

We may speculate as much as we like,
but there are many questions that no one
can answer ; and it is among the latter to
ascertain why the poor damaged colony
lived when the others not damaged died ;
and as to what these bees lived on, we may
guess, but could not determine with cer-
tainty. They may have gotten some honey
from the other hives where the bees had
died.

Qiieenlcss Colonies — Uniting,

etc.— J. W. Smith, Moscow, Vt., on May
21, 1888, writes thus :

I had 6 colonies of bees which came out
queenless this spring. I had no queens to
give them. I asked an old bee-man what I
had better do with them, and he said he
would advise me to give them to weak colo-
nies that had queens. I did so, smoking
them several times, and in a week's time I
had lost my 6 colonies, and the ones I gave
them to are weaker to-day than they were
in the first place. The combs I have taken
out of the hives and put them away for
future use. I have fumigated them with
sulphur. Will tliat be objectionable to the
bees if hived on those combs in swarming
time ?

If you had no extra queens, and could
not get them, the best thing to do was to
unite them with weak colonies. Combs
fumigated with sulphur will not be objec-
tionable to the bees.

I>eath ot I>r. Jiidson.— From Mr.
John C. Swaner, Salt Lake City, Utah, we
have the intelligence that the most noted
bee-keeper in Utah, has just passed over to
the "silent majority," and Mr. Swaner re-
marks as follows concerning him :

Dr. Benjaman Judson died on May 14,
1888. He was interested in bees in Eng-
land when he was a mere boy, and was, you
may say, the first man in Utah who under-
stood the management of bees. He owned,
at the time of his death, about 100 colonies.
His age was b9. His death resulted from
inflamation, caused by hernia— the painful
strangulated kind.

Xliey all Say tlie Same.— Messrs.
Charles Dadant & Son, of Hamilton, Ills.,
who advertise all the time in all the bee-
papers, desires to record their experience in
these words :

We will say the same as Mr. Hutchinson.
Since you asked your readers to say where
they saw our advertisement, we get more
mentions of the American Bee Journal
than of any other paper.

358

ITHE SlVIERICffiN; BEE; J@oo;KKMlr.

■ »^^^>.^^^»;».~A^A^A.»»».»^^^»,^«^>^»»«»«^l»»»^*^«««^«»«

IMIS if MEFLIES,

Hiving Two iSwarins that Issued
at Once.

Written Smr the American Bee Journal

Query 546.— I clip the wings of all my
queens, and at swarmiu]? time I catch the
queen as she comes out with the swarm, and
cage her ; then I wait for thehees to return.
Sometimes they will cluster before returninff.
and at other times they will not, I have about
:iO colonies this year, and I expect that some-
times more than one swarm will issue at once.

1, If two or more swarms issue at once, will
they, when returning:, separate and go to their
different hives, or will they all go to one hive ?

2. If they all go to one hive, how shall I sep-
arate them, so that each queen can have her
bees ?— S, P.

1. Each swarm will go to its own
hive. — Mbs. L. Harrison.

1. Each swarm will return to its
own hive. — G. L. Tinkkb.

1. Sometimes all will go into one
hive, but usually they separate for me.
Simply take the frames and shake the
bees in front of another hive. — A. J.
Cook.

1. They will often unite. 2. You
cannot do it. But you can give a
share of the mixed bees to each queen.
— C. C. Miller.

1. If they are all queenless, they
will nearly all go back to their own
hive ; but it would take a half page to
direct you how to separate them if they
all go to the same hive. — Dadant &
Son.

1. Generally they will. 2. Shake a
part of the bees in front of the hive
that is deficient. But cage both queens
for a day or two. They will staj" where
they are put. — M. Mahin.

1. Sometimes tliey. will, and. some-
times they will not. 2. I do not know,
and 1 should not care to be that par-
ticular. If they are made to fly before
they are ready to break up the cluster,
and the hives the}' come from are some
distance apart, they will generally re-
turn to their own hives. — A. B. Mason.
1. If two or more swarms issue with-
out queens, and unite, they will return
to the parent hi\cs ; at least I have
found sunch to be the case in my own
experience. — J. E. Pond.

1. They will go to one hive if they
are close together ; l)ut if some dis-
tance ajiart, they often separate. 2.
Divide them as soon as possible, giving
to each queen the same amount of
bees. — H. D. Cutting.

This is the onlj- objection that I have
to queens with clipped wings. When
they mix up it is a difficult matter to
have each queen have her bees ; but if
you shake the bees near the one that
has the less bees, part of them will go
back into the proper hive. — P. L.

VlALLON.

1. As 'a rule they will return to the
parent colony, though often they will
become badly mixed, and unevenly
divided. 2. In this case, I would pre-
pare as many hives as I had queens,
cage the queens, and divide the brood
and bees as evenly as possible. — J. M.
Hambaugh.

1. They will usually return to their
respective hives. 2. You will have to
divide them as nearly as you can, and
then keep each colony confined in a
dark room for 24 or 48 hours ; other-
wise your operation will likely be a
failure. Supply food if they have no
stores. — J. P. H. Brown.

1. Usually they will not return to
their own hives in perfect order. 2.
Such questions are certainly inappro-
priate for this department. I know
this by the number of words required
to answer, and the size of the answer
sheet provided. — James Heddon.

1. I think that they generally return
to the hive from which they issued. I.
Divide the swarm, giving part of the
bees to the other colony. I do not be-
lieve that it makes any difierence at
such a time, whether the bees are re-
turned to the mother queen or not. —
Eugene Secor.

1. They will almost surely all go to-
gether. That is the main objection
that I find to clipping queens' wings.
It is all right as long as all queens^
wings are clipped ; but when the sec-
ond swarms come out, is when the fun
begins. 2. The only way is to put the
bees into two hives, and see that each
gets a queen. — C. H. Dibbern.

1. They will probably all return to
one hive. 2. Divide the bees with a
tin dipper, while they are clustered on
the hive to which they have returned.
It will only take a minute to dip them
ofl' into a basket and carry them where
wanted. If they are uneasy and in-
clined to fly, sprinkle them with water.
— J. M. Shuck.

1. They will generally separate and
return to their own homes, but they
sometimes make a gi-eat muss of it. 2.
You can divide the united swarm, and
give to each, one of the queens ; but it
is the safest way to leave the queens
caged for 24 hours, as the mixed
swarms will often "ball" the queen. —
G. W. Demaree.

1. If the swarms unite in the air,
tlie}' will cluster together or return to
one hive. 2. If the swarms unite,
you cannot give each queen her own
bees, but you can give each, half of
the united swarms, which is just as
well. If swarms cluster together, place
eacli queen in a separate basket and
shake into each laasket the proper
share of the bees. If thej- ofter to
return to one hive when that hive has
its share of the bees, quicklj- remove

it, substitue the other hive, and attract
the rest of the bees to it by placing the
queen at the entrance. But circmn-
stances and experience must often dic-
tate the course to be pursued. — R. L.
Taylor.

1. Frequently, both ways ; but with
a sheet to spread over the hive that is
getting the most bees, I have no
trouble in getting them divided in
each hive about as I desired. 2. You
must not let them all go to one hive,
but should they get the start of you
and do so, keep the queens caged, and
after thej' get settled, dip them up as
you would wheat till you get them as
you desire them. — G. M. Doolittle.

They may separate and return them
to their respective hives, but quite
often they will go to one of the hives.
If they all go together, give the sur-
plus bees to weaker colonies, carefully
caging the queen before doing so. —
The Editor.

The Tieriiii^~lTp JMethod with
• Gallup Frames.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 547.— 1. Is the tiering-up method.
In working for comb honey, as well adapted
to so deep a frame as the Gallup, as it is to a
shallower trame ? 2. Or would belter results
be obtained with this frame by practicing
storing at the Bides of the brood-nest, in con-
junction with only one tier deep on top? 3.
Is the Gallup frame, at the present time, used
by many successful apiarists ?— New York.

I. I think that it is. 3. I cannot
answer J. P. H. Brown.

1. No. 2. No. 3. Not by manj- —
only by a few. — Dadant & Son.

1. Yes. 2. I do not like side-stor-
age. 3. Yes, by many. — H.D. Cutting.

1. Yes. 2. No. 3. I do not know.
My frames are nearly the size and
shape of the Gallup. — M. Mahin.

1. I like the tiering-up method, and
I use it in preference to^anj' other. 3.
It is used by some of the best. —
Eugene Secor.

1. Hardly. 2. Side-storing, in con-
junction with one tier on top would, I
think, be best. 3. I cannot say. — Mrs.
L. Harbison.

1. No. 2. Yes. If you can keep
the queen out. 3. As to this, I am not
posted. — J. M. Hambaugh.

The shallow hive is preferable. I
would not bother with side-storing, but
I would tier up even on a deep-frame
hive. 3. Yes. — C. H. Dibbern.

1. I find no difl^erence. 2. I have
not found it so. 3. Yes, by many ;
but I think not as many, by far, as
use the Langstrolh frame. — A. J. Cook.

1. Those that use the deep frames
think so. 2. Mr. Videto, of North
East, Pa., the only one that I know

TTHB m^mmmi^MM bb® ji©'itjmf*mi<.

359

fcii^aaaai«i^*^*^*^>ffT>*if^'

personally, who practie-es that methoil,
and who keeps 150 or more colonics,
thinks so, and makes a success of it.
3. Yes, quite a number. — A. B. Mason.

1. In an exclusive top-storing hive,
a shallower frame is preferable. 2.
Many make side-storing a success. 3.
Yes. — G. L. Tinker.

Mr. (i. M. Doolittle uses the Gallup
fitinies, and he is one of the most suc-
cessful comb honej' producers that we
have. He will, no doubt, answer this
query, having full experience witli
such" a frame. — P. L. Viallon.

1. Yes ; that is to say, tiering-up for
the Gallup frame is to tiering-up for
the shallower frame, as the Gallup
frames for comb honey is to the shal-
lower frame for comb honey. 2. No.
3. Not by many, so far as 1 know. — R.
L. Taylor.

1. I judge so. 2. I should say that
side-storing was a bad thing, if it were
not that Mr. Doolittle practices it. But
then you should tier up in either case.
— C. C. Miller.

1. It is the best method over any
depth of brood-frames. 2. No, no ; do
not waste any time in drudging
tlirough the side-storing fallacy. 3.
No. — James Heddon.

1. I think that it is better adapted
to a shallower frame. 2. I do not
think that any gain can be made by
side-storing. 3. Not to any great ex-
tent. I will say, however, that I speak
oidy from the stand-point of my own
locality. — J. E. Fond.

1. It is not so well adapted. 2. I
have some bees on frames 12 inches
deep, but I have after many experi-
ments abandoned side-sti.ring for the
■tiering-up" method. 3. I know of
some of the best apiarists and honey
producers wlio use the Gallup frame,
but not many. — J. M. Shcck.

1. I think not ; but the ditl'erence is
not so very great, as some think it is.
The disadvantage is mostlj- in the com-
paratively small surface over the deep
frames. 2. " Side-storing"' is entirely
too much fuss, to be adopted by prac-
tical apiarists. 3. Not by many. A
few good bee-keepers still use the little
bee-gumish looking Gallup hive. There
is a great deal in use. — G.W.Demaree.

1. Probably not quite, yot there are
good points enough about this frame
to more than make up for this lack. 2.
Better results can be secured with any
frame if worked on this plan, and es-
peciallj' is this true of the (iallup
frame. 3. Ask Prof. Cook. There are
very successful apiarists who use
frames of widely different patterns,
but the frame most in use in this coun-
try, is the Langstroth. However, the
size of this has not been kept strictly
pure, for there are about as many of

A. I. Root's modiUcation in the coun-
try, as there is of the " standard." — G.
M. Doolittle.

Tiering up is the most desirable
method, and for that the shallower
frames are more desirable. Side-stor-
ing, it is generally admitted, requires
more labor and attention, though
many successful apiarists practice it
regularly. The Langstroth frame is
generallj- used, and only a very few
use Gallup-frame hives. — The Editor.

MAY FLOM^ERS.

May shall make the world anew
Golden sun and silver dew —
Money minted in the sky-
Shall the earth's new garments buy.

May shall make the orchard bloom ;
And the blossoms' fine perfume
Shall set all the honey-bees
Murmuring amony the trees.

May shall make the bud appear
Like a jewel, crystal clear,
'Mid the leaves upon the limb.
Where the robbin lifts his hymn.

May shall make the wild flowers tell-
Where the shinins snowflakes tell ;
Just as thouah each snowflake's heart,
By some secret, magic art.

Were transmuted to a flower
In the sunlight and the shower.
Is there such another, pray,
Wonder-making month as May ?

—St. Nicholas.

EVOLUTION.

Tbe History of Evolution in
Bee-C'iilture.

Bead at the ProgrcsKive Bee-Keepers' Convention
• BY GEORGE B. HAGGART.

Science and centuries change. The
authority of to-day is but the founda-
tion of discord in another age. The
development in any branch is not
however lost, the principles serving as
retainers until mind-showing defects
points out the inmost pi'inciples and
searches the utmost depths. Grand,
may be christeneil that subject and
that science which meets approval so
in.stautly that the adverse and conflict-
ing mind may grasp the true theory,
and reconcile all opposition.

Development was made in apicul-
ture in early times, but conjecture had
taken the place of fact in leading de-
tails, until 1712, when the mathema-
tician of Nice, Maraldi, invented the
glass hive, enabling naturalists to study
more closely the in-door life of the
bees. Then we lind Reaumur, Schirach
and Huber leading on the science, and
later our noted and highly-honoinl

Langstroth's toil has gained the prin-
ciples we utilize to-day. In this, as in
all other attempts, there is no un-
paralleled story of the might of these
winged-foes when unting their forces
against a common enemy.

They have had many a triumph
since the day when Moses desei'ibed
how the Amorites, who dwelt in the
mountains, came down and chased the
Israelites " as the bees do."

Even the great Mohammedan em-
peror, when attempting to carry off
the brazen bull from sacred Mt. Aboo,
was attacked by " a legion of wild
bees," which could not stand the in-
vasion of their sacred home, and de-
scended in clouds from the mountain
heights, put the whole army to flight
in the place known to this day as the
" Vallej' of the Bees."

Let ns turn back through the ages.
Let us turn over eighteen centuries —
eighteen leaves. Where is apis mel-
lifica ? " And his food was locusts
and wild honey."

Back an(jther quarter of a centurj-,
and we hear those songs which so
charmed the ears of the Roman war-
riors. Allandro Augustus sang to the
shepherds and heathen gods who
watched the fate of Rome. The words
of Virgil, the king of Latin poets, even
Publius Virgilius Maro. Three years
he toiled, and the results were the
"Eclogues." Seven years he toiled,
and the results were the " Georgics."
Eleven years more, and the " Aeneid "
appeared. In the " Georgics " he first
sings of Husbandry, then of Foresti-y,
third of Cattle, and last of the Culture
of Bees. And in the words of Cooper,
" In 277 lines of the finest of heathen
poetry."

One quarter of a century before; the
Christian era, the rude apiculture
(rude as it must have been) is praised
in the Latin tongue — in the noble lan-
guage of ancient Rome. He proposes
tlie subject, then shows the proper
station for the hives, the management
of the swarms, and later, the battle
between two discordant " kings " of
the hive, as it is literally translated,
antl as the were evidently called in
those early times. He gives the dis-
eases as they then understood them,
and the remedies that should be ap-
plied, in case they raged among the
bees. These are his opening words:
"Next I will set forth the celestial gift
of ;crial sweet. Marcenas pray listen
to this part of the Georgics. I will
sing to you of the admirable spectacle
of a little being, of their mighty
leaders, of all their kinds in all sta-
tions. This is forsooth, a subject
small, but the instruction is not low.
First, a seat and stand sliould be
sought for the bees, where the o])ening
is not to the winds ; for the winds pre-

360

THE fEMERICTSN BEE JOURNMl,.

vent that they should bear home their
sweet, nor to the flocks for the frisky
lambs break down the flowers, and the
heifer straying in the even field will
shake ofl' the dew antl crush the rising
herbs. And it should be away from
the spotted lizard and brown toad,
from the woodpecker and its home,
from the bee-eater and other birds. It
should be away from the reach of the
cruel swallow, witli red feathers at its
breast. For all those devastate widely,
and each wishes to bear the bees
away as a sweet morsel for their
merciless young. But some liquid
font should be near, some slow run-
ning pool surrounded with moss, and
near some small stream flowing
through the grass. Their coui't should
be shadowed by palms, or by some
Olive tree ; so that when the kings
lead forth the first new swarms, in the
spring-time, the younger bees, just ap-
pearing from their combs, may play,
and the near bank will encourage
them to descend from the heat of sum-
mer, and cling to the trees, opposite
their former home.''

These are but 25 lines, and thus the
uoljle jjoet goes on, in, I think, the
grandest description to be found in
Latin literature. The bee even as the
beast of burden seems to have followed
man, both civilized and barbarous, and
as Riplej' and Dana say, " To have
been cultivated from antiquit}-."

But why indeed should not develop-
ment be made in the culture of an in-
sect ? Why not as much development
as in any other organic structure ?
This simple organization contains at
least the essential elements of all great
structures. Here are the embryonic
wings, mandible, palpi, even mouth,
and teeth both scaly and concave, and
the trunk carried without the modern
artificial ■• ticket" and " check."

Tliere are qualities peculiar to this
insect alone, which seem to adapt it to
the nature of man, not only the man
of husbandry, but the sage, the philoso-
pher ; for there seems to have been no
want of interest or research on the
suliject among the ancients, for the
noted Greek philospher, Aristomachus,
is said to have devoted 58 years to this
single branch of zoology.

Virgil at present would not help us
miuh in a scientific point of view. We
can only see the evolution — the change
in cidture, and the change in the
solid devout science of apiculture. Of
course some of his statements arc pos-
sible more than probable, for he states
further on in the Georgics, that a stock
of bees can be obtained from the dead
carcass of a steer, beaten and crushed
into a mass, and then excluded from
the air. Even Horace mentions in a
sober manner, this little insect in his
second Ejiode.

" Happ.v the man. in busy schemes unsfeilled.
Who living: simply, like our sires of old.
Tills the few acres, which his father tilted.
Vexed with no thoughts of usury or f^old ;

Or in some valley up among- the hills.
Watches his wandering herds of lowing kine,
Or fragrant jars of liquid honey fills.
Or shears his silly sheep in suuny shine."

Yet. that golden bee with its triple-
striped body, and all those sunny
habits coming as it does most probably
from an Asiatic stock, and then being
carried westward with the change of
empires, scattered over all the lands
which spot the earth, finds its finest
and sweetest home in that land fur-
thest toward the west. Not alone has
the bee companions here, but in sun-
nier climes further south.

Turning to their Asiatic home, have
they not changed much in regard to
domicile, if not disposition ? For Gor-
tlon-Cummings, in reference to Indian
travel, describes the meeting of bees
in the gorge of the Marble Rocks
through which the Nerbtidda river has
worn its coiu-se. The homes of the
hornets and wild bees are situated on
the white marble, in clusters, like
swallows nests, far above the surface
of the river, on the perpendicular walls
of the gorge. Those traveling on the
Nerbudda, pass by this point in perfect
silence, and many visit the wild rocks
by irtoonlight, both on account of
bees and the scenery of the crags un-
der the light of the moon.

Messrs. Armstrong & Buddington
were seeking a sight for the Nerbudda
bridge at this point, but were warned
not to fire a gun or disturb the bees,
but were tempted by rock pigecjns, and
after discharging their guns, and even
plunging into the water, they were
unable to escape, and surveyor Bud-
dington was drowned. The wild
honey furnishes a great part of the
eatable product for the wild Ethioi»au,
and the uncivilized Black of lately ex-
plored Africa.

David Livingston mentions in his
recent explorations in central Africa,
that there exists such a bird as the
Cucidus Indicator or Honey-Guide, and
his native companions to the number
of 113 out of 114 said, that this bird
leads invariably to wild bees. By
itieans of this bird he obtained a large
quantit}' of honey while near the
African central forest. The wax is a
worthless article to the natives. Near
Loiida, situated in the lonesome forest,
native hives are met with, made from
natural cavities in Mepaur trees, and
set on logs. He even mentions seeing
the wild natives laden with from 80 to
100 pounds of honey, but never saw
any but log hives. On the banks of
the Quango the honey found a market,
at sixpence a pound, and the tribute to
Sekeluta of the wild Batoka country is
paid in jars of native honey.

At a village 16 degrees, 13 minutes.
38 seconds latitude, 32 degrees, 32
minutes longitude, Livingston was pre-
sented with a pint of honey by the
Ethiopian chiefton's son. This honey
seems to be peculiarly adapted to the
wants of civilization also, consisting as
it does of the sugar, mucilage, and an
acid changing of course to a vinous
compound when exposed to air, and
furnishing all the properties of a good
deturgent and aperient to the diseased
body. However much the true ideas
regarding the bee may be misunder-
stood by all nations in general, the use
of its product seems to be universal.

The ancients have fixed their in-
adequate ideas of the bee with no small
praise. The hum of the bee was no
more harsh to tlieir ears than to our
own. It signified industry, contents
ment and happiness. Their human
nature did not of course expel all of
the objections to treatment and con-
tact with them, and even among the
Seveit Hills of Rome, and in the city of
the Greeks, near the birth-place of the
blind bard, they received the praise
which is due to the minute, as well as
the mighty.

Praise which does not sound soft to
our ears, for it is the language of the
beggar among the seven cities that
contend for immortal Homer. Yet the
Grecian heart thrilled with the same
imptdse at its sound that does the
American at its translation, for it sang
the '■ Fall of Ilium "— '■ Fall of Troy,"
and the "Wrath of Peieus' son-"

The characteristics of the bee have
changed with eighteen centuries, and
in contrast with the song of the poet,
and the interest shown only by the
wisest of all lands, in those early days,
it exists not to be wondered at and .ad-
mired, not as an industrial curiosity,
but as a social insect, assisted onlj' to
assist. The help-meet of the flower,
even as the sini and rain.

The hum of our social insect sounds
now no longer along the woody
streams of " Sunny European lauds,"
with the omen of a wild "Hymen-
optera," but now it is chatteled, even
taxed. Thus lias the bee been men-
tioned for good, for better, and for
best, lauded for industry, studied for
scientific ends, and placed superlative
with regaifl'to its sweet. " As sweet
as honey and the honey-comb."

Each revolving year adds more to
its scientific investigation. Each age
to the settlement of fact and explana-
tion of mystery. Failure and loss in
our undertakings may bring despon-
dency for the time, but the hope at
least that each and all may add some-
thing to the understanding of an In-
sect, beneficial both to the flora of the
world and the luxuries (the best of the
few) ; yields a present satisfaction, if

THE MMERICSN BEE JQURNSIL.

3G1

not an ample reward for labor be-
stowed in the pursuit of apiculture.
Bainbridge, O.

LUCK.

A Liltlc Talk with IMr. Old
PUogy.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY L. -W. LISHTY.

How did your bees do last season,
Mr. Old Phogy ? Not very well.
Did you get any honey ? No.
Did the bees get enough honey to
winter on ? I do not know. If they
want to starve themselves, I have no
objection.

Did you pack them for winter ? No ;
I concluded that if they would store no
honey for mc, they must look out for
themselves.

How many colonies have 30U ? Ten
or twelve. I don't know for certain.
I didn't count them for sometime.

AA'hat kintl of a hive do you use ?
Dr. Greenhorn's patent moth-proof,
double-ventilator, with a non-swarm-
ing attachment.

Ah ! and has it movable frames,
where the combs are built in ? No \
what would you want to move the
combs for ?

To examine the condition of the
colony, of course !

Oh, my hive has a glass at the side,
and I can examine the colony without
tearing out the comb.

How do you secure 3-our surplus
honey ? I did not secure an}- for some
years.

Well, but what preparations had yon
for the bees to store honey f<jr you ? I
bored a hole in the top of tlie box, and
put a lozenge box on, but never a bee
entered.

Let me sell you some nice, white
clover honey, in one-pound sections.
Ah ! I see you have some of that .stuff
the}' manufacture to order, at Chicago,
or somewhere out West, and call it
" white clover hone}-." I don't want
any of that stuff !

Now, see here, Mr. Old Fogy, you
certainly believe a false report. A. I.
Root, of Medina, Ohio, who is a re-
liable man, offered $1,000 to any per-
son who would point out the exact
location of the factory where comb
honey is manufactured, but it cannot
be found, because there is none ! This
season honey is scarce and high — why
do they not supply the market and
make a fortune ?

•' Oh, well :" replied Mr. Old Phog}-,
" I noticed it in my neighbor's news-
paper.

Mulberrv, Pa.

OUR SWEETS.

Soiirce§ for Obtaining Sweets in
the middle Asen.

Read at the Wiscunsin Farmers' Iristitute

BY MRS. II. HILLS.

The question, from what source do
all the teeming populations of ancient
times, and of the succeeding middle
ages obtain their sweets ? becomes one
of considerable interest. As possibly
affording some clue to the solution of
this question, there may be found, it is
said, in one of the earliest extant trea-
tises of botany, written in the third
century before Christ, an allusion to
"honey in reeds;" just as a similar
treatise at the present day might con-
tain an allusion to " sugar in bees."
The phrase is certainly a very sugges-
tive one, and appears to indicate that
the word " honey " at that time was
used in much the same sense as is the
word sugar with us. More than 2,000
years have passed since the ancient
botanist wrote his treatise ; and the
curious honey-producing reeds, of
which he knew so vaguely, have made
their way around the globe, and (ilayed
their part in shaping the civilization
of a new hemisphere.

How familiar to our ears have be-
come the accounts in the Bible, of the
" land flowing with milk and honey."
And now among the old land-marks
that are being swe]it away by the re-
lentless searchings and siftings of the
modern student, in both sacred and
profane records, we are told that this
familiar phrase might perhaps be more
properly rendered, " a land flowing
with milk and grai>e-juice." What a
startling idea ! If mankind progresses
in circles or in spirals, we might al-
most imagine that we, in our day, had
just arrived at the very identical point
again. Grape-juice, indeed ! Let us
hasten forward, to the safe gi-ound,
where the bee is monarch and queen.

The earliest Semitic and Indian
records, Eg}-ptian sculptures and
papyri, as well as the poems of Homer,
all testify to the early cultivation of
bees, by man, for <lnmestic purjjoses.
And their frequent representation in
Egyptian hieroglyphics, wherein the
bee occurs as the s\ rabol of royalty,
clearly shows that tlieir economy, with
a monarch at its head, was known. A
hive, too, figured on a veiy ancient
tomb at Thebes, is evidence of the
early domestication of the bee there,
and how early, even historically, it
was brought under the special domin-
ion of man.

It was estimated over 300 years ago,
by De Montfort, who then wrote a
work on bees, in Fn-nch, that between
500 and GOO authors had preceded him

on the subject of bee-keeping. Most
of these books were written in Latin,
and are lost to the world, very few
having been handed down to us. From
remote antiquity the practice has pre-
vailed in Egypt, of collecting great
numbers of hives in vessels on the Nile,
and transporting them from pasture
to pastui-e according to the succession
of flowers in the different districts. A
somewhat similar practice prevails on
the Rhone in France, and the convey-
ing of bees from place to place, has
been usual in Greece, Asia Minor and
Persia, from the earliest date.

Strange to say, it is claimed that the
honey-bee was not a native of the
western continent. We are told that
without doubt, there were no honey-
bees here until introduced by the Cau-
casian race. This seems the more
strange, as it is said that all the con-
tinents and islands on the eastern
hemisphere abound with them. It is
one more illustration of the inextrica-
ble puzzles connected with the geo-
graphical distribution of animals.

Mt. Hybla, in Sicily, on account of
its great variety of odorifeorus flowers
and abundance of honey, has been
poetically called " the empire of bees,"
and Hymettus in Attica, is in the same
way famous. The German, black or
brown bee, is the variety best known,
as through all the ages it has been
most widely distributed. We tind,
however, that the Italians were known
both to Aristotle and Virgil, who sang
of the variegated, golden bee. It is
said that the wider distribution of the
German bee can only be accounted for
by considering the more vigorous,
pu.shing habits of the Germanic races
of men : who not only over-ran and in-
fused new life into southern Europe,
but have vitalized all Christendom.

Sheboygan Falls, Wis.

CONVENTIOlSr.

The Ohio Bee-Keepers of the
IVorth meet and Talk.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY MISS DEMA BENNETT, Sec.

The semi-annual meeting of the
Progressive Bee-Keepers' Association
was held at Bainbridge Centre, Ohio,
on May o, 1888, with President J. B.
Hains, of Bedford, in the chair.

After the usual order of business
was disposed of, it was thought best to
open the Question Box. All were
given an op])ortuuity to express their
opinion on the dift'erent subjects, and
many did so, but as this report must
necessarily be somewhat brief, I will
in the main give only a .synop.sis of
the thoughts expressed.

362

TH® MMB;KIC'ME« WmM JQmMWm.1^.

^^^^^^^^^^' —--m.^^^^^^^^^^.^^..^^^^^^^^mLAi^^^^^^^^l^^t^^im^^^^l^M^^l^^^^^^^^^^^A

What is the best method of fasten-
ing starters in sections P D. M. Allen
uses melted wax with a spoon. War-
ren Pierce prepares a mixture of wax
and rosin (two parts of wax to one of
rosin) anil dips the foundation in it.
He thinks that it is not quite as neat,
but it sticks better, and can be put in
faster than by anj' other way he has
ever tried. In answer to a question
by J. D. Haggart, he said that he did
not think that the bees drew it out
quite as close to the section as when
wax only was used. Mrs. O. D. New-
comb uses the Parker foundation fast-
ener. O. J. Post prefers the Parker
fastener to any other. J. B. Hains
uses the Gray fastener, something like
the Parker, only it is run bj' foot-
power. He also described a starter
machine made by the Berlin Fruit-Box
Company, but which can only be used
with wide frames. Heni-y Bosworth
uses a machine which he made him-
self, similar to the Gray. As the sev-
eral methods had quite a number of
advocates, no agreement was reached,
and the next question was taken up.

How few bees can be safely win-
tered in a hive ? J. W. Chalker had
2 quarts of bees ; the queen was reared
about Sept. 1, 1887 ; he put them on 4
frames, and they came through all
right. Mr. Haggart thinks a small
colony pnt up properly' on 4 frames
will winter well if they have a good
queen, but much depends on the
queen. L. H. Brown : Bees enough to
cover 5 frames will be best ; less than
than I would double up. Small colo-
nies do not winter well, as a rule. J.
L. Way asked if it was not possible to
have too many bees in one hive. He
thinks he lost some on that account.
In reply Mr. Hains said : Too large
colonies in the hive are not best, and
do not keep as well either. There are
extremes in both directions, and be-
tween these lies the " golden mean."
Five pounds of bees in a good hive,
with good stores, will come out best.
It was the sense of the meeting that a
medium-sized colony is best, but they
would not throw aside a small one.

Does not wintering well, depend
largeh' upon the age of the bees ? It
was thought to be necessary to have a
prolific queen in the hive, and a full
complement of young bees.

What is best to use for winter jiack-
ing ? Mi.ss Dema Bennett prefers
forest leaves, and gave as reasons
therefore, that they are light and dry.
They give good ventilation, and are
easily cleaned out of the yard, not
making as much litter as chaft" or
straw, and can be taken from the hive
with less trouble. Mr. Pierce uses a
honey-board frame with cotton-cloth
tacked on the under side, and a board
covering the top, excepting a space in

the centre of 3 or 4 inches, which is !
covered with wire-cloth, and this is |
filled with leaves. Mr. Haggart uses
the same kind of a frame filled with
cut rye-straw

Will bees
keep them
bloom ? Mr

Voted for forest leaves,
secure honey enough to

from now until clover
Brown : They consume
a large amount of stores in rearing
brood ; more than they will gather.
Mr. Hains : After fruit-bloom many
will perish if they are not closely
watched. It was voted that bees are
not in a condition to do without feed-
ing until clover bloom.

What does W. S. Wait think of the
Heddon hive ? Mr. Wait : I think
that it is a good hive for honey-gath-
ing, but not so good for wintering.

How shall we keep the bees from
robbing ? Tlie following ways were
spoken of : Contract the entrance ;
throw straw in front of the hive ; spray
the hive with cold water ; fanning, to
let the robbers out, and keep the fresh
ones from getting in, and after the
fanning, put a glass in front of the en-
trance.

After dinner, which was served in
the hall, the meeting was called to
(irder, and an essay was read by Mr.
George B. Haggart, of Bain bridge, en-
titled, "Evolution in Bee-Culture."

An unanimous vote of thanks was
tendered to Mi\ Haggart for his kind-
ness in preparing and reading the
same.

The Question-Box was then re-
opened.

What is the trouble when bees ap-
parently swarm, and after being hived,
return to the old hive, sometimes 3 or
4 times ? Au.swer : The queen re-
mained in the old hive.

What causes the bees to swarm out,
in early spring ? Answer : Lack of
queen, or bees, or stores ; diseased
bees, and unwholesome hive, or too
many frames.

For one having hives and frames
well filled with comb, what is the best
use that can be made of them ? It
was thought best to save the best
combs, even if they had to buy the
bees, but would render the darkest-
colored and drone combs into wax. It
was also suggested that if the combs
could be hung up with a space of an
inch or two between them, that the
heat would not be sufficient to gen-
erate the moth.

What is the best
with swarms when
honey ? Mr. Wait :
5 frames, aiid give
full sheets of foundation in the sections
above. Mr. Pieice : Hive the swarm
and put it on the old stand, moving
the old colony, and so get all the work-
ing bees with the swarm. Mr. Hains :
Use either frames of comb or full

method to pursue

working for comb

Contract them to

starters ; but use

sheets of foundation (there should be
a frame of eggs or unsealed larva> to-
hold the bees) in the brood-chamber,
which should be contracted ; then
place the new hive as spoken of by
Mr. Pierce, and take off the super from
the old hive and put it on the new one.
For extracted honey I follow the same
plan excepting that I use light-colored
brood-combs, or frames filled with
foundation in the upper story, and ex-
tract when t\\'o-thirds of the honey is
sealed.

Which are preferable, single or
double tier wide frames ? Single-tiei-
frames or cases were preferred by the
majority.

Does extracted honey ever lose its
flavor ? It was thought that thin, un-
ripened honey would deteriorate, but
that honey well-ripened, sealed before
extracting and kept covered after, re-
tained its flavor. This opinion was no
doubt partly based on the fact that we
had a sample of extracted honej' from
the apiary of L. H. Brown, for dinner.

Statistical report of the members, as
far as received :

Number of colonies Dec. 1, 1887 1,30ft

" " at present time 1,143

Total loss 16.5

Per cent, of loss 13

One member losing 51 colonies out
of 102. Aside from his report there
was a loss of 112 colonies out of 1,204
last fall, and brings the loss down to
9 per cent., which is a fair average ;
many reporting no loss at all.

In answer to the question, as to the
prospect for the honej' crop, while
many did not give an opinion, one-
third of those who did, said " not
good," and the other two-thirds,
"good." The Secretary read extracts
in regard to the Ohio Centennial at
Columbus, and urged all to attend
who could possibly do so, and also to
make exhibits.

Mr. J. R. Reed, now in California,
sent personal greetings bj" the Presi-
dent.

A vote of thanks was given to the
" Sons of Temperance " for the use of
their Hall ; also to the friends in Bain-
bridge who assisted in entertaining
this association. A motion was made
and carried, that the executive cor >
mittee fix the place of the next meet>
ing.

The meeting then adjourned until
Thursday, Oct. 4, 1888.

Bedford, Ohio.

A Wariiins-.— Writing from Dakota,
Mr. F. H. Canty remarks thus :

I have lost all my bees, 9 swarms, by let-
ting my bee-cellar i;et below the freezing
point. Take warning ! or you will be like
me, with empty hives, combs and sections,
and bees to buy.

T'HE rnvmrnwiemm mwm j€nj!Mrfa.iL.

863

COMBINATIONS.

Can we Control our Honey
market by Combining.

Read at the Oneida Co. Bee-Keepers' Convention
BY J. ASITNWAXL.

This subject seems to be agitating
the minds of many, or I had better say
a few, of the prominent bee-men at the
present time. It is an important sub-
ject, and one worthy of much thought.
We may, bj- combining to control the
market, do ourselves some good, but
the chances are that we will do our-
selves much harm. To assert that we
can so control the honey market as to
place the price where we please is
preposterous, and to my mind so far
fi'om possible, under the present con-
dition of things, as to lead me to think
that some other motive prompts the
promoters to take the step. Let me
put the facts more plainly before you :
What is it that regulates trade ? What
is it that causes fluctuations in anj'
business not controlled by a specula-
tive board, as in the case of stoclss and
grain ? I answer it is supply and de-
mand. Coal is controlled, we know,
by great combinations who place the
price where thcj' please to a certain
limit, until some firm drops out, and
cut-throat prices are the order of the
day, to the detriment of all concerned.
But is it to be supposed that because
this combination owned all the coal
fields in a certain very large district,
that it could put the price of coal to
flO per ton ? No, they could not hold
those prices three days before coal
would be coming in from the West,
. South, North and East to fill the mar-
kets at such a i)rice as the market will
allow. Controlling a market is a pre-
posterous proposition, if we liave not
demand to act as the chief factor.

The honey interest has not the ad-
vantages which exist in other indus-
tries, such as iron, coal or petroleum ;
for in the first instance mines and
wells can be bought outriglit and con-
tl'oUed. but who can buy up the flowers
of the field, or who can control the
flow of nectar ? Only He, under whose
providential care bee-culture always
rests.

Suppose you gentlemen of the Oneida
Bee-Keeper.s' Association were to com-
bine together, and declare that comb
honey should be sold by the members
for not less than 20 cents per pound
for the best qualitj% and I was an out-
sider, not belonging to your associa-
tion. Is there any law to prevent me
from bringing my own honej', and as
much more as I chose to buy in other
parts, and selling the lot right under
your very noses at 18 cents a pound ?
Where would you gentlemen get your

money from to continue your business,
if you found buyers loath to pay 20
cents per pound for the same article
they could obtain from me at 18 cents?
I leave the answer to yourselves.

What would you think of a lot of
enthusiasts getting together to control
the egg-market, in country towns and
elsewhere. How many farmers' wives
would they control when it came to
the question of selling a dozen eggs to
pay for a new shawl, or to buy bread
for the children. In this case, the
egg-men have an ailvantage over the
honey-man, in that eggs are a far
greater necessity than honey, and con-
sequently there is a conslant demand.
Supposing a man depended on honey
for a living, and the "combine" of
bee-keepers, to whom he belonged,
should say the honej- market must be
20 cents, and some fellow comes along
otfering honey at 18 cents in this man's
market, and gluts it. Where is the
member of the " combine " going to
get the bread from ? He will go out
of the bee-business next year, and the
fellow will reap the harvest in a mar-
ket the first bee-keeper has toiled so
many years to ci'eate. Combination,
you see, was a curse here instead of a
blessing.

I ofier the following suggestions, not
as a solution of the problem, but some-
thing towards a solution. I would
propose the formation of a honey com-
pany headed by some experienced men
in the honey business, and the estab-
lishing of headquarters in New York
city, with branch establishments at the
different centres of commerce. This
to be a stock company who shall buy
honey outright, and not sell on com-
mission, and whose principal work
shall be the creation of a market bj'
circulating pamphlets tending to edu-
cate people to the numerous uses to
which honey can be jwt, and above all
inspiring the minds of the general
public with the absolute confidence
that when honey is bought from this
company and labeled " pure honey,"
it is " the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth."

CONVESfTION DIRECTORY.

1HS8. Time and Place of Meeting.

May 31.— Wi«. Lake Shore Center, at Kiel, Wis.

Ferd. Zastrnw, Sec, Millhume, Wis.

AuB. 3.— Ionia County, at Ionia, Mich.

H. Smith, Sec, Ionia. Mich.

Aug. 14.— Colorado State, iit Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark, Sec, Denver, Colo.

Aug. 27.— Stark County, at i:anton, o.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

E3^ In order to have this tahle complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward fuU particulars of
time and place of future ujcetinKB.- En.

stissi^MmM

Early Swarms.— J. M. Hambaugh,

of Sprin«, Ills., on May 21, 1888, writes :

I liad a natural swarm of bees to issue
May .5— the earliest ever known in this sec-
tion of eOHiitry. I have since had two
more, notwith stand hig the cool, backward
weather. With the weather favorable, we
expect a bin year for honey.

Bees Wiiiter«-d Fairly Well.— E.

W. Councilman, Newark Valley, N. Y., on
May 17, 1888, says :

Bees have wintered fairly well in this
locality. I have succeeded in carrying
through safely 70 colonies out of 79, win-
tered in the cellar. Five months is a long
time to keep bees in confinement. We have
had a week of cold, damp weal her, and it is
still raining to-day. Bees have hardly had
a flight during the whole week.

Cold and Cloudy liVeatlier.— C.

Thielmann, Thielmanton, Minn., on May

IS, 18!38, writes :

The rain ceased for about six days, but it
is cold aod cloudy most of the liiue. My
bees are getting light in stores, as they
secured but little the past three weeks ;
otherwise they are strong and in a healthy
condition.

Improperly Caring; for Bees. —

Dr. E. W. Parker, Larrabee, Iowa, on May

19, 1888, says :

I put 32 culonies of bees into the cellar,
and have butH now. Two colonies starved,
and 9 had the diarrhea, caused by late honey
improperly ripened, or rather, not ripened
at all ; so my loss is entirely my own fault ;
and I am of the opinion that nine-tenths of
the losses where bee's are wintered in good
cellars is chargeable to the bee-man himself.

Ciood Prospects for Honey.— D.

Daiiiher, Madison, Wis., on May 17, 1888,
says :

The weather is poor for bees— raining all
the time. 1 have .30 colonies alive, 3 starved
to death, and 3 1 doubled up. The tempera-
ture was 43° in the cellar. All looked as if
dead when taken out, but they soon were at
w.ork. The prospects are good for a big
crop. White clover is all alive, and in ten
days we will have plenty of fruit-blossoms.
I had no honey last year. There lias been
no trouble to sell any the past winter for 20
cents per pound.

Bee-Keeping' in YVasliington

Xeri-itory.— Frank Mcllvain, Teanaway,
Wash. Ter., on May 13, 1888, writes :

On April 37, 1887, X got 3 colonies of bees
and put them into Simplicity hives. Bee-
keeping is a new industry in this part pf
tlie country, mine being the only bees kept
here. I had one swarm. For wintering 1
placed boxes on the outside of the hives, 6
inches larger than the hives, which I filled
with chaff. I removed the sections and
placed on Hill's device, over this a piece of
cloth and filled in with chaff. When I ex-
amined them in January, I found that one
colony had become damp, the packing wet
and moldy, and the bees dead, .\nother

364

THE MMERICMPi: BMB JQURNMI<.

colony was in the same condition. I removed
the packins, placed in dry chaff, and the
live one did finely afterward, and began to
gather pollen from the willows by March
10. I will not remove the packing until the
bees begin to fan the entrances. The first
honey-flow will be from vine maple, and it
will soon be here.

Qnecnless Colonies, STFamiing,

«tc.— Wm. H. Graves, Duncan, Ills., on
May 14, 1888, writes :

My loss the past winter was one-half— 40
colonies out of 80. Short of stores and too
many old queens was the cause. By having
no swarms last summer, comparatively
speaking, I had a great many old queens
which would not breed up strong to go into
the winter. I never before had so many
queenless colonies. April is a bad month
tor bees, so cold and cloudy. 1 have been
feeding my bees since April 1, every night.
I have just hived a rousing natural swarm
of Italian bees— from a colony that I had
fed strongly every night since the last of
March, to get early diones from them. I
have received two packages of the Chap-
man honey-plant seed. I gave one to a bee-
keeper friend, and planted the other long
ago.

Honey-Plants in Bi-itisli Coliim-

toia.— Russell Smithers, New Westminis-
ter, B. C, on May 14, 1888, writes :

As far north as I am situated, here on the
Pacific Coast, my bees were working hard,
carrying in pollen from willows, as early as
March 7. Eastern bee-keepers may be in-
terested in the fact that skunk cabbage
flourishes here as it does there, and bees
patronize it just as freely. The prospects
for this year are good. White clover will
soon be in bloom, and this is our main re-
source. Can any one suggest the best
honey-plant for this climate— one that would
flourish on soil that is somewhat gravelly
and poor ?

■White Clover I>ooi<s Promising:.

— N. Staininger, Tipton, Iowa, on May 13,

1888, says :

We have had a great deal of rain here for
the past two weeks, and now it has turned
very cold. There was ice }^-inch thick on
the water trough. The bees come out, be-
come chilled, and die ; and there is a great
loss in brood. There is a loss of three-
fourths of the bees among the small bee-
keepers. I have 90 colonies, and the most
of them are in pretty good condition. Some
have from 6 to 8 frames of brood, and plenty
of drones flying now. I moved my apiary
from Denison, Iowa, to Tipton, on April .5,
without loss. I had put 101 colonies into
winter quarters, and took out the same
number ; 100 colonies were in the cellar, and
oni' colony was packed outside. I sold 7
colonies, and had 4 queenless ones that I
doubled up. There was not one comb
broken in all of them. White clover looks
fine, and 1 hope we will have a good crop of
clover honey.

Poor Prospect for Honey Crop.

—J. G. Nance, Gracey, Ky., on May 20, 1888,

writes :

I will give a brief statement of the situa-
tion here : The winter loss was very small ;
not over 5 to 10 per cent. The fruit bloom
was very full. The clovers (both white and
red) are badly winter-killed ; worse, in fact,
than I ever saw it before. The osage
orange (hedge trees) are now in full bloom,
and the bees are at work on them. Cherries
are now getting ripe. Apples and peaches
are as large as hickory-nuts. Our Congress-
man sent me some Chapman honey-plant
seed, but it has not come up yet. The
weather is very dry and cool, and the pros-
pects for a honey crop are very poor.

Frnit Bloom.— Mr. Thos. C. Evans,
Brownsville, Minn., on May 19, 1888, re-
ported thus :

I started last spring with 47 colonies of
bees, increased them to 77, and obtained
5,000 pounds of comb honey and 500 pounds
of extracted. I put them in the cellar on
Nov. 9, where they remained 176 days ; and
excepting 2 colonies which I took out to-day,
all are good condition. I lost but 4 colonies.
Two were robbed out, and the other 2 were
queenless. It is a very late spring, but I
look forward for good crops. Fruit trees
are just coming into bloom, and white
clover looks well.

soui, and apple trees, strawberries and other
fruit are not yet in bloom.

My brood-chambers takes frames 12x12
inches. Most of the hives have 10 frames,
but 6 or 8 were 8-frame hives, and those 8-
frame hives came out without an exception
light in stores and weak in bees, while ail
the lO-frame hives, which were not queen-
less, were strong in bees, but not quite all
heavy with honey. I wintered mine in a
light cellar, a la Hutchinson. Five win-
dows were not darkened, and the cellar was
used for fruit and vegetables, and visited a
dozen or more times each day. The ther-
mometer stood at from 34'> to 45° above zero.
The bees were dry, clean and healthy, very
quiet, and in excellent condition, with the
exception above spoken of. The losses
from all causes in this county will be from
H to X of all put in the cellars.

Bees W^intcred in a Cave.— Henry
Stark, Plier, Wis., on April 16, 1888, writes :

I commenced the spring of 1887 with 6
colonies (5 brown and 1 Italian). I got 12
natural swarms from that one Italian col-
ony, and 700 pounds of surplus honey. The
brown-German colonies gathered 350 pounds
each, and each cast one swarm. I put 14
colonies in acave the forepart of November,
and took them out on April 14 and 16, all in
fine condition. They all have from 20 to 45
pounds to spare. The rest I wintered on
the summer standsjpacked in chaff. 1 pack
my bees thus : Twelve inches from the
ground, 12 inches of chaff all around the
outside, 2 division-boards, 4 inches of chaff
between the hive and the division-board, a
device Ik' inches high, coffee sacking, one
sheep skin with 4 inches of wool on it, and
12 inches of chaff on top. I have never lost
a colony in wintering in this way. The
year 1887 was the best honey year X ever
saw. The temperature in my cave was
from 45° to 48= all winter. The bees were
in the cave about 163 days, without a flight.

Prospects lor a tiood Honey
Crop.— H. M. Moyer, Hill Church, Pa., on

May 12, 1888, writes :

I have 57 colonies of Italian bees (blacks
are not worth keeping here). Last summer
I obtained 1,500 pounds of honey (mostly
extracted), and 24 pounds of wax. I fed
back about 500 pounds of honey. The retail
price of extracted honey is 12 cents per
pound, and of comb 20 cents. The prospect
is for a good honey crop. White clover is
our main source here. I commenced this
spring with 43 colonies.

Bees in CSood Condition.— J. E.

Walker, Clarksville, Mc, on May 16, 1888,
writes :

I packed 21 colonies of bees on tlie sum-
mer stands late last fall, with 5 inches of
sawdust over the frames. They wintered
well, and less dead bees were thrown out
than 1 ever saw before. They carried in
the first pollen on March 15. I saw drones
on April II. They had a busy and a happy
time for two days on apple blossoms. All
the 21 colonies are alive to-day, and in good
condition. Many bees have died in this
part of the country.

I>ate Season.— O. B. Barrows, Mar-
shalltown, Iowa, on May 17, 1888, writes as
follows :

Bees wintered well in cellars in this
vicinity during the winter of 1886-87. They
bred up well for the white clover honey-
liow of 1887, which never came, but a four
or five days' dash of basswood enabled
those that were strong in bees to fill up the
brood-chamber tor winter ; but what few
divided their force by swarming, had to be
fed, or starve. There was no fall flow of
honey, and consequently they lost in weight
through September, October, and, in fact,
ever since. A colony that I weiglied on
Sept. 16, had lost 5 pounds by Nov. 19, when
I finished putting my bees into the cellar.
In the nexi 70 days, m the cellar, the same
colony only lost 2J^ pounds, and only 2 or 3
pounds since then.

On April 6, wlien I put them out, they
carried in pollen from com and oats,ground,
freely, until April 22, when they left the
corn and oats for natural pollen. April was
pleasant and dry until the 26th, and people
prophesied another drouth, but suddenly it
changed, and commenced to rain on April
26, and it rained some every day for IB or 17
days, and for the last 22 days there have
been but 4 days that bees could fly freely ;
consequently in building up strong for the
honey crop, they are making haste slowly,
but possibly they may be in time for the
honey crop, for plum trees are just in blos-

An rApiciiltiiral Connndriini.—

James McNeill, Hudson, N. Y., on May 18,
1888, writes as follows :

There is a conundrum that I would like
to propound to Mr. Doolittle, and it is this :
How does he manage to make his 9 Gallup
frames furnish all the room needed by "the
really good queen, one which will lay from
3,000 to 4,000 eggs a day ?" which he speaks
of on page 323.

If I have fisjured correctly, each of his
frames of lO^jX lO-'/ inches contain 115 square
inches, and with SO bees to the inch, such a
frame would hatch out 5.750 bees, if filled
solidly with brood. Taking his lowest esti-
mate of a prolific queen— 3,000 eggs per day
—it would require 6:5,000 cells to furnish
such a queen with the necessary room, for
each cell is occupied for 21 days days before
it can be used a second time.

Now, according to my figuring, it would
require very nearly 11 frames of the size
above-mentioned, to furnish 63,000 cells ;
and when it is remembered that nearly H
of these cells would be occupied with pol-
len and honey, I would like Mr. Doolittle to
explain why a "really good queen" would
not be very much cramped iu his 9-frame
hive.

[Mr. Doolittle will, no doubt, be pleased
to answer the conundrum presented above,
at some future time.— Ed.]

A Pocket Bictionary will be pre-
sented for two subscribers with $2.00. It is
always useful to iiave a dictionary at hand
to decide as to the spelling of words, and to
determine their meaning.

m

'rmm mmmmiGRu mmm j®i3'mi«mi,.

365

BCSINESS MANAGER.

If Ton Live near one post-office and
get your mall at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

miton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

If you l^ose ITIoney by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Please to get yoiir IVeighbor,

who keeps bees, to also take the Aivierican
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Preserve Yoiir Papers for future

reference. If you have no ItllWER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journai..

Yucca Brushes, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable liber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please ■write American Bee Jowmal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Photograplis of ltee«Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journax for one
year for 81.75 ; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
should get a copy of the Apiary Register and
begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pagee) f ] 00

'• 100 colonies (220 pagea) 125

" 200 colonies (420 pa?es) 1 50

OLUBBINC} LIST.

We Club the Amerioa/n- Bee Jowmal
for a year, witli any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the LAST
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the America:] Bee Journal must be sent
with eacli order for another paper or book:

Prict 0/ both. Glvii
The American Bee Journal 1 00 . . .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepera' Guide 150.... 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150... 140

The Apiculturist 175 1 60

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 565 500

and Cook's Manual 2 25 ... . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman). . .2 00 1 75

Binder for Am. Bee Journal . . 1 60 . . . . 1 50
Dzlerzon's Bee-Book (cloth)... 3 00. .. 2 00
Boot's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25. . . . 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 150... 1 30

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Tear Among the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 ... . 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00. . . . 1 75

Iowa Homestead 200... 1 90

How to Propagate Fruit 1 50 ... . 1 25

History of National Society. . 1 50. . . . 1 25

The Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Your Full Address, plainly written
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 22c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per halt-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., 810.00.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

A Modern BKE-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

W^e Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEl) at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; K pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, 83. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name aud
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels *1.50 $2.00 $2,25

500 Labels 2.00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«- Samples mailed free, upon application.

Honey and Beeswax Market.

NEW rOBK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white In 1-lb. sec-
tions, 13@15c.: the same In 2-lb8., 10@llc.: buck-
wheat l-lbs., lOc; 2-lb8..9c. Market dull. We are
doing all we can to reduce stock, to make room for
the new crop.
BBE8WAJC.-26C.

HILDRHTH BROS.,
May 21. 28 & 30 w. Broadway, near Duaae St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best white in 1-pound sections, 14® 15c.
Extracted, 9@10c. Supply decreasing slowly.

BaB8WAX.-23c.
May 21. M. H. HUNT. BeU Branch, Mich.

CHICA(}0.

HONE Y.— Prices range from 15®16c. for best one-
lb. sections; other grades are slow, at lower prices.
Extracted, 7@8c. ijight demand, and supply larger
than usual at this season of the year.

BBB8WAX,-23a R. A. BURNETT.

May I. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.- We quote : Fancy white I-lb. sections,
14@15c.; fancy 2.1b8.. 12c. Lower grades l@2c. per
lb. less. Buckwheat 1-lbs., lOOlW^c; 2-lbs.. a®9!ic.
Extracted, white, 7®7Mc. : dark, S!%@6c. Market Is
dull for comb but improving for extracted, of which
new from the south is arriving.

BEESWAX— Scarce, 24@27.
May 21. F.G.STBOHMEYBB&CO., 122Water8t.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white clover 1-lbs.,
16®17c.: 2-lbs., 15@16c. Dark is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7@10c.

BBB8WAX.-23C.

Mar. 13.

8. T. FISH & CO., 189 S. Water St,
CINCINNATI.

HONBY.— We quote extracted at 4(g9c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, 14@17c.—
Demand slow.

BBBBWAi.— Demand Is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Apr. 23. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, ie@i7c.;
2-lbs.. 15^16c.; 3-Ibs.. 14c. Extracted, white in kegs
and i^-barrels, 8 to 8Hc.; in tin and pails, 9!^@10c.;
dark in barrels and kegs, 5(3i7c. Market fair.

BEESWAX.- 22@25C.

Apr. 23.

A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

HONEY.— Best white I-lb. sections, 170I90.; 2-lb.
sections. 15@i7c. Extracted, 7@10c.
BEESWAX.-20®23C.

Mar. 1.

J. M. CLARE & CO., 1409 Fifteenth BU

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : Choice white 2-lb. sections,
17®18c.; dark 2-lbs, 14@loc.; choice white 1-lbs.. 18 to
20 cts., dark 1-lbs., 15®16c. White extracted, 7@8o.;
dark. 5@6c. Demand la slow. White extracted is
firm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BBB8WAX.-21 to 22c.
Mar. 29. HAMBLIN & BEAR8B, 514 Walnat St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote : 1-lb. sections, ie®17c.i 2-
Ib. sections, 1 4@16c. Extracted. 8®9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.- 25 Ott. per lb.

Mar. 24. Blakx & HIPLET. S7 Chatham StreeL

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote : White to extra, 10®l7c.;
amber. 9®14c. Extracted, white liquid, 7@7J^c.;
amber and candied, e®7c. Market quiet.

BBESWAX.-18<S.21C.
Mar. 20. 8CHACHT k LBMCKB. 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.-We quote: White l-lbs., glassed, 16®17c;

unglaased, 17@I8c.; and dark l-lbs., glassed. I5c. : un-

f;la8sed, 16c.; white 2-ib3.. glassed, l6c.,; unglassed 2-
bs., 17c. California while 2-lbs.. 17c. California ex-
tracted in 6u-lb. cans, 8c. Market quiet and receipts
are larger.
BBBSWAX.-No. I, 20c.; No. 2, 18c.

Mar.l9. CLEMONS, CLOON& CO., cor 4th 4Walnnt.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 43<x4J^ and 5>4x5J^.
Price, 81.00 per 100, or 88.50 per 1,000.

6ive a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

366

Tmm MMMRICMEf mMW J©^MIfSlf.

•■^■~-*^*^*^«»*«

The Bee-Keepers' Review

FOR MAY is DOW out. HaviDg regained
-the time lost during his illness, the editor
will hereafter take pride in getting out the
Kevxew promptly on the 10th of each month.
The special topic of the present Number is
" Hiving Bees." The review of Mr. Cheshire's
work, which was begun in the March No., is
finished in the present issue. We have a sur-
plus of the Numbers containing this review,
and, so long as they last, these three Numbers
will be sent free to all who apply.
^~ Price of the Review, 50 cts. a year.
The Production of Comb Honey,

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 25 cents.
The REVIEW and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either IJ. S. or Canadian.

Address, "W, 1. HUTCHINSON,

20Atf 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

Dissolntion Notice.

THE partnership heretofore existing be-
tween J. M. McCaul. L. S. Hildreth. and H.
P. Hildreth, under the firm name of McCaul &
Hildreih Bros , expires this day by limitation.
The undersigned will settle all business
connected with the late firm of McCaul &
Hildreth Bros., and continue the business as
manufacturers of Grocers' Specialties, and
dealers in Honey, Maple Sugar, Maple Svrup,
Imported and Domestic Salad Oils, etc., at 28
and 30 West Broadway, the location formerly
occupied by the late firm. A continuance of
your patronage is solicited, and all orders
will be carefully and promptly filled.

Resnectfutly, HIIiOHETH BKOS.
28 and 30 West Broadway, New York, April
30, 1888. 22 Alt

Mention the American Bee Journal.

BEES FOR SALE.

1 AA colonies of brown German and hybrid
XUU Itallian bees In Langstroth 8-f rame and
Simplicity hives, in lots to suit purchaser ;
also a quantity of wide frames and half-story
frames Simplicity size, at a bargain.

Address, W. Ia, COGGSHALL,
22A2t WesfGroton, Tompkins Co., N. T.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

SECTION FOLDER.

Gentlest bees known; not surpassed
as workers even by the wicked races.

Imported Queens, "A" grade, $8.00,
Tested, $4.00; Untested, in April, $2.00,

GiXTElEllSrS-

In May, $1.50; after June 1, $1.00.
1 can accept no more Orders to be flUed
before June 1st. Send for circular.

S. W. MOEEISON, M. D.,

14Etf . Oxford, Chester Co., Pa.

FOLDED. (Patent applied lor.)

^~ 500 every hour. The corners need no
moistening. No breaking. Every Section
square and perfect. Every honey-producer
should have a Machine.

Bee-Hives, sections, Cases, Foundation, and
all Apiarian Supplies.

Queens and Bees for 1888.— It should
be borne in mind ihat wp arc the Headquar-
ters for the A1.BINO QUEENS.

Address, S. VAliENTIlNE A: SONS,
22Alt HAGERSTOWN. Washington Co.. MD.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

A FEW TESTED ITAI^IAN QUEENS,
(by return mail) $1.50. After June 15,
$1.00 each.

GEO. STUCKOTAN,

S2Alt NAPPANEE. IND.

(Patent applied for).

BEST FOUNDATION FASTENER for
Brood-Frames and Sections. Description
and Illustration sent free on application.

J. W. BITTENBENDER,
20Etf KNOXVILLE, Marion Co., IOWA.

10 per cent. OFF

ON SECTIONS, from prices given in price-
list. Wc make four grades of COMB
FOUNDATIO> — Heavy Brood, Iiigbt
Brood, Tliin & Extra Thin for Sections.
^^ Send for free Price-List and Samples.—
Dealers, write for special prices.
Address. M. H. HUNT,

Bell Branch, Wayne Co., Mich, (near Detroit).

2Ett

Mention the American Bee Journal.

s

AMPUE COPIES of the AMERICAN

APICUI/TURIST and our Price-Llst of

Winter Strain of Pare Italian Bees
sent free. Address,
l8Etf APICTTLTUEIST, ■Wenham, Mass.

SMITH & SMITH

We have one of the largest

Bee-Hive Factories in tiie World.

I^~ If you are interested in BEES, send for
our Price-List— Free. Hood Goods, and fair
Prices. Address, SMITH A: SMITH,

lOEtf KENTON, Hardin Co.. O.

BEEsnPPLiES,

UUMS The Largest Steam

RETAIL

AND

"Wholesale.

The Largest Steam-Power Shops
in the West; exclusively used to make Every-
thing needed in the Apiary, of practical con-
struction and at I.o^vest Prices. Italian
Bees, Queens. 12 st> les of Bee-Hives, Sections,
Honey-Extractors, Bee-Smokers, Bee-Feeders,
Comb Foundation, and everyttiing used by
Bee-Keeper« always on hand. My Illustrated
Catalogue FREE. E. Kretchnier,
16Et( Coburg, lon^a.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

1 on COliONIES of Italian and Hybrid

XvU Bees for Sale at bottom prices. Also,
Japanese BtJCKWHKATfor Sped. It has a pro-
fuse bloom and is wonderfully productive.—
Write for prices. A. J. & E. H.\T PIEIiD,
14Etf SOUTH BEND, IND.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Eaton's Improved
SECXION-CASE.
BEES & QUEENS. Send
for free cal.iloffiie. .-Vfidress
FRANK A. EATON,
7Btf BLDFFTON, OHIO.

Mention the Atnerlcan Bee Journal.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

ONE Untested Queen, $1.00 ; 3 for »2.no. BEES
by the Pound and Nucleus. Send for Price-List.
Address. H. 6. FRAME,
9E13t North M nncheater, lad.

JVf enttoji the American Bee Journal.

WANTED,

Beeswax.— We will pay 30 cents per

pound, delivered here, for Yellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, the name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

THOS. G. NE\*T»IAN & SON,

823 & 935 West Madison St., - CHICAQO, IIxLS.

Dadants' Fonndatlon Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

IMPORTED QUEENS.

FRIENDS: I have QUEENS in my Apiary as fine
and as pood as you can import tu the free land of
America. My Bees equal any that ever spread wing
'neath the sunny skies of Italy. You have but to try
them and be convinced. Untested, $1 ; Testedjf 2 ;
Select Tested, $2.50; Standard Breeders.ts.OO. B£}ES
hy the lb.. |l; Frame of Brood. 75 cts.

R. H. CAMPBELL, (Lock Box 215),
12El2t MAOISON, Morgan Co.. GEORGIA.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

2-Story Langstroth Hive, 80c.

WE still have a few of those Two-Story
Iiangstroth HIVES with 10 Brood-
Frames, at 80 ceuts.

Who wants them ? Speak Qdick, or it will
be too late. Address,

lOEtf KENTON. Hardin Co.. OHIO.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

THE NEW HEDDON HIVE

NAILED AND PAINTED.

WE have a FEW^ of the above hives, all
complete, lor sale, at $4.00 each. As we
do riot handle these hives this year, we cannot
fill orders for them in the flat. Those nailed
and painted are left from last year's stock.

THOS. G. NEfV^MAN Si SON,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO. ILLS.

SURE to send for our Circular
before buying. Italian Bees by
the lb., 2 or 3 fr. Nuclei. Queens.
Foundation, &o. Unt'd Queens in
May. $1; in June, 7Sc.; 6 for $4.

Jno. Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo.
22Etf
Mention the American Bee Journal.

MINNESOTA AHEAD!

WE are selling- 100 All-Wood I.angs-
iroth Brood-Fraiues for $1.00; and
LauKStrotb HIVES, with Supers, for 55 cts.

^F" Don't order your Supplies for 1888
until you see our Circular.

lOAtt MAZEPPA. MINNESOTA.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

:r:e:a.jd^- to sia:n».

9/1 ITAtl.iN QliEENS, all reared from
»Jj: imported mothers In swarming season.
One, untested, $1.00, 3 for $2.75. Two-frame
nucleus with 2 lbs. of bees and untested queen
for $4.00. Price list free.

J. N. COL.1VICK,
21A3t Norse. Bosque Co., Texas.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

ITAliIAN aUEENS. Extra fine and swarm
reared. Untested $1.50 ; tested, $2.50. Bees
by the pound, nucleus, and full colony.

iie:v. y^. if. .a.si3:h:,

22Alt EDWARDSVILLE, Madison Co., ILL.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

"THif MMEKicjcpt mmm jo^umnmi^.

371

THOS.^fNEWMAN &SON,

CHICAGO« tL.I'.

EDITOR.

mniY. Jnne6,1888, No. 23.

Hope leads the child to plant the flower,

The raan to sow the seed,
Nor leaves fulfillment to her lioui-.

But prompts again to deed.

Su{;ar from Honey.— The Apicul-
turist for June contains something on the
above subject. Mr. Alley quotes the follow-
ing suggestions from his periodical for Octo-
ber, 1886 :

The National Convention, which meets at
Indianapolis this month, should take some
action reaardin^; the matter of disposing of
surplus honey. We suggest for the consid-
eration of the meeting, that the sura of
S.5,000 be collected from the bee-keepers
throughout the United States, and paid to
the person who will devise some method for
converting honpy into sugar, similar to gran-
ulated sugar. We believe it can and will be
done, provided a proppr inducement is held
out, and a sum sufficient is offered to com-
pensate for the time, trouble and expense
of conducting experiments.

The above sum can be raised from the
bee-keepers of this country. Small pro-
ducers might pay SI, and larger ones as high
as 85 eacli. We respectfully submit the
above suggestions to the convention for its
consideration.

Mr. Alley then makes these remarks :

Those present at the convention well
know about how much notice was taken of
the above suggestion. Well, I have the
satisfaction ot knowing that the idea was
not so very " cranky " after all, as the fol-
lowing extract from a letter will .show.

The " extract " referred to is from a letter
written by Allen F. Smith, of Plaquemine,
La., and is as follows :

I am a practical sugar maker of the sugar
cane, and I am under the impression that I
can make a very good grade of sugar from
honey, which 1 have Deen contemplating
doing for some time, but have not the means
to give the experiment a fair test. Should

the hee-keepers of the United States decide
to otfer a premium to the one who will put
the matter to a practical test, I shall be
glad to make the first experiments. I am
almost certain that I can succeed ; there is
nothing diflicult about it. We can make
sugar from beets and pumpkins, why not
from honey ? Give me the means to give it
a fair trial, and I will produce the sugar
from honey.

Then Mr. Alley triumphantly asks :
"Well, friends, how is that? There is
nothing like being a little in advance of
some other people."

If the " advance guard " is sought, we in-
vite friend Alley into our Museum, where
he may find a can of sugar made from
honey, which has been there for a dozen
years. It was made by Mr. T. S. Bull, of
Valparaiso, Ind., and by him placed in the
Museum. Hundreds upon hundreds have
examined it, and pronounced it " all right "
—and excellent sugar.

The only thing to discourage the manu-
facture of sugar froiu honey is the fact that
it does not pay, and never can be made to
pay ! It costs too much, to place it in com-
petition with cane sugar.

It is, therefore, quite useless to throw
away $5,000 to obtain a method for making
it. That idea is not an advance ! It is
away behind ; and so far in the rear as to
be " out of sight," and apparently forgotten !

The I>ark Side.— Mr. S. B. Ryder, of
Brandon, Vt., on May 34, 1888, writes us as
follows concerning the dark side of apicul-
ture :

The New York Independent having
printed within a year past several articles
tending to show the lavorable side of bee-
keeping. Another correspondent lays his
pen to the task of bringing out the other
side. I enclose a slip containing the gist of
his matter as printeil in the Springfield Re-
publican. It is a curiosity.

I was surprised to read, in one of your
recent issues, the statement of a corres-
pondent in northern Illinois, that the Chap-
man honey-plant was liable to winter-kill.
My experience with it is limited, but I do
not think that I ever lost a plant from that
cause, and surely the winters in Vermont
are as severe, or more so, than in northern
Illinois. The plant makes an early start in
the spring, and has every appearance of
being a hardy as well as a thrifty thistle.

Here is the selection mentioned in the
above letter:

Bee-Keeping not a Profitable Rec-
reation.—Bee-keeping is usually represents
ed in the papers as a very fascinating and
profitable occupation, one well designed for
women and amateurs who would gain a liv-
ing in a truly idyllic way. A veteran api-
arist punctures the bubble in this fashion:
As near as I have been able to ascertain,
extracted honey has sold in California the
past few years at 3 and 4 cents a pound ; in
other parts of the United States from 5 to 8
cents a pound. The tendency of prices is
steadily downward. The honey crop of the
past year being one of almost universal
failure, prices have raised temporarily.

I know of but one way to get a fair price
for any considerable quantity of honey, and
that is to peddle it personally from house to
house. The reader can decide as to whether
or not he would like peddling. To send the
honey to the commission men of the cities
is, generally to throw away the season's
work.

As to bees, they are, doubtless, the most
unsalable stock known. Put up at a forced
sale, I do not think they would bring tl.dO
a hive. I believe that practical bee-men,
who have been through the mill, are pretty
well agreed that bee-keeping, from begin-
ning to end, requires hard work, business
ability, and a patience made of irridum to
withstand the Josses, ruinous prices, and
the many other petty discouragements pecu-
liar to bee-keeping.

The many painful experiences (I refer to
stings) of which I have known among those
who ignorantly attempted to handle bees,
have led me to decide that if I had the law
in my hands, I should prohibit all persons
from touching bees who had not had suffi-
cient enlightment to enable them to handle .
bees with comparative safety.

We are very often accused of publishing
only the bright side— of presenting only the
pleasant things about the business of keep-
ing bees. In the above, certainly a glimpse
of the other side is given, enough to satisfy
any one that it is not all sunshine in the
pursuit of apiculture.

There are many who should never attempt
to keep bees— the shiftless, the lazy, the one
who will not read and study the necessities
of the business, those who are afraid of
stings, those who are nervous and irritable,
and those who have no time to attend to the
care of the bees. All such should never
attempt to keep bees.

Failures come in every avocation. Of no
occupation can it be said that it never fails.
Bee-keeping is no e.xception to the general
rule— but it is not more liable to failure
than others. The manufacturer, the banker
and the merchant often have to grapple with
financial distress and commercial panics—
but, do they forsake the counter, the desk,
and the factory, and look for some other
business wherein loss and trouble never
come ? No ! indeed, such reverses but
stimulate progressive men to further dili-
gence and more dauntless courage !

When the bankers,merchants and farmers
set the example, it will be time enough for
apiarists to become discouraged and give up
the business— but not till then !

'I'lie Apienltiirist for June is out ;

came to our desk on the morning of the 1st
—on time, as usual. It is filled with good
reading matter, and by the use of smaller
type and wider columns it is much im-
proved, and will be more economically pub-
lished than heretofore. We wish it abun-
dant success.

Tlie Statistical BIank.s were sent
to the United States Statistician some
months ago with a long letter of suggestions
by Prof. Cook, but nothing has ever been
heard from the matter since. This we men-
tion because there have been quite a num-
ber of inquiries concerning it, asking what
has been done, etc. There is so much " red
tape " about everything connected with the
Government, that we could expect nothing
else. Probably by next year they may get
things to running, and may grind out a
bateh of statistics for us. We shall see.

372

TH® m'm'mmiemm mmm j^wmmmi*.

BUI^CIf OF WII.1> Fl-OWERS.

BY NELLIE CHASE.

In passing through a clover field,
1 cull a nosegay, wild and sweet,
Of flowers, wind-sown, at my feet-
Blooming among the meadow grass,
They nestle timid as I pass-
But gay as any lawn could yield.

Feathery sprays of elder bloom,
And daisies bright as stars of gold.
With milkweed's pink and orange mold,
A head of rye, a head of wheat.
Some clover blossoms pink and sweet,

I choose to deck my study room.

Inpassing through this life of ours.
We find our dullest days alight
With blessings hidden half from sight.
Among the weeds ot toil and strife,
Are loving deeds that brighten life.

Scattered along our path like flowers.

—Selected.

Bees and Honey in Canada.—

The following is the report of the Ontario
Bureau of Industries issued by the Ontario
Department of Agriculture,dated at Toronto,
May 15, 1888. Its statistical information
will be read with interest :

It was evident when the bees were placed
in winter quarters that the season would be
very trying to them. The flow of honey had
ceased unusually early in the summer, and
so had breediut;,and as a consequence stores
were light in the hives, and the occupants
were chiefly old bees, lacking the vitality to
stand a long period o( winter seclusion.

Losses are reported as general, ranging
from 5 to 75 per cent., and it may be as-
sumed that about one fourth of the colonies
entering the winter died before the time
came for their spring flight.

The counties of Huron, Bruce and Simcoe
seem to have suffered most heavily in the
matter of winter losses. In many instances
the bees died ot actual starvatiou, owing to
the scanty supply of summer honey ; and to
poorly ventilated cellars are also ascribed a
cause of loss, althounh several experienced
apiarists express themselves as puzzled to
account for the mortality in certain cases.
Many of the surviving colonies were weak
from long confinement in their winter re-
positories, and the cold and backward
spring thinned them out in several districts.
Complainls were also made of losses from
diarrhea and spring dwindling.

Where specially well fed and cared for
during the winter, the honey-makers came
out as a rule very lively, and are now busily
engaged carrying early pollen.

No mention is made of foul brood from
any quarter.

An effort was made during the past win-
ter, at the suggestion of the Bee-Keepers'
Association, to procure statistics ot the in-
dustry, and 3,000 schedules were sent out to
apiarists in the province. Returns were re-
ceived from 651 persons, sufficiently com-
plete for tabulation, the aggregates ot which
showed that 19,015 hives were put into win-
ter quarters in 1886, and 3.3,828 in 1888. The
season of 1887 opened with 14,613, showing
a decrease of 4,403 during the winter ; but as
sales were not reported, it is not likely that
the whole decrease was dne to mortality.
The increase by colonies last year was
19,863, making iui" aggregate of 2.5,476 hives
for the season.

These gave a product of 112,477 pounds of
comb houey, 499,0!)3 pounds of extracted

honey, and 6,686 pounds of wax, valued at
S67,337, or an average of 8103.28 for each
proprietor.

Full returns for the province would doubt-
less show that the Industry is one of very
considerable importance, but a practical
difficulty in the way of procuring statistics
is the lack of a complete list of apiarists.

Seasonable Bints.— Mrs. L. Harri-
son, in last week's Prairie Farmer, gives
the following on the present outlook for a
honey crop, and management of weak
colonies :

Though the outlook is at present unfavor-
able, all bee-keepers should keep their
dishes right side up to catch the shower if
it falls. I have seen the ground white with
bloom, and yet the bees took no notice of
the blossoms. If, however, the electrical
conditions should be just right, and nature's
labratory in aood running order, there may
yet be a fair harvest. In some favored
localities, basswood may yield a large sup-
ply of a fine quality of honey.

I used to practice taking from strong colo-
nies to build up the weaker, but I believe it
is poor policy, for men or bees. Strong
colonies are the ones which pay the rent.
Some bee-keepers take brood from the
weaker to aid the stronger during an ap-
proaching flow of nectar. These small col-
onies reduced to a nucleus, can be built up
after the rush of business is over, and I
think much nior« honey will be secured in
this way than by talcing" from the stronger
to strengthen the weaker. There is no profit
in weak colonies, barely able to support
themselves— living merely from hand to
mouth.

Last season the bees were all ready to
move ; queen-cells capped, and their haver-
sacks packed for the journev, when the
honey failed. Now bees are wiser than
some people who set up housekeeping with
no income. When there are no supplies
coming in, they stay where there is a well-
stored larder, and are content not to in-
crease their family very much, and when
worst comes to worst, drive out all non-
producers (those that they had so carefully
nursed only a short time before), even cast-
ing out undeveloped brood. When I saw
this state of affairs, I began to cast around
to see what to do with the combs not used.
1 was tired of fighting moths, so I concluded
that all the strong colonies could easily
spare two combs of honey, brood and bees,
and put two of these empty ones in their
place. I put these frames of brood and bees
into a hive until it was full, alternating
them ; they were so mixed they did not
fight. I had no extra queens, so 1 let them
rear their own. As the season turned out,
I should not have had any surplus, and the
strong colonies were not injured ; and the
combs were preserved.

Planting- tor Honey. — Upon this
subject Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson writes an
article for the CownSrj/ GenfJemctn for last
week. He takes the ground that " to be of
any value there must be acres and acres of
bloom." Hence there should be acres and
acres planted, for we cannot expect honey
unless there are honey-producing blossoms
in profusion. He closes the article thus :

It must not be forgotten that cultivated
plants on rich land often yield honey much
more abundantly than those growing wild,
or upon a poor soil. As not many could
afford to devote tillable land to the cultiva-
tion of a crop without reasonable expecta-
tions of securing at least .$15 per acre for the
use of the land, for latior and seed, it is
evident that planting for honey could not be

indulged in unless 500 or 600 pounds of— not
simply honey, but of surplus honey, could
be secured, per acre.

As this amount of honey is worth at least
$75, some may wonder why such a large
yield would be needed to make the planting
remunerative. The reason is this : Four-
fifths of the cost of houey is represented by
interest on bees and fixtures, rent on land,
and by labor, the latter item being much the
largest ; hence, if the surplus be increased
by planting, this increase is not clear profit
by any means. It is true that there are
farm crops, such as Alsike clover and buck-
wheat, that will produce honey, but it is
seldom that It would pay a farmer to make
very much change in his farming routine
simply that his bees might have access to a
few acres of Alsike or buckwheat. The
latter seldom yields honey in paying quan-
tities oftener than OHce in four or five years.

All things considered, there is probably
no plant that can be raised in this latitude
with better prospects of receiving a crop of
honey as a free gift than Alsike clover. In
soils adapted to its growth, such as moist
land or gravelly loams, Alsike is a profitable
crop for farmers to grow. 1 have just re-
turned from a visit to Ionia county, Mich.,
where I found that Alsike was grown to the
exclusion of red clover. The Alsike is not
" heaved " by the action of the frost in
spring, as is red clover : hence I found
many farmers using it for pasture. When
thus treated it becomes of great value to the
bee-keeper, as there is a profusion of blos-
soms throughout tlie whole season. In or-
dinary seasons Alsike furnishes no after-
math, as does red clover ; in wet seasons it
does. When cut for seed, if not allowed to
stand too long, the clover, after being
threshed, is equal to timothy for hay. For
sowing in waste places, there is probably
nothing better than sweet clover. It will
spread and take care of itself, and the honey
is of light color and good flavor.

Let all remember, however, that small
" patches " of honey plants are of no ac-
count ; that a few often may even be a detri-
ment, as the honey furnished would be so
small in amount as only to invite to brood-
rearing, and no surplus would result. To be
of any value there must be acres and acres
of bloom.

Albino Bees.— Mr. Thomas A. Ander-
son, of Big Springs, Mo., on May 29, 1888,
writes as follows :

On page 3.59, third column of the Bee
JotTRNAL for April 18, 1888. in your answer
to Mr. Barker's question, you say ''Albino
bees have white bands instead of yellow."
Is this correct ? If so, we are sadly mis-
informed, land we have bees from Mary-
land's best breeders.

Mr. Barber asked, " Are there any bees
that look like the Italians, but that are
white instead ot yellow ?" We briefly an-
swered, "Yes ; Albino bees have white
bands ' instead of yellow,' " quoting the
last three words of the question.

Our intention was to simply inform Mr.
Barber that there were such bees as Albinos,
and not to critically describe them. Had
this been our aim, we should have said that
the white bands were addiiional to the
usual yellow ones— though in different
strains of these bees, the number ot yellow
bands vary, as do the shades of color in the
yellow ; some being rich orange, and others
pale yellow, almost white. Those bred in
our apiary here, some years ago, had three
yellow and two white bands all distinct and
plain to be seen.

"rmm m-mmmi^itn mmm jOiVmnni^.

373

Fumigating: Honey.— Mr. J. Smith
Head, of Part Place, Ark., on May 23, 1888,
writes :

The weather throughout this section ot
country has been dry and cool, but the bees
are doing well. So far I have averaged
about 18 pounds per colony. I started here
this season with 80 colonies, mostly in
Lanastroth liives ; they have increased to
one hundred.

1. Is it best to fumigate my section honey
before shipping ? 2. Can I himiHate it suf-
ficiently in a tiiiht room with sulphur hy
having the sections scattered promiscuously
around on the shelves and places ?

1. Yes, by all means. 3. It would be bet-
ter to pile up the sections ot honey. In or-
der to make this very plain, we will let Mr.
Dnolittle describe how he does it. He says:
"We build a platform on either side of
our honey-room of scantling, about 16 inches
h igh, and on this we place the boxes, so that
the fumes from burning sulphur can enter
each box ; in about two weeks we fumigate,
by burning ?|^ of a pound of sulphur for
every 300 cubic feet in the room. We take
coals from the stove and put them in an old
kettle, so as not to get anything on fire ;
pour on the sulphur and push it under the
pile of honey, and shut up the room. Watch
through the window, and in 15 minutes after
the last fly or bee that chances to be in the
room has died, open the door and let out the
smoke, for if it stands too long, the smoke
may settle on the combs and give them a
greenish hue. As there may be a few eggs
that have not yet hatched, we fumigate
again in about 10 days, after which the
honey will be free from moths, if you do
not let millers into the room."

Chapman Honey-Plant Secfl.—

A. D. Buckley, of Weston, Tex., on May 26,
1888, writes as follows concerning it :

In reply to the question in the Bee Jour-
nal I would say that I wrote to the Depart-
ment at Washington for some of the above
seed several weeks ago, and I am now in-
formed in reply that they had no more of
the seed left— all had been sent out. I am
sorry, for I would have been glad to receive
some to try in the Sunny South of Texas. I
have 90 colonies of bees, and have had 8
swarms. The prospect* for increase and
honey are very tODd. I have from 4 to fi
acres of sweet clover ; it grows from 4 to 6
feet high liere.

Now that no more seed is to be given
away by the Department, we happen to
have a little left, and can supply those de-
siring to test its value as a honey plant in
their localities. For prices see page 381.
As we have but a few pounds it will be
necessary to order at once, to get some of it.

Bee-Kc«>pins' was known to the an-
cients. Canaan was a "land flowing with
milk and honey." The Persians, Grecians,
and Romans used honey entensively as an
article of food, and in preparing their food.

9IR. J. U. HAIIVS.

The following is a biographical sketch of
Mr. Hains, furnished by Miss Dema Ben-
nett, of Bedford, 0., and it will be read with
interest :

The parents of Mr. J. B. Hains came from
Vermont to the Western Reserve when this
part of the country was a trackless wilder-
ness, and his fattier. Rev. N. C. Hains, who
was a Methodist minister, organized the
first church in this place.

Thf subject of this sketch was born June
13, 1833, and the deed to the homestead,
where he has always lived, was made on
that day.

He has been interested in bee-keeping
ever since the first swarm which he hived
on July 4, 1844, and the bees in his apiary
are in direct line of that first swarm. Mr.
Hains early adopted the movable frame,

and prefers the Laiigstroth frame to any
other. He also carefully tested the differ-
ent races of bees, finally choosing the Ital-
ian to the exclusion of all others.

Being desirous of establishing apiculture
on a better basis, he transferred the bess in
this locality from box-hives to movable
combs, and Italianized them at the same
time. Both Mr. and Mrs. Hains devoted the
entire summers of 1878 and 1879 to trans-
ferring and caring for the bees within a
radius of 10 miles, when the box-hive be-
came a thing of the past, as far as this
locality is concerned.

By furnishing the hives and doing the
woi k for one season, he acquired ownership
of one-half of the bees, which aggregated
more than could be profitably managed in
one locality, and which he divided into six
apiaries, at convenient distances fiom
home, niakinc seven apiaries in all.

The out-apiaries are managed by assist-
ants, and run principally for comb honey,
while his home apiary of 100 colonies is de-
voted to the rearing of queens, nuclei, and
the production of extracted honey.

He experimented with regard to comb
foundation before it was successfully made,
purchased and used it on its first appear-
ance regardless of expense, and when the

price was reduced to 75 cents per pound for
a very poor article, 4 feet to the pound, he
purchased it in large quantities, and used
full sheets in all of his frames.

Mr. Hains was engaged in the hardware
business for many years, but as the bee-
keeping interest developed so rapidly, it
became necessary to abandon one pursuit or
the other, but his preference for apiculture,
combined with his thorough knowledge of
the business, induced him to give up the
former about two years ago, since which he
devotes his entire time to apiculture, except
in winter, which he employs in other in-
terests.

Mr. Hains is President of the Progressive
Bee-Keepers' Association, and has always
been ready to give to others the benefit of
his experience.

Being a practical mechanic as well as an
apiarist, he has constructed a good many
implements for use in the apiary, but has
never patented any of them, and a few of
them cau be seen by looking in the Museum
at the office of the American Bee

JOURNAI,.

As I have intimated before, Mrs. Hains is
a practical bee-keeper also, which tact, no
doubt, has helped to make the management
of bees a success at Welcome Apiary. They
put 109 colonies into winter quarters, which
came through with a loss of but one.

IVa»iltua, Iowa, Convention. — H.

L. Rouse, of Ionia, Iowa, the Secretary,
sends this condensed report of the meeting:

The Nashua Bee-Keepers' A.ssociation
met in the Council Rooms at Nashua, Iowa,
on May 19, 1888, as per adjournment on Feb.
18,1888. Owing to the bad condition of the
roads, and the busy time of the year, very
few members were present. The past win-
ter and sprine has been very disastrous to
the interests of bee-keeping in this locality.
As near as could be estimated from the
meager reports, the loss has been fully 50
per ce^'t. A good many colonies have spring
dwindled. Some have reported cases of
laying workers. One method suggested to
get rid of laying workers was this : Set a
new hive in the place of the old one ; put in
a comb containing brood in all stages, then
shake the bees on the ground, and let them
hunt ther home.

After some discussion of various topics
connected with bee-keeping, the meeting
adjourned.

The season is very backward here for this
time of the year. Scarcely any corn has
been planted yet. Dandelions are just in
bloom. Fruit bloom will quickly follow.
There has been but very few days up to
May 16, that bees could work to advantage,
and as a result brood-rearing has advanced
slowly. I had several cases this soring
where the old bees died off faster than the
youn" bees liatcliert out, and the colony
vanished like a dream. There seems to be
a general complaint among bee-keepers this
spring about firuling more queenless colo-
nies than common. We have had an abun-
dance of rain. The prospect for white
clover is quite good. I have received a
package of the Chapman honey-plant seed ;
planted it in April, but it has not come up
very well j'et.

Always mention your Po.st-OfBce,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

374

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t^^^-J-^C-^* ^.^>..^^.».*..^A.^.A^.A.^.A.^.AJ^

.^^.^^^^^^■^-^r '--''**-■- *^*^*"*'*^*'^^:^.^,^-^^^^_^Tl*l^*-_^^^^^*^^^'*^^^^^^'

f

I§ Wewl y-Made Foundation More
Acceptable tlitm wlien Older i

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 548.— 1. Will foundation one or
two years old be drawn out by the bees as
quickly and satisfactorily as newly-made
foundation? 3. If not, is there any proctss
by which it can be renewed so as to make it
as good as newly-made foundation ? 3. Will
it pay to use old foundation ?— Indiana.

1. My experience saj's it will. 3.
Just as well new. — G. M. Doolittle.

1. Yes. 2. Steaming it slightly will
soften it. 3. Yes, undoubteclly, if not
dirty. — Dadant & Son.

1. No. 2. Put it in hot water. 3.
Yes, I use it without doing anything to
it. — C. C. Miller.

1. Yes, nearly. 2. It js claimed
that softening foundation with warm
water makes it "good as new." 3.
Yes. — R. L. TAYLOR.

2. If softened by dipping in warm
water before using, it will work satis-
factorily. 3. Yes.— A. B. Mason.

1. Yes. 2 Dip it in warm water,
or place it in the sun for a few mo-
ments. 3. Yes. H. D. Cutting.

1. Not quite. 2. Steam it. 3. Yes,
if not too old.— J. M. Hambaugh.

1. There is little if any difi'erence.
This is answer enough for all the ques-
tions.— James Heduon.

If old foundation is placed in hot
water for a few minutes it will become
just as good as new, and the bees will
work it out just as well. — P.L. Viallon.
1. I have observed very little differ-
ence. 2. If heated until quite soft,
either by dipping it in hot water, or by
exposing it to a temperature of 100'
or more, it will be as good as new. —
M. Mahin.

1. Yes, if your foundation is all
right in the first place. 3. Yes. I have
used foundation two- years old, and
coidd see no difference between it and
that freshly made. — Mrs. L. Harrison.
Old foundation becomes hard by at-
mospheric influence, but can be " an-
nealed," so to speak, by exposing it to
a warm sun sufiiciont to soften it. — J.
P. H. Brown.

Yes, if .softened, I think it will. I
always use foundation. If the colon}'
is not vei^j' strong, I warm the founda-
tion so as to have it soft. — A. J. Cook.
1. That depends much upon how it
has b(>en kept. If allowed to freeze,
it becomes hard, and is worked out by
the bees .slowly. But if kept in a warm
room it remains soft and pliable, and I
doubt if age injures it, if it is put in a
tight box with papers between the
ayers. — G. L. Tinker.

1. There is but little difference. 2.
It can be dipped in warm water to
freshen it, but I do not think it is
necessary, as the bees clustering on it
will render it plialjle. 3. Yes. — C. H.

DiBBERN.

1. If the wax is not injured in the
manufacture of foundation, age does
not affect it. 2. The heat of the hive
will "renew it," all that is necessary.
3. Yes, it will. I prefer new founda-
tion because it is apt to be cleaner than
old. — J. M. Shuck.

1. If it has been kept closely packed
in a box it is as good as any, but if it
has been exposed to the air it becomes
dry and hard. 2. If the foundation
has become dry and hard it can be re-
newed by soaking it in warm water,
sweetened with honey. 3. It pays me.
— G. W. Demaree.

1. I have found no trouble in using
it. 2. Wanning it slightly is said to
improve it, but I have not found any
material difference in so doing. 3. It
certainly does with myself. — J. E. Pond.

1. I cannot say from verified ex-
periment, but have used more or less
of it, thinking (whether true or not, I
cannot say) that when the tempera-
ture is right for working wax it would
be utilized just the same. — E. Secor.

1. Yes ; if it has been properly kept
in a box, it will be just as good as that
just made. 2. If it has been exposed
to the air, and become hard, dipping
it in hot Water or placing it in the sun
will soften it. 3. Yes. — The Editor.

Purity

of Drones from a ms-
ntaled Queen.

Written for the American Dec Journal.

Query 549.— 1. If the drone progeny of a
pure Italian queen that has mated with a pure
drone of the Gorman variety, is as pure as its
mother, why is not the ajjamic progeny of a
pure Italian queen as capable of performing
the functions of the male in fecundation, as
one from a fecundated queen ? 2. Will the
drones of a pure black queen, that has mated
with a pure Italian drone, display evidence of
Italian lineage or markings ?— L.

2. No. — Dadant & Son.
are. 2. No. — James Hed-

1. It is.

1. They
don.

Please a.sk " the Professor." — H. D.
Cutting.

1. Oh, dear ! I wish I knew. 2. Yes.
— A. B. Mason.

1. Give me something easier. 2. No.
— Mrs. L. Harrison.

I will leave this for expert queen-
breeders to answer. — C. H. Dibbern.

1. That is the question. Why are
they not ? Wlio knows ? 2. I think
not. — J. M. Hambaugh.

1 I suppose it is as capable if reared
under as favorable circumstances. 2.
No.— R. L. Taylor.

1. I think that it is. Do you know
that it is not ? 2. They do not in our
apiary. — A. J. Cook.

1. Send 15 cents to the editor of the
American Bee Journal, and he will
send j-ou " Dzierzon's Theory." 2. I
never could detect any. — P.L. Viallon.

1. Such progeny is, if developed un-
der as favorable conditions as the
drones of a fecundated queen. 2. I
have never found any such display. —
J. P. H. Brown.

1. Has it been fidly proven that what
you assume ■ to be true in the latter
part of your subjunctive proposition is
true ? 2. I do not know from actual
observation. — Eugene Secor.

I have not had experience enough
along that line to entitle me to any
decided opinions. I think, however,
that di-ones from a mismated queen
are not exactly pure. — G M.Doolittlb.

All that is known of this matter has
been pretty thoroughly discussed in
the books and bee-papers. I have
nothing new, startling, or even plausi-
ble to add to what has already been
iterated and reiterated. — J. M. Shuck.

1. Isn't she ? 2. I would like to
look in your face before answering.
If you are common every-day folks, I
answer " no ;" if you are not a bee-
keeper but a theorist, I answer " cer-
tainly."— C. C. Miller.

This question opens up a subject too
immense to be treated satisfactorily in
this department. Read " Dzierzon's
Theory," and judge for yourself. Any
answer will only be theoretical, and I
differ from many in my views upon the
question. — J. E. PoND.

1. I believe the di-one progeny of a
virgin queen or of a laying worker
reared in drone cells as capable of
fecundating queens as any other
drones. Any egg from a laying
worker will produce as large and per-
fect a drone as one from a fecundated
queen, if it has the same treatment. 2.
No. — M. Mahin.

All that I have been able to demon-
strate by practical experiments results
in this conclusion, to my inind, viz :
1. Virgin queens produce drones with-
out the agency of the male. I have
demonstrated this by repeated experi-
ments. 2. Drones that are the progeny
of a virgin queen, are impotent, and
not capable of propagation. The
peculiarity of the spring seasons in my
locality has given me the opportunity
to test this matter, and drones of vir-
gin queens have failed to mate with
the young queens in every case under
my observation. — G. W. Demaree.

1. That is a pertinent question bear-
ing on the Dzierzon theory. If the
m.uting drone affects or changes the
habits and instincts of the queen, as

'rmm mvmmmicKu mmm jqurnsx.

375

we know.it would certainly he. remark-
able if hur (Iroiie i^rosieny was not also
aftVctod, and if their virility is aileetetl,
they eaiinot be pure. Manj' experi-
ments have proved that the drones of
agamic queens do not possess virility.
2. No ; but their subsequent progeny
will. — G. L. Tinker.

These questions involve propositions
and theories too profound for ordinary
persons. When the most learned pro-
fessors disagree on such theorii's. what
can be settled by the mere " conclu-
sions " of those who have not made it
a life-work to studj' the anatomy and
physiology of bees ? The whole tiling
is but speculation. But to answer the
question : 1. I think it is, if properly
developed. 2. No, so far as I have
been able to observe and form an
opinion. — The Editor.

JUI\C: ROSES.

O, sing of the roses.

The beautiful roses.
Adorning the warm, pulsing bosom of June.

Exult in their sweetness.

Extol their corapleteneBS,
And only lament they must perish so soon.

Then sins of the roses,

The beautiful roses.
Or scentless, or filling the air witli perfume.

They lessen our sadness.

They bring to us gladness,
These roses that gem the fond bosocu of June.
— ficfc*« Magazine for June.

EXPERIMENTS.

Showing of Aviiat IVaturc''s Bee-
llivc§ Consist.

Written for the American Dee Juumal
BY G. M. DOOLITTLE.

By the re))lies to Query 525, I see it
is supposed that either a fool asked it,
or else some one had a practical object
in view. Well, in answering it I see
but one idea of the querist, and that
was to get at facts.

Since answering it, I have been con-
ducting some experiments, as I had
also before, and I have arrived at the
conclusion that much of the teachings
of the past have been erroneous — in
part, at least.

We have been taught that tlie bees
heat a hive on the same plan that a
fire in a stove heats a house. In which
case, all know that the room where
the fire is, is the vearmest at the top.

Following out this thought, Mr.
Dadant. on page 24:7, tells us that "the
bees will be enabled to warm about b
inches in dei)th since the warmth al-
\vays rises," and by a process of rea-
soning, arrives at the conclusion that a
broail Hat-toped hive is not as good for
bees in early spring as a tall, narrow
one would be.

Again, on page 107 we find Mr.
Heddon adopting the same line of
reasoning, to prove that by putting
one empty brood-case of his new hive
under one alreaily filled with brood,
that brood is in " the warmest part of
the hive." Now, if Mr. Hedtlon is cor-
rect in this part of the matter, he is
certainly incorrect in his reply to the
above query, for bees are most active
in the early sjiring where the heat is
the greatest ; yet he answers, " At the
bottom, usually." On page 107, he
tells us that " the direction which the
queen naturally breeds," is " down-
ward," which goes to prove that his
reply to the query was right, and his
conclusions on page 107 wrong.

Without trying to decide for these
gentlemen which are right, or trying
to reconcile Mr. Heddon's statements,
I will give some (^f the things I have
found out by my experiments, and
leave the reader to follow out the
"pointers," and arrive at his own
conclusions.

A few years ago Mr. Betsinger was
at my house, and he asked the same
question that the (juerist asked on page
182. I replied to it as did most of
those answering the query, that the
bees were the most active at the top of
the cluster, but Mr. Betsinger said I
was wrong.

Accordingly, to prove my position,
the next morning, while there was
still a frost on tlie ground, I carefully
lifted the quilt from over the cluster of
a fair colony of Ijces, anil found that
they were vciy ((iiiet, stirring but little
more than they would have done had I
so looked at them in mid-winter. I
now carefully put back the quilt, and
raised the hive at the bottom, and
much to my surprise I found them at
this point ready to resent an intru.sion,
flying out at the least disturbance.
Thinking that 1 had aroused them, by
first lifting the i|uilt, I went to another
hive and raised this from the bottom
first, when I found them just as lively
there as the others liad been, and upon
lowering the hive and raising the quilt,
they were in the same sluggish state at
the top that those were in the first hive.
Without dwelling longer, except to
state that hundr(!(ls of trials have re-
sulted the same as the first, I am led
to believe that the warmest part of the
hive, as we reason from our fire-heated
rooms, has little if anything to do with
our bees. While the hive may help a
little along the line of keeping the bees
warm, yet the main reason for a hive
is to protect the bees from the storms
of wind, rain and snow which our
climate is subject to, for bees cannot
stand cold of any amount while wet.

Bees are natives of a warm climate,
and in their native home they fre-
quently do not seek any hive at a'l.

but build their combs on the limb of a
tree, or on the under side of some flat
surface, in wliich case the bees them-
selves form the hive,properlj- speaking.
To illustrate : If we hive a natural
swarm of bees in a large box, and
closely watch them work, we find that
they suspend themselv(\s fi-om the top
in a compact form, apijearing like an
inverted cone, which, to all appear-
ances, is nearly motionless, so that it
will appear as if the bees were idle,
while the fact is, that these apparently
idle bees are reall)' the hive proper,
and inside of this, active work is going
on, building comb, etc. This is easily
seen by passing a wire suddenly
through the cluster horizontally, and
letting the lower lialf drop.

Outside this living hive or crust of
bees, the temperature is often not
more than 50"', while just inside they
are working wax nicely with from 90^
to 95'^' of heat, as I have found by sev-
eral carefull}' conducted experiments
with a self-registering thermometer.
As the combs grow, this crust of bees
expand until they touch the hive, when
it gives awa}' at that jjoint to a large
extent, letting the hive there form the
crust, but were the hive not there the
crust of bees would still hold their
position, so that, as I said before, the
hive helps a little, but this only in the
heat of summer, where a' hive of the
size of 2,000 cubic inches is used ; for
as fall comes on, the bees contract and
f<n-ni the crust, or "nature's hive"
again, thus to remain until the next
summer, unless the hive is contracted
by man.

But more closely to the point : In
1874 I had a colony of just 82 bees,
and the queen by actual count, on the
1st day of June, which was the rem-
nant of a once populous colony. These
few bees I decided to leave without
help to see what they could do. They
had a few cells of brood in the center
of one side of two combs, as they were
not strong enough to enclose one
comb. On cool mornings it was a
curious sight to peer down through
that range between the combs which
they occupied, and .see the points of
their abdomens all turned in an out-
ward direction, and closely packed to-
gether, so as to keep up the necessary
85° to 90' of heat for brood-rearing,
yet they did it through day after day
of weather too cool for bees to fly,
while at night it was nearly freezing
several times.

Well, not to dwell longer on this
point, they increased their brood, so
that by July they had brood in three
combs, while so far they did not touch
the hive at any point, and, as I firmly
believe, kept the heat all in the cluster,
and not in the top of the hive. They
increased to a fine colony in the last

376

"JtrnW MMERICMff MWB JO'W-MMMLr.

half of August, and gave me about 5
pounds of bdx-honcy, besides enough
to winter on, all made from the out-
come of that little handful of bees, in
the centre of a hive, only contracted
to five combs at the time they were
the smallest, if I remember correctly.

Any one can prove the correctness
of the foregoing by placing their hand
on the quilts over different hives on a
cool morning in May. Where the
cluster comes up so as to break the
crust of bees on the quilt, it will feel
quite warm at that point, but all
around this place the quilt will be cold;
which certainly proves that the heat is
not all in the top of the hive, but kept
by the bees in the cluster.

If the above is cori-eet, then the only
contraction that amounts to anything
is that close contraction that forces the
bees to touch the hive at all points.

Borodino, N. Y.

DRONES.

Objects and Work of Queens,
Workers and Drones.

Written for the Ameriivtn Bee Journal
BY E. GEKET.

Bees are divided into three classes.
Each has a special duty to perform.
They are created and constituted to be
happy, and enjoy the lobor allotted to
them.

The absence of either class would
ruin the colony. The queen is the
mother, and produces the eggs from
which all the bees are hatched. Slie
is especially adapted to fill the place
she occupies, and is so organized that
she is able to produce either male or
female. If she tlesires to lay an egg
that will produce a male, she will de-
posit the egg in a large cell (drone-
cell) ; if a female, she will lay the egg
in a small cell (worker-cell). The sex
depends upon the .size of the cell in
which she deposits the egg, if she has
been pmperly matured, or has not be-
come barren or injured.

There is amither class of females
that liave become dwarfed in size by
b.'ing allowed to remain in a small
cell insufhcicnt for the growth of a
perfect female, consequently the geni-
tive organs become contracted, and
the desire for copulation destroyed ;
hence they never mature, and are ren-
dered imperfect. Their nature and
desires are changed, tluis their duties
are different from a perfect female or
queen. This is a wise freak in the
development of tlie female. The larvie,
when not mon' tlian a day or two old,
is taken from the small cell and placed
in a largo cell made for the queen, and
supplied with a kind of food to produce
a fully <leveloped female or queen.

while the dwarfed female or worker
bee is allowed to remain in the small
cell ; otherwise they would all be
queens, and deadily enemies to each
other, and would be destroyed ; but as
it is now arranged, their desire is to
gather stores for the support of the
colon}', and thej' are friends.

The third class is the male bee (or
drone), from the peculiar adaptation
of his duty. He was created with a
lazy, indolent disposition, that he
might be contented to remain in the
hive, to generate the animal heat, to
hatch the larva', and dr}- down the
nectar (gathered by the workers) to
honej'. Had he the same industrious
disposition of the workes there would
be none to remain in the hive, and
the consequence would be there would
be no j-oung bees hatched, and the
nectar would sour, and the whole col-
ony go to ruin. Is this a good reason
why the drones should be left alone to
the entire management of the bees ? It
is wrong, in my opinion, to interfere
with the drones only for breeding pur-
poses. If we wish to rear queens
from the choicest colonies of bees, we
sliould remove the best queen from a
prosperous colony, and start another
colony with her, and then the bees
from which the queen was taken, will
at once rear several queen-cells ; and
the queens should all be properly
cared for. When the young queens
have hatched it is better to shut in all
the drones except those from your best
colon}', which would give a better
chance for the j-oung queeus to be
mated with choice select drones, and
after the queens are mated, let the
drones fly as usual.

Where there are more drones than
workers, it is evident that the queen
has been injured, or is about to be-
come barren. The bees understand
when they have no need for the
drones, and will dispose of them in
due time.

Lummi, Wash. Ter.

LEARNING.

The Experience of a Beginner
in Bee-Keeping.

Read at the Rockford, Ills., Convention

BY MR. HEHRICK.

The experience of a beginner in bee-
keeping is a succession of surpsises.
For in this, more than in any other
avocation, does he find that the reality
ss aliuost the opposite to what he an-
ticipated.

For example, he watches an exjjeri-
enced apiarist go into the top of a tall
tree, and cut off' a limb on which is
clustered a swarm of bees, and carry
it safely to the ground, and hive the

bees. He thinks tliat it is a very sim-
ple and easy thing to do ; and so it is.
But a few days later, when he essays
to hive a swarm that he finds on one
of his apple trees, and he becomes the
chief actor instead of the spectator
standing at a safe distance, the thing
appears very different to him. He sees
from a different standpoint. On the
topmost round of the ladder, balancing
himself with his knee against a limb,
both arms extended, holding the limb
on which the bees are clustered, with
one hand, and sawing it off with the
other, his muscles quivering, the sweat
pouring down his face, the bees buzz-
ing inconveniently near his eyes, what
wonder if, on attempting to go down
the ladder, his eyes fixed on the clus-
ter of bees, he makes a mis-step, and,
" Jack -and- Jill " fashion, "tumbles
down and cracks his crown," and the
bees come buzzing after.

Then, again, he watches an experi-
enced bee-keeper open up a hive,
take out the frames and look them
over, cutting out a queen-cell here and
a patch of drone-eomb there, and he
thinks the old man's slow and deliber-
ate movements are due to the infirmi-
ties of age ; and he goes home full of
conceit of what he can do with his
bees, and how much more quickly he
can do it. But after several attempts
he begins to learn that old adage,
" the more haste, the less speed." I
do not know of anything that will
knock the conceit out of a man quicker
than to find himself face to face with a
colony of excited bees ; compelled to
move very deliberately while the bees
are doing just the opposite, and hav-
ing it all their own way witli him. I
know how it is, for I have been there
myself.

And here let me say to my young
bee-keeping friends, pay no attention
to what old bee-keepers say about
never using gloves or a veil when
manipulating bees. I do not doubt
their word in the least, for a good,
honest, old bee-keeper is like little
George Washington, he cannot tell a
lie. But all the same I know it is
perfectly safe to wear gloves and a
veil. If you are at all nervous, as
most joung bee-keepers will be, the.se
articles will reassure you ; and in any
case will prevent many a sting. I do
not, on any account, wish to intimate
that yon wouM care for a few stings,
but, you know, it kills the bee.

But there are many experiences
about bee-keeping that are really
pleasant. It is pleasant to watch
them in early spring, and learn their
ways and methods. Later on it is
pleasant to supplj- them with needed
surplus storage. It is also pleasant,
during the honey flow, to note, from
day to day, the increase of honej' in

THE KMERICJt]?* BEE jQjjmnm^.

377

^■^*-*-*-^*-*-*—-*'*-*— ■*-^*-^*^*^^

the sections. It is pleasant to take off
lar^e amounts of honey from oacli hive
ami sell it for a good round price.
And I presume all will agree that it is
pleasant to eat it, providing you do
not eat too much at a time. In fact,
when yon and the bees become good
friends, it is all pleasant.

But the writer has to acknowledge
that he has not progressed so far as
that yet. His bees are ihe black va-
riety, and do not seem inclined to cul-
tivate the acquaintance of any one
" not in their set." And here I am led
to say that bee-keeping calls for a
great deal of patience, of perseverance,
and of earnest study, as well as close
watchfulness, for there is no telling
when they will not do some absurd
thing or other. ■

The first summer that I kept bees, I
hived a swarm on frames filled with
foundation, and they seemed satisfied,
and went to work. In a short time
the hive was filled with honey and
brood. And then came the strange
part of it. They suddenly left the
new hive and went back to the parent
hive. They were soon driven out, and
they clustered on the limb of a tree.
I put them back into their own hive,
but thej' were soon out again. I then
put them into another new hive, when
they wei-e satisfied and went to work.
Now I have not the slightest idea what
caused those bees to desert their hive.
Perhaps some of the older bee-keepers
present can tell us why it was.

While speaking of my own experi-
ence, it might not be out of place to
mention tlie experience of the past
season. In the spring 14 colonies
came out of the cellar in fine condi-
tion. Plans were made for extending
the business by natural increase and
by purcliase ; and 40 new hives were
made, also 50 surplus cases, 3,000 sec-
tions, .50 pounds of foundati(Mi pur-
chased, and a large stock of enthusi-
asm and liopeful anticipation was on
hand.

Result : Three new colonies, one
by increase and one by purchase, all
of wliicli liad to be nursed all summer
to keep them alive. One pound and
6 ounces of very dark surplus honey,
probably put in the boxes for sale be-
cause not fit for home consumption,
and even that taken in exchange for
140 pounds of sugar fed to them to
give them a ghost of Ai chance to live
through the winter. It being then a
"glorious uncertainty" whether any
would live througli, to thank me for
my ellorts in their behalf.

But the one who is really determined
to make a success of b0itkoe])ing, will
not allow such an experience as that
of last season to cool his enthusiasm,
llatliei-, he will make it a useful lesson.
And he will go on, with a level head,

learning all he can about bees. He
will take at least one first-class bee-
paper, and thus get the experience and
observations of eminent apiarists.
Then, too, lie will study his own bees.
He will have an observation hive, and
will spend his leisure moments watch-
ing them in their varied work. Thus
verifying the exi)erience of others, and
making it his own as well. He need
not be afraid of exhausting the sub-
ject. Many very intelligent men have
made it their life study, and yet, all of
them combined, have been unable, as
yet, to learn one-half of what there is
to know.

For myself, after two years' study,
I am amazed at the little I have
learned, and tlie much there is j-et to
learn. Aside from the petty annoy-
ances attending the handling of bees,
it is a delightful study ; and the more
one learns, the more eager is he to
learn still more.

DWINDLING.

IIoiv llic Bee§ have Wiiitered-
Sprin^ Dwindling:, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BV J. M. HAMBAUGH.

In the latter part of September, 1887,
I prepared 65 colonies of bees in large
Dadant hives fw- wintering on the
summer stands, as follows : Each hive
was carried into a bee-tight room, and
where there was not fully .30 pounds
of honey in the hive, combs filled with
honey from other colonies wei'e given,
keeping the combs with brood in them
to the centre as near as possible, re-
moving all surjdus combs from the
sides, and inserting a division-board
on each side. I then placed f of an
incli strips crosswise over the tops of
the Ijrood-frames, over winch I spread
burlap sacking. Tlie intervening space
between the division-boards and the
sides of the hive was then packed with
dry hartl-maple leaves, and the lid
hlled full of the same. This, you will
perceive, is a very simple and inex-
pensive preparation.

Out of the ()5 colonies all came
through the winter but two ; 'one of
which fell into a thief's hands, who
.stole the two center combs, leaving the
poor bees exposed, and of course they
died. The 03 colonies are now in ex-
cellent condition, generally speaking.
Tally one mori; for the large hives as
a success for out-door wintering.

I prejjared 05 colonies at home for
cellar wintering by simply preparing
them witli. as I supposed, an aljun-
dance of natural stores, weighing each
hive, and giving from 20 to 40 pounds
of honey, net, to each colony. From
Nov. 1!) to 21. tliey were put into the

cellar. In consequence of showing
diarrhetic symptoms, I placed them
upon the summer stands on March 1.
Every colony was alive at that time,
but they spring dwindled, until at
present I can boast of but 81 colonies
— a loss of 14.

Another notable feature is the find-
ing of 7 queenless colonies. While out
of the 03 colonies at the Vandeventer
apiary, only two were found to be
queenless. At the time of placing the
bees upon the summer stands, the con-
sumption of honey was very little, but
they drew heavily upon their stores
during the spring, and quite a number
had to be fed.

Mr. Heddon says on page 267, that
his tabulated report " gives sufficient
replj' to the criticisms of Messrs. Ham-
baugh and Dadant on page 199," and
that " those reports settle the question
of its merits, etc." Mr. Newman has
clearly shown our failings wherein he
states, " Our hives are like our wives
and babies — each of us think ours the
best." If this be true, what does the
table amount to, and how are we to
get at the superiority of one hive over
another, only in the actual work done
in the field. A speed-horse must not
be declared the winner until he has
actually run the race, and gained it by
honest work. So with bee-hives, when
any disinterested parties will show the
actual work of the small hives of any
pattern to exceed financially those of
large ones, we will cease to exalt the
virtues of the large hives, and adopt
the small, be they of the single or
divisible brood-chamber pattern. We
want the hive that will produce the
most moiici/.

Spring, Ills., May 21, 1888.

NEBRASKA.

The Bee-Pa<«turage of the State,
and tlic Time of Blooming.

^Frltten fur tlic American Bee Journal
BY GEO. GALE.

While Nebraska is deficient in the
chief honey-plants of the States further
east, such as white clover, basswood,
etc., we have in the southeastern por-
tion of the State an abundance of
plants in their season, producing a
moder.ate, and sometimes an abundant
flow of nectar throughout the whole
season.

We are, of course, subject to drouth
the same as other countries, but not
more so tlian the States east of the
Mississippi ; but as we are not depend-
ent upon one or two species for our
honey crop, it must be a very poor
season indeed if we sufi'er an entire
failure. The two seasons of 1886 and
1887 were the jjoorest seasons for bees

378

known since bees have been kept here.
Dnring these two seasons bees kept
within a mile or so of the streams,
hav^ made a living and some increase,
and in some instances some surplns
has been secured, while those out on
the prairie, distant from timber, fared
very badly ; many colonies, even of
Italians, starving to death during the
summer.

The following list of honey-pla'nts of
southeastern Nebraska is made by me,
after a residence here of nearly 30
years, and a pretty thorough study of
the botany of the district. I have
omitted some species that are abun-
dant in the bluffs of the Missouri river,
and are common in the States east-
ward, but are rare or absent in other
parts of Nebraska. This list includes
very few plants except natives, as very
little has been done by waj' of plant-
ing for the bees. This list furnishes a
continuous succession of bloom (in
favorable seasons) from the last of
March until frost or stormy weather
closes the season in October.

The first pollen is gathered from
soft maple {Acer rubra), followed
eloselj' by white elm, red elm, cotton-
wood, several species of willow, box-
elder, white ash, gooseberry, wild
plum {Primus ckicasa), dandelion (in
some places), apple and cherry, choke-
cherry, burr-oak, hickory {C'arya
amara), black and red raspberry, wild
grapes {Vitis cordijolia), black locust
(in a few places), and honey locust.

This brings us up to the first of
June in average seasons. Very few of
these, perhaps, furnish much nectar
except the gooseberries and other
bloom (in favorable seasons), but all
produce pollen in great abundance ;
and if the weather is favorable for
it, and the bees have plenty of honey
in their hives, they build up very
rapidl}-, and are now ready to swarm,
or have ali'eady commenced. From
now on wc may expect some surplus,
provided the bees do not over-swarm,
and now is the time to put on the sur-
plus cases to prevent it.

The honey-locust ought to, and in
favorable seasons will furnish some
surplus. So will the hackberry, Vir-
ginian-creeper {AmpelosiifquinqucJoUn) ,
and a small species of willow that
blooms about this time, on which the
bees work for several days to the neg-
lect of everything else.

Sumac {Rhun ^^rtira), common milk-
weed, pleurisy-root or buttertty weed,
and later several other species of
Asclepids furnish nectar in great abun-
dance. In some seasons of good qual-
ity, in others not so good. There is so
little white clover away from the
Missouri river that the bees scarcely
• notice it, and as a source of honey it
amounts to very little. Catnip, mother-

wort, buckberry {Sipuphoricarpiis) , and
some seasons partridge-pea {Cassia
Chamaxrisia) all bloom now, and
later, two species of wild cucumber
bloom for a long time, and all yield
surplus of excellent quality, and in
great abundance.

About the last of Julj' or first of
August, the plant incorrectlj' named
heart's-ease begins to bloom. This
plant (wliich is a Polygonwn, while
heart's-ease is a violet) is in some sea-
sons the principal source of our sur-
plus honey, and in others it is scarcely
visited by the bees. It grows in all
open waste places, in stubble fields
after harvest,and particularlj' luxuriant
in neglected corn fields. This plant
may fairly be ccmsidered our best
honey plant, and as it alwaj's comes
whether wanted or not, and blooms at
the same time, and yields honey under
the same conditions of weather that
buckwheat does, and yields a much
better quality of honej' than buck-
wheat. It does not pay to sow buck-
wheat, as it is too uncertain a crop to
sow for the grain.

Of fall flowers yielding honey we
have several species of asters. One
with purple flowers must j'ield consid-
erable hone}", as it is much frequented
b}' the bees from September until
severe frost. These, with a species of
Ewpatorium, and one of Coreopsis are
all the species of Composilae that I
think are used to any great extent by
the bees. The golden-rods that are so
highly prized in some localities are
scarcel}- visited by the bees, and the
same may loe said of the nianj' species
of sun-flowers that brighten our land-
scapes through the autumn months.

The species tliat I have mentioned
comprise the bulk of the honey-plants
of southeastern Nebraska, though I
have omitted some that in some locali-
ties and in some seasons undoubtedly
yield some lioney. In some instances
the plants tliemselves do not occur in
sufficient numbers to be of economic
importance, while in others though
plentiful, they are little sought by the
bees.

Of all tlie great wealth and variety
of bloom that covers and beautfies our
wild prairies from May until Novem-
ber, including at least 15 species of
Leyuminosae, and more than that num-
ber of Composilae, not one, so far as I
have been able to discover after years
of close observation, are of anj' value
as honey-plants. Our honey-produc-
ing plants grow in and around the
margins of the timber, on the streams,
or in the sloughs for short distances
from timber, and in fields and waste
jilaces on farms. There is one plant
growing in patches about the margins
of tlie timber, and in sloughs near the
creeks, tliat as a honey-jiroducer prob-

ably surpasses any other plant in this
portion of Nebraska, but on account of
its jieculiar halnt of blooming, it is of
very little value as a source of honey.
The plant I refer to is lilauca biennis,
of the evening primrose family. It
Ijlooms from the latter part of August
until hard frost, and blooms in the
evening after the bees have all gone
home, and the flowers wither and dry
up in the morning usually before it is
warm enough for tlie bees to fly. The
flowers secrete nectar in great abun-
dance ; sufficient in some observed in-
stances to flow down the sliles and
hang in drops on the stigmas.

As some of the readers of the Ameri-
can Bee Journal may contemplate a
removal to Nebraska, I will add a few
words on bee-keeping in Nebraska.
There are verj' few large apiaries here,
though quite a large number of per-
sons keep a few colonies — from one to
a dozen, and a few as high as 30 or 40
— but I do not think that large apiaries
would be profitable except possibly on
the Missouri river, where there is
plenty of white clover and some bass-
wood.

I think that tlie country might be
very easily overstocked, as nearly all
the honey must be gathered along the
streams. > The high winds which pre-
vail here through a great part of the
honey season greatly interferes with
the gatliering of honey, and must at
times totally prevent long flights in
search of stores. While as I have said
large apiaries might not be jirofitable,
a few colonies in connection with some
other business, and properly cared for,
might pay well for the trouble. All
kinds of hives arc used here, though I
know but one man that uses the old
box-hive, and he never gets any sur-
plus honey, but depends for his supply
of honey on some of his colonies dying
out in the winter, leaving him a legacy
of dirty honey mixed with bee-bread
and moth larva?.

Artificial pasturage for bees has not
yet been provided to any great extent.
Some few have sown a little white and
Alsike clovers. The Alsike has not so
far proved a success, and the white
clover is disliked for pasture on ac-
count of its causing horses to slobber,
and is thought to be too insignificant
for a meadow-grass, still the bee-keep-
ers are sowing some, and it is spread-
ing, and will bak plenty in time ; but
neither white nor Alsike clover if cut
for hay, will lie of much value for
honej'.

Some have sown mustard, catnip
and motherwort in waste places, with
much satisfaction, but it is d(uibtful if
it will pay to use good farm land for
anj' crop that is only good for honey.
My opinion is that if any plant will pay
for good land, catnip and motherwort

± ^^^^^^^^^ ^ — ^^^^^^^^^^>.

879

will. It will seed itself after the first
sowing, and is in bloom from July un-
til frost, and during this time no day
passi-s wlien the bees can worli but
that they work on it, whatever other
plants may bloom at the same time ;
but as to tlie quality of the honey I
eannot sa)', as we have never had it
unmixed, but I hope it is better than
the white sage honey of California,
Avhieli 1 do not like.
Adams, Nebr.

TRULY GREAT.

A Visit from tlie Fatlier of Prac-
tical Apiculture.

WrUteii for VieAmerUMn BeeJaii/mal

BV JAMES HEDDON.

I cannot convey to the minds of mj-
brother 'bee-keepers the enjoyment
which my family and myself experi-
enced from the four weeks visit witli
Father Langstroth, which I shall al-
ways remember as an honor, and with
the greatest pleasure.

I mav' say that prior to this time,
and owing perhaps to his ill-health, I
had had but little correspondence with
him, always considering it a dutj"
never to write to him except in an-
swer to his letters. I had met him
once in Detroit and in Chicago amid
the rush and confusion of conventions,
but knew so little of his character, that
I believe what I am about to say will
be interesting to the thousands of bee-
keepers who have reaped rich rewards
from his life work.

Nearing 80 years of age, and not in
the enjoyment of very robust physical
health, I was astonished to find his
mental powers as young and vigorous
as those of a man of middle age. In-
deed, it was a rare treat to converse
upon our favorite topic with the man
whose clear, practical mind had trans-
formed bee-owning into commercial
honej'-produeing. Together we trav-
ersed the past in the field of apiculture,
and never was I more interested and
edified than in listening to his descrip-
tion of tlie early days^f practical api-
culture in this count*', as well as to
his trials in the introduction and de-
fense of his own invention.

Twice while here he preached in the
Congregational church, and I think 1
maj- safely say that many years have
passed since our city has been honored
with such beneficent and well-delivered
sermons. His voice is round, full and
melodious, fully equal to fcjur times
the capacity of anj' church in the citj-,
and this, together with his impressive
manner and kind, moral utterances,
caused many wet eyes in his large
audiences, and created verv much

favorable comment among our church-
going people.

His perfectly honest, sincere and
kiiidly spirit sheds rays of sunshine
over ever}' household he enters, and
while all regret his departure when the
time for leaving comes, they rejoice in
the effects of Ids presence while with
them.

Thus I found him whom we bee-
keepers have learned to love, and re-
gard as our benefactor, a very excep-
tional and great man, entirely outside
of his greatness as an apicultural in-
ventor. I thank him for what he has
written regarding my late invention ;
not for the facts which he has stated,
for these were compelled convictions,
but for the labor and pains which he
took in gathering in and publishing to
the public the important truths which
his article contains, but 1 feel it my
iluty to make clear the fact that mj'
own invention, and mj' knowledge of
bee-culture which led to it, never could
h.ave been, but for his own of 37 years
ago.

Before we can learn the conditions
of the interior of a hive by outward
s_Ymptoms, we must be able to dissect
its interior, comjjaring these outward
symptoms with its internal conditions.
Father Langstroth's hive was the first
ever constructed which made it prac-
ticable for the honey-producer to do
this. Now we have learned to almost
instantly deterniine internal condi-
tions by outward symptoms, and this
and the invention of comb foundation,
giving us uniform combs, led to the
first functional improvement of anj"
importance in hives which has been
made since Father Langstroth's. in
1851. The improvements which have
have been made have all been in the
nature of detail mechanical construc-
tion ; new and inii)roved clothing for
the better carrying out of the construc-
tion of Father Langstroth's great in-
vention.

Dowagiac, Mich.

BEG-INNERS.

A Few Seasonable Hints to the
Inexperienced.

Written for the Prairie Farmer

BY MKS. L. HARRISON.

It is poor policy for beginners to
purchase l^ees in boxes and barrels, as
transferring is not the best kind of
work for a novice. Better buy a good
colonj' or two, not more, of Italians in
a movable-frame hive. The Lang-
stroth frame is to be preferred for tliis
reason, that two-thirds of the scientific
bee-keepers use this frame, and bees
sell better in hives where this frame is
used. Every hive in an apiary should

be exactly alike, so that every cover,
frame, etc., can be mixed up and all
fit when put together. Better choose
a hive first, and not get a half a dozen
diS'erent ones to see which is preferable.

Bees can be shipped long distances
on the cars without injury, if packed
correctly. I obtained my first lot of
bees from Wisconsin, and the bottom-
bars of the frames were placed in a
board '"',_,'"',_, notched so that they
not strike against each other. If the
frames of a hive have not been re-
moved this spring, this is not neces-
sary, as the}' are fastened securely with
propolis. Bees in transit need air,
which can be admitted through wire-
gauze, nailed over their fly entrance.

Persons who only do work by halves
should never fix up bees for transpor-
tation, either by rail or wagon, for dis-
aster will certainly follow. Bees that
were sent oft' by a prominent bee-
keeper were three weeks knocking
about on the cars before reaching their
destination, and arrived in good con-
dition. In this case several thicknesses
of woolen blanket were wrung out of
water and spread over the frames.
This served to keep them cool, and to
furnish water. Bees should be fast-
ened in their hives, when they are all
in, or those loose in the air may follow
and be very annoying. A man who
moved his bees sixty miles in the cars,
and traveled with them, told me that
every time the train sto])ped a bee
would fly in that appeared to follow
them all the way. And when hives
are moved in wagons these loose bees
might follow and sting the horses.
Night is the best time to fasten up a
hive, as bees leave very early when
the weather is warm.

When I ship bees I ent wire gauze
and fit it into the entrance of an empty
hive, by putting in the gauze and
driving in a piece of wood which fits
exactly. This gauze is then of the
fit, and can be quickly slipped over the
fly entrance and fastened along the
edges by placing Utile strips of wood
over them, and nailing. New muslin
is spread over the frames, and a per-
forated board nailed on. The per-
forations serve to admit air, and to
help to keep them cool.

Success in bee-culture is attained
only by the faithtul performance of
many little items. Some persons never
have any "luck" with bees, why?
One year the moths destroyed them,
and another season the swarms left
while the hives were being made
ready, washed with apple-tree leaves
and salt. A person who expects to
make a success in bee-culture must
studv their lessons well, learn the
habits of these industrious insects and
their wants, and supply them. Last
vear the honey crop was an almost

380

T'HE; MBHERICMf* BB® JOURPCat,.

^■^*-^*-^*— >*-*--^-*-*-^ ^^^■^^— .^^^^^.^^.^A^A^A^A^A^

complete failure, owing to the severe
drouth, and many colonies at present
have not a daj's ration ahead. Let
there be a long continued cold siorm,
and bees in this condition must starve.
Their owner must know their condi-
tion, and this is one of the good
things of the movable-frame hive.
Bees consume stores very fast in the
spring, because of their rearing so
much brood. Scientists tell us that an
insect in its larvie state consumes more
food than during the remainder of its
life. If a colony is short of honey, the
best way to supply it is to remove as
quietly as possible an emptj' frame,
and insert a full one in its place.
Where no frames of honey are obtain-
able, feed syrup made of any kind of
sugar when bees are flj'ing. Little
wooden butter dishes make good feed-
ers, as bees cling to their sides and
never drown as they do in glass or
earthenware, unless filled with cut
straw or shavings. This spring I fed
a lazy man's way — tied cheese cloth
over large pans of syrup, and fed in
the open air. When the syrup was
lowered so that the bees could not
reach it, I push the muslin down upon
the surface so they could.
Peoria, Ills.

CONVENTION DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of MeeUna.

Aug. 3. Ionia County, at Ionia, Mich.

H. Smith, Sec Ionia, Mich.

Auff. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark, Sec, Denver, Colo.

Aug. 27.— Stark County, at Canton, O.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

|y In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- Ed.

sE!^J4°-^i

SStsf-.

Very Promising' Prospects. — E.

Liston, ot Virgil City, Mo., on May 25, 1888,
writes :

Bees are just booming from honey-dew.
The persimmons will be in bloom in a few
days. The weather is warm and showery.
The proiipects were never more promising.
It iiiHkes us all feel happy to hear the music
they make ; particularly so after having a
total failure last year.

Bees tVorking' on Early Rasp-
berries.—Daniel Shank, Clayton, Ills.,
on May 24, 1888, writes:

While not extensively in bee-culture, yet
I make it a side-issue. "I have 16 colonies in
box hives. I have bought Langstrolh-Sim-
plicity hives for my swarms. I have read
the American Bee Joukxal for two
years, and I like it very much. I was on
my farm yesterday, aud found the rasp-

berries blooming ; that is the early kind.
I have fruited the Shaffer colo.ssal for three
years, aud find tliem grand for fruit and
honey, as they bloom later than any other
raspberrj. Every bee-keeper should add
this berry to his stock. My bees are gather-
ing honey fast now. White clover is scarce,
owing to the drouth of last summer.

Qnautities of Brood Chilled.—

Leslie Stewart, of Jefferson, N. Y., on May

25, 1888, writes :

The weather here is fair at present, but
we have had about 3 weeks of wet and cold
weather, which has given bees a bad set-
back, especially the weak ones. It has
chilled quite a large quantity of brood, es-
pecially in colonies have young Italian
queens, as such had more brood than tliey
could cover. I do not think that more than
two-thirds of the bees in this section will be
able to store any surplus this season. Fruit
will be in full bloom in about one week. I
find that a colony having a young Italian
queen will build up one-third faster than
one of the same strength having a black one.

<|iieen-Bees to Canada. — S. W.

Morrison, M. D., of Oxford, Pa., on May 28,
1888, writes as follows :

At the request of the Superintendent of
Foreign Mails I have sent two cages con-
taining queens and their attendants "for
transmission to the postal authorities of
Canada," that they may " see the method of
packing bees for transmission through their
mails." If satisfactory they will be for-
warded to Seaforth, Ont., and queens will
be again allowed in the mails. I am confi-
dent that the matter will be arranged with-
in the next week, so that queen-bees can
again cross the lines in the mails.

Oiick -a - Dees Eating; Bees. —

Martha Smith, of Monroe, Wis., writes as
follows on the above subject :

In regard to the chick-a-dees eating bees I
will say that it is no uncommon thing here
for them to eat dead ones in the manner de-
scribed by Mr. Evans in this week's Bee
JouBNAL. They will eat all they can find
on the snow, and will alight on the porticos
of the hives rand get all at the entrances.
Starvation does not cause them to do it, for
they act just as bad when there is meat
hanging on a tree near the hives. I have
never seen them kill a bee, but they annoy
them in summer. A chick a-dee built her
nest near the hives, and the bees would
chase her from the hives to her nest.

Prospects now CSood. — Mr. D. M.

Stoler, Saxton, Pa., on May 28, 1888, writes :

The last three weeks have been exceed-
ingly wet and cool, so that the bees could
not work half of the time. The prospects
are now good for a prosperous season. The
loss in this section during the wint-r, was
about 50 per cent. ; principally in old-style
hives. I wintered my bees on the summer
stands, with Hill's device over the frames,
with mats and loose wool packing. I put
supers on three days ago, when I found the
combs well filled with brood and honey.

Bees in Malcota.— Andrew Craig, of
Empire, Dakota, on May 21, 1888, writes as
follows :

The spring here is unufuaUy backward-
cool with too much wind for bees to do well.
They gathered no pollen fioni elms, as is
usual ; the weather being too cool and

windy at the time of its bloom. Cottonwood
began to bloom, but was "nipped in the
bud " by frost. We liave had several frosts
in May. On May Ifi it snowed without freez-
ing, and on the 17th there was frost and ice
3s of an inch thick. It is warmer now, and
raining too much for farmers to get in their
corn. I put into winter quarters 3 colonies,
and all came through, but one was very
weak, and was robbed to death by one of
the others that was very populous. Had
the weather been warmer, so that there
would have been nectar to gather, no rob-
bing would have occurred. Mine are the
only bees I can hear of in this part of the
territory.

Salt.— 0. B. Barrows, of Marsballtown,
Iowa, writes the following on the uses of
salt for bees and berries :

Several years ago the Iowa State Horti-
cultural Society recommended the use of
salt for strawberries. I tried It once only.
i also tried N. W. McLain's receipt for the
stimulation of sprint; breeding, viz : " Half
aplnt of dairy salt to 10 pounds of sugar,"
and 1 do not think I will ever try it again.
Who else has tried it ? How do they like
it ? My bees thought it a good thing to let
alone.

Bandelions and Fruit Bloom. —

Francis M. Merritt, Andrew, Iowa, on May
30, 1888, wrote thus :

In my article on page 341, I am made to
say that the white clover was just blooming.
This is a mistake of the printer, for I wrote
it "booming" instead of blooming, as the
white clover is not in bloom yet. We are
passing through a grand harvest ot dande-
lion and fruit bloom. Bees are increasing
rapidly.

CX,UBBIIV« I.IST.

We Clnb the American Bee Jmvmal

for a year, with any of the following papers

or books, at the prices quoted in the IjASX

column. The regular price of both is given

in tlie first column. One year's subscription

for the American Bee Journal must be sent

with each order for another paper or book:

Price o1 both. Olvb
The American Bee Journal .100...

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00.,.. 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine .. . 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Guide 1.50 140

I$ee-Keeper8' Review 150... 140

The Apiculturiat 175 — 160

Canadian Bee Journal 200 ... 180

Canadian Honey Producer...! 40 130

The 8 abo%'e-tiained papers 5 65 — 5 00

and Cook's Manui^ 225.... 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder for Am. Boe Journal.. 1 60.. .. 1 50
Dzierzon's Bee- Book (cloth)... 3 00.... 2 00
Root's ABC (il Bee-Culture. .2 25. . . . 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 1 50 1 30

Heddon's hook. "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Year Araons' the Bees . 1 75 — 1 .50

Convention Hand-Book 150 130

Weeklv Inter Ocean 2 00.... 175

Iowa Homcetcad 2 00 ... 1 90

Hnw to Prormg-ate Fruit 150... 125

History of National Society..! 50 — 1 25

co:\VE.^'rioi\ iwoxice.

^sr The Hardin County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet at the Court Hnuse in Ki'lorii. Iowa,
on the second SMturrliiy in each month, at noon
(12 o'clock), until further notice.

J. W. BPCHANAN, Sec.

T-mm MiMERFCKN ®E® j&umnmi^.

381

AL,FREI> H. NEWITIAI^,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

Sxtsm^ss Notices

If IToM liive near one post-ofBce and
get your mall at another, be sure to give thp
address that we have on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

If you Ivose money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Please to get your Neighbor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journax. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Preserve Yoiir Papers for. future
reference. If you have no BIi\I>ER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journai,,

Tucca Itrnslies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -write Ameriean Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of oiu- letters have already gone to
anotlier firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Home Itlarkets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiarj' Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For .50 colonies (120 pages) f 1 00

" 100 coloniea (220 pages) 125

" 200 colonics (420 pages) 1.50

Pliotograplis ot Bee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Jouknai, for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of tliree subscri-
bers and 83.00.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, SI for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1..50 $2.00 $2.25

SOOLabels 2.00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

<a- Samples mailed free, upon application.

Xhe Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Your Full Address, plainly written
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

AlfalfalClover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 22c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., $10.00.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; }4 pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

<^orW tor AVinter Packing. — Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. Wecan supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Clover Seeds.— We are sellmg Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
per bushel; $2.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : $10.00 per busliel; $2.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

I^icw Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888, for $1.75. while
there are any sets of 1887 left..

A Modern BEE-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Xx4>i and 5^x5^.
Price, $1.00 per 100. or $8.50 per 1,000.

Oive a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

Honey and Beesiirax Market.

NEW YORK.
HONBT.— We quote : Fancy white In Mb. seo-
tions, 13®15c.; the same In 2-lb8., lOOUc: buck-
wheat l-lbo., lOc; 2-lb8.,9c. Market duM. We are
doing all we can to reduce stock, to make room for
the new crop.
BBB8WAJt.-2ec.

HILDRBTH BROS.,
May 21. 28 4 30 W. Broadway, near Duane 8t.

DBTBOIT.

HONBT.— Best white In l-pound sections. I4@i&c.
Extracted, 9@I0C. Supply decreasinK slowly.

BBB8WAX.-23C.
May 21. M. H. HUNT. Bell Branch. Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONE Y.— Prices ranjse from 15®16c. for best one-
ib. sections: other grades are slow, at lower prices.
Extracted, 7(§iHc. L.ight demand, and supply larger
than usual at this season of the year.

BBB8WAi,-230. R. A. BURNBTT.

May I. 161 South Water St.

NBW YORK.

HONBY.-We quote : Fancy white Mb. sectlong,
14®15C.; fancy 2-lbs., i2c. Lower grades i@2c. per
lb. less. Buckwheat i-lb«., lOOlOJ^c; 2-lbs.. 9@9Hc.
Extracted, white. 7@7Hc.; dark, 5ii®Kc. Market Is
dull for comb but Improving for extracted, of which
new from the south isarrlvmg.

BBBSWAX-Scarce, 24®27.
May 21. F.G.8TR0HMEYBR ACO., 122WaterBt.

CHICAGO.

HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white clover i-lbs.,
16®17c.; 2-lbs., ISOIfic. Dark is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7®lOc.

BHrB8WAX.-23c.

Mar. 13.

8. T. FISH ft CO., 189 8. Water St.

CINCINNATI.

HONBY.-We quote extracted at 4®9c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, 14@17c.—
Demand slow.

BEESWAX.— Demand is good— 20®22o. per lb. f or
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Apr. 23. C. F. MUTH ft SON, Freeman ft Central At.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, I8@i7c.:
2-lbs.. I.'i@i6c.: 3-lb8., 14c. Extracted, white in kegs
and >^-barrels, 8 to Hi^c. ; in tin and palls, 9J^@luc.;
dark in barrels and kegs, 5@7c. Market fair.

BEESWAX.- 22®2.'ic.
Apr. 23. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DENVER.
HONEY.— Best white Mb. sections, I7®19c.; 2-lb.
sections, 15@i7c. Extracted, 7@i0c.
BBE8WAX.-20®J3c.

Mar. 1.

J. M. CLARK ft CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.— We quote : Choice white 2-lb. sections,
17@l8c.;dark2-lb8, 14®15c.iCholcewhlte I-lbs., 18 to
20 eta., dark 1-lbs., 15®16c. White extracted, 7@aa;
dark. 5{sj6c. Demand is Blow. White extracted 1b
firm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BBBSWAX.-21 to 22c.
Mar. 29. HAMBLIN ft BBAR88, 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON

HONBY.-We quote: 1-lb. sections, I6®I7c.; 2-
Ib. sections, I4®l6c. Extracted, 8®9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.- 25 CIS. per lb.
Mar 24. BL.iK8 4 RIPLBT. 67 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- Wc quote for new extracted 6®4J<ic., as
to color and quality. New comb honey 14<gl()c., as
to quality. Arrivals are still small, and demand of
a jobbing nature.

BEESWAX.— Scarce, 20®24c.
June 2. SCHACHT 4 LBMCKB. 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.-We quote: White 1-lbs., glassed, 16®17o;
unglassed, 17<aiMc.; and dark Mbs., glassed. 1.5c. un-
biassed, IGc; white 2-ibs., glassed, I6c.,: unglassed 2-
Ibs., 17c. California white 2-lb8.. 17c. California ex-
tracted in Hu-lb. tans, 8c. Market quiet and receipts
are lar^rer.

BBESWAX.-No. 1, 20c.; No. 2. 18c.

Mar.l9. CLEM0N8, CLOONftCO., cor4th4Walnut.

We have some ELEGANT
RIBBOJi BADGES, haviiig
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
50 "cents each, l^y mail, postpaid.

THOS. G. NEWMAar * SOST,

923 & !)-'5 West ViiliM'n-Street. - CHICAGO, ILLS

382

TMM MM®KIC;Mlf MM'B J©WMlfMlL.

TESTED ITAI.IAN QCEENS, $1 each ;
untested. To cents eacb ; 3 for $2 ; 12 or
more 65 cents each. 75 cents per pound lor
bees. Albino queens same price.
23Atf I. K. GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

EXTRA THIN FOUNDATION 40 CIS.
per pound— job lot— 12 square teet to the
pound. Write quick to

olive:!^ i^oste:h,

23Alt MOUNT VERNON, IOWA.

Mention thi American Bee Journal.

ALBINO QUEENS. I will furnish pure
queens of this gentle and beautiful race
of bees In this season at the following prices :
Warranted queen, $1.00 ; tested, $1 50.

JOS. ]MOS:H:ii,

23Alt FESTINA, Winneshiek Co., Iowa.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

THE OLD AND EELIABLE

RMCRERBOCKER BEE-FARM

(ESTABLISHED 1880.)

It will PAY you to send for our Circular
and Price List of Bees and Queens before
ordering elsewhere. Address,

GEO. H. KNICKEKBOCKEB,

(Box 41) PINE PLAINS,

23D2t Duchess Co , N. T.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Canadian Hardy-Working Stock !

NEW BLOOD!

HAVIKG secured queens from three of our
most successful honey-producers (.1. B. Hall, b.
T. Pettit and Martin Bmigh). I am prepared to
furnish queens from the above strains, at the tol-
lowing prices : Virgins. 50 cents ; untested, »1.00 ;
tested, |2.(iO ; selected, *3.on. Three at one time,
deduct 1 0 per cent. Six at one time, 20 per cent. In
ordering, mention which strain you prefer, the
last named are pure. The first two, almost pure
Italians-all carefully selected for desirable quali-
ties Sent post-paid. Ontil postal difflcullties
between Canada and United States cease, I have
arranged to express queens every 10 days to Detroit,
from which place they will be sent by mail to
American customers. Orders booked in rotation.
No queens mailed until July 1 at the above prices.
Address, K. F. HOLTEBMAWN,

Ed. ConadtaTi Honev Producer,
23A8t BRANTFOEI), Out., Canada.

Mention the American Bee Juumai.

The Bee-Keepers' Review

FOB MAY is now out. Having regained
the time lost during his illness, the editor
will hereafter take pride in getting out the
Review promptly on the 10th of each month.
The special topic of the present Number is
" Hiving Bees." The review of Mr. Cheshire's
work, which was begun in the March No., is
finished in the present issue. We have a sur-
plus of the Numbers containing this review,
and, so long as they last, these three Numbers
will be sent free to all who apply.
^T" Price of the Review, SO cts. a year.
The Production of Comb Honey,

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 25 cents.
The REVIEW and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either D. S or Canadian.

Address, W. «. HUTCHINSON,

20Att 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.
Mention tlie American Bee Journal.

NEW ONE-POUND HONEY PAIL

f^pillS new Blase of our TaperlnR
I Honey PailBlB of uniform deelKti
with the other sizes, haviny the top
edwe turncij over, and has a bail or
handle,-aiaku]j: U very convenient
to cMrrv. It is well-made and, when
ailed with honey, luakea a novel and
attractive small packaiie. that can
,,.,,..i:auius=^ be sold for 2o cents or less. Many
consumers will buy it in order to tflve the children a
hand8(»me toy pail. Price. 75 centu per d«>zen»
or SfiA.OO per lOO.

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Mudisou-St...... CHICAGO ILLS.

jMe7iti07i the American Dee Journal.

HEAD - QUARTERS IN THE SOUTH.

FACTORY OF

BEE HIVES, &C.

Early Nuclei A: Italian Queens.

|y Tenth annual Catalogue now ready.
SCtf PAUI. t. VI AI.1.0jr. Bayou Goula, La.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

My 20th Annual Price-List iia'So'^y\^I&.

yueens anil Nuclei Colnnifs (a. specialty): also Sup-
nlies— will be sent to [111 who BBiKl their names and
addresses. H- H. BKOWN,

I8C3t LIGHT 8TRBBT, Columbia Co., PA.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

E^ We maaufaolure Bee-Keepers' sup-

's) j^ _ plies of all kinds, best quality at

lowcBt prices, Hivea, Sections,
FouQdaliou, Extractors, Smokers,
Crates, Veils, Feeders, Clover
Seeds, Buckwheat, etc. Im-
ported It&liaD Queens.
Queens and Becsf Sample
Copy or our Bee Journal,
The We«t«i'n Bee-Keeper,"
and latest Catalogue mailed
Free to Bee- Keepers. Address
JOSEPH NY8EWANDER,
1>ES MOLNES, IOWA.
5C6t

^deniionxhe American Bee journal.

DESIGNE:D for the Farmer, Lawyer. Doc-
tor, Postmaster, Merchant, Townsbip and
County Officer, the Bee-Keeper, the Hoiue—
in fact every one should have a secure place
for valuables.

We offer in the VICTOR SAFE a first-
class Fire-proof, Burg-lar-proof, Combination
Lock Safe, handsomely finished. Round cor-
ners, hand decoraird; burnished portions are
uickel-plated. loieriors nicely fitted with sub-
treasuries, book-spaces and pig-eon-holes.

Prices range as follows :

OUTSIDE. INSIDE. WEIGaT. PRICE.

No. 2. 22x15x16. 12x8x8'^, 250 lbs. $30 00
No. 3. 28x18x18, 15x10x10, 600 " 40 00
No. 4. 32x22x22. 19x14x12^800 " 60 00

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison-St.,... CHICAGO. ILLS.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

BEES FOR SALE.

1 00 f'^l"°i<'8 of brown German and hybrid
-LVv/ Italliau bees lu Lanpetroth 8-lrame and
Simplicity hiyes. in lots to suit purchaser ;
also a quantity of wide frames and half-story
frames Simplicity size, at a bargain.

Address, W. I.. COGGSHAI.I,,
22A2t West Groton, Tompkins Co , N. Y.

Mention the American Bcc Journal.

SUPPLY DEALERS

ANn OTHERS should write to mo tor
Si'KCiAT. Prices on BEE - SUPPLiIES

for this fall and winter.
i^~ A h*-avy Oiscount allowed.

Address, A.. IF. STA-TTiFIF'TSI^,

44Dtf STERLING, ILLINOIS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

GLASS PAILS

FOR HONEY.

THESS: Paila are made
of the best quality of
clear flint glass, with a ball
and a metal top and cover.
When filled with honey.the
attractive appearance of
these palls cannot be equal-
ed bj any other style of
?acbage. They can be used
or household purposes by
consumers, after the honey
is removed, or tbey can be
returned to and re-fllled by
the apiarist.
Prices are as follows:
To hold 1 pound of honey, per dozen 91. 60

2 pounds " " ».00

3 *' " " ».SO

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madigon-St CHICAGO. ILLS.

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery.

Read what J. 1. PARENT. of

Charlton. N.Y., says— *'We
cut with one of your Com-
bined Machines, last winter
iiii chaff hiTes with 7-in. cap,
lOTt honey-racks, 500 broad
frames, 2.0<i0 honey-boxes
and a great deal of other
work. This winter we have
double the amount of bee-
hives, etc., to make and we
expect todo itwith this Saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price-List

Free. Address. W. F. & JOHN BARNES,

45Ctf No. 484 Ruby St.. Rockford, 111.

Mention the AmeHcan Dee JouT^al.

JUST PUBLISHED.

"PRACTICAL TURKEY RAI^IW^"

By Fanny Field. This book tellfa ej/
about turkey raising, from the Betting
oi the eggs to the maturity of tho young
turks. If you fohow the direction ' in
this boo^ yon need not lose a i>i-d.
Fanny Field has had more exiiprierce
and wucceedR bptter in raising turkeys than any other
rerson in America. She clears hundrers of dn'lars
"early on them, imrt will tell you how she does -.t. Price,
I'Scent*-. StampR taken. Address B. B. MITCHKXJ'
Publisher, 69 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111,
eCtf , ,

Mention the American Bee Joumal.

Prlenda* if you are in any way Interested In

BEES OR HONEY

We will with pleasure send a sample copy of the
Semi - Illoatltly GleunlDfrs In Bee-Cnltnre»

with a descriptive price-list of the latest improve-
menta in Hlveii, Honey Extractors, Com1>
Poundiition, Section Honey Boxes, all booki
and journiils. and everything pertaining to Bee
Culture. Nothing Patented. Simply send your ad-
dress turitten p1ninlu> to

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

Metit'on the American Bee .Toumal,

*'^<^r^<S^

S £f^0f{f^ERP TOOLS &yupfue^. ' '^

Mention the American Bee Journal.

k.e:a.id~2- to SHir.

i)A ITAI.IAN QUEENS, all reared from
^rt imported mothers in swarming season.
One, untested, $1.00, 3 for J2.75. Two-frame
nucleus witb 2 lbs. of bees and untested queen
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J. N. COI.WI0K,
31A3t Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

Mention the American Bee Joumal.

Tmm mimmmicmM mnm j&jsmnmi^.

387

EDITOR,

VoiniY. JflnelU888, No. 24

Ueaiilii'iil biiliiw.sof blossoms,

Rolling o'er orcliard trees,
Pink and white foamy the blossoms,

Floating away in June breeze.
Would I might resfhere forever.

Bathed in these apple-bloom seas.
Here 'raid the wealth of the orchard.

In silence, save sonnd of the bees.

The Honey Crop of California

is said to be large, and the product is of the
very best quality.

Spring: D^vindling: has been very
severe among the l»ees. The Saginaw,
Mich., Courier remarks that Mr. John Rey
was unfortunate enough to lose 116 colonies
by .spring dwindling. He is not discouraged,
however, and proposes to purchase enough
to replenish the hives.

Sweet Clover. — A correspondent in
Oleanings has the following to say about
sweet clover :

I have raised it four years with good re-
sults. The first year I had about three-
fourths of an acre, and 10 colonies of bees.
In the latter pari of June the sweet clover
came into bloom, and soon the bees found
it. In a week more it was a regular hum in
the patch from 9 o'clock until dark. It was
the only patch for miles around, and there
was scarcely anything else yielding honey
at that time, so that the neighbors' bees had
time to help take care of the honey in the
sweet clover, and they did. My uncle lives
two and a half miles in a bee-line from here.
and had about 25 colonies ; and such a stir
there was among them for this little patch !
I Why, we just had a strong bee-line from
here to Uncle Abraham's.

We-w Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888, for R1. 75. while
there are any sets of 1887 left

Xhe "%ViIey IJe in Englan*!,—

Again we have to remind our British co-
temporary that it is doing American bee-
keepers a great injustice in asserting that
comb honey is adulterated here. It is un-
true, and the British Bee Journal ought to
KNOW that. He quotes a report by '-the
dairy commissioner of New Jersey," on the
purity of "strained honey," which shows
that it is itself a fraudulent statement in
the fact that three samples mentioned near
the top of the list are " comb honey," and
not e.xtracted, erroneously and ignorantly
called " strained ■' by the doughty "com-
missioner!"

These slips were distributed at the New
York convention last winter, and we will
here quote what our friend A. I. Root, who
was present, says about It in Oleanings for
Junel, 1888:

At the Bee-Keepers' Convention in Utica,
N. Y., last winter, one of Thurber. Whylaud
&Co.'smen was very busy in distributing
circulars to the bee-men. He had a great
pile of them, and evidently made it his busi-
ness to spread them broadcast. These slips
of paper gave an analysis of honey which
was made, as was stated, by the dairy com-
missioner of New Jersey. We do not know
who this dairy commissioner is, nor how
good an authority he is ; but when I first
glanced over the circular, I felt a little
troubled to see that it contained a list of
names of good and responsible firms who
were accused of selling adulterated honey.
In fact, almost every sample of honey that
was examined, according to that report, was
adulterated, with the exception of a few
samples from private farmers or bee-keep-
ers, with one other exception. This excep-
tion is Thurber, Whyland & Co.

Now, the singular part of the whole thing
is, that samples Nos. .57, 58 and 60 were comb
honey, and not strained honey, although
the heading in small capitals, at the top of
the list, says " strained honey."

Friend Cowan takes the matter up, and
reflects somewhat on American honey, es-
pecially the fact that the American comb
honey in our markets is, at least some of it,
adulterated.

The Bee-Keepers'' Magazine also indorses
the paper, and makes some severe reflec-
tions on firms that we believe to be good
and honorable men.

I am exceedingly glad to know that the
Thurbers, who so recently put up honey
with corn syrup in it, to keep it from candy-
ing, have reformed to such an extent as this
circular indicates, but I do not belive that
everybody else has gone into the adulterat-
ing business.

We have instances on record before, where
some sort of a chemist has pronounced ab-
solutely pure honey, gathered from the
flowers by honest bees belonging to an hon-
est bee-keeper, adulterated.

Who can give us some further informa-
tion in regard to this dairy commissioner of
New Jersey, and this statement given by
the American 0-rocer, presenting such a
disgraceful showing of the bee-keeping in-
dustry of the United iStates?

I thoroughly indorse all that the British
Bee Journal has to say in regard to Hoge ;
and the whole matter looks very much as if
Hoge still had hold of the crank. But we
beg our English cousins to remember that
the American people are not all Hoges, by
any means.

The editor of tlie British Bee Journal
copied the report of this " commissioner "
from the Bee-Keepers' Magazine, and it is
but jnst to say that no other bee-periodical
in America has ever given publicity to it.

It was sent to the American Bee Joijb-
NAL, but being convinced of its unrelia-
bility we refused to publish it. Here is
what our British cotemporary says by way
of introduction :

We have long been aware that American
dealers adulterated honey, but we must con-
fess tliat we were not prepared for the reve-
lation made in the "Bee-Keepers' Maga-
zine " for April. It appears that the Dairy
Commissioner of New Jersey has had honey
purchased in different towns in the State,
and has had it analyzed. Out of thirty-one
samples of honey put up by packing-houses,
only six were found to be pure ! We re-
print the list furnished by our cotemporary,
and commend it to the careful study of
every bee-keeper.

After enumerating some of the lots ana-
lyzed, it again says :

Where does this adulterated comb honey
come from ? Not from respectable bee-
keepers, of that we are quite sure. We have
the authority of Mr. Shippen Wallace,
Ph.D., for the fact that this comb honey is
adulterated, and it is therefore produced.
How ? That is the secret. Shall we also
be told that this is a Wiley lie, or is ttiere
any other explanation than that adulterated
comb honey is manufactured on some of the
adulterating farms by feeding bees ? We
are glad to notice that not a single sample
of honey purchased of bee-keepers was
adulterated. Further comment is unneces-
sary.

All we can say to our British friends is,
that they have been again " taken in," not
by a "clergyman " this time, but by a so-
called " Professor." We positively deny
the soft impeachment. It has no founda-
tion except in the Wiley lie, when anyone
says that comb honey is adulterated ! That
wilful liar is responsible for all this clap-
trap nonsense !

Foolisli AbbreTiations. — Many
still persist in using abbreviations when
writing to this office. One lately wrote a
letter and enclosed money, addressing it to
" A. B. J., Chicago." It is a wonder that it
ever got to us, and probably many others
similarly addressed have been lost. Who
among the general public knows what " A.
B. J." stands for ? They may puzzle their
brains over it, and finally conclude that it
was intended to indicate " a bright judge,"
"a big jewel," "a bouncing jockey," "a
brown jug," or "a bad jest! !" And per-
haps the latter would be the most appro-
priate cognomen for the cabalistic and un-
intelligible letters !

We would call the special attention of
those who wish to have their letters reach
us, to section .574 of the " Postal Laws and
Regulations," which reads as follows, and
is commended to the consideration of all
interested :

Letters and packages addressed to ficti-
tious persons and firms, to initials or to no
particular person or firm, unless directed
to be delivered at a designated place, such
as a post-office box, street or number, or to
the care of a certain person or firm within
the delivery of the post-office, are undeliv-
erable, and nnist be sent to the Dead Letter
Office unless the envelope contains the card
of the sender, or a request to return, in
which case the letters or packages must be
returned accordingly.

388

^^^■^■^*^*«

T^M® msiMmmi^mm wmm j®wmm.kiL'.

Xhe Udioh and the Wiley tAc

Mr. G. M. Doolittle, of Borodino, N. Y.,
Vice President of tiie Bee-Keepers' Union,
sends us ttie following item, and liis re-
marks, and tlie subsequent correspondence
between liimself and a new cliampion of
Wiley's diabolical " scientific pleasantry."

Mr. Doolittle says: " The following is a
copy of an item which I wrote for the
Rural Home, which appeared in the issue
of that paper for May 5, 1888 :

Here is an item which is going the rounds
of the papers. Mr. Root, of Ohio, has a
standing otter of $1,000 for a sample of man-
ufactured honey in the comb. This should
have a good effect on our industry, and will
do much to counteract the story told by
Prof. Wiley, of the United States Govern-
ment fame, who tolil hs a "scientific pleas-
antry" the story, that there was lots of
honey on the market, selling as genuine
comb honey, which was nothing more than
manufactured stutf, the combs being made
of paraffine. and the honey they contained
being of glucose. From the latter, imagi-
nary places sprang up in Chicago, New
York, and elsewhere, where comb honey
was turned out by the ton, all working well
until the past poor season, when honey
went from a drug on the market, at the low
price of 10 to 12 cents per pound, to a
scarcity, scarcely obtainable at the high
figure of from 20 to 25 cents. This effect-
ually squelched the Wiley lie, and caused
the papers to notice the offer of Mr. Root,
which was made several years ago.

A Virgianian takes exceptions to the
above item, and wrote to the Rural Home
as follows about it :

Amherst, Va., May 4, 1888.

Editor Rural Home : — In May .5th
Rural I notice under "Bee Notes," that
Mr. Root, of Ohio, has a standing offer of
81,000 for a sample of manufactured honey
in the comb, and tlie further statement is
added by Mr. Doolittle, " This should have
a good effect on our industry, and will do
much to cr)unteract the story told by Prof.
Wiley, of United States Government fame,
etc."

Then Mr. D. says, because honey was
so high last year, "the Wiley lie was
squelched." Now, Mr. Editivr, if you will
open your columns to a fair, open, and
honest ventilation of the question, I will
show who the little niggers are in this wood
pile.

I deny that any "responsible" man has
ever made such an offer, and more, I dare
any one to make one like it. One of the
largest dealers in gUioose and syrups, told
me four years ago, that the apiarists of
Pennsylvania, New Jer.sey and New York
States were then buying large quantities of
It. What for ? Why, to feed the cows, of
course. I will wager $1,000 that the Wiley
lie is true, as to the adulteration of comb
honey. Come on saints and sinners, "Barkis
is willin'."— W. M. Evans.

This bold and bombastic letter was an-
swered as follows by Mr. Doolittle :

Borodino, N. Y., May 16, 1888.
W. M. Evans.— Dear Sir;— Your letter
to the Rural Home, regarding the adultera-
tion of honey, lias been forwarded to me,
and I have this day written to the Manager
of the Bee-Keepers' Union (a society to pro-
tect our interests), and to Mr. Root, who
will doubtless give you a chance to prove

your position, or lose the 81,000 you wager.
The story told you four years ago by a glu-
cose dealer, will do to tell, but may lack of
6 root on investigation. Yours truly,— G. M.
lOOLITTLE.

Promptly Mr. A. I. Root, who is also a
Vice-President of the National Bee-Keep-
ers' Union, wrote to Mr. Evans, informing
that doubter that A. I. Root was a real
living man, and not an imaginary phantom !
that he made the offer of 81,000 for proof
"that honey-comb is made, filled with
glucose, and sealed up by a machine made
for that purpose!" that he lived at Medina,
Ohio ! that his responsibilities in commer-
cial circles could easily be ascertained from
Bradstreet's Agency, and enclosing his
"business card !"

Mr. Evans was nonplused. He wrote to
Prof. Wiley to help him out of the difficulty,
and here is Prof. Wiley's reply :

Washington, D. C, May 29, 1888.

W. M. Evans.— Dear Sir .-—In regard to
the matter ot artificial combs of which you
wrote me under date of 25th inst., permit me
to make the following statement : About
eiglit years ago a very intimate friend of
mine,, an eminent chemist. Dr. E. J. Hal-
lock, now deceased, told me that in Boston,
where he then resided, there had been cou-
.structed a full outfit of machinery for the
manufacture of artificial comh. He stated
further, that this cnmb was filled with glu-
cose or artificial lioney and sold for the
Fure article. On the basis of this testimony
made a statement in an article I wrote for
thfi Popular Science Monthly to the effect
that such artificial comb and honey were
made.

At the time, I repeated thi.s statement
more in the light of a pleasantry than
as a commercial reality, for I did not be-
lieve that it was possible commercially to
imitate the comb, although I did not doubt
at the time that attempts had been made in
this direction. It is, however, quite a com-
mon custom to malie an artificial base for
the comb, and bee-keepers do not deny that
this is done. Some persons, in a malicious
spirit, have constantly circulated this state-
ment of mine for the purpose o( injuring
me professionally, and their failure to do so
has only made their persecutions more
bitter.

Since Dr. Hallock is dead, 1 have no evi-
dence except my own statement to offer in
regard to the acouricy of the report. It is
possible that Dr. Hallock may have been
misinformed in regard to the matter, but he
was perfectly honest in making the state-
ment to me, and I was perfectly sincere in
repeating it. Respectfully,

H. W. Wiley, Chemist.

In the foregoing letter Prof. Wiley makes
this astonishing confession : " At the time,
I repeated tliis statement more in the light
of a pleasantry than as a commercial reality,
for I did not believe that it was POSSIBLE
commercially to imitate the comb."

Therefore, he " knowingly, wilfully and
maliciously" lied out of whole cloth just to
cause a seusation, and to injure an honest
pursuit, for the paltry pay which the Popu-
lar Science Monthly gave him for the
article ! ! !

It is astonishing that any man could make
such a bare-faced confession without blush-
ing for the infamy it exhibited !

To lie for the filthy lucre it brings is bad
enough, but when he permits that lie to be
copied all over the world, and to be used to
injure an honest business, without making

the least endeavor to arrest its evil effect by
an honest contradiction — the crime is
doubled !

Without the least compunction ot con-
science he wrote " the statement " as.to the
manufacture of comb honey when he " did
not believe that it was possible commer-
cially to imitate the comb "! Infamous ! !

As is usual in such cases, a liar will add
to the number of his crimes to hide his
meanness. So Wiley winds up his letter by
asserting another falsehood, thus : " I was
perfectly sincere in repeating it." Could a
man be sincere in repeating what he knew
to be a falsehood ?

He knew it to be impossible " to imitate
the comb," and yet (over six years ago, and
never tried to contradict it) he wrote this
sentence :

"In commercial honey, which is entirely
free from bee mediation, the comb is made
of paraffine, and tilled with pure glucose by
appropriate machinery."

Now he wants us to believe that he " was
perfectly sincere " In the assertion.

The attempt to justify himself because
beekeepers use comb foundation (that is
sheets of pure beeswax, with corrugations
coriesponding to the base of the cells) is as
mean as it is futile.

To take the pure beeswax from the bees,
melt it, and thereby take out its dirt and
impurities, and give ft to the bees again for
use at just the time they need it, is no ex-
cuse for lying about " making the combs of
paraffine and filling them with glucose !"

After receiving the above letter from
Prof. Wiley, and getting no proof from it to
sustain his bombast, Mr. Evans wrote as
follows to Mr. Root :

Amherst, Va., May 31, 1888.

Mr. a. I. Root.— Dear Sir .■—This letter
settles the fact as to Wiley's statement, but
it does not refute the tact that Doolittle, in
his note to the Rural Home, so worded his
reference to your $l,0UO offer, as to mislead
the minds of the readers as to the real facts.
If he had published the fl.OOO reward, and
the 4 or .5 lines following (or 2 lines), then
no one would have been deceived.

1 made the statement two years ago in the
Kural Home, that comb honey was being
adulterated by feeding the bees mixtures,
which is a fraud upon the public. Will
you open the columns ot Oleanings for a
ventilation of this matter? And will jou
advocate the formation of anti-adulteration
bands?

I mean that the facts shall be known, and
shall use the puhlie press freely. An adul-
terated religion, which uses the essence of
hell (fermented wines), and calls it "the
blood of Jesus," is one cause of the uni-
versal prevalence of adultery, and the arlul-
teration ot most everything we eat, drink,
wear, and use ; and 1 think it is about time
this hell-disease was crushed, but it cannot
be done by " wind religion," but only by
work for God and humanity. More Golden
Rule lived, and less praying and preaching
will do it. Prayer in action is the kind
needed now— wind is too cheap 1— W. M.
Evans.

The last paragraph shows that Mr. Evans
is a "crank" of the worst type.

He threatened and blustered. He asserted
most positively that there was no such per-
son as A. I. Root 1 that no responsible man

'rmm mTsansmicKT^ mw^ j©^rip«jcx^.

389

ever made an offer of 81,000 for a sample of
manufactured honey in the comb ! and
dared an one to make such an offer ! He
also would " wager J1,000 that the Wiley
lie is true ! !" and tauntingly added, " Come
on saints and sinners, Barkis is willin'."

It shows that it was all bombast and bluff,
for as soon as Mr. Doolittle referred the
matter to the Bee-Keepers' Union, he wrote
to Prof. Wiley, begging for even some
slight proof of that old lie !

When confronted by our co-laborer, Mr.
A. I. Root, who is also Vice-President of
the National Bee-Keepers' Union — who also
assured him of his real existence ! and
proved that he was no imaginary indi-
vidual, or a financially worthless being-
then tiie nohle patriot tries to back down ;
but to show some sllglit degree of fighting
qualities, he proposes to " fight a wooden-
man, in the shape of adulterated honey !"

He blamed Mr. Doolittle for not doing
the very thing that he did do— and in every-
way shows that he was frustrated— beaten
at eyery turn— and his vaunting is trailed in
the dirt before his very eyes !

Such insolent braggarts must be taught
to make sure of their proofs before vaunt-
ingly parading them in the face oE the in-
telligent public. The National Bee-Keep-
eis' Union exists to teach the impudent, in
a fearless manner, that Truth shall triumph,
even though such a " Goliah " shall defiantly
and tauntingly say : "Come on, saints and
sinueis, ' Barkis is willin'."

Audacity cannot win, especially when the
National Bee-Keepers' Onion lifts up a
standard, and defends the pursuit.

Lawyers, doctors and ministers have been
caught repeating the diabolical Wiley lie,
and even the unknown and unheard-of
Virginian essays to repeat it ! But all have
come to grief before the Union's triumphant
banner of truth I

He Forg-ol.- An exchange tells the
following story. It will raise a laugh, and
that is as good as a dose of medicine. It
says :

A forgetful man's wife sent him to a drug
store for some honey. He forgot the name,
but remembered how it was made, and had
a paintui memory of having come in con-
tact with the fire department of the honey-
maker, so he asked the druggist for "some
swate oil, made by a vicious little baste with
a hot fut." The man of drugs, not compre-
hending the man, called his wife to aid him
in interpreting the words of the son of Erin.
In the call he addressed her as " Honey."
" That's what I mane," said Patrick.
"Honey is the thing. That's what I call
me own darlin' Bridget, and I am mad at
mescit for notthinkin' of me own Honey as
a kind of reminder like of what I was after
buying."

Tlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 2.5 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for .50 cents, postpaid.

C01VVE\TI0.\ DIRECTORY.

1888. Timt und Ptact Of Mtetinn.

Aug. 3. Ionia County, at Ionia, Mich.

U. Smith, Sec, Ionia, Mich.

Aug. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark, Sec, Denvelr, Colo.

Aug. 27.— atark County, at Canton, o.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose. Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

7W In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Ed.

¥Ms^^^

VKhite Clover.— C. V. Lindley, of
Sylvauia, Ind., on June 4, 1888, asks the
following question :

Will you answer t rougli the Bee Joini-
NAL the following i|Lieslion, for the bensHt
of the bee-men in Parke county : Will
white clover blonni the first year from the
seed? The old clover was about all killed
out last winter, but the young clover is
coming up.

[It will bloom the first year from the seed.
It is late this year ou account of the back-
wardness of the season, or it would be in
bloom now.— Ed.]

Hold yotir Itreatli. — L. Hanimer-
schmidt, Amana, Iowa, writes on June 8,
1888, as follows :

In the Scientific American for June 2,
1.888, I find this statement : "If you hold a
bee by the legs, between two fingers, and
not let her sting ou ihe fleshy part of your
finger's point, as limg as you hold your
breath, the sting will not penetrate the
skin." 1 have tried this, and found it to be
correct ; even more, I have nut my hand
between two combs full of bees; have
taken a hand-full of be^s, and when I
sweep off the bees from a comb, as long as
I can hold my breath, they will not sting.
Will some others of the fraternity try this
and report ?

Puttings Bees Out of Cellar!*. —

Julius Le Fevre, of Pottsdam, N. Y., writes
as follows on the above subject :

I started the spring of 1887 with 3 colonies
of hybrid bees. I increased them to 7, and
obtained from them 100 pounds of comb
honey. I put them in the cellar on Nov.
37 ; the temperature ranging in my cellar
from 30° to 3.5= all winter, from Dec. 35 until
about March 1.5. They wintered well, al-
though many of the bees died from March
15 until I put them out on April 27. at 1
p.m. It was a very hot day, being 85° in the
shade. I do not think that it is a good plan
to put bees out when It is so hot, for this
reason, that someof thecolonies will swarm
out. Three colonies of nine swarmed out
before they marked their locations, and be-
came badly mixed up. They went to one of
my neighbor's and alighted, and clustered
on a small tree, and they remained there for
some time. When I came home (about 5
o'clock) they were gone ; so I lost them.
Well, I think that this will learn me a good
lesson, by experience. Ttie morning is the
best time to put bees out, when it is cooler

than 85° in the shade. I received two pack-
ages of the Chapman honey-plant seed in
March. 1 planted the seed on April 1, and
It is doing well. The American Bee
Journal is just what every bee-keeper
needs to read, and post up on bee-keeping.
I should feel lost without it.

]>iot ITIiK-li Honey from Apple
Bloom. —A. Damarin, of Mason City,
Ills., on Junes, 1888, writes :

I had 6 colonies of bees on the summer
stands. I lost 3, and the others are strong.
It was too cold during apple bloom for bees
to get much honey. White clover is begin-
ning to bloom, what little there is left. I
do not look for much lioney this season.
Nearly everybody has given up bee-keeping
around here, on account of last year's fail-
ure. I shall keep on trying.

White <.'lover in Bloom.— J. W.

Bittenbender, of Knoxville, Iowa, on June

8, 1888, writes :

Bees are swarming, but are gathering
very little honey. White clover is in bloom,
but the weather is too cool ; the wind is
mostly in the north and northwest. The
nights are very cool for this time of the
year. Unless the weather will soon change,
the honey crop will be short.

CL,UBBirVC} I>ISX.

^Ve Club the American Bee Jcnumal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted iu the 1..ASX
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price 0/ both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00. . .

and Gleanlng-s in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 160 140

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150... 140

The Apiculturist 173 160

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 180

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 23 ... . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60 1 50

Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth).. .3 00.. .. 2 00
Roofs A B Cof Bee-Culture.. 2 25.... 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 150,,.. 1 30

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 150.. 1 40

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 1 .30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00.... 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00 ... 1 90

How to Propagate Fruit 1 50 ... . 1 25

History of National Society.. 1 50..., 125

Al^-ays Mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

Cive a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will .•^ell lots of it.

390

T^H® MMEKICMfC mmM J@lffMIfMI^.

W

Enforced Qiieenlessness of a
Colony During a Honey-Flow.

Written for the American Bee Journal

ftnery 550.— 1. Does it pay to remove the
queen from a colony of bees during a good
honey-flow ? 2. It so, wbatdo you do with the
queen ?— Minn.

No.— J. P. H. Brown.

No.— Dad ANT & Son.

1. No. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. No. — A. B. BIason.

1. No. — J. M. Hambaugh.

1. I have never tried it. — Eugene
Secor.

1. No ; I think it is better to con-
tract tlie brood-chamber. — R. L. Tay-
lor.

I am of the opinion that such a re-
moval will not pay, all things con-
sidered.— G. M. DOOLITTLE.

No ; just the reverse pays ; contract
the brood-chamber. — James Heddon.

1. No. 2. As it does not pay to re-
move her, leave her where she is. — M.
Mahin.

1. No, not for me. 2. Leave her
where she belongs. — H. D. Cutting.

I do not think it pays to remove the
queen from a colony at any time. — P.

L. VlALLON.

1. In a short honey flow it may,- but
not otherwise. 2. She may be pre-
served in a small nucleus if desirable.
— G. L. Tinker.

If ever I want a good queen in the
hive, it is during a good honey flow.
It pays to have one there at all times.
— C. H. Dibbern.

1. It is a disputed point. 2. If you
take her away, she can be kept in a
nucleus, or a new colony can be
formed. — C. C. Miller.

I think not. Some excellent api-
arists practice this, and like the plan.
The queen is kept hard by, usually in
a nucleus, often above the old hive,
ready to put back at the close of the
season. — A. J. Cook.

1. It will depend upon the locality.
It will not pay with myself. 2. As I
do not remove the queens, I leave it
to the ingenuity of those who do, to
suggest an answer. —J. E. Pond.

1. It has not realized for me. 2. The
queen, while trying the the experi-
ment, may be given a comb of brood
and adhearing bees, and one or two
empty combs, and kept in a nucleus
hive until the experiment is concluded,
and may then be restored to her
colony.— G. W. Demaree.

1. It does not, most certainly. A
colony without a queen is in an un-
organized state, and if storing honey
all sorts of results may be looked for.
Laying workers often make their ap-
pearance,and pollen will be distributed
throughout the surplus department as
well as the brood-nest. If you do not
breed bees you will breed moths. 2.
I would not do it. — J. M. Shuck.

It is unnatural to have a colony
without a queen at any time, and we
very much doubt the utility of any
management which requires such a
thing as taking her awaj', even in a
good honey flow. Especially is it un-
desirable for the inexperienced to at-
tempt such a procedure. — The Editor.

JBee-Spaces at the Ends of the
Frames, and on Top.

Written for the American Bee Jowmal

Query 551.— 1. Are the bee-spaces at the
ends of frames. In such hives as the Lang-
stroth, of any benefit, except to Iseep the bees
from sticking the frames to the inside of the
hive ? 2. Is a bee-space over the frames suffi-
cient for all purposes ?— Bee-Keeper.

I. Yes. 2. No.— A. B. Mason.

1. No. 2. Yes.— A. J. Cook.

Yes, to keep from crushing the bees
in handling — Dadant & Son.

1. Practically, no. 2. Yes, and
practically an absolute necessity. —
James Heddon.

A bee-space is worse than none in-
side of a brood-chamber, except where
movable frames are used. — G. M.
Doolittle.

No benefit except to keep from
" sticking." Not absolutely necessary.
J. P. H. Brown.

1. They are not. 2. For all pur-
poses except that mentioned above. —
M. Mahin.

Yes, bees should have access to
their combs from all sides, as well as
the top. — J. M. Hambaugh.

I think not ; but I believe the spaces
can be afforded for the convenience of
the bee-keeper.— G. L. Tinker.

1. For no other benefit. 2. Yes ;
but in hot weather a cap or protection
from the hot sun must be used. — P. L.
Viallon.

The spaces at the ends of the frames
furnisli a passage-way for the bees, but
the space above the frames is sutficient.
— R. L. Taylor.

1. I suppose that to be the reason of
so m.aking them. 2. In summer, yes ;
in winter, no. — Eugene Secor.

1. They are a great help in rapid
work. 2. One space is good, but for
comb honey two spaces is better. — H.
D. Cutting.

I. Yes, they aftbrd a passage for the
bees at times, in hot weather for a cur-
rent of air. In cold weather when the
bees are quiet, they approach some-
what near, a dead-air space for the
purpose of non-conductors. 2. Yes. —
Mrs. L. Harrison.

The object of the bee-spaces is to
make the frames movable. Except for
that, during mo.st of the year no space
is needed either above or at the ends.
— C. C. Miller.

1. They allow full and free access
to all parts of the hive, and that is the
purpose for which they were originated.
2. Yes, except for wintering, when I
prefer at least an inch of space. — J. E.
Pond.

-Yes. The space acts to an extent as
a non-conductor of heat and cold.
Combs are not so liable to melt down
in summer, and the bees are warmer
in winter with this space than without
it. The Langstroth principle of a bee- .
space all roimd the frames is now and
forever right. — J. M. Shuck.

I have never seen any other use for
such spaces except those mentioned,
unless it be a convenient loafing place
for lazy bees. It is also a good place
to mash, bees when handling the
frames. In ray new hive I use frames
the ends of which form the end of the
hive, and I find them much more easy
to handle, and bees summer and win-
ter just as well in them as any other. —
C. H. Dibbern.

Mr. Langstroth arranged the bee-
spaces all around the frames, to give
the bees full control of every part of
the inside of the case, and to induce
the bees to do their gluing in the joints
of the case instead of gluing the
frames, as they never fail to do if
there are no bees-spaces between the
frames and the case. A bee-space over
the frames is all right, and I think es-
sentially right, and in a warm climate
the bee-spaces cannot be dispensed
with at the ends of the frames. I have
transferred bees from the Mitchell hive,
which had closed-end frames, fitting
closely to the case, and found lots of
ants and moth worms between the
frames and the case. Frames cannot
fit so close that' ants cannot annoy
the bees. — G. W. Demaree.

1. Bee-spaces at the ends of the
frames are not onl}' for the purpose of
passage-ways, but also for convenience
in lifting the frames in and out, ad-
ditional to the uses mentioned in the
query. 2. Bee-spaces over the frames
are quite necessary on many accounts,
both in warm and cold weather. — The
Editor.

Scatter the l>eaflets.— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

Tmm SMERicKM mmm jQXjRist2i;i<.

391

fc<fcA^A^lA^

CANADA.

Annual meetingof No. ITIiddlcsex
Bee-Keepers' Association.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY K. F. HOLTEEMANN.

The above meeting was held in the
Court House at Ailsa Craig, on May
24, and opened at '2 p.m. President
Franl^ Atkinson occupied the chair.
Tlie usual attendance has been from
60 to 80, and only Oxford countj- can
boast of meetings superior to that of
Middlesex. The 24th of May being
the Queen's birthday, many bee-keep-
ers were away on pleasure trips.

The election of oflBcers resulted as
follows : The Presidentwas re-elected;
Vice-President, W. J. Wilson, Green-
way ; Secretary - Treasurer, A. W.
Humphreys, Park Hill ; Directors, Jas.
Mathews, D. Smith, J. B. Aikes, John
Anderson, A. W. Humphreys, and W.
J. Wilson were elected to represent
the association at the Western Fair.

The question of affiliation with the
Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association was
then brought up, and after the benefits
of such a step were explained by R. F.
Holtermann, who was requested to do
so by the President, a resolution was
passed, instructing the Secretaiy to
apply for such affiliation.

The benefits are for 1888 briefl}' as
follows : Five dollars must be paid bj-
tlie society affiliating, and it must
have live members paying their mem-
bership fe(^ of §1 to the Ontario asso-
ciation. In return, every member of
the Ontario gets one queen, purely
mated. The a.ssociation gets $35 for
the .advancement of bee-keeping, and
the members are allowed to chose two
representatives who are entitled to all
the privileges which membeis of the
Ontario are granted.

Jas. Hnsljand and Dave Collins were
elected representatives for the year.

The funds on hand showed a hand-
some balance of 10 cents.

After .selecting Park Hill as the place
of the next meeting, upon reconsider-
ing the matter, Strathroy was selected,
with the time, February.

It was resolved that henceforth the
association should be known as the
Middlesex Bee-Keepers' Association.

Bee-questions were now brought up,
and just here is it not rather to be re-
gretted that these meetings should be
taken up with so much necessary busi-
ness.

Question : — "Is there any difference
in the activity of colonies ?" The gen-
eral impression appeared to be that

there was ; even when outward con-
ditions apjicared the same, a good
queen was necessary. But conditions
might appear similar, and yet not be.
If a colony appeared inactive, and its
neighbors working, it should be ex-
amined. It miglit be queenless ; the
brood-chamber might be clogged with
honey, or from other causes it might
have difficulties which might be
remedied.

Question : — " How long will a drone
live ?" Several instances were related
where drones had lived through the
winter. D. Smith stated that he had
a colony which had a queen, and yet
permitted its drones to live through
the winter.

Question: — "What is the best way
to control swarming ?"

This brought on quite a discussion
as to the advisability of artificial
swarming. W. Aikes practiced artifi-
cial swarming by dividing.

A bee-keeper from Brantford claimed
that at the present prices of bees in
the spring, the price only covered the
hive, combs and honey consumed, and
eveiy colony lost, meant a loss of win-
ter stores, therefore increase was not
desirable. He kept down increase by
giving shade, ventilation and room.
The aim being to pi-event the desire to
swarm. 'If this, however, was estab-
lished, he never broke down queen-
cells, but let them swarm, putting the
new swarm on the old stand with the
old super. Second swarms were re-
turned at the close of the second day,
when one queen would be killed.

Aiming at breeding a strain of bees
which would not readily swarm was
advised. The advantages of Italian
and Holy Land bees were brought out.

Some heavy losses from spring
dwindling were reported, owing to
an unfavorable spring.

Brantford, Ont.

HINTS FOR WORK.

What to Do, and How to Do it
Judiciously.

WrUten for the Western Plowman

BY C. H. DIBBERN.

The winter losses of bees have
proved much more serious than was ex-
pected a month ago. All over the
North, where the drouth was serious
last season, bees have died principally
from starvation. Some, however, have
died with plenty of honey in the hives,
and the cause is not so easily deter-
mined. It is probable, however, that
the honey was of a poor quality, and
long confinement in severe weather
wrought the mischief. Wherever the
honey croji was fair last week, they

seem to have wintered much better,
and some are now reporting the bees
as " booming." M}' own experience
at the Rock River Apiarj- is not so en-
couraging. We have 1.30 good colo-
nies left out of 180. This is the great>-
est loss we have ever had, in my ex-
perience of over twenty years. Many
farmers ha^-e lost all thej' had, and I
think I am safe in estimating a loss in
the northwestern States of one-third.
Surely, this business is not all sunshine.

Hon' to Iiook at It.

It is poor policy, however, to look
on only the dark side. Let us figure
up and see what we have left. Hives
in which the bees died are all right.
Combs are all in good condition. Let
us take good care of them. The pros-
pect for a honey crop is good, and
with plenty of bees left to fill up the
hives again, with no foundation or
hives to bu}-, whj' bee-keepers are in
good condition. Then, too, prices of
honey have improved so much, and
with so many out of the race, there is
surelj" a better day dawning for those
who have the true grit, and are willing
to " fight it out on this line, if it takes
all summer."

Spring Divlndllng.

The past month has been pretty
hard on the bees. The weather has
been very unfavorable — cold, windy
weather and sudden storms. When
bees were gathering honey and pollen,
and becoming chilled or lost in the
river, it has kept the colonies pretty
weak. As we write (May) fruit trees
are in full bloom, but it is so cloudy
and cold that the bees can take but
little advantage of it. The dry time,
however, seems to be over, and the
splendid I'ains we have had, will bring
out a fair crop of white clover, so that
the prospects now seem to be all right.

Get tbe Bees Ready for tlie Harvest.

It will require good management
and careful attention to get the bees in
the best condition for the white clover
crop. Of course everything should be
done now that will help and save work
when the busy time comes. See that
all the material for sections, hives and
crates is on hand that is likely to be
needed. It is better to have a little
too much than not enough. Experi-
ence has taught us that it will not do
to depend on the supply dealers to
furnish these things on the spur of the
moment.

Seasonable K'ork.

Swarming will likely be upon us
towards the last of the month. See that
3'our have hives ready, and now is the
time to use up the comb from the
hives where Uu> bees died out during'
the winter. It will pay to sort these

392

^ -*-■*--*- ^- -*- ^- ^

THM? MBlERICMIf mwm JQ^mMMI^.

combs over and use only such as are
straight worker comb. Cut out all the
drone comb you find, and all crooked
or very old, soiled romb. If you have
not comb enough to fill the hive, fill
out with full sheets of foundation. On
no account use empty frames, as the
bees would be almost certain to fill
them with drone comb.

For a Combination— Wliati

We have been asked what can be
combined with bee-keeping to make
the pursuit reasonably safe and cer-
tain to support a man with a family.
Well, in the first place, if the person
has had no experience, or a great nat-
ural liking for it, we should say, do not
go into it at all. So few have suc-
ceeded in making it a success, as an
exclusive business, that some other
undertaking would be more certain to
yield an adequate income. But to an-
swer the question, a good garden
should be one of the first things to be
thought of. Much can be produced in
this way bj' working at odd times, that
will be a great help, and greatly re-
duce tlie family expenses. All kinds
of small fruits, and especiallj- straw-
berries, raspberries and grapes, should
be grown. If you have more than can
be used bj- the family, there is usually
gootl sale for the balance. A cow or
two, where pasturage can be had, ma}'
be kept, also a flock of chickens, and
in fact everything or anything that
will contribute to the comfort and wel-
fare of the family.

Selling llie Honey Crop.

Now let us get ready for the honey
harvest that will likely be a little late,
but will probably put in an appearance
early this month, and should last well
into July. Should we be fortnnate
enough to get a reasonable crop, do
not be in too great a hurry to sell it
unless it is wanted at full figures.
During the last few years, when a fair
crop was secured, some bee-keepers
seenuMl to be so anxious to get rid of
their honey, and get ahead of their
neighbors, tluit they sent it into the
nearest town and sold it for whatever
was otl'ercd. The price obtained was
often ridiculously low, and the market
was thus ruined for the balance of the
year. The bees are not now in the
country to gather a very lai'ge crop,
even should the season be exceptionally
good, and there will surely be no more
honey produced than can easily be
sold at about present rates. It is bet-
ter to secure the crop first, in the
nicest possible condition, and no mat-
ter if grocerymen begin to wonder
why honey is not forthcoming, they
will be all the more anxious to buy
when it is brought in. Do not take
in too nuirh at a time, especially at

first — a crate or two is plenty. Better
supply them often, and keep it neat
and fresh, and keep it going. In tliis
way it will never become old stock
and unsalable.
Milan, Ills.

THE OTHER SIDE.

Expei'iuieiitsMii Providing: Pas.
liirase for Bees.

Written for theAmericnn BeeJoiirnal

BY MAHALA B. CHADDOCK.

I notice that many writers on bees
speak of sweet clover as a valuable
honey-plant, and they say that it yields
honey all summer. Last fall I rode
four times a week along a road that
was lined for miles witli sweet clover,
and I never saw a bee on it — not one.
This was in September and October.
Perhaps the hot weather had dried up
all the first growth, and this was only
a second fruition, and contained no
honey, or none worth the bees' notice.
I masticated some of the blossoms, and
the}' had a far-away sweetish taste, a
little sweeter than rain-water.

Once Mr. Chaddock was with me
when riding, and I asked him to let
me stop and gather some of the seed
to sow in waste places. " No, indeed,"
said he ; •" not on my land. I have
weeds enough already. Don't you see
those cows eating grass roots, and here
is all this sweet clover going to waste.
Nothing eats it ; it is a pest." I told
him that Mrs. L. Harrison and all the
big bee-keepers took home much of it,
and scattered it about, and the bees
gathered honey from it. But it was of
no use to argue.

About a 3'ear ago I decided to raise
Alsike for the bees to work on, and I
began talking Alsike to every one who
would listen. When I went to the
neighbors I took all the bee-papers
along that had anything about Alsike
in them, and read them aloud, and
when they came to see me I did the
same.

At last several of the farmers grew
so tired of hearing about Alsike, that
they agreed to get half a bushel of the
seed and try it ; — if what ? If I could
get a farmer iiiio did not keep bees to
s.ay that it was as good as red clover.
Then I wrote to the editors of all the
agricultural papers that we take, and
asked them — yes, begged them to say
that it was as good. But none of them
would quite say it. They would say
that it was " about as good," and that
on certain lands it would do as well,
etc. ; but not one of them would come
.■^qi'-rcl}- out and say, " Yes ; Alsike is
fully as good as red clo\er for a
farmer's use."

Then I told the farmers that I would
buy the seed if they would sow it. I
told Mr. Chaddock that I would give
him some of the seed if he would give
it room to grow. He j'ielded, and
said that he wouhl sow a bushel of the
seed. So I got two bushels of the seed,
and the neighbors paid for their
shares. (You cannot give anybody in
Illinois anything; the}' are all too in-
dependent.) They sowed the seed,
and it came uji well ; but the dry
weather killed it all except a patch
about as big as a table. This patch
was in an old pasture, and was a hard,
bare place where the sheep bad been
salted (I believe).

One of the neighbors says that he
thinks he will try it again. I won't.
I am through growing Alsike. It may
be a very good clover for everything,
and more too, but I shall not urge
people to raise it. The sign does not
seem to be right for us to raise it, and
I shall not worry any more about it.

Dr. Miller says (I believe) that his
honey cost him about $2.50 a pound.
Did he give the items anywhere ? If
he did, I have not seen them. Of
course I do not doubt what he says.
I know that the only year that I have
ever had a fall crop of honey, was the
kind of year that I never want to see
again. We had 25 acres of corn, and
obtained only 28 bushels ; our oats
rattled in the shock, and the wheat
rattled in the stack. It rained, rained,
rained all the time ; all the corn on
low ground was never plowed at all.
Reapers mired in the tields when cut-
ting small grain, and after the harvest-
ing was done it did not get dry enough
to stack. Ever}' time the sun shone
out for half-a-day men, women and
children rushed out, tore the shocks
apart, and spread the sheaves out to
dry. The next day it would darken
up again and out we went to shock it
up again. Most of the grain, when
stacked, was damp, and a great deal
of it was ruined. We could get no !
hay dry without its being spoiled with
rain. It was black, ill-smelling, musty
sjuff. Here we were with very little
small grain, no corn to speak of, no
good hay, and no corn-fodder, but we
had a ton of honey, I suppose. The
rain kept the corn from growing, and
most of the corn fields grew up a solid
mass of smart-weed, and this was what
kept the bees swarming and carrying
in honey all summer.

My bees swarmed from four to six
times, and filled everything full of
honey that they could find, even build-
ing combs beneath the hives, and stor-
ing honey in them. They had thou-
sands of acres of smart-weed to go to,
and they went to it ; but I pray to be
excused from having another fall crop
of honey, if I have to pay the price for

THU MEMERICSH be® JOWRIfSI,.

393

it that we paid for that. Honey was
wotlli 18 cents a poiinil then, but hogs
were worth 8 cents, anil we hail no
corn to feed them.
Vermont, Ills.

HANDLING BEES.

Iliiils iilioiit llic Use or Smoke,
Veil and Clove§.

Written for the Country QetUleman

BY JOHN M. STAHL.

The secret of handling bees is not to
fear them. Not a few will say that I
am wrong, but gloves for the hands,
gauze for the face, etc., should very
rarely be used. Bees do not sting
until they are exasperated. Nothing
exasperates them more than accidents.
The person with gloves on his hands,
and gauze before his eyes, is bound to
be awkward. He handles the bees
and all the paraphernalia of tlie apiar}'
clumsily. He lets something fall, or
topples something over. He jars the
hive, or injures the bees. The less
disturbance possible to the bees, the
less the chances of arousing all their
ill-temper. The per.son with gloves
and gauze is more awkward and slow ;
he cannot handle the bees with celerity
and deftness. Hence he precipitates
the catastrophe. Angering the bees
should be prevented, rather than pro-
tecting oneself by the very means cal-
culated to anger them. The excite-
ment and exasperation of the bees
harm them — are a loss to the apiarist ;
hence are to be guarded against, for
full as good a reason as the escape
from a sting. The man who is more
afraid of being stung than of exciting
the bees, is not a good apiarist.

Because of this, I condemn the fre-
quent use of smoke by many. Some
bee-keepers are very fond of smoke.
They must have a smoke in the yard
almost every time they touch a hive.
This is foolish, and worse. Smoke is
to be used onlj- as a last resort — in an
emergency. It seems to me that few
know how to use it judiciously. It is a
violence to the bees ; and as the api-
arist values the well-being of his colo-
nies, and the fullness of his pockets,
he will do as little violence to his bees
as possible. My observation convinces
me that this ever-present smoke is re-
sponsible for more stings than it pre-
vents.

I know some men who handle from
fifty to one hunJred colonies without
gloves or gauze, and likely without
using smoke once during the season.
Of course 1 do not condemn smoke al-
together. There is a great difterence
among colonies. I have mot with a
few colonies that could not be bandied

much without smoke, and I gave them
a dose with pleasure.

It is now easy to guess why the pei--
son who is afraid of bees is apt to get
stung. He is nervous as .soon as he
gets within thirty yards of a hive. He
makes quick, jerk}' motions, exasper-
ating to anything that has sense. He
spills and drops and jars until the bees
could not be otherwise than angry ;
and he increases the evil by the pre-
cautions he has taken against being
stung. I ha,ve seen these nervous men
cru.sh bees — in transferring, for in-
stance— by the dozen, not through
carelessness, but because the}- were so
nervous and scared that they hardly
knew what they were doing. Is it
anj' wonder that the fellows of the
crushed bees tried to avenge their un-
timely taking oft' ? And I must con-
fess that I was glad when they suc-
ceeded and made the murderously-
nervous person howl.

I feel earnestly about this matter
because I was converted, and powerfuUy
converted. Once I was afraid of bees.
Had only about 25 colonies, and got
stung in handling them. A neighbor,
Mr. Finlay, had above 100 colonies ;
used neither gloves nor gauze ; it was
very rarely that smoke was seen in his
apiary, and yet he laughed at being
stung. One daj' I was passing, and
he called me in to see his bees, as he
said. Trembling, I went, for I sur-
mised that he wanted to try me. It
was a "wet spring," and we both were
bare-footed, with our trousers rolled
up to our knees. We were in our
shirt sleeves, and he had his sleeves
rolled to his elbows. He took me in
among his hundred colonies. To show
how brave I was, I stood very near a
hive. " I wanted to see if you knew
how to handle bees," he said, "and I
see already that you don't ; any pei--
son that knows how to handle bees
will never stand right in front of a
hive" he will keep out of the way of
bees all he can, and yet do his work.
You can stand against the back or side
of a hive and not disturb the bees ; but
get before the entrance, and jou inter-
fere with their nKjvements. Now, stand
here ; stand still. If you strike at a
bee you'll be stung to death. You
know how to handle a horse as well as
any one I ever saw, but among bees
you are a coward. I want to make
you a man among bees."

Reader, I ivas scared, and " Curg "
laughs yet when he recalls the episode.
I was so scared that I cannot give an
account of what he did. I onlj' know
that in three minutes every blessed
bee he had (so it seemed) was swarm-
ing around me. I stood there, still ;
and I have no doubt that my hair lifted
my battered straw hat from my head.
He kept me theie until the bees re-

sumed their normal condition. I was
not stung once ; and I was cured of
being afraid of bees.

Since then my line of action has
been marked by sweetened water
rather than smoke ; and handling bees
has become pleasant, instead of very
disagreeable work ; and I have been
more successful.

Adams Countv, Ills.

CLOSE SPACING.

The Curiosities of Bee.Liitera-
ture.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY J. E. POND.

The article of Mr. E. P. Churchill,
in the Amrican Bee Journal, leads
me to take the above heading for my
text.

The matter of which he. writes, viz :
Close spacing of bees is one that has
been discussed in the bee-jieriodicals
of the United States and Great Britain
for a number of years, and I had sup-
posed that the glory or shame of in-
troducing the subject belonged to
another writer than Mr. Churchill. I
therefore desire to ask him when he
originated the idea ? What scientific
points he bases it upon ? and what, in
his judgment, is or are the reason or
reasons why it produces the eft'ects he
claims ?

As for myself I deem the matter one
of great importance ; I believe that the
adoption of the principle, when fully
understood, will work a revolution in
bee-keeping, and with that belief I de-
sire to learn all I can in regard to it,
and wish that Mr. Chruchill would de-
vote an article to the subject of in-
forming us on what natural theory it
is based.

North Attleboro, Mass., May 29,1888.

ONTARIO.

The Ilaldiiiiand Bee.Keepers
Meet and Talk.

Reported by the Secretary,

E. C. CAMPBELL.

The Haldimand Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation met at Nelles' Corners on Mon-
day, May 28, at 1 p.m., the President,
Mr. James Armstrong, in the chair.
The following members were pres-
ent : W. Kindrec, E. Kindree, H.
Smith, O. Fathers, E. Gee, F. Mehlen-
bacher, Israel Overholt, Geo. Snider,
Geo. Werner, W. Best, F. Rose, H.
Coverdale, Fred Harrison, Jas. Cald-
well, Eli Grobb, H. Ackland, and the
Secretary.

394

TM® Mi^EKicMff mmm s&JsmmmLc.

The minutes of the last meeting were
read and approved.

The President addressed the meet-
ing in reference to affiliation with the
Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association, and
explained the advantages to be de-
rived therefrom. It was necessary
that there should be at least five mem-
bers from each local association, and
a subscription of 15, in order to be-
come affiliated, and in return each
member would receive an Italian
queen, and the local association would
receive a grant of |35.

After the matter had been thoroughly
discussed, it was moved by Mr; Smith,
and seconded by Mr. W. Kindree, that
the Haldimand Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion be affiliated with the Ontario Bee-
Keepers' Association, and that the Sec-
retarj' be instructed to forward the
necessary fee of $5. Carried.

Hoiv to Transfer Bees.

Mr. Kindree described his method
of transferring from a box-hive, which
■was bj- taking a side off the hive and
cutting out the combs, which he fast-
ened into frames by means of sticks on
each side, tied on top and bottom so
as to hold them in place until the bees
fastened them all right, when he took
th'e sticks off.

Mr. Armstrong's plan was much the
same as Mr. Kindree's, but he used a
peculiarl}' shaped tool for taking the
combs out of the hive, instead of tak-
ing the side off the hive.

The following diagram shows how a
frame looks when transferred as de-
scribed above :

which were in the main the same as
given above.

WUicIi is Best, to Fill tbe Sections, or
Use Starters ?

Mr. W. Kindree usuallj- put in a
starter, but he thought that the bees
made straighter and nicer comb honej'
when the sections were filled with
foundation.

Mr. Armstrong was in favor of fill-
ing the sections with thin foundation.
If the lower story was full of combs,
he used starters in the sections ; but if
there were only starters below, he
filled the sections with foundation.

Messrs. Overholt and Rose had used
only starters.

Report or Losses.

Fall '87. SprinK '88.

James Armstrong ..112 100

Wm. Kindree 49 43

Elijah Kindree 17 11

Henry Smith 6 0

Owen Fathers 25 18

Israel overholt 8 5

F. Mehlenba her 50 S4

EphraimGee 5 5

Abraham Gee 2 2

James Caldwell 64 54

Frank Rose 91 84

GeorgeSnider 7 6

Fred Harrison 36 31

Robert Coverdale 34 26

George Werner 8 6

Eli Grobb 4 2

Wm. B. Best 30 28

Henry Ackland 34 33

Nicholas Fess 6 1

E.C.Campbell 6 5

Moved by Mr. Rose, seconded by
Mr. Overholt, that'this association give
$8 to the Cayuga and Jarvis shows,
and |4 to the Rainham show, on con-
dition that they give twice as much in
prizes for honey and apiarian supplies,
and that the local members of the as-
sociation be authorized to wait upon
the directors of the above agricultural
societies. Carried.

Moved by Mr. Smith, seconded by
Mr. Fathers, that the next meeting of
the association be held at Fisherville
on Saturday, Sept. 29. Carried.

Tbe Best tvay to Hive Natural Sivarnis.

Mr. Smith placed an old newspaper
in front of the hive, and when the bees
were nicely clustered in the swarraing-
box, he shook a few on the platform,
and they soon ran in.

Mr. Armstrong described his plan of
using a swarming-box, which he held
so that the swarm could easily cluster
in it, when he took it to the hive and
shook a few bees down on to the plat-
form in front, and the whole swarm
soon ran in with joyful haste.

Mr. W. Kindree's plan was the same
as described by Mr. Armstrong, and he
thought the swarming-box was worth
its weight in gold for practical use to
evei')' bee-keeper.

Messrs. Mehlenbacher, Rose, Cover-
dale and Overholt gave their plans.

SWARMING.

Do Bee§ !$elc€t a Home Before
Issuing a Swarm ?

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY C. L. LOVELAND.

ing on a bush about 8 rods from the
liive. He then went 6 or 8 rods to the
barn for a hive, and when he returned
they were gone. My farm was what
was called prairie-opening, with quite
a numher of large trees still standing.
We took the direction that they went
from the hive to the bush. We went
about 80 rods and found them up about
20 feet in an oak tree. We cut it down
and saved the bees. I saw the next
swarm come out. They did not alight.
I followed them directl}' to the tree,
about 100 rods from the hive. We cut
it down and saved the bees. A few
daj's after I saw a neighbor that was
quite a bee-man. He said to me, some
one has got a swarm of bees on my
place. I told him they were mime ; I
followed them directly to the tree. He
said he was watching that tree ; that
he was there and saw the bees clean-
ing out the tree, a number of days be-
fore they swarmed, and thought that
he was going to get a swarm.

My opinion is, that all first swarms
look for a home before swarming.
Perhaps some after-swarms do not. I
want to know how any one knows that
bees send out scouts. After clustering
they may do it, but I think it is no easy
matter to prove.

Plainview, Minn.

Mr. J. E. Pond remarks on page 297
thus : " Whether bees ever select a
home before swarming, is a question
that probably no one can answer." I
think that I can come verj' near an-
swering it.

About 25 years ago I bought 2 colo-
nies of bees in the spring. I knew
nothing about bees, and did not know
one bee from another. I had a hired
man that had worked with bees some.

One Sunday I left him to watch them
while I went to church. When I re-
turned he said that the bees had
swarmed ; that he watched them until
he thought the}' had commenced alight-

G-IVE ROOM.

Giving the Bees Room, to Pre-
vent Inerease.

Written for the Ohio Farmer
J. A. B.

To obtain the greatest yield of
honey, ordinarily, swarming must be
controlled to a great extent, although
we often gain in surplus by allowing
strong, powerful colonies to cast a
swarm. A certain amount of space
may be profitably occupied by bees,
but an over-supply of bees to the
amount of space is not so profitable.
Hence a division of the swarm is, I
think, nore preferable, and no better
division can be made when surplus
honey is in view than to permit the
bees to make it themselves if at, or
near the proper time. But in allow-
ing such increase, a line must be
drawn, as any increase except in such
cases is a barrier to honey production.

The size of the hive, or space for the
brood-chamber, as generally adopted
by bee-keepers, is about 2,000 or 2,400
cubic inches, and thf surplus depart-
ment should have about the same
dimensions. A prosperous colony in
the honey season should occupy this
entire space, filling every crack and
crevice to such an extent as only to
admit of working room, or, as the
saying is, " elbow room."

THE MBIERICSH BE® ja^RNSlU.

395

^'•■^^■^*-^^-*-*— •*■■

When this spaee becomes ci-owded,
and the bees are forced to the outside
for room, loaliiig in large numbers,
clustering on tlie outside of the hive
will take place. If this occurs during
the honey flow, it shows that some-
thing is wrong; that room is required,
and I prefer, rather than to add
another story to the hive, to swarm
them naturally if possible, and thus
have them divided into colonies. If
the above is correct, the reader will
readily understand what it takes to
make a prosperous colony secure the
best results.

In order to prevent all swarms that
may not be desired, in most eases it is
only necessary to keep down the con-
struction of queen-cells. Swarming
may be verj' easily foretold from six
to eight da3-s, by the construction of
queen-cells. The destruction of these
cells will discourage swarming, and in
most cases prohibit it. But in rare
exceptions bees will sometimes persist
in i.ssuing, even if queen-cells are not
present, especially after frequent an-
noyance by removing their cells, from
the fact that their leaving the parent
colony in this condition does not in-
jure it. If brood is present, their ex-
cuse for so doing may be deemed rea-
sonable, but as this will at once check
the process of storing surplus, the
point aimed at, it is necessary that we
keep them together, and the only way
we can make a sure thing of it is to
take away their qiieen. This is a never
failing remedy to check swarming at
the time.

If an abundance of young brood is
present in the hive, I cannot see that
it will do an}- particular harm, but as
a general thing this is a preventive
only for the present, for if tlie honey-
flow continues there will likelj- be
another effort made to swarm eight
days thereafter. Queen-cells con-
structed from the brood left after the
removal of the queen, will at this
period be maturing, and swarms may
be the result. At this stage of pro-
ceedings we have made the best pro-
gress by removing all queens or cells,
and introducing a laying queen.

Another plan we have used, wliich
may be equally as good with those per-
sistent swarmers, is to allow them to
swarm, hive them in a new location,
and strengthen them up ready for
occupying the surplus boxes at once,
by drawing from either of these left,
or other colonies. If, on the other
band, we wish to increase oiu- number
of colonies somewhat, and at tlie same
time secure a fair crop of honey, we
would manage to have all strong, as
near the swarming point as possible at
the opening of the honey flow. In fact,
it matters not what particular method
of management we intend to adopt for

the season, it is of the greatest impor-
tance in any case to have strong colo-
nies at the commencement.

Doubling the number of colonies is
a fair increase. This we can do, and
at the same time secure a fair crop of
hone,}-, and wo would do this by allow-
ing the first swarms to issue. I think
this better than dividing, if salable
surplus honey is the object, together
with a fatr increase.

If we expect to make increase the
sole object, we would manage quite
differently. We would work entirely
on the artificial plan of increasing by
dividing. Previous arrangements
should be made in rearing queens so
that the supply is at hand at the time
of operating. In making these divi-
sions we should not separate into too
many parts at one time. A colony
divided into two is enough at once.
Each queenless half should be pro-
vided with a laying queen, thus keep-
ing each part strong, and furnished
with laying queens. This keeps up a
large portion of the brood at all times,
and doubles the laying forces by the
addition of an extra queen at each
division.

When dividing a colony into manj^
parts at one time, it weakens each part
so that even if laying queens are
furnished, the amount of brood-comb
in which to depost eggs is limited ac-
cording to the strength of the colony.
Hence comes the necessity of having
each part as strong as possible, there-
l)y accommodating the queen with
room according to her laying capacity.
The secret of .success is in dividing
more frequently, and not making so
many parts at once out of the same
colony.

A strong colony divided into two
parts may be divided again ihto four
parts, in six or eight days, when it
may be kept uj) every ten or twelve
days thereafter, being governed en-
tirely by the flow of honey, which may
be either natural or artificial.

LARGE HIVES.

Honey-Boards, Contraction, Pol-
len in Section§, etc.

Written for the American BeeJouraal

BY .J.AMES HEDDON.

Without consuming more .space than
is necessar}-, I wish to say that all the
points made against the usefulness of
mj' hive bj- Messrs. Dadant and Ham-
baugh have been fully answered over
and over again, more especially so by
quotations from patent law, found on
page 21.3 of the Bke Journal for 1886.
If the reader will read and carefully
consider them, he will see the truth of
this statement.

With reference to Dr. Tinker's arti-
cle on page 380, no one can say but
that he is entirely correct, but it is
sometimes very hard for human na-
ture to use pleasant words and kind
sentences in response to those who are
doing them an injury. A truth cannot
be told harshly enough to make it
false, nor can a falsehood be told
kindly enough to make it true.

Coutraedou of Brood-Chambers.

Brother Tinker says : " Probably no
man in this country has had a larger
or more varied experience in the con-
traction of brood-chambers in the past
five years than the writer." I am
quite sure that I can prove that either
Mr. E. J. Oatman or myself have had
more than twenty times the experi-
ence in contracting that the Doctor
has had. I am informed that Dr.
Tinker has never really used divisible
brood-chamber hives.

I desire to make these facts known
in justice to us both : Soon after I
made public my late invention. Dr.
Tinker purchased a hive of me, and
wrote me that he did not wish to use
my invention as I had made it, but
would use a portion of my principles,
and sent me a model of the hives he
was using, which had a brood-chamber
of one section, composed of seven
close-fitting frames, shallower than the
Langstroth hive. A brood-chamber of
too little capacity for all seasons of the
year, and the very thing which the
Doctor has been using ever since,
when he suddenly departed from his
" continuous-passage-way hive," adopt-
ing one on the principle of mine,
arranging with me to use it for one
year.

Pollen In tbe Sections.

But for arguments sake, suppose the
Doctor really had experimented with
my hive in its purity, the one wliich
he refers to on page 330, and suppose
he really had any evidence that tliere
was J too little room in the contracted
brood-chamber, which caused the bees
to cany pollen above, and that the
bee-space in the center of the brood-
nest proved an impediment to exten-
sive brood rearing, we can but regret
that he lives in such a peculiar loca-
tion, or has such exceptionally obsti-
nate bees that everything works so
differently with him than with a hun-
dred others who have reported pub-
licly and privately.

I think three or four have reported
" pollen in the sections " one year, Init
there are quite frequently years in
which this occurs with all hives. Who
has not seen surplus honey nearly
ruined with bee-bread in da3'S when
nearly all the hives used were from 14
to 20 inches deep ? Some way or
other, as we have adopted shallow and
shallower hives, we have in exact pro-

398

•THB MBKiERicMPf mmm jouri^mi*.

■^ ■*-*-*- *-*--*■■

fc^fcAiflfcA^A^Aj^J

1

portion eliminated bee-bread from our
surplus comb honey ; not because bees
are less liable to carry pollen above
shallow brood-chambers, but because
shallowness has little or nothing to do
with it, and we have discovered and
attended to the conditions which
cause it.

Queen-exclndlng Honey-Boards.

The Doctor claims to be the first
who used queen-excluding zinc in
hone^'-boards, and the first to make it
public ; but on examining the record
we find that this is not so, and believe
we can prove that we have used more
than twenty queen-excluding honey-
boards to his one.

We say this in all kindness, and will
try liei'eafter to show up the Doctor's
mistakes in articles which shall com-
bine both kindness and truth.

We trust we have written this
kindly, that our brother bee-keeper
will hereafter devote his attention to
the statements and arguments made
by those who difl'er with him upon
these important points in progressive
bee-keeping, rather than to the char-
acter of the writing or writer.

Dowagiac, Mich.

A BEE'S SOLILOQUY.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY JOHIf JAMESON.

As I sat musing one fine day,
I thus commenced to sing my lay.
The poet Virgil sang of bees,
His martial countrymen to please,
And now I will prolong the strain,
And sing about the bees again.

We must have perish'd in the flood.
In water deep, and slimy mud,
Except the pair in Noah's cell ;
What kind they were, let wise men tell.
That's something far beyond my ken,
And puzzles e'en the wisest men.

I (io not care for stylish hive.
If in a keg could live and thrive.
1 likn the one as well's the other.
New inventions seldom bother.

Had I my way, I'd rather be
In hollow dark of some high tree,
Or in the cleft of some steep rock,
Away from human kind and smoke.

They ship me here, and ship me there,
Exhibit at the County Fair ;
Where some great bee-man, I expect.
Expatiates on the great insect.
And when they get a costly prize,
I never see it with my eyes.

Above all insects we have fame,
There's none has sweeter, honored name.
We're found almost in ev'ry land.
On Mediterranean strand,
And on the shores of Norway bleat.
In Mexico, round Mozambeque.
We're humming round on ev'ry hand,
Australia and Van Diemen's land.

Sometimes they ship us far away.
And then we travel night and day.
They crowd us np in little space,
Until we reach the destin'd place.

And then the same thing o'er and o'er,
My old home likely see no more,
A change of masters matters not.
Ours surely is a cruel lot.

For days we rattle in the train,

And weary to be out again.

Sometimes among the freight I'm jamm'd.

At other times I'm toss'd and slamm'd.

I do detest the din and dust, •

But no use talking, go we must.

Left to ourselves, we'd rather be.
Along the Caribbean sea.
We love to be where it is warm.
Cold does incalculable harm.
We want some Raleigh, or a Penn,
To lead us out of this cold den.
We hope the rising generation.
Will all encourage emigration.

The Tropics suit us far the best.
In this cold climate too much rest.
The bee-men all should move their camp,
And with us take a southern tramp ;
There daily we would better fare.
And keepers would have far less care.
And need no granulated trash.
Or any other kind of mash.

They brought my mother o'er the sea.

My daddy was a native bee ;

So I'm a hybrid vicious pest.

And dreaded more than all the rest.

Tes, all I am, and have, I'll bet,
The pure Italian is the pet ;
O, give me not so hard a name.
Organization is to blame.

No doubt you have a brighter band ;
But can't call this your native land.
At home you had a balmier air,
A sky with which few can compare,
" I love my own, my native land,"
And care not for your triple band.

Some say you gather far more honey,
And make your owners lots of money,
Perhaps that's so ; but last season.
For being short, we've good reason ;
Nature withheld her precious stores,
Now poverty surrounds our doors.

I've often heard the natives say,
That blacks were in the earliest day.
Fresh from the great Creator's hand.
With all the humble, creeping hand.
That climate, food, and habit chang'd,
According to the parts we rang'd.

It puzzles me and all the rest,
To find how we got so far West ;
Perhaps we came by Behring's Strait,
On some rude craft with Indian freight.

Perhaps the Northerner brought us here.
This heterogeneous mass to cheer ;
Perhaps we are a new creatiou,
Prepar'd to feed this Yankee nation.

My life is short ; but I am proud.
For o'er me hangs portentious cloud,
A weary slave for SplHsh man.
And never pleas'd do all you can.

Some keepers well deserve a share.
Of us they take such gentle care ;
Old fogies should not have an ounce.
Bees ev'rywhere on them should pounce.

The bipeds would get burning hail,
But they protect with gloves and veil.
If bees could only stop supplies.
Our masters then would ope their ej'es.

Our keepers take some stores away.
And drones, alas ! would always stay ;
But we express no clement doubt,
We pinch their necks and hustle out.

The robbers come and plunder too,
A turbulent and murderous crew.
Moths, mice and ants give us no peace.
The human, lower, all us fleece.

I reckon we must not forget.
That man has got Dominion yet ;
The land and sea subserves his end.
This state of things we cannot mend.

No doubt the premordial hoardes
Had honey on their festive hoards ;
Not from a pretty Langstroth box.
But from the hollow trees and rocks.

Sometimes they pack us round with chaff.
And then we have a general laugh ;
Sometimes they put us in the cellar.
And there we sleep,and sometimes beller.

For four long months ne'er see the light.
Until we take our early flight ;
When rosy spring cheers up the land,
Tliey place us on the summer stand.

Our mother's wing they often clip,
Tet swarming time makes bee-men skip ;
Where have they gone ? up in a tree !
There! there! run fast! be quick! see! see!

Some plant the luscious melilot
As near as can be to our cot ;
So that we need not travel far
To gather in the sweet nectar.

In spring we often have the dwindle ! !
And that the bee-man's ire doth kindle.
He's often left without a bee,
And that's a piteous sight to see.

How to increase all don't agree.
Some say divide, some let them be.
Some like the model old Langstroth,
Some Simplicity, some like both.

Five shining eyes, and hairy tongue
To see, and gatlier sweets among
The aromatic woods and dells.
And store the honey in our cells.

Like Robin Hood and bold Rob Roy,
Free booting ev'rywhere enjoy ;
A fence to us is not a bar,
We find aroma near and far.

Now I will stop my cogitation.
And ply with zeal my avocation ;
Adjust my wings, and busy go it,
'Twill better pay than being poet.

—West Toledo, O.

FALL CROP.

Pro8pecl§ for a Fall Crop-
Honey vs. Increase.

Written for the Prairie Farmer

BY MES. L. HARRISON.

Ill opening a colonj' of bees this
morning, I found all the frames full of
brood, but scarcely • a day's ration
ahead, and plenty of drones and drone-
brood, with every appearance of com-
ing swarms. All needed now for an
outbreak of the swarming fever, is a
flow of nectar. There appears to be
plenty of pollen, and bee-bread is
abundant. The locusts are in bloom,
but there has been a great deal of rain
of late, which washed out the sweet-
ness. It is fair to-day (May 30), and
there may be some nectar secreted.

Fall Crop of Honey.

So much rain promises well for
honey in the future. The greatest flow
ever known here was in the fall. This
wet weather will bring forward white
clover, and we may yet hope for a
supply of this delightful sweet; — real
ambrosia, fit for the gods. When the
electric conditions are just right, and
the flow abundant, the comb is so
delicate as to be almost imperceptible.
I have yet to see a finer honey than
from the white clover of the North and
West. As this honey is so desirable,
every effort should be made to secure
as much as possible in tlie best shape.

Tmm HiM^MicMH mmn jouMifMir.

397

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Honey vs. Iucrease>

A large increase in colonies, and a
large amount of surplus cannot be
secured at one and the same time. It
is best to secure all the choice honey
possible, and if increase is desired,
make it afterwards. Choice queen-
cells should be saved during swarm-
ing time, and the young queens reared
can be used in making colonies after
the flow of honej' is past. Italian bees
often swarm even before starting
queen-cells, and then the old colony
builds and rears queens. It is good
management to save all the cells built
in a choice colony, so as to have good,
vigorous queens, to introduce wherever
inferior stock is discovered.

Before any of the queens emerge,
the colony can be divided up ; a frame
containing a queen-cell, and covered
with bees, can be removed to a hive,
and confined to one side by a division-
board. If there is not enough honey
in this frame, another one containing
honey should be given it. When the
young queen is out, it is well to add a
frame of eggs and larvse. This will
furnish employment for the bees, and,
if the queen is lost on her bridal tour,
furnish the moans of rearing another.
Where increase is the object sought,
the after-swarms can all be hived and
built up into strong colonies before
cold weather. Of course these all con-
tain young queens, and the old one
leaves with the first swarm.

Hlvlug Swarms.

Many complain of their swarms de-
serting the hives. Whenever this is
the case, there is some cause for it ;
either the hive is unclean, or has some
disagreeable odor about. I once had
a swarm come out of a hive and clus-
ter several times. On examining the
hive I discovered that it was , a new
orke, and that the entrance was too
small ; the bees were simply too warm,
and for fear of suflbcating, deserted
the hive. On putting them in a hive
with a wider entrance, they went to
work, with no more foolishness. I like
to have my hives standing where they
are to remain, and carry the swarm to
it. If they cluster on a limb of a tree
that I am willing to cut ofl', I do so,
and carr^- it to the hive, and lay it in
front upon a clean surface of a board
or cloth, and then direct a few bees
to the entrance with a little twig. If
they are violently shaken oS", all at
once, they may take wing and cluster
again. Sometimes I shake them off
into a dish-pan, cover them with an
apron, and pour them in front of the
hive.

Peoria, Ills.

inJiraiK

BUSINESS MANAGER.

Your Full Address, plainly written
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

(ttsittjess Moticts.

If Tou l>ive near one post-office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

iryoii Lose Uloney by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly

safe; costs but 5 cents. ,

Mease to get your I^eiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

I»rcserve If our Papers for future

reference. If you have no BII^I>ER we

will mail you one tor 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journal,

Yucca Itrnslies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -write Americam, Bee Journal
on the envelope when writmg to this officCj
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a conuuission house), causing
vexatious delay and ti'ouble.

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Apiary Rcgfister.— All who intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) tl 00

'• 100 colonies (Sao pag-ea) 125

" 200 colonies (4'20 pa^es) 1 50

Pliotographs of Bee-Meepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containmg the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for $1.75 ; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

Honey and Bees^vax Iflarket.

NEW YORK.
HONBT.— We quote : Fancy white In 1-lb. sec-
tions, 13@i5o.; the same In 2-lbs., looilc; buck-
wheat 1-lbs., lOc: 2-lb9..ac. Market dull. We are
doInK all we can to reduce Btock, to make room for
the new crop.
BKK8WAX.-2ec.

HILDRBTH BROS.,
May 21. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best white In I-ponnd sections. H® 15c.
Extracted, 9@10c. Supply decreasing slowly.

BBB8WAJC.-23C.
May 21. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONE Y.— Prices range from 15®16c. for best one-
lb. sections: other grades are Blow, at lower prices.
Extracted, 7@8c. i^ight demnnd, and supply larger
than usual at this season of the year.

BBB8WAi,-23o. R. A. BURNETT,

May 1. 161 South Water St.

NKW TORfe.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white i-lb, sections,
14@ific.: fancy 2-lbs., 12c. Lower grades i@2c. per
lb. less. Buckwheat i-lbs., lOOlO^Ci 2-lb8.. 9@9Sto.
Extracted, white, 7®7Hc. ; dark. 5!^(afic. Market is
dull for comb but Improving for extracted, of which
new from the south is arriving.

BEESWAX- Scarce, 2*@27.
May 21. F.G.8TR0HMBYBR 4CO., 122WaterBt.

CHICAGO.

HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white clover l-lbs.,
16®17c. : 2-lb8., LSOlric. Dark is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted Is scarce, and sells at 7@10c.

BEE8WAX.-23C.

Mar. 13. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 8. Water St,

CINCINNATI.

HONBY.— We quote extracted at 4@9c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, 14@I7c.—
Demand slow.

BBKSW AX.— Demand Is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Apr. 23. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

MILWAUKEE.

HONBY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, I6@I7c.:
2-lbs.. l.">(fl)lRc.; 3-lbs.. 14c. Extracted, white in kegs
and ^-barrels, 8 to H^c; In tin and pails, 9H@10c.:
dark In barrels and kegs, 5@7c. Market fair.

BEESWAX.— 22®25C.
Apr. 23. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DBNVBR.

HONEY.— Best white Mb. sections, 17®19c.; 2-lb.
sections, 15@17c. Extracted, 7@10c.

BEBSWAX.-20®.!3C.
Mar. 1. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth Bt.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.- We quote : Choice white 2-lb. sections,
17@isc.; dark 2-lbs, 1 4® 15c. ; choice white l-lbs.. 18 to
20 cts.. dark l-lbs., I5®i6c. White extracted. 7@8o.i
dark. 5@6c. Demand is alow. White extracted is
Arm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BEESWAX.— 21 to 22c.
Mar. 29. H AMBLIN & BEAR88, 514 Walnut St.

lEtro BOSTON. HaijJ ~_

HONBY.— We quote: I-lb. sections, 16®17c.;"2-

Ib. sections. I4<316c. Extracted. 8®9c. The market

Is not very brisk and sales are slow.
BEB8WAX.-25 ots. per Id.

Mar. 24. Blaks t BiPLiT. 57 Chatham Ftreet.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote for new extracted 6@4J^c., as
to color and quality. New comb honey 14®loc., as
to quality. Arrivals are still small, and demand of
a jobbinu nature.

BKBSWAX.— Scarce. 20®24c.
June 2. 8CHACHT i LBMCKB. 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY. -We quote; White l-lbs.. unglassed, 1.5c. ;
1-lb., white, glassed, 14c.; dark, Mb.. 2c. less. Cali-
fornia. 2-lbs.. comb, while, lac. Extracted, 7c. Con-
siderable old honey Is In this market. No new yet
In. Sales are very slow.

BEESWAX.— None on the market.
June 9. CLBM0N8, CLOON & CO., cor 4th ftWalnut.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections43<x4K and 5J-4X5K.
Price, Sl.OO per 100, or .58.50 per 1,000.

H. I.. Pang:l>oi-n, of Maquoketa,
Iowa, says : " 1 can (ill no more orders for
bees."

398

'rmrn mimmmi^mm mmM jQ^KrfMir.

■ - — - — - -u^— j*^ 'j-^-- -^ •■m^m^m^mtm^mt^^mtm^^^^imt

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page ai5.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 33c. ; per peck, $8.00 ; per half-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., SIO.OO.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

Red Labels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, SI for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels »1 .50 $2,00 $2.23

500 Labels 2.00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

mr Samples mailed free, upon application.

We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEED at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; }4 pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, S3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Cork for Mutter Packing.— Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling AlsiJ<e
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
per bushel; 83.35 per peck; 35 cents per lb.
White Cl&ver Seed : $10.00 per bushel; $3.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clwer Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 30 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

gidxrertisemjents.

ITA1.1AN QUEENS by Return Mall.
Tested, $1.00 ; untested, 75 cents. Bees lo
cents per pound. Albino queens same price,

24Etf NAPPANEE, IND.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

s

AfflPt.E COPIES of the AMERICAN

APICtil.TliRIST and our Prloe-List of

Winter Strain of Pnre Italian Bees
sent free. Address.
18Etf APICULT0RI8T, Wenham, Mass.

MentiO)i the Aineriran Bee Journal.

2-Story Langstroth Hive, 80c.

WE still have a few of those Two-Story
L,ai>g«trotb HIVES with 10 Brood-
Framee, at 80 cents.

Who wants them ? Speak QtnCK, or It will
be too late. Addres".

SIvIITIi <Sc S3^ITI3,
' lOEtf KENTON, Hardin Co.. OHIO.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

o-A.^iisrioij.A.isr

Gentlest bees known; not surpassed
as workers even by the wicked races.

Imported Queens, "A" grade, $8.00,
Tested, $4.00; Untested, $1.00,

GiTJEElSTS-

One-half dozen $5 00

Never saw foul brood. Caah always
required before filling an order.

S. W. HOSBISON, H. S.,

14Etf. Oxford, Chester Co., Pa.

DESIGNED for the Farmer, Lawyer. Doe-
tor, Postmaster, Merchant, Township and
County Officer, the Bee-Keeper, the Home-
in fact every one should have a secure place
for valuables.

We offer in the VICTOR SAFE a flrst-
class Fire-proof, Burglar-proof, Combination
Lock Safe, handsomely flniehed. Round cor-
ners, hand decorated: burnished portions are
nickel-plated. Interiors nicely fitted with sub-
treasuries, book-spaces and pigeon-holes.

Prices range as follows :

OUTSIDE. INSinE. WEIGHT. PRICE

No. 2. 22x15x16, 12x8x8>4, 250 lbs. $30 00
No. 3. 28x18x18, 15x10x10, 600 " 40 00
No. 4. 32x22x23. 19x14x12/2 800 " 60 00

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON.

923 & 923 W. Madison-St.,. . . CHICAGO, ILLS.
Mention (he .American Bee Journal.

^Patent appHed for).

BEST FOUNDATION FASTENER for
Brood-Frames and Sections. Description
and Illustration sent free on application.

J. W. BITTENRENDER,
20Etf KNOXVILLE, Marion Co., IOWA.

Mention the Ameritan Bee Journal.

A Year among the Bees,

BEINO

A Talk about some of the Implements, Plans

OTMi Pructices of a Bee-he^er of 2.t years^

Experience, who has for 8 yt:ars made th«

ProdiLction of Honey his Excbisive

Business.

■B~s- t>:r. c- c. 3vciIjI.-:e:ii.

Price, 75 ceatu, by mall. This la a new worb
of about 114 paKeB, well-printed ana nicely bound
In clulh. Address,

THOS. G. NEWIT AN dc SON,
923 & 925 West Madison St.. CHICAGO. ILL.

on STRONG COLONIES OF ITAI.IAN

OV/ tboroughbred Bees in Langstroth hives
for sale. For prices, address,

ID. VOC3-X.E:3yE.A.lSr,
24Alt WHITE HODSE, OHIO.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

TESTED ITALIAN Ql'EENS, $1 each ;
untested, 75 cents each ; 3 for $2 ; 12 or
more 65 cents each. 75 cents per pound for
bees. Albino queens same price.
23Atf I. R. GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.

Afention the American Bee Journal.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY,

PAMPHLET full of new and Improved
methods ; Price, 5 one-cent stamps. You
need also my list of Italian Queena, Reesby
the lb., and Supplies. Oliver Foster,
13Atf Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

BEESUPPLIES,

MMMmMM The Lart'est Steam

RETAIL

AND

Wholesale.

The Largest Steam-Power Shops
in the West: exclusively used to make Every-
tliiu;^ needed in the Apiary, of practical con-
struction and at Lowest Prices. Italian
Bees, Queens, 12 st> les of Bee-Hives, Sections,
Honej-E.xtractors, Bee-Smokers, Bee-Feeders,
Comb Foundation, and everything used by
Bee-Keepers always on band. My Illustrated
Catalogue FREE. E. Kretchmer,
lOEtf Cobnrg, Io\ra.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Eaton's Improved
SECXIOITV-CASE.
BEKS i .QDEBNS. Send
for free catalogue. Address
FRANK A. SATOIV.
rEtf BLUFFTON, OHIO.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

ONE Untested Queen, Sl.OO ; 3 for $2.no. BEES
by the Pound and Nucleus. Send for Price-List.
Address, H. O. FRAMK.
9E13t North Manchester, Ind.

Mention the American Bee Jourtial.

WE will SELL C-A.Ii3SriOLA.lNr
QTTHIH'.JSTS, reared In June, July
and August, 1888, until further notice. Un-
tested queens $1.00 ; tested, $2.00 ; tested and
selected, $3.00.

ANDREWS Sc LOCKHART.
24Atf PATTEN'S MILLS, Wash. Co., N. T.

Mentioii the American Bee Journal.

10 per cent. OFF

ON SECTIONS, from prices given in price-
list. We make four grades of CODIR
FOl!NDATIO^ — Heavy Brood, Ligbt
Rrood, Tliin A: ExtraTbln for Sections.
f^~ Send for free Price-Llst and Samples.—
Dealers, write for special prices.
Address, M. H. HCNT,

Bell Branch, Wayne Co., Mich, (near Detroit).
Mention the American Bee Journal.
2Etf

srRE to send for our Circular
before buying. Italian Bees by
the lb., 2 or 3 fr. Nuclei, Queens,
Foundation, &c. Unt'd Queens in
May, SI; In June, 75c,; 6 for $4.
.Tno. Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo,
■2-2Ett
Mention the American Bee Journal.

SMITH & SMITH

We have one of the largest

Bee-Hive Factories in tlie World.

t^~ If you are interested in BEES, send for
our Prlce-Llst— Free. Good Goods, and fair
Prices. Address, SIfllTH A SniTH,

lOEtf KENTON, Hardin Co., O.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

XH® MMlEItlC^Cff mWM J@WKrfHlL,.

403

f HOS. G.hKWMAN f»SON,

EDITOR.

VoiniY. June 20, 1888, No. 25.

Vor every Kvil under the sun
There is a Temedy or there is none.
If there is one, try and find it ;
If there is none— well, never mind It.

Xlie Xi-ial of Mr. Z. A. Clark, of Arka-
delphia. Ark., is to comeoff about July 16,
and the National Bee-Keepers' Union has
engaged considerable legal talent, and we
go to the trial in full confidence of gaining
a substantial victory.

;Vlr. Jouatlian Periaiu is again at
the helm of the Prairie Farmer, for the
past 3 or 4 years held by Orange Judd. The
American Bee Journal extends a wel-
come, and wishes Mr. Periam and the
Farmer abundant success.

Xieriiig: lip.— Concerning its advan-
tages and the metliods to be employed, Mr.
W. J. CuUinan, of Kansas City, Mo., writes
this in the Farmer's Review :

Tiering up.— Now we come to one of the
nicest thing's connected with modern api-,
culture. By this plan we are enabled to
secure 4 pounds of honey where 1 pound
was obtained by the old method. The plan
is briefly this : Wherfthe first case of sec-
tions is one-half or two-thirds filled, lift up
and slip under it a case of empty sections ;
now watch close, and when the upper one
is nearly completed, which can be ascer-
tained by blowing a little smoke on the
bees, and then looking down between the
sections, lift up these two and slip another
empty case beneath.

By the time the bees need more room,
should the honey-flow continue abundant,
the top case will be completed, and should
be taken from the hive, when the others
may be lifted and another case placed be-
low. Be careful not to add too many at the
close of the season, as you will get too many
unfinished sections, and be sure to remove
as fast as completpd, that your honey may
retain its snowy whiteness.

When removed store in a warm place and
sulphur occasionally to kill any moth-
worms that may hatch out upon the combs.
The reason for raising the first case and
placing tlie empty ones below, is that by
this plan a vacant space is left between the
brood and stores which the bees will take
possession of more readily, and work all the
harder to fill it up.

Another advantage is, that the finished
sections being on top they are not so liable
to be stained or soiled by the travel of the
bees, and are more easily removed when
finished. Those running for extracted
honey can tier up in a similar manner, but
the advantages are not so great as in the
production of comb honey.

Crateiii or surplus cases for holding the
section-boxes should be made neat in form,
so that they may be used as shipping-crates
or retailing crates. Sections of honey well
completed and nicely arranged in such
crates will bear very rough handling, and
will remain well preserved if the sections
have not been removed after taken off.— Ex.

Xhe Season is about a month late this
year, and consequently everything seems
"out of time." Still the prospects for a
honey crop in some localities is considered
to be excellent. Just as we go to press, the
following expression comes in from Mr. M.
O. Tuttle, of Osage, Iowa, showing that
there, at least, the apiarists are buoyant
and hopeful. He says :

The prospects are very encouraging here
for a good honey flow. Last week I doubled
up my colonies in order to lessen the num-
ber, and to get them exceedingly strong
early in the season. Our season is 3 or 4
weeks late.

After-Swariii!* are prevented (says
Mrs. L. Harrison, in the Prairie Farmer),
in this way : " When they hive a swarm,
they place it where the parent colony stood,
having removed it to one side, and facing
differently. All of the bees flying in the
fields, will, as they return, enter and re-
main with the new colony. After a few
days, commence gradually to turn the old
colony around, until about the time of the
young queens, when the entrances will be
side and side. Then remove the old colony
to a new stand, and all the bees old enough
to work in the fields will remain with the
new one, making a very strong working
force. When the first queen comes out of
the cell, she will destroy all the others, and
swarming will be prevented. By thus mass-
ing all the working force together in one
hive during a flow, much more surplus will
be secured, then if divided into several
hives."

From Ne>v Zealand comes this
paragraph in our Australasian cotemporary
for May, which shows how the Ajierican
Bee Journal is valued in the Southern
Hemisphere :

I must compliment Mr. Newman, the edi-
tor of the American Bee Journal, on the
improved appearance of the new volume of
that periodical, the first numbers of which
have just reached me. It is printed on good
paper, its articles are well written, and it
decidedly ranks as one of the first bee-
papers in the world.

Carl»uIixe«I Slieet.— A correspondent
in the BrlUxh Bee Journal says : " The
recipe given by Rev. G. Raynor for quieting
bees in preference to smoke is :

IJi oz. Calvert's No. 5 carbolic acid.

IJa oz. of glycerine.

1 quart of warm water.

The acid and glycerine to be well mixed
before adding the water, and the bottle to
be well shaken before using. A piece of
calico, or preferably cheese-cloth, suffi-
ciently large to cover the top of the hive
should be steeped in this solution, wrung
out dry, and spread over the hive on the re-
moval of the quilt, when every bee will
quicklv disappear below, and manipulation
may be slowly and quietly performed with-
out annoyance from the bees. The same
plan is effectual in driving the bees out of
section-cases. From unsealed sections they
often refuse to budge, but a little blowing
through the strainer will always dislodge
tlieni. All of our sections are thus re-
moved, and we have never experienced the
slightest scent or flavor of the carbolic acid
attaching to the comb or honey. This un-
pleasant result occurs only to bunglers,
who either use too strong a solution, or do
not wring out the carbolized sheet sufli-
eiently dry, and so besprinkle the comb
honey with the solution, and charge the
evil result of their own stupidity on those
who recommend the process. The strength
of the solution quickly passes away, as the
acid evaporates when exposed to the air.

Ilees Xake Possession of a

House.— It frequently occurs in southern
California that a swarm of bees take pos-
session of a liouse, and fill the space be-
tween the lathing and rustic with honey,
resisting all mild attempts to drive them
out. The following is from the Tustin
City correspondent of the Santa Ana Blade:

Sam Tustin has been having a war with
bees. A half-dozen swarms had taken pos-
session of his store building, occupied by
J. W. Ballard, and threatened to hold it to
the exclusion of its owners. And as the
bees were very enthusiastic in their busi-
ness, it looked as though they might stay,
even though Sam had the first claim. Tus-
tin, with an able assistant,firstclothed them-
selves in complete armor of mosquito-cloth
and heavy gloves, and, armed with an as-
sortment'of carpenter tools to tear off the
rustic, etc., then, by the liberal use of brim-
stone and fire, made it warm for the i)ests.
About two days finished one " houseful,"
and the boys had so much fight left in them,
or wanted' revenge, that they attacked a
large colony in possession of the Presby-
terian church, won the fight, and confiscated
several barrels of honey.

Xlie IN'is'l't* have been so cool until
last week, in this latitude, that work in the
hives has been out of the question. As the
season will be short, strong colonies will,
in all probability, be the only ones to get
much surplus, and but few are strong.

Xlte Cineinnati Centennial Exposi-
tion opens on July 4, and closes Oct. 27,
giving 100 exhibiting days. There will be
reduced rates on all railroads. As to what
the honey exhibits will be we are as yet un-
informed. We hope it will be creditable to
the pursuit. Of course our friend C. F.
Muth will see that it is made such, for he
never does things by halves.

404

TT'M® m^mMmi^mm mmm jommmmL,,

-— --*---^f*i*»*«

ittmtt^f-^^-^-^--^^^^^'-^-^^^^^^'--

Fatlier l^angwtrotli.— It lias been
known for some tiiiie that the bee-keepers
of America have been trying to provide
him an annuity to help him to a subsistence
in his old age and many infirmities.

Our brethren in Great Britain have taken
hold of the subject, and here is what the
British Bee Journal has to say about our
aged friend :

There is, perhaps, no man living to
whom the bee-keepers of the present day
owe more than to the Rev. L. L. Langs-
stroth, or, as he is termed by our American
friends, " Father Langstroth." How often
in the progress and development of a science
or industry the pioneers (those who were
amongst the first and who worked the
hardest), Very soon Become forgotten. It is
so in bee-keeping ; those who have done
the most, and by their exertions have en-
abled many in the present day to become
not only bee-keepers, but successful honey-
producers, are forgotten and ignored. But
this is not all, for those who have benefited
by others' brain efforts and experiences are
frequently those -who do their best to crush
them. Do we not find repeatedly that
claims are made to inventions and improve-
ments without regard to what has been
done before ? Names of inventors, dis-
coverers, and benefactors are frequently
forgotten in the eagerness to benefit at their
expense. , , . ,

We miglit mention numbers of instances
at the present day, where inventions are
used with but slight alteration, and the
users deriving a pecuniary benefit, whilst
the originators, to whom the invention cost
a large expenditure of brain power, many
sleepless nights, and perhaps a large sum
of money into the bargain, are completely
ignored. We have a most striking instance
of this in the case of the Rev. L. L. Lang-
stroth. We do not wish to enter into the
question of whether Langstroth, Munn, or
any one else, was the first to invent the
frame, but what we wish to point out is
that Langstroth was the first to make the
movable-comb hive a practical success, and
by his work, "The Hive and Honey-Bee,"
which is still the standard on the subject,
he opened up to the world the improved
methods of bee culture, which have led to
the enormous success witnessed at the pres-
ent time. Does every bee-keeper realize
that in using a movable-comb liive he is
morally indebted to Mr. Langstroth for the
benefit he is deriving from it ? And if he
does, is he prepared to make some acknowl-
edgment and return for this obligation ?

For many years Mr. Langstroth, who is
now 77 years of age, has suffered, and only
from time to time, and at long intervals,
has he been able to take up with his favor-
ite pursuit. We regretted that when we
visited America last summerhe was not in
a condition to see us, and nothing would
have given us greater pleasure than to have
• grasped this veteran's hand and looked into
his benevolent face. Ever devoted to the
science he loves so well, according to a
friendly letter we received from him a few
days ago, he was even then, during a period
of convalescence, at the apiary of Mr. Hed-
don, studying the capabilities of the Hed-
don system. His head troubles have pre-
vented him from earning his living, and it
is because this master of bee-keepers has
been robbed of his means of livelihood by
some of those who have reaped the benefit
of his labors, that he is not now, in his old
age, In comfortable and independent cir-
cumstances.

From time to time small sums have been
subscribed, and in 1879 "The Langstroth
Fund" was started in America. In that

year Mr. Newman visited England, and at a
meeting of the British and Foreign bee-
keepers, held at our residence in Horsham,
a subscription was started, which amounted
to about 61. 68., the whole amount collected
here and in America barely reaching 401.
Since that time small sums have been re-
mitted to him, but how out of all proportion
is this to to the benefits conferred by him
on the world ! It , is now proposed in
America to raise a sum of money In order to
purchase an annuity, and every bee-keeper
there will have an opportunity to pay some
tribute to his great leader. ^

But why should we stand aloof and do
nothing ? On another page our corres-
pondent, "Amateur Expert," in his pathetic
appeal, savs, " Let us, as British bee-keep-
ers give practical expression of brotherly
feeling by subscribing to the fund : it will
only stimulate his countrymen to do more,
and make the annuity the greater." These
sentiments we heartily approve, and think
it the duty of the many who have benefited
by Mr. Langstroth's labors to do something
on his behalf, so that this good old man may
pass the remainder of his days in comfort,
cherished by the thought that there are
noble and honest minds on either side of
the Atlantic that do appreciate his efforts,
and prove a brotherly love and feeling are
ready to recognize them. We shall be
pleased to open a subscription list to be
called the "Langstroth Fund," and earn-
estly hope that our appeal will be heartily
responded to. Let us bear in mind that
" he giveth twice who gives in a trice."

Donations sent to us, or to Mr. Huckle,
Kings' Langley, Herts, will be acknowl-
edged in the British Bee Journal, and for-
warded to America. The list of contribu-
tions is headed :

£ 8. d.

T.W. Cowan 5 0 0

Geo. Neighbour & Sons 2 10 0

Rev. Geo. Raynor 1 1 0

W. Raitt, Blairgowrie 1 0 0

"Amateur Expert" 0 10 0

Geo. Henderson 0 10 0

" Amateur Expert " refers to the matter
in these words, which find a ready response
in all true American hearts :

Dear Editor, you have given us in last
week's Journal the long letter in defense
of the poor drone, from the pen of the one
whom " all the States own." Blood is
thicker than water, and the whole Anglo-
Saxon race is one people, moreover, "one
touch of Nature makes the whole world
kin." The dear old man has been afflicted,
and with the saddest of all sorrows— head
trouble. He is so far restored as to be able
to write what you gave us last week, but as
an actual fact he is past work in the way of
bread-winning.

He has been defrauded of the results of
his brains by his fellow bee-brethren, from
lack of poveer to defend his rights, and
being worn out and in poveity they have
decided to buy him a small annuity. Surely
we can endorse the sublime words of C.
Mackay :

" I love you, if your thoughts are pure ;
What signifies your poverty.
If you can struggle and endure ?
'Tis not the birds that make the spring—
'Tis not the crown that makes the king.
If you are wise, and good, and just.
You've riches better than all other !
Give me your hand— you shall— you must—
I love you as a brother !"

Let us, as British bee-keepers, give prac-
tical expression of brotherly feeling by sub-
scribing to the fund ; it will only stimulate
his countrymen to do more, and make the
annuity the greater. What if the Maloneys,
" Amateur Experts," and Heddons do occar
sionally have a •' rough and tumble," let us
show we are one mother's children by giv-
ing our mite. Here are two dollars to start,
from— Amateur Expert.

Mr. A. I. Root, in relation to the un-
founded statements put forth, that combs
could be manufactured, filled with spurious
honey, and capped over artificially, a state-
ment that no intelligent man believes,
writes thus to the Farm, Field and Stoeh-
man :

. It may be well to mention that the princi-
pal ground or foundation for the slanderous
stories mentioned on the other side, is the
fact that bee-keepers have, for perhaps ten
years past, used extensively for the produc-
tion of comb honey, what is called "comb
foundation." It is made of thin sheets of
genuine beeswax, embossed with the im-
print of the bottom of the cells of the honey
comb. This is made by passing wax sheets
between embossed rollers, and lays out the
work for the bees, and at the same time
furnishes the wax to contain the honey.
Each honey-box (or section) contains in its
center, when placed on the hive, a sheet of
this embossed wax ; and if these boxes are
placed in the hive when honey is to be had
in the fields, the bees grasp hold of the
shallow walls of the cells and draw them up
into honey-comb in the same way that a
potter pulls up a ball of clay into a crock or
jug. Nothing, however, will answer for this
comb foundation but pure beeswax ; and
the comb built from this wax is filled with
honey brought in from the fields, exactly as
if the bee had to secrete all the wax from
its body, as in old time, before bee-culture
had made the great strides it has now, and
before it became a great industry, as it is
now, comparing favorably with the produc-
tion of butter, cheese, eggs and milk. Visit
any progressive bee-man in your vicinity,
and he will post you about this matter.

ItreeOin;^ for Business.— The fol-
lowing item is from the City and Country,
and was written by Mr. A. H. Duff. It
commends itself to the judgment of all
thinking apiarists. More attention should
be paid to the matter of selecting the best
colonies to breed from. He says :

Does it occur to bee-keepers that they
should select their breeding stock ? I am
well aware that quite a number of them do,
but I am afraid tiiere are many that do not.
Should we not give bees the same attention
in breeding that we do any other kind of
stock? If not, why not. It is just as im-
portant in breeding bees as it is any stock,
to select and infuse new blood, etc.

There is scarcely any one that has given
bees attention at all, but knows that some
particular colonies far outstrip others in
gathering honey, breeding, or in some other
point. Some colonies are more inclined to
swarm than others ; others are good comb-
builders, and still others are better at filling
for the extractor. Some colonies consume
one-half less honey during the winter than
others, and come out in better condition in
the spring, others will breed up more rap-
inly, and far outstrip their superiors in early
spring, while other colonies are inclined to
rob,and are more bother than they are worth.

All dispositions and colors may be at-
tained by breeding. The whole make-up of.
the colony, in whatever particular, is alto-
gether in the queen. It appears that what-
ever point is the specialty in that colony,
the whole colony inherits the same thing.

By breeding from the best honey-gath-
erers we produce a strain of bees that swell
our honey crops largely, and to combine the
best honey gathering qualities with the
nonswarming strain, we still add to our
crop, and when we combine those two good
qualities with gentleness, we have much
satisfaction in gathering the crops. Hence,
to secure the coming bee it is necessary for
a combination of the several good qualities,
and there is no doubt that a much higher
state of excellence will be obtained.

TTHE' KMERICJSr* MMM J^JSMMMI^.

405

'■^^'■^'■■—--"■^ ' ■^ t^'- ■^_'i^

First S^varniN for the season have a
peculiar interest, and Mrs. L. Harrison
gives the following to the Prairie Farmer
as lier experience with lier first swarm for
this season :

Bees have a very poor reputation for ob-
serving the 4th comniaiidmeiit, and 1 sup-
pose we notice more when tliey swarm on
the day of rest. On Sunday, June 3, our
first swarm for tliis year issued. I saw them
in the air, and finally they scattered all over
the leaves of a green ash ; they did not
cluster, tliought better of it and returned to
their hive.

Tills morning about half-past eight a
neighbor called to me saying, " Your bees
are swarndng." There is notlung which so
arouses my enthusiasm as to hear their
tocsin note. It is like the souud of the
bugle to an old war-horse, or the bag-pipe
to a Scotch highlander.

On going into the apiary, I found that it
was the same one that was on the wing
Sunaay, and 1 went up to the entrance to
watch for the queen, noping to catch her,
but failed to see her. 1 inferred that she
might be unable to fly, from some cause.
As soon as the bees were out, I moved the
old hive and put one filled with frames of
comb in its place, so if they returned they
would give up swarming, and if the queen
was in the grass she would crawl back.
They did not cluster, but came pouring
back pell-mell in their hurry, like children
running from room to room calling, "Where
is mamma." It is a pity that this bee had
not been called mother instead of queen. —
[" Mother" is the correct name.— Eu.]

This swarm had hardly returned to their
hive when another came pouring forth from
its hive, as if driven out by some unseen
power, and in lieu of clustering, came to the
first one. Why they came there 1 could not
imagine, as there were very few of the first
ones in the air to attract tnem. I covered
up the first swarm with my apron, to keep
the others out ; and finally carried them to
a new stand.

I soon noticed however, • that they were
not satisfied, ruuning around and toucliing
the antenna! of their fellows, enquiring for
mamma. Here was a pretty kettle of fish ;
a swarm entering a hive placed upon the
former stand of the first swarm, while it
was deserting its hive and returning. In
despair I went to the house to write this
paper, telling them to arrange matters to
suit themselves.

After awhile I laid down my pen to go
and see how matters were progressing. I
found one queen balled, and while trying to
rescue her she was stung to death. To be
certain of a queen in thishive,I now opened
the old colony which formerly stood there,
and look out a frame upon which was a
sealed queen-cell, and put it into the hive.
If they have a queen it will do no harm, and
if they have not, they will soon have one.

The first swarms that issue aretlie best
bees; that is, they have a prolific queen—
if tliey did not, they would not be ready so
soon." If they are nice, bright bees, 1 like
to save as many of the queen cells as pos-
sible, for queens reared under the swarming
impulse are tlionuht to be the best. Acting
on tills principle this morning, I opened
the hive tha' had swarmed, and found a
number of large, well-built cells. I took
out a frame that had a nice cell, and cap-
ped brood, and covered with l)ees. and put
It iiitfi a luve with another fraine of honey,
and put in a division-board. As the bees
have no queen, they will remain ; the

?ueen will Oe out in a few days, and become
ertilized.

Where frames of brood and bees are re-
moved from a hive having a fertile queen.
so many bees will return that there will not
be enoUL'h left to perform the work for the
brood Therefore it is a much better way
to divide up a colony that has swarmed,
and has choice queen-cells, as I have done.

If there are a diizen choice cells in a hive,
and the bees decide not to swarm, the cells
are all destroyed. And there is no way to
preserve them, and have the young queen
fertilized, but to have one in a hive. The
cells can be preserved by. being cut off and
put into queen-nurseries, but they must be
with a colony of tiees, either large or small,
or they will not become fertilized.

ttm!»»»»WT»*t»»ggt««gg»;»;szg;

I^j-vajla Ilouey-PIant.— Mr. G. W.

Cover, of Downieville, Calif., sends the
following :

I send a specimen of one of our honey-
bearing shruhs in the Sierra Nevada range
for name. Bees are booming, and honey is
coming in fast.

This Californian plant is Chamcebatla
foliosa, (Benth), a shrub belonging to the
rose family, but havini; no near relatives in
the country east of the mountains. No
common name is known to the writer.

Sundry <tii<'!>tions.— W. W. Morse,
Worthington, Dak., on June 9, 1888, asks
the following questions :

I have just started in bee-keeping. 1 have
one colony of Italians, and would like to
ask a few questions ; will you please to
answer them in the American Bee Jour-
nal :

1. I have an artificial grove. Would it be
best to i;ut the hives in the shade, or out in
the opeii ground ?

2. How high from the ground should
they be?

3. Will they g' t the honey from white
clover it it is with timothy grass, or would
it be better alone ?

4. Is buckwheat honey as good as any
other ?

1. A little shade would do, but it would
be better out in the open ground than in
too much shade.

2. There should be but little space under
the hives, if any. It is so difficult for bees
loaded with honey having pitched, to rise
again and get into tlie hive, or up on the
alighting-board.

3. Yes. The timothy will not be any dis-
advantage.

4. No ; it is of the poorest quality— dark,
and not fit for modern table use.

PaiiKiiij^' Hives — ^Vlien to Clip
Queens' Wings, ete. — Mrs. Mary
Blachly, of Delta, Colo., on June 1, 1888, re-
quests answers to these questions :

I should like very much to ask some
questions which 1 have been unable to get
answered, and I tlioutiht as a last resort that
the Bee Journai. would not fail to do so,
as it can answer anytliing asked in regard
to bees, I believe : 1. Should hives be
painted different colors ? My hives are all
white. I lost a queen, having gone into the
iiive next to it, and the bees carried it out a
few hours after, dead. 2. What colors are
best? 3. Should virgin queens' wings be
clipped ? and how can one knovp when to
clip the same ? 4. In S. A. Shuck's article,
on " How to Renr Good Queens," on page
344, he speaks of opening sealed larvie, and

in the same article be says: "And the
food from the cell from which the larvse
were removed, can be given to larvre not
yet sealed." How should sealed larvse be
removed ? .5. Is it necessary to remove it
when pollen is plenty ? 6. For a nucleus to
keep queens over winter, how many frames
of bees are needed, and how large should
theframes be; should there l)e empty frames
put in with each queen's brood-chamber (or
apartment) ?

1. Y'es ; it is better to paint them of differ-
ent colors, because it will aid the queens to
find tfieir proper hives when returning from
their wedding excursions.

2. Red, white and blue alternated present
a good appearance.

3. Virgin queens should not have their
wings clipjied, else how are they to go on
their wedding trip. When they return from
that trip, the suecessfnl fertilization will be
apparent to the observing person. Then
their wings may be safely cut.

4. Will Mr. Shuck please answer this and
the two following questions, as the method
there described is his own ?

:VIiistar<1 as a Ilomcy-PIant.— W.

H. Prior, of Madison, Ga., on June 9, 1888,
asks the following questions :

I have three rows of white mustard across
a square in the garden, which has been in
full bloom for a week past, and the bees
are very busy on it every morning, for sev-
eral liours, since it came into bloom. 1. Is
mustard a honey-plant, or is it pollen the
bees are gathering ? The m-ustard blossoms
are literally covered with bees till two or
tliree hours after sunrise. 2. Do bees ever
remove eggs or larvie from one cell to
another, or from one comb to another for
the purpose of making queen-cells and rear-
ing queens ?

1. Wild mustard (Sinapls arvensls) fur-
nishes excellent honey. It is very light in
color, and of excellent flavor. It commands
the best market price, when put up in de-
sirable packages. It is a great favorite with
the bees.

3. Yes ; eggs are removed by the bees,
when forming queen-cells, from the cells
destroyed to the reconstructed and enlarged
ones made for rearing queens.

Botanical.— Wm. G. Cory, of Carson,
Ind, on June 4, 1888, writes as follows :

I send herewith for name, a sample of a
plant that grows on low, wet lands, about 3
feet higli, and in many places the ground is
white with it. Bees are swarming on it
from morning until night. No one here
knows the name of it. Bees are doing well
so far, but the prospect is very poor for a
crop of honev, as the white clover as well
as all other clovers was killed last winter.

This is F(irtCclMTpMrs?iii, a noted honey
plant belonging to the water-leaf family.
Phacclla is the common as well as the
scientific name.

Xo Prevent Bees ltol>l>inK' one

another's hives, contract the entrance to the
smallest space possible, as it compels the
robbers to pass in singly, thus enabling the
bees inside to repel them.

406

ntmm MinEKicsr* m^m joiskksi*.

Excessive Swarming'.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 552.— How can excessive swarming
be checked or controlled ? — Maine.

By using large, roomy brood-combs
and hives. — J. M. Hambaugh.

By giving plenty of room, usually,
but not alwaj's. — A. B. Mason.

Kill the queen, or get Mrs. Cotton's
controllable (?) hive. — Mrs. L. Har-
bison.

A good honey harvest will usuallj-
do it. Aside from this I do no know.

G M. DOOLITTLE.

It depends upon circumstances and
location. Give plenty of room, and
use young queens. — H. D. Cutting.

By the use of the extractor. Bj*
proper manipulation where comb honey
is produced it can be lessened. — A. J.
Cook.

Desti-oy all the queen-cells in the old
hive, and return the second swarm. —

C. H. DiBBERN.

An answer to this queiy would re-
quire more space than this department
allots. It can be checked by the ex-
tractor, removing frames of brood,
cutting out quceii-cells, etc..— J. P. H.
Brom^n.

Give plenty of room to store honey
and for breeding, and plenty of venti-
lation at the top of the hive as well as
at the bottom. I kjiow whereof I af-
firm.— M. Mahin.

If you mean first swarms, it is a
pretty hard matter, in spite of all
theories set forth. If after-swarms, de-
stroy all queen-cells except one. — P. L.
Viallon.

By extracting the honey from the
brood-chamber, and usually by .cutting
out all queen-cells but one, on the
seventh day after a prime swarm has
issued. — G. L. Tinker.

I suppose one swarm from each col-
ony would not be called excessive.
Further swarming can be prevented
by hi\ing the swarm in a new hive on
the old stand, removing the old hive,
and cutting out all (lueen-cells but one
good one, live or six days later.— R. L.
Taixor.

If you mean to prevent the desire to
swarm, keep all the honey extracted.
I do not believe any one knows how to
do it profitabl}-, when working for
comb honey. — C. C. Miller.

This question is one of those that re-
lates so much to localities that a gen-
eral answer can be of no value. A
special answer, to be of value, would

require more space than can be given
here. — J. E. Pond.

Get the back numbers of the Bee
Journal, and read the long essays on
the subject. This question requires
too much space for an answer, to be
adapted to the Query Department. —
James Heduon.

You may check it by giving the bees
plenty of room before the swarming
fever takes the bees, and continue to
give them plenty of room by the tier-
ing-up system, until the swarming sea-
son is past. But you cannot usually
hope to control swarming. — G. W.
Demaree.

1. By giving ample space for comb
building early enough in the season to
retard the desire to swarm. 2. After
the first swarm issues, so manage that
there will be no after-svcarms, by ge1>
ting all your working force in the new
hive, and give thein so much to do that
they will not ha'v e time to swarm again.
— Eugene Secor.

Establish early in the season the
storing habit, and when once estab-
lished, keep it encouraged by frequent
inversions, and giving plenty of storage
room at all times. There is something
about this that an expert can do, but
which it is dilficult to communicate.
Large hives do not do it, although they
assist. Particularly empty brood-nests
do not accomplish it, but they also
assist. Good management does it
every year, but that would require
another book, and I have neither the
time nor ability to write it. — J. M.
Shuck.

This question cannot be satisfactorily
answered. Swarming can usually be
checked by giving room, or extracting
the honey, but as a rule it cannot
easily be controlled. — The Editor.

a.»^.*'

Bee-Spaces and Honey-Oather-
ing by Divided Colonics.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 553.— 1. Is a bee-space In the cen-
tre of a horizontally-divided brood-chamber
a dieadvantaKe? 2. Will a very strong colony
In a large hive store as much comb honey as
the same number of bees divided into 2 colo-
nies In hives proportioned to their size, other
conditions being the same ?— Indiana.

1. No. 2. I think so. — A. J. Cook.
1. I suppose it is. 2. I think so. —

C. C. Miller.
1. I do not know. 2. They will, and

more. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. It would be for me. 2. Yes.— H.

D. Cutting.
1. Yes. 2. Not if the two are

crowded for room in the brood-cham-
bei-. — A. B. Mason.

1. I think so. 2. Yes, more. — J. M.
Hambaugh.

1. I think not. It has some marked
advantages. 2. Not only as much, but
more. — M. Mahin.

1. I do not know. 2. With me a
strong colony will store more. — P. L.
Viallon.

1. I do not know that it is. 2. I
think they would. — Eugene Secor.

1. I should say it was. 2. The
strong colony if in not too large a hive.
—J. P. H. Brom^n.

1. Yes, most emphatically. 2. Far
more, in my own experience, and I
have tested the matter to quite a con-
siderable extent. — J. E. Pond.

1. Yes. The bees try to fill it up.
2. It depends on the prolificness of the
queens, race of bees, and condition in
the spring, etc. — Dadant & Son.

1. Certainly not. Why do our bees
breed so fast and winter so well in box-
hives full of cross-sticks and bee-
spaces until the combs are all in
pieces ? 2. No, not if the hive is very
large. There are extremes both ways.
— James Heddon.

I. I think not materially. 2. I want
the large colony every time, but do
not want frames too deep. Still, this
question will bear investigating. I like
big colonies in medium-sized hives. —

C. H. DiBBERN.

1. I have never found it to be a dis-
advantage, but often an advantage. 2.
Sometimes as much, sometimes more,
and sometimes less, depending on
what the other conditions are. For
instance, if the season passed with a
short, heavy flow, the strong colony
would store much more than the
others, while if the season were mucli
extended the others might store the
more. — R. L. Taylor.

1. Reason would say that it would
be better for bees to " brood " cells of
eggs, larva and nymphs, to empty space
and sticks of wood. What say you ?
Will a hen hatch chickens out of wood-
en eggs or empty space, if in the nest
with her eggs ? and had she not better
sit on hens' eggs than on either of the
other, for the good of her owner ?
What will hold good with the lien
holds equally good with the bees. 2.
I should prefer the large colony in a
small brood-cliamber during the honey
harvest. — G. M. Doolittle.

1. I think that it is, and my observa-
tions again this spring confirm my pre-
viously recorded views. 2. Strong col-
onies, other conditions being the same,
always store the most honey, either
comb or extracted, but if such colonies
swarm, and the season of .surplus is
protracted, they will store more than
those that do not swarm. — G. L.
Tinker.

1. It is not a disadvantage to the
bees, but is a nuisance to the bee-

THE lEMERICJCrf BEE JOURNJtl,.

407

^*^*'^*'*-***-*^>in'-

keeper. The bees soon modify such
a space Ijy fillino; it to suit theuiselves.
If it is to remain thus tilled, aiul not
broken, it is not needed. If it must be
broken apart, it will be found not onl}'
useless, but an obstacle. I have been
trying them thus for ten years, and I
know. 2. Sometimes they will, and
sometimes they wont. Rules cannot
be applied to bees. — J. M. Shuck.

I have used shallow cases tiered one
on the other for brood-rearing, as an
experiment for a number of years, and
the plan has too many defects to be
pointed out in this limited space. As
to the bee-space between the shallow
brood-chambers, the bees in course of
time will attend to that by tilling it
with bits of comb, and they will econo-
mize space by hanging queen-cells into
it like a row of teats on the nether
side of an old suckling sow. Allow
me to ask you, if the hive you speak
of is " a horizontally-du'tf/erf brood-
chamber," how about it when it is not
divided ? 2. Yes, and more. — G. W.
Demakee.

1. No. 2. Probably they would. —
The Editor.

IIIXIgIH»»»««»««»«»w»»«»««TXm.

COMB SURFACE.

Calculaliiijs Hive Capacity, the
Number of Cells, etc.

WritUn for the American Bee Jottmal
BY JOHN n. WIEDMAN.

I am not in the habit ot contribut-
ing anything to the bee-literature of
our eounti-y, but I cannot refrain from
sending you this to correct an error
which nine-tenths of the bee-keepers
make in the bee-periodicals in speak-
ing of the comb surface which a bee-
hive may contain.

On page 3(54 of the current volume
of the Bee Journal, Mr. Jas. McNeill
has come to the conclusion that a
brood-frame of lOJ.xlOj inches, inside
measure (the size Mr. Doolittle uses),
contains 115 square inches of comb
surface, and that it would, therefore,
take eleven of these frames to enable
the que<!n to lay 3,000 eggs a day dur-
ing the breeding season, without leav-
ing any room for pollen or honey.

Now, as Mr. Doolittle only uses nine
of these frames in his brood-chamber,
and ilnds that these give his queen a
capacity for 3,000 a day, besides room
for pollen and honey, it seems strange
that it should not have occurred to Mr.
McNeill that each of these frames pre-
sents a comb surface of 230 square

inches, 115 square inches on each side,
and nine combs would contain 2,070
siiuare inches, or 103,500 cells, or 40,-
500 more cells than would be neces-
sary to furnish 3,000 cells for the
queen a day.

On page 327, in his article, Mr.
Doolittle I'eckons on the same liasis,
giving credit for only one-half the
comb surface his hive contains.

It must be a well-known fact that
nearly all our writers in the bee-papers
use this same method. It seems to
have become a custom among bee-men
to employ this method, but I think
that they should use the proper basis,
as this is not correct, and ,as I see it,
cannot be defended on any grounds
whatever.

It seems strange how this method
should have come into vogue, of meas-
uring only one side of a frame in cal-
culating the number of square inches
of comb surface it may contain.

Riverside, N. J.

INCREASE.

How to Prevent it, when it is
\'ot Desired.

Written for the Canadian Bee Jimrnal
BY D. A. JONES.

This is the subject that is attracting
considerable attention, and all infor-
mation is being eagerly sought after.
Thei'e are a great many bee-keepers
who have all the increase they require,
and would prefer a larger crop of
honey- with less increase. At seasons
of the year when the weather is suit-
able, with a moderate flow of honey,
more especially if the honey is thin
that is being gathered, and about
enough to stimulate breeding and
swarming, bees sometimes get the
swarming fever, and swarm they will,
after they get thoroughly started, ap-
parentl}' in spite of all efforts to pre-
vent them.

There are various methods jDracticed
by different bee-keepers, all with more
or less success according to locality,
season, etc. Yet, what does in one
locality is often the reverse of the
practice most desirable in another.
This makes all the difference, or fre-
quently much of it, with the various
managements of different bee-keepers ;
for instance, a liee-keeper in the south-
ern or middle States, or southern Can-
ada, might give special instructions
for a certain kind of management
which woulil prevent increase in his
locality, while fui-ther south or further
north this would not be suitable ;
another point is the variation in the
honey season. Some have one con-
tinuous flow, while others have several
flows of longer or shorter duration.

Some have a long dry space in mid-
summer, and no honey then to be gath-
ered, while others at the same time
are reaping a rich harvest in comb and
exti'acted honey.

Therefore, if we told those to extract
the honey from their colonies, or re-
move the sections at that particular '
time when their bees were starving for
the want of stores, such instructions
would appear ridiculous to those living
in a localit}' where no honey was com-
ing in, and vice versa; therefore, judg-
ment must be exercised in all matters
of this kind, and all things being satis-
factory, the season, flora, weather, and
everything that tends to aflect the
management in any way should be
carefully taken into consideration.

We shall speak of our own locality,
and while speaking of one of our
methods of preventing incoease, we
are not sure that we will not have a
better one before the season closes, as
this is a subject we have been experi-
menting on considerably' for years.

Last year we gave it a very thorough
test, and we are satisfied on one point,
and that is, in order to keep down in-
crease, it is absolutely necessary to give
the bees room from time to time ; that
the colony may not be overcrowded,
they must have all the space that they
can possibly occupy ; that the queen
should be kept in the small brood-
chamber ; that perforated metal should
be used to prevent her from occupying
any more room than j-ou desire she
should (that is, as soon as the honey
harvest commences she should have
less room to occupy for egg-laying
than she had previou.sly). This cur-
tailing of the laying of the queen as-
sists in keeping down the swarming
fever.

Where section honey is taken in the
earlier part of the season, the supers
should be raised as fast as they are
occupied, an<l others placed under
them until there are as man}- supers' as
it is possible for the bees to occupy.
About once a week it is well to look
over those which you suspect are liable
to commence (lueen-cells and prepare
for swarming, and remove any such
cells, giving them a little more room
by putting on a super. This will as-
sist in keeping dowu the swarming
fever.

If extracted honey is being taken
there may be from two to six supers
with combs placed on, according to
the strength of the colony, but those
should not always be placed on at
once. According as a colony increases,
a super may be added, in from three
to six days, and in each case by raising
the one next to the brood-chamber.
Putting on the one with combs or
frames tilled with foundation next to
the brood-chamber causes them to

408 TWE KMB'RICKM miJB-

- ^ ^ '^^\m/kmjtm^^ik^»m»^Am

commence work in it sooner. In this
way very large crops of extracted
honey may be talicn, but the hives
shoiiid be kept cool.

We do not care to set ours more
than i inches from the ground. The
honey should be extracted as fast as
ripened, and if the swarm issues it
may be returned, two or three of the
brood-combs taken out of the brood-
chamber and put up in one of the
up])er hives where the brood will
hatch. By putting two or three
empty combs in their place, thus giv-
ing tiie colony more room, will usually
cause them to remain. We had many
colonies last year oceui^ying over 10,-
000 cubic inches of room.

After the honey season began to
close, and there was very little honey
coming in, we tried an experiment to
see if it would give them the swarm-
ing fever, or if thej' would build
queen-cells — by taking off the top
supers and crowding them down.
This proved just what we anticipated.
In taking off the supers where comb
honey was being gathered, and any
signs of queen-cells appeared, remov-
ing one or two supers, and crowding
the bees down, caused them to start
queen-cells at once. In one instance,
by removing all the supers containing
sections, and crowding them down,
we thought they were nicety settled in
the hive, but the next day they made
pre]3arations to swarm ; in fact, one of
these immense colonies we found was
just the place to rear a lot of good
queens. One occupj'ing sa}' 10,000
cubic inches crowded down to 5,000
would build a large number of fine
queen-cells, and we were able to create
the swarming impulse, when such did
not exist previously to the crowding.

We once were acquainted with a
party who prcjmred a special place for
bees in a building. Each place was
about 3 feet square, or over 40,000
cubic inches. Although he had a num-
ber of tiicse places all along the side
of a building, and each one contained
bees, and were very strong, each
working out on a spout of their own,
they weve so arranged that tHe rays of
tlic sun did not strike on them. The
hives always kept moderately cool in
summer, and fairly wai-m in winter.
Somi- of these apartments were tilled
witli comb and honey, others were not
filh'd at all, but tliere was no swarm-
ing for years. If our memory sor\-cs
lis lightly, we think there never was
moi'e than about one swarm issued.

us to be, giving them room at the
proper time, not allowing them to be-

conie overcrowded, but only continu-
ing t6 keep them in a prosperous con-
dition, adding room in proportion to
the strength and increase of the col-
ony. Better give them too much room
in the honey season than too little
when the surplus has to be taken by
the extractor.

Another point is, if the supers are
allowed to become capped over, or
nearly so, before the honey is ex-
tracted, they are also liable to swarm,
but as soon as one is capped, it may
be extracted and set away and another
put in its jilace. Some might argue
that this required a large stock of
combs, but these combs are a good in-
vestment, and at any time when de-
sired, they can be used for increase.

Just here comes a point that has
something to do in the matter. After
the queen is being crowded up and
■given less room for egg-laying, the
increase enables everj' worker to do
its best towards gathering the crop.
Now this excessive work wears out the
lives of the old bees much faster, and
they die much sooner than they would
if they had their hives filled with
honey, and had only to lay out on the
hive to rest themselves.

Thus it will be seen that the breed-
ing space is only large enough to keep
u]) with the mortality of the hive, and
the rapid increase in the colony does
not appear on account of the extra
c(jmb given them. Then in a short
time the mortality becomes as great
or greater than the increase, and this,
we think, is a point that has much to
do with keeping down the swarming
fever.

Should the honey crop be an average
one, at the end of the season the col-
ony is not as strong in bees as they
were at the commencement. This
.system of keeping down the produc-
tion of bees, and of having a large
number of young bees hatching after
the honey harvest is over, is one that
should be practiced at least in this
section, as it saves a large amount of
honey that would otherwise be con-
suniexl in brood-rearing, which, as we
liave said heretofore, is quite unprofit-
able at this particular season.

LEG-ISLATION.

iinh'.-s some did so unkn
owner ; lint we scaveely

own to the
think that

would be likely.

We have known other instani-es
wlicrc the apartments were not (]uite
so large, and the b(!es swarmed after
filling thcni. Now the points seem to

The Survival of tlie FiUest, the
Risht to the Soil, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY WM. J. WILLEE.

Mr. Camm as witness (not supreme
judge) for the defense of the present
way (not system) of gathering nectar,
gives his evidence on page 84t).

Some claim that it would be a mo-
nopoly. If it is a monopoly to have
partial control of a part of this coun-
try, then I am a monopolist, for I have
partial control of a farm, the United
States of America being the other
part}'.

Others say, leave it to the survival
of the fittest — fittest what ? I think
that Mr. Camm gives us a good idea
of wliat is really meant, when he men-
tions leaving it to the winter to kill off
those not able to stand the drouth, or
in other words, "the survival of the
fittest." I do not think that the present
way shows who is the fittest.

We will suppose that Mr. Heddon
(and no one doubts but what he has
ability) owned only 100 colonies of
bees, money enough to run him one
year, and pasturage enough within
reach to pay him for handling the bees.
Now there may happen to be a few
farmers and men in other occupations
who conclude to dabble in honey. They
own in all 200 colonies in log-hives.
Flowers, by their gay attire, advertise
for workers ; their motto being, " First
come, first served," whether from the
Heddon hive or log-gum.

Mr. Heddon secures only one-third
of the nectar, it being barely enough
to keep the bees.^ He sells out and
leaves it to the survival of the fittest.
But a doctor, lawyer, any other pro-
fessional, or tradesman (we farmers
are protected) would not need pro-
tection, for his employers would have
it in their power to withhold the work
from others if he was the fittest man.

If A was a doctor of ability, with a
good practice (bees in Heddon hives),
and B a quack doctor (bees in log-
gums) who undertook to run A out,
A's patients would say, A is a better
workman than you, and he is the man
that will do the work (fertilizing).

If a man succeeds in bee-keeping,
he must have ability, but a man with
more bees than brains, may succeed
in crowding a titter man out, and be
no better off himself. If the legisla-
ture had left this country undivided
until plants had stopped wandering in
search of plant food, it would have
been undivided yet ; but being divided
we may have our farm all into elm
trees (I know they will go 4 rods each
way, and I think "they will go further
for food), and .still our next neighbor
has some chance to succeed. But
where would In- be if all the plant-food
were free to all, and he sowed wheat
on a piece of land to gather the nour-
ishment, and some one else sowed oats
on the same land, and so on ad infini-
tum ?

Th's may be a crooked evidence,
but I have not been positive where I
' could prove nothing.
i Sandusky, Mich.

THE JtMERICJtK BM® JQ13^RI*MIr.

409

STEALING HONEY.

A Cirizzly Bear Caught in tlie
Act.

Written for the Youth's Companion
BY A. WRIGHT.

The Hoklen brothers, Roswell and
Frank, went to California from a New
England town in 1881, for th(> benefit
of Roswcll's health, upon nietlieal ad-
vice ; and subsequeiith' they found
themselves engaged ip the business of
bee-keeping near Los Angeles — for
cireumstanees, accident rather than
design, first led them into it.

The children had inherited a consti-
tutional tendency to pulmonitry dis-
eases, which had already begun to de-
velop itself in Roswell. Indeed, he
had become so far an invalid that his
friends deemed it unsafe fur him to
set off on so long a journey alone.
After man}' family deliberations it was
arraged that Frank, and Ellen, their
sister, should accompany him. and re-
main one winter, if not longer, in the
West.

As their means were limited, Frank
and Ellen began, soon after arriving
in California, to look about for some
way to earn a living. Roswell, too, as
his health improved, wished for some-
thing to do ; and at length they were,
by chance, led to buy 13 colonies of
bees of a lady — herself formerlj- an in-
valid— who had employed her leisure
in apiculture, but now was about re-
turning to her home in New York.

With these 13 colonies the young
Holdens entered upon the honey-pro-
ducing business earlj' in 1S82. For a
year they resided in the vieinit\' of
Los Angeles, but finding that the bees,
as the number of colonies increased,
were unpopular among their neigh-
bors, they were led to move from so
thickly inhabited a district, and lived
for a time near Majave.

Thence, JKnvever, early the follow-
ing spring, they again moved to a
tract of unoccupied country further
back among the mountains, in a kind
of long delile. or crooked valley, in-
closed by a \vooded range on either
hand, but which, from the great abun-
dance of wild flowers, affords good
pasture for bees. Here they are at
IJreseut dwelling.

The Holdens have now between 200
and 300 colonies, having made it a
rule, so far, to keep all the swarms
which come out, though a few have
escaped. The care of these numerous
colonies of bees occupies all their time
and attention, and they hired two In-
dian gills to assist them to watch the
numerous sub-apiaries which they have
established in different parts of the
valley, generally within a mile of e.ach

other. For it will not do to ha\T3 all
these 200 colonics, or more, collected
near one spot, on account of the sup-
ph' of flowers being over-fed, and the
bees having to go too far.

The wliole number of colonies is
divided up into groups of 10 or 15 col-
onies, and these are often shifted from
place to place as the season passes.

For moving colonies to fresh j)as-
turage, the boys have a platform set
upon four wheels, and drawn by two
steady mules. Then, after the bees
have entered the hive at night, they
are closed in, and the hives are trans-
ferred to the platform. Very carefully
then, and slowly, so as not to jar the
hives too much, the transportation of
the colonies to the distance of a mile
or two is effected.

valley, well stocked with flowers and
flowering shrulis, outspread before
them ; and so secluded did the place
seem, that the young apiarists judged
it entirely safe to leave .the bees to
gather honey here, unguarded, for a
few tlaj-s at least.

Having seen to it, therefore, that the
liives were well placed, they retui'ned
down the valley to their shanty-house,
where their sister and the Indian girls
looked after the few simple domestic
atlairs of the household. In fact, it
was their custom thus to colonize a
new pasture, and they had met with
few losses. Honey in small quantity
had been stolen from them on one or
two occasions, and once a number of
deers, in their flight across the valley,
had upset three or four hives.

The Grizzly Honcy-Entcr vf rtilifoniid.

In March or April of last year the
Holdens had pastured out 10 colonies
at a point higher up the valley than
any they had previously occupied. In
point of fact, the new pasture was in
a branch of the main valley. Hither
they had come up from their bee-
sheds next below, two miles distant,
with a load of liives, and built a "rest"
for them near two Large oaks — great
trees with wide-spreading branches
that nearly touclied the ground — on
the north side of the intervale, at the
foot of the mountain.

It was a favorable location, for on
the south side the bees had the entire

But on thi~ occa.sion tliey met with
a mishap ; for on going to the place
two or three days afterward, to see
how their swarthy "Italians" were
prospering. Frank found one hive
upset, and another of the ten missing
altogeth(;r. From the latter circum-
stance, as also from certain marks and
traces in the grass, resembling foot-
prints, he at once concluded that some
thief had "jumped" the hive — that is
stolen it bodily.

A few da\s before they had heard
the report of a gun sever.al times, faint
and at a distance, and had conjectured
that there was a hunting party, either

410

TMm MMMKieaff MMM 1@^M1«M1,.

'^^-"■■'■^■^■^'■~-*-~--'-^*'~---^*-~-*-^-'^*-

of whites or Indians, on the other side
of the mountain.

" Some of them have probably been
spying about and got their eyes on that
row of hives," was Franlv's thought.

Whether the rogues would rest con-
tent with tlie honey of one hive, or
come back after more, was what no
one could guess. The brother, how-
ever, deemed it prudent to expect
them again, and would have gone up
and drawn the remaining hives down
to camp, if the two Indian girls had
not been sent down to the post-office —
a little settlement twelve miles away —
with the mules, to get the mail and a
stock of groceries.

Roswell, therefore, proposed that,
after supper, they should take a little
shelter tent which they had, and go
up to the new rest, in order to pass the
night where they could guard the
hives. For bj^ this time the older
brother had so far recovered his health
as to be the stronger of the two.

As Ellen did not like to be left en-
tirely alone, she proposed to accom-
pany them. They accordingly set oft',
taking along the tent, three blankets,
and a Wincester carbine.

Arriving at the rest just at dusk,
they pitched their little shelter tent
near the trunk of one of the oaks
already referred to, and in such a
manner that the ends of the drooping
branches nearly or quite concealed the
tent from view.

The night was warm, and the place
was quite dry. Accordingl}- they did
not kindle a fire, but made themselves
comfortable with their blankets under
cover"of the tent, and the sheltering
foliage of the tree.

They had really no serious expecta-
tion that the thief would come back ;
and after a time all three of them fell
asleep, for Ellen Holden had become
.quite accustomed to this free, out-of-
door life. They slept thus for three or
four hours.

During the early part of the night
there was a moon, but the moon set
about midnight ; the stars, however,
gave some light, though e^'erything
was rather misty and ' dim. The now
somnolent and quiet hives reposed on
their rest, a few yards from the tree
and the tent.

At length the sleepers were suddenly
roused by a heavy thump, followed bj'
a grating noise and a deep humming
sound from the hives.

Thej' all started up and listened in-
tentlj'.

" Something's afoul of the bees,Ros,"
whispered Frank.

Roswell, starting up, took the Win-
chester and peeped out amongst the
oak branches. What looked like a
tall, "slouching" man was in the very

act of taking one of the hives in his
arms, despite the loudly buzzing bees.
As Roswell stared in astonishment, the
sturdy pilferer did actually clasp his
arras about the hive, and raising it oft'
the rest, started to walk slowly off
with it.

"It's some Indian, I guess, by the
looks of him," nuittered Roswell. " I
don't just like to tire at him ; he don't
seem to have any gun. But let's ' go '
for him and give him a good thrash-
ing."

Frank agreeing at once to his propo-
sition, snatched up two stakes which
they had cut for the tent, and handing
one of these to his brother, who laid
down the rifle, both young men ran
quickly, but stealthily after the heavily-
loaded thief, who was shambling awk-
wardly on across the open grcnmd, be-
yond the rest.

The grass was thick and soft, and
they were not long closing in with the
marauder.

"You scoundrel!" yelled Frank.
"Lug oft" our honey, will you?" and
drawing oft' with his stake, gave the
thief such a tremendous whack across
the back and shoulders as to knock
him half-forward over the hive.
"Take that!"

Drawing ott' again, he was about to
repeat the dose, and Roswell on his
part was just getting in a blow, when
the supposed "Indian" suddenly came
around on ^11 fours, and give vent to a
growl which made the whole valley
re-echo.

It was a grizzly ! and as he growled,
he rose on his hind legs and " lunged "
at Franli.

Prodigiously astonished, Frank gave
a long jump backward — not so far,
however, but that one of the ugly
creature's paw raked along his right
side and sent him I'olling over and
over again on the grqund.

Roswell, too, had executed an al-
most equally long leap backward, and
ran plump into Miss Holden, who,
with commendable foresight, had come
quietly after her brothers, with the
Winchester in her hands.

" Here, quick, shoot !" she ex-
claimed, thrusting the loaded piece
into his hands. Turning on the in-
stant, Roswell fired one, two, three,
four shots into the bear, now in the
very act of lunging again at Frank,
and with such effect that the animal
fell, roaring and whining, unable' to
rise for another lunge.

A few more shots finished it.
Frank, though considerably bruised
and shaken up, was not seriouslj' in-
jured.

" Ellen," exclaimed Roswell, turning
to his sister, when the bear had been
fairly floored, and Frank had picked
himself up, "Ellen, you're a brick!

You got around just in the nick o'
time !"

"Well," said she, laughing, "when
two fellows go after a grizzly with a
couple of sticks, it's a good plan to
have a Winchester not far behind."

"WINTERING BEES.

An Experiment of Wintering
Bees Under a Stra^v-StacJk.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY ANDREVS'' UTZ.

I have been thinking of wintering
bees under a staw-stack, for years, so
last fall I set up six posts 7 feet high,
and made a space 8x14 feet covered
with lumber. Then to make it perfect,
I made a "flue" of lumber, 3x4 feet
at the bottom, and 6x8 inches at the
top. Then I set this " flue " above the
posts which I thought would draw all
the dampness out, and then built a
narrow gangway to carry the bees in
and out.

Then when I threshed I had five
men on the stack to have it well
packed ; when the stack was finished
it measured 28x50 feet, and 40 feet
high. The narrow sides were 10 feet
on each side, and the ends much
thicker. They all thought that it
would be just the thing to winter
bees in.

On Dec. 20, 1887, I put 27 colonies
in the stack ; then I packed the gang-
waj' well with straw, and closed it
with a tight door on the out-side.

On March 31 I took them out ; 14
colonies were alive, and 13 were dead.
But such hives and combs I never saw.
My poor pets had a hard time ; I sup-
pose they had the diarrhea nearly all
winter. It made, me sick. The combs
and hives were moldy and musty, so I
put them in clean hives and fed them
on syrup made from A sugar. They
all had plenty of honey, but I did not
think it was fit fen- them to eat. One
lost its queen, so I put two together,
and since then I have given each two
frames of brood, and yet they are
weak. Since then all but 9 have died.
1 would not have written this, but I
was at Columljus last winter on busi-
ness at the time of the Bee-Keepers'
Convention, but could only be at the
convention one-half day, so I asked
whether any one had ever wintered
bees under straw, but no one had. Mr.
Boardman said he would be afraid to
try it. His head was level on that.
Dr. A. B. Mason said I might do it
and report.

By my doing so I hope that none of
my brethi-en will be so cruel to their
pets as I was. We cannot control the
temperature under straw. After Mr.

"^ * -^ '\M ^:_^ \^A^A^A^ mm m_m ifc^*^a^^i»-'-*^ ^^iiri----^ a_^ rTi_^ *:^_t^^.^. *-^_'^.'* *• ^^ t-^ '■^■^^-'-la^*-^*-^''^ *ah^

Boardman nearly scared me. when I
got home I got two thermometers, and
let one down through the flue from the
top of the stack among the hives to
test the temperature. The other one
was placed outside, in the open air,
only covered to keep it di-j-. Now I
will give the temperature as I took it
day by day :

UNDKH THE STACK. OCT-SIDE.

Feb. 26 40 30

" 37 12 13

" 28 10 11

Mar. U 38 33

•' 12 31 29

" l.S 13 13

" 14 43 42

" 18 33 •?!

" 19 29 39

•' 20 60 .59

" 31 40 31

" 23 19 11

" 31 22 19

" 26 61 61

" 30 39 41

" 31 60 60

I left 38 colonies on the summer
stands. Of these, 2 starved, but the
rest are all in good condition, and
have from 5 to 8 frames of Ijrood. Of
course I could not help taking from
the rich and give to the poor pets that
were under the straw-stack. We had
plenty of fruit-bloom this spring, but
on account of the cold weather, bees
could not work on it more than about
two days in all, but yet they are doing
well.

Kenton, Ohio.

mii&mmicmn mmm j&xsmMmi^.

411

SMOKE.

Its Value in tlie iflodern IMan-
affcineiit of Bees.

Written for the Bee-Keepers' Guide
Bl T. F. BINGHAM.

When honey was at the higliest price
ever known in this eountrj', viz,, from
1863 to 186G, little use was made of
smoke by the greater number of bee-
keepers.

Even Roswell C. Otis, the veteran
who mainly introduced the Langstroth
hive in New York and the West, only
used a cigar in his demonstrative
work.

It is true that Mr. Langstroth had
explained the action and value of
smoke in the control of bees, and the
principle on which its eftect rested, in
his most efiicient work, "Langstroth
on the Hive and Houey-Bee."

Hunters of bees had used burning
straw about bee-trees when cutting
them down, and found the cloud of
smoke a protection against stings. But
the main conception of the value of
the .smoke in the management of bees
was associated with the common pipe
or cigar. This fact, no douljt well
based, came from the prompt action
of tobacco smoke — an action more

efiicient than any other smoke, and
also more convenient with the means
then in use, especially when the bee-
keeper was a tobacco smoker. (And
such habit w.as likely to prevail with
bee-keepers whose aversions to the
habit of smoking were not strong.)

The invention and application of the
direct-draft principle in bee-smokers
at once revolutionized the management
of bees.

Tobacco smoke was no longer of
value, because more condensed and in
use by pipe and cigar smokers. The
great abundance — a cloud of smoke
enveloping the user of a Bingham
smoker — and the fact that su(^h a
smoker never went out — and that
smoke in clouds could be instantly ap-
plied to bees — at once supplanted the
tobacco pipe and cigar in their man-
agement.

While it is not the province of this
article to discuss the tobacco habit, the
directKlraft smoker plays an impor-
tant part ; as there is no excuse for a
bee-keeper smoking tobacco, so far as
bee-keeping is concerned.

The tact that bees fill their honey-
sacs with honey when frightened, and
do not, wlien so tilled, volunteer an
attack, and the ease with which smoke
is applied, has led, no doubt, to the
abuse of smoke in managing bees.

Bad habits are common from super-
ficial methods of reasoning, when a
more thorough analysis of apparent
results would eradicate or modify
them. This is especially true in the
use of smokers, and the smoker in the
case of the apiary.

The fact that a cloud of smoke
around a bee-tree reduces the anger
of tlie bees, and removes the danger
of attack fron\ them, leads directlj- to
the conclusion that such a cloud of
smoke would liavc the same eftect in
an apiary. Circumstances which have
come under my observation lead at
once to this conclusion. As an evi-
dence of the fact, allow me to cite the
sale of smokers at certain .seasons of
the year, and the sizes most sold at
such season.

The inference from the sale of any
particular sizes of smokers, at a season
when smokers arc not much jn use,
is that the most experienced bee-keep-
ers provide themselves with such tools
as they are likely to need, before tliey
are actually required for use in the
a])ia'r}', while the amateur waits until
the case becomes urgent before he de-
cides, and then is likely to consult the
first cost (which lie sees clearly) rather
than the results and principles under-
lying his purchase, which he does not
so clearly understand.

Early in the sjn-i ug, and also in the
autumn, our sale of smokers are as
five of the two largest to one of the 1

smaller sizes, while in the middle of
the season, when the young bee-keeper
is obtaining liis urgent outfit, the
small and medium sized smokers lead
in sale the three largest sizes some-
what, so that the entire season wings
around with about the same total num-
ber of each as sold.

As the larger sizes hold more wood,
and make as much smoke in propor-
tion, it is safe to infer that bee-keepers
of experience do not object to an im-
mense volume of smoke in handling
bees.

This conclusion, providing the premi-
ses on which it is based are correct,
leads to the decision that bee-keepers,
whether they understand the principle
or not, recognize the value of a con-
tinuous cloud of smoke in the apiary
at all times when bee-keepers are of
necessity or choice "among the hives
and bees.

It is idle to presume that a peaceful,
non-aggressive apiaiy can be found
where gloves and veils are resorted to
instead of constant and overwhelming
smoke.

With abundance of smoke, the eye
of the Ijee-keeper holds the temper of
the bees, as the experienced horse-
man holds the vicious horse, and any
careful manipidation maj' be made
vcithout a puft' of smoke, provided al-
w.a^'s that the smoke is abundant in
the air, and at the service of the op-
erator should occasion require.

The above leads directly to the much
discussed fuel for smokers. Of course
circumstances alter cases, and the
means of obtaining fuel of any particu-
lar kind will play a conspicuous part.
One tiling, however, will be found ad-
visable under all circumstances, viz.,
to consult the smoker.

It is useless to try to burn anthracite
or hard coal in a box-stove designed
for burning wood. It would be equally
futile to attempt to-burn stove wood in
a smoker not having a strong continu-
ous draft.

This being understood, a clear un-
derstanding of the principles leading
to results desired, it seems to me but
one conclusion can be reached, viz.,
that sound sun-dried, or other perfectly
dried maple stove wood meets, in the
highest degree, the needs of the bee-
keeper using a direct^draft smoker.

Some of the reasons why perfectly
dry hard wood is preferable for use, is
that it burns only at the bottom or
lower end. That is, it renders the
direct-draft smoker a base burner.
(Rottoii wood burns all over, and is
soon gone.) Wood in sticks does not
obstruct either the draft or blast, both
of which render quick and continued
action easy.

Sound wood, which has live coals
left after it has ceased to smoke, main-

412

itmm m^mmmiQ'mm mmm ja^MHMt..

*• t^ ■» ■* -^ ^ ^ -^ 'L^kA

tains sufficient heat to prevent un-
pleasant soot}' accumulation, and fur-
nishes hot, diy, strong smoke all the
time without working the bellows, thus
rendering it ready for use evei'y in-
stant.

Of course the direct-draft smoker
will burn anything combustible, and he
who uses it may choose his fuel accord-
ing to circumstances and tastes.

It may be asked here if it would not
be better to have cold smoke. Such
an idea has been advanced very much,
but as the object of smoke is to
frighten bees, not convert them into
bacon, anything that will accomplish
the fright in the easiest and most ef-
fective manner, will serve the purpose
best.

Hot air will do this just as well as
smoke, as far as it goes, but the air
cools so quickly it is. of no value except
just as it leaves the smoker. The mak-
ing of smoke goes on fast or slow just
in proportion to heat, so that when
there is heat there is little smoke, and
vice versa, where there is much smoke
"there is some fire."

Abronia, Mich.

n«»»»»»m»»«»««iiiniiiimzc

CONVESITION DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meetint.

Aug. 3. Ionia County, at Ionia, Mich.

H. Smith, Sec, Ionia, Mich.

Aug. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark, Sec, Denver, Colo.

Aug. 27.— Stark County, at Canton, O.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

By In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetlDKs.- Ed.

Xliree Weeks l,ate.— Wm. Enke, of
Kochester, Mhiu., on June 9, 1888, writes :

The season here is about three weeks late.
Dandelions are now in tull bloom, and bees
are gaining fast. My bees were in tlie cel-
lar ItiS days, and I lost 1 out of 90 (in the
cellar), but these were reduced to 75 by
uniting.

Spring' )>-trindIiiigf.— S. D. Haskin,
of Waterville, Minn., on May 29, 1888,
writes :

1 will describe the condition of my bees
and those of my neighbor : Mine were win-
tered on the Slimmer stamisj and his in an
out-door cellar. About the middle of March
It was warm, and 1 examined mine. Tliey
appeared to be in sijlendid condition, but
they did not have a general flight untd May
1, and as is usual with so hard a winter, and
such a long eontinenient, they had soiled
thi'ir hives badly, and many fainted and
faili (I as they flew, and my 30 colonies are

now reduced to 6. The wild phims, cherry
and willows, and many other wild flowers
are open, that they usually work on, but
they do not seem to work energetically.
My neighbor's bees were inside over 6
months. There was no suitable weather to
get them out. There has been so very much
wet and cold weather. His bees are much
reduced, but are in better condition than
mine. I have taken 20 of his colonies to
run on shares this season, giving him one
dollar per swarm for the young swarms to
hive in my hives, which are full of comb.
1 give him one-half of the honey of the old
colonies, but the prospect so far is slim,
indeed. To-day is warm and clear ; the
best we have had tliis spring.

Have Testert XUem.— Daniel Whit-
mer, of South Bend, Ind., 6n May 16, 1888,
writes :

Having used the Heddon divisible-hrood-
chamber hive for two years, 1 would say
that I find it more convenient for handling
than any hive I ever used. I can find queens
very readily in it, and prefer it for the pro-
duction of comb honey, as well as for get-
ting it in the liquid form. For moving them
in and out of the cellar I find them exceed-
ingly convenient. Of course I shall test
them more fully this year, If we have a
good honey flow.

moved my Mees.— W. H. Stringer, of
Guthrie Center, Iowa, on June 1, 1888,
writes :

I moved my bees this spring on a wagon
about ten miles. I lost about 12 colonies
through the winter. I had 3 colonies that I
wintered out-of-doors ; the rest were In the
cellar. I have 36 colonies, including a few
which I divided. I think that fully one-
half of the bees in this county died last
winter. I secured about 1,000 pounds of
honey last year. I like the Bee Jouenal
very much.

Xliat Xhree-Sided Hive Mr. D.

Chalmers, of Poole, Out., on June 3, 1888,
asks us to make some corrections of his
article on page 340. He says :

In giving a description of my improve-
ments in bee-hives, there afe a few mistakes
which should be corrected : In the l9th line
below Figure 1, it should read thus : " The
upper level of the frames are that distance
below the level of the top of the hive ;"
then, again, in claiming the properties of
the honey-board, it should read : " Only
being propolized around the inner edge of
the hive," instead of under edge. There is
a misprint in the first line of the second
column, in that you have " abjustable "
side instead of adjustable.

Still Peedins •!•« Bees.— Mr. O. K.
Goodno, of Carson City, Mich,, on June 10,
1888, writes very discouragingly of the
prospects— but he is yet hopeful :

Spring is not yet in sight for bees. Spring
dwindling still continues. I am feeding the
bees every night lo keep them from starving.
Fruit bloom and dandelii>ns are past and
gone, with the above existing conditions.
I would like to see Mr. Doolittle, or any
other man, produce his starters tor surplus
which he advofates in fruit bloom, in this
section this year. I have seen the first rasp-
beiry and white clover bloom to-day, for the
season. For several days nothing has been
in bloom, with a lair prospect for a slight
frost to-night, but never mind. " Wind her
up again, John."

Bees Scarce Here.— A. S. Camblin,
of Selma, Iowa, on June 13, 1888, writes :

There are no large apiaries in this part of
the State, and it is likely that there will be
but few small ones for some time to come.
Owing to the two years' drouth, the bees
have nearly all died. There is not more
than 35 colonies within four miles of this
place, and 15 of tliem are what I saved out
of upwards of 30 I put into the cellar last
fall. I hope for a full honey flow. 1 put
off feeding until late. The season here has
been backward. During fruit bloom it was
cold and windy most ot the time, so that the
bees could not fly ; but by feeding I have
my 15 colonies in pretty fair condition. I
have nearly a clear field, and if the season
is favorable, I expect to get some honey
this summer. I have? or 8 acres of Alsike
clover sowed this spring with fall wheat.
Will it bloom this summer to atford any
honey ?

[Tes. It is an annual, and blooms the
first year from the seed.— Ed.]

But L.itlle Surplus Honey.— C.

Solveson, Nashotah, Wis., on June 14, 1888,
writes :

In this vicinity we shall have but little if
any surplus honey this year. Not only is
the white clover badly killed out, but we
will not have the bees to gather what little
honey there will be. Out of 94 colonies
placed in winter quarters last fall, I had 90
colonies left this spring in good condition ;
since then I have lost 30 per cent, from
spring dwindling. No pollen was gathered
in April, and but little in May. 1 have not
a colony to-day that is stronger than when
taken from the cellar on April IS, and I am
feeding them daily to keep life in the few
remnants I have left. The Editor's remarks
in regard to that infamous Wiley, are to the
point exactly. His position and present
employment is a disgrace to the Nation !

Crood Prospect <br Honey.— J. M.

McDaniel, of Peoria, Texas, on May 11,1888,
writes :

Our prospect for honey is good. Bees
here have been near starvation lor the last
two years, but now the few tliat have sur-
vived are booming.

Successful Work.— A. S. Straw, of
Edwardsburg, Mich., on June 14, 1888, says :

I have kept bees for 35 years of my life,
and I thought 1 was well posted on thera,
but after reading the Amekican Bee Jour-
nal, I find I am at the foot of the ladder.
I can look back and see where I lost lots of
bees by not reading and posting myself. I
commenced two years ago with 3 colonies
of bees, and got 300 pounds of comb honey.
In 1887 I had 7 colonies ; I got no surplus,
but 1 increased them to 15. I commenced
this spring with 15, all in good condition,
and they are gathering honey fast now.
They wintered in the cellar; the tempera-
ture was from oil' to 43° above zero. I give
the Amekican Bee Joubnai, the credit for
mv success.

Has a Good Market.- J. M. Jacobs,

DeWitt, Iowa, on June 14, 1888, writes :

I have, this spring, in good condition, 30
colonies of Italian bees. This year, in this
region, prospects are good. The year 1887
was uniavorahle for honey. I had orders
for 10,000 pounds of honey more than I
c.iuldfill. In ISSGI sold in 14 days 33.000
pounds of honey. lean sell this fall 100,-
000 pounds of one-pound sections of white
clover honey.

XMS MMKRicsN ®E® j&'^mmmi^.

413

^•^■^^■^*-^*^^^^-^*

Joiiied the Silent iVIa.fority. —

Mr. H. Clark, of Palmyra, Iowa, on June
7, 1888, writes as follows :

The Lord has seen fit to call my daughter
to the Land of Rest. She was an interest-
ing worker among the bees. She had soft
blue eyes and long yellow hair, and was a
constant reader of the Bee Joi'uxal, and
spoke of it in her last hours. Tliese lines
were written by Mrs. Martha Thompson, of
Clarkson, Iowa, concerning our daughter
Emma :

She sleepB within the cold, cold ground,
The dark, blue skies above her i
She was too fair and frail for earth,
None knew her but to love her.

Her sweet, fair form has faded now.
Her cheeks have lost their roaes ;
Her gulletesB heart is free from sin.
In heaven sweet reposes.

We stood beside her bed of death.
Bowed down were we by sorrow ;
We knew she would be lost to ua,
IJpon the coming morrow.

From her fair lipa the cheerful smiles
Could not by death be driven.
And with hopes of future bliss.
She passed from earth to heaven.

Hold your Breatb.— L. Hammer-
schmidt, Amana, Iowa, writes on June 8,
1888, as follows :

In the Scientific American for June 3,
1888, 1 find this statement : " If you hold a
bee by the legs, between two fingers, and
let her sting act on the fleshy part of your
finger's point, as long as you hold your
breath, the sting will not penetrate the
skin." I have tried this, and found it to be
correct ; even more, I have put my hand
between two combs full of bees ; have
taken a hand-full of bees, and when I
sweep off the bees from a comb, as long as
I can hold my breath, they will not sting.
Will some others of the fraternity try this
and report ?

[We republish tlie above letter, corrected
because in our last issue the word not was
introduced in the fourth line in the place of
Oct— spoiling the sense.— Ed.]

Frank K>eslie's Sunday nag'a-
zine for July, which begins the twenty-
fourth volume, is a bright and entertaining
summer number, full, as usual, of interest-
ing reading and beautiful illustrations.
Among the profusely illustrated articles
are "Ancient Greeks in Modern Cyprus,"
by A. L. Rawson ; " Sunday in the City of
the Czar," by Rev. Frederick Hastings.
These with other numerous articles,art pict-
ures, music and miscellany, make up a very
attractive number.

Al-»Tays mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well'
as the new address.

A Modern UEE.FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

ALFRED H. IVEn^IAN,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

iiTsmjess ^0tix:jes»

It ITom EJTe near one post-office and
get your mall at another, be sure to give the
address that we Ijave on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

If yon I>o8e Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Flease to get yonr Neiglil>or,

who keeps bees, to also take the Amekican
Bee Jouknax. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Freserre Yoiii- Papers for future
reference. If you have no miVl>EIt we
will mail you one for 60 cents; or you can
have one FREE, it you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Joubnai.,

Yucca Itriislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -wTite Avierican Bee Jowmal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Home Marliets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, "Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Apiary Rosister.— All who intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For SOcoloniea (120 pages) $1 00

" 100 colonies (220 pag-es) 125

" 200 colonieB (420 pa^es) 150

Photograplis of Itee-Keepers. —

The "medley "gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

CL,IIBBII«C} LIST.

■We Club the American Bee Jowmal

for a year, with any of the following papers

or books, at the prices quoted in the I.1ASX

column. The regxilar price of both is given

in the first column. One year's subscription

for the American Bee Journal must be sent

with each order for another paper or book:

Price of both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00. . .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150... 140

The Apiculturlst 175.... 160

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00... 180

Canadian Honey Producer...! 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 — 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25. . . . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder tor Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60 1 50

Dzlerzon'B Bee-Book (cloth) ... 3 00 ... . 2 00

Roofs A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25. . . . 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00. . . . 2 20

Western World Guide 150 1 30

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 150,. 1 40

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50.... 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00.... 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00.... 190

How to Propagate Fruit 1 50 1 25

History of National Society..! 50.... 125

The Contention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
I tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Cork for Winter Paclcine".— Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for 81.00.

W^e Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; K pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2 25

500Labels 200 3.00 3,50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

^ Samples mailed free, upon application.

J. T. Wilson, of Nicholasville, Ky.,
on June 4, 1888, writes thus : "My card in
the Amekican Bee JotTRNAx brings most
of my orders."

414

TMm m'mmmiGmm mmw j@^KifMiLr.

h^^miti— -^ ^ '■ ^ ^ ^ •■ ^ " ■^ ' ■^ '^ ■

Honey and Bees^vax Market.

NKW YORK.
HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white In 1-lb. eec-
tionB, I3@t5c.; tne same in 2-lbB., 10@llc.; t)uck-
wheat l-lb9., lOc: 2-lb8.. 9c. Marltetduti. We are
doing all we can to reduce stock, to make room for
the new crop.
BEKSWAX.— 26c.

HILDRBTH BROS.,
May 21. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

DETROIT.
HONEY.— Best white In 1-lb. sections, 14c.— Dull.
BKB8WAX.— 23®24c.
June 14. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONBY.— Prices range from ISOiec. for best one-
lb. sections: other grades are slow, at lower prices.
Extracted. 7®8c. Liight demand, and supply larger
than usual at this season of the year.

BBE8WAX,-230. B. A. BURNETT,

May 1. 181 South Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
14lail5c.; fancy 2-lbs., 12c. Lower grades l®2c. per
lb. less. Buckwheat l-lbs., 10®loi^c.; 2-lbB.. gse^c.
Extracted, white. 7®7Hc. ; dark, 5Ji®6c. Market is
dull for comb but improving for extracted, of which
pew from the south is arriving.

BBB8W AX— Scarce, 24®27.
May 21. F.G.STROHMEY?R*CO., 122 Water St.

CHICAGO.

HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white clover l-lbs.,
16®17c.; 2-lbs., l.'i^lfic. Dark is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7®ioc.

BBB8WAX.-23C.

Mar. 13. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 8. Water St,

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 5@8c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, 14@I7c.—
Demand slow.

BEESWAX.— Demand is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Jnu. 14. C. F. MOTH & SON, Freeman & Central At.

MILWAUKEE.

HONBY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 16®17c.;
2-lb9 .15®16c.; 3-lb8..14c. Extracted, white in kegs
and >i-barrela, 8 to nHc. ; in tin and pails, 9^®10c. ;
dark in barrels and kegs, 5®7c. Market fair.

BEESWAX.— 22®25C.
Apr. 23.

DENVER.

HONBY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, I7®19C.; 2-lb.
sections. 15®i7c. Extracted, 7®i0c.

BEE8WAX.-20@23C.
Mar. 1. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.- We quote : Choice white 2-lb. sections,
17®18c.; dark 2-lbB, 14® 1 5c.; choice white l-lbs., 18 to
20 cts., dark l-lbs., 15®IBc. White extracted, 7®8o.:
dark. 5@6c. Demand is slow. White extracted is
Arm when in 60-lb. tin cans.

BEESWAX.- 21 to 22C.
Mar. 28. H AMBLIN & BBAK88, 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote: 1-lb. sections, ie@i7c.r2-
Ib. sections, 14@16c. Extracted, 8®9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.- 25 ots. per lb.
Mar. 24. BLAKK & Biplbt, 57 Ghsthun Street.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONBY.— We quote for new extracted e@4^c., as
to color and quality. New comb honey 14@10c., as
to quality. Arrivals are still small, and demand of
a lobbing nature.

BEESWAX.- Scarce, 20@24c.
June 2. SCHACHT & LBMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.-We quote: White l-lbs., unglassed, 15c. ;
1-lb., white, glassed, 14c.; dark, 1-lb.. 2c. leas. Cali-
fornia, 2-Iba., comb, white, 13c. Extracted, 7c. Con-
siderable old honey is in this market. No new yet
in. Sales are very slow.

BEESWAX.— None on the market.
June 9. CLBMONS, CLOON & CO,, cor 4th ftWalnut.

Paper Itoxcw— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Kx4K and 5}ix5ii.
Price, 81.00 per 100, or S8..50 per 1,000.

A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

I%ew Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888, for Si .7,5, while
there are any sets of 1887 left.

Alfaira Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 24.5.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 33c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, $5.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., 810.00.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

Crive a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

gidxjertistmjeuts.

LOOK. !— Beautiful One-Piece SeetioDS only f3.60
per l.CMX). Order at once from this advertisement
—or if you wish T-Supera or other Supplies cbeap,
write for circular. Aildrese. K. 1*. *'I.E©G.
25AU PEORIA. Union Co., OHIO.

Mention Die Atnerican Bee Journal.

FOR SALE— fino Colonies in the-mnvable-coml)
hives, at 14.00 for Italians, and $:i.oo for Hybrirla.
25Al3t G. H. AI»AM.8, Troy, N. Y.

Mention the Americaii Bee Journal.

FOR THIRTY DAYS

WE will offer 1-Piece V-Groove Sections,
moBtly 4;4\-i;4xl''ii, at reduced prices.—
We guarantee our Sections No. 1 in every
respect ; have 100,000 to select from. Please,
friends, send for sample, to

J, B. MURRAY,
25Alt ADA, Hardin Co., OHIO.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

We are Going to Move

AND will sell cheap — new and second-hand
Hivt s and Cases, a lot of Dadants' Foun-
dation, Barnes' Saw, 10-Inch Pelham Founda-
tion Mill, Novice E-\iractor, and Alley's Drone-
Traps; Hives and Cases in the flat, etc.

J. W. BUCHANAN A: BKO.,

25Alt ELDORA, Hardin Co., IOWA.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

DESIGNED for the Farmer, Lawyer. Doc-
tor, Postmaster, Merchant, Township and
County Officer, the Bee-Keeper, the Hoiue—
in fact e^ery one should have a secure place
for valuables.

We offer in the VICTOR SAFE a flrst-
clafts Fire-proof, Burplar-proof, Combination
Lock Safe, handsomely finished. Round cor-
ners, hand decorated; burnished portions are
nickel-plated. Interiors nicely fitted with sub-
treasuries, book-spaces and pig-eon-holes.

Prices range as follows :

OUTSTPE. INSIOE. WEIGHT. PRICE

No. 2. 22x15x16, 12z8x8"2, 250 lbs. $30 00
No. 3. 28x18x18, 15x10x10, 600 " 40 00
No. 4. 32x22x22, 19xl4xl2'2 800 " 60 00

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 9'25 W. M adlson-St CHICAGO, ILLS.

GLASS PAILS

FOB, HONEY.

THESS: Palli are mada
of the best quality ot
clear flint Klass, with a ball
and a metal top and cover.
When filled with hooey, the
attractive appearance of
these pallB cannot be equal-
ed by any other style of
package. They can be used
for household purposes by
consumers, after the honey
Is removed, or they can be
returned to and re-fllled bj
the aptarlflt.
Prices are as follows :

To hold I pound of honey, per dozen Sl.AO

2pound8 " " «.00

3 '* " •' a.so

THOS, G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W, Madi8on-St CHICAGO. ILLS.

THE OLD AND RELIABLE

KNICKERBOCKER BEE-FARM

(ESTABLISHED 1880.)

It will P.4\' you to send for our Circular
and Price List of Bees and Queens before
ordering elsewhere. Address,

GEO. H. KNICKERBOCKER,

(Box 41) PINE PLAINS,

23D2t Ducthess Co., N. T.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

look: HEl^lE! I

FOR Sale Cheap— Bee-Hives. Shipping - Crates
anrt Brooil-Fnuiies: Comb Founlation. Planer-
Sawed V-(3rooved Si_'ctions a specialty. Price-Liet
free. J. M. KINZIE & CO.,

i3Atf Rochester. Oakland Co., Mich.

WT-E will SF.1,1- CA.IilSriOLA.3Sr
»> GJTTE^E^IsrS, reared in June, July
and August, ISss, until further notice. Un-
tested queens $1.(10 ; tested, $2.00 ; tested and
selected, $:i.OO.

ANORE1VS A LOCKHART,
24Atf PATTENS MILLS. Wash. Co., N. Y.

NEW ONE-POUND HONEY PAIL

THIS nen^ size of our Tapering
Honey Pails is of uniform design
with the other sizes, havlnR the top
ed^e turned over, and has a ball or
handle,— maktnn it very convenient
to carrv- It is wel i-made and, when
fltled with honey, makes a novel and
attractive small package, that can

be sold for 20 cents or less. Many

consumers will buy It in order to Klve the children a
handsome toy pail. Price, TS cent* per dozen,
or Sik.OO per i OO.

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

92.3 & 925 W. Madison-St CHICAGO, ILLS.

SUPPLY DEALERS

AND OTHERS should write to me for
Special, Prices on BEE - SCPPliIES

for this lall and winter.
^~ A heavy Discount allowed.

Address, -A.. I^. STA."Cri':F'"E;i^,
44Dtf STERLING, ILLINOIS.

We have some ELEGANT
RIBBON BADGES, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
50 "cents each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. O. NEWMAN <& SON.

923 & 1)25 West Madison-street. - CHICAGO, ILLS

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY,

P.iMPHliET full ot new and Improved
methods ; Price. 5 one-cent stamps. You
need also my list of Italian Queens, Bees by
the lb., and Supplies. Oliver Fossteb,
IMAtf Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

Mention the American Bee Journal,

itmrn mv^mMivmn wmw jourksil.

419

w;4Uk\

EDITOR.

VoiniV. Jnne2],1888. No. 26.

IToii I%'eT«T Hear the bf e complain.

Nor hear it weep uor wall ;
But, if it wisli, it can unfold

A very painful tail.

Xlie Honey Crop of Caliiornia

is now reportfd to be only two-thirds of an
average product. Our first reports said that
it was large, but gave no comparison.

:^Ir. Jo«<«i>li .ncCaail (late of McCaul
& Hildreth Brothers), has again opened the
"Bee- Keepers' lli'adquarters " at 191 Duane
Street (near Greenwich), New York, and
invites all apiarists who go to New York, to
give him a call.

Mr. <j>. M. I>ooUttIe, we regret to
learn, has been confined to his residence
lor a week or more, with lumbago, or
"crick in the back." Tlie only easy posi-
tion he lias found so far, is being propped
back in a rocking chair. This must be
"misery" for our energetic friend. We
hope that complete relief will soon be
foun'd, and that "Kichard will be himself
again," before many days pass.

Major Voii llriiMchka, the inventor
of the honey extractor, is dead. He died in
Venice on May 11, 1SS8. This we gleam
from the L'ApicoUore for June, which is
just received. Major Hruschka was a re-
tired Austrian otticer, and the invention of
the honey extractor ficcurred in this way :
His apiary was in Italy, and one day when
the Major, who was a most observing and
critical bee-keeper, was in his apiary, his
little boy came there to him. The boy had
a small tin pail tied to a string, which he
was swinging, boy-like, around and around
in a circle, holding the end of the string in
his hand.

The indulgent father gave the youth a
small piece of comb filled with honey, put-
ting it into the little pail. The boy, after
awhile, began to swing the pail again as
before, with the honey in it. A few mo-
ments after, he became tired of that amuse-
ment, and put the pail down to talk to his
father, who took it up, and, by chance,
noticed that the honey had left the comb
and settled down into the pail, leaving the
comb perfectly clean tliat had been on the
outside of the circle when the boy was
swinging it around. The Major wondered
at the circumstance, and, turning the comb
over, bade the boy swing it again, when, to
his great astonishment, the other side of
the comb also became perfectly clean, all
the honey being extracted and lying at the
bottom of the pail.

During the following night Major Von
Hruschka, after going to bed, commenced
to think the circumstance over ; he thought,
and thought, and his thoughts troubled him
so much that on the morrow he commenced
a series of experiments which resulted in
his giving to the world the first honey ex-
tractor, which, by whirling, something like
his son whirled that little tin pail, gave him
the pure liquid honey, extracted by cen-
trifugal force, leaving the honey-comb en-
tirely free from the litiuid sweet, which he
gave again to the bees to fill ; allowing him
the pure honey for making wine, mead and
metheglin, or honey cakes, as desired,
without employing the troublesome and
primitive method in use up to that time, of
mashing up the conibs containing the honey,
pollen, and sometimes brood, too, to let the
honey drain through the cloth in which it
was placed— giving what was formerly
known as " strained honey."

Sqaieexiiig' Itlowd Iroiii a 'Fiii->

nip.— Those fellows who wager a thou-
sand dollars without knowing what they
are talking about, as Mr. Evans did (see
page 388), are usually the kind of persons,
financially, who " have nothing to lose."

Mr. H. M. Moyer, of Hill Church, Pa„
writes thus on June 18, 1888, to the Manager
of the National Bee-Keepers' Union :

I have read that article of yours on "the
Wiley lie," on page 388. It Is entirely too
much to stand that wager of Mr. Evans. I
will give three dollars if you will compel
him to pay thfit thousand dollars into the
treasury of the Bee-Keepers' Union. He is
beaten, and should now pay it, just as Mr.
Root would have had to pay if beaten.

Yes ; he ought to pay the money, but had
he been worth it, that wager would never
have been made. Men who know the value
of money do not make such wagers, unless
they are drunk or craxy. Mr. Evans was,
no doubt, sober, but luny on morality and
honesty— a pessimist !

You may as well try to squeeze blood
from a turnip as to get money from such an
idle boaster as the man who wrote on page
388 that characteristic letter which calls
sacramental wine " the essence of hell."
He is evidently a worthless "crank."

Coni1> Surlace. — In last week's issue,
on page 407, Mr. Weidman makes some cal-
culations on the number of cells in a frame
105:i'xl0^4 inches. As he comes to conclu-
sions very different from those universally
i-eceived, we fully intended to have added a
foot-note to the article, calling attention to
an evident error he had fallen into. But on
account of sickness and consequent ab-
sence of our principal assistant, giving us
extra cares, it was omitted. We will now
give it attention here.

Mr. Weidman, in trying to correct Messrs.
Doolittle and McNeill, makes a sad blunder
himself. In one inch of comb there are
about 37 cells— each cell averaging a trifle
less than one-fifth of an inch— or .54 on both
surfaces of one inch of comb. By an error
Mr.W. has doubled this again, and so all his
calculations are doubled !

ISe-\v live IJook.— We have received
from the publisher, L. Upcott Gill, 170
Strand, W.C, Londim, England, a copy of
"The Book of Bee-Keeping," by W. B.
Webster. It is a pamphlet of 98 pages, and
covers the whole ground of the modern
" management of bees," Mr. Webster being
a first-class expert of the British Bee-Keep-
ers' Association. It is gotten up cheaply to 1 the plant want to know wliat I am " raising
W,. " , , J . r^ ,- 1 , 1 those thistes for." i will write more about

fill the popular demand of Engjish cot- jj i^ter. 1 have had 10 swarms this spring.

Cliapnian Iloney-Plant and
'n'liitc Clover. — S. Burton, Eureka,
Ills., on June 15, 18S8, writes :

The Chapman honey-plant seed that I ob-
tained in the si)rini; "f 1887, is doing finely
now. It is from 4 to fi feet high, and is
heading for bloom. Will it bloiiin more
than once from the old root ? All who see

tagers for a cheap manual of bee-keeping,
and sells for a shilling. It gives, in a con-
cise form, what to do in the apiary, and how
to do it, but the methods and implements
are not such as are used in America, except
in a few particulars.

but none the past week. The white clover
will be scarce until the new crop comes
from the seed, which is abundant, and
which, I think, will bloom in July.

It is a perennial, and blooms yearly from
the same root until killed.

Silver L.inins- to the Clouds.—

Win. Malone, of Newbern, Iowa, writes thus
about the present discouraging season :

Have you seen the silver lining to the
clouds so much talked of in 1882? I have
not, but expect to do so very soon. Bees
are svvarmine, but are nut gathering any
honey yet. The lindens will bloum in about
ten days— tlien you will hear from Iowa. I
am not discouraged, for 1 have not forgot-
ten the season ot 1883. We shall have a big
honey fiow soon, and " Don't you forget it !"

It will be welcomed by every apiarist. It
now looks as though linden and a fall crop
were our only hope for honey this year.

:TIon><. Alexander JTiileM, founder
of the Society of Apiculture of Eure and
Loir, died in the .58th year of his age, on
April 2.5, 1888. He was an advanced api-
arist, and a genial gentleman.

420

'TM^ MMBRicMfi mmm J@WMS«IM1U.

S'warm VatcUcFS.—Oleanings, for
June 15, is on hand, and, as usual, is full of
very interesting matter. An article on
swarming, and its attendant clustering, is
timely and instructive. We will condense
it for our readers :

Tlie swarm basket of Dr. S. W. Morrison,
of Oxford, Pa., is thus described :

It is made of two pieces of pine, 16 feet
long, 2x2i.< inches. One side of each is
made flat, and a groove tor a rope is made
in the centre of each, from top to bottom.
The other side of each pole Is rounded.

The two poles are then placed upright,
wit the grooved sides together, the end of
one pole being at about the middle of tlie
other pole, and both are fastened together
with an iron band near the connecting end
of each pole. A pully is then put at the
upper end of the lower pole, and a rope
fastened at the lower end of the upper pole,
running up through the groove and over the
pully, is used to raise or lower the upper
pole. At the upper end of the upper pole a
peach-basket is fastened by means of ring
staples to which the basket is tied.

A swarm of bees 35 feet above the ground
can be reached by it, and a little jar under
the cluster secures the bees in the basket.
It is very easily made, inexpensive, and 1
am sure there can be none better.

The corn-popper catcher is thus men-
tioned :

The lid of the popper was thrown back,
and the popper itself was crowded up
gently against the lower end of the cluster.
Tlie bees very soon rolled over and over
each other until the popper was level full of
them. The wire-cloth top was thrown over,
and snapped shut. We did not know
whether he had secured the queen or not.
It did not matter much, for half or two-
thirds of the cluster was confined in the
popper, and the queen, if outside, together
with the remaining bees, would cluster
around their captive comrades. We thrust
the handle down into the soft dirt near
where the bees were flying quite thick, and
the popper was thus supported a couple of
feet from the ground, where the bees could
get at them. We then left them for an
hour or so. When we returned, all the out-
side bees were clustered around the popper.
They were now in such shape that we could
carry them where we pleased, and hive
them where we pleased, which we did with
entii'e success.

Mr. A. E. Manum's method of catching
and hiving swarms is thus described by him,
after stating that he clipped the wings of
all his queens :

I will first give a description of my
swarm-catcher ; and as there is no patent
on it, all are at liberty to make and use the
same. It is simply a wire-cloth cage fast-
ened to a pole with two legs, so attached to
the pole that they can be set out or in, some-
thing like a tripod. The lower end of the
pole may be sharpened, to stick in the
ground, in order to steady the catcher, and
to prevent it from being tipped forward by
the weight of the bees.

The head, or cage, is 10x10 inches square
by 1}i thick, and is covered on each side
with wire cloth. It is made in two parts,
and hinged together, so as to open and close.
When closed it is held together by a small
hook. One of the parts of the head is fast-
ened to the pole, forming a catcher, as may
be imagined by referring to the cut.

The head is made ot %X''h inch stuff,
hence is very light. 1 usually furnish 8 or
10 of these catchers to each of my apiaries.

Now, as we have our catchers all made
and ready for use, by having them dis-
tributed through the apiary in order to have
them handy, we will proceed to catch that
swarm that is just coming out. We will
take this catcher here, and open it ; hold it
to the entrance,and catch what bees we can ;
close it, and lay it on the ground near by,
and watch for the queen. As she comes out,
catch and put her in the catcher with the
l)ees. Now set up the machine in some
shady place, if convenient. The buzzing of
the bees and the scent of the queen will
soon attract the swarm, when all will alight
on the catcher, where they may remain un-
til we are ready to hive tnem ; and if we
fear another swarm may issue before these
are hived, they may be covered with a sheet.

See ! there comes another swarm ! run
with another catcher, and proceed as before,
and set this catcher some distance from the
first, if we wish to hive the swarms sep-
arately. Although the first is covered with
a sheet, it is safer to set them apart. In this
way we can catch all the swarms that issue,
and not be bothered by their clustering to-
gether, providing they do not all come out
together.

When all have clustered, we may proceed
to hive each separately, or two or tliree to-
gether, by taking up a catcher and bees,and

Manums Suarming Apparatus.

carrying them to the hive previously pre-
pared. We shake off the outside bees in
front of the hive, and tlien open the catcher,
and shake out the queen and bees, and the
work is done.

If two or more swarms issue at one time,
we proceed to catch the few bees and queens
as before, using a catcher for each swarm
(hence the necessity of several catchers) ;
and, as is usually the case when more than
one swarm issues at one time, they will
mingle and cluster together. In such case
we set the catchers near together, and await
tlie results. If more bees settle on pne
catcher than on the others, we shake them
off from this one ; and on rising they will
almost always divide up equally, each
swarm clustering around its queen.

If we are too long a time in catching the
queens and setting up the catchers, the
bees may commence to cluster on a tree. In
s.ieh a case it is better to set all the catchers
under the cluster; that is, in the tree ; and
with a pole with a hook on the end, shake
the bees off. Upon rising they will likely
locate their queens ; it not, shake them off
again, and they will soon all separate, each
swarm clustering with its queen,to the great
delight of the apiarist.

There are many other ways to use these
catchers that will suggest themselves dur-
ing the swarming season.

Whereupon Mr. Root remarks as follows:

Our friend Mr. Manum is quite an exten-
sive apiarist. In a private note we received
from him, he said he was then locating his
seventh dut-apiary, so our readers may
judge somewhat of (he amount of experi-
ence he necessarily has had among bees,
and of his ability to judge of a simple aud
practical swarming apparatus.

Just here it occurs to us that there are
two ideas worth bringing up. The first is,
that, if the queens are not clipped, the
queen herself will usually be found on the
outside of the cluster, or near the bottom
end, for, it is said, bees will never hang to
the queen. If, therefore, the corn-popper
cage or other receptacle be pushed gently
against the lower end of the swarm, you are
likely to secure not only the larger portion
of the bees, but the queen also ; and in this
event your swarming is practically done.
The other idea is this : After these wire-
cloth cages, such as the corn-popper and
Manum's arrangement, have been used a
few times for catching swarms, tbey will
acquire the scent of the laying queen, and
of former swarms. The catcher will, in
consequence, be more readily accepted for
clustering by succeeding swarms. In time
these cages will have little bits of wax ad-
hering to them, and these, also, form no
small part of the attraction.

Uangferoiisly Stnng l>y Bees.—

The following item from the New York
Weekly Post, has been passing the rounds
of the press for the past two or three weeks:

Xenia, O., May 23.— George Hamill, a
young farmer residing two miles north of
this city, was attempting to hive a swarm of
bees yesterday, when they settled on his
head, face and neck. He began to fight
them, and they began to sting. In a short
time lie was on the ground writhinj; in ter-
rible agony ; and when his wife and mother
came to his aid with brooms, he was nearly
dead. He became unconscious, and re-
mained so for some time, his head and
hands swelling up so as to make him un-
recognizable. He is in a serious condition.

We do not know how much the above re-
port has been exaggerated. In any case, it
was very nuwise in the young farmer to
strike at and fight the bees, as he is reported
to have done. If they started to cluster on
his person, he should first attempt to [jar
them off gently, and then walk quietly away
for the time being, until they found some
other object on which to cluster. A few
puffs from a bee-smoker would also have
removed them. We thought best to insert
the item, to warn our friends against strik-
ing bees, or fighting them when there are
so many in the air that they can do a great
deal of mischief. We presume the young
farmer recovered, as we have seen nothing
ing in print to the effect that he he did
not.— Gleonings.

Xhe Supreme Coiirt of the United
States is a tribunal that exercises an im-
mense influence, but is little known to the
people. Ausburn Towner, in Prank Les-
lie's Popular Monthly for July, gives a
very interesting account of the Justices,
the room where they sit in judgment, their
residences, as well as portraits, views, etc.,
that will open up the judiciary to all. In
" The Rides of the World," Noel Ruthven
takes up an attractive subject, and treats it
in a most fascinating manner. The famous
rides : 'Bois de Boulogne, at Paris, Rotten
Row, London, Central Park, New York, the
Vienna Prater, and Berlin's renowned
"Unter den Linden," day by day see the
wealthy and fashionable dashing by in
elegant turnouts drawn by splendid speci-
mens of horseflesh.

TH® rn'mmmicmm WMW joismmmi^.

421

v-.— ■^—■'—■•■-^ ■•■■-' —■'-^-■—■^■--■^■"■■^ ^■■^■^■^^*^*^»^^^^^^ » . ».^.^A^

' — ' — ■-■%«^>^« — - — ■■ — - - > — ^j^^^^^^^^A^A^^

llogriis Comb Hoiit-y.— To its shame
be it known that in tlie light of all that has
been said, written ami printed about the
manufacture of comb honey beins an im-
possibility, the Orocers' VindU:ator of Clii-
cago, has lately printed the following stupid
and malicious falseliood :

The experts are in the "honey-hunibus
business,' of which fact, perhaps, some of
our readers are not aware ; but for a long
time there has been comb honey on the mar-
ket which lool<s very fine and inviting, but
it contains very little of the pure honey. It
does seem strange that an article like honey
should be allowed to be meddled with and
so completely adulterated as to contain but
a portion of the real honey ; but such is the
case, and to that extent that we would say
to our readers that it is harly safe to expect
the pur.' honey from almost any source.
The following is interesting ; read it :

" I never saw honey look like that," re-
marked a reporter, who had ordered toast
and honey for his breakfast. "1 never saw
a honeycomb look so white or so uniform."
"Well; sir," replied the waiter, "I'll let
you into the secret. That is manufactured
houev. The comb is manufactured now of
a white wax. Molds are made to tlie .shape
and size required, and the heated wax is
pourHd in and becomes an imitation of
honey-comb. A piece of this comb is placed
in the jar, and the syrup poured in. They
can't make a good imitation, tliough ; nearly
everyone who calls for honey detects the
Imitation. The wax is whiter, and then it
is unpleasant if you should get it into the
moiiin. It is much cheaper than real comb
honey, and sometimes the supply of honey
runs short, and the manufactured lioney has
to be used."

The fact is, tliat this stupid humbug has
been so often exposed that it is somewhat
monotonous ! Why is it that editors of re-
spectable sheets should so often be de-
ceived ? There is only one excuse that can
be offered, and that is— ignorance !

We have hunted down many similar state-
ments—and they are always without foun-
dation, except that Jones told Smith that
Benson told him that a friend had seen such
things made in New York, Chicago, or
some other place ! ! Here is a little experi-
ence of Mr. M. U. Tweed, of Allegheny,
Pa., as related in Qleaninga :

A short time ago a drummer, traveling for
a Baltimore tislinouse, was standing in a
store as I was delivering honey in glasses,
comb and extracted together. He picked
up a glass and asked if it was pure, with the
ainif a man who thought that he knew it
was not, but simply wished to see if I would
tell a lie about it. I answered him that it
was pure, and asked if there was such a
thing as manufactured comb honey. He
looked at me as though he thought I was a
fool to ask such a question, as he replied,
"Certainly tliey do.''

1 said, "My friend, have you seen it
made ?"

"Yes, sir," he replied.

I then said to him, "I am glad I have met
you, for I have heard that story about man-
ufactured comb for several years past, but
you are the first man that 1 have come
across who has seen it done. Now, where
did you see it made ?"

"Out in Ohio," was his answer.

"Ohio! that's a big place. Where did
you see it made there ?"

He rejilied with some liesitation, "On the
Western Reserve."

I said, "That is a big place too; where
did you see it made on the Western Re-
serve ?"

With a gieat lii-iil less contidence, he re-
plied, " In Urrville."

"Orrviile?" I said, "that small country
town ? I have been there ; who makes it
there ?"

Being fairly cornered he replied, " Well,
there was a man told me he saw it made
there."

Now, you see had I not cornered him he
would have explained to the grocer all about
how the comb was manufactured. You will
easily see that his knowledge came simply
through some man in Orrviile having beeu
seen making foundation comb ; and by the
time two or three smart fellows repeat it,
the cells are completed, filled, and capped.

In order to counteract the baneful in-
fluence of such falsehoods, Mr. Root has
issued the following "card," to which we
call especial attention. Copies of it can be
had of him, free of cost, by any one who
can use them to advantage in attempting to
refute the current lying about comb honey
being adulterated. It reads thus :

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN.

In view of tlie false and damaging state-
ments to the hniiey business, in regard to
making comb honey by machinery, etc., I
have thought best to silence all smMi false-
hoods as tliev cnme up, by the l.illowing
offer : I wiil pay $1,000 in cash to any per-
son who will tell me where comb honey Is
manufactured by machinery ; or I will pay
the same sum to any one who will find
manufactured comb honey on the market,
for sale. I am as sale in making this otfer,
dear friends, as 1 should be if it were straw-
berries or liens' eggs. It never has been
done, and it never will be done. If you
wish to know whether I am responsible for
the above amount or not, go to any bank
and ask them to nuote my standing in
Dun's or Bradstreet's Commercial Aijency,
or write to the First National Bank of
Medina. A. I. Root,

Editor of Oleanings in Bee-CxMure,

Medina, Ohio.

Mr. Root profoundly remarks that the
traveling men, who have done so much to
spread these lies, should be taught that
" telling lies is dangerous business in this
present progressive age of the world." Let
all such now be required either to " put up"
the proof, or " shut up !"

Xlie Apiarian Exhibit at Cincin-
nati, under the Governmental supervision,
is provided for, and the following circular
has been issued and sent to prominent
apiarists :

U. S. Department of Agrlcnltiire.

HiNSDAi.E, Du Page Co., 111., June 1.5, 1888.

Dear Sir :— Each one of the divisions of
the United States Department of Agricul-
ture is expected to contribute to the exhibit
to be made by the Department at the Cin-
cinnati Exposition, opening July*.

I have jnst been instructed by Dr. C. V.
Riley, the United States Entomologist, to
make a col lection of devices and implements
used in bee-keeping, such as will represent
the progress in the art in the United States,
from the time when "log-gums" and box-
hives were in common use, to the present
time.

This collection will form a part of the ex-
hibit to be made by the Division of Ento-
mology at the comintr Cincinnati Expostion.
At the close of the Exposition. Nov. 1, this
collection will be removed to Washington,
D. C, and placed in a suitable apartiiiHiit
alreadv set apart for the purpose in the Na-
tional Museum, where it will permanently
remain.

I would be glad to receive from you such
contributions to this collection as you may
be willing to make, either as a donation or
as a loan for the Exposition. As far as pos-
sible, it is desired that the contributions be
donated for permanent exhibition in the
National Museum. The name and address
of each contributor, and the purpose for
which the device is used, will be attached
to each article exhibited. Any article
simply loaned will be returned at the close
of the Exposition. If articles are sent by
mail, the postage will be refunded. If sent
by express, the express charges will be paid
both ways by the Department.

You cannot fail to appreciate the great
advantage you may receive from placing
on exhibition such articles or devices as you
may manufacture or oifer for sale, both at
the Cincinnati Exposition and also in the
permanent exhibit in tlie National Museum
at Washington, where they may be seen by
tens of thousands every year.

It is believed that all bee-keepers will be
interested in having a creditable display in
the interest of our pursuit. The time al-
lowed is altogether too short to do what
might be done, and prompt action is neces-
sary. Please write me at o?ice, saying what
you are willing to contribute permanently,
or loan for the Exposition. I will write ac-
cepting such of those things you offer as I
shall need, and will give shipping directions
with acceptance. This method is adopted
to avoid the sending of duplicates of the
same devices or objects of interest.

Soliciting vour hearty co-operation and
an immediate reply, I remain. Very truly
yours, N. W. McLain,

Apicultural Agent.

T. 1>. WillianLS, who lived alone in
Lebanon, Conn., was found dead on June
12, under a tree. He was 76 years of age,
and while trying to hive a swarm of bees,
he fell and broke a leg, and the New Haven
Palladium says that he was stung to death
by the bees. They probably had been " an-
gered " by the accident in some way.

A man 76 years of age should not climb
trees ; especially if he lives alone, he should
not take the risk of falling and dying when
no assistance could be obtained.

Contrat-tion of Entrances to

Hires. —J. F. Gile, of Basswood, Wis., on
June 11, 1888, asks for the following infor-
mation :

State all circumstances under which the
entrance to the Langstroth Simplicity hive
should be contracted, especially with refer-
ence to newly-hived swarms.

Whenever the bees need protection, con-
tract the entrance. Robbers sometimes
trouble them, and disaster can be prevented
by helping the bees in this way, to defend
the hive against marauders.

CONVENTION DIRECTORY.

1888. Tivie aiid Place of Meeting.

Aug. 3. Ionia County, at Ionia. Mich.

H. Smith, Sec. Ionia, Mich.

Atiff 14 — Coloratio Stale, at Denver, Colo.

AUB. it.-^u J ^ ciark. Sec, Denver. Colo.

Aue 27.— Stark County, at Canton, O.

AUB- ^i. o ^^^^ Thomson, Sec. Canton, O.

^pnt H—SusQuehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.
aepu o. -H ^ ^ Seeley. Sec, Harft.rd, Pa.

j^~ In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particularB of
time and place of future meettngB.— Bd.

422

XHE miMimmiQmm mmm jo'PKHMif.

hSiMt^mMj^^

OuERiES f Replies,

The Space Allowed Around
Brood-Frames, etc.

Written for the American Bee Jcairnal

Query 554.— 1. In hanging frames as long-
and as shallow as the Langetroth, what space
would you allow between the ends of frames
and the hive ? «. What space between the
tops of the frames and the surplus boxes ? 3.
How much space between each end of the
top-bar and the hive, to prevent gluing, and
admit of being easily handled ?— Ohio.

To all of your questions I say f of
an inch. — P. L. Viallon.

1. I of an inch. 2. A double bee-
space. 3. 5-16 of an inch. — A. B.

Mason.

1. I of an inch. 2. 5-16 of an inch.
3. 5-16 of an inch. — Mks. L. Harri-
son.

1. I of an inch. 2. f to } of an inch.
3. Very little, if any. — Dadant & Son.

1. I of an inch. 2. I of an inch. 3.
3-16 of an inch is suiBcient. — J. P. H.
Brown.

1. and 2. J of an inch. 3. It is not
importantr — A. J. Cook.

1. 5-16 of an inch. 2. The same as
at the sides. 3. 1-32 of an inch. — G.

M. DOOLITTLE.

1. f of an inch. 2. About 5-16 of
an inch. 3. } of an inch would pre-
vent gluing, but I prefer 1-32 of an
inch. — R. L. Taylor.

1. Anywhere from a bee-space to f
of an inch. 2. A bee-space. 3. The
same. — Eugene Secor.

1. i of an inch. 2. A bee-space. 3.
^ of an inch is enough. The bees will
glue, no matter what the spacing may
be. — M. Mahin.

1 and 2. f of an inch. 3. Bees will
daub their glue. I leave about 1-16
of an inch. — J. M. Hambaugh.

1 and 2. In both cases, | of an inch,
rather less than more. 3. \ of an
inch is about right. — C. H. Dibbern.

1. A full bee-space, say large J inch.
2. A little less space than between the
ends. 3. Just enough so that the
frames can be easily removed. — J. E.
Pond.

1. I of an inch. ^. Scant f of an
inch, if no lioney-board is used. 3. J
of an inch, if any.^jAMES Heddon.

1. Not less than } of an inch, nor
more than | of an inch. 2. About an
inch. 3. My bees will glue, no matter
what space. The space in mj' hives is
about 1-16 of an inch. — C. C. Mil-
ler.

1. I of an inch. 2. 5-16 of an inch
works the best for me. 3. I cut the
top-bars of my frames about | shorter
than the space in which they are to
hang. I do not mind having the
ends of the frames glued fast ; it holds
the frames in place when I move the
hives about at swarming time. — G. W.
Demaree.

1. f of an inch. 2. } to f of an
ineli from the frames to the honey-
board. The honey-board should be l-
of an inch thick, and then J- to f inch
space from the honey-board to the sec-
tions. 3. Make the ends of the top-
bars pointed, and allow them to just
touch the hive. — J. M. Shuck.

1. I do not allow over 5-16 of an
inch. The space usually provided is
f . 2. \ to 5-16 of an inch. 3. The
top-bar should have movement end-
wise in the rabbet, of not less than 1-
16 of an inch. — G. L. Tinker.

1. I of an inch. 2. Use a double-
space of 5-16 of an inch each. 3. 1-32
of an inch in this locality ; in some
localities you woulfl want | to | of an
inch on account of propolis. — H. D.
Cutting.

Each question may be answered by
saying, give from } to | of an inch of
space. — The Editor.

Queen -Excluders and Break-
Joint Honey-Boards.

Wrltteyi for the American Bee Journal

Query 565. — When working for comb
honey with an ordinary-sized brood-chamber
contracted to 3 frames, or with one section of
a shallow reversible hive, is it always neces-
sary to a use a queen-excluder, or will the
slatted break-joint honey-board keep the bees
from going into the surplus sections ?— Minn.

I much prefer the queen-e.xcluder. —
G. M. Doolittle.

It is not always necessaiy. — J. P. H.
Brown.

We do not contract the brood-cham-
ber.— Dadant & Son.

In that case a queen-excluder is al-
ways necessary M. Mahin.

You would want a good queen-ex-
cluder.— H. D. Cutting.

No ; I should hope not. If it did, I
would not use it. — A. B. Mason.

I think the slatted break-joint honey-
board will answer. — Mrs. L. Harri-
son.

I should always use a queen-ex-
cluder on so small a hive. — Eugene
Secor.

I prefer the zinc perforated board,
as the slatted break-joint honey-board
does not always prevent the queen

from going into the surplus arrange-
ment. These boards are not used to
prevent bees from going to any part
of the hive. — P. L. Viallon.

I have not found it necessary with
the Langstroth frame, but with a sin-
gle section of the new Heddon hive, I
tind it is. — R. L. Taylor.

Usually the}- will not go up, but it is
safer to use a queen-excluding honey-
board. — A. J. Cook.

I would use the queen-excluder,
everytime. I have never used the
break-joint honey-board. — J. M. Ham-
baugh.

A queen-excluder will certainlj- be
needed, if the colon}' is in a normal
condition and storing honey. — J. M.
Shuck.

It is necessary in all oases to use a
wood-and-zinc honey-board in con-
tracting the brood-chamber. — G. L.
Tinkkr.

If you contract the brood-nest, you
must put on a queen-excluder, or you
will make a bad job of it. A " honey-
board "is no hindrance to the queen
going above. — G. W. Demaree.

As I do not Avork for cotub honey in
this way, and do not consider the plan
of so doing practicaj or practicable, I
cannot answer the question. — J. E.
Pond.

Without any queen-excluding honey-
board, I find that with the brootl-cham-
ber contracted to 5 Langstroth frames,
or one-half of the divisible brood-cham-
ber, about one queen in 50 or 75 will
go above and lay a few eggs. — James
Heddon.

I have serious doubts whether a
queen-excluding honej"-board "paj's"
in an ordinary sized hive. I have
found the slatted honey-board all that
is required when using Langstroth
hives. — C. H. Dibbern.

With such a shallow or contracted
hive it would probably be desirable to
use the queen-excluding honey-board.
— The Editor.

XUe Queries written for and answered

in the American Bee Journal have often
been quoted not only in our British name-
sake, but also have been translated into
other languages and published in the bee-
periodieals of many nations. It is very
flatteriiiK to know that they are of so much
interest as to call for such reproduction and
translation. The corps of contribu'.ors who
make the replies may feel highly honored
while knowing that their labors are appre-
ciated both at home and abroad.

Crive a Coi»y of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

Tmm ffiMERICJtPi BEl© JOURNai^.

423

YOUNa QUEENS.

The Itsilling of I'oiiiig <|uccii$
by the Bees.

Written for the American Bcc Journal

BV D. MILLAKD.

I was much interested in tlie state-
ments of Mr. Doniaree, in answer to
Query .i43, on page 32G. Tliat un-
accountaljle disposition of bees to
" ball " tljeir young queens was once a
very perplexing problem to me. I
spent much time, but patiently watched
and observed, till I thought that I
could see light upon the matter. I ex-
experimented furthei', and th(! light
shone brighter, until the whole matter
seemed perfectly plain to me.

I agree with Mr. D., that a young
queen seldom if ever makes the mis-
take of entering the wrong hive. That
she is signalled or saluted by her own
Vices is, I think, equally true, provid-
ing that the colony or nucleus, as the
case may be, has a supply of young
lH■(^s jnst commencing to fly.

A colony of bees that has been
([ueenless for a great length of time,
will usuallj" accept a queen-cell, or a
virgin-(|ueen may be introduced, and
she will be allowed to roam through
the hive unmolested until she is dis-
posed to take a Might, when the old
bees will frown upon her ; and if she
persists in doing a little " side-walk-
ing" up and down the alighting-board,
just to attract attention, they will tell
her to just get inside and behave her-
self, or oft" comes her crown.

If the queen walks out and stays a
little too long, or returns with her
" ruffle " a little ruffled, she receives
a reprimand that costs her life. But
if there are plenty of young bees in
the hive, of about the same age, they
will go out together, and have a happy
time Hitting up and down the alight-
ing-board ; and if she flies ofl' and is
gone for a time, her young compan-
ions are all the more pleased to meet
and salute her on her return, and thus
the " signal " alluded to by Mr. D.
(which lack of space undoubtedly for-
bade its explanation, and the lack of
j'oung bees at the time of the young
queens taking their flight), is all there
is of that unaccountable disposition of
bees to ball and destroy the ([ueen, or
refuse her entrance to the hive.

If the apiarist has a colony of bees
that has been queenless long enough
to I'un out of brood, he should intro-
duce a frame of capped brood in time
to have it hatch, and the bees old

enough to begin In tlywhen this young
queen is old enough to mate. Never
give a (jueenless colony of all old bees
much unsealed brood, but give cap-
ped lirood, and when part are hatched,
give eggs and larvse, and the newly-
i\atched bees will care for it and rear
themselves a queen, which they will
associate with and guard until she
begins to lay, and then assist in driv-
ing out all laying workers.

The ancient rule was, " OhI men for
counsel, but young men for war."
Applied to apiculture it would be thus:
"Old bees for gathering honey and
pollen, and young bees for inside
work." But do not allow any colonies
to become queenless and remain so, is
my rule. ■

Mendon, Mich.

SCIENTIFIC.

Blcdieinal Qualities of Honey-
Explained.

Written for the British Bee Journal

BY R. A. H. GRIMSIIAW.

We should like to inquire into the
reasons why, or in what respect, honej'
is a medicine ; supposing we take it
as admitted that such is the case, an
assumption many medical men might
object) to, seeing that the position of
honey in the British Pharmacopoeia is
such a verj- modest one, its use being
chieflj' that of a vehicle for other
medicines, and as an atljunct to
gargles. I should say that children
in the stages requiring Mel boracis re-
ceive the greatest share of the officinal
preparations of honey. True, oxymel
(a mixture of honey, acetic acid and
water) is used as a demulcent, soften-
ing mucus lodging in the air-passages
and facilitating its expectoration. In
my own household, however, I prefer
the use of citric acid to acetic.

In bronchitis, pure honey and simple
is alwaj'S at hand, and more relief is
obtained by frecjuently tasting it than
from anything else. Nearly twenty
years ago I found the greatest benefit
in an attack of quinsy, by using a
gargle of red sage, acidulated with
vinegar, and well sweetened with
honey. Honey ad libitum as a laxa-
tive, and mixed with borax for thrush,
is, of course, a common household
medicine for children. We will leave
out of our view the value of honey as
a food, as a heat-producer, consisting,
as it does principally, of carbon and
water, the two sugars dextrose and
levulose, invert sugar. We know it is
readily assimilated in the stomach, and
should be eaten with some attenuating
substance, such as bread.

Mr. Cheshire, in " Honey as Food,"
tells us : " Why honey has a curative

clfect it is dillicidt to say for certain,
but one m.ay theorize, and ascribe this
fact to the readiness with which it com-
bines with mucous tissue. Honey is
variable, and therefore its value as a
medicine cannot always be the same."

In " Honey as Food and Medicine,"
we have a list of prescriptions which
are almost incredulously elhcacions, a
few of wliicli may be named as start-
lers : Inlhuumation and congestion of
the lungs followed by unconsciousness
were cured Ijy eating honey at all times
of the day and night, until 10 pounds
were consumed. Herr Karl Gattcr was
at the verge of the grave, and was re-
stored to perfect health by the use of
honey. Consumption is cured by it,
and in ancient times it was used as a
means of securing long life, and it is
said to be an excellent remedy in dis-
eases of the bladder and kidneys. The
recipes are :

For asthma, honey of squills, honey
cough .syrup, eye-wash, balsam of
honey, for croup, for bronchitis, honey
salve, for coughs, colds, whooping
cough, etc. ; honey-wash for the eyes,
gargle for sore throat, cancer plaster,
honey-cougli medicine, honey and tar
cougii candy, honey for sore eyes,
honey and walnut cough candy, remedy
for whooping cough, colds, etc.

Granting that all these prescri))tions
are good and efi'ectual, what is there
about honey that is absent in sugar
which brings about such apparently
wonderful results ? It is in this direc-
tion we will turn our gaz.e.

We know the effect produced upon
the nerves at the roots of our teeth by
bringing them into contact with fresh
honey, strong in acid, and it may be
that the excess of formic acid secreted
by the bees is used by it in giving its
honey this strong acid reaction. In-
deed, it is not beyond the bounds of
reason to suppose that the supply of
this acid to the bee is not intended for
use so much as sting poison as for
purely domestic purposes. There is
not much doubt that the acid contained
in honey is beneflcial to both stomach
and liver.

Wiiat else is there in honey ? Well,
myriads of pollen-grains, and these
contain chemical principles of un-
doubted medical potency. Putting
aside the husks (the extine and intine
of the pollen grain) the outermost skin
is found to be reticulated with ridges,
the seat of a secretion of sticky oil. The
contents are a sticky fluid rich in pro-
toplasm, sometimes transparent, some-
times opaque, by reason of floating
o-ranules (fovilla), which granules are
declared bj- Herapath to contain as
much as 4(i per cent, of a peculiar in-
flammable nzolizeil (?) principle, in-
solubli' in nearly every liquid. I im-
agine it is soluble by gastric juice.

424

THE m^mmmicmm wmm j&vmmm&f.

These granules were found to be in-
visible in many fresh pollens, since the
fluid in which they swim has the same
refractive power as the granules ; some
of them are drops of oil, whilst others
consist of proteine compounds.

Many pollen tubes will develop in
nectar, by osmose of water, and pro-
duce in their own tubes other chemical
combinations, and as the growth of
these tubes often exceeds the diameter
of the pollen grain by a luindrcd
diameters, their chemical position in
the honey must be somewhat consid-
erable.

We have then (leaving the sugar of
honej' on one side) to deal with formic
acid and the protoplasmic contents of
pollen-cells, when we think of honej'
as a medicine.

The most important factor, in my
opinion, remains yet to be considered.
I allude to its flavor. Mr. Otto Hehner
tells us "he has not been able by
chemical means to distinguish between
honey from one kind of flower and any
other." We must all admit that such
a difterence exists. We know that
honey collected from poisonous plants
is materially afl'eoted by the active
deleterious or objectionable or medici-
nal principle, secreted by such plant,
the rhododendron family, azaleas and
kaluiiiis being an instance of this.
Does it not follow, as nectar is a
secretion and an exudation of the plant
cell, that it is charged and pervaded
by the active principle, beneficial or
otherwise, of the plant ? Many in-
stances of the identity of the nectar
flavor, and the distinguishing princi-
ple of the plant which secretes -it, can
be given :

Citric acid is found in fruits and flowers of the

<)riinp:e tribe.
Tartitrif acid is found in grape Juice.
Malic acid is found in tlie apple, gooseberry, etc.
Tannic acid is found in the oak, etc.
Hydr cyanic (prussic) is found in the cherry laurel.
O.xalic acid is found in sorrel and rhubarb.
Gallic is found in all kinds of galls.

Of poisonous principles we find alka-
loids of —

Quinine in cinchona.

Morphine in opium.

Snlanine in plants of the potato tribe.

Verjilrine in sehaililla.

A< onitine in nnuikshnod and aconites.

Strychnine in mix vomica.

Atropine in belladonna.

I'iperine in pepper.

Tlieine or cafleine in tea and coffee.

Some of the most poisonous jilants
bear the gaudiest flowers, and such we
know are peculiarly attractive to bees,
whilst many phmts unwholesome as
food are invaluable as medicine. Most
of the unbellifene are poisonous — the
same may l)e saiil of the ranunculacea\
e. _(/., anemone, Pulsatilla, delphinium,
monkshood, aconitum vulgare. The
pojijiy family, papaveraceas, are no-
torious (P. somniferum). The cruci-
fers are, however, non-poisonous.

Wlicn we come to the violet family
we find one of our most valuable
medicines (ipecacuanha), obtained

from the root of a violet grown in
Peru. The buckthorn (rhamnus) gives
us a valuable medicinal fruit; from
the spindle tree family we get the
valuable active principle euonymine.
The seeds of the laburnum are poison-
ous. The cheny tribe (containing the
almond, peach, nectarine, etc.) yields
us prussic acid ; this acid is also se-
creted by plants of the plum tribe.

A common plant (fool's parsley),
common in gardens, is poisonous, as
are generally the umbelliferai, wet
places l>eing their home as a rule,
when this principle is developed. Wild
lettuce and wild celery are poisonous,
whilst most members of the composita;
are medicinal. It is curious also to
note that the ling or heather (the
source of so much fine honey), has in
its family the azaleas, kalmias, etc.
The periwinkle (vinca) family have
amongst them the nux vomica, from
which we extract strychnine, a deadh*
poison, but at the same time the most
valuable tonic in the Pharmacopoeia.

Entire plants are wild lettuce (Lactucin, similar to
Manna).

The following are the parts of plants
used in medical preparations :

Twigs and

Top» Savin f Savin oil).

Broom tops (Scoparin).

Woody nigbtsliade.(Solania,aD alkaloid).
From Is obtained

Flowers. The 'Lavender Oil of lavender.

Tbo U<ip Lupulin and Humulin.

Peppermint A volatile oil.

Camomile Avolatile oil (Oleum An-

themidis).
Orange Flowers... A volatile oil.

Crocus Saffron.

Rosemary. . a volatile oil.

The Poppy " *■

Elder

Buds Santonica (worm-Santonin, and a volatile

oil seed).

iJarfca... Larch Resin. Tannic acid and

Larixinic acid, crystal
and volatile.

Mezereon A volatile oil.

Oak Tannic acid.

Blra

Leoties.. Monkshood Aconitia (A).

Deadly nightshade. Atropia (A).

Hemlock Conia(A). and a volatile

oil.

Foxglove Digitalin (A).

Henbane Hyoscyamia (A).

Cherry laurel Prussic acid and a vola-
tile oil.

Stramony leaves Daturva (A).

Bearberry Tannic, gallic acids.and

volatile (>il.

Roots — Monkshood Aconitia (see Leaves).

Deadly nightshade. Atropia " *'

Colchicum Colchicia (A).

Gentians Gentianite, a bitter prin-
ciple.
Dandelion A bitter crystalline sub-
stance Tara-vacin.

Fndta . .Dill Volatile oil.

Anise *• "

Carraway *' "

Coriander " **

Fennel ** '*

Hemlock Gonia (A) see Leaves.

Poppy Opium from which Mor-
phia.

Seed* — Colchicum Colchicia (A) see Roots.

Mustard Myronic acid and a vola-
tile oil.
Stramony Daturia (A) see Leaves.

When we come to examine these
products of the plant, from its very
summit to its roots, taking leaves,
bark, flowers, fruit, seeds, on the way,
we find what we may call the charac-
teristic or active principle of the plant
pervading its whole system, but ap-
pearing in a stronger form in some
particular place. We must try to
think of the plant as a simple aggre-

gation of units, a mass of single cells,
each of which is a laboratory in itself,
forming of itself simple and complex
compounds which it passes forward to
its neighbors in order that they maj' be
thereby further protected, and finally
stored away for further use by the
plant, or utilized hj it as protective,
resisting the attacks of birds, insects,
and other animals, or else rendering
the plant attractive to the particular
animal whose services are desired.

Now the aroma of the plant is gen-
erally characteristic of its active prin-
ciple, and this aroma appears in the
nectar. The nectar owes its saccha-
rine matter to the starch secreted by
the single plant-cell from the carbonic
acid of the atmosphere which it trans-
forms into sugar, and flavors with its
active principle. The sweet-scented
sap exudes or transudes through the
outermost cells, and appears as a
degradation productin a similar fashion
to resins and gums.

We find most active principles me-
dicinal when taken in small doses, but
distinctly jioisonous in larger quanti-
ties ; and again many of them are an-
tidotal when taken together. Herein
is a beautiful provision of nature ex-
emplified in the minute quantities of
medicinal matter gathered by the bee,
and so mixeil in its storehouse that
strong doses are rendered almost im-
possible and innocuous.

The human system, however, when
out of order (and it rareh', if ever, is
in perfect health) has the faculty of
sympathetically seizing hold of what it
requires from tlie food to restore it to its
normal state. Honey thus supplies us
with numerous powerful agents in re-
storing to health disox'ded vital func-
tions. I hold that the mixed honej-,
for these very reasons, is the healthiest
and best for general use ; that which
bears distinct and pronounced flavor,
at once betraying its origin, only so
betrays it because it holds an undue
proportion of the active principle of
the plant whence gathered, be this
beneficial or otherwise ; and when
hone}- is found to disagree with any
one, it will probably be found to be
honej- of a distinct flavor.

We also lose sight of the fact when
eating comb hone}', that we swallow
the waxen cell-wall which we are told
is varnished over with a preparation
(a sort of furniture polish) of the acid
saliva of the bee and propolis — propo-
lis consisting of powerfully medicinal
exuthitions varying Avith the sources
from which it is gathered.

Much that I have said is ideal and
theoretical, but I think my conclusions
are rational and practical, viz., that in
dealing with honey we are dealing
with a medium — nectar — flavored with
powerful medical compounds whose

THE? JSMJSRICKN BE® JQWRKKlr.

425

'-***-^*-^* — -A^

':^- — ' — -■^■^■^j

havmlessness is ensured by the won-
derful antidotal mixing of the bee ;
but the bent'ticial properties are still
present, ready to be seized upon by
diseased or disordei'cd organs, and if
there be anything in the science of
honucopathic medicine, the curing of
disease by minute infinitesimal doses
of such powerful drugs as produce
symptoms of the disease in larger
doses, then a new line of thought is
opened up, and considerable support
given to my hypothesis.

Horsforth, Leeds, England.

[The above excellent article opens
up a wide field for interesting and
profitable research and investigation.
That the many beautiful flowers, which
so delight and attract the bees, should
contain, besides food, much of medici-
nal value to the human family- is not
to be wondered at ; especially when it
is know that nothing has been created
which does not possess some value —
even the thistle and dock, that are so
troublesome to farmers, having their
particular uses. Let us hope that our
bee-keeping doctors and men of scien-
tific inclinations may look into this
matter more fully, and thus perhaps
discover in honey other health-restor-
ing virtues, which will add another
laurel to the crown of those whose
business it is to glean the sweets of
nature to tempt and delight the palates
of mankind. — Ei>.]

-^♦^

MOVING BEES.

A very Rough Experience Oiveii
in Detail.

Written for the American Bee Jourtial

BY H. E. HILL.

As the subject of '* moving bees " is
receiving some attention at present, I
will relate a little experience of mine ;
not that the undertaking was anything
" very great," but to show how much
"knocking about" bees will stand,
when properly cared for.

The Ijees were in 3-frame Langstroth
nuclei hives, with wire-screen over the
top and bottom, with frames supported
by notched strips ; but, doubtless, the
moving could have been just as suc-
ces.sfulh' accomplished had they been
full colonies.

On Ihe night of Oct. 14, 1880, 10 of
these little colonies were confined to
the hives, and on the following tlay
they were expressed from Summit, N.
J.,"to Xew York city. On Oct. 16, I
found them buzzing in a third-storv

room almost smothered bj' the smoke
of a dozen or more cigars that were
being smoked in the room, by those
eagerly crowding around to see where
the buzzing came from.

The bees were then placed in the
elevator, let down, taken by a dray to
the wharf, and placed on the deck of
a Cuba bound steamer, where sponges
of water were constantly kept on the
screens, being refilled 8 or 10 times
each day, and occasionally treating
them to a sponge of sea-water, which
they would drain in a short time.

Arriving at Havana five days later,
they were placed in a small boat and
taken ashore — a distance of about one
mile — where thej- became the victims
of the native " carretero," who "hus-
tled " them over the cobble-stone pave-
ments as though he was anxious to de-
liver as manj' loads as possible while
the ship's cargo held out.

Arriving at the hotel, they were
carried up into my room, where they
remained for throe days, being hauled
again to the railroad depot across the
city, thence by rail across the island
to Batibano, on Oct. 24, and placed on
board a Spanish coaster, which arrived
at Cienfuegos on the following morn-
ing, when the bees were victimized a
second time, in spite of all the English
I used (which was just the same as so
much Greek to him) to persuade the
driver to " go slow."

Again to the hotel, and up-stairs,
three days more in these quarters,
when they were i)laced into a spring
carriage, and driven into the country
about three miles, arriving at La Gloria
at 3 p.m. on Oct. 28. They were then
released, and in less than 30 minutes
several of the .Jerse3' Italians returned
to the hives laden with Cuban pollen.

Titusville, Pa.

FARM APIARIES.

Some Reasons for Having Rees
on llic Farm.

Read before the Farmers' Institute

BY T. S. SANFORD.

The honey-bee has been a topic for
ancient writers, anil from that time to
the present, has received much time,
attention and thought by our most
practical and learned men. I am
glad to see bee-culture given a place
for discussion in our agricultural so-
cieties. Bee-cullure is properlj' a
branch of agriculture, and as such
should be taught in every agricultural
college.

The queen is, properly speaking, the
"mother bee." .Slie has no jiarticular
control over the cnloiiy other than her
importance as mother bee. She does

not lead the swarm, but is often
among the last to leave the hive. She
is capable of laying from one to three
thousand eggs a day. This is doubted
by some, but I have repeatedly seen
her lay two and three eggs in a min-
ute, whicli is over 3,000 in 24 hours.
It is wonderful to see with what
watchful care the bees follow her from
comb to comb, making a waj' for her
as she proceeds with her daily duties,
depositing an egg in every empty cell.
They can be se(^n continually ofl'ering
her partly digested food, which she
takes as required. If she had to eat
honey and pollen and digest it herself,
she could not laj- twice her weight in
eggs in one day. The life of the queen
is from one to three years.

Worker bees are the smallest in the
colonj-. They are rightly named
workers, as the labor of the hive is
performed by them. They build the
comb — this wonderful comb, which the
ingenuity of man has failed to imitate.
They gather the pollen and deposit it
in the cells. In the working season
they die off very rapidly, their age
at this time being only about sixty
days. Young bees in the fall live in a
state of q\iiptnde through the winter,
but onl}' live a few weeks after com-
mencing to work on the flowers in the
spring. This is why we should be
careful to have our colonies kept warm
and comfortable through the winter,
and especially in the early spring, to
induce the queen to lay earlj-, thus
securing a populous stock of young
workers ready for the first honcy-tiow
in the spring. There are from forty
to sixty thousand workers, one queen,
and a few hundred drones in a good
colon\- of bees.

The drones are the onlj- male bees
in the hive. They are large and
clums)', and make a great noise while
on the wing. They cannot sting. They
perform none of the labor of the hive,
but live on the indulgence of the work-
ers, and for this reason the practical
bee-keeper should be able to control
the drones in each colony. Before the
advent of the movable-frame hive this
was impossible ; but with the improved
method of handling bees, we can ex-
clude drones entirely from our yards
if we desire.

The hive is a vei-j' important feature
in apiculture. Without properly con-
structed hives, it is impossible to se-
cure the best results. In passing over
the country the past few days I could
but notice the l.-irge and expensive
barns the thrifty farmer has provided
for his stock, to keep them warm and
comfortable. What a contrast to the
average bee-keeper. He seems to think
that a nail-keg or soap-box iS good
enough for his bees, then sets them oflf
in some fence corner and gives them

426

T-mm MBdERicMrf mmM jowrhmi,.

>.A^A^^.^A^^

no further attention, but allows the
weeds to grow arcjund them, and the
moths to get into them, and then com-
plains that bees don't pay. How could
he expect anything to pay treated in
this way ?

An apiary properly kept and nicely
arranged with good hives, well
painted, is as much of an ornament as
nicelj' painted and arranged houses
and tarns, and deserves a better place
than an out-of-the-way corner. They
should have a good, warm, double-
walled hive, whicii is necessary either
in summer or winter, and they deserve
as much care as other stock. They do
not require one-fourth as much, but
what they do require they richly de-
serve. Hives should be so arranged
that we can contract the brood-nest
and enlarge it at pleasure.

B}' giving bees too much room in
the brood-nest, thej' soon build more
comb than the queen can fill with
eggs, then they will build drone-cells
intending to provide stores for winter
use ; but when the queen has filled the
worker-cells with eggs, they will com-
mence to lay in the drone-cells, and
and then instead of workers, we shall
rear a lot of drones, to eat what the
workers provide. The bees seem to
tolerate an over-production of drones
in the honey season, but as soon as the
harvest is over, they are driven from
their homes, and perish by cold and
hunger.

For producing extracted honey more
room may be given in the brood-cham-
ber, as we can shave off the heads of
the drone-brood when uncapping the
cells for the extractor ; but for comb
honey four or five frames is ample.
We can place wide friimes tilled with
sections at the sides of the brood-nest
with a queen-excluding honey-board
betvve(!n. By thus contracting the
brood-nest, we force the bees to com-
mence work sooner in the sections
than tlKiy would do if they liad all the
room they wanted below.

Reversing the frames is of much im-
portance in the culture of bees for
profit ; it pays to have frames that will
reverse if onlj- for one inversion, for
thereby we can secure our frames
built solidly full of comb from top to
bottom, making them much stronger,
and giving them a third moi-e room in
each frame. We can control swarm-
ing to a great extent, as we completely
upset all their arrangements for
swarming, and they at once commence
to take tlie honey now at the bottom
of the frame up into the sections, thus
securing more surplus honey, and
leaving nice, clean empty cells at the
bottom that the queen will at once oc-
cupy and fill with eggs ; and having
plenty of room to deposit eggs, and
the workers all the work they can do

filling out the empty space at the top
of the frames with coml), they will
nine times out of ten forget all about
swarming, for the time lieing. The
queen-excluding honey-board is an im-
portant invention, and very necessary
in reversing frames.

To winter our bees successfully on
the summer stands, requires care and
attention at the proper time. As soon
as the honey harvest is over I remove
all the sections and surplus cases, and
examine the brood-nest ; if they have
not Ave brood-frames well filled with
honey and brood, I at once feed them
sugar syrup made of two parts of
granulated sugar to one part of water.
I would prefer five well-filled frames
for an average swarm to winter on, to
a large number.

When I am sure that they have a
sufficient amount of winter stores, I
provide them a passage way through
each frame by making a small hole
through each comb near the centre, or
by placing a Hill's device or a small
wooden butter dish over the frames,
so that the bees can pass from one
frame to another over the top-bars,
then I cover all with a woolen quilt,
or pieces of burlap, and pack around
the sides and over the top with 3 or 4
inches of chaff. After being thus pre-
pared they should not be disturbed
until settled warm weather has come
in the spring to stay ; when they
should be united with some weak
colony having a queen, or another
cpieen procured for them at once.

Prof. Cook says that, " the study of
rural pursuits helps to make home
pleasant.and binds together the family,
and finally it may be made a source
of profit. I may be mistaken ; but I
thoroughly believe in bee-keeping on
the farm."

New Castle, Fa.

REVERSING.

Experinienliiig with Circassian
Bees and Reversible Frames.

Written for the American BeeJoivmal

BY JAMES W. TEFFT.

Early in April I received 2 colonies
of Circassian bees, In Gallup hives,
each having 8 frames 12x12 inches.
They were piu'chased for experiment.
I liad heard that these bees were of no
earthly use, as it was impossible to
keep them together in large, strong
colonies ; they would swarm, and
swarm, which broke up the working
force into small " squibs ;" they would
build queen-cells by the quart, and yet
they were hardy bees, very gentle, not
stingers, and would gather honey after
swarming equal to other races of bees,

all of which I found to be true ; for it
is impossible to manage them with any
degree of success with hanging or sus-
pended frames.

Swarm they would, in spite of all
that could be done. They were re-
turned to their hives three times each,
cut out a quart or more of queen-cells
the queens' wings being clipped,
whicli. made it easy to get them.
When I returned the last swarm, and
while closing up the hive, a swarm
came out. They did not stop a min-
ute, but away they went for the woods
a mile off. I opened the hive, and
almost the first bee that I saw was the
old queen. Why did those bees depart
frimi nature's laws ?

Alsike clover was in fnll bloom, yet
these Circassian bees would build no
comb, neither would they go into the
sections. Their reputation was well
established, as being of no value. I
was disgusted with them, and also
with the suspended frame. At that
time I would have given them to any
one — my patience was exhausted.

But about June 1 I transferred their
combs to good reversible frames. On
placing the combs in the hive, the
honey part was all dovvn (reversed),
and tlie brood up at the top-bar. The
sections were put on, and the hives
closed.

The next morning the bees were in
the sections. Three days after, they
had taken all the honey from the
brood-frames, and the queens were
busy. The sixth day I found any
quantity of queen-cells just started in
both hives, and they had considerable
honey in the sections. I then reversed
the frames that had the queen-cells
(but not those that had hatching bees),
which operation was departing from
nature's laws, and the old theory prac-
tices of ages.

The next daj' not a sign of a queen-
cell could be found. The side-storing
sections were then put on, and from
that time to tlie close of the season the
brood-frames were i-eversed every
sixth day. I seldom reverse combs
with hatching bees — only at such
times that the queen is again laying in
them — and I have no more swarming.
By July 1 I had in each of the hives a
working force of at least 120,000 bees
when they were divided.

I have come to the conclusion that
nature's laws, with bees, has notliing
to do with their swarming, as I under-
stand it. Nature's laws are to build
comb, gather honej% nurse baby bees,
hatch and feed the brood, clean house,
and guard the hive. Nature's law as
regards the queen is the one which I
try to study and manage. It makes a
great difference to reverse the frames
at the proper time. The advantages
are four to one in favor of revei'S'ug,

T-mm mimmmicRm mMW jo'^mnmi^.

427

and it is not lu'oljlcmatical, luit real,
and not a particle of theory about it.

As soon as there are frames that
really need reversing, the bees will at
oiiee empty the eonibs of all unsealed
honey and convey it to the sections,
tlius givinj; the ijuecn more room. At
the seeonil reversing, uncap all the
honey in the brood-frames ; that also
will be conveyed to the sections.

I know there are many who have
condemned reversible comb-frames,
because. 1 think, they do not under-
stand how to use them.' Could they
have seen my brood-combs after the
third reversal, with no honey in them,
(there were 8 frames of brood in each
hive, but the Hi frames of comli built
full from end to end, and from top to
bottom — one .solid mass of brood),
they would have seen that there was
no falsity about it. They would have
"reversed " tlieir opinion, the same as
several old bee-keepers have done, who
have examined my bees. They were
amazed, astonished, and delighted !

By reversing the brood-frames, my
bees put the honey where 1 want it.
I get tlie brood-frames full of brood
without being obliged to cut combs
7-16 of an ini-h thick ; the bees do the
cutting of eoml) better than I could
possiblj- do it. I do not have to space
the frames just bee-space apart. All
of my frames are IJ inches wide, and
space themselves.

In practice I find that it is an advan-
tage, as well as natural and economi-
cal, to be able to control the bees so
as to have tliem put the honej' where
I can sell it. The time it takes is a
small item for the bees.

If the brood-combs contain any un-
sealed honey, reverse them late in the
day, and the next morning you will
find that honey in the sections, and
the queen in possession of the empty
cells. It seems to give new life, and
more energy to the whole colony. The
brood-nest is in better shape, the col-
ony is stronger in bees, and there are
more tield-workers, which means more
honey I It gets them in splendid con-
dition to withstand any inclement
weather, and just so long as there is
sufticient room all around the brood-
nest (except at the bottom), the bees
will not crowd the queen by clogging
the brood-combs with honey. I rarelj'
reverse the outside comb that contains
honey, as that comb is reversed for
winter use. Neither do I.reverse those
combs with hatching bees, but only
those combs that contain freshly laid
eggs, or those with queen-cells, to
prevent swarming.

Had I left the Circassian bees on
suspended frames, in accordance to
nature's laws, as a native writer ex-
presses it, 1 should or would have de-
stroyed them as being of no value. To

test them, I g'a\ e them extra woi'k to
do, and they performed it splendidly ;
it was just fiui for them to re-convey
the honey into the sections.

I care nothing for the natural laws
of the hees, so long as I give them just
room enough for them to store the
himey. I do ea.re to study the natural
laws of my i[Ueen,s. and see that they
have proper accommodatrons to dis-
play natural laws. She is the one I
look after, not the bees — the bees will
always do their duty, but the queen
will not always do hers.

When you neglect to reverse the
brood-combs, swarming is the result.
To have the fiehl workers broken up
in small squads is liad, for from them
vou can get nothing but small returns.
i want from 100,000 to 150,000 field
workers in each hive at the height of
the honey-flow.

The reversible frame is too good a
thing for me to abandon, no matter
what others maj' say against it. They
have come to stay in my apiarj-. If
they are objectionable to others, it is
simpl}- owing to their letting prejudice
run away with their good judgment.
Why, I have departed from the an-
cient practice of nature's laws in ma-
nipulating bees ! Prof. Drummond re-
marks thus :

"The laws of nature are simply
statements of the orderly conditions of
things in nature — what is found in na-
ture, by a sufficient number of com-
petent observers. What these laws are
in themselves, is not agreed. That
they have any absolute existence, even,
is far from certain. They are relative
to man in his many limitations, and
represent for him the con.stant expres-
sion of what he may always expect to
see in the world around him. But
that thej- have any casual connection
with things around him is not con-
ceived. The natiu-al laws originate
nothing, sustain nothing. Thej- are
merely responsible for uniformity in
sustaining what has been originated,
and what is being sustained. There
are modes of operation, therefore, not
operators ; processes, not powers."

For one thing, we do not demand of
nature, directly, to prove bee-keeping.
That was never its function. Its func-
tion is to interpret, and this, after all,
is possibly the most faithful proof. The
best proof of a thing is that we see it.
If we do not see it, perhaps proof will
not convince us of it.

The Circassian bees on suspended or
hanging frames are worthless ; on re-
versible combs, with proper manage-
ment, they are wonderfully successful.
Had I transferred them the first thing,
I know they would have outstripped
any other bees in my yard ; as it was,
they did not show what they coidd do
until the drought began — from July 6

to Aug. 10. The Italian bees lost, and
could not make a living; the Circas-
sians gained, l)oth in brood and honey,
clear up to the close of the season on
Nov. 2.

In recapitulation, I must say that I
now like the Circassian bees. The re-
versible frame-combs is what did it.
The bees prove to be very hardy, great
workers, lieing out in rain or sun-
shine, when other bees are quiet. They
are out in the morning very earlj-, lly
later at night, and gather honey when
other bees do not. The queens are
very 2)rolific. They are the most gen-
tle bees to handle without smoke.
Smoke will raaki; them as mean as can
be, and if abused they will sting fear-
fully.

They build straight combs, and not
thick ones. I see no honey-bulged
combs, but all being so even and clean
looking. I worked the two old queens
all summer on 8 frames each, and
there was not one pound of honey in
the whole lot, but the comb was com-
pletely filled with brood. I think they
are magnificent bees, and a verj' val-
uable race for crossing with other
races.

The one and only objectionable fea-
ture that I see to the Circassian bee, is
the tendency to build brace-combs.
They draw out the comb from the sec-
tions, and attach it to the separators,
which, when taking ofi' the sections, de-
faces the most beautiful cappings that
I ever have seen. I am now sorry that
I did not test them without separators ;
but this season I expect to give them a ^
fair trial.

Their propensity to swarm is not
desirable, as they oast such small
swarms ; but by reversing the comics
as needed, and at the proper time, will
break up their desire to swarm.

Collamer, N. Y.

INCREASE.

The Prevention of Inerease by
the Removal of Quecnsi.

Written for the American ApicuUurist

BY r. H. ELWOOD.

He who allows his bees to increase
by natural swarming at their own good
pleasure, may be called a bee-keeper ;
but it is only he who has learned to
control increase, making it much, or
little, or none at all, as circumstances
may direct, that has earned the title
of bee-master.

It is often well to know how to run
a yard of bees without making any in-
crease. When the bee-keeper has
already more colonies than he can
manage, it would seem foolish to make
more, unless he has a good market for

428

T'mm MmEmicMH b>m® joia^RifMiu.

' • * -^ '■^^ ^^^'- ■~-^:*-^^^*j^^^^:f

tees. Quite often, when his locality
is already overstocked, he finds it is
his neighbors only who wish to buy,
ftnd at a price that barely repays him
for foundation and hives.

Sometimes a person could profitably
keep one yard in connection with some
other business, if he knew how to man-
age them without increase, and with
the least expenditure of time and
work ; the time and work to be chiefly
given when the bee-keeper can best
■spare it, and not at the call of the
bees. This method of running one
yard with some other occupation, and
the minimum amount of work and ex-
pense, may be the practice of the
future, one strong argument against
bee-keeping as a specialty being the
rancertain value of the business when
carried to a forced sale by the death of
the bee-keeper, and the consequent
tmcertain provision for the apiarist's
faniil)'.

Then another very large class are
toow producing honej' at a greater cost
than tlie selling price, and it would be
unwise to enlarge a business alreadj'
conducted at a loss. And it is always
better to have the control of increase
like everything else, well in hand and
under well-laid plans, then a sufficient
number of hives and supplies can be
secured with some reasonable expecta-
tion of having them all used, and yet
have enough in those years in which
bees, when left to themselves, often
■swarm to death.

When running bees for extracted
honey, it is comparatively easy to con-
trol swarming ; for by giving them a
large amount of room for both brood
and honey, and extracting the old
honey, and afterward the new just be-
iore the main flow commences (as
ought to be done in any case, as it is
of inferior quality) there will usually
be no attempt to swarm ; with reason-
able attention to extracting aftervvai'd.
This method is simple, and it would be
well if beginners would stick to the
extractor until they are successful with
comb honey management.

When comb honey is produced it is
much more difficult to control increase.
It is casj' in a swarming jear to rear a
crop of swarms, but not so easy to pro-
duce a crop of comb honey. The well-
filled brood-nest so necessarj- to the
successful production of comb honey
is also very favorable to the forcing
out of swarms.

A large hive well shaded and venti-
lated, with plenty of room in both
brood and surplus apartments, will re-
tard and sometimes prevent the issue
of swarms, but there is no certainty
about it, and it is better to have
swarms issue eai'lier than in the mid-
dle of the honey harvest, as is apt to
be the case with large hives.

Cutting out queen-cells, the with-
drawal of brood, and the management
of the bnjod-chamber as recommended
by Mr. Simmins, will also delay but
not prevent swarming, while there is
danger of throwing the colony into a
condition known as having the
" swarming fever." In this state work
to a large degree will be suspended,
and the bees show by unmistable signs
that they are dissatisfied. Many bees
will desert their own hives and enter
others, which seems to disaft'ect these
also. The bee-keeper will be similarly
aflected when in the midst of a honey
flow he comes to look into the surplus
receptacles, or to notice the number of
idle bees hanging about the hives. It
is only strong colonies that produce
comb honey satisfactorily, and no sys-
tem of management will be successful
unless the colonies are built up strong
before the harvest. This is particu-
larly true of the method I am about
to describe.

I recommend the clipping of the
queens' wings, believing it to be the
best. There is then no loss of unex-
pected swarms, and no swarms to be
hived from inaccessible places. In
every apiary there are some colonies
(in some seasons a majorit}') that will
work right along without any attempt
to swarm. When no increase is de-
sired, there is no need of molesting
them, as they usually produce their
full share of comb honey. All other
colonies, as they complete their prep-
arations for swarming, should have
their queens removed with one or
more sheets of brood, and enough
workers to protect it, and be placed in
another hive or small receptacle pro-
vided for her. All queen-cells old
enough to hatch within nine days
should be removed from tlie old col-
ony, and the remaining brood-combs
pushed together,contractingthe brood-
nest that much.

On the eiglith or ninth day after, all
cells should be broken from the now
queenless hive, leaving them hopelessly
queenless. In a week or ten days
longer, the old queen may be smoked
back into the old hive. The success
of this will depend somewhat upon the
race of bees kept. When I had black
bees there was seldom a failure, but as
my bees became Italianized, the losses
were greater.

Mr. Crane, one of the best bee-keep-
ers in the country, takes this time to
re-queen the most of his colonies bj-
giving them a virgin queen, which is
usually well received. If the queen is
to be changed, the old queen can be
killed at the time of her removal, and
the brood-nest not contracted. The
brood removed maj' also be retiu'ned
to the old hive, or it may be used for
nuclei, or put into extracting colonies,

or used in a variety of ways that may
suggest themselves to the average bee-
keeper.

No colony should be left queenless
longer than 21 days, as after the brood
has all hatched, there may be no
empty cells _ for storing pollen except
in the sections. If the queen-cells are
broken out at the end of seven days
after the removal of the queen, there
will often be another brood of queens
reared from the tjrood remaining. I
have never known such queens to lay
anything except drone-eggs ; but they
are capable of leading ofl' swarms, or
of establishing a monarchy in the old
hive that is hard to overthrow. Before
I learned that the books were not right
as to the time for breaking out cells to
make a colony hopelessly queenless, I
had many such cases, and this is the
only kind of " fertile worker " I have
ever been troubled wdth.

This system of non-swarming works
well with me, and vindoubtedly will do
the same in localities having a similar
honej'-flow. In other sections, modifi-
cations of the plan maj' be adopted to
meet the varying circumstances. With
sectional hives like the Heddon, a
whole half of tlie brood-chamber might
be taken with the queen and returned
with the queen at the proper time,
which, with me, is usually near the
close of the white honey harvest. Or
the sections might be changed, leaving
the queen out longer than the 21 days.

It is said that queenless colonies do
not work so well, but 1 by this method
get extra strong colonies, and as much
honey as by other methods, with less
work and expense.

This method of non-swarming is not
recommended after a short trial, for it
has been worked for several years with
thousands of swarms in difi'erent bee-
keepers' hands, and tons of honej' pro-
duced. In answer to the objection,
that honey produced b}" queenless col-
onies is not as choice as that produced
otherwise, I will saj', that lioney so
produced took the highest prize at the
Centennial in 1876, and later at the
Paris Exposition, after having been
carried across the ocean and exhibited
in the original packages.

In the fall 1 have not found the
brood-chambers of such hives any
heavier on the average than others,
neither have I or other bee-keepers
discovered that such colonies failed in
winter because of too much bee-bread.
With reasonaljlc attention we are sure
of having no swarms issue, and I know
of no other way by which we can uni-
formly reach the same result.

Starkville, N. Y.

Your Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

XH® ftMUMicMM mmm j^JsmMmi^.

429

---^--%*i^

BUSINESS MANAGER.

usiiicss 3Joticcs,

If YoM Live near one post-office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give tlie
address tliat we liave on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at tills office.

If you Lose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Please to get your IVei^libor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Presen'c Your Papers for future
reference. If you have no BliXWER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee J ournai,,

Yucca Uruslies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please write Americcm Bee Journal
on the envelope when writuig to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a connnission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
should Jfet a copy of the Apiary Register and
begin tlruse it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages)
" 100 colonies (220 pages)
" 200 colonies (420 pa«res)

$1 00
1 25
1 50

Pliotog-raplis ot Bee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. 0. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journai, for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

We Club the Americcm Bee Journal
for a year, with any of tlie following papers
or books, at the prices cjuoted ui the I>ASX
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price of both. Club
The American Bee J ournai 1 00 . . .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150.... 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150 — 140

The Apiculturist ..1 75.... 1 60

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00. . . . 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25. . . . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binderfor Am. Bee Journal.. 160.... 1 60

Dzierzon's Bee- Book (cloth) . . .3 00 . . . . 2 00

Root's A BCof Bee-Culture.. 2 25.... 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00,... 2 20

Western World Guide 150.... 1 30

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Year Among the Beos 1 75 — 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50.... 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00.... 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00... 190

How to Propagate Fruit 150... 125

History of National Society..! 50. .. 125

Cork for ^Vinter Packing:.— Its

advantages are that it never becomes mwsty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for 81.00.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Trice, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

■250 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2.25

500 Labels 2 00 3.00 3.50

l.OOOLabels 3.00 4.00 5.00

jO" Samples mailed free, upon application.

A Modern BEE-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

fVe Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices: One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; }4 pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, 83. One pound of seed is
sufficient (or half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Alfalfa Clover.- For habits and cul-
tivatiou of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 33c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., 810.00.
It wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
' for bag and postage.

Honey and BeesM^ax Market.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white In 1-lb. sec
lions, 13<gil5e.; the same In 2-lb8., lOOllc; buck-"
wheat l-lbs.. lite; 2-lbfl.. 9c. Marketdull. We are
doing all we can to reduce stock, to make roobi for*
the new crop. ' " "• '

BBB8WAX.— 26c.

HILDRBTH BROS.,
May 21. 28 ft 30 W. Broadway, near Dnane 8t.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONBT.— We quote ; White to extrawhite comb,
12^(§tl5c. : amber. ft@llc. Extracted, white to extra
white, SMfS-Sc; amber, 4'/26i5c. Arrivals of the new
crop are small, the estimate* being an average crop,

BBE8WAX.-20®24c.
June 18. O. B. SMITH ft CO., 423 Frout St.

DETROIT.
HONEY.— Best white in 1-lb. seotlons, Uc.-Dull.
BBB8WAX.-23024C.
June 14. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— Prices range from 15®16o. for best one-
lb. sections: other grades are slow, at lower prices,"
Extracted, 7(3,hc. L,ight demand, and supply larger
than usual at this season of the year.

BBB8WAi,-23c. R. A. BURNETT,

May 1. 161 South Water 8t.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-Ib. sections,
12c.; fancy 2-lbs., 10® lie. ; fair white 1-lbs., 10®llc.,
and fair 2-lb8., 8(Sj9c. Buckwheat l-lbs., 7@8c. The
demand is dull for comb but fair for extracted, of
which new from the South is arriving, and sells for
55('('fl5c. per gallon. '

BBESWAX-Dull at 23i^®24c.
Jan. 15. F.G.STROHMEYBRftCp., 122WaterBt.

CHICAGO.

HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white clover 1-lbs.,
16®17c.; 2-lb8., 15@16c. Da'rk Is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7@I0c.

BBKSWAX.-23C.

Mar. 13. B. T. FISH 4 CO., 189 8. Water St.

CINCINNATI.

HONBY.— We quote extracted at 5®8c. per !b.,
for which demand js good. Comb honey, 12@i5c.—
Demand slow.

BBKSWAJt.— Demand Is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Jun. 14. C. F. MUTH ft SON, Freeman ft Central Av,

MILWAUKEE.

HONBY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 18®17o.:
2-lbs., 15@16c.; 3-lb8., 14c. Extracted, white in kegs
and !,^-barrels, 8 to »Hc.; in tin and palls, 9^@10c.;"
dark in barrels and kegs, 5@7c. Market fair.

BBKSWAX.-i2®25c.
Apr. 23, A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DENVER.
HONEY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, 17®19c.; 2-Ib,

sections, I5@l7c. Extracted, 7®I0c.
BEB8WAX.-20®23c.

Mar. 1. J. M. CLARK ft CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.- We quote: Choice white 2-lb. sections,
17@18c.; dark 2-lb8, 14@15c.: choice white l-lbs., 18 tq
20cts. , dark l-lbs.. l.'i@IHc. White extracted, 7@8c.;
dark. 5@6c. Demand is slow. White extracted is
firm when in 6(-^lb. tin cans.

BBESWAX.-21 to 22C.
Mar.29. HAMBLIN ft BBARSS. 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON

HONEY.— We quote : 1-lb. sections, 16®i7c.i 2-
Ib. sections, 14®16c. Extracted, 8®8c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BBK8WAX.— 25 cts. per lb.
Mar. 24. Blakk ft Riplit. ,17 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- We quote for new extracted 6®4}i;c., as
to color and quality. New comb honey 14®loc., as
to quality. Arrivals are stilt small, and demand of
a Jobbing nature.

BEESWAX. -Scarce, 20@24c.
June 2. 8CHACHT ft LBMCKE, 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY. -We quote: White 1-lbs.. unglassed, 15c. ;
1-lb., white, glassed. I4e.; dark, 1-lb.. 2c. less. Cali-
fornia. 2-ibs., comb, white, 13c. Extracted, 7c. Con-
siderable old honey is in this market. No new yet
In. Sales are very slow.

BF^BSWAX-— NO"" on the market.
June 9. CLEM0N8. CLOON4CO., cor4thftWalnut.

Paper Boxes- to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4J<x4J^ and 5>4x5>^.
Price, »l.p6 peT 100, or $8.50 per 1,000.

430

THE- MMEmiCSEf BE® JQ^MKSIL.

Adwertisemjetxts.

rOK SAr.E— 600 Colonies in the movable-comb
bives.at 14.00 for Italiuns^nd $H.o<i for Hybrids.
25A13t ». H. ADAMS, Troy, N. Y.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

ITALIAN QliEENS— Untested, 75c. each ;
6 lorfl.OO; 12 for $7..50. Address,
26Atf John Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

ITALIAN Bees for Sale.— 1 Queen reared
by natural swarming, $1.25; 3 diito. $a.00 ;
2-frarae Nucleus with any Queen, $3.00 extra.
■W. H. SHANEK,

26Alt LEECHBURG, Armstrong Co., PA.

Mention the America7i Bee Journal.

Italian Queens by Return Mail.

I CAN now send QUEENS by return mail.—
Select Tested. $2.00; after July Ist, *1..50.
Queens warranted purely mated, $1.00; 6 for
$5.00. Safe arrival guaranteed.

J. T. AVItSON,
26Alt NICHOLASVILLE, Jess. Co., KT.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

SOUTHERN HONEY WANTED !

WE are likely to have good use for a lot of
Soutbern Honey m the near future,
and invite shipments now. Address,

CHAS. F. MCTH A; SON,

26A:it Freeman & Cent. Ave., Cincinnati, O.
Mention the American Bee Jimmal.

Wood's Italian Queens

AKE now ready to ship. Every one is war-
ranted, and all that are not equal to any
in the country are replaced by Extra Tested
Ones of 1888 rearing ; 98 per cent, of all
Queens sold last season proved purely mated,
and, as far as I know, every customer is satis-
fled. Warranted tiueens, 75 cents each ; 6
lor $i.2b ; 12 for $8 UO. Address,

JAMES F. WOOD,
26Atf NORTH PEESCOTT, MASS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

DESIGNED for the Farmer, Lawyer. Doc-
tor, Postmaster, Merchant, Township and
County Otticer, the Bce-Keeper, the Hume —
in fact every one should have a secure place
for valuables.

We offer in the VICTOR SAFE a first-
clasH Fire-proof, Burglar-proof, Combination
Lock Safe, handsomely finished. Round cor-
ners, hand decorated; burnished portions are
nickel-plated. Interiors nicely fltted with sub-
treasuries, book-spaces and pigeon-holes.

Prices range as follows :

Ol'TSIDE. INRinE. WEIGRT. PHICE

»o. 2. 22x15x16, 12x8x8'/!, 250 lbs. $30 00
Ho. 3. 28x18x18, 16x10x10, 600 " 40 00
No. 4. 32x22x22, 19x14x12'/! 800 " 60 00

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON.

923 & 925 W. Madison-St.,. . . CHICAGO, ILLS.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

Gentlest bees known; not surpassed
as workers even by the wicked races.

Imported Queens, "A" grade, $8.00,
Tested, $4.00; Untested, $1.00,

GiTJEEISrS-

One-half dozen $5 00

Never saw foul brood. Cash always
required before flllinc an order.

S. W. MORRISON, M. D.,

14Etf. Oxlord, Chester Co., Pa.

SMITH & SMITH

We have one of the largest.

Bee-Hive Factories in the World.

tS~ If you are interested in BERS, send for
our Price-Llst— Free. <Jood Goods, and fair
Prices. Address, SMITH A: SmiTH,

lOEtf KENTON, Hardin Co.,0.

3Iention the American Bee Journal.

{Patent applitd for),

BEST FOirNDAT«»N FASTENER for
Brood-Frames and Sections. Description
and Illustration sent free on application.

J. W. BITTENBENDEK,
20Etf KNOXVILLE, Marion Co., IOWA.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

TESTED ITAI.IAN aUEENS, $1 each :
Untested, 75 cents each ; 3 for $2 ; 12 or
more, 65 cents each. 75 cents per pound for
Bees. Albino Queens same price.
26Alt I. K. <;OOD, Nappauee, Ind.

Mentioti the American Bee Jouriud.

s

AHIPIiE COriES of the AMERICAN

API*:t'l.Il llisr and our Price-List of

Winter Strain of Pare Italian Bees
sent free. Address,
ISEtf APICULTURIST, Wenham, Mass.
Mention tlic American Bee Jounuil.

REESUPPLIES,

M/MJU The Largest Steaii]

RETAII.

AND

Wbolesale.

The Largest Steatn-Powcr Shops
in the West; exclusively used to make Evcry-
tliiii^ needed in the Apiary, of practical con-
struction and at l^owest Friees. Italian
Bees, Queens, 12 st\ 'es tif Bee-Hives, Sections,
Honey-Extractors, Bee-^-'mokers, Bee- Feeders,
Comb Foundation, and everytmng ust d by
Bee-Keepera always on hand. My Illustrated
Catalogue FREE. E. Krolelinier,
lOEtf Coburij, loiva.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Eaton's Improved
SECXIO->.<ASE.

BKBSi A: yUEENS. Send
for free catiilotrue. Address
FRANK A. E.V TON,

7Etf BLUKFTON, OHIO.

Mention the American Dec Journal.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

ONE Untested Queen, tl.Od ; .3 for $2.oO. BEES
by the Pound and Nucleus. Send for Price-List.
Address, H. O. FRAME.
9E13t . North Manchester. Ind.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY,

PAHIPHUET full of new and Improved
methods : Price, 5 one-cent stamps. You
nfcd also my list of Italian (liieens, Bees by
the lb., and Supplies Oliver Foster.
13Atf Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

GLASS PAILS

FOR HONEY.

Tja£SE Palls are made
of the best quality of
clear flint glass, with a ball
and a metal top and cover.
■When filled with honey, the
attractive appearance of
these pnilB cannot be equal-
ed by any other style of
packiige. Tbey can be used
lor household purposes by
consumers, after toe honey
Is removed, or they can be
returned to and re-fllled by
the apiarist.
Prices are as follows;

To hold 1 pound of honey, per dozen, 9(1. OO

" 2 pounds " " 8.00

3 " " '* ».50

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

9-23 &9-25 W. Madi6on-St CHICAGO. ILLS.

FOR Sale Cheap-Bee-Hives, Shipping • Crates
and Brood-Frarues: Comb Foun lation. Planer-
Sawed V-Grooved Sections a specialty. Price-List
free. J. M. KINZIE & CO.,

isAtf Rochester. Oakland Co., Mich.

WE will SELI. CA.I^3SriOX.A.ISr
Q"CrE:E:JNl S, reared In June, July
and Auyrust, 18.ss, until further notice. Un-
tested queens $1,00 ; tested, $2.00 ; tested and
selected, $:i 00.

ANDREWS A: IiOCKHART,
24Atf PATTEN'S MILLS, Wash. Co , N. Y.

NEW ONE-POUND HONEY PAIL

^pHIS new size of our Tapering
J- Honey Pails is of uniform design
with the other sizes, having the top
edge turned over, and has a bail or
handle.— maitinK it very convenient
to carry. It is well-made and. when
filled with honey, makes a novel and
attructive small puckage, that can
_____ be sold for 20 cents or less. Many

consumers will buy It in order to slve the children a
handsome toy pail. Price, 75 cents per doEen,
orilfi.^.OO per too.

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 9-2o W. Madi8on-St CHICAGO. ILLS.

10 per cent. OFF

ON SE«:TI0IN.S, from prices Riven in price-
list. We make lour yrraden of CO.'HB
FOl!|MI>.*TIO-v —Heavy Hrood, l.iu;lit
Brood. Tliin Ac Extra Thin for Sections.
J^W Send for free Price-Llst and Samples. —
Healers^ write for special prices.
Addi-ess, M. H. HUNT,
Bell Branch, WayneCo., Mich, (near Detroit).
Mention the American Bee Journal.
3Etf

2-Story Langstroth Hive, 80c.

WE still have a few of those Two-Story
Langstroth HIVES with 10 Brood-
Frainer, at SO cents.

Who wants them ? Speak QUICK, or it will
be too late. Address,

lOEtf KENTON, Hardin Co., OHIO.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

We have some ELEGANT
RIBBON BADtiiES, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
50 cents each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. e. NEIVMAN <fe SOW,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS

Tmm mmei«icjs._n: E8E® j&'Wmmm'Lf.

435

KDITOR.

VoiniY. Jnly4,1888. No, 27.

Our Friends — The I-'loMers.—

Under this heading the following lines by
Tudor Williams, of Albany, N. Y., may be
found in Vick's Monthly for July :

Ye beauteous blossoms, bright and frail,

My .spirit's sweet enchanters, hail !

Ne'er did >our aentle magic fail,

Wheilier ye blushing be, or pale,

Or dyed in sunliylit's gulden hue.

Or wear the sky's unsullied blue ;

Swinging tnll censers of perfume,

Or gla<leniiig lue with scentless bloom ;

Whether low nestling on the ground,

Or decking shrub and tree are found ;

Whether in summer's prime ye blow.

Or nigh the season of ihe snow ;

Whether your home in open air

And all the clime's caprices dare.

Or in a crystal-walled retreat,

Pampered, ye bask in genial heat ;

Whether the tiller's pride ye be.

Or tlirive in wilds, unkempt and free ;

Wliether in myrialson the mead.

Tempting the swarming bees to teed.

Or in the twillglit of the wond.

Pining, a sparse and puny brood.

Or, matchless, in lone nooks upspring.

Or to the creviced crags ye cling ;

Wherever hiding, still my friends.

Whose graceful fiprnis my speech transcends.

In every mo"d, of glonm or joy.

When thought is liglit, or cares annoy ;

In sunny or in darksome hours,

Always my comrades boon, O, flowers !

Every llee-Keeper who realizes the
importance of the work now being done in
the interest of the pursuit sliould send a
dollar to this office and become a member
of the National Bee-Keepers' Union for the
ensuing year. " In Union there is strength."
Reader, can you afford to remain outside
any longer ?

IVulliing: has yet Ucvelopea rela-
tive to the admission of queen-bees to Can-
adian mails, so far as we have been able to
learn.

A PloasanI I>'ulic« is given to the
Rev. Jj. L. Langstioth by Mr. O. Puole, a
correspondent of the Australaskin Bee
Journal, which lias just come to our de»k.
lie seems to have a keen appreciation of
the labors of Mr. Langstroth, and the bene-
fits conferred upon modern apiculture by
his inventions. He says :

One interesting feature in the American
Bee .Joiiknal is the pnrtraitand biograph-
ical skeich of some member of the bee-
keeping fraternity. The number for Jan.
25 contains an excellent portrait of Father
Langstroth, with a short but concise biog-
raphy of the reverend gentleman, who is
now in his 7Sth year. I am sorry to learn
that he has very indilferent health, and that
pecuniarily he IS not situated as he should
be. One of the American bee-societies re-
cently raised a subscription and sent him a
small donation, for which he expressed
many grateful thanks.

Now, this is not as it shonld be. Do bee-
keepers in America, in Eigland and Aus-
tralia realize to what extent they are in-
debted to Father Langstroth, not only for
his inventii/n of tlie frame hive, but also for
his excellent work on apiculture ? I trow
not. If they did, not a moment would be
lost in getting up an universal subscription
ov.er the wbole bee-world in aid of this
veteran apiculturist.

We sliould be glad to know that the bee-
keepers of the world had subscribed to and
provided a life annuity for this good man,
who has benefited them so much by his
invention of the movable-frame hive. In
order to start such a matter we will make
an annual subscription of $35.00. Who will
follow ? Let us all club in and do the thing
handsomely. European and Australasian
apiarists are invited to join with us in pro-
viding for this annuity.

Sometime since we mentioned the fact
that a move was made on the quiet to pro-
vide an annuity for our aged friend, and
that Dr. Miller liad the matter in charge.
Any further subscriptions should be sent to
him, and not to us. If desirable they may
be sent direct to Father Langstroth, whose
address is 928 Steele Avenue, Dayton, O.

In order to ascertain what Americans had
been doing in this matter, we wrote to Dr.
C. C. Miller, of Marengo, Ills., and we re-
ceived this reply :

Friend Newm.vn :— You ask me if there
is anything tor the public, with regard to
the fund tor Father Langstroth. I had no
thought originally of saying anything pub-
licly about it, but in courtesy to your re-
quest 1 may say that a response has been
made very gratifying in some respects. Ynu
will remember that whatever was sent to
Father L. was to be entirely a free-will
offering out of a sense of justice or good-
will toward the recipient, without even the
reward of the little nofcniety that luight be
obtained from the publieaticm of the list of
names of those particinating. So it is a
matter of unselfish and hearty cordiality,
and tills with warm words accompanying,
liiijlilv heightens the value of the substan-
tial aid received by the good old man. If a
list of names were to be published with
amounts attached, I have no dnubt that the
amount could be increased many limes.

Our English friemls are doing well in mak-
ing the move Ihey have, but it is only justice
to say that a few on this side have respomled
just as liberally or more so, with no other
reward than the consciousness of doing a

riiiht thing. Some forty have thus far re-
sponded in sunii of one dollar and upwards,
anionntiiig to about S'-'.TO in all. How much
hanpiness has been caused in the hearts of
both donors and recipient is known to them
alone. C. C. Miller.

We have no desire to parade these sub-
scriptions, but a certain amount of such
must be done in order to get anything like
a unanimity in the matter. We do hope
that American apiarists will do their whole
duty in this affair, and do it promptly.

Another Uiogfraphioal Sketch

will appear in out next issue, with a por-
trait of one of America's prominent api-
arists.

The Xhird Annual Report of the

General Manager of the National Bee-
Keepers' Union will be published in a few
days and mailed to all the members with
Voting Blanks for officers for the coming
year. We hope that a general response will
result in renewed subscriptions for the
coming year. As the fees are now reduced
to a dollar a year, thousands should flock to
its standard at once.

Queenlessness of a colony of bees
should be remedied as soon as possible, for
the very existence of the colony is in dan-
ger—the means of perpetuation having
been lost. When dividing a colony it is
sometimes uncertain in which "halt" the
queen may be. It can easily be determined
which "half" is queeuless by looking at
each about half-an hour after the division.
The bees will be excited, some running
about as if looking for something. The
queen is lost, and they are trying to find
her. That half is without a queen.

GoodM of every kind and description
sell better when put upon the market in a
neat and attractive condition. Honey is no
exception to this rule. Crates should be
neat and clean ; sections ought not to be
covered with daubs of propolis here and
there. The honey should be capped and
nicely arranged in the crates, which should
have at least one glass side, so as to pre-
vent rough handlint.',by showing the delicate
nature of the contents.

A Good apiarian display is to be made-
under Governmental supervision at the
Cincinnati Centennial Exposition next
month. Quite a number of articles, show-
ing the history and development of the in-
dustry, have been sent from the Museiim of
the American Bee Journal. After the
close of the Exposition they will be for-
warded to the National Museum at Wash-
ington for permanent display. We will
publish a list of such in our next issue.

■We Resrel to learn that Dr. G. L.
Tinker has been quite ill for the past few
weeks. He is now convalescing slowly.

436

Tmm m'B^mmicmm mmm jo^mMmi^,

IIog:us Honey and Cunib.

We have the following letter from Mr.
W. M. Evans, relative to the manufactured
honey-comb story. He starts it in this
manner :

Ajihekst, Va., June 23, 1888.

Editor AivtERicAN Bee Joitrnal:— On
page 388 1 see that you have published some
correspondence, and made some statements
which demand a few words from me. 1
will try to make my remarks as " short and
sweet " as is possible.

" A reward of Sl,000 to the person who
will furnish evidence that Comb Honey has
been manufactured, filled with honey and
capped by machinery, etc.— A. I. Root."

Sow compare this with Mr. Doolittle's
statement in the American Rural Home,
viz: "Mr. Root, of Ohio, has a standing
offer of Sl,00u, for a sample of manufac-
tured honey in the comb." (Italics are
mine.) Here Mr. D. does not say a word
about making comb, tilling or capping it by
machinery. If Mr. D. sliould feed his bees
any mixture and cause one colony to store
500 pounds of comt) honey in one season,
would this not be " manufactured houey in
the comb ?" Can any sane man say that
Mr. Root's offer and Mr. Doolittle's state-
ment of it cover the same ground ?

Tut ! Tut ! You are too fast ! There is
nothing in Mr. Root's challenge about offer-
ing a Reward of $1,000. A Reward is some-
thing given in exchange for goods, services
required, etc. He did not desire to receive a
sampleof bogus comb hocey ! Mr. Root's
words, in his card, were :

I will pay 51,000 in cash to any person
who will tell me where comb honey is
manufactured by machinery ; or 1 will pay
the same sura to any one who will find
manufactured comb honey on the market
for sale.

Is there a word aJwut Reward in that ?
That idea is manufactured by Mr. Evans,
we fear, for capital. Again, the manner of
wording this Reward sentence makes it
nonsensical. The Reward is offered for
evidence that "comb honey has been manu-
factured, filled with honey, aiid capped by
machinery, etc." "Comb honey" is comb
filled with honej', and when it is so filled it
cannot be ogaiTi.fiHefl with horaey, or any-
thing else. Mr. Evans has conveniently
transposed these two words from " lumey-
comb," as we used it in the twelfth line of
tlie second column on page 388. If you
could get "honeycomb" made, it could
then, perhaps, be filled with honey, etc.,
but comb honey, being full, cannot be
again filled with anything !

The unfortunate wording of both Mr.
Root's and Mr. Doolittle's statement con-
cerning the offer, is to be regretted, because
it may lead to complications. It must be
understood that the offar of Mr. Root is as
stated on pase 38S in the l'2th, 13th and 14th
lines of the middle column, viz : that he |
offers S1,000 for proof "that honey-comb is
made, filled with glucose, and sealed up by |
a machine made for that piirpose !" or for,
proof that such bogus stuff is on the market
for sale. This is what Messrs. Root and

Doolittle intended to state, even if they did
not do so very clearly.

Mr. Evans then gives the following his-
toric account of the controversy :

Now, at the time I wrote (May 4) to the
Amercnn Rtiral Home, I had never heard
about Mr. Root's offer, nor I did not know
that any one had made any such statement
calling for any such offer ; and, besides
this, I had some months before, in the same
paper, referred to some very remarkable
statements made by a Jersey and Hudson
River apiarist to a reporter of the New York
Times. One of them said that he had sold
that season 10,000 pounds of apple blossom
comb lioney ; and the other claimed to have
sold 30,000 pounds. At the same time I
offered $350 for a .5-pound box of pure apple-
blossom comb honey, and my offer has not
been accepted up to this date, and never
will be.

At the time of the blooming of the apple
trees, the bees are not in condition, usually,
to gather much honey, even if the weather
were propitious ; and the little that is gath-
ered is consumed by the bees while rearing
the brood, so that comb honey from apple
blossoms is a very rare article. That ac-
counts for the non-acceptance of Mr.
Evans' offer. Reporters get things mix£d,
and very often convey a very different idea
than that which was presented by the per-
son interviewed. That might have been the
case with the Hudson River apiarists— and
probably it was a gross preversiou of the
matter as stated by them !

Again Mr. Evans reverts to "manufac-
tured honey " in these words :

Now from Mr. Doolittle's reference to
Mr. Root's offer, I understood that it ap-
plied to adulterated, or as Mr. D. puts it,
" Manufactured Imney in the comb ;" and
you will notice that I say that " the Wiley
lie is true as to the adulteration of comb
hcmey." I wrote to Prof. Wiley to find out
whether he had ever stated that the comb
had been made by machinery, though I
then did not believe that he or airy one else
had ever made any such statement. I was
not "non-plused" (as you say) at all, but
merely wanted to get at the facts before I
replied to Mr. Root's card.

To affirm that a lie is true, is equivalent
to saying that it was wholly false, which it
is, tru-ly !

Prof. Wiley's statement was made in
these words :

In commercial honey, which is entirely
free trom bee-uiediation, the comb is made
of parattine, and filled with pure glucose by
appropriate machinery.

And it is a positive falsehood which he
made, believing at the time (as he has since
stated) that it was not possible commercially
to imitate the comb. It was a wilful,
malicious, unprovoked, and deliberate false-
hood, and yet Mr. Evans tries to make us
believe that it is a true statement of fact,
after its author has been driven to admit its
untruthfulness, and to state that he had Bo
proof upon which to predicate it ! !

Now here is a bluff from Mr. Evans. He
says :

You say, I "propose to fight a wooden
man in the shape of adulterated honey !"
Now if yon mean business, I will make my
original iiroposition a little stronger ; I will
wager $5,000 that American apiarists have

adulterated their comb honey. The names
of those who have done so are recorded, and
can be published if they wish it. " Barkis
is willin'." " The proof of the pudding is
in the eating." Try me.

The vile aspersion that "apiarists are
adulterating their comb honey " by feeding
the bees with trash, for that purpose, is too
base to receive attention ! It was born in
the addled brains of an English clergyman
tourist— repeated in the ears of our British
cousins, to their delight, as some of the
wonderful stories of this wonderful hemis-
phere of the West— and published In our
British cotemporary apparently for the pur-
pose of injuring the sale of American
honey in Europe !

Now Mr. Evans tries to cram this tissue
of falsehoods down our throats, and per-
suade us that it is an inntjcent sugar-coated
pill.

True Christians are not gamblers ; they do
not wager, bet, lie, steal, etc. They leave
that to the men of low morals, tendencies,
and education. So we must decline to ac-
cept his "wager"— our principles are at
stake !

Mr. Evans becomes aggressive, and makes
this statement :

By the report df the Bee-Keepers' Con-
vention last November, in Chicago, as pub-
lished in the Country Gentleman, I notice
that one apiarist said, that " it was none of
the public's business what they fed their
bees ;" and this remarkable statement was
at least endorsed by silence. Do you, Mr.
Editor, endorse this sentiment ?

There, again, is a misstatement of the
matter presented. At the Chicago Conven-
tion, the subject of preparing food for the
bees during their winter confinement, was
discussed, and one member made this state-
ment, as quoted from the official report as
published in pamphlet form on pages .^0
and 31 :

Bees are not natives of a northern climate,
and when we bring them here we may be
obliged to make changes in their fooil ; and
to say that all this must be explained to the
public is toolish ; that is our business.

How different that is to the idea sought to
be conveyed by Mr. Evans. He tries to
convey the idea that bee-keepers feed the
bees something to have stored in the sur-
plus department to be sold as honey— while
the discussion referred to is one on the best
food to be supplied to bees in winter con-
finement to keep them from becoming dis-
eased, because they have been taken from
their natural, warm habitat to a cold north-
ern latitude 1 How much interest have the
public in such abstract discussions ? Such
absurd misrepresentations are certainly
amusing.

From the fact that it will not pay to
feed the bees with glucose, or anything else,
to have them store it in the surplus comb,
there is no danger of the bee-keepers fur-
nishing that bogus stuff to the be«s to have
them store it. and then to put it upon the
market. Mr. Evans is, therefore, in a worse
plight than ever, while attempting "to fight
a wooden num in the shape of adulterated
honey " in the comb.

Trim TSMERIC^N BEIE J^WmMMI^.

437

Another point raised by Mr. Evans is tlius
stated :

One tiling more, in relation to tlie publi-
cation of Prof. Wiley's letter to me : I do
not know that he will care, yet Mr. Root
should not have published a private letter
without the consent of Prof. Wiley or
myself.

Prof. Wiley never thought of asking per-
mission of the apiarists to publish his lying
fulmination, and anything that could ex-
plain his position on that subject belongs to
the public. The fact is, that he should have
written and lyuhlisheH a refutation of his
lying article years ago.

Mr. Evans than concludes with the fol-
lowing :

You say I am a " crank of the worst type."
because I take njore stock in the prayers of
action, which give our neighbor the needed
help or honest treatment, rather than by
wind praying. Well, I am glad to be a
"crank." I am a " crank" who does not
believe that Jesus ever made or drank fer-
mented hell-juice ; and I also believe that
we can do more for (iod in humanity, than
by running a wind-mill for His glory.
your "cranky " servant,

W. M. Evans.

Jt is not in order to discuss political or
religious topics in our columns, but when a
man calls sacraraental-wine "hell-juice,"
we think he has justly earned the title of
crank.

Thus is Mr. Evans driven from every
position he has taken. He said that the
Wiley lie was true, but its author admits
that it is a meie fabrication as a "scientific
pleasantry !"

He positively denied that any responsi-
ble man ever made au offer of 81,000 for
proof of the manufacture of honey-comb,
filling it with bogus lioney and .sealing it
over by machinery— but we introduced him
to Mr. Uoot, who made the offer, who
proved his identity, and exhibited unchal-
lenged his responsibility for the amount
offered !

Recharges that the bees were being fed
with glucose to store it in the surplus combs
for the bee-keeper to put it upon the market
for the fraudulent profit to be derived there-
from—but we have shown that repeated
ti'ials of even feeding back pure honey to
be put by the bees into the combs to be
sold as comb-honey is unprofitable, and
can be done only at a loss ! No one would
think of adulterating any article, wlien it
could not be done at a financial profit !

We might go through his whole list' of
points with the same disastrous result to
him— but it is quite unnecessary ! He is
beaten at every turn, and now should
" crawl into his hole " and "pull the hole
in after him."

Columbus, Ohio ; anil after quite a ^ood
deal i>f curresponilt'iice wilh souje ot the
meuibersof the .Siicinty, tlie Executive Com-
mittee decided to take a vote of the Society
in the matter.

A circular was prepared- by the Commit-
tee a shmt time since, and a copy, with a
postal card directed to me, was sent to each
member of the Society by the Secretary,
stating tiie reasons for, and desirability of,
making the change, with the request that
each say on the postal what his or her wish
was ill the matter. When all but thirteen
had voted, X wrote to each of them asking
them to vote. All but six have responded,
and so far every vote but one has been for
the change ; so the m-xt meeting of the
Society will be held in Columbus, Ohio.

1 have delayed giving this notice, so that
I might give the time ot meeting, but as yet
the Executive Committee has not been able
to a^ree on the time.

Last week I sent the plan for the build-
ing tor the Bee and Honey Department of
the Ohio Centennial Exposition at Colum-
bus, to tlie architect. It is to be 36x80 feet
in size, and most of tlie space has been ap-
plied for. Applications for space and en-
tries close Aug. 6.

A. B. Mason,
Pres. N. A. B. K. Society.

I am told that there are many large api-
aries liere in Cuba, ot at least a thousand
eohmics each, all run on the same plan as
Is this small one 1 visited. I am afso told
that there are only three movable-comb
apiaries on the island. The first was started
by the Casanova Brothers, some five years
ago ; this one about two years ago, and one
now under way by Mr. A. J. King, near the
centre of the island.

So far I am quite favorably impressed
with the honey resources of Cuba ; and
after 1 have been here at least a year, so as
to know from personal knowledge what
tliey really are, I will try to describe them.

A C'iil>an Apiary is described by Mr.
O. O. Poppleton, late of Williamstown,
Iowa, but now in Havana, Cuba, in Olean-
inys for June 1.5, 1888. He described the
hives used, and tlie primitive method of
taking away the honey thus :

Xlic IVortli American Conven-
tion is to be held at Columbus, 0„ but the
time is not yet decided upon. The follow-
ing from Dr. A. B. Mason on the subject
will explain itself :

Several months since I suggested that the
place selected for the holding of the next
meeting of the North American Bee-Keep-
ers' Society be changed from Toledo to

A few days as;o, Senor Pedro Perez, who
is as pleasant and friendly a neighbor as we
ever had anywhere, ottVred to take me to
see a native Cuban apiary, and J wiil de-
scribe tlie little 1 saw, so that your readers
will gi-t some idea how what is known to
commerce as "Cuban lioney" is obtained.

Tlie apiary contained 80 colonies, which
is a very small one for Cuba. The hives
vari' d from 0 to 12 inches square, inside
measure, the lari;e majority beiiig8and9,
and 3'j teet long, made by nailing four
boards, of the jiroper width and length, to-
gether, and a short piece of board over one
end. So far they were very similar, except
being longer, to tlie skeps, or gums, so many
of which are still in use in our own southern
States. They were not stood upon end, as
our people use them, but laid down on the
side, the same as are the earthen hives in
use in Cyprus and Syria. One entire end
of the hives wag left open, and this is the
only peculiar feature there is which is dif-
ferent from methods in use in other coun-
tries, and which have already been de-
scribed in the journals. The hives were
laid on poles, so they were about 2 feet
above the ground, the poles being supported
on crotches, old boxes, barrels, or anything
they could get. They were scattered
around among some large banana plants, to
protect from the sun.

At least once a year during the honev-flow
in the winter,and sometimes also in August,
everything in the hives except the bees and
the small amount of comb that may contain
the brood, is taken away and mashed and
.strained by the old-fashioned processes.
The result is strained lioney containing all
the different grades ami flavors that may
have been gathered during the year.

It was really interesting to walk around
among the hives and look directly intfi their
open ends, and see the bees clustered so
quietly on their combs ; but I could not help
thinking what au amount of fun there must
be should they once get thoroughly to rob-
bing. And, by the way, I find that bees do
not rob so persistently here in the South as
at the North, this being true, so far as I
have observed, both in Florida and here in
Cuba.

Honey from tlie Poison-Ivy, etc.

-John R. Sample, Elizaville, lud., on June
18, 1888, writes :

Bees in this neighborhood are in good
condition for the honey crop, but the
weather is too dry for them to do much.
My bees are working on what I suppose is
poison-ivy. Is the honey poisonous ? We
are having a good rain now, and we hope to
have a good honey-flow yet.

The American poison-ivy (Toxicoden-
dron) is closely related to the poison-oak,
of which there are two kinds very plenti-
ful in California, one being, poisonous, the
other not. Mr. Pryal speaks thus of it, and
the honey obtained from the one not poison-
ous :

I have studied this plant, of which there
are two varieties in our vicinity— one pois-
iinous and the other not— and I have found
it to be a valuable honey-plant. In this I
am borne out by the testimony of others in
this State, who have watched bees working
upon it during its season of bloomings
which is in March and April— the two
varieties keeping up a large supply of
blossoms for almost two months. The
honey is quite clear and delicinus, and is in
fact for clearness and flavor equal to any
gathered in the vicinity of San Francisco.

We would refer Mr. Sample to the article
on poisonous plants, page 435, first column,
of last issue of the Bee Journal, which
shows that nectar, being a secretion of the
plant cell, is charged with the active prin-
ciple ot the plant.

From C H. lialce, of Catonsville,
Md., comes a sheet of Comb Foundation of
his " improved make." It has a parchment-
paper "mid-rib," the corrugations being
made in the usual way by passing the paper,
with a sheet of wax on either side, through
a Foundation Roller-Mill. -He calls it tlie
" indestructable," and we presume that it
is rightly named ; a sheet of the proper size
for a Langstroth frame weighs 7 ounces,
and costs about 20 cents.

AI-»vays Mention your Post-Offlce,
County and State wlien writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anytliing but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

Scatter the L.eafletti. — Look at the

list (with prices) on the second page.

438

TME) m^mmmi^MM mmm jofsmmmi^.

■--■■■— --*-**^*-^^*-^

Queries f Reflies.

Tlie Slating of Virsin Queens.

Written for Uic American Dec Journal

Query 556.— 1. If it is neceesary to put
colonies as near as a foot apart, will virgin
queens, on returning' to the hives, be likely to
enter the wrong- outs ? 2. How long after a
prime swarm issues, will a virgin queen gen-
erally take her first Bight?— Tenn.

1. Yes, unless well provided with
land-marks. — C. C. Miller.

1. To a certain extent. 2. From 15
to 21 days. — G M. Doolittle.
. 1. They will usually go to the right
place. 2. About 13 days. — A. J. Cook.

1. I would be afraid of it. 2. From
10 to 20 days. — J. M. Hambadgh.

1. Not usually, but they may some-
times. 2. From 8 to 24 days ; usuallj'
about 14 days. — A. B. Mason.

1. It is best to have them 3 feet
apart. 2. If with a second swarm, 8
days after ; if for her bridal flight,
about 10 days. — P. L. Viallon.

1. Sometimes they will, but gen-
erally they will get safely home. 2.
Generally in about 2 weeks, sometimes
less, and sometimes more.. — M. Mahin.

1. Yes, they may. 2. It depends on
the age of the queen-cell at swarming
time. It may be only 5 days, and it
may be 10 or 12. — Dadant & Son.

1. Yes, unless some pains are taken
to so fix the hives that they can be
easily recognized. 2. It will depend
upon the weather, to some extent.
Under favorable circumstances, in 5 or
6 days. — J. E. Pond.

1. In many instances, if no special
" land-marks " are provided. 2. About

12 to 15 days. — James Heddon.

1. Not often, especially if a twig of
leaves be suspended just over the en-
trance of the hive before the virgin
queen is expected to issue. 2. About

13 or 14 days.— G. L. Tinker.

1. It is better to have the hives at
least 4 feet apart. There is consider-
able danger of losing queens by enter-
ing the wrong liives if of the same ap-
pearance when only 1 foot apart. 2.
I do not know certainly, but I think
about 14 days. — C. H. Dibbeen.

1. Sometimes they do mistake their
own hive. 2. Probably in 10 or 12
days, on an average. This depends
upon the advancement of the queen-
cells when the swarm leaves. — J. P. H.
Brown.

1. They will often enter the wrong
hive at tliat distance, unless you have
some distinctive mark placed on the
hive. A piece of red cloth 6x12 inches

is a good mark, tacked on the front of
the hive. 2. From 2 to 21 days.— H.
D. Cutting.

1. Not often, except when their own
bees threaten them as they alight at
the entrance on returning from a
flight. 2. Ten or twelve daj-s, but
the different circumstances make the
time vary very much. — R. L. Taylor.

1. I think that they seldom get into
the wrong \d\ e. It would be an easy
matter to put some temporary dis-
tinguishing mark in front of the hive
from which a queen was expected to
fly. — Ecgene Secor.

They are not likely to do so, as a
rule, but they sometimes may. There
is more or less commotion at the en-
trance of the hive diu-ing the absence
of the queen on her bridal tour. Ital-
ian bees often swarm without even
starting a queen-cell, if they are
strong, and there is a sudden flow of
honey. — Mks. L. Harrison.

1. I would not have mj' hives that
close if I liad to sell half of them to
get more room. I do not think that
young queens are often lost by enter-
ing the wrong hive. I have spent con-
siderable time investigating the cause
of the loss of so manj' young queens at
mating time, and the cause is usualh-
in their own homes. The young
queens are "balled" when they re-
turn from their wedding flight, and
sometimes killed. 2. If no after-
swarm issues, the first young queen
that hatches will destroy all queen-
cells, and will be ready for her flight
in 18 or 14 days after the swarm is-
sues.— G. W. Demaree.

1. Thev may do so. ' It is best to
mark the hives bj' paint of different
colors, or by laying bricks or blocks or
green boughs on the alighting-boards,
so that the queen may distinguish her
own hive on returning. 2. The time
may vary greatly. I have examined a
hive after swarming, and found no
queen-cells even started, while on the
same day I have examined another
hive that had just swarmed, and found
the virgin queen walking over the
combs. The time has varied with me
from 4 to 20 days. Some writers give
rules, but I have never found an}'. The
weather also afl'ects the time of flight
of the new queens. — J. M. Shuck.

1. Yes ; the danger lies in tliat direc-
tion. If thej" are placed so closely
from necessity, they should be painted
difl'erent colors, or some distinguishing
objects should be placed to assist the
young queen in marking the location
of her hive. 2. Usually about two
weeks — it may be much less, or more,
depending upon the stage of develop-
ment of the queen-cell at the time of
the issuing of the prime swarm. — The

EUITOK.

Summer Management of ChafT-
Paokcd Hives.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Querr 557.— I use the double-walled chaff
hiv.es. the Inside hive and also the surplus
cases being ?8 of en inch thick. In working
for surplus in June and July, I remove the
wall of chaff at the sides, leaviqg the cushion
on top. Will it pay to return the chatt to the
side walls after each manipulation? Or shall
I leave it out entirely ?— S. P.. Mich.

Leave it out. — A. B. Mason.
I should leave it out. — Eugene
Secor.

Leave it out entirely. — J. M. Ham-

BAUGH.

I would leave it out — J.P.H.Brown.
I would leave it out, by all means.
— G. W. Demaree.

No, no ; leave it all off', certainly. —

R. L. T 4.YL0E.

1 would leave it out entirely. — Mrs.
L. Harrison.

Leave the chaff' out entirely, after
settled warm weather arrives. — J. M.
Shuck.

It may be for your State, but in the
South we use single-walled hives all
the year round. — P. L. Viallon.

After taking out the chaff' in the
sunmier time, leave it out ; also the
cushion. — G. L. Tinker.

I would not bother about returning
the chaff" ; a dead air space, or none at
all, is just as good. — C. H. Dibbern.

If you mean that when the wall of
chaff is removed from the sides, I
think it will pay to return the chaft' to
the side-walls. If not, not. — M. Mahin.

If 1 wanted to use a chaff-packed
hive, I would use one that I did not
have to disturb the packing at all. —
H. D. Cutting.

I see no rea.son for taking it out.
Surely, it would better be put back if
taken out. I presume that I do not
understand the question. — A. J. Cook.

If I understand the question rightly,
I should say that it was not necessary
to return the chaft'. Chaff' is not nec-
essary in any part of a hive in July
weather. — G. M. Doolittle.

Leave it out entirely during the
summer season. It only tends to keep
the sun from warming up the hive. —
J. E. Pond.

At the present prices of honey, the
man who makes a lot of extra work
will not succeed in our business. —
James Heddon.

Chaff' is entirely unnecessarj- in the
hive, in summer. It 'keeps the hive
too cool early in the season by not
pei-mitting the sun to aft'ect the inside,
and later in the season it tends to keep
it too warm. — The Editor.

Tmrn MMERICJCP* BEE J0UH1H2S1,.

439

Tiic June Bcc§ and Flo\ver§.

Written for the Humane Journal

BY H. G. ADAMS.

Tho b' PS are buzzing in the lane,
Anil ihc 6he. p-bi-li batb a nrowsy sound ;

There 18 no wind to turn the \ ane.
And send the mill-sweeps round and round.

The laden w agon creaks along,
Willi t'ragrKiit hay upon it piled ;

The 1 ttie tiriiok, with a sleepy song.

Winds here and there, like a wayward child.

And where its waters gather clear
Bepide I he bridge, in a shady pool.

The hanpv boys, without a tear.
Can bathe when they come out of school.

The bud, half hid in blossoms, flnge

Its swt-eliiess on the balmy air.
And set ins to slumber as it sings.

As one who is without a care

Hot is ihe man who drives the sheep.
And hot are they who rake the hay ;

All niiiiire seems inclined to sleep.
Although 'tis broad and golden day.

The looks are nodding on the trees.

Upon this sultry summer noon ;
The heat is ninety odd degrees,

And 'lis the leafy month of June.

GOOD QUEENS.

The Laying C'apaeity of Oood
Qiieen§.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY G. M. DOOLITTLE.

On page 364, Mr. James McNeill has
a " ooniirnlniiu " which he wishes Doo-
littlc to answer, and as I am in thfs
woi'ld for a purpose, and that purpose
to help my fellow men, especially bee-
keepers, by explaining to them all 1
know of our pursuit, and giving a little
light on ilail< points as far as I can, I
will try to do the best possil)le on this
conundrum, leaving the readers of the
American Bee Journal to see how
nearly right I am.

In the first place, if I conveyed to
the minds of tlie readers by the article
on page 323, or bj' any article, that a
queen lays 3,000 eggs every day for
two or three months in succession, I
wish to say that I did not intend to
convey an}' such an idea, for I am
satisfied that all queens have certain
periods of rest during which they Lay
veiy few eggs, these periods being
brought about by the weather, secre-
tion of nectar by the flowers, amount
of pollen brought in, etc.

Then again, I am satisfied tliat
qtieens la}' eggs at many times which
the bees never allow to hatch, and also
that eggs are kept from hatching for
indefinite periods by the bees, when
again they allow such " kept" eggs to
hatch within 24 hours to a far greater
number than any queen could lay in

a day, tlic bees liaving all this under
tlieir control ; all of which has an im-
portant bearing on the subject. How-
ever, the important part of the subject
is in having a queen capable of laying
3,000 to 4,000 eggs a day when we
most need tliem, and not one that can
never lay more than from 800 to 1,200
\inder any circumstances, as is fre-
quently tlie case witli cheap queens, as
the past has sliown me.

A queen was once sent to me as a
present, by quite a noted queen breed-
er, and with all tlie coaxing that I
could do, she would not exceed 4
Gallup frames of btood, her usual
amount being about 3. I kept her for
two years, hoping tliat she would do
lietter, but as no better results were
attained, I became disgusted with her
and killed her. But more closely to
the point : " How do I manage to make
y Gallup frames give room enough for
a really good queen, as it would re-
quire 11 such to give room for a queen
capable of laying 3,000 eggs a day ?"
In this locality we have, as a rule,
but one really good honey-How, that
being from ba.sswood, which blooms
from July 5 to the 15th, and lasts from
one to three weeks, the extremes being
3 days for the shortest I ever knew, to
28 days as the longest, in which honey
was gathered from it.

Now, as the wise man would pre-
pare for a harvest by engaging help
for a large harvest of any kind, having
that help on hand at the needed time,
I try to take advantage of what these
good queens can be made to do by
crowding them to their utmost capacity
from 25 to 50 days before the bass wood
opens, so as to get the largest pos-
sible force of workers on hand just at
the right time to give me the best re-
sults. To this end my hives are made
so at this time of the year they can be
enlarged by slipping out partition
boards, so that 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and
even 15 frames can be used as a brood-
chamber, thus giving the best of
queens a chance to do all she is cap-
able of doing ; 15 frames in a hive,
filled nearly solid with brood 30 or 40
days before the honey harvest, is one
of the most pleasing sights to a hone}--
producer of anything in this line of
business — except tons of honey being
exchanged for cash at the end of the
season.

Later on, the object of the bee-
keeper who has no fall harvest should
be to rBduce the brood as much as
possible, consistent with having the
colony in good condition for winter,
for the rearing of brood very largely
right in the height of the honey har-
vest means much of our surplus being
fed to this brood, which are only to
become useless consumers after the
honey harvest is over.

Working along the line of this rea-
soning, (which nearly 20 years of ex-
perience has proven to me to be bouitd
logic), as tlie honey harvest com-
mences, 1 begin to work in an opposite
direction by contracting the room
given to the queen, till at the close of
the season, 5 to 7 Gallup frames of
lirood are all that my hives contaiii,
and these are frequently from } to f
full of honey. This gives all the bees
required for winter, and nearly enough
honey for the same, so that little work
is d<ine along the feeding line.

If the above is not the right princi-
ple to work bees upon, then a part, at
least, of my bee-keeping life has been
in vain. A thorough trial of the plan
will, I think, convince the most skep-
tical that it is the correct plan to
work on.

In the above I think that Bro.
McNeill will find a full answer to his
conundrum, and I will only add that
if queens of poor or only moderate
value are used, our crop of honey
must be poor or moderate ; for only as
we have a large number of bees at the
right time, can we expect to attain to
the highest point in the production of
honey.

Borodino, N. Y.

WAX.

Tlie Secretion of Wax— Is it
Voluntary t

Written for tlie American BeeJffiimal

BY EDSON'GERRY.

On page 325 this question was asked:
" Is the secretion of wax a voluntary,
or an involuntary, act ?" An opinion
was given, stating that it was " vol-
untary."

I am fully convinced from my own
observation, that this secretion is in-
voluntary ; that the bees have no con-
trol over the generating of the secre-
tions ; and that it is a n.atural produc-
tion, which may he seen on the under
part of the abdomen of the young bees.

It is produced id a singular manner.
The construction of the muscular
rings around the abdomen are so
formed that they are especially calcu-
lated to permit these secretions to ooze
out from small holes located under
these muscular rings ; and when the
secretions are dried, they form small,
white flakes or pellets of wax ; when
ripe, if not removed, they will drop to
the bottom of the hive.

Wax is produced only by such bees
as are in a condition to be able to gen-
erate these secretions. My impression
is that the young bees (while young
they are fat like all the young of both
animals and insects) would naturally

440

THE) MMERICMlf mMW JQURNiMl*.

pi-oduce these secretions, and when
they are of sufficient age to go to the
field to labor (about 15 daj'S old), they
then soon become lean and poor, and
can no longer produce the secretions
from which the comb is made ; where-
as, if they continued to generate these
secretions, when crawling over the
blossoms to gather nectar, these Makes
of wax would be lost, consequently
there would be no wax to manufac-
ture into comb. A bee when lean and
poor cannot generate these secretions.
Lummi, Wash. Ter.

HISTORICAL.

North American Bee-Keepers'
Society — Interesting Table.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY M. 31. BALDRIDGE.

The following table shows the num-
ber of annual meetings, where and
when held, and three of the principal
oiJicers of the sessions named, wlio
were elected at the previous meetings,
after the first one :

No. Place. Date.

1st Indianapolis, Ind Dec. 21, 1870.,,

2d Cleveland, o Dec. 6. 1871...

3d Indianapolis, hid Dec. 4, 1S7-.'..,

4th. ..Louisville, Ky Dec. 3,1873..

5th... Pittsburgh, Pa Nov.ll, 1874...

nth... Toledo, o Dec, 1, 18;5...

7th.., Philadelphia, Pa Oct. 2f>, 1876.,,

8th. ..New York, N. Y Oct. 16, 1877..

9th. ..New York, N. Y Oct. 8, 187s...

10th.. Chicago, Ills Oct. 21, 187I^. .,

1 1 th ... Cincinnati, t ) 8ept."i8, 1 880. . .

12th,.. Lexington, Ky Oct. 5, 1881,..

)3th...('incinnati, O. Oct 3, 1882,,.

14lh. . .Toronto, Ont Sept.l8,18H3. . ,

l.'ith... Rochester. N. Y Oct. 28, 1884...

16th...Detroit.Mich..'. ....Dec. 8, 1885...

17th...lnriianapuliB Ind Oct. 12, 188(5...

l«th ..Chicago, Ills Nov. 15, 1887...

lath. ..Columbus, O , 1888...

abont who should have the honor or
credit of calling a National convention
of bee-keepers, and the result was that
there were two calls made — one for
Indianapolis, hy Prof. A, J. Cook, and
the other for Cincinnati, bj- H. A.
King. The Indianapolis convention
met Dec. 21, 1870, and the Cincinnati
convention on Feb, 8, 1871, and each
held a two days' meeting.

Both con\'entions elected Father
Langstroth for President, and N. C.
Mitchell for Treasurer, but H, A. King
was elected Secretary at Cincinnati to
reijresent that convention for tlie en-
suing year. Both conventions ad-
journed to' meet in Cleveland, Ohio, on
the same date, and .at the same place.
They so met, and as soon as thej- were
called to order bj' W. F. Clarke, one
of the Vice-Presidents, both associa-
tions were, b}- unanimous vote, dis-
solved for the purpose of consolidation.

The writer did not attend the Cin-
nati convention, nor the one held the
same year in Cleveland, nor in fact
any of the annual meetings since, ex-
cept the last one held in Chicago. So
much for a historical explanation.

St. Charles, Ills.

President,

.A. F. Moon

.L. L. Langstroth.

.M. Quinbv

W. F. Clarke.

Secretary.

■ M. M. Baldrldge..
M. M. Baldridge..

■ H. A. King

H. A.King

Treasurer.
N. C. Mitchell.
N. C, Mitchell.
N.C.Mitchell.
M. L. Dunlap.
.J S. Hill.
..J.S.Hill.
.J. S. Hill.
J.S.Hill.
A. J. King.
.J. H. Nellis.
.Mrs. Dunham.

.S. Hoagland A. Pope.

.W F Clarke Dr. L. Brown

.G.W.Zimmerman .B. B. Overmeyer

.W.J. Andrews. ...J. H. Nellis

.J. H. Nellis T. G. Newman

.T. G. Newman... E. Parraly

.T. u. Newman E. Parmly - .-

.N. P. Allen E. Parmly Mrs. Dunliani

.A.J Conk E. Parmly Mrs. Dunham.

.D. A.Jones A. J. (.'ook C. F. Muth.

.L. L. Langstroth.. C. C. Miller C. K. Muth.

.L. C. Kuot W. Z. Hutchinson... C. F. Muth.

.H. D. Cutting F. L. Dougherty C. F. Muth.

.C.C Miller W.Z. Hutchinson. ..r.F. Muth.

.A. B. Mason W. Z. Hutchinson. ..Mrs.Harrison

X have taken especial pains to look
up the past history of this Society, and
I think the foregoing will generally be
found correct. Still a few wtn-ds of
explanation may be both advisable and
necessary.

It is generally supposed that Father
Langstroth was the first President of
the North American Bee-Keepers' So-
ciety, but the foregoing table shows
that A. F. ISIoon, now deceased, had
that honor. The writer was present
during that meeting, and knows that
A. F. ]\Ioon was its President from
first to last. Father Langstroth was
elected as the President of the Society
for the following year, and the writer
was instructed so to notify him, and
to secure his acceptance of the honor,
after the meeting adjourned, which
was done by and through a personal
visit to his home at Oxford, O.

As will also be seen, the writer was
elected Secretary of the first meeting,
and was re-elected to that office for the
ensuing year. As will be remembered
by a few, there were more or less
trouble and jealousy, in the year 1870,

WATER FOR BEES.

ISee-Pa$turage,Providing Water
for Bees, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY MUS. O. F. JACKSON.

If I were going to raise a jilant ex-
clusively for hone}', it would be
mother-wort. It requires very little
cultivation the first j'ear, and after
that it will take care of itself. It
blooms the first year, and remains in
bloom until frost. I think that it
stands the drouth better than melilot.
It is so much liked by the bees that
they will not leave it even for white
clover. I lielieve that it will pay bee-
keepers to raise this plant. It will
grow in the fence-corners, and on
waste land ; then why not raise it for
the bees ?

There is another plant which I value
\cry much, and that is the pleurisy-
root. It grows in great abundance
where the ground has never been cul-

tivated. The hone}- from this plant is
quite dark, but of excellent flavor. I
sowed Alsike clover, but the drouth
last year killed it.

I I'eceived a package of the Chap-
man honey-plant seed from our Repre-
sentative in Congress. I have now
about 100 plants, and judging from
the long, fibrous roots, it might stand
our Iowa winters, and be of some
value to bee-keepers.

My plan for watering bees in sum-
mer is as follows : Take a keg and
make a small hole near the bottom,
so that the water can drop. Now
place a box or board in a convenient
place, cover it with several thicknesses
of cloth (old grain sacks are best') ;
put the keg on this, and the cloth will
be wet all the time. Cover the keg to
keep the bees from getting drowned.
Fill it with fresh water every morning,
and a handful of salt once a week.

Before I adopted the above plan the
bees were a source of trouble around
the wells, watering-troughs and swill-
barrels, and hundreds were drowned.
Now I have no trouble with them, and
the house-pump is only a few yards
from the bees.

The spring was veiy cold and late
here, and our loss was greater than
ever before. The complaint is almost
universal among bee-keepers. If one
is met, and asked how the bees ban-
tered, " O, I had bad luck," will be
the prompt reply.

But there are a few exceptions in
favorable localities where the}- sus-
tained no loss in wintering ; but after
all the failure of the past year, we are
hopeful, and the prospect for a good
harvest is quite encouraging.

Sigourney, Iowa.

LARVAL BEES.

The Olands and the
Larval Bees.

Food of

Written for Oleanings in Bee-Culture

BY PROF, A. J. COOK,

Since the article which I wrote on
the glands of bees and the food of
larvo3, I have had some correspondence
with L. Stachelhausen, of Salem, Tex.,
one of our German-American bee-
keepers whose information and opin-
ion are worthy of great respect. He
does not accept the view of Schienienz
and Leuckart, which I presented, but
that of Schonfeld. He presents his
case with so much of reason that I am
a convert at once, as all must be if the
facts stated are as he represents them,
and I have little doubt but they are.
I am glad we have one in . our neigh-
borhood who is so conversant with
German research, and so excellent a

THK JtMERICKN ®EB JQlIRlfSlLr.

441

scientist, tliat hi' sees the tnio bearing
of each f:u-t. I hope that he will not
be allowe<l to longer hide his light un-
der a bushel.

At my reiiiiest, Mr. S. has eonsenteil
to the i)ublieatiou of his views. He
asks that I eonmicnt upon the subject,
which I am verj- pleased to do, as I
had already contemplated writing
another article, giving the views of
Schoufeld. I have re-written the arti-
cle, and have commented in [ ]\s. — A.
J. Cook.

Ohjcetloiis to the Gland 'I'lioory.

Until 1870 it was believed that
chyme was fed to the young larv;e, or,
rather, that the larval- food in the cells
is chyme. In that year. Von Siebold
examined and described the salivary
glands of the bee. The large size of
these glands seemed to indicate that
they had some other purjiose than to
secrete the saliva. It seemed possible
that they might secrete the larval
food. Fischer described these glands
a year later, and expressed the same
opinion as to their function. Leuekart
then declared that he had taught this
theory to his students for years.

■I then thought this theory very
plausible, and probably the true one ;
but I expected further study and a
closer examination, but expected in
vain. Von Siebold, and probably
Leuekart as well, worked on other
proljlems. I supposed a microscopic
examination of the secretion from
these glands would prove the identity
of the same with the food of the larvas
but no such proof was forthcoming. It
may be said, that there is too little of
the product of the glands for analysis.
But just this seems to indicate that the
conii)aratively small glands cannot
secrete so large a (piantity of larval
food.

[This view alone would not count
for much. There is too little nectar in
most flowers for a suceessfnl analysis ;
vet till' bees gather pounds of it in a day.
Supposing that the lower head-glands
of a single bee do not secrete enough
material for successful analysis at any
one time, yet thousands of bees might
do this with the whole day before
them, and have enough left to fiK'd all
the larv.i'.]

In 1880, Schonfeld puldislied his
theory, which seemed to me nearer
the truth.

Years before, Leuekart descril)ed the
larval food as a graiuilar, milky, uni-
forndy colored fluid containing many
microscopic eori)useles, similar or iden-
tical with the blood corpuscles, and
with the corpuscles found in the chyle,
or digested food, in the true stomach,
wliicli chyle i)asses directly through
the walls of the stomach liy osmosis.
WidlV states that the blood corpuscles
originate in the stomach.

Analogy of the niunmialia favors the
gland theory of Leuekart. It seems
plausible that the young bee, like the
young calf, is fed with milk ; yet not
so i)lausible when we remember that
the larva is not a young bee. I would
rather compare tin' larva to the oii-
bryo of a mammal, and this is nourish-
ed directly from the blood. The chyle
of bees is, in fact, identical with their
blood, and contains everything neces-
sary to build up the Ijody of the bee ;
so it seems i-ational and natural to sup-
pose that the chyle is the larvitl food.

[Analogy is always an uncertain
argument. In case of animals as wide
apart as the mammalia and insects, it
reall}' has no force. Grant that it had,
even then in the case in question it
would be diliicult to say which way the
argument pointed.]

With higher animals, the origin of
the chj'le is more complicated, and
digestion is completed in the small in-
testines. In bees, the structure of the
canal is ditlVrent ; and it is possible
that chjle originates in the stomach.

[Here chyle must mean the sum
total of digestion. With higher ani-
mals, chyle means simply the digested
fat, and is carried to the blood through
a special system of vessels, while the
other products of digestion are mainly
absorbed directly b}' the blood-vessels.]
If the larval food and chj'le are
identical, of course we must depend
on the microscope to prove it. If we
examine the stomach of the worker-
bee we find more or less partially
digested food, but no chjde.

[From the fact that, in examining
many bees, I have never found the
granular milk-like substance fed to
larval bees, was my principal reason
for accepting the secretion rather than
the digestion theory.]

Schonfeld made the following ex-
periments, and hereby is explained
how the chyle can be found in the
true stomach of tlie nurse-bee :

a. Honey colored by cherry-juice is
fed to bees in a starving condition.

/i. Honey colored by l»olly-juice is
fed in the same luanner.

c. In like manner, honey mixed with
pollen of the white lilj-, which is easj'
to distinguish with the microscope,
was fed.

After feeding, in each case the con-
tents of the stomach, and the larval
food, were carefully' examined with
the microscope. In every case the
food in the cells with larvte was the
same milky granular substance, with
no color, nor any lilj- pollen. This
larval food, then, could not consist of
chyme or the material from the honey-
stomach.

Every hour a nurse-bee was ex-
amined, and the process of digestion
noted. The color was seen to fade

out, and the true vlujle W(W Jouml, dif-
fering in nowise from t/ie food- given to
the larva;. While in the intestine, ml
and dark-colored Wcr6i)icnt, jiiixed '
with pollen-husks oif''-,the lily, were
plainly evident. Many beesivcre, cnug/it, /
Just aljout to feed the larva;, VHifJ'lvn'''
cliyk was found in each case.

[This, of conr.se, is crucial. Not
finding chyle, like larval food, in the
stomach, does not prove its universal
absence. Finding it once, proves its
existence. Granting* the fact, the
conclusion must follow.]

SallTary fjllands or Bees.

All mature bees — workers, drones,
and queens — possess —

I. The upper head salivary glands,
and —

II. The thoracic salivary glands.
Besides these the worker-bees have —

III. The lower head salivary glands.
Glands I. and II. have a common

ending at the base of the ligula, in
the groove formed by the paragloss;e.
This secretion can, as the tongue is
extended, flow into the groove and
wet the ligula, but can go no further,
because the ligula, or sucking-tube, is
no fountain-pump, and the larva has
no sucking arrangement to draw this
out.

[A stronger argument, perhaps, lies
in the fact that drones and queens also
have these glands, and surely they do
not feed the larvie. No one can think
that these are the milk-glands, even if
milk-glands exist.]

The secretion from glands I. is oily ;
that from glands II. watery, which
would indicate that they po.ssess h dif-
ferent function.

The function of the sucking-appara-
tus will show that the saliva is neces-
sary to .wet the ligula, and to make it
possible that the nectar can ascend. It
would require too much space here to
explain the function of the sucking-
apparatus, which is a misnomer, as
bees neither suck nor lick.

[VeiT likely the saliva, like our own,
may serve to aid in keeping parts
moist ; but from the size of the glands,
and quantity of the secretion, this, as
is our own case, must be incidental. I
tliink our friend is surely mistaken in
his last assertion. I think I have
shown that bees do both suck and
lick.]

If bees do change nectar more than
to evaporate it — that is, if they change
the kind of sugar (I am not sure that
they do), then it is probably done by
glaiid II. Such a change could be due
only to a ferment, and could come
only from the saliva.

[I know that bees change cane sugar
to reducible sugar, both when fed cane
syrup or nectar. I have had analysis
made in both cases. While not all
cane sugar would be reduced, most

442

's^mm MMERicffiif wmm j^jammmi^.

would be. That the saliva from glauils
I. and II. doe.s thi.s there can be no
doubt. Honey is digested nectar, the
digesting ferment being this saliva.
While the drones and queen are fed in
part by- the workers, yet they take
honey ; and unless this is fully digested
b}' the workers, the drones and queen
must finish the work, and so must
have glands I. and II.]

The most important purpose of
glands II., or their secretion is for the
test-oi'gaus which are in the groove at
the base of the ligula.

[I do not understand this point]
Very likely the secretion from
glands I. may be used to wet and
smooth the newly formed cells. Thus
these secretions are true saliva, and
cannot be larval food. This is without
doubt true. Yet oi'ganized liquids do
often have a double use. The pan-
creatic juice in the higher animals
digest starch, fat, and may digest the
albuminoids — will in an alkaline liquid.

Tbe LoTver Head-Glands.

The ducts from the lower head-
glands open into the lower part of the
mouth, between the muscles of the
mouth. If the bee chews, this secre-
tion must surely empt}- and be mixed
with tlie chewed material. This, then,
is mixed with the pollen. This is cer-
tainly true ; for the pollen in the
honey-stomach shows some of its caps
open or elevated ; and as no gastric
juice is secreted in the honey-stomach,
this partial digestion is accomplished
by the saliva, and presumably that
from the lower head-glands. Further,
this saliva is used in kneading the wax
by the jaws. F. Huber (Neto Observa-
tions) says that the -fresh wax scales
and the chewed wax are chemicallj'
difl'erent ; and Ealenniayer and Von
Planta found in the wax scales 0.5977
per cent, nitrogen, while in the chewed
wax there was 0.95 per cent. This
must be due to this saliva. So we see
that these glands secrete -true saliva,
and so cannot l)e organs to secrete
bee-food.

[I have replied to the last argument
before. The above positions are well
taken. Is it not quite likely that these
serve merely to mix with and partially
digest the pollen, and that Wolft''s
glands at the base of the mandibles
are the glands that moisten the wax ?]
The large size of these glands is no
argument favorable to the gland
theory, if we take it into consideration
that the saliva is very important in
digestion, and in part takes the place
of the gastric ferment of higher ani-
mals. Surely a large quantity of saliva
is added to the pollen food of bees,
and so this saliva is indirectly a part
of the chjle and larval food.

[This is surely a powerful argument.
We secrete saliva almost entirely to

moisten our food, and the daily quan-
tity is estimated at three pints. If this
saliva in bees is to moisten the pollen,
and the position of the duct adds pow-
erfull}- to the argument, then much
wouhl certainly be needed. The fact,
too, that drones and queens do not
have these glands, and do not prepare
their own nitrogenous food, is in
harmonj' with, and, in fact, lends sup-
port to this view.]

We can find the same glands in
other insects which do not feed the
I'jrva at all, as Eristalis tenax, which
has these glands fully as large as those
of the bee ; and Nepa cinerea, which
has these glands, and the)- are ver\-
similar to those in the bee.

[This is surely a very strong argu-
ment.]

The product of these glands cannot
be spit into the cells, for bees never
spit. Nor is it at all likely that this
secretion is swallowed to be regurgi-
tated into the cell. Nature always
empties her products where they are
to be used ; so if there were milk-glands
they would either emptj' into the
honey-stomach, or else some appara-
tus would \vx\Q been developed that
this secretion might have been poured
directly into the cells.

[I think these points are excellent]
These glands are in full function all
winter, when no brood is to be fed.
They must then have another purpose.
[How is this when bees have no
pollen for their winter food ? Of
course, they usually have the pollen.]

If a colony passes the winter queen-
less, and no bmod be fed for five or
six months, and then receives a frame
of brood which has been kept out of
the hive until the larvse are in a starv-
ing condition, we observe that this
brood is fed at once. If this food is a
product of glands used only for such
purpose, this would be absolutel}' im-
possible after such long rest.
[This is certainly a good point]
If bees are fed honey mi.xed with
indigo, the larva; are no longer fed,
but commence to starve, while the
mature bees remain health}-. The in-
digo prevents contraction of the
stomach, and so regurgitation is im-
possible ; yet the food is digested and
absorbed. If the larval food were a
secretion it would still be supplied.

[Granting these facts, the conclusion
must follow.]

The following experiments of Schon-
feld prove that the larval food is chyle:
Bees were fed honey mixed with
carmine. In the larval food of this
colf)n)-, and also in the chyle of the
true stomach of the bees, were found
the chillinous points of the cochineal
insects from which the carmine is
made. The blood was- normal, because
the fine particles were not digested.

and, of course, could not be absorbed.
As a secretion is derjved from the
blood, the secretion could not have
what the blood did not have.

[This is also a crucial argument.
The facts granted, the coneulsion
must be.]

Powdered iron was fed, with the
same results.

■ Again, bacteria were fed to the bees
— at first Bdctcrium termo, and then
the bacillus <if foul brood — Bacillus
alveolaris. In 1)oth cases the organisms
were found in the larval food, but not
in the blood f)f the nurse-bee. As these
were not in the blood, they could .not
exist in a secretion from the blood.

[This is an interesting point, as it
explains fully why the fasting method,
or the changing of the bees to clean
hives, cures this dreaded malady.]

Von Planta finds the food of the
young larva; as follows :

Queens. Workers. Drones.

Albuminous, 4R.r> "fuent. 50.l« ■«< cent. 39.9 1 "*< cent.

nil ia.82>'cent. fi.14*<cent. 7.85 "S' cent.

Sugar n.aut'cent. 27.65«'cent. 1.17 |i cent.

We see that the food for the differ-
ent kinds of larva; varies greatly in
composition. If this is a secretion it
could not vary, as the glands could
not secrete arljitraril}- a richer or a
poorer substance. But if this is chj'le,
it is easy to understand its variability ;
it would necessarily result from a va-
riation in the food of the nurse-bees as
to honey, pollen, or water. The de-
fenders of the gland theory say that
the secretion may be mixed in the
honej-stomach with honej- or water —
pollen is out of the question, as we
have seen that it is not given undi-
gested to the larva;. The experiments
with colored lioney shows this to be
untrue.

That chyme [Mr. S. uses this term
to denote partly digested food] is
added to the secretion of the gland is
out of the question, because chyme is
surely prepared in the true stomach,
and not in the honey-stomach. In the
chyme are the shells, or husks (cuti-
cula;) of the pollen, but no whole pol-
len grains. If we examine the stom-
achs of bees we shall never find such
empty pollen grains — husks — in the
honey-stomach, except in the ca-se of
quite young bees just recently emerged
from the cells. These bees are fed by
the older bees with chyme. In the
true stomach we can find these shells,
if we examine a bee at the proper stage
of digestion.

As soon as the larva fills the bottom
of the cell — from the close of the
fourth day — the larva receives chyme,
or partially digested material, from
the true stomach, and this contains the
cuticula;. At first these are few, but
more and more are added, so that,
just before the cell is capped, they are

'rmm mfmrnmicmis. wmm jo.^whnsil.

443

luinierous. This is also truo (if color
when colored honey is feil.

[This is very interesting, ami bears
the impress of" truth. This ehynie is
fed to the larva; of workers always,
and sometimes, not always, I tliiiik, to
the larva' of queens.]

The defenders of the gland theory
say that it is impossible that bees
regurgitate any material from the
true stomach in the cells ; for, as
Schieinenz has shown, the stomach-
mouth is prolonged into the true stom-
ach, and so would act as a valve, and
prevent any of the contents of the true
stomach from passing back into the
honey-stomach and mouth. But Schon-
feld \vM shown that this is a mistake.
The muscles are so arranged that this
prolongation can be drawn up, and so
in nowise prevent regurgitation. The
bee itself proves that i^ can, for the
full-grown larva does receive chyme,
the product of the true stomach, and
not of the lioney-stomach. If the bees
can regurgitate chyme or partly
digested food, they surely can chyle,
or that which is fully digested. This
is chyme' and not pollen, as tlie husks
show.

Why should we be surprised .that
the bcf! does this ? It is a master of
regurgitation, vomitting up all its
honey, and some of it several times.
A full understanding of the stomach-
mouth enables us to understand how
it regurgitates its clij-'rae and chyle.
L. Stachelhausen.

LARV^-NUCLEI.

Removing Sealed Larva? — The
Frames for Nuclei.

Written for the American Bee Journal

.S. A. SHUCK.

In compliance with the Editor's re-
quest on page 405, I will answer the
following questions from Mrs. Mary
Blachly :

4. How should sealed larvie be removed ?
5. Is It necessarv to remove it when iioUen
is plenty ? 6. For a nucleus to keep queens
over winter, how many frames of bees are
needed, and how larne sliouUI the traiues
be 1 Should there be empty frames put in
with each queen's brood-chamber (or apart-
ment).

4. Witli a thumb and finger pluck
ofif the end of the cell, then with a
small splinter or straw, such as timothy
or blue-grass, lift the larva from the
cell.

5. Yes. The principal object in re-
moving the larva; from all the cells
found sealed on the fourth day after
removing the queen, is to prevent 10
to 12 day queens.

6. This depends upon the method
of wintering. If wintered on the sum-

mer stands, I should want a fair sized
colony of bees, ami not less than three
frames the same sine of those used in
full colonies in my apiary, and these
well packed for protection. I have
wintered bees nicely in the cellar on
three combs one-half the length and
the same depth of the Langstroth
combs. No ; I should prefer to have
the combs pretty well filled with good
stores. If there is more than the bees
can consume during the winter, it is
much better than not enough.

Tbe Rearliis of Good Queens.

Concerning the reaiing of good
queens, perhaps it would not be out of
place here to add a few remarks :

It should be remembered that the
larv;e for good queens should be fed
the royal food (food of larval queens)
from the time the egg hatches until the
cell is sealed. This is about five days.

When a queen is taken from a hive,
it is some time before the bees miss her,
and it is usually from 12 to 30 hours
before they commence the construction
of (lueen-eells.

Tluis it will be seen that all cells,
that are sealed inside of four days
from the time the queen was removed,
contain larva; that were fed royal food
for only a little over three days at the
most, and in many instances less than
three days. The queens from these
cells will hatch in less than 12 days
from the remox-al of the old queen.

These queens may prove to be quite
prolific for a time, "but they are very
short lived, seldom living through the
next season, and are. the "cheap
queens " so often condemned by our
good editor.

With good Italian bees there is but
little difficulty experienced in this
direction, as it is seldom that young
queens hatch in less than 14 days from
the time the old queen was removed.
But with black or hybrid bees it is
quite different, as it is seldom over 12
days.

Liverpool, Ills.

FLORIDA.

A Beginner's Experience in
Keeping Bees Tliere.

Written tor the American Bee Journal
BY N. C. LARSEN.

I began with 5 colonies of native
brown bees in boxes or " gums." I let
them swarm, and hived the swarm in
a new hive on enqity frames. I waited
21 days, and then transferred the old
colony, u.sing all tlu; good comb that I
could get. One of my old colonies had
no brood, very little honey, and was
queenless. I transferred them, but
thev left and went into an adjoining

old colony which I transferred a few
days afterward. Some of the old hives
cast 2 swarms. I lost one fine swarm
which was bound to go to the woods.
They crossed the bay, or river, so I
cotd"d not follow them. I finished up
with hiving 0 good swarms and trans-
ferring 4 ol<l colonies, leaving me with
10 colonies, all strong and doing well.
Having no foundation, I have had
some trouble to get good, straight
combs. Some of the colonies persisted
in building the combs in all sorts of
shapes, but the most of them have
built nice, straight combs. I put the
empty frames between full combs, and
in that way I have compelled them to
build 11 ice "combs. Six colonies have
filled both stories full of comb ; 1 col-
ony has over 5() one-pound sections in
wide frames, with separators ; 3 colo-
nies are yet working in the lower
story, and all have plenty of sealed
honey ; I have not taken any from
them yet, as I wanted them to fill up
with combs. I think that some colo-
nies have as much as 50 pounds of
honey now, and if they continue to
gather I will have to extract to give
tliem room.

I painted the hives two good coats,
placed them on wooden blocks 6 to 8
inches from the ground, under orange
trees ; I made boards about 30x30
inches, and nailed a 2x3 inch piece on
each end, and placed them on top of
the hive so as to shed the water. Those
boards I value highly ; they shield the
hi\e from the sun and rain, and also
keep the cover dry and tight.

The bees are of the large brown
variety, with yellow and black bands.
I suppose the old veterans would call
them " blacks." They are very gentle
and easy to handle. I very seldom get
stung unless I hurt one of them. They
gather lots of honey, and have never
been hurt by the moth-worm, even in
the " old gum." I have had them 4
years, and they have always done
well. I like them so well that I shall
keep them pure. Italians may be bet-
ter, but these are surely good.

I live on a river, or bay, and have a
water frontage for IJ miles belonging
to me. I think that I could keep 50
colonies with profit. At first I thought
to o-et honey for home use, but I think
now of preparing to make my own
hives and frames, and foundation, as
the freight down here is too high to
think of buying everything. I have
frames yet on hand for next season's
increase.

My first swarm issued on March 14,
and the last one on April 2. Our bees
now are at their best, though I think
they work all the year. I know they
fly every day when it does not rain too
hard— in fact, here it is always warm.

Shell Point, Fla.

444

THE ffiMERICaPf m^M JOURNSlr.

COWVEIVXIOX DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

Aug. 3. Ionia County, at Ionia, Mich.

H. Smitb, Sec, Ionia, Mich.

Aug. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark. Sec, Denver, Colo.

Aug. 27.— Btark County, at Canton, O.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

B^~ In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetiuKs.— Ed.

sikS&i^Mmf

i^M^'

i£wmd

Cells on a, Square Incli ufCoiiil>.

— James McNeill, Hudson, N. Y., on June
81, 1888, writes as follows on the above
subject :

Mr. Weidman, on page 407, is in error in
supposing that 1 did not take account of
both sides of the comb in my estimate of
the cell capacity of Mr. Doolittle's hive. As
we usually reckon 35 cells to the square
inch, a frame of 115 square inches of surface
would contain 2,875 cells on each side. To
save figures, I multiplied the 115 by .50,
which gives the number of cells on both
sides of the comb. Mr. Weidman makes
the mistake of doubling the surface of the
comb, and then multiplying by .50, which
gives him just double the number of cells
that are contained in 9 frames of lOJj'xlO?^
inches.

[You are quite correct. We referred to
the mistake made by Mr. Weidman on page
419, of last week's issue. — Ed.)

Xlie ^Vliite Clover Bloom.— B. H.

Standish, Evansville, Wis., on June 22,

1888, writes :

White clover has been in bloom for two
weeks here, and during that time we have
had warm nights, more or less cloudy days,
plenty of rain, and wind in the southwest—
the conditions of perfect honey weather.
But the bees have gathered very little honey
—not 35 pounds of surplus in my 100 colo-
nies here at home. People say, " There is
lots nf white clover this year ;" but bee-
keepers know better. There is not more
than one-fourth of a full stand, and that
amount seems overstocked by 100 colonies.

Strong: Colonies, Xiei-ing: Up,

etc.— H. C. GifEord, Morris, Ills., on June
21, 1888, writes :

Last fall I fed 21 colonies of bees 200
poundsof granulated sugar, and 10 pounds
of uncapped honey. 1 packed them on the
summer stands, and one colony starved to
death ; the balance wintered in good condi-
tion, but it was so cold and wet all the
spring that they have not stored any honey
yet. I never have liad my bees stronger
than they are at present. They have been
ready to swarm for the last ten days, but
they have not swarmed yet, although they
are laying out all around the hives. I al-
ways place my hives up J.< inch all around,
to cool the hives, and give the bee^ a chance
to clean the bottom board and keep it so ;
and also to give them more room. 1 always
put tlie sections on as early as possible, to
delay swarming as much as I can.

I am commencing to " tier up " with su-
pers, hoping to prevent any swarming this
season ; for at this time, and especially such
a season as this is, 1 would rather not have
any swarms, for if we have a gooit fall, the
honey that 20 strong colonies will store is
worth more than the bees.

This has been the poorest season, up to
the present time, that I have seen in 20
years. Many bees in this locality are
swarming out, actually starved out ; but the
prospects are good for linden, which will
come on soon. I am not discouraged, tor
the American Bee Jouknal gives me
new life every week. The knowledge that
I have gained from it in the last three weeks
is worth live times its cost for the whole
year. The benefits, and the plain, sensible
reasons given by men of experience.derived
from the system of "tiering up," to keep
the bees all at work, and to give them
plenty of room, and thereby destroy the in-
clination to swarm, is worth a great deal to
any one who will practice it ; and it costs
money and time to learn these things by
experience. I have never realized the half
that I could from my bees, if I had taken
the Bee Jouknal years ago ; and still my
neighbors think that 1 am an expert, when
in fact last year was my first real work in
the bee-business, and 1 have kept bees for
over 30 years.

iSo Room for Ilrootl— Albino

Bees.— Chas. D. Barber, Stockton, N. Y.,
on June 35, 1888, says :

Would it not be a good plan to take out
some of the frames from my old colonies
and put in empty ones ? They have no
place for brood, having filled it all with
honey. They swarmed three times before
June 20. The outlook is very good for a
large honey crop. I have had 4 swarms
from 2 colonies, and will have more soon. I
have bought a queen and one pound of
Albino bees, and as workers they are ahead
of any bees that 1 have ever seen.

[If the queen has no i:)lace in which to
lay eggs, the colony will soon become de-
pleted. To take out the frames of honey
which are more than are necessary to sup-
ply the needs of the bees, would be a wise
act in this case, in order to give the queen
the necessary room to keep up the strength
of the colony.— Ed.]

Bnt L,ittle ^Vliite Clover.— Geo.
Smith, Amadore, Mich., on June 21, 1888,
says :

It looks at present as if the honey crop
will be an entire failure. There is very
little white clover, and but little honey in
what white clover there is.

JTIanagring' Rol>l>er Bees, etc. —

Ira N. Lyman, St. Peter, Nebr., on June 23,
1888, writes:

1. Do bees ever gather poison that kills
them ? I have a colony that has lost some
bees. They came out of the hive and looked
full, and do not fly, walk or run out of the
hive. Some tried to fly, and fell in the
grass, where they soon died. 2. My bees
began robbing badly, and when they were
flynig thick, I earned away the hive that
was being robbed, after closing the en-
trances of both hives. I then put the hive
of the robber bees off its stand, and put the
weak colony in the place of it. I kept the
hive of the robbers closed over night, and
put it in a new place, a hundred yards or
more from the old site. 1 opened the hive
of the weak colony as soon as it was put on

the stand where the robber hive had stood.
They carried their stolen sweets into the
hive from which they stole it. The other
colony seemed weak for awhile, and then
were all right. Is that a good way to man-
age robber bees ? 1 have done that way
twice, and it seems to me it is a good way.
I want to thank the readers ot the Bee
Jouknal for information about Albinos
and other bees, which I have received
privately, and for circulars and books. Bees
are not doing very well on the prairie.
Honey is scarce yet. I have had no swarms,
and swarming prospects are poor. I like
the Bee Jouenal first-rate.

1. The bees were evidently diseased, but
it was not the result of gathering poisonous
honey.

2. Interchanging hives is often practiced
in case of robbing, and generally is an ef-
fectual cure.

Swarming'. Cliapman Iloney-
Plunt, etc. — Mrs. J. B. Curlee, Tamaroa,
Ills., on June 23, 1888, says :

Last year nearly all the bees starved here.
I had 30 colonies, and lost all but 9. There
are but few bees in this part ot the State.
We are having plenty of rain now, and bees
are swarming. Bees liere gather honey
mostly from white clover (but it was all
burned out last summer), and the Spanish-
needle, which blooms in the fall. My
Chapman honey-plant will be in bloom in a
few days. It is 4 feet high, and has large
balls on it, looking like the wild thistle.

■^VUite Clover not Plenty.— Dr. A.

B. Mason, of Auburndale, O., on June 26,
1888, writes :

It has been a poor honey season in my
locality. A few days last week were favor-
able, but now the cold and rain keep the
pets at home. White clover is not very
plenty, and but few bees are working on it.

Xlie <tueen - Exclnding^ Honey-
Boards.— J. F. Mclntyre, of Fillmore,
Calif., asks the following :

I have .500 colonies of bees in two-story
10-frame Langstroth hives. I do not want
any more increase, as my field is fully
stocked. I work exclusively for extracted
honey. 1. Wimld you advise putting queen-
excluding honey-boards on the hives of the
whole .500 colonies ? 3. How much would
the honey-boards increase the disposition to
swarm ?

1. We should put on the queen-excluders.

2. In some years and some localities, such
will tend to increase swarming— but this we
would overcome in another way, which you
will need any way, whether you use queen-
excluding honey-boards or not. — Heddon.

Honey Coming- in Slo-»vly.— Geo.

Eidemiller, McGregor, Iowa, on June 35,
1888, says :

The honey comes in slowly. The season
is too late, the nights too cold, and the
honey-producing plants are too backward.
Last year I started with 2 colonies ; now I
have 9 colonies. I am very much pleased
with the A5IERICAN BeE Jouknal.

Your Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

Tmm MMERICaiH BE® JOURPf^l,.

445

^— -*-^*-^*-^*^*-*-*^--^*-^-^ •*'_.\:*:L^:L^^:t:*'*'*'*'*\A^*^^'*' *'*' *^f '"•*-^^

^ ■^ -^ ■*: t:*- ' 1 — '--■■-— ■>^»^^^»^«<

AI.FREI> H. WEM^IA3(,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

Sxisincss Uaticcs.

It Ton liiTc near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address tliat we liave on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this ofBce.

If yon L.ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Boxes — to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Xx4J^ and 5J^x5>i,
Price, 81.00 per 100, or 88.50 per 1,000.

I*i-es«rTe Your Papers for future

reference. If you have no KILMER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Joubnai.,

Yneea Unishes, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 80 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Mease -i^-rile American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Iloine Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create ademlind in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
shoiUd get a copy of the Apiarj- Kegister and
begin to use it. Tlie prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) $100

" 100 colonies (220 pag-es) 125

" 200 colonies (420 pages) 150

Pitotographs of Bee-Keepers. —

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing tlie faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Joubnal for one
year for 81.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

175
140
140
140
160
180
130
5 00

CnLUBBI.^'Q UST.

■»Ve dub the American Bee Journal

for a year, with any of the following papers

or books, at the prices quoted ui the I<ASX

column. The regular price of both is given

in the fir.st column. One year's subscription

for the American Bee Journal must be sent

with each order for another paper or book:

Price 0} both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00. . .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 CO.,

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50.

Bee-Keepers' Guide 1 50 . .

Bee-Keepers' Review 150.

The Apiculturist 1 75.

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00.

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40.
The 8 above-named papers.. 5 65.

and Cook's Manual 2 25. . . . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman).. .2 CO.... 175
Binderfor Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60.... 1 50
Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth)... 3 00.... 2 00
Boot's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25. . . . 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 1 50 1 30

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Tear Among ttie Bees 1 75 — 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50... 1 .30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00.... 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00.... 190

How to Propagate Fruit 150 — 125

History of National Society . . 1 50 1 25

Cork for IViuter Packing.— Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for 81.00.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We liave
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows:

Size A. Size B. Size C.

a.sn Labels »1.50 J2.00

500Labels 2 00 3.00

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00

j^ Samples mailed free, upon application.

3..50
5.00

A Modern BEE-PARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

W^e Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; M pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, S3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properiy
thinned out and re-set.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-planl, see page '245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 23c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, S.5..50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., $10.00.
If wanted by mail, add 18 seuts per pound
for bag and postage.

Honey and Beeswax Market.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white in Mb. sec-
tions, I3(»15c.; the BBme In 2-lbs.. 10@Ilc.; buck-
wheat 1-lbs., lOc; a-Jbs., 9c. Marketdull. We are
doing all we can to reduce stock, to make room for
the new crop.
BEB8WAJC.— 26c.

HILDRBTH BROS.,
May 21. 28 4 30 W. Broadway, near Dnane St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote; White to extra white comb,
12^i(9lj>c.: amber, m@iic. Extracted, white to extra
white, 5M®He.; amber. 4^@5c. Arrivals of the new
crop are small, the ewtimateB being an average crop.

BEESWAX.— 20® 24C.
June 18. O. B. SMITH * CO., 423 Front St.

DETROIT.
HONEY.-Best white In 1-lb. sections, Uc— Dull.
BEBSWAX.-23®24c.
June 14. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We pet 15c. per lb. in a small way for
best comb; and less for off grades. Extracted, best
white, 7(s8c. None of the new crop received yet,
but there is more than sufficient of the old crop
for the light demand.

BEE8WAX,-22o. B. A. BUBNETT,

Jun. 30. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white i-!b. sections.
12c.; fancy 2.1bs.,,loainc.; fair white l-lbs., lOOlIc,
and fair 2-lbs., «®9c. Buckwheat l-lbB.. 7®8c. The
demand is dull for comb but fair for extracted, of
which new from the South is arriving, and sells for
55(i}65c. per gallon.

BBESWA.X-Dull at 23V4®24c.
Jun. 15. F.G.STROHMEYBR&CO., laaWaterBt.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white clover i-lbs.,
lfi(5'17c.; 2-lb8., 15@lfic. Dark Is slow sale at almost
any price. Extracted is scarce, and sells at 7(3,10c.

BBE8WAX.-23C.

Mar. 13.

8. T. PISH 4 CO., 199 8. Water St,

CINCINNATI.
HONEY.- We quote extracted at S38c. per !b.,

for which demand is good. Comb honey, 12®1SC. —
Demand slow.

BEKSWAJC.— Demand is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Jun. 14. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman 4 Central Av.

MILWAUKEE.
HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 16@17c.:

2-lb9.. 15@1RC.; 3-lbs.. Uc. Extracted, white in kegs
and ^-barrels, 8 to M^c; in tin and pails, 9t^@10c.:
dark in barrels and kegs, 5@7c. Market fair.
BEESWAX.— 22(S25C.

Apr. 23.

A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water Bt.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, 14®15c.: 2-lb.
sections. 12c. Extracted, 6@7C.

BBBSWAX.-2U@23C.
Jun. 25. J. M. CLARK 4 CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : Choice new 1-lb. sections in
good demand at 15(sil6c., not gla.ssed ; dark ones not
searclied ; 2-U'8. and extracted there Is no demand
for. Slock of idd honey is light, and the sections are
all glassed, which style the trade do not like.

BEESWAX.- None in market.
Jun. 31 •. HAMBLIN & BEAR88. 514 Walnut St.
BUbTOPi

HONEY.— We quote : I-lh. sections, 16®170.; 2-
Ib. sections, I4@16c. Extracted. 8@9c. The market
is not very brisk and sales are slow.

BEESWAX.— 25 cts. per lb.
Mar. 24. BLAKS 4 kiplrt. 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- Wc quote ; Choice new e.vtracted, 5 to
5'*.c. ; amber u> light amber. 4W49ic. Choice comb
in' 1-lb. suctions. 13'/' I4c.: 2-lb8., 12®13c. Arrivals
are small, as uniansts are holding back. Prices are
considered high.

BEBSWAX.-ia<822c.

Jun. 25. 8CHACHT 4 LBMCKE. 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY. —We quote: White 1-ltos., unglassed. 15c. ;
1-lb., white, glassed, 14c.: dark, Mb., 2c. less. Cali-
fornia. 2-lbs.. comb, white, 13c. Extracted. 7c. Con-
siderable old himey is In this market. No new yet
In. Salcaiire very slow.

BEESW.VX.— None on the market.
June 9. CLEMON8, CLOON 4 CO., cor 4th 4Walnnt.

ST LOUIS.

HONEY'.- We quote: Extracted, bright. SOS^^ct
dark. 4»,.(a5c.; in cans. 7®8c. Comb, choice wnite
clover, in prime order. IS^dl.'ic.; dark. less. Mar-
ket quiet with fair demand for extracted.

BKKSWAX.— •.'2*'. fo' n'-ime,
Jun. 27 D. G. TIjTT 4 CO.. Commercial St.

446

TMm MMERICMBf MMn J©WRl*MlLr.

The Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
publislied, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Crive a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

^duerttsetujettts.

ComB HONEY WANTED.— Apiarists,
send lowest fljrures, delivered here, C.O.D.,
for 1 and 2 lb, spctions, Ist and -nd quality.
HOWELiL. & ri,E»IENT,

27Alt 85 Dauphin St., NEW ORLEANS, LA.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

HEAD-QUARTERSINTHE SOUTH.

ITALIAN QUEENS by Keturii IWall —
Tested, $1,00; Unfteted, 75 cents. Bees'o
cents per pound. Albino Queens same price.
GEO. STUOKinAN,

27Alt NAPPANRE, IND.

Mentixm the American Bee Journal.

A IjBINO QUEENS.— To those desiring to
secure Albino Queens, reared by natural
swarminir— I will sell them durinfr July, war-
ranted purely mated, f 1 each, or 6 for $r>.

JOS. MOSER, Festina, Winneshiek Co., Iowa.
27Alt

Mention the American Bee Journal.

FOR SAI-F-enn Colonies in tlie movable-comb
hives, at 14.00 for ltalians,anf1 *i.n<i for Hybrids.
25A13t e. H. ADAMS, Troy, N, T.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

ITAI.IAN QUEENS— Untested, 75c. each ;
6 lor $4.00; 12 lor $7..50. Address,
26Atf John Ntbel & Son, High Hill, Mo.

Mention tlie American Bee Journal.

SOUTHERN HONEY WANTED !

WE are likely to have good use for a lot of
Soullierii Hoiiey in the near future,
and invite shipments now. Address,

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

26A:!t Freeman & Cent. Ave., Cincinnati, O.
Mention the American Bee Jimrnal.

BEDDOX eiYES FOR SALE.

I HAVE a hundred, all complete— just fln-
iebed- Purchaser given rigrbt to use ihera,
by Mr. Heddon. will sell at $3.00 each, in lois
of 10 or more. Inquire of,
27Atf E. D. liEENEY, Arcade, N. Y.
Mention ths Amrricnn Bee Jimmal.

Queen Shipping-Cages.

'\X7"E have a lot of Queen-Cages, like the one
TT illustrated, not provisioned, which we
win sell 3 for a dime, by mail, postpaid.

TH08. O. JfEfVUAN A SON,

823 4 925 West Madison-Sireet, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

F.VCTORY OF

BEE HIVES, &C.

Early Nuclei Ac Italian ^iieeiiis.

t^ Tenth annual Catalogue now ready.
5Ctf FATJT, I>. VI AI-l-ON, Bayou Goula. La.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

My 20th Annual Price-Ust S^d'^",ll?".kn^fes"

Queens and Nuclei Colonies (a specialty): also Sup-
plies will be sent to all who Beri'1 their names and
addresses. H H. BROIIFN,

18C3t LIGHT STREET, Columbia Co., PA.

Mention the Amtrican Bee Journal.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply Factory.

We manufacture Bee- Keepers' sup-
plies of all kinds, best quality at
lowest prices. Hives, Sectiona,
PouDd&tiou, Extractors, Smokers,
CmUs, Veils, Feeders, Clover
Seeds, Buck wheat, etc. Im-
ported Italian Queens.
Queens and Bees Sample
Copy of our Bee Journal,
"Tbe Western Bee-Keeper,"
and latent Catalogue mailed
Free to Bee-Keepers, Addre^'i
JOSEPH NY8EWANDEB,
D£S MOUSES. IOWA.

^eniiontfie American tiee juurnal.

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery.

Read what J. 1. Parent, of
CHAHLTON.N.y..eay8— "We

cut with one of your Com-
bined Mficliines, lust winter
^ii chaff hives with 7-in. cap,
KMi honey-racks, 5i«) broad
frames, "JtiMK' honey-boxes
and a preal deal of other
work. This* winter we have
double the amount of bee-
hives, etc., to make and we
expect to do it withthisSaw.
It will do all you say il will."
CataloRue and Price - Ltiai

Free. Address, W. F. & JOHN UARNES,

45Ctf No. 484 RubySt.. Rockford, 111.

Mention the Amerirmt Bee. Journal.

JUST PTTELISHZD.

"PRACTICAL TURKEY RAI^INC'

By Fannv Field. This book telit. ai<
about turkey raipinp. from the Betting
ot the egRs to the marurity of the young
turks. If you (oliow the dir^ctioni^ in
thiB book you need not lose a bird.
Fanny Field has haii more experience
and succi^eds betier in raising turknys than any other
person in America. She cletirs hundre'-s of dollars
yearly on thpm, and will tell you how she does it. Price,
25 cents. Stamps taken. Address R. B. MITOHELI'
Publisher, 69 Dearborn St., Chicago, HI.
6 0 tl

3Iention the American Bee Journal.

Frlendu, il vou are in any way interested In

BEES OR HONEY

We will with pleasure send a naniple copy of the
Semi - Monthly 6leuii1itKa In Itee - Culture.

with a descriptive price-list of the latest imprf»ve-
ments in Iflv**i«, Honey F,xtractot*», Coml)
Foundjktion, Section H*»ney R«>xen, all book»
and Journals, and everylhiniz pertiiininjr to Bee
Oulture. Nothing Patented. Simply send your ad-
dress written plainly, to

A. 1. ROOT, Mp<liiia, Ohio.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

SUPPLY DEALERS

AND OTHEItS should write to me for
Special Phices on BEE - SUPPLIES

for this fall and winter.
j^~ A heavy DiHcoiint allowed.

Address, A.. F. ST-A-TJIFIF'TEI^,
44Dtt STERLING, ILLINOIS.

Mention the Awericnti R*v Journal.

HOW TQ R)IISE COMB HONEY,

PAITIPHLET full of new and improved
methods; Price, 5 one-cent stamps. You
n( ed also ruy list of Italian QiieeiiM, Reeti by
the lb., and Supplies Olivkr Fostkk,
13Atf Mt. Vernon, Linn Co.. Iowa.

Mention the Amerioan Dee Journal.

GLASS PAILS

FOR HONEY.

THESE Palls are mad«
of the beat quality of
clear flint Riass, with a ball
and a metal top and cover.
"When filled with honey. the
attractive appearance of
these palls cannot be equal*
ed by any other style of

Fackaee. They can be used
orhdusehold purposes by
consumers, after the honey
iB removed, or they can be
returned to and re-fllled by
tbe apiarist.
Prices are as follows:
To hold 1 pound of honey, per dozen W 1 .«0

2 pounds " '* a.OO

3 '* " " ».50

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W.Madison-St...... CHICAGO. ILLS.

FOR Sale Cheap— Bee-Hives, Shipping -Crates
and Brood-Frames: Comb Foun lation. Planer-
Sawed V-(irooved Sections a specialty. Price-List
free. J. M. KINZIE & CO.,

i3Atf Rochester. Oakland Co., Mich.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

WE will Sf LL, CA-T^KriOLA-ISr
GiTTElElIM S, reared In June, July
and Aujcust. 18H8, until further notice. Un-
tested queens $1 00 : tested, $2.00 ; tested and
selected. $S 00

ANDREWS Sc LOCKHART,
24Atf PATTEN S MILLS, Wash. Co , N. Y.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

NEW ONE-POUND HONEY PAIL.

'^PHIS new alze of our Tapering
L Hiiney Pails isof uniform deslKD
with the other sizes, having the top
edye turned over, and bus a bail or
handle.— making it very convenient
to cwrrv. It I? well-made and, when
filled with honey, makes a novel and
attriactive small package, that can
_^_ be sold for 20 cents or less. Many

consumers will buy it in firder to give the children a
hand8i>me toy pail. Price, 75 cent* per dusen*
or 9.>.OOper lOO.

THOS. G, NEWMAN & SON,

Oa.T&Oio W. Madison-St CHICAGO, ILLS.

£//£(f^A\f£Hf: TOOLS &yuppue^. -^
Mention tlte American Bee Jowiuil.

•\Ve fiave some El.EOANT
RIBBON BAIHJES, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
50 "cents each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. G. NE'WMAN Jz SON,

92a & SMS West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS

Wood's Italian Queens

ARE now ready to ship. Every one is war-
ranted, and all that are not equal to any
in the country are replaced by E.\tra Tested
Ones of 1888 rearing : 98 per cent, of all
Queens sold laPt season proved purely mated,
and, as far as I know, every customer is satia-
fled. Warranted Qiieeiiit, 75 cents each ; 6
for St.2o : 12 for $»< 00, Address,

JAl'lES F. WOOD,
2GAtf NORTH PKEsCOTT, MASS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.'

TMm m'mmMic^MM mnw jQwmiiRiL.

451

^^'■^'■^'^tmt—-'-^'-^'-^'-— '■ — -■•

XHomAS a. NETvmAi^r,

KDITOB.

VoiniV. Jnly 11, 1888. No, 28.

Sucli boasting and taunting,
Just tiear, oh, ye heavens—

But "Barkis is willin',"
Quoth W. M.Evans! !

■\Ve liad a pleasant call last Saturday
from Mr. A. I. Root's son-in-law, who is
also manager of the establishment at Me-
dina, Ohio.

$$iig;ar ^lade from Honey.— On
page 371 we made some remarks about Mr.
Henry Alley's proposal to raise $5,000
"from the bee-keepers throughout the
United States, and paid to the person who
will devise some method for converting
honey into sugar, similar to granulated
sugar." We remarked that we had some
sugar made from honey in our Museum,
which had been there for a dozen years,
and said that it would not pay to make it.

By request we sent some of the sugar to
Mr. Alley, and lie does not seem to appre-
ciate it. Of course we are sorry to differ
from our friend, but the facts remain all
the same. It is not a question of priority,
particularly; but if a good article of sugar
can be obtained from honey, wliich will
compete with cane sugar, we shall be happy
to see it.

The Xliii-a Aiiniial Report of the

General Manager of the National Bee-
Keepers' Union is now published, and
has been mailed to all the members with
Voting Blanks for officers for the coming
year. We hope that a general response will
result in renewed subscriptions lor the
coming year. As the fees are now reduced
to a dollar a year, thousands should flock to
its standard at once.

An Apiarian Exlilbit is to be made
under Governmental supervision at the
Cincinnati Centennial Exposition next
month. The following list of articles, show-
ing the history and development of the in-
dustry, have been sent from the Museum of
the American Bee Journal. After the
close of the Exposition they will be for-
warded to the National Museum at Wash-
ington for permanent display:

Murphy's Honey Extractor.

Hill's Gas-Pipe Honey Extractor.

Walton's Reversible Honpy Extractor (Model).

Hill's Gae-Pipe Wax-Extractor.

Armstrong's Bee-Hive.

Anthony Malone's Bee-Hive.

Sbuck's Model of a Bee-Hive.

Diehl's Leaf Bee-Hive.

SneJl's Bee-Hive.

Finn's Bee-Hive.

Robert's Bee-Hive.

Russell's Bee-Hive.

Hoke's Straw Bee-Hive.

C. C. Dailey's Bee-Feeder.

Mrs. Dunham's Division-Board Feeder.

Prof. Cook's Division-Board Feeder.

Heddon's Bee-Feeder.

Scovell'g Bee-Feeder.

Henry Alley's Atmospheric Bee-Feeder.

Smith's Queen-Nursery.

Van Deusen's Hive Clamps.

Ackerman's Hive Clamps.

Wood Separators.

Comb Honey Carton.

Shirley's Foundation Fastener.

Adjustable Hive Stand and Swarm Catcher.

Frame Holder and Metal Rabbets.

Sutcliff's Bee-Smoker.

Bingham's Bee-Smoker.

Bingham & Hetherlogton's Honey Knife.

Crate for Honey Sections.

W. T, F. Petty's Queen-Cage.

Harris' Queen-Cage.

Perforated Zinc Queen Excluder.

Woodward's Section of Comb, Partly Built.

Dr.Tlnker's Hard-wood Sand-paperfd Sections.

Comb Foundation from Pelham's Mill.

tVater and Salt tor Bees. — Under
this heading Mr. Wm. Urie writes thus for
the Farm, Stock and Home :

Every apiary, however large or small,
should have a convenient watering place
for the bees. A shallow trough large enough
to liold say a pailful of water, without its
being over 3 inches deep, provided with
some small floats for the bees to alight on to
drink, is a convenient form. Bees drink
and use much water, and they are often
compelled to go long distances tor it and be
subjected to great inconvenience to get it,
at that.

Foraging for water consumes much val-
uable time which would be employed in
protitable work if water was kept at hand.

Bees need salting, also ; it is as necessary
to them as to cattle. About once a week
put a handful of salt in the pailful of water
contained in their trough, and notice with
what avidity the bees will go for it.

Do not give too much salt, but the pro-
portion noted will be found both gratifying
and beneficial.

Xiie Tliirtcentli annual meeting of
the American Association of Nurserymen
was held at Detroit, Mich. This industry
does much to beautify the country and
ennoble the people. Without fruits and
flowers tills would be a dreary land. The
past season this society has secured reduc-
tion in freights by different classiHcation,
which is worth more to nurserymen and
the people than the society ever will cost.
No nurseryman can afford to exclude him-
self from such an association. Send S'iOO
for a membership fee to Chas. A. Green,
Secretary. Rochester, N. Y. Then you will
get the official report free of cost. "The next
meeting will be held in Chicago.

ItassMood is in bloom now in quite a
number of localities, and the yield bids fair
to be plentiful. The weather is warm and
moist, and everything augurs well for the
secretion of nectar, and we hope to be able
to report a bountiful harvest. A few trees
are in bloom near the office of the Bee
Journal, and tlie bees are happy. Mr.
Root, in Oleanhigs for July 1, makes these
remarks on basswood in his locality :

This 30th day of June, bees discovered a
little cluster of blossoms on one of the bass-
wood trees that skirt the road in front of
our dwelling. Only a dozen or two buds
were opened, but the bees were having
quite a rejoicing over them. The trees are
loaded with buds. Wliat shall the harvest
be ?

Chas. F. Ifluth & Son, of Cincin-
nati, have issued a set of 5 illuminated cards
on "Bees and Fruit." The pictures are
fine, and well colored and finished. On the
reverse may be found three paragraphs
from our Leaflet No. 1, entitled, " Why Eat
Honey ?" After these comes the following
announcement :

"We have always made it a point, ever
since we existed, to supply honey in its best
forms, and never soiled our fingers by adul-
teration."

That announcement is something to feel
jwoMd over being able to truthfully make.
It is worth more to a true man than all the
gold of California, or the diamonds of
Africa. That it is truthfully made by our
friends, " Muth & Son," no one who knows
them would deny. It is almost proverbial
that Mr. C. F. Muth is the personification of
truth and honor, and bee-keepers are to be
congratulated in having such a man among
their number. We beg his pardon for this
notice— but it was called out by those at-
tractive cards, placed on our desk by the
mail-carrier just as these forms were ready
for the press.

Every Itee-Keeper who realizes the
importance of the work now being done in
the interest of the pursuit should send a
dollar to this office and become a member
of the Natioual Bee-Keepers' Union for the
ensuing year. " In Union there is strength."
Reader, can you afford to remain outside
any longer ?

Dividing: Swarms.— On this subject
Mr. G. K. Hubbard remarks as follows in
Indiana Farmer for last week :

When two swarms go together they may
be separated by setting two hives on op-
posite edges of a sheet and shaking the bees
between them and brushing them with a
feather to see that an equal number of bees
go into each hive. A sharp lookout should
be kept for the queens, and one put in each
hive. Sprinkling the bees with water re-
tards their movements, so that you are
much more apt to find the queens. When
the swarms that cluster together are put into
one hive they should be given plenty of
room in the surplus boxes, and a little brood
put into the brood-chamber to insure that
no brood is put above.

452

TME m^mmmiQmn mmm ji@itiRiH.siu.

Hot Stimmer. — It is now quite gen-
erally predicted that the rest of the summer
is to be hot all over the couutry. The hi-
diana Pharmacist predicts it upon the fol-
lowing theory, which has been advanced by
others :

The weather seems to run in cycles of
about seven years, that is, when we have a
hot summer, it is always followed by a cold
one, and it takes about seven years to reach
another equally hot. It will be remembered
by many that the summer of 1867 was very
hot, and so dry that during August the
grass crumbled under the feet when trod
upon. The summer of 1868 was noted for
its coolness, the thermometer very seldom
getting above 85°, and we did not reach the
top wave of thermality again until 1874,
when it was extremely hot. The following
summer was cOld to a remarkable degree.
From then on the summers grew gradually
warmer until 1881, which was excessively
hot and very dry, no rain falling for over
nine weeks, and there were more sun-
strokes that summer than there has been in
all the summers since.

The summer of 1882 was quite cold, a few
flakes of snow fell on the morning of July
4, followed by hail in the afternoon, and
during the rest of the month and through
the month of August the temperature was
so low that overcoats were necessary for
comfort, particularly at night. The sum-
mers since 1883 have grown warmer and
warmer, and last summer was a moderately
hot one, but unless all signs fail, the com-
ing summer will be the climax of the cycle,
and a hot, dry season may be expected. So
far this spring the signs nave been against
the theory here advanced, but possibly the
coolness ot the spring may be succeeded by
a regular old scorching summer whose tem-
perature will rival sheol for hotness.

Small Sections tor Comb Honey

etc.— G. B. Olney, Atlanta, Iowa, on June
31, 1888, writes :

The 5-cent packages described on page
393, appears to be too cumbersome, and it
takes too long to get them into sliape. I
take a board the thickness that I want, and
the length of the inside of the frame ; set
the saw to cut halt through, when I cut half
the width of the saw on each end, doing the
same with a board for perpendicular pieces.
I set the jack-plane bit to cut 1-33 of an
Inch, and plane off all I will need in a very
short time. I dampen and strighten them
out, put foundation starters on the long
pieces before I fasten the parts together,
and after they are formed I have an orna-
ment and useful article.

A Mr. J. E. Stoner sent me a sample of
Alsike clover hay, with a note, stating that
his stock of all kinds eat it well. They
leave no stems as they do with red clover
and timothy, and his bees are working on
it splendidly. He has 13 acres of Alsike,
and wants more of it.

I went to a fellow not long since, pre-
sented a loug-standing-bili and met with
this answer:

"Come and git your hives, bee's and all.
I don't like them ere kind of hives, know
how. I'm goin' to make a new kine, some
with draw's in, an' 8om glass in, so I k'n
see what 'um doin'." I thought to myself,
what a good subject you are for Lizzie
Cotton.

The white clover is yielding some honej
when it stops raining long enough to let it
stand up. The corn tields are getting very
weedy, owing to so much wet weather that
farmers cannot work it. It has been very

discouraging thus far this spring, being dry
early, and tlie squirrels took the corn as
fast as it came up. Some farmers replanted
the fourth time, but by using poison and
shot-guns freely, and all the boys with
snare-drums that could be found, we man-
aged to have some corn growing. What
would some men think ot this extra work if
perchance it would be done for the honey-
bee ?

Yes, indeed. While every kind of busi-
ness has its drawbacks, that of keeping
bees is no more liable to them than any
other ; neither is it an exception to the rule.

Nearly every novice, as soon as he enters
the business, assumes to " know it all," and
wants to get up a new hive. He knows
more in one day than all before him in the
business have been able to learn in a cen-
tury. It is a disease which attacks nearly
all who embark in the business.

Cans for Extracted Honey.— A

correspondent in Ulster County, N. Y., on
July 5, 1888, asks the following questions :

1. Are not fruit-cans as good as anything
to put up extracted honey for the market ?
When the honey is put in those cans should
they be exposed to the light ? 3. I have
read that the best plan of taking care of
extracted honey is to put it directly into
fruit-cans and seal up when almost at boil-
ing point. Does not heating honey spoil its
flavor ? Are the covers for said cans air
tight ?

1. Yes ; but there are many kinds ; they
are made of glass, tin, etc., and exposure to
the light is not detrimental to the honey.

3. Heating the honey does no harm, un-
less it is brought to a boil. The covers to
all the self-sealing cans make the package
air-tight ; others are not air-tight.

Sterile Queens.— C. A. Pardee, Coles-
burgh, Ky., on July 2, 1888, writes as fol-
lows:

I send a queen which is a puzzle to me
and my bee-keeping friends of this vicinity.
She was reared under the swarming im-
pulse from a good cell, and the last one of
the batch to be capped. I was careful in
handling this cell, leaving it in original
comb, and never inverting, bruising, or
jarring it. The cell was capped on May 17.
I deemed further inspection of the colony
unnecessary until June 3.3, when its weak
condition warned me that something was
wrong. Upon opening the hive, 1 found no
brood, but the worker cells were tilled with
eggs, and the queen was attending to busi-
ness. On June 30, I again opened the hive,
aiul found that none of the eggs had
hsnched. Upon close inspection, I could
see a tiny drop of larva food in the bottom
of each cell, but instead of the larva, the
egg still remained projecting from the cell-
bottom. I found no eggs in the drone-cells.

I removed the queen immediately, and as
there is no microscopist of sufficient ex-
perience in this vicinity, I send her to you,
Mr. Editor, trusting that you will forward
her to some skilled entomologist who will
for the cause ot science ascertain what is
the matter with her. That she lays sterile
eggs in worker-cells can be verified by in-
troducing her into a nucleus. 1 would sug-
gest that you make the report ot the ento-

mologist public in the Bee Jouknal, as
the solution of this puzzle would surely be
interesting, not only to myself, but to a
large majority of its readers.

We sent the queen to Prof. A. J. Cook,
with the above letter, and here is his reply :

Mr. C. A. Pardee, of Colesburgh, Ky.,
sends me, through the editor of the Ameki-
CAN Bee Joitrnal, a queen, that though
she lays eggs in great numbers, produces no
bees. Mr. P. says as there is no micro-
scopist at his place, he sends the queen for
a full report. This is a case where a micro-
scopist would do no good.

In last week's Rural New Yorker a sub-
scriber writes : "My mare has produced
one or two colts, but now seems sterile.
What is the trouble ?" The veterinarian
editor replies that in many such cases it is
impossible to explain the sterility. In the
higher animals we speak of sterility, though
with them, as with the queen, I presume,
eggs are still produced, but are impotent,
sterile or worthless.

The real trouble with the egg we do not
know ; we may never know. It is a very
difficult subject to investigate. With this
queen— and such queens are not so rare but
that I have seen many of them— as with
occasional examples of all higher animals,
though eggs were ripened and passed from
the reproductive organs, yet they were
sterile. We can only say that the queen's
are diseased, and so only can produce
worthless eggs. What the disease is, or
why the egg is sterile we cannot say. Some
such queens which have come under my
observation, have been very prolific of
eggs ; yet, not an egg would hatch.

So far as I have observed, such queens
never recover from this inability. Breeders
of cattle frequently have cows that ovulate
regularly, yet never breed. Occasionally
such a cow after being sterile for months,
or even years, will become again a regular
breeder. It would seem that in such cases,
we have a disability, which, though very
likely akin to tliat ot the queen in question,
yet is only temporary. This might lead us
to expect that possibly a queen of this kind
might in time become a breeder. However,
it would not pay to keep one with such a
hope in view, except as a matter of scientific
interest. Even with our higher stock it is
a questionable policy to breed from animals
which have been for a time sterile. We
should fear that the same disability might
come in the offspring. — A. J. Cook.

Omission.- In the essay of Mr. T. S.
Sanford, on Farm Apiaries, read before the
Farmers' Institute, and published on pages
435 and 426, two lines were omitted through
an oversight of the printer. The whole sen-
tence should read thus :

After being thus prepared they should
not be disturbed until settled warm weather
has come in the spring to stay ; wlien they
should again be examined, and if any are
found to be without a queen, they should be
united with some weak colony having a
queen, or another queen procured for them
at once.

TTHK MldERIC^r* mmW J@^RN'SI<.

453

DR. A. B. mASON.

This biographical slsetch was written
for Qleanings b}' Mrs. Mason :

The subject of this sketch was born
25 miles southeast of Bufl'alo, in the
town of Wales, Erie Co., N. Y., Nov.
18, 1833. His father was born in
Massachusetts, and was of English,
Scotch, and Irish descent ; was a sold-
ier in the war of 1812, and assisted in
the capture of Fort Erie. His maternal
grandfather was killed bj' the Indian
allies of Great Britain, in the same
war. His maternal grandmother was
of the old Knickerbocker, or Dutch
ancestry.

Mr. Mason liad six brothers older
than liimself, two j'oimger, and two
sisters. All were raised on a farm,
and tlie brothers are all farmers. The
only living sister is the wife of a
farmer, and lives at Emporia, Kansas.
His mother and grandparents all died
in their 83d year, and his father was
about 90 at his death.

In DeKalb Co., 111., when about 17
years old. Dr. Mason taught his first
school, for .fl-l per month, and " board-
ed round." In relating some of the
incidents in connection with that
school, he says : " The three last
teacliers preceding me were turned
out l)y the ' big bjys,' the last being
thrown through the window with the
window shut. Of this I knew nothing
until the morning I went to begin
school. I made up my mind to teach
that school or somebody would get
hurt, and so I told the director. I was
hired for three months, but tauglit
four, and was offered |40 per month to
teach the same school the next winter.
A majority of the scholars were older
than I was."

At the close of this school, young
Mason went to Beloit College," Wis-
consin,and attended two terms, his chum
and friend being the now well-known
Gen. Warner, of Warner "Silver Bill "
notoriety. With the exception of the
above, and a few terms attendance at
an academy in Wyoming, N. Y., when
he was either at or near the head in
all his classes except grammar, his
school education was obtained in the
common*<listrict school.

In his 19th year Mr. Mason joined
the Baptist church of his native town,
and has ever since been proud to l)e
known as a Cliristian. Just previous
to his 22d birtlulay, at the earnest
solicitation of his parents, he com-
menced the study of medicine with
the family physician, working, as op-
portunity offered, to earn money to
help pay expenses.

During the winter of 1857 Dr. Mason
attended medical lectures at the Uni-
versity of Michigan, at Ann Arbor. At
the close of the lecture course, he went
to Illinois to spend the summer, and to
complete his medical studies. Tlie fol-
lowing autumn he returned to the old
home in New York, and on his 25th
birthday was married to a Miss Cl;wk.
In the spring of 1859, in company with
several families from New York and
Illinois, the newly married couple
went west and located at Irvington,
Kossuth Co., Iowa, 40 miles west of
the present home of Mr. Eugene Secor.
The colony with which they went hav-
ing broken up, in 1862 they moved to
Waterloo, Iowa. Here Mr. Mason
commenced the practice of denistry,
which he has followed to the present

Dr. MjJson has always been known
as an earnest temperance worker, and
has had his life threatened twice by
saloon-keepers. He still delights in
being a thorn to them.

His youngest child is a daughter 16
years old, and the oldest is 27. His
children, like himself, use no tea,
coffee, tobacco, or liquor in any form.

In 18t)9, a brother, in moving, left
2 colonies of bees with him till a more
favorable time for moving them. He
soon became interested in them, and,
seeing an article in a newspaper that
year about Mrs. Tupper's success with
bees, wrote to her, making some in-
quiries, which were kindly answered.
He at once became a subscriber to the
American Bee Journal, which he has
taken till the present time.

Di: A. B. Mason, President of the Koiili American Bee-Keepers' Society.

time. He was Secretary and Treasurer
of the Iowa State Dental Society, and
President of the Northern Iowa Dental
Association for two years. For four
terms he was Seeretai'y and a member
of the School Board of the city in
wliich he lived, and was one of the
originators of the city library, and
librarian for several 3ears.

For years Dr. Mason was an active,
if not the most active member of the
church to whidi he Ijelonged, being
at one time sui)crintendent of the
Sabbath-school, churcli clerk, a trustee,
and clerk of the boanl of trustees. He
was a leader in Sabbath-school work
at home and in adjoining counties.
One year he was secretary of eight
different organizations, four of them
relisrious.

The same year, Mr. Mason became a
member of the Central Iowa Bee-Keep-
ers' Association, and the next year was
elected secretary, which position he
held until he left the State.

In 1873, owing to frequent attacks
of rlieumatism, and an increasing de-
sire to makf- bee-keeping more of a
specialty. Dr. Mason quit the office
practice of denistry, and the proceeds
of the apiary have materially aided in
furnisliing "bread and butter" for
wife and chihlren.

In 1874, the family residence, a large
new house, witli all its conients, was
consumed liy lire. There were 18
first-class Italian colonies of bees in
the cellar. On learning of the loss,
some members of the Central Iowa
Bee-Keepers' Association offered to

454

'TH® mmmmiismM mmm j^^mnmi^.

fc^^*^40*^*^*^*-^*-*-*-^^-^*

make him a present of 14: colonies as
a starter.

The same year we moved to Ohio,
which has since been our home. In
the summer of 1875 we lived in a
suburb of Cincinnati, and made and
sold the Murphj' honey-extractor, most
of them going to southern States.

In 1876, Dr. M. was chosen secre-
tary of the Buckeye Union Poultry As-
sociation, and held the position for
four years.

In the winter of 1879 he tried what
has since been the known as the " Pol-
len Theory," and, with the experience
of that and succeeding winters, he
has been made a firm believer in that
theory. This was several years before
anj'thing was said about it in the bee-'
periodicals.

In 1881 Mr. Mason succeeded in
getting the Tri-State-Fair Association
at Toledo to offer Fair premiums for
the display of the products of the api-
ary, and the display has increased in
attractiveness each year ; and last fall
it was said the display was the most
attractive of any on the grounds. He
was appointed superintendent of the
department the first year, and still
holds the position.

During the year 1882 and 1883,
when but little was generally known
about foul brood, his apiary of 75 col-
nies was badly infected, nearlj' every
colony having it in 1883, and he has
frequently stated the loss was from
$300 to $500 ; but he cured it that year,
and has had none since.

For several years he has been a
member of the Michigan State Bee-
Keepers' Association, and in 1886 was
made an honorary member.

At Chicago, in November, 1887, on
his 54th birthday, Mr. M. was chosen
president of the North American Bee-
Keepers' Society.

Early in October last, he made what
he called a " new departure " in bee-
keeping. Having become satisfied, in
theory, that it was of no special benefit
for bees to be flying after frosts had
destroyed all honey-producing blos-
soms, he concluded to prepare a few
colonies for wintering, and place them
in the cellar as soon as there came a
killing frost. On the night af Oct. 15
there was a hard frost. On the night
of the 19th he placed t#e prepared
colonies in the cellar. On April 27,
1888, the bees were taken from the
cellar, after undergoing a confinement
of six month.s and eight days, and
were in good condition, having lost in
weight 7J pounds on an average.

The other colonies, put in the cellar
in November,were weighed at the same
time (Oct. 19), and. when taken out
with those put in Oct. 19, were found
to have lost in weight, on an average,
over 11 pounds.

During the past winter he has de-
livered two addresses at farmers' in-
stitutes, and one at a horticultural
meeting, the subject being " The
Benefits of Bee-Keeping to the Agri-
culturist and Horticulturist."

Mr. Mason has been chosen to
superintend the Apiarian Department
of the Ohio Centennial Exposition, to
be held at Columbus from next Sept.
4 until Oct. 19.

He is now serving his third term as
assessor of the precinct in which we
live, having been re-elected by an in-
creased majority.

Mrs. a. B. Mason.

Auburndale, Ohio.

Distinguishing Purely Mated
Italian Queens.

Written for the American Bee Jbitmal

Query 558.— How can a purely-mated Ital-
ian queen be distlDguiebed from one mated
with a Cyprian or Holy Land drone, or with a
drone that iB a mixture of Italian and one of
these races ?— Calif.

By her progeny — H. D. Cutting.
I do not know. — P. L. Viallon.
By her progeny. — A. B. Mason.
I do not know. — J. M. Shuck.
By her progeny. — Mrs.L. Harrison.
I doubt if she can. — Eugene Secor.
Only by her progeny. — J. P. H.
Brown.

You've got me. — James Heddon.

Only by the markings or disposition
of her progeny. — C. H. Dibbern.

I have had no experience with
Cyprian or Holy Land bees. — J. M.
Hambaugh.

By the appearance of her progenj',
and in that way only occasionally. — R.
L. Taylor.

1 doubt if it can in all cases. I doubt
if it can be certainly in any case. — A.
J. Cook.

In no way that I know of. This is
one of the worst features about getting
the Cyprians and Syrians into this
country. 1 think we would have been
much better off had we never seen
either. — G. M. Doolittle.

She cannot with certainty. Her
progeny will be so nearly like pure
Italians that I do not believe any one
can distinguish them with certainty in
all cases. — M. Mahin.

The workers of such a cross-bred
queen will many of them resemble the
Cyprian or Holy Land workers, as the
case may be, and others will resemble
Italian workers. The close observer

can readilj' tell the workers of such a
cross by observing the pure races bj"
themselves. — G. L. Tinker.

There is no way by which the mat-
ing of a queen can be determined ex-
cept by her worker progeny. It is
only by strict attention to the matter
that this can be done. Three yellow
bands is the color test, and is the only
test that 1 know of ; and it will not
apply to the crosses between the yel-
low varieties. All dependence must
be placed upon the honesty of the
breeder. — J. E. Pond.

No one but an expert in such mat-
ters can make the distinction, and
even then it is not certain that no mis-
take will be made. Pure Cyprians are
marked by the solid j-ellow on the un-
derside of the abdomen, which mark-
ing is not materially changed by cross-
ing with the other yellow varieties.
The other yellow races (Italians and
Syrians) are marked with dark veins
dividing the jellow with the segments
of the body. One well acquainted
with the peculiar motions and actions
of bees of different races may detect a
mixture of blood, but there is room for
mistake all around. — G. W. Demaree.

No method has yet been discovered
bj- which to determine the purity of
the mating of queens, except by the
markings and temper of their worker
progeny. As the bees mentioned are
so nearly like the Italian, we think
that it would be exceedingly difficult
to determine the matter even with the
worker progenj' of such queens — that
is, to determine with any degree of
certainty. — The Editor.

Double-Walled Bee-Hives and
Supers.

Written for the AmerUvin Bee Journal

Query 559.— 1. When wintering bees on the
summer standi), which Is the best, a double-
walled hive with chaff between the outer and
Inner walls, or double-walls with a vacant
space between the walls ? 3. Which Is best
for winter, double-walled hives, with walls one
Inch thick and 2 inches of space between the
walls, or single-walled hives with a wall 4-
iDobes thick '/ 3. In working for comb honey
should the surplus story be double-walled ? lif
so, will more honey be obtained thereby 7—
Mich.

1. Probably with chaff. 2. Probably
the double-wall. 3. No. — C.C.Miller.

1. We prefer hollow double-walls.
2. It makes little difference. 3. No.
— Dadant & Son.

1. I do not know. 2. Double-walled
hive. 3. No.— R. L. Taxlor.

1. A vacant space. 2. A 2-inch
space between the walls. 3. No, no.
— Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. I would use the chaff between. 2.
I cannot say. 3. No. — J. M. Ham-
baugh.

THE SMERICSP* SBK J©URKMIr.

455

I have had no experience with chaff
hives, as thej' are useless for the South.

P. L. VlALLON.

1. Double-wall with chaft'. 2. Double-
wall. 3. No, but a shade-board will
pay.— A. B. Mason.

1. If the space were perfect h- air-
tight it would be as good as the chaflf
— otherwise not. 2. The former. 3.
No. — Eugene Secor.

1. I prefer fine or cut straw to
either. 2. I prefer the double-walled
hive, every time. 3. The single story
is just as good. — G. M. Doolittle.

1. Use the chaff to make sure of
dead-air spaces. 2. No practical dif-
ference ; these things do not cure or
creat3 bee-diarrhea. 3. No, no. —
James Heddon.

1. The chaff makes it warmer, or
more independent of outside tempera-
ture. 2. 1 do not understand. The
character of the wall must be ex-
plained. 3. No. — A. J. Cooif.

1. I do not think any difference will
be found. 2. The first mentioned will,
I think, be the better. 3. I prefer a
single-wall for the purpose. — J. E.
Pond.

1. I use, for wintering on the sum-
mer stands, a single-walled hive with
4 inches of packing outside. 3. I do
not know. I shall try with and with-
out this season. — H. D. Cutting.

1. I should prefer chaff to a dead-
air space. 2. The double-walled hives,
but I would neither use those nor a
hive with -t-inch solid walls. 3. No ;
it is no advantage whatever. — C. H.

DiBBEKN.

1. I have never used chaff in that
way. I have some double-walled hives
with an inch of dead-air space between
i-ineh walls, and the bees always win-
ter well in them. 2. The former. 3.
1 prefer a double-walled surplus story.
— M. Mahin.

I. I am well satisfied that the hives
packed with chaff' are the safest in
out-door wintering. 2. I should pre-
fer the double-walled hive. 3. No,
but further North, where the nights
are very cool, some extra protection
would appear to be necessar}'. — G. L.
Tinker.

1. Double walls packed with chaff
have proved best with rae. Outside
walls I inch thick ; inside walls J inch
thick, and 3 inches of chaff. Chaff"
over the frames 6 inches thick. 2.
Double walls are better in winter for
out^doors than single-walls. 3. Double-
walled supers are no advantage. I
have used them. — J. M. Shuck.

1. Chaff' between is the best. 2. I
would say that neither is pi'aclicable,
and I could not make a choice be-
tween them. 3. No, not according to

my ideas of a practical working hive.
It pays best to use a light, properly
arranged hive for storing honey, and
for rapid mani|nilati()n. Then use an
outer-case arcnind it where packing is
necessary for winter inotection. Very
few "combined" implements are a
perfect success. The honey season is
the all-important thing in bee-keeping.
— G. W. Demaree.

1. For wintering bees, hives with
double walls, having the space be-
tween them perfectly air-tight are on
some accounts preferable to those
having the space between the walls
tilled with chafl'. 2. The former is,
perhaps, preferable, but the ditt'erence
is very slight. 3. No. — The Editor.

A REVIEW.

Also a Reply to Various Writers
on Current Topics.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY G. W. demaree.

I have been so busy of late looking
after a multiplicity of bu.siness on my
hands, that I have been compelled to
pass by many things that otherwise I
would like to notice.

Mr. Doolittle is still doing battle for
his " swarming impulse" queens, and
perhaps he imagines that he has
silenced all opposition. Strange that
Mr. D. has failed to see that he has
not pretended to meet the real matter
at issue. The question has nothing to
do with the " dollar queen," and other
loose and unscientific methods to force
queens ready for the market. The
real question is an important one, and
should be treated with all fairness.

Can the art and skill of the apiarist
be .so applied as to improve the races
of bees ? This is the only phase of
the question that I care to discu.ss.
Man has succeeded in improving all
the domesticated animals, and my ex-
periments go to show that the honej--
bee is not an exception.

Mr. Doolittle seems to be tender on
this subject, and I am not surprised to
see that a true, conscientious man like
himself should instinctively feel " ten-
der" when it comes to queens i-eared
by "nater." For there has been as
much humbug to tlie square inch con-
nected with the '• swarming impulse "
cpieen business, as can be found any-
where, the shrewd hybrid business not
excepted.

I have no hesitation in saying that
as many persons have been disappoint-

ed, who have purchased advertised
"swarming impulse reared queens,"
in proportion to the number sold, as
have been disappointed by purchasing
queens reared by the cheaper methods.
But all such argument as this, and the
condemnation of Mr. Doolittle of the
shoddj' methods, does not touch the
real question.

That bees and queens can be im-
proved in beauty of markings, size,
etc., I have proved bej'ond question.
I wish that I was able to speak as con-
fidently of the improvement of the
working qualities of my bees. Perhaps
this desirable part will be found to
baffle the skill of the most careful
breeders.

After breeding up a strain of Italian
bees that I believed was superior as
honey-gatherers, I put into my apiary
an imported Italian queen, and with
daughters reared from her I re-queen-
ed about 20 colonies of my bees, hav-
ing in view the introduction of fresh
blood on the male side of the race, and
to my surprise these colonies, headed
by daughters of the imported mother,
were in no way inferior to my care-
fully bred bees when it came to solid,
hard work. The same thing has oc-
curred twice in my apiary in the past
ten years. I therefore conclude that
race has more to do with industi-y and
the other qualities which go to make
up good working bees, than all else
besides.

It has been quite common for queen-
breeders to talk and write with all
confidence about rearing queens for
" business, etc." I really wish that
there was more of the substantial
about it, for the reason that any api-
arist may dispel his delusion by trying
the experiment that I have mentioned
above. The main point in breeding
bees is to keep the race or strain pure
and keep up the introduction of fresh
blood to give health, vigor and energy.

Bee-Culture Not a Fixed Science.

My friend and co-laborer in the api-
cultural vineyard in Kentucky, Mr.
James M. Tyler, proposes to be un-
mercifully hard on Dr. Allen and my-
self, and perhaps all the old veterans
in bee-culture. He demands of us
that we stniid to what we have written
on bee-culture in the years that have
gone by. Speaking for myself, I can-
not afford to do this, though much of
what I did write was fully up with the
times.

Bee-culture is not a " fixed science."
It is progressive, and hence the writer
on bee-culture, if disenthralled from
fogyism, must always be moving. Still
I do not demur to the bee " literature
under your arms." Come on with it,
and I am sure that you will not find
me the stinging hybrid that you repre-
sent me to be.

456

TMm MMERICMfl mnW JQ\JRf€mi<.

^*^*-^*-^*-^*-^*-^*-^*-'

»I do not admit that Kentucky is
beliiud tlie times. All States and peo-
ples have their specialites, and no
State excels in all departments of
business.

Do Bees Select beforeliand tlieir Home 1

Mr. J. E. Hand thinks that I am a
little " off" on tliis subject. I admit
it. It is no unusual thing for an error
to become so deeply- rooted that it re-
quires a bold man indeed to undertake
to root it up. The old superstitions
notion that bees " send out scouts " to
locate the new commonwealth, has too
much genuine mmance about it to be
given up without a struggle. Bees are
sometimes seen passing in and out of
hollow trees, and the conclusion is
jumped at that the bees are " cleaning
out " a new home ! No one, it seems,
has stopped to think that chemical
changes that sometimes takes place in
the rapid decay of wood is sufficient to
account for tliis.

We are told that a swarm of bees
have been seen to strike a " bee-line "
for some hollow tree. Yes, but about
ten times more frequentlj- the)- do not
go direetlj' to some hollow tree, but
wander from place to place, sometimes
roosting out over night till they in-
stinclively tind a hole to crawl into.
But the unerring habits of bees forbid
any such thing. Bees never do any-
thing in advance of the'ir present wants.
This fact alone ought to settle the
question.

IiOSB ol'li'oung Queens.

Mr. Millard, in his article on' page
423, explains the cause of the loss of
so many young queens at the time of
their mating, and I need only to say
that the " cause" is not " unaccounta-
ble " to me ; that is, the presence of
too many indifferent, cranky old bees,
but the unaccountable part is, wliy old
bees should not only become indiffer-
ent to the future prospects of the col-
ony, but full of jealousy and hate
toward the only source of relief — the
young queen. I am glad to see that
light is breaking on this subject. No
author of our standard works, so far
as I have seen, has ever touched upon
this subject.

Christiansburg, Ky.

CANADA.

Report of llie Brant Bee-Keep-
ers' Association.

Wrlttan for the ^Vmerican Dee Journal
liV K. V. HOLTERMANN.

A meeting of the above association
was called to order by President An-
guish, at the Court House in Brantford,
Ont.,on Saturday, May 5, at 2 p.m. Tlie
prize list for the countv show to be

held at Brantford, on Sept. 12 to 15,
was adopted, being as follovps :

1. Display of comb honey In most market-
able shape, product of exhibitor, and not less
than ;iOO pounds, quality to govern. 1st prize,
$.5 00 : 2d prize, S3 00 ; given by the Brant
Bee-Keepers' Association.

2. Display of extracted honey, let, $5.00 ;
2d. $3 00 : given by the assoc ation.

3. Display of comb and extracted honey (ex-
hibitors who have entered in Sec. 1 and 2 ex-
cluded), not les'^ than 200 pounds of each,
quality to govern, 1st, $4.00 ; 2d, $2. .50 ; given
by tbe association.

4. Ten pounds of clover extracted honey in
glass, 1st, hee-bive, given by K. L. Goold &
Co. ; 2d, §1.00, by T. Birkett.

5. Ten pounds of linden extracted honey in
glass, 1st, bee-hive, by S.Dickie : 2d. Canadian
BdUfy-Pniducer oae year, E. L. Goold & Co.

6. Best 10 pounds of comb hooey in sections,
Ist. one colony of bees, by D. Anguish ; 2d,
$1 00, by J. H Howell.

7. Best honey vinegar, Ist, one smoker, by
R. F. Holtermann ; 2d, 75 cents.

8. Best assortment of fruits put upin honey,
1st, swarm-catcher, by R. F. Holterman ; 2d,
75 cents ; 3d, 25 cents.

9. Best display of bee-keepers* supplies, the
manufacture of the exhibitor, 1st. $5.00 ; 2d,
$2.00.

10. Best hive for comb honey, 1st, diploma ;
2d, 50 cents.

11. Best hive for extracted honey, Ist,
diploma ; 2d, 50 cents.

12. Best honey extractor, Ist, diploma ; 2d,
50 cents.

O. McAlister and W. R. Brown, who
were not yet members of the Ontario
Association, were appointed represen-
tatives for tlie year, in accordance
with the Ontario Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation l\y-laws.

S. A. Dickie asked how we should
know of the proposed shipment of
queens, one of which every memljcr
of the Ontario Association will receive.
T. Birkett said that doubtless notice of
shipment would probably be sent a few
dajs previously'.

Experiments in Bui-ytiig Bees.

The report of the "buried bees"
was next given. The President, D.
Anguish, stated that his bees had been
taken out alive. The combs were,
however, damp and moldy. One col-
ony was veiy strong, but the others
were on the weak side. The unfavor-
able weather which followed had af-
fected them, and they were all lost.

S. A. Dickie reported 2 colonies
dead when taken out ; the rest were in
veiT fair condition, one in fact being
first-class. They had since perished
from the same cause as Mr. Anguish's.
He intended to try again.

The Secret.ary stated that all his liees
had come out about equally strong,
but the combs were slightly moldy.
None had perished since being taken
out. In closing, he stated that they
had been taken out dead. He would
leave this experiment to be con-
tinued by tile man who had wintered
his bees that way succes.sfully. T.
Birkett reported that his bees liad
wintered well, but that several had
since been robbed.

This question was asked : " What
is the best time to Italianize bees ?"
Answer, ••During the honey season."

THE UNION".

Report ot the Oeneral manager
on the Third Year's W^ork.

It becomes the duty of your General
Manager, at the end of the third j'ear
of the existence of the National Bee-
Keepers' Union, to review the impor-
tant events of the fiscal year just
ended, and with special pride he mak«s
the announcement that, so far, the
Union has Ijeen successful in every
case it has undertaken in defense of
the pursuit of keeping bees. No de-
cision has yet been obtained inimical
to the pursuit of bee-keeping.

The officers were re-elected in July,
1887, bj' almost an unanimous vote,
and during the year they have aided
in every possible manner to make the
Union triumphantly successful in every
case it has undertaken.

A^neuded Constitution.

The proposed amendments to the
Constitution were all carried unani-
mously, and went into effect on Jan.
1, 1888 ; as amended it reads thus :

Article I.— This organization shall be known as
the " National Bee-Keeiiers' Union," and fihall meet
annually, or a8 Dtten as necensily may require.

AHTICLE II.— lis nhject !-hall be to protect the in-
terests of bee-keMner,s. and to defend their rights.

ARTICLE III.— Tlie officers (if this Union shall con-
Bist of a President, Hve Vice-Presidents, and a Gen-
eral Mariaeer (wlni shall alen be the Secretary and
Treasurer!, whose duties shall be those usually per-
formed by such otBcers. They .shall be elected by
ballot, and hold their several offices lor one year,
or until their successors are elected; blank ballots
for this purpose to be mailed to every member by
the General Manager.

Articlk IV.— 'riie (jflficers shall constitute an Ad-
visory Board, which shall determine what action
shall be taken by this Union, upon the application
ot bee-keepers tor defense and cause such extra
assessments to he made upon the members as may
become necessary for their defense : vroviAvd that
only one assessment shall be made in any one fiscal
year, without a majority vote ot allihe members
(upon blanks furnished for that purpose), together
with a statement showing why another assessment
is desirable.

ARTICLE v.— .\ny person may become a member
by paying to the General Manager an Entrance Fee
of ONE DOLLAR. lor which he shall receive a printed
receipt making him a member of this Union, en-
titled to all its rights and benefits. An annual fee
of tl.iM) shall be due i>n the first day of July in each
year, and MUST be paid within 6 months in order
to retain membership in this Union.

ARTICLE VI.— I'he Kunds of this Union shall be
used for no other purpose tlian to detend and pro-
tect its members In their righis, after such cases
are approved by the Advisory Board ; and to paythe
legit Iniale expenses of this Union, such as printing,
postage, clerk-hire. etc.

ARTICLE VII.— This Constitution may be amended
bv a majority vote of all the members at any time.

The memljership of the Union has
not increased as mncli as it was ex-
pected, but this may be accounted for
in the fact that the drouth of last sum-
mer prevented the bees from gathei'ing
much honej-, and therefore bee-keepers
have felt too poor to add to their or-
dinary expenses. It is to be hoped
that a good crop may be obtained this
vear from basswood and fall flowers,
so that all may be able to contribute
their mite to aid this important ad-
junct to the pursuit of apiculture.

In several cases your Manager has
been consulted as to the best course to
pursue when bee-keepers were threat-
ened with lawsuit.bj- envious or jealous

THE fE^dERICSH BEE JOURNIS,!,.

457

neig)ibors. After jfiving due consid-
eration to the detailed facts in each
case, they have been advised as to tlie
best couise to pursue, and in man}'
cases lawsuits have been averted by
the conciliatory measures advised bj-
the Union. In two cases, where the
bees were really an inju7-y to the neigh-
bors by being too close to the line
where sweaty horses were driven al-
rnost constantly, the bees have been
removed by advice of your General
Manager, and thus all trouble has been
averted. In other cases compromises
have been advised, and the wisdom of
such has been seen in the amicable re-
lations now existing, where trouble
had been brewing.

Calirornia Uaisln-Growem,

The decision reached in the Bohn
case not only averted the trouljle which
at one time wore a serious aspect, but
now a proposition has been made to
buj- th(! apiary and remove it — thus
saving the apiarist from the loss which
■would have resulted from his being
unceremoniously driven out of his
honorably-ac(piired and just rights.

This, however, was quite unnecessary,
for the bees not only did no damage,
but vastly increased the crop. The
California Horticulturist, last fall, ad-
mitted that the crop wasgreatly in ex-
cess of all cxi)ectations. So the bees
are the fruit-growers' very best friends!
Thej- increase their crops, and enlarge
their l)ank account balances. This'is
how the bees have rewarded the mak-
ers of the "late war" forced upon
them by some ignorant and selfish
raisin-growers.

It was proven at the trial that the
bees could not bite into the skin of a
grape. A San Diego bee-keeper, says
the San Francisco Chronicle, settled the
question in this way :

He took a perfect bunch of grapes, every berry of
which wa" sound an^ in good order, aii-l suspended
It in theraidilleof a liiveof bees for an indetln te
time. It remained there several weelis. and at the
expiration of tlie period was removed in as perteot
a condition as wlien first putln the hive. Thousands
of bees had leen iTawling all over the fruit during
that time, only tuo eager to attack the juice thereof,
but had been unable to do bo.

History repeats itself. Sometime
ago, in a certain town in Nimv Eng.
land, so strong was the belief that bees
injured the fruit, that an ordinance
was passed obliging the bee-keepers to
remove their bees to another locality.
After a year or two, the fruit-growers
decided to have the bees brought back,
because so little fruit matured upon
the trees.

Had the raisin-gi-owers been succes.S;
ful in California, and had driven the
bees away, it would only have been a
short time before they would have
been just as anxious for their return
as they then were to drive them out of
their borders ! It was the work of
ignorance and prejudice to demand

the removal of the bees, but as soon as
light and knowledge was allowed a
place, better judgment prevailed.

Tbe "RIoli" Lawsuit.

As mentioned in our last report, Mr.
S. W. Rich, of Hobart, N. Y., was sued
by a jealous and disagreeable neigh-
bor for ^1,200 damages, and also to
compel him to mo\-e his home-apiary
outside the city limits. Bee-keepers
from several States attended the trial,
which was held last October before
Judge Boardman, at the Delaware
county court. About 40 witnesses
were called.

The' plaintiff asked for ^1,200 dam-
ages for injuries inflicted by the bees
upon his person and property, but the
jurj-, from which every person having
bees was excluded, gave him but six
cents to cover wounded feelings and
damaged property ! !

This virtually declared that the bees
were not a nuisance. The result is an
overwhelming defeat for the enemies
of the pursuit of bee-keeping, and
another victory for the National Bee-
Keepers' Union.

But as the award of even 6 cents as
damages carried with it costs amount-
ing to .*4G8.04, the case has been ap-
pealed to the Superior Court, which
will cost about sfSOO more. Judge
Boardman ruled against the bees every
time, and in charging the jury com-
pared the bees to a pig-sty and a
slaughter-house. This was the first
case with one exception ever tried in
the State, and the Judge having no
law or precedent to go by, ruled just
as he thought right, with the above
result.

It will not do to let bee-keeping be
likened to a pig-sty or a slaughter-
pen ! It is an honest and honorable
pursuit and its rights must be pre-
served. This appeal will be heard
this fall, the Union having engaged
lawyers, and guaranteed the expenses
of the new trial. Had the Judge been
inclined to be as Jnir as the jury, this
would have been unnecessary.

>*^**j««>*j»f t^>«>»»*^»^*^A^

An insolent Virginian
the latest defender of that lie. The
Union took up the case and demanded
the proof. In short, this modern Goliah
was frustrated— beaten at every turn—
and his vaunting trailed in the dirt be-
fore his verv eyes !

Such offensive braggarts must be
taught to make sure of their proofs
before parading them in the face of
the intelligent public. The National
Bee-Keepers' Union exists to fearlessly
teach the impudent, that Truth shall
triumph, even though such a "Goliah"
may defiantly and tauntingly say :
" Come on, saints and sinners, ' Barkis
is willin'," " I can prove it," etc.
Audacity cannot win, especially when
the Union lifts up the standard, and
defends the pursuit.

In this connection, the Union has
forced Prof. Wiley to make this as-
tonishing confession :

At the time. I repeated this statement more in the

light of a pleasantry than as a commercial reality.

for Ifiid tint behrve that tt was POSSIBLE commer-

ciuUy to imitate the cnmb.

Therefore, he " knowingly, wilfully,
and maliciously " lied, out of whole
cloth, just to cause a sensation, and to
injure an honest pursuit. It is aston-
ishing that any man could make such
a bare-faced confession without blush-
ing for the infamy it exhibited !

Lawjers, doctors and ministers have
been caught repeating the diabolical
lie, and even this Virginian ventures to
repeat it ! But all have come to grief
before the Union's triumphant banner
of truth !

Pofdonlng tbe Bees.

Boguiv Comb Honey.

The Wiley /('(' about hone^r-comb
being manufactured, filled with orii,.
cose and sealed over by machinery has
received considerable attention from
the Union during the past year.

In oi-der to counteract the baneful
influence of that and similar false-
hoods, one of our Vice-Presidents, Mr.
A. I. Root, has issued a " card," otter-
ing ^1,000 for the proof of the exis-
tence of such a fraudulent article on
the market, but as it does not exist,
the offer is not taken ! When pressed
for proof, the ])eddlcrs of the lie have
to admit that the evidence they relr
on is mere hear-say. and at the critical
moment vanishes out of sight !

A paper in Atlantic, Iowa, published
a malicious article against bee-keeping,
and advised the grape-growers to
poison the bees in their localities,
making wild and untruthful assertions
about the "grape-raising industry
having been almost entirely killed out
in Ohio, by this nuisance.'" The Union
proved this to be a malicious false-
hood, and the author of it was shown
to be either ludicrously ignorant, or a
vile slanderer !

Mr. W. M. Bombarger, of Harlan,
Iowa, a member of the Iowa Horticul-
tural Societj-, and a fruit-grower, in a
letter to the Bee-Keepers' Union, states
trhat the article in the Messenger should
" receive the condemnation of the in-
telligent grape and fruit grower of the
State which it 7«;'»--repre.sents," and
adds :

That the grape-raising industry In Ohio has been
killed out by lioney-bees or apiarists following their
harmless pursuit. 1 assert Is false, whether the as-
sertion be made maliciously or ignorantlv, and is
proven so by the report of the commissinner of agrl-
culture for ik«k, page 116, where, commenting on
"The shrinkage of yield in Ohio." he reports as fol-
lows : "The shrinkage of grapes in ISHI.lH-iS and
1885 was due principally to tiiree facts which can-
not be separated -rot. mitdew.and the etTect of the
previous severe winter."

458

itrnm mmLmmicmn mmm j©^rnmi,.

I rcRard the honey-bees as one of my very best
friends in eriipe luul small Iruit culture, anil keep a
small apiary in my smaller vineyard, which is so
located that the path of the bees, in the air to their
best pasturajie during the blo&soming season. Is over
my larger vineyard.

I find the bees so valuable in fertilizing fruit
bloom that 1 not only encourage my neighbors to
keep them, but intend doubling my stock in the
near future. Their value is greatest whenever we
have cool, wet weather during the fruit-bloom, and
the winds cannot carry the pollen in dust form from
flower to flower.

Arkadelphia "Nuisance" Case.

This ca.se, mentioned in the last Re-
port, will come to trial about July 16,
1888. Meanwhile Mr. Clark has been
sent to jail in default of paying a daily
.fine for maintaining a nuisance by
keeping bees in Arkadelphia, Ark.

The "Union" has employed several
of the most noted attorneys in that
State to defend the case, and con-
fidently expects a decision in favor of
the pursuit. It would be very detri-
mental to the pursuit to allow a de-
cision against bee-keeping to be put
upon record on the plea of its being a
" nuisance."

Mr. Clark gives the following par-
ticulars of the case :

I was released on a habeas corpus bond on March
2, for my appearance at lu a.m. the next day. I had
not been home with my family more than about
three hours when l*was re-arrested and talten before
the Mayor and lined $14 and costs, and remanded
to jail again Of course it would be nonsense to pay
the tine, and go back and have the same thing to go
over again the next day.

The Mayor fined me one day when no one had
seen any bees about my place. He sent the Marshal
to my house to ascertain if he could see any bees-
it was cool, and no bees were flying. The Marshal
did not see any bees, and swore that he did not, but
the Mayor fined me " all the same."

We have appealed all the cases— eleven in number
—the first day's fine was |.^.00. and an additional
dollar for each day : the last day's fine being $l.^.oo.
He even fined rae after we had made affidavit asking
for a change of venue, averring that 1 "could not
get a fair trial, and that he was prejudiced," etc.

I am confident that if bee-keepers could fully
realize my condition, the Bee-Keepers' Union would
have 10,000 members in 24 hours.

Bj' the enforcement of an unlawful
ordinance of the city, Mr. Clark has
been deprived of his liberty, and the
constitutional rights guaranteed to
every citizen of the United States.
Even granting that it was wrong in
Mr. Clark not to obey the city authori-
ties, he should have had a speedy trial
by an impartial jury — all of which
have lieen denied liim. Even when
released under a writ of habeas corpus,
he was, within three hours, re-arrested
and fined. After demanding a change
of venue, because of the prejudice of
the Mayor, that functionary again fined
him, denying him his constitutional
rights. Mr. Clark has a strong case,
and in justice to the pursuit, ought to
be defended. The Union agreed to pay
the Hon. S. W. Williams |i250 for de-
fending the case up to and including
the trial at the Circuit Court next
week.

A member of the Union gives his
views of this case in these words :

It Is our duty to stand by him. and hold up his
hands while he is suffering imprisonment, and put
to great inconvenience and pecuniary loss In the
defense of a principle which is dear to us all.
Surely. In a matter of this character, the inlurv of
one is the concern of all. I would willingly pay a

dozen assessments rather than have Mr. Clark
worsted in this matter.

No extra assessment would be neces-
sary, if but one-tenth of the bee-keep-
ers of America should join the Union.
The Manager does not favor an extra
assessment, and will not consent to
such, unless it becomes an absolute
necessity. If its devotees will not de-
fend the pursuit, who should do so ?
The defense .should have universal
support. A few ought not to bear the
burden for all. Donations of any
amount will be cheerfully received, but
extra assessments are not desirable,
because what may be a mere bagatelle
to some might prove a burden to those
less able to contribute their quota.

The only wonder is that there were
not 10,000 members of the Union
within a few months after its organi-
zation. There ought to have been a
general rush to the defense of the pur-
suit.

It is a shame that, with 300,000 bee-
keepers in the United States, so few
are willing to defend the pursuit
against its enemies. Many are selfish,
and think that so long as they are not
molested, they will not join the Union.
But as soon as thej'. are even threat-
ened, they rush around for some help,
and want the Union to tell them what
to do, etc. But the Advisorj" Board
has decided that the Union can defend
only those who have become members
before thej' were in trouble of that
kind.

It will take nearly two thousand
dollars to successfully defend the cases
now on hand, and the Union must
have two thousand members during
the coming year, or it will be obliged
to let the cases go by default — and the
pursuit will suffer an ignominious
defeat !

To those Not lUembers of the Union.

Reader, are you satisfied to accept
the latter as tlie result of your apathy
If not, sit down at once and send a
dollar as a membership fee to the Na-
tional Bee-Keepers' Union. You will
get a receipt by return mail, and may
then have the consolation of knowing
that you have done your duty in this
case ! It is now or never 1 Inaction
will insure defeat — activity is life —
energy — power !

UNION IS STRENGTH !

Financial Statement.

From July 1, 1887 to June 30, 1838.

Balance as per last report f224.25

From H7 members at jl.oueach 97.00

From iy4 members at 1 1.25 each 242.50

$563.75

Paid S.W.Rich's suit $IOO.(Xl

Paid Z. A. Clark's suit 125 00

Printing, stamps, stationery, etc 80.48

$305.48

Balance on hand July 1. 1888 $258.27

Concluding Remarks.

I now submit my third annual Re-
port with the hope that it will meet
with general approval. Having served
the Union for three years to the best
of my ability, with the consciousness
of having done my duty for the pur-
suit, I shall welcome my successor as
soon as your choice is revealed.
Yours fraternally,

Thomas g! Newman,

General Manager.

IOWA.

The Condition of the Bee§, and
the Prospects.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY EZRA. J. CRONKLETON.

The Election of Officers.

It now becomes my duty to call for
$1.00 for the coming year, as dues
from each member. The enclosed
Blank is to be used for that purpose ;
and also a Voting Blank. Fill up all
the blanks, and send to the Manager
with a postal note or money order for
$1.00 in the enclosed envelope. It must
be received by Aug. 1, 1888, or the vote
will be lost.

As so many complain that the prosy
side of bee-keeping is always told, I
will give a little of the other side as
regards this part of Iowa. My bees
were wintered in the cellar, on good
linden honey, and lots of it, with no
loss of colonies. They were put on the
summer stands on April 1, the weather
that month being cool and unfavorable.
During May the weather was cool, wet
and unfavorable in the extreme, there
being at least 20 days that the bees
were confined to tlie hives.

The whole spring bloom passed away
with but very little benefit to the bees ;
still with all these discouraging cir-
cumstances, when June arrived, my
bees were in very good condition for
white clover ; but, alas, the clover
bloomed and the cool air that has pre-
vailed all the spring continued. The
clover seems to secrete nothing, and
the consequence is that I have not had
one swarm of bees.

My bees are now fully as weak as
they were last April. 1 have fed hun-
dreds of pounds of honey, and prob-
ably 100 pounds of sugar, to keep them
alive until linden bloom arrives ; if
that does not secrete any nectar, 1
will be discouraged. It keeps down
increase, and entirely does away with
the swarming, that so many are so un-
ea.sy about. I have lost no colonies
jet, but I hear of many that have lost
all within the last ten dajs.

I have 42 colonies of bees this sea-
son. I have been very successful until
this season, but I have not learned it
all yet, I presume ; at least I have not

Tmm jimijricsjn: beb j@itjRNRiL.

459

learned how to run my bees the whole
season tlnough on sugar sjrup, and
report a success.

I liope the above condition of affairs
is confined only to this part of the
State. The trouble is entirely climatic.
This country is (to look at) a perfect
garden ; clover blooms and corn grows
as it never grew before. We have had
plenty of rain — rather too much — and
everything is booming except bees. Is
it not s.trange ?

Dunlap, Iowa, June 26, 1888.

NEW YORK.

Various Honey-Plants — Super-
seding Queens.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY LESLIE STEWART.

We have had a veiy poor season
here. Every bee-keeper says that it
has been the worst season they have
known for many years. The weather
has been very cold and cloudy, with a
great deal of rain. The honey crop
lias been an entire failure so far.
Fruit bloom yielded but little, and that
was vei-j" thin.

The ground is white with clover,
but not a bee can be seen on it. Rasp-
berries are in full bloom, and the bees
are getting a little honey from that
source, but hardly enough to keep up
brood-rearing.

Basswood will be in bloom in about
one week, and there will be quite a
large amount of blossoms, but not
more than two-thirds of what we had
last year. I shall expect to get a good
amount of honey from that and buck-
wheat, as they are our only hope.

In May, after doing the transferring,
I had a large amount of second quality
of honey, most of which was in combs;
shortly after fruit was through bloom-
ing, I put it at different places about
20 rods from my apiary, and allowed
the bees to take the honey, which
caused the queens to fill the hives with
eggs, and has added largely to the
strength of the colonies. After the
honey was all gone, they showed some
signs of being erosser, and were a little
inclined to rol) ; but there is no danger
if the bees are Italians, and the en-
trances are not too large.

SupersediuK tbe Queen.

The question of superseding queens
has for a long time been a perplexing
one to me, but after several years of
careful watching, I have come to the
conclusion that not more than half of
our <iueens should be kept longer than
two years. Of course I do not believe
in killing good queens because the}'
are two years old, but all that have not
proven themselves good laj'ers, pro-

ducers of good workers, etc., should
be superseded. There certainly shouhl
bp but few kept that are over three
years of age, as prolific queens are the
making of our colonies.

Jeflerson, N. Y.. July 1, 1888.

NEBRASKA.

Tlie Season and Blooming Plants
in Nebraska.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY K. R. RYAN.

The past spring has been rather a
poor one for bees, as it was so cold and
windy that they were deprived of the
plum blossoms, excepting for two days.
They have not built up as strong as
last season up to this date, and I have
heard of onlj' two swarms. Bees are
now doing finely, and are building up
fast. They are getting considerable
honey from the red clover. The white
clover seems to have no honey in it,
and I seldom see a bee working on it.
We have just had a fine shower, that
will help the bees, or rather, produce
more nectar for them.

I think that about 20 per cent, of
the bees were lost in winter and
spring, and a great many had to be
fed during the month of May. Since
then the}- have gathered enough to
keep up breeding. We do not expect
much honey in this locality until fall,
when we have always had a good
yield from buckwheat, heart's-ease,
golden-rod and other fall flowers. We
missed the raspberry bloom, as most
of them were winter-killed, like the
grapes.

Considerable Alsike clover is being
sown now, and while clover is spread-
ing on the roadsides nicelj', and on
wild 'pastures, wherever the seed has
been sown or scattered. My Chapman
honej-plant was winter-killed. I had
some 25 stalks covered with straw or
light manure, the latter part of the
winter, and now I have two left, and
one is very weak, while the other is
looking very nice. It has several balls
nearly ready to burst open. I shall
try to give a report of the work of the
bees on it later.

There is no sweet clover in this
locality, but there is considerable black
mustard in the ilax fields. Bees are
also very fond of working on rhubard
blossoms. They were very busy on
the strawberries, and are lovers of the
Russian mulberry blossoms, and of the
fruit of the white ones. I expect to
double my number of colonies, and
get at least 40 or 50 pounds of honey
per colony, which I have been able to
do the past two yeai-s.

Bradshaw, Nebr., June 26, 1888.

CONVENTION DIRECTOKY.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

Aug. s.— Ionia County, Ht Ionia. Mich.

H. Smith, Sec, Ionia, Mich.

Auk. 14.— Colorado Slnte, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark. Sec, Denver, Colo.

Aug. 27.— atark Countv. at Canton, ').

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

Dec. —.-Michigan State, at Jackson, Mich.

H. D. Cutting, Sec, Clinton, Mich.

IW In order to have this table complete, Secre.
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- Ed.

stiSM^^^

vEW.

Poor Prospects for Bees.— Byron
Benton, Bronson, Mich., on June 28, 1888,
says :

The season in this locality has been a
poor one for bees. It has beeii too cold and
wet the most of the time. They are up fair
with brood-rearing, but they have not done
much swarming or storing honey yet. They
have gathered barely enough to live on as
yet. They are much behind, as compared
with this date last year. The prospect is
very poor for the bees to .store enough to
last tiiem until another spring.

Uees Selecting a, Home before
SAvarininfj.— Wm. Anderson, Sherman,
Mo., ou June 30, 1888, says :

Do bees have a place to go to before leav-
ing the old home ? The other day while I
was out in the barn-yard, 1 heard a swarin
of bees coming. I ran and made a noise
until I could obtain a bell. I followed the
bees up a steep hill, ringing the bell, and
finally I got them to stop, as I thought.
They formed a funnel shape around a dead
hickory tree, beginning at the top and
lowering to the roots of the tree. Not
thinking of a hole being in the tree, but
thinking that I was going to have a good
time in getting the bees into a hive, and the
bunch of bees getting no larger than at
first, I went to see, and to my surprise I
saw a hole in the roots of the tree, and they
all went in it, and are now at work in the
hickory tree.

My Experience ■with Bees.— W.

J. Netherton, Kaglan, Ont., on June 28,
1888, writes :

On June 20, 1886, I bought a colony of
bees, and I took 64 one pound sections of
honey that summer ; but I had no increase,
so I packed that colony in a box about Dec.
1 with chaff around it. They wintered all
right, and I put them out in the spring of
1887. I had 2 swarms, but no surplus honey
in 1887. Last tall 1 packed 2 colonies in
boxes the same as before, and the other
colony I sold ; one colony died about April
1 with about .3 frames of honey in the
hive. The other one appeared all right
then, but it has dwindled toamere handful.
They are in the Langstroth hive. It has
been a cold, backward spring, and very dry;
more rain has fallen to-day than for weeks
past. Bees in this locality are not doing
much. A great many died in the spring,
and many more dwindled down so that they
are not worth much.

480

rtmrn MMERicsif be© j@^Rr«sir.

Expects a Surplus from Bass-
■\voo«l.— B. W. Peck, Richmond, Ohio, on
June3S, 18S8, says:

Bees in this locality are not storing honey
very ta>t yet, and now it is wet and rainy.
The bees are in tjood condition, however,
and basswood is budded, so we may get a
fair surplus yet. I lost only one colony out
of 48, altliougli 3 or 3 colonies just squeezed
through ; they were too weak to build up, so
X will u-ie them to hatch queen-cells, and
work 4.5 colonies for honey. Bees are
swarming but very little yet.

IVo SM'arnis aud Little Honey.—

S. K. Carson, Chatsworth, Ills., on June 38,
1888, says :

Bees are doing nothing here this season.
The winter losses were very heavy. 1 saved
14 colonies out of 96, and tnat is about an
average throughout this part of the coun-
try. What colonies are left are now strong
in bees, but there is little houey even in the
brood-combs, and no swarms have issued.

Honey Prospects in IMiciiigan.

— S. J. Youngman, Lakeview, Mich., on
June 24, 1888, writes :

The strongest colonies of bees have
stored from one to two gallons of honey,
from white ami Alsike clover, with but little
increase. Many colonies have failed, how-
ever, to store any surplus as yet ; and owing
to the extremely hot and dry weather, the
clovers have begun to fail, and are yielding
but little nectar. 1 have been building
great hopes on the basswood, but upon
felling a large tree, I find that there will be
but little nectar from that simrce, as there
are but few buds put forth for bloom, for
.some reason ; consequently it really looks
bad for the b'^e-keep>'r in this part ot ALchi-
gan. We may get a large crop of honey
from buckweat, of which a large amount
has been sown. It certainly looks discour-
aging, as we had a poor season and liglit
crop last year.

cleansing fiiszht, and at night replaced them.
I left them in until April 26, wheu I placed
them on the summer stands. They were all
in good condition excepting one colony',
which was queenless, and it was united
with another. 1 replaced that colonj by
buying another one. My apiary has in-
creased to 38 colonies, and now the bees are
booming on white clover.

Some bee-keepers advise starting with one
colony, and working up ; but I believe that
a person who has energy enough to succeed
in bee-keeping, can as well start with 30
colonies as with one. At first no one need
expect to succeed unless he educates him-
self in the business, by reading at least the
leading works and periodicals published
on bee-culture. Six of my colonies were
in box-hives, but 1 transferred them into the
Langstroth hives, by the Heddon method.

My bees have been gathering surplus quite
fast"for a few days. I sowed 9 acres of
Alsike clover mixed with red clover and
timothy, and I am sowing about 5 acres of
buckwheat. I have the only bees within
three miles of this place.

Bees «lid ^Vell on YVIiite Clover.

— W. Addenbrooke, North Trairie, Wis., on
June 27, 1888, writes :

The following is my report for the winter
of 1887-88 : 1 put 130 colonies into winter
quarters, and removed trom the cellar 117
colonies in good condition on March 19,
1888. I sold 9 colonies, and liave now 93.
We had a cold, wet spring, and I had to
feed my bees until two weeks ago, when
white clover came into blossom; we have
had very hot weather for one week— over
90» every day. Bees did well, tilled up their
hives, and some colonies very nearly tiiiished
one set of sections ; but the last four days
have been cold and wet, and bees have not
been able to fly for two days. It is cold and
raining yet. It was the worst spring lor
setting colonies in good condition in time
for white clover, tliat I have ever seen.

Experience >vitli Bees Mr. L.

D. O'Dell. Protection, N.Y., on June 30,
1888, writes :

A year ago I bought one colony of bees,
whicli cast one good swarm, and stored 27

Founds of comb honey. In November, 1887,
bought 8 colonies, which I put into the
cellar. In January I bought .'5 more colo-
nies that were on the summer stands.
Owing to tlie severe weather, I did not
move them until Feb. 20. when I brought
them home (22 miles) and put them into the
cellar. On March 20 I put them out for a

Favorable Prospects for Bass-
wood.— Christian Weckesser, Marshall-
ville, O., on June .W, 1888, writes :

Our clover season is pretty much a fail-
ure, hut bees have been getting considerable
aphides honey ot very poor quality ; though
being mixed with clover honey, we think it
will answer for wintering. The prospects
for some surplus fiom basswood are favor-
able, and recent rains have revived white
clover, so that it looks more promising than
before. During such seasons we find it
more profitable to have only from 15 to 20
colonies at a place, about two miles apart ;
as they almost always get enough honey so
as not to require any feeding.

made ; in fact it so fiaming that I am
tempted to believe that none would think it
true were I to tell it. When the paintings
get faded, 1 have them re-painted and
varnished.

With the above arrangements I can keep
bees as well in the winter as in the sum-
mer. The bees work nights, Sundays only
being excepted— (this last idea would suit
some farmers, all but the "Sundays ex-
cepted"), as I have tliis room so well plan-
ned with reflectors so arranged as to collect
the rays of the moon and throw them just
where they are most needed. There may
be some Mr. Wiley, for instance, who is in-
credulous enough to doubt this statement.
To those I would say, do not go to New
York or Boston, thinking to find it. It is a
Western enterprise.

n'ailins' tor BassMood and
Bneli-»veat.— 0. R. Goodno, Carson City,
Mich., on July 1, 1888, writes :

At this date from 100 colonies I have not
had a single swarm, and as yet I have not
seen even one drop of honey in a case,
though I have several cases on the strongest
colonies. La-.t jear our swarming had
nearly ceased by this time, and our surplus
was li^-arly all gathered ; none was gathered
after July .5— the bees only sealrd up the
partly filled combs. Last year the first
basswood was in bloom on June 26; but it
will be several days before the first will
open this year. Basswood aud buckwheat
are our only hope this year.

^Vorse than moonsUine. — Ben

Foggy, ot Iowa, describes his apiary and its
surroundings in the following graphic man-
ner :

I must fell you how I manage my bees.
They are beautiful creatures, being instead
ot 60,0110 in my colony, only about 100.
These bees are large and golden in appear-
ance, and about the size ot a bumble-bee
without the bumble. I liave them situated
in a room on whose walls are hanging the
most natural paintings of all the best honey-
producing plants in this vicinity— such as
sweet William, honey-suckles, sweet Cicely,
etc., and thesn are framed in gilt frames,
from which the bees gather pollen. When
I desire a certain kind of honey, I take
down all of the other paintings, and so
secure just what I want.

In one corner of this room I have all the
best honey records in the world, and the old
saying being true, that the bees will par-
take of the spirit of the master, these IJees
will not be surpassed in any respect, and
tlieir record outshines any record ever

Poor Prospects ior Honey. —

Reuben Havens, Ouarga, Ills., on June29,
1888, says :

I put 104 colonies into the cellar, strong in
bees, but some of them were light in honey.
I have lost 45 colonies, being the heaviest
loSH I have ever had. 1 examined some of
my best colonies this week, and I find but
little lumey, and not a queen-cell in any of
them. There is not one pound of surplus
h(mey. White clover is nearly all winter-
killed. The prospects for a honey crop are
the poorest that I have ever seen. Bee-
keepers here are all discouraged, and many
disiiusted with the business. Many have
lost all their bees. More than one-iialf of
the bees in the county are dead. I have
been so crippled with rheumatism for the
la^t 15 years that I could do no heavy labor,
and a great part of the time helpless ; hence
I have depended, to a large degree, upon my
bees for my bread and butter. With almost
a failure last year, aud a prospect tor an en-
tire failure this season, the future does not
appear very encouraging. I shall try to
keep what there are lett in as good condi-
tion as possiole, and hope for a change in
the programme.

Excellent Prospects.— Jno.Blodget,
Flag Springs, Mo., on July 1, 1888, writes :

My bees are booming. Mv 9 colonies
came through the wint»-r all right. I lost
only one, which was weak, and one packed
in chaff on tlie summer stands. I have to-
day hived the twelfth natural swarm, and I
have made 3 by dividing. Fifteen are work-
ing in the sections, 5 have two racks on each
liive. 1 never saw better prospects, so far.
I expect to have several more swarms, and
a large report this fall. Linden is on the
eve of blooming now, there is clover enough
for what bees are left, and the nice rains we
are having will keep it fresh for a long
time. We had a fine rain last week, so that
it hindered plowing corn for four daj;s.
Wheat, oats, corn and hay are very promis-
ing ; in fact everything is lovely.

Always mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

Please to get your NeiBlilJor,

who keeps bees, to also take the A.merican
15ee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Tmm MMERICMN BEU JOI^RHSI,.

461

BUSINESS MANAGER.

iitsiucss polices,

It You l>ive near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this oflSce.

If you l>0!«e Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 43i(x4J^ and SJjxS)^.
Price, «1.00 per 100, or S8.50 per 1,000.

Preserve 'Vour Papers for future
reference. If you have no mi^UEIt we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journal,

■Wueea Itntslies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -write American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writmg to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a eonmiission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Apiary Reg^ister.— All who intend to

be systematic m their work In ' the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begm to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) f ] 00

" 100 colonies (220 pages) , 125

" 200 colonies (420 paifes) 1 50

Pliotog-raplis of Bee-Kecpers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containmg the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for $1.16; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of tliree subscri-
bers and $3.00.

CLUBBIX.} I^iSX.

■We dub tlie Ainej^an Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices ijuoted in the 1>AS1'
column. The regular price of both is given
in the lirst column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal nnist be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price 0/ toth. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00 . . .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepere'Mag;azine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150... 140

The Apiculturisl 1 75 1 60

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00.... 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25.... 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman). ..2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60 1 50

Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth).. .3 00.. .. 2 00
Roofs A B Cof Bee-Culture.. 2 25.... 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 1 50.... 1 30

Heddon's book. "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Year Among- the Bees 1 7.5 1 50

Convention Hand- Book 150 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 200.... 1 75

Iowa Homestead 200... 1 90

•How to Propagate Fruit 150 125

History of National Society. .1 50 1 25

Cork for ^Vinter Packing:. — Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Red Isabels for Palls.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, SI for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

2.50 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2.25

SOOLabels 2 00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«• Samples mailed free, upon application.

A Modern BKE-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, tl.

■We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEE1> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; }4 pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient lor half an acre, it properly
thinned out and re-set.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., '23c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 8.5.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., $10.00.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

Honey and Beesivax Market.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white In 1-lb. eec
tlons, I3(sil5c.; tiie same In 2-Ib8.. lt)®11c.; buck-
wheat l-lbs., iiic.i 2-lb».,9c. MarketduU. We are
aolnBaJI we can to retiuce Btock. to make room for
the new crop.
BBB8WAJC.-26C.

HILDRETH BROS..
May 21. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane 8t.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- We quote. White to extra white comb,
r'i-t.(§il.^>c.; amber, Kfiiic. Bxtracte'l, white to extra
white, 5>-.(faf:c.: amber. 4^fte5e. Arrivals of the new
crop are small, llie es^timates being an average crop.

BEESWAX.-ai®24c.
June 18. o. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Front 8t.

DETROIT.
HONE Y.-Best white in 1-lb. sections. Uc.-DuU.
BKKSWAX.-23&24C.
J une 14. M. U. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We get 15c. per lb. in a small way for
best comb, and less for off grades. Extracted, best
white, 7f<ij«c. None of the new crop received yet.
but there is more than sufficient of the old crop
for the light demand.

BEK8WAX.-220. B. A. BURNETT,

Jun. 30. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.- We quote : Fancy white Mb. secttoni,

1 2c.: fancy 2-lb9.. KKsjiie. : fair white l-lbs.. io@iic.,
and fair 2-lb8., K<rtjHc. Buckwheat i-lbs.. 7@8c. The
demand is dull for comb but fair for extracted, of
which new from the South is arriving, and sells for
55(*65c. per gallon.

BBESWAX-Dull at 23H@24c.
Jun. 15. F.G.8TK0HMBYBH&CO., 122WaterBt.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.- No white clover left in this market.
Dark slow sale at h@i(>c. Extracted ready sale on
arrival. New crop will meet with good demand.

BEBSWAX.-23C.
July 2. B. T. FISH & CO., 189 3. Water 8t,

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 5(68c. per lb.,
for which demand is good. Comb honey, 12@15c.—
Demand Blow.

BEBSWAJt.— Demand Is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Jun. 14. C. F. MDTH & SON, Freeman & Central Ay.

MILWAUKEE.

HONBY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 14@I6c.:
2-lbs.. i3@I4c.; 3-lb9., 12@13c. Extracted, white in
kegs and !^-barreIs,Si'iMi^c.; in tin and patls,9H®10c.;
dark in barrels and kegs, H@tji^c. Demand good for
extracted, t-ut dull for comb.

BEESWAX.— 22(»2.=.c.
July 2. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, 14®15c.; 2-lb.
sections. 12c. Extracted, 6@7c.

BEESWAX.-2u(SiJ3c.
Jun. 25. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEV.— We quote : Choice new 1-lb. sections in
good demand at 15(a*l6c., not glassed ; dark ones not
searched: 2-!b8 and e.viracted there is no demand
for. Stock of old honey is light, and the sections are
all glassed, which style the trade do not like.

BEESWAX.- None in market.
Jun. 30. HAMBLIN & BBARSS, 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON

HONBY.— We quote : 1-lb. sections. 14®iec.; 2-
lb. sections, i2@i'Jc. New Florida extracted, 8380.
Sales are very dull.

BBB8WAX.— 25 oiB. per lb.
July 5. BLAKB * BiPLiT. 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote : Choice new extracted, 5 to
S'-^c; amber I'.' liglit amber. 4M;Sj49ic. Choice comb
in 1-lb. sections. I.'i('j;l4c.; 2-lbB., 12@13c. Arrivals
are small, as apiarists are holding back. Prices are
considered high.

BEBSWAX.-ia@'.22c.
Jun. 25. 8CHACHT & I^IMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.— We quote: White l-lbs., UDglasBed, 15c. ;
1-lb , while, glassed, I4c.; dark, 1-lb.. 2c. less. Cali-
fornia, 2-lbs.. comb, white. 13c. Bxtracted, 7c. Con-
Biderahle old honey Is in this market. No new yet
In. Sales ore very slow.

BEESWAX.— None on the market.

June 9. CLBM0N8, CL.O0N4C0., oor4th*Walnat.

ST- LOUIS'.

HONEY.- We quote: Extracted, bright, 5@5^c.i
dark, 4i-5"»5c.: In cans. 7@fic. Comb, choice white
clover, in prime order, l3^@15c.; dark, less, fidar-
ket quiet with fair demand for extracted.

BEESWAX.— 22c. for crime.
Jun 27 D.G.TUIT* CO.. Commercial St.

462

TMB JlMERICMlf mmW JQ^RNSlLr.

l>0*0*^«^*^*^A^*^*^*^*^»^»^*^*^*^*^*^«

fcOlfcA^A^*^^-^*-^*^^^

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

^Hvizxtistmtuts,

FOR SAliE— 600 Colonies in the movable-corab
hives, at 14.00 for Italians, and $;<.on for Hybrids.
25A13t «. H. ADAMS, Troy, N. Y.

Mention the American Bee Journal,

ITALIAN QUEENS— Untested, 75c. each ;
6for S4.00: 12for$7.50. Address,
26Atf John Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo.

^eniionihe American Bee journal.

SHIPPING-CASES to hold 12 1-lb. sec-
tions or 14 7-to-the-foot. Nicely cut. Per
100, S6.00. Glass for same 65 cents per 100.
Two and 3 frame Nuclei cheap. (Free Price-
List). m. H. HUNT,

28Etf Bell Branch, V?ayne To., Mich.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

nr COLONIES of Italian and Hybrid Bees for
I «J sale, or trade for land ; in A. I. Hoot's Simplic-
ity hives. 10 frame. L. F. Nearly all wired, and nice
BtraiKht combs. Everything on the most improved
modern principles. I am changing climate for my
iiealtb, is the reason for my selling.
28A2t E. SANDFO BU, NOEOMIS, ILLS.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

HAN DSOM E

ONE - PIECE SECTIONS.

WE have a limited quantity of One-Pound
Sections, 4^x4^, a trifle less thaa two
inches wide, with narrow tops, in packages of
1,000 each. They are manufactured from ex-
tra white lumber placed on both sides, making
them the finest and most attractive honey-
section in the world. Price, $4.00 per package.

TH08. G. NEWMABt A SON,

923 & 925 West MadlBOn-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

SOUTHERN HONEY WANTED !

WE are likely to have good use for a lot of
Soutbern Honey in the near future,
and invite shipments now. Address,

CHAS. F. MUTH A: SON,

26A3t Freeman & Cent. Ave., Cincinnati, O.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

BEDDOi\ HIVES FOR SALE.

I HAVE a hundred, all complete— just fin-
ished. Purchaser given right to use them,
by Mr. Heddon. Will sell at 83.00 each, in lots
of 10 or more. Inquire of,
27Atf E. D. KEENEY, Arcade, N. Y.
Mention ths A merican Bee Journal.

NEW ONE-POUND HONEY PAIL.

THIS nenr slzr of our TapertriK
Honey Palla iaof uniform destKn
with the other stzes, havlnK the top
edge turned over, and has a bail or
handle,— makinR it very convenient
to carry. It is well-made and, when
flDed with honey, makes a novel and
attractive small packaKe, that can

be sold for 2*1 cents or less. Many

consumers will buy It In order to Rive the children a
handsome toy pall. Price, 75 centa per dozen,
or V5.00 per lOO.

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison-St CHICAGO, ILLS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Gentlest bees known; not surpassed
as workers even by the wicked races.

Imported Queens. "A" grade, $8.00,
Tested, $4.00; Untested, $1.00,

One-half dozen $5 00

Never saw foul brood. Cash always
required before tilling an order.

S. W. MOEEISON, M. D.,

14Etf. Oxlord, Chester Co., Pa.

dueen Shipping-Gages.

\^7^E have a lot of Queen-Cages, like the one
TT illustrated, not provisioned, which we
will sell 3 lor a dime, by mail, postpaid.

XHOS. O. NEWIUAN .& SON,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

Eaton's Improved
SECTION-CASE-
BBES & yUEENS. Send
for free catalogue. Address
FRANK A. EATON,
7Etf BLDt'FTON, OHIO.

ilfoitioit the American Bee Journal.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

ONE Untested Queen, ti.OO ; 3 for $2.no. BEES
by the Pound and Nucleus. Send for Price-List.
Address, H. e. FRAME,
9E13t North Manchester, Ind.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

DESICNEU fur the Farmer, Lawyer. Doe-
tor, Postmaster, Merchant, Township and
County Ofliccr, the Uee-Keeper, the Home—
in fact every one should have a secure place
for valuables.

We offer in 1 be VICTOR SAFE a flrst-
cla«s Fire-proof, Burglar-proof, Combination
Lock Safe, handsomely finished. Round cor-
ners, hand decorated: burnished portions are
nickel-plated. Interiors nicely fitted with eub-
treasurlea, book-spaces and pigeon-holes.

Prices range as follows :

OUTSIDE. INSinE. WEIGHT. PRICE

So. 2. 22x15x16, 12x8x8'', 250 lbs. $30 00
No. 3. 28x18x18, ISxlOxlO, 600 " 40 00
No. 4. 32x22x22, 19xl4xl2'2 800 " 60 00

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON.

923 & 925 W. Madison-St.,... CHICAGO, ILLS.
Mention t)ie American Bee Journal.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY,

PAMPHLET full of new and improved
methods; Price, .5 one-cent stamps. You
wed also my list of Italian QneeiiN, Bees by
the lb., and Supplies, Oliver Foster,
13Atf Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

BEE SUPPLIES,

M0M4MM The Largest Steam

RETAII.

AND

Wholesale.

The Largest Steam-Power Shops
in the West; exclusively used to make Every-
thing needed in the Apiary, of practical con-
struction and at Liowest Prices. Italian
Bees, Queens, 12 styles of Bee-Hives, Sections,
Honey-Extractors, Bee-Smokers, Bee-Feeders,
Comb Foundation, and everything used by
Bee-Keepers always on band. My Illustrated
Catalogue FREE. E. Kretcbmer,
16Ett Coburg, Iowa.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

SAItlPliE COPIES of the AinERICAN
APICliIiTllRIST and our Price-List of

Winter Strain of Fore Italian Bees
sent free. Address,
18Etf APICULTUKIST, Wenham, Mass.
Mention tlic American Bee Journal.

GLASS PAILS

FOR HONEY.

THESIC Palls are made
of the beat quality of
clear flint Klass, with a bal)
ond a metal top and cover.
When tilled witn honey, the
attractive appearance of
these palls cannot be equal-
ed by any other style of
package. They can be used
tor household purposes by
consumers, after the honey
Is removed, or they can be
returned to and re-fllled by
the apiarist.
Prices are as follows:

To hold 1 pound of honey, per dozen, SI .40

" 2 pounds " '* a.oo

3 " " " ».50

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. MadiBon-St CHICAGO, ILLS.

Mention the American Bee JoiiTmal,

look: heiieie: i

FOR Sale Cheap— Bee-Hives. Shipping - Crates
and Brood-Frames: Comb Foun iHtion, Planer-
Sawed V-Grooved Sections a specialty. Price-List
free. J. M. KINZIE & CO.,

i3Atf Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

WE will SFl,!, CA-I^ISriOLA-lSr
Q U JiiEIJM S, reared in June, July
and August, 18S8, until further notice. Un-
tested queens $1.00 ; tested, $2.00 ; tested and
selected, S3.00.

ANDRE^VS ic LOCKHART,
2-tAtf PATTEN'S MILLS, Wash. Co , N. T.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

Wood's Italian Queens

ARE now ready to ship. Every one is war-
ranted, and all that are not equal to any
in the country are replaced by Extra Tested
Ones of 1888 rearing ; 98 per cent, of ail
Queens sold lapt season proved purely mated,
and, as far as I know, every customer is satis-
fied. Warranted QiieeuN, 7") cents each ; 6
for $i.S> ; 13 for $8 00. Address,

JAMES F. WOOD,
26Att NORTH PKESCOTT, MASS.

Mention the Amcricaii Bee Journal.

We have some ELEtiANT
RIBBON BADGES, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
oO'ceiits each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. G. IME^VMAN * SON,

9J3 & SI-.') WeBt Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, II LB.

'TBIK' MMEKICKN WMM 'J&VJMUmi^.

467

fc/^-*--^*-*--^-*--*-^--^-*-*-^. * ^ Ai^i A^ AiMfc A^fcjfc^Ajfc A^ AJfcA^Jk<fcA^ A^ A m ^,^M

fc^*ifc*^*<fc_*^**

EDITOR,

VoiniY. Jttlyl8,1888. No. 29.

Raise tlie piclcens for the chickens,

Kaise tlie baby on your knee,
But never raise a rumpus

With a nimble houey-bee.

Don't you slight him, don't you fight him,

Even on your own domain ;
If vou do it, you will rue it

While you wrestle with a pain.

Don't you boss him, don't you cross him
When the tlowers are in bloom ;

It you meet him, try to greet him
With respect aud lots of room.

■^Ve Regret to learn that Mrs. L. Har-
rison has been quite seriously ill. Her last
letter to us was written while propped up in
bed, with a bowl of ice and a spoon in it by
her side. She is convalescing now, and we
hope will soon be well again.

Xo Prevent Slings.— Nearly every
one is aware that the humaa body is cov-
ered witli many thousands of tiny pores in
the skin, and that health depends largely
upon keeping these pcires open by frequent
bathing. From the facts given by W. L.
Wilder, in a recent numlier of Science, it
would appear that these pores are so many
mouths, capable of opening and closing in
unison with the action of the lungs. Mr.
Wilder says :

It is a fact not generally known, that if
one holds his breath, wasps, bees and hor-
nets can be handled with impunity. The
skin becomes sting-proof, and, holding the
insect by the feet, aud givina her full liberty
of action, you can see her drive her weapon
against the impenetrable surface with a
force that lifts her body with every stroke,
but let the smallest quantity of air escape
from the lungs, and the sting will penetrate
at once. I have never seen an exception to
this in 25 years' observation. 1 have tauaht
young ladies with very delicate hands to
astonish their friends by the performance
of this feat, and I saw one so severely stung
as to require the services of a physician,
through laughing at a witty remark of her
sister, forgetting that laughing required
breath. For a theory in explanation I am
led to believe that holding the breath
partially closes the pores of the skin. My
experiments in that direction have not been
exact enough to be of any scientific value,
but I am satisfied that it very sensibly af-
fects the amount of insensible perspiration.

We have repeatedly called attention to the
fact that it has been proven that any one
can prevent being stung by holding the
breath. If it is a fact, as Mr. Wilder avers,
that the Jungs and pores act in concert, and
that when breathing the pores open and
close involuntarily, then the peculiarity of
the situation is fully explained. We would
commend this suljject to the attention of
the physicians and scientists of whom there
are hundreds on our subscription list. Let
some experiments be made to test the mat-
ter most fully, and then let our readers
learn the results in detail.

Honey Prospects.— Mr. C. H. Dib-
bern, of Milan, Ills., in a letter just re-
■ceived, gives this as his opinion concerning
the prospect of a honey crop for this year :

About one-half of my colonies have
swarmed, and most of them are now work-
ing in the sections. Sweet clover is now in
full bloom, and the bees are just swarming
on it. Basswood is about done blooming,
and there is not much white clover, but 1
think it will come out again in August. I
think the prospect tor a large fall crop are
very good.

Concerning the prospects in Canada for a
honey crop, Mr. R. F. Iloltermann, Brant-
ford, writes as follows :

The clover in Canada is a complete fail-
ure. We sliall not have on an average 4
pounds to the colony. Basswood may yield
well in the western counties, but in the
eastern counties 1 doubt if it will do so, be-
cause the droutli is so great. The pasture
fields are all bare, and cattle are starving.
We shall have a poor yield generally, I feel
-certain. Basswood here is just opening.

Open-Side Sections.— Mr. Walters.
Pouder, of Groesbeck, O., has sent us a
sample of his new sections. They are
nicely made, and show a considerable
amount of ingenuity, but as they could not
be used in the X-su per and ordinary crate
there will be but little chance for them to
come into use. Another point is that four-
piece sections are driven out of use by the
one-piece sections, and no four-piece sec-
tions can now fill the demand for these
useful receptacles.

Astonishing. — The July number of
the Bee-Keepers' Ma^jazlne makes a strange
blunder. Everybody knows that the Ameri-
can Bee JounxAL and Qleanlngs have for
years been making a vigorous fight against
adulteration. The Magazine must have
been sleeping, and having just awakened
from a troublesome dream, perhaps, im-
agines that we have been on the other side
of this question. In its July number it says:

We are at a loss to know why Oleanings
and the American Bee Journal, should
take sides with the adulterators who are
ruining the honey market of America.

And so are everybody else " at a loss to
know" it— for it is not 80/ No sane man
would ever think of such a thing.

All this is in reference to the " Report of
the Dairy Commissioner of New Jersey,"
on the purity of honey, as published on page
387, and there commented upon. The Mag-
azine further says :

By referring to page lOS of the Magazine,
it will be noted that at the head of the re-
sults of the analysis are placed the words,
"strained honey," and that the words
"comb honey" was simply the legend on
the label. Men who adulterate will not
hesitate to lie.

The labels on this bottled honey, are as
great a lie as any Wiley ever told, and yet
Mr. Newman and Mr. Root both call the
man who put up this vile trash, " honorable
men." Shame on you, brother editors ! We
do not impute to you dishonnrable motives
in taking sides with these rascals.but simply
believe you do so through ignorance. We
propose to fight adulteration whenever and
wherever it appears.

We repudiate the imputation— and posi-
tively deny that we called the persons who
put up the honey in question " honorable
gentlemen." Let the proof be presented,
or Brother Aspinwall must take it back as
an " honorable gentleman." We regret that
the Magazine should have made the unkind
allusions. Though it was the only bee-
periodical which published the "Report"
in question, we refrained from making any
unkind remarks upon that fact, because we
desired a continuance of the pleasant re-
lations then existing between the editors of
all the bee-papers.

Surely, " it would seem that when a man
performs a kindness, he seldom gets any
credit for it "—as the Magazine says at the
head of the article.

Study and l.,abor are the means
leading to success and profit in apicultune.
This is how tlie Rural Canadian puts it :

Tlie subject of honey and niarkeling is
one which concerns nearly every bee-keeper,
and very properly ton, because in tliese,
aside from pleasure, rests the just reward
of studv and lahnr, for it is fallacy to think
that without study and labor in bee-keeping,
as in all other pursuits, any creat results
can be accomolislud. In marketing honey
it should never be forgotten that a good
article, in an attractive form, will always
command the highest price, the best repu-
tation and a steady demand.

Mr. Jf. X. ^Vilson, of Nicholasville,
Ky., has a very pleasant notice in the Jessa-
mine, Ky., Journal tor June 15. After re-
viewing his queen-rearing facilities, and the
location of his apiary and surroundings, the
Journal says that the care of his bees takes
up the greater portion of Mr. Wilson's time.
It is a business requiring intelligence, watch-
fulness and patience. He says that this
immediate neighborhood is not the most
favoiable for bees and honey. The land is
too closely cultivated. He prefers the
vicinity of creeks and rivers, and lands with
trees and undergrowth.

Scatter the lyeallels.- Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

468

T'H© SMEMicMK mmm j^wmMmi^.

■tees Clustered on a. Coir's
Back.— Mr. E. C. Jordan, of Jordan's
Sprinss, Va., has sent us the following
items taken from the Campbell Coiintj-,
Va., Record. The first dated June 7, 18S8,
reads as follows :

We are informed that a cow belonging to
Mr. Cradriock, near Wlufall, came up one
evening not long aijo with a whole swarm
of bees quietly settled on her back. We
did not learn whether Mr. Craddock suc-
ceeded in hiviug the bees.

We have heard of the prognostic swarm
of bees that settled on the lips of Plato.
Virgil told us how, when the stock was lo^t,
anew supply was obtained by slaying four
heifers and four bullocks, and leaving their
carcasses in a grove tor nine days, when,
behold! they were found filled with bees,
and the grove resonant wilh their hum.
The Bihle tells us how Samson found honey
and bees in the carcass of the dead lion.
But this is the first time we ever heard of
bees selecting the back of a living cow for
their resting place.

The second, published a week later, reads

thus:

Several persons have expressed to us their
incredulity with regard to that swarm of
bees on the cow's back, reported last week.
We are authorized by Mr. David Craddock,
the owner of the cow, to say that the facts
as stated are absolutely true. His wife
milked the cow while the bees were yet on
her back. They remained four or five
hours, and then sought other quarters.

How Bees Make Cells.— In Mur-
ray's Magazine we find the following ex-
planation of the geometrical forms which
the cells of a honey-comb assume :

Recent measurements and observations
have tended to dissipate the cell myth, and
to show not only that the honey-comb is tar
from regular, but that such regularity as it
has is due merely to mechanical conditions.

Mr. Frank Cheshire tells us in his recent
volume, tliat careful measurements of the
finest pieces of comb, built wiih every ad-
vantage for securing regularity, show that,
so far from every ceil being geometrically
accurate, it is difficult to find a hexagon pre-
senting errors of less than thiee or four de-
grees in its angles. On the other hand,
there is a growing tendency to accept a
modification of Bnffon's explanation of the
origin of cell structure. Buffon attriinited
the regularity of the cells to mutual pres-
sure ; in illustration whereof he packed a
closed vessel with dried peas and filled up
the interstices with water. The peas, which
were thus caused to swell, assumed, under
the pressure which resulted, the form ot
more or less accurate geometrical figures.

Perhaps a still better illustration of this
principle of mutual inter-action is seen in
soap-bubble.s. It a little soapy water is
placed ill the bottom of a tnmbler and air be
niown into the water through a tube until
the upper part of the gla^s is full of bub-
bles, the hexagonal form which these bub-
bles assume under mutual pressure, and the
trilateral pyramids at their bases, will be
readily seen. Not that these geometrical
figures are the same as those which the wax
assumes, hut they illustrate the principle.
For, at the temperature of the hive, the wax,
pared thin by the smooth-edged jaws of the
workers, has all the plasticity of a fluid
membrane. The bee has indeed to avoid
the danger ot paring away too far, and thus

making a hole through the wall. But even
here it may be aided by mechanical condi-
tions.

If we take a thin piece of soap and pare
away one face with the blade ot a pocket-
knife, we shall soon form a transparent
patch where the soap is very thin. But if
we continue to pare we do not cut through
the soap at this point; but for a time at
least, we merely enlarge the area of the
transparent patch. The thin film of soap
yields at this point, and the stress of the
blade falls on thicker and less yielding
edges. Some such mechanical yielding ot
the wax may guide the bee in its work.

Honey Harvest Closed in Ala-
bama.—B. B. Toney, Padgett, Ala., on
July 6, 1888, gives this information concern-
ing the honey harvest of Alabama, and that
locality as a profitable place for bee-keep-
ing :

I closed my honey harvest yesterday for
the year 1888. 1 commenced in the spring
with 130 colonies of bees, about 20 colonies
were weak, and 100 were strong and popu-
lous. 1 have not finished measuring yet,
but my crop will go to about 1,000 gallons
when done. This makes an average of
about 8>^ gallons, spring count. Quite a
large number of colonies gathered from 12
to 14 gallons each. Our poplar was the
largest flow, and the quality ot the honey
tine, thick, and well flavored. The linden
was only one-half of a crop, but very good.
This year is the best for honey that we ever
had. Ot this 1 expect to sell 800 gallons.

This county lies in the northeast corner of
Alabama, and is without doubt the best for
bees in the State. If any one wishes to
locate in Alabama, let bim come and see
before locating. Perhaps the rough moun-
tains will fright him away. Its roughness
is the secret of niy success. This is in an-
swer to Mr. Geo. W. Morris' request on page
332 of the Bee Jouknal.

Investments in Bee-Keepin;;. —

The following are given in a late number
ot the City and Country, as the statistical
items concerning bee-keeping :

Statistics show that the total amount of
honey produced annually in America is es-
timated at 120,000,000 pounds, which at the
average ot 15 cents per pound, places the
value of the products in first hands at
»1S,000,000. The product of the hives is not
the only thing valuable aliout this industry,
evidenced by the fact that the colonies in
this country number over 3,000,000. At the
average piice ot $11 per colony their value
would be 3t3.i,0('0,000. This sum added to
the total product of the hives make the
total involved »51, 000,000. The United States
and Canada produces the bulk ot the pro-
duet.

The average price of houey at wholesale
is not now over 10 cents per pouud, when
counting the whole crop of both comb and
extracted ; and Sll.OO per colony for bees is
double the amount ot their value.

4;;iiapnian Honey Plant.- Mr. L.

Highharger, Leaf Kiver, Ills., on July?,
1888, says :

Those who have the Chapman honey
plant should examine it closely, as there is
a worm that is cutting the balls otf. It re-
sembles a caterpillar, but is whitish in
color. It does its work very quickly, and
needs looking after every day. A friend of
mine tells me that it is destroying his plant,
and he lives five miles from here.

Recipes tor Honey-Cakes, etc.

—J. W. Tefft has sent us a lot of recipes for
making honey-cakes, etc., which we publish
for the benefit of our readers. The use of
honey in making cakes, cookies, and other
fine articles of food, has long been practiced,
and some of the nicest we ever ate were
made with honey. We wish that honey
was more generally used than it is iu mak-
ing such articles. Here are the recipes :

Hickory Cake.— Stir one cup of honey
and one-half cup of butter to a cream ; add
the yolks of four eggs beaten up, one-half
cup ot sweet milk, two cups of flour, one
tea-spoonful creain-of-tartar, one-half tea-
spoonful ot soda, whites of eggs well beaten,
one coffee-cup ot hickory nuts, a blanched
almond chopped fine, and one coffee-cup of
raisins.

Bride's Cake.— One cup of butter, two
cups ot honey, three and one-half cups of
flour, one cup of corn-starch, one cup sweet
milk, and the whites of six eggs beaten to a
stiff irotli. Beat the honey and butter to a
cream, then add the starch and flour, and
two tea-spoonfuls of cream-of-tartar mixed
in flour, and one of soda in the milk. Put
the eggs in the last thing. '

Anciei, Cake.— One and one-half cups of
white honey, the same amount of flour, one
tea-spoontul ot cream-ot-tartar, one of Coul-
ton's vanilla, the whites of eleven eggs ; sift
the flour four times, add the cream-of-tartar
and sitt again. Beat the eggs to a stiff
froth, add the honey, beat lightly, then add
the flour. Do not stop beating until you put
it in the pan. Bake moderately.

Pumpkin ok Squash Pie.— Pare and
stew a pumpkin or squash until it is soft
and dry. It must be done slowly at the last
to prevent scorching. Put through a colan-
der, and to one cupful of the sifted pumpkin
add one egg, four table-spoonfuls of honey,
a pinch of salt, one tea-spoonful of ginger or
cinnamon, and one pint of milk. This
will fill one pie on a large plate. Make a
crust as for any pie, and turn the edge un-
der on the plate, pinching in shape to form
the rim, but make it thin and delicate.
Bake slowly until of a golden brown.

Then Mr. Tefft offers the following sug-
gestions concerning the sy.st«matic use of
honey,and its desirable effect on the system :

Sweeten your tea and coffee with ex-
tracted honey. It is a true brain and nerve
food and tonic, it gives refreshment aiid
nutriment to the mental and physical ex-
haustion, and tired and confused brain :
gives new life to the weak and debilitated,
relieves nervousness from excess or any
causes ; improves the appetite, tones the
system, and has proven to be of great value
in many diseases, producing a contraction
of the muscles of the digestive organs ; and
as an aid to digestion it is wonderful in
building up lost power. It would be difh-
cult to conceive of anything more nourish-
ing and strengthening,creamy and delicious.
For nursing motheis it is highly reeom-
meiided. For lung and throat diseases
nothing can he better, it is a cheap remedy
lor the consumptive, and in tact it should
take the place of sugar iu many things.

niost Valuable to the horticulturists,
is what the Farm, Field and Stockinan
says of the honey-bee. Here is an item
from its last issue :

The bee is the friend of horticulturists
and agriculturists, and as there is no insect
that increases in such vast numbers so early
in the spring, when their services are so
much needed, they are of more value to the
farmer, gardener and fruit-grower than all
other insects.

THE JLMERICSN BE® J©13iRrfffi£r.

469

fc^O*^^

^.^^^ — »^ — ^^^.^^^^^^ — •■■^■•■ — '■■-■'■■^'■■^- — - - - —^^-—^-—■■^—■■^■^■^^■^■^■^■-■-■ — ' — - — - — .^»^>.

Iliinioroii!!!.— Mr. Eugene Spcob writes
from Lime Valley Apiary, Forest City,
Iowa, ou July 9, 1888, in this humorous
strain :

Tiios. G. Newman— My Dear Sir and
Friend:— I enclose a dralt tor Sl.uO, and
my vote for officers of the NatioTial Bee-
Keepers' Union for the next year. As a
general ihina I am opposed to tlie principle
of holdiii« remunerative oftice for more
than three terms, but in your cases I have
such high regard aud warm personal feeling
for yon, that I am willing for you all to en-
joy the tat salaries another term. Alter you
all get rich from the official emoluments, I
expect you to form a Trust, and buy all the
honey otfered at less than 30 cents per
pound.

So far as the Manager is concerned, lie
would be d«li(7?it<:d to pass over the duties
and "fat salaries" (often consisting of vig-
orous kicks aud abuse) to some person who
has more time to gratuitously devote to the
management of the Union's affairs. He has
given months of time to the Union, besides
paying yearly dues like any other member.
Why not put Brother Secor in that place for
one year at least ? He is a lawyer, a gen-
tleman, a scholar, and a poet ; and is emi-
nently fitted to fill the place honorably—
and when he gets rich on the emoluments
of the office, he can form the "Trust" him-
self, and buy all the honey in the world—
we shall certainly vote for Brotlier Secor.

We know the other officers would like a
change—a chance to divide the honors and
"fat salaries" with some others. Let us
have a change all around. A change some-
times works wonders, and may give us 3,000
members during the coming year. Try it.

Rii»iliing: Houey to Market.— The
National Stockman remarks as follows
concerning the above subject :

Many make a mistake by rushing their
honey up'>n the market as soon as it is ob-
tained. Honey is not a perishable article,
and during the latter part of summer, while
fruits are plenty, is the dullest part of the
season for the sale of honey. Better be
putting in your time arranging and putting
your honey in the best possible shape ; just
as though it was your intention to keep it
for one year at least. There will be noth-
ing lost if you improve your time in this
manner.

Wood Sj»g:«-.— Dana Twining, Green
Garden, His., ou .July 10, 1888, writes as
follows :

I enclose a stalk of a plant that I would
be pleased to have you name. 1 see but
little of it ill this vicinity, but tlie bees are
making good use of that little. Bees are
gathering but a little surplus, and that
mostly from red clover.

[It is wood sage, Tevxsrium Canadense,
sometimes called American germander, and
has purple flowrets. It is of the mint
family, grows along small streams, aud is a
favorite with the bees.— Ed.1

.%. 'Voting Man residing near Ettrick,
Wis., while hunting early this month, saw a
swarm of passing bees, and fired his gun at
them. At once they settled on him, sting-
ing him so badly that he died within an
hour. Hunters should not attempt to in-
terfere with a passing swarm of bees. If
numbers count, especially when all are
armed, it is an unequal contest, especially
when the hunter was not posted as to the
means of defending himself by creating a
smoke. As hunters have no mercy on
harmless and innocent birds and animals,
they cannot complain when their merciless
attacks meet with a vigorous response.

Sweet Clover.— T. F. Hawley, of
Eureka Springs, Ark., on June 37, 1888,
asks the following questions about this ex-
cellent honey plant :

1. Is the bloom yellnw or white ? Is it a
fine bee-plant ? 3. Will it thrive on a steep
gravelly hillside that has an eastern slope !
3. 1 enclose a sprig of a plant growing here
that 1 suppose to he sweet clover. The
bloom is small, and bright yellow. It comes
up vear after yfar on the same plot of
ground. Please give me as good an idea as
possible of melilot, that I may know it
when I see it, and also if bee-keepers value
it much.

1. There are two kinds of sweet clover.
Melilotus alba has a white flower, while
Melilotus officinalis has little pendant yel-
low flowers ; in both, the flowers are dis-
posed in delicate elongated racemes, exhale
an agreeable odor, and both are very rich in
nectar.

2. It will generally grow anywhere except
on a flat rock.

3. The sprig sent with this query is from
the yellow variety. The plants are assidu-
lously frequented by the bees, come up year
after year on the same ground if sown twice
on the same place (it being a biennial), and
will last until long after frost and snow
comes in the fall.

and healthy, upon closer inspection will re-
veal the disease which has not yet attained
the condition of sickening stench which is
found in brood thoroughly ropy and rotten.
When it has reached the latter condition,
the only remedy we could advise would be
fire to utterly consume bees, hives, combs,
and honey.

In the milder forms of the disease, pure
phenol is no doubt the best remedy. But as
it is difficut to obtain the pure article except
at the large wholesale dealers, it can be ob-
tained at the office of the American Bee
JoiiRNAi,. One drop to 500 drops of the
syrup is the formula recommended by Mr.
Cheshire, as will be seen by the following
from his pamphlet :

" I found that 1-200 (that is one part of
pure phenol to 200 parts of syrup) was re-
fused by the bees altogether ; that 1-400
might be given constantly to a sound colony
without appearing to limit the queen in
breeding, or touch her health ; that 1-500
dispatched foul brood quickly, even while
honey was coming in ; and that 1-750 ap-
peared enough when it was not. I have es-
tablished these quantities as the correct
ones." Moderate quantities are, therefore,
not injurious.

We would refer Mr. Lord to the Report of
Mr. MoLain, found on pages 473 and 474 of
this issue, which gives another remedy for
this much-to-be-dreaded disease.

ITour Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

Foiil Brood.— A. D. Lord, Amiret,
Minn., on June 33, 1888, asks :

How do you detect the first appearance
of foul brood. I have one colony among 9
that the brood is very scattering in the
comb, and aboutone half die and turn black
when nearly ready to cap. If not foul brood,
what is it ?

What is erroneously called foul brood is
a disease which attacks not only the brood
(sealed and unsealed), but also the fall-
grown bees, and even the queen is some-
times affected by it. It is usually said that
" you will always find the cells sunken, and
a small hole the size of a pin-head in the
centre of the comb looking brown and
had ;" that the " foul stench arising from
the diseased colony" will indicate the dis-
ease, but there are so many different shades
and kinds of the disease that these are not
the only indications. Sometimes brood,
which to all outward appearance is sound

Honey Irom Corn, etc.— James B.
Riggins, Swanton, Nebr., on July 11, 1888,
asks the following questions :

I started last spring with 18 colonies of
bees. I had no increase, and obtained
1,300 pounds of comb honey. All but one
came through the winter of 1887 in good
condition. They are booming on Alsike
clover now. The outlook is very good for a
large honey crop. I received some of the
Chapman honey plant seed, and it is grow-
ing nicely now. 1 would like to ask whether
broom-corn ever yields much honey ?

Corn, when in silk and tassel, ordinarily
yields both honey and pollen in good quan-
tities. The honey is of fair quality. In
some localities and seasons it has been the
sole honey-producer upon which bees could
work in the fall, and build up for winter.—
Will some one tell us about broom-corn ?
Does it yield honey or pollen ?

Pleased.— Mr. W. F. Kanzler, of Fulda,
Ind., on July 6, 1888, writes as follows about
royal jelly, larval bees, etc. :

A thousand thanks for the article on
" Larval Bees," on page 440. The valuable
American Bee Journ.vl steps on the
high platform of scientific research, and
thereby honors itself. Prof. A. J. Cook
showed himself the greatest reformer, for
he could reform himself. Mr.Stnchelhausen,
of Texas, gives a sample of his learning in
apiculture, and will probably enlighten us
hereafter. Ail nonsensical talk will now
stop about royal jelly, stating that it is
"young brood in the white state," "I saw
legs and breasts plainly in it," (see the Bee
Journal for 1881, page 133, third column,
Ifith line from the ton), and even the "bread-
and-hulter-men" will be pleased to learn
how young bees are fed and nourished, and
how old bees prepare their food.

470

Tmn MMMmic-Mif m^m jo'PMifMir.

-i-*-^^'^-*-^^^^-'*

f

Building a Bee-Honse.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 560.— 1. I propose to build a bee-
cellar in the following, manner : My apiary is on
hiKh. sandy land, and descends about l foot in 15.
Commence on the lower side and excavate on a
level 4x5 feet for the entrance-way, witli an outer
and an inner door. Then excavate 27 feet and 2
inches^hy 7 feet and 8 inches, for the cellar proper.
Build a sod wall on the margin of the cellar l toot
in thlclineBS, and in heiglit 7 feet from the bottom
of the cellar. Build a second wall outside of the
first, with 10 incites of air-space between tiiem.
The plates to support ttie shingled roof are to rest
on cedar posts eet in the ground outside, and on a
level with the sttil walls. Cut gains in plates for
joists to support a double floor overhead, covered
with 2 feet of sawdust. The outside of the poets are
to be rough boarded. It will have no windows, and
be ventilated with two 3-incli iron pipes, one passing
through the wall near the door 1 foot above the
cellar bottom, leading into the open air, and the
other Just passing through tlie floor overhead, from
the attic above. Will such a repository be a suitable
one for wintering bees?- Mich.

Yes. — H. D. Cutting.

I should think so. — G. L. Tinker.

Yes, if dry.— Dadant & Son.

I think it would J. P. H. Bko\\':n.

It will do nicely. — C. H. Dibbekn.

As I understand your description, it
certainly will. — J. M. Hambaugh.

I see no reason why it would not

Edgene Secor.

Yes ; but I think you can dispense
with one-half of the sawdust.— Mrs. L.
Harrison.

Yes, but I would have the ventila-
tors so arranged that they could be
closed and opened at will. — A. B.
Mason.

I have no experience with cellar or
in-door wintering of bees, and so I am
not prepared to give an opinion. — M.
Mahin.

I always winter mj' bees on the sum-
mer stands, so I have no practical
knowledge on the subject. — J.E.Pond.

I have to leave this Query to those
who have experience with cellar-win-
tering, as in the South we have no use
for them for wintering bees. — P. L.

VlALLON.

If I understand you, your building
will be a house rather than a cellar,
as the bottom is only about 2 feet be-
low the surface of the ground at the
deepest part. Something more under-
ground, I think, would be better. — C.
C. Miller.

I should say that it would answer
very well, but at the present time I
think that the iron pipes for ventila-
tion are not necessary. Three years
of experience tells me that such a cel-
lar needs no special ventilation, more
than comes through the ground.— G,
M. Doolittle.

It all depends upon how thoroughly
the work is done. I should not want
to put bees in it until some one else

had tested it. It is too much above
ground, and sod walls, I fear, are too
unstable. Make a radical change in
your plan. — R. L. TiTLOR.

Yes, and if they do not have the
diarrhea, which depends mainly upon
their food, they will come out in first-
rate condition in the spring. — James
Heddon.

Such an arrangement in this climate
would be so damp that everything
would mold and decay in a very short
time. In your Michigan climate, where
the air carries less moisture in winter,
your repositoiy may winter bees all
right. — G. W. Demaree.

I think that the cellar described
would be a good one, if you can keep
the rats and mice out of it. The ven-
tilating tubes seem small to me. I
would prefer them 6 inches in diame-
ter, with a contrivance to entirely

close them in zero weather J. M.

Shuck.

I should think so. The thing to be
gained is to keep the temperature
above 38°. I have now wintered bees
several years without loss. Last win-
ter my cellar was down to 28°, and for
weeks below freezing, and the loss
was great. Cellars must be frostproof.
— A. J. Cook.

To dig deeper and have something
more substantial than sod-walls, would
be preferable — making it more of a
cellar than a bee-house. The venti-
lating tubes should be so made that
thej' can be closed or opened when de-
sired— and they are also too small. —
The Editor.

Position or Bee-Spaces-
Boards, etc.

-Honey.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 561.-1. In using T-supers without
a hone>-b()ttrd, which Is preferable— to have
the bee-space made in the top of tbo brood-
apartment, or in the bottom of the case y 2.
Wbatliindof a honey-board do you prefer?
3. How much space should there be between
the ends ol the top-bars and the hive, to guard
as much as possibe aKaicBt the bees fastening
the ends to the hive?— M.

1. I prefer the bee-space at the bot-
tom of the section-case. — J. P. H.
Brown.

1. There is no diflerence. 2. A
slatted queen-excluding honej'-board.
3. Three-eighths of an inch. — A. J.
Cook.

1. In the bottom of the case. 2.
Wood slats with zinc queen-excluders
between. 3. Five-sixteenths of an
inch. — A. B. Mason.

1. I prefer the bee-space in the top
of the brood-chamber. 2. If I have a
honey-board at all, I prefer one com-
posed of slats. 3. See Query 554, on
page 422.— M. Mahin.

I know nothing of the matter prac-
tically, as I have never used them. — J.
E. Pond.

1. On top of the brood apartment.
2. The slatted break-joint of wood. 3.
Five-sixteenths of an inch. — Mrs. L.
Harrison.

1. I prefer the space in the bottom
of the case. 2. The Tinker improved
wood-and-zinc. 3. One-thirt3--second
in this locality. — H. D. Cutting.

1. At the top of the brood apart-
ment. 2. Perforated zinc. 3. Thej"
will stick their glue more or less at
any distance. — J. M. Hambadgh.

1. I use the bee-space at the top of
the brood-chamber. 2. Wood and zinc
combined. 3. I use 1-32 of an inch —
G. M. Doolittle.

1. At the top of the brood-apart-
ment ; but I would not use them with-
out a honey-board. 2. The Heddon
slat honey-board. 3. One-sixteenth of
an inch, and let them fasten. — C. C.
Miller.

1. At the top of the brood-apart-
ment. 2. The Heddon slat break-
joint until swarming, then a queen-
excluder on the swarm. 3. Bee-space,
or i of an inch. — Eugene Secor.

1. Either will do, and there is but
little diffei-enoe in handling. 2. A
slatted board with 3-16-inch spaces be-
tween the slats. 3. See Query 554. —

C. H. DiBBERN.

1. I would prefer to have the spaces
at the bottom of the case, although it
is generally used the other way ; but
either does not make any diflerence.

2. A perforated-zinc honey-board. 3.
Three-eighths of an inch — P. L. Vial-

LON.

1. I do not think it would make any
difference. I would not want to use a
T-super without a honey-board. 2. I
prefer a wood-and-zinc honey-board.

3. Not over 1-lti of an inch. — G. L.
Tinker.

1. I would prefer it in the bottom of
the case, if I could use no honey-board.
2. I prefer the slatted honey-board
described on page 297. 3. Make the
top-bars of the frames pointed, and
allow them to just touch the enils of
the hive. — J. M. Shuck.

1. So far as results are concerned,
consult your tastes ; but how could j'ou
easily put a cover on a brood-chamber
full of bees, w^ith no space over the
frames ? 2. The Heddon slatted
honey-boartl with strips of queen-ex-
cluding zinc between the slats. 3. I
prefer 1-32 of an inch. — R. L. Taylor.

1. I prefer to have half of the me-
chanical bee-space at the bottom and
top of the cases ; and have the top of
the brood-chamber reduced to half the
usual bee-space. 2. A horizontal di-

THM MMERICMN WMM JQilPPRHlEEr.

471

vision-board made of perforated zinc,
with a wood rira 3-16 of an inch (half
a bee-space) above the plane of the
sheet, on each side. Mr. John S.
Reese, of Kentucky, who has a perfor-
ating machine, has improved the zinc
queen-excluding hone)'-board by per-
forating the sheets in rows, so as to
come right over the centres of the top-
bars of tlie frames, thus insuring a per-
fect break in the upward passways. I
like his plan the best of all. 3. Three-
eighth.? of an inch. — G. W. Demaree.

1. At the top of the brood-apart-
ment, to take the cover when the sur-
plus cases are not on, and to take a
cover to the T-super, which must not
have two bee-spaces, or how about
tiering them ? 2. My own ; that is,
one containing the bee-space and
break-joint principle. 3. One-fourth
inch, or none to speak of. — James
Heddon.

1. There is practically no difference
— either place will do. 2. The slotted
queen-excluding honey-board is pref-
erable. 3. About I of an inch. — The
Editor.

mSFOMDMCE.

QUEEN-REARING.

Hour to Rear the very Best
Qneens.

Written fur the American Bee Journal

BY WM. H. BAXCH.

lot of queen-cells ; one that I once prac-
ticed until I found some of ray queens
died in three months, and many with-
in one year. This caused vexation and
loss, and I began to study and experi-
ment, and from those experiments I
have found tliat I could rear the very
best queens. It is done in the following
manner :

At any time when bees carry nat-
ural pollen, and the drones are out, or
will be at the time the queens will be
old enough to make her bridal tour
(early in the spring, summer, or late
in the season), take the queen from a
strong colony, then wait eight days,
and cut out every queen-cell and in-
sert a frame of eggs, not larvaj. Be
sure that there is not one egg hatched.
This is the secret, not larvce but eggs.
About trebble the number of queen-
cells will be constructed, and the
queens will be of the very best ! The
longest lived queens that I ever had,
were reared according to the above
method.

Orau, N. Y.

There has been very much written
on this subject, yet not one has cen-
tered the mark. This is written in all
kindess. I do not rear queens for
sale, and I do not' write this to start a
controversy j^^'o or con on artificially
reared or naturally reared queens, but
that the inexperienced maj' profit
by what I have proven for many years.

All are well aware what queen-
breeders say about naturally and arti-
ficially reared queens, and how much
stress is laid on the /' swarming im-
pulse," larva? three days old, strong
colonies, and the first set of queen-
cells reared in a colony, etc. In the
American Bee Journal for May 16,
1888, is an article in which the writer
says, " divide the colony." When I
read that article, I felt a sjmpathj' for
the wu'iter, and much more for those
who read the article that have had
small experience in queen-breeding,
and expect good queens. I then
thought that it was my duty to correct
the error immediately.

It is a very simple and easy matter
to divide a colony of bees, and rear a

OLD QUEENS.

Shall We Supersede Old Queen§
Ourselves ?

Written for Gleanings in Bee-Cultv/re

BT O. O. POPPLETON.

The assertion, that bees know better
when to do this work than we do,
is in a certain sense true, and in other
ways not true ; for while they fre-
quently supersede their queens before
the apiarist can possibly detect any
failure of the queen, or, at least, before
he would detect it in the ordinary
routine of work, they frequently re-
tain failing queens, if allowed to do
so, for months after they are nearly
worthless ; but all are agreed that such
queens should be replaced by the bee-
keeper. The fact that, in following
any rule of superseding on account of
age, we will sometimes destroy queens
good for yet another season, is also
true ; but this is only one item to be
considered in making a decision of
what is best to do, and not the conclu-
sive reason that the one who made it
seemed to consider it was.

The entire question is one simply of
profit and loss ; that is, a question of
which way costs the least. On the
one hand we have the expense of
furni.shing the colonies with the joung
queens, which any one can easily de-
termine for himself, and to this must
be added the value of an occasional
queen that would be destroyed that
would be useful for yet another season.
This last item is much less than many
suppose it to be. and less than I sup-

posed it was until after I had closely
observed the matter for several years.
On the other hand, we have a material
reduction of our honey crop, resulting
from the failure of many old queens at
a critical time of year.

In the northern States the time of
year when such failure will les.sen the
amount of honey stored by the colony
extends from late in the fall until
about July 1 next ; and it is practically
impossible to detect this failure in time
to entirely prevent the loss of honey.

The bees do very little superseding
of their own accord at this season of
the year ; in fact, practically none at
all of the queens that are commenc-
ing to fail, but not yet entirely so. At
least nine-tenths of the superseding in
my apiary in northern Iowa was done
in the months of July and August.

To aid me in getting at the real
facts in this matter as well as in others,
I have always kept a complete record
of all my queens, and have practiced
clipping their wings. This last en-
abled me to keep a coi'rect record of
each queen, without any guess-work.

I soon noticed that those colonies
whose queenwas in her fourth season
nearly always gave me less than the
average amount of honey, and enough
less, too, to much more than pay for
the expenses of having given them
young queens the fall before, and
allow largely for the value of such
good queens" as might be killed while
doing so. I never killed all of my
third-season queens, although I think
it would have paid to do so ; but I al-
ways kept a few of the best ones, so I
have had both kinds of queens to com-
pare results from many years.

A colony which is veiy strong at
the commencement of the honey-flow,
will store more honey according to its
numbers than will a medium strong
one, and only queens in prime vigor
can get their colonies strong by the
time white clover commences to yield ;
and even if old and yet good, they are
rarely ever as vigorous as are younger
ones ; and my main reliance for sur-
plus honey was always on those colo-
nies having queens in their second or
third seasons.

It is quite a long while fi'om the
time brood-rearing ceases in the fall
and the first of July following ; and
any failure of the queen during this
time, even if only partial, seriously
diminishes the number of mature bees
the hive will contain during the honey
harvest, and no failure of a queen can
take place during this time that can
be noticed by the apiarist, soon enough
to prevent a serious reduction of the
amount of brood that will be raised in
time for the harvest.

A much larger production of colo-
nies having old queens will be weak in

472

ir^H® MM^MicMff mwM jQ'^mmm^t.

'■■^■^^^■'— ■^■^*-»f«<

the spring than of those having
younger queens ; and as I'e-queening
can be done so much cheaper and bet-
ter in the fall than in the spring, I
prefer to do it then, even if half the
queens I destroy would be good for
yet another year.

Many of our best apiarists — Doolit-
tle, Hutchinson, and others, recom-
mend the contraction system during
swarming ; but all seem to agree that
swarms having old queens seem much
more inclined to build drone comb
than do others.

In speaking of old queens, I mean
those that have done duty for three
seasons, including the one in which
they were reared. In rare cases I
have known queens to do duty the
fifth season ; but a very large propor-
tion will not do satisfactory work dur-
ing their fourth season, a much larger
proportion than many suppose is the
case, unless they have specially ob-
served this point for a number of
years.

As already said, the question is one
of relative profit and loss. On one
hand we have the expense of the
young queens, and the value of the
few good queens that will be de-
stroyed ; on the other, we have the
very material shrinkage of the honey
crop, the probable loss of some colo-
nies, etc., and there is no question in
my mind that the last items exceed
the first ones many times over.

Apartado 278, Havana, Cuba.

EXPERIMENTS.

A Report of Some Experiments
in Apiculture.

Report to the Commissioner of Agriculture
BY N. w. m'lain.

The study of some forms of disease
to which bees are subject, including
an inquiry into the causes of disease,
and the discovery and application of
suitable remedies, has occupied much
time, and the results from this line of
investigation have been in a good de-
gree successful and satisfactory.

The excellent classification and com-
plete history which have been given of
the micro-parasitical forms which af-
fect the life and health of bees simplify
diagnosis and facilitate the discovery
and application of preventives and
cures. Modern science has shown
that it is often necessary to unlearn
much of what was supposed to have
passed beyond the region of doubt.
The subject in hand furnishes no ex-
ception. It is not strange that there
should be confusion and error in deal-
ing with the origin and habits of these
micro-organisms which bafBe tlie skill

of the investigator. We are now col-
lecting and tabulating data and testing
theories in the crucible of experience,
and while our investigations are in-
complete, and many seemingly de-
termined facts lack full confirmation,
and while significant manifestations
await interpretation, we must be slow
in reaching conclusions. We may in-
deed be in the region of the knowl-
edge we seek after, but we must hold
the evidence under survey until many-
sided experience fully determines its
value.

Bacillus Alvel (Cheshire).

This disease, commonly but inap-
propriately called foul brood, is in-
digenous in all parts of the United
States, and is infectious and virulent
to the last degree. Concerning the
origin of Bacillus and other allied or-
ganisms, but little is certainly known,
but that the organism classified as
Bacillus alvei is the active agent in the
destruction of both bees and brood is
certain, for this agent is always pres-
ent, and although its action in the
living organism is exceedingly compli-
cated it is also well defined.

The symptoms of this disease may
be more clearly described by con-
trasting the appearance of bees' brood
and combs in a healthy colony with
the diagnostic symptoms attending
Bacillus alvei. The bees act as if dis-
contented and discouraged ; (»he combs
commonly present a dingj', neglected,
and untidy appearance, and a charac-
teristic odor is present, sometimes not
noticeable until the hive-cover is re-
moved, at other times oft'ensive at
some distance from the hive. This
odor is very like that emitted from
glue which has been prepared for use,
then put aside and allowed to ferment.
Instead of the plump, white, smooth
appearance common to healthy un-
capped larva3, the membranes more or
less wrinkled and shrunken, are
streaked with yellow, which with the
succeeding stages of the disease
changes into a dingy, gray brown ;
then as putrefaction, follows, the color
becomes a dirty red brown. As evapor-
ation progresses the mass settles to the
lower side of the cell, and if the head
of a pin be drawn through the mass,
that which adheres apjiears quite
stringy and elastic, the tracheas and
tougher tissues resisting decay adher-
ing to the cell. Later nothing remains
but a black, flat scale on the lower side
near the bottom of the cell. If the
disease does not assume the acute form
before the pupa stage the brood is
capped over, but the cell cap, com-
monly of a darker color than that
covering a healthy brood, settles, leav-
ing the cover concave instead of flat
or convex, and shortly small holes ap-
apear, as if inquiry had been instituted

to learn the condition of the occupant,
or to liberate the gases and odor and
facilitate evaporation. Torn and rag-
ged cell caps are frequent, and some
cells may be empty and cleansed ; and
in the midst of ragged and sunken
caps a live bee may occasionally
emerge.

The means by which these deadly
agents are commonly introduced into
the hive and into the bodies of their
victims has not been certainly de-
termined. Prof. Frank R. Cheshire,
F.L.S., F.R.M.S., to whom we are in-
debted for the classification of this
species of Bacillus, and also for much
that is valuable concerning its life
history and pathogenic character,
speaking of the means of propagating
this disease, sajs (see Bees and Bee-
Keeping, vol. 2, pp. 157, 158, London.
1888) :

" My strong opinion is, that com-
monly neither honey nor pollen carry
the disease, but that the feet and an-
tennae of the bees usually do." " It is
also extremelj' likely that spores are
carried in the air and taken in by the
indraft set up by the fanners. There
will be no ditficulty in this supposition
when it is remembered that the or-
ganisms are so minute that a cubic
inch of material would form a quad-
ruple line of them from London to
New York."

My own experience and observation
is in agreement with this last proposi-
tion, as witness the following para-
graph from my report of last year (see
Report of U. S. Entomologist, 1886,
p. 587) :

" That the contagion may sometimes
be borne from hi\e to hive by the
wind appears to be true, as it was ob-
served in one of the apiaries which I
treated for tliis disease during the past
summer, that of a large number of
diseased colonies in the apiary, with
the exception of 2 colonies, all were
located to the northeast of the colony
in which the disease first appeared.
The prevailing wind had been from
the southwest."

Mr. Cheshire says further, page as
above : " The bee-keeper is unfortu-
nately almost compelled to become
himself a probable cause of infection.
His hands, made adhesive by propolis,
carry the spores or bacilli, and so may
transfer them, even hours later, to
healthy hives. The clothes should be
kept as far as practicable from con-
tact with suftering colonies, and the
hands after manipulating them should
be disinfected by washing with a weak
solution of mercuric chloride (corrosive
sublimate), J of an ounce in 1 gallon
of water being quite strong enough."

The concluding paragraph under
this heading in my report for 1886 is
as follows :

THlt JEMERICMPi mmW JO^JRlfMlr.

473

" That the disease germs may be
carried upon the clothing and hands
appears probable, from the fact that in
one neighborhood this disease ap-
peared in only two apiaries, the own-
ers of which had spent some time
working among diseased colonies at
some distance from home, while other
apiarists in that locality who had kept
away from the contagion had no
trouble from foul brood."

It has been the common belief that
honey is the medium through which
the disease is most frequently intro-
duced from both near at hand and re-
mote sources of infection. That undue
importance has been attached to honey
as the common source of Infection ap-
pears certain, for I have proved by
repeated trials that if frames contain-
ing combs of capped honey, and hav-
ing no cells containing pollen, be re-
moved from infected hives and thoi*-
oughlj' sprajed or immersed, using an
acid and alkaline solution of suitable
strength to destroy the germs exposed
to its action, the honey in such combs
did not communicate disease when
placed in healthy colonies and con-
sumed by the bees as food for both
summer and winter uses. I have
found it altogether practicable to feed
honey which had been extracted from
the infested combs without boiling,
always adding, however, as a pvecau-
tion, a disinfectant suitable to desti-oy
any infection possibly lurking in such
food. *

In speaking of honey as a means of
carrying this contagion, Mr. Cheshire
says : "I have searched most care-
fully in honey in contiguity with cells
holding dead larvK ; have examined
samples from stocks dying out with
rottenness ; inspected extracted honey
from terriblj' diseased colonies, and
yet in no instance have I found an
active bacillus, and nei'er have been
able to be sure of discovering one in
the spore condition, although it must
be admitted that the problem has its
microscopic difficulties, because the
stains used to make the bacilli ap-
parent attach themselves very strongl}'
to all pollen grains and parts thereof,
and somewhat interfere with examina-
tion. I have now discovered that it is
impossible for bacilli to multiply in
honey, because they cannot grow in
any fluid having an acid reaction."

As to pollen being the medium by
which this contagion is common]}- in-
troduced into the hive, not wishing to
appear as speaking ex cathedra, 1 ven-
ture to say that further experiments in
the line indicated in my report of last
year, leave little room to doubt the
accuracy of the opinion then formed,
namely, that pollen is the medium by
which this contagion is most commonly
introduced, and most rapidly sjjread

and persistentlj- perpetuated. Con-
tinued observation showed that in
those colonies where the largest quan-
tity of pollen was being gathered, the
disease quickly assumed the malignant
form, even when the quantity of brood
was not greater than that being reared
in other colonies where but little pol-
len was being gathered, and in which
the disease was far less virulent ; and
in this latter kind, where little pollen
was being gathered, the contagion
yielded most readily to treatment. But
what seemed more to the point was,
that from those colonies from which
the comlis containing pollen were re-
moved, and a suitable substitute fur-
nished in the hive, thus avoiding the
necessity for bringing supplies from
the fields, the disorder was cured, and
the colony speedily regained their
normal condition.

The fact that queen larvae seldom
die from this contagion, taken in con-
nection with what we know to be true
concerning the character of their food,
is significant, namelj', that it is wholly
composed of digested matei'ial, pollen
grains being rarely found therein, and
then as if present by accident and not
by design, seems to justify the con-
clusion that the absence of pollen ac-
counts for the absence of bacilli ;
while on the contrary the food of
worker larvas, secreted in excessive
quantit}' and deposited in haste, oc-
casional grains of pollen being drop-
ped, and no reason for their removal
existing, the bacilli finding congenial
cultures, multiply apace ; and if per-
chance the larva; escape infection, as
is commonly the case until near the
time of weaning, tlien live pollen be-
ing supplied, speedy and complete ruin
results. Moreover, few if any bacilli
are to be found in the chyle stomach
of an adult queen at the head of a
stricken colony, subsisted, as she must
be, almost entirely upon secreted
food produced by tlie worker bees ;
while in the chyle stomach of the
worker, which partakes freely of pol-
len, they are present in quantity, and
in fact line the whole intestinal tract.

The evidence presented in support
of this pollen theory of the means of
introducing and spreading this con-
tagion is circumstantial, still it is com-
ponent ; and if it fails to reveal the
true source of infection, the fact that
the consumption of such live pollen as
is obtained from tlio fields during the
prevalence of this disease, or such old
pollen as is storeil in cells in which it
may have molded or rotted, and be-
come a possible source of infection,
aggi'avates the disease and makes it
more persistent, and the fact that if
the old pollen ht: removed from the
hive, and artificial pollen be sub-
stituted, the malignant and pei-sistent

characteristics disappear, and th.at the
contagion then readily yields to suit-
able treatment, is settled beyond ques-
tion.

While it is true that queen-bees have
less to fear from infection in the larval
stage, it is also true that ([ucens reared
in infested colonies are commonly
worthless. Of 25 queens so reared in
one apiary, and successfully estab-
lished at the head of as many colonies,
not one survived the period of hiber-
nation. In case the contagion does
not assume the acute form in the
larvje it may localize and become
chronic, and so, the bacillus of dis-
ease being as unnatural as disease it-
self, both worker and queen may live
on for weeks and months, and the
queen, with both life and death within
her, transmitting the possibilities of
both. Mr. Cheshire has counted as
many as nine bacilli in a single egg, a
discovery full of significance when
striving to account for the spread of
the disease. It is but natural that this
contagion, being a disease of the
blood, should find congenial and lux-
uriant feetling-ground among the most
delicate and highly organized glands
and tubes of the ovaries.

We reason thus : The bee-pap fur-
nished to the queen larva, the proto-
plastic egg-food, copiously furnished
to the queen during the breeding sea-
son, is continuous, and passes from
cell to cell. The germ cell of bacillus
contributed to the organism of the
queen in larval or in egg-food, borne
along through the digestive and circu-
latory system, passes within the
ovarian tubes and from thence into
the nascent egg-cell, and once within
the yolk is ready to contend for su-
premacy against the spermatozoid
soon to be introduced. But the strife
is unequal, and instead of the differen-
tiating principle determining the form,
function, and instinct of a new crea-
ture appointed to long life and service,
the bacillus, fintling the environment
suited to multiplication, sterilizes the
blood and riddles the tissues and
viscera.

The remedy which I have found to
be a specific — by the use of which I
have cured hundreds of cases, many
of whicli seemed hopelessly incurable,
without failure, and without a return
of the contagion, except in tlie case of
two colonics of black bees, where the
disease reappeared in a form so mild
that each colony was speedily cured,
each one casting a swarm, and stor-
ing a fair amount of surplus honey —
is prepared and applied substantially
as directed in my last annual report.

In 3 pints of warm soft water dis-
solve 1 pint of dairy salt. Add 1 pint
of water, boiling hot, in which has
been dissolved 4 table-poonsfuls of

474

THE; mmLWMicmm BB® JQVm^MI^.

-'^^-^'■^'■'^^^^^'

%SkAmtAm*^AmbA

bicarbonate of soda. Dissolve \ of an
ounce of pure salicylic acid (the ci-js-
tal) in 1 ounce of alcohol. Add this
to the salt and soda mixture, then
raise the temperature near to the
boiling point, and stir thoroughly
while adding honey or syrup sufficient
to make the mixture quite sweet, but
not enough to perceptibly thicken, and
leave standing for two or three hours,
when it is ready for use. An earthen
vessel is best. I have tried other acids
and alkalies in other forms, but the
remedy prepared as directed and ap-
plied warm is that which I prefer.
Treatment of Bacillns Alvel.
Upon removing the cover from the,
hive, thoroughly dampen the tops of
the frames, and as many bees as are
exposed bj' blowing a copious spraj' of
the mixture from a large atomizer.
Beginning with the outside, lift a
frame from the hive and throw a copi-
ous spray over the adhering bees on
both sides of the comb, shake ofl' part
of the bees into the hive, and spray
those remaining ; then shake and
brush these into the hive ; then blow a
copious spray of the warm mixture
over and into the cells on both sides
of the combs sufficient to perceptibly
dampen both comb and frame. In
like manner treat all the frames, seria-
tim, returning them to the hive in
order. From combs containing very
much pollen, the honey should be ex-
tracted and the combs melted into
wax. This extracted honey may be
fed with safety, 2.5 ounces of the
remedy being added and well stirred
into each quart of water.

All the colonies in the apiary should
be given a thorough spraying the first
time the treatment is applied, but
combs containing pollen need not be
removed from healthy colonies. After
the first thorough treatment the combs
and bees should be thorouglily spra3'ed
with the remedy at intervals of two or
three days until cured. Three treat-
ments after the first thorough appli
cation are commonly sufficient ; first
one frame being lifted from the hive
and sprayed, and the otliers simply set
apart, so that the spray may be well
directed over and copiously applied to
both bees and combs. An essential
feature in my method of treatment,
whicli I failed to make dul}- significant
. and prominent ia my last annual re-
port, is that medicated houey or sugar
syrup should be continuously fed to all
infected colonies while they are con-
valescing, for not onlj' must the con-
tagion be driven from the organism of
the adult bee, and suitable food and
tonic given to aid in repairing the
ravages of disease, but a constant and
even supply of the remedy serves as a
preventive and cure for the diseased
larvw.

The honey or syrup should be fed
warm, and 2 ounces of the remedj^
should be well mixed in each quart of
food, which may be given in feeders,
or by pouring over and into emptj'
combs, and placing these in the hive.

To prevent the bees from going
abroad for supplies, make a thin paste
of rye flour and bone flour, three parts
of the former to one of the latter, ad-
ding the medicated honey or syrup.
Spread this over a small area of old
comb and honey in the hive, or feed in
shallow pans or wooden butter dishes
in the top of the hive or outside in the
apiary, under .shelter from rain. I
prepare the bone flour bj- burning dry
bones to a white ash. The softest and
whitest pieces I grind to dust in a
mortar, and sift through a very fine
sieve made of fine wire-strainer cloth.
The coarser pieces of burned bone I
put in open vessels witli lumps of rock
salt, which I keep half covered with
sweetened water, and sheltered from
the rain, at all times accessible to the
bees. The rapidity with which de-
pleted colonies recuperate and become
populous is surprising. I have tried
supplying the saline, alkaline, and
phosphate elements in bee-food by
using boracic acid, phosphoric acid,
etc., but I find that the bees take
kindly to the supplies prepared as I
have directed, and the amount con-
sumed shows their appreciation and
need. Such supplies of food and drink
should be kept at all times in the api-
ar}', easy of access. I have not found
disinfecting of the hives necessary
further than to simply dampen the in-
side with a copious spray of the rem-
edy, and sometimes no care was taken
to do even this.

BEE-HIVES.

The New Heddon Hive Coii!«id<
ered and Criticised.

Written for the American Dee Journal
BY DR. G. L. TINKER.

In the controversy with Mr. Heddon
I have had no ill-will towards him, nor
cause for it. Mj- course has been
prompted wliolly by a desire to fore-
warn the public against a recognized
wrong. Mr. Heddon charges that I
have done him an " injury." In reply,
I will say, that it is better that he
should sufler injury than that-the bee-
keepers of America should do so by
the introduction of such a hive.

Mr. Heddon devoted a chapter in
his book, "Success in Bee-Culture," to
the claims for his new hive, alleging
that he had used it two years, and that
it had been fully tested by himself and
" stucVents."

■The "new principles" set forth
were new indeed, and would no doubt
have caused a revolution in bee-culture
had they proved in practice what they
were represented to be. But they did
not so prove, and it now remains to
be seen if the}- were not wholly theor-
etical from the beginning. They were
captivating and plausible, and bee-
keepers generally accepted them as
established facts on Mr. Heddon's
statements.

The feature above all others, that
was heralded in advance of the issue
ot his book, was the alleged fact that
we could "handle hives" if rightly
constructed, instead of many frames
in all needful work in an apiary. It
was confessed at the outset that it
would cost about twice as much as
other hives, but the advantages were
such that the extra cost was a small
item in summing up results, for "suc-
cess in bee-culture " was over assured
to every bee-keeper !

Many bought rights, and many more
bought hives with genuine Yankee en-
thusiasm. Mr. Heddon says over 500
got the hives. At last it appeared that
the hive was not what it had been rep-
resented to be, that it was in fact a
fraud. Then reports were called for,
but only 58 bee-keepers out of the 500
made favorable reports. Over 400
were silent as a tomb ! Had the hive
been the great success it had been
represented to be, can any one believe
.tor a moment that all these men would
have remained silent ?

The hive must stand or fall on the
claims that have been made for it.
First, Mr. Heddon's new super is not
a sucTcess. If it was, we would find
that all who use his divisible brood-
chamber also using his new super.
But all do not. A large number of
bee-keepers use and prefer Mr. Hed-
don's old super on his new hive. That
" settles the merits " of the new .super.
There remains only his divisible
brood-chamber to be considered, and
every bee-keeper must now see that it
is a failure, if it cannot be handled as
represented ; for if it cannot be, why
handle 16 brood-frames when 8 can be
handled just as quickly, and answer
the same purpose ; why be to the extra
cost ? It was claimed to be an easy
task to shake out the bees and queens
from the cases, discover queen-cells,
etc. But the bees and queens cannot
be shaken out as represented. It can
neither be done readily nor easily, and
if it could be, we are often unable to
see all the queen-cells, as I have found
in many instances. As well try to
shake the bees out of a case of sec-
tions. It can be done, but it is a labor-
ious undertaking.

One of the 58 men who reported
favorably on the hive, who lives not

'TMB mm^mmicmm mms j&n^mnwL.

4T5

■^ * -^ -^ -" r '^ *

far from here, aiul obtained his hives
direct from Mr. Heddoii, recently made
a thorough test of the " shake out
function" of the hive. Aided b_y
another expert bee-keeper wlio had
cliarge of the hives the attempt was
made to shake out the bees and cpieens
from several hives without success.
The attempt wa.s also made to drive
the queens down on the bottom-
board with smoke witli no bettor suc-
cess. One colony of hybrids were so
enraged by the -shaking, that the api-
arists were driven out of the apiary.
At last, our friend, unable to find a
ipieen, or to shake out the bees, gave
up the experiment in di.sgust, and de-
clared that the would transfer the bees
to other hives.

The experience of these gentlemen
is the same as my o^yi, that the
•' shake out function" is a humbug.
Add to this the dilficulty from brace-
combs, and the divisible brood-cham-
ber has not a thing to i-ecommcnd it.
It becomes at once a complicaled, ex-
pensive and worthless contrivance.

But Mr. Heddon claims that I have
not used his hive, but instead a modi-
fied one, and not a divisible bruod-
chamber at all. Let us see about that.
The idea was given out bj" Mr. Heddon
that there was no need of handling
brood-frames, but instead, hives. I
would make the most of this valuable
(?) function of the new hive. So I
made it the exact capacitj" of the eight-
frame Langstroth hive. The cases
were made very light, of |-inch .stuff,
aud the frames ] an inch more shal-
low than Mr. Heddon's. Besides, to
make sure of the "shake out func-
tion" the top and bottom bars were
made only 'i of an inch wide. These
cases were illustrated in Gleanings.
But after all my care in the matter,
and numerous trials, I found the
" shake out function" to be impracti-
cable to a man of ordinary strength
and endurance, even with my little
cases.

Mr. Heddon is fond of alluding to
what he is pleased to call my " mis-
takes." But my mistakes, if I have
made an)-, are trivial indeed as com-
pared with the grand mistakes of Mr.
Heddon in his unfortunate hive theor-
ies. It is human to err, but I must ob-
ject to one of the mo.st signal failures
in the history of apiculture; being
paraded before the public under the
false guise of "success." Charging
me with mistakes will not 1)lind the
public to the fact that the principle of
his new hive is wrong, and that his
theories regarding it are highly decep-
tive and misleading.

In conclusion I must observe, that
Mr. Heddon has made no improve-
ments in bee-hives as alleged ; at least |
not in the so-called new hive. The !

Heddon-Langstroth hive with the Hed-
don-More super have met with favor,
but as an "original inventor" we
shall hope that our friend may yet
distinguish himself.

New Philadelphia, Ohio.

[It is difficult to find the right place
to stop a discussion when once begun.
We thought we had terminated the
controversy about the merits of the
Heddon hive some months ago, but
some persons imagined that an injus-
tice Avas done to Dr. Tinker in .stop-
ping it there, and we now admit the
above just to show that no injustice
was intended. As the essay of Dr.
Tinker's opened the " ball," if Mr. Hed-
don desires to make a short reply, that
will positive!}' close the discussion in
our columns. We hope this will satisfy
all the friends of both parties, While
many are tired of the discussion and
desire to see it terminated, we will not
give either side the advantage. — Ed.]

WINGS CLIPPED.

Thoughtlessly Clipping: Wings of
a Virgin Queen.

Written for the American Bee Joun\al

BY JOHN CADWALLADER.

On June 14 a swarm was cast bj' a
colony having a queen with her wings
clipped, which was properly hived.
To my knowledge none has issued
from that hive, until to-day one came
foi'th. While thej" were issuing I dis-
covered the queen in the grass in
front of the hive. I captured her, and
before reflecting I clipped her wings.
1. Is it likely that she is a virgin
queen ? 2. As she cannot take wing,
will she ever become fertile ?

On May 27, I was examining a col-
ony which I had known to be strong,
and finding no eggs, but an abundance
of brood and numerous queen-cells, I
concluded that the colony had sud-
denly- become queenless. So on the
following morning I began to cut out
a lot of the queen-cells which were
chiefly in one frame. As fast as the
cells were taken lliey were placed in a
wooden butter-dish. When I had
finished, the comb had been so weak-
ened b)- the removal of the queen-cells,
that it broke loose from the frame. I
at once began to repair this, but be-
fore I had finished it, the queen-cells
in the butter-dish began to hatch, and
the queens to crawl away. I hurriedly
caught and caged six, but two got
awa}- ; one I afterward found dead un-

der the hive with a lot of bees around
her, trying to bring her to life.

I then fixed some nuclei in which to-
place this flock of queens, which were
threatening to cut their way out of the
cages. The hive had been smoked and
all broken up for an hour. It was
about II o'cloc^k. I had in the mean-
time hived a first swarm which had
issued with a wing-clipped queen,
when the swarming note was again
heard by a swarm issuing from this
hive which had been smoked and
broken up for an hour, which had
yielded me six bright queens, and the
two which " got away." This swarm
was hived, and both it and the parent
colon^i have had laying queens for
several weeks. I therefore concluded
that the parent colony had become
queenless b)' having cast a swarm (the
queen's wing not being clipped) un-
known to me, which absconded.

There seems to be little prospect for
white clover. Basswood is in l^loom,
alive with bees, but honey is not com-
ing in as it did from fruit-bloom, pop-
lar, and probably honey-dew. So far
all the honey stored is of a dark color
and bitter taste.

North Vernon, Ind., June 30, 1888.

[It is very likely that the queen you
found in the grass was a virgin, and if
so, in clipping her wings you destroj'cd
her usefulness by preventing her from
flying and becoming fertilized. — Ed.]

fmtiiJiiTSYTrrrmtltZllJiZSZSSSZ

CONVEl^ITIOBI DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

Aug. ."H.— Ionia County, at Ionia, Micb.

H. :}mith. Sec, Ionia, Micb.

Aug. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark. Sec, Denver, Colo.

Aug. 27.— Stark County, at Canton, o.

Mark Tbomson, Sec. Canton, O.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose. Pa.

11. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

Dec. —.-Michigan State, at .Jackson, Mich.

H. D. Cutting, Sec, Clinton. Mich.

S^~ In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- Bd.

TSo While Clover Honey.— Geo.
W. Fair, Chrisuian, Ills., on July 9, 18S8,
says :

I wintered 33 out of 34 colonies of bees,
coniiiig through in splendid condition, and
are now boilina over with bees ; but tliey
have not Katlif-red a pound of surplus
honey, and tliere is no prospect of any
soon. This is a Rood locality for white
clover lionev. but it is a complete failure
this year. What is in bloom seems to af-
ford little if any honey.

476

T'HB MMERieilEf BE® JOlffRKSI,.

Measuring' Comb Siirtace.— J.

H. Weidman, Riverside, N. J., on July 6,
18S8, writes :

In answer to the editor's remarks on page
419, I would state that X discovered the
gievous error soon after I had sent the arti-
cle ill question, but uot in time to prevent
its appearance in print. But I was in the
wrouji only in calculating the number of
cells to the square inch of comb surface, for
the fact remains that a square inch of comb
(which means a square inch of comb sur-
face, as square measure is surface measure,
and cannot be anything else), contains 27
cells, and that a frame 10J^xlO% will con-
tain 230 square inches of comb, or of comb
surface ; and by taking 27 cells to the square
inch, we get the true capacity of the frame,
6,210 cells. Now 1 claim that this is the
only proper method of calculating the ca-
pacity of comb in a hive, and my remarlis in
my previous article apply to this matter,
with the exception of the error Already
noticed.

[The error of Mr. Weidman has been cor-
rected several times by others, and now by
himself. This will dispose of the matter at
present. The error was very apparent at
first sight.— Ed.]

I take the best and destroy the others. Now
if there is number of thein, I cut them all
out but one (leaving the best one), and put
them in a cell-hatcher, inserted in one of
the colonies that has cast a swarm. As
Italians are apt to swarm without matured
queen-cells,! am always ready with matured
cells or virgin queens to give the old colony
as soon as they have cast a swartn.

The way I put cells into the hive is as
follows : With my finger I scratch the
comb down to the division wall, a spot a
little larger than the cell, and stick a pin
through the fringe of comb at the top of the
cell, and through the comb in the frame, so
that the cell hangs into the place I have
scratched out ; they will soon fasten it so
that the piu may be removed, and leave the
cell fast. I leave four frames with the
swarms that I work for comb honey, usifig
starters 2 inches wide, if they have not
frames enough of brood to leave 4, after
taking away -3. I use a frame 10>oXl7}2
inches.

Supporting a 4jrood <>anse. — T. H.

Kloer, Terre Haute, Ind., on July 9,1888,
writes :

My bees have not produced one ounce of
honey, and have not a day's supply in the
hives now. They are weak, having lust
half the old bees and all the brood by star-
vation between June 10 and June 20. There
was no white clover, and linden furnished
otily a living. Although 1 am heavily in-
volved, and in great financial distress, 1 en-
close $1 00 as my annual dues to the Bee-
Keepers' Union, so as to hold up the good
cause.

Pleurisy-Root and Bucktviieat

Honey.— Jacob N. Becker, Oakfield Cen-
tre, Mich., on July 8, 1888, says :

Bees are not doing much in this locality.
White clover was plentiful, and is gone,
but there was no honey in it. The bees just

fathered enough to keep up brood-rearing,
have 120 colonies, and they are over-run-
ning with bees, but not one swarm has
issued. They are gathering some honey
from pleurisy-root and tnilk-weed at pres-
ent. Basswood is budded for bloom, and
there are 100 acres of buckwheat sowed
within bee-range of my apiary. 1 shall look
for some honey from that source.

that we had good, warm weather during
plum and apple blooming (of wiiich trees I
liave several hundred), and so the beefi be-
came strong again, and are all in good con-
dition now.

Clover did not yield much honey, or
rather none, and linden will commetice to
bloom in a few days ; if no honey comes in
then, there will be poor prospects for honey
in this neighborhood, because the islands
are still covered with water, and the fall
flowers will have little chance to grow and
to bloom before frost. 1 had abnut 3,000
pounds of comb honey last year, and 1 shall
be satisfied if I get half that atnount this
year. Still we cannot tell, and have to hope
for the best.

Overstocking a liocality.— 6. A.

Adams, Perrysburgh, 0., on July 10, 1888,
writes :

A few of us began keeping bees here in
188.5, but there were not many colonies kept.
When we began, Mr. Puhl, of Momence,
was the only extensive bee-keeper in the
vicinity. Since then, a Toledo man has
planted an apiary within 10 rods of tny
farm, and last year his 200 colonies took all
of my fall pasturage. They have taken all
tny raspberry honey this spring. My bees
have no chance against siicli numbers. This
spring 40 colonies of this apiary were taken
one mile south of mine. The other is Ij.i
miles east. 1 live in the town, and the bee-
keepers are thus surrounded by the apiaries
of this man, who does nut own a foot of
land in the county. He will kill bee-keep-
ing in this neighborhood. I can get along
with ignorance by teaching, but now am I
to fight greed ? Can the Bee-Keepers'
Union devise any method ? We small bee-
keepers in Perrysburgh would be rejoiced
if a remedy could be provided.

[That is a hard matter to adjust. Dr. C.
C. Miller is the man to grapple with ques-
tions of territorial right to the nectar in the
flowers ; and he may have something to
suggest on the matter. We should think,
however, that the intruder would see that
he was overstocking the locality even for his
own bees, and remove the bees further
away. For one thing is certain, if your
bees can get nothing, his are in the same
condition, for if the nectar was there they
would all get a share of it.— Ed.]

managing S'n'arms, etc.— -T. M.

Herrick, Woodstock, N. T., on^ June 30,
1888, writes :

The last winter was the hardest here that
we have had in many years, fully 20 per
cent, of all the bees having died, and the
spring was backward and cold. I put 33
colonies into the cellar, atid left 2.5 on the
summer stands. I lost in all 17 colonies ;
but things are booming now. Honey fiom
clover and vervain is coming in as fast as I
ever saw it. I have had 23 swarms, and all
is going well.

fhandle swarms in the following man-
ner : First, it is best to get 8 frames of
brood in the colony, or as near it as possible
before swarming, then when the swarm
issues, 1 take out two-thirds of the brood,
and all the bees that are on the frames, and
put into another hive, taking all the queen-
cells ; or, if there are cells on all the frames.

Fine Harvest Expected— Hiving
S-»varms.— E. T. Smith, Bowling Green,
Mo., on July 9, 1888, writes :

White clover has bloomed but little here,
but the fields are now covered with young
clover, just beginning to bloom, and 1 am
expecting a hne honey harvest. My colo-
nies are building up, and are beginning to
be very strong, the honey-flow being suffi-
cient to encourage increase, but not suffi-
cient for surplus. 1 started in the spring
with 8 colonies, and I now have 16. In hiv-
ing swarms 1 adopted the Heddon method
in part, to prevent increase ; that is, 1 move
the old stand and put the new one in its
place. The result has been, that I have
had only one swarm from each of those
colonies. I allowed one old colony to re-
main, and hived the swarm in a new place,
and that colony swarmed three times. In
hiving my swarms, I went contrary to Mr.
Hutchinson's advice, given in his little
book— that is, I hived them on combs, left
from the previous year, and I have never
seen colonies build up faster. I am satis-
fled that Mr. Hutchinson is right, an1 the
result would have been as he says, if the
honey-flow had been good, but with such a
season as this has been, I think that the
empty combs area great help. Our season
is excellent, and crops of all kinds are very
fine.

Strong Colonies and I>rotvne<1

Bees.— Chas. H. Wiele, Stoddard, Wis.,
on July 5, 1888, writes :

This has been the hardest spring on bees
here, that I have witnessed in the last 27
years. I put them out of the cellar on Apri 1
13, with the loss of but one colony out of 80.
Two swarmed out the same day, it being
pretty warm. They almost immediately
began to work and carry pollen, and were
strong and lively, but it did not last very
long ; wet and chilly weather set in, and
then it could not be called " spring dwind-
ling" any Tuore, but "spring killing,"
They would fly over on the islands of the
Mississippi, and the water being high, they
would drop right into it in returning, and
drown by the thousands. A person could
just dip them up by the handf uls along the
bank. Of course the colonies became so
weakened tliat I expected to lose the most
of them ; I had to double up 26, and the rest
pulled through well enough. It was well

Alsike Clover on Dry l.and.—

Eugene Secor, Forest City, Iowa, on July 4,
1888, writes ;

I have sowed Alsike clover seed a couple
of times within the last ten years. On dry
laud I fear this is not going to prove a very
proHtable crop for either hay or pasture.
It does not stick like common white clover,
and does not grow large enough to take the
place of red clover. But a couple of my
neighbors sowed Alsike on wet land a year
ago in early spring ; the land was such as
produces only wire grass. Open ditches
had been cut the year previous, taking off
all the standing water. On this kind of
land they tell me it is a success- standing
up in the wild grass 1.5 to 20 inches high,
and growing luxuriantly.

^Vorking on tlie Il,indcn, etc. —

S. Burton, Eureka, Ills., on July 5, 1888,
writes :

1 notice on page 444, Mrs. J. B. Curlee
says that the Chapman honey plant will be
ill bloom in a few days ; that it is 4 feet
high, and has large balls on it, looking like
the wild thistle. It is not like mine. My
plants are from 5 to 7 feet high, with balls
on them, and has no resemblance to the
wild thistle. There are from 30 to 50 balls
on a stalk. It began to bloom on July 1.
The bees are busy on it all the time. I have
had 14 swarms up to this date. The linden
is in bloom now, and the bees have had a
lively time for the last two days. The
white clover is not coming on as last as I
expected it would, but we had a good rain
last night which will help it out now.

'S-mm HMEMICMH B0B J®ltJi«I«SI*.

477

BrSlNESS MANAGER.

ushtcss Soticts,

It If OH Ufe near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we liave on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at tliis office.

If you L.ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it Is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Xx4)^ and !>}^x5},{.
Price, »1.00 per 100, or 88.50 per 1,000.

Preseire Your Papers for future
reference. If you have no BI^I>ER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee J ottbkai,.

Yucca Kriislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozeu ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -wrile American Bee Journal
on the envelope wlieu writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Home Itlarkets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in auy locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Apiary Regrister — All wlio intend to
be systematic in tlieir work in tlie apiary,
should get a copy of the Apiary Register and
begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) $1 GO

" 100 colonies (220 pares) 125

" 200 colonies (420 pa^s) 1 50

Pbotogi-aplis of Bee*U<'epers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containuig the faces of 1.31 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for 81.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

ri.UBBIIVC I.IST,

^Ve Club the American Bee Journal

for a year, with any of tlie following papers

or books, at tlie prices (juoted in the I.ASX

column. The regular price of botli is given

in tlie first column. One year's subscription

for the American Bee Journal must be sent

with each order for anotlier paper or book:

PHa of both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00 . . .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150... 140

Tbe ApiculturiBt 1 75.... 1 60

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 ... . 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer...! 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 565 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal. .1 60 1 50

Dzierzon's Bee-Book(cloth)....3 00.... 2 00
Hoot's A B Cof Bee-Culture.. 2 25.... 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 150.... 1 30

Heddon's tiook, "Success,".. 1 .50., 1 40

A Year Among- tbe Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 1 .10

WeeklT InterOcean 2 00.... 1 75

Iowa Homestead 200... 190

How to Propagate Fruit 150 125

History of National Society..! 50 1 25

Cork for Winter Packings. — Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odoriess. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for 81.00.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

2.50 Labels $1.50 $2.00 S2 25

500Lttbel8 200 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«- Samples mailed free, upon application.

A Modern BKK-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

■We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; }« pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, .S3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for lialf an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of tills honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at tlie following prices :
—Per lb., '22c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 85.50 ; per busliel of 60 lb., 810.00.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

Honey and Beeswax Market.

NEW YORK.
H0NB7.— We quote : Kancy white In Mb. sec-
tions, 13@15c.; tbe same In 2-lbB.. lOOUct buck-
wheat l-lbs.. inc.; -J-lbs^Kc. Market duU. We are
doiDB an we can to reduce stock, to make room for
tbe new crop.
BKK8WAX.-26C.

HILDRBTH BROS.,
May 21. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane Bt.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HoNKT.-We quote. White to e^ttra white comb,
r>®1.5c.; amber, HOiic. Extracted, white to extra
white. 5'4'aHc.- amber. 4L<:ro 5c. Arrivals of tbe new
''''21!,','.''* small, tbe estimateB being an average crop.

oKKoWAX. — 2UIK24C.

June 18. O. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Front 8t.

DETROIT.

?PJf^^-~B8''"*'"« ih '-lb. sections, 14c.-DulL
BEEHWAJC.-2a@24c.
June 14. M. H. BUNT. Bell Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We Bet )5c. per lb. in a small way for
best comb, anti leas for off grades. Bxiracted, best
white, 7(aHC. None of tbe new crop received yet.
but there is mure than sufficient of the old crop
for tbe lifiht demand.

BKK8WAX,-220. B. A. BURNBTT,

Jun. 30. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote ; Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
12c.; fancy 2-lbs., KKsllc; fair white l-lbs.. lOSllc,
and fair -j-lbs,, ►(Si^.c. Buckwheat i-lbs.. 7®«c. The
demand is dull fur comb hut fair for extracted, of
which new from tbe South is arriving, and sells for
55Cit'fir,c. per gallon.

BKESWAX-DulI at •>SK®2ic.
Jun. 15. F.G.STROHMEYER&CO., 122Water8t-

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— No white clover left in this market.
Dark slow sale at 8@10c. ISztracted ready sale on
arrival. New crop will meet with good demand.

BKB8WAX.-23C.
July 2. 8. T. FISH & CO.. IS9 S. Water St.

CINCINNATI.

HONBY.— We quote extracted at sesc. per !b.,
for which demand is fair. Comb honey, 12@15c.—
Demand slow.

BBlt8W AX.— Demand is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.

July 11. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 14@i6c.:
2-Ib8.. 13@Hc.; 3-lbs., 12@13c. Extracted, white in
kegs and hrbarrel.'^.Hfn.HVac. ; In tin and pails, 9^@loc.;
dark in barrels and kegs. 6@6>^c. Demand good for
extracted, but dull for comb.

BKK8WAX.-22igi2.'>c.
July 2. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DENVER.
HONEY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, HOisc; 2-lb.

sections. 12c. Extracted, 6@7c.

BEBSWAX.-2o(oi 3C.
Jun. 25. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : Choice new 1-lb. sections in
good demand at l5i»ltic.. not glaseed ; dark ones not
searched; 2-lb8 and e-Miracted there is no demand
for. Stock of old boney is light, and the sections are
all glassed, which style the trade do not like.

BBKSWAX.— None in market.

Jun. »■. HAMBLIN & BBAK88, 514 Walnut 8t.

' BOSTON

HONEY.— We quote: Mb. sections, 14@16c.; 2-
Ib. sections, i2@i;ic. New Florida extracted. 8(S9c.
Sales are very dull.

BKBjBVVAX.-^ ■ cts. per lb.
July 5. Blakk * uiPLKT, !>7 Cbstham Street.

SAN FRANCI8CO.

HONEY.- We quote : Choice new extracted. 5 to
5^c. : amber in light amber. 4Jt@4^c. Choke comb
in Mb. sections. IlifeMc; 2-lbB., 12®13c. Arrivals
are small, as aiuiirists are holding back. Prices are
considered bigb.

BBB8WAX.-18(B,22C.
Jun. 25. BCHACHT & LBMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONB Y.-We quote: White Mbs.. unglassed, l.'ic. ;
Mb., white, glassed, 14c.; dark, Mb.. 2c. less. Cali-
fornia. 2-lbs.. comb, white. 13c. Extracted, 7c. Con-
siderable old honey is in this market. No new yet
In. Sales are very slow.

BEESWAX.— None on the market.
June 9. CLEMONS, CLOON & CO., cor 4th AWalnnt.

ST. Loms.

HONEY,- We quote: Extracted, bright, Se.lSsC.J
dark. 4>... 50.; in cans. 7(*8c. Comb, choice white
clover, In prime order. I3^@l5c.: dark. less. Mar-
ket quiet with fair demand for extracted.

BEESWAX.— 22c. for orime.
Jun. 27. D. G. TUrr 4 CO., Commercial St.

478

'TMU/ KMERICSN BE® J©ORHKlL.

-'^^■~-*'~-^-^^^^^^'

Frank Iieslte's Sunday magazine for

August continues Geo. Macdonald's fine story
"The Elect Lady," and begins a new story.the
scene laid in Old France, entitled," Generieve
■or The Children of Port Royal." There is also
a short story by Amanda M. Douglas, entitled
"Miss BrooKes Adventure." An illustrated
article, ' Glimpses of Mission Life Among the
Maories," tells of early missionary struggles
in New Zealand. " Pen and Pencil Sketches
of Shadeland." depicts a charming spot in our
own country, and an elaborately illustrated
article on "La Fontaine's Fables" tells us
much about the French fabulist and his work.
There are many interesting short articles and
beautiful Illustrations, It concludes with a
fine hymn tune, " We Give Immortal Praise,"
by Frank L. Sealy, of Newark, N. J.

The Convention. — The pamphlet
■containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of tlie International Society, and a full re-
port of tlie Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Alsike
■Clover Seed at tlie following prices : $8.00
per bushel; S2.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : 810.00 per bushel: S2.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: S6.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Always Slention your Post-Office,
€ounty and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
•changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

^XdtJjertisiemettts.

FOK SAl-E— 600 Colonies in tbe movable-comb
hives.ttt 14.00 for Italians, and » i.i hi for Uybrirls.
25Al3t G. H. AUAHIS. Troy, N. Y.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Queen Shipping-Gages.

T^T'E have a lot of Queen-Cnges, like the one
Vt illustrated, not provisioned, which we
will sell 3 for a dime, by mail, postpaid.

TBOS. Or. NETCrMAN A^ SOTi,

923 & 925 West Madlson-Sireet, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY,

PAMPHLET full of new and improved
methods ; Price, 5 one-cent stamps. You
iifed also my list of Italian Qhciic, Bees by
the lb., and Supplies Oliver Foster,
1.3Atf Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

Mention the Amfricaii Bee Journal.

NEW ONE-POUND HONEY PAIL.

'^PIIIS new nlz^ of our Tapering
1 Honey PailB ieof uniform desiKn
with tbe other !*izefl, havinK the top
edKe turned over, und has a bail (*t
handle,— ojakinK It very -"onvenient
to curry. It is weli-mu'te and. when
tilled with honey, maltes a novel and
attractive Biuull puckage, that can

be sold for 20 cents or less. Many

consumers will buy it in order to alve the children a
'handsome toy pail. Price, tS cent* i»er dozen,
^r S^'OO |>er lOO.

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON.

fl2.'}&9-25 W. Madison-St CHUJAGO, ILLS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

OOBB'S

Divisible, lnterchangeal)le, Reversible

HONEY-CASE.

(Patented Dec. 20, 1887.)

FOR descriptive circular and price-list.
Address. THOS. M. COBB, Patentee,
29Alt Box 194. GRAND KAPIDS, MICH.
Jlfentio'i the AmfricaJi Bee Journal.

FEEDING - BACK.

THERE was probably never before gath-
ered tofrether 60 much reliable informa-
tion upon the above subject as is to be found

THE BEE-KEEPER'S REVIEW

for July. 1 1 you have, or expect to have, un-
finished sectiODR, read this Number. If you
have failed to malse a success of " feeding-
liack." its perusal may show you where you
made your mistake. The August issue will be
a " Fair Number."

Price of the Review, 50 cents a year. Sam-
pies free. Back Numbers can be fucnlshed.

Tbe Production of Comb Honey,

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 25 cents.
The REVIEW and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either O. S or Canadian.

Address, W. Z. HUTCHINSON,
29Dtf 61.3 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

DESIGNEOtur the Farmer, Lawyer, Doc-
tor, Postmaster, Merchant, Township and
County OBicor, the Bee-Keeper, the Home—
in fact every one should have a secure place
for valuables.

We offfr in the VICTOR SAFE a flrsl-
cla»8 Fire-proof , Burglar- proof. Combination
lock Safe, handsomely finished. Round cor-
ners, hand decorated: burnished portions are
nickel-plated. Interiors nicely titled with sub-
treasuries, book-spaces and pigeon-holes.

Prices range as follows :

OUTSIDE. INSIT'E. WEIGHT. PBTCE

Ko. 2. 22x15x16. 12x8x8'-:, 250 lbs, $30 00
No. 3. 28x18x18, ISxlOxlO, 6u0 " 40 00
Ho. 4. 32x22x22, 19xl4xl2'i 800 " 60 00

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison-St CHICAGO, ILLS.

BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

HIVES, Sf'Ciions, Foundation, Smokers,
Knimes. Crates, &c , turuishpri ar ercHtlv
nrtiired rati s. Also ITALIAN BEES and
QUEEN.S at very low prices. Send tor my
Catalogue. Address,

A.. IF. st-a.tt:f':f'"h:i^,

29Ctf STERLING, ILLINOIS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

GLASS PAILS

FOR HONEY.

THESE Palls are made
of the beat quality of
deal flint Klass, with a ball
nnd a metal top and cover.
When tilled with honey, the
attractive appearance of
these palls cannot be equal-
ed by any other style of
package. They can be used
for household purpuses by
consumera, after tue honey
Is removed, or they can be
returned to and re-tllled by
the apiarist.
Prices are as foUowa:

To hold I pound of honey, per dozen 91 -AO

" 2 pounds " " ?•??

" 3 " " *' S.60

THOS,

923 & 925 W

G. NEWMAN & SON,

Madieon-St CHICAGO, ILLS.

look: hei^e! 1

FOR Sale Cheap-Bee-Uives. ShippinK- Crates
ami rfrooil-I'Yames; Coml> Fown lation. Planer-
Sawed V-Grooved Sei-tions ji specialty. Price-LiBt
free. J. M. KINZIE & CO.,

13Atf Rochester. Oaltland Co., Mich.

Mentten the American Bee Journal.

BEDDO^i HIVES FOR SALE.

I HAVE a hundred, all complete— just fin-
ished. Purchaser given r'srht to use them,
by Mr. Heddon. Will sell at $3.00 each, in lots
ot 10 or more. Inquire of,
27Atf E. D. KEENEV, Arcade, N. Y. ■
MenMoti thi American Dee Journal.

HANDSOME

ONE - PIECE SECTIONS.

WE have a limited quantity ot One-Pound
Sections, 4 i-4.K4ii, a trifle less than two
inchf s wide, with narrow tops, in packages of
1,000 each. Tliey are manufactured from I'.x-
tra white lumber planed on both sides, making
them the finest and most attractive honey-
section in the world. Price. $4.00 per paokagre.

THOS. e. ]V£WMAX ,& SOX,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.
Mention tltc American Bee Journal.

ITAliIAN QIEENS— tlntested, 'Jo. each ;
0 tor 14.00; 12 for ST-.W. Address.
20Atf John Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo.

.AenHonthe American tiee journal.

nc C0I.01XIES of Italian and Hybrid Bees for
4 O sale, or trade f(

ily (lives. lOfraaie. L,

and : in A. 1. Uoot's Siiuplic-

„ K. Nearly all wired, and nice

straijilit cnniiiB. Everythinaon ihe most improved

modern prineiples. I am cliantrinf? climate lor ray

health, is the reason for my selling.

28A2t E. SAXBFOKD, NOKOMIS. ILLS.

MentUm tlie American Bee Journal.

Tmm mvmmmicMM mmw j^^rmmit.

483

THOS. G . NEWMAN g^SON,

ICyXGO.lLI-. '-^ •

EDITOR.

Voini?. Jnly25,1888. No. 30.

Only » Utile, modest flower,
But tli« hee, that busy rover,

Gathers many a store of sweets
From tlie modest, wee white clover.

And so, in the quiet wallis o£ life.

Sometimes a song is given,
Only a strain that our ears have caught

Of the melodies sung in heaven.
—Maude Meredith, in Vlck's Mag.

Xlie Xerritorial Fair of south Da-
kota will be held at Mitchell, on Sept. 24 to
28, 1888. Charles Keith, of Volfja, is the
superintendent of the Apiary Department.
Thirty dollars are offered in premiums.

Comb Honey keeps best in a warm,
dry room— the temperature should not go
below 80% and a liltle warmer would be
even better. The whiteness of the comb
would be better preserved in a dark room.
The honey will " gather moisture " when
the temperature goes below 60°.

Capt. .1. E. Hetltering-ton is rep-
resented by an engraving in the Norwegian
bee-paper, Tidsskrift Diskjotsel, for July.
Mr. Ivar S. Young, the editor, was enter-
tained by the Captain at his residence in
Cherry Valley, N. Y., when he visited
America last year. Capt. Hetherington is
the most extensive apiarist in America, as
well as a genial companion and friend.

Jn»«tioe tor Uee-Keeper^.— W. H.

Shirley, Millgrove, Mich., on July 12, 1888,
writes thus when sending his dues to the
National Bee-Keepers' Union :

While the prospect here is that I shall not

get one dollar's worth of honey from my
ees this season, yet, when i see what peo-
ple will do for spite or jealousy, I gladly
give the SI. 00 to the National Bee- Keepers'
Union for justice, which will "ever come
uppermost."

XUe Annnily.— Conceming the pro-
prosed annuity of Father Langstroth, Dr.
C. C. Miller, of Marengo, Ills., on July 13,
1888, wrote us as follows :

FiiiEND Newman :— I enclose a letter
from "Amateur Expert," which explains
itself. I am conhilerit tliat American bee-
keepers, as a rule, will l)e only too glad of
any interest that the Hritish apiarists may
take in "Fatlier Langstroth," who belongs
not to us alone, but to the bee-keepers of
the world. Yours truly, C. C. Mii>ler.

The letter from our English friend, who
signs himself as " Amateur Expert," is as
follows :

Herts, England, June 19, 1888.

Dr. MrLLEi:.— D(((/' .Si/- .•— You will have
seen in the columns of the British Bee Jtmr-
nal what a letter of mine to the Editor, on
behalf of "Father Langstroth" has led to,
amongst British bee-keepers. Sufticient
time has not yet transpired for ray appeal
to be commented on in the States, and for
those comments to have reached us on this
side. The last of your bee-papers to hand
is the American Bee Jourstal of June 6,
which came yesterday. 1 ain writing you in
this matter, as I tind you have the matter in
hand, and several on this side are slow to
subscribe, las they say, judging from past
experiences, the movement is liable to give
offence to Americans. The collection made
for the poet Whitman, they quote as a case
in point.

I venture to think there is sufficient
fraternity amongst bee-men to enable us all
to unite in helping our friend Langstroth,
considering the man and the circumstances,
without our for one moment offending the
dignity of Americans. We are nothing if
not proud, but I trust our pride is not of
that false kind that would not allow us to
accept the co-operation of Americans in
any work of philanthropy we may under-
take, and I am sure 1 can count on Ameri-
cans for a similar feeling.

Should such an expression arise on your
side, I am sure I can count on you to rightly
express our feelings about it, but for myself
I confess 1 have no such fears, my experi-
ences of Americans lead me to give them
credit for better things. I trust you will
get a good round sum f(ir our old friend, and
that many will remember the injunction,
" To do good and to communicate forget

not, for . Believe me to be,

Yours very sincerely,

" A.MATETJB Expert."

Let none of our English friends think for
a moment that American apiarists are so
vain and foolish. We rejoice in the hearty
co-operation expressed by "Amateur Ex-
pert," for Father Langstroth belongs not to
America alone, but to the bee-keeping
world, as Dr. Miller so noblj expressed it-
like Huber and Dzierzon.

Our English cotemporary, the Bee-Keep-
crs' Recmd for July, contains the follow-
ing editorial remarks from Mr. W. B. Carr,
on the same subject :

We draw attention to the fact that an ef-
fort is ju~t now being made among British
bee-keepers to supplement the fund.in course
of collection In America for the benefit of
the Rev. L. L. Langstroth, to whom apicul-
ture is indebted perhaps more than to any
man living. He it was who first demon-
strated the fact that bees would build a
comb within a given rectangle inside a bee-
hive without attaching the frame either to
the hive sides or floor board. Here lies the
basis whereon all our modern improvements
are built ; and " Fatlier Langstroth," as he
is affectionally known in America, to whom
we thus as bee-keepers owe so much, is, we
are sorry to learn, none too well provided

with the worldly comforts which should ac-
company the declining years of a well spent
and useful lire. Owing to his advanced
aue, and some affliction in the form of
a head trouble," the reverend gentleman
has, for some years past, been compelled to
relinquish his clerical duties, while, chiefly
as we believe owing to' his unrequited
labors in the cause of apiculture, his
pecuniary circumstances are known to be
such as will render a generous public appre-
ciation of his work very acceptable. Had
' Father Langstroth" been less unselfish in
his labors, there would have been less need
for the present effort.

As it is, there is need for it, and we trust
our readers will not ignore the fact. Some-
thing has been said — and well said — in
our cotemporary, the British Bee Jour-
niil, on the need for bee-keepers this side
of the Atlantic aiding their American
brethren in the good work of which we
speak. We, however, prefer to place it be-
fore the readers of the Record in a very
matterot-fact way, and earnestly hope our
appeal may be responded to. It is less to
the few who are able and willing to give
their five guineas, or even their one guinea,
as to the great bulk of bee-keepers gentle
and simple who will' read these lines.
Nothing would be more gratifying to us, as
editors of the Record, than to receive even
a single shilling trom every one of its read-
ers, in aid of the Langstroth Fund. It
would enable us to hand over a very hand-
some addition from this country to the sum
being raised, and it would confer on all con-
tributors the privilege of lending a helping
hand in a very worthy effort for the benefit
of a worthy Christian gentleman.

(Donations may be sent either to W.
Broughton Carr, Higher Bebington, Che-
shire, or to W. Raitt, Blaigowrie, Perth-
shire.)

We are only too glad to see that Father
Langstroth is appreciated by English api-
arists, and that they are willing to honor
him as one of the greatest living lights in
the apicultural world.

<(ueen Bees can now be sent by mail
to Canada. The following letter from N.
M. Bell, Esq., Superintendent of Foreign
Mails, to Dr. S. W. Morrison, Oxford, Pa.,
shows that the Canadian Postal Department
decided on July 10, 1888, to receive queen-
bees and their attendants in the mails from
the United States. Thus ends another
annoyance to which American queen-breed-
ers have been subjected, and one which
came at the time when the interruption was
the most annoying— just at the shipping
season ! Here is the letter :

Washington, D. C, July 14, 1888.

Sir;— Referring to my letter No. 82,033,
of the 7th instant, in reply to yours of the
6th, I have to inform you that, under date
of the 10th instant, the Canada office has ad-
vised this Department that it assents to the
proposition that packages of queen-hees and
their attendant bees shall be admitted to
the mails exchanged between the United
States and Canada, when so put up as to
prevent injury to those handling mails,
while at the same time allowing an easy
verification of the nature of the contents.

Pursuant to this notice. United States
postmasters have been Instructed that, for
the future, packages of bees are entitled to
be forwarded l)y mail to Canada at the same
postage rate, and under the same conditions
as would apply to thera if they were ad-
dressed for delivery in this country. lam,
very respectfully, your obedient servant,
NicuoLAs M. Bell,
Superintendent Foreign Mails.

484

THE? MMERICMlf mmm SQVRf*R.l^,

GLESMSOFSEW.

TUe ScientifSc Pleasantry.

Referring to our comments on his letter
published on page 388, Trot. H. W. Wiley
has sent us the following apologetic and ex-
planatory, though ill-tempered, reply :

Dear Sir;— Often, men who indulge in
language more becoming a tish-market than
the columns of a reputable journal, liave a
sense of fair play, and therefore i may hope
you will allow me a word in reply to the
intemperate vituperation contained in the
issue of the Bee Jouknal of June 13.

You may excite the prejudices of unsus-
pecting readers when you call me a "wilful
liar," and so distinguished a scientist as Dr.
Shippen Wallace, a "so-called professor ;"
and you may gain an ephemeral notoriety,
when you slander the veracity of Dr. E. J.
Hallock— a man of unblemished reputation,
a scientist of the highest promise, whose
death too early deprived chemistry of one
of Its most promising students.

We used strong language because the
Professor had taken no notice of the soft
and mild words which we had used pre-
viously. Our object was to cause him to
forsake his dignified silence, and eitlier to
defend his " scientific pleasantry," or to
own up to its falsity. But we deny that
we indulged in any language other than
might be read in the most refined and deli-
cate society. The Professor continues :

In regard to the matter in question, viz.,
the fabrication of artificial coinb— there is
only one opinion among informed men.
Such comb is used, whether as you say
made of purified beeswax or other materials,
you will be informed in due time. That a
wholly artificial comb had been made. Dr.
Hallock was fully assured. As I said in
my letter to Mr. Evans, he may have been
misinformed. He was not a "wilful liar."
Neither he nor I supposed at that time that
such comb could be made commercially
successful. Perhaps the day may come,
when by improvements in machinery it can
be made so. Of the probability of this, I
will make no certain prophecy. It would
have been better had I added to my article
in the Piipular Science Monthly such a
limitation as mentioned above.

Mv statement in the Popular Science
Monthly was not a " wilful lie," but rested
on authority as reliable as oould be had.
The tact that I did not believe it to be com-
mercially practicable had nothing whatever
to do with the veracity of the statement. If
you are at all disposed to be just and hon-
orable yourself (which your language would
lead me to doubt), you will be able to see
the mistake into which you have Pallen.

When "comb foundation" was first in-
troduced it was inappropriately called arti-
ficial comb by softie, and now the Professor
is inclined to try to extricate himself on
that article upon which he says, " there is
only one opinion among informed men—
such comb is used." Very true ; it is, but
it is made of pure beeswax, and some are
now making the cells }.<-iftch deep for the
bees to fill with honey, but that is quite
another thing from the charge made in the
" scientific pleasantry !" Theit article was
said te be " entirely free from bee-media-
tion—the comb is made of paraffine, and
filled with glucose, by appropriate ma-
chinery I" The Professor cannot get away

on such a flimsy excuse as that ! We will
adopt the language of the astute Professor
himself : " If you arc at all disposed to be
just and honorable (which your language
would lead me to doubt), you will be able
to see the mistake into which you have
fallen." If the Professor's prescription is
good for anything, that dose ought to re-
lieve him ! The Professor now tries a neie
dodge in this manner :

You may think you deceive the public in
your ill-advised and I fear ill-meaning en-
deavors to cover up the enormous adultera-
tion of lioney which is now practiced. I
have labored earnestly, in conjunction with
others, to determine the nature of the adul-
teration in honey, and the best methods of
detecting it, and no amount of buncombe
billiugsgate can drive me from the work of
secuiing to the honest bee-grower an hon-
est market. Tour statement that, " It has
no foundation except in the Wiley lie, when
any one says that comb honey is adulter-
ated," is false, and betrays either a pitiable
ignorance or a reprehensible maliciousness.

The Professor can get no comfort from
such tactics. It is too well-known and in-
controvertibly established, for him to con-
tradict that the American Bee Journal
has valiantly fought the adulteration of
honey for many years. For him now to
attempt to create an impression that he is
"securing to the honest bee-grower an hon-
est market," and that the Bee Journal is
defending adulteration is simply monstrous!
Such an assertion " betrays either a pitiable
ignorance or a reprehensible malicious-
ness !" The Professor must here take
another dose of his own medicine, after
which we will quote from his letter the fol-
lowing paragraphs :

I have the honor to send you a reprint of
an article in the Amerieon Apiculturist,
containing an analysis of three samples of
" Choice Coinb Honey," viz : 2, 3 and 4,
which consisted of almost pure starch glu-
cose. How this glucose got into the comb
I will leave you to surmise. There were
brave meu tiefore Agamemnon, and lona
before the days of Wiley, the honey of our
country was famous for its adulterations.
Hehner, a distinguished English analyst, in
Vol. IV of the Analyst, says : " Corn syrup
is actually most frequently found in honeys
imported from America." " Of nine Ameri-
can samples, seven were adulterated." " In
August, 1884, one Campbell was arraigned
before the police court of Glasgow for sell-
ing adulterated honey. The sample was
found to contain .57 per ct. of starch glucose.
Campbell said, in defense, that the honey
was warranted to him 10 be genuine Ameri-
can honey, and he believed it to be so. The
defendant was convicted."

Commenting on these instances, I said in
an address to the Indiana bee-keepers, Jan.
23,1885: "iSvery adulteration of honey is
not only a fraud upon the producer, but is
downright robbery of the honey-growers.
How much more profitable would it be for
the apiarist, how much more satisfactory
to the consumer, were the people to rise in
the majesty of public opinion and of law,
and say to the world, ' The adulteration of
Ainercan honey is a thing of the past !' "

The reprint article which the Professor
sent includes five tables, the total unre-
liability of which is shown by the fact that
samples of honey Nos. 15, 16 and 17, were ob-
tained from Mr. C. F. Muth, of Cincinnati—
a man known by every bee-keeper of promi-
nense to be (he essence of honor and hon-

esty, and who has never soiled his reputa-
tion by adulterating honey or anything
else ! and yet these three samples are said
by Prof. Wiley to be '' Honey appnrcntly
adulterated ivith inverted sucrose !" Two
other samples obtained from Mr. Muth are
classed as " apparently genuine."

Prof. Wiley had the assurance to send to
Mr. Muth for more samples to analyze.
This was indignantly refused— in these
words: "We kiioio what we deal in, and
handle only straight goods— and want noth-
ing more to do witli your ' apparently pure.' "

The component parts of honey from dif-
ferent soils, vary so much that but few (it
any) can positively determine, even by
analysis, the purity thereof. Some candied
honey, ivhich we know tn be pure, was ana-
lyzed, a short time ago, and pronounced
adulterated !

As to the Scottish honey dealers' trial,-
the Professor should know that it was ex-
tracted honey, and not comb honey that was
adulterated. The full particulars may be
found in the American Bee Journal for
1884, and yet Prof. Wiley quotes it as news
to us four years later ! It would be ad-
visable for the Professor to read the Ameri-
can Bee Journal before attempting to
correct its editor, or instruct its readers.
The Professor concludes with this shot :

I can see but one explanation of the fran-
tic attempts you are making to conceal the
gravity ot the fraud which is practiced on
the honey-growers of this country by adul-
teration, if you really believe there is no
adulteration, you are ignorant; if not ignor-
ant, your motive is easily understood.
Respectlully, H. W. Wiley.

We are )i«t "ignorant" of the fact that
extracted honey wa* quite generaJly adul-
terated when it brought higher prices, but
n<ao its price is so low that it will not pay
to adulterate it, and it is in consequence
hardly ever done ! Persons will not adul-
terate any article when it does not pay
them to do so ! Adulteration of honey,
(now " a thing of the past,) " we fought with
all our energies until it ceased to exist I !
To bring up that ghost now, as the Profes-
sor has done, is but to fight a dead issue !

A Brief Review of Seven Yearn.

Now, in 1888, Prof. Wiley wants to figure
asthe/ric/id of "the honest bee-growt*;"
and the enemy of the adulterator— as the
defender of " an honest market" for honey,
and as a " detective " to pursue the sophis-
ticator of honey.

But in 1881, in an address before the
Farmers' Institute at Crawfordsville, Ind.,
when advising farmers to grow corn to be
made into glucose, he is credited in the In-
dltuui Farmer with saying that "really
better honey can be made from glucose
than the genuine article itself ! !" In June
of the same year he wrote over his oWn
signature to the Indiana Farmer, these
characteristic sentences, which were copied
into the Bee Journal, then, on page 370 :

" Glucose" has the same effect on the Bee Jour-
nal man that a red rag has on an infuriated bull,
and It i&decideilly arausinK tu see the awful auger
which this INNOCENT taffy JacUnt can produce.

Tmm ?EMERICSN mWiW JOiPieEfSI^.

485

In eomiuercial honey, which is entirely froo from
bee-nieiiiiition, tlie comb is made of pariitline. and
flileci Tiita pure bIuciisc by appropnnte miuiunery.

Tills iust clause whicli, wlien written, was meant
for u scientific plCHsantrv. came near throwing tiie
whole bce-Koriii into epilepsy. It appear- that per-
sons who tlcvote tlieniselves to BEE JoriiNALS un-
dergo a certain ceretira! inspiration which renders
tliemmciicafcieofsfiinoijoke. The only point they
can appreciate seems lo be the flting of a bee.

Got. I'orter. in his able ana interestina address,
Btti^l something similar to the above, and succeedeti,
as lie intended, m raising a ht arty laugh.

I am appalled to thinlt of the awful solemnity
with which the Governor's remark would have lieen
received had his audience iieen coninosed exclu-
sively of the editors of the BEE .loi'HN'AL, instead
of the intelligent yeomanry of Bartholomew county.

Perhaps in order to secure a "posthumous reputa-
tion.'" for which I care little, I might undertake liere
to show the Bek .lotTK.NAL the great sinii/ariffy be-
tween genuine honey and good glucose, but I tear
It would be ■' love's labor lost." He Is evidently suf-
fering from an acule attack of .gluco-phobia. and
what I might say with the best intentions would
only throw him into another spasm.

Otir remarks after publisliing these selec-
tions, seven years ayo, are as appropriate
to-day as then, for we have been on the
same side all the time, while Wiley has
been flopping hither and thither, as the
years have come and gone. ' We then said :

Could any possible good result to society at large
from such reckless assertions, there might be some
palliation; but when the only .iustiflcation which
can be urged is, that it was intended as a " scientific
pleasantry.'' it leaves the author but little to con-
^atulate himself upon, even though he has suc-
ceeded in disgusting the world.

Not a pound of " parafflne-comb, filled
with glueiise and sealed by machinery " (in
imitation of honey) can be found on the
market, even though three years of failure
of the honey-crop offer the greatest induce-
ment for its appearance, and honey in the
comb brings lii^h prices ! This fact proves
that it docs nut exist !

Xlie Apioiilliiral Station.— In the

recent repoit of Norman J. Colman, Com-
missioner of Agriculture, to the President,
we find the following, on page 18, concerning
the work of Mr. N. W. SIcLain :

The work of the Apicultural Experiment
Station has been carried on in the same
lines laid down in my last report. For con-
venience in obtaining supplies, and for
other reasons, the station has been removed
from Aurora, Ills., to Hinsdale, Ills. The
work has consisted of the study of the va-
rious kinds of diseases to which bees are
subject, including an inquiry into the causes
of disease and application of suitable reme-
dies. The work in this line of investiga-
tion has been singularly successful and
satisfactory. Suitable fixtures have been
devised and constructed for securing tlie
benelits resultant from selective breeding
by means of skillful crossing of tiieditfer-
eut races of bees, and persistent effort has
been made to secure the control of the pro-
cess of reproduction. This feature of the
work has been only partially successful,
owing to the prevalence of a drouth of un-
precedented duration and severity, but much
information of Sfientitic value has been ob-
teined which will h« of practical service
under more favorable climatic conditions.

Some progress has been made iii testing
the finalities anil characteristics of some
varieties of ancestral stock, and tlie results
attained furnish encouraging assurances of
what may be realized in the future in pro-
ducing a variety of bees completely adapted
to dtmiesticatlon. under the varied condi-
tions e.xistiiig in different parts of the
United States. Information concerning the
wintering of bees, the values of different
varieties of bee-forasje plants, etc.. have
been obtained, and will have place in the
reports of the agent in charge.

'I'lie Union.— Mr. .J. E. Pond, of North
Attleboro, Mass., thus writes about the Na-
tional Bee-Keei>ers' Union and its special
work :

Why do not our bee-keepers all join the
Union ? It is a suriirise to me tliat so few
as yet have enrolled themselves under its
banner.

I am aware that as yet no real necessity
has arisen that demands of the many that
they should join, still they (the many) ouglit
not to take the "self alone" view of the
matter. To-day A and B only are pursued ;
still, C, D and the rest of the alphabet may
be pursued to-morrow, and even if they are
not, it does seem to me tliat such a band of
brothers as the bee-keeping fraternity ouaht
to co-operate in a common cause, and for a
common purpose.

In my own correspondence upon this sub-
ject, 1 have been met with the idea, that the
Union should take up every trouble and
difficulty a member gets into, and fight it
out for him ; and in one case 1 was asked in
good failh, if I did not think "the 'Union '
ouKht lo fight a personal suit for debt of a
member." Of course there is but one an-
swer lo such a question ; but in a case like
that of Mr. Clark, of Arkadelphia, if he is
being persecuted, he ought to have not only
the sympathy, but the solid cash of every
t)ee-keeper in America. If, on the other
hand, he is violating a law, then no matter
whether just or not, the Union ought not to
support and sustain him, but should use its
best efforts toward wiping out the law if
unjust.

The fee is small, and if every bee-keeper
would enlist, a force would he raised that
would cau<e factious complainants to think
twice before they pitched into a member.

Mr. Pond asks why ! We have often
asked wiiv bee-keepers do not en mnsse
join the Union, but have never yet been
able to solve the problem. Such an organi-
zation is of no particular interest to the
editor of this J ouitSAL— except as it en-
tails considerable labor and trouble upon
him— but to the pursuit in general, it is a
mountain of strength— a tower of defense !

The annual fee is so small that there can
be no reasonable excuse for any one re-
maining outside— the only word that can
convey the exact condition of affairs is
aprithy. It is a kind of selfish indifference
—a feeling of "dun't care , as long as I am
left alone." Brethren, is it not quite time to

Shahe ofTdull sloth, and early rise
To make so small a sucritlce ?

Admit that you do not personally need
the protection which the Union endeavors
to give, is it not the duty of every apiarist
to assist in upholding the pursuit, and se-
cure to its devotees their rights and privi-
leges ? While we are writing this para-
graph, the Union's attorneys are fighting
for a bee-keeper's rights In .\rkadelphia.
Ark., before a high court in that State.

Mr. Z. A. Clark kejit bees in the outskirts
of that city— was arrested and placed in
jail for maintaining a public nuisance, by
the arbitrary Mayor and prejudiced Council-
men.

There seems to be no comi)laint (says an
exchange) that the liees have ever disturbed
any one, or that any person has ever been
stung by them, and the only charge brought
against them, is that " They eat peaches
and destroy young ducks," a charge so ab-
surd that it does not require any one's

serious consideration. Mr. Clark is a poor
man in advanced years, trying to make a
living from his bees. He is liiglily sjioken
of by his neiglibors as a Christian and a tem-
jierance man, uiimJing his own business,
and letting that of otliers alone.

If this will not arouse bee-keepers to a
sense of their duly, as well as the dangers
lehich threaleii thi-m, we despair of ;vny-
thing doing so. The Union should have
ten thousand members within the next 30
days. Reader, if you have not already sent
your dollar for membership in the Union,
you should do so at once. Sit down now
and send for a membership ticket, and thus
show your patriotism and appreciation of
the Union's defense of the pursuit, and
your own good sense and level head.

Xlie Honey Harvest — Mr. G. W.

Demaree, of Christiaiisburg, Ky., gives his
views concerning the prospects for a short
crop, and the cause which led to it, in the
Ca}iadian Dee Journal in these words :

Not unexpected by me the surplus honey
harvest is not a " harvest" of surplus honey
in the Middle States of the United States,
the present season. Of course, some fa-
vored localities have done much better than
the general field of operation. But taking
all together the honey season for 18S8 is a
great failure in Kentucky, and perhaps in
the Middle States, and wherever the drouth
was severe, and of long dumtion last season.

When 1 had less experience in such mat-
ters, I used to insist tliat the honey seasons
were no more affected by the state of the
weather than are other branches of agricul-
ture. But a more extended experience and
(Observation has dissipated this fond delu-
sion. The fruit trees on my giounds which
withered and faded under the scorching
drouth of last season, are now green and
flourishing, and are loaded with fruits of
their kind in a healthy, growing condition.
All annual vet:etatiou has come forward
handsomely, and up to this writing, June 45,
promises an abundant harvest. But such is
not the case witli the sitcptus honey bee-
forage, which is catalogued with the hay
crop, including all perennial grasses.

The surplus honey reitmrces of a large
portion of the Middle States depends on the
perennial nectar producing plants, chiefly
the clover, whicli must be developed one
season in advance of their usefulness as
honey-bearing forage. Hence a severe and
protracted drouth during any one season
does not necessarily cut down the honey
yield of that particular season, but its effects
are felt more surely the following season.
This because the drouth of one season de-
stroys the young plants which ntherwi.se
would furnish bee-forage for the succeeding
year.

The present season, following two severe
years of doutli, makes a very good honey
seasiin at the present, out of the question.
Tlie earth is covHreilat this time with a
healthy growth of young white clover, and
if there is >uflieient rain from now forward
to keep it in a growiiii; condition, there is a
hopeful future ahead — hopeful to the
younger members of our fraternity— the
loss of a preeiiius year to i(S older ones is
more keenlv felt. Hut after all it is by no
means ceitain to hum;in foresight tliat the
decade of drouth years is at an end, the
rain-fall np to this date has been light, and
the showers have been partial.

In some localiiies there has been rain
enouah for the needs ol the crops at the
present stage of this growth, while in other
localities the crops aie suffering for rain.
This state of things makes the outlook not
at ail bright to the most hopeful.

486 *rM® MBIIEKieMIf ®ME- JQ^MBfMI*.

WmS W EEPUES,

Wet Bee-Cellar§ — Material
Cellar Floors.

for

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 562.— I have a cellar under my
house 26x30 feet, and divided in the centre by
a brick partition. The walls are hollow and
frost proof. Bees have wintered well in it,
none dying except from starvation ; but it
seems to be quite wet. It has two chimneys
that commence in the cellar and have open-
insrs 3'/2 feet from the bottom. It has a ground
floor which is heavy clay. 1. What material
Is the best for a floor to keep the dampness
down ? 2. Is a cellar in clay (tround as good
as in gravelly or sandy ground ? — Wisconsin.

2. Yes, if cemented. —

1. Cement.
M. Mahin.

If bees winter yell in your cellar,
you had better let it alone. — C. C.
Miller.

1. A board floor raised 1 or 2 feet.
2. No. — Dad ANT & Son.

1. Brick and cement. 2. I think so,
though I am not certain. — J. M. Ham-

BADGH.

1. A coarse grout, or gravel, and
cement. 2. It is not as dry. — Mrs. L.
Harrison.

If the bees have wintered well, you
should be satisfied that the dampness
does no harm. — G. M. Doolittle.

1. A good cement bottom made from
water-lime and sand. 2. I prefer a
cellar in sand or gravel. — H. D. Cut-
ting.

The fact of your cellar being a little
wet I think would not make it unsuit^
able for a winter repository. Put in a
wood floor of fat yellow pine, with the
same sort of sleepers. — J.P.H. Brown.

1. Drain thoroughly, and then if
you want a harder and smoother bot-
tom, cement it with water-lime mor-
tar. 2. Yes, if as dry as the gravelly
or sandy ground. — A. B. Mason.

2. A cellar in clay would generally
be damper than one in sand. For luo.st
purposes to which a cellar is devoted,
one in clay would be best. For bees,
I prefer one in sand. — R. L. Taylor.

Gravel or sand would be better than
clay. Our Kentucky clay is very re-
tentive of moisture. Brick laid in
cement makes the best floor for a cel-
lar or " mound house " that I have
tried. — G. W. Demaree.

1. As your own report indicates,
dampness does not hurt bees if the
temperature keeps up, and I should as
soon have water 6 inches deep in my
cellar bottom, as otherwise, as far as
injuring the bees is concerned. — James
Heddon.

That bee-cellar is exactly like mine,
with the exception that mine has
a cement bottom, and is diy. 1. Dig

out a foot or so of clay unless it is
deep enough. Then put in 6 inches
of broken stone and gravel. Make
your cement quite thin, and pour over
the stone, filling all holes. Put on two
or three coats, smoothing it down with
a trowel. 2. Yes. — C. H. Dibbern.

Work a tile drain in under the cellar
wall all around with suflicient fall to
carry the water off to the outlet ; then
cement the bottom of the cellar thor-
oughly. I have a cellar that winters
bees perfectly, and it has a clay floor,
but it is as dry as a bone. — J. M.
Shuck.

If your cellar has wintered your bees
well so far, why make any change ?
1. It will be difficult to prevent damp-
ness by any change of bottom. 2. This
depends upon so many other consid-
erations th.at it is impossible to an-
swer.— J. E. Pond.

1. " The proof of the pudding is in
the eating." If your cellar has always
wintered bees successfully, that beats
anj' man's theories. I should let well
enough alone. 2. If a choice were
possible, I should choose gravelly
or sandy ground. — Eugene Secor.

The only way to have a dry cellar
in clay soil is to drain it thoroughly.
Even the best cement floor will not
keep the water out if undrained. But
why mind the damp, if the bees winter
well, unless for your own health ? A
well-drained cellar in clay is as good
and as dry as one in sand or gr.avel.^
A. J. Cook.

1. Cement ; but you must have a
good drain if you woidd keep it dry.
Dampness, however, is not detrimen-
tal to bees in winter. 2. Yes ; if it is
as dry as one in the sand or gravel. —
The Editor.

1. Yes. 2. Italians. 3. Smoke them
carefully whenever you handle them,
so that they will not sting
bors. — Dadant & Son.

the neigh-

3. A high
essential to
M. Ham-

An Apiary in a Town L,ot.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 563.— I have 18 colonies of black
bees, and only a small town lot to keep them
on, where they are liable to intrude upon per-
sons on adjoining lots. 1. Would it be ad-
visable for me to change them to another va-
riety ? 2. If so, what variety ? 3. Are there
any particular instructions that would be of
benefit to one who lacks room for bees ?—
Strawberry. Iowa.

I. For profit, Italianize them. 3. No.
— Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. Change them to Italians. 3. Keep
them on a roof, as C. F. Muth does. —
G. M. Doolittle. *

1 and 2. I should prefer Italians. 3.
You had better have high fences or
hedges. — C. C. Miller.

1 and 2. I would change to the Ital-
ian. 3. No. I would locate them on
the part of the lot furthest from the
street.— J. P. H. Beown.

1. Yes. 2. Italians,
board-fence is sometimes
protect timid neighbors.-

BAUGH.

1. No, not for the purpose stated.
3. Make room, go where you will have
plenty of room, or quit the business. —
H. D. Cutting.

1 and 2. I would change them to
Italians or Carniolans, and keep them
pure, if possible. 3. Bees will bear a
gi-eat deal of crowding. — M. Mahin.

1. Yes. 2. Italians. 3. Observe the
" Golden Rule." " Soft words " and a
little honey, properly used, will do lots
towards gettiiig, and keeping, good
neighbors. — A. B. Mason.

Yes, either Italian or Carniolan bees
are less likely to sting. 3. A high,
close fence, or evergreen hedge be-
tween your lot and that of your neigh-
bor, makes the danger far less. — A. J.
Cook.

1 and 2. I should change to Italians
in any case, as they are far more
pleasant to handle, and less liable to
trouble travelers. 3. Yes. plenty of
them ; far too many for this depart-
ment. Unless very peculiarly situated,
I should risk the present location with
Italians. Be sure and get them pure.
—J. E. Pond.

1. I would change my location, or
sell the bees. I doubt if you can he
prosperous with any race of bees on a
small town lot, surrounded by near
neighbors, and retain the good-will of
the neighbors. If you can, you have
solved the problem. — Eugene Secor.

There ought to be no difficulty in
keeping 18 colonies on a town lot.
You do not state whether the trouble
arises from swarming, or people being
afraid of stings. If your bees are very
cross, change to some gentle variety.
I now give Ihe preference to the Car-
niolans.—C. H. Dibbern.

1. I would change the bees, anyway.
Italians are generally less inclined to
.attack than blacks, and Carniolans or
Krainers are still less inclined to make
trouble. 2. A " house apiary " is an
excellent arrangement where there is
lack of room. — J. M. Shuck. '

1. I think not. Destroy the queens
which you find produce ira.scible bees.

2. A quiet strain of Italians would be
a little less likely to cause trouble. 3.
A high, tight board-fence, or a close
row of trees around the apiary would
cause the bees to rise in going a-field,
so that with proper care the chance of
their disturbing neighbors would be
very slight indeed. Beware of leaving

ntmm mfmrnMicmm me® jQi^mMmi^.

487

-*^*-"-***-

fcA^fcXfcA^fc^

honey where the bees can get at it in
time of dearth. — R. L. Taylor.

1. Yes. 2. Italians would be the
safest bees to keep under such circum-
stances. 3. Perhaps so. You can en-
close the plat of ground on which your
bees are located, with a high, tight
board-fence, so as to habituate your
bees to a high flight when passing over
the adjoining grounds. Under such
circumstances I would clip the wings
of the queens so as to control the
swarms, without having to go after
them on adjoining grounds. — G. W.
Demabee.

1. No, I should change them to
another place more suitable. Placing
a board-fence around the bees, is equal
to moving them further from a road or
neighbor's lot. 2. Brown German bees
are no more liable to sting than other
varieties. 3. The best instruction upon
the subject will be by reading books
and back numbers of periodicals de-
voted to bee-culture. — James Heddon.

As pure Italian bees are less liable
to interfere with the neighbors, it
would be very desirable to Italianize
the bees as soon as possible. A row
of trees, an evergreen hedge, or high
board-fence would be advantageous,
but to move the bees to where there is
more room is the best advice which can
be given. — The Editor.

COME!.

EXPERIMENTS.

A Report of Some Experiments
in Apiculture.

Report to the Commissioner of Agriculture
BY N. w. m'lain.

(Concluded from page 474-la8t week.)
Starred Brood.

A disorder which has been quite
common in several States during the
past season, is resultant from condi-
tions prevalent during severe and pro-
tracted drouths, and long periods of
extremely high temperature, such as
has existed over large areas.

The disorder is significant and im-
poi'tant, not so much on account of
the actual numerical loss entailed upon
colonies affected, which in my own
case, and in many cases reported to
me, have been severe, as in furnishing
proof of failure on the part of those
food elements indispensable during
the breeding season to meet the large
demand for larval food, and essential
in maintaining the health and vigor
of the bees while the digestive and
secretory organs are being taxed to

the limit of their capacity. This fail-
ure of natural resources results in low
vitality, susceptibility and predisposi-
tion to disease, and inability to suc-
cessfully perform the function of hibei'-
nation. With some exceptions, due
to local advantages, throughout the
States stricken by the drouth of th3
past summer, the bees have entered
upon the period of hibernation under
conditions more or less unfavorable in
proportion as they have suffered in
greater or less degree from the efl'ects
of the all-consuming drouth and heat.

The symptoms of starved brood are
distinctively characteristic. Upon open-
ing the hive a slightly ofi'ensive odor
may be noticed if the colony has been
sufl'ering for some time. If the comb
frame be lifted from the hive, and the
bees shaken ofl', few if any eggs can
be found. Of such brood as is sealed,
the cappings appear to be thin and
flat, and slightly sunken, and com-
monly of darker color than is usual in
prosperous colonies. Upon opening
the cells they are found to contain
dead pupx in various stages of de-
velopment, always inferior in size, and
the food supply exhausted.

In the midst of sealed brood patches
of uncapped larva? appear, and some-
times a patch of 5 or 6 inches square,
and sometimes there seems to have
been no eflbrt made towards sealing
half the grown larva' in the hive, al-
though the time for such sealing may
be far overdue. The membranes of
such larva; do not present the plump,
pearly-white appearance common to
well-fed larvffi. On the contrary, the
membranes are more or less shrunken
and wrinkled, and not unfrequeutly,
when the larva; have reached the ad-
vanced pupa .stage, the compound eyes
begin to color, and the cells are par-
tially capped and then abandoned, and
the appearance is that commonly des-
ignated bj' the term, " bald-headed
bees." Sometimes a few of these bees,
dwarfed in size, emerge from the cells
and engage in the labors of the hive
with what vigor and for such term as
their limited development will permit.

In a number of tests made during
the past season, the progeny of the
same queen, reared imder directly op-
posite conditions of larval growth, so
varied in size as not to be recogniza-
ble as offspring of the same progeni-
tors. The reason for this variation
was not far to seek. The changed
conditions of the colony during the
time when tlie different generations
were being reared, determined the
modification in development. The
remedy I used and prescribed for
others was a preventive rather than a
curative. Starved brood means starved
bees. If the cause be removed, the
effect speedily disappears. All that

needs to be done is to supply them
with a substitute for those resources
essential to their own health and vigor,
and indispensable in brood-rearing, in
search of which they are rapidly and
vainly wearing out their vitality. ]
" The recipe' for preparing the remedy
is as follows :

To 10 pounds of sugar add half a
pint of dairy salt, 2 table-spoonfuls of
bicarbonate of soda, 2 table-spoonfuls
r3'e flour, 2 table-spoonfuls of very
finel}- powdered bone ash, and 1 table-
spoonful of cream-of-tartar. Mix thor-
oughly, then add 2 quarts of hot water,
and stir until thoroughly dissolved,
then boil for two or three minutes
only. To one-half a pint of fresh milk
add 3 fresh eggs thoroughly beaten,
and when the syrup is cool enough to
feed add the eggs and milk, and when
thoroughly stirred, feed warm. Feed
in the hive as one would feed honey
or syrup.

I used this same food for preventing
spring dwindling, and for building up
colonies to full strength and efficiency,
so that all colonies may be ready for
work at the very beginning of the sea-
son, when surplus honey may naturally
be expected. This food fed in the hive
keeps all the bees at home to aid in
performing the functions of brood-
rearing, and in keeping up the tem-
perature of the hive instead of spend-
ing their little remaining strength in
battling against the cold, damp winds
while searching for the food elements
needed to repair the waste and drain
upon their vitality while hibernating,
and indispensable in brood-rearing.
This food is not intended for use until
after the bees have had a good flight
in the spring, and almost any grade of
honey or sugar may be used. This
special food is a potent stimulant and
tonic to the adult bees, giving tone and
vio'or to the orginism, and furnishes
the elements essential in brood-rear-
ing in the place and in the manner
suited to the convenience and tastes
of the bees. No greater quantity
should be fed than is required for the
current needs of the colony.

The Control of Reprodnction.

In order that the laws of heredity
and the active principles of selection
may be practically and persistently
applied in the breeding of bees, I have
in obedience to your instructions con-
tinued my experiments, striving to
discover a simple and practical method
for securing control of the natural pro-
cess of reproduction.

I devised and constructed a fixture,
whicli I call a fertilizing cage, 22 feet
square and 20 feet high. Selecting a
level plot of ground I set 4 rows of
posts, 4 posts in each row, forming a
quadrangle. The.se posts are 4 inches
squai'e, and 30 feet in length, set into

488

TMM rn'MMMIGMm MMW jQwwmmi^.

the ground 4 feet, and exactly 7 feet
apart. Four rows of girders, 2 by 4
inches by 22 feet and 4 inches are
halved in two and bolted to the inside
of these posts, the first row 5 feet
from, the ground, then three rows at
intervals of 7 feet until the top is
reached. The upper 3 lines of girders
are continued from each side of 'each
inside post, forming a brace on each
side of each post at intervals of 7 feet,
and forming the bearings for the wire-
covered frames which cover the top of
the cage. The space from the ground
to the first girder, 5 feet, is covered
with matched lumber nailed to the out.
side of the posts, leaving a smooth sur-
face on both sides. The upper 21 feet
on the sides and the top of the cage is
inclosed by wire-covered frames 7 feet
square, bolted to the girders on the
sides, and securely fastened with
screws to the frame-work at the top.

The height of the cage is thus ad-
justable at 26 feet, 19 feet, or 12 feet
from the ground by simply lowering
the screen frames forming the top, and
the upper row (or two upper rows as
the case may be) forming the sides of
the inclosure, the purpose being not
only to determine whether queens or
drones would mate in this cage at full
.size, but also how small an inclosure
would be sufficiently large to give
suitable freedom and range of flight.

These wire-covered frames are
framed like a two-light window-sash,
with a mullion in the centre, on which
the two breadths of wire-cloth meet.
Strips of wood secure the edges of the
cloth, and cover all joints at the sides
of the frames. With the lower board
of the siding settled into the ground,
and earth tilled against the inside, and
the door tight-fitting, the cage is bee-
tight. I used drab-colored wire-cloth,
which obstructs the light but very
slightly. A shelf is 'fitted against the
four sides of the cage on the inside 1
foot from the ground, and alighting-
boards directly opposite on the outside.
Upon this shelf the hives are placed.

Each hive has an exit cut in either
end, and an exit is cut through the
wall of the cage registering with the
outer exit of each hive, over which, on
the outside of the wall, a piece of
queen-excluding zinc is nailed. These
hives are painted strikingly distin-
guishing colors, as red, white, blue,
green, yellow, and black, and a space
opposite each on the alighting-boards,
and a corresponding space on the out-
side of the wall of the cage are paint-
ed in corresponding colors. The colors
are repeated in the order named,
which separates the hives of the same
color a sufficient distance to prevent
confusion, and the bees and queens
readily distinguish their own hive by
means of color as readily as by location.

If the inner exit be left closed for a
day or two after a colony is placed in
a cage, the worker-bees readily learn
to enter their own hive upon returning
from the fields. I found that the
queens had no difficulty on returning
to their own hives after taking flight
in the cage. To test that fact I fre-
quently opened a number of hives in
succession, and placing the queens
upon the palm of my hand tossed
them high in the air, when they would
take wing and fly away.

Upon re-opening the hives a few
minutes later they would be found
upon the combs. The queens and
drones appeared to fly and disport
themselves with as much freedom and
regularity in the cage as they did in
the apiary outside. The virgin queens
were introduced from the nursery by
various methods. Some were hatched
in colonies in the cage from cells ma-
tured in strong queenless colonies, and
some from cells built under the swarm-
ing impulse, which this season could
be produced by artificial means onlv.
Mature drones were selected from the
hives in the apiarj-, and also from
those returning from their excursions
and liberated in the cage, and sealed
drone-brood was removed from the
hives in the apiar}' and hatched in
strong colonies built up in large hives
in the cage, and these drones all flew
with freedom and regularity.

A few times I observed a queen em-
brace a drone and fly all about the
cage with entire freedom, and then,
the embrace being broken, each flew
away in diflerent directions, the queens
returning to their hives, anil the
drones at once rejoined their fellows
in the upper part of the cage. It is
needless to add that in such cases no
accouplement had taken place.

The i-esults realized from this line of
experimental work have been so mea-
ger, and the circumstances attending
the experiments so exceptionally un-
favorable that it is not easy to form an
estimate of their value, or determine
their significance. Of the many scores
of trials made, but six were successful;
but six queens were fecundated in the
fertilizing cage. However, as the im-
pi-ovement of the bee to the highest
attainable excellence outranks all other
considerations in practical importance
and scientific interest, the methods
and results of any intelligently-con-
ducted experiments having this end in
view, are well worth placing on record.
Besides future trials may receive direc-
tion from a multitude of failures, and
the trying experience of the past sea-
son is not without compensating fea-
tures, for even the little grains we
make in positive knowledge, although
apparently trifling in themselves, have
often significant meaning and broad

bearing on questions of great value and
importance.

My experience and observation lead
me to believe that the main reason
why this experiment was not satisfac-
torily successful was because of the
protracted drouth and high tempera-
ture which lasted through the entire
breeding season, the like of which has
not before been known in this region.
From May, 18S5, until December, 1887,
drouth prevailed, broken only at long
intervals by light showers. The suc-
cession of two summers of excessive
heat and unbroken drouth insured dis-
aster to the present season cumulative
in kind and intensified in degree. Con-
tinous feeding has been required to
keep up breeding and to prevent star-
vation.

Whenever feeding was suspended
for two or three days, throughout
nearlj' the entire season, oviposition
would cease, and the bees ate their
eggs, and it has required persistent
trials and careful management to rear
drones and keep them alive. It has
been difiicult to get three or four
queen-cells matured in colonies such
as in ordinai-y seasons would rear from
25 to 40, and of those permitted to re-
main outside in the apiary and seek a
mate at will, two of every three failed
of fecundation.

During the entire season a large
majoritj' of the larval queens, being
insufficiently fed, died in the cell, and
when for days and weeks together the
temperature ranged from 110° to 120°,
F., in the sun during several hours each
day, the pap-food would ferment and
turn a dark amber color and dry up to
the consistency of thick glue at the
bottom of the cells with the dead
pupos. When the temperature ranged
from 100° to 110^, F., in the sun, the
average temperature in the hive was
from 5° to 2^ higher until 112° was
reached. Then, when the range in
the sun was from 115^ to 125° the
temperature did not go above 112° in
the hive. The fanners were able to
prevent the temperature rising above
112° in the hives standing in the sun
with a shade-board above the hive-
cover. The worker larvaj seem to be
able to endure a higher temperature
than queen larva-.

This season, as a rule, the drones
were much smaller than drones from
the same ancestors in the summers of
1885 and 1886, and there was a great
inequality in the size of the drones
and queens of the same parentage, and
reared at the same time in the same
hive, and a revy unusual proportion of
the queens were deformed and unable
to fly.

Continued observation and experi-
ment furnish corroborative evidence of
the correctness of the theory advanced

THE JtMERICSPtlvf BEU JOURNSX.

480

in my last annual report, namely, that
drone, bees differ in degrees of pro-
creative n ess, properly classified as the
impotent, the conditionalh' potent, and
the potent ; and that it is the preroga-
tive of the worker-bees to determine
the degree of development, and domi-
nate the function of the drones as thej'
determine the kind and degree of de-
velopment of instinct and organism,
and dominate the functions of the
<iueen.

The volition of the queen determines
the sex of every one of her descend-
ants ; but the life of every individual,
as well as the modifications in organ-
ism and instinct, depends upon and
receives its direction from the worker
bees, whose unerring prescience for-
bids the rearing or maintaining of in-
dividuals for whose services there ex-
ists no present or prospective demand.
It is only when this keen apprension
of the,present and prospective condi-
tions of environment indicates a neces-
sity for rearing and maturing potent
or potentially potent individuals that
such are reared and matured and fur-
nished for the functions the}' are to
perform.

Under circumstances unfavorable in
the extreme, a condition' of seeming
prosperity may be artificially produced,
and drones numerically plentiful may
be reared and preserved alive. It has
taxed my skill and patience to the last
degree during the past season to do
this. I resorted to every strategem I
could devise to secure a supplj" of ma-
ture drones, but in most cases the
workers were either unable or unwill-
ing to supply the drone larvre with
food suitable in kind and quantitj-, for
a large proportion of the drones were
dwarfed. Dissection showed the sex
organs of this sort to be inferior in
size, dry, and empty.

Not one drone in one hundred of
those which were fully developed,
when held b)- the legs or wings, or
when pressed upon the thorax, were
able to perform the expulsion act, and
the sex organs of such, with rare ex-
ception, contained nothing but a little
clear, tliin mucous. I have during the
past season at various times examined
the contents of the sex organs from
scores of drones well developed and
structurally perfect of the class which
I believe to be potentially potent, in
which I have not been able to discover
active spermatozoa, nor was the mucous
secretion present of that color and
consistency which I believe to be the
product of special feeding, and indis-
pensable to sexual desire, and for lib-
erating and floating the spermatozoa
into the spermatheca.

Without wi.shing to appear dogmatic,
after another season exceptionally fa-
vorable for such observation and ex-

perience as has furnished more com-
plete data and conciborative evidence,
I venture to reassert nij' belief as set
forth substantially in my last annual
report, that tlic preparation for and
exercise of the reproductive faculty in
drone bees, as well as in queens, de-
pends upon and is determined by the
workers. As with the queen, so with
the drone, desire and capacity wait
upon the will and resources of the
workers.

As the queen must be bountifully
supplied with egg-food before the egg-
cells begin to germinate and mature in
the ovaries, so I believe the drone
must be well supplied with that special
food suited and intended to produce
the desire and capacity for performing
the act of copulation, the giving and
withholding of which is instinctively
determined by the worker bees, as the
present and prospective condition de-
mands.

Throughout the past season of ex-
treme heat and protracted drouth there
was almost a total failure of all nat-
unil resources, and all the influences
of nature to which bees are subject,
warned them that there was no actual
necessity for feeding and maturing
drones, and that the abundance and
prosperity with which I had supplied
them were artificial and deceptive.

In the impotency of the drones, al-
mo.st universally prevalent, I find the
reason for the almost total failure of
this experiment. The fact that both
drones antl (pieens flew with freedom
and regularity it the cage, and the fact
that in a few cases queens were suc-
cessfully mated in the cage when but
few were successfully mated outside,
leads me to believe that under favor-
able conditions satisfactorj- success
may be expected. Experiments in
breeding bees during the prevalence
of such climatic conditions as those of
the past season, are attended with
hindrances which I have not been able
to overcome. My experience and ob-
servation have suggested some changes
in the size, shape, and manner of con-
structing the cage which I believe
would be an improvement. If, under
favorable circumstances, the control of
the process of reproduction can be
secured by the use of a device perma-
nent in kind, and of moderate cost,
then ever}' queen-breeder and pro-
gressive bee-keeper may apply the
laws of heredity, and the principles of
selection to the breeding of bees with
assurance of realizing results alike in
kind and degree to those which have
by the persistent application of the
same laws and principles been realized
in breeding all kinds of domestic ani-
mals.

I have, by establishing mating sta-
tions in localities remote from other

bees, secured the nxating of queens
and drones selected on account of their
excellent paternity and perfect de-
velopment. I controlled the flight of
the difterent varieties by the use of
queen-excluding zinc.

By crossing selected individuals of
difl'erent varieties, and by mating se-
lected bees of the same variety avoided
in breeding. 1 have laid the foundation
for some ancestral stock of superior
excellence. This kind of work re-
([uires much patience and persistence
during such a season as that just
ended. I have begun many other ex-
periments, many of which failed, and
others, lacking in completion, require
no mention here.

Hin.sdale, Ills., Dec. 31, 1887.

BEE-CULTURE.

Bees, llicir Functions, Habits,
Uses and Products.

Written for the Americnti, Scientist

BY GEORGE H. HASTINGS.

In the oldest writings mention is
made of the bee, hone}', and the
honey-comb, and a land flowing with
milk and honey. From this we infer
that the common honey-bee has been
known since the dawn of civilization,
and that it is of Asiatic origin.

This insect has been the theme of
many writers. Volumes have been
and are being published, and there
are journals devoted wholly to this
subject.

Bee-culture possesses a fascination
peculiar to itself. The study of any
other species of the animal kingdom
cannot equal it. This is due, in a
measure, to the many superstitions
with which it was regarded. To-day,
even, there are many people who be-
lieve that when a bee-owner dies, some
member of the family must communi-
cate this intelligence to the bees by
rapping on the hive. You will be in-
terested in reading a poem by Whit-
tier, entitled, ■' Telling the Bees."

In tlie ISth century, Huber, a Swiss
naturalist, who became blind at the
age of 15, published many articles on
the natural history of the honey-bee.
These writings are' the first to tell the
truth, and are quite remarkable, con-
sidering the way in which the experi-
ments and observations were made.

If a i)rosperous colony be examined
in June, there will be found three
kinds of bees, viz., the qneen, the
workers, and the drones, also three
kinds of cells. Two of these will be
horizontal and hexagonal, and will
dirter in size only. The smaller is the
worker-cell, the larger the drone-cell.
The third cell is much larger than the

490

Tmm mwrnrnmi^MM mmm j@^KffMif.

othei's, and resembles an inverted
cone with the opening at the apex.
The difl'erent cells will be found to
contain various substances — such as
honey, pollen, eggs, and immature
bees.

The queen, or mother-bee is rightly
named, for without her no oolonj- can
exist but for a short time. She is longer
and more slender than the others, and
is armed with a sting. The abdomen
is quite tapering, and the wings short.
She is the only perfect female in the
hive, and during the height of the
breeding season lays from two to three
thousand eggs per day. This seems
an exaggeration, but it does not equal
the fecundity of the female of the
white ant, which lays at the rate of
sixty per minute. The queen has it in
her power to lay drone or worker
eggs. She will deposit !n the worker-
cells the right eggs, and as it happens
manj' times, the drone-cells border
these, but no mistake is made, for on
examination no worker is found in a
drone-cell, but drones may be found in
worker-cells as was intended. This
takes place when the apiarist removes
all the drone coml), which gives no other
place for the drone-eggs. About ten
days before swarming, eggs are laid
in the queen-cells, so that when the
swarm issues a new ruler will be ready
to take steps to carry on the work of
the old. This work consists mainly of
laying the eggs. The queen is much
respected by the workers, a body guard
of which encircles her. The food con-
sists mostly of honey, which is taken
from the proboscides of the workers.

The worker-bee, incorrectly called
the neuter, is a female with ovaries
imperfectly developed. It is smaller
than the queen or drone, but has
longer wings, is armed with a sting
which it is ever ready to use in de-
fense. The instrument is less than
one-eighth of an inch in length, is hol-
low, and has two sacks at the base that
contain poison. The sting is left in
the wound, and the poisonous sacks
and a portion of the intestines adliere
to it. If the sting is removed from the
wound immediately, little harm will
result. Otherwise the muscles of the
sacks contract and force all the poison
into the system. When a bee loses its
sting, it soon dies. Hornets, wasps,
etc., do not have a barbed sting. The}'
retain it, and can sting many times in
a moment. Does it seem that the
worker would be as ready to act on
the defense if it knew what would be
the result ? The queen is quite dift'er-
ent in this respect. She cannot be in-
duced to sting except in mortal com-
bat with another queen. The bystander
will not interfere, and after a short
conflict, one falls a victim and the
other becomes supreme ruler.

The hinder legs of the worker con-
tain a spoon-shaped cavity or basket
in which the pollen from the flowers is
gathered, and a sticky substance called
bee-glue.

The worker is furnished with a
tongue or proboscis, with which it
takes the nectar from the flowers.
Honey is gathered, not made. The
honey is conveyed to the honey-bag or
first stomach. This receptacle is alx)ut
the size of a pea, and is furnished with
muscles which enable the bee to com-
press it and force the contents into the
cell. When honey and pollen are
abundant, a load of each is gathered.
Less than twenty minutes are con-
sumed in doing this. When gathering
pollen but one kind of flowers is
visited, else there would be consider-
able confusion in the vegetable world.
During the busy season the woi-ker has
no rest, and, of course, wears out quite
fast. At this time few live to be more
than six weeks old. At other times
the}' may live five months. An old
bee can be distinguished from a young
one by the ragged edges of the wings.
In the abdomen of the worker are
pouches or sacks for the secretion of
wax, which is the fat of the bee. This
can be formed or not, as required.

The drones are the male bees. They
are longer and stouter than either the
queen or workers, but their bodies are
not so long as that of the queen. They
are not armed with a sting, and have
no suitable proboscis for gathering
honey from the flowers. There are no
baskets on their thighs for holding
bee-bread, and no pouches on their
abdomens for secreting wax. Many
allusions are made about the drone
because he is such a lazy fellow. He
does what nature intended him to do,
and that is all — to impregnate the young
queens. Soon after this is accom-
plished, the workers destroy them.
This is done by biting and stinging,
but the sting is not left in the wound.

The comb is made of wax, and con-
sists of hexagonal cells of two sizes.
The smaller are the worker, the larger
the drone cells. It has been found
that no other arrangement will give
an equal strength and volume with the
same material.

The more we read and reflect on
such subjects, the more we find

BEE-HIVES.

The

New Heddon Hive
Re-considered.

again

Written fw the American Bee Journal

BY JAMES HEDDON.

"Tongues in trees
Sermons in 'bees,'

, books in running brooliB.
and 'God' in everylliing."

Always nieiitiou your Post-Offlce,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the lioiir when actually writing—
never raentioa anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

In response to Dr. Tinker's article
on page 474, I must say that I am very
glad to note that the Doctor holds no
ill-will toward me, for truly, as he
says, he has no cause to do so. He
states that his whole desire has been
to forewarn the public against a rec-
ognized wrong. Now, candidly, I do
not believe that one bee-keeper in one
thousand recognizes or contemplates
anj' wrong on my part. Nor do I think
that the Doctor, with his comparatively
limited experience with my hive, and
as a honey-producer, exhibits good
taste in hastening forward to "fore-
warn the public." I did and do think
that the Doctor has done me an in-
jury, simply to my feelings, but by no
means any perceptible injury to my
business. When such men as Father
Langstroth, Prof. Cook, W. Z. Hutch-
inson, R. L. Taylor, Franklin P. Stiles,
and many other honest and skillful
apiarists, without solicitation, publish
reports of such splendid results flowing
from the use of the new hive, it cannot
be possible that the Doctor's displeas-
ure with its use can have much ten-
dency to persuade the inexperienced
that his views are correct.

I thank the Doctor, who I believe
is a better apicultural historian than
practical honey-producer, for aiding
me in setting forth the truth, that the
principles of my hive are new and
novel. As I have three apiaries, and
have been a specialist in our chosen
pursuit for 20 years, having realized a
life competency from the business,
nearly all of which has been made
from the production and sale of honey,
and further, that I have several inven-
tions connected witli apiculture, which,
after thorough and repeated trial, have
gone into general use to stay, while
nothing of the kind can be said of the
life-work of the Doctor — certainly
my judgment should be as good as his.
It has been said that I am the one
financially interested party, but could
I not apply the same muddy argument
to my chief disputant ? For years past
he has been ottering a hive to the pub-
lic in opposition to my own. First, it
was something altogether difl'erent
from my new hive in both construction
and principle. At first his hive pos-
sessed, and its patentee plead, for con-
tinuous passage-ways. As soon as
my hive came out, this hive was laid
aside and another entirely difl'erent
one was off'ered to the public, and this
one contains features embraced in my

rtmrn mmemicisih: bk® j^-oMif-sir.

491

patented hive,* entirely casting aside
the main features of his former hive.
While I allowed the Doctor to use a
part of my inventions in his latter-day
hive, he praised them as I ha\e Ijefore
))ublished in this Journal ; Init now
he repudiates their value altogether. I
am not blaming any one, but simply
telling how it is, which the reconls
show.

The Doctor mentions my ilaim to
handling hives more and frames less.
By way of modifications of the Lang-
stroth "hive and discoveries in manipu-
lation, I had succeeded, much to my
gratification, in "handling liivcs more
and frames less," and so wrote to this
Journal before I invented my new
hive. My great satisfaction realized
from such manipulation, was one of
the principal factors which led to my
late invention, and I have found that I
made no mistake.

The Doctor says that " at last it ap-
peared that the new hive was not what
it was represented to be ; in fact, it was
a fraud." I would ask, to wliom did
that appear ? Now I consider this
statement not only unkind, but un-
trutliful, whether wilfully so or not. I
know of no reason why those who did
not like the hive would not be as apt
to so report in this Journal as those
who did, and of those who did report,
the majority in favor was unprccedent-
edly overwhelming. But the Doctor
says that over four hundred were as
silent as the tomb. Is this strange ?
When we consider the thousands of
bee-keepers who read bee-periodicals,
how many are thei'e who can be in-
duced to write anything for the pub-
lic eye ? 1 can show hundreds of pri-
vate letters speaking in praise of the
new hive, and I think I have but one
or two reports of failure with it. The
same mail which brought the Doctor's
article to my desk, brought tliree let-
ters of praise for my new liive. One
of these I have filed away and forgot-
ten the name, but I will quote from
the other two, as follows :

M. 8. Morgan, of South Klgln, Ills., says : " 1 have
17 of tbo new hives in use, and they are just the
thing. If wu get any honey this year, it will be be-
cause of the hew hives."

Geo. W. Peck, of Koselle. N. J., writes : " It ia a
pleasure to handle bees in your improved hives. 1
getmore lioney with less labor than with tlie Amer-
ican style of hives, ami the bees are always under
■easy control."

I quote from these two letters only
because they came in the same mail
wit* tlic Doctor's article, as I said be-
fore. I can show "stacks" of the
same kind. It seems to me that this
completely answers the Doctor's claim
of "fraud." I should be glad if my
late invention could be left by honest
men to " .stand or fall " on its merits.

My new style of reversible surplus
case referred to by the Doctor, is, in my
judgmertt, far superior to anj- other
wide-frame super yet known to bee-

keepers ; but as I have said in my cir-
culars, they arc more costly than I
could wish, ami for those who prefer
to work without separators, ni}- old
style of cheaper surplus-case is, as the
Dt)ctor says, well-nigh perfection, never
having been improved. I have been
astonished at the tendency to praise
viiy less valuable, unpatented devices,
wliile making war upon my more mer-
itorious inventions upon which I ob-
tained letters patent.

The Doctor discourses on the divisi-
ble brood-cliamber of the new hive. I
will say that it is one of the best func-
tions therein possessed, and has
brought hundreds of splendid testi-
monials. That it has ever been suc-
cessfully handled as represented, in my
apiary, and by a large majority of bee-
keepers, and that, too, in some cases
where the hive has been improperly
constructed— all this I stand ready to
prove by letters ou tile in my secretary,
and by sworn testimony, if necessary.
The Doctor says: "Why use 16
brood-frames when 8 can be handled
just as quickly, and answer the same
purpose ?" I will answer, because
they do not answer the same purpose ;
but if any one thinks they will, there
is no objection in using them that way,
making the brood-chamber a single
story, in which case it will carry out
a part of the valuable functions of my
lat(! invention, and do not let it be for-
gotten that it will come strictly within
the limits of my patent.

The Doctor speaks of a case of fail-
ure in performing the shake-out func-
tion. I am aware that tliis is not tlie
first case of the kind. More is neces-
sary than simply the proper con-
struction of the hive. Ask Mr. Lang-
stroth how many years elapsed after
he o'ave the public the valuable func-
tions of his hive before that public
learned to take advantage of them.
Ill the month Mr. Langstroth visited
me, much of the time of which was
spent in examining and testing the
hive in question, every claim of which
Father Langsf rotli fouglit step by step,
the shake-out function was repeatedly
tested, and I will refer the Doctor to
Father Langstroth, not only as to
whether my men and myself make it
work practically or not, but if the im-
provements did not succeed perfectly
iu accomplishing all that I ever
claimed for them. I am glad to be
able to cite to you a witness whose in-
tellect is a mountain, and whose in-
tegrity is a monument.

The Doctor says he made my hive
(which, in the same article, he says
was novel and orignalwith me) just as
I made it, and to prove it, cites us to
his article in Gleanings, where he de-
scril^ed and illustrated it. In that
article in (ihanings my name is not

mentioned, and ho claims to be the in-
ventor. Is there not a discrepancy
here from whicli we can draw no other
conclusion than that he was not using
my "new and novel" invention, or
that he intended to rob me of the
cretlit of the same ?

To conclude, I will say that I thank
the Doctor for justly crediting me with
the novelty and originality of the hive
in question, and hope that the next
attack, which will likely be against
the novelty, and by some one who sees
its merits, maybe promptly met by the
vigor of the Doctor's pen. I thank
him further for hoping- that I may yet
distinguish myself as an inventor, and
will say that it is evident that I have,
in the eyes of some of our people ; but
if I have not in the Doctor's vision, it
seems to me that he does not properly
value the functions of my late inven-
tion which he does not use, and does
not know that some of those he does
use in his latter-day hive, belong to
me.

History repeats itself. Tlie Lang-
stroth invention was a thirty-years' step
in advance, and the patent-office rec-
ords show a storm of bee-hive pat-
ents immediately following. Now ex-
amine these records again, and you
will see that the same thing has fol-
lowed the issuing of my patent.

Hives possessing cherished and
stoutly-defended functions— function.*
claimed to be superior to anything we
had or were likely to have — at once
dropped into oblivion, and out came
new hives, some of which were un-
patented, and others having patents
upon some unimportant and well-nigh
useless features, but nearly all in-
friuo'ing the "invention " from which
their devisers drew their inspiration.
But such is life.
Dowagiac, Mich.

[Now, as both disputants have had
their statements of the case anew, this
closes the controversy in our columns,
as intimated on page 475, in the BtE
JOUBNAL of last week.— Ed.]

COMVEMTIOM DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

i,,fT •* —loniii County, at Ionia. Mich.

Aug..f. loniuv. u '■ y^njit,,g5j. Ionia, Mich.

Aug 14 —Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

Aug. 14. voiv J.M.Clark, Sec, Denver, Colo.

Aug 27.— Btarli County, at Canton, o.

*"»• Mark Thomson, Sec., Canton, O.

Saot. 8 -Susquehanna County, at Montrose. Pa
sept.o. ^" ^ H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford. Pa.

North American, at Coiumbu'*. O.

■ ■ W.Z. Hutchinson. Sec, Flint, Mich.

Dec MichiganStato, at.lackson, Mich.

uec mi'^ t y p Cutting, Sec, Clinton, Mich.

t^- In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meeUngs.-BD.

492

Tmm xmmmi^-mm mmm j©^jKifMi*.

schSPW^^

Abundant Honey Crop.— C. Tlieil-
«iann, Theilmanton, Minn., ou July 13, 1SS8,
writes :

Bees did not do much until witliin ten
"days. Tliey have been swarming at a great
rate, and filling up their hives with honey,
and iilacing considerable in the sections
from the white clover, which was, and is
still, abundant ; but it has not yielded much
the last tew days. Alsike and red clover
are the sources where my bees get most of
their honey at iiresent. -Linden is just
opening. It looks healthy, hut only aixiut
one-fourth of the trees have buds. The
weather is nice. We have a heavy hay crop
here this season.

Join and Help tlie Union. — J. E.

Breed, M. D., Embarrass, Wis., writes :

1 send my dollar and vote for the Bee-
Keepers' Union, and wish I could stir up
the bee-men to join and help. It is a shame
that they do not ! Well, J am busy, though
1 am sorry to say I am rather shaky, and
gettinu on in years ; I cannot do much in a
day, though I am always astir, and never
idle. 1 have lots of " irons in the tire "—a
little office physic, lots of bee-watching, and
some work. What with watchiflg and re-
porting tor the United States Signal Office,
•company to visit with, and a garden, etc., I
have little time to lounge. Bees are doing
well, and the season is favorable.

]\o Honey Taken Yet.— G. S. Heck-
man, Monroeville, Ind., on July 14, 1888,
says:

The honey crop in this (the eastern) part
of Allen county is almost a failure. The
northern part of Adams county, Ind., and
the western part of Van Wert county, O.,
is the same. 1 have about 20 colonies of
bees, and have kept them from swarming,
which was hard to do, as they gathered just
enough to make them "cranky." I have
'not taken otf a pound of honey yet, although
I have sections on every hive, and they are
partly finished. I have been a specialist for
14 years.

Placing' tlie Hives — Spraying-
SM-arni!i« — O. B. Barrows, Marshalltown,
Iowa, on July 16, 1888, writes :

On page 438, in Query .556, it is asked if it
is " necessary to put colonies as near as a
foot apart ; and will virgin queens on re-
turning to the hives be likely to enter the
wrimg ones ?"

I have five rows of Concord grape-vines,
each about 70 feet long, aiul 6 feet apart ;
between these rows of grajies I keeji my
bees. I began about 16 years ago with 2
colonies, audi now have 84. I have had 98
colonies, and until two years ago, my liives
were all made after one pattern, and nearly
all of them were iiainted white. They were
often placed less than one foot apart, and in
all this time I have never had reason to
believe that one queen was lost by entering
the wrong hive. •

There are other objections to placing
hives as close, if it can be avoided, and
there can be no harm resulting from paint-
ing the hives different colors. It may anuise
the bee-keeper, and can do no harm to the
bees, to tack red flannel and other distin-
guishing marks on the hives. Nor does the

beating on tin pans and ringing bells do the
bees any harm when they swarm. I have a
pipe run right in among my colonies with
hose attached, and a pressure from our
water works, of 40 to 60 pounds, and have
given the spraying a pretty fair trial, and
now I am inclined to think that it did no
good in causing the bees to cluster.

Bees are booming on basswood, and if it
lasts a few days we will get some surplus ;
but if it stops now, we will be no better off
than last year, unless we get a fall croj) like
we did six years ago.

Bees are Booming;'. — Moses Bailey,
Winterset, Iowa, on July 16, 1888, says :

The bees are booming in my yard, some
50 colonies, and more coming. My health
having been poor for the last two years, my
preparations for the bees are behind some-
wliat, but 1 am in a pretty fair way to be
up with them soon, Providence permitting.

Results or tlie Season so Far.—

Abe Hoke, Union City, Ind., on July 15,

I8S8, writes :

I will now make my spring report. As
reported last fall, I had 28 colonies packed
ou the summer stands in the best style that
I could possibly put them, though one col-
ony was queen less, which I expected to
lose ; but it began to "hibernate" in early
winter, and is there yet. The balance of
the bees came through to April in good con-
dition, but then the trouble commenced. I
had 6 more colonies que.enless, and some
that had unmated queens, all of which I had
to double up with the others ; the rest came
thrnuah th'^ winter in splendid condition,
and at fruit-bloom one-half were strong
enough to go into the sections, as they were
storing honey in the brood-nest very fast.
But in the middle of this jubilee we had
rain ; the wind shifted north, northwest and
northeast, and remained until the bloom
was gone. Bees made no more than a liv-
ing up to about June 13 ; from that time to
July 1, I do not think that I ever knew bees
to gather honey so fast as they did for that
brief space of time. What they got it from
I could not tell, as our white clover was all
dead, being killed by last year's drouth, or
last winter, as we had very little snow. Up
to this time I have had an increase of 3
swarms, one I made by division, and two
natural swarms. I am ashamed of this re-
port, but nevertheless it is a stubborn fact.
It I get as much surplus honey this year as
I did last, I will teel better than I do to day.

Colonies Starving', etc.— Mr. D. R.
Rosebrough, Casey, Ills., on July 17, 1888,
writes :

Bees are starving to death. It is very
gloomy. I have not had a swarm for two
years, and it looks as if it is going to be a
failure this year. My bees wintered in good
condition, but the spring was cold, and thev
did nothing until the middle of June, and
then was honey dew ; the bees just hummed
on that until it began to rain, and then the
honey-dew was gone. Starvation com-
menced then, as the queens had filled every
jiart of the comljs with eggs, when in a
short time after, the young bees commenced
to hatch out, and there being no white
clover (as it all died out last fall, on account
of the drouth) they had nothing to work on.

A man lives near me who had 2 strong
colonies, and they looked as though there
was a bushel of bees in each hive. Two
weeks ago yesterday 1 was there, and he
told nie that liis bees were being robbed, as
the ground was covered with bees. One
colony was dead, and halt of the other.
They did not have a drop of honey, and the

bees were in wads lying wound as though
they were numb. I told him that they were
starving ; after giving them some honey,
they went to drawing the dead bees out of
the hive, and clearing up the hive. I
have heard, for the last week, of the bees
swarming out and leaving their hives, so I
am safe in saying that one-half of the bees
have died in this township since spring
opened. It will take feeding to bring them
through till Spanish-needle and buckwheat
bloom appears ; and then if my bees get
enough to winter on, it is all 1 will ask for
this year.

In some parts of this county, where there
was any linden in reach of the bees, they
are in good condition, t)Ut I am out of the
range of linden, there being but five trees
near my bees, and when they were on them
it sounded like a swarm passing over the
trees. Our main crop is white clover; it
looks well, but it had to come from the seed,
and will have no bloom to speak of this
year.

Lend a Helping Hand.— Mr. T. E.

Turner, Sussex, Wis., on July 14, 1888,says:

I deem our Bee-Keepers' Union as very
important to the general interest of bee-
keepers in America. I do hope that more
bee-keepers will see the need of such an
organization, and lend a helping hand by
each one forwarding ills 81.00 membership
fee. If only one bee-keeper is aided in de-
fending himself against tne enemies of our
pursuit in each year, the general interest of
all bee-keepers is subserved, and the use of
the small sum (SI. 00) each, annually, is
justified, and much more.

Honey from the I^inden. — Mrs. L.
Harrison, Peoria, Ills., on July 13, 1888,
wrote thus :

There has been a hard, quick shower of
the nectar from basswood (Tilia Ameri-
cana). It was like the passing of the
"Salvation Army," with drum and fife,
singing to martial music, "Marching on,
Marching on," until the sound died away in
the distance. It made me think of the fast
trains on the Pennsylvania Central railroad
during tlie Centennial year, that scooped
up the water at stations without stopping.
This "flying train " left In its wake every
cell and cradle full of delicate nectar; no
time for building cells now, even if the
bees had the material, for the " flying
train" passed with a putf and a blow, sing-
ing, "Hasten on, hasten on." I wanted to
share with the bees some of this delicious
sweetness, and got out the almost forgotten
extractor. I knew there was not a spoonful
of honey when this angelic visitation came,
so it vfould be unmixed. I could not wait
tor it to be sealed, oh no ! so with a few
turns of the extractor, my eyes were glad-
dened once more with delicious nectar pour-
ing out of the spout. I tied cheese-cloth
over the top of tlie receptacles to keep out
insects, and put it out in the sun to ripen,
with the mercury at 100° in the shade.
Away back in the seventies. Dr. Geo. Lucas
lived in this city. He was an enthusiastic
bee-keeper, and planted basswood trees,
both the American and European variefies,
and gave to his neighbors to plant, until an
entire square is surrounded with this mag-
nificent tree. Heemiarated to Navada, and
shortly after fell dead from the back of a
horse, but he lelta grand monument behind
him. Every year these trees are dressed in
beauty, and otier up sweet perfume in grate-
ful remembrance. Peace to his ashes. Go
and do likewise.

Your Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

TJHK JtMERICMN MMM JQURNai,.

493

AI>FRKI> II. NE^V.1IAI\,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

xtsiucss Notices.

If You Uve near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we liave on our list.

lIiItoii'!<> new pamphlet CD Comb lloney
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

If yoii I>ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper lloxes — to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4J<x4J^ and .5J^'x5^.
Price, 81.00 per 100, or $8.50 per 1,000.

Preserve Yoitr Papers for fntiure
reference. If you have no III!^I>EIC we
will mail you one tor 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journai,,

Yucca Uriislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -vvrile American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writuig to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the seoond
page of this paper.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
sliould get a copy of the Apiarj' Register and
begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) $] 00

" 100 colonies (220 pa(f 68) 125

'• 200 colonies (420 pa^es) 150

Pliotogfraplis ol Bee-Keepers. —

The " medley " gotten up by E. 0. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and $3.00.

Cl^lJUUirVCi LJST.

We Cliib the American Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the I^AST
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first colunni. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price of lioth. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00...

and Gleanini?8 in nee-Culture 2 00 1 76

liee-Keepers'Mugazine 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150.. . 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150... 140

The Apieulturist 175 160

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 ... 180

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 1.30

The 8 above-named papers 5G5 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25 ... . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal. .1 60 1 50

Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth)... 3 00.... 2 00
Hoot's A BCof Bee-Culture.. 2 25.... 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 150.... 1 ao

Heddon's hook. "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Year Ainonfr the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand- Book .. .1 50. . .. 1 30

Weekly Inter Ocean 2 00 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00 ... 1 90

How to Propag-ate Fruit 1 50... 1 25

History ot National Society. .1 50 125

Cork for W'iuter Packing. — Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack ot
It, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Red I.ial>els lor Pails. — We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. I'rice, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2.25

oOOLabelB 2 00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

tar Samples mailed free, upon application.

A Modern IIKE-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

W^e Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEE1> at the following* prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; >^ pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 33c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per halt-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bi^hel of 60 lb., 810.00.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

Honey and Ueestvax Market.

NEW TOBK.

HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white In 1-lb. sec-
tions, I3®i5c.; the same In a-lbs.. I(i<g,uc.; buck-
wlieat l-lbs.. inc.; 2-lb8..9c. Market dull. We ar&
dolnp all we can to reduce stock, to make room tor
the new crop.

BBa8WAi.-26c.

HILDRBTH BROS.,
May 21. -28 4 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote. White to extra while comb,
I'.'i.,i(g;l.-,c.: amber. k®iic. Extracted, white to extra
white, 5\i'^t^c.; amber. 4'.yf«.'ic. Arrivals ot the new
crop are small, the estimates being an average croPv

B1I:B8WAX.-20(*24c. 6 *^

June 18. O. B. SMITH * CO., 423 Frout Bt»

DETROIT.
HONEY.— Best white In !-lb. sections, Uc— Dull.
HEB8WAX.-23®24c.
J une 14. M. U. HUNT, Bel! Branch. Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.- We get 15c. per lb. in a small way foir
best comb, and less for off grades. Extracted, best
white. Tt'if'c. None of the new crop received yet.
but there is more than sufficient of the old crop
for the light demand.

UBE8WAX,-220. R. A. BURNETT.

Jun. 30. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white Mb. sections,
120.: fancy 2-lbs.. 10'^ lie: fair white i-lbs.. 10@iic.,
and fair 2-lbs., H^Hc. Buckwheat l-lbs.. T@sc. The-
demand Is dull for comb but fair for extracted, of
which new from the South Is arriving, and sells for
55('t6r,c. pergalkm.

BEESWAX-DuU at 23}^®24c.
.Tun. 15. F.Q.STROHMBYER&CO., 122WaterBt.

CHICAGO.

nONBY.— No white clover left in this market.
Dark alow sale at 8<<iHoc. Bxtracted ready sale on
arrival. New crop will meet with good demand.

BB:E8WAX.-23c.
July 2. 8. T. FISH & CO.. 189 S. Water St,

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 5@8c. per Jb.,
for which demand is fair. Comb houey, 12@15c. —
Demand slow.

BEE8W Ai.— Demand Is good— 20(8220. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
July 11. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central At.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections. 14@i6c.:
2-Ibs.. 13(<iHc. ; 3-lbs., 12@l3c. Extracted, white in
kegaand M.-barrele,rtiajh^c.; In tin and pail3,9M@l'le.;
dark in barrels and kegs. 6@6^2C. Demand good fop
extracted, but dull for comb.

BBKSWAX.-22g.25c.
July 2. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, 14®15c.; 2-lb.
sections, 12c. Extracted, 6@7c.

BEB8WAX.-20(§j.'3c.
Jun. 25. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 rift«enth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : Choice new 1-lb. sections in
good demand at isgilfjc. not glassed ; dark ones not
searched : 2-lb8 and extracted there is no demand
for. SKick of old htiney Is light, and the sections are
all ghisBcd, which style the trade do not like.

BEESWAX.- None In market.

Jun. 30. UAMBLIN & BBAH88. 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote; I-lb. sections, 14®i6c.: 2-
Ib. sectiims, i2@i:ic. New Florida extracted, 8@9c.
Sales arc very dull.

BBEBWAX.— 25 cts. per lb.
July 5. BLAKE a RIPLET. 57 Chatbam Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote ; ('holce new extracted, 5 to
5!4c. ; amber to light amber. 4Jii®49ic. Choice comb
in 1-lb. sections. i;H".14c.; 2-IbB., 12@13c. Arrivals
are small, as apiarist* are holding back. Prices are
considered high.

BEESWA.\.-18<S22c.
Jun. 25. SCUACUT 4 LBMCKE. 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY. -We quote; White t-lbs.. unglassed, 15c. ;
1-lb , white, glassed, 14c.; dark, Mb.. 2c. less. Cali-
fornia. 2-lbs.. comb, white, 13c. Extracted, 7c. Cap*
slderable old honey Is In this market. No new yet
In. Sales are very slow.

BEESWAX.— None on the market.

June 9. CLBMONS. CLOON 4 CO., COr 4th 4Walnnt.

ST. LOUIS.

HONEY.- We quote ; Extracted, bright, 5<35t^c.|
dark 4>,j^5c.: in cans, 7@Hc. Comb, choice white
clover. In prime order. 13H@15c.: dark. less. Mar-
ket quiet with fair demand for extracted.

BEESWAX.— 22c. for orlme.
Jiui 27. D. G. TUTT & CO., Commercial St.

494

THK MMERICMlf ®E:® J&^mMMI^.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, is now
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 35 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling AUike
Clover Seed at the following prices : S8.00
per bushel; S'2.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
Wliite Clover Seed : $10.00 per bushel; $3.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; S1.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Pure Phenol lor Foul Brood. —

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 35 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

gtdxicrtiscmjetits.

FOR SAI.E— 600 Colonies in the movable-comb
hives, at $4.00 for Italians, and »^(.nofor Hybritls.
25.\13t e. H. ADAMS, Troy, N. Y.

Mention the Ainerican Bee Journal,

BY Return Illall— Itallau and Albino
Queensi, Tested, 90c. each, or $10 per doz.
Four-frame Nuclei, with tested Queen, §2.50.
Bees per lb,. 60 ct8.

«;eo. sxuckman, nappanee, ind.
aoEtf

Italian aUEENS— untested, 7oc. each ;
6 lor $4.00; 12tor$7..50. Address.
26Atf John Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo.

^tleniionihe American net journal.

AVe have some ELEGANT
RIBBON BADGES, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
SO "cents each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. e. NEWMAN * 80N,

823 & 025 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

Eaton's Improved

se€xioi^-«:asf.

BKES & VUKBNS. Send
or freecataioyue. Address
FRANK A. EATON,
7Etf BLUFFTON, OHIO.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

O

,NE Untested Queen. Sl.no ; 3 for $2.oo. BEES
by the Pound and Nucleus. Send for Price-J.,ist.
Address, H. O. FRAME,
9B13t North Manchesler, Ind.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

NEW ONE-POUND HONEY PAIL.

THIS new ^Ize of our Taperlnp
Honey Paila isof uniform dealKn
with the other sizes, havind the top
edge turned over, and has a bail or
handle,— makinn it very convenient
to CMrrv. It \» well-made and, when
filled with honey, makes a novel and
attractive small puckaKe, that can

be sold for 2(i cents or less. Many

consumers will buy it in order to irive the children a
handsome toy pail. Price. tSi cents per doKen,
orMS.OO perlOO.

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON.

923 & 925 W. Madl8on-St CHICAGO. ILLS.

Mention the Araerican Bee Journal,

Gentlest bees known; not surpassed
as workers even by the wicked races.

Imported Queens, "A" grade, $8.00,
Tested, $4.00; Untested, $1.00,

One-half dozen $5 00

Never saw foul brood. Cash always
required before flllint; an order.

S. W. HOERISON, M. D.,

14Etf. Oxlord, Chester Co., Pa.

THOS, G. NEWMAN & SON,

DEALERS IN

Bee-Reepers' Supplies,

INCLUDING

Honey and Wax Extractors,
Comb Foundation— all styles,
Bee Hives— nailed and fiat,
Sections, Crates and Frames,
Kegs and Pails for Honey,
Seeds for Honey Plants,

Smokers, Veils, etc.

Ilil^USTRATEU CATAIiOGUE

free upon application.

923 A 925 West Madison S£.,
^ CHICAGO, IliliS.

IHEDDON HIVES FOR SALE.

I HAVE a hundred, all complete— just fin-
ished. Purchaser given ripht to use them,
by Mr. Heddon. Will sell at $3.00 each, in lots
of 10 or more. Inquire of,
27Atf E. ». KEENER, Arcade, N. Y.
Mention ths American Bee Journal.

BEESDPPLIES,

UUU The Lariiest Steam

RETAIL

AND

Wliolesale.

The Lareest Steam-Power Shops
in the West: exclusively used to make Every-
thing; needed in the Apiary, of practical con-
struction and at l,o"w^est Prices, Italian
Bees. Queens, 12 st> les of Bee-Hives, Sections,
Honej -Extractors, Bee-Smokers, Bee-Feeders,
Comh Foundation, and everythinjir used by
Bee-Keepera always on band. My Illustrated
Catalogue FREE. E. Kretclimer,
lOECt Coburg, Iowa.

Mention the America^i Bee Jounml.

DESIGNEU for the Farmer, Lawyer. Doc-
tor, Postmaster. Merchant, Township and
County Oflicor, the Bee-Keeper, the Hume—
in fact every one should have a secure place
for valuables.

We offer in the VICTOR SAFE a first-
class Fire-proof. Burftlar-proof, Comhination
Lock Safe, handsomely finished. Round cor-
ners, hand decorated; burnished portions are
nickel-plated. Interiors nicely fitted with sub-
treasuries, book-spaces and pigeon-holes.

Prices range as follows :

OUTSIDE. INSIDE. WEIGHT. PRICE

Ko. 2. 22x15x16, 12x8x8'!, 250 lbs. $30 00
No. 3. 28x18x18, 15x10x10, 600 " 40 00
No. 4. 32x22x22, 19x14x12'= 800 " 60 00

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON.

023 ,& 9-25 W. Madiaon-St.,... CHICAGO. ILLS.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

SAHIPI.E COPIES of the AMERICAN
APICtiliTDRIS rand our Price-List of

Winter Strain of Pore Italian Bees
sent free. Address.
18Etf APICULTURIST, Wenham, Mass.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

GLASS PAILS

FOR HONEY.

THESE Palis are made
of the best quality of
clear flint Rlass. with a ball
and a metal top and cover.
When filled with honey. the
attractive appearance of
these palls cannot be equal-
ed by any other style of
pacbafre. They can be used
for household purposes by
consumers, after the honey
is removed, or they can be
returned to and re-filled by
tbe apiarist.
Prices are as follows:

To hold 1 pound of honey, per dozen, »1.©0

2poundB " " ».©0

" 3 " " " 8.50

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison-St CHICAGO, ILLS.

look: liEI^E i

FOR Sale Cheap-Bee-Hives. Shipping - Crates
and Brood-Frumes; Comt) Foun lation. Planer-
Sawed V-Qrooved Sections a specialty. Price-List
free. J. M. KINZIE & CO.,

i3Atf Rochester. Oakland Co., Mich.

JIfention llw American Bee Jimrnal.

HANDSOME

ONE • PIECE SECTIONS.

TJI7E have a limited quantity of One-Pound
VV Sections, ■JH-v:-*'^, a trifle less than two
inches wide, with narrow tops, in packages of
1,000 each. They are manufactured from ex-
tra white lumber planed on both sides, making
them the finest and most attractive honey-
section in the world. Price, $4.00 per package.

THOS. O. X£WSIAN <fe SOX,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

Mention tlic .lincrican Bee Journal.

HOW TO RAISE. COMB HONEY,

P.iMPHLET full of new and improved
methods ; Price, 3 one-cent stamps. You
need also my list of Italian Qiieeim, Reesby
the lb., and Supplies Oliver Foster,
13Atf Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

dueen Shipping-Cages.

TXT'E have a lot of Queen-Cages, like the one
TT illustrated, not provisioned, which we
will sell 3 lor a diiue, by mall, postpaid.

THOS. O. NEWMAN <jb SON,

923 & i)25 West Madison-Sireet, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

THK JEMESRICftK BBIS JO^RIfSlr.

499

V*^-^^-*^

fcA^Aa- ''■^-'^*^* ■*>* -^ -■■-^*

^^^*^*^*^*^*-^--^*^^^-^^'*-^-^* — ■"-

EDITOU.

YoiniV. A1.U8

No. 31.

Xlie Itee-Kecpcps' A«lvaiice and

Poultryinen's Journal lias now swallowed
the PduUei: It is nicely printed, and well
gotten up. It is a matter for conyratulatinn
that all tlie bee-periodicals are now well
printed— presenting a vast improvement in
a dozen years.

J. W. llilleubender, of Knoxville,
Iowa, has sent his foundation fastener for
brood-frames, and one for sections, to be
exhibited at Cincinnati, O., at tlie Centen-
nial Exposition, and after that to go to the
National Museum at Washington for perma-
nent exhibition.

Bees to iVIanitoba.— We learn from
our Canadian coteniporary for June 30, that
Mr. D. A. Jones, of Beeton, Ont., has made
a shipment of .50 colonies of bees to Mani-
toba, to a point beyond Winnipeg. This is
the greatest distance to which so large a
shipment has ever been made. Tlie bees
were sent in combination hives, by express,
and a practical bee-keeper went iu charge
of them.

More " Wiley " Nonsense.— The
editor of the Danville Daily JVcujs of July
7, contained an item stating that "comb
and honey are made by machinery." Mr. J.
P. Faurot, of Hope, Ills., replied to it on
July 24, and showed that the story had no
foundatiAn except iu the imagination of
Prof Wiley. The editor of the News fol-
lows it with this paraj^raph :

We wish to do no injury to any honest
industry. Our statement was, that honey-
comb is made by machinery, and also
honey (so-called), which is a fact. It is
this fact, well known to the people, which
injures tlie producers of real honey, as the
fact of adulterated laid, buckwheat, butter,
and a long line of foods injures the pro-
ducers of the real articles.

Mr. A. R. Simpson, of State Line City,
Ind., sends us the paper, desiring the
Union to take the matter iu hand, and to
demand the proof for the glib assertions of
the News editor.

The Manager of the " Union " has writ-
ten to the News, demanding the proof for
the assertions— asking how he knows it to
be a fact, etc. ? Has he seen it ? If so,
where and when ? Of course he is but
another dupe of " the Wiley lie." The in-
jury done by that nefarious "pleasantry"
is enormous, and to bee-keepers it is very
UNPLEASANT.

Tlie Union.— James McNeill, Hudson,
N. Y., on July 2.3, 1888, when sending his
vote and fee for the National Bee-Keepers'
Union for the ensuing year, remarks as fol-
lows :

It seems like an imposition to ask you to
continue to perform the duties of General
Manager, which, I doubt not, imjioses con-
siderable additional labor upon an occupa-
tion which you already find quite engross-
ing of your time and energy. But the
Union has been so eminently successful in
your hands, tliat I hope you will find suffi-
cient compensation for the extra labor
which the Union imposes ujjon you, in the
thought that you have earned the hearty
commendation of all its members.

Brother McNeill is right. We have more
to do than we ouglit to undertake, but re-
garding it a duty to continue to conduct the
Union's business, we cannot say No, when
such a unanimous vote is given for us.

More Recruits.— E. Lovett, Bernardo,
Calif., on July 17, 1888, thus expresses him-
self about the National Bee-Keeper.s' Union:

I hope that our membership will increase
during the next term. I will try and get
two or three friends to join us, as it is to
their interest as -well as ours, if each of
the niemtjers can get a friend to join and
double the membership, we would then be
in a better position.

Yes; that is just what every member
should do— get another recruit. By so doing
they are conferring a favor on the new
member, because such a person is fully as
much Interested as an older one.

Xlie Oliicers of the Bee-Keepers'
Union are all re-elected— the exact figures
we shall be able to give next week. Mr. R.
F. Holtermann, of Brantford, Ont., thus ex-
presses himself concerning the Union :

Probably no better staff of officers than
the old could be secured ; certainly the
Union has firmly and consistently carried
out, throush them, its object ; at the same
time avoiding unnecessary litigation, which
is very desirable. Whilst the officers of the
Union have so ably done their work, I am
afraid bee-keepers at large have not done
their part, but I trust a heartier response
will be forthcoming during the coming
year.

Yes ; it is surprising that the membership
is less than ten thousand— but we imagine
that a good honey year would show an
enormous increase.

W^ax A«liiIt«'ration. — Sometimes
beeswax is adulterated, but not often, for it
is so easily detected. An exchange re-
marks that when earth or meal is used to
sophisticate it, the wax becomes brittle and
grayish, and may be detected and separ-
ated by melting the wax, when the irapnri-
ties may be strained out. Resin makes the
fracture smooth and shining instead of
granula, and may be dissolved in cold alco-
hol, while the wax remains untouched.
Tallow or suet renders the wax softer, and
gives it an unpleasant odor when melted.

Xiic Canadian Bee Journal, to

which Prof. Wiley sent an explanatory let-
ter concerning " the Wiley lie," and com-
plaining of atlacks being made upon him,
etc., gives a good editorial answer in these
words :

To make the statement which Prof. Wiley
did without sufficient foundation, even
though it did emanate from the authority
which he says in his letter, was very wrong;
and very much harm has been wrought by
it to our eoininon industry. The least that
the author of tlie .'statement could have done
would have been to have corrected the
erroneous statement as soon as it was
brought to his notice, instead of which, this
is the first intimation that we have seen
wherein he gives his authority for what he
wrote as far hack as 1881 ....

His delay in not before setting the matter
before the people in its right light is suffi-
cient cause for violent attack. He should
have taken pains to have first ascertained
the effect such a statement as the one he
purposed making would have on the bee-
keeping industry at large. While we give
the above communication space, yet we in-
cline to the opinion that bee-keepers will
put just about as much faith in this letter
as they did in his former one— which wasn't
much.

The Professor need not look to bee-keep-
ers for sympathy. They liave suffered
enough both in mind and purse from the
effect of his nefarious "scientific pleas-
antry," so-called.

Mr. Jas. Ileddon says : " Basswood
bloomed well here, but yielded only about
one-eighth of the usual crop. Clover was a
total failure. The crop is light, but what
there is will sell readily at good figures."

Oi»en-Si«ie Sections.— On page 467,
we noticed the open-side sections of Mr.
Walter S. Ponder, of Groesbeck, 0. In
reference to tliat " notice," Mr. Ponder re-
marks thus :

In regard to my new open-side sections,
permit me to say that they can be used iu
the X-super, or any other super, and still
be open-side sections. Please refer to tlie
sample again ; aUo, that tliey can be made
of one piece just as well.

To be of any value, of course these sec-
tions must be made in the popular "one-
piece" style. This can be done, as Mr.
Ponder says. We had not put the section
together when we wrote the item— having
now done so, we see that Mr. Ponder is cor-
rect about their use in the supers. They
' are very well made, and smoothly finished.

500

Tmm MMERicsEf mmm jovimnmju.

Honey Prospects. — A correspondent
writes us in the following very disconsolate
manner :

Not a swarm from ray apiary consisting
of 100 colonies, and not a tea-spoonfnl of
surplus honey this year. At least 50 of the
hives are ruuning over with bees ready tor
the harvest, but clover is gone, basswood is
fast passing away, and the only hope now
tor honey is from buckwheat and fall
flowers.

Apropos to this doleful account is the fol-
lowing from the Bee-Keepers' Record, con-
cerning the season in England :

Our anticipations of an early yield of
honey have not been fulfilled, and we have
to record an exceptionally backward state
of things in all that pertains to surplus
storage. Colonies which had made splendid
progress all through the month of May,
have some of them perceptibly fallen off in
strength, while others have barely kept up
their condition of a month ago, and the
complete dearth of nectar, coupled with cold
nights and dull, cheerless days, have caused
bees to desert surplus chambers previously
being well pushed forward. It is a long
time since we can call to mind a more irri-
tating state of things from a bee-keeper's
view than has been experienced during the

§ast three weeks, in fact all through June,
ometimes we have had several bright,
sunny days in succession completely lost to
the bees through a steady, cold northeast
wind blowing the whole time.

A forcible illustration of the way in
which adverse weather militates at;ainst
bee-keepers has just occurred to ourselves
in this way : Witliina minute's beetliaht
of our apiary, was an eight or ten acre lield
of what should have been oats, but which,
owing to the thick undergrowth of Char-
lock, or wild mustard, has for many days
been a perfect sheet of beautiful yellow
bloom, so dense that the unfortunate farmer
gave up as hopeless all idea of clearing it.
He was gazing at it sorrowfully one day as
we parsed, and could not heln observing,
with just a liltle bitterness, " this will suit
you bee-keeping aentlemen, won't it."
" (S>me, come now John," we replied, " you
know M)C didn't plant it, but it just shows
that 'it's an ill-wind that blows nobody
good,' that's all." Of course we fancied
tliat a very marked lnerea>e to our crop
would result fiom the close proximity of
such a magnificent bee-garden, but the " ill-
wind'' (northeast) blew so persistently
while the bloom lasted, that all this sweet-
Dess was wasted, and only on two days did
the bees work ou it at all.

Of the season in Scotland, the same paper
remarks as follows :

The month of June has hitherto been ex-
ceptionally cold. The second week opened
with unprecedented snow-storms— in some
parts (5 inches of snow was reported. Since
then we have scarcely had a night free from
frost, and this is the 20th of the month. The
consequence has been in not a few instances
the death of colonies from starvation, and in
many the adult bees only saved themselves
by devouring the juices of the grubs. The
supply of pollen previously obtained having
been unusually large, colonies that were
syrup led during the cold spell, kept on ad-
vancing in strenHth, and ou the whole are
not much behind usual.

Up till now we have seen no preparation
for swarming. Most of our colonies are
occupying two stories, one being nearly full
of brood. Until honey comes in more freely

we shall not use any sections. From other
districts we hear complaints of backward-
ness, swarms being still reported "early"
ifi the newspapers. Highland bee-keepers
should look forward to a full heather bloom,
which is ensured by the due rains we have
had already, and which will probably be
early. .

Concerning the season in Ontario, the
Canadian Bee Juurmil remarks as follows:

At this date we have nothing encouraging
to say as to the prospect of the entire sea-
son's crop. Up to this time the take has
not been large, atid as the dry weather con-
tinues basswood will not likely amount to
much. In some localities there has been a
fair amount of yield from clover— Muskoka
has not done badly. Waterloo has come
out with a medium crop, as have also the
southern counties. Slnicoe has nothing to
boast of, as far we can learn. On the whole,
there will not be over one quarter crop.

The price will, however, be in iiroportion,
and we stronsjly advise all who have honey
to sell, and who can do so conveniently, to
hold it until the fruit season is over, and
then to ask a rea-^onable price for it, com-
mensurate with the supply.

If " misery loves company," it may have
considerable of it this year— for, ou the
whole, so far, it has been the poorest of all
the poor years immediately preceding it.
But such comes occasionally to all pursuits,
and is usually followed by a boomi?ig sea-
son, so that we may reasonably expect such
a refreshing time next year. Let ns hope
tliat its realization may be duly and promptly
enjoyed.

Swarm of Itees in a House. —

This is how a newspaper reporter "dishes
up "an item for the press concerning the
antics of a swarm of bees :

While S. S. Brown, of Long Island, was
at lunch with his family, the doors and win-
dows being open, a swarm of bees entered
and made themselves at home on the furni-
ture and bric-a-brac, and inspected at
leisure the food on the table.

Mr. Brown, his two daughters, and a
friend from New Y<irk, who had precipi-
tately retreated from the house, rallied
some of the neighbors and returned. The
bees being still in possession, a counsel of
war was held.

Some wanted to attack them with noise,
and some with brimstone, while others
argued that brimstone would make fearful
odors, and a terrible mess with dead bees.
Loud shouts, pounding on pans and kettles
and all that sort of thine, would possibly
result in the enemy making a bayonet
charge that would be disastrous.

It was decided to give them a little more
time, and the family found refuge in an ad-
jacent building. Some of the neighbors
tiually got tired of this, put covering on
their faces and hands, built fires in the
erates, covered the chimneys and smoked
out the visitors.

The buzzing began to increase again, and
the bees migrated. It has not been ascer-
tained where they came from, or where
they went to. The walls, ceilings and cur-
tains of Mr. Brown's residence were con-
siderably soiled by the insects. The num-
ber of bees is estimated to have been be-
tween four and five thousand.

Xlie Augusta, Georgia, National Ex-
position for 1888, opens Oct. 10, and closes
Nov. 17.

Xlte Uritisli Bee Journal, our es-
teemed cotemporary in London, was de-
ceived by the statement of the Dairy Com-
missioners of New Jersey, in reference to
the adulteration of American honey, as
shown on page 387 of the American Bee
JouBNAL. The matter receives attention
in tile last number of our British cotempor-
ary, in this manner :

Our article was written in the interest of
bee keepers and bee-keeping, and we have
never hinted that bee-keepers ever adulter-
ated houey, and we should repudiate such
an idea quite as strongly on behalf of our
American cousins as our friend the Ameri-
can Bee Journal does Our object is to

protect the interests of bee-keepers, be they
Enullsh, American, or of any other country,
and we should not be doing our duty if we
did not expose what we knew was doing
them harm. If it is shown that the whole
thing is a hoax or a trick of trade, we shall
give it every publicity.

We have no desire to prolong this discus-
sion, but will say that we are very glad to
learn that the B/ittsh Bcc Jowtuil desires
to protect the interests of American bee-
keepers—which, from its former articles,
we were led to doubt.

Still Anotlier.— In the Farm, Field
and Stockman of last week we notice this :

Of the several hundred samples of honey
examined at a late meeting ot the St. Louis
Society of Microscopists, not one was imita-
tion, but the majurity of them were adul-
terated with such stuff as glucose, grape
sugar, etc.

The State chemists and microscopists are
apparently making a raid on honey just
now— to try to crush its use, and drive it
out ot the market. It is very sure that they
are talking of something they know nothing
about.

The fact is, that honey produced on dif-
ferent soils and under various climatic con-
ditions, differs so much in its constituent
parts that no one can ivith positive certainty
decide upon its purity.

This fact accounts for all the floundering
among the chemists and microscopists when
they attempt to decide ou the purity of
honey.

To believe the assertions made by this
St. Louis Society, we must admit that more
than one-half of the honey on the market is
adulterated, very many of the honey-pro-
ducers and all the honey dealers are
frauds ! ! A thing which will be utterly
repudiated by honey-producers universally.
They may not be more honest than other
men, but they certainly are not more fraud-
ulent. We know hundreds, and perhaps
thousands, who would rather die than to
perpetrate frauds upon innocent purchasers
of their products.

A lazy, eareless, slovenly Per-
son will fail in bee-culture as in everything
else. There can be no harmony or feeling
of sympathy between such a person and
this marvelous insect, whose name, for ages
past, has been emblematic of industry. So
says an exchange.

TUm MMERICJEP* WEW JQUmSKI^.

501

^^^'■■^'■^'■^'■^^^^^^^^

Honey CrOp of Callfi»riiia.— Mr.

J. S. HarOison, the celebrated apiarist of
soiitliern California, was interviewed by a
reporter of the San Diego Union, relative
to tlie report about a large crop of honey
being gathered this year in that State.

The report in the CDmmcrcial Bulletin
was represented as being derived from
conversiitions with men prominent in busi-
ness circles of California, and tlie substance
of it was that honey is going to be cheaper
and more plentiful this year than ever be-
fore. Particular attention was called to
San Bernardino and San Diego counties,
■where it was reported that honey had
opened at low prices, and that 3'.; to 4 cents
would be the maximum price.

This report, Mr. Harbison said, was, to
say the least, a most remarkable statement.
probably written in the interest of brokers'
firms, and is a fair specimen of a "bear
trap." He then added :

The truth is, that not one-half as much
honey will be gathered this year as have
been in some years past< The spring bloom,
which should yield one third of tlie total
crop of the year, has gone by, and it yielded
but little honey. Owing to llie long-con-
tined Rold weather, the bees in the moun-
tain ranges had hardly made a living up to
June 1, and now only about 60 days remain
tor the flowers and the storing of huney.

Even if the weather is favorable from this
time on, the honey gathering cannot be
large. Another reason why the report re-
feired to must exaggerate the amount of
honey in this season s crop, is the fact that
there are not at present halt so many bees
in southern California as there were six
years ago, and the supply of sage and other
iioney-furnishing shrubs has been dimin-
ished at least 50 per cent, by the clearing up
of land.

Moreover, the low prices at which honey
has been sold for some years past liave de-
stroyed the incentive to care tor and work
the remaining bees to their full capacity,
and the supply this year will not glut the
market.

Arrangements have been made, however,
for the handling iif the honey crop in this
county, which will insure better returns to
the producer than they have received in
years, and the honey industry here be
stimulated.

A SM'arm on a, Man's Hat.— Mr.

E. C. Jordan sends us the following from
the Eeciml of July 19, 1888, published at
Kustburg, Va., as a supplement to the cir-
cumstance mentioned on page 4ii8 :

Mr. W. E. Ballard, in conversation with
us about the bees swarming on the cow's
back, told a little of his own experience.
He was in a field with several otheriiersons
when a swarm of bees came over. They re-
sorted to the usual methods to induce the
bees to settle ; rinaing bells, beating tin
pans, etc. Mr. Ballard soon found the bees
settling on his hat. Ho did not like the
proximity, so he quietly took off his hat
and laid it on the ground. The whole
swarm soon settled upon it. They were
liived and taken home.

Home Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Hill's «>evic-e.-H. S. Ball, Granby,
Quebec, on July 19, 1888, asks thus :

Will you inform me through the Ameri-
can Bee Johknai. the best device for tmt-
ling over broudtranies, to Kive space above
the frames for wintering. How much space
is reiiuired ? How is this device con-
structed ?

Hill's device for covering frames in win-
ter is placed over the frames and under the
cushions, and forms a chamber for the bees
to cluster in, and ]iermits them to pass
freely from one comb to another, even dur-
ing a shady zero freeze. It consists of four
pieces of half-inch basswood strips sawed
on a curve that would make a circle of
about 11 inches in diameter; the two mid-
dle ones being 9 inches in length, and the
two outer ones 8 inches. These are held
together by a strip of hoop iron about a foot
long, holding the ribs about 4 inches apart.
The hoop iron runs parallel with the brood-
frames.

!\o Neotarin tlie FIoM-ei-s.— Henry

Stewart, Prophetstown, Ills., on July 19,
1888, makes this inquiry :

Are there any scientific principles known
in reference to the formation of nectar in
flowers? If so, why under the apparent
favorable circumstances, has the white
clover and <ither honey-producing plants
yielded so little bee-forage ?

Unfavorable atmospheric conditions, as
well as the direction of the wind, of ten ac-
count for the lack of nectar in the ffowers.
Rain also will apparently wash out the nec-
tar from the opening buds. Last season's
drouth dried up the clover in many parts,
and the weak and sickly growth of this
spring yielded no bloom worth mentioning
—now it looks like blooming again.

tVliat Alls tlic Bees?— Mrs. Ada

Dorsey, Holliday, Mo., on July 18, 1888, asks
the following question :

What ails my bees ? In search of queen-
cells to cut out, yesterday, I found that four
of my young colonies of bees were diseased.
1 do not know what the disease is. The
old bees are well, and working right alona,
but the uncapped brood are dead in the
cells, and the bees do not seem to be clean-
ing them out. Please answer through the
Bee Jouknal, as it may beueht some one
else as well as myself.

It is evidently what is usually called foul
brood. Remedies were considered in our
issue of July 18.

Fowl Brood.— r. M. Aldrich, Fair-
mont, Nebr., on July 19, 1888, asks the fol-
lowing question :

About three-fourths of the bees in this
vicinity have died from foul brood ; and in
Grafton, s^ven miles we.--t of here, quite a
number of colonies died last year. 1 think
that the hives were left on the stands, not
knowing what had killed the bees ; and
nearly all are dying this year. I watched

mine, and those near me, and killed and
burned them ai soon as I found it in a hive.
Please tell nie if I did riuht. Do you think
that there is a cure ? I have not seen a siun
of it among my hees this season. I had 35
colonies left from HO last year. They are
swarming and duing finely now.

Tou did just as we should have done,
uiion discovering the disease in our apiary.
We have but little confidence in the so-
called cures for foni brood. The editor of
the Canadian Bcr J<iumal, R\v\ns his ex-
perience with foul brood, says : " Last sea-
son we experimented with phenol, as did
also Mr. A. I. Root, and neither had the
success which would enable us to recom-
mend it as a permanent cure. It did re-
lieve, and to a certain extent cure, the colo-
nies aftlicted, but we could not depend upoa
it as lasting."

Mr. A. I. Root says that if he should own
a small apiary and discover foul brood in it.
he would burn up the whole rather than en-
deavor to experiment In curing the disease.
If the larvae he elastic and ropy, it is a sure
indication of foul brood. This is a sure
test, but the odor is not to b6 relied upon.
Fire is our favorite remedy.

I>ost Twenty Bollars.— The Rev.

John Nemmers, of Gilbertsville, Iowa, on
July 14, 1SS8, gives a little of his experience
in these words :

If I had subscribed for the American
Bee JornxAL two months sooner, I would
be *30 better off than I am now; and if I
had sooner known what a wood and instruc-
tive paperthe Bee Journal was, I would
have been a subscriber long ago.

The experience of our reverend brother is
but a counter-part of hundreds of others,
who lost money by not knowing what was
going on in the apicultural world, by not
taking the American Bee Jottrnai,.

A <'alifornian, in G/oxningg, says
that a sick man planted a little hoar-hound,
intending to use the product in making tea
for the cure of his ailment. Wind and
water and sheep have scattered the seed
abroad, and the plant flourishes far and
near. The writer says his bees have access
to it, but complains that the honey they
make is strong, dark, granulates easily, and
is bitter. He offers his honey at live cents
a pound. Possibly the hoar-hound honey
may be utilized by hoar-hound candy mak-
ers, and for medicinal syrup with that
flavor.

Xlie XriSitnte Fair (Ohio, Michigan
and Indiana) opens at Toledo, 0., Aug. 27,
and closes Sept. 1. Dr. A. B. Mason is
superintendent of the Apiary Department.
The premiums amount to S87.00. Those in-
terested should send for a premium list.
Address, John Farley, Sec, 209 St. Clair
St., Toledo, 0.

Your Fnll Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

502

Tmm Msmmmi^mm mmm j&iammmi^.

Queries f Replies.

Terrible

nortality
■%Vinter.

of Bees in

Written for Ihe Amcrir/vn Bee Journal

Query 564.— During December, January
and February of tbe winter ot 1884-85 I lost
700 lull colonies out of 900, located in five
apiaries. Some were dead without breaking
the cluster, and others had their noses up all
around the lid, and were scattered all over the
hive. The frames and combs were badly
smeared with excreta, where there were a few
bees and queen left. I closed them up on
what frames they would cover, but they
nearly all either swarmed out on the first nice
spell, or dwindled so low that they died in the
cluster during slight cold spells in March and
April. The winter ot 1885-86 was the same,
with 600 colonies. The winter ot 1886-87 all
of 400 colonies came through to February.
They commenced dwindling then, and went
down one-third, leaving the balance weak, and
although I had plenty of good combs and
honey, I could not build them up. The past
"Winter has been the same. 1 have some 15 or
20 colonies that have withstood all these win-
ters, and have come out good every time, un-
der the same conditions. 1. Have you had
this experience ? 2. Whatislt? 3. How can
1 stop it?— Illinois.

I have had no such experience. — P.

L. VlALLON.

I have had nothing like it. — G. M.

DOOLITTLE.

It would take a book to answer this.
Bead the articles on wintering bees. —
Dadant & Son.

That is a puzzle. I give it up. — C.

H. DiBBEKN.

1. No. 3. I do not know of any-
thing to say in replj-, unless to go over
the whole ground covered by books
and papers, and jou probably have
all that. — C. C. Miller.

I am unable to divine the cause or
suggest a remedy. Go to some good
bee-man near 30U, and see if he cannot
help you solve the problem. — Eugene
Secor.

1. No. 2. Diarrhea, and very bad
management. 3. Construct a good
bee-cellar for each apiary. — Mrs. L.
Harbison.

1. On a much smaller scale, yes. 2.
I cannot answer unless I knew all the
conditions. 3. I have lost but very
lew colonies except by starvation since
I have left the entrances wide open all
winter. — M. Mahin.

1. I never experienced the loss of
1,300 colonies in three winters, but I
have had "frames and combs badly
smeared with excreta," etc. 2. That
was diarrhea. 3. It can be stopped by
giving proper food and the right tem-
perature. Read what the American
Bee Journal has said on this subject
during the last three years. — A. B.
Mason.

1. From your description I am forced
to the conclusion that your bees gather
honey that is not suitable for winter-

ing. I would try removing it, and
feed granulated sugar syrup. 2. It is
bee-diarrhea.— J. M. Hambaugh.

I. No. 2. If all the other condi-
tions are favorable, it is the result of
unwholesome honey. 3. Extract all
fall honey, and feed granulated sugar
syrup. — J. P. H. Brown.

1. No. 2. I should think that your
trouble was in the honey. 3. Feed
sugar syrup to a few colonies, and see
if it will not make a change. — H. D.
Cutting.

1. To some extent. 2. The common
trouble — diarrhea. 3. By giving the
bees sound stores for winter, and win-
tering them in a cellar with a tempera-
ture of about 40=, Fahr. — R.L.T4.YLOR.

1. Yes, I have. 2. It is bee-diar-
rhea. Bees never spring dwindle when
they are entirely free from that com-
plaint. 3. You can prevent it by hav-
ing no bee-bread in the combs which
the bees winter on, nor any honey, but
properly prepared sugar syrup, in-
stead.— James Heddon.

3. I believe that a good cellar would
stop it — a cellar where you can keep
the temperature above 38°, Fahr. I
believe with a proper cellar and proper
food we need have no loss. — A. J.
Cook.

I would get a stock of bees from
some one who has not been troubled
in this way. I would rid myself of
these old bees entirely. I would not
ask, '' What is it ?" It does not pay
to doctor bees. Get rid of them, and
get health}' ones. If they become dis-
eased in the same way, change the
location. — J. M. Shuck.

Mr. Heddon will say, "Pollen
theorj-." Some one else will give
another cause. For myself, I can only
saj' that I do not know, as the data
given is not sufficient to enable me to
give an intelligent answer. For a
guess, I should say the cause was
either insufficient food, or food of poor
quality. — J. E. Pond.

The only thing peculiar about your
disastrous wintering of bees is found
in your statement, that " 15 or 20 " of
your "colonies have withstood all
these winters." This would indicate,
at least apparently, that the constitu-
tion of the bees had something to do
wilh the different results. Please give
us the particulars. What sort of stores
did they have ? How were the bees
prepared for wintering, etc.? 1. No.
2. Echo answers, " What is it ?" 3.
That is the question. — G. W. Demaree.

We should surmise that the cause
could be located in the winter stores.
To extract all the honey in the fall,
and provide good sugar syrup would
probably prevent a repetition. — The
Editor.

Wet and Moldy Conib§ in a Bee-
Cellar.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 565.— In my bee-cellar I am very
much troubled with the combs getting wet
and moldy. The temperature does not vary
much above or below 40". I. Would sub-earth
ventilation improve it ? or would it be best to
put in a stove? 2. If sub-earih ventilation
would be a good thing, how far ought the
pipes to extend under ground ?— H. H., Ills.

I have no experience in this. — P. L.

VlALLON.

We would use a stove in the coldest
weather, or not use the cellar at all
for bees. — Dadant & Son.

I think that sub-earth ventilation
would answer. Fully 50 feet — more
would be better — and below the reach
of frost— J. P. H. Brown.

1. Put in a small stove, and use open
boxes of air-slacked lime. — H. D. Cut-
ting.

Raise the temperature to from 45°
to 48°, by some means, and you will
be all right— G. M. Doolittle.

1. Either or both might help. 2.
Two hundred feet if the pipes are 6
inches or more in diameter. If 4
inches in diameter, 100 feet long. — C.
C. Miller.

1. I presume that sub-earth ventila-
tion will benefit your cellar. 2. I am
not authority on this. Correspond
with Mr. G. M. Doolittle.— J. M. Ham-
baugh.

Thorough drainage and ventilation
will do it For the purpose mentioned,
sub-earth ventilation is not necessary.
— A. J. Cook.

If your bees winter well, I advise
you to leave your cellar as it is. If
the mold frets you, give the bees more
ventilation from the bottoms of the
hives, and raise the temperature of
your cellar 4° or 5°, by packing the
outside windows, etc., better. — R. L.
Taylor.

1. I should put in the stove. 2. I
am not in favor of adopting sub-earth
ventilation. It costs more than it
amounts to. — James Heddon.

1. Yes, I believe it would. If that
is too expensive for the number of
colonies kept, use artificial heat 2.
Two hundred feet would be desirable,
but perhaps a shorter distance will an-
swer.— Eugene Secor.

■ Dampness is a common condition of
cellars in this (Kentucky) climate. No
doubt but the changeable condition of
climates is the cause. When the.air
outside of the cellar becomes warmer
than the air contained by the cellar
when it enters the cellar and comes in
contact with a lower temperature than
itself, it parts with a portion of its
moisture by condensation, and thus

T'H© JIMIEMIC'MN; BE® jo^Kr^si..

503

dampness acoumulatea in the cellar.
1. No. Put in a stove and heat up
the cellar to a hijjh temperature about
once a week. Keep up the heat for a
whole day, and then leave the bees
quiet till next time. Some experi-
ments of mine have proven this plan
the best of all to counteract tlie deadly
effects of continued dampness, etc. —
G. W. Demaeee.

1. Sub-earth ventilation would im-
prove it, and without knowing the
conditions and surroundings of j-our
cellar, I think that I should prefer it
to a stove. 2. It should enter the cel-
lar under the outside wall, and cross
to the opposite side of the cellar. —
Mrs. L. Harrison.

Raise the temperature. I like to
ventilate with a stove, without a fire.
Of course, if tlie temperature is too
low, have a small fire. A little loose-
ness around the pipe where it goes into
the chimney does for upper ventila-
tion, and the draft at the stove's bot-
tom does for lower ventilation. — A. B.
Mason.

1. It may be that sub-earth ventila-
tion would be an advantage. 2. That
depends upon circumstances. If it is
easj" to keep the temperature up to
what it ought to be, the pipes may be
very short. — M. Mahin.

1. You say nothing about hive-ven-
tilation. I have never found that
moisture injured where hives were
properly ventilated. 1. Do not put in
a stove. 2. Extend the pipe far
enough so that the temperature will
not be affected. — J. E. Pond.

1. Sub-earth ventilation will im-
prove it very much. The temperature
is all right. 2. The pipes ought to
extend 50 to 100 feet. Do not put in
a stove, as it is difficult to keep an
even temperature without great trouble.

— C. H. DiBBERN.

1. Ventilation is needed wherever
there is mold. Such a cellar should
be disinfected by the fumes of burning
sulphur before putting in the bees for
winter ; and if the rooms over it are
inhabited by human beings, it should
be fumigated often during warm
weather, unless corrected by ventila-
tion. 2. A sub-earth pipe should ex-
tend 150 to 200 feet under-ground. —
J. M. Shuck.

Either the addition of a stove, ven-
tilation, or good drainage will remedy
the difficulty. Outside protection will
raise the temperature in the cellar,
apd make it more suitable for the bees.
— The Editor.

FINDING QUEENS.

How to Proceed when Looking
for the Queen.

E^ The fall meeting o( the Northwestern
Illinois and SouthweBtern Wisconsin Bee-
Keepers' Association will be held on Aug. 21,
1888, at Leaf River, Ills. D. A. Fuller, See.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY G. M. UOOLITTLE.

Many seem to be troubled in finding
the fjueen, not a few writing me to
that effect, and asking how I proceed
in that work.

One of the most important things to
be remembered in looking for a black
or hybrid queen is, not to use too much
smoke so as to get the bees " crazy,"
so that they will run pell-mell all over
the hive, and even outside of it ; for
with such a state of affairs no one is
very likely to find the queen, and the
hive might as well be shut up without
trying.

Go to the hive and remove the cover
as quietly as possible, so as not to dis-
turb the bees the least bit, if you can
do so. Now as the quilt is raised, blow
the least bit of smoke under it, and
after it is removed, keep for a mo-
ment or so, blowing just a little smoke
on the guards as they poke their heads
up over the tops of the frames — just
enough to turn them about again, and
no more. In this way you will soon
have all quiet and nice, no running or
anything of the kind.

Having thus brought them into sub-
jection, you are ready to proceed ; but
before doing so, I wish to say that
thei'e is a proper time of day to do this
hunting for the (pieen, and that time
is governed by tlie way the hive is
placed, or faces. As my hives all face
south, we will suppose that we are in
my bee-yard, and in such case the
time will be at from 11 to 12 o'clock.
Now, why this ? Simply because at
this hour the sun shines so as to ob-
liquely strike the east side of the
combs, as these run with the entrance
to the hive.

One other thing : As the sides of
any queen is much more j-ellow than
her back, a queen is much more easily
seen when looking obliquely on her,
than when looking squarely on the
comb or on her back, and as she walks
about, while looking at her in this
manner, her abdomen is sure to attract
our attention, tliereby causing us to
see her when we would not otherwise
do so. Having explained this matter
so, I think, all will understand it, we
will take out the first frame next to the
east side of the hive, standing or sit-
ting on that side.

For various leasons I prefer to sit
down when hunting for the queen.

»hiefly because it brings the eyes in a
more natural position for seeing over
the combs.

To get the first comb out, if the hive
has not a movable side, commence
four or five frames away from the side
next to you, and with a heavy knife or
screw-driver loosen the frames, push-
ing them a little from you so as to
gain room to lift out the first one with-
out injuring the bees so as to irritate-
them. Whenever the bees come up oii
the frame tops in a threatening manner
smokc them a little, gently as at first,
thus keeping them in subjection, yet
at no time give enough smoke so as to
thoroughly frighten them. A little
experience along this line will enable
one to handle even the most vicious
hybrids without stings or getting them
excited.

Having the first frame liberated,
gently raise it from the hive, looking
over the side next to you as it comes
out, for the queen, and as soon as it is
out look over the other side, by look-
ing down obliquely from the top. Hav-
ing made sure the queen is not on this
frame, put it down outside the hive, or
have another hive to place it in. In
time of robber bees, the hive is best,
throwing a sheet over it to keep the
robbers ofi' this exposed comb, but at
all other times I put the combs on the
wround outside of the hive.

Now remove the next comb, and as
quickly as it is out of the hive, glance
down the face side of the comb next
to you in the hive, and if the queen is
on'that side of the comb, you will
surely see her, for her first impulse is,
upon the light striking her, to get on
the other side of the comb, and in
doing this she shows herself to a much
better advantage than she would if
she kept still, the sunlight making her
appear " as natural as life, and twice
as big."

As soon as satisfiejd that slie is not
there, look on the other side of the
comb you hold in your hands the same
as before, and if the queen is not
found, put tliis also in the hive with
the first, or on the ground.

Now pi'oceed with each frame as
you did with the last one, bearing in
mind that there is no need of looking
at the side of the frame next to you
after it is taken from the hive ; for
should you miss seeing tlie ((ueen when
looking down on the comb as it stands
in the hive, she would, if there, get
around on the inner side before you
got to taking it out.

After two of the combs are out
of the hive, I usually set the next
on the side of the hive the colony oc-
cupies, which is next to me, for with
two frames out, the sun can shine
down between the combs as well as if
more were out. In this way it is a

504

THE MMERICMIt WElTi JOURffMS^.

*-*-^*-^*-^*-^-^j^V

rare thing that I miss a queen in going
over a hive, but if I do, I never trj*
longer at that time, but close the hive
and try again when the sun is right
another day.

To show what can be done, if the
above course is pursued, I will sa}-,
that in six hours, during the middle of
the day, I have found and clipped the
wings of 40 blacli and hybrid ijueens,
for a party who had concluded tliat he
wished his queens' wings clipped ; and
I have reason to believe that any one
can do as well after a little practice
along this line.

To keep the sun just right, wheel
the hive around a little, one waj- or
the other for the time being, where
you have to worlc five or six hours at a
time.

Borodino, N. Y.

SAVING HONEY.

Removing^ Queens to Save
Honey Consumption.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY ALEX. W. STITH.

As nearly all persons now seem to
be desirous of sometliihg new, I will
describe a method by which an api-
arist may secure (or rather, save)
many pounds of honey, and at the
same time not injure a colony of bees,
and as far as mj' knowledge extends,
this idea originated entirely within my-
self.

It would be almost as reasonable to
pei-rait a number of harvesters to re-
main boarding with us, after the har-
vest is over, as to have a surplus of
bees reared during the latter part of
June, and the first part of July, which
bees will only answer as consumers
instead of producers, as bees at this
time of the j-^ar will only create a
home market for honey, in the way of
consumption in rearing brood, which
is only necessary at certain intervals
during the season.

All practical bee-keepers iu Ken-
tucky well know that here our surplus
honey is usually gathered in a period
of about six weeks, and after this
time has elapsed, a surplus of bees is
only detrimental to the welfare of a
colony of bees, as well as to tlie api-
arist. To obviate this difficulty, about
the middle of June I kill all of my
queens that are three years okl, and
.such others as do not exactly fill the
bill, regardless of age ; and for those
that I wish to retain, I prepare empty
hives of sufficient size to accommodate
three frames of brood.

I then remove the queens from the
old hives, together witli three frames
of combs containiutj brood and ad-

hering bees, and put them into new
hives or nuclei. The colonies from
which the queen are taken will at once
proceed to build queen-cells ; and those
colonies should be examined every ten
days, and all queen-cells destroyed ;
at the same time exchange with them
a comb of brood and eggs, taken from
some of the small, or nuclei colonies,
containing a queen, to prevent the
appearance, or presence, of fertile
workers, which often infest colonies
that are long queenless, without the
necessary material, such as eggs or
larva, from which a queen can be
reared ; and as the queens in the nu-
clei have only use of three combs,
consequently only a limited amount of
brood can be reared.

I let the queens remain as described
for a period of six weeks, and at the
end of this time, the queens can usually
be introduced to their future habita-
tion, by i^lacing the three combs,
queen and all together, near the cen-
ter of the hive, provided, however,
there are no queen-cells remaining in
the okl hive at the time of introduc-
tion, or, for a certainty, the queens
may be caged for 24 or 36 hours. The
only objection that could be urged
against such procedure is, the extra
labor in manipulating, but I have ex-
perimented far enough in this line to
be thoroughly convinced that the
amount of honey thus saved will richly
repay the apiarist for the necessary
labor required.

In order to make the matter more
plain to the reader, suppose that we
figure a little, and that an apiarist has
50 colonies of bees, and that by the
method above described, one pound of
honey per colony is saved each day
that they are thus queenless, which is
surelj' a very low estimate ; and allow
one week of the time for most of the
brood in the old hives to be sealed,
and say they are allowed to remain
queenless for 5 weeks or 35 days.
Now 50 colonies at this rate would in
35 days save 1,750 pounds of hone}',
whicli, at 10 cents per pound, would
amount to |175 ; and counting .$50 ex-
pense for nuclei hives, $15 for extra
lavor, and sa}' |10 for perhaps a loss
of a few fine queens, it will be seen
that we have the nice little sum of
1100 left by the experiment.

The first thing that drew my atten-
tion to the perceptible difierence in
the amount of honey in the hives that
remained queenless for weeks, and
those that had queens, was made
manifest to me as a queen-breeder, by
removing queens for the purpose of
queen-rearing ; and I am so honestly
convicted that if the above described
method be strictly adhered to, the
most fastidious will be convinced.

Portland, Ky.

BEE-SENSE.

Bee§ do Select a Location Be-
fore Swarming;.

Written, for the American Bee Journal

BY GEORGE POINDEXTER.

Having hunted bees for more than
thirty years, and started my apiaries
from the wild bees captured in the
forest, I am armed with experience
and observation enough to satisfy me
that bees do locate a home before
leaving the parent hive ; and also after
thej' do leave, some will go direct to
the tree or hive that has been cleaned
out by the scouts. I have given them
chase direct to the tree, cut the tree
within half an hour, and found the
hollow clean and varnished with pro-
polis.

Some swarms leave, not knowing
anything of a future home, and will
fly until tired out, and alight on any
object that comes in their way ; but if
exposed to the hot sun or rain, they
will get up again and go to a more
favorable place. Then in obedience
to the instinct imbued within them by
nature's law, they leave the cluster in
almost every direction, by the hun-
dreds, in search of a home. Then
they will be found cleaning a half-
dozen different places at the same
time, but they will accumulate the
strongest at the most favorable hollow,
and when the swarm "breaks camp,"
a quart or more of bees will be found
hanging where the swarm had left ;
these are the scouts that were clearing
other trees, and not knowing the loca-
tion of the swarm, they stay there
until they dwindle away and finally
disappear.

Some swarms alight on a limb of a
large tree, in a fence-corner, or in a
grape-vine, and being full of honey
before the scouts find a suitable loca-
tion, they start combs, and then the
scouts cannot entice them to go., as the
queen has laid a few eggs. I have
found bees in all of these places, but

1 have never found anj- honey in such
combs ; yet I have thought they sniffed
the battle from afar oft", and never
thought it worth while to gather any
honey except for present use, as they
would only leave it for the raccoons to
enjoy.

■ I have transferred them to frame-
hives, from their open-air hive, and in

2 or 3 days the combs would be full of
honej'. Some swarms will clean out a
hive with the intention of swarming,
but the weather or honey-flow will
make a change in the programme. I
have seen scouts clean out a hive and
stay at the entrance for 3 or 4 days,
evidently waiting for the decision at
home, and if anj- intruder comes

THE MMERIC^tPt BE© JOia^RNSlL.

505

^*-*-*-*-*— •*■*■*■*• *-^*-^ * ^^^■^^.^.».^.».^.».^— .^ ■■■^ ^^■■.^^.— ^^^.^^^ *^A^A^*-^ ■^'■•^^■*— .^^.^-^^^A— .A^ A^ ^ .^ A ^ A -^.^^^

around on the same mission, they
pounce upon lier, and by physical
force settle the question of priority of
location.
Kenny, Ills.

SHIPPING-CRATES.

Historical and Practioal Con-
sideration of llieir I'se.

WtitUn for the American Bee Journal
BY J.4.MES HEDDOK.

After we have procured tlic Ijest
white, hard wood sections, another
main f:K'tor in the successful market-
ing of comb lioney is, to clean those
sections from bee-glue, and place them
in such crates as will show them to
the best ailvantage and most perfectly
protect them, from the time they leave
the hands of the producer until thej-
are removed by the retailer or con-
sumer.

Soon after the invention of sections,
the " necessity "' for a shipping-crate
for them, became the " mother of in-
vention " in that line, and the first we
knew, Mr. Doolittle, or some of his
neighbors, had made, used and de-
scribed a crate for holding them. I
sent for one. It came as described,
rather roughly made of pine, and the
following is a description : It was
made to hold twelve two-pound sec-
tions, which were placed endwise with
the case, four in a row sidewise, and
three in a row endwise. The tops and
bottoms were rightly made of § ma-
terial of proper size. The end pieces
were about | of an inch thick, if I re-
member correctly, nearly square with
the grain running horizontally. The
sides were composed each of two slats
about I of an inch thick, and an inch
and a quarter wide, the ends of which
were nailed t* the ends of the end
pieces at their upper and lower corners.

Now. to get in the glass, saw-cuts
were made in the corners of the end-
pieces, and a pane of glass as large as
the whole side of this crate was slip-
ped down in this groove. Hand-holds
were cut with a wabble-saw in the end-
pieces of the crate. No sooner did I
look at it, than improvements sug-
gested themselves. These short end
pieces, wabble-sawed almost in two,
might, if the material became checked
or got a bump, come in two while
carrying lioney, and of course the re-
maining whole end would give away
at once, and down would go the eon-
tents. The slats on the sides of the
crate were so narrow thatthe}- showed
more of the honey than was necessary,
or than was sometimes best to show to
make the best impression on first sight.

I made the siile slats wider. "Why
use so much glass ?"' said I. ' Then I

made the saw-cuts in the slats instead
of in the end pieces, using about half
the amount of glass. I think this
was the first time glass, was ever slid
into the slats instead of the end pieces.
This soon became popular. It made
the case more solid and nicer in ap-
pearance, and with less expense.

Next I began to use pound and half-
pound sections of varying widths as
follows : Six to till- foot, seven to the
foot, and eight to the foot, and
" coined " the term of so many " to the
foot." I made half-i)ound sections the
same height as the pound, and just if
the width ; not thickness of the comlj,
but width of the comb. For instance,
a wide frame which held just four one-
pound sections seven to the foot, would
take six half-pound sections seven to
the foot. The half-pound sections
over-run, while the ])ound sections fall
short in weight, but this is all right,
especially wliere they fall short.

We always sell all sections bj'
weight, both at wholesale and retail.

A minor mathematical convenience
arises from the fact that just one stor-
ing-case fills two shipping-crates of
honev. One-story crates are liest on
account of any possible leakage, and
one of tlie great advantages of this
small crate is, that any quantity of
honey is sold direct from the producer
or jobber to the consumer. Blake
these crates of white basswood, and
dress all i)arts on both sides, so that
thej- are handsome without', and easily
wiped within, in cases where any leak-
age occurs.

The material for these cases of the
quality I mentioned, will in most
localities cost about 10 cents each in
the flat, and the glass about a cent
per light. Of course these figures will
vary according to the location of the
manufacturer. I have found less
trouble from breakage, the smaller I
have made my shipping-crates. I
think I can safel.v say that in ])ast
jears 1 have shipped more than 50,000
pounds of honey in these crates, and

Crate for Shipping Comb Eoncij.

This led me to make another altera-
tion, which was to make the sides of
the crate whole, placing the slats- and
glass in the ends by making slats half
inch thick, and having tlie bottom and
cover flush with their outer edges, the.v
serve for handles. When we handle
such a crate, the combs are always run
to and from the Ijodj' just as they
shoidd, and the crate is in the best
shape to handle.

The engraving shows the crate de-
scribed, which is Vl\ inches long, 8|
inches wide, in the clear, and takes
five ditierent sizes of sections, all of
which fit perfectly. It holds twelve
sections 4Jx41x2, or six to the foot;
14 sections 4ix4| by seven to the foot ;
16 sections 4] x41xl.V, or eight to the
foot; 21 sections 4Sx2 13-ltJ by seven
to the foot ; 24 sections 4^x2 13-16 by
eight to the foot.

The reader will see that this crate
was not only a radical improvement in
its simplicity and cheapness, but like-
wise in its strength and convenience.
The crate is just as long as our storing
cases are wide, and should it ever
happen that a whole row of sections,
by accidept,become "grown" together,
they could be taken out ere ni«s.se and
be put into this crate. Although we
have never had a case of the kind, we
have seen such in otlier apiaries.

have never had any breakage what-
ever, except two crates, which were
jjroniptlv paid for by the railroad com-
pany. Bj- freight is the cheapest and
safest way to ship. I am confident
that this slvle of shipping-crate now
used b}- so many of our leading pro-
ducers, will not be soon superseded by
any other.

Dowagiac, Mich.

BEE-KEEPING.

Fogyism and Fertile • Brained
Reporters its Injurers.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BV HENRY K. STAXEY.

Within the last decades, what busi-
ness or pursuit has had a greater de-
velopment and metamorphosis than
that of bee-keeping? Commencing
with the old primeval gums, and going
through the various kinds of hives,
until finally culminating for a time in
one glorious achievement, viz : the in-
vention of the reversible hive, with
its concomitant fixtures. This hive,
like Eli Whitney's cotton-gin, is a great
time-saver — especially to those who
are pursuing apiculture as a bread-and-
butter pursuit.

506

"THB MB€EKICMI«I mMM J©^KffMEf.

>«^*^*<

Down in the clingy cellar of Mrs.
Green, Eli Whitney toiled nearly all
winter, tinkering away on his inven-
tion, until he finally machinated the
cotton-gin. It has been said, that to
get one pound of clean cotton, without
wasting any, used to require a whole
day's labor ; but Whitney's cotton-gin,
instead of taking a handful at a time,
could take bushels, and do more work
in one day, and neater at that, than 10
men could do in 20 days. Hence it
has been well said, " The Southern
seaports were heaped high with cot-
ton," which, but for him, would never
have been grown. And so with re-
spect to apiculture, we can saj- that
the invention whereby the manipula-
tion of hives instead of frames can be
had, will render the saying,

"Full many a flower is bom to blush unseen,
AnU waste its sweetness on tlie desert air."

untrue to a great degree, albeit it is a
poetic jewel.

Invention oftlie Movable-Franie Rive.

The firm beginning of this vast
transformation was made by one
stroke, and that was the invention of
the movable-frame hive, which, with
its paraphernalia following soon after,
put bee-keeping upon stanch feet, so
that it could become a pui'suit capable
of giving a person a livelihood, and
followed as a money-making occupa-
tion, thereby catering employment to
thousands of people over our grand
and glorious globe.

Yet, within the shadows cast from
the burning and light-giving lamp of
bee-lore, prevails the oozy, green-
scummed, stagnated fogj'ism, accom-
panied with sophisticated stories anent
bees, emanating from the fertile brains
of reporters (fabricators of cock-and-
bull stories), who, in their mind's eye,
see honey-comli fabricated from paraf-
fine, filled with honey obtained from
the parings of rotten apples, and cap-
ped over with a red-hot poker, Jiift as
the bees (\o it ; a.vn\ yet they say these
things in the face of great rewards,
offered to any one who will find the
place — but, alas ! it seems that it never
can be found.

Persistence of Fogy Bee-Keepers.

The old fogy still persists in keeping
bees in box-hives (maintaining that in
the manpulation of frame-hives many
bees are killed), who, if his cerebellum
had any power at all toward taking all
sides into consideration, would find
his idea ridiculous nonsense, when
compared with the thousands of bees
lost annually by box-hive bee-keepers
; during the interval of the swarming
season. Moreover, he cannot remedy
the histis nutunice among his bees, con-
trol the queen, clean out moth-worms,
and so forth ; and yet they still use

box-hives (fit breeders for the con-
founded bee-moth), following in the
path trodden by their great, great
grandaddies, who, if they went to the
mill with the grain in one end of the
sack, and a huge stone in the other, to
balance it over their shoulders, still
seem to believe in following out by not
becoming cognizant of the great and
useful modern inventions in our pursuit.

Fogyism is a ban to bee-keeping,
because many uninitiated, when they
embark in that pursuit, through it are
caught up into the fiexible web of ig-
norance, and failing to see their mis-
take, continue in it. It is the coadju-
tor of fertile-brained reporters — the
bunko-steers of apiculture. Thej' feed
their taffy (made-up lies) to the open-
mouthed ignoramuses, who stand like
gawkies and "take it all in," as corn-
cracker farmers are bamboozled in the
city of Cincinnati. The consequence
is, the rumor — that comb honey (the
partitions between ' the cells being 1-
180 of an inch thick) is made by hand
— flies like wild-fire through our cities,
magnetizing and surfeiting on all the
compatible material that it can find,
becoming more and more portentous
as it goes. Its journey is well described
in the way Virgil did the supposed
nuptials of Dido and .lEneas, thus :

Extemplo I.ibyae niognas it Fama per urbes.
Fama, malum qua non aliud velocius ullum,
Mobilitate vi^et. virisque adquirit eundo ;
Para raetu priiuo ; niojc sese attollit in aures,
int^reditus que sulo, et caput inter nubila condit.

Think of it, in the United States
(where, during the year of 1884, 20,297
patents from the Patent Office at
Washington, were issued), such ignor-
ance should continue ! Fogyism is a
drawback to the process of inventing
in bee-keeping, the which (inventing)
is breathing dephlogisticated air under
the sickl3- ribs of umquhile apiculture,
and through its arteries sending re-
newed strength to every branch there-
of. The limners (inventors) of our
pursuit have already environed its
head with the nimbus of fame, and
placed the aureola of glory around its
body ; but nevertheless we cannot ex-
pect the end desired to be gained in a
second.

Hardships and Triumphs of Inventors.

"Procrastination is the thief of
time," and until we collar him we
must take our do.se of being jeered at
as other inventors. It was thus with
poor Johnny Fitch, who devised and
invented the steamboat. He was rich
in genius, but penury so held him un-
der its sway, that one day, in a crisis
of his invention, he said, that "if he
could get £100 by cutting -one of his
legs, he would gladly give it to the
knife." He was the man by whose
discovery people now in a week's time
can be transported over the briny

deep, Artie explorers penetrate within
a few miles of the North Pole ; and yet
he was made the recipient of jeers, and
pitied as a bedlam. Cast down and
broken hearted, the Jinis of this grand
character, I am sorry to say, was
suicide, by taking 12 opium pills. This
is the way many benefactors of man-
kind are treated ; and it is the same in
apiculture as in other pursuits.

Herr Von Hruschka should have at
least a line on the tablets of our mem-
ories indelibl_y stamped ; but, lo ! how
few are they who ever knew the name
of the inventor of the " Mel Extractor !"
A man who made it possible to obtain
honey in a liquid state, clear and pure,
free from the juices obtained by
squeezing the heterogeneous mass of
comb, cocoons, larviB, bee-bread and
)-oung bees, should not have his name
left to oblivion.*

How our own inventors have laid
awake at night, thinking over and
picturing in their minds their inven-
tions, even into " that hour, o' night's
black arch the key-stone," I leave it to
the bee-keeper's fraternization to judge
by the above paragon. These men,
above all other men, ought to be re-
membered ; they are the time savers
who have willingly used up their time
so as to save time for others.

Ho%v to Dispose of Fogy Bee-Men.

Why then should we not, since we
live in a country of which Joseph Hat-
ton says : "Ten years in the history
of America is half a century of Eu-
ropean progress," wipe out fogyism
and the fertile brains of reporters,
which together make up the vile mon-
ster to our pursuit ? A regular Poly-
phemus stalking through the land.
Monstrum horrendum infornie ingens
cui lumen adcmjitum — "If its ej'e be
not out, let us take it and end the
agony."

Although his body is strong and cor-
pulent, and in his hand an enormous
bole he twirls, yet like the sparrow to
the crow, in the long run we can ex-
haust him, and pry out that ej'e in the
middle of his forehead, and thus ren-
der him hors ilc combat. But is it being
pried out by publishing the "extem-
poraneous descantings and unpre-
meditated exp-atiations " of old fogies ?
No ! and it never will be in that way.

Instead of talking so much about the
ways of fogies, apiarists who have such
men in their vicinage, should take
them to their apiaries — for " a pound
of fact is wortli a ton of theory " — and
show them with what alacrity they
manipulate their hives, how to control"
swarms, how to obtain nice, white,
comb hone}-, and eradicate that idea
of theirs concerning the manufactur-
ing of it by some New York firms.

it seems to me that those firms must
be very occult, or else hidden away in

Tmm MMEMIcaiH BE® JQURNMlt.

507

^^_^^_* ^ A ^ ^ .^ ^ ^ ^^ * ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^

obulietts, and so magnificently pen);
lip that a lynx-eyed detective is not
able to find one iota of it, even with a
$1,000 reward behind him. It is a
shame for that " ej-e" to remain there
while inventors are painting tlie clieeks
of bee-lvoepinjj a rosy hue, and giving
it a liealthy appearance. Let every
bee-keeper do as above, and it will
have a great tendency toward stop-
ping and checking the canards and
malicious statements .circnlated about
bees, grapes and honey.

"Ignorance is the motlier of acci-
dents," and as Garfield said, " Seces-
sion, the tocsin of eternal war ;" there-
fore, while people remain in ignorance
of (dablers especially- — for "a little
knowledge is a dangerous thing"),
secession to modern apiculture lies will
not cease ; but since our strong arm is
mailed witli the thunderbolt of truth,
we ought to cast all scoundrels down
to the vile dust from whicli tliey
sprung, or else set them on higher
planes.

But as we look up the corridor of
generations yet to come, yea of cen-
turies, let us furtively hope that those
inhabitants who patter upon the pro-
scenium bee-life, !ind toss about the
ball of bee-keeping, will render the
saying, "How slow a judge is time,"
untrue in this particular occupation,
bj- means of the great inventions pro-
duced by the leading geniuses of the
day.

Pleasant Ridge, Ohio.

*[The invention of the honey-extrac-
tor bj' Maj. Von Hruschka, was detailed
on page 89 of our book entitled, " Bees
and Honey," — the first edition of which
was published ten years ago. — Ed.]

HONEY-CRATES.

Convenient Crates for Comb
Honey, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY LESLIE STEWART.

The weather is quite warm and
rather dry, although it shows some
signs of rain to-day. Basswood is just
beginning to l)loom, and it looks as
thougli wo would get some surplus
honey from it. Although we will not
have a very large amount of blossoms,
it may be all that the bees can attend
to.

White clover has not yielded much
honey, and it is now failing fast. I ob-
tained about 'M pounds per colony of
extracted honey. There were but few
sections of comb honey that were full
enough to take ofi". I think that the
bees have enough to winter on, which
is pretty good for this season.

My extracted honey is nearly all sold
at home, but the comb honey I prefer
to ship to cities, as I do not like too
much retailing.

Small Crates lor Comb Honey.

The small crates are becoming very
popidar with me, as they answer for
what the groceryuian calls "family
crates," meaning a crate that just
suits a customer ; and they sell a great
many in this way. especially to the
wealthy class, as the style and size just
suit thei)- fancy.

These crates are made to hold 12
one-pound sections, and as they are
cheap, I would advise all bee-keepers
to try a few of them, and see for them-
selves. Thej- should be made of the
finest quality of white basswood, and
when filled with nice honej', they will
attract tlie attention of everj" lover of
that luxurj-.

The crates also are very handy for
the city people who come out in the
country to spend the summer mouths ;
they nearly always want some honey
to take home with them, and are
usually bothered to carry a large crate.
Honey put up in these crates is less
liable to get broken. I shall use them
altogether this season.

Jefferson, N. Y., July 19, 1888.

HONESTY.

A Dishonest World Concludes
that all Persons are Alike.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY WILLIAJI KLINTWOETH.

In almost every business, we find
dishonest men. Men that are honest
often have to bear, and are looked
upon as dishonest In' other men that
are in the same Ijusiness. Bee-men are
accused of manufactuiing artificial
honey — yes, even comb honey.

I was passing a house last winter,
and saw bee-hives and honey in great
quantitj". I went in to seethe honey,
and where it came from. I was in-
formed that it came from New York
State, and that he had bought some at
6 cents per pound. It was selling at
15 cents per pound. Some of it was
the worst looking honey I ever saw.
The proprietor saiil to me that thej'
were making artificial honej' now. I
said that they could not make comb
honey. He said they can adulterate
almost anytliing. The3' can make
chicken eggs tluit would hatch, but
the chickens would not have any
feathers.

Then you claim that the}' can make
comb honey like you have thei-e ? " O,
nicer looking than that. You are away
behind the times."

I told him (for the crowd were tak-
ing sides with him) if he would furnish
me with a pound of artificial comb
honey, I woidd find a man that would
pay him |1,()00 for it.

Now, how do people get such im-
pressions ? I think that comb founda-
tion is one cause. People in general
know nothing about bees. They have
heard something about comb founda-
tion being made, and as they do not
know anj-thing about bees and their
nature, they get the impression that
comb honey is being made ; and when
they get some poor honey, they think
that it is artificial.

A man said to me lastsummei', "I got
some honey and we can't eat it." I
asked lum where he got it, and he
said, " at the grocery." I went there
and saw some lioney that was brought
by a farmer. The store-keeper saw
me looking at his honey. He said,
"That is nice." I told him that some
one told me that he had honey that
was not good. "O!" said he, "that
was some that I bought from a drum-
mer, and oiilj' paid 6 cents per pound
for it." H(jney at that time was sell-
ing at 25 cents, and the farmer that
sold the honey there had to be.ar the
blame of the poor honey that was
mixed with his.

Another person told me that her
daughter went to market and got some
honey. She said, " I never saw such
stuff. It looked like coal tar. It
must have been artificial. We put it
in the slop-bucket, as we could not
eat it." Now, I wonder if the person
that sold it in the first place tiiought
that it was good, or even fit to eat.
But we see and hear too often that
people will sell such things as they
will not eat themselves.

I often see where bee-keepers have
explained how they work up a home
trade, and can sell all their honey at
home in their town. If we are honest,
we will not have much trouble in sell-
in "t. If I sold honey to a party —
honey that is wormy, or is not as good
as I represent it to be, could I sell
them any again ? I think not.

A woman lectured at the Farmers'
Institute last spring, on this subject :
" All men and women are liars." There-
is some truth in that. For instance,
we have some honey to sell. It is not
very good. We know that, but we
want to sell it for a number one arti-
cle yes, for the best. The party that

buys, gets a poor article. We have
lost our reputation for being honest.

For the first colony of bees that I
bought, I went to a bee-yard, and
looked all around. I saw different
kinds of hives. I saw a box that
suited me. 1 said to the man, "What
will you take for that hive ?" He took
his pencil and commenced figuring

508

T«E MMEKICaif mmm JQ'WMEfMI,.

fc^*i^*/*^-^-*rrti^^^-^^-^^^-^^'^^^-^-^*-^*1

thus : Box, so much ; comb, so much ;
bees, so much ; aud queen, so much.
The bees were black, but I wanted
Italians. The man said he would put
in an Italian queen. I said, "Suppose
she does not mate right." He said he
would put in another. I took the hive
and bees at his price, thinking; that I
had pure Italian bees, but after a lime
I saw that I had j'ellow and black bees
mixed.

I afterward said to the man from
whom I had bought them, '• The bees
live longer than j-ou said ;" for I had
black ones from last fall, that I got of
him. So one day he came and looked
at them. I pointed to some old ones.
He would not acknowledge that thej-
were old ones, but he did not explain
how it came to be so. Now, why did
he not tell me that the queen did not
mate all right ? I might have asked
for another queen.

If we would do to others, as we wish
others to do to us, we would have just
as much money, and I know we would
be happier, and would not complain
about some things.

Marietta. Ohio.

COXVEXTIOX DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place -of Meetinn.

Aug. 3.— Ionia County, at Ionia, Mich.

H. smith. Sec, Ionia, Mich.

Aug. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, Colo.

J. M. Clark. Sec, Denver, Colo.

Aug. 21.— N. W. Ills. & S. W Wis,, at Leaf River. Ills.
D. A. Fuller, Sec, Cherry Valley, Ills.

Aug. 27.— Stark County, at Canton, o.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

.—.—North American, at Columbus. O.

W. Z. Hutchinson. Sec, Flint, Mich.

Dec. —.—Michigan State, at Jackson, Mich.

H. D. Cutting, Sec, Clinton. Mich,

t^~ In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- BD.

sbuct/ox^

Circassian Bees as Honey-Galli-
erers.-J. W. Tefft, of Collamer, N. Y.,
on July IS, 1888, wrote as follows :

Our bees are doing finely so far. The
Circa.ssiau bees are gathering nearly double
the amount of honey of any race or breed
of bees that I have ever seen. They are
truly woiiderlul, now that 1 have got the
honey from them. I only wish that I had
more of them. The Italians are nowhere
compared with them for prolificness, hardi-
ness, honey-gathering qualities, gentleness,
and on all points they are a superior type of
bees. I have taken, from one colony, 47
pounds of honey, and thny yet hive 73 one-
jiound sections twu-thiids finished, and 13
solid frames of brood, 10 by 15 inches. I
also have taken from the same colony 17
frames nearly full of brood, and given them

to a queenless colony which I keep, in
order to see how much one queen will do
during the season. What in the world
would Mr. Doolittle do with such queens in
his nine 11 by 11 frame hives ? He would
condemn them as worthless as honey-g<tth-
erers, for they would swarm a dozen times
during the sea-<on.

Shonid the honey-flow continue as it has
been, 1 should have some great stories to
tell the coming winter. 1 am not the owner
of all the bees that I have the suiit-rinten-
dency of, but I am for the Ciroa-isian bees.
Every bee-keeper in this neighborhood is
delighted with tliis strain of bees.

Dees are noiiigr Well Mr. T. C.

Whiting, Athens, N. T., on July 2.?, 1888,
writes :

My bees are doing well. I had 3 colonies
this spring, and 1 now have 7 very fair colo-
nies. One I am afraid is worthless, but I
will try to bnild it up. I shall experiment
with it a little. Tliis is my second year with
bees, and I have a.ll the bees 1 want. Next
year I shall work more for honey. I expect
to have ICO or more pounds of comb honey
this year. 1 do not work for anything else.

Young: M^liite Clover, etc. — S. J.

Church & Son, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, on July
23, 1888, writes :

The past winter and spring our loss was
two thirds of our bees. The middle of June
we had 37 ciilonies left from 110 put into the
cellar last December. Our first swarm is-
sued on June 24. We are just through get-
ting honey from basswood. There has been
no honey in the white clover, but' we hope
there will be next month. The young clover
looks nice and promising.

Wliite Clover in Angnst.— G. R.

Fox, M. D., Sandyville, Ohio, on July 19,
1888, writes :

I have had 10 natural swarms from 6 colo-
nies, but so far I have had very little sur-
plus honey. There is a good prospect for
white clover bloom in August, and we may
have a fair yield of honey yet. For the last
10 days there has been plenty of rain, and
all vegetation is growing rapidly. Jt was
too wet during the linden bloom, aud the
bees could not work.

Oootl Prospects for a Fall Crop.

—J. W. Bittenbender, Knoxville, Iowa, on
July 18, 1888, says :

White clover and linden is over, and the
surplus honpy is not .5 per cent, of an aver-
age crop. Clover bloomed well, but it was
mostly in J une. It did not secrete any nec-
tar. Linden bloom secreted nectar, hut our
heavy rains tell during its bloom. We had
heavy rains every tew days. The prospects
tor a fall crop are good.

Cliapnian lloney-PlantlVorins.

—Geo. KirUpatrick, New Paris, Ohio, on
July 20, 18SS, writes :

I notice on page 468, Mr. L. Highbarger
says that those who have the Chapman
honey-plant should examine it closely, as
there is a worm that is cutting the balls otf.
The same worm worked on my plants. 1
sprayed them with Varisgreen, which de-
stroyed them. My plants are from 3 to .5
feet high, and have from 30 to fiO balls each.
They began to bloom on July 13. 1 am so
well pleased with the plant that I shall save

>11 the seed. I wish that I had 10 acres of
it. I have seen as many as 27 bees on a sin-
gle ball at one time, and I have seen as
many as 17 bees visiting a single blossom in
one minute. 1 am quite sure that the aver-
age number of visits made by the bees all
day long is not less than .5 per minute ; aud
as they work «n it from daylight till dark,
I know o( nothing better. 1 have covered
a few balls with paper, and in 24 hours I
could see a large drop of nectar in each cup.

I>eatli or E. W\ I>andon.— M. A.

Williams, BerksliTre, N. Y., on July 20,
1888, writes as follows :

It is with regret that we announce to the
readers of the American Bee Journal
the death of our brother bee-ket-per, Elmer
W. Laudoo, ot Brookton, Tompkins county,
N. Y. Mr. Landon was one ot the most ex-
tensive bee-keepers in this part of the State,
and will be greatly missed by his brother
bee-kcfpers. Inclosed please find a notice
taken from the Ithaca Journal of July 13 :

OniTUAnY.— In the sudden death of
Elmer W. Landon, on Friday of last week,
the society ot Brookton and vicinity sus-
tained a shock as severe as it was unex-
pected. He had been seriously ill for sev-
eral days, but was sui)posed to be improv-
ing until within an hour of his death.

Mr. Landon was born in this community,
and during the 39 years of his life, had, by
his lilial and fraternal affection as a child,
his genial nature and conscientious deports
ment as a youth, together with his business
enterprise and integrity as a man, endeared
himself to all iii the domestic, social and
business circles of which he was a member.
His anticip >ted marriage at au early date,
tills to overflowing the measure of sadness
connected with the eventof his death.

His burial took place from the Congrega-
tional church on Sunday at 11 a.m. The
choir, of which he had long been a member,
could render no music on that occasion.
The large concourse of people in attend-
ance, and the universal expes^ion of sorrow
apparent, betokened the esteem in which he
was held, and the profou.nd sympathy felt
for his family and friends by the com-
munity.

:^IetaI Rabbet.— J. F. Latham, Cum-
berland, Maine, sent some metal rabbet,
and wrote us as follows, on July 20, 1888 :

I send by mail a piece of the metal rabbet
which I use on my hives. It is different
from any that I have ever seen, and I think
better than the single strip.

[It is a T tin with one of the edges usually
bent to the angle of a square, left straight
with the double fold. The two single edges
form one angle of a square, and fit over the
inside e'Ige of the hive where the frames
rest, and can be nailed fast on the top and
side. It is certainly quite an improvement,
because the frames have a double thickness
to rest on, and a smooth edge instead of a
sharp, single surface to cut the fingers,
when haudluig.— Ed.]

Always ^lention your Post-OfBce,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

THK mMERICISK SEE JOVM^mi^.

509

fc^^-«..^i*..^-«.-^*^*^-^^*-^^-*-^-*-*--*^^*^-*-^-*-^*^^^^-^^^-^*'^*-«r ■ ftjj^:^:^

'•■^^*'-'- — ''^'•■*-*^-'

^*^--*-^-*-*

^<%

iHjilBK

BCSINESS MANAGER.

business Notices.

li IToM l.iYe near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give tbe
address that we have on our list.

Ililf on";* new pamphlet on Comb Iloney
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

■fyoii I^ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to can y sections 43<x4K and SJ^xS^.
Price, Sl.OO per 100, or $8.50 per 1,000.

Preseire Your I»apei-s for futnre

reference. If you have no BI.^OER we
will mail you one for CO cents ; or you can
have one FKEE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee J ouknai..

Ifiicca ISrnsl«es, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply,
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Plea)«c -OTTile America/n Dee Jownuil
on the envelope when writing to t''''' office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Pure Pliejiol tor Foul BrooU.—

Calvert's No. 1 plieuol, mentioned iu Clie-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 25 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to

be systematic in tlieir worlv in tlie apiary,

sliould get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. Tlie prices are as follows :

For 50 colonleB (120 pasres) $] 00

" 100 colonies (220 pag-es) 125

" 200 colonieB (420 pages) 150

Pliotograplis ot Bee-Keepers. —

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
contaiuuig tlie faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketcii of each one,
will be sent with tlie Bee Journal for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

CK.IJBBi:>Ci UIST.

We Cliil> tlie American Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted iu tlie I^ASX
column. Tlie regular price of both is given
in the first coUuiiii. One year's subscription
for tlie American Bee Jounii^ must be sent
with each order for anotlier paper or book:

Price 0/ both. Club
The American Bee J ournal 1 00 . . .

and Glean hiKB in Ree-Culture 2 00 — 1 75

Bee-KeeperB'MBg-azine 150 140

Hce-Kcepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150... 140

The Apicullurist 175 — 180

Canadian Bee Journal... 2 00... 180

Canadian Honey Producer...! 40 — 130

The 8 above-named papers 565 — 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25. . . . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 — 175
Binder for Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60 — 1 50
Dzierzon's Bee-Book (clothl . . .3 00 . . . . 2 00
Boot's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25. . . . 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 — 2 20

Western World Guide 150.... 1 30

Heddon's book, "Success.".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Year Araonp tbe Bees 1 75.. ., 1 50

Convention Hand- Book 1 50 — 1 30

Weekly InterOcean 2 00 — 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 CO.... 1 fiO

How to Proiiaffate Fruit 1 50 — 1 25

History of National Society. . 1 50 — 1 25

noitey sintl BeeHtvax Slarkel.

Cork for '»Viiiter Packing-.— Its

advantages are tliat it never becomes jnusty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for 81.00.

Re«l l,al»els for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
lioney. Price, $1 for a liuudred, with tlie
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller (juantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot i>rint the name and
address on less than lOO. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

S'ze A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels Sl-50 $2.00 $2 25

,500Label8 2 00 3.00 3..50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«»- Samples mailed free, upon application.

A Modern BKI>FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmius. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

■^Ve Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEFU at the following prices: One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; H pound,
S1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of tills honey-plant, see page 24.5.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 2'2c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., $10.00.
It wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
lor bag and postage.

NEW YORK.
HONBY.— We quote : Kuncy white in 1-lb. Rec-
tlons, I3@15c.: the 8»ine in a-lbB.. KKauc: buck-
wheat I-lbs.. inc.; :i-lbs.,9c. Marbetdutl. We are
rininif all we can to reduce stock, to make room for
tbe new crop.
BKKSWAi.— 26c.

HILDRETH BROS.,
May 21. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote; While to extrawhite conjb,
ivi^@1.5c.; amber, Htqji ic. Extractefl, white to extra
white, 5^(htiv.: amber, 4i^;('«.'ic. Arrivals of the new
crop are BmaU, tlie estimates being an average crop-

BKKSWAX.-2(i>ff24c.
June 18. O. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Front St.

DKTBOIT. ■

HONEY.— Beat white in 1-pound sections, He. No
new in market, and old is not selling.

HBK8WAX..-2i(S23c. Supply limited.
July 24. M. B. UUiNl, Bell Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We get ISC. per lb. in a small way lor
best comb, and less liir off grades. Extracted, best
white, 7y>^<c. None of the new crop received yet,
but there is more than BuflBcient of the old crop
for the light demand.

BBH;8WAX,-22o. B. A. BURNETT,

Jun. 30. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.- We quote i Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
I2c.; fancy 2-lb8.. lo^iic. : fair white l-lbs.. local I c,
and fair 2-lbs., ^(fljHc. Buckwheat l-lbs., 7@flc. The
demand is dull for comb but fair for extracted, of
which new from the South is arriving, and sells for
55<^<'6.'tc. per gallon.

BKESVVAX-Dull at 23Vs®24c.
Jun. 15. F.G.STROHMKYBB&CO., 122WaterBt.
CHICAGO.

HONBY.— No white clover left in this market.
Dark slow sale at s(*inc. Extracted ready sale on
arrival. New crop will meet with good demand.

BKKSWAX.-23C.
July 2. B. T. FISH A CO., 189 8. Water St,

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.-- We quote extracted at .5U8c. per !b.,
for which demand is fair. Comb honey, 12{3»15c.—
Demand slow.

BEESWAA.— Demand Is good— 20@22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
July 11. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 14@16c. :
2-lbs.. 13®14c.; 3-lh8., 12@13c. Extracted, white in
kegs and 4-barrels,si'i,htvic.; in tin and palls, 9i^@10c.;
dark in liarrels and kegs, K(@(iH[C. Demand good for
extracted, but dull fur comb.

BKKSWAJt.— 22W2,'>c. „

July 2. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, 14@15c.; 2-lb*
sections, 12c. Extracted, 6@7c,

BKESWAX.-2o(&.'3c.
Jun. 25. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : 1-lb. sections, not glassed,
at iHc; 2-11). secliuTis and dark ones, also extracted,
is not in deuiand. New honey is arriving freely, with
a fair demand. Tins part of the State is favored
with llalf a crop.

BEESWAX.- None in market.

J uly 20. UAMBLIN & BKAK88, 514 Walnnt St.
BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote: 1-lb. sections. 14@16c.; 2-
Ib. sections, l2@i:(c. New Florida extracted, 8(gt9c.
Sales are very dull.

BBEsWAJt— 23 CIS. per lb.
July 5. Bi.AK)i & KIPLST. 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote ; choice new extracted, 5 to
54c • amber to light amlier, •4^@49ic. Choice comb
in 1-lb sections. I3Ci>14c.: 2-lba., 12@I3c. Arrivals
are small, as apiarists are holding back. Prices are
considered higli,

BEESWAX.- 18<322c.
Jun 25. 8CHACUT & 1.EMCEE, 123-124 DBTis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.— We quote; White l-lbs., uDglassed, l.'^c. ;
1-lb white, glassed, I4C.; dark, Mb,. 2c. less. Cali-
fornia •'-lb'*," comb, Willie, 13c, Extracted, 7c, Con-
siderabTe old honey is in this market. No new yet
in. Salesare very slow.

BKESWA.X— None on the market.
June 9. C1.BMON8. CLOON & CO., cor 4th *Walnut.
ST. L0DI8.

HONEY -We quote; Extracted, dark, 4@4Mc.;
hriiiht swri^ci in cans, 76<8c. Comb, white clover
l,rprhuec,md.tion, la^aisc ; dark lli^®12Hcts.-
MarUct quiet and demand fair, owing to the warm

" BEES WAi.-22c. for orime.

July 20.

U.G.TUl'T 4 CO., Commercial t.

510

T-ME MMERICMlf mmW J©WRl«:KIr.

--*■- — -—■'—^■^■■^^■'■^■^^A^^^'^'

^'^*^*^-'-'^*-'

"Xlie Battlefield of Octtysbiirsr:

Its Memories and Memorials," is most in-
terestingly treated in Fnink Leslie's Pap-
ular Monthly for August. The famous
points of the great battle, ttie visits paid to
It by the commanders and by officers and
soldiers of both armies, the monuments that
now mark the ground where regiments held
their own under withering fire— all these
come before the reader vividly. " Life in
Pompeii " is depicted by pen and pencil.
"Striking a Light," "Lightning Photo-
graphed," stories, adventures, and a con-
tinuation of Clarence M. Boutelle's absorb-
ing novel, "The Grave Between Them,"
make up a most attractive and seasonable
number to while away many a pleasant
hour, and give topics of conversation.

Ne-»v Subscribers can obtain tlie full
numbers for 1SS7 and 1888, for Si. 75. while
there are any sets of 1887 left.

Scatter tlie I^eaflets.— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

^dxiertiscmjeuts.

ITAl/IAN QITEENS— Untested, 7.5o. each ;
eiorSl.OO; 12 lor ¥7..')0. Address,
26Atf JohD Nebel & Sod, High Hill, Mo.

Carniolan Queens a Specialty.

AI-l. Queens bred from Imported mothers.
Gentlest Bees known. No smnlce needed.
They cannot be surpassed as honej -gatherers.
J^ever saw foul brood. Prices :

One Untested Queen $1 00.

6 " Quiens ''Sn.

12 " " 10.00.

1 Tested Queen 2.00.

1 Select and Tested Queen 3.00.

Ninety per cent, will prove to be purely
mated. Safe arrival guaranteed. All orders
booked and tilled in rotation. Address,

ANDREWS & I^OCKHAHT,

31D3t PATTEN'S MILLS, Wash. Co., N. T.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

GLASS PAILS

FOR HONEY.

THESE Palis are made
of ihe best quality of
clear tlint Klass, with a bail
Mnd a metal top and cover.
When tilled with honey. the
attractive appearance uf
these pails cannot be equal-
ed by any other style of
package. They can be used
for household purposeB by
consumers, after the honey
is removed, or they can be
returned to and re-Hlled by
the apiarist.
Prices are as follows :

To hold 1 pound of honey, per dozen ^i'SJI

" 2 pounds " " S"V2

" 3 " " " S.oO

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madieon-St.,.. . .CHICAGO, ILLS.

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

HIVES, Sections, Foundation. Smokers,
Frames, Crates, &o . furniBbed at greatly
reduced rates. Also ITALIAN BEGS and

QUEENS at very low prices. Send for my
Catalogue. Address,

j^. IF. STA."cr:F':F"E:Ti,

oQctf STERLING, ILLINOIS.

MenUon the American Dee Journal.

FEEDING - BACK.

THERE was probably never before gath-
ered tog-ether eo much reliable informa-
tion upon the above subject as is to be found
in

THE BEE-KEEPER'S REVIEW

for July. If you have, or expect to have, un-
finished sections, read this Number. It you
have failed to make a success of " feeding-
back." its perusal may show you where you
made your mistake. The August issue will be
a " Fair Number."

Price of the Review, 50 cents a year. Sam-
ples tree. Back Numbers can be turuished.

The Production of Comb Honey,

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 23 cents.
The KEVIEW and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

Address, W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

29Dtf 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.
Mention Vic America7i Bee Journal.

A POSITIVE FACT :

QUEENS by return mail, from the old and
reliable

KNICKERBOCKER BEE-FARM.

(Estiiblished 18811.)

-Warranted, $1.00; Tested, $2.00.—

Special rates on large orders. Circular free.

GEO. H. KNICKEKBOCKEB, (Box 41).

31D3t PINE PLAINS, Duchess Co., N. Y.

^eniionlhe American aee journal.

Friends, if you are In any way interested In

BEES OR HONEY

We will with pleasure send a sample copy of the
Semi - Monthly GleaulnKS In Bee -Culture,
with a descriptive price-list of the latest improye-
ments in Hives, Houey Extractors, Comb
Foundiition, Section Honey Boxes, all books
and journals, and everything pertaining to Bee
Culture. Nothing PaUnted. Simply send your ad-
dress ivritten plainly, to

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

Mention the American Bee .Tournal.

Mention t)ic Atiicrican Dec Journal.

PRICES REDUCED!

ITALIAN QIIEENS, purely muted, 75 cts.;
Six tor fl.OO. Select Tested, $1.50. By
return mail. Address,

.1. T. WIliSON.

SlAlt NICHOLASVILLE, JeSB. Co., KY.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

X'T ATJTTlfl Agricultural Weekly-20
£ JuvlJn>X JJ A paires. Fstablished 1869.

Gardening, Far.mino, FKUIT-GBOWING,

Home-MakliiK. Full information about the
State. $2 a year ; .3 mo. .^0 cts. Spfcirnens Free.

The Florida Dlspatch, Jacksonville, Fla.
20A13t

HEAD-QUARTERSINTHE SOUTH.

FACTORY OF

BEE HIVES, <&G.

Early Nuclei fc Italian Qneeiis.

tW~ Tenth annual Catalogue now ready.
SCtf PAUL I.. VIAI.I.ON. Bayou Goula, La.
Mention tlie American Bee Journal.

Queen Shipping-Cages.

JUST PtTBLISHKB.

"PRACTICAL TURKEY RAI?INC"

By Fanny Field. Ttiis l>ooli tellfc cm
about turkey raising, from the setting
of tlie eggs to the maturity of the young
turks. If yon fohow the directions in
this book you need not loeo a bird.
— X - Fanny Field has had more exiienence
and succeeds better in raising turkeys than any other
person in America. She clears hundrc's of doUara
yearly on them, and wiUt«Uyouhow she does it ttjce,
25 cents. Stamps taken. Aortreas R. B. MlJ-UHMil-
Publisher, 69 Dearborn St., Chicago, Dl.

H 1 < 'it

WE have a lot of Queen-Cages, like the one
illustrated, not provisioned, which we
will sell 3 lor a dime, by mail, postpaid.

TBOS. G. XEWMAK dc SON,

I23&925 WestMacllsiin-Sireet, - CUICAGO, ILLS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

HEDDOi\ BIYES FOR SALE.

I HAVE a hundred, all complete— just fln-
iehed. Purchaser given right to use them,
by Mr. Heddon. Will sell at $3.00 each, in lots
of 10 or more. Inquire of,
27Atf E. D. KEENEV, Arcade, N.Y.
arention (?i.; American Bee Journal.

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery.

KeadwhatJ.l. Parent, of
Charlton. N.Y., says—" Wo

cut with one of your Com-
bined Machines, hist winter
50 chaflf h\rea with 7- in. cap,
KM) honey-raclta. SfHi brond
frames, 2.inin honey-buxea
and a ffreat deal of other
work. This winter we have
double the amount of bee-
hives, etc., to make and we
expect todo itwithtliisSaw.
Itwili do all you say itwill.'*
CataloKue and Price - iiiat

Free. Address. W. F. & JOHN BARNES,
45Ctf No. 484 RubySt., Rockford, III.

Mtniion the American Bee Journal.

look: iiE^^E] 1

FOR Sale Cheap-Bee-Hives. Sbippinu- Crates
and Brood-Frames: Comb Foun iation. Planer-
Sawed V-Qrooved Sections a specialty. Price-List
free. J. M. KINZIE & ^'O.. ,. ,

i3Atf Rochester. Oakland Co., Mich.

Mention the American Bee Jmirnal.

HANDSOME

ONE-PIECE SECTIONS.

WE have a limited quantity of One-Pound
Sections, 4^x414, a trifle less than two
inches wide, with narrow tops, in packages of
1,000 each. They are manufactured from ex-
tra white lumber planed on both sides, making
them the finest and most attractive honey-
seotion in the world. Price, $4.00 per package.

TBOS. O. K£WMAN <fe SON,

923 .4 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO. ILLS.

Mention the American Bee Jouimal.

TMm aMERIcaN BSEE? JO^RPfat.

515

THOS-^fNEwfelv &»'SON, :

CHICJKao, ILL,

^^W^^^^K^^S'^'A^ ■-' "

EDITOR. ,

Vol. III?. Ang, 8, 1888. . No, 32,

■''atltei- L.ungfstroth, in acknowl-
edging the receipt of our nilte subscribed to
the Annuity Fund, expresses himself thus
to aU wlio have helped to ameliorate his
latter day infirmities :

1 cannot well express how much the
kindness of my beekeeping friends has
done to make me comfortable in my old
age. Your kind wishes make what you
sent me the more acceptable.

He concludes his letter thus : " May we
all meet at last in that blessed fold from
which no friend ever departelh." This
sentence will strike a responsive chord in
every true heart, for he is one of the best
and most God-like men we ever met. To
spend an eternity with such, is worth the
"battle of life."

Prodigious Stories are being told
every day by the sensational news-mongers,
but the following sent to us by a corres-
pendent, is " about as bad as they make
them." It is from the Omaha World :

Honey made in California is shipped
through Omaha to Philadelphia to be ex-
tracted from the comb and then shipped
back to Omaha and sold to consumers with
freis,'l)ts botli ways added. This is what is
called progress.

The exclamation of our correspondent
was, "What a liar 1" or something of that
import, and we do not wonder at it. There
is not the slightest foundation for such a
statement. They have honey extractors in
California, and know how to use them !
They ship extracted honey by tlie car-load
and shii>-cargo to all parts of the world, and
in fact at least three-fourths of the honey
crop of California is extracted. It is a " pro-
digious yarn"— nothing more !

Tlie Union.— The election just held
under the Constitution has resulted in the
re-election of the former officers, as will be
seen by the followint;, which gives the vote
in detail : (There were 140 votes cast ;
necessary to a choice, 71.)

For President— James Heddon, 105 ; G.
M. Doolittle, 10 ; Prof. A. J. Cook, 8 ; Dr.
C. C. Miller, 6 ; Dr. A. B. Mason, 3 ; VV. Z.
Hutchinson, 2 ; G. W. Demaree, 3; A. 1.
Root, 3 ; and Thomas G. Newman, 1.

For Vice-Presidents-A. I. Root, 133;
Prof. A. J. Cook. l.iO ; Dr. C. C. Miller, 127 ;
G. M. Doolittle, lai ; G. W. Demaree, 134 ;
James Heddon, 17 ; Dr. A. B. Mason, 8 ;
Charles Dadant, 5 ; Eimene Secor, 4 ; J. E.
Pond, 4 ; W. Z. Hutt-hinson, 3 ; 3 each for
K. L. Taylor, Dr. G. L. Tinker, Thomas G.
Newman, Henry All^y and E. France ; and
1 each for Mrs. L. Harrison, L. C. Root,
Geo. E. Hilton, Oliver Foster, Chas. F.
Muth, John Aspinwall, A. E. Manum, P.
H. Elwood, J. M. Sluick, C. H. Dibbern, Dr.
J. P. H. Brown, T. F. Bingham, and John
U. Martin.

For Secretary and General Manager-
Thomas G. Newman, 135 ; Eugene Secor, 4;
and Dr. C. C. Miller, 1.

While the General Manager would have
been pleased to have seen a new set of
officers elected— just to exhibit an interest
in the organization— still he would also say
that the President and Vice-Presidents have
all worked so harmoniously for the general
welfare, that it would be next to impossible
to find those who would have done better,
and we presume that the members of the
Union have concluded that they could not
better show their appreciation of what has
been accomplished in the past, than by re-
electing them for the ensuing year. Let us
hope now that thousands of bee-keepers
will join the Union, and thus make it more
brilliant and successful than ever.

Xlie .'\orlli Anierioau IJ«-i--B*;eep-
erm' Mocifly will meet at Columbus, O.,
on Wednesday, Oct. 3, 1888, and continue as
usual in session tor three days. Dr. Mason
wrote to tlie Rev. L. L. Lai/gstroth relative
to his attending; the meeting,'and his reply
was as follows, dated July 115, 1888 :

My health is not such as permits me to
plan njuch for the future. If possible I will
be present at your meeting, and will make
some suggestions as to what can be done to
revive an interest in bee-keeping among
farmers. The excitement of the last con-
vention I attended at Detroit, was too much
for me, and I had a severe attack soon after
my return home, which lasted nearly two
years. I am always, when well, glad to be
among bee-keepers, and I shall be specially
glad to see again your genial face.

Tour friend, L. L. Langstrotii.

Dr. MaSon sends us the following con-
cerning the exhibit of honey and apiarian
supplies to be made there :

Preparations for the honey exhibit at the
Ohio Centennial Exposition at Columbus,
Sept. 4 to Oct. 19, are being made, and we
hope to have the building, now being
erected tor us, and which is 36x80 feet
in size, well tilled with the products and
appliances of the apiary. A. I. Root is to
be there with his luizz-saws and section
machinery, and will show ju;.t how they do
thiiigs at tlie "Home of the Hoiiey-Bees."
He is also to nuike a fine showing of bees,
and if it is p/issililr we shall have a small
apiary "in luiniing order," on the grounds,
and the way work is done in the apiary will
be shown to " wondering thousands." The
log "gum" box hive, and straw hive will
stand oy the side of the Langstioth and
other modern hives.

Approved.— Our old friend and former
co-worker, Mr. A. J.King, of New York,
for ten years or more editor of the Bee-
Keepers' Magazine, writes very appre-
ciatingly of the American Bee Journal
and its management, as well as the Bee-
Keepers' Union, in the following manner :

You have not only kept " abreast of the
times" in this industry, but in your own,
and the efforts of your widely extended
staff of contributors have served to con-
tinually break up new ground. This, to-
gether with the increasing success of the
National Bee-Keepers' Union, and the
" soft words " but " hard arguments " used
in its .support, must command the respect,
and should secure the supijort of all right-
thinking beekeepers. Wishing you the
largest measure of success in all ways, I
remain your old friend and formnr co-
^vorker, A. J. King.

Crop Reports generally are very flat-
tering, and of the honey harvest, the interest
is centered on the fall crop from the autumn
bloom. Now that promises well where such
flowers abound.

IMsfonraging-.- The following letter
from J. C. Armstrong, Biomley, Iowa, writ-
ten July 38, 1888, is a sample of many of
such very discouraging reports of the pres-
ent season. He says :

We can pay our money to the Union to
fight bee-enemies in the shape of cranks,
but we have a worse enemy that has been
preying on us the last year and this so far,
and that is the unfavorable weather. My
bees have done less this year, so far, than
last. They are lying around idly for the
want of anything to gather. The white
clover has furnished no honey to speak of.
Whenitfir.'-t began to bloom they went to
work on it, but soon quit it in disgust. The
basswood has come and gone. They worked
on it pri-tty lively for a few da>s, and per-
liaps gathered enough to " keep the wolf
from the door" lor a little while. Our only
hope is from the fall bloom ; it that fails us
we will have to draw on the sugar barrel
for winter stores. Last year I gut a little
surplus, but will be agreeably disappointed
if I'get any this year.

IJndeii Honey is still being gathered
by the bees in some localities, especially is
this so in Canada and the States in the same
latitude as Ontario.

Mr. J. M. Iloolter,, one of the most
progressive and popular apiarists of Great
Britain, is about to publish a new book on
Bee-Keeping. Mr. Hooker is one of the
oldest subscribers to the AsiEitiCAN Bee
Jottrnal, and is well posted in American
inventions and management, as well at
British implements and methods.

51<)

THE MMERICS:!* BE® ja^RfiSt.

kA^tmtm^mi

I>riven Him to Explain.— Prof.

■Wiley has at last been driven to exjilain his
■"scientific pleasantry" in several of the
.agricultural papers. We have tried to get
him to do this for years, but he studiously
jnaintained strict silence.

We well remember some of the stories in
the school books of half-a-century ago, and
among them of a boy who was up in an
apple-tree knocking down the apples. The
owner found him at it, and at first tried per-
suasion; that not availing anything, he
pelted him with wads of grass. Upon find-
ing the boy apparently enjoying the fun
and laughing in his sleeve, he concluded to
try some more effectual method. He went
to a stone-pile and began to pelt the boy
with rocks. This soon brought the young
thief down, and saved the apples from
being destroyed or stolen.

Just so have we acted with Prof. Wiley.
We politely pointed out the blunder he had
made in his " scientific pleasantry," and ad-
vised him to publish a correction. Finding
this unavailing, we pointed out the great
diimage that its circulation throughout the
world had done, and was still doing— that
while no word from him had been pub-
lished which in the slightest degree had
modified the story, or cast any doubt upon
Its reliability, it was traveling "at light-
ning speed," and creating a sentiment
against the purity of comb honey every-
where in its course, and demanded a public
retraction from him.

This receiving no attention, we used the
hardest arguments we could find, couched
in the strongest language that the Diction-
ary afforded, to show up the infamy of such
a course of procedure on his part !

Then came his friend, W. M. Evans, to
the rescue, and with two to one to fight, we
" rolled up our sleeves " and " gave it to
them right and left," with all the vigor and
enthusiasm at our command, until the
Professor was induced to explain some, and
try to dodge the responsibility of the dam-
age done, by saying that he "was sincere"
in repeating what Dr. Halloek had told
him about the " full outfit of machinery for
the manufacture of artificial comb" in
Boston.

His Virginian friend re-asserted that such
comb was being made, filled with glucose,
and sealed by machinery- and blurted out
this self-contradiction : " The Wiley lie
is tme !"

Then we demanded the production of at
least a single pound of the vile trash, or the
confession from Mr. Wiley that the story
was only fictitious ! Driven into a corner
he finally makes this astonishing confes-
sion :

At the time, I repeated this statement
more in the light of a pleasantry than as a
commercial reality, tor 1 did not believe
that it was PO.SSiBLE commercially to
imitate the comb !

This infamous and bare-faced " confes-
sion " of Prof. Wiley came, not because he
wanted to make it, but because we had
goaded him until he could stand it no
longer ! It had the same effect as the
throwing of the rocks and pelting the boy
in the apple-tree, in the old-fashioned,
school-day story.

Then the ice being broken, the Professor
rushes to the principal agricultural papers
with an explanation about that wonderful
" scientific pleasantry," but complains most
bitterly of the manner in which we fol-
lowed him up, and of the strong language
we used to bring him to terms.

As that was the only thing which aroused
him to a sense of the position in which he
had placed himself, we think he should feel
thankful to us for it. He may now clear
up the matter, and do some small part
in counteracting the evil which was done to
an honest pursuit by his former ill-timed
"joke !"

This is how the matter is viewed by Bro.
Root, in the last number of Olcanings :

While our good friend Newnan, of the
Amekican Bee Jouknai-, may not have
used just the language that some of us
would have used in obliging Prof. Wiley to
take some notice of the consequences of his
foolish statement, we of the bee-keeping
fraternity certainly owe him a vote of
thanks for having at length driven the Pro-
fessor into a corner, as it were, and for hav-
ing literally made him. recall his foolish
statement.

With all tlie explanations that can possi-
bly be made, I think the world at lariie are
pretty well satisfied that no professor or
scientist has any riaht to make such state-
ments, jokingly or otherwise ; and I be-
lieve that the consequences of this piece of
folly will damage Prof. Wiley's reputation
in spite of all the explanations and apolo-
gies he can possibly make.

Yes ; Brother Root, the vigorous " rock-
pelting" did it. As nothing else would an-
swer the purpose, we had to use the
" rocks," even though we disliked to do so-
much preferring the pleasant words of life !

Seasonable «Sossip,— The following
written by Mrs. L. Harrison on July 28,
1888, for the Pr^liric FwTncr, is very inter-
esting and seasonable talk :

This showery weather makes fox-tail and
other grasses grow like Jonah's gourd, and
the lawn-mower has to be run in the apiary
every few days, or it would be ditiicult
carrying around hives, etc. The leaves of
fox-tail serve as receptacles for holding
water a long time, and large, sparkling
drops may sometimes be seen a day after a
rain. No grass that I am acquainted with
grows in summer like it. It is a continual
pest to me, by growing up in front of hives,
and obstructing the fiight of bees. This
morning 1 noticed a row of hives, where it
had grown up in front, and as it rained last
niuht, was sparkling with water. Tlie bees
wtre darting in and through it very fast,
heavily hidt-n with pollen, and many pellets
were ()rushcd off. The squash family is
blooming, and abounds in pollen. It saves
labor to .-ow salt in front of hives, to keep
down vegetation, and it is cheap.

Bees swarm very irregularly this season,
and I have no doubt many will be lost, for
their owners will tire of watching. A little
How of honey, and they rush out in search
of a new hive ; and many swarms come out

quite early in the morning— a little past
seven. The first after-swarm of the season
came off to-da.\ ; it was unnoticed until
clustering ; had I known where it came
from, I sljoulil have returned it to its former
home ; the hive from which it issued is now
no doubt almo^t without a tenant. When I
discover it, 1 will extract the honey and
exchange the combs with some populous
one, for those containing brood. If that
hive full of combs and ho'iey were let
alone, it would take it all summer to get
bees enough to winter, and where would be
the profit ? Every hive must pay its rent,
or the more the owner has, the poorer he
will be.

No bee-master allows his bees to cluster
on the outside of the hive for want of
storage room. Better have too much
storage-room than not enough, for bees love
to work, and should not be enforced into
idleness.

Statistics obtained for Oleanings on
July 4, are thus summarized by its editor :

The average price of comb honey through-
out the rural districts of the United States
is very nearly IB cents ; the average price of
extracted, 11 cents. In looking over these
reports we fiud that comb honey is selling
in a good many places for 20, 30, and 35
cents. We obsf rve, also, that in other dis-
tricts it is selling as low as 5 cents ; that ex-
tracted bears very nearly the same propor-
tionate variations. Both comb and ex-
tracted sell for a great deal less in the South
than in the North. It is also interesting to
note that, in the rural districts, honey brings
a much higher i)rice than in the cities. Pro-
ducers should not fail to take this into con-
sideration when about to dispose of their
crop.

The average number of pounds per colony
secured by those who report anywhere from
0 to over 100 pounds, is only 16. The large
number of those reporting no honey (.53) re-
duce the average very materially. Counting
out this immber, the average would be 3fi
instead of 16. In looking over the statistics
we find there are only two who have re-
ported as high as 100 pounds per colony.
There are very few who obtained over 50
pounds. Quite a number secured only 8 or
10 pounds per colony. Twenty report the
season good ; 17, average ; 12, fair ; 21,
poor ; 20, bad.

Putting the sum of the numbers corres-
ponding to good, average and fair, over
against the numbers corresponding to poor
and bad, the ratio stands 49 to 41. In a
word, not only has a very small crop of
honey been secured, but the season with
nearly half of those who reported has been
poor. Taking it all in all, it is discouraging ;
but tvc must not be discouraged.

The average date at which the reports
were given, is July 4. Please bear this in
mind, ihen, that the foregoing summary ap-
plies to and up to about July 4. Since that
time the oatlook for the bee-keepers may
have been clnnged quite materially.

Postage on Seeds, etc.— A new law

has just passed reducing the postage on
seeds, cions, etc. It is not yet operative, but
soon will be. This is how it reads :

Hereafter the postage on seeds, cuttings,
roots, cions and buliis shall be charged at
the rate of one cent tor each two ounces or
fraction thereof, subject in all other re-
spects to the existing laws.

Ciive a f opy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

XHE ^MERICSK mmm J©^Rl*Slr.

517

BIOGMPMICM.

MR. F. T. TYKREL,.

After a short illness, Mr. F. Y.
Tyrrel died of diabetes, on Friday. July
13. 1888, at Madison, Xeb. The funeral
services were held in the grove adjoin-
ing the house, on Saturday. A few re-
marks were made by Rev. Mr. Kimball,
and the remains were laid at rest in the
Madison cemetery. Mr. Tyrrel was in
the sixty-eighth year of his age. He
was born at Lanesborough, Mass., but
he lived in Madison for the past thir-
teen years,and was honored and respect-
ed by all who knew him. He leaves a
wife and Ave children and a large circle
of friends to mourn his death. His
son, Mr. A.C. Tyrrel, one of the corres-
pondents of the Bee Journal, has sent
us the following tribute to the memory
of his father, who was an ardent lover
of bees and the pursuit of apiculture :

"Life evermore is fed by death,

In earth, and sea, and sky;
And that a rose may breathe its breath,

Soraethinii must die."

If it is true, as the poet has written,
that "Nature is indifferent to the fact
of human pain." it is also equally true
that nature is kinder to us than we are
to ourselves ; it prepares us for the
transition we call death, by a process
we cannot describe, much less compre-
hend. It prepares the emaciated form
for the separation of the spirit from the
body. It comforts us during the sad-
dest moments of our lives; it assuages
our grief when our loved ones lay down
the burden of life— give up the life long
struggle for existence ; and in the per-
formance of the last tender acts for the
departed, and ever after.

To those capable of having their sen-
sibilities moved by human sorrow and
pain— whose memory retains and loves
to dwell upon and recall all that was en-
nobling in the lives of those of ournum-
ber who have passed from earthly vision
to brighter and higher spheres, the
grand and perfect adjustment of nat-
ure's laws, lessen in time the poignancy
of grief and lit the sorrowing for the
duties they owe the living. If the re-
verse were true, life would be unendur-
able—a living tomb, without a cheering
ray of sunshine. -'All would be dark
and dreary, for into each life some rain
must fall."

Our father's every act of kindness,
every loving word, every deed of char-
ity, every sacrifice he made for those he
loved— all his labors of love, his self
abnegation, are living monuments, the
grandest testimonials to his worth, that
can be erected— a sacred tribute to his
memory, more eloquent, expressive and
enduring than cold, gleaming, marble
slabs, storied with his praise. All that
was beautiful and in harmony with his
surroundings, he loved. Thebirds that
carroled their sweet songs in the trees
which he thoughtfully planted in the
once wild prairie soil, and tended so
carefully— the flowers of exquisite hue

and fragrance— the hccs flitting from
flower to flower in quest of golden nec-
tar—all these were objects of interest to
him. Nothing of beauty in earth, sky
or air escaped his notice.

His home was his palace— his family
his loving subjects, and objects of solici-
tude to the very last, although everyone
is traveling the decline of life. His as-
sociations with his companion were hal-
lowed. She was in every sense of the
word a helpmeet, to whom he was in-
debted for whatever of success he
achieved— his steps guided by and his
character moulded by her. The world
will be wiser, yes. better, when it can
truly say—

"O, woman— mother ! Woman— wife !

The sweetest name that lan^age Itnows ;
Thy breast, with htily motives rife.

With holiest affection (flows ; "

when it will concede that she moulds
the character of individuals and the
destiny of the nations of the earth ; that
we are indebted to her for the breath
of life, for our intellect, good impulses
and influence. To her the statesman
owes his eloquence and power ; the la-
borer in the vineyard of life his influ-
ence for good— all must acknowledge
her supremacy.

The cycle of years will still roll roundi
bringing to all his little family joys and
sorrows, incident to life. The burdens
must be borne, the struggles and vicissi-
tudes of life must be met. All that
tend to till up and complete the full
measure of our days, is before us, yet
the tender recollection of his manly life
can never be effaced — will ever be a
green oasis in the desert of our hearts.
The mad, head-long rush for position,
fame, power,— perchance for the very
necessaries of life, may sear our hearts,
render them more barren and desolate
than the desert of Sahara ; let us hope
not. Such has been the lot of those ere
now, with such blessed and hallowed
associations as n<iw cluster around our
pathway. Our destiny is shrouded in
impenetrable mystery, and beyond our
control, but let us hope that the pain
and sorrow father bore so meekly and
without a murmur, and withal his ex-
ample be a beacon light to steer our
barks from the treacherous shoals, the
maelstrom and breakers of life. Let us
exercise the same kindly feeling of
charity he ever manifested toward his
fellow men.

Father was one of those peculiarly
constituted men in whose composition
there lurked no discordant, strife-pro-
ducing elements. We can truly say
that within our knowledge he had not
one enemy. It is said that a man
amounts to but little in this busy world
unless he can number his enemies by
the score— a mark of greatness. In the
estimation of his family he was a nobler
and a. grander man than he who dips his
sword in the blood of his fellow man,
no matter how just the cause. We are
content with those traits of character
that were our admiration when a child,
and which abided with him to the last
hour of his life, having only kindly
thoughts and words for all mankind.

It seems fit and proper that one who
has know him so long and well should
pay this last tribute to his memory—
the last sad office we can perform for
him. The little acts of kindness and

the little deeds of love which the world
takes no cognizance of, yet they are as
a little spark kindled in obscure places
that has revolutionized the world. Good
deeds in a community may be of some
benefit, and extend bevond our ken ; and
what is the world but an aggregation
of communities i*

ISTERMCMTORIES.

Uncapped 8<-etion>> of Honey.—

Rodman Lovett, Rome Cit}', Ind., on July

30, 1888, says :

Bees are not doing very much at present,
as it is too dry. I will give a report at tliH
closp of the season. Would you remove
sections of honey before they are capped ?

All comb honey should be well-blled and
sealed over before being removed from the
hive, in order to be attractive and salable.—

Rees l>on''t go Home till ITIorn-
ingf, says a correspondent from uortli-
western Ohio, in a postscript to a letter on

Aug. 1, 188S :

The Chapman honey-plant is in " all its
glory," and some of the bees have such an
affection for it that they stay on it all nlsht,
and "don't go home till morning." A few
days since I did not know what to do with
ray bees. I never liad such strouij colonies
before, and but few were gettins; any sur-
plus, and many of them were "just living
from hand to mouth ;" but now the sweet
clover, of which there are acres and acres in
the, waste places and vacant lots, and along
the streets of the city of Toledo, has blos-
somed finelj', and the bees are having a
jubilee on it.

Yes ; sweet clover is the main source of
supply for bees, in many localities this fall ;
and the honey is of a superb quality.

Freaks of Uees.— H. Earl Wilson,
Arcade, N. Y., on July 2i, 1888, writes :

The bees do not seem to be doing very
well in this vicinity at this time. The bass-
wood is ill blossom, yet the bees are not as
lively as they ought to be. 1. I wish to ask
a question— the case occurring a few days
since. 1 do not understand it. About two
weeks ago a swarm came out four times,
and every time 1 searched, but could not
tind a qneen-c-ell in the iiive. On the fourth
time a miller in a worm-state w.as found in
one of the combs in the hive, boldly crawl-
ing and devouring the wax and uncapping
the worker-cells. A few days auo another
swarmed the fourth time, and I found the
.same thing in it as iu the former one. Is it
possible that a miller ean scare a virgin
queen to Eo out of the hive ? 2. As I was
in school last year, not reading all the
queries in this paper, what hives do Prof.
Cook and Mr, G. M. Doolittle use ? 3. What
hive is the mo.st used ?

1. No. The miller was not an uncommon
occurrence, and did not in either case cause
the swarm to issue. Swarms sometimes
issue when no human eye could discover
queen-cells started. However, they soon
after appeared. Bees do all sorts of things,
occasionally, especially hi poor seasons like
this. 2. They both use the Gallup frame,
11)^x1134 inches. 3. The Laogstroth hive.

518

iTME MMERicMif mmm jowKHat.

'*^*-^*^^-*^AifcA^f^'-*— '^^*'^•*^^*■^^*■*^4ifcA^Al^*^<

^■'■^»— ■■'■*

^^*-*-*-*-*^

■•*'^*-^*^'

The Houey-Bee and the Orapes.

Paraphrased from Ihc Youth's Companion
BY GEO. Vi. YOKK.

"Tou are a little thief," I said.
To lioneybee so biitlie and gaj,

" You stole my yrapes so ripe and red—
To that, now wliat liave jou to say ?"

In buzzing speech she sweetly said—
Her golden bands glowed in the morn—

" I take my pay in grape-juice ' red,'
For working in your vines and corn.

" But grapes I touch not till the same
By bird or insect have been broke ;

Then I the oozing juice reclaim—
Which should not auger any folk.

" My sweetest song I hum for you,"
She said in music soft and slow.

And then her wings shook "pollen-dew"
In showers on the blooms below.

Like tears the " dew " fell, and I said—
When came the pauses of her strain-

"Sweet bee, just eat my grapes so red,
I will not call you thief again."

Now every year, when summer's come,

Bees visit all the flowers gay.
And decked in golden bands they hum.

With cheering songs at dawn of day.

The honey-bees— my choicest pet,
I wish them joy and length of days ;

They pay me well for all they get,
In skillful toil and songs of praise.

Chicago, Ills., July 30, 1888.

Cenientiiig a BccCellar Fluor
to Lower the Temperature.

WHtte7i for the American Bee J'jumal

«luei-y 566.-My bi e-oellar ie all under
ground except the front end which is walled
with sand-stnne. A hfiney-house is overhead.
I want to cement the Ltottom ; by 60 doing
will it prevent the wartnth of the earth reacti-
ing the cellar, and make the temperature
lower in the winter?— K., Indiana.

No.— R. L. Taylor.
No.— Mus. L. Harrison.
No.— M. Mahin.
No.— Eugene Secor.

No.— C. H DiBBERN.

No, sir.— James Heddon.
I think not.— H. D. Cutting.
No, we think not.— Dadant & Son.
I have no experience with bee-cellars.

—P. L. VlALLON.

1 should think not.— A. B. Mason.

I think not.— J. M. Hambaugh.

I think not, but I should rather liave
the earth floor.— C. C. Miller.

Not at all. What is cement but
earth ?— A. J. Cook.

There is not a particle of difference.
Cement it, by all means, if you are able
to do so.— J. M. Shuck.

The difference in reduction of tem-
perature would hardly be perceptible.
—J. P. H. Brown.

I think the cementing would make
no difference as to the warmth. — G. M.
Doolittle.

I do not think it will affect the tem-
perature to any appreciable extent. — J.
E. Pond.

Perhaps it would have some effect in
that direction, but I would cement the
floors of all cellars, notwithstanding.
The temperature can be regulated by
artiflcial means.— G. W. Demakee.

There would probably be no percep-
tible difference in the temperature —
but it would be advisable to cement it
nevertheless.- The Editor.

Proper Management when Hiv-
ins Swarms.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 567.— 1. When hiving- swarms in a
lO-trame Langstroth hive, is it advisable to
contract the brood-chamber? 2. If so, to
how many f ramee ? 3. Had I better use start-
ers, or full sheets of foundation In the brood-
frames ? — Northern Iowa.

1. No. 3. We use full sheets.— Da-
dant & Son.

1. Yes. 2. I should use only five. 3.
Starters.— G. M. Doolittle.

1. No, not unless the swarm is very
small. 3. Use full sheets alternated
with frames of comb, if you have them.
—J. P. H. Brown.

1. Yes, sir, contract to five frames,
which are enough to hive any swarm
on in this latitude. 3. I am still using
full sheets.— James IIeddon.

1. No ; a good sized swarm will need
all the room, especially in warm
weather. 3. Use full sheets, every
time.— C. II. Dibbern.

1. I think that 10 frames are too
much. 2. I do not know; somewhere
from 5 to 8. 3. Full sheets,— C. C.
Miller.

1. Contract according to the size of
the swarm. 2. I put in just enough
frames which will be well covered by
the bees. 3. Full sheets, using wired
frames.— P. L. Viallon.

1. If you wish to get all the comb
honey possible, contract. 2. Four to
six. according to the size of the swarm.
3. Full sheets, except experimentally.
— R. L. Taylor.

1. It will depend upon the size of the
swarm. Give as many frames as the
bees will cover, 3. I think it better to
use full sheets of foundation.— J. E.
Pond.

1. Yes, unless the swarm is very
large. 2. Eight. 3. That will depend
upon the season, and the condition of
the honey-flow.— Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. If the swarm be large, I would
give them the whole ten frames. 2.
That will depend upon the size of the
swarm. 3. I would use full sheets.-
M. Mahin.

1. " That depends." If working for
extracted honey, no. 3. That depends
also. If working for extracted honey,
use full sheets of foundation in wired
frames.— A. B. Mason.

1. You do not say whether you want
comb honey or extracted ; if the former,
I would contract to U or 7 frames. 3. I
am not sure on this point. I am using
starters, myself.— Eugene Secor.

1. If working for comb honey, yes. 2.
Five to seven, with surplus receptacles
from the parent colony above. 3.
Should you wish to propagate bees for
a fall crop, use full sheets of founda-
tion.—J. M. Hambaugh.

1. It depends upon what plan you are
working your bees. If for comb honey,
contract to 6 or 8 frames. 3. If you
work for extracted honey, use full
frames of foundation ; if for comb
honey, use }4 foundation, with sections
well under way on top.— H. D. Cut-
ting.

1. I think that S Langstroth frames
are sufficient when hiving swarms. I
would transfer the supers from the
hive of the colony that cast a swarm,
to the hive holding the new swarm, and
then use full sheets of foundation in
the brood-chamber. If I had to put
new supers on the swarm, I would use
only " starts " of foundation in the
brood-frames.— J. M. Shuck.

It all depends. If you are desirous of
obtaining comb honey, I should say
contract to 5 frames, and use only
the starters. If extracted honey is
your aim, then I should advise full
brood-chambers and full sheets of
foundation. Read Mr. Ilutchinson's
excellent book.— A. J. Cook.

I. There are differing opinions on
this subject. Many ideas and things
have had a great run for a period of
time, and then '■ steal silently away."
Such, I think, will be the case with the
"contraction system." The contrac-
tion system is very much like a man ■
trying to make money by trading with
himself, all the time driving a sharp
bargain with no one. It is a case of
one trying to lift his corporal system
by the straps of the boots. 3. If you
are making bee-culture a permanent
business, it will pay you best to use
full sheets of foundation in a full-sized
brood-chamber.- G. W. Demaree.

Much depends upon the size of the
swarm. If you are working for comb
honey, it would be better to contract
to from .5 to 7 frames. If extracted
honey is your object, the full brood-
chamber may not be too much. Full
sheets of comb foundation in the
brood-frames will give you more satis-
faction than starters.- The Editor.

AlM-ays Mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

THIE JCMERICJtN; MMM JOURNKI,.

519

FOREIGN BEES.

Temper and Cliaractcrisitictt
the Eastern Races.

of

Letter writlni to S. W. Mmrison, M. D.,
BY FRANK BENTON.

As to your questions: 1. "Do you not
have in Carniola, and in your apiary,
queens wliich produce some workers
with yellow bauda?"' Yes, yes; and I
have yet to see an apiarv iu t'arniola
where such do not exist, although I have
visited all the most important apiaries
existing here, and have seen hundreds
of colonies. There is in therace a tinge
of yellow blood that crops out every now
and then, do the best one may. I breed
only from such queens as produce (jray
uwAor.«— such as show no yellow or or-
ange bands— not even a tiny of orange,
and I permit no drones to be reared'in
my apiary except those from Carniolan
queens whose workers and drones are
quite gray; but there are several native
apiaries (box hives) near me, over which
I have no control, and whose owners
care nothing for yellow bands if they
exist.

There were at my residence to-day,
two intelligent bee-keepers from the
northern part of Carniola, and I ques-
tioned them on this point, and they re-
replied that an occasional tendency to-
ward orange or rusty-red bands was
always the case with all Carniolans, but
that it was no mark of impurity in the
race, since it exists so all over Carniola.
This agrees with my own observations
made here in 1880, 1883, 188G, 18S7 and
18SS. Please refer to the article on Car-
niolans which I published in the leaflet
•' Jiiis," for Jan. 20th, 1886, and you will
see that 1 mentioned this in the second
paragraph.

2. "Are all Carniolans the gentlest
bees known ''? l^ike all races, individ-
ual colonies differ in temper. The Gross-
est Carniolans are likely crosser— less
gentle, than the gentlest Italians. But
for all this, it is none the less true that
the race— Carniolans— are far gentler
than Italians, and the Grossest Carnio-
lans by no means equal, in cros.sness,
the crossest Italians. And, though I kept
Italians in Michigan for many years,
and also several years in Tennessee, and
have handled them in many different
apiaries in the North and South, it has
never been ray lot to meet with any, (in
America nor in any part of Italy, which
I have visited some six or eight times,
and the length and breadth of which I
have travelled several times), that were
as gentle as the gentler Carniolans.
When now we take into account the fact
that Carniolans are much hardier and
more prolific than Italians, we have
abundant reason to place them as su-
perior to Italians. Tellow bands or no
yellow bands, they are better, and the
best we can do is to try to avoid the
bands in breeding. Hybrid bees are
common in Italy except in a few dis-
tricts. Moreover, several prominent
Italian breeders have imported Cyprian

and Syrian bees from which to breed in
order to have niUmver stock ! Perhaps
also'to give fjic/;/!/ to their lazy, sluggish,
diorie-like workers!

I suppose when you advertise Carnio-
lans as just "as proUfic as the uncked roc-
cs," you mean by this last, Egyptians,
Pale^tines and Syrians. Surely, you
would not commit the blunder of includ-
ing under this expression also the C;/}'-
riitnit ! Well, at any rate, you have
made a decided mistake in saying that
Carniolans are as prolific as any other
race, except other European • races,
which they excel in proliUcness. But
Syrians exceed all otherraoes. Cyprians
are little behind tbem, and, indeed, in-
dividual Cyprians nearly or quite equal
the best Syrians, Palestines, Egyptians,
and Tunisians are close on the tails of
all these others; and then come Hymet-
tus (Gret-k) and Dalmatian boes stand-
ing about the same as Carniolans.

Strange to say. if 1 were to send you a
Hymettus queen, you would not know
her, nor her bees, from Carniolans— ex-
cept in their limper. The Hymettus
bees, or bees of Attica, will fly at one
when he approaches their hives, with
much more vigor than even blacks, and
also in greater numbers. Disturb them
without smoke, and you will want a
brook near at hand to jump into. The
same rusty-red bands, only occasionally
slightly lighter — almost a dirty white,
appear with them as with Carniolans.

Dalmatians are curious, shining blue-
black bees that play and chase each
other like flies at the hive-entrances.
They are not difficult to manage, and
are splendid comb-honey bees.

Carniola, Austria, July 4, 1888.

BEE-WORK.

jTIetliocis and Implements Used
in the Apiary.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY G. 1'. nACHENBERG, M. D.

The maximun standard of my apiary
is about 100 colimies, but like the tide,
it swells and recedes in number, not as
the moon wo\ild have it, but the contin-
gency of aTexas climate— its tempera-
ture, aridity, the yield of honey pasture,
etc. Bees multiply here rapidly, but
they are often destroyed in the same
ratio. The past spring I found my
apiary cut down to about 60 colonies.
many were destroyed by starvation and
moth, some by the cold, and a few by
solar heat, drowning the bees in their
own honey ; and in time of swarming
many took flight to the woods. Many
of these disastrous results might have
been avoided by attention and labor ;
but an old army officer like myself, made
stiff and clumsy by age, and in Uncle
Sam's service, necessarily has to con-
duct an apiary on principles and a meth-
od of his own. When I made my de-
hut here as a bee-man, 1 went it strong.
I put up a work-shop, honey house and
store-house, and spent a little fortune to
get together tlie whole stock and par-
aphernalia of aflrst-class bee-establish-
ment. It my income was not always in
keeping with my expenditures, never-

theless many of tny bee-friends thought
I had extraordinary success. And so I
had, when we take into consideration
that I commenced about seven years
ago with only three colonies, and bought
none since.

Hoiv I bcu:an Be<— Keeping.

About ten years ago I bought 10 col-
onies with no knowledge whatever of
the bee-business I had an idea that
bees would shift for themselves, and all
that I had to do was to take honey from
them ad lihitmu. Under this system,
they all died but two colonies, and these
had a remarkable history. I kept them
in a dark chamber in my house (to keep
them from being stolen) with a large
auger-hole through the wall for their
exit. Each colony was in two hive-
stories, and as their location made it
impossible to take honey from the hives,
they become very strong, and linally
made large clusters of comb witli honey
outside of the hive, inside of the house.
For some time I cut from this comb all
the honey we needed for table use.
This was in the mountains of Texas,
about .50 miles from here, where 1 had
tarried for a few years to heal up my
lungs by the mountain ozone.

HoH' I moved my Been.

On my return to the vicinity of Aus-
tin, I brought these two colonies with
me, which had their habitation in rough
boxes of my own make, admitting free
ventilation from all corners. I don't
believe that there is any thing in the
annals of history that equals the rough
usage that these bees got in their trans-
portation to this place. 1 nailed up the
bottom of the hives with boards, and
secured the stories with side-strips.
The question of favoring them with
much breathing space was barely taken
into consideration, perhaps for a lack of
interest in a business I felt I did not
understand. I moved them in a com-
mon farm-wagon ten miles, over the
roughest road in Texas, running over
rocks of a prodigious size ; and what was
worse. I then left them in their contine-
ment. stored in a house on my ranch on
the Perdanalis, for over two weeks.
Then for 40 miles they were taken
through the mountains to Austin, with
such rough usage, even to break away
some of the strips of the hives, liberat-
ing some of the bees. Of course they
promptly notiUed me of the break, with
the song into my ears, " Stop that team."
To save horses, bees, and myself, I at
once repaired damages.

When I got here, their music and ac-
tivity was very much subdued, and my
prognosis of them was anything but
favoratile. I put them on stands and
liberated them. Poor things! it was a
painful interest to see them come out
ono by one, looking like crippled inva-
lids of a hospital. Soon some took wing
and appeared to locate their mysterious
drop-down. I watched them with inter-
est and sympathy, and I noticed in par-
ticular that for a time they had lost all
their combativeness. As I found that
they survived the most cruel treatment
(no doul)t owing to the cool weather at
the time, and the mixed arrangement of
the comb). I concluded that I would try
my luck again, but not as an ignoramus,
but with tlie necessary intelligence for

520

THE JCMBRICMTf MMW JOUmmMS^.

the btisiness I at OBce secured the
American Bee Journal, and some of
the most reliable literature on the bee,
and carefully read them. At the same
time 1 addeti an Italian colony, making
the three in number. After I had a few
swarms of this stock. I employed a bee-
expert to transfer all my bees into the
" Simplicity hive," and to watch him to
do other wonderful manipulation of the
art. In another year I had Italian
queens introduced in the most of hives.

Carlug for the Bees.

I soon found out that knowledge with
attention worked well in this enterprise
and in a few years I had more bees, and
at times more honey, than I knew what
to do with. Every year I bought comb
foundation without stint. In 1885 I had
incurred extra heavy expenses in laying
in supplies, and in return realized little
or nothing. This rather took the fun
out of the business. I then resolved
that my three millions of subjects must
work and board themselves. I stopped
feeding them, but consolidated the weak,
and gave them comb from the strong.
I ceased supplying them with founda-
tion, but had them to make their comb
without foundation. All the assistance
I gave them in this was to pencil with
nice, hot wax, the inside upper piece of
each frame as starters. Much time and
labor I saved by discarding the use of
the wire in frames. In short, I promis-
ed my bees to give them a favorable and
comfortable habitation— guard them
from harm individually, as much as pos-
sible, keen them strong and powerful to
proteet themseh-e», but otiierwise the
apiary must be self sustaining. Not
only have I curtailed my expenses to the
lowest notch ; but what was of greater
importance in my case, was to bring the
force of my labor to the same mark.
Such a thing as hired bee help is, per-
haps, not known in this country. To
carry out my plans, I enforced a rigid
system.

KeepiDg a Record of each Colony.

In the first place I discarded all slates,
and have each hive (painted white) num-
bered in bold, neat black figures. In a
large blank book, the number of pages,
corresponded with those of the hives
giving the age, condition and running
history of each colony. Any time a
hive was examined, or any thing done
to it. an entry of the transaction was
made. The numbers on the hives were
80 arranged that they could nearly all
be easily read from the honey-house.
As this record was kept from the begin-
ning, it is already a work of interest.

A Bee-Veil for Perfect Protection.

Of implements, I made a veil that
would not impair vision by any net-
work. I constructed one with a piece
of mosquito-netting with a small, clear
glass window 3x6 inches in front, to look
through. The glass was set in a tin
frame, with holes around the outer mar-
gin, to which the netting is sewed. The
veil is placed over a straw hat with a
narrow brim, and fastened to it to keep
it in place. In stooping, to keep the
glass from dropping forward, it is se-
cured to the neck by two pieces of
strings. The netting is long enough to
tuck the lower end under the vest. It

is a perfect protection, and one can work
with it with the facility that he could
with the naked eye. 1 will venture to
say. if any bee-man will try the " win-
dow "he will long for nothing else in
way of a bee-veil.

A Handy Frame-Hook.

Another good thing I got up is a hook
to lift loaded combs out of a hive. Take
a firm, thick, galvanized wire about 8
inches long, and bend one end into a
large round hook for the handle ; flatten
the end, for lifting wire nails out of the
fames presently to be described ; then
bend the other end into a short angle of
a square. With the short hook the

f

My Frame-Hook.

frames are taken out, the purchase being
made Inside of the frame. This small
hook serves another very convenient
thing, viz: I have the slats of my mats
made by the thousand, and put them to-
gether myself with copper wire. At the
two ends of one side I leave a twisted
loop of the wire, to receive this small
hook in removing it. This is done with-
out delay, and without breaking the
slats. Mats put together with twine are
a nuisance, and those of gum-cloth are
not much better, as the bees make havoc
with both of them.

Swarm Catchers.

To secure swarms I use two ordinary
coffee bags, the opening of each being
fastened to a firm wire ring. One is at-

3Iy Hwarm Catcher.

tached to a long pole, and the other to a
short one. I have likewise two hooks
inserted in the end of long poles to cor-
respond with each.

Where the bees cluster high up, very
often even without the aid of a step-
ladder, they can be readily secured with
the long poles. As soon as the bees are
in the bag, a twist of it will close it up,
and without any loss of bees, it can be
carried to any desired place, where an
empts hive is ready to receive them. If
I do not get the entire swarm at the first
trial, I repeat the operation, until I have
entirely secured them.

If the queen is secured in the first
operation, the remaining bees will mi-
grate on their own accord to their new
home without any help, and even if they
should return to their former hive, noth-
ing would be lost.

Keeping the Frames a certain distance
Apart.

There is a desideratum to have all the
frames permanently fixed at equal dis-
tances apart. For a few years I used

the frames with metal-corners. I like-
wise discarded them on account of their
ready displacement before fastened by
the bees, and the extra labor they de-
mand in putting them together, and
afterwards to make good the results of
their displacement. There is one tri-
fling merit in them, and that is, they do
not adhere much about the tin— but the
troublesome wax adhesion is not so
much on the top as at the bottom and
sides. I now use only the wooden
frames, and even with them I made a
special provision to secure their fixed
locality, for several reasons. Instead of
adjusting the frames at the stand, I do
that preparatory at the honey-house.
In moving the hive to the stand, no
handling, or subsequent jarring, will
displace the frames. All the combs are
very likely to be built in proper regu-
larity, thus saving frequent examination
of the hive. The regular open space be-
tween the comb will give the bees an
advantage in their warfare with the
moth, and will prevent the bees them-
selves from crowding the frames out of
line I etc.

I have a measure made out of tin
about one by fourteen inches long, with
ten holes, to correspond with the ten
frames of the hive. This measure is
laid inside of the hive where the frames
are to rest upon. Then with a punch,
corresponding holes are made through
the tin into the hive. Each of the ends
of the upper pieces of the frames are
perforated with the same punch, in a
true line with the holes in the hive.
Each frame is now readily retained in
its proper place by dropping wire nails
into the holes.

Bee-Smo leers.

I have used and worn out different
kinds of smokers, and found objections
to all of them. Their want of durability
—the smoke giving out at times when
specially needed, and often they irritate
the bees before they are subjugated,
throwing them into a belligerency that
is transmitted to those not touched
by the smoke. It is a golden rule that
bees are best handled with gentle ma-
nipulation, and in the absence of all
noise; the working and the rattling of a
smoker, per se, surely is not the thing to
meet this important axiom.

I finally discarded all smokers now in
use, and made one that is so very sim-
ple, that I almost hesitate to bring it in-
to notice, notwithstanding it is the best
I ever used. I make it thus:

I take an old gallon paint-can with a
handle fastened to one side, and running
straight out. Then I have a circular
tin lid from a lard can, about 14 inches
in diameter; it likewise has a handle
fastened on one side, leaving the other
side smooth and even. The former is
the '■ smoker," and the latter is a ■• fan "
to regulate the fire. This smoker gives
a large volume of smoke, and in opening
a hive, if there is a favorable current in
the air, the "deck" is cleared instan-
taneously. In a dead calm, the fan is
used two or three times, with the same
effect. Should there be a blaze in the
can, lay the fan over it and it is immedi-
ately extinguished, and by removing the
fan a great volume of smoke follows.

As there is no puffing and blowing to
excite the ire of the bees, consequently

THK SMERICffiN BE® JO^RNSIr.

521

they never make fight with this smoker,
and witli it you can go in the midst of
the most vicious bees with perfect
safety.

Selling Honey Vinegar.

A few years ago honey sold here at a
ruinously low price. As I would not
deviate from my fixed miminum price,
I stored away the finest of my honey,
and the rest I turned into wine and vin-
egar, and made money by the operation.
The vinegar I then sold by the barrel
as "Honey Vinegar," which mttwith a
ready sale, and soon I was not able to
supply the demand. The market was
created in this wise :

I put up a few dozen bottles, and had
them labeled in attractive colors. These
bottles I distributed freely to physi-
cians, and others of the city. This do-
nation created a demand for the article
at once.

Making HoneyVinegar.

As this vinegar was favorably re-
ceived, for invalids, table use, and for
preserving fruit. I will give the process
of making it :

From the cappings, and the washing
of honey-vessels, cloths saturated with
honey, etc., make a clean solution of
honey. If it needs more to give it a
rich, saccharine taste, add such honey
that may be objectionable for the mar-
ket. Neversell poor,dirty-looking honey.
After a perfect solution is made, put it
through the percolator, to secure a pure,
transparent fluid. Now acidulate the
solution with a small quantitv of chem-
ically pure acetic acid. This acetic
acid is a chemical, concentrated vinegar,
and in thisconnection is perfectly harm-
less.

The acid will promptly bring the sol-
ution of honey into acetic fomentation.
After this is effected, add about half an
ounce of pure alcohol to the gallon.
This will bring about a vinous fomenta-
tion, and develops the acetic ether,
which gives the honey-vinegar such an
excellent body. Without it, it would
taste course and flat, with no body
about it but a burning acidity, so com-
mon in poor and ordinary vinegar.

inarketlng llie Houey.

I find a ready sale for my honey in
Austin, and if I command the highest
price for it, it is because I furnish the
finest honey in the market. Yesterday
(July 17) I took 100 pounds out of one
hive, the half it had, and sold it to my
grocer at 10 cents per pound; while
country honey was a drug in the market
at 6 cents per pound.

I will cheerfully submit my process of
purifying and clarifying my honey for
the market. It is as follows :

Taking advantage of the fact that it
is diflicult to retain honey in almost any
vessel except glass, I made a percola-
tor ( <( ) of a very tine, close muslin, six
feet long, with an opening of about 16
inches in diameter, gradually coming to
a point, large enough to hold about 100
pounds of extracted honey. This cloth
is so fine and close, that when moist it
can be made to retain air like a bladder.
The honey that oozes through the cloth
is a transparent, crystal-like fluid, and
in a clear jar it looks so pure, that one is

tempted to think it was nectar only fit
for angels to eat.

The operation, strictly speaking, is
not one of straining, but a percolation,
leaving pure honey and nothing else to
pass. The process is one of exosmosis
favored by a pressure of its own weight.

My Honcjh Percolator.

REFERENCES.— a. is a cone percolBtor made of
muslin, throueh wliieh tlie honey oozea into tlie
receptacle b. which has a fuucet tnrouKli which to
flraw r)ff the lioney into jars. c. is the stanrl for the
honey can. d, is a pulley wheel to holii up and raise
the percolator, e. represents a jar of honey beinK
emptied into the percolator, /.shows the pulley-
wheels in theceilinp.throueh which the rope passes,
holding the percolator in place.

I have only to say to my enterprising
bee brethren, try it ; but do not let your
success in producing wonderfully tine
honey, tempt you to extortion, but keep
yourself to a reasonable and dignified
price for your honey, and go hand in
hand with the fair reputation of your
articles.

Austin. Texas.

QUEENLESSNESS.

Will Removing Hie Queen, in-
crease Hie Honey Yield?

Written for the Country Gentleman
BY W. Z. nUTCHINSON.

Quite a number of bee keepers assert
that more honey can be secured by re-
moving the queen about three weeks
previous to the close of the honey har-
vest.

The theory is, that stopping the pro
duction of brood turns the energies of
the bees entirely into honey-gathering ;
besides this, no honey is used in feeding
the brood. Mr. F. Cheshire says that
the rearing of a bee, from the egg to
maturity, costs a colony the equivalent
of four cells of honey ; and it is only be-
cause a bee, in a fair yield, is able to re-
quite the colony with many times its
cost, that a large population means sur-
plus ; but if this large population is
brought upon the stage after the har-
vest is over, it becomes a consuming
instead of a producing population.

Removal of the queen also prevents
increase, which, in out apiaries, is es-
pecially desirable. When the bee-keep-
er has a large number of colonies, and

prefers honey to increase, the preven-
tion of swarming is quite desirable. In
some localities and seasons the honey
flow is early and of short duration, and
if the bees turn their energies in the
direction of swarming, but little sur-
plus is secured.

When aciueen is removed, a frame of
brood covered with bees is usually taken
with her, and they are put in a small
hive, where they are kept until the time
arrives for their return. After her re-
moval, if preparations for swarming
have not already been commenced in
the old hive, queen-cells will at once be
started, and the bees thus endeavor to
retrieve their loss. At the end of eight
or nine days the queen-cells must be cut
out and the bees given a frame of eggs
or unsealed brood, from which they can
start another batch of cells. J ust before
this lot of cells hatch (in eight or nine
days), they must be cutout, and another
comb of brood given. This method of
management must be continued as long
as the colony is left queenless. because,
if hopelessly queenless, the bees seem to
lose courage ; they must have a queen
or the hope of one.

The small hive containing the remov-
ed bees and queen is sometimes placed
upon top of the old hive, and when they
are returned, the bees that have learned
to recognize the upper hive as their
home, will, upon finding it gone, gather
in a cluster upon the top of the hive,
where they will remain a short time,
and then take up a line of march down
over the front of tlie hive to the en-
trance, and join the parent colony again.

It will be seen that this method of re-
moving the queen entails considerable
labor, and is, we think, not advisable,
unless to prevent swarming, as the pro-
duction of brood can be greatly curtailed
by contracting the brood-nest, which is
a short and simple operation, requiring
very little work.

The method of removing the queen,
that strikes us the most favorably, is
that of allowing the bees to swarm, then
removing and destroying the old queen,
allowing tlie bees to return, and then,
at the sixth or seventh day, cutting out
all the queen-cells except one. This
prevents increase, deprives the colony
of a laying queen for about eighteen
days, besides furnishing it with a young
queen.

Flint, Mich.

THE SEASON.

Hiving Sivarms — Ant§ in the
Apiary — Bloom, etc.

Written far the Western Ploionuin
BY C. H. DIBBEKN.

It is an old axiom that in order to ob-
tain a good honey crop, you must keep
all colonies strong. But this is much
easier said than done. As well might
it be said that to obtain a good crop of
corn, you must have plenty of stalks,
of the right size and at the right time.
We cannot make the weather and so
many other necessary conditions to pro-
duce bees in abundance, that we have
to do the best we can.

522

T'Mm MTmrnmi^MM mmm j@TPMifffii<.

>*^«^>«»*ai<

Then, too, it is not always that strong
colonies produce a good crop of honey,
for did we not have booming colonies
last year, and not a pound of houey V
This year the cold, wet, stormy weather
has been very dttiimental to the breed-
ing up of weak colonies, and most of
them were weak when they came out of
the cellar. Though we had to com-
mence feeding at once, owing to the
short supplies, and kept it up till fruit
bloom, still they increased but slowly.

The season is Tally three weeks late,
and we may expect it to last so much
longer, and can certainly hope that it
will yet prove a good year for bee-keep-
ing. Then, too, the weather that has
been so unfavorable to the bees has been
just the thing for the honey-producing
plants. A good stand of white clover
is springing up almost everywhere, and
though this will not bloom much this
year, it is a promising sign for years.

Our houey plants are coming along
finely. I have tluee acres of sweet
clover in one patcti that is now as tall
as one's head, and will be Immense
when it comes into bloom. The Chap-
man honey-plants that I nursed so ten-
derly in the house a year ago, did not
bloom last year, as expected, but they
are very thrifty now and will likely
bloom this month, and I well then be
able to form some idea of them as a
honey-plant.

What to do n'ith Second SHrarms.

There are likely to be many second
swarms this year, arid what to -do with
these often perplexes the inexperienced.
1 like these latp, second swarmiugs, not
to put into hives by themselves and
starve the coming vvinter, but to help
weak colonies or to replace inferior
queens. If you have any colonies weak
at this time, it is almost a sure sign
that the queens are worthless.

Now when your second swarms come
out, hive them in any convenient box
without a bottom. Then go to any
weak or queenless colony, and, after
smoking them, shake them off the
frames in front of their hives on a sheet,
and if there is any worker brood in the
combs, it is a pretty sure sign that they
have a queen— find and kill her. Now
get your box and shake the second
swarm out, and let all march back to
the hive together. Should they be in-
clined to fight, give them a good smok-
ing with your smoker. If the bees are
very cross, it is a good plan to sprinkle
them liberally with water sweetened
with sugar, not honey, as it is apt to
draw robbers and make things worse.

Hiving Swarms.

Much difficulty is experienced by
some in hiving swarms, and much
bundling up in hot weather is indulged
in, and the awkward manner in which
the bees are handled produces many
stings. Much of this can be avoided.
When the swarm issues, go to the hive
and' see if you cannot catch the queen
when she comes out. Usually she can
be found a few feet from the hive, try-
ing to tly, or a cluster of workers may
be about her. Have a little wire cage
ready, made by wrapping a small piece
of green wire cloth around a broom
stick and one end bent shut. When you
see the queen, place the open end of

the cage gently over her. She will at
once run up into it, and now close up
the cage with any convenient stopper.

The bees are, probably, all in the air
by this time. Now remove the hive
from which the swarm has issued, to a
new location, and place the one you
wish the bees to occupy in place of the
one removed. Now place your queen in
the cage on top of the frames, and cover
over with mats or anything to confine
the bees to the main hive. About this
time the swarm will have missed their
queen, and will begin to conclude that,
" There's no place like home," and will
at once proceed to return, and thus hive
themselves just where you want them.

But suppose you do not find the
queen '?then just wait till they settle on
some convenient branch. Do not be in
any hurry, but wait till they become
quiet. Now remove the hive of the col-
ony that has swarmed, as before, and
place the empty one in its place. Get a
ladder, cut off the limb, if a small one
and of no particular value, and if on a
high tree, let the branch, bees and all,
down gently by means of a rope. Carry
the bees to the hive and shake them off
on a sheet in front. Usually they will
march in readily, but should they show
signs of clustering on the outside, take
a small twig and scrape them down.

See that nearly all the bees go into
the hives, otherwise the queen may be
out and in due time they may be expect-
ed to leave for the woods. Should the
swarms settle on a valuable tree that
you do not like to mutilate, they may
be shaken into a basket or box, and car-
ried to the hive. It also sometimes
happens that they alight on fence-posts
or in the crotch of large trees, where it
is difficult to get them. In such cases
one can usually dip off a part of them
with a common tin dipper, and carry to
the hive, and the balance can be driven
either to the hive, or some place where
they can be secured with a good smoke.

Ants aud Roaclies In tlie Ai>iar}'.

Of all the annoyances about an apiary,
ants are perhaps the worst. Often,
when putting on cases, one will find
their nests in the warm places directly
over the bees, under the mat or any
convenient place. Vi'^hen disturbed,
they at onces spread over everything,
and if they get among the bees, they
make them very cross.

The little red and black ants are the
worst, because the more common, but
the big black ant is not to be despised.
I do not think they do any harm to the
bees or that they steal any honey from
them, but they are certainly a great
nuisance. Salt has often been recom-
mended to drive them away, but I have
found that they will make their nests
right in the salt, and they seem to
rather like it.

Roaches are also a great rfuisance, but
if hives are kept tight-fitting, they are
more easily guarded against.

The best remedy for ants that I have
found is a little kerosene oil in and old
fruit can, and apply it sparingly on
them, and where ttieir nests are, with
an old paint brush. This will kill them,
but should be used very sparingly, as
the bees dislike it greatly, and it would
probably kill them if used carelessly.

Milan, III., July], 1888.

YELLOW JACKETS.

Hoiv to Destroy Tespa Areiiaria,
or so-called Velloiv Jackets.

Written for the American lice Journal
BY HENRY K. STAI.EY.

Many are the various ways that have
been promulgated for the eradication of
this stinging insect when its ire is up.

The yellow-jacket, albeit it has many
good qualities, yet to some people it is a
nuisance and a pest ; at least often so to
the grape-growers— when its waxy dom-
icile is incased in his vinegard— for they
nonchalantly linger after feminines,
which causes tlnem to be scared and to
put a good amount of terra firma be-
tween it (the vineyard) and the house.
It is probably this diminutive rascal
that helps to puncture our sound grapes,
and thereby make enticing holes for the
bee to put in its slender proboscis and
sip up the juice, that «!( may be lost.
The bees, in turn, by following out the
old aphorism, have the voided rheum of
angered grape- growers spat upon them ;
but it cannot cover up there " little car-
casses and keep them down forever ;"
for the " Bee-Keepers Union " is firm,
and twirls the whip of justice. The
bee-keeper and- grape-grower should
ever be on the alert to destroy this in-
sect, which by doing mischief causes
blame to be cast at the innocent, is my
idea.

It is a great bother to the apiarist
when too near his apairy ; for, many an
hour of needed quietude aie the guard
bees kept on the qui vive for the yellow
jacket theives. I have seen them enter
the hive, and in all probablities they
went away full. I have tried many
ways of getting rid of this nuisance,
such as pouring hot water down their
exit; hole, which was the means of rais-
ing their choler. and bringing them out
by the hundreds, fired mad, bent on
destruction ; smoking them and also try-
ing to smother them, but in no case
have I completely eradicated them
without being stung; for, unlike the
honey-bee, they stick on a person, and
crawl up one's breeches and down his
back ; so that even if he has completely
devastated their nests, he may be made
the recipient of a terrible sti>iyrr an hour
or two afterward — when not cogitating
about them— from a yellow- jacket in
hoc among his clothes that will send
him skedaddling over the meadow or
field to his home for some soothing
panacea— fori tell you a yellow jacket's
sting, although petite, is felt !

Now the mode of eradicating a nest
of yellow-jackets without being bitten
and exhausted is this :

About tour or five feet from the
hiatus of the waxy domicile, rear a
brush pile, by gathering up all the old
brush Iving around which ought to be
consurhed by fire anyhow ; and then
leave it remain there until night with
its encompassing arms environs all.
Now let your mind be nonchalant anent
them until Phoebus' fiery steeds shall
have waded knee-deep into the waters
beyond the western hills, and he (Phoe-
bus) shall have allayed his steaming ax-
les with gelid itqua ; or let it be that hour
of night which the following passage

Twm fiMEmic?tPt mww jq^jmmri^.

523

^ ^^».^».».^.^f.».»«^»^»^»«i ■■»«**^*^*

— * -^ * "-■ '^ >^.^ ^^A^^ — .^.*^*^^*^AJ

describes, when " Comus " speaks after
this manner :

The star tha» bids the shepherd fold,
Now the lop 01 Heav'n do.h hold ;
And the jfiidod Cur of Day
His Klowinjr axlf doth allay
In the steep AhintiC stream ;
And the slope Sun his upward beam
Shoots against ihe dusty pole ;
Pacing toward the other goal
Of his ehamber in the East.

Moreover, let it lie in that part of the
month when the moon is plethoric, and
the tide high ; also let it he ttiat hour of
night befoie the moon shall have reared
his full golden face above the horizon ;
or let it be in that part of the mouth
when you can see the new moon, " wi'
the old moon in' her arms," for little
reflected light is then cast fiom that
defunct planet or satellite upon this
mundane globe. The darker the night
the better, even it it is as dark as the
shades of Kiubus or black as the atmos-
phere under the " sooty flag of Acher-
on," where many hosts of defunct
Romans were supposed to trudge.

Supposing, now, everything is in read-
iness according to the preceding pro-
visions, it is time to go forth to do bat-
tle with your enemies, and go it like the
" Gilbraltarof Chicamauga !'"ln the first
place, ignite your brush-pile and let it
get a good start before you excite the
inmates of the waxy palace. Interim,
procure a brace of base-ball bats or
clubs, and beat the terra flrma where
the nest is. This racket on the outside
■will soon bring up the inquisitive little
fellows, which, peering into tDe terrible
darkness, will discern the light-giving
fire, and without more ado, into it will
dart and be cremated— yes, stinger and
all, for the whole includes the part.

Keep on pounding until you trow they
are nearly all out, when the nest should
(if coQvient) be dug up and twirled into
the Are so as to avoid any ripe capped
yellow-jacket brood from espying the
glowing Eye of Day.

This is a neat, easy, quick and etBca-
cious way. If you have them in your
vicinity, try this plan, and histead of
being assiduously harassed by them,
like Cato was with the Oarthagenians,
when he said " Delenda est Karlhago,"
you will soon have your enemy hoyg dc
combat, and able to pour /((.--• on'ii ashes
down into his own hole and fertilize the
soil.

Pleasant Ridge, O.

BEE-STINGS.

^Vliat Becomes of the Part left
in the Flesh i

epidermis, and the inner true skin, or
corium. also called rutis vera. The out-
er skin is mnde up of what is known as
scaly, or pavement epithelium; that is,
it consists of innumerable minute over-
lajJping scales. The inner scales con-
tain pigment in their substance, and
thus the color of .skin. The albino has
no pigment, and hence his skin is trans-
parent, and looks pinkish, as we look
right through and see minute blood-
vessels fllled with blood. The inner
skin consists of an outer part, which,
like the cuticle, has no nerves, and so is
not sensitive to pain or touch. This is
made up of wtiite fibrous tissue and
small involuntary muscles that contract
if the skin is chilled, and drawing the
skin away from aljout the hairs forms
the well-known -'goose flesh." Beneath
this layer, which is known as the reticu-
lum, because of its intercrossing fibers,
is the papillary layer. This is the very
inner part of the skin. It takes its
name from the fact that little teat-like
processes— papillce— push up against the
outer part of the shin. The ridges seen
on the inside of our hands are but the
elevations of these papilte. Into these
papilliB from beneath come nerves and
blood-vessels. Thus from here comes
all nourishment to the outer skin ; and
here is the sensitive part of the skin.
Thus, a bee to hurt us must push its
sting through the cuticle and reticulated
part of the corium til) it pierces the
papillse, where the blood receives the
poison, and the nerves twinge with its
venom.

Now, as we understood the anatomy
of the skin we can see how the sting, if
broken off in the skin, is loosened and
liberated. The scaly, or outer skin,, is
constantly beiu? worn off. Wlien we
bathe, the water often is clouded with
these minute scales. The snake sheds
its scales once a year; but we are doing
it all the time. As these scales are con-
stantly wearing off, any minute portion
of sting which is held in them is also
worn off and separated from the body.
Even it a small portion of a sting is
caught by the reticulum, the part would
probably suppurate and loosen the sting,
as is done with slivers that enter and
are caught and held in the skin. We
thus see that a bee-keeper is not made
up of stings, by any means.

In case of porcupine quills, which are
barbed like a bee"s sting, they are thrust
through into the muscle, so that every
move of the muscle pushes them ; and
as they cannot go back, they are pushed
on. thus a porcupine quill my pass
some distance through the unlucky an-
imal which has caught them in its tis-

SU63.

Agricultural College, Mich.

CONVEIVTIOIV DIRECTOnV.

Written fr/r OleimiTigs in Bee Culture,
BY PROF. A. J. COOK.-

I am requested by a subscriber to
Gleaniiiya lo explain how the bee-sting
is removed from one's skin when broken
off in the act of stinging. He suggests
that, if it does not work out, it must be
absorbed by the system; in which case
he thinks that some bee-keepers must
be largely composed of stings.

The skin consists of two layers— the
outer scarf skin, or cuticle, also called

1888. Time and Place of MeeHng.

Aug. 14.— Colorado State, at Denver, (.'do.

J. M. Clark. Sec, DeiiTer, Colo.

Aug. 21.-N. W. nis. & S. W Wis., at Leaf River ills.
D. A. Kuller, Sec, Cherry Valley, Ills.

Aug. 27.— Stark County, at Canton. <).

Mark ThomBon, Sec, Canton, O.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

Oct. 3-5.— North American, at Columbua. O.

W. Z. HutchlnBon, Sec. Flint. Mich.

Dec. —.-Michigan State, at. lackaon, Mich.

H. 1). (Hitting. Sec, Clinton, Mich.

I^' In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- Kd.

ConTentlon IVotices.

p«g~ The Darke County Bee-Keepers' Soci-
ety will hold a basket meeting on the Green-
ville Fair Grounds, on Friday, Sept. 7, 1888..
J. A. Roe, Sec.

^^ The fall meeting of the Northwestern
Illinois and Southwestern Wisconsin Bee-
Keepers' Association will be held on Aug. 21,
1888, at Leaf River, Ills. D. A. Fuller, Sec.

sBUcrm^M^^

m^^-^^

JJees avi- Moin;:: Well.-Charles D.
Barber, Stockton, N. Y., on July 37, says :

It is very warm here at present. My bees
have stored more honey in the past ten days
tlian tliey did iu twenty days before. They
are doing very well. 1 have increased them
from 2 colonies to S, and all are good ones.

Wot WeallM'r and Cool Mights.

— S. W. Rich, Hobart, N. T., on July 28,
18S8, says :

Bees are not doing very well liere this
year. 1 do not think that we will have over
one-half a crop. Tlie trouble here has been
too cool nights and too much wet weather.

TSo Surplus TaUen Yet.— Mr. John
Peters, Eldora, Iowa, on July 2.5, 1888, says:

It is extremely wet and cold here. Bees
have gathered enough to build up on, and to
keep up breeding, but I have taken no sur-
plus yet. The clover has not yet come into
bloom. I sowed .some Alsike clover, but the
oats were so rank, and are down so badly,
that the bees cannot get at the clover.

Hardly an A-* erage Crop — B. F.

Little, Brush Creek, Iowa, on July '28, 1888,
writes :

The weather is warm, and the bees are
doing fairly well. Basswood is nearly a
failure. White clover is in bloom yet, but
the How of honey is not e.xcessive. The
crop will hardly be, up to the average, unless
the fall honey-How is extra good. I hope
that many new members will join the
Union.

YVIiite <;iovel- Ifielded Well.—

Thos. O. nines, Anamosa, Iowa, on July 28,
1888, says :

This season is a good one for the little
honev-uatherers, if we only had tliem to
gather it. Fullv 75 per cent, of the bees
were lost last spring in this locality, by
dwindling. There were but few days until
Mav 20, that bees could fly ; so what sur-
vived were so weak that they built up
slowly and when the fruit-bloom came, we
had but tew bees to woric on it. ^White
clover yielded well, and they are still get-
ting honey from various plants. Iowa
honey will not overstock the market this
season.

524

THK MMERICSE* MBM J@lJRriMI,.

No IVhite Clover to Bloom A.

E. Simpson, of State Line, Ind., on July 24,
1888, writes :

This is tlie poorest of poor bee-seasons
here. Tlie dry, hot weather of last year in-
jured the wliite clover so badly that there
was none to bloom this year ot any conse-
quence. It loolis now just lite it does early
in the sprine, when it is beginninj; to start
up nicely ; and as white clover is our main
honey source, the bees are not doui<; any-
thing, for there is no other bloom of any
consequence. The bees are not gathering
any more Iioney than is necessary to live on,
and we will have no surplus here, unless we
have rain sufficient for fall bloom. It this
fails, bees will have to be fed again for the
winter, or they will starve. The outlook is
gloomy indeed.

Expecting: a Fall Yield Mr. Levi

Reichard, of Ellison Bay, Wis., on July 27,
1888, writes :

On Oct. 27, 1887, I put 6 colonies into the
cellar, and on April 25 I put them on the
summer stands again. One colony had lost
its queen, and one had the diarrhea pretty
badly, so I united the queenless and sick
ones, but they are weak yet ; the rest are
doing just fairly well, and now it is too dry
to do much. They have stored about 35 lbs.
of surplus honey all together, from raspber-
ry bloom. The basswood has no bloom, for
some reason, but I have 1}4 acres of buck-
wheat, and there will be plenty of golden-
rod and asters this fall.

Bees Have Done but I^Ittle.— Dr.

H. J. Scoles, Knoxville, Iowa, on July 25,
1888, writes :

Bees have done but little here this sum-
mer. During fruit-bloom they could scarcely
get out of the hives, on account of the cold
and disagreeable weather. I had to feed
theuj up to white clover bloom, and that
yields but little nectar. We then hoped tor
the linden, but, alas, our hopes were vain ;
there was but little bloom, so that if we do
not get a fall flow (of which I do not see
much prospect), the bees will hardly have
enough stores to carry them through the
coming winter.

Xliousaud!« IVanted for tlie
Union.— W. Addenbrook, North Prairie,
Wis., on July 28, 1888, writes :

I send you my annual subscription for the
Bee-Keepers' Union. I should feel more
satished if we only had members amount-
ing to thousands instead of hundreds, as 1
think that if 1 could not spare a dollar to
defend any pursuit that I was engaged in, I
would quit the business, and let some one
with more brains attend to it.

L<arg:e Fall IIoney-FIo\r Ex-
pected.—S. J. Toungman, Lakeview,
Mich., on July 24, 1888, writes :

As I predicted in my letter of June 24,
there was but little basswood honey, con-
sequently we have had no honey from any
other source but the white and Alsike
clovers, and mostly from the latter. I built
up my bees to very large colonies, having
three hives, Langstroth size, one above the
other, and I have taken 4 gallons of ex-
tracted honey per colony, and have had but
2 swarms. I am expecting a large flow of
fall honey, as there is both early and late
sown buckwheat, and the bees have already
commenced to work from that source. In

^^*^^^^^*^^-*-*-^^-^;^ ■^^j^^-^^-'*' . ....^*^*^.

consequence of the extreme drouth, the
bees have bred but little, seeming to care
little about swarming, unless confined in
small quarters. Bees under such condi-
tions have swarmed considerably, but have
yielded no honey to their owners. Although
no large amount of rain has fallen, the at-
mospheric conditions seems to be right for a
honey-flow, and the bees are humming joy-
ously, and are working with great vigor.
But the season is too far advanced for a
successful year with bees. Honey will
again be scarce, and bring a good price.

Sterile <tu«en8, etc.— Edward C.
Luce, Hillsboro, Oregon, July 23, 1888,
says :

I noticed on page 452 an item from Mr. C.
A. Pardee, about a sterile queen. I re-
moved a queen on July 19, affected in a like
manner. Bees have stored some surplus
from white clover, when it did not rain, it
being the only good honey-plant that we
have. I have 8 colonies of bees in Sim-
plicity hives. I am 15 years of age, and I
have transferred 10 colonies of bees for
neighbors and my father, besides doing
other work.

Rearing' Brood Rapidly, etc.—

J. 0. Shearman, New Richmond, Mich.,
on July 28, 1888, says :

Bees have done but little with honey here.
Clover was a failure on account of unfavor-
able weather. Basswood was short and
sweet ; I got some, but no flnished sections.
The bees are getting some fall honey now.
Bees have reared brood at a tremendous
rate, as there is just about enough honey
coming in to breed fast, and not any to
store for surplus ; therefore my colonies
have increased more than usual.

Preventing- Bee-Sting;s— Iioney

Prospects.— Mr. Wm. Malone, Newbern,
Iowa, on July 26, 1888, writes :

I have tried holding my breath to prevent
bee-stings while putting my hand between
two combs one cool morning. 1 did not
hold my breath very long, I can assure you.
The first conclusion I arrived at was, that
there was one fool that was not dead yet. If
any one thinks that the tools are all dead,
just try the experiment once, and I think
yon will be satisfied.

There is not much honey yet. I have
taken only ,500 pounds from 4(5 colonies,
spring count, and 1 increased them to 75
colonies. If August does not give us any
honey, we will be "left" this year. The
prospects are gnod for August, and we will
live in hopes, even if we do not get the
honey.

Ciood Report from Texas.- W. S.
Douglass, Lexington, Tex., on July 28, 1888,
says:

Bees have done better in Texas this year
than they have for 5 or 6 years. Every bee-
keeper has some honey for sale. One
county alone produced 100,000 pounds of
honey; and one man in Williamson county
had 20,000 pounds. Comb honev is selling
for from 10 to 12' j' cents ; extracted from <;
to 8 cents per pound. I started in the spring
with 36 colonies, and increased them to 51,
by natural swarming. I have sold some
honey at 123< cents, and I have a great deal
more to take out of the hives. I have tried
several different kinds of hives, and I am
now going to adopt the Langstroth. I be-
lieve it is the best for producing eithercomb
or extracted honey.

Iioney from Corn, etc. — William
Crouley, Redwood Falls, Minn., on July 28,
1888, writes :

The linden yielded the first honey here
on July 15, and will close about Aug. 1. 1
expect to get about 1,800 pounds of linden
honey, nearly one-half of it in one-pound
sections, from 47 colonies, spring count, and
2 queenless ones, which were not much
better than nuclei. It took so long to get
my colonies queened. Bees did not build
up much here until the middle of June, on
account of the cold, wet spring. Part of
them were not in a condition to take advan-
tage of the honey-flow. 1 was obliged to do
some feeding, and pack them on the sum-
mer stands, in order to bring them through.
As near as I can learn, about three-fifths of
the bees in this region perished during the
winter and spring. My bees work very
diligently on corn; they did not desert it
for basswood. I have had only 4 natural
swarms this season. 1 expect a moderate
honey-flow from now until frost, as we are
having an abundance of rain, and all kinds
of vegetation has a rank growth.

Full Treasury a Safe-Oiiard. —

A. S. Goodricli, WortWngton, Ohio, on July

30, 1888, writes :

Here is my dollar and ray vote. 1 live in
a locality where 1 never will be troubled
by my neighbors or the public, therefore I
do not expect to be benefited by the Union,
but I feel it a duty to " cast in my mite " to
assist those who are not so favorably sit-
uated, and to sustain an honorable pursuit.
It is very strange that so few respond to the
call. If one-half of the bee-keepers in the
United States would join the Union, it
would fill our treasury so full that they
would never need another assessment, and
we would be able to kill all opposition " too
dead to skin."

Bce-Cultore in Arizona. — Messrs.
Harmon & Skinner, Zenos, Arizona, on July
25, 1888, write :

Bees are doing fairly well here. We have
taken .520 gallons of honey, and have about
60 gallons more ready to take off. Our first
extracting was entirely unfit for table use.
We began with 32 colonies in good condi-
tion, and about the same number that were
rather weak. We have purchased some,
increased some by dividing, and by natural
svcariuing, and now we have 120 colonies,
mostly in good condition.

Iioney Coming; in Slo^vly. — M. L.

Spencer, Little Genesee, N. T., on July 24,

1888, says :

Here we are having a very cold season,
especially the nights are cold. Bees have
been getting a little honey for some time,
but it comes in very slowly. Colonies are
very strong. 1 send .$100 for membership-
fee to the Union. It seems to me that the
bee-keepers o( the United States are not
looking to their own interests, in not join-
ing it.

The Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

THE? MMKRICSN: BME^ J&JSmMmi^.

525

^Eijdraii^

BUSINESS MANAGER.

%^\xsinc55 ^otities.

11 ITou Ijire near one post oBice and
get your mail at another, be sure to give tlie
address that we liave on oui' list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

Ifyoii I^osc Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Papt'r Koxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 43^x434 and 5}4x5'4-
Price, Sl.OO per 100, or S8.50 per 1,000.

I^resepve Yomp Papers for future

reference. If you have no KII%1>ER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journal,

Yncca Itriislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -WTile American Dee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Pure PItcnol lor Foul Uroo«l. —

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 25 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Kefyisler.— All who intend to

be sj stematic in their worlc in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For .^o colonies (120 patres) ♦100

" lOU colonies (3'iO pasres) 125

*' 200 colonies i4-0 pa^es) 150

Pilot os'raphs of Itee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Jouhnai. for one
year for Sl.TS; or we will present it free, by

We Club the American Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the I>AST
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first colunui. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book i

Price of both. Club
The American Bee J ournal 1 00 . . .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00.

Bee-Keepers'Magazlne 1 50.

Bee-Keepers' Guide 1 50.

Bee-Keepers' Review 150.

The Apiculturist 1 75.

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00.

Canadian Honey Producer...! 40.
The 8 above-named papers 5 65.

and Cook's Manual 2 25.

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00.
Binder for Am. Bee Journal . . 1 60 .
Dzierzon'B Bee- Book (cloth) ... 3 00 .
Root's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25.

Farmer's Account Book 4 00.

Western World Guide 150.

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 1 50.

A Year Among the Bees 1 75.

Convention Hand-Book 1 50.

WeekLv Inter-Ocean 2 00.

Iowa Homestead 2 00

How to Pro pagate Fruit 1 50 .

History of National Society.. 1 50.

Honey and Keeswax Market.

175
140
1 40
140

1 60
180
130
5 00

2 00
175
150
2 00
2 10
2 20
130
1 40
150
130
175
190
1 25
125

Cork lor ^Vintcr Packiiig-.— Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, forSl.OO.

Red ILiabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

2.-)n Labels 11.50 $2.00 $2 25

SOOLabels 2 00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

»■ Samples mailed free, upon application.

A Modern II RE-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

We Snpply Chapman Honey-Plant

8FFI> at the following prices : One

1 ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; J,,' pound,

1 81.75 ; 1 pound, $'■'>. One pound of seed is

sufficienit for halt an acre, if properly

thinned out and re-set.

Alfalfa CIov«-r.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this lioney-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 22c. ; per jieck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., 810.00.

mail, to any one, for a club of tluee subscri- If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
bers and 83.00. ' for bag and postage.

NEW YOBK.

HONBT.— We quote : Fancy white In i-lb. sec-
tions, u®15c.; the same In 2-lb9., lUOllc; buck-
whent 1-lbB., iric.;2-lb8.,»c. Marketdull. We are
aoing all we can to reduce stock, to make room lor
the new crop.

BKE8WAX.-26C.

HILDRBTH BROS.,
May 21 . 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane 8t.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONBY.-We quote. White to extra white comb.

\2hi@l->c.: amber, K@ lie. Extracted, white to extra

white. 5Vi(atJc.; amber, 4H<&5c. Arrivals of the new

'"^SG.S.L".,'.™""' '■'"^ estimatet being an average crop.

BEESWAX,— 20@24C.
June 18. O. B. SMITH A CO.. 423 Front St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best white in 1-pound sections, 14c. No
new in market, and old is not selling.

BEB8WAX.-22@.2ac. Supply limited.
July 24. M. H. HLNT. Bell Branch, MIoh.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.-We get l.'jc, per lb. In a small way for
best comb, and less for off grades. Exiracted, be»t
white, 7(3;Hc. None of the new crop received yet.
but there is mure than sufSclent of the old crop
for the light demand,

BKE8WAi,-22c. R. A, BURNETT,

Jun- 30- 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.-We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
12c.; fancy 2-lb8., locgjllc; fair white 1-lbs., 10®llc.,
and fair 2.1bs., H@9c. Buckwheat i-lba., 7@sc. The
demand is dull for comb but fair for extracted, of
which new from the South is arriving, and sells for
55(i*6,'ic. per gallon.

BEBSVVAX-Dull at 23M®24c,
Jun. 15. F,G.STKOHMBYER4CO.. 122Water8t.
CHICAGO.

HONEY.- No white clover left in this market.
Dark slow sale at 8®loc. Extracted ready sale on
arrival. New crop will meet with good demand.

Bl<;E8WAi.-22c.
Aug. 2. 8. T. FISH 4 CO.. 189 8. Water St.

CINC1N^AT .

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 5St8c. per !b.,
for which demand is fair. Comb honey, 12@15c.—
Demand slow.

BEESWAX.— Demand Is good— 2i)®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
July II. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 14®16c.;
2-lbs., 13®14c.; 3-lbs., 12S113C. Extracted, white in
kegs and ?^-barrel3,8<a»i^c.; in tin and palls,9^@10c.:
dark in barrels and kegs, 6@6^c, Demand good for
extracted, but dull for comb.

BEE8WAX.-22®2.'ic.
July 2. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water 8t.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Best white I-Ib. sections, 14@I5c.; 2-lb.
sections, 12c. Extracted, 6®7c,

BEESWAX.— 2(iCa.-'3c.
Jun. 2.1. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : 1-lb. sections, not glassed,
at iHc. ; 2-lb. sections and dark ones, also extracted,
is not in demand. New honey is arriving freely, with
a fair demand. This part of the State is favored
with half a crop.

BEESWAX.— None in market.

July 20. HAMBLIN & BBAR88. 514 Walnut St.
BOSTON

HONBY.-We quote: 1-lb. sections. 14®I6c.: 2-
Ib. sections, 12@13c. Sew Florida extracted, 8®9c.
Sales are very dull.

BKK8WAX.— 25 cts. per lb.
July 5 Blakb * KiPLKT. HI Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONE v.- We quote : Choice new extracted, 5 to
Si-cc. ; amber to light amber, 4H;@4S(c. Choice comb
in 1-lb. sections. IJfmHc; 2-lbB., 12®13c. Arrivals
are small, as apiarists are holding back. Prices are
considered higli.

BEBSWA.X.-I8®22C.
Jun. 25. 8CHACHT & LBMCKE. 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY. -we quote: White l-lbs.. unglassed, I5c ;
1-lb., white, glassed, I4c.; dark, Mb.. 2c. less. Cali-
fornia. 2-IIjs.. comb, while. 13c. Exiracted, 7c. Con-
siderable old honey is in this market. No new yet
in. Sales are very slow.

BEESWAX.— None on the market.
June fl. CLBMONS, CLOON4CO.. cor4th4Walnut.

ST. LOniS.

HONEY.- We quote: Extracted, dark, 4®4Jic.;
bright. 5ig.5>,>c.t in cans. ?@Hc. Comb, white cltiver
111 prune condition. 13'i.®15c.; dark, 1 1J<.®12J^ cts.—
Marltcl quiet and demand fair, owing to the warm
weiither.

BEESWAX.-220. lor prime.
Jul)-2G. D. G. TUlT & CO., Commercial t.

526

TM©; ffiMEMICMH WmW J©10'ME«M1L-.

fcA^kA^ tmit'Mtm'^^tit fM^ftj^' IT r ^ * -^ ^ ^^^»^ ^^^^^ ^^ *^ *^ ^_^_*

Conventions.— The time for holding
Bee-Keepers' Conventions will soon be
here, and we cannot give any better advice
than this : Let each one attend who can
do so, and talie part in making these meet-
ings interesting and instructive. If you
have not already obtained the "Bee-Keep-
er's Convention Hand-Book," do so at once
to post yourself up on how to conduct such
meetings correctly. It contains a simple
Manual of Parliamentary Law and Kules of
Order for the guidance of officers and mem-
bers of Local Conventions— Model Consti-
tution and By-Laws for a Local Society-
Programme for a Convention, with Subjects
for Discussion— List of Premiums for Fairs,
etc. Bound in cloth, and suitable for the
pocket. Price, 50 cents. We will club ttiis
book and the American Bee Journal for
one year for S1.25.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Alslke
Clover Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; S3.a5 per peck ; 35 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : .$10.00 per bushel; 83.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Colored Posters for putting up over
honey exhibits at Fairs are quite attractive,
as well as useful. We have prepared some
for the Bee Jouknal, and will send two
or more free of cost to any one who will use
them, and try to get up a club.

Exeliange.— We will accept Honey
and Beeswax in exchange for Bee-Keepers'
Supplies in any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

Wanted.— One copy of the American
Bee Journal for July 31, 1886, Vol. 23,
No. 39. Any one having it to spare will
confer a favor by writing to Arthur C.
Miller, Drownville, Bristol County, R. I.

Xlie Foiirtli Annua,! Fair at

Mitchell, Dakota, will be held on Sept. 34,
25, 36, 27 and 38, 18SS. Send for a premium
list to W. F. T. Bushnell, Secretary, Huron,
Dakota.

Please to get your Neiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can atford to do without it.

Scatter the Leaflets.— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

ITALIAN QUEENS— Untested, 75c. each ;
6 lor $4.00; 12 for $7.50. Address,
26Atf John Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo.

0-A.:EiisriOL.A.3sr

Gentlest bees known; not surpassed
as workers even by the wicked races.

Imported Queens, "A" grade, $6.00,
Tested, $4.00; Untested, $1.00,

GiXJElEilSrS.

One-half dozen $5 00

Never saw foul brood. Cash always
requirett before flllinn an order.

S. W. WOKRISON, M. D.,
14Etf. OxIcird.Chester Co., Pa.

Queen Shipping-Cages.

XylJE have a lot of Queen-Cages, like the one
TT illustrated, not provisioned, which we
will sell 3 for a dime, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. e. NEWMAN <& SON,

923 & 925 West Matlison-Slreet, - CUICAGO, ILLS.

Mention the American Bee JoumaL

■riT/\T>T'nA Agricultural Weekly— 20
X LtKjSxlUa. papes. Established 1869.

G ARDKNl.NG, F UtMlNG, FRITIT-GKO W1NG»

Honie-niakliiK. Full int'ormation about the
State. $2 a year ; 3 mo. 50 cts. Spfcimem Free.

The Florida Dispatch, Jacksonville, Fla.
20A13t

FOR Sale Cheap-Bee-Hives. Shipping -Crates
and Brood-B'rames: Comb Foun lation. Planer-
Sawed V-tJrooved Sections a specialty. Price-List
free. J. M. KINZIE & CO.,,, ,

i3Atf Rochester. Oakland Co., Mich.

Mention the American Bee Jnunml.

DESIGNED for the Farmer, Lawyer. Doc-
tor, Postmaster, Merchant, Township and
County Officer, the Bee-Keeper, the Home-
in tact every one should have a secure place
for valuables.

We offer in the VICTOK SAFE a flrst-
class Fire-proof, Burglar-proof, Combination
Lock Safe, handsomely finished. Round cor-
ners, hand decorated: burnished portions are
nickel-plated. luieriors nicely fitted with sub-
treasuries, book-spaces and pigeon-holes.

Prices range as follows :

OtTTSlDE. INSIDE. WEIGHT. PRICE

No. 2. 22x15x16, 12x8x8'4, 250 lbs. *30 00
No. 3. 28x18x18, 15x10x10, 600 " 40 00
No. 4. 32x22x22, 19x14x1214 800 " 60 00

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 92.5 W. Madlson-St CHICAGO, ILLS.

Mention the American Bee Jo-iimal.

BEDDOi\ HIVES FOR SALE.

I HAVE a hundred, all complete— just fin-
ished. Purchaser given right to use them,
by Mr. Heddon. Will sell at $3.00 each, in lots
of 10 or more. Inquire of,
2TAtf E. D. KEENEY, Arcade, N. Y.
Mention tin American Bee Journal.

BEESDPPLIES,

M0JUMI The Larteat Steam

RE'TAIIi

AND

Wholesale.

The Largest Siea'm-Power Shops
in the West: exclusively used to make Every-
thing needed in the Apiary, of practical con-
struction and at t«o\ve»t Prices. Italian
Bees, Queens, 12 st.viesof Bee-Hives, Sections,
Honey-Extractors, Bee-Smokers, Bee-Feeders,
Comb Foundation, and everything used by
Bee-Keepers always on hand. My lUustrated
Catalogue FREE. E. Kretchmer,
16Etf Cobiir^, Iowa.

Mentio7i the American Bee Journal.

GLASS PAILS

FOR HONEY.

THESE Palis are made
of the best quality of
clear flint Klana, with a ball
and a metal top and cover.
"When filled with honey, the
attractive appearance of
these pails cannot be equal-
ed by any other style of
packaKe. They can be used
for household purposes by
conaumers. after the honey
is removed, or they can be
returned to and re-fllled by
the apiarist.
Prices are as follows :
To hold 1 pound of honey, per dozen, 91.0O

2 pounds " " ».00

3 " " " «.so

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. MadiBoa-St.... . -CHICAGO. ILLS.

S

AnPLE COPIES of the .4MERICAN

APIOULiTl Kisr and our Price-List of

Winter Strain of Fore Italian Bees
• sent free. Address,
iSEtf APICULTUEIST, Wenham, Mass.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

HANDSOME

ONE - PIECE SECTIONS.

WE have a limited quantity of One-Pound
Sections, 4iix4>i, a trifle less than two
inches wide, with narrow tops, in packages of
1,000 each. They are manufactured from ex-
tra white lumber planed on both sides, making
them the llnest and most attractive honey-
section in the world. Price, $4.00 per package.

THOS. G. NEWMAN Jt, SON,

923*925 West Madienn-Street, - CHICAGO. ILLS.

BY Return mail— Italian and Albluo
Queens, Tested. fiOc. each, or $10 per duz.
Untested, 60 cts. Four-frame Nuclei, with a
tested Queen, $2 00 each.

GEO. STUCKMAN, NAPPANEE, IND.
.30Etf

NEW ONE-POUND HONEY PAIL.

THIS new size of our Tapering
Uoney Pails isof uniform deslKn
with the other sizes, having the top
edne turned over, and has a bail or
handle,— making it very convenient
to carry. It is well-made and, when
filled with honey, mabes a novel and
attractive smalt packagt^. that can
__^,,__^^_ be sold for 2(J cents or less. Many

consumers will buy it in order to give the cblldreD a
handsome toy pall. Price. '7S cents per doKen*
or»5.00 per 100.

• THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison-St CHICAGO. ILLS.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

ONE Untested Queen, fl.OOj 3 for |2.oo. BEES
by the Pound and Nucleus. Send for Price-Jjiet.
Address, n. G. FRAME.
9E)3t North Manchester, Ind.

THE; 3SMERICKN BfE® JOlJRNRlLr.

531

THOS. G.NHWMAN feSON,

CHICACjO. IL.L. ^

EDITOR.

VoiniV. An£.15,1888. No. 33,

Augfiist— month when summer lies
SleeiiiiiK under ttie sapphire skies :
Open all the windows wide,
Drink the orchard's fragrant tide-
Breath of grass at morninp mown
Throuah tlie leafy vistas blown—
Hear the clinkinK of the scythe
Sound mellifluent and blithe.

August, month when everywhere
Music floats upon the air,
From the harps of minstrel sales
Playing down the hills and dales.

—Frank Dempster S)iei-man.

We Ilavt' received photographs of Mr.
H. E. Hill, of Titusville, Pa., and his apiary,
which are placed into the Bee Jouunai,
Album, with thanks. Mr. Hill has had
charge of an apiary in Cuba, and may re-
turn thither this fall to superintend it again
during the coming winter.

rifly Yoai-s Ago.— Mr. Lemuel Stout,
of Philadelphia, Pa., writes us that he has
been overhauling a hive of bees at the Penn
Hospital in that city, which the Rev. L. h.
Langstroth placed lliere over 50 years ago.
They are in a Colvin hive. Of course they
are not the same identical insects, but their
progeny ; and the hive is old.

England is not more favored than
America in the matter of a honey crop this
year. In a letter just received from Messrs.
George Neighbour & Sons, of London, Eng-
land, they say : " This is a sad year for
honey producers. We are experiencing so
much rain." Even though misery does love
company, we are very sorry to hear the
discouraging report from our English
brethren. We must have a good season
next year, surely, after so many poor
seasons.

I>ecid«><1Iy I'nplnaaant, is what
the Aiistrnl(isi<in lice Jowmal calls the
so-called "scienliflc pleasantry" of Prof.
Wiley. It says :

Coming from a scientific man, the state-
ment was generally believed by the public,
and incalculable "harm was done to the
honey trade in America, and the fable is
.ftill believed by many persons. On the
Professor being' called to account, lie ex-
cused himself by saying that he meant it
only as a "scientilic jileasantry,'"— amusing,
no doubt, to himself, out declidedly un-
pleasant for the unt'ortunate bee-keepers
with tons of comb huney on hand.

]\vl>i-:iska rail-.- Arrangements are
being made for a grand display of bees,
honey, and apiarian supplies at the coming
Nebraska St.ate Fair, to be held at Lincoln,
Nebr., from Sept. 7 lo 14. This department
is to be assigned to permanent quarters, and
$600 has been appropriated by the Board for
the erection of a suitable building. For
further information write to Hon. R. W.
Furnas, Brownville, Nebr.

Mr. E. Wliitcomb, of Friend, Nebr., is
Superintendent of the Apiarian Depart-
ment. We hope that the display will be
even better than last year, when it was ex-
cellent, and a credit to the bee-keepers of
that progressive and enterprising State.
Mr. Whitcomb is editor of the weekly
Telegraph.

XUe IMifliigan Farmer of last week
contains a very tvily article on the explana-
tion offered by the National Chemist.
Among other fallacies and foolishness, it
says :

The American Bee Joubnal admits
that honey has been adulterated, but al-
leges it is not done now, but simply be-
cause the price is so low it does not pay.
Prof. Wiley's article h\thePopular Science
Monthly, which stirred up such a bees'
nest, was written in 1881. Both charge
adulteration, but differ in how it is done. It
makes little difference to the consumer how
he gets his glucose, it get It he must.

While Wiley was speaking of comb
honey, we were writing of extracted honey,
and the writer of the above ought to have
known it, if it did not wish to deceive, and
in this wily way endorse the Wiley lie !

Holding tlie Itreath to Prevent
Stinging.— J. H. Amos, Andes, N. T.,
on Jul^ 30, 1888, says :

On page 467, there was an item on how to
prevent stinging, It said that by holding
the breath, bees, hornets, etc., could be
handled without stinging, thus being unable
to sting, as hnldinc the breath closed tlie

Eores of the skin. Now I believe such to
e untrue, as I have tried it myself, and
have seen it trieil, \intil I am satisfied that
it is a hunibue ; or else I lack knowledge
of how to hold my breath. If there is any
truth or virtue in the thing, please let me
know in your next issue.

We published it for just what is now
being enacted— experiments. The reports
' already received are against the theory ad-
I vanced. Next.

XUe roreNiM and Itniu I'all

Last year the theory was advanced that the
destruction of the forests was the cause of
the drouth. Now the opposite is the case ;
rain is abundant, and Mr. J. A. Foote, in
the IndUniii Farmer, makes these un-
answerable arguments against that theory :

Will you now be so kind as to tell us
whether the forests have been restored?
ibis is not a child's question— it is perti-
nent—it is unanswerable. If the want of
forests was the cause of drouth last year,
why do not they prevent rain this year.
The only possible answer is that there are
other and greater factors in the case. That
<s exactly what I have all along contended
for. The causes of rain and drouth are
world wide-beyond man's control, unless
he can erect barricades like the Rocky
Mountains, in other directions across the
continent, or pump the Gulf of Mexico dry,
or do some such feats as these.

Some one, in your columns last year, in
view of the serious drouth, proposed as a
remedy, numerous ponds throughout the
State, on the theory that these would
furnish moist air to be precipitated in rain.
If he had only taken a moment to look at
Wisconsin, bordered on two sides by great
lakes, and spotted throughout with little
ones, and observed that the drouth was as
bad there as in Indiana, he might have
saved the premature birth of that theory.
Then later, in your columns Prof. Barker
showed that the rainfall near Lake Michi-
gan was less than in the interior of Indiana.
That was conclusive too, as regards that
theory.

Tlie Prairie Farmer of last week
was silly enough to defend "the Wiley lie,"
claiming that glucose was cheap, and like
oleomargarine, was healthy, and would be
used because of its low price. It also ap-
proves of the assertion of Mr. Wiley, when
he said that " the adulteration of honey is
practiced now to an alarming extent"—
when every one knows that it is not so
practiced, because it will not pay to do so,
on account of the low price of honey.

Tmo Fine Pliotograplix of our

friends Charles Dadant and Son are received
and placed in the Bee Jouhnai, Album.
The likeness is striking in each, and it
seems almost as though they could speak—
they are so natural.

Fnnny-dote. — The Crawfordsville,
Ga., Democrat is responsible for this amus-
ing item :

Charley Mason, of Crawfordsville, Ga
was intently watching the processor taking
honey from a hive when a hee flew into his
ear and was immediately out of sight
Charley turned in alarm to the doctor'
" Hold perfectly still Charley, maybe he'll
come out." Charley, with wo'nderful nerve
did as directed, and stood like a statue In
the meantime his adviser, in deep sympa-
thy, watched for the appearance of the bee
Pretty soon, to his great delight, he saw the
insect slowly backing out, and Charley had
not yet been stung. But here conies the
fun. No sooner did the bee get freedom of
his winu, that it made a centre shot for the
doctor, and became entancled in his hair
Maybe you have read "Sut Lovingood's
daddy acting boss and plowing into a hor-
nets' nest.'' Charley held perfectly still-
the doctor didn'L

532

THE SMERICSIf BEE JOWRNSlLr.

still Anotlier Victory for tlie
IVatioiial Bee-Keepers' Unioii I—

Z. A. Clark's case, who was put into jail at
Arkadelphia, Ark., last spring, for ttiain-
taining liis apiary in the suburbs of that
city, came on and was tried before the Cir-
cuit Court in the July term. The case was
tried on the "clean-cut" law question, viz :
That the "city ordiuanee was illegal and
void." The first victory in this case is
■for tlie I'liioii. tlie Circuit Court de-
ciding that the city ordinance was illegal
a7idl)0id— that tlie keepiiiST of bees
was l>0'r A :>! ISAl^tE ! !

When the prosecution realized that bee-
keepers had an organized body for defend-
ing the pursuit agaiust the malicious at-
tacks of the ignorant and the prejudiced,
it wcaJsened—it tried " to hedge "—was will-
ing 10 dismiss all the cases agaiust Mr.
Clark on a pretended informality in his
bonds !

The City of Arkadelphia has decided to
appeal the case to the Supreme Court. This
is very fortunate, for we want a decision
which will count ! One from the highest
court is wliat we need to declare tUat bee-
keeping is not a inUsdncc ! And it will be
done. The Union has paid the retaining
fee, and it will be ably defended again by
Judge Williams, the most successful attor-
ney in Arkansas, who assures the General
Managerof the Union that he is ready for
the fray. The Supreme Court meets next
October.

Here is what the Little Rock daily
Gazette of Aug. 7 remarks about the trial,
under these headings: "A Celebrated
Case. After a Long Legal Contest, the
Little Busy Bee is Set at Liberty at Arka-
delphia :"

The celebrated bee-case, which excited so
much interest in Arkadelphia, last summer,
was decided yesterday in the Circuit Court,
Judge llearu presiding. The case was the
City vs. Z. A. Clark, for violating a City
ordinance declaring the keeping of bees,
within the city limits, a nuisance. Mr.
Clark resisted the ordinance upon the
grounds of interfering witn a natural right.
Judge llearn held that the ordinance was
void because it declared the keeping of bees
a nuisance per se, which the law does not
recognize. Considerable interest is mani-
fested in the case, the National Bee Keep-
ers' Union, of Chicago, being the backers
of Mr. Clark. The city has appealed to the
Supreme Court.

It is not only the privilege of apiarists
to belong to such a "Union" for defense—
but it is a liigli lionor. Like the Koyal
Huzzars of history, the Union has never
yet been beaten ! Victory has perched
upon its banner in every contest so far un-
dertaken in the defense of the rights of its
members ! This is, of course, attributable
to the care exercised in canvassing the cases
before deciding to defend them ; to make
sure that they are iught before going ahead
with them ! For it not right, it would be
better to be beaten than to be victorious.

Mr. Clark writes us the following state-
ment of the case, which will be read with
interest :

Arkadelphia, Ark., Aug. 7, 18S8.

Fkiend Newman :— 1 received your tele-
gram yesterday evening, in answer lo the
one I si-nt yon, asking me tn send full par-
ticulars. 1 have been feeling so elated,
being congratulated by friends .so much —
(since the burial of the "nuisance case")
that I hardly teel able to write. Everybody
in our little City, white and black, are
rejoicing but the anli-bee-council and their
followers.

The case came up on Saturday, Aug. 4,
when the City Attorney began to show
weakness by trying to turn us out of court,
on a motion to dismi.'s all the cases against
me, on the informality of my bonds, stating
that my bond was lOt sufficient, but Judge
Hearn overruled Ihe motion.

When my attorneys. Judges S. W. Will-
iams, Witlierspoon, Murray and McMillan
made a motion to dismiss the cases against
me upon the wiidness of the ordinance.
Judge Williams made an able speech in de-
fense of beekeepers, in which he showed
that he knew something about bees himself,
having been an old bee-hunter in the early
settlement of Arkansas. After which, the
Judge stated to the attorneys that he had
lived a long time in Arkadelphia, and that
bees had been kept here all the time, and
that he had not heard any complaint until
this case came up— and that the keeping of
bees per se was not a nuisance. He reserved
his decision until Monday morning at 9
o'clock, when he stated that the case would
go to the Supreme Court, no matter in which
way it was decided, hut stated he wanted to
be found on the liglit side, when decided in
the Supreme Court. He then sustained our
motion to dismiss the case, and declared
the ordinance void. The City Attorney
then gave notice of an appeal. Hence we
go up higher amid the cry of " victory " and
" hallelujahs."

This shows what brothers can do when
banded together, with a captain like
Thomas G. Newman, to direct our battles
against ignorance and the prejudicial whims
of an ignorant populace. Z. A. Clahk.

Reader, did you ever think of what a
power there is in an organized defense ?
and what a powerful defense it is, when
the members of the pursuit combine and
engage the best legal talent which can be
had— and plenty of it— and planting their
feet squarely upon the constitution of Free-
men—in this " Land of the free and Home
of the Brave"— they demand the rights
guaranteed to every " honest son of toil "
by that magna charta of American liberty
and independence — the Constitution of
the United States ! ! !

Races of ICees — Verbena, etc. —

Ira N. Lyman, St. Peter, Nebr., on July 28,
1888, writes :

I read of so many kinds of bees, and so
much difference of opinion as to different
markings of bees, that 1 would like to ask a
few questions :

1. Should not thorough-bred Italian bees
have three broad, yellow bauds V and are
they not lighter colored than the common
brown or black bees, as they are called ?

2. Are not the bees reared in the North-
ern States the best to get queens from, to
live in the Northern Stales ? Are not
Southern bees something like Southern

cattle, that cannot stand the hard, cold
winters of the North as well as Northern-
raised cattle ?

3. I received a queen from New York on
June 24. It was introduced into a queen-
less colony of hybrid-Italians, that had two
nice, broad, yellow bands ; and at this time
1 cannot see any change, only I think there
are some of the bees with one and two
bands, that are darker at the rear than any
there were in tlie hive before. It is 34 days
since I got the queen ; onght not the young
thornugh-breds to be out in full force before
this ?

Bees are doing pretty well now, but we
had so much bad weather before and duritig
the time they ought to have swarmed, that
they were not able to get honey to rear
brood, and were very light. Some bees had
to be fed to keep them alive at the time they
should have been swarming. There is one
man here that had 80 colonies in the spring,
and has had only 12 swarms. Bees are
doing well now. Mine are storing honey in
the surplus boxes.

4. I send a honey-weed to be named. The
bees worked on it nearly all summer —
longer than on anything else.

1. Pure Italian bees have three bright,
yellow bands, and their bodies are of a
light brown color.

2. Bees carefully reared in the South are
usually quite as hardy as those reared in
the North.

3. Yes ; the Italians would now be out in
force, if the queen was pure and safely in-
troduced. But are you sure the colony was
queenless ? If not, the new queen might
have been killed, and no change has been
made in the race of bees.

4. The stem and flower sent is that of the
verbena, one of the vervains, which, having
a dense spike of blue flowers, grows 2 or 3
feet high, along the streams and barren
waste-places throughout all the Northwest.
It is a valuable honey-plant.

Clover Dodder.— The Rev. L. L.
Langstroth, of Dayton, O., on July 30, 18S8,
writes thus to Prof. Cook :

I send you a plant for name. It twines
around the red clover and kills it. I send
you one clover plant killed, one closely
hugged, and the plant in blossom. It seems
to be new here, and might become very
destructive. Please answer this in the
AMEiiiCAN Bee Jotjrnal.

The following is the reply forwarded by
Prof. Cook :

The plant sent by our friend is the clover
dodder, Cuscuta tiifnlU, so named because
it encircles ami kills our comiuon clover.
The plants resemble wrapping twine, and
by coiling around other plants, destroy
them. Thus the dodders are really garroters.
They seize and sirangle their victims. We
have several American dodders. The clover
dodder is imported from Europe. The only
remedy is to root up like any other weed.

Hood's Political Points. — A handy
little book for the Presidential campaign,
is just out. It contains finely engraved
portraits and sketches of the candidates for
President and Vice-President (Rep., Dem.
and Pro.), electoral and popular votes in
previous elections, and other useful infor-
mation. Copies may be had free at the
druggists, or by sending a 2-cent stamp to
C. I. Hood & Co., Lowell, Mass.

Tmrn mTsammicKn beu jQummmi^.

533

.llajor Franccsoo de Ilru!<rlika.

The foUowiuK biographical sketch of
Major Ilruschka, is from the pen of
Mr. Charles Dadant, of Hamilton, Ills.,
who wrote it for Gleanitu/s some time
since :

The Major Francesco de Ilruschka
died in Venice, May 11, 1888, aged about
75 years, leaving a beloved wife and
several sons. >Jothing is publicly
known, so far, of his birth and younger
years, the major having been very re-
luctant to speak of himself.

From information published by an
Italian bee-journal, L' Apicollni-c (Aug-
ust. 1878). it appears that he served in
the army, and, later, in the navy, of

Major Francesco dc Hrusdika.

the Austrian Empire, the Italian pro-
vince of Venetia, in which he lived,
being then under the dominion of the
Emperor of Austria.

lie had attained the rank of major
when he relinquished the service to
enjoy the happiness of living with his
family in his home at Dolo, near Ven-
ice, where he kept a large number of
colonies of bees, rearing Italian queens
for Germany, and manufacturing hives
and other bee-keepers' appliances.

His increasing business compelled
him to remove to Venice, where he
resided for part of the time. The city
of Venice is built on 70 or 80 very small
islands, which connect with one another
by more than 300 bridges. Instead of
streets, Venice has mostly canals, trav-
ersed by gondolas, which are used as
conveyances from house to house, in-
stead of street-cars or carriages. The
city is separated from the term firmn by
a lagoon of shallow water, from two to
four miles wide, on which the gondolas
may be seen day and night. Such posi-
tion makes Venice the most wonder-
ful city for the tourist to visit, but, for
the same reason, the worst city in which
to keep bees, that can be imagined.

Hruschka owned a palace, in the city
in wliich he dwelled, though boarding
at the hotel, to follow his trade, while
his bees were at Dolo.

Fig. l—Hruschka'a First Extractor.

From what he narrated, on his inven-
tion, to the Italian bee-keepers, it ap-
pears that, in 18<>5, a small piece of
comb in a dish having been put in a

funnel-shaped ; a glass was fastened
under it to receive the running honey.
The glass was soon discarded, and
replaced by a stopper. The box was
suspended by a rope, and turned like a
sling (Fig. 1). But as the work of ex-
tracting was very slow with such a
primitive machine. Ilruschka invented
a large, triangular frame, at the center
of which a vertical spindle, turning on
a pivot, supported a horizontal beam 12
feet long, at both ends of which the
boxes were suspended. Two ropes, one
rolling round wliile the other unrolled,
moved the slinging-boxes, which, drop-
ping vertically as soon as the motion
stopped, prevent the honey from run-
ning out. The length of the beam
helped the extracting by increasing the
speed of the motion (Fig. 3). But this
big machine proving too cumbersome,
Ilruschka invented another extractor,
with a crank and two different-sized
wheels, joined by a string. Kearly all
the machines now in use are only mod-
(ications, or. rather, improvements, of
this (Fig. 2).

Fiij. S—]Ini.sdika\s Perfected Honey-Extractor.

basket fixed to a rope, and whirled
around like a toy, by his little son, a
few drops of honey were slung out of
some of the cells. These few drops
were, for his observing mind, the germ

Fig. 3 — Hnu^chln'!^ Second Extractor.

of the large step in bee-culture which
resulted from his invention. The appli-
cation of this idea underwent several
changes and experiments.

The first machine made by Hruschka
was a square tin box, the bottom of
which, covered with wire cloth, was

Reduced models of these first three
extractors were exhibited at the Expos-
ition of Insects, held in Paris, in 1868,
entered under the name of Angelo
Lessame. of Dolo, Venetia. It is very
probable that the Major de Ilruschka,
in borrowing this name, was prompted
by his modesty. It is useless to add,
that tlie grateful remembrance of Ilrus-
chka will last as long as his invention
will be used by bee-keepers— I mean,
for ever. Chas. Dadant.

Hapiilton, lU.

We noticed the death of this very
distinguished gentleman and apiarist
several weeks ago, on page 419, and
gave the interesting hi-story of his in-
vention of the mel-extractor. The
additional biography given above by
our friend Dadant, is very entertaining,
and with the engravings, present the
history of the development of the use-
ful honej'-extractor very clearly. It
doubtless will be read with no little
pleasure by e\ei-y bee-keeper.

534

•rHE SMBRICSH BBB JOURKMI*.

Queries f Replies,

Hiving Bees on Sunday.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 568.— Which is the proper thing for
a UhrlBtian man to do on the Sabbath, in
Bwarming time— stay at borne from church
and hive the swarms tnat issue, put on drone-
traps on that day, so as to detain the queens,
often causing worry and loss to both bees and
bee-keeper ? or let what swarms issue go to
the woods, as some of our most conscientious
people say that we should ?— Apis.

Clip queens' wings.— P. L. Viallon.
Stay at home and hive the bees.—
Dadant & Son.

The Christian man should always
stay at home and hive his swarms when
necessary.— J. P. H. BaowN.

I stay at home and care for the
swarms, but I do no work with bees on
Sunday that can be done on another
day.— G. M. Doolittle.

Save the bees, by all means. On the
subject of religion and morals, why not
consult the good and earnest Christians
f bout vnii. or in your neighborhood ? —
A. B. Mason.

Being a preacher of the Gospel, I of
course do not stay at home to watch
the bees. I clip the wings of my queens,
and if a swarm issues on the Sabbath
while I am at church, they will return
to the hive, and try it again on Monday.
If it is right to pull an ox out of a pit
on the Sabbath, it is right, under ordi-
nary circumstances, to hive a swarm of
bees on that day.— M. Mahin.

He should be governed by the dic-
tates of his conscience. If my ox should
fall into the ditch on the Sabbath day,
I should pull him out if I had to get a
derrick.- Mrs. L. Harrison.

I see no harm in staying at home and
taking care of issuing swarms. The
queen and drone trap will prevent
swarming, and can be safely used for
that purpose. I do not allow my bees
to swarm naturally.— J. E. Pond.

I would stay at home rather than
lose them. I would clip the wings of
all the queens, and cage them when
they swarmed, letting the swarming
bees return to the old hive— unless I
could find a better way.— C. C. Miller.

It is certainly our duty to adopt
measures to prevent temporal loss, but
not at the expense of the spiritual ; and
here we will let every man's conscience
decide.— J. M. Hamisaugh.

Save your bees any wav. If the
wings of the queens are clipped, it is
easy to save colonies with scarcely any
labor. We have simply to catch and
cage the queen. If one person must
remain at home each Sunday (but it is
only for a few weeks), by taking turns
this is not very trying, especially if one
has a good book or paper, as all should
have. — A. J. Cook.

If one's colonies are not numerous,
traps can be used with little loss or in-
convenience, and therefore should be ;
but it is otherwise if the apiary is a
large one ; then, in my opinion, it would
be a Christian duty to stay at home
and save one's self, and therefore the

world, from loss. But the injunction,
"Let every man be fully persuaded in
his own mind," is of the first impor-
tance.—K. L. Taylor.

This is a moral question which I
think every Christian man or woman is
capable of deciding for himself or her-
self. The swarming season in my
locality does not include more than
three or four Sabbath days in the year;
and while watching over and caring for
my bees on these three or four Sab-
baths, I devote less time to my apiary
(on Sundays), taking the year around,
than I am compelled to do with my
small herd of Jersey cows.— G. W.
Demaree,

I think that every " Christian man "
should be governed by the dictates of
his own conscience in cases of this
kind. If you are really a good Chris-
tian, you will not lose any of your
Christianity by remaining away from
church in the day time, tor a few Sun-
days, to hive what bees may swarm.
At the same time, you can read some-
thing besides political and sensational
papers.— H. D. Cutting.

If yon must keep bees, I see no more
harm in giving them rtccfs.sac.v attention
on the Sabbath than feeding your
horses, milking the cows, etc. I have
had no experience with drone-traps —
you might try them and see how they
work. It would be folly to allow the
swarms to go to the woods.— C. H.

DiBBERN.

It is proper for a Christian man, or
any other man, to be diligent and cor-
rect in his business. We should feed
our horses, milk the cows, or if an
animal has fallen into the pit, pull it
out on Sunday, if we did not know it
before. We have no "Sabbath" as
such ; we have instead the Lord's Day
—a day of religious festivity and Chris-
tian work— not a day in which nothing
is to be done, but the one day in the
week in which the Lord expects full
time. If we have farms, if we have
animals, if we have bees, if we have
families, the Lord gave them, and he
expects us to care for them daily. — J.
M. Shuck.

What is the proper thing for a Chris-
tian woman who has a baby, to do on
the Sabbath ? to go to church and let
the baby disturb half the congregation,
or stay home with it V Some maintain
that she should go, even if she has to
take the infant squall along. So some
argue that a bee-keeper should go to
church anyhow, to the neglect of im-
portant and unavoidable business,
which, if he is successful, God has com-
missioned him to attend to. I think
that no man should neglect important
business for tlie sake of appearing unto
men to be religious. The Savior did
not so teach. I believe in the spirit of
Christianity, and in the gospel of good
works, rather than in the letter and
the appearance. If we are especially
fitted to carry on any business, I be-
lieve it is our duty to guard it. Success
is a good thing for a Christian if he will
do good with the money. If one has a
large apiary, I hardly see how he could
neglect it in swarming time, if the
weather was fine. But we need not
watch the bees all summer. The
swarming fever is usually of short

duration, and a skillful man knows
pretty nearly when to look for it. If
the queens' wings are clipped, and the
apiary managed to prevent after-
swarms, but little harm could come
from a short absence. I hardly ever
stay at home myself to look for swarms,
nor do I require the boys to do so on
Sunday. I never have lost but one
swarm while at church. But I live
within 80 rods of church, and am not
necessarily away more than two hours.
This is a question which every one
must answer for himself, in the light
of his surroundings, and of the appli-
ances which are known to the fraternity
to control swarming. When we have
learned to control swarms at pleasure
while working for comb honey or in-
crease, then the Sabbath question will
be easily answered. If it is right to
milk the cows and feed the teams on
Sunday, I cannot see where the harm
is for us to look after the bees, since
God implanted in them the instinct
which impels them to swarm.— E.Secor

The proper thing for the Christian
man, or any other man, woman or child
to do is, to do right according to the
dictates of their own consciences,
whenever they are not, by so doing, in-
fringing upon the rights of others.
You will tail to find any injunction
anywhere within the Bible against
working or playing on Sunday. There
are such against working on Saturday,
the Sabbath ; but such able, religious
historians as Martin Luther, John Cal-
vin, Peter Heylin, John Frith, John
Milton and others, agreed that these
commandments were binding only upon
the Jews, else the Christian's day of
worship could not have been changed
from Saturday to Sunday— the day
which the Sun worshipers always held
sacred. The Bible Sabbath once hav-
ing been abrogated, there is no longer
any need of Christians keeping any day
as a holy day.— James Heddon.

A "Christian" should make no at-
tempt to keep the Jewish Sabbath. It
cannot be done in this latitude— no
matter how much it may be attempted.
Christians are not bound by the old
Jewish law which Christ " took out of
the way, nailing it to his cross." Sun-
day is a day for religious devotion and
work, and it is no more harm to " hive
the bees " than it is to " milk the cow "
or " feed the stock " on that day. Christ
approved works of mercy and charity
even on the Jewish Sabbath ; and when
his disciples went through the corn-
fields on the Sabbath day and "plucked"
some of the "ears" for food, some of
the captious ones wanted Christ to re-
buke them— but he raised himself high
above the plane of their thoughts, and
refused to rebuke his followers, re-
marking : " The Son of Man is lord
[or master] also of the Sabbath." If
the bees swarm on Sunday, and you do
not use drone-traps, then stay at home
during the day and take care of the
swarms, and go to church in the even-
ing, if you have the opportunity ; it
will not interfere with your public
devotions more than two or three Sun-
days at most. We do not believe in
being " over righteous " or pbarasaical
— preferring to have our life and every
day actions plead for truth, justice and
right.— The Editor.

Ttwrn SMERicsN mmw johrhki,.

535

CORREt

BEE-PASTURAGE.

Season, Sweet Clover, Cliapiiian
Honey-Plant, etc.

Written for the ^men'«in Bee Journal
BY JAMES A. GREEN.

The present season in this locality
has not been one to encourage the apiar-
ist who hoped for at least an ordinarily
good yield after last year's failure.

Basswood yielded reasonably well for
about six days, but there is so litUe
basswood about here now, that by itself
it does not amount to much. It was in
bloom from June 30 to July 12, but
yielded little except between July 2 and
July 8.

Previous to basswood the bees had
brought in nothing except a little very
poor stuff, probably honey dew. White
clover yielded nothing until about July
27, when the bees began to work on it
somewhat. Sweet clover also began to
yield honey at about the same date,
and since then there has been a very
fair honey-flow. We may get quite a
crop of white honey yet.

The prospect is excellent for a good
fall yield from heart's-ease, of which
there is a great deal.

Value ortbe Cbapman Honey-Plant.

On July 16 the Chapman honey-plant
came into bloom. 1 had been watching
closely for the first blossom, but the
bees found it before I did, and evidently
appreciated it.

For some days, from two to five bees
could be found almost all the while on
every fresh blossom, but since sweet
clover began to yield, it has been rather
neglected.

Its period of bloom is evidently
almost over. Only a few small heads
remain to blossom. The individual
flowerets yield honey only a short time.
Judging from my slight experience with
it, I should say that its value as a
honey-producing plant has been over-
estimated. That the bees work on it
freely does not prove that it is valuable.
I could find more bees on motherwort
and catnip, on the same area of ground
that it occupied. In a more favorable
season it might show to better advan-
tage. I tried the experiment of tying
Eaper over some of the heads, but the
oney did not become visible.

These plants are growing in a rich,
loamy soil. They are about Uve feet
high. A single plant in clay soil did
not grow so large, nor bear as many
blossoms. I now have young plants
growing in a variety of soils in order to
learn its adaptability. Nearly a fourth
of the plants were killed last winter by
being " heaved " out by the frost. The
plant has at least one serious enemy —
two, I think. The first is a light, green
worm, beginning its ravages when
about half an inch long, but growing to
an inch and a half. This eats the sub-
stance of the immature flower-head.
At one time there was a worm on
nearly every head.

When this pest had been destroyed
after careful search, several times re-
peated, a new trouble appeared. The
flower-stem just below the head would
be eaten halt way off, causing the head
to wither and die. No other place was
attacked, and I was unable to discover
the enemy. I do not think, though,
that it was the worm that had been de-
vouring the heads. A brown, striped
worm bored into some of the stalks, but
did not do much damage.

Considering these enemies to the
plant, and the fact that it must be cul-
tivated one year, during which year it
yields no honey, while it is useless for
anything but honey, it would seem ad-
visable not to plant it to any extent
until further careful experiment has
proved its value.

I am inclined to think that we will
find it more profitable to establish more
apiaries, than to attempt to increase
the resources of the home apiary, by
planting anything that will not pay
aside from the honey it yields.

I am also inclined to believe that it
will never be found profitable to plant
anything solely for honey, that requires
cultivation or occupies land useful for
other purposes. To scatter the seeds of
such plants as sweet clover in waste
places, and let them take care of them-
selves thereafter, will pay well, but be-
yond this, the real profits of planting
for honey are apt to be exceedingly
small.

Dayton, 111., July 31, 1888.

OUR APIARY.

What and How the Bees are
Doings — Sweet Clover, ete.

Written for the Western Plowman

BY C. II. DIBBEKN.

The honey-flow, though long delayed,

Sut in a very welcome appearance about
uly 1, and since then the bees have
been working early and late, and even
in the rain. Last month I was some-
what discouraged by my inability to get
the bees to breed up to strong colonies,
by the time for the honey harvest which
I confidently expected by the middle of
June ; but it seems the bees knew bet-
ter. At any rate they were on hand at
the right time, and right busily have
they improved the time. The prospect
now is a cheering one for the bee-
keeper, who has his "tubs right side
up." The season is certainly a peculiar
one for bees. All through May and
June there was great scarcity of honey,
the poor bees not being able to get more
than was required tor their urgent
necessities.

On June 12 I hived a strong swarm
on empty comb, and supposed of course
all would be right. What was my sur-
prise when 3 days later they swarmed
out. Feeling qiiite certain that there
must be something wrong with the hive
I proceeded to open it. and was surprised
to find not a drop of honey in it. They
were literally on the verge of starva-
tion. Such a thing I had never known
before. I supplied a frame of honey

and brood and returned the swarm, and
that satisfied them.

We have now had abundant rains, the
young white clover plants are growing
finely and will probably furnish a good
bloom all through August, so that the
usual honey-dearth will not occur this
year, or be of but short duration. Then,
too, weeds that furnish the fall pastur-
age are growing everywhere, and pros-
pects are for rather weedy cornfields,
which means business for the bees.
Taken altogether, we, the bees and
bee-keepers are " all right."

Sweet Clover VIelds Well.

My three-acrepatch of sweet clover
is now in full bloom and on a pleasant
day it is a sight to behold. The bees
are on it from early morning till dark
puts an end to their labors. Last night
I watched them for full half an hour.
They were coming from this clover
patch in a perfect stream. By hun-
dreds, thousands, and ten thousands,
laden with the nectar of this little sweet
clover field, and yet there are profes-
sional bee-keepers that say that it don't
pay to plant for honey. My Chapman
honey-plants are just coming into
bloom. To-day they were only some
six or eight of the little flowerets out
on one of the balls ; but the bees had
already found it, as an Italian or two
were constantly hovering over it.

Prevention of S^varmlng.

Last season I tried some experiments
to prevent bees from swarming. It is
well known by bee-keepers that if this
could be certainly accomplished with-
out too much care and labor, a great
problem would be solved. Well, last
season bees did not swarm, and nothing
was determined. I tried the same ex-
periments again this year, and must
own up to an entire failure. The exper-
iments consisted of two kinds. One
was simply a box, about 6 inches deep,
without top or bottom, but filled in with
boards about half an inch apart, grid-
iron fashion, with an entrance for the
bees at the lower front end. The hive
containing the bees, which is also with-
out top or bottom, was now put on this
" non-swarming bottom," and the bees
compelled to march up and down the
boards placed in this bottom.

The theory was that this bottom
■would furnish plenty of air, prevent
the bees from becoming crowded, and
take away their desire to swarm.
Everything went well; they worked
nicely did not lay out, but swarmed on
July 1.

Another plan was, to use one of my
new hives, but filling every alternate
comb with a board, and the other
frames with narrow strips of founda-
tion. My idea was, that a strong col-
ony, placed on a bottom like that, would
have plenty of room, could build comb
at their leisure, and would naturally
forget to swarm. I was pretty confident
this plan would work, and to give the
matter a more severe test. I prepared a
second bottom and doubled up two col-
onies and put on that, thinking that if
that stood the test, I had accomplished
my object. This, too, appeared to
work nicely, the bees commencing work
promptly in the sections, and I was be-

536

T'HK SMERICffilf MMM JlOtJRHMI*-.

ginning to feel like throwing up my hat,
when, To, on July 4 they swarmed. The
single colony, prepared in the same way
also swarmed on the next day, dashing
all my hopes completely.

Upon examining the bottoms, I found
the bees had built but little comb be-
tween the boards, and that almost
entirely drone-comb. As I had expected
to use these combs in dividing after the
honey season was over, drone-comb was
consequently not wanted. Although
these experiments have proved failures,
I think I have got some new ideas from
them, and I will try another year.

Bees Hanging; Outside.

Some people seem to think that be-
cause bees "lay out," they are about to
swarm, or that they are more apt to
swarm in warm weather than when it
is cool. This is a mistaken notion. It
is true that bees do swarm on the ap-
proach of warm weather, but it is be-
cause other conditions are then favor-
able, and they are then no more inclined
to swarm on a warm day than a cool
one.

Another popular mistake is, that bees
are inclined to sting in warm weather,
or because a person is sweaty. The
truth is that they are much easier to
handle in warm weather, and they are
not nearly so cross.

Carnlolan Bees.

The Carinolan bees are still at the
front. They have all swarmed, and
they are also all in the sections. While
other bees are inclined to lay off, on
account of hot weather, they seem to be
all business.

Milan, 111.

■ DIVISION-BOARDS.

Their Utility and Historic Use
in Bce-Keepins;.

Read iit the Maine Convention

BY L. F. ABBOTT.

Division- boards should have a place
in every well-regulated apiary. In fact,
every well-managed apiary will include
the division- board as a necessary ad-
junct to successful handling of bees
The division-board fits into a place in
the handling of bees which no system
of management can fill without them,
hence they are a necessity.

This necessity in their use has grown
out of the system by which bees are
kept, an understanding of their ways
and workings calling into requisition
many things, as movable frames, the
extractor, section-cases, honey-sections,
and the various appliances which render
beekeeping profitable, and among them
all, the division-board ranks as im-
portant a feature as either of the re-
quisites named.

Introduction of Division-Boards.

Although the use of division-boards
in the apiary as a factor of prominence
dates back but a few years, it may be
known to some of the more advanced
apiarists that as long ago as 18.'52 a pat-
ent was taken out on division- boards

fc^*<**<»>*^*^^'^*-^^^^^-*i^<fc>^*j^* ^ ^ ^^ ^^jji^A^^^^^^^^^^^.^^.^^^^^

by Rev. L. L. Langstroth. This was 36
years ago, but the division-board, we
think, did not very generally come into
use till quite recently. Mr. Langstroth's
board was made as follovi's, and will be
found described on page 376 of his book,
'■ The Hive and Honey Bee : "

"One piece ISJ^xflMx;^, each side
of each end made X inch beveling, for
easy adjustment. One pieces-gx^xiej^
nailed on the first piece, like the top-
piece of the movable comb-frames. By
this divider, the size of hive can be de-
termined at will."

This reveals the use the division-
board was first put to, to contract or
enlarge the size of the hive. And this
is an important matter when rightly
considered. While there are various
ways in which division- boards are use-
ful in handling bees, perhaps the two
most important advantages derived
from their use is, in preparing colonies
for winter, and in adapting the size of
the hive to the strength of the colony in
spring.

Preparing Bees for Winter.

In preparing for winter, it is known to
be best to allow the bees only space ac-
cording to their numbers. That may
be to occupy four, five or six frames.
We all know that it is easier to heat a
small room in winter than a large one,
and so this principle applies to the bee-
hive. And, again, we do not want to
depart from established rules in build-
ing hives as to size; were we to do so,
we might lumber our premises with a
large number of different sized bee-
hives, of no use only as occasion called
for wintering, and occasionally for nu-
clei colonies in summer.

If we use division-boards, the ques-
tion of making hives to carry eight or
ten frames is easily solved. It is an
advantage to have some hives which
will carry ten frames, as side-storing
can then be practiced if one likes that
way, and in working for extracted honey
it is an advantage to use ten frames in
the lower story, as a prolific queen will
occupy that numberand leave the upper
story clear of brood. Then if such hives
are desired to work for comb honey,
and five to six frames in the brood-
chamber are found sufficient, the con-
traction is easily made by using divi-
sion-boards, or the same contraction
made for wintering, and, if deemed
necessary, the spaces between the walls
of the hives and division-boards can be
filled with some material which is non-
conducting to cold, as leaves, chaff, etc.

Use of Division-Boards in Spring.

In rearing large numbers of bees
early in the season, queens are induced
to early breeding trom two especial
causes, viz : heat and a supply of proper
food. A requisite of spring care is to
reduce the size of the brood-nest to just
as small compass as the bees can com-
fortably fill. Having done this in the
fall previous, while the bees were more
numerous, crowding them upon six
frames, we will say, April may find the
bees only able to cover two frames com-
fortably. The division-board upon each
side has been the means of contracting
their domicile, enabling the bees to
more easily warm up their house, and

the consequence is, the queen will com-
mence laying earlier by some weeks
than it the whole space of eight or ten
frames had been given the colony in the
fall.

Often winter and spring dwindling
will be such that two frames will be
adequate to the requirements of the
colony. It is, then, of the highest im-
portance that the division boards be
used so that the heat may be utilized,
and by that means a few bees be en-
abled to do in small, contracted quar-
ters, in the way of rearing brood, what
double the numbercould not do in three
or four times the space.

DlTlsIon-Boards In Surplus Cbanibers.

In case of extracting, division-boards
are indispensable, to place over the
brood-chamber and grade the number
of frames as they are put in from time
to time. It is a fact known by all
practical bee-keepers, that bees, in
order to build combs, must keep a high
temperature where they are working,
to keep the wax in a proper consistency
to admit of being manipulated into
combs. Hence, if the surplus room is
much larger than the bees can occupy,
because these conditions of necessary
heat are waiting, comb building will
often be delayed for the necessary
amount of bees to engender sufficient
heat. By the use of division-boards,
combs or sheet of foundation can be
supplied as the bees require them, and
are able to occupy them.

Constrnctlon of DlTisIon-Boards.

How to properly construct division-
boards is of some importance. Solid
boards answer very well, but such are
liable to warp and make their use not
quite so handy as those that are true.
Those made of thin material and the
interior filled with chaff, have advan-
tages. Whatever kind are used, it is
of importance that the ends have some
material of a yielding nature tacked to
them, so as to allow this board slight
friction to hold it when crowded into
place.

Lewiston Maine.

SWARMING.

Do Bees Select a Habitation
before i^warming^ ?

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY J. F. LATHAM.

Although the above caption is des-
titute of originality, the question is a
mucli mooted one, judging from the
correspondence, jv/o and con, that has
appeared in the bee-periodicals during
my acquaintance with the subject. As I
have been much interested in the diver-
sity of opinion by those who have given
their testimony with reference to bees
"seeking a home before swarming," I
feel prompted to add my mite to the
general fund of observation and expe-
rience.

Eight years ago I had a powerful
colony of black bees in a box-hive. The
colony had wintered excellently, and as
the season was favorable, by the middle

THE SMERICMM BE© JOtTRltaiU.

537

of June they began to"hans: out" in
large masses, which the knowing ones
admonished me to be a sun- indication
that I might expect a swarm from the
colony at any time.

As I had but tliree colonies at that
time, I watched them closely for about
three weeks. The morning of July 8,
1880, was cloudy with a heavy fog, and
as I could not work at haying, I took
my ax and went to repair some fence
about a hundred rods from the apiary.
Being busy with the fence, the thought
of bees had deserted my mind, luilil Old
Sol from a rent in the clouds, warned
me of my forgetfulness. It may be
truthfully imagined that I took a bee-
line for the apiary, double-quick and—
more.

On my arrival, I found my long-
looked-for swarm clinging to the under-
side of a large limb, on an old-fashioned
apple-tree. The cluster was about two
feet long, and must have contained at
least ten quarts of bees — a black, seeth-
ing mass, presenting to a novice of
my experience, a serious job of hiving,
with the experience of thehivingof but
one swarm to '• fall back on."

After " fixing up " as per instruc-
tions, viz : pants tucked into my boot-
legs, thick coat on and buttoned up,
thick woolen mittens on my hands and
a couple of yards of musquito-netting
enveloping my head, I tackled the
swarm with brush and basket. A
couple of swoops with the brush landed
about % of the bees in the basket ; the
remainder went back to their hive.

After emptying my captives on a sheet
in front of the hive that 1 had prepared
for them, and getting them started in,
I went into the house to ■' unharness,"
and cool off. In a short time I returned
to the yard, to note the success of my
efforts, and while I stood complacently
observing laggards disappear as they
entered the hive— previa ! out they all
came with a rush, some returning to
the old hive, while the rest, after circle-
ing in the air awhile, clustered on a
high limb.

I took them down on the limb and
put them into the hive again ; but they
would not stay. On coming out, they
circled around a few minutes, as if to
marshal their forces, and took a bee-
line for the woods, some ten rods dis-
tant. After following the rovers
twenty rods or more, and marking their
course, I concluded to give up the pur-
suit and postpone the concluding act of
the drama to a more favorable oppor-
tunity, deciding that the weather was
extremely hot, and that two quarts
of bees were not worth further effort.

On the third day after leaving the
swarms, I took the line where 1 left it,
and after following the directions a
short distance, I found my absconders
passing in and out of a knot-hole in the
trunk of a decaying hemlock, 2-5 feet
from the ground, 'not more than 40 rods
from the apiary.

On reviewing the course afterwards,
I was satisfied that the swarm went in
a direct line from where they were clus-
tered when I attempted to hive them,
to the tree in which I found them, im-
pressing me very strongly in the belief
that they had selected a home in that
same tree prior to leaving the maternal

domicile. Had I kept the swarm in view,
from the time they left the bee-yard
until they reached their abiding-place,
the proof of pre-emption — a " fore-
thought "—would have been very con-
clusive.
Cumberland, Maine.

SOPHISTICATION.

The History and Re8ult§ of the
Adulteration of Honey.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY CHAULES DADANT.

The first intimation of adulterated
honey came to me about 20 years ago,
when, after sending six or seven barrels
of extracted honey to Mr. Perrine, a
dealer of Chicago, at 17 cents per
pound, I saw at a grocery in Hamilton,
one or two dozen small glasses contain-
ing liquid honey, sent by the same firm,
at 16 cents per pound. This adulterat-
ing business was a paying one, the
glucose added being sold at 16 cents,
with a profit of about 11 cents per
pound.

After having made this discovery, I
hastened to write in the bee-papers,
and to put on our labels, that the best
proof of purity forlioney was its granu-
lating. Of course tliis statement was
fought by the adulterators, who af-
firmed that it was just the reverse.
But now this truth is accepted by all
the consumers who buy our honey ; so
it would be a hard task for the adulter-
ators to sell their stuff around us. Had
all the bee-keepers insisted on selling
their honey granulated, as we did, the
adulteration would be altogether a
thing of the past.

Nine or ten years later, while offer-
ing our extracted honey to some dealers
in St. Louis, I was shown comb honey
in small glass-jars, filled with liquid
glucose, sold by Messrs. Thurber & Co.,
of New York, cheaper than I asked for
my extracted. I bought one of these
bottles and exhibited it at a meeting of
bee-keepers held at Burlington. On
my request, a committee composed of
Messrs. Thomas G. Newman, Rev. O.
Clute, and myself was appointed, with
the mission of sending to Congress a
petition against adulteration,

I took the affair in hand, and sent to
Washington the petition signed by
more than 30,000 names. But all my
trouble was for nothing, for the peti-
tion, although well backed, was sent to
a committee which never reported on
it; our "honorables" having no time
to spare for the health and the interest
of the people.

It was at about the same time that
Mr. A. I. Root invented his comb foun-
dation machine. The announcement
of this new step in bee-culture gave to
many people the idea that, to produce
comb, we could dispense altogether
with bees; esi)ecially when it was
hinted that paralhne could be used in-
stead of wax. Vet parafBne was soon
discarded by those who tried it, not
only because the bees objected to it. but
on account of its lower melting point,
for its smallest adjunction increasing

the ductility of the wax, the comb
dropped in a mess to the bottom of the
hives.

Yet those who consider nearly all
men as rascals, continued to speak about
this business of using paraffine, and
soon got the idea that bee-keepers had
found the means of making comb honey
entirely free from bee-mediation. Such
a statement was so absurd that it
would have collapsed of itself, had not
a professor of chemistry, Mr. II. W.
Wiley, taken it under his own respon-
sibility, by writing the following sen-
tence in the I'dindar Science Monthly
for June, 1881 :

"In commercial honey, which is en-
tirely free from bee-mediation, the
comb is made of paratline, and filled
wiih pure glucose by appropriate ma-
chinery."

These fallacious ideas spread like fire
in the whole country, not only on ac-
count of the large number of comb-
foundation machines bought by bee-
keepers, but especially because the
statement was backed by a professor of
sciences. The Brithh Jkc Jounvd for
March 8, 1888, speaking of the Wiley
lie says: "Naturally, subjects coming
from a professor would be considered
facts ;" and it is for this reason that a
man who fills the high oHice of profes-
sorship, ought to be careful not to pub-
lish scientific jokes, like clowns in front
of the tents of the Barnums ; especially
when their jokes accuse of fraud a
large class of citizens. Such a slander
deprives its author not only of the
honor attached to a good name, but of
all the confidence indispensable to
pupils towards their professor ; inspir-
ing doubts as to the reliability of his
teachings and experiments.

But this joke did not suflice for Mr.
Wiley; angry at seeing bee-keepers
" handling him without gloves," he
published a report, to prove that nearly
all the honey put upon the market was
adulterated. Of course this prciuuled
f(ii((;'/.s'('x continued to injure the trade
of bee-keepers, by increasing the sus-
picion of buyers ; the sale of honey be-
came more difficult, and its price
lowered. „ ^

But a large number of bee-keepers
were ml duped by the chemist o/ the Gov-
ernmeid; tor he had gone too far; ac-
cusing of adulteration several men who
were above suspicion.

To my mind, either Mr. Wiley is a
poor chemist, or he continued his slan-
der, lie says that he desires to fight
adulteration in the interest of bee-
keepers. Then he acted as the bear of
the fable, that used a big stone and
broke the head of his friend to kill a fly
resting on his nose while he was sleep-
ing. The bee-business would have
been more prosperous had not Mr.
Wiley busied himself about it.

I think that we were among the ones
who could best see to what extent the
Wiley slander took root in the minds
of the iieople at large ; for after show-
ing to visitors the shops in which cooab
foundation is manufactured, we have
often been asked for the privilege of
seeing how we put glucose in the
combs! ^, „_., ^. ,.

As soon as Mr. Wiley saw his lie re-
produced by other papers, his strict
duty was to write to the Popidor tieience

538

T^HE) rn'mmmi^mn mmm j®^mkmi,.

Monthh/, and to the other papers, that
he was regretful of the consequences of
his low joke. But he seems to be void
of the sense of right to make such an
apology. His haughty language shows
that he thinks himself far above all of
us bee-keepers, since he finds nothing
but insults in answer to the reproba-
tions of those whom he has slandered.
1 doubt whether he could find a gentle-
man in the whole United States who
would dare to excuse him.

It is perhaps necessary to add for the
instruction of the professor, that when
extracted honey is worth from 4 to 8
cents, adulteration is not possible, for
It does not pay. We find the proof of
It in the closing out of most of the
manufacturers of glucose, and in the
failing of Hoge, who had gone to Eng-
land, where his adulterating business
was so ruinous that he left about two
nulls to the dollar to be divided among
his creditors !

As to the adulteration of comb honey,
not only its manufacture is impossible,
but bees cannot be induced to put glu-
cose into the combs if there is a drop of
honey in the fields ; and the rearing of
brood when bees are fed during a
scarcity, employs too much food to
leave a profit. Therefore, we bee-
keepers beg the illustrious (V) chemist to
let our business alone, for he has
already injured it too much.

Hamilton, Ills.

ROBBING.

^Vlien once started, It is very
Dillicult to Control.

Written for the Southern Cultivator

BY J. M. JENKINS.

When the honey-flow is over, and
there is very little to be gathered, there
JS danger of one colony of bees robbing
another. If, in an unguarded moment,
a pilfering robber is allowed to enter a
hive and escape with a load to its own
hive, the bees' there will be quick to
detect it, and the robber will go back
with a dozen excited bees determined
to have some of that honey or *(, and
if the entrance is not strongly guarded
they will be apt to get it.

Then a still larger crowd comes next
time ; the excitement runs high ; bat-
tle ensues, and bees of other hives are
drawn into the fuss, and the long and
short of it is, they make a " run " on
the unfortunate colony and clean it up
in a few mimttcs. Like a lion that has
tasted blood, their fury is aroused and
they are ready for other victims, and
woe unto the colony that is unable to
withstand the first assault.

To guard against such disastrous pro-
ceedings, we must be particular in
opening hives during a dearth of honey-
flow, and not let robbing commence. We
must see that there are no cracks where-
by a prowling robber-bee may sneak in
to get the coveted treasure. Then keep
the entrance contracted to correspond
with the strength of the colony, so that
they may be able to guard it. The man
that has one real good case of whole-

sale robbing on his hands, will never
forget it ; and for the time being, at
least, he will wish he never saw a bee.
Wetumpka, Ala.

RACES OF BEES.

Different Varieties of Bees and
the Plants tiiey Prefer.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY C. A. BUNCH.

Quite likely a great many bee-keepers
have noticed that certain kinds of bees
prefer some kind of dowers, while other
races of bees work on different kinds of
bloom at the same time, and as a gen-
eral thing brown or German bees work
on weeds more than the Italians do. I
have all Italian queens, except one
which is a Syrian queen ; some of those
queens are pure Italian, and some were
mated with black drones.

One Italian queen I have reason to be-
lieve was mated with a Syrian drone, on
account of the different markings on
the abdomen of the workers, and the
great number of queen-cells that they
Will build ; also their different disposi-
tion. This queen was reared in 1886
and last year through the month of
August its colony of bees gathered
about 15 lbs. of comb honey from the
common blue-thistle (this is not a large
amount of honey, as we had a drouth at
that time) and was capped a pale white
but the honey was quite while. '

The cross between the black and
Italian races were hauling in and seal-
ing the yellow (or amber) honey, the
cappings of which were so much differ-
ent when the sections were mixed with
the sections from the Syrio-Italian
colony ; they could very readily be
picked out, though they were not built
down so nicely at the bottom, there be-
ing more space between the bottom of
the sections and the bottom of the comb
I noticed this more on account of the
dark bees having a reputation for cap-
ping their honey whiter than the yellow
bees, but it was the reverse this time. •

The dark hybrids and black bees seem
to work well on fall flowers, such as
asters, Spanish-needle, smart-weed, and
other fall flowers. After the thistle
was out of bloom, there was but little
difference in the looks of the honey.

There is always lots of timberland
being cleared around here, as this was a
heavily timbered country, and these
clearings are mostly covered with
thistle, besides lots of swamp land with
fall flowers, and of course the bees have
their choice.

Now, as I have had the German or
black bees, the Italians in their purity
and also the Syrian bees, and watched
them closely as to disposition, honey-
gathering and comb-building qual-
ities, I much prefer the best strains of
Italians. The bees that are my choice
are, first, bees that are gentle; second,
bees that are industrious and pay well
in dollars and cents for their keeping ;
and third, bees that are jellow and
three-banded, for beauty, as I am a
great lover of the beautiful.

La Paz, Ind.

FOUL BROOD.

"IVhat is tiic Cause of that
Dreaded Disease 'i

Written for the American Bee Journal
B\^ O. B. HUNTINGTON.

In a monthly bee-paper before me it
is stated that "foul brood never starts
in an apiary unless there has already
been some of it in the vicinity," etc.
It further states that foul brood cannot
"originate itself;" but says that it is
not the result of certain conditions ;
and any of us can state that it " is not "
the result of many other conditions,
and no person would be any wiser as to
the real cause of foul brood.

1 have not found any positive state-
ment, by any one, as to the cause of
foul brood. I have had very little ex-
perience with the disease, but so far as
I have observed, in cases where the
body of the brood is in full form, the
inward parts are consumed with the
disease, and the sharp end of the brood
is presented, which, to me, accounts
for the puncture in the cap of the cell.

I would like to know if any other
man has made similar observations on
the subject ; and if he has, may we not
calculate that foul brood is caused by
certain conditions similar to what
physicians would call "a wrong pre-
sentation ?"

One writer assumes that foul brood
does not exist except by contact with
affected parts. How does it start ? or
how did the first in a certain locality
originate V I presume that no one will ,
attempt to say that the disease is co-
equal with the bee, or that it does not
break out in localities far removed
from any possibility of contact.

Then what is the cc(usc of foul brood?
Now if any man knows, I hope he will
tell, so that we can all hear it, and
oblige many, as well as the writer.

Springville. Utah.

QUEENLESSNESS.

Removing Queens from Colonies
to Save Honey.

Written for the American Bee Jowmal

BY FUIEDEMANN QEEINBR.

A. W. Stith may flatter himself in
the idea of giving us something new in
his article on page 504— depriving vig-
orous colonies of their queens to " save
honey." I would say that this old
practice has been known to us for
years ; was advised over 15 years ago
by Baron von Berlepsh, and many
others ; it also formed a part of the dis-
cussions at the German bee keepers'
convention at Strassburg, in 1875. Such
men as Dzierzon, Ililbert and Foll-
mann, there and then gave us the re-
sults of their experience, and their
views on the subject, the substance of
which was this :

" Removing queens for the purpose
of increasing the honey crop is a risky
and dangerous business, too much de-
pending upon the season." Dzierzon

THE MMERIckN BE® JOURPISI^.

539

• ifc i ^* ^^'

advises as a better method, the. vaging
of the queen and leaving her near the
center of the hive.

Hannemann, of Brazil, South Amer-
ica, ten years ago wrote in the Jlinicn-
Zcitwig, of his giant colonies, whicli he
formed out of a number of young
swarms, often having from oO to 70
pounds of bees working in peace and
harmony in one box, all queens being
caged in the so-called Hannemanns
queen-cages (which were so constructed
as to allow the bees free access to their
queen, but prohibited the latter one
escaping). Under such treatment brood
could not be reared, and in consequence
a great deal of honey was stored.

Hannemann's enthusiasm over this,
his novel way of managing bees, was
great, and much talked about at the
time ; he reaped large qoautities of
honey when others did not. (I have
not given the details of H"s manage-
ment of bees, simply because 1 think
we have better methods of securing the
same object.)

When one makes the production of
extracted honey a business, I have
found it practicable and successful, in
most seasons, to deprive, or, better,
cage the queens for a filiort period ; but
when comb honey is the object, the
practice is not to be commended, as it
will surely result in failure.

Naples, N. Y.

EASTERN BEES.

The Foreign Bees and I heir
Iniporlation.

Wrltteti for the Amcricrin Agriculturist
BY SAMUEL CUSHMAN.

but Cyprians from the Island of Cyprus
in the Mediterranean, Syrians from
Northern Svria, Palestines from the
Holy Land, Egyptians from Egypt, and
Carniolans from the mauntains of Car-
niola, a small district in Southwestern
Austria. Each race or variety has cer-
tain qualities not found in the others,
and from this list the modern bee-
keeper may select his breeding stock
and combine whatever qualities he may
require in his location, or for any spe-
cial branch of the pursuit he may desire
to follow.

For instance, one who runs his col-
onies entirely for extracted honey, to
do the best needs different stock from
one who makes a specialty of choice
comb honey only ; while one who makes
a business of rearing queens for sale,
ands certain varieties far superior for
this work. Others who do not work for
honey but simply for increase may do
best with still another strain; and
again, the one who combines these
branches wants the best all-purposo

Certain varieties do the best in the
South ; others are most desirable in the
North. In some locations, very early
and heavy honey-tlows are the main
reliance ; in others, the fall crop fur-
nishes the only surplus ; while in an-
other place a moderate flow extends
through the whole season. Therefore,
each locality must be studied, not only
to learn the special management re-
quired, but the race or strain of bees
most adapted to it. My own bees^ in
four different locations, require differ-
ent management in each apiary. A few
miles may make a great difference.
When there is a failure of the crop in
one apiary, another differently situated
may have a full yield.
Fawtucket, R. 1.

The good brood as we anticipated
hatched out, but the occasional cells of
bad brood did not— and "that was
where we missed it;" for these bad cells
caused new brood adjacent to them to
become diseased, and thus nothing was
gained by not removing the slightly-
affected, as well as the wholly-affected
brood. I desire to say that my thirty
colonies which in spring were sick "nigh
unto death," are doing well now, gather-
ing honey in abundance, and have
plenty of sound brood.

I will close this matter by describing
my present method of treating foul
brood. I disinfect my old hives and
frames thus ; 1 place them in the warm
midday sunlight, long enough to soften
the coating of wax on them ; then I re-
move it thoroughly with a knife ; when
cleaned thus, 1 place upon the ground
a small wisp of straw or hay, not to ex-
ceed two ounces, upon which I place a
small " pinch " of sulphur, upheld by a
cotton rag. I ignite this with a match.
When in a full blaze I invert the hive
over it. When I fumigate the frames I
support them in a barrel or box by a
movable slat. AVhen properly treated
thus, they are as good as new. 1 re-
move all the brood from a diseased hive
and transfer to a new or disinfected
hive. But as I transfer each frame, I
sprinkle it, bees and all, with a solution
of salicylic acid, one ounce dissolved in
three pints of hot water and applied
with a whisk broom. I disinfect old
hives, after scraping them clean, by
igniting a small handful of straw or hay
upon which is placed a half teaspoonful
of sulphur ; then I invert the hive over
it. I fumigate the frames in a special
box in like manner.

The colonies which I have treated
thus, are doing well, gathering an abun-
dance of honey, and the brood seems
sound and good.
Denver, Colo.

Since the first importation of Italian
queens into Austria, England and
America, bee-keepers have shown much
energy in their search for something
still better. Long voyages have been
taken to various parts of Europe, Asia
and Africa, and the forests of Java and
Ceylon, the home of the Apis Dorsuhi.
have been visited in search of this
famous race. A few years after the
importation of Italians it was learned in
Europe that the bees of the Island of
Cyprus were a superior yellow race, and
they were soon procured by leading
European bee-keepers, who were loud
in their praises. Several Americans
procured some of this stock from these
beekeepers, and in 1880, when there
was such an interest in them, and when
news came of the good qualities of the
Syrians, D. A.Jones of Canada started
out in search of the new varieties and
returned with one hundered colonies of
Cyprian and Syrian bees.

Others have visited Cyprus, Syria and
Egypt for queens, and for a few years
an American (Frank Benton) has made
this his business, and now has queen-
rearing apiaries in Syria, Cyprus and
Cargiola, from which he supplies queens
to bee kepers in all parts of the world.
They are packed to take long voyages
in safety at the proper season.

We are now able, for a moderate sum,
not only to obtain queens from Italy,

COLORADO.

Convcnlion I^'otices.

How to Cure the Foiil Brood
without the Aid of Fire.

Written for the Colorado Farmer
BY V. DEVINNEY.

I have taken some trouble to investi-
gate the extent of country over which
this disease has spread, and I bnd that
it includes the country bounded on the
north by Clear Creek, Denver, and the
Platte River on the east, Bear creek on
the south, and the mountains on the
west. I have reports of several cases
near Morrison. Indeed cases may be
found beyond the country described but
I have not had the means to ascer-

One of my worst cases, I transfered
to a clean new hive, and buried the foul
comb instead of the bees, and sprinkled
the new made comb, bees and brood
with salicylic acid, according to the
formula, and now they are healthy and
prosperous with sound brood, ihe
treatment given them was of a surgical
nature. We cut away with abig-bladed,
knife all of the worst diseased brood,
leaving some which seemed all right,
but had occasional cells of foul brood
in it.

^- Tbe Darke County Bee-Keepers' Soci-
ety will hold a basket meeting on the Green-
ville Fair Grounds, on Friday, Sept. 7, 1888..
J. A. Hoe, Sec.

^- The fall meetinfr of the Northwestern
Illinois and Soulhweslern Wieconein Bee-
Keepers' ABBOeialion will be held on Aug. 21,
1888, at Leaf River, Ills. D. A. Fuller, Sec,

JW The North American Bee-Keepers' Society
win meet at Columbui., <)., on Wednesday, Oetoher
3 1888 and continue as usual in session for three
g'g J ' W. Z. UOTCHlNSoN, Sec.

rg- The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will hold their fourth annual picnic ut the Flo-
ral Trout Ponds, In Cortland, N. V.. on August 30,
1888 Let all bee-keepers and their friends come
and hare a Bood time. W. H. BKACH. Sec.

Give a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

l^ew Subscrit»er* can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888, for S1.75. whUe
tliere are any sets of 1887 left.

540

Tmm mmmmi^mn mm'm j&f3mmmi<.

*-^-*-^-*--^-*--^-*--^^^^^^-*--*-*-*-**-*--^^^A*fc*

fc^*^*!^-*-^--*-^

fcA^i>ifcA^<l^a

C01>fVEXTI0X DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

Aug. 21.-N. W. Ills. & S. W Wis., at Leaf River Ills.
D. A. Fuller, Sec, Cherry Valley, Ills.

Aug. 27.— Stark County, at Canton. O.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, 8ec., Harford, Pa.

Oct. 3-5.— North American, at (!!ohimbus. O.

W. Z. Hutchinson. Sec. Flint, Micb.

Dee. —.—Michigan State, at Jackson, Mich.

H. D. Cutting, Sec, Clinton. Mich.

I^^ In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- GD.

SEkmS^MiQM

CSood Season iu Xexasii. — A. C.

Ateu, Round Rock, Tex., ou Aug. 4, 1888,
says :

Tlie report of my honey crop up to the
present lime is as follows : From a little
less tlian 100 colonies worked for extracted
honey, I have taken 7,000 pounds, with at
least 3,000 pounds more surplus now in tlie
hives. Bees are now working on cotton
and morning-glory, gathering a surplus
slowly, with broom-weed, rich-weed, etc.,
still to bloom in a few weeks. Horse-mint
produced a great deal of honey this year.
On the whole, this will be a pretty good sea-
son here.

The \¥na Basil.— Mrs. J. B. Curiee,
of Tamaroa, Ills., on July 27, 1888, writes :

I enclose a specimen of a bee-plant ; it is
perennial, and about 2 feet high. Jt has
white blossoms with purple edges. It
grows in the prairie fields, and is covered
with bees from daylight until sundown.
Our bees pass over a field of buckwheat in
bloom iu order to go to this plant. It roars
like a swarm of bees when I walk among
the plants. I do not know the name of the
plant. My Chapman honey-plant has been
in bloom for a month, and the bees are
working on it finely.

[This is Pycnanihcmum.llnif<iHum, one
of the wild Basils, but having much less
fragrance than Its congeners. It has often
been noted as a good honey-plant.— T. J.

BUKRILL.J

Uniting' Oolonivs and Italianiz-
ing— R. A. Williams, Poultney, Vt., on
Aug. 6, 1888, writes :

I coranienced the past winter with 8 colo-
nies of bees, mostly in Langstroth hives.
The tops of the hives were filled with quilts
or bran sacks. They were wintered on the
summer stands, which are protected, for the
most part, from the north and west winds.
All of my colonies wintered in fair condi-
tion, and I have increased them, by natural
swarming, to 16 colonies, besides one swarm
that absconded. There has been a large
amount of white clover here, but it did not
seem to contain much honey. About all of
my surplus honey will be obtained from 4
or .5 colonies— from 30 to 60 pounds each.
The rest of the bees have ample stores for
winter, save a few late or second swarms.

My bees are mostly blacks, with some
that are J^ or ^ Italians. 1 have wondered
if it were best to Italianize my bees ; but I
know that it would be a hard matter to

keep them pure (some in this vicinity hav-
ing tried it, but failed, as they would mix
with the blacks, which are on all sides,
from % to 2 and 3 miles away).

1 would like advice in regard to the fol-
lowing : I usually take up at the close of
the honey season, all that I think have not
honey enough to winter on, sprinkle with
peppermint water, and put the bees in with
a strong colony, with plenty of stores, tak-
ing the honey where there is not more than
14 to 16 pounds. I prefer to do this rather
than teed the bees ; and besides, I am in
need of the honey, and care less for the
number of colonies. Is my way right?
Can you suggest a better way ? I have
kept bees for eight years, but I have learned
more since I read yonr book—" Bees and
Honey"— and have taken the American
Bee Jouknal, than all the years previous.

[Oh, yes ; it is better to unite the weak
colonies before putting them into winter
quarters. Your plan is good.— Ed ]

Wever Say Fail.— H. E. Hill, Titus-
ville. Pa., on Aug. 4, 1888, says :

Last year was a failure in this locality
for honey producers, and this season is
worse. "No surplus" is my report for 70
colonies, in fair condition ; while in 1886 I
took from S3 colonies in the same yard,
3,000 pounds of finished comb honey, and
.500 pounds of extracted, after transferring
the bees from boxes during fruit-bloom of
that year. Two entire failures in succes-
sion are discouraging : but " never say
fail !"

Ionia Co., ^licli., Convention. —

Harm Smith, of Ionia, Mich., Secretary of
the Association, sends the following re-
port :

The Ionia County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion met in convention at the City Hall in
Ionia, Mich., on Aug. 3, 1888, 17 members
answering to roll call, 8 being new mem-
bers. The following statistics will indicate
the condition of the honey yield :

Number of colonies reported, 878 ; in-
crease since May 1, 1888, 40; losses since
May 1, 38 ; sold since May 1, 13 ; honey
taken, pounds of extracted,70 ; honey taken,
pounds of comb, 761. The present condi-
tion of the brood-nest is ?.i filled. From re-
ports abroad, the same condition of affairs
exists throughout the northern States.
There is very little, if any, surplus of
clover or basswond honey taken anywhere.
The failure is attributed to cold, and es-
pecially cool nights. Colonies are generally
reported strong, and the fraternity are hope-
ful of a good fall yield. The convention
adjourned to the spring meeting, when
called by the executive board.

Alsike Clover Yiel«le«l ^Vell.—

Thos. Stokes, Minesing, Ont., on Aug. .3,
1888, writes :

As I sit and listen to the joyful patter of
the soft rain on the roof to-night, I feel a
good deal more buoyant as regards the
future welfare of the bees. After seven
steady weeks of dry weather— with the ex-
ception of a few light showers, none of
which wet the ground over an inch deep—
tills is a glorious day, shower after shower,
until the ground is pretty thoroughly
soaked. Alsike clover has yielded very
well here during meadow blossom ; in fact,
my best colony produced 50 pounds of ex-
tracted honey in six days from it. During
those days it was warm, and the sun was
partially hid by summer clouds, with little
wind. The bees coining over from the back
of the hive dropped down at the entrance

like pouring peas out of a pail. This clover
is sown more every year by farmers, simply
for hay and pasture, as no seed is raised,
and those that had it in this dry season
have cut a far larger tonnage than the
others ; so it will still be in vogue among
them. So far the bees have averaged 50
pounds per colony of extracted honey, with
good prospects ahead.

Culver'.s Pliysic— C. H. Dibbern, of
Milan, Ills., on July 30, 1888, writes :

I send you a specimen of a plant which I
find growing wild, that is new to me. It is
just now coming into bloom, and seems to
be very rich in honey. I counted six bees
on one head, and quite a number had two
and three, and they seem to stay quite
awhile, like they do on the Chapman honey-
plant. I shall cultivate some of this another
year, and would like to know its name.

[The plant is Leptandra Virglnica, or
Culver's physic— T. J. Buheill.J

TSo Swarms and JSo Honey.— O.

R. Goodno, Carson City, Mich., on Aug. 6,
1888, writes :

It continues as before— no swarms from
the 100 old colonies, and as yet I have seen
surplus honey in but two sections, and a
tablespoon would hold all they contain.
One week ago I had 79 colonies so full of
bees that they were hanging on the outside
of the hives. Some have enouEh to winter,
and others not enough to last them 30 days.
Tliere are not enouah drones to mate the
queens that fly. Many light colonies, when
disturbed, will "ball" the queen, and kill
her. Bees are working on buckwheat for
two or three hours in the morning ; they
have access to nearly 100 acres. In the
afternoon they spend their time in petty
quarreling. The air is full of one bee try-
ing to carry off another, with no disposition
to sting each other, but from the alighting-
board one will catch another by the leg,
and they go sailing through the air, some-
times becoming detached, and both return
to the hive.

CJovernnient of Bees.— John W.
I'igg, Riverside, Iowa, writes as follows :

The desire of man to govern bees, and
obtain knowledge of their habits, etc., was
the incentive to efforts which, by the Rev.
L. L. Langstroth, resulted in the invention
of the movable comb-frame. With the use
of tills invention began the control of bees,
aided much by later inventions, especially
in the use of the extractor and comb foun-
dation.

Contemporary with the advancement in
the control of bees, there have been increas-
ing opportunities to observe their habits
and disinclinations ; but apiarists, except a
few, have seemingly been satisfied in their
t!Overning, and have not recognized that it
is a discordant government, as opposed to
what is natural or self-government, with
the adaptation of hives to certain habits and
tendencies of bees.

Always mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

Tam MMURICMK BEU JQURNJEl..

541

^^Y^2«S®^^®^^^-^V

piJmMil

BUSINESS M.UJAGEB.

If 'Von Ure near oiie«post office aud
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address tliat we liave on our list.

Ilillon^!) new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at tliis office.

Ifyoii Lose Blomey by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but .5 cents.

Paper ISoxes — to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Xx4J<C and 534 x5X.
Price, $1.00 per 100, or S8.50 per 1,000.

I»reser»'e Your Papei-s for future
reference. If you have no Birvi>ER we
will mail you one for CO cents ; or you can
have one FKEE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for tlie Bee Jouknai,,

Ifucca, ItruMliet«, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please M-rile American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a conmiission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Pure PiKMiol for Foul lIroo«l.—

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentione<l in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 aud 17, can be
procured at this office at 35 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press. .

Apiary Register.— All who intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) f ] 00

'• 100 colonies (2aO paifes) , 126

'• 200 colonies (420 pa?e8) 150

Pliotograplis oi Bee-Keeper.*.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a prUited sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and $3.00.

c'l,i;buii1ic; list.

■^Ve Club the Americam, Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices (juoted in the I>AST
cohnnn. The regular yirice of both is given
in the first colunni. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal nmst be sent
with each order tor anotlier paper or book:

Price 0/ both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00...

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 .50 1 40

Bee-Keepere' Guide 1.50 140

Bee-Keepers' Keview 150... 140

The Apiculturiai 1 76 1 60

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00... 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer. ..140 1 ao

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 — 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25 ... . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder tor Am. Bee Journal..! 60 1 50

Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth).. .3 00.. .. 2 00
Hoofs A B Cot Bee-Culture.. 2 25.... 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 150.... 1 30

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 150,, 1 40

A Year Araonj; the Bees 1 75 — 1 .50

Convention Hand-Book 1 .50 1 30

Weekly Inter.Qcean 2 00 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00,.,. 1 90

How to Propagate Fruit 150 125

History of National Society . . 1 50 1 25

Cork for ^Vinter Paclting.— Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for 81.00.

Red Labels <or Pails.— We have
three sizes o( these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and address o£ the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2 25

.500Labels 2 00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«■ Samples mailed free, upon application.

A nioderu UI':e:-FAR1U, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Sininiins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

We: Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 51 ; }4 pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, .S3. One pound of seed is
sufficient Jor half an acre, it properly
thinned out and re-set.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 33c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, S-5..50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., SIO.OO.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

Conventions.— The time for holding
Bee-Keepers' Conventions will soon be
here, and we cannot give any better advice
than this : Let eacli one atfend who can
do so, and take part in making these meet-
ings interesting and instructive. If you
have not already obtained the "Bee-Keep-
er's Convention Hand Book," do so at once
to post yourself up on how to conduct such
meetings correctly. It contains a simple
Manual of Parliamentary Law and Rules of
Order for the guidance of officers and mem-
bers of Local Conventions— Model Consti-
tution and By-Laws for a Local Society-
Programme for a Convention, with Subjects
for Discussion— List of Premiums for Fairs,
etc. Bound in cloth, and suitable for the
pocket. Price, 50 cents. We will club this
book and the Amehican Bee Journal for
one year for 81,25.

Clover Seeds.— We are selluig Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices: 88.00
per bushel; 82.'35 per peck ; '25 cents per lb.
Wliite Clover Seed : 810.00 per bushel; 82.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Colored Posters for putting up over
lioney exhibits at Fairs are quite attractive,
as well as useful. We have prejiared some
for the Bee Journal, and will send two
or more free of cost to any one who will use
them, and try to get up a club.

Exeliange.— We will accept Honey
and Beeswax iu exchange for Bee-Keepers'
Supplies in any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Home 9Inrkets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, "Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Please to get your ]\cig:Iibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cueap that
no one can attord to do without it.

Your Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

Scatter Ibc l>eallets.— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

542

TMm MMERie-Mlf BE® J©^RKS:1L..

Honey and Itees-vrax Market.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white in 1-Ib. sec-
tions, 13®I5c.; the same in 2-Ib8., IO@Ilc.; buolt-
wheat l-Ibs.. lOc.; 2-Ib9.. 9c. Market dull. We are
doing all we can to reduce stock, to malie room fur
the new crop.
BBK8WAJC.-26C.

HILDRBTH BROS.,
May 21. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane St.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONtaY.— We quote; Wliite to extra white comb,
l?}^@].^c.; amber, 8@llc. Extracted, white to extra
white, 5Mf«^*^c. : amber, 4?^(n5c. Arrivals of the new
crop are small, the estimatea being an average crop.

BBBSWAJC.— 20®24c.
June 18. O. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Front St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best white in 1-pound sections, 14c. "No
new in market, and old is not selling.

BEESWAX.- 22023C. Supply limited.
July 24. M. H. nu« 1, Ben Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.- We get 15c. per lb. in a small way for
best comb, and less for off grades. Extracted, best
white, 7cs(f^c. None of the new crop received yet,
but there is more than sufficient of the old crop
for the light demand.

BEKSWAX,-;i2c. R. A. BURNETT,

Jun. 30. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.- We quote ; Fancy white 1-lb. aectlons,
12c.; fancy 2-lbs.. lOStllc; fair white 1-lbs., 10@llc.,
and fair 2-lbs., H@9c. Buckwheat l-lbs.. TO'^c. The
demand is dull for comb but fair for extracted, of
which new from the South is arriving, and sells for
55@6fic. per gallon.

BEESWAX— Dull at ■23]4&2tc.
Jun. 15. F.G.STBOHMEYBR&CC, 122WaterSt.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— None here, and market In good condi-
tion for new crop. There is some demand for the
extracted.

BKB8WAX.-22C.
Aug. 2. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 8. Water St,

CINCINNATI.

HONK Y.— We quote extracted at 5®8e. per !b.,
for which demand is fair. Comb honey, 12@l5c.—
Demand slow.

BEK8WAJC.— Demand is good— 20®22c. per lb. f or
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Aug. 8. C. F. MDTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 14@i6c.:
2-lbs., 13®I4c.; 3-lb8., 12®13c. Extracted, white in
kegs and i.^-barrels,8(«!8^c. ; in tin and pails, OH^loc.:
dark in barrels and kegs, ii@6}ijC. Demand good for
extracted, but dull for comb.

BEESWAX.- 22®25C.
July 2. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, 14®15c.! 2-lb.
sections, 12c. Extracted, 6@7c.

BEESWAX.- 2u®i3c.
Jun. 25. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote ; 1-lb. sections, not glassed,
at 18c.: 2-Ib. sections and dark ones, also extracted.
Is not in demand. New honev is arriving freely, with
a fair demand. This part of the State is favored
with half a crop.

BEESWAX.- None in market.
J uly 20. HAMBLIN & BEAilSS. 514 Walnut St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote : 1-lb. sections, 14®i6c.; 2-
Ib. sections, I2@i3c. New Florida extracted. 8®9c.
Sales are very dull.

BEE8WAX.-25 cts. per lb.
July 5. BLAEK ti UIPLIT, 57 Cbatbam Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote : Choice new extracted, 5 to
5^c.: amber to light amber, 4J^@49ic. Choice comb
in 1-lb. sections. I3(§ji4c.: 2-lb8., 12@13c. Arrivals
are small, as apiarists are holding back. Prices are
considered high.

BKKSWAX.— 18(sl22c.
Jun. 25. 8CHACHT & LBMCKK. 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONE Y.-We quote: White l-lbs.,ungla88ed, 1.5c. ;
1-lb., white, glassed, 14c.; dark, l-lb.. 2c. less. Cali-
fornia. 2-lbs.. comb, white, l3c. Extracted, 7c. Con-
siderable old honey is in this market. No new yet
in. Sales are very slow.

BEESWAX.-None on the market.
June ». CLBMONS, CLOON & CO., cor 4th AWalnnt.

ST. LOnlB.

HONEY.- We quote: Extracted, dark, 4@49ic.;
bright, 5($.'^Mc.| in cans,7@sc. Comb, white clover
in prime condition, i:ji'S.(*l5c. ; dark, llH®'2^cts.—
Market quiet, demand good and receipts light.

BBB8WAX.-220. for orlme.
Aug. 10. D. G. TUTT & CO., Commercial St.

giducrtisjements.

QELECTED Tested Breeding Queens,

O only Sl-00 by return mail ; 'J-frame Nuclei

with same Queens, $'2.50 each— two for $-1 00.

Also Hives for sale cheap. Address at once,

S. F. KEKO,

33A2t NORTH DOKCHEsTEH, N. H.

Mention the AmcHcan Dec Journal.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

ONE Untested Queen, 75 cts.; three for $3 :
for more than three, 60 cts f-ach. Tested
Qneeus, $1.25 eaoli. H.G.FKAIUE.

:j:3D2t NORTH MANCHESTKR, IND.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

PURE rnlested Italian Queen... $1 00
Tested Queen, offspring pui-e Italian. 2.00
Select Tested Italian Queen— extra fine. . 2.50

Hybrid breeding Italian Queen 50

Sent by return mail. Direct to,

E. £.. BRIGGS,
.3.3D2t WILTON JUNCTION, IOWA.

FRIEND, SEE HERE !

IF Yon want BEES, then it is your privi-
lege to answer this advertisement at once.
I can give you a magnificent bargain. Must
pell at once — Italians. Hybrids and Blacks.
All in Langstroth hives in good condition.
Will guarantee satisfaction.

A. F. UNTERKIRCHER,
33Alt MANCHESTER, MICH.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

FOR Sale Cheap— Bee-Hives. Shipping -Crates
and Brood-Frames; Comb Foun tation, Planer-
Sawed V-Grooved Sections a specialty. Price-List
free. J. M. KINZIE & CO.,

i3Atf Rochester. Oakland Co., Mich.

WE are now ready to receive shipments of
HONEV, and would be pleased to open
correspondence. Liberal advances made on
consignments. Let us hear from you, as we
can render prompt returns at the top market
values. Reference on file with the American
Bee Journal. S. T. FISH & CO.,

.33A20t 189 So. Water St., CHICAGO, ILL.
Mcm.tion the American Dee Journal.

HAN DSOM E

ONE - PIECE SECTIONS.

WE have a limited quantity of One-Pound
Sections, 4 !4.\4i4, a trifle less than two
inches wide, with narrow tops, in packages of
1,000 each. They are manulaetured from ex-
tra white lumber planed on both sides, making
them the llnest and most aitractive honey-
section in the world. Price, $4.00 per package.

THOS. G. XEWMAN «t SOX.

923&925 West Madison-Street. - CHICAGO, ILLS.

A POSITIVE FACT :

QUEENS by return mail, from the old and
reliable

KNICKERBOCKER BEE-FARM.

(Bstablished 18Si).)

—Warranted, $1.00 ; Tested, $2.00.—

Special rates on large orders. (Circular free.

GEO. H. KNICKERBOCKER, (Bo2 41),

31D3t PINR PLAINS, Duchess Co., N. Y.

We have some ELEGANT
RlUliOS BAIKJE.S, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
50 cents each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. e. NEWMAN J^ SON,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street. - CHICAGO, ILLS.

FEEDING - BACK.

THERE was probably never before gath- '
ered together so much reliable informa-
tion upon the above subject as is to be found
In

THE BEE-KEEPER'S REVIEW

for Jul}-. If you have, or expect to have, un-
finished sections, read this Number. If you
have failed to make a success of "feeding-
back," Its perusal may show you where you
made your mistake. The August issue will be
a " Fair Number."

Price of the Review, 50 cents a year. Sam-
ples free. Back Numbers can be furnished.

The Production of Comb Honey,

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 25 cents.
The REVIEW and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

Address, W. X. HUTCHINSON,

29Dtf 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.
Mention the American Dee Journal.

GLASS PAILS

FOR HONEY.

TH£8£ PatU are made
of the beet quality of
clear flint elass, with a ball
and a metal lop and cover.
Wiien tilled witn honey, the
attractive appearance of
these palls cannot be equal'
ed by any other style of
paclcaKe. They can be used
for household purposes by
consumers, after tne honey
is removed, or they can be
returned to and re-fllled by
the apiarist.
Prices are as follows:

To hold 1 pound of honey, per dozen, .
'* 2 pounds " *'

3 " " "

ttl.AO
S.OO
».50

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON.

923 & 925 W. Madieon-St CHICAGO, ILLS

Meratlon the American Bee Journal.

CaroiolaiiCjueeiis a Specialty.

AIjI4 Queens bred from imported mothers.
Gentlest Bees known. No smoke needed.
They cannot be surpassed as honej -gatherers.
Never saw foul brood. Prices :

One Untested Queen $1.00.

6 " Queens 5.50.

12 " " 10.00.

1 Tested Queen 2.00.

1 Select and Tested Queen 3.00.

Ninety per cent, will prove to be purely
mated. Safe arrival guaranteed. All orders
booked and filled in rotation. Address,

ANDREAVS & liOCKHART,

31D3t PATTEN'S MILLS, Wash. Co., N. T.
Mention tlte American Bee Joiir^ial.

Queen Shipping-Gages.

V\7'E have a lot of Queen-Cages, like the one
TT illustrated, not provisioned, which we
will sell 3 for a dime, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. O. NEWMAN <<b SON,

923 & 925 West Madison-Slreet, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

THu sMERicKM mmm j©iffHNai^.

547

THOS. G.NEWMAN fe^SON,

EDITOR.

mniV. An£,22,1888, No, 34,

Ediwrml Buzzi

Oh : Conatatency ! great law

That holds vast nature's boundless realm

Fast in thy clutches. Matchless boon !

As man goes from thy law to artifice.

Thou wilt stand immovable, the wrong disclose.

Until finding his mistake, he turns again

Into God's eternal law. T. S.

September is a busy month for bee-
keepers, farmers and others. The Fairs
keep them very busy showing their pro-
ducts. We hope there will be enough honey
produced to make a good exhibit, if no
more. The crop is very scarce generally.

Xlie W^eatlier in Europe, says the
L'Apiculteur, of Paris, during July was
very wet and cold. Tlie bees have kept
their colonies strong, but have gathered
only a little honey. The so-called "foul
brood " is troublesome there also, and in
France they are passing laws to prevent the
contagion spreading.

To Go by Wel'ault,— The Michigan
FaTTner of last week intends the following
paragraph for a hint to stir up tlie bee-keep-
ers to a sense of their duty in joining the
Union, but the last line needs comment :

Out of a total of 300,000 bee-keepers in
the United States, less than 300 have be-
come members of the Bee-Keepers' Union,
Unless more funds are forthcoming, the
Clark case at Arkadelphia, which has al-
ready cost the Union Sl'2.^, and is to come up
for a new trial, will have to go by default.

No! No! It could not go by default.
It was tried, and victory won by the Union!
Will the Micliigan Farmer please make a
note of that fact. It is true that every one
of the 300,000 bee-keepers ought to be mem-
bers of the Union, and then it would be a
power in the land— a mountain of strength
which would protect the pursuit everywhere.

Another •• Pleasantry."— Mr. P.

M. I'uhl, of Mauniee, 0., thus describes
another traveling /nrud, who is perpetrat-
ing another i«l/j/ peddler's "pleasantry"—
charging that the editor of the Amekican
Bee Jouknal is making, by a copy-righted
receipt, so-called liquid honey, and that he
is commissioned to sell the same all through
the country. He avers that we are making
comb honey, and fill the combs with the
fraudulent stuff for which he offers to sell
the receipt for '2.5 cents. Now let us pre-
sent the letter of friend Puhl :

It is getting to be unpopular in this
locality to keep bees. By the fruit growers
such are despised more than saloon-keep-
ers, and the great majority of people be-
lieve that you, Mr, Editor, adulterate the
honey. Even while I am writing this a
peddler comes in selling a receipt for mak-
ing genuine honey, and telling of you, Mr.
Newman, using it to make comb honey.
Now please do not get as mad as I did, for I
took the fellow by the collar and out he
went, I closed my business and followed
him around town, and whenever he offered
to sell anything, I said this man is a liar
and a fraud. I succeeded In driving him
out of town without making a sale; before he
came here he was in a town across the river,
and sold a good many receipts at 25 rents
each. Now he has gone to Toledo, From
the mischief he has dune here alone, I shall
be obliged to fight constantly, to say noth-
ing about the fruit growers, and we have
several of the bull-headed kind here, who
will not read or try to find where the trouble
is, or let any one else show them. In the
the face of this, does it not look a little dis-
couraging, with no honey to sweeten one's
sugartoolh with ? 1 told this scoundrel of
Mr, Root's offer. I offered to go to the
telegraph office and telegraph to you and Mr,
Root to prove to him that he was wrong. It
was all to no purpose. I got the last
American Bee Journal and read to him
Wilt-y's explanation ; and he laughed at it !
Now how can bee-keepers manage to show
that they are not humbugs and malicious de-
stroyers of other people's fruit ? The honey
receipt is copy-righted, at least so marked.

That scoundrel ought to be sent to the
State's Prison. We have devoted a life-
time to the exposure of fraud, adulteration,
etc., and point to our record with pride, be-
cause of its spotlessness. Now for such a
villain to try to ro/) us of it, in this mean
way, is diabolical ! Among those who
know us, he could not do us any harm, but
he operates among those unacquainted with
bee-keeping, and hence is the more damag-
ing to the producers of pure honey.

of adulteration in any. Those without pol-
len appeared to be otherwise pure. He
took a few specimens to a meeting of the
society, and incidentally mentioned the
facts recited. A reporter of a daily pajier
was present and heard his remarks. Some
members intorinally examined specimens,
but expressed no unfavorable opinion of
them. That was all there was to it.

The next day a daily paper had an article
which purported to be an account of the
investigation of the subject of honey by the
society. The editor of this department
never saw the report, never wrote anything
concerning the alleged microscopic exami-
nation of honey, but the editor of another
department of the Journal read it, and
deeming it an item in which honey pro-
ducers would be interested, he reduced it to
a short paragraph, hauded it to the printer,
and it was put in type without this editor's
knowledge. But we feel very sure the
writer never thought of doing injustice to
honey producers. No one suspects them of
adulterating honey. They are universally
credited with sending pure honey to market,
and whatever adulteration may occur is on
the part of the eity or town people for the
gain there is in it.

The real facts now developed, show how
imaginative a reporter may be, and further
show that an expert microseopist has been
unable to detect an evidence of adultera-
tion in any one of twenty specimens of
honey indiscriminately collected in St.
Louis, all of which is to the credit of honey
producers, and of retail dealers in St. Louis,
We are gratified at so pleasant an outcome
to the matter which had its origin in a
grievous misstatement of facts on the part
of a reporter.

The Farm, Field and Stockmnn also pub-
lishes this correction— but witliout com-
ment. These sensational reporters are being
found and exposed.

Just look at the facts in the case: A
"druggist " examined a score of samples of
hoaey, but did nut find any adulterated!
This he slated at a meeting of microscopists.
The sensation-scribbler reported that the
St, Louis Society of Microscopists examined
several hundreds of samples, and found the
majority of them adulterated ! Could
lying be more premeditated and pernicious?

XaUfs it Bacli.— On page 500 we re-
ferred to an item in the Farm. Field and
St(;c/cm(Ui, which stated that the St. Louis
Society of Microscopists had examined sev-
eral hundreds of samples of honey, and
found the majority of them adulterated.
We well knew that it was not true, and
said so. The Journal of Agriculture,
which was fooled by the item it published,
lias investigated the matter, and this is
what it says in its issue for Aug. 2, 1888 :

The facts are as follows : John C, Falk,
a practical drugaist and active member of
the St. Louis Microscopic Society, examined
about a score of specimens of honey ob-
tained from dealers in St, Louis, He found
pollen in some, and detected its absence in
others, but he did not discover an evidence

To Save I.,osse!« we offer a word of
caution. The crop of honey, be it ever so
small, will soon be put upon the market,
which is everywhere empty and ready to
receive it. The caution we want to give is
this : Do not sell honey to any person of
whose financial standing you are not
posted, unless you get cash in advance ; no
matter what are the promises or flattering
offers. Either know that the party offering
to buy it, is either perfectly good for ten
times the amount, or pays you cash down.
Last year there were several swindlers
trying to get honey without paying for it.
Hence this advice.

Xbe Coming State Fair at
Elmira. N. Y., Sept. 17 to 22, promises
to be among the largest and best ever held
in the State, Intended exhibitors shou'd
bear in mind that the closing date for en-
tries is Aug. IS, and not get left. Secretary
Woodward informs us that all entries
mailed ou that date will be accepted, but
why wait until the lastday ? The railroads
will return all exhibits free of freight.

548

T'HE; fEMM-RICMH MMm JO-'CfRNSILr,

^^,m.^^^^»<nA^K^

AIsil><- aiKl Sweet Clover.— Mr.

W. Z. Hutchinson, editor of Bee-Keepers'
Review, some time since toolt strong
grimnds ajjainst plat^ting for honey. At
that time we concluded not to say anything
aliout it, because we felt sure lie was mis-
taken, and that time would soon demon-
strate the falsity of his position. It has
now come. In the last issue of the Review
we lind the following which shows that had
it not been for sweet clover, many honey
crops already gathered would never have
existed. The crop of honey yet to be gath-
gered seems to promise exceedingly good
results. Tally another one tor sweet
clover. The Review says :

In our "Planting for Honey" number,
some thought that we did not do justice to
the laising of plants for honey; that we
dressed it in too somber colors. We still
think that it was shown in its true colors.
Here are two little items upon the bright
side, however, and we are very glad to give

them : , , . ,

Willie riding in the cars lately, we occu-
pied a seat In company with a young physi-
cian who keeps bees in a small way in an
adjoining county. In response to our doleful
tale of frw swarms and scarcely any honey,
he regaled us with a report of hives full of
hon^y, and swarms more numerous than de-
sirable. Alter eiijoyingour surprise to his
heart's content, he finally let it out that all
these happy results came from a sixty acre
fiejd of Als'ike. We must not forget, though,
that he had only a few colonies; still, we
think, and have always believed, that the
introduction of Alsike, in large quantities,
among the farmers surnmiiding an apiary,
is an advantage to the owner of the apiary,
especially where there is no basswood, pro-
vided it does not bring with it a crop of bee-
keepers.

The otlier item is a clipping from a letter
received by us, July 37, from Dr. A. B.
Ma-on. It reads as lollows: "Iwas'awfnl
'Iraid' we shouldn't have honey enough to
make a display at the Fairs, but the bees
are just booming, sweet clover is in all its
glory, the weather is 'just the ticket,' so I
guess We'll ' get there.' "

Just as we were ready to make up the
"forms," the following came on a postal
from our friend A. Snyder, of Coeyman's
Hollow, N. Y. : "After testing sweet
clover again this season, 1 think more of it
than I ever did. Basswood Was a complete
failure, and had it not been for sweet
clover, we Albany county bee-keepers would
not have had any honey. It is such a won-
derfully good honey-plant that I am saving
large quantities of seed."

Huniiliatecl, 1>iit yet Hardened.

— The a^tute professor of chemistry at
Washington, whose humiliation was caused
by our persistently-administered chastise-
ment, jiresumes to court the favor of the
bee-keepers he has injured so long, and
without the least show of pity or remorse.
His check, in so doing, is astonisliing— and
only exhibits the characteristics of the man.
The following from Mr. J. F. Dunn, of
Ridgeway, Ont., concerning that unbnuuded
cheek, is commended to his careful con-
sideration :

I am glad that you have at last forced
Prof. Wiley to attempt a defense of the
damaging and cowardly statements which
he made some years ago. He is now,
through several periodicals devoted to api-
culture, publishing what he is pleased to
call an explanation of the position he then
took, and a very "thin" reason for his
reticence since, and throws the blame on
one who cannot answer his charge, as he
has passed over to the "great majority."
He {Ihewily man, of course) is now trying
to gft the sympathy of the very men he has
greatly injured, and who will take all he
says with the "regulation grain ot salt."

X have just finished reading a New York
letter in which the following sentence oc-
curs : "Among the woiiderful productions
of nature in the diamond family, is a class
called 'roundbort,' or by the French, 'ex-
treme durette.' One specimen belonging
to the Titfanys was placed on a polishing
wheel a hnnilred days, with a wheel revolv-
ing 2,700 times a minute under a pres-^ure
ot 40 pounds, and it never phased that
diamond." The question has been pretty
freely discussed among scientists, if there
was anything in nature harder than that
gem ; but I think it is now definitely set-
tled by a chemist living in Washington,
who is in possession of something harder
than Tiffany's jewel, namely, his cheek !
Cheek, before which brass melts like ice,
and adamant crumbles into dust.

Minorcan «tneems.— Mr. Simmins,
of Kottingdean, informs us that he has re-
ceived a queen from Mr.An9reu,of Minorca,
and that he has successfully introduced her,
and nine other queens, to their respective
hives, by his method of "direct introduc-
tion." There are now in England three
Minorcan queens safely introduced by three
eminent bee-masters, Messrs. Abbott, Blow,
and Simmins. Bee-keepers will therefore
in the coming season have an opportunity
of comparing the virtues ot this new race
With those ot Caruiolans and Ligurians.—
British Bee Jnuriuil.

Indiana Slate Fair.— The year 1S8S,
although a campaign season, with so many
and varied counter attractions, does not
diminish the interest which exhibitors take
in the Indiana State Fair.

An immense two story amphitheatre is
approaching completion, ready for the
opening, Sept. 17. The steady growth of
the State Fair proves its importance as an
educator in those matters which so interest
and are indispensable to the most successful
farming.

Frank I^eslie's Sunday :VIas'a>
zine for September concludes George
Macdonald's beautilul story, "The Elect
Lady," and gives two more chapters of the
new story, " Genevieve ; or, The Children
of Port Royal," begun in the August num-
ber. It contains also a short story by
Florence B. Ilallowell, entitled "A Little
Flirtation," with a very excellent moral.
Dr. Talmage's sermon is "Songs in the
Night," and editorially he comments on
" War against Newspapers," "The Power
of Prayer," " Good Examples," and "The
Best of Friends." The departments are
well kept up, and poems and short articles

ICees and Honey in Kng;Iand.

The following from the last number of the
British Bee Journul, for Aug. 2, 1888, will
give our readers a good idea of the state of
apiculture in England at the present time.
It is very discouraging, not only in the
United States and Canada, but also in
Europe. But here is the matter referred to
bj' our cotemporary :

The weather does not improve, and affairs
now look very serious indeed. We hear on
all sides not only of hay rotting iu our
fields, but of wheat, barley, and oats in little
better conditiou. Wind-storms and pour-
ing rains have "laid" the crops, and an
almost total absence of sunshine, with a
very low temperature, prevents the ear
from filling, the grain from formina, and

mildew has already appeared Grass and

corn crops would seem to have no better
fate in store than ensilage, and farmers who
devote them to this are probably the wisest
of their class. In an equal degree with
vegetation do our little sun-worshippers,
the bees, suffer. The white clover has failed
to secrete nectar, the limes are in bloom,
and beginning to fail, and the bees have
little or no opportunity of visiting either, if,
indeed, it were of any use for them to do
so.

Still, in the midst of all this discourage-
ment, swarms have rarely been more
abundant. The aim of all skilled apiarists
is to obtain colonies over-flowing with bees
by the arrival of the main lioney-ftow.
When that comes, with bright, settled
weather, the spreading of the brood-nest is
checked by the storage of honey, and a
limit is placed on the production of bees,
the queen being said to be "crowded out."
During the present season there has been
no honey to check the fertility of the
queen. Hence every cell is tilled with
brood, and the hives, being over-crowded
(almost to suffocation) with bees, swarming
follows as a necessity. In our own apiary
we have instances of the departure of large
swarms before even a rudimentary queen-
cell has been commenced. Returning
swarms to the parent hive, queen-cells hav-
ing previously been cut out, would seem to
be useless, since the swarm, in a few days,
re-issues. Iilany of our colonies, over-flow-
ing with population, have less honey than
they possessed in April, and we are feeding
largely both swarms and swarmed colonies.

Hold yonr Brealli while you read
the following from Prof. A. J. Cook, of
Agricultural College, Mich., written for
Ol&mings, and pubished in the Aug. 15
number :

I heard years ago ot the absurdity, that
holding one's t>reath would exempt him
from stings. I thought at once that it was
nonsense, but put it to the test. It was one
of the most satisfactory experiments that I
ever tried. I think the bee appreciated the
joke, for I rarely get a more painful thrust.
It was like Bro. D. A. Jones' ice water. He
told me the ice water would prevent all
pain from a bee-sting. I said, "Produce
the water." I pinched a bee, got the sting,
and at once thrust my hand into the cold
water. 1 do not think 1 was hurt worse
from a bee-sting that whole season.

all entertaining and useful,
summer number.

This explodes, most fully, another "scien-
tific pleasantry " given in a recent number
of Science, and signed by one W. L. Wilder.
Surely, the so-called scientists grow wilder
and M'HtZeron every matter they attack — or
they are so full of wild theories and scien-
It is a goodltific pleasantries that they can give real
I science no time or attention.

T8HE? J^LMERICaK BE© JOtJRNKl,.

549

^..^--> — ^— .^.^A^^^A

—■-■—■»—■• —■^J^*■^t^^^^^^^*^^*^^^i

egyptia:\ apiary.

The eiiKiavins on this page represents the
apiary belonging to tlie Khedive of Eaypt.
It was tirst published in Milan, Italy, by
Sartori and De Rauschenfels, on the cover
of their "Apicoltura in Italy," and is there

described thus :

t
Pavilion apiary, for 100 colonies, designed
for the Khedive of Kgypt, and built under

I'all Hoin-y.— The indications now
point to a good fall crop of honey. The
weather is rainy, the atmosphere hot and
damp, the growth of the fall flowers lux-
uriant, and if no unforseen calamity comes,
there certainly will he a good crop of fall
honey.

Mr. Samuel Cushman, of Pawtucljet, R.
I., writes the following encouraging items
to the New England Homeatcud last week :

In many parts of the country, the road-
sides and waste places are covered in the

C. E. Watts, of Rumney, N. H., in 1886,
increased froui 1 colony to 6, and obtained
over 100 pounds of honey, mostly comb, all
but about 35 pounds of which was gathered
after golden-rod blossomed. Others in
Virginia, Maine and elsewhere have done
as well.

Can You l>o AiiytUing: that will do
more to advance and defend the pursuit of
bee-keeping, than to aid its Weekly Ex-
ponent and Defender? The Ameiucan

Pdcilion Apiai-ij of the Khedive of Egi/pt.

the direction of Giorgio Sipos, pupil of the
establishment of Luigi Sartori.

^hese hives are of the German type, with
three stories of frames and opening at the

i^cw York Honey Ci-op.— Capt. J.
E. Hetherington, Cherry Valley, X. Y..
writes thus concerning the honey crop of
Central New York, on Aug. U, ISSS :

The crop of white honey in this section of
the State is light, our own being about one-
fifth of last season (our own last season vva*
good, exceptionally so). We have just had
a heavy rainfall, which, we think, will in-
sure a good crop of buckwheat, or fall
honey.

fall vrith golden-rod and wild asters. Of
golden-rod there are many species, and of
the latter, often called frost-weed, several
sizes and colors, and most of these yield
honey. Coming so late in the season, when
there is little room to store it, and bees are
quieting down for winter, the honey is not
usually obtained as surplus.

Rev. J. W. Shearer, of Tennessee, once
commenced in the spring with one colony,
increased to 5, and extracted 500 pounds of
aster honey, besides leaving a full supply
in each hive for winter. Aster honey is a
pale amber, very bright and clear, and in
flavor is delicate and delicious. That from
golden-rod is thick, darker, and stronger in
flavor. When extracted it is generally ob-
tained mixed. Both have a rank, weedy
odor when first gathered.

Bee JornSAi. is the pioneer bee-paper of
America, and is fully entitled to the active
support of every progressive apiarist, for it
works constantly and faithfully for the best
interests of the pursuit. We therefore
specially request all our readers to use their
influence to double our subscription list
during the coming autumn. Reader, will
jou please send us a new subscription with
your renewal or before tliat time ? A good
weekly at one dollar a year is surely cheap
enough to conmiaiid patronage.

AUner Brown, possibly the most ex-
tensive apiarist in Ingham county, Mich.,
states that the honey yield this year will be
an absolute failure. His 41 colonies will
not produce more than enough to feed
them during the winter.— l'nisi/i(j Repub.

550

Tmm mm.mmicmn mmm joumf^mi^.

'•■■**"-*-^*-^*'^*-«^^-^*^

Do Queens

m

Lay Eggs in Royal
Cells?

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 569.— 1. Does the queen ever de-
posit an eg'g in the royal cell ? '-i. In what kind
of a cell must an ejrg" be laid to produce a
female ? 3. Are ej^gs ever put Into tl^e royal
cell? 4. At what ape should the larvte be to
produce a perfect female or queen ?— G.

1. I think not. 2. In a worker or
queen cell. 3. Yes, of course. 4. Not
over three days.— Dadant & Son.

]. Yes. 2. In a royal cell to produce
a perfect female (queen), and in a
worker-cell for an imperfect female
(worker-bee). 3. Probably so. 4. From
1 to 3 days.— P. L. Viallon.

1. I do not know. 2. It makes no
difference, so that it is hatched in a
queen-cell. 3. Yes, by the bees. 4.
Not more than 3 or 4 days' old.— C. H.

DlBBEBN.

1. Yes. 2. All impregnated eggs
produce females, no matter in what
kind of cells laid. 3. Yes, by the
queen, and sometimes carried there by
the workers, but not often. 4. From 1
to 36 hours' old.— G. M. Doolittle.

1. I never saw her do it. 2. If the
queen controls the fertilization of the
eggs, the kind of cell has nothing to
do with the sex. 3. Certainly, or there
would be no royal bees. I have known
eggs to be put into royal cells by the
workers.— A. B. Mason.

1. The queen deposits the egg, and
workers construct the royal cell. 2. If
by " female " you mean queen, it is the
food upon which the embryo bee is fed,
which causes it to become better de-
veloped and become a perfect female.
4. See Langstroth's book.— Mrs. L.
Harrison.

1. Yes. 2. The cell has nothing to
do with sexuality. 3. Evidence proves
that they have. 4. As early as pos
sible after being hatched, and not over
3 days.— J. P. H. Brown.

1. Yes, undoubtedly. 2. An egg that
would produce a female in one kind of
a cell, would produce a female if de-
posited and nourished in any other-
kind of a cell. 3. Yes, by the queen ;
not otherwise. 4. The younger the
larva is when devoted to the purpose
of pi oducing a queen, the more perfect
will the queen be, other things being
equal.— il. L. Taylor.

1. I suppose that she does. 2. If by
" female " you mean a queen, it may be
laid in any kind of a cell, although
nearly always an egg laid in a drone-
cell will produce only a drone. 3, Cer-
tainly. 4. I should rather have them
more than a day or so old.— C. C.
Miller.

1. I do not know. 2. It is my opin-
ion that the cell must be worker size.
3. They must be "put there " or they
would not be found there. 4. The books
say not to exceed 3 days. — Eugene
Secor.

1. I do not think that I ever saw one
do it. 3. Yes, always. 4. It is best to
produce from the egg; an egg just
hatched will do.— H. D. Cutting.

1. Yes, I have seen it done. 2. I
have seen them in all cells of the hive
except royal cells. 3. I think they are.
4. O, 2 or 3 days. I would risk them
over 4 days old.— J. M. Shuck.

1. I think she does. 2. A queen can
lay an egg in any kind of a cell that
will produce a female. 3. It is doubt-
ful. 4. The younger the better. I
have had good queens produced from
larvae three days old from the time the
eggs hatched, but only a few. — M.
Mahin.

1. Authority says they do ; yet I have
doubts. Who has seen the queen in
the act '{ 2. I have never known work-
ers to be produced from drone-cells,
however such a thing might be dem-
onstrated on scientific investigation.
3 I think not, though it may be. 4.
Four to six days.— J. M. Hambaugh.

1. This is a mooted question. I my-
self do not know. 2. I do not under-
stand the question. Workers are fe-
males, and are reared in worker cells
Queens are reared in queen-ceils. ' 3.
See No. 1. 4. Not over 3 days old.— J.
E. Pond.

1. She does. 2. The cell is imma-
terial, though it is usually in a worker
or queen cell. 3. Yes. 4. This ques-
tion is indeBnite. If the larva is fed 4
days as a worker larva, it will usually
produce a drone-laying queen, and
always a very poor one. — A. J. Cook.

1. Yes, but I never knew any but
very old queens to do so. Very old
queens instinctively fall into the plans
of the workers, or at least submit to
what is best for the future good of the
colony. 2. It makes no difference
about the kind of cells, a female is a
female any day. 3. Sometimes by very
old queens. 4. From 1 to 2 days old.
I once had two queens reared from
larvse three days old, that made tirst-
rate queens. On one occasion I trans-
ferred a 4-days' old larviB to a pro-
visioned queen-cell, and it came out a
good, strong queen.— G. W. Demaree.

1. I think that she does, but 1 do not
know positively. 2. To develop the
perfect female, the egg must hatch in
the queen-cell. 3. I fully believe that
eggs are often carried by the bees and
placed in the royal cells, and fed with
such food that they bring forth perfect
queens instead of workers, as they
otherwise would have done. 4. I sup-
pose it might reach 43^ or 5 days of
age, and then be changed ; but I make
a rule of ?<% days in my queen-rearing.
—James Heddon.

1. Yes. 2. The only per/fc/ female in
the hive is the queen. An impregnated
egg, iio matter where it may he de-
posited, will produce a female if allowed
to mature. 3. Yes. 4. Not over 3 days
to produce a good queen.— The Editor.

BEE-NOTES.

Various Items Relating to the
Management of Bees.

TFritten for the American Bee Jowmal
BY REV. J. D. GEHRING.

"We-»vill Prt'seiit a Pocket Dictionary
for two subscribers with S3.00. Jt is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to dfciile
as to the spelling of words, aud to determine
their meaning.

This is my fifth year in bee-keeping.

1 began by transferring 3 colonies from
box hives and 1 from a sugar barrel.
The latter 1 transferred in December,
the work being done in a dark cellar by
lamp-light. It was a very populous
colony, with plenty of nice comb in
large pieces, but without any stores. I
put them into an Armstrong hive,
using ten frames, and fed them 20
pounds of granulated sugar syrup,
within five days after transferring, and
left them in the cellar until about Feb.
18, when I put them out for a flight.
That season (1884) this colony gave me

2 good swarms, and 34 pounds of fine
comb honey in sections.

This experience, when I was a
"greeny," convinced me that trans-
ferring can be done almost any time
when there is but little brood, if the
work is carefully done, and the colony
properly taken care of afterward.

Packiug Bees— Extracting Craze.

I now have 34 colonies, mostly in new
hives, which are cool in summer and
warm in winter, like the log house of
our fathers. This is equivalent to say-
ing that I winter my bees by packing,
and tucking them carefully in before
freezing weather has come, and then
leaving them thus until warm weather
is a settled fact. I have never lost a
colony on account of cold or starvation
(V !). (The interrogation and exclama-
tion points are intended to express my
doubt that' bees freeze to death it they
have available food, and my astonish-
ment that any intelligent beekeeper
will allow a colony to starve.) I think
the extracting craze is much to blame
for the latter, as many bee-keepers—
notably those who love bees because
they love money— extract too closely
early in the fall, hoping and expecting
that the bees will fill up the hives (with
what V) before winter.

I think that such conduct is not only
foolish, from a business staud-poiift,
but it is absolutely wrong- wicked.
What right has any man to rob— yes,
roh is the word— a family of bees which
has worked for him all" summer, and
made seven or twelve dollars for him ?
What (moral) right has he to take well-
filled frames from the brood-chamber
late in the season, extract the honey,
and give them back the empty combs ?
I say again, it is foolish and wrong ! If
they do not need all the honey they
have stored in the brood-chamber, it i»
*ot lost by remaining there through
the winter. Besides, I am very much
misled by observations that I have re-
peatedly made, if a well-filled frame of
honey on two sides of a brood-nest are
not worth several times more than a

THlf fCMERICSK BE® JQlSWt^miL.

551

khm*^»^**

blanket or a basket of packing stufE to
keep them warm.

This is my conviction on this subject;
and until I shall repeatedly fail to win-
ter my bees successfully, 1 shall persist
in the " notion" thatthe much-dreaded
and much-written-about '• winter prob-
lem " should be made a " moral issue."
1 mean that plenty of young bees and
plenty of ^ood honey will prevent — if
not cure — •■ winter killing " of bees.

inoTliig; and Italianizing Bees.

1 have moved my bees— not for fun
or for play — four times in as many
years ; and here again I have failed to
liiid wherein the danger and loss
consist.

I began the business with black bees.
My efforts, though persistent, to Ital-
ianize, have brought success only to
hybrids— except 3 or 4 colonies from
which I breed. I try to rear only pure
drones, but all the bees kept in the
neighborhood are blacks and hybrids,
and my nice yellow young queens,
nearly every tiuie they go out, get into
bad company and are spoilt.

Bees '* of Color" IJuderestliuated.

But. after all, I think that the bees
••of color" are underestimated at the
expense of the "bleached " race. Talk
about the blacks heiug cross, and lazy,
and what not ! Why, last summer, I
was stung nearly to death (figuratively)
by a swarm of pure Italians when 1
tried to take them down from an apple
tree ! " They tit. and fit, and tit ;" and
after all the trouble, vexation and pain,
and hiving them three times (in a nice,
clean hive, too, in which they had
empty frames, frames of honey, and a
frame of brood), they finally left with-
out so much as a " thank you. good
by !" No colony of blacks ever served
me in such a vindictive and ungrateful
manner.

And robbing! They beat the worst
pirates at that when once on a •■ scent."
The only cure I have yet found for
your '• beautiful Italians," when they
go out •• coon hunting" during melon
time, is to play •■ tit for tat " on them.
That brings them home.

" But they gather honey from red
clover, which the blacks aud hybrids
can't do." Yes. they can. but they do
not do it much— at least not here where
the clover gets very large. Besides,
the blacks can beat them on '•lilting
and finishing;" they make nicer,
whiter capping to their comb honey,
every time.

Report and Proftpects of the Season.

I wintered IS colonies. In the spring
(April 1) they had plenty of honey and
brood, and "though located in an or-
chard of 12.0(10 fruit trees (mostly apple
and plum), they gathered nothing but
pollen. In May I had to feed every one
of them, and yet they 'dwindled"
some White clover came on abund-
antly, but did not yield much. During
linden bloom, which is abundant here,
the weather was cold and wet until the
best was past, and they got in only four
or five days' work on "it. Three hun-
dred and fifty pounds of comb honey in
sections is my whole crop, so far. I am
getting 20 cents per pound for it.

There are about SO acres of golden-
rod within easy range of my apiary. It
will begin to bloom soon, and I expect
a good yield from it, if nothing befalls
it. Last year a heavy frost overtook it
in all its golden glory.

Next fall I shall {D. V.) pack up and
goto Alachua Co., Fla., and I shall
take a few colonies along. ^

Union Army aud Scientific Pleasantry.

But before I go South I shall join the
"Union" army. Hadn't we better
send out recruiting officers ? I will
send you the fee when I sell my remain-
ing honey.

Mr. Editor, you have "done up"
that Wiley fellow in hot glucose now.
No wonder he snarls and squirms.
Thus may it happen to all the authors
of "scientific pleasantries" on the
honey question. We owe you a vote of
thanks and a '• gold- headed cane."

Parkville, Mo , .July 2.\ 1888.

Summer 'Work of Bees.

Written for the American Bee Jouriial

BY GEORGE W. TORK.

The nectar so sweet the bee-keeper sees.
His hives flllinK up by the work of the bees.
£ach coming laden with sweets f rem the trees.

A merry young bee goes forth from the home.
Mingling with others thus ready to roam —
Every one off tor the flower-decked fields,
Bight where the basswood bo gratefully yields
Its bountiful treasure of bright, golden sweet.
Cheering each bee that so gladly they meet ;
A busy and buzzing crowd are they —
Xot stopping to idle, but working all day.

But to aid their keeper, we must allow.
Every bee makes it a solemn vow.
Ever to labor as hard as now.

Just over the hillside decked with flowers,
On fleld and meadow, 'neath blooming bowers,
Unseen and unheard does the " busy bee" work.
Bushing hither and thither, but never to shirk ;
Kow dandelicns, butter-cups, lady-slips too.
Are yielding their sweetness for me and for you—
Loving the bees for all that they do.
Chicago, Ills. —.Acrostic.

STING-ING-.

A Dream About " Holding the
Breath " to Prevent Stings.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY EUGENE SECOR.

I had a dream. Yon know it has
been asserted as a scientific fact that a
bee-sting cannot penetrate a man's
cuticle while lie holds his breath. I
have a profound respect for science
When science says a thing is so. it's
got to be so. Science utrnd to say the
world was Hat. and that the sun made
his daily circuit around it. Of course
it icKN fiat then. Even Galileo openly
recanted the spherical heresy, tint
now the world is round because science
says so. When science says "thumbs
up," thumbs must go up. People never
suspect science of joking. When it
said several years ago that, " In com-
iiurciul honey, which is entirely free from

bce-mediatinn, the comb is made of
parafBne and filled with pure glucose
by appropriate machinery," they be-
lieved it, and all the bee-keepers in
Christendom have failed to convince
them that it is not a fact. But to my
dream.

My mind had been exercised over
that scientific discovery, or the revela-
tion of it rather. I wanted to test it.
I had no doubt it was scientifically
true, but you know the spirit of en-
quiry that pervades the mind of young
America. For a man to be an agnostic
in religious matters is considered
smart in some circles, but to be a
know-nothing in science is to lose caste.

This is a practical age, too, and the
Yankee wants to demonstrate every
theory he hears of. The only reason
he does not, is because life is too short
to devote to scientific investigation and
money-making too.

It was a hot day at the close of the
basswood harvest. But little honey
was coming in. Swarming was appar-
ently over. Bees were cross. I had
lain down in the hammock for a short
rest after dinner. I could hear the
sweet hum from 40 colonies as the
happv young bees sported in front of
their'hives. 1 lay there enjoying the
music when I saw an after-swarm rush-
ing with new-born z<>al from one of my
hybrid colonies. The frisky young
queen soared high. After an unusually
long frolic in the air they alighted in a
jack-oak tree fully 25 feet from the
ground.

As luck would have it, the a warming-
pole was broken, and the boys had
gone to the hay-field. The great 20-
foot ladder was brought into requisi-
tion. As I could reach about 8 feet
myself, it looked easy enough to secure
them without any assistance. I leaned
It against a dead limb, aud it did not
lack more than 5 feet of reaching to
where the bees hung. With saw in one
hand I ascended. Reaching next to
the top round I could reach the limb on •
which the bees were clustered. I pro-
ceeded to hold the limb with one hand
and to saw it off with the other. Just
as it was severed, the added weight of
the limb and bees with mv own. broke
the dead limb. The ladder dropped
back 2 or 3 feet with a sudden jerk,
shaking about half the bees off on my
head, neck and hands.

Didn't 1 have a veil on ? Not much.
I am no green-horn in this business.
Besides I was determined to demon-
strate a great truth in science. I tiad
the opportunity. They were not amia-
ble. They were bent on mischief.
With a wonderful unanimity of pur-
pose, and surprising concert of action,
they unsheathed their swords and pro-
ceeded to business. Of course I held
my breath. I had been holding it for
the major part of a minute in anticipa-
tion of just such a contingency. I filled
my skin so full of resistance there
wasn't any room for even the point of
a javelin.

About a thousand bees, more or less,
were humping themselves to get in the
first ''lick' at mp. It sounded like
frying fresh fish in salted butter. I
held the fort, i. (.. I held my breath. I
thought they would get tired of resist-

552

THE ffiME:KicMif BE® jo^mmmif.

ing the inevitable laws of science, but
they " held the fort" too.

In my zeal to demonstrate a scientific
truth, i forgot to descend the ladder
until 1 was as red in the face as a
boiled lobster. I then for the first time
realized the fact that I could not hold
my breath more than several minutes
even to accommodate science. I must
have some oxygen anyhow, or' my lungs
would collapse like a pan-cake with too
little soda in. I was not organized like
a fish, that is sure (unless it was a
whale), for I wanted to hlmo.

I was all the time standing on next
to the top round of the ladder, holding
on nervously by one hand to a small
limb, and the severed limb and a part
of the bees in the other. The rest were
clutching my naked flesh with their
claws, their backs elevated .like a cat
on the back fence at a feline concert.
No matter, breathe I must.

Just then the faithful dog appeared
on the scene, under the tree, as inter-
ested as if I was capturing a coon for his
especial delectation. Although I was
thew?i^frof attraction, enough scouts
paid their respects to him to give him
a warm reception. After rolling over
several times, he started for the house
in haste. You see he had not been ed-
ucated to hold his breath. In going he
ran against the foot of the ladder, and
down it came, and " me too." When I
struck the ground, I awoke. It was
only a dream. A couple of robber bees
were angrily buzzing around my head.

Forest City, Iowa.

SILVER LINING.

A Poor Crop, but Higher Prices
are the Result.

Read at the Mahie Cimventlon

BY PRES. J. B. MASON.

Last year we passed through one of
the hardest seasons in our pursuit tliat
has been known for many years. This
will totally dampeu the courage of
many of the beginners, and will cause
a sifting out of the chaff from the
wheat. It is said there is never a cloud
so dark but it has a silver lining.

I think it is not hard to see at the

E resent time that this poor season may
e a blessing in disguise, and may
work for the good of our business. Our
large markets had got overstocked with
honey, prices had been knocked down
by shipping honey into tlie already
overstocked markets, until honey was
selling at ruinous prices. The Wiley
lie was floating over the country, that
there were numerous manufactories
where bee-comb was manufactured and
filled with glucose syrup, and sealed
over with hot irons. The newspapers
wafted this story along, and thousands
believed the story although it was so
inconsistent.

This failure of honey from the flowers
has cleared out the honey markets so
that commission men have been calling
loudly for honey, at good prices.
Where are these glucose manufactories
all this time, that they allow the mar-
kets to become so bare of honey even

at doubled-up prices? This ought to
open the eyes of the community on this
subject, and strike a death-blow to that
infamous lie.

We owe a vote of thanks to ]5ro.
Newman, of the American Bee Jour-
nal,, for the fearless and manly way in
which he has fought this falsehood
from the start. Our product is now in
good demand at remunerative prices,
and it remains with the bee-keepers
whether they will allow our markets to
become so demoralized again, or
whether they will, by some arrange-
ment, have our honey more evenly dis-
tributed over our country. This is one
of the great questions of the day.

Mechanic Falls, Maine.

THE UNION.

Join the Bee-Keepers' Union
Before it is too Late.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY henry K. STALEY.

Pursuant to the call for apiarists to
become members of the Bee Keepers'
Union, and cognizant of the dirty,
mean, outrageous and untruthful lies
circulated (a good deal like the way the
Canadian thistle scatters its seeds over
mother earth) concerning our occupa-
tion, by people who either seem tq like
to create a sensation for reputation by
writing an untruthful statement, and
then nonchalantly placing it under the
title of an (" S. P.") ; or else by those
who hold our pursuit as their " bone of
contention," that they may have some-
thing upon which to gnaw and pick,
and dilly-dallyers in it who very often
are disgustingly ignorant anent apicul-
ture ; and also aware of the many cases
in our pursuit in re bees puncturing
sound grapes, being condemned as a
public nuisance, and eating sound,
young ducks, brought up before the
courts through circumstantial evi-
dence—that robber, very often, of a
fair trial, under whose bloody banner
many an innocent man has gone to the
gallows— I feel it my urgent duty, al-
though I have no need of linking my-
self to the Union, but towards helping
to defend our pursuit in general, to
contribute my mite of one dollar to the
fund of the Union, which I heartily do.

I hope that the Union will still keep
"banging" that vile monster in the
"eye" — the enemy of our pursuit who
is trying to wipe it out of existence —
until it becomes so "black and blue "
that he will have to hide his disgustful
face for shame, veneered with lies of
the most horrible stamp.

Reader, if you know any who are in-
clined to trudge after this monster into
the depths of untruthfulness, catch
him by the coat-tail (like alligators are
about to do, often printed on the out-
side of envelopes, which say, " If not
caught withui 10 days, return to " so-
and so) and " churn " him until he per-
ceives his mistake, whereby, rest as-
sured, you have saved him from a
horrible calamity.

Right it is to look out for number
one in this age in which swindling and

bulldozing are indulged in to such a
great extent by so many people, such
as sharks, bunko-steers (fellows who
make light the pockets of head-raised
and open-mouthed swains), confidence
men, etc. Any one acquainted with
the habits of such scoundrels as men-
tioned above, knows that he cannot get
" something for nothing " in this world,
or the Latin saying applies as well,
viz: " Exnihilo,mhil vcnit;" but un-
derstands that he must look out for
himself, and that is right, for we know
that God helps the man who helps him-
self ; but nevertheless, that is no rea-
son why we should not look out for
number two, especially when in return
number two looks out for us.

Remember also, that if you get into
a scrape or pickle, and then a few, after
you have sent in your money for the
first time, petition the Union for aid,
your case would be in the same
dilemma as the little girl, who, having
obtained a pitcher of milk at the store,
on the way home let it fall, and lost the
contents; then, that it might soothe
her, she wept tears until they coursed
down her dimpled cheeks in tiny
streams ; but the crying over the
"spilt milk" was to no avail, as the
pitcher was broken and the lac gone.

And so of no use to you would it be
to ask the Union for help, if you sent
in your membership dues for the
primus tcmpus. simply to get out of
trouble, expecting the Union to bring
about the end desired ; for if you are
not pumpkin-headed, you will under-
stand what the Union means, if it
should say, " It's too late to shut the
stable-doors when the steed is stolen :"
and more so if you are minus a couple
of tine trotters by horse-thieves.

The parable of the "Ten virgins"
would apply quite well to your situa-
tion ; the Union would be willing to
advise you, but of its " oil " it would
give you none.

In conclusion let me say, " delays
breed dangers ; nothing is so perilous
as procrastination." Yet it is " better
late than never," as the saying goes.

Pleasant Ridge, Ohio.

DEAD BROOD.

Several Ailments which Affect
the Brood.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY H. E. HILL.

In reply to the query, " What ails the
bees y" on page .501, I would say : Two
years ago I met just such a condition
of affairs in my apiary, and forwarding
a specimen of tlie brood to Prof. Cook,
I awaited the verdict with no little
anxiety. It came, and was "chilled
brood ;" and I have since observed
dead brood from different causes,
which, owing to existing circumstances,
remained untouched by the bees. Such
conditions are, not infrequently, to be
noticed in such colonies as possess
great swarming propensities— if allowed
to swarm until the remaiuing bees be-
come so reduced as to leave the brood
exposed to the chilly night air ; and

TMU MME:RICS:K ®E© J&T&WlMfLI^.

553

^■^ ^ — » — - — ^ ^»

^^*'^-^-*

such colonies will allow the brood thus
cliilled to remain until it becomes black
and dries up in the cell.

This, however, would not appear to
be the cause of the disorder in the
"young colonies," which the lady re-
ports '■ diseased," though the fact that
it was necessary to cut out queen-cells
from the young colonies, would go to
prove one of two things, viz : they are
" swartuers," or else the United States
honey crop of 1888 is "bunched," and
fortune smiles on Mrs.Dorsey's locality.

Another cause is, "scalded" brood.
Last season (1887) the covers of several
hives were laid directly over the brood-
frames, without a cap, cushion, or
other protection from the direct rays of
the sun, and the intense heat, when no
honey was flowing, would cause the
bees to cluster outside the hive ; and
the result was thousandsof dead larvae,
which remained in the cells for weeks.
I ara an advocate of lire for foul brood.

Titusville, Pa.

VENTILATION.

'Wbile Such is IVcoe[§§ar)', it must
Not be Much.

Writtoi fur the Fann, Stock and Home
BY W3I. UlUE.

A great deal has been said about bees
wintering without upward veutilation,
and quite a number of beekeepers
claim that they winter better without
any upward ventilation, saying : Bees
in their natural state— in the trees of
the forest — have no ventilation and
winter well, and seem to do much better
than those having the best of veutila-
tion. We have found many wild swarms
in the last thirty years in many kinds
of trees, and in nearly every instance
we found, either above or on the sides
of the swarm, rotten wood which the
perspiration from the bees coiUd pass
into, acting the same as upward ventil-
ation. Some parties claim that they
winter bees safely without upward ven-
tilation, and that it is the proper way.
If they will invert their hives aud pour
water into them it will run out, there-
fore they are not air-tight, for where
water will run through, air will escape.

It is true, if bees are kept in a per-
fectly dry place and at a temperature of
from 4.5° to .50^, they require much less
ventilation than they would if kept in a
damp, cold place. If bees are kept
where it is continually freezing and
there is no place in the hive for the es-
cape of the perspiration that passes
from the bees, it will coujinence to
freeze on the outside of th^ hive, and if
it continues cold you will find your bees
dead, and ice formed all around the
cluster of bees. Had there been a
small opening at the top, or near the top
of the hive, for the air to escape, noth-
ing of the kind would have happened.

It only needs a very little upward ven-
tilation for bees; a good many bee-
keepers give altogether too much. They
need all the heat in the winter and
spring months that can be obtained.
Give only what will be necessary to let
the perspiration out so that the hive

will not become damp on the inside.
It is a good plan to leave the bottom-
board off, or raise it up on blocks one
inch, when wintering, especially in cel-
lars; as the foul air always settles, and
if the hive is raised it gives a chance for
it to escape ; and if there is any damp-
ness in the winter depository it will
prevent the combs from moulding.

The heat and circulation of the clus-
ter of bees render the combs dry for
some distance around the cluster, but
there is not enough of this circulation
of air, nor force, to drive it to all parts
of the brood chamber, and a part (often-
a very large part) of the comb that is
damp with moisture extends up at the
sides of the cluster to the top bees.
This moisture gets into the honey and
causes it to sour ; and as the foul air is
impure, gas rises on top of the brood-
chamber, making the bees uneasy and
they begin to move about, use the sour
honey (which causes the diarrhea), and
the destruction of the colony ensues.
We are safe in saying that a colony of
bees never was known to have the
diarrhea when the honey and combs
were kept perfectly dry.

Those that winter their bees without
proper ventilation are often heard to
complain that their bees got restless
and uneasy from being too warm. My
experience has proven that it is not the
warmth, but the fumes of the sour
honey arising below and accumulating
in the upper portions of the brood-
chamber that makes them uneasy, aud
the removal of the tight cover on top of
the hive at such a time will convince
any person that proper ventilation is
necessary to the health of the colouy.

Minneapolis, Minn.

THE SEASON.

E.vperience witii a Laying
Worltcr, etc.

Written for the American Dee Journal
BY EEV. S. KOESE.

On Nov. 14, 1SS7, I put into winter
quarters 47 colonies of. bees, but not in
good condition, and the most of the
hives with upper stories on all winter.
On April 12 I put them out, and found
7 colonies dead ; the rest very weak,
and two were queenless. I lost 5 colo-
nies by spring dwindling, making V2,
lost in all, which was not very bad con-
sidering the cold and backward season.

In June one colony became q ueenless.
I tried to have it rear a queen from un-
sealed brood given them, but a laying
worker seemed to destroy the cells
when nearly ready to hatch out. This
laying worker annoyed me more than
anything in the bee-line this season.
Twical gave them anew set of combs
with brood, and twice I united them
with a new swarm, and each lime they
became queenless. and went to naught.
I finally removed the hive, placing in
its stead a newly-hived swarm, most
of the working bees going back to the
old stand, and leaving the laying work-
ers with a few bees alone, which I
afterward shook on the ground, and
made better use of the combs.

White clover yielded little honey in
this part of the country. I left it all
for the bees to breed on.

On .June 1, I purchased 5 more colo-
nies in Langstroth hives, for $12.00.
Then I had just 40 colonies to begin
the season with, which I have now in-
creased to 82 colonies, 3 swarms hav-
ing absconded.

The basswood honey flow was short,
being only for a few days. Kaspberry
and corn have furnished the only sur-
plus honey that we have had thus far ;
and for the last two weeks, the weather
being so cold and wet, bees have not
been doing anything, and they are so
cross that no one dares come near the
hives.

I extracted just 600 pounds of honey
in all, up to date, and there are about
(ior 8 Simplicity section-cases nearly
filled. This is not half the quantity of
honey from 82 colonies that I had a
year ago from only 47 colonies.

I fear that our honey season is over,
at least for surplus, and bee-keepers
had better prepare their colonies for
winter early. If we are disappointed
by an unexpected honey-flow this fall,
it will be a happy disappointment.
Crops here are almost a total failure.
Winter wheat is not half a crop, and
spring wheat is not worth cutting.
Barley amounts to almost nothing,
oats are partly filled^ and if an early
frost comes, corn will also be a total
failure ; thus people will have a reason
to feel low spirited. But we will trust
in Providence, having the promise that
seed-time and harvest shall continue
to the end of time.

Maiden Rock, Wis., Aug. 9, 1888.

CONVENTIONS.

The Benefits Derived from Bee-
Keepers' Meelinjss.

Read at the Indiana Convention

BY C. H. HALL.

The old and familiar adage that,
"AVhatever is worth doing at all is
worth doing well," is no truer in any
other undertaking than that of the
culture of bees. It was thought for a
long time that the bee was guided
wholly by instinct in the performance
of its domestic duties, and that it did
the best possible when alone. But
since bee-culture has become a science,
it has been found that the bee is capa-
ble of reasoning and being taught.

What llie Bee bas Taogbt Us.

The bee is much older than Adam,
but it was left to the sons of Adam to
make it possible for a single colony,
which formerly yielded from .50 to 75
pounds of honey, to yield from 500 to
700. and even 1,000 pounds per annum.
While man has enabled the bee to im-
prove upon its old methods of work,
and increase its products ten-fold, it
has in return taught him not a few im-
portant facts. Through observations
of this little animal in the field, he has
learned the best method of cross-ferti-
lization of all kinds of vegetation. The
bee has taught him that a good fruit

554

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kAJMA<MkAdflhA4lhA4iM

t^^ai*!^-^-^-'-"--^-^^^-'-^-*'^-*'^-'^-'-^*-

year does not depend as much upon the
fact that it is preceded by a white or
black Christmas, as upon the number
of bees that survive the winter.

Bee-Conventions are Modern Societies,

Bee-culture is a modern science.
Thirty years ago a bee-keepers' asso-
ciation was scarcely thought of ; to-day
they are found in nearly every progres-
sive county of the Union, where any
attention is paid to the culture of bees
at all. He who will take the time to
run over the records of the last thirty
years, will very soon discover some of
the benefits derived from such associa-
tions. No single individual has ever
been able to discover all that can be
found out concerning any one thing.
God never designed that he should,
Man's dependency is one of the causes
of his sociability ; and should he be-
come independent in any one particu-
lar thing, in that proportion will he be-
come reserved and selfish. So the
benefits of sociability and meeting with
friends and neighbors, and the ex-
change of opinions that come to the
members of every association are found
as well in this organization.

But it is our purpose to ascertain
some of the special benefits derived
from a bee-keepers' association. These
benefits may be classed in two divisons,
viz : the immediate and remote. I take
the prime object of bee-culture to be
the production of honey ; and whatever
relates especially to that in this essay,
I have denominated as immediate bene-
fits; and those things which relate to
the study of the bee as an animal, or to
the development of the flora, I have
designated as remote benefits.

Bee-Hives Used liong Ago.

It was thought at first that the hive
most nearly like the one the bee used
in its wild state, would be best suited
for her demands ; so a portion of a hol-
low log was used, and probably received
the name of "gum" trom the tree of
the same name, from which it was
taken. When the tree could not be ob-
tained, a box opened at one end, whose
diameter was about the size of the sup-
posed tree, was used. Where do you
find such a hive today V Show me such
a hive and I will show you a man who
either does not take much interest in
bee-culture, or else he has been com-
pelled by emergency to use it merely as
a temporary convenience.

With such a hive the colony was
almost destroyed every time the honey
was taken ; and then we called it " rob-
bing "the hive; the word hardly ex-
presses the act. unless we think of it as
a highway robbery, where the individ-
ual is knocked down and left for dead.
To-day, with the aid of recent inven-
tions, we are enabled to take the honey
without either robbing the hive or de-
stroying the bees.

Value of movable Comb Hlvrs.

The invention of the movable comb-
frames has added probably as much to
the real progressive spirit in beecul-
ture as any other one thing. With
these the frames can be removed with
the comb, and the honey extracted
without injury to either the bees or the

comb. This method of removing the
honey from the combs and then re-
placing them, is a great saving, both in
time and honey.

Mr. Milton, of Wisconsin, says that
it takes the bees as long to produce one
pound of wax as it does to procure 20
pounds of honey ; and Dr. Kirtlaud
says they consume 25 pounds of honey
in producing one pound of wax. For
every pound of wax they produce it
costs 45 pounds of honey. All of this
is saved to the farmer by the invest-
ment of a little means in improved
hives, and a cheap apparatus by which
the honey is driven from the combs by
means of centrifugal force.

Besides the increase in honey ob-
tained on account of the movable
frame hives, they greatly aid in the
regulation of the breeding. The drones
are like some who go by the same
name in the human family, eating
much and doing little; hence, when
the drone season is over, the workers
kill the drones or drive them out to
starve ; but, if the workers make a mis-
take and form too many drone-cells,
the drones will sometimes be so numer-
ous as to eat the honey as fast as the
workers can procure it ; but with the
improved hive containing the movable
comb, the drones can be removed and
a comb for rearing workers can be in-
serted in its place. In fact the whole
breeding department can be regulated
to suit the convenience of the bee-
keeper.

In the cross-fertilization and the
rearing of queens, the movable frame
hives, says Kichard Colvin, of Balti-
more, are indispensable. He says that
without them he would despair of
Italianizing an apiary of even moderate
size.

The inventions in bee-hives during
the last few years, have been quite
numerous ; and it is the design of these
associations to take up these different
inventions and discuss their relative
values, and select the best from all.

Knowing Hoiv to Winter Bees.

It is of great importaince to know
just how to take care of bees through
the winter. Some farmers seem to be
very successful with their bees without
any special care, while others with all
their care lose nearly all. One will
leave his hives standing during the
winter just in the same place, and with
no more protection ih-tn they had dur-
ing the summer; while another places
straw, or perhaps carpet, around his
bees, and a few will put their hives into
the cellar; audit happens frequently
that each one has some peculiar experi-
ence. In these meetings these peculi-
arities are made known, and their
causes inquired into. The annual or
semi-annual meetings are fraught with
more good than we at the time realize.
It not unfrequently happens that many
facts are recorded with all their coin-
cidences which at the time illuminates
nothing, but in the course of a few
years become of great interest.

TI«e Purpose of Bee-Conventions.

The meetings are to a great extent
for the purpose of collecting and com-
paring data ; and among the abundance

that will be collected, there will be not
a little that will be classed as " trash ;"
but a great deal of it will be of untold
value to the progressive bee-keeper.
In making our deductions from these
data, we should be very careful to
make the fullest examinations of all
the facts. No conclusions must be
hurriedly formed. It is not sufficient
to say that one man lost his bees be-
cause they were left out-of-doors ; for
probably his neighbor never lost a sin-
gle colony, and to all appearances they
had the same things to encounter. It
is a common occurrence that two ther-
mometers of the same make, and only
a short distance apart, will register
from one to three degrees differently.
The circumstances should be given in
all their particulars, as to the make of
the hive, the protection trom the wind,
rain and snow, how near the ground,
etc.

\%'interlns Bees In Cellars.

Bee-keepers in general, who have
tried it, recommend the wintering of
bees in the cellar, which should be kept
at a temperature of about 40^. It has
been found that bees when well pro-
tected in this way, consume about two-
thirds less honey than when left ex-
posed to the weather. The bee must
be treated in a great many respects as
we treat other domestic animals. They
do not hibernate during the winter as a
great many persons suppose. Two
things are absolutely necessary ,namely,
food and warmth ; without either they
are sure to die. It not unfrequently
happens that colonies are very poorly
supplied with honey for the winter, and
must be fed. To ascertain how well
the provision is lasting, examinations
must occasionally be made. This can
be accomplished with any degree of
satisfaction, only with the use of the
movable frames.

Bees Dflns Witiiout Apparent Cause.

Occasionally bees seem to die without
any apparent cause, and the question
is asked all over the country, "What
was the matter with my bees V They
have all died while the combs are full
of honey. They could not have starved
to death, for the hives were found to
contain an abundance of honey. It is
hardly probable that they iroze to
death, for in former years they with-
stood days of severe cold." Such has
been the reasoning in respect to this
puzzle. I remember one year ago,
some thought owing to the drouth in
the fall, the bees had been compelled
to gather poisonous honey, and there-
fore they had all been poisoned. But
all of the bees did not die ; and if some
colonies had gathered this poisonous
honey, would not all in the same apiary
have gathered it V The theory of being
poisoned does not seem to me to be a
reasonable one.

I remember at the same time some
reported a few hives empty of both
bees and honey, and the conclusion
reached was, that these were weak
colonies and poorly supplied with
honey, and did actually starve to death.
One bee-keeper stated that a portion of
his bees he wintered in the cellar, and
another portion were left out and were
well protected. Of those that were

TH® mm^mmicM-M. mnm jouMMmi^.

555

wintered out-of-doors, nearly all died,
while those in the cellar nearly all
lived. It seems to me that with the
evidence presented at that meeting,
the coroner would have been compelled
to render a verdict after this form :

The majority of the bees which died
during the winter of 1884-S'), came to
their death by freezing ; but why they
should not have frozen during previous
winters when the weather was much
colder, does not come within the juris-
diction of this case. But the question
does arise in the minds of every bee-
keeper, why did they not die at any
other time when the winters were fully
as severe V

L1088 or Bees by Freezlog.

In looking over the records of the
past year, I tind that this same question
was asked of nearly all northern bee-
keepers in the spring of 1863. Mr.
Richard Colvin, of Baltimore, says that
this question was asked him more than
a hundred times. He says that the
anxious inquirer has unconscious'y an-
swered his own question, when he says,
"The hives are full of honey." lie
says that if you had examined your
hives, you would have found your bees
huddled between the eold walls of
honey where they froze to death ; and
probably you would have found a late
swarm which had starved to death in
and between the empty combs. The
simple exchange of a few full combs
for a few empty ones among these colo-
nies would have saved both, and placed
them in their best condition for breed-
ing in early spring ; for it must not be
lost sight of, that the colony in which
the combs are filled with honey, has no
room for breeding, while the others
would have nothing to feed the young,
if bred, until it would be furnished by
the flowers, which may not bloom be-
fore the following May.

If the above be the true explanation
of this mystery (and I have no doubt
that it is), how many thousands of dol-
lars might have been saved last year
had every bee-keeper been aware of
this fact. Such questions as these are
the vital questions to be discussed in
these meetings, and just as much of
the discussion as possible should be
spread upon the minutes and kept for
future reference.

FerHonal Experience In Conventions.

The methods of breeding, rearing
queens, dividing colonies, producing
crosses, strengthening weak colonies,
etc., are subjects which cannot be dis-
cussed too frequently, and with too
much enthusiasm in these meetings.
As the result of these gatherings, I
believe that more will be accomplished
when each member gives his own per-
sonal experience in the work, rather
than that which he has obtained from
some work upon bee-culture. When-
ever anything is presented to this body
that has had no practical test by any
member of the association, it amounts
to nothing more than a mere sugges-
tion. You want to know what success
your neighbor has had in this or that
experiment, and lie desires to know
what success you have had. Theories
are good, but facts are better.

PURE HONEY.

IIuw to t'rt'ate a Dcinaiul for
Liquid Honey.

Read < it the Maine Convention

BY I. F. PLtTMMEU.

Pure extracted honey is a fit dish to
set before kings and queens, and yet
cheap enough to be placed upon the
table of every poor man in this coun-
try. Let the bee-keepers of Maine pro-
duce all of the extracted honey that
can be produced, and try with all their
powers to develop a good hi>me market
for a nice, pure, unadulterated article,
put up in neat, glass- jars or bottles,
with the bee-keeper's name and ad-
dress, saying that the contents of the
glass is of strictly pure honey stored
by bees. Label your honey in this
way, with neat, colored labels put on
in a tasty shape, and I afiirm that you
will soon develop a good home market
for your extracted honey at fair prices,
but not high prices, by any means.

Often when I carry my extracted
honey to market to sell, I will meet
men who will say, " I know that honey
is not pure;" and they will say what
honey they consume, they want it to be
pure comb honey. To such, I almost
always explain and tell them of the
different points in regard to extracting,
and the reason for the honey candying,
and by so explaining to them, I many
times sell them a jar of honey, and the
next time I see them, and many times
they come where I am, before I have
time to see them, and their talk will be
something like the following :

" Mr. Plummer, I want some more of
that nice honey. How much have you
on hand V That was good honey you
let me have the other day ; it went so
nice on hotcakes that we had for sup-
per the other night, and the children
just went wild over it. I treated some
of my friends to a dish, and all of the
time they were partaking of it, they
smiled and just boiled over with a
sweet look that I nevershall forget, no,
never I Now, be sure, Mr. Plummer,
and bring me some more of that honey
when you come to town. My cousins,
and nay uncles, and mv aunts want you
to save a few pounds for them ; so good-
day, Mr. Plummer ; but please remem-
ber that honey you are going to bring
me next week, sure !"

Now, brother bee-keepers, you see
that I can sell this man aild his friends
lots of honey in the future, if 1 only
put up a nice article in an attractive
shape, and of finst class quality. My
crop of extracted honey is all sold,
though the demand is not so good as in
1886. What I mean by that is, the
store keepers in my market do not call
so much for extracted honey as a year
ago, but with private consumers, or my
customers, the demand is good.

When the consumer learns to like
nice extracted honey in all its purity,
comb honey will then take a back seat,
and extracted will come to the front to
stay; but of course we bee-keepers,
who produce extracti-d honey, have to
labor hard to educate the public up to
the use of a pure, unadulterated, virgin

sweet, gathered by the honey-bee from
nature's store-house, and stored in the
hive, and taken by the bee-keeper from
the combs with the honey extractor,
placed upon the markets of the world
in competition with comb honey, and
what is worse, in competition with that
mean, contemptible set of men who-
adulterate every nameable thing that
comes on the table of the rich man and
the poor man, the high and the low.

Extracted honey is more easily pro-
duced than comb honey, as you all
know, and comb honey is harder to get
when we have cold nights in the honey
season, as bees will not take to the
boxes in cold spells when they will
work below in the body of the hive ;
and in this locality, last September and
the first of October, we had a fine flow
of honey from fall daisies, put in the
frames below, but not a pound of comb
honey was stored in the surplus boxes,
so we got lots of honey below, more
than was wanted for winter, and here
was where the honey extractor came in
play in the apiary. The bee-keeper at
times must produce extracted houeyv
or none at all, and more so some sea-
sons than others. I for one know that
it pays to produce extracted honey any
season, when there is any honey in the
flowers for the bees to gather.

Augusta, Maine.

MANAGEMENT.

IIOAV I Manage my Bees — Some
Questions.

Wrilten Sor the American Bee Journal
BY A. C. WALDRON.

In my two years' experience with
bees, 1" have learned a great many
things, and there are a great many
thiusrs that I do not know. I find by
handling bees I get more confidence
and less stings ; I find that the poison
does not af£t-ct me as at first, unless
slung on some sensitive nerve ; and I
find ihat a good veil and smoker are
essential, as well as a uniformity of
hives. 1 do not use gloves, but use
" false sleeves," such as grocers use,
with rubber bands, and when in a
critical place, I draw them down over
my hands.

When bees swarm they sometimes
cluster in a place where it is very an-
noying to the apiarist. This can be
remedied by a liberal application of
smoke, when they will seek another
place.

I find that dry corn-cobs make ex-
cellent fuel for smokers. To prepare
them, take a small mallet and strike
the cobs on the sides until they split,
which will generally be in four pieces.

In uniting bees, smoke them well or
there will be a "light." To build up a
weak colony, remove a strong colony
and place the weak one in its place ; or,
in other words, exchange places with
the hives ; and last but not least, take
the Bee Jouknal and read it.

There are some things I would like
to know : 1- Why will bees insist on
filling the brood-chamber full of honey,
when there is plenty of room above ?

556

Tmm MMEKICSH MMM J©13?KHMI,.

Some of my colonies have done so to
such an extent that I was led to think
that they were queenless. 2. Will some >
one who uses the Simplicity hive, give
some instruction in regard to the use
of wide-frames. I am using them this
year for the first time, without honey-
boards or separators. I fear I have
made a mistake.

Bees came through the winterrather
weak, but have done well as far as
building up and increase is concerned ;
but we have failed so far to get much
surplus. We have good bee-pasturage
here, consisting of white clover, bass-
wood, and an abundance of wild
flowers. Our most critical point is the
wintering of bees. To any one who
may contemplate moving to the West,
I could offer some suggestions of value.

Buffalo, Minn., Aug. 10, 1888.

[1. Their nature and Instincts teach
them so to do ; they store above the
brood-nest when it is all full below, be-
cause they are obliged to do so, or not
store at all.

2. The use of wide frames without
separators is one of the greatest " mis-
takes " that could be made. The comb
will be built so irregular that the sec-
tions cannot be crated for the market.
You should either put on the separa-
tors or use some other surplus arrange-
ment calculated for such non separat-
ing method.— Ed.]

Miifli Rain. b«it I^ittle Honey.—

N. Staininger, Tipton, Iowa, on Aug. U,
l.^SS, says :

Bees have not done much here this sum-
mer. White clover yielded pretty well.
The colonies built up strong in bees, and
stored some honey in the sections ; then
came basswood, which yielded well for a
short time, and since then bees have hardly
made enough to live on. They swarmed
mostly before tlie basswood honey-tlow,
about 50 per cent, of mine swarming tliis
season.

We are having a great deal of rain now,
and all kinds o( weeds are growing fast.
We may have some honey yet— enough for
the bees to winter on at least, if no surplus.

I would say to the readers of the Bee
Journal, do not hold your breath till the
bees get done stinging. 1 was soon con-
vinced of this tact, tbe first trial 1 made,
and any one having any doubt, let him just
pull off a liive cover with a jerk, and not
use any smoke, and I think he will be con-
vinced.

can keep up with her. This is the way to
produce honey-gatherers, and the only way.
When a good queen mates with a pigmy of
a drone, we get poor workers. '• Dollar
queens " are a detriment to any apiarist.
Tbe bee-keeper who makes an investment
for the purpose o( getting something for
notliiuL', generally succeeds in getting
something ii\ addition to "getting left ;" he
usually get a little experience.

Fall Crop ot Honey.— T. F. Bing-
ham, Abronia, Mich., on Aug. 13, 18S8,
writes :

Bees are doing better now than at any
time before this season.

COIVVEXTIOK DIRECTORY.

18S8 Time and Place of Meeting.

Aug. 27.— Stark County, at Canton, o.

Mark Tbomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley. Sec, Harford, Pa.

Oct. 3-5.— North American, at Columbus, O.

W. Z. Uutchinson, Sec, Flint, Mich.

Dec. —.-Michigan State, at Jackson, Mich.

H. 1). Cutting, Sec, Clinlun, Mich.

Ey In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulara of
time and place of future meetings.— ED.

lUiist ;>'ot be Discouraged. —H.

M. Seeley, Harford, Pa., on Aug. 11, 18SS,
writes ;

Bees in this vicinity have done poorly, as
it has been .so very dry. I have 2 colonies
which have given me 7.5 pounds of houey
each, from raspberry and white clover.
From the balance of my colonies (.5) I have
taken only about 10 pounds in all. The
first 3 colonies I did not let swarm, but each
of the others gave nie a good swarm. Tliey
are now storing honey from buckwheat
quite fast. Taken ail touether, we shall
have to count this as the third poor season
in succession, and yet it will not do to get
discouraged, at least it will not do for me.

ReinoTing tiie Queen.— Gerd Wen-
delken. Marietta, Ohio, on Aug. 10, 1888,
writes :

I believe that a removal of the queen
about 3 weeks before the close of the honey
harvest .secures more honey, because it pre-
vents increase, and lessens the number of
consumers; but will this gain of honey be
stored in the sections instead of in the
brood-nest, like the bees do after a swarm
has issued ? Besides this, 1 think that it
weakens the energies of the bees to woik,
after no brood is in the hive to work for.
Bees, 1 believe, work for the brood only,
not for them.selves, nor for any other pur-
pose. When a queen is taken from a col-
ony, the bees find plenty of empty cells to
store honey in, and will do it before filling
the sections.

Well Pleai^ed Arthur F. Brown, of

Huntington, Fla., on Aug. 3, 1888, writes
thus concerning our bee-book :

The book, " Bees and Honey," is received,
and I am well pleased with it. 1 think it
should be in the hands of every bee-keeper.

A Peculiar Colony.— C. Kellogg,
Hokah, Minn., on Aug. 10, 1888, says :

I have only a few colonies, and one of
them has performed so strangely, that I
would like to have it explained. It casta
swarm on June 13, and just three weeks
afterward the queen left the hive, taking a
portion of the bees with her. On examina-
tion 1 could not find any sealed brood, and
but very few eggs— not even one queen-
cell ; but the remaining bees soon built
some, but failed to rear a queen from them,
and now they are queenless. I should like
to know the cause of it, and if it is a com-
mon occurrence. Tbe remaining bees ap-
pear to be ot inferior quality, but the
swarm that issued from it are nice bees,
and are doing finely.

[It is evidently one of the perplexing
cases of " after swarming." In some of
such cases, the bees, especially Italians, do
many eccentric things, such as leaving
without constructing queen-cells, going off
without clustering, etc.— Ed.]

Itliicli Bloom but ;\o Honey.—

John B. Avery, Stittville, N. T., on Aug.
13, 1888, says :

The honey crop in this locality is very
poor. There was plenty of white clover in
bloom, but it was too cold for it to secrete
much nectar. Basswood was loaded with
blossoms, but not much honey. Last year
I obtained 97.t pounds of honey from 13
colimies, and increased them to 26 colonies.
This year 1 obtained 600 pounds of houey
from 2.5 colonies, aud iucreased them to 38
colonies.

Convention Notices.

Rearing' Queens.— J. W. Tefft,
Collamer, N. T., writes as follows :

As early as possible in the spring, I
select two ot the best queens tliat had the
best record the previous season ; one dark
and one lightcoloreil queen. I put both to
work for honey, and fnnn one 1 rear all the
drones tor the apiary, and push this drone
queen as fast as 1 can, to get the swarming
fever. I then remove the queen from the
drone hive, and in five days after I cut out
all the queen-cells, and again on the tenth
day, and then reverse all the brood-frames,
so as to make llieni hopelessly queenless.
On the twellth day 1 ^ive them a frame ot
fresh eags from tlie breeding queen ; seven
days after I cut out all the queen-Cells that
aie capped over, and four days after this 1
do the .^aine, and form a nucleus colony of
them, leaving but one in tlie parent or dione
colony. By this system I get strong, vigor-
ous queens and drones, that can fly several
miles if the queen can go so far; and we
have high authority from such as Huber,
Dzierzou, Langstrotli, Cook aud Chester,
that the queen mates with the drone that

t^~ The Darke County Bee-Keepers" Soci-
ety will hold a basket meeting on the Green-
ville Fair Grouude, on Friday. Sept. 7, 1888..
J. A. Roe, Sec.

ir^~ The North American Bee-Keepers' Society
will meet at Columbus, O., on Wednesday, October
3, 1S8S, aud continue as usual in session for three
days. W. Z. Hutchinson, Sec.

Bjg^ The Cortland Union Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will hold their fourth annual picnic at the Flo-
ral Trout Ptjnds, in Cortland, N. Y.. on August 30,
18S8, Let all bee-keepers and their friends come
and hare a good time. W. U. Beach, Sec.

S^~ The Susquehanna County Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation will meet in tlie Court House at Montrose.
Pa., on Saturday. Sept. 8. 1888, at 10 a.m., Sharp.
'J'he following subjei;l8 will be considered: Prepar-
ing Bees for winter ; Preparing for. and Marketing,
Surplus Honey : Does the K.iising of Small Fruit
Contlict with Bee-Keeping? AM bee-keepers are
cordially invited to attend. H. M. Seeley, Sec.

Always jVIention your Post-Offlce,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually wilting-
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

XHB mimmMivmn mmw j©ump«mi«..

55Y

BUSINESS MANAGER.

lusincss Notices.

U Tou L.ive near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give tlie
address that we have on our list.

Hilton^s new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this oflBce.

If you I>ose Money by carelessly en-
clo.siuH it in a letter, it is without excuse,
wlien a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Itoxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Xx4J^ and 5}4x5}{.
Price, »1.00 per 100, or $8..50 per 1,000.

Pi-eservc Your Papers for future

reference. If you have no UII^UER we

will mail you one for CO cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journai,,

Yucca Brushes, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -irrite American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to tliis ofBce.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a connnission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Pure Plienol I'or Foul Brood.—

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 35 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) $100

" 100 coLonieB (220 pajfes) 125

*' 20O colonies (420 paifes) 150

Pliotograpiis ot Bee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. 0. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for 81.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers ana 83.00.

C'i>i;ieuix,i LIST.

Wc C^Iiib the American Bee Journal
for a year, witli any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the I..AST
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Jounial nuist be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price of both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00...

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepere'Magazine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150... 140

The Apiculturist 175 160

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 ... . 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer...! 40 1.30

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal..! 60 1 50

Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth)... 3 00 2 00

Root's A B C of Bee-Culture.. 2 25., .. 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 150 1 30

Heddon's book. "Success.".. 1.50.. 1 40

A Year Among the Bees ! 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 1 .SO

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00.... ! 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00... 1 90

How to Propagate Fruit 150 125

History of National Society. . 1 50 1 25

Corlt Vav ^Vinter Packing:. — Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Red Isabels for Pails. — We have

three sizes of these Labels ranging in size

for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of

honey. Price, f 1 for a hundred, with the

name and address of the bee-keeper printed

on them. Smaller quantities at one cent

each ; but we cannot print tjie name and

address on less than 100. Larger quantities

according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels *1.50 $2.00 $2 25

SOOLabels 2 00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«" Samples mailed free, upon application.

A Modern BEE>FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

■We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; }4 pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, 83. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, it properly
thinned out and re-set.

Alfalfa Clover. — For habits and cal-
tivatioii of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 22c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 8.5..50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., 810.00.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

Convention.^.— The time for holding
Bee-Keepers' Conventions will soon be
here, ami we cannot give any better advice
than this : Let each one attend who can
do so, and take part in making these meet-
ings interesting and instructive. If you
have not already obtained the "Bee-Keep-
er's Convention Iland-Book," do so at once
to post yourself up on how to conduct such
meetings correctly. It contains a simple
Manual of Parliamentary Law and Rules of
Order for the guidance of officers and mem-
bers of Local Conventions— Model Consti-
tution and By-Laws for a Local Society-
Programme for a Convention, with Subjects
for Discussion— List of Premiums for Fairs,
etc. Bound in cloth, and suitable for the
pocket. Price, .50 cents. We will club this
book and the Asierican Bee Journal for
one year for Sl.iJS.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling .4 teifce
Clover Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; 82.25 per peck ; 35 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : 810.00 per bushel; 83.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, orMeUlot,
Clover Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 30 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Colored Posters for putting up over
honey exhibits at Fairs are quite attractive,
as well as useful. We have prepared some
for the Bee Journal, and will send two
or more free of cost to any one who will use
them, and try to get up a club.

Excliang-e.- We will accept Honey
and Beeswax in exchange for Bee-Keepers'
Supplies in any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Ilonie Markets for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Please to get your I\eiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Your Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

Scatter the Leaflets.— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

558

XHB MMERICSIf mmm J©^RKffilU.

Honey and Beeswax Market. ry. /\ "piSTTf^T ■ A T<r

Gentlest bees known; not surpassed
as workers even by the wicked races.

Imported Queens, "A" jrade, $6.00,
Tested, $4.00; Untested, $1.00,

NEW roRK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white In 1-lb. sec-
tions, I3@i5c.: tne same in 2-lb8., io®ilc.: buck,
wheat Mt)s.. loc: 2-lb8.,9c. Marketdull. We are
doing all we can to reduce stock, to make room for
the new crop.

BBKSWAJC.-26C.

HILDRBTH BROS.,
May 21 . 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

SAN FRANC18CX).

H*^NEY.— We quote; White to extra white comb,
l?W<gil5c.; amber, 8@Ilc. Extracted, white to extra
white, 5H<aec.- amber. 4^'a5c. Arrivals of the new
crop are small, the estimates being an average crop.

BBBSWAX.-2ni^24c.
June 18. O. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Front St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best white in 1-pound sections, 14c. No
new in market, and old is nut selling.

BEBSWAJC.— 22@23C. Supply Jlmited.
July 24. M. U. UUM', Bell Branch, Micb.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— New crop ottered at 16®17c., demand
being very light yet. Extracted Is not in much de-
mand, and prices are nominal at 7@8c. lor the best
grades.

BBKSWAX,-22c R. A. BURNETT,

Aug. 14. 161 South Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white Mb. sections,
12c.; fancy 2-ibs.. lO^llc; fair white l-Ibs.. 10@llc.,
and fair 2-lbs., ^(§tHc. Buckwheat i-lbs.. 7@sc. The
demand is dull for comb but fair for extracted, of
which new from the South is arriving, and sells for
55(i^6.»c. per Ballon.

BKKSWAX— Dull at 23^®24c.
Jun. 15. F.G.STROHMEYER&CO.,122WaterBt.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— None here, and market in good condi-
tion fur new crop. There is some demand for the
■extracted.

BBE8WAJC.-22C.
Aug. 2. S. T. FISH & CO., 189 B. Water St,

CINCINNATI.

HONBY.— We quote extracted at SSSc. per !b.,
for which demand is fair. Comb honey, 12@16c.—
Supply Is large of last year's comb honey, and for
which the demand is slow.

BBESWAA.— Demand is good— 20®22c. perlb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Aug. 15. C. F. MDTH 4 SON, Freeman & Central Av.

MILWAUKEB.

HONEY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 14® 16c.:
2-lbs.. 13@14c.; S-lbs., 12@13c. Extracted, white in
kegs and !^-barrel8,8'aH^c. ; in tin and palls,9H@l<>c.;
dark in barrels and kegs, 6@«Hc. Demand good for
extracted, but dull for comb.

BKKSWAX.- 22@2.".c.
July 2. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DENVER.

HONBY.—Best white 1-lb. sections, 14®15c.; 2-lb.
eections, 12c. Extracted, 6{gi7c.

BBESWAX.-ai® 3c.
Jun. 25. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : 1-lb. sections, not glassed,
^t 18c.: 2-lb. sections and dark ones, also extracted,
is not in demand. New honev is arriving freely, with
a fair demand. This part uf the State is favored
witli half a crop.

BEESWAX.— None in market.
July 20. HAMBLIN & BBAR88. 514 Walnut 8t.

BOSTON.

HONBY.— We quote : 1-lb. sections, 14@16c.; 2-
Ib. sections, 12®i:jc. New Florida extracted, 8@9c.
Sales are very dull.

BKKSWAX.— 25 cts. perlb.
July 5. BLAKB & UIPLET. 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote : Choice new extracted, 5 to
Sl^c: amber to light amber. 4H.®49<c. Choice comb
In Mb. sections. l:i(.7jl4c.: 2-ID8., 12®I3c. Arrivals
are small, as apiarists are holding back. Prices are
considered lilgn.

BKESWAX.-18®22c.
J un. 25. 8CHACHT & LBMCKH. 122-124 DftTlB St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY. -We quote: White i-lbs., unglassed, 18 to
■20 cts.; 2-lh8., I.ssinc. California white l-lba, 18c,:
2-lb8., 15c.; extracted, white. .*^c.— amber, 7c.

BEESWAX.- None on the market.
Aug. 10. CL.BM0N8, CLOON 4 CO., OOr 4th iWalnnt.

ST. LOUIS.

HONBY.- We quote: Extracted, dark, 4®4Jic.;
bright. 5®.5ii;c.! in cans, 7®8c. Comb, white clover
In prime condition, l3M.®l5c.: dark. 1 1 1(.® 1 2>^ cts.—
JUarket quiet, demand good and receipts" light.

BEBSWAX,-22c. for prime.
Aug. 10. D. G. TUTT & CO., Commercial St.

GiXJEiEllSrS-

One-halt' dozen $5 00

Never saw foul brood. (Tash always
required before tilling an order.

S. W. HOBEISON, M. 0,,

14Etf. Oxlord, Chester Co., Pa.

SCIiEOTED Tested Breeding Queens,
onlj SI 00 by return mail ; 2-frame Nuclei
with same Queens. $2..50 each— two for $-100.
Also Hives for sale cheap. Address at once,
S. F. KEKIt,
33A2t NORTH DORCHESTER, N.H.

Mention ihe American Bee Journal.

NEW ONE-POUND HONEY PAIL.

THIS ne-vv Bize of our Tapering
Honey Pails Is of uniform desiKn
with tbe otber sizes, having the top
edee turned over, and has a bail or
handle.—making it very conyenient
to curry. It la weli-made and, wben
filled with honey, makes a novel and
attractive small package, that can

_ be so Id for 20 cents or less. Many

consumers wUl buy It In order to give the children a
handsume toy pail. Price* IS cent* per dozen*
orS3.00per lOO.

THOS, G. NEWMAN & SON,

923&9S5 W. Madison-St CHICAGO, ILLS.

WE are now ready to receive shipments of
HONEV, and would be pleased to open
correspondence. Liberal advances made on
consignments. Let us hear from you, as we
can render prompt returns at the top market
values. Reference on file with the American
Bee Journal. S. T. FISH A; CO.,

33A20t 189 So. Water St., CHICAGO, ILL.

Mention the. American Bee Journal.

DESIGNED for the Farmer, Lawyer. Doc-
tor, Postmaster, Merchant, Township and
County Officer, the Bee-Keeper, tbe Home-
in fact every one should have a secure place
for valuables.

We offer in the VICTOR S.IFE a first-
class Fire-proof, Buriflar-proof, Combination
Lock Safe, handsomely finished. Round cor-
ners, hand decorated; burnished portions are
nickel-plated. Interiors nicely fitted with sub-
treasunes, book-spaces and pig-eon-holes.

Prices range as follows :

OUTSmE. INSinE. WEIGHT. PRICE

No. 2. 22x15x16, 12x8x8'4, 2501bs. *30 00
No. 3. 28x18x18, ISxlOxlO, 600 " 40 00
No. 4. 32x22x22, 19x14x124 800 " 60 00

THOS. G, NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 92.5 W. Madison-St CHICAGO, ILLS.

JXrST PTJBLISHBD,

"PRACTICAL TURKEY RAI^INC"

By Fanny Field. This book tells aii
about turkey raising, from the setting
of the egE9 to the maturity of the young
turka. If you fohow the directions in
this book yon need not lose a bird.
Fanny Field has had more experience
and succeeds better in raising turkeys than any other
lierson in America. She clears hnndireiis of dollars
yearly on them, and will tell you how she does it. Price,
25 cents. S tain iw taken. AddieBS R. B. MITCHELL
Publisher, 69 Dearborn St., Chicago, Dl.
31C2t

Mention the American Bee Journal,

HANDSOME

ONE - PIECE SECTIONS,

WE have a limited quantity of One-Pound
Sections, •li4.\4Ji, a tnfle less than two
inches wide, with narrow tops, in packages of
1,000 each. They are manufactured from ex-
tra white lumber planed on both sides, making
them the finest and most attractive honey-
section in the world. Price, S4.00 per package.

THOS. O. NEVVMAX A SON,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Patent Flat-Bottom Comb Foundation

High Side Walls, 4 to 14 square

feet to the pound. Wholesale and

Retail. Circulars and Samples free

J. VAN OEUSEN & SONS,

(SOLE MANtTFACTUBKBS),

lAtf SPROUT BROOK, Mont. Co., N. Y.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

BY Return Iflail— Italian and Albino
Queenx, Tested, 90c. each, or $10 per doz.
Untested, 60 cts. Four-frame Nuclei, with a
tested Queen, $2 00 each.

GEO. STUCKMAN, NAPPANEE, IND.
30Etf

Mention the American Bee Journal.

THOMAS G. NEWMAN & SON,

WHOLESALE & RETAIL

SUPPLIES for BEE-KEEPERS

ALSO DEALERS IN

HOJVEY and BEESWAX,

923 & 925 West Madison St., CHICAQO, ILL.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

s

AWIPliE COPIES of the AMERICAN

APIClIIiTl RISTand our Price-List of

Winter Strain of Fare Italian Bees
sent fi*ee. Address.
18Etf APICULTUKIST, Wenham, Mass.
Mention the American Bee Journal,

We have some ELEGANT
RIBBON BADGES, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
50 'cents each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. O. NEWMAN .fe SON,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

HONEY-EXTRACTOR FOR SALE.

A4Langstroth-Frame " Stanley Automatic
Honey-Extraetor, price $12 00; cost $20 00
last spring— used but one season. Reason for
selling— cannot sell extracted honey.

GEO. I,. TRANSUE, BASTON, PA,
34Alt
Mention the American Bee Journal.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

WE are buyinjr -WHITE EXTRACTED
HONEY. Those having any for sale,
are invited to correspond with us, stating the
quality, flavor and price.

THOS. CI. NEW^MAN <fe SON,
923 4 925 West Madison-street, - CHICAGO. ILLS.

Mention the American Bee Joy/mal.

THE aiisfflERicajs; mmm joismMmi^.

563

%#^-*^^*:*--*--^A^*^*^^<fc^<ifcA<

hA^Amnkmk^m^^^^

XIIO.^IAS G. NEW il£Aiir,

EDITOR,

Voiniy. Ang.2M888, No. 35.

Editorml Bi

Be Xrtie to yourself, and then you can-
not be false to others, nor to your principles.

■fVe liuTc received a lot of samples of
new honey labels from Abbott Brothers,
Southall, London, England. They are
elegantly printed, and make a very attrac-
tive appearance.

In Ans^ver to Query 564, last week, on
page .5.50, top of middle column, Mr. Shuck's
answer should read thus : " I wouldn't
risk them over four days old." The omis-
sion was an oversight of the writer.

A ;^c-w- Uee-Uook is just published
in the Welsh dialect, by H. P. and M. D.
Jones, at Bala. Its title is "T Gwenynda ;
sef Llaw-lyfr Y marferol ar Gadw Gwenyn."
It has 50 illustrations, and is sold in Wales
for a shilling.

«»nr Pamphlet on " Honey as Food
and Medicine," has been translated into
French and printed in large pamphlet form,
20 pages. It is published at the office of
Lc Rucher by Alexander Le Roy, Rue Blin-
de- Bourdon 2'3, Amiens, and sold at 10 cents.
It may also be obtained at this office.

l>'ot a. IXiiisanoe.— Mr. Z. A. Clark
writes that he was fully prepared to prove
that his bees were not a nuisance, had the
opportunity been presented at the trial be-
fore the Circuit Court. This is what he
writes :

I had 25 witnesses summoned in defense
of the Union, by whom 1 would have proved
that the bees were not a nuisance ; in fact,
I never knew of a team or teamster ever
being stung while passing my premises.
The sole grounil-vvork was prejudice and
ignorance. They have now taken the case
up to the Sujireme Court.

Bee Slings.— The BHtish Bee Jour-
nal gives the following remedy for bee-
stings : Drop one drop of phenol diluted
in water on the place stung ; moisten with
alum and rub for a few seconds, and the
pain vpill disappear quickly.

I^ovBee Feeder.— M. E. Hastings, of
New York Mills, N. Y., has sent us one of
his Perfection Feeders, which is illustrated
by the engraving. It will hold two quarts,
and the letting down of the.feed is regulated

Plltentcrl Oct. 18. 1887.

by thumb-screw C. The cap screws on at
A. It is easy to regulate — either a spoonful
or a quart— and that amount can be given
in an hour or a day, as desired. By it the
food can be given where it is most needed-
just over the cluster. Not a drop need be
lost, and no robber bees can get at it. A
single one can be had for 40 cents, or a
dozen for 83.50, and it can be obtained at
this office. Postage 10 cents extra.

Hiving; Bees.— W. J. Daniel, of Ken-
tucky, has just patented a device for hiving
bees. It consists of a double pole, the two
lengths being held together by clamps, and
adjustable at any heighth, with a hiving
box at the top. As will be noticed by the
following description from the Scientific
American of Aug. 18, 1888, it has been re-
peatedly described in the Bee Journal :

It is constructed with a standard having
points on its lower end to take a firm hold
on the ground, and a guide loop near its
upper end lor holding a sliding box or hive
supporting section. The sliding section
has a loop to cla-p the standard, and at its
lower end has a hinged extensicm piece,
which sHrvHs as a handle for sliding the
upper section, this extension piece having a
sharp pin to strike into the upper section
for holding the piece in folded posilion.
The sliding section is held at any desired
place by inserting a pin beneath it in holes
provided therefor in the standard.

It was also described and illustrated in
Olentiings for this month, page 611, and is
claimed by A. C. Williamson, of Friendly,
W. Va. A similar thing was also described
several months ago both in Oleanings and
the Amekkan Bee Joubnal, as the inven-
tion of S. W. Morrison, M. D., Oxford, Pa.

Orang-e Coanly, New York, it seems
has had a good honey crop— or at least E.
D. Howell, of New Hampton, says that his
white clover honey crop is the best for 11
years. There are spots where they can en-
joy the FUN of making such a fine showing,
but in the great majority of places the cry
is " no houey and no swarms," or " we have
had the poorest crop of honey in a dozen
years." But variety is pleasant !

Some Ctirions Insects, by Noble
M. Eberhart, B. S., Ph. D. This is a neat
little cloth-bound volume, giving an ac-
count of the habits and peculiar character-
istics of a number of interesting Insects.
The book is especially suited to children,
affording wholesome and interesting read-
ing, combined with valuable information
and instruction. Illustrated. Price 50 cents.
It is published by Eberhart & Son, 182 Dear-
born St., Chicago, Ills.

How to Get Kid ol Ants.— There
are, says Prof. Cook in Oleanings, two good
ways of destroying ants in the apiary. One
is to find their nest and make a hole in the
center of it with a crow-bar or other iron
rod, then turn in half a gill of bisulphide
carbon, and immediately fill the hole and
cover it with a little clay, which should be
trampled down. The liquid vaporizes and
kills all the ants. Like gasoline, it is very
inflammable, so it must not be exposed,
either the liquid or vapor, to the fire.

Another way is to mix a little London-
purple with thin syrup, and enclose it in a
box with wire gauze so that the ants can
reach it, bat not the bees.

tVlien tlie Bncktvlieat Yields

Honey.— Mr. S. J. Youngman, of Cato,
Mich., under date of Aug. 12, 1888, remarks
thus about buckwheat bloom :

I have observed that the buckwheat
bloom yields no nectar in the afternoon in
this vicinity. Is this a characteristic of the
plant throuahout the United States? Are
some varieties better than others to yield
honey ?

Will those apiarists who have watched
buckwheat bloom in various localities,
please give the result of their investigation
on this point.

Xlie "W'liile Snlplinr Springs, of

Virginia, belonging to Mr. E. C. Jordan,
one of Virginia's famous bee-keepers, had
a very complimentary notice in the Havre
de Grace Republican last week. In the
" Bill of Fare " we notice as usual that
"honey" hnlds a prominent place among the
excellent variety of viands therein enumer-
ated. The whole-souled " Host " looks out
for the comfort and welfare of his numer-
ous guests. If any of our readers want to
take a " quiet rest," and enjoy the comforts
of life, they should go to White Sulphur
Springs, Va.

564

TTHlf MMERICMff ESEU J&'&mMWLr,

A Oartoon appears on pase 635 of
Oleantngs for Aug. 15. It seems that a
"Kaiiibltr" is ahroad in the land "taking
notes," and is printing them, lie mentions
a plan for wintering bees which was being
developed by a 16-year old bee keeper. Hav-
ing pnrcliased a swarm of a Frenchman he
followed his directions for management.
The Frenchman told him he never lost a
swarm in wintering, if the hive was placed
upim a wagon-wheel. The young novice
followed directions ; and what was the sur-
prise of the father to tiiid nearly all of his
wagon-wheels arranged in an upper room,
and hives placed upon them ! The story
runs thus :

" For the land's sake, Brodie, what are
you going to do it you get a hundred
swarms ?"

" Why, dad, I can borrow wheels of the
neighbors, or 1 can hire a wheel lor a pound
or I wo of honey, ai'd it will pay ; for the
Frenchman said it's a sure way to winter
bees."

After the Rambler's amusement subsided,
a sober sicond thoufdht led us to believe
that the buy was only acting out the
modern bee-keeper's spirit. Louking over
the fie d we found nearly every prcmment
hee-man hanging on to his wagcm wheel.
Diiolittle's wheel is nature ; Heiidon's is
pollen ; W. F. Clarke, hibei nation ; A. 1.
Knot, anti-patents ; Miller's X supers, etc.

Our dreams that night as we rested under
the roof <f a cousin's residi nee, were filled
with Hoatina visions of wheels, potato-sacks,
balloons, et<'. Here is a mental photogrnph
ot the sublime scene. The Rambler.

As the description by Brother Root is
richer than the cartoon itself, we copy the
following from it :

Now, friend R., that is really too had. I
■was piepartd to accept the tact that the rest
of you have liad at oitfeient limes various
wheel hoi'bies ; but to put A. I. Knot
among the crowd tmiclies a tender spot.
Nevermind; I believe 1 would rather be
pictured bonncini! patents (that is, the " in-
dividual-right " department) ti.an auy where
else.

J. H. and W. Z. H. seem to be pretty
near the top of the heap, with the pollen
theory and "new revoluiion " lieehives.

The editor of the American Bee .Iour-
NAL is represented iiext as very industri-
ously fighting the " Wiley lie," and we are
glad he leas finally got it under foot.

C. C. Miller is still enthnsini-tic on X-
supers, even if there is not any honey to fill
supers of any kiml, during tliis p'lor season.

Doolittle is taking things very philosophi-
cally under the shade of a tree. Even if
th^re is a swarm hanging on the limb over-
hend, he does not propose to disturb himself
until he gets ready.

Just beneath friend Doolittle we see a
colony fixed for hibernal ion. 1 guess it
must be under a strawstack. Our good
friend W. F. Clarke, however, does tiot
seem quite satisfii d to " let 'em hibernate "
alter nature's fasliiim, for he has removed
his plug hat. ami our artist has taken him
in tlie act ot poking liis head iirto the straw-
stack, to see now tilings are going. Very
likely it is all tranquil. The KamUier, tired
out by the a<lverilur-. s of the dny, is sleep-
iirg tne sleep ot tlie just. We ki.ow it is
the liamliler Irim-elf, for he has put his hat

'I'lie Weallier and Crops.— Old
earth seems to be crazy. While we in
America and those in Central and Southern
Europe have been experiencing such cold
and wet weather, in Norway the heat has
been very uncomfortable. At Nyborg it
has been as high as 95°, Fahr., and at
Chri stiana it has repeatedly been from 86°
to 89= in the shade.

In Great Britain this month has been
characterized liy cold rains, which have not
done so much damage as might naturally
have been expected. Everything turns
upon the continuance of the good weather
to the close of the month.

In France July has proved an exceedingly
unfortunate month. Rain and cold, with
very little sun, have damaged the crop
prospects in every direction. The criiiial
periods ot the blooming and earing were
passed under the most favorable conditions;
and the complaints, which are increasing
on all sides, make a late and deficient har-
vest certain.

In Germany the weather has been gen-
erally cold and rainy, with an occasional
day or two or warmth.

The month has not particularly advanced
the prospect ot the Austro-llungariancrops.
Up to the 10th of the month the general
Russian prospects have seldom if ever been
so brilliant. Later in the mgnth danger-
ously persistent rains, accompanied by hail,
were common in Southern Russia.

The wheat crop in Sicily has proved very
deficient, but an average was obtained in
Apulia, and the Neapolitan di-tricts. Sar-
dinia has almost lost her entire crop. In
upper Italy the harvest is expected to prove
fairly good in quality, but will not reach
an average in quantity.

For thirty years the rainfall in Spain has
not been so great, or the mean temperature
so low all over the kingdom as in June
and July of this year. There was snow at
Valladolid on the 16lh, and from every
direction came news of damage to crops
from the unseasonable temperature and the
raging gales.

Telegrams from Greece about the middle
of the month report that the current crop
was in imminent danger of beirig lost ; the
vines being dried up with the scoiching
wind.

The harvest anticipations in Prussia are
quite discouraging. The rye-fields, from
which the great masses of Gerininy derive
their chief bread supply, have suffered to a
great extent, and the continued inclemency
of the weather has likewise done severe
damage to the fields.

up from the old root and make rapid grov
it line i-> cut off close to the ground oni

(■rowing llie Ijinden.— There has
been some inquiries about sowing basswood
seed, and for general information we copy
the following from the Western Tree Plarv-
ter for this month :

Heretofore it has been nearly impossible
to obtain basswood seedlirrgs, and even
now the supply is very limited. Wherever
we have run across any one in the West
who was growing them, we have found that
they w»-re highly pleased with their rapid
growth and extreme hardiness.

When the roots once become established
it will be found to be next to impossible to
kill the tree ^o that it will not at least start

wth.
ground one or
more shoots will immediately start up and
make a rapid giowtli. We have seen logs
cut and piled ui) in a mill yard out of which
J oung trees liad started and made a growth
of 3 feet in a season, their entire sustenance
having been drawn from the wet log. 'I'he
basswood is certainly a hard tree to kill,
anil we hope it will be universally tried and
tested the coming season.

We have, during the past two years, been
experimenting on basswood setds, but were
obliged to work entirely in the dark, as
from no one could we learn what was nec-
essary to makf the seed start. We now
have a barrel of seed mixed with damp saw-
dust, which has been kept moist, tor over 15
months, has frozen anil thawed, hut not
sprouted when we last examined it. The
seed, even after this long time, i> in perfect
condition. We are now tryii g the scalding
process, which is always" u-ed on locust
seeds, and hope that by this method to at-
tain our oliject. Mr. McKinstry, of Cha-
pe He, D.rk , says that he bus tried to grow
nasswood seeils, but never succeeded; but
that the foHowiig year or two, he had
found on the ground sowed to basswood
.seeds, a few seedlings. This would go to
show that the seeds required at hast two
seKSons to cause germinaiion. If arry one
else has made any experiments, let us hear
the result so that all our readers may be
benefited.

Hostage on »$eeds, etc— The new

law making the rate of postage for seeds,
etc., one cent for each 2 ounces, took effect
on July 24, 1888. The new section reads
thus :

That hereafter the pnsfage on seeds, cut-
tings, bnllis, mots, cions and plants shall
^bechaiged attherateol one c. ntforeach
on the foot of the bed, and deposited his i 2 ounces or fraciion thereof, subject in all
documents inside of it. I respects to the existing laws.

Honey Season in Vermont.— A

correspondent writing from Brandon, Vt.,
says : The honey season in this section
seems to be a very poor one ; bees are doing
but little swarming and storing of honey.

G. S. Brown, of Salisbury, reports the loss
of 42 colonies by spring dwindling.

The folhiwing printed in a local paper
at Vergenues, gives the situation there :

The honey product will fall far below the
average this year, owii g to the cold and
wet Weather early in the season. A pros-
perous bee-man in this place considers the
falling off in the proiUict of his 200 colonies
will be two thirds. He should be able to
market six tons of honey, but will he satis-
fied, from ti e present outlook, with two
and one-halt tons.

About the Chapman honey-plant our cor-
respondent continues : "1 liave a small
patch of the Chapman honey-plant, and I
never noticed a plant which attracted the
bees so much as did this globe thistle, <lur-
ing the height of its flowering season. There
were two or three bees on every blossom
about all the time. In raising it 1 have met
with no difficulty from wititer killing or
worms. If it had any other value than for
honey, I should think bee-keepers would
want ten acres apiece of it, as was ex-
pre.ssed recently by one of your corres-
pondents."

Tmm MMERieS:P« IPEU JOIEJRKSIr.

565

Xliat Arkadelphia Kee-Siiit.—

In reference to the aguinent of Ju'lge
Williams before the Circuit Court, relalive
to the rights of beekeepers to pursue tlieir
usual vocation (tliat o£ honey production,
by Ijeeping bees), Mr. A. K. Nisbet, of
Dobyvilie, Ark., writes as follows :

I wish all the members of the National
BeeKeei)er3' Union, and in fact all ihe bee-
keepers of America, could have been with
us during the tinht at Arkadelphia on the
4th iiist. It would li»ve made then) all feel
good to have heard Judye S. W. Williams
read sectiim after section of law, in Mr.
Clark's I'avnr, shnwiiig that a man's riyht
t to liold property is paramount to all legisla-
tive powfr ; and any attempt to talce away
such riuht isuiiconstitutinnal. He certainly
uiadf an aide defense, proving to all pres-
ent that he was equal to the task before
him. The trial was well attended by citi-
zens of this county, a great many of whom
were in sympathy with Mr. Clark. After
the debate was over, the court adjn iriied
until Monday, Aua. 6, when Judg^Hearn,
who occupied the bench, declared tliat the
ordinance was uncoistitutional and void.
The ordinance forbade any person or per-
sons t'l keep, rear, or own hees ill the city
of Arkadelphia, alter thirty days from the
date of that ordinance. 1 understand that
the city has taken an appeal to the Supreme
Court.

We fully believe that bee-keepers have
constitutional rights which they should
defend— which they are in duty bound to
defend— and cannot be just to themselves
and their successors in the business if they
do nnt defend them ! For that reason a test
case was made in .\rkadelphia, and the
mi)st popular and influential lights in the
legal profession were engaged to defend the
case. These were Judge S. W. Williams,
andMaj. Witherspoon, assisted by attorneys
Murray and McMillan.

The case now goes to the Supreme Court
of the State, on an appeal made by the city
of Arkadelphia. The Supreme Court meets
in Little Kock next October, and it will
there be defended by Judge Williams.

Froiu Across the Border.— Our
Canadian friends often send us words of
congratulation, but none have been more
welcome than the following dated Aug. 10,
1888, from our friend Mr. S. T. Pettit, of
Belmont, Ont., the ex-President of the
Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association :

EdITOU op the AJtERICAN BeE JOUR-
NAL :— I cannot let another mad pass with-
out writing to say that your many tliousan(fe
of friends over here are very thanklul to
you for Ihe plucky manner in wliieh you so
effectually brought down Prof. Wiley from
his exalted position, in the top of that
official aiiple tree.

The missiles you so persistently hurled at
him were ugly, sharp and heavy ; but thev
had the desired etffct, and the Professor
had to come down, though he lingered long.

How any sane mind could charge the
America.v Bee Journal with taking
sides with adulietators is a puzzle— hut then
it often does turn out that those who work
the hardest for the general good, gft
blamed and falsely accused, even by those
whose good they seek; but we have faith
in fiod and thf future, that truth, righteous
truth, will come to the front, and that jus-
tice will be done. We must not forijet that
Oleanings also did valiantly for the truth.

Hon. Jonathan W. Cattell.

From the Iowa State Begister we copy
the following biography of this dis
tinguished ci tizen and life-long apiarist:

Jonathan Wright Cattell was born in
the county of Fayette, Pennsylvania.
June 25, IS20. He was consequently 67
years and 3 months old at the time of
his death. He remained in Fenn.iylva-
nia until he became of age, when he
moved to Columbiana Co., Ohio. Here,
in the year IS42, he was united in mar-
riage with Miss Deborah Edyson, who,
now, after 45 >ears of a very happy
wedded life, is left to grieve over his
departure. In 1816, he and Mrs. Cattell
removed to the then territory of Iowa,
settling in Springdale township, Cedar
county. Six years later the people
called upon him to take the clerkship
of the District Court, a position- he
occupied for four years. In this office
Mr. C. showed the mettle of which he
was made, by the manner in which he
protected the interests of the county.

Upon retiring from the clerk's office,
Mr. Cattell was elected to the State
Senate from the county of Cedar, just
then made a Senatorial district by it-
self. Almost from the Brst Mr. C. was
influential. Here, as everywhere, he
was a worker. Both in commiltee and
in the Senate, this trait was conspicu-
ous ; so that when he spoke, which was
not often, his associates listened, for
they soon found out that he had some-
thing to say worth listening to. Such
characteristics readily suggested him
as a proper person to place at the head
of the Department of Finance. Ac
cordingly he was elected Auditor of
the State in 1858. The same painstak-
ing tidelity to duty marked his dis-
tinguished career in this responsible
office. He introduced improvements
into the manner of conducting mone-
tary transactions of the State, as well
as in the system of book-keeping. So
well was this done that there has been
no substantial change in these particu-
lars since.

During Mr. Cattell's incumbency,
which covered nearly the entire period
of the war, when the expenditures were
very heavy, the work was greater than
it had ever been before ; and it was well
done, honestly, systematically, cau-
tiously done. He was three times
elected, as no one had been before him,
and was very strongly supported for a
fourth term. Now, after a lapse of
twenty years, no higher praise can be
bestowed on a public officer than to say
he does as well as did Auditor Cattell.

After his retirement from the audi-
torship, he remained a resident of Des
Moines. The following fall (1865), to
his great surprise, he was called from
his retirement by the Republicans of
Polk County, to go back to the Senate.
Again jn that body, he was a member
of almost the ablest Senate in the
State's history. In this body, and the
one which followed, which comprised
in its membership our present Gover-

nor and many other strong men, Mr.
Cattell was a leader, not because he
sought leadershii), but because it gravi-
tated to him. His long experience in
public affairs, the accuracy aiid full-
ness of his information, and his candor
and conscientiousness caused his judg-
ment on any question to be looked upon
with especial favor. While in the Sen-
ate, or shortly after, he became Presi-
dent of the Stale Insurance Company,
which position he retained for some
years, establishing firmly the company's
business, and its reputation for fair
dealing.

About five or six years ago, Mr.
Cattell removed to a farm he owned in
DeUware township, which has been his
home since.

■In ISSo. he was again placed in charge
of the office of Auditor of State. The
ability with which he conducted its
affairs under the very trying circum-
stances which surrounded his incum-
bency, his ready knowledge of the
duties of the position after an absence
of twenty years fiom public life, were
a surprise to those not intimate with
him. His rulings upon doubtful points
in law were never influenced by those
circumstances, or affected by any ex-
traneous consideration. This office he
left in January, 1886, since which time
he has lived qiiietly upon his farm.

Being childless, Mr. and Mrs. Cattell
adopted and reaied two children ; one,
Mr. Wm. H. II. Cunningham, now a
resident of the territory of New Mexico;
the other, Mrs. Edward Grimes, who,
with her husband and children, lived
with her adopted parents.

To the afflicted wife and children will
be given the heartfelt sympathy and
kindred grief of the entire State.

When he last visited Chicago, as his
custom was, he spent an hour at the
Bee Journal office, for he was an en-
thusiastic lover of bees and their man-
agement. We little thought then that
it would be our last meeting in this
life.

Mr. Cattell, by accident, fell from a
wagon on Sept. 23, 1887, and the hind
wheel ran over him, producing internal
injuries, which proved fatal on the
Sunday following at 7:30 a.m.

This was a serious accident, but no
one thought that it would prove a fatal
one until just before he died. Even the
words from his beside were of a cheer-
ing nature, for the hope was generally
entertained that he would survive and
live many years, for he had a strong
constitution.

In personal appearance, character
and disposition he much resembled the
late President Lincoln— plain, modest,
unassuming, but of sterling worth and
noble mind.

We M'ill Present a Pocket Dintionary

for two subsrribers vvith $2.00. It is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to dfcide
as to the spelling of words, and to determine
their meaning.

566

THB Mri^ERICSr* BEE? JOURPiaEr.

The Traveled Bumble.Bee.

A bumble-bee. belted with brown and gold,

On H purple clover sat :
His whiskers were shapcy. bis clothes were old.

And he wore a s.littl-ii»y hat :
But his song was luml. and his merry eye

Was full of laughter and fun,
As he watched the hoh-u-links flutter by,

And spread his wings in the bud.

A butterfly spangled with yellow and red.

Came flvinK alune that way ;
He had two little feathers on his bead.

And his toat wa^ (Quaker gray ;
He carried a parasol marie of blue,

And w(jre a purple vest ;
And seeing the bumble-bee, down he flew.

And lit on a daisy's crest.

Then from the grass by a mossy stone

A cricket and beetle came :
One with black garb, while the other shone

IJke an opal's changing flame ;
A swaying buttercup s gitUien bloom

Bent down with the beetle's weight.
And high on a timothy's rounded plume

The cricket chirruped elate.

The bumble-bee sang of distant lands

"Where tn-pical rivers flow ;
Of wide seas rolling up shinihg sands,

Anii mountains with crowns of snow;
Of creat bruad plains, wrih flower-gems bright.

Of forests, whtjse Iragrant glooms
Showed crumbling ruins, ghostly and white.

Old forgotten nations' tombs.

Then wisely the beetle winked his eye ;

The cricket grew staid and still.
The butterfly. "in his great surpriae,

■Went sailing ov^-r ihe hill ;
The beetle scrambled bet eath his stone.

The cricket, he gave a hop.
And there the bumble-bee sat alone

On the purple clover top.

—Dumb Animals.

Qmries f Ri

Rendering Bee§u'ax.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 570.— In rendering out the wax
from old brood-combs, dots It make the wax
darker it it is boiled In a casl-lron kettle, than
it would be it a tin or cupper kettle was used?
— Bee-Keeper.

Yes, a trifle.— Mrs. L. Harrison.

I do not know.— M. Mahin.

I do not know. — Eugene Secor.

Yes, usually.— A. E. Mason.

I. do not know.— J. M. Hambaugh.

Yes.— R. L. Taylor.

Yes, sir, much darker. Iron should
never come in contact with hot wax.—
James Heddon.

I think not, if the kettle is clean.—
C. C. Miller.

I think not. A sun wax-extractor is
the proper thing for a bee-keeper to

use.— G. M. DOOLITTLE.

Iron kettles will always turn the wax
dark.— P. L. Viallon.

If the iron kettle is clean and bright,
it will make no difference ; but we pre-
fer copper or tin.— Dadant & Son.

I tried this once and nearly ruined
the wax. Tin, cojiper or galvanized
iron is the proper material, and much
lighter to handle.— r. 11. Dibuern.

I do not think that it does, if care is
taken in the boiling, and after strain-
ing. Some of the wax-extractors, how-
ever, are preferable.— .J. E. Pond.

I do not see why it should. But I
should not wish to boil the wax much
in any kettle.— A. J. CIook.

I prefer a cast-ron wash pot that has
been long used, rather than tin ; for as
soon as the sheet-iron loses its flimsy
tin covering, it discolors the wax badly.
Copper or brass will do very well if the
wax is not allowed to stand too long in
such a vessel.— J. P. H. Brown.

The IceUle does not color the wax.
Excessive heating colors it. and worse
that that, ruins it. Ileat it just enough
to get the wax out, and no more ; boiling
does no good.— J. M. Shuck.

Some grades and mixtures of cast-
iron will darken wax every time, while
other grades will have no effect on it.
You will notice that some iron kettles
will always rust after use, and put
away for a few days, while others never
rust. Copper is best, as you are sure
of the results.— II. D. Cutting.

I have tried both when I used to
have no better way to render wax, and
there is no difference if the cast-ron
vessel is smooth and clean. If there
is red rust adhering to the inside of the
kettle, it is sure to color the wax. But
since the improved solar wax-extractor
has been described and given to the
public by the " undersigned," there is
no further need of mussing with kettles
of any kind.— G. W. Demaree.

Yes. Take the tin or copper kettle
every time. If the iron kettle is old.
well-used and perfectly clean, it might
be used, but the ordinary run of iron
kettles will color the wax.— The Edi-
tor.

The Sex of Bee.Eggs and How
Produced.

Written for Die American Bee Journal

Query 571.— 1. What is the sex of an egg

betore the queen has become pregnant? '.i.
When the queen mates with the drone, does it
change the sex of the egg ? 3. How is the sex
produced ?— E.

All the unimpregnated eggs produce
drones, or males.— G. M. Doolittle.

1, Male. 2. Yes, to a great extent.
3. I do not know.— C. H. Dibbern.

1. Male. 2. No. 3. Refer to someof
our bee-books.— P. L. Viallon.

I.Male. 2. Xo. 3. By fertilization
when the egg passes by the sperma-
theca.— Dadant & Son.

1. Male. 2. No. 3. The egg in pass-
ing down the oviduct, is impregnated
in passing the mouth of the sperma-
theca.— Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. Male. But " pregnant " is not the
proper word. 2. No. 3. Eggs become
female by receiving the male germ in
the act of being laid.— M. Mahin.

Please read the books ; get Cook's
"Manual," or Cheshire's "Bee-Keep-
ing." They are up to the times on this
subject eggs-actly.— J. M. Shuck.

1. Male. 2. No. 3. At the will of
the queen. She has the control, and
can fertilize the egg or not, as she may
desire.— H. 1). Cutting.

1. Male. 2. It makes it possible for
the queen to lay male or female eggs at

pleasure. 3. See scientiflc works on
bees.— Eugene Secor.

1. Male. 2. No, not until the egg is
brought into contact with the male
sperm. 3. There is a difference of
opinion. Kot by difference in the size
of the cell; most likely by the volition
of the queen.— J. P. H. Brown.

1. I hardly think there is any egg
before the queen is pregnant. 2 and 3.
You had better send 15 cents to Mr.
Newman for the "Dzierzon Theory,"
and get a full answer to this and many
other questions. — C. C. Miller.

1. The egg of an unfertilized queen- •
bee produces a bee of the male sex. 2.
The mating of the queen does not of
itself change the sex of the bee. 3.
The sex of a bee seems to depend upon
whether or not the egg from which it
was produced was impregnated by the
seminal fluid deposited by the drone. —
R. L. Taylor.

1. Always masculine. 2. It changes
the sex of every egg which comes in
contact with the drone sperm. 3. I be-
lieve that the sex is controlled by voli-
tion on the part of the queen.— James
Heddon.

]. It has no sex. 2. No. 3. If the
egg, as it passes by the spermatheca, is
impregnated— that is, if it receives
sperm cells— the result will be queen or
worker, otherwise drone. See some
good book on bees.— A. J. Cook.

1. Male. 2. No. 3. Dzierzon says
that the egg is " fertilized by one of
the spermatozoa from the seminal re-
ceptacle of a fertile queen entering it
as the egg passes down the oviduct;"
it becomes transformed into the germ
of a worker bee or queen.— J. M. Ham-
baugh.

1. Male, in all cases whether preg-
nant or not. 2. It does not. 3. By
being saturated with the contents of
the spermatheca when deposited in the
cell. The question is too big for this
department. Read " Dzierzon"s The-
ory," or some text book on bees.— J. E.
Pond.

1. Y''our query is misleading, because
it infers that the queen inaij lay eggs
before she is impregnated, which is not
true if the queen is impregnated at all.
All my experiments in this direction,
and they have been many and carefully
made, tend to show that the virgin
queen lays eggs until her amatorial
period has passed. If she passes this
period without meeting the male, she
is likely to lay male eggs only. 2. No ;
but many of us believe that her " mat-
ing " gives potency to her male issue,
which is lacking in drones from un-
mated queens. 3. Nature has provided
the how.— G. W. Demaree.

1. The question is not properly
stated. It cannot be said that the
eggs of a virgiu queen have any sex,
but they invariably produce drones. 2.
No ; but she is then enabled to produce
male and female progeny at her pleas-
ure. 3. The egg is iuipregnated in the
act of being laid, when it receives the
male germ in passing the spermatheca.
The pamphlet called "• Dzierzon's The-
ory," would be very interesting to you.
—The Editor.

THE) 3SMERICSN BE® J©^RI<ai<.

567

SHIPPING HONEY.

Time or Capping Brood — Do
Bees HearJ

Wrltteji for the American Bcc Journal
BY G. M. DOOLITTLB.

Some seem to think that it is better,
in putting up honey for shipment, to
pack it in the case with ttie top-b<ar of
the section downward, or in a reverse
position from what it was in building,
claiming that it will stand more rough
treatment without breaking down if
put up in that way, than it would if
shipped with the same side up as it
was on the liive. This I think is a mis-
take, and a neighbor of mine says " he
knows it to be so." after having packed
some that way, which was badly
broken, and having none broken when
packing it right side up, as he always
did till he tried this way. To prove his
position, he says :

Take a section and fill it with comb
foundation, attaching if only at the
top, allowing the room at the sides and
bottom, which is necessary to prevent
it from being bulged in drawing out ;
and after the foundation is thoroughly
secure, stand the section in the position
which it is to occupy on the hive, then
suddenly sway it from side to side. In
doing this you will see that the founda-
tion will stand any amount of sudden
jarring, and not break from the box ;
but turn the section over and the foun-
dation will hardly support its own
weight, let alone any jarring or rough
treatment, without falling over Hnd
off, especially if the weather is a little
cool."

Formerly I used to pack my honey
with the top-bar of the section down,
as I was so instructed in my hrst ship-
ment ; but of late years I pack it the
same way that it was on the hive, and
after carefully going over the results of
the past. I Bnd that not nearly so much
has been broken since I adopted the
latter method of packing, as was
formerly. Of course it may have been
handled more carefully of late by the
railroad companies, but I think not.
In any event, this is a matter worth
careful consideration, and I bring it
before the notice of our apiarists at this
time, so that it may be in season for
immediate action, for it will soon be
time to send our honey to market, if we
have any to send.

At Wliat Age Is Brood Capped ?

Picking up a paper not long since, I
ran across an item setting forth the
merits of the "bees-by-the-pound
method." In it the partv tells how
they (the bees) were put in a hive on
such a date, and ten days later they
had enough brood capped over " to fill
one whole frame." As the writer of
the article uses the Langstroth frame,
it is supposable that this was the frame
meant, and if so. it would give about
7,000 as the number of cells of brood
capped over.

There is a mistake here somewhere,
or else I have been at fault all of my
bee-keeping life, in my reckoning of
the length of time that must elapse be-
tween the time the egg is laid by the
queen, and the time the brood is cap-
ped over. Quinby stated in his '' Mys-
teries of Bee- Keeping Explained," that
the bee remained in the egg form three
days, and in the larva form six days,
covering a period of nine days from
the laying of the egg by the queen to
the time the larva was sealed over, this
being accelerated a little by very warm
weather, and retarded to some little
extent by cool weather.

In all ray observations along this
line, I have found Quinby to be so
nearly correct that I have taken him as
authority on these points ; therefore
there must be a mistake somewhere, or
else the queen in the case given above
must have laid 7,000 eggs on the first
day of her introduction with the bees
to that hive. This is not at all prob-
able, even if it were possible for a
queen to reach that number of eggs in
a single day ; for no queen comes up to
her maximum speed of egg laying the
first day or first week after being
placed in new quarters.

Some claim that the larva may be
sealed over in five or six days from the
time the egg is laid, but I cannot help
thinking that such claims are made by
those who have not thoroughly looked
into this matter.

In many of the manipulations of the
hive, a correct knowledge of this mat-
ter of brood-rearing is of much impor-
tance, and none ought to be satisfied
with their '-bee-education" till they
have conducted experiments along
these lines, so as to know for them-
selves.

Have Bees the Sense orHearln:;'!

Many seem to think that bees have
the sense of hearing, but so far all of
my experiments go to prove to .the con-
trary. One says that he has known
bees to run out of the hive to the
queen when she had been removed with
the surplus arrangement, or show their
desire to get to her when she was on
the frame he held in his hand, attribut-
ing such action of the bees to their
hearing the queen call to them ; but
with me I see nothing in it but that the
bees knew where the queen was by her
scent.

One time, in hiving a swarm, the
bees balled their queen, and in order to
make a cage for her protection as I
wished, she was hung in the shade on
a limb of a tree not far off. Upon re-
turning, after making the cage, I found
that many of the bees had left the hive
and clustered about the queen.

At that time I received the impres-
sion that the bees might have some
sense of hearing, in order to get to
their queen so quicky, but this thougiit
was dispelled a little later in the season
when, upon hiving two swarms to-
gether, I caged one of the queens for a
little while, till I could dispose of her.

After disposing of her, I hung the
empty cage in the shop several feet
from the door, leaving the door open.
After a little, the bees going with the
double swarm became dissatisfied with

the other queen, and balled her, when
the usual excitement began which al-
ways exists in such cases. In a little
while after, I went into the shop, when,
to my surprise, I found a part of these
bees on the cage that their queen had
been in, thus showing that there was
no hearing about the former proceed-
ings of the others,
iiorodino, N. Y.

SWARMING.

Bees do Select a Location before
Swarming.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY S. J. YOUNGMAN.

My experience of the last week will,
I think, bear me out in saying that one
oE the mysteries of bees is solved, and
the question, " Do bees find a location
before swarming V" may most emphati-
cally be answered in the aflirmative. I
will relate what came under my ob-
servation on Aug. 13 and 14, 1888 :

My brother, and three other men,
were at work about 100 rods west of my
apiary in the edge of a forest at about
10 o'clock, a.m. They discovered bees
in the top of a large ash-tree. I was
called to see the bees, and to say what
the prospects of saving them would be.
The bees were about 50 feet from the
ground, and were working very briskly.
The sound of their humming could
plainly be heard from the ground, at
some distance from the tree. I pro-
claimed it a bee-tree, containing a large
swarm, as there seemed to be thou-
sands of bees at work. Arrangements
were made to cut the tree the next day
after dinner.

The men were at work near the tree,
splitting rails, and about 11 o'clock one
of the men observed a swarm of bees
coming from towards my house near
him. He instantly gave the alarm, and
all the men gathered in time to see the
bees fly to the ash-tree, and go into the
same hole that the bees were issuing
from the day before. I proceeded to
cut the tree, as arranged, and found
them to consist of a medium sized
swarm, with a young unmated queen,
and I succeeded in successfully trans-
ferring them to a Langstroth hive.

No honey was found in the tree, but
it showed unmistakable signs of hav-
ing been occupied by bees before, as
there were chunks of propolis and
fragonents of comb adhering to the sides
of the hollow.

The way I view this is, that when the
bees were first discovered on Aug. 13, a
very large force were cleaning out and
preparing the hollow for occupation
the next day ; and had the ixee been cut
on the morning of Aug. 14, no bees
would have been found ; but on that
day the bees occupied the tree in full
force.

I think that this is the strongest
evidence that bees do select a home in
advance of their swarming, and prefer
a tree that has been occupied by bees
before, or at least such a place is not
distasteful to them.

Cato, Mich.. Aug. in, 1888.

568

THE SMERICMK WmM JOWRPfMEr.

SULPHURIC ACID.

Its Use

in Cicrmany to Cure
Foul Brood.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY GERD WENDELKEN.

On page 345 Is an article written by
Wm. Klintvvorth, about bee keeping in
Germnny. and how foul brood was cured
there about 40 years ago. He mentions
my name as one of those who cured
the disease by tlie use of feeding sul-
phuric acid, but he does not tell how
and in what proportion it was ted. I
will therefore try to give briefly some
information about it.

When in (iermany, asMr. Klintworth
said, 40 years ago f cured foul brood
with sulphuric acid, to my full satis-
faction, and three other cases are
known to me that were cured in the
same way. Our fathers did not under-
stand the nature of foul brood, but
some understood how to cure the same.

Sulphuric acid has powerful destruc-
tive properties, aucl must alwa.vs be
handled with the gieatest caution. If
mixed with water, at the moment of
mixture great lieat is given out, and
therefore the dilution should be per-
formed by very gradually adding the
acid to the water. The dilution should
not be kept in tin vessels, but in glass
bottles.

When fed with honey or syrup to
foul-broodv bees, it will kill the foul
brood germs ; but it has to be diluted
to such an extent so as not to kill the
bees and brood— 1-700 or 1-SOO pari
will do.

For an experiment in the spring of
1887, I fed sulphuric acid to my bees in
the following way : 1 diluted one
ounce of acid in one quart of water ;
then mixed this with svrup, and fed it
to one colony, beginniiag with small,
weak doses, and increasing by degrees
until the bees refused to take it. Every
night from March ]•■") to April 20 I fed
J^ a pint of syrup with 2J^ tea-spoonfuls
of diluted acid. I found that this was
not injurious to the health of the
queen, bees or brood. At the end of
that time I fed the rest of the medi-
cated syrup to 10 or 12 other colonies.
I have been told that the acid would
kill bees and brnod, but it does not,
and cannot be doue, because the bees
do not take it when too strong.

If foul brood should ever get into my
bee-yard, I would not be much alarmed.
I would simply feed the bees regularly
every night as described until rfvell ;
and I would expect them to be all right
in about two weeks. I know that what
has been done can be done again.

It is best not to feed .such a quantity
with the acid mixed, as to be stored for
winter use. There is no sure way to
cure the disease without feeding the
remedy to tiie bees, but it is a great
mistake to feed or treat only such colo-
Dies as have alreaily dead or diseased
brood. Every colony must be fed and
disinfected, because some seemingly
healthy colonies may have the germs
of foul brood in great numbers in the
hives; old bees have them in their
stomachs, and therefore they must be

fed. The young larvae must be fed in
the cells, which can be best done and
prepared by the nurse- bees.

Some prominent bee-keepers have
recommended spraying the larvie with
the remedy, but the nurse-bees know
better how to prepare the doses, and
how much to feed the larvre.

Some have also recommended burn-
ing the diseased colonies, but this is
another mistake, I think. It does no
good, for soon after some other colonies
will be diseased, because the germs had
been there before.

Marietta, O., Aug. 20, 1888.

PLEASANTRIES.

Review of llie " Seientific Pleas-
aulricis " — Experiments.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY G. W, DEMAEEE.

A great many bee-keepers believe
that Prof. Wiley is a sinner above
other scientists in the perpetration of
" scientitic pleasuntries,'' and doubtless
some of the most credulous believe that
the Professor laid "awake o' nights "
in his scientitic musings and search-
iugs after the most effective "pleas-
antry " to hurl at bee-culture with
deadly eflect. No greater mistake than
this could be made. Scientists do not
do things in that way. No scientist ex-
pects anybody to credit his "pleas
antries." In fact, the scientist of the
evolution school is Mver certain of ani/-
thiuy under the sun, nor above the sub.

Of course the frail, waxen fabric
which we call honey-comb, with its
dividing walls too trail to bear the
touch of the most skilled Unger of a
life-trained artist, or any machinery
known to the arts in realms sublunary,
has not been wrought by machinery as
yet, but when "Evolution" has had
time to sweep the circle with his magic
wand, it will be said, "Let there be
machinery wrought honey-comb," and
the thing will be "done." This is all
the scientist knows about it, and he is
not certain of that. It is to be hoped
that the brethren will let up on Prof.
Wiley for a spell, and turn their atten-
tion to some other scientitic pleasan-
tries. Our bee-literature is chock-full
of them.

Honey as " Digested Nectar."

I have read, and it comes from high
authority, that " honey is digested nec-
tar." This is a " scientific pleasantry."
stupendous in its magnitude and bear-
ings, and yet we have heard no objec-
tions to it. It is by no means impossi-
ble for a pound weight of bees of the
proper age to handle 1.5 pounds of crude
nectar in eight hours. 1 think I have
seen it done when the black locust was
at its best, and the weather was ex-
actly right. In this case a pound
weight of live bees would have to
furnish by ordinary secretion, gastric
juice in suflicieut quantity to digest 15
pounds of crude nectar in eight hours.
No uncrazed thinker on the earth pos-
sessing brains enough to frame a
thought, could believe such an impos-

sibility. Notwithstanding, this "scien-
tific pleasantry" has been handed
around to the injury of the reputation
of honey as a delicious food tor man-
kind.

Not long since a pedagogue scientist
in a lecture delivered in our town, re-
ferred to this matter, and asserted that
honey was a '■ disgusting digested stuff
disgorged from the stomachs of the
bee," and therefore unfit for food for
mankind. If it was true that honey is
■• digested nectar," that fact would
take all the romance out of the word
" honey," heretofore the synonym of
all swt-etness, and leave the article
itself truly disgusting. But nothing
never was further from the truth.
Pure honey is nectar of flowers gath-
ered by bees and reduced to proper
consistency by the internal heat of the
bee-hive. Thafs the whole of it.

Holding tlie Breatli to Prevent Stings.

Some scientist has got off a "pleas-
antry " to the effect that a bee cannot
sting a person " while he holds his
breath." In fact one would take this
for a " practical joke," to provoke a
laugh at the expense of the "dupes"
who would be credulous enough to try
the experiment. A little practical
g )od-sense ought to teach anybody
better sense than these scientists seem
to possess 1 have felt the sting of a
bee through a thick buckskin glove.

Well, the other day I tried the ex-
periment to answer in a practical way,
the query, " Can a bee sting a man
while he holds his breath V" You see I
am so indifEerent about a bee-sling that
any practical joker would fail when
practicing on me. I selected a cross
hybrid colony, and without the use of
smoke, I turned up the quilt and rap-
ped on the top-bars of the frames ; this
brought the little "war-dogs" brist-
ling as they came. I held my breath
firmly and passed my left hand with a
rather quick motion just above the
top-bars of the frames, and received a
red hot thrust in the end of my middle
finger, which drew blood in sight. I
raised no question. No " umpire " was
needed ; the thing was well and fairly
done.

Most people would have been fully
satisfied with the experiment, but I did
not care a great deal for one sting, and
was willing to risk another. So I re-
peated the motion, with the right hand
this time, and in a twinkle I was philo-
sophically looking at a bee twirling
round and round in its economical way
of parting with as small a portion of
its " inward parts " as possible when
leaving its sting deeply set into the
flesh of my third finger. That was the
"best two out of three;" quoth 1,
" what fools these mortals be !"

I wish I had the time at my com-
mand to pursue this subject further.
It is a wonderful subject. " SiJieutidc
pleasantries" are to be found in every
department of our bee-literature, from
the " business end of the bee " to the
mighty claims of the " patent bee gum
man." IJut I cannot spare the lime
now. In fact I am really low down as
pertains to the future propects of bee-
culture in Kentucky. The surplus
honey crop has been a failure, or nearly

THE ItMERICKK BE© JQXJRmRl^.

569

so, for the past three years, owing to
the deca'le of drouth years which has
nearly destroyed tlie white clover.
Jlope revived, however, in May and
June, as the young white clover looked
very One at that time, but the great
lieated spell of the past three weeks,
without rainfall, has killed the young
clover to an alarming extent. It is not
so hot now, but the rain tarries, and
Lope is deferred.
Christiansburg, Ky.

AUTUMN BLOOM.

Ooldcn-rod and A§ter Honey,
Fall ^lanagemcnt, etc.

Written for the New England Homestead
BY SAMUEL CUSHMAN.

Most colonies in our apiary are so
contracted that there is little room for
honey in the brood-combs, and it will
not be extracted, but as soon as the
boxes (or sections) are removed, a sutH-
cient amount of sealed stores will be
given from other hives. One colony in
the home apiary has been employed for
a month in storing syrup in empty
brood -combs, which, as soon as they are
filled and sealed, are removed and re-
placed by empty combs. These are to
be carried to an out apiary, where we
make short stops and cannot feed in
the usual way. We also use tliem late,
if needed, after it is too cold to feed
syrup.

To secure a large crop of fall honey,
Italian bees or the yellow races are the
most suitable, as they work later in the
season, and with more energy than
black bees. To rouse them from the
winter quiet — a state they are then ap-
proaching—part or all of the brood-
combs are removed, and sheets of foun-
dation put in their places. The desire
for a winter's supply of honey, and the
work on the foundation stimulates the
bees' energies to the utmost, and as
fast as the combs are drawn out and
filled, they may be extracted and re-
turned and again extracted as often as
filled. By removing the honey often,
the bees are kept at work as long as the
flow continues. In this way 100 pounds
per colony have been obtained where
but a few hives are kept. As this
draws on the vitality of a colony, and
calls forth energy that would have
been available in the spring, it may be
wise to strengthen such colonies before
wintering, unlfss they have an abund-
ance of young bees.

In this location, this honey, as a rule,
is not obtained except in brood-combs,
and as it is excellent for winter stores,
is allowed to remain. My Cook apiary
is where there is much runout land
grown up to weeds and brush. Here
golden-rod and asters are very plenty.
Being on a hill where it is rather bleak,
a board fence was built on all sides ;
with this protection they venture out
many times, when if the hives were ex-
posed to the strong wind they would
remain inside. It is also high and dry,
and frosts hold off until late. Here
bees have never failed to get enough
late honey for winter stores.

At the beginning of the flow last fall,
the colonies were almost without stores
but very populous. All brood-combs
not containing brood were removed,
leaving from four to six combs two
thirds full of brood, nearly all of which
was capped. Ttje vacant space in the
brood chambers was tilled with dum-
mies and surplus sections containing
drawn out combs placed above, the
hive covered with chatf cushions, and
the entrance made rather small. After
a hard frost I examined them and
found that nearly all had from 12 to 20
pounds of honey in sections, two-thirds
of which were nicely sealed, the re-
mainder uncapped, and but partly
tilled. The brood-combs were solid
with honey, with the exception of a
space for hees to cluster in the center
combs. The honey from golden-rod
coming first, most of it was stored be-
low in the room inade by the fast
liatching brood. The flow from asters
came after, and as the space below was
mostly tilled, much was stored above.

The honey in some sections nearest
to the center of the cluster was two-
thirds golden-rod with aster honey
ahovit the edges, and was thick, well
tilled and finished ; that further away
was clear aster honey, nicely finished,
and very clear and handsome; that
furthest from tho cluster was poorly
filled, unsealed and thin. The wax
cappings at this time are quite yellow
from the pollen in the wax. Had I
given less room in the brood-nest, and
frequent attention. I should have se-
cured less honey below and more above,
but the colonies would have needed
more stores for winter.

This result shows that the obstacles
in the way of producing this honey in
the comb may be overcome. It also
shows what is possible in a better sea-
son, or in a still better locality. Al-
though less in amount will be taken in
boxes than in the extracted form, it
will be worth more money.

If but one or two brood-frames of
foundation are allowed below, and a
few sections of drawn out comb above,
and as fast as finished are removed and
replaced by others, a large number
may be secured. There is little danger
of the queen laying in sections at this
season. The proper amount of space
below and above to get the best work
and all the pollen below instead of
above in boxes, will be learned by ex-
perience. At this season drawn-out
combs should always be used instead of
foundation in the sections.

A late-reared queen will have con-
siderable brood late in tlje season, at a
time when there is usually little or
none. This is a great help to force the
houey above, and if the bees of another
colony are united to these, success will
depend only upon the weather and the
secretion of nectar. When the summer
flow has yielded no surplus, I believe
it will pay to secure this late crop in
comb, even if all colonies have to be
given sugar stores for winter. The
latter should be stored and sealed in
warm weather, and be ready to give
when the other is removed. Instead of
following this plan extensively, it may
be best, in vour locality, to try it the
first season "with but 1 or 2 colonies.

Pawtucket, R. I.

CANADA.

Report of the Brant Bee-Keep-
ers' Axsociation.

Written for iheAmtrican Bee Journal
BY E. F. HOLTERMANN.

The Brant Bee Keepers' Association
held their quarterly meeting at the
Court House in Branttord, Out , com-
meuciug at 2 p.m., on Aug. 11, ISSH In
the absence of the President and Vice-
President, Mr. T. Birkett, of Branttord,
was elected to occupy the chair.

Reports of tile Season of 1888.

The season's reports were then given
as follows :

C. McNally, of Simcoe, said that
fruit-bloom had yielded faiily well.
They had but little clover, owing to
last year's drouth. Linden yielded but
little. They have a great deal of buck-
wheat about them, and he expected
quite a number of pounds of surplus
from that source. It was yielding well
at present, one colony having filled,
without capping. an 8-f i ame Langstroth
super in IJ^ days. He had nearly
doubled his olonies.

J. R Howell reported up to the close
of the linden about the same as had
Mr. McNally; but he secured some
linden honey. The Chapman honey-
plant came into blossom, and the bees
worked very well on it; from the colony
that appeared to have the most honey
from it he extracted, and had a sample
of the honey present, which was first-
class. His increase was 50 per cent.
The Secretary reported that he had
secured about 5 pounds per colony up
to linden bloom, and had now from
thistle, clover and linden, an average
yield of about 20 pounds per colony, or
1,000 pounds ; and he expected enough
for winter. His increase was 10 per
cent., and besides. he had formed nuclei
and reared about 70 queens.

T. Birkett reported that his bees had
done but little until within the last
three weeks. He had secured from
about 67 colonies, spring count, about
1,000 pounds of honey, besides comb
honey, and plenty to winter them on.
His increase was about 30 per cent.
He had allowed several swarms to go
together, and these were the colonies
which gave him the increase.

C. McAllister said that he had put 20
colonies into winter quarters last win-
ter, some of them being light. They
had increased from 8 colonies. All but
one colony wintered ; 4 more were lost
by spring dwindling, and the remainder
had done well lately, but not before.

Feeding Bees for AVlnter.

W. Phelps, of Mt. Pleasant, asked :
" Does it pay to feed for winter?" C.
McNally said " No ; I fed til colonies
$125 worth of sugar one fall. I feed
some every year. Bees should be fed
early."

The Secretary said that he did not
want to feed, and he keeps two full
combs for every hive, which, on an
average, will be enough for winter
stores, besides what is already in the
brood-chamber. He finds that bees

570

THE) MMERiear* BEE JO^KHMtr.

- ■•■ ■-■■>— > — » ^ ^ — - ■— ■- — . >.^^^^^.^^^^^^^

gain but little more than half in weight
compared with the heavy fed ones. lie
feeds rapidly, and if he must feed, he
would feed stisar syrup in preference
to honey. While he strongly con-
demned feeding at all, if bees had not
enough stores for winter, he fed sugar
syrup.

"Uo you use feeders?" was asked.
One bee-keeper fed by pouring the feed
in the back of the hive; others fed in
pans with floats of some kind.

It was then moved, and after discus-
sion, carried, that ttie North American
Bee Keepers' Society be invited to hold
their annual meeting in 1889. at Brant-
ford, Ont. ; promising the Society a free
hall to meet in, reduced hotel rates, and
that this association would make every
effort to make the meeting a pleasant
one.

Dlirereiice in Worker-Bees' Energy.

J. 11. Howell asked what could ac-
count for the difference in energy of
worker-bees. 0. McNally said that
bee-keepers were running too much to
color in bees. He found of his best
lool?ing bees the poorest workers. The
writer tliought there was a tendency in
this direction ; he did not mind a little
black blood in the bees, in tact he pre-
ferred it, but wanted only a very
little.

The Perforated Queen-Excluders.

A discussion took place upon the
necessity of perforated queen-excluders
in producing extracted honey. Messrs.
Dickie, Birkelt, Howell and Holter-
mann used them and liked them. Some
complained now and then that a queen

Eassed through. C. Culver, of Blooms-
urg, pointed out that it was impor-
tant to have a bee space on both sides
of the board.

The convention then adjourned to
meet in December.
Brantford, Ont.

'■^^■^■'■■^^^'■^A^^^Amtt^^^^mtimAM

FOUL BROOD.

Tlicoric§

of Hie First
Ilic DUcase.

Cause of

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY JAMES A. GREEN.

As to what may be the first cause of
foul brood 1 believe no theory has as yet
been advanced that will satisfactorily
cover all cases.

The tlieory of Cheshire, that it is
caused by bacilli, or minute vegetable
organisms, is the one generally held by
those who have studied the disease. If
we accept this, we must suppose that
all cases of foul brood are traceable to
infection from some first case or cases.
Bacilli can no more grow without seeds
than corn or wlieat. It seems some-
what dillieult to account for all cases
on this supposition, although if Che-
shire's theory be true, that the bacilli
or spores may be deposited by the bees
from infected hives on the blossoms
they visit, to cling to and be carried
away by other bees that visit the same
flowers, we can easily see that the dis-
ease might be quickly spread over wide

reaches of territory. The intervening
links might then be destroyed in some
way, leaving cases of foul brood appar-
ently many miles away from any source
of contagion. Even without this way
of spreading, the disease may be car-
ried far and fast by swarms escaping
to the woods, and by robbing.

The credence given to Cheshire's
conclusions is no doubt largely because
they are in accord with what is known
as the " germ theory " of disease. This
is very captivating, very plausil)le, and
a very convenient pair of shoulders on
whicti to lay the burden of most of the
disease that alHict the inhabitants of
this mundane sphere.

It is not my intention to attack this
theory. Apparently it rests on too
firm a foundation to be overthrown.
The whisper, though, is not unheard
in scientilic circles, that over zealous
investigators have sometimes mistaken
effect for cause, in concluding that be-
cause bacilli accompany a disease they
necessarily produce the disease.

There are objections to the bacillus
theory in the case of foul brood. One
is, that Cheshire declared himself un-
able to detect either bacilli or spores in
honey, and gave it as his opinion that
the disease was never, or at least but
very seldom, transmitted by means of
honey. So tar as I know, no micro-
scopist has had any better success in
detecting either bacilli or spores in
honey. Yet the almost uniform testi-
mony of all who have had practical
experience with it is, that it is through
the medium of the honey that it is
most frequently and surely transmit-
ted. The most practical atid success-
ful methods of cure are based on this
assumption, while those which ignore
it have in practice proven uncertain
and unreliable.

Starvatiou as a Foul Brood Cure.

Cheshire declares, furthermore, that
foul brood is not simply a disease of
the brood, but that bariUus alrii affects
the mature bees, both workers and
queen. If so, they are very easily dis-
posed of, for I have repeatedly cured
the worst cases of foul brood by simply
confining the bees without food for 48
hours, then putting them into a clean
hive, and still more simply by brushing
them from their infected combs into a
clean hive, where they were obliged to
build comb before brood could be
reared.

The plain inference is, that the con-
tagion, whatever its nature, is con-
tained in the honey, and that it is de-
stroyed when the honey is digested.
Possibly the digestion of the last parti-
cle of honey does away with the bacilli
so numerous in the vitals of bees and
queen ; but many will be inclined to
doubt.

All attempts to get rid of foul brood
without boiling, or equivalent treat-
ment for everything except the bees,
have proven tedious, uncertain and un-
safe. By "equivalent treatment," I
mean a thorough washing or admixture
with carbolic or salicylic acid. To
spray the outside of an infected comb
is useless. While it is possible that the
fumes of sulphur may be a sufficient
disinfectant— though I do not believe
it— the process must be more thorough

than that recommended on page 539.
To put infected hives and frames out
of doors in the summer— exposed to the
bees— as there recommended, and then
depend upon scraping and sulphuring,
is simply to invite destruction.

The correspondent on page 538, has
very evidently had little experience
with foul brood, or he would not ven-
ture so wild an opinion as, that it is
caused by the larva getting reversed in
the cell, and that the puncture in the
cap of the cell is made by its " sharp
end " in the effort to get out.

The fact is, that foul brood nearly
always attacks the larva before it is
old enough to be sealed up. Even
when it is attacked after it is sealed,
the cap is by no means invariably punc-
tured nor perceptibly sunken.

Ropyness tbe Test or Foul Brood.

The best test of foul brood is the
ropy, tenacious, sUyhtly elastic condi-
tion that the diseased larva assumes.
Do not expect, though, that it will
" snap back into the cell like a piece of
India rubber when you pull it out with
a stick," as some have said. I was not
in favor of this test once, simply be-
cause too much stress was laid on the
elasticity of the diseased matter. Re-
membering that its elasticity is but
slight, this feature becomes our best
criterion.

Dayton, Ills.

FINDING HONEY.

Uncle True's Experience in Get.
ting it Out of a Chimney.

Written for tlie Boston Traveller
BY H. P. BARNARD.

Uncle Joshua True and Solomon ]5as-
kins lived in a double house. It was
Sundav, while the Baskins and Trues
had gone to meeting, leaving Joshua at
home alone.

Suddenly, something like a small
black cloud came between him and the
sun ; Uncle True looked up and saw
that it was a swarm of bees hovering
directly over his bald pate, which he
covered with both hands and fled to
the house. Like a living ball they
hung suspended a moment, then swept
toward the house-top, alighting upon
an unused chimney. Uncle True ven-
tured out and eyed them wistfully.

" Why couldn't ye come a week
day'i"' he growled. "Then I could a
got Collins— he"s a great bee-man— and
we'd put ye into that empty hive. It's
a pity it's the Sabbath ; a clean ten dol-
lars lis good as throwed away."

But soon his face brightened. There
was the skylight, he could put the hive
out of that, perhaps they would take a
notion to it.

A moment later Uncle True was
putting up the attic stairs. The nerves
in his crown crawled, as he remem-
bered how it had seemed to attract the
insects ; still he ventured a leg out
ujion the long sloping roof, and gently
proffered a home to the rovers, mutter-
ing :

" There, ye can't do better'n that !"

'THIS MMi;RIC2£ri mMWi J@Ji^RURJL.

571

^ * ^ * .^ * ^

They rose in a body, and ■with them
Uncle True'a hope; only to fall again,
as they at their queen's behest went
down into the Baskins' chimney !

" Pesky things !" he ejaculated. As
the church-goers were returning he
withdrew the hive, closed the skylight
with a bang, and then appeared below
just as Aunt True bustled in.

■'Feel better, Joshua? Such a ser-
mon as we had— you don't know what
you missed."

"I'm alluz missing something!"
Uncle True answered, crosslv.

*• Why, what's the matter i"'

Then he told her how the bees had
come, and "every soul of 'em gone into
Baskin's west chimbly."

Aunt True sat right .down, bonnet in
hand, while f oshua enlarged upon the
subject. lie said he'd agiveu anything
if the bees had come to him ; he would
have planted buckwheat for them, and
in the fall smoked them out, and gath-
ered the honey.

Suddenly Aunt True spoke. '• I don't
care if them bees be in Baskin's chim-
bly ! You found them, and you've the
fust right ; besides it opens in our cellar,
and that gives us some title to them."

"That's so!" cried Uncle True. "Of
course tbey belong to me— no question
but the law'd decide that ! But Bas-
kin's might not think so !"

''I don't s'pose he'd divide," said
Aunt True, " them Baskins is bound to
get all there is, every time ! I shouldn't
mention the bees ; maybe they wouldn't
find it out all summer."

•'Fact is, it's alluz best to manage
folks quietly," chimed in Uncle True.

Little did either dream what a part
they would have to act ; or how often
be forced into untruths.

Never were there such active, hot-
tempered insects— the young Baskinses
were continually getting stung by what
they called hornets.

" It is a powerful year for 'em ; I've
got stung myself 'i"' said Uncle True.

"Must be there's a nest under the
eaves," she said, as she applied salera-
tus water.

And Uncle True pretended to hunt
for it. Then, when the garden blos-
somed to buckwheat alone, and Bas-
kins was amazed. Uncle True explain-
ing the unusual spectacle by saying he
" liked to see it blow 1"

Later in the summer Joshua could
not forbear an inspection of the chim-
ney, so he took cement with him that
he might be able to say to the Baskinses
that he was mending the chimbly I'

The buckwheat blossomed, and its
sweetness was culled by the busy in-
sects. " Reg'lar workers, they are,"
Uncle True often said, gleefully. "That
chimbly must be tilling up fast. Things
have gone along nicely. The Baskinses
don't mistrust; just as soon as they
start, we'll get the honey."

The buckwheat faded.

" When are the Baskinses going to
the beach ':"' each asked the other.

The summer went, but alas, the Bas-
kinses stayed; they "couldn't afford
the seashore" that year! It began to
look as if Uncle True would never get
a chance at the colony. Fortunately,
the fall was unusually long and warm,
and the bees kept on working clear up
to Thanksgiving. On the morning of

that day, Mr. Baskins started for his
native town with his family.

" Calc'late to make a long stop,
neighbor 'i"' Uncle True spoke care-
lessly as possible.

Mrs. Baskins said, "Pa wouldn't
hear to their coming home till the next
afternoon."

" They've gone at last— coast's clear!"

Even that fact did not open the way
for an immediate attack upon the bees.
The Trues wailed, fearing the B is-
kinses might return for some forgotten
article ; theii company came and stayed
all day. "They have spiled our best
chance !" Uncle True said dolefully.

"Never mind," said Aunt True,
" we'll get everything ready for an
early start to-morrow."

The Trues retired long before the
usual time, and slept too soundly— for
they did not hear the Baskinses return,
about midnight. As Mrs. Baskins said
" Pa's too full to accommodate us !"
which might have been taken literally
after " Pa's" hearty dinner, but what
she meant was the ancestral bed-rooms
were tilled with relatives from a dis-
tance. As th^se were from a cyclone
district, the young Baskinses heard a
tale of horror that sank deep into their
minds.

" No part of our country is safe these
days," said Baskins.

" Out our way we're prepared," said
the cyclone representative ; " We have
a cave in the cellar to run into; let the
house sail off then, we'resafe !"

" The wind's going to sweep us yet,"
said Baskins, rolling his big eyes pro-
phetically ; " what's to hinder 'f folks is
cutting off trees, and leveling the hills
as fast as they can. Some day they'll
wake up and tind themselves to the
mercy o' the elements.

Under the circumstances, it is not
surprising that the children and Mrs.
Baskins dreamed of cyclones.

The Trues began operations at day-
break. A smothered chip fire was
lighted in the opening of the chimney
to smother out the bees.

" I don't calc'late they're very far
down,'' said Uncle True ; " guess I can
reach them with a long-handled spoon."

Then he equipped himself in a hat
draped with musquito netting to his
waist, a long iron spoon and preserving
kettle, and started skyward. Mrs. True
took a favorable sight-seeing position
in thebackyard.

Uncle True peered cautiously into
the chimney.

"It's jam full 'o suthi'," he told
Aunt True ; "must be a powerful big
swarm."

" Sure, tbey are smoked out enough,
Joshuay "?"

" Oh. yes, they're quiet ; none o' them
aint going out or coming in. There's a
leetle buzzing, but that don't 'mount to
nothing— no more'n a hen's flutterin'
when her head's chopped off !"

While doing two things at once-
speculating how much sweetness such
a colony could procure, and thrusting
in the spoon— Uncle True's elbow
started a brick down the chimney. In
an instant that "powerful swarm"
darted up right into Uncle True's face,
as he peeped intently over. With a
howl of friglit. he dropped the kettle.

It rolled and bumped the length of the
roof, then bounded off, striking the
ground just where Aunt True stood a
moment before.

This woke the Baskinses like an elec-
tric shock. They sat up in bed bewil-
dered and frightened. Then, hearing
the clatter of Uncle True's boots down
the slope of the roof, Baskins said :

" It's probably a cyclone ; we haven't
had the equinoctial yet ! The only thing
that'll save us is to get out of the house
and away from the trees I''

As the Baskinses fled out of the back
door. Uncle True, wishing only to dis-
tance the bees, suddenly dropped
among them, in their back yard, and
rolled over groaning. Perhaps they
took him for some strange b3ing. tip-
ped off another planet by a freak of the
cyclone ; at any rate they did not recog-
nize him in his " bee-protector," for as
the figure Hopped its hands wildly sky-
ward, and gasped tor speech, Baskins-
shouted :

" Run, all on ye 'i" Make for the open
field !"

" Run " they did, fast and far,
screaming till the neighborhood was
aroused.

As the Baskinses crowded through,
the gate that opened into a large field,
the elder Baskms looked back to see
if the house had gone over. To his
surprise, it remained apparently firm,
not even the chimneys had started, ^e
noted also how still the trees were, and
what a perfect morning it was.

" Surely, this is no cyclone," he said,
and at once ordered a halt, while he
went back to reconnoitre. His atten-
tion was at once called to the groans of
Uncle True, who was being helped over
the fence by his wife. The former,,
seeing through his thick veil that it
was Mr. Baskins, called out :

"I've had a terrible fall, neighbor
Raskins ; I think I've broke my back.
I'll never fix a chimney again !" Witb
that he was ushered into the house, and
the door slammed behind him.

As Mr. Baskins gazed upon the roof
of the house, and saw many bees flying^
angrily around the chimney, the ab-
sence of several bricks, a long spoon
and iron kettle on the ground, a dilapi-
dated patch of buckwheat in his neigh-
bor's yard, the truth gradually dawned
upon him.

"Come back!" he shouted to his
family ; " it's no cyclone— only one of
old True's experiments."

As Joshua True sat bolstered up in
his armchair before the fire, it seemed
as if every one who passed the house
looked at the chimney and smiled.
Even the boys paused on their way to
school, explaining to some new-comer :
" O d True's home run down the roof."
Bert also, although innocent, was pun-
ished for the sins of his pareuts, for his
playmates called him " Honey."

This was more than Uncle True
could bear : he decided to move away,
and start anew amoue strangers. It
was some days before his wife could be
persuaded to go, but at last she said :

" We'll go. Joshuay. but," shaking
her long forefinger at him, which
meant she was in earnest, ''don't you
let me hear anything more about catch-
ing a swarm of bees."

572

Tmm jtMBRicMN mmm j&v^mnm^.

COIVVEXTIOX DIRECTORY.

1888 Time and Place of Meeting.

Sept. 6.— Beee and Poultry, at New Brunswick, Ind.
Ora K.nnwlton, Sec, New BruDswick, Ind.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montmae, Pa.

H. M. Seeiey, riec, Harford, Pa.

Oct. 3-5.— North Araeriran, at (Columbus. O.

W. Z. Hutchinson. Sec. Klint, Mich,

Dec. —.-Michigan Slate, at Ja'kson, Mich,

H. D. ('utting. Sec, Clinlun, Mich.

C^ In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetiDsrs.— Ed.

d'Ml-E TtEmBXi^

lAinit Coinnii^^sion Mcu. — B. H.

Standisli, Evansville, Wis., on Aug. 22,
1888, writes tlius :

I wisli to caution beginners and all others
who need it, to fix ihe priue at which honey
may be sold, when sendintf to coniinission
meii. If this price were fixed by supnly and
demand, it would now be quoted at 25 cents
instead of 16 cents pi-r pound. Who has
produced honey at a cost le<s than 25 cents
per pound this year ? i think no one, and
it onuht to be quoted at that, and will be if
producers liinii salesmen to that price. It
IS an Mijustice to every brother bee-keeper,
when one puts honey on the market which
may be sold at halt the cost of production.

Liargfe Honey-Floiv — Rure Ital-
ians.—R. II. Campbell, Madison, Ga., on

Aug. 18, 18S8, writes :

1 have in my apiary four or five different
kinds of hives, and among them 32 Heddon
hives. I like them, and I believe that more
extracted honey can be procured with them
than with any other. B^'sides, they are
light and nice to handle. We are having
the largest flow of honey for August that
1 have ever seen ; my hives are all loaded
<iown. The honey is of fine flavor, and per-
fectly white, being gathered from cotton
and field-peas. I have now 90 strong colo-
nies rea'ly for winter quarters. In this
locality and county, hybrid and black hees
have swarmed continually, while my Ital-
ians have swarmed but little, and had their
hives full of honey. The pure Italians are
the best bees of all. I have tried all known
races, and I now have the Italians, which I
Cud to be superior to any.

Bees Not tUttiy — Mr. D. J. Winney,

Schuylerville, N. T., on Aug. IG, 1888, writes:

I notice by reports from various parts of
the country, that in general bee-keeping
will not be profitable this year. This sec-
tion is no exception to that rule. I win-
tered, or began the past winter, with 19 col-
onies, 9 colonies in the cellar, and 10 in a
bee-house, with chaff cusliioiis on top of the
■bees. 1 lost 3 colonies, 2 in the cellar and 1
in the bee-house. The causes were diar-
rhea and starvation. Two cohmies were
robbed after I put them out, that left 14,
which 1 have built up to 2T, Imt thev are
lyina around Willi nothing to do. I do not
think tl at I will get over 100 pounds of
surplus honey, unless it is from buckwheat,
and of that 1 never have had much. Some
of my bees have taken honey out of the
sections that were not sealed, so I infer that
they baldly get enouah for present use,
which is rather discouraging.

Xlie Yield from Basstvood, etc.

— B. D Scott, Ovid Centre, N. Y., on Aug.

17, 1888, writes :

I commenced the season with 56 colonies,
incri-ased them to 90, and have taken 3,600
pounds of extracted, and 300 pounds of
comb honey in iiiie-pound sections. Bass-
wood yielded but little honey, but lasted
well. The first blossoms opened on June
27, and I found fresh ones July 29. I luve
one cohuiy on the scales, and the best day's
work on basswoo'l was Vl}^ pouu'ls ; on
July 29 it gained 13'| pounds on clover and
basswood mixed. But little honey is the
general complaint among bee-keepers.

How to Hold the Breath.— L. D.

Cheasbro, Conway, Iowa, on Aug. 15, 1888,
says:

I notice by the Bee Journal for to-day,
that J. H. Amos lias been trying the exjieri-
ment of holding his breath to prevent bees
from stinginii. He says that it will not pre-
vent it, but I believe it will, by half fil ing
the lungs, and then holding the breath. Tlie
first time 1 filled my lungs to the full
capacity, and could not help but let a very
little escape, and was stung. But after that
I never received a sting.

Bees Breeding' Heavily, etc. — S.

Shoup, Coloma, Mich., on Aug. 20, 1888,
writes :

The honey crop in this part of the State,
so far as I can learn, will be very light —
may average 10 pounds per colony. My
bees are breeding he-ivily now, and are
sUuing some Imney from buckwheat ; but
the Weather continues dry, and I fear it
will hurt young white clover for another
season. I think that bees are generally in
better eonditiiui for winter than last jear at
this time, and if we get rain to keep up fall
bloom, some may get a little surplus.

I\o Rain for Six ^¥eeks.— I. R.

Good, Nappanee, Ind., ou Aug. 20, 1888,
says :

This has been the poorest season for
honey and for queen-rearing that we have
had since I have kept bees. There will be
no surplus secured in this section. Six
weeks ago last night we had our Ust rain,
and everytliing is drying up. The pros-
pects for a fall flow of honey are poor.
Many colonies are almost in a starving con-
dition.

One-Xliird of a Crop— Albino

Bees.— H. P. Deahl, Berryville, Va., on
Aug. 17, 1888, says :

The honey crop here this season will be
about one-third of a crop. Last spring I
had 200 colonies, and obtained 5,000 lbs. of
hnnev in one pound sections. I expected to
get about 16,000 pounds. I will liegin the
winter with about 350 colonies. My Albino
bees stored most of the honey.

V«'ry lV«-t Weatlier.- Mr. Ezra J.
Cronkleton, Dunlap, Iowa, on Aug. 14, 1888,
says :

The weather has been very wet here for
the last eight days, and it is raining now.
If we can get a tew days of fine weather, it
will inakea big difference in our fall crop
of honey. Corn is being injured very much.
Oats is halt a crop.

F'igfwort, S>veet Clover and
Cnlver's Physic- L. E. Waterman, of
Moline, Ills., on Aug. 19, 1888, writes thus
about these plants for honey production : ■

I send two plants forname, besides which
there is little attraction for the bees except
sweet clover. I think it will pay any bee-
keeper to plant ^weet clover. I have seen
C. II. Dibbein's three-acre patch since it
lilocuned, and 1 am satisfied that it pays. In
fact, 1 think he is the only person getting
any amount of honey in this locality, dur-
ing the sweet clover period. I think that if
the old stalks weie taken off now, and the
giound well harrowed, that it would bloom
again next season.

[The plant with the long racemes of
flowers is Leptandra Virginica, or Culver's
physic. Theother isfigwor(,or Simpson's
honey-plant. Both are excellent honey-
prodiScers.- Ed.J

Honey Crop ot New Ybrk.— R.

Bacon, Verona, N. T., on Aug. 13, 1888,
says :

The honey crop in this part of the country
is very light, and Irom what I can gather,
this State will not be able to put as much
honey ou the market this year as it did last.

Convention Notices.

fS~ The Darke County Bee-Keepers' Soci-
ety will hold a basket meeting on the Green-
ville Pair Grounds, on Friday, Sept. 7, 1888..
J. A. EoE. Sec.

J^~ The North American Bee-Keepers' Society
will meet at Culumbii!., O.. on Weanes.iay, October
3, tsss, and continue a3 usual in session for three
days. W.Z. Hutchinson, S«e.

iJT' The Cortland tjnion Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tiiin will hold their fourth annual picnic at the Flo-
ral-Trout PoniU, in Cortland, N. Y.. on AutfUSt 30,
IHHS Let all bee-keepers and their friends come
and have a good time. W. H. beach, See.

B2^" The next semi-annual meetinK of the Joint
B.e and Poultry Keepers' Association of Boone and
Hendricks counties will be held at the apiary of
VVra. H Utggins, 2^; miles south of east from New
Brunswick, Ind., on Thursday. Sept. t;, ISSH, All in-
terested are cordially invited to attend.

Oka Knowlton, Sec.

fi:^" The Susquehanna County Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation will meet in the Court House at Montrose,
Pa., on Saturday, Sept. S. 1mh8, at lu a.tfi., Sharp.
'I'he following subje is will be considered; Prepar-
ing Bees for winter ; Preparing for. and Marketing,
Surplus Honey; D^es the Raising of Small Fruit
Coiitlict with Bee-Kceping? All bee-keepers are
cordially invited to attend. H. M. Seeley. Stc.

Can Yon I>o Anything that will do
more to advance and defend the pursuit of
bee-keeping, than to aid its Weekly Ex-
ponent and Defender ? The AMERiCAif
Bee Joubnal is the pioneer bee-paper of
America, and is fully entitled to the active
support of every progressive apiarist, for it
works constantly and faithfully for the best
interests of the pursuit. We therefore
specially request all our readers to use their
influence to double our subscription list
during the coming autumn. Reader, will
you please send us a new subscription with
your renewal or before that time ? A good
weekly at one dollar a year is surely cheap
enough to command patronage.

New SiihscriUers can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888, for 81.75. while
there are any sets of 1887 left.

THB JKMJEfRICRN; BBS JOtyRI^Mlr.

578

"■■^■^■^^*— ■*-^*-*-*-^*-^^^^-*^^^-^-^j*^*^

>*^*^*^*^'^'--'----'— -—■-—-— -—■'■^*^*«

BnSlNESS MANAOKH.

usiuess 3Xoticc5,

li YoM Ijve near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have ou our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

If you Liose Money by carelessly en-
closicit» it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Boxes — to hold a section of
honey lor retail dealers. We have two sizf s
on hand to cany sections 4Xx4K and 534x5}^.
Price, Sl.OO per 100, or $8.50 per 1,000.

Presenc Voiir Papers for future
reference. If you have no Itl3il>E:R we

will mail you one for 60 cents; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee J ournai..

Tucca Bnislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage,

Please Tvrite American Bee Jmimal
on the envelope when writuig to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Pure Plienol Ibr FonI Brood.—

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 aud 17, can be
procured at this office at 25 cents per ounce.
Not beiug mailable; it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Register.— AH who intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 60 eoloQies (120 pages) $1 00

'• 100 oolonies (220 psKes) 125

'.' 200 colonies (420 pa^es) 150

Pliotograplis ot Bee-Keepers. —

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containUig the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for 8 1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

CLUBBIi^'O IlIST.

We Club the American Bee Journal
for a year, with any of tlie following papers
or books, at the prices quoted m the I^ASI'
colunni. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal nuist be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price of both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 Ou . . .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 76

BeeKeepers'Magazine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 1 4('

Bee-Keepers' Review 150... 140

Tbe Apicultunst 175.... 160

Canadian Bee Journal 200 ... 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 665 500

and Cook's Manual 2 25 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60.... 1 50
Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth).. .300.... 2 00
Hoot's A B C of Bee-Culture.. 2 25.... 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 400.... 2 20

Western World Guide 1 50.,.. 1 30

Heildon's book, "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Year Among the Beos 1 75 1 .50

Convention Hand-Qook 150 130

Weekly Inter Ocean 200.... 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2(0 ... 190

How to Propagate Fruit 1 50 1 25

History of National Society..! 50 1 25

Coric lor tVinter Padcingf. — Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of ch)tlraiid filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels, ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

2.50 Labels $150 J-J 00 $2 25

SOOLabels 2 00 .3 00 3 50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

MS- Samples mailed free, upon application.

A Modern UKE-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1.

■We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices: One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; K pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, If properly
thinned out and reset.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this liorie5'-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 23c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, $5.,50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., 810.00.
If wanted by mail, add 18 cents per pound
for bag and postage. •

Conventions.— The time for holding
Bee-Keepers' Conventions will soon be
here, and we cannot give any better advice
than this : Let each one attend who can
do so, and take part in making these meet-
ings interesting and in.strtictive. If you
have not already obtained the "Bee-Keep-
er's Convention Hand Book," do so at once
to post yourself up on how to conduct such
meetings correctly. It contains a simple
Manual of Parliamentary Law and Rules of
Order lor the guidance of officfrs and mem-
bers of Local Conventions— Model Consti-
tution and By-Laws for a Local Society-
Programme for a Convention, with Subjects
for Discussion— List of Premiums for Fairs,
etc. Bound in cloth, and suitable for the
pocket. Price, 50 cents. We will club this
book and the American Bee Journal for
one year for $1.25.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Al»ike
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8,00
per bushel; 82.'35 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White CUn^er Seed : $10.00 per bushel; $2.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or MeliUA,
Clover Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb. — by express or freight.

Colored Posters for putting up over
honey exhibits at Fairs are quite attractive,
as well as useful. We have prepared some
for the Bee Journal, and will send two
or more free of fost to any one who will use
them, and try to get up a club.

Exoliange. — We will accept Honey
and Beeswax in exchange for Bee-Keepers'
Supplies in any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

The Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Ilomc Markets for honey can be
made by juiliciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create ademand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Please to get your IVeiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Ree Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one cau afford to do without it.

Tour Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

Scatter lite L.eaflcts. — Look at the
list (with prices) on the aecond page.

574

THE ffiMERICMI^ MMM JQURKSt.

^^^^*^^.^*.^^ir- *:^'::^^T^t^T:^t^''-^^:^^'.T^JTi^t:T::l^t^^L^^^'"^ -•^■^^■^^^fc^*^*(i>*jjfcAja>^*^Aaiii^*^*^^ai*<fc*^^^*<fc<

Honey and Bees-vi'ax Market.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— Market is bare of extracted, but choice

•white clover or basswood will bring from 7^@s ■.

8outlierae-\tracieit..'Jr.(a(iiic. per gallon, as to quality.

BKBSWj^X.— Dull at i3o.

HILUKISTH BROS. & 8EQBI-KBN,
Aug. 23. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote; White to extra white comb,
I9><i@isc.; amber, H@ lie. Extracle<l, white to extra
white, SHf" f5c. ■ amber, 4^jfa 5c. Arrivals of the new
■crop are small, the estimates being an average crop.

BEESWAX.- 20(924C.
June 18. O. B. SMITH 4 CO., 423 Frout Bt.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best new white romb. 15@16c , with lit-
tle in sight and slow sales. Market is low, and bee-
keepers will do better to hold honey until approach
of cold weather.

BBBrtWAX..— 21@22o. Supply limited.
Aug. 22. M. H. HUrs T, Bell Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— New crop offered at 16®17c., demand
being very light yet. Extracted is not in much de-
mand, and prices are nominal at "@8c. lor the best
crades.

BBllSWAX,-220. B.A.BURNETT,

Aug. 14. 161 South Water St.

Always mention your Post-Oifice,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.- We quote : Fancy white l;lb.

, sections,

12c.; fancv 2-lb9..'l0^llc. : fair white 1-lbs.. 10(§Jllc.,
rand fair -j-lbs.. "©HC. Buckwheat i-lbs.. 7(gi>*c. The
■demand is dull for comb but fair for extracted, of
which new from the South is arriving, and sells for
iaOe-'tC. per gallon.

BEESWAX- Dull at 23Ve®24c.
Jnn. 15. F.G.STR0HMEYBR4C0., 122Water8t.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— None here, and market in good condi-
tion tor new crop. There is some demand for the
extracted.

BEESWAX.— 22c. _

Auk. 2. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 S. Water St,

CINCINNATI.

HONBY.— We quote extracted at 5@8e. per !b.,
for which demand is fair. Comb honey, 12@16c.—
Supply is large of last year's comb honey, and for
which the demand is slow. •

BEBSW AX.— Demand is good— 20@22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Aug. 15. C. F. MDTH & SON, Freeman & Central At.

MILWAUKEE.

HONBY.— Choice white one-lb. sections, 14@16c.:
2-lbs.. 13®14c. ; 3-lbs., 12@13c. Extracted, white in
'kegs and }^-barrels,8'« H^c. ; in tin and pails,9^@Ioc. ;
dark in barrels and kegs, fi(gi6^c. Demand good for
■extracted, but dull for comb.

BEESWAX.— 22@25C. _

July 2. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water 8t.

DENVER.

HONBY.— Best white 1-lb. sections, 14@15c.! 2-lb.
sections, 12c. Extracted, 6@7c.

BEESWAX.- 2U@j3c.
Jun. 25. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

KANSAS CITY.
HONEY.— We quote ; 1-lb. sections, not glassed,
.at I8c. : 2-lb. sections and dark ones, also extracted,
is not in demand. New honey is arriving freely, with
a fair demand. This part of the State is favored
with half a crop

BEESWAX.— None in market.
July 20. HAMBLIN & BBAR88. 514 Walnut Bt.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote: 1-lb. sections, 14@16c.: 2-
Ib. sections, 12@l3c. New Florida extracted. 8@9c.
Bales are very dull.

BEESWAX.-2D cts. per lb.
July 5. BLAKi & KiPLET, 57 Ctaatham Street.

S.AJJ FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote : Extracted, white, .St^ cents;
light, S^c; amber, 4^f315c. Comb. I-lbs.. 12@l4c.; 2-
Ibs.. 9''13c., as to quality. Arrivals not large, and
supplies held flrmlv.

BEBSWAX.-DU11 at 19®22c.
Aug. 20. 8CHACHT & lyBMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.-We quote: White i-lbs., unglassed, 18 to
20 cts.; 2.1b9., l-'iSIKc. CallfDrnla white 1-lbs., 18c,;
2-lbs., 15c. ; extracted, white, hc. -amber, 7c.

BKESWAX.— None on the market,
Aug. 10. CI.BM0N8, CLOON & CO., COr 4th AWalnut.

ST. L0DI8.

HONBY.-We quote: Extracted, dark, 4®45ic.;
bright, 5(9.5>^c.l in cans. 7®Sc. Comb, white clover
4n prime condition, I3M.(3H5c.; dark, I I^@I2HS cts.-
Market quiet, demand good and receipts light.

BEBSWAX.-220. for prime.
Aug. 10. D. G. TCTTT & CO., Commercial St.

Wc IViint 20,000 subscribers. Out of
the 300,000 bee-keepers in America, certainly
this is not an extravagant desire ! It is
only one out of every fifteen! We confi-
dently ask those who appreciate the Ameri-
can Bee Journai,, to show it by sending
us one or more new subscribers. We will
give them full value for their money.

Give a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

PVRX: Untested Italian <lueen .... $1 00
Tested Queen, offepringpure Italian. 2 00
Select Tested Italian Queen— extra fine. . 2.50
Hjbrld breeding Italian Queen 50

Sent by return mail. Direct fo,

E. Li. BRinGS,

33D2t WILTON JUNCTION, IOWA.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Are Yon Going to the Fair ?

IF so, read The Bee-Keepfrs' Review for
August. It IS especially devoted to Apia-
rian Exhibitions at Fairs, and is contributed
to bv H. D. Cutting, Prof. A. J. Cook, James
Heddon, M. M. Baldrldge, M H. Hunt, R. F.
Holtermann, Dr. A. B. Masou and J. H. Martin.

The September Number will be devoted to
"Food, and its Relation to the Wintering of
Bees "

Price of tbe Review, 50 cents a year. Sam-
ples free. Back Numbers can be furnished.

Tlie Production of Comb Honey,

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 23 cents.
The REVIEW and this book for 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either V. S. or Canadian.

Address, XV. X. HUTCHINSON,

35Dtf 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.
Mention the American Bee Jimrnal.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

WE are buying WHITE EXTRACTED
HONEY. Those having any lor sale,
are invited to correspond with us, stating the
quality, flavor and price.

THOS. G. NETV^MAN ^l SON,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

BEE-KEEPERS' GDIDE;

EVERY
have it,

Farmer and
The

Bee-Keeper should

HANDSOME

ONE -PIECE SECTIONS.

WE have a limited quantity of One-Pound
Sections, 4}4.v4f4, a trifle less than two
inches wide, with narrow tops, in packages of
1,000 each. They are manufactured from ex-
tra white lumber planed on both sides, making
them the tlnest and most attractive honey-
aection in the world. Price, $4.00 per package.

THOS. Q. NEWMAN O^ SON,

923 & 92.'i West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

Patent Flat-Bottom Comb Foundation

High Side Walls, 4 to 14 square

feet to the pound. Wholesale and

Retail. Circulars and Samples tree

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

(SOLE maniwactorers),

lAtf SPROUT BROOK, Mont. Co.. N. T.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

15th 1,000 Wholly Bevised!

MUCH ENIiARGED!

Contains many more beautiful Illustrations
and is up tn datr. It is both PRACTICAL and
SCIENTIFIC.

Price's: By mail, $1.50. To dealers, $1.00.
In 100 lots, by freight, 50 per cent. off.

Address A. J. COOK,

35Atf Agricultural College, Illich.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

A POSITIVE FACT :

/"QUEENS by return mail, from the old and

KNICKERBOCKER BEE-FARM.

(Established 188".)

—Warranted, $1.00; Tested, $2.00.—

Special rates on large orders. ( ircular free,

GEO. H. KNICKERBOCKER, (Box 41),

31D3t PINE PLAINS, Duchess Co., N. T.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

We have some ELEHANT
RIBBON BAIMJES, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
50 "cents each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. G. NEWMAN A SON,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

OUR ILLUSTRATED

CATALOGUE

FOR 1888

WILIj be mailed free to any one who is not
already supplied with it. Send us your
address, platitly uirifteji, on a Postal Card.

THOS. G. NEWMAN A: SON,

923&925 W. Mfldison-St.. - CHICAGO, ILLS.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

Carniolauijueens a Specialty.

ALL Queens bred from Imported mothers.
Gentlest Bees known. No smoke needed.
They cannot be surpassed as honey -gatherers.
Never saw foul brood. Prices:

One Untested Queen $1 00.

6 " Queens 5 50.

X2 " '■ 10.00.

1 Tested Queen 2.00.

1 Select and Tested Queen 3.00.

Ninety per cent, will prove to be purely
mated. Sate arrival guaranteed. All orders
booked and filled in rotaiion. Address.

ANDREWS &: LOCKHART, .

31D3t PATTEN'S MILLS, VFash. Co., N. T.
^demlonihe American tiee journal.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

ONE Untested Queen, 75 cts.; three for $2 ;
lor more than three, 60 cts each. Tested
ttueens, $1.25 e«eli. H. G. FRAME.

33D2t NORTH MANCHESTER, IND.

Mention Ihi American Bee Journal.

THB MMiERIcaiH MMM JQ'IIKKMX.

579

m

EDITOB.

YoiniV. Sept. 5,1888. No, 36.

Tlie Silver I^inins to the clouds is
now becoming apparent. White clover is
now giving second bloom in some localities,
and the bees are gathering more honey
from it, than at any time previous during
this year. Fall flowers are coming in and
present an excellent prospect. Sweet clover
is rather late in blooming, still it is just
commencing to show its flowers and spread
its perfume. Mr. 0. B. Barrows, of Mar-
shalltown, Iowa, wrote us as follows on
Aug. 30, 1888:

From the time basswood bloom failed
until Aug. 18, bees lost in weight until they
neared starvation, with the prospect of
being obliged to buy barrels of sugar to
keep them from starving next winter. On
the 18th they commenced gaining in weight,
and some that did not swarm and were full
of bees, have gained 20 pounds, and the
most of them are out of the woods, so far
as winter stores aie concerned ; and the
balance will be, if this flow holds out a few
days longer. We can now see the silver
lining to that cloud.

Vut still the world goes round and round,

And the genial seasons run,
And ever the right comes uppermost.

And ever is justice done !

I%ot only do the bees gather the honey,
but it seems that Nature Intended that they
should fructify the flowers, and in return
for this valuable work, the flowers pay the
the bees in nectar, which they carry to
their homes to sustain their lives and feed
their insect progeny — the sut-plus only
being taken for man's use to pay him for
tlie necessary care and protection. An ex-
change puts it in these words :

The usefulness of the bee is not confined
to the honey she produces. iHer mission is
more extended. Much of the fruitfulness
of our orchards must be credited to her
diligent going from blossom to blossom. In
the spring, when the pollen is ripe, it Is
shaken dowu • by her upon the inner part of
the blossom, or carried from one flower to
another, thus making them fruitful. Plants
which have male and female flowers on
separate stalks are almost altogether de-
pendent upon insects like the bee for
fructification.

Xlie Rritisli Bee-Keepers' Guide Book,
by our friend T. W. Cowan, has been trans-
lated into Spanish, and republished at Bar-
celona, Spain. It was long since translated
into French. It is a good and practical
work, and richly deserves its popularity.

Xlie Xwo Most Skillful Arclii-
tccts in all the world are the bee and the
spider. The one puts up neat packages of
sweets, and the other builds a slaughter-
house for flies. Spiders are valuable, inas-
much as they destroy noxious insects. So
says an exchange.

Shall it be Clinng:ed ? — Several
have advocated the'changing of the time for
the payment of dues and the election of
officers of the National Bee-Keepers' Union,
to January instead of July. Here is what
Mr. E. France has to say on the subject :

The report of the Manager of the Na-
tional Bee-Keepers' Union, with voting
blanks, was brought to the house by some
of the boys, but 1 have never seen it. I
wish we could change the time from what
it is to Jan. 1, to make these payments ;
then we would have more time to attend to
it, and could take time to see other bee-
keepers, and very likely get some of them
to join the Union. As it is, the time for
renewal comes at the most hurrying time of
the bee-keepers' year. For ray part I would
be willing to pay another dollar on Jan. 1,
if the matter could be changed.

Of course it can be changed, if there are
enough in favor of it. Votes count. Will
every member kindly send in a vote on the
subject who is in favor of the change ? In
that way it can be settled by amending the
constitution accordingly.

Terl»ena an<l Cone I''lo\rers.— J.

O. Todd, Richmond, Iowa, on Aug. 35, 1888,
writes as follows :

I send samples of flowers on whicli the
bees are at work very industriously. No. 1
has a blue flower and No. 2 yellow flowers.
Please answer in the Bee Journal.

No. 1 is Verbeyia hastatn, one of the
numerous vervains. It has long been rec-
ognized as a godd honey-producer.

No. 2 is the cone flower (Rudbcckia),
which is another August flower, and yields
considerable honey.

It is an Old I»fOTerl>, but a true one,
that " The Gods give us no great good with-
out labor." It is also true that the hardest-
labor is not always that which receives the
greatest pay. Bees are the greatest workers
in the world— resting not day or night— but
in six or eight weeks they die, before hav-
ing enjoyed any of the results of their
labors— leaving to their progeny the wealth
gathered. Then comes man, and often
" robs " both parent and offspring of their
hoarded treasures.

A Honeyed Man.— Recently a man
down in Kennebunkport, Maine, says an
exchange, captured 800 bees while they were
swarming in the woods. He daubed him-
self with honey, the bees alighted there-
upon, and in this way he transported them
home without receiving a sting. There is
nothing strange about that— still the news-
papers are passing it around as if it was a
great feat.

Oermany still mourns her heroic Em-
peror Frederick, and few can read without
interest the well-illustrated sketch which
opens Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly for
September, tracing his whole career. The
number abounds in most attractive illustra-
tions, the frontispiece being very taking.

A IVevr Edition of Cook's Man-

nal is just published, and a copy is on our
desk. This is the 1.5th thousand of the de-
servedly-popular Manual of the Professor.
It Is largely re-written, and much elaborated,
containing over 100 pages more than the
former edition, besides a large number of
new engravings. On this account the price
has been increased to $1.50. It now con-
tains 462 pages.

On the matter of bees injuring grapes, we
find the following on page 337 :

That bees ever tear the grapes is a ques-
tion of which I have failed to receive any
personal proof, though for years I have

been carefully seeking it I feel very

certain that bees never attack sound grapes.
I judge not only from observation and in-
quiry, but from the habits of the bee. Bees
never bore for nectar but seek, or even
know only of that which is fully exposed.

We may give further extracts, as opportu-
nity offers. It can be obtained at this office.

Xlie I^anjifstrotli photograph, that is
just gotten up by Mr. Thomas B. Reynolds,
of Dayton, O., is on our desk (see page590).
It is a full-length one, and shows the gen-
eral appearance and pleasant face of the
" grand old man " which we all have learned
to love. It is full cabinet size, 4x6 inches,
and we do not know how 50 cents could be
spent to better advantage, than by buying
this photograph— for the owner will have
the unsiieakable pleasure of being able to
look into that benevolent face, and then to
feel that he has done a meritorious act by
adding to the fund which is to provide for
the necessities of the closing years of a life
which has been spent for the good of an
industrial pursuit, and who will long be
held in " blessed memory."

"IVliy Should Wot the subject of bee-
keeping be taught in all of the Agricultural
Colleges, if it is properly a branch of prac-
tical agriculture ?

R80

THK mimmmicMM ®e® jQiiaiRifMiL-.

>^>i>«^^fcj

Honey Candy.— A correspondent in
the Caiiadian Bee Jownal gives the fol-
lowing concerning sugar-ripened honey,
which may interest our readers :

At our home we have had a coal-stove
burning for over two months without in-
terruption, keeping the temperature high,
consequently very dry. Near the stove is a
pantry with only a lath and plastered wall
between. ^ -^ ^. ^

In the pantry was a large fruit dish con-
taining several pounds of very tine, well-
ripened honey. The dish had heen setting
on the shelf next to the wall for about a
week, and when it was brought out the
spoon was resting on the top, which was
tough, and had a glassy appearance. When
pressed with a spoon it seemed like a paper
covering. We scratched a hole in it to as-
certain the depth, and found it to be be-
tween 3'4 and 3,' of an inch. When placed
on paper it looked like soft wax, and one
would hardly believe that honey, by a hot,
dry atmosphere, would evaporate its mois-
ture and become so thick. We thought this
a good opportunity to test the difference in
quality and tiavor ; taking some of the
honey from a 60-pound tin and comparing it
in texture, color, and flavor with this beiter
ripened, it did not seem the same. The con-
tents of the tin was specially selected, and
we considered it as good as could be pro-
duced ; but tests go to prove that the honey
in the dish was so much superior that any
one comparing them would not hesitate to
give 2 or 3 cents a pound more for it.

We do not know how much loss there
would be in evaporating honey to that ex-
tent ; but we suppose the loss to be from 10
to 20 per cent. We believe this class of
honey would find a market at a price sufll-
cent to warrant the experiment. It would
be necessary to place it on very shallow
vessels, and subject it to a very low tem-
perature, that the color might not be
changed.

We fancy a room properly arranged, with
coils of steam-pipes to raise the tempera-
ture to a desirable height, at the same time
allowing a current of air to pass through,
would soon reduce our ordinary honey to
the consistency o( jelly. It could then be
placed in tumblers, or any kind of vessel ;
in fact, paper bags could be manufactured
of a size and shape suitable to liold it, and
sold in 5, 10, 15 and 30 cent packages. It
might even be sold by the penny worth,
which would increase its consumption.

fVhat is It?— The Bee-Keepers' Re-
view for Aug. 10, came duly to hand, and as
usual is very interesting. On Wiley's con-
fession, the editor remarks thus :

Prof. W. A. Wiley has received so vigor-
ous a trouncing from the bee-journals, par-
ticularly from the American Bee Jour-
nal, that he has at last forsaken his dig-
nified silence, and attempted— well, it is
hard to say what. It is a mixture of de-
fense, explanation and confession, in which
the contradictions and inconsistencies are
pitiably ludicrous. It seems that he lacks
the manhood to come riiiht out and own up
without any quibble, and do what he can
to repair the damage he has done. Such
confessions as he has already made awaken
only contempt and disgust.

And it may be also stated that he would
never have departed from his rule of " dig-
nified silence" but for the editorial rocks
hurled at him by the American Bee Jour-
nal 1

" Wortliless Urones in the hive of
Nature !" How often we hear that sen-
tence applied to lazy men. We are usually
inclined to dispute the matter because the
drone bees are not a worthless set— they
have duties to perform, and are useful in
the line designed by Nature. But here is a
little story, told by Anna B. Quillin, of
Ipara, Wis., in Oleanings, which will be
read with interest :

One morning, a year or more ago, my
little friend Max came in to see me ; and as
he walked across the room I noticed that he
held both his hands behind him. As he
approached my couch he explained, "I've
got something for you— just hear them
sing !" and suddenly, before I realized what
he was going to do, he was holding his
hands up by my ears. And, oh such a buzz,
b-u-z-z, b-uzz-i-n-g as 1 heard ! I felt as
though a whole swarm of bees had sur-
rounded rae. Glancing up at him I saw his
eyes were twinkling, and he was shaking
with suppressed laughter as he watched my
astonished countenance.

"OMax!" 1 said, "are your hands full
of bees, or what have you got in there ? It
sounds like a swarm of bees."

"Just five bumble-bees," he replied, "but
they can't hurt you, for they are nothing but
drones."

"But, where did you get them, and how
did you know they were ' nothing but
drones ?' " 1 questioned.

" Why, 'cause I found them on that old
dead tree in the lane !" he replied.

"But, Max," said I, " how could that tell
you they were drones ?"

"Ho! he said, "don't you know how to
tell a drone ? Why, I'll tell you how you
can tell them every time ! The workers
are too busy to lounge around and do noth-
ing ; and when they alight it is always on
something they can work on ; and when
you see bees sitting around on dead wood,
with nothing to do, you may be sure they
are old lazy drones. Why, I have caught
dozens of them, and they are (dways drones.
1 never caught a worker that wasn't at work,
or else looking out for a job."

" Well, Max, that is a new idea to me," I
said ; "but if that is the case, the bees are
very much like people, aren't they ? For a
man who spends his time sitting around on
old store-boxes, and lounging about saloons
is generally a drone in the human hive.
Our workers in the world haven't much
time to waste, for they can always find
plenty to do, and take pleasure in being
useful."

Sometime Ago items were going the
rounds of the press, showing that bees were
storm Warners. Now, they are barometers
which warn the denizens of Australia of
coming hot weather. A Melbourne corres-
pondent of the Dundas Advertiser narrates
what he considers an interesting proof of
this provident and far-seeing instinct of
bees !

Turning from men to insects, a singular
circumstance is reported from a hot, dry
valley in New South Wales. Last year the
drouth there was of long duration, and the
denizens of the apiaries suffered much from
it. This year the bees have made provision
against a similar emergency. They have
filled a large number of external cells in
every hive with pure water instead of
honey. It is thought that instinct leads
them to anticipate a hot summer.

Me'w Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 18S7 and 1888, for«1.75. wliile
there are any sets of 1887 left-

Seasonable Hints. — The following
remarks about seasonable apiarian opera-
tions, is from the American Agriculturist
for September. It is time now to be making
calculations on the necessary work before
us :

It is of vital Importance that every colony
of bees should have a thorough inspection
at the end of the honey season. It would
be very exceptional if some colonies were
not found queeuless, and robbing is sure to
follow. Parent colonies that have cast
swarms are generally the ones found want-
ing in this respect, and if attention is not
given at the close of the honey-flow, the
bees will get the start.

When the flow ceases, the bees with their
powerful force of idlers hunt up and rot>
such defective colonies. It matters little
whether such queeuless colonies are weak
or strong, they will not defend their stores.
The mischief does not stop here ; when rob-
bing bees become aroused they will over-
power and destroy colonies that may be in
proper condition. It is of the utmost im-
portance to see that every colony has a good
fertile queen at this season.

The reason why colonies having cast
swarms are often found queenless is, that at
the time of maturing, they have but the one
young queen ; they have no brood to fall
back upon, if the young queen becomes lost,
when sne issues alone into the open world
to receive fertilization, surrounded by myr-
iads of enemies. In returning she some-
times enters the wrong colony.

September is the proper month to feed all
colonies that may lack in fond, for winter
bees cannot be fed successfully during
freezing weather, and it fed early, they s -al
the honey over. Unsealed honey in the
combs near the bees during cold weather
becomes diluted with the moisture from
them, and is unhealthful.

Caring for, handling and disposing of the
honey crop also demand our attention dur;
ing the latter part of the season. It has
been too common to ship honey to distant
markets at a low figure. No one can as suc-
cessfully build up a demand for honey as
the apiarist himself, and the business is far
safer in his hands than in any other. The
place to commence operations is at home,
where w.e have the entire care and control
of the matter. Several thousands of pounds
of honey may be disposed of in almost anv
locality with much greater profits than by
shipping. Build up a home market, and
never drive business away that can be trans-
acted at home.

A L.ady, writing about small fruit and
flowers in the Indiana Farmer, concludes
thus :

We are largely creatures of education, and
if we were educated to look upon the honey-
producing weeds as something uselui,
would they not cease to be such an eye-soie
to the farmer as well as the passerby ? Sup-
pose the seeds from the fence-corners do
get scattered over the field ; it will only take
more culture to keep out of growing crop-',
and most people will admit that they can
hardly have too much culture. Ithinkti.e
beautiful asters and golden -rods are an
ornament to the fence corners. But, ad-
vancement in knowledge usually makes ns
equal to any emergency, and what we have
lost in the destruction of weeds and lore-t
trees, may be regained in the cultivation of
plants, etc., which will not only furnish our
tables with delicious fruits, but also t.ie
where-withal to sweeten them.

The culture of small fruits furnishes an
abundant supply of bee-food, and where
there are small truits there ought to be he^s
to help fertilize the flowers, and so make
them more productive.

THE? MMiKRICSK B®© J^^mnMI^,

581

Xlie Crop and Honey Market.—

In the San Francisco Chronicle we find a
recent article on the crop of honey, and the
market values of the product from wliich
we extract the foUowine :

Reports from all over the State are to the
effect that the honey crop is so short that it
is no exaggeration to say that it is a total
failure. There is hardly an apiary in any
of the hitherto most prominent bee-kee])-
ing counties of the State which has this
year produced surplus honey enough to pay
interest on the capital invested therein.
The same reports come from the East, and
never since the care of bees attained the
proportions of a regular industry lias the
honey yield of the United States been so
limited as in the season now closing!.

In conjunction with the limited output,
however, has come a marked rise in prices,
but these comparatively high figures are
after all of little value to the bee keeper,
for of what use would it be to him were
honey to be quoted at even a dollar a pound
if his bees produced no surplus tor sale ?

The experience of the present season is,
after all, only a repetition, on a more ex-
tended scale, of what has been the uniform
history of the industry ever since the first
colonies of bees were brought around by the
isthmus and sold here for S200 apiece. First
there has come a succession of good sea-
sons; the stock of bees has largely in-
creased ; the price of honey has gradually
lowered, and finally many have gone out of
the business in disgust.

Then a bad season has come, or a succes-
sion of them ; there have been no wild
flowers, or the natural bloom has not con-
tained the usual amount of nectar ; the
honey crop has been short ; prices have
risen, and a few, who were located in ex-
ceptionally favorable regions, have made
large profits.

This has stimulated others to go into the
business, and the result has been another
period of heavy production, low prices and
small profit. For those who have been able
to secure anything like a fair crop, the pres-
ent season will be a bonanza. And those
who have been sufficiently far-sighted to
provide their bees with an abundance of
forage, withont placing any dependence
upon the natural bloom, will this season
reap a good reward for their enterprise.

Those who have taken this precaution are
few enough by the side of the many who
are accustomed to " trust to luck ;" but this
lends emphasis to the general proposition
that the bee-keeper who treats his colonies
precisely as he would any other kind of
animals upon which he placed dependence
for an inccmie, and sees that provision is
made for a bati sea.son, will come out ahead
in the long run, while the one who trusts to
nature will run behind.

The St. I>oiiis Fair opens Monday,
Oct. 1, and closes Saturday, Oct. 6. Seventy
thousand dollars is offered in premiums. On
Tuesday, Oct. 2, the grand annual noctur-
nal pageant of the Veiled Prophets will be
given. The streetsof the city will be illum-
inated by .500,000 gas jets, thus jiresenting
one of the most realistic sights imaginable.

All railroad and steamboat companies
have made a rate of one fare for the round
trip, during the entire week.

Any of our subscribers desiring a copy of
the Premium List will receive one free by
addressing Arthur Uhl, Secretary, 718
Chestnut Street, St. Louis, Mo.

Ifonp Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

"Work in i^iirplus Stories.— Many
letters are received from beginners asking
why their bees do not work in the surplus
story. A correspondent in the Piuirie
Farmer asked a similar question, and Mrs.
L. Harrison answered it in this manner :

Bees would work in your surplus sections
if they had anvtliing to work with ; they
cannot make bricks without straw, or, in
other words, cannot secrete wax and store
honey when there is none to gather in the
fields. The honey-tlow has been very little
last year and this, with tew exceptional
days. Let there be a flow of honey, and
your surplus sections would soon be full of
hees, hanging in webs, secreting wax to
bnild comb, and loaded bees would drop at
the entrance. This season they get just
honey enough to keep them breeding, and
the queen is not crowded for room to de-
posit her eggs. I looked into a hive to-day
where bees had been hived in a hive full of
combs. There was brood in all the combs,
but not one cell of honey stored above it, as
is their usual way ot doing. If there should
be no honey at all for a few days, these
bees must starve, it not fed. All the surplus
.stored in our apiary this season is where
two or three swarms clustered together and
were put into a hive full of comb, and sur-
plus boxes put right on to give them room,
during the blooniiug of the linden.

I have heard of but one apiary in Illinois
where there has been any surplus stored, up
to Aug. 14. This one is located on the
Illinois river bottom on the east side, and is
surrounded with a great deal ot low,
swampy ground. The proprietor claims
that the east side of the river is better for
an apiary than the west ?ide, as many bees
are lost in the river while crossing it, on the
approach of storms from the south and
west ; and the bee pasture is better on the
east side, as there is more low land. An
apiary located opposite to him on the west
side has no surplus, while he has secured
1,.500 pounds from 50 colonies, spring count.

M^ell Expressed.— The Bural Home,
an influential farm paper, thus notices the
National Bee-Keepers' Union, and the
work being done by it, through the pen of
a valued correspondent :

Again the Manager of the Bee-Keepers'
Union is out with his yearly report. This
report shows that the Union has been suc-
cessful in every case that it has undertaken
to defend, and It is hoped that the ignor-
ance and petty jealousy which prompts
certain individuals to make war on the little
busy bee, which is ot much benefit to the
farmer and fruit-grower, by way of the
fertilizing of nearly all fruits and seeds,
will cease.

Ignorance, only can accuse the bees of
eating peaches and young duclis. as in the
case of the Arkadelpliia, Ark., suit, which
has been in court for the past six months,
and has caused one of oar best bee-keepers
much trouble, besides fines and imprison-
ment. The wliole thing seems to have
come out of the jealousy of a few individ-
uals, and the Mavor of that city.

Tne Manager of the Union deserves great
credit, in that he does not undertake to de-
fend any bee-keeper who has not done all in
his power to keep peace between his bees
and their neighbors.

The liuriil Home and Its correspondent
have the thanks of the Manager for these
kind words. Peace is his ardent desire,
even if he is compelled to fight for it !

Pure Kees are the Best.— On this
subject a correspondent of the Bee-Keepers'

Magazine says :

The honeybee has been known— if his-
tory is correct— for many centuries ; the
traditions of the Bible show its great an-
tiquity more strongly than does any other
liistorical work, so we can safely assume
that the apis is as old as' man himself.
When, however, we come to the question of
whicli of the present known races was the
original, or whether either of them was, for
that matter, we are wholly in the dark. As
well might we assume that the one or the
other was the original race, and we may do
so with impunity, as no one can bring for-
ward any proofs to the contrary.

I do not propose now to attempt to prove
an impossibility, or to assert anything as to
priority, the question with me being simply,
"Shall we receive greater benefits from
keeping our Italians pure than by crossing
them '?" I claim, in answer, that we shall,
and do, and offer the records of the past in
proof of the correctness of that answer,
while at the same time 1 will give my own
experience during over twenty years past as
a bee-keeper, in comparing the Italian and
black and their crosses ; as evidence to the
same point.

Scatter tlie I-eaflet».— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

Contentions The time for holding

Bee-Keepers' Conventions has now arrived,
and we cannot give any better advice
than this : Let each one attend who can
do so, and take part in making these meet-
ings interesting and instructive. If you
have not already obtained the "Bee-Keep-
er's Convention Hand-Book," do so at once
to post yourself up on how to conduct such
meetings correctly. It contains a simple
Manual of Parliamentary Law and Rules of
Order for the guidance of officers and mem-
bers of Local Conventions— Model Consti-
tution and By-Laws for a Local Society-
Programme for a Convention, with Subjects
for Discussion— List of Premiums for Fairs,
etc. Bound in cloth, and suitable for the
pocket. Price, 50 cents. We will club this
book and the American Bee Journal for
one year for .$1.35. It also contains a lot of
blank leaves ou which you can note impor-
tant matters as they come up. Do not fail
to send for a copy of it.

■%Ve»'Want 20,000 subscribers. Out of
the 300,000 bee-keepers in America, certainly
this is not an extravagant desire ! It is
only one out of every fifteen ! We confi-
dently ask those who appreciate the Ameri-
can Bee .Joitrnal, to show it by sending
us one or more new subscribers. We will
give them full value for their money.

A Modern BEE-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this ofBce. Price, $1,
postpaid.

Ciive a «'opy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

582

T-M© MMEMieMif mmm j@i»ri«mi,.

Anioiiiit of Honey for Surplu§
and Brood-Rearingf.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 572.— What proportion of the honey
gathered from a " field " goes to rearing
Brood, and wbat part tor surplus, on an
average '/—Michigan.

I do not know.— P. L. Viallon.

I do not know.— H. D. Cutting.

I do not know.— Mrs. L. Harrison.

All answers are guess-work, and
much depends, at that.— J. P. II. Brown.

I doubt whether any one knows. I
am sure I do not.— M. Mahin.

I do not know how to get at it. — J.
M. Hambaugh.

That is hard to tell. I have not a
well-defined idea on the subject. —
Eugene Secor.

I can only guess. In an average sea-
son at least one-half is consumed in
brood-rearing, and perhaps more.— C.

H. DiBBERN.

In an average season, taking the year
through, I "guess" the bees require
two-thirds of the amount gathered.—
R. L. Taylor.

I put it at about 9 to 10, this season ;
and about 2 to 1 in a good season. — J.
O. Shearman.

At a very rough guess, one-third for
brood, one-third . for support of old
bees, and one-third for surplus.- C. C.
Miller.

Prom the way I have seen brood-
rearing use up honey, I should say that
more honey was consumed, one year
with another, by the bees and their
young, than by the owner and his cus-
tomers.—James Heddon.

That is too hard a nut to crack. We
should judge, however, than on an
average three-fourths of the honey
harvested is used up by the bees.—
Dad ANT & Son.

This is a theoretical question that I
am not only unable to answer, but give
a guess even. I doubt if any one can
give an answer that will be of value,
owing to difficulty of obtaining data
on which to base it.— J. E. Pond.

I should say that in a good season
about one-half of the honey goes to
feed the brood. Such a season as this,
100 per cent, is thus used.— A. J. Cook.

It takes at least 60 pounds of good,
thick honey to carry a colony one year.
If more is obtained, we get a surplus;
if less, we must teed. All depends
upon the season, etc.— G. M. Doo-

LITTLE.

I do not know. Last year my bees
gathered enough to last until they
gathered last spring ; but this year they
lived from "hand to mouth " till sweet
clover yielded honey.— A. B. Mason.

It depends entirely upon the man-
agement. A well-managed colony puts
about 50 per cent, of the gather in the
supers ; about 30 per cent, for brood-
rearing, and about ;;0 per cent, for win-
ter stores.— J. M. SuucK.

This is a hard question to answer, as
there is really no uniformity as a basis
on which to form an opinion. Bees
will consume more or less honey, as
they can or cannot get it. Some obser-
vations have led me to believe that a
good, strong colony will consume at
least 100 pounds of honey in a year, if
they can get it ; and they will get along
with much less if they are compelled
to do so. On an average of years, i
have calculated that a colony of bees
can furnish one pound of surplus
against every pound they consume ; but
there is no certainty about it. This
season only the very best colonies can
gather enough honey to live on.— G.
W. Demabee.

The answer can only be guess-work,
and hence very indefinite. It is im-
possible to give an answer " on an
average." It does not average. If there
is only enough honey gathered for
brood-rearing and food for the old
bees, they take it all. If there is not
enough for these, then the one or the
other goes short. In any case, the
apiarist gets no surplus until these
necessities are provided for. In such a
season as the present one, the amount
used by the bees being barely provided
for by , Nature, the season and the
honey-gatherers, the apiarist gets no
surplus, or only what small amount
may become a " surplus." In an ordi-
nary season of plenty, perhaps it may
be a tolerably good guess to say that
the old bees consume one-third, and
brood-rearing another third— leaving
the remaining one-third for surplus,
provided that more than 60 or 80 pounds
of honey is gathered during the season,
as it would certainly take that amount
for the necessities of the bees, includ-
ing the supply needed for the coming
winter. — The Editor.

Plan for a Bee.Cellar.

Written tor the Amtriaan Bee Journal

Query 573.— I am contemplating building
a cellar for wintering bees in, and have set-
tled on this one : I have a dry and some-
what steep bank, into which I propose to dig
20 feet In length, and 13 feet in width, and
then dig a ditch 2 feet deep all around the
outside, flltlDg it with small stones, and then
build a close wall 8 feet high. On the inside
of the wall I will board it up, leaving a space
of 4 inches or more all around to be filled
with sawdust, and bank up the whole thing,
all but the door, making it perfectly dark.
On top of this, I propose to build a shop for
the purpose of making hives and storing
honey, etc. 1, Will such a bee-cellar do 7 2,
How many colonies will It winter? 3. What
about the shop overhead ?— New York.

1. It will. 2. About 100 colonies. 3.
The shop would be objectionable if
there is much machinery run by power.
—J. P. H. Brown.

Having never wintered bees except
on the summer stands, I am unable to
answer from experience.— J. E. Pond.

1, Yes. 2. It depends upon the size
of the hives, but it ought to contain
150. 3. It is O K.— Dadant & Son.

Yes, if it preserves the proper tem-
perature from 38^ to 45°, Fahr., as I
think it would. 2. As many as desired
—200 or 300 colonies. 3. The shop is
all right.— A. J. Cook.

1. I should think so. 2. That will
depend upon the size of the hive and
the ventilation given. 3. It will do no
harm.— Mrs. L, Harrison.

1. I should hestitate about putting
in the sawdust. It will soon be rotten,
will it not y Why is it not all right
without it V 2. Probably 100. 3. It is
no objection.— Eugene Secor.

1. Yes, if the banking up is sufficient
in amount to exclude frost. 2. From
200 to 300. 3. It is all right, but pack
the floor between it and the cellar with
5 or 6 inches of sawdust, to keep the
frost out of the cellar.— R. L. Tay'lor.

Such a bee cellar is all right, but if
much pounding is to be done in the
shop overhead, I should prefer it else-
where in winter. — C. H. Dibbern.

1. l''es. 2. As many as you can put
into it. 3. If the hives do not touch
the floor, all the noise you can make
overhead will do no harm.— J. M. Ham-
baugh.

1. I think so ; but you will be safe to
go by Doolittle's answer. 2. Perhaps
150 to 200. 3. Lath and plaster the
cellar overhead, and I think the shop
will not trouble.— C. C. Miller.

1. I'es. 2. No one can tell you how
many colonies it will winter, but it
will hold 150 colonies if you build it
deep enough. 3. I do not like the shop
overhead. I should prefer a separate
building. Y^our cellar will make a
good place to do all of your summer
work in.— H. D. Cutting.

1. It will work well. 2. All you can
get in. 3. The shop will do no harm if
the hives rest on the cellar-bottom, and
the protection Is thick enough between
the two floors so that no frost gets
through to the cellar.— G. M. Dog-
little.

1. There is nothing to hinder it from
answering every purpose. 2. It would
depend upon how the hives were placed
in the cellar. 3. If the joist are well
" bridged," I do not believe that the
shop will interfere with the bees.— G.
W. Demaree.

1. I think you will have a good cel-
lar. 2. The number of hives the cellar
will hold depends upon their size, and
the closeness with which they are
packed. 3. The shop overhead will do
no harm if no machinery is used, pro-
vided the hives in the cellar do not
touch any part of the building.— J. M.
Shuck.

1. I see no objection to it, except that
the sawdust may gather too much
dampness. I would prefer a 4-inch
dead-air space. 2. I can make no esti-
mate of the number of colonies that
may be wintered without knowing the
size and form of the hives. 3. The
shop will do no harm.— M. Mahin.

1. Such a cellar might do, but the
sawdust will become damp and rot,
and unless the shop is kept warm, the
cellar will get pretty cold sometimes,
unless there is a double floor, and filled
between. 2. That will ilepend upon
the size of the hives, and how they are
put in. Do a little figuring and you
will know. 3. Some say that disturb-
ing the bees in winter does no harm ;
but I know that it harms mine.— A. B.
Mason.

T'Mm MMERICMP* MMM 3&^MMMI^.

583

^*^*-^*-^*-^*-^*-^^^^^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^-^-^*-^*-*--^ — - ' -n- "^'-^^

1. Yes, it will do about as well as any
repository does. 2. I would say any-
where from 100 to 200, ventilating ac-
cordingly. 3. I should rather not pound
or make any big noise or jars over the
repository. Of course you want the
floor filled with sawdust unless you
keep a fire in it nearly all the time.
You do anyway.— James Heddon.

1. Yes. 2. All that you can com-
fortably get into it, providing the ven-
tilation is sufficient. 3. As the hives
will rest on the bottom of the cellar,
"the shop overhead" cannot disturb
the bees. If they do not touch the
sides of the building, they could not
feel any vibration, even if " power " is
used.— The Editor.

LEGISLATION.

IVIiioli Shall it be Hereafter,
Liegi§iation or Litigation ;

Written for the American Dee Journal

BY DR. C. C. MILLER.

In a recentnumberof the Ambkican
Bee Journal, the editor refers to me
a question which lack of time has pre-
vented me from noticing earlier. It is
a question as to what is to be done by
one who is likely to be hindered in the
prosecution of bee-keeping for lack of
the full and free swing that most of us
enjoy. This opens up a subject which
I had considered laid on the shelf, and
which I should not again open but for
the implied wish of the editor, and the
— as it seems to me — very great impor-
tance of the subject. Without consid-
ering the particular circumstances at-
taching to any one case, it will be suffi-
cient to consider the ground in general.

I hardly know the best approach to
make. True. I might present only
such phases or the matter as are en-
tirely new, and thus avoid awakening
prejudice ; but I am not sure that such
a course would be entirely frank and
opeti. Besides, I think the sober sec-
ond tliought of many, makes them
coincide with my own views.

I may say, then, that the remedy lies
in awakening in the minds of bee-keep-
ers, a sense of the real need of taking
such steps as shall result in putting
their business on a footing as secure as
that of others. At least some are
awake to the necessity for some action,
as evidenced by their becoming mem-
bers of the ■• Bee-Keepers' Union."
That this Union has accomplished
good, perhaps no one will deny. Wisely
conducted in the future as it has been
in the past, the necessity for its exis-
tence may not cease for a long time to
come, for all that the old rule holds
good, that ■' An ounce of prevention is
worth a pound of cure."

Take the case of Mr. Z. A. Clark,
that has justly excited so much inter-
est. Is it not possible that the same
amount of effort, with possibly a less

expenditure of money, would have se-
cured such statutes as to have made
bee-keepers safe from annoyance, not
only in Arkadelphia, but throughout
the entire State V When the matter is
fairly understood, litigation will cer-
tainly not be preferred to legislation.

So far, the only legislation attempted,
relating at all to bee-keepers, if I am
not mistaken, has been, not that insti-
gated by themselves, but, like that in
Michigan, such as went directly con-
trary to their interests. In the un-
certainty which attends such things,
have we any security that when next
attempted, as it may be, in some other
State, it may not succeed ? Although
it failed in Michigan, the leading bee-
keepers in that State considered the
danger so great as to need their most
active opposition. Please look at the
matter clearly.

As it now stands, any wily schemer,
for the sake of gratifying some petty
spite, may secure the passage of a law
injurious to bee-keeping interests. We
are likely to have legislation, for that
which has been attempted is likely,
under the same circumstances, to be
attempted again. Js it not better for
us to take the initiative, and secure
such legislation in advance as shall best
subserve the interests, not only of bee-
keepers, but of the public at large ? In
other words, will it not be better and
easier to labor for good legislation than
to labor against bad legislation after it
is effected V In the one case, we have
a fair field, for in most cases, at least
prejudice is not aroused, as it is when
some case of strife occurs.

It is a hopeful sign that some are be-
ginning to consider what is the best
legislation needed, and devising plans
for the same. To that part of the sub-
ject I have given very little attention.
I am hardly competent to decide what
laws are needed, and it is hardly worth
while to give very much attention to it,
so long as the mass of bee-keepers are
not awake to the importance of doing
ani/thimj. The number of members in
the " Bee-Keepers' Union " shows that.
However liberal they may be in their
desire to have every one a beekeeper,
and in wanting nothing done that may
in any way prevent it at any time and
in any place, they are nevertheless by
no means liberal in helping to sustain
them in the ranks after they get them
there. To those, however, who are in-
terested enough to join the Union, I
respectfully submit whether it is not
cheaper and better to have legislation
than litigation.

T%'orker-Brood In Droiie-CellN.

In reply to a query in a recent num-
ber of the American Bee Journal,
one of the correspondents seems some-
what to call in question the possibility
of workers being reared in drone cells.
Although I may have seen more than
one case, there is one case which I dis-
tinctly recall. In 187(1, Mr. R. R.
Murphy sent to the American Bee
Journal '-a piece of drone-comb with
worker-brood in.'^ It was reported on
page 250 of Vol. XII. This remark was
made by the editor : " This was a very
clear case. Cells four to the inch, flat
caps, out of which hatched nice young

workers." There was no mistake in
the case. Mr. Murphy was too experi-'
enced to be deceived, and besides, as I
was living in (M)icago at the time,
friend Kewman handed the comb to
me, and I saw the workers hatch out
of it, with my own eyes.

It is not a very uncommon thing to
see drone-cells where drone-comb
abounds, having the mouths of the
cells contracted l)y a heavy rim of wax.
Is it not likely that in such cases the
bees conclude there is an unnecessary
amount of drone-comb, and that after
being thus contracted these cells are to
all intents and purposes worker-cells 'i*

Marengo, Ills.

APIARY WORK.

Honey Shower, Balled Queen,
Giving Frames of Brood, ete.

Written for the Prairie Farmer
BY MRS. L. HARRISON.

There was a shower of honey in this
locality from the basswood ; something
unusual, but like a thunder-shower,
heavy and soon over. Those colonies
that were in good condition — had their
dishes right side up to catch it — are no
longer poor, but rich in choice stores.

The change from poverty to riches
was so sudden, that the bees had not
wax scales secreted with which to build
comb, but filled every empty cell. In
order to have a share of this sweetness,
as it were to take toll, I extracted
combs where there were no brood be-
fore it was sealed. It was of course
unripe, but sufficiently evaporated, and
I put it out in the sun to boil, with the
thermometer playing around the hun-
dred. What I have is in vessels of tin
or glass, with cheese-cloth tied over the
top to keep out insects, and allow the
moisture to pass off. When it is suffi-
ciently ripened, it can be stored away,
and will keep for all time free from
souring.

Balllns tlie Queen.

In looking after a swarm that had
just issued, I found the queen balled in
front of a hive near by. Now in re-
leasing a queen thus balled, if the bees
are picked off she is apt to be stung to
death in the operation, but when the
ball is thrown into water, then every
fellow is for himself. Life-preserva-
tion is the first law of nature, and the
queen is no longer thought of, and
when the (lueen is released she can be
taken from the water and secured.
When I threw this ball into the water
the bees swam away from her, but the
poor thing was already dead.

I see it stated by a late writer, that
when a queen gets separated from her
colony, she returns to the place from
where she went forth on her bridal
tour. If this is so, it accounts for the
reason why queens are so often found
at the entrance of other colonies. When
this swarm missed its queen its re-
turned sad and disconsolate to its
former home ; no more swarming now
until another queen can be reared. I
shall watch this colony with interest.

584

Tmm MMEKicMff mmm jQ^mMmi^.

In nine days all queen-cells are removed
but one, so there will be no further
swarming. Managing in this way, the
colony is kept very strong during the
honey flow, to gather surplus honey,
and will go into winter quarters with a
young, vigorous queen. Where no in-
crease is desired, this is certainly a
good way to do.

Giving Fraiues of Brood.

There has been much rain of late,
and it is reasonable to expect a fair
flow of honey. In order to profit by it,
bees must be in good condition to
gather it. After the hurry of swarm-
ing is over, it is well to look after the
colonies that have cast swarms. I have
sometimes found such hives to be al-
most entirely filled with honey, and a
handful of bees with a laying queen,
and a small patch of brood. 1 would
take all the combs free from brood, and
extract them, confining the bees with
their brood to one side of their hive by
a division-board. Then I would open
a large colony, and take out a frame of
sealed brood, brush off the bees, and
give it to the little colony, placing one
of the empty combs in its" place. When
enough of the young bees had emerged
to cover the comb given to the small
colony, I would give it another in the
same way, and in about ten days it
would be a strong colony, fully equipped
for business. If it had been left alone,
it would have perished the following
winter, although surrounded with
honey, having too few bees to keep up
the necessary warmth. It is sometimes
also a benefit to large colonies to have
a frame which is partially filled with
brood removed, and an empty comb put
in its place, for I have seen every cell
in such filled with brood. But if a
frame filled with brood and honey is
removed from a strong colony, and an
empty frame put in its place, it will
almost surely be tilled with drone-
brood.

Bees Clnsterliig Outside of tlie Hive.

I do not desire more than one swarm
from a colony, but if I am very busy,
they get beyond my control. 'If I see
a " cast," I cut out the queen-cells and
return it, or a " maiden," which, by the
way, is a swarm that casts one.

No bee-master allows his bees to
cluster on the outside of a hive for
want of storage room. And the farmer
who waits initil after harvest before he
gets time to put on surplus boxes, may
go without honey on his cakes another
winter. When the combs are built out
white, is a good time to put on recepta-
cles for honey. What kind these should
be, depends largely upon the way it is
to be disposed of. B^es will, no doubt,
build as much in starch boxes as in the
whitest sections, but there will be a
great difference in the returns, if it is
to be marketed. City trade demands
one and two pound sections. These
can be bought by the thousand cheaply,
and any child can put them together,
and the cases to hold them. York State
bee-keepeis put one-pound sections 1(U-
market into paper boxes, with highly
colored lithogmphs on them, but our
\\ estern consumers do not demand all
this " fuss and feathers."

Peoria, Ills.

The Prodigal— that Didn't
Return.

Written for the American Bee Jou/mal

BY EUGENE SECOIi.

A silly bee got on a spree,

Out in a field of clover.
" I'll drink," said she, " ray fill, te-he,

And play the merry rover."

" Now what's the use to be a goose,

And all the time be alving,
Wlipn life is sliort and made for sport,

And all we get's a living ?"

" So I for one will have some fun,

And live a life of pleasure.
Who said I ouulit to work for naught,

And carry home the treasure ?"

The day was fair. The balmy air
Played gently with the Bowers.

By some strange spell, sweet hydromel
Distilled in nect'ious showers.

She frisked about, now in, now out,
From every flow'ret drinliing ;

Played in the sun till day was done
With no thouaht worth the thinking.

When night drew nigh she heaved a sigh,

Half sorry for her folly ;
But stubborn Pride, that purblind guide,

Soon banished melancholy.

Just underneath a plantain leaf

Retired shu in the gloaming.
A nimble toad spied her abode ;

A wink— she ceased her roaming.
Forest City, Iowa.

GOOD REPORT.

steady Honey-Flow — Queen-Ex.
eluding Honey-Boards.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY H. O. KRTT8CHKK.

I thought that I would throw a little
bright sunshine In among so many
dark reports. I am having a great
honey season ; not as much per colony
as is often reported, for I never look
for more than one-half as much— when
I get that I rejoice. We never look for
surplus till after July l,orbasswood
bloom, and this was after July 10 this
year. From then on it has been a con-
tinuous flow, not in torrents, but a
steady gain.

My best colony has 140 one-pound
sections full ; and some are sealing 40,
50, and 70 pounds each. I tiered-up
some for extracting three full stories
high. They had brood in all the stories,
and some of them have a bushel basket
full of bees. I took off the boxes yes-
terday, and left them on the hives till
I went through the apiary, but no rob-
ber bees appeared. I could not coax
them to lick out the comb-carriers.
This will continue for ten days or two
weeks, if no frost appears. If I had
white clover I would be in a regular
"Eden."

I have never used queen-excluding
honey-boards, but I have yet to find the
first bit of pollen or brood in the sec-
tions. Large hives is the remedy. I
had 38 colonies in good condition in the
middle of May, and I have increased
them to .58, and stocked the woods for
miles around with runaway swarms ;
but they will soon wish they had stayed

at home, when Jack Frost lets the mer-
cury down out of sight. It looks now
as if I would have 3,000 pounds of sur-
plus, one -half of it comb honey in sec-
tions, and the rest extracted.

My apiary is 18 miles away, and my
cranberries require a great deal of at-
tention, so that I cannot plan very
scientific management for the bees, but
I do the best I can for them. The re-
sult is perfectly satisfactory.

Duester, Wis., Aug. 28, 1888.

ON THE SCALES.

Testing the Storing Qualities of
the Bees for Years.

Written for the Farmer and Dairyman

BY D. KAUFFMAN.

I have had one of the best colonies in
my apiary on a scale during the last
six years, and in 1886 I marked down
the amount gained for the day every
night, and also kept a close watch on
the amount of surplus honey stored,
and from this I found that when bees
gain from one to three pounds, about
one-quarter of the gain is stored as
surplus honey, and when the gain is
from 3 to 8 pounds^ about one-half is
stored as surplus honey, and from the
record kept for this season, about two-
thirds was stored as surplus honey.
These experiments were all made for
extracted honey.

But it seems to me that the rearing
of brood would not have anything to do
with the gain of a colony of bees, for if
the bees did not feed the brood it
would not gain in weight, and if they
take the feed from within the hive, it
would not get any heavier on account
of the brood ; but it would make a dif-
ference in the amount of surplus honey
stored, and when bees gain from 10 to
16 pounds per day they will lose from
8 to 5 pounds during the night : and
should the next two or three days be
cool or rainy, so that the bees could not
fly, the bees would lose about 3 pounds
in the first 24 hours, 2 pounds in the
second, 1 pound in the third, and J^
pound in the fourth day.

This loss is caused by the evappra-
tion of the honey, and I thiyk it is
nearly as great when bees gather honey
as it is when they do not, so that this
would make the actual weight carried
in by the bees during one day from 3 to
5 pounds more than the scales would
show by weighing the hive in the morn-
ing and again in the evening ; and I be-
lieve that when bees gain at such rates
the old ones wear out as fast as the
young ones come on, for they fill up
the brood- combs with honey as fast as
the young bees hatch, so that the queen
will not be able to find any empty cells
to put any eggs in, especially when
running for comb honey.

I believe there were one-fourth less
flying, or working bees in my apiary, at
the close of the honey season than
there were when I first put the scales
under the hive on July 28, and three-
fourths less brood.

1 think that it is a great help to have
a hive placed on a scale during the

*TmM mimmmi€:M.M mmw jovMrntuL,

585

honey season, for you can tell just what
your bees are doing, and how fast you
will have to get your sections ready to
put on, how much more room they
need, etc., from two to five days sooner
than you would if you had ho scales,
and these few days would amount to
several hundred pounds of honey for
each day in an apiary of from 50 to 100
hives.

GEORGIA HONEY.

" Pleasantries " About the Pro-
diivtiun or Honey.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY W. H. PRIOR.

An item on " Honey in Georgia," has
been going the rounds of late through
the secular press, and has been copied
by some bee-papers. I also notice on
page 460 of the American Bee Jour-
nal, the management of an apiary by
Ben Foggy, of Iowa, who makes honey,
according to his fancy, by "moon-
shine."

jSTow I cannot produce honey like
Beu Foggy, or my Georgia neighbor
who has a grove of trees which he taps
and gets the honey by the barrel. Cer-
tainly the Iowa man, as well as my
Georgia friend, were out of employ-
ment, and acting up the old adage, that
when you tell one, tell a big one, they
indulged their imaginary genius in
fabricating these sweet pleasantries-
like the " Wily scientific pleasantry "
in fabrication, but unlike that pleas-
antry in that they were not intended
for the purpose of, norcould in any way
injure apiculture in the least.

But laying all jest and pleasantry
aside, Georgia (especially middle
Georgia) is as well adapted to apicul-
ture and the production of honey, as
any country in the world, Italy not ex-
cepted. Our climate is almost the
counterpart of that salubrious climate
so much admired by travelers, and so
beautifully described by writers of both
prose and poetry.

The cultivation of " king cotton " has
so absorbed the minds and energies of
the yeomanry of the Sunny South for
several generations past, that they have
neglected and almost ignored every
other rural industry ; and this has been
to the detriment of themselves and
families, and almost to the irreparable
ruin of this Heavenly favored Sunny
South land of ours, by making barren
wastes and gapping gullies on almost
every hillside.

Once these fields were as fertile (and
the most of them are still capable of as
high a state of cultivation) as any land
North, East or West. This has been
demonstrated and proved beyond a
doubt, not only by special tests, but by
numerous and extensive experiments.
The people are awaking to their best
interests, and diversified farming— the
dairy and other industries— are spring-
ing up on every hand. Northern capi-
tal is fast seeking investment with us,
opening up industries which of course
will give us a better home market for
our honey, butter, fruits, vegetables

and the like. The want of a home
market, and the lack of railroad facili-
ties has been a great drawback in the
production of these things. The open-
ing of new lines of railway, a great
deal of which has been done within
the past few years, the reduction of
freight, the preparation of refrigerator
cars, etc., is working a revolution in
this respect.

middle Georgia as a Honey Country.

Middle Georgia is specially adapted
to apiculture. Our winters are com-
paratively short and mild. The mer-
cury rarely ever reaching zero. We
hardly know what it is for it to go be-
low zero, and the cold spells are gen-
erally of but short dui'ation, there being
scarcely a week during winter but that
the bees can have a cleansing,«unny
flight if they so desire.

We have no need of a cellar, house or
even chaff hives ; all that is needed for
safe wintering is a good colony with
enough honey to last them from No-
vember to March 1. By feeding the
last of February and the first of March,
for stimulating brood-rearing, one can
have full colonies ready for work as
early as from the first to the middle of
April. My first swarm came out and
was hived on Saturday, April 7. With
empty frames to start with, in ten days
they had the frames below filled with
brood and honey, and were working in
the upper sections.

Our honey harvest is during the
months of April, May and June, al-
though the bees can live by foraging
from March to November. Thus it
will be seen that we could save the
cream of our honey harvest, and then
sell and ship some colonies to the
North in time for the beginning of the
honey harvest there.

Honey-Tfleldlng Plants of Georgia.

While I suppose we have nothing
equal to the basswood of the North and
Northwest, yet we have the great ad-
vantage of a greater length of time for
the honey-flow, and a greater variety
of honey -producing plants. Our poplar
is almost as good as basswood. We
have willow, besides other swamp
growth and wild flowers that furnish
the precious nectar. These come along
in April and May. Apples, pears,
plums and the like bloom in March.
Later on we have the field pea— almost
as good as red clover — being of the
clover family a leguminous plant, which
grows to perfection with but little
labor, and is a fine stock feed, both pea
and vine, besides the best renovator of
worn soil, red clover not excepted.

Then red clover will also grow well
here, if properly managed and ferti-
lized. I have had it to grow from 2 to
3 feet high, and yield from 3 to 5 tons
of good hay per acre. I shall sow more
this fall than ever, and mix Alsike
clover with it. Alsike is said to be
better for bees than the red, and that
Alsike will grow anywhere that the red
will. I shall give it a trial anyway.

We have a little white clover that
grows wild, to be fouud almost any-
where, that furnishes considerable
honey during the month of June. Our
cotton— and we have thousands of acres

in full bloom from the middle of July
to the middle of October— furnishes
enough for the bees to live on during
this time. It is very light in color, and
finely flavored. The meagre supply
scattered over so large a territory gives
but little surplus, but enough to keep
the bees from consuming their already
garnered winter supply. If ihe second
crop of Alsike and red clover blossoms
should prove with us what is claimed
for it in the North and Northwest, we
can have a July crop of honey that
would make our honey harvest last
from April 1 to Aug. 1. I shall sow at
least ten acres of the two mixed this
fall, and give it a fair test.

There are but few apiarists in this
country, but quite a number of bee-
keepers using the old-fashioned box-
gum, not knowing a queen from a king
bee. Dr. J. P. H. Brown, of Augusta,
Ga., one of the most noted apiarists or
the South, has already taken, this sea-
son, 125 pounds of surplus honey from
one Italian colony. Of course this is a
phenomenal yield for one colony, but
from 75 to lOO pounds have been fre-
quently obtained in Georgia. Of course,
with us as at the North, every year is
not a honey year, but we never have an
entire failure, always having some
surplus.

With our natural advantages of
climate, and many honey producing
plants, with practical and scientific
knowledge of apiculture, producing
artificial pasturage for bees, combining
the business with stock husbandry —
certainly (Georgia could be made a land
that would with " milk and honey
flow."

Madison, Ga., Aug. 1, 1888.

IN COUNCIL.

The If. W. Illinois and S. W.
>Viseonsin Convention.

WHttx^n for the Forreaton, Ills., Herald

BY THE SECRETARY.

The bee-keepers of Northwestern
Illinois and Southwestern Wisconsin
met by appointment at Leaf River, Ills. ,
on Tuesday, Aug. 21, 1888, the Presi-
dent, L. Ilighbarger, in the chair.

It being a very busy season among
the farmers, there was not a very large
attendance. A few of the most promi-
nent men of the association were pres-
ent, and their able discussions made it
a very pleasant meeting.

Some time was spent by the visitors
in examining the methods and looking
over the well-kept apiary of the Presi-
dent of the association, Mr. High-
barger. His colony of newly -imported
bees elicited the admiration of all pres-
ent, and the queens of this species will
be at a premium among the members
in the future.

Bee conventions are modern socie-
ties, and bee-culture is a modern
science. Thirty years ago a bee keep-
ers'association was never thought of;
to-day they are found in every progres-
sive country of the globe. The person
who will take the time to look over the
records of the past thirty years, will

586

T-H® MMMRICMlf BE® J@^RlfSlf.

discover some of the benefits derived
from these associations. No single in-
dividual has been able to discover all
the intricacies concerning any one
thing of the method of the bee. So the
benehts of sociability and meeting with
friends and neighbors, and the ex-
change of discoveries that have been
made by the members are appreciated
in this organization as well as in any
other.

The questions for discussion before
the society were :

1. "Which is more preferable for the
bee-master, to supersede the old queen,
or let the bees do it V" It was decided
in favor of the master doing it.

2. " Can a queen that produces all
three-banded bees be a hybrid ?" An-
swer : No ; by a letter read from the
Bee Journal, by Frank Benton.

3. " Will mixed bees work better
than bees all from one colony ?"

4. " Do bees do better in hives faced
in one direction than another V"

These questions were ably discussed
by the members, after which the meet-
ing adjourned, to be called in May, 1889.

SWARMING.

Do Bees Select a Habitation
Before S^varining 'i

Written for theAinerioan BeeJcMrrwX
BY JAMES F. WOOD.

I have read the articles on the above
subject with much interest, and as far
as my observation has gone, I think
that each writer has been partially
right. 1 will give my experience with
a few of the most striking cases that I
have personally witnessed.

When# boy of about 16 years of age,
I had a great desire to learn aM I could
concerning bees and their habits, and
after reading and re-reading all the
books until I knew them nearly by
heart, I concluded to stock an apiary
with Italian bees. Not having the
funds to purchase bees, I set out to get
my bees from the woods, and at that
time there were many of my neighbors
who kept bees, and many swarms es-
caped to the woods. Now for the facts :
A neighbor had a swarm that clus-
tered where they could not be reached,
and I was informed of this fact, and
directly went to the place to watch the
swarm and chase them to the tree when
they left. I did not have to wait long
before they started, and with some
difiSculty I managed to keep in sight of
the bees until I saw them enter the
tree about a mile distant. This was in
1875. The same year 1 followed the
lines that several swarms had been
known to have gone, but I never found
but one more by following the direction
they started from the hive.

But on tliis side of the question I
have still the best evidence that I have
yet seen printed. It occurred this sea-
son in a neighboring town. I went to
purchase some bees of a friend, and
while looking at the bees, a large
swarm issueil. and without alighting it
went about 1-5 rods directly to an old
hive, where a colony had died the win-

ter before. This swarm did not fly
around after it issued, but as soon as it
got out, it went direct to this hive, and
nearly half of them were in the hive
when we went to it. But this by no
means proves that bees " pick out " a
home before leaving the parent hive.
But it looks pretty clear that the last-
mentioned swarm knew where they
were going before leaving the hive ;
and that the first-mentioned swarm
knew where they were going before
leaving the limb where they had
clustered.

I might add that the scouts sent out,
and those that returned, seemed to
nearly all go and come from the direc-
tion of this tree that the bees selected
for their home. I noticed this to such
an extent that I remarked to several
that I was pretty sure the bees would
go in that direction, as they afterward
did.

One writer has said that bees some-
times will fly for days and keep alight-
ing and searching for a home. This is
true also, as I can testify. I knew a
small swarm to issue and fly off about
two miles before alighting. Here they
hung for two days on a limb, and flew
about a mile and alighted again. They
kept flying around for a week in the
neighborhood, and finally settled in a
tree not 20 rods from where they
started. This was late in the season
(the latter part of August). This
swarm was not kept in sight all the
time, but owing to the fact that it is
rare that swarms issue so late in this
locality, the size of the swarm, and
that it was seen by many people flying
back and forth, I think there is little
doubt that it was all one and the same
swarm.

I have several times found swarms
clustered miles away from where any
bees were kept, and have several times
chased swarms until they finally lighted
on some tree or bush instead of going
to a tree. My conclusion of the whole
is this : Bees sometimes go direct to
the new home without alighting, but
not often ; and that others will alight
and then send out scouts ; then, if
successful, they will go direct to the
new home. But the majority of swarms
that escape, fly and alight several times
before they find a home ; and I have
the best of reasons to believe that they
often get ten, and even twenty, miles
from the parent hive before they settle
in their new home.

North Prescott, Mass.

RIGHTS OF BEES.

Have tiie Bees a Right to the
Nectar of the Raspberries ?

Written fur the American Bee Journal
BY JAMES M'NEILL.

I have been a member of the Bee-
Keepers' Union since its inception, and
have paid my dues each year without
any thought that I shoulS be obliged
to invoke the aid of the Union in the
defense of my rights, as I had kept
bees for a number of years without any
serious complaiut from my neighbors.
But the situation is changed now at my

out apiary, and one of my neighbors
declares that it is his purpose to collect
damage for the injury which our bees
have done his raspberries.

Three years ago he set out about half
an acre of raspberries of the red Ant-
werp variety. He made no serious
complaint about the bees during the
first two years ; but the present season,
toward the close of the raspberry har-
vest, a severe dry spell left the bees
without any forage, and the same
cause, I suppose, tended to ripen th©
berries faster than the owner could
take care of them. The result was that
the bees worked upon his raspberry
patch, as he says ; not only destroying
his fruit, but stinging the pickers, so
that many of them refused to pick, and
he could not get pickers to take care of
the fruit.

He claims that our bees have done
him $150 worth of damage during the
past three seasons. He made no serious
complaint to me during the first two
years, simply asking once in awhile, as
I supposed in a half joking way, what
we were going to pay him for bee-pas-
turage. Nor during the greater por-
tion of his berry harvest this year did
he make any complaint about the bees,
though we passed by when he was
picking every day. But meeting him
on July 31, he declared that the bees
had become an intolerable nuisance—
that they were eating his berries up
and drivmg his pickers away, and that .
even after the berries were in the bas-
kets, they stuck at them and destroyed
many.

We drove down the same day to look
over the berry patch, and we found, as
we supposed we should, that the berry
season was about over, and great
quantities of over-ripe and dried-up
berries hanging on the bushes. Of
course the bees were on them, but
wasps and hornets were there as well.
Certainly no one but those who had a
senseless fear of bees, need have been
afraid to go among the bushes, as a
slight jar would cause the bees to fly
away.

There were a couple of crates of ber-
ries standing at the ends of the rows,
and the women of the household were
crying out that the bees would eat them
up if they were not taken away. We
opened the crates, and found perhaps
6 to 10 bees in each basket ; but a slight
jar would cause them to fly haimlessly
away.

We called upon a neighbor of this
man who has berries of the same va-
riety, to find out if the bees troubled
his patch, and he made no complaint.
He said if the berries were not allowed
to get over-ripe, the bees were not
troublesome, and if they were upon a
bush, a slight jar would cause them to
fly harmlessly away. On the other
hand, the man who works the farm
where our bees are, and who has a
patch of the same kind of berries, said
that while he had no cause for com-
plaint last year, this year he found the
bees very troublesome.

The fact in this man's case we knew
was, that he had so much to do that he
neglected his berries until they were
over-ripe. When we told these men
that if they picked their berries when
they should be picked, they would have

•FH^ m^mmmi^mM mmm j©wki«mil.

587

^^■^^■^■^■^iim*-^*-*-^-^-^-^*-*-*-^*-*-^

no trouble with the bees, they replied
that they had the right to pick their
berries when they saw fit to do so. But
it seems to me that they have uot
ethically such a complete control of
their possessions against bees as they
have against domestic stock.

If my cattle break down my fence
and get into my neighbor's fields, I am
justly liable tor any damage that they
may do, for it is my business to keep
my fence in good repair. But bees can-
not be thus restrained. They roam at
■will, and however much we would like
to prevent them from visiting our
neighbors' berries and fruit, we are
powerless in the matter.

Now bee-keeping being a highly use-
ful industry, its peculiarities should be
recognized in the laws of the land. The
greatest good to the greatest number
should control here as elsewhere in
society ; and if the fruit-grower can be
as exacting in his rights and privileges
against bees as against other forms of
trespass, the effect would be to drive
bee-keepers out of the business.

The "greatest good to the gre;itest
number " would not be conserved by
such a policy, for it is even better for
the community that the fruit-grower
should suffer than that the industry of
bee-keeping should be proscribed.

When the fruit-grower claims the
right of planting anything that he likes,
and gathering his crop whenever it
suits his convenience, law should step
in and say : that is your undoubted
right to the extent that it does uot con-
flict with the higher law of " the great-
est good to the greatest number," but
when it does so conflict, individual
rights must give way to the best in-
terest of the community. I am not
posted in the law as regards this mat-
ter, but it seems to me that this is a
common-sense view of it.

It is decidedly disagreeable to me to
have any difficulty with my neighbor.
I would much prefer to pay a reason-
ble claim for damages than to sustain
a suit at law, but I forsee that if I rec-
ognize this man's claim for damages, i
will have to recognize his neighbor's
claims also, and if I pay damages this
year, I may have to do the same for
years to come, and with such a prospect
before me, I should certainly be com-
pelled to give up the business, for in
its present status, it would not stand
such a tax.

Hudson, N. Y.

[It is true that the bees and their
keepers have rights, and it is equally
true that the owners of surrounding
lands have rights. To get at, and carry
out to their legitimate result these
rights all around, is the diQiculty. As
General Manager of the National Bee-
Keepers' Union, we have advised Mr.
McNeill as to what course to pursue,
and we have no doubt that the whole
affair will be amicably settled— at least
we hope so.

The thoughtful reader will find much
to interest him in the article from Dr.
Miller, on page 583 of this issue, on this
important subject.— Ed.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

Its Purity, Oraiiiilation, Uses,
and Production.

Written for the American Agriculturist
BY A. H. DUFF.

Extracted honey is coming into gen-
eral favor. The fear of adulteration
has been the great obstacle to its sale,
but this is now largely dispelled, and
people are taking hold of the article
with more confidence. It is only neces-
sary for consumers to consider a mo-
ment to convince themselves that at
the present prices for which extracted
honey is sold, it would be impossible to
produce any substitute that would cost
less. In earlier times, when honey
would bring from 25 to 35 cents per
pound, there was an inducement to
adulterate ; but when honey brings
only 10 or 12 cents it is impossible to
substitute any article with a salable
appearance except at a cost that would
not exceed the price. Every bee-keeper
well knows that adulteration is a death
blow to his own industry, and when
adulteration was common, it was
doubtless safe to lay the blame upon
the middleman and not on the producer.

It has been asserted that adulteration
is brought about by the bee-keeper
feeding sugar and syrup to the bees.
This is impossible, for the reason that
sugar and syrup feeding will never pro-
duce honey. It will simply be sugar
syrup stored in the combs, and will not
be changed in flavor. The fact that
bee-keepers feed sugar to their bees
creates misapprehension among the in-
experienced. It is of the utmost im-
portance at certain seasons of the year
to feed bees, but it is only to maintain
life, or to stimulate brood-rearing, and
it is done late in the fall and early in
the spring.

The cost of feed brings this to an
end as soon as the colony is in a fair
condition. This feed is all consumed
in the brood-nest, and not a particle of
it ever reaches the surplus boxes. When
honey is abundant in the flowers, and
the bees have access to it, they cannot
be led away by any cheap sugars or
syrups. It would be folly to furnish
food at a higli rate, when honey-pro-
ducing flowers are supplying the real
nectar in excessive quantities.

Extracted honey can be secured in
greater quantities than comb honey
under the same conditions, and at a
much less cost. The saving of comb is
quite an item, for to produce wax in-
volves the consumption of large quan-
tities of honey. It has been estimated
that 20 pounds of honey are sacrificed
in producing one pound of wax or
comb. The convenience of handling
extracted lioney, and the ease with
which it can be kept any length of time
in good condition, are greatly in its
favor.

The granulation of extracted honey
has heretofore interfered with its sale
and use, but it is now pretty well un-
derstood that all pure honey will gran-
ulate, and in this condition it is pre-
ferred by many to the liquid form.

In extracting, the different varieties
of honey produced from different blos-

soms can be kept separate, and the en-
tire crop graded. Most people think
there is but one kind of honey, and
when they see two different colors they
conclude one of them is not right. It
is impossible to enumerate the differ-
ent varieties, flavors and shades of
honey, but we may safely say that in
any one locality there may be twenty
different kinds, at least as many as we
have different genera of flowers.

All honey when taken from the hives
should be stored away high and dry in
buildings. Never use a cellar nor any
damp place for this purpose. Damp-
ness will spoil honey, but heat never
will.

Creighton, Ohio.

COMB HONEY.

My Favorite management, and
Hoiv to Obtain It.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY WESLEY DIBBLE.

I commenced using the new Heddon
hive in 1886, which was considered a
poor season here. I obtained more
finished and marketable honey with it
than with the hive I had used for 7
years previous, and I may add, more
honey than any other bee-man with
any hive in this territory produced, to
my knowledge. I used it according to
directions given by its inventor, which
was a box on a single story. I, of
course, was well pleased with the re-
sult the first summer.

I neglected to feed my bees in the
fall, and put the bees into the cellar on
Nov. 14, 1886, which were in the re-
versible and the Langstroth hives. The
result on May 1, 1887, was that I had
lost 50 colonies in the reversible hive,
while those in the Langstroth wintered
well.

I will say here that I had always win-
tered bees perfectly before, and the
bees consumed so little honey that I
did not see the necessity of feeding
those in the reversible hives in the fall.
The colonies in reversfble hives went
into the cellar very light, while those
in Langstroth hives were heavy. In
view of all of the above loss, I was not
discouraged with the hive.

In 1887 I filled the hives again with
bees, and used them mostly with both
stories the second season. About June
1, 1887, I commenced to change the
lower section or half-hive to the top,
and the top one below. I practiced
this once in seven or eight days, for
four times, and some of them oftener.
When the upper story was loaded with
honey, I put it below as late as Aug. 1.

I did not get a natural swarm from
the reversible hive in 1887. I put them
into the cellar again on Nov. 19, 1887,
with both chambers of the hives well
filled with bees and honey. The bees
wintered perfectly, and now, on July
27, 1888, with the same management as
last summer, the colonies in these
hives are ahead of anything I know of
in this part of the country, in storing
honey in sections ; and I have had one
swarm from 50 colonies.

588

XH® MMBRICSN BEE? J©l&RE*SIr.

About finding the queen : I am not
telling what I can do, but what I have
done. My wife and myself clipped the
wings of .50 queens in reversible hives
in less than two hours, in my home
yard. I have another yard seven miles
from here, with 73 colonies, spring
count, and it required 1}4 days to ac-
complish the clipping. The wings of
the queens of both yards ought to have
been clipped sooner, or before the hives
were so full of bees ; but I care but
little about the quantity of bees with
the reversible hive— I can find the
queen 19 times in 20 almost instantly,
while I have searched one hour for a
queen in the other hives, and then shut
them up till some other time, without
finding her, especially a black queen.

Middleburgh, N. Y.

COIVVESTTION DIRECTORY.

1888 Time and Place of Meeting.

Sept. 6.— Bees and Poultry, at New Brunswick, Ind.
Ora Knowlcon, Sec, New Brunswick, Ind.

Sept. 8.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

Oct. 3-5.— North American, at Columbus. O.

W. Z. Hutchinson. Sec. Flint, Mich.

Dec. —.-Michigan State, at Jackson, Mich.

H. D. Cutting, Sec, Clinton, Mich.

I^" In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetines.- Bd.

Itee!« Doing: ^Vell.— L. Highbarger,
Leaf River, Ills., on Aug. 28, 1888, says :

Bees are doing well at present on asters
anil heart' s-ease. If it so continues I ex-
pect to ijet some surplus honey besides my
increase ol bees. I increased my apiary
from 18 colonies to .50.

portunities neglected, whereby he would
wish to account for the total failure of his
enterprise. After they have lost there bees,
and are " upset," they will whine, and say
that it all happened because of other's busi-
ness, and that tlie weather was very heavy ;
when in fact the waters were very deep, the
niyht very dark, and the intellect very
muddj'. Such condemn reversible frames,
not knowing what they are talking about.

The plain fact of the business is, all such
cases are unfortunate. Bne-keepina can
only be achieved by those wlio, like Dzier-
zon of old, " pay the costly price for the
brilliant meed of honor," by discipline, self-
control, and a boundless enthusiasm for the
art.

Bees making- a Liiving;. — M. O.

Tattle, Osage, Iowa, on Aug. 28, 1888, says :

Bees in this section are going to make a
living for themselves, but not for their
keepers, unless we rob them. Durini! the
last of June and all of July, there was just
honey enough to stimulate swarming, but
not enough to get any surplus. There will
not be comb hoaey here to one-tenth part
supply our home market. Perhaps we can
get the people educated to use extracted
honey, while they can get nothing else.
Honey from buckwlieat, golden-rod and
other fall flowers is as plenty "now as any
time this season.

Xhe Igfnorant Uce-Keepers.— J.

W. Tetft, Collamer, X. Y., writes :

That class of bee-keepers who do not take
good bee- papers— who read no books on
honey-bees— have no business with bees,
as bees have no business with them.
They abuse the profession. No argu-
ment can convince them. They are so
habituated to intrigue and mystery, and are
prone to accept a plain fact, but will dodge
the road to common-sense. They will not
pause to deliberate upon and minutely
scrutinize divers errors committed, and op-

TVorking on Heart's-Ease.- W.

H. Martin, Falls City, Nebr., on Aug. 25,
1888, says :

We have had plenty of rain in this vicin-
ity this summer, and bees are working on
heart's-ease, which is abundant in nearly
all stubble fields.

make Our Cause Strong. — J. W.

Winder, New Orleans, La., on Aug. 28,
1888, writes :

The honey crop is short again in this por-
tion of tlie State. Too much rain has not
been conducive to the usual yield, so dollars
for the " Union " will be scarce from this
source. But as our pursuit must be de-
fended against ignorance and wrong, I send
in my dollar, to help make our cause strong.

T¥et Summer and Small Crop.

— Wm. B. McCormick, Uniontown, Pa., on
Aug. 28, 1888, writes :

I had my back badly strained some three
weeks ago, by being thrown from a wagon.
I am now able to walk about again, but I
have not sufficient strength to attend to my
bees. Our prospects for a good crop of
honey in the spring were very bright, as the
bees all came through the winter in prime
condition, witli abuudance of honey. Fruit
bloom, etc., was good, as well as the
weather, and nearly all of my 40 colonies
commenced working in the sections ; but,
alas, alas, our hopes were all blasted, for
the white clover (our main and only source
for surplus) was a perfect failure, and
since July 1, our bees nave scarcely made a
living. My crop will amount to about 1,000
pounds of comt) honey, most of it heing
dark, and the sections riot very well filled.
We have had a very wet summer.

honesty than to be persistently accusing
others.

The season Is a failure here with us.
There is very little or no white clover, only
a light bloom of linden, and the weather is
too dry for buckwlieat and fall bloom. I
have no honey to sell, and but little increase.

Honey and Bees^rax jMarket.

Pleased Mitli the Union^s Suc-
cess.—D. Millard, Mendon, Mich., on Aug.
2.5, 1888, writes :

I am much pleased with Z. A. Clark's
success, and I sincerely hope that he will
come out ahead in the final contest. I am,
however, much opposed to keeping large
apiaries in thickly settled corporations ; for
it they are not" a great public nuisance,
they are often a sciurce of great annoyance
to one's nearest neigbbors— the very ones
with whom we should sustain the most
amicable relations. I joined the Union,
and gave my first dollar to assist in squelch-
ing the absurd idea that bees ever annoyed
sheep. My second dollar went to assist in
proving that bees of themselves never de-
stroy grapes. I now send another dollar
hoping that it will aid in "pushing to the
wall" any would-be scientific professor,
clergyman, idiots, or those who will persist
in villifying honey-producers. There is no
more positive evidence of ignorance or dis-

NBW YORK.

HONEY.— Market is bare of extracted, but choice
white clover or basswnod will bring f rom 7^@8c
Soutliern ex-tracteil,.55'g60c. per gallon, as to quality.

BEESWAX.— Dull at l'3c.

HILDKBTil BK08. & SEGBLKEN,
Aug. 23. '^ & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane St.

SAN FRANCISCO. .

HONEY.— White 1-lb. sei:tion». 12®I.5c.: 2-lbs.. 11
to 14 cts.; amber, 7@9o. E.xtracted, white, 5X<S6c;
lieht amber, rtq.o xc; amber and candied. 44(*45ic.
Receipts light and market tlrm for best qualities.

BBKSWAJC.— 17g.:;lc.
Aug. 25. O. B. SMITH * CO.. 423 rrout St.

nBTROIT.

HONEY.— Best new white comb. lS®I6c , with lit-
tle in sight and slow sales. Market is low, and bee-
keepers will do better to hold honey until approach
of cold weather.

BBBSWAJt.-21@22c. Supply limited.
Aug. 22. M. U. H U N 1, Bel 1 Branch, Mich.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.- New crop offered at 16@17c, demand
being very light yet. Extracted is not in much de-
mand, and prices are nominal at 7®8c. lor the best
grades.

BBliSWAX,- 220. K. A. BURNETT,

Aug. 14. 161 South Water St.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— None here, and market In good condi-
tion fur new crop. There is some demand for the
extracted.

BEESWAX.- 22C.
Aug. 2. 8. T. FISH 4 CO.. 189 8. Water St.

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 5®8c. per !b.,
for which demand is fair. Comb honey. 12@15c.
Some small lotB have sold at 14® 16c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.-Demana 18 good— 2t)@:i2c. per lb. tor
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Au£. 24. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— Choice 1-lb. sections, 18c ; dark l-lbs.,
14c.: 2-lbs., IHCi dark, 13c. White extracted in 60-
Ib. cans. He; amber, 7c.; in barreU and kegs, 5@8c.
Demand good, prices firm, and stock light.

BEESWAX.— None in market.
Aug. 29. HAMBLIN & BEAK88, 514 Walnut Bt.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.-The market is not yet established, and
very little new honev has arrived. From the crop
reports, prices will be as high, and perhaps maybe
somewhat higher than last year. Reliable quota-
tions cannot be given yet, but there is good demand
for extracted. We quote choice white clover and
basswood extracted at 7Ss8'8Hc.

Aug. 29. F.G.STROHMBYBR&CO.. 122 Water St.
BOrtTON

HONEY.— We quote : New 1-lb. sections, 18@20c.;
2-lbs., 14@16c. New extracted, 8@ 10c.

BKK><WAX — 2!^ eta- oer Ih
Aug. 24. BLAKE & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- We quote : E.xtracted, white, 5>^ cents;
light, 5Hc.; amber. 4^^**5c. Comb, l-lbs., 12@l4c: 2-
Ibs., 9 ■ 13c., as to quality. Arrivals not large, and
supplies held flrmlv.

BEESWAX.— Dull at 19®22c
Aug. 20. SCHACHT & LBMCKB. 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote; White l-Ibs., unglassed, 18 to
20 cts.; 2-lbs., l.'ifS'l'^c California white l-lbs, 18c,;
2-lba., l.'>c.: extracted, white. >*c. -amber, 7c

BKESV^AX.— None on the market.
Aug. 10. CLBMON S, CLOON * CO., cor 4th AWalnut.

8T- Lonis.

HONEY.- We quote; Extracted, dark, 4®4^c.;
bright. 5(a.-'»^c.; in cans. 7®8c. Comb, white clover
in prime condition, 13H@15c.; dark, 1 1 t(.(5H 2^^ cts.—
Market quiet, demand good and receipts light.

BEESWAX.- 22c. tor orime.
Aug. 10. D. G. rUTT i OO.. Commercial St.

MILWAtTKBE.

HONEY.— New white 1-lb. sections 18c., and very
fine. 20c.; 1-lbs. l.'i(5jl.sc.; old 2 and 3 lbs., not salable,
r'tjSHc: dark l lbs. old or new, l2®13c. B.vtrac-
tC'l new white In kegs and ^-barrels, S®9C.; old. In
same packages, 7'iT.^,.-.; in tin, 8fei9c : dark in barrels
or "-.-barrels.e&fi'-oc. Arrivals of new crop small;
deniand not urgent, and only very moderate trade.

BEESWAX.- 22®-25C. _

Aug.31. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water 8 .

Tmrn mfimmmiGRu mwiw j©uri«mi*.

589

■ — »—■-—-—■'— ■^■-■^■^■^»*^*^»<>»^*^»^»^*^**i*«i>>^«~- — -'~'~--"^**«*«

t^>^«^*ia«^>«>*<

BCSINKS8 MANAGER.

5ixsiwc5s 3Jattces,

It "Worn I..ive near one post office and
get your mail at anotlier, be sure to give the
address that we have on oui list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this ofBce.

■ryoii LiO^ie Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Boxes — to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Kx4K and 5J^x5>|^.
Price, $1.00 per 100, or $8..50 per 1,000.

Preseire Your Papers for future
reference. If you have no 1*I!>'1>ER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journal.

Ifucca Bruslies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or .50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -ivi-itc American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writmg to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a eouunission house), causiug
vexatious delay and trouble.

Pure Phenol for Foul Brood.—

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 2.5 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Keglster.— All who intend to

be systematic m their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50colonie8 (120 pages) $1 00

" 100 colonies (220 pages) 125

•• 200 colonies (420 pag«B) 150

Photo{^rapli«i ot Bee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for 81.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

4;L,UBBII>'<,i I.IST.

^Ve Club the American Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the 1<ASX
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price of both. Club
The American Bee Journal 100...

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00.

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50.

Bee-Keepers' Guide 1 50.,

Bee- Keepers' Review 150.

The Apiculturist 175.

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00

Canadian Honey Producer. ..1 40.

The 8 above-named papers 565.

and Cook's Manual 2 25.

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00,
Binder tor Am. Bee Journal. .1 60.
Dzierzon's Bee- Book (cloth). . .3 00.
Root's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25.

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 .

Western World Guide 150.

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 150,

A Year Among the Bees 1 75.

Convention Hand-Book 150.

Weekly Inter-Ocean. 2 00.

Iowa Homestead 2 00.

How to Propagate Fruit 150.

History of National Society.. 1 50.

175
140
140
140
160
180
130
6 00

2 00
175
150
2 00
2 10
2 20
130
1 40
150
130
175
190
125
135

Hastingfs' Perfection Feeder. —

This Feeder (illustrated) will hold 3 quarts,
and the lettin?: down of tlie feed is regulated

Patente'l O'-t. 18, 1887.

by a thumb-screw. The cap screws securely
on. It is easy to regulate — either a spoonful
or a quart— and that amount can be given
in an hour or a day, as desired. By it the
food can be given where it is most needed-
just over the cluster. Not a drop need be
lost, and no robber bees can get at it. A
single one can be had for 40 cents, or a
dozen for S3..50, and it can be obtained at
this office. Postage 10 cents extra.

Cork lor Winter Packing-.- Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for (1.00.

Please to get your Neighbor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without It.

Can ITou Uo Anything that will do
more to advance and defend the pursuit of
bee-keeping, than to aid its Weekly Ex-
ponent and Defender ? The American
Bee Journal is the pioneer bee-paper of
America, and is fully entitled to the active
support of every progressive apiarist, for it
works constantly and faithfully for the best
interests of the pursuit. We therefore
specially request all our readers to use their
influence to double our subscription list,
during the coming autumn. Reader, will
you please send us a new subscription with
your renewal or before that time ? A good
weekly at one dollar a year is surely cheap
enough to command patronage.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels tl.50 $2.00 $2.25"

500 Labels 2 00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

O- Samples mailed free, upon application,.

Clover Seeds,— We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; 82.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White CUnier Seed : 810.00 per bushel; 82.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or MeliUit,
Clffver Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Exchange.— We will accept Honey
and Beeswax in exchange for Bee-Keepers'
Supplies in any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

Alfalfa Clover. — For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 23c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., 810.00.
If wanted by mail, add 10 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI* at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; J* pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, S3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 35 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

590

TMm MMERICMlf WMM J®^Ml«ffilLr.

■A^Bfciifc^WfcJMi^ArfWMfc^

Couvention Notices.

^^~ The Darke County Bee-Keepers' Soci-
ety will hold a basket meeting on the Green-
ville Fair Grounds, on Friday, Sept. 7, 1888..
J. A. Roe, Sec.

B^" The North American Bee-Keepers' Society
will meet at Columbus, O., on 'Wednesday, October
3, 1888, and continue as usual in session for three
days. W.Z. Hutchinson, Sec.

tW The next semi-annual meeting of the Joint
Bee and Poultry Keepers' Association of Boone and
HendriehB counties will be held at the apiary of
Wra. H. Higgins, 2H miles south of east from New
Brunswick. Ind.. on Thursday, Sept. 6, 1888. All in-
terested are cordially invited to attend.

Ora Knowlton. Sec.

It^ The Susquehanna County Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation will meet in the Court House at Montrose.
Pa., on Saturday, Sept. 8. 1888, at lO a.m., Sharp.
The following subjects will be considered : Prepar-
ing Bees for winter ; Preparing for. and Marketing,
Surplus Honey ; Does the Raising of Small Fruit
Conflict with Bee-Keepinsf? All bee-keepers are
cordially invited to attend. H. M. Seblky. Sec.

WeM'ill Present a Pocket Dictionary
for two subscribers with ^2.00. Jt is always
useful to have a dictiouary at hand to decide
as to the spelling of words, and to determine
their meaning.

^duertiscinewts.
LANGSTRbfii FUND.

AOOOB fulllength PHOTOGRAPH of Rev. L.
L Langsiroth, mounted on cabinet card, will be
sent to any address for o« cts —one-half to go to
the "Ijangstroth Fund." Address.

THOMAS B. REY]!trOT.T>S,
36A2t Box 356, DAYTON. OHIO.

Mention the American Bee Journal,

TJX'X'Ct ^^^ SA1.E. — 24 COLONIES
JDfiJui9 in improved movable - Irame
hives. For terms and particulars, write to
REV. .T. I>. OEHRIING,

36A2t PARKVILLE. Platte Co., MO.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

TESTED GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS.

ONE Queen, $1.00 ; 2 Queens, J1.80 ; three
Queeno, $';.60 ; one-half dozen. $5.00. By
Return IHail. HE^RY ALIiEY,

36A.3t WENHAM, MASS.

Mention the American Bee Journal,

GREAT BARGAIN !

ONliY Sa.oO per Colony— 10-frame hives.
For particulars address,
.36Alt J. J. ROE, Buchanan, micU.

Mentioii the American Bee Journal.

HONEY.

WE advise Bee-Keepers not to sell before
gettlnir our high prices.
State quality, quantity and style of pack-
ages ; send samples of Extracted, with the
sender s name marked on the same.

F. G, STROHMEYER & CO.,

.36A4t 123 Water St., NEW YORK, N. Y.

Meiition the American Bee Journal.

We have some ELEGANT

RIBBON BADGES, having

a rosette and gold Bee, for

bee-keepers' use at Fairs,

^ ^ ^ Conventions, etc. Price

50 cents each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. e. NE-WMAir Ji 80N,

S23 * 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

Menlion the American Bee Journal.

Gentlest bees known; not surpassed
as workers even by the wicked races.

Imported Queens, "A" grade, $6.00,
Tested, S4.00; Untested, $1.00,

One-half dozen $5 00

Never saw foul brood. Cash always
required before (illinK an order.

S. W. MORRISON, M. D.,

14Etf. Oxlord, Chester Co., Pa.

The OrlKlnal

BINGHAM

Smoker

« 0-*

rt

s"

Q P S

P

<

It; 5

HS"fSiSs

Patented, 1878

Bingham & Hetheriiigtoii Uncapping Knife

Patented May 20, 1879.

BINGHAIH SmOKERS and KNTVE»
have Revolutionized the Smoker and
Knife Trade, and have made bee-keeping a

fileasure and a success. They are the only
asting and eatisfactory Snokers and
Knives now used by experienced bee-keepers
in Europe, Australia, Cuba, and America
They are covered by patents, and while thej
are always the best that can be made* thej
are also the lowest priced.

Prices, by mall, post-paid.

Doctor smoker (wide shield). .3^ Inch. .$2 00
Conqueror smoker(wide shield) 3 " .. 17B

Large smoker (Wide shield) 2% " .. 150

Extra smoker (wide shield) 2 " ..126

Plain smoker 2 " ..100

Little Wonder smoker Hi " ., 65

Bingham & Hetheringrton Honey Knife,
2 inch 1 18

TO SELL AGAIN, apply for dozen or half
dozen rates. Address,

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

5Atf ABKONIJL, MICK.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

BEE-KEEPERS' 6DIDE;

EVERY Farmer and Bee-Keeper should
have it. The

15th 1,000, Wholly Kevised!

inVCH ENI.AROED!

Contains many more beautiful Illustrations
and is wp to datr. It is both PRACTICAL and
SCIENTIFIC.

Prices: By mail, $1.50. To dealers, $1.00.
In 100 lots, by freight, 50 per cent. off.

Address A.J.COOK,

3.5Atf Aerlcultural College, Midi.

Mention Vic American Bee Journal.

JTJST PTJBLISHKD.

"PRACTICAL TURKEY RAIflNC'

By Fanny Field. This book tellf. ai/
about turkey raipinp, from the eettiog
->«Mu ™o«™. "^ ^^^ eggs to the maturity of the young
■^^^Jjp^ turkB. If youfoliowthe directions in
^■^^atn this book yon need not lose a bird.

Fanny Field has had more exiwrience
and succp-eds better in raising turkeys than any other
person in A.merica. She clears hiindrerie of dollars
yearly on them, and will tell you how she does it. Price,
25 cents. Stamjw taken. AddresB R, B, MlTOHBIiL
Publisher, 69 Dearborn St., Chicago, HU
3lC2t

Mention th^ American Bee JourruiL

BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

HIVES, Sections, Foundation, Smokers,
Frames, Crates, &o., furnished at greatly
reduced rates. Also ITALIAN BEES and
QUEENS at very low prices. Send for my
Catalogue. Address,

A.. IF. STA-TTIET'-ETl,
29Ctf STERLING, ILLINOIS,

Mention the American Bee Journal.

Prlends, If Tou are in any way Interested In

BEES OR HONEY

We will with pleasure send a sample copy of the
Semi • Monthly Oleanlnara In Bee - Coltare,

with a descriptive price-list of the latest improTe-
ments in Hlven, Honey Extractors, Comb
Foandntlon, Section Honey Hoxes, all books
and journals, and everything pertaining to Bee
Culture. Nothing Patented. Simply send your ad-
dress vrritten plainly, to

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

Mention the American Bee .Journal.

^ E/^^/^A\fEH0 TOOJ.JS &yuPfUE^.

HEAD-QUARTERSINTHE SOUTH.

FACTORY OF

BEE HIVES, &C.

Early Nuclei & Italian Ctueeus.

}ar Tenth annual Catalogue now ready.
.•iCtf PATH. I.. VI AliliOSr. Bayou Goula, La.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery.

Read whatJ. I. Parent, ot

CHAHLTON.N.Y.,8ayS— "We

cut with one of your Com-
bined Machines, last winter
5U chaff hives with 7-in. cap,
10C> honey-racks. 500 broad
frames, 2.iMtO honey-boxes
and a preat deal of other
work. This winter we have
double the amount of bee-
hives, etc., to make and we
expect todo Itwith this Saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price - List

Free. Address, W. F. & JOHN BARNES,

45Ctf No. 484 Ruby St.. Rockford, 111.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

WE are buying AVHITE EXTRACTED
HONEY. Those having any for sale,
are invited to correspond with u8, stating the
quality, flavor and price.

THOS. e. NSVimiAN A SON,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

SEIiEOTED Tested Breeding Queens,
only $1 00 by return mail ; 2-frame Nuclei
with same Queens, $2. .50 each— two for $4.00.
Also HIVES for sale cheap. Address at
once, S. F. REED,

36Alt NORTH DOBCHESTER, N. H.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

THE ^EBdERICSK ®E;® J©^RIfSlL.

595

^^^5^^S?5^^^!^^?/5^j6'

EDITOR.

VoiniV. Sept, 12, 1888. No, 31.

' Xliere is a language in each flower

That opeos to the eye ;
A voicelfss but a magic power .
Doth in earth's blossoms lie."

A Uark, ^Varni Room is the best
place in which to lieep comb honey, in order
to preserve its whiteness, and keep it from
" gathering moisture." The temperature
should be kept from 80 to 85 degrees.

Home-.'tlatle is the term claimed by
two bee-papers. The editor of the Review
is its compositor, foreman, "devil" and
proof-reader in his own office, and his wife
and children assist in getting the papers
into the mails. The editor of the BeeHive
fills all the offices mentioned, and does all
the mechanical work as well. The work of
each one reflects credit upon these brother
editors. We wish tbem both success.

Mr. R. J. Kendall, with whose com-
munications from Texas our readers were
familiar 2 or 3 years ago, went to New Zea-
land and now has gone to Australia. His
departure is thus noticed by the August
number of the AitstralcLSkni Bee Journal :

We are sorry to state that our friend and
contributor, Mr. Kendall, has left for fresh
fields. He has for some time contemplated
returning to the United States, but finally
made up his mind to try Victoria first, and
left for Melbourne last month. Feeling
very uusettled of late prevented him con-
tributing to the/oi///i((f regularly, but he
has promised to take up the running again
as soon as he gets settled and has had time
to sfe how things in the bee line are moving
in Victoria. We shall be very pleased when
that time comes, lor Mr. Kendall is a very
pleasant and amusing writer. We wish him
every success.

Feediug' Itack, so called, is feeding
the bees with extracted honey in sufficient
quantity to induce them to finish up incom-
plete sections, in order to make them mar-
ketable. This has often been tried, but the
loss of honey is so great that it is quickly
given up in disgust.

The Virginia champion of "the Wiley
lie" is persistent in his assertions that bee-
keepers are feeding glucose to the bees for
the purpose of having thera deposit it in the
combs and seal it up, so that the bee-men
may put upon the market a fraudulent arti-
cle of comb honey, and thus accommodate
Wiley, Evans & Co., by giving them a
shadow of excuse for their cheap but un-
truthful assertions concerning the existence
of adulterated comb honey and of its being
found upon the markets in large cities.

The piice of the pure article of extracted
honey and the best glucose is now very
nearly the same, and for that reason it will
not pay to adulterate extracted honey. As
Wiley, Evans & Co. are driven from that
position, they now want to find some glu-
cosed comb honey on the market. But it
the feeding back of pure extracted honey to
make comb honey is an unprofitable busi-
ness, the substitution of glucose (which is of
about equal value) will not help the case !
Both are alike unprofitable ! Both are,
therefore, commercially impracticable and
financially impossible ! Both " horns of
the dilemma " refuse to support, or even to
give color to the " vain imaginations " of
these deluded mortals !

Commenting upon the experience of Mr.
W. Z. Hutchinson in "Feeding Back," as
given in the Revieiv, of recent date, the
Bi-iUsh Bee Jirurnal for Aug. 23, remarks
as follows :

Ten or twelve years ago we experimented
on feeding extracted honey to complete
sections, but we soon found out that such a
practice would not pay at all, and that it
could only be done by an enormous waste
of honey.

The experience of the most successful
bee keepers in America corresponds with
that of our British cousins, and the uniform
verdict is that it will not pay to do so !

Thus are the enemies of the pursuit of
bee-keeping again beaten back ! again
made to " bite the dust"! again proven to
be making cheap assertions concerning that
of which they are in entire ignorance ! —
again exposed to public gaze as villifiers
and traduceis of an honest pursuit ! and
again and again we demand that they shall
produce a sample crate of the article — or
else acknowledge that their assertions are
falsehoods, without excuse and without the
least shadow of proof.

Xliat J%*iw Int-ention a Failure.

—On page 148 an announcement was made
that Mr. Koerbs, a German, had invented a
new comb ; and on page 244 we stated that
it was merely comb foundation " made on
glass, wood, tin, card-board or other mate-
rial, with the impression of cells in wax on
one side, the other being left smooth." The
intention is to have the cells of double
length, the mid-rib or foundation being at
one side.

Notwithstanding the fact that several bee-
keepers of Germany had stated that they
approved the invention, and our friend, C.
J. H. Gravenhorst, editor of the Bienen
Zeitung, had seen the combs "completed
by the bees," and predicted a " revolution "
in the matter of bee-comb, " even if the in-
vention accomplishes but one-half of what
is claimed by Mr. Koerbs "—still we made
these remarks :

A great "splurge" was made at its an-
nouncement. There was a great ringing of
the bell to announce the advent of the loco-
motive, but, alas, the coming of the engine
created no enthusiasm. It is almost a use-
less affair, if not absolutely so. Here in
America, at least, we have no use for such
an invention ! We can secure longer cells
by simply spreading the combs, but even
that is undesirable, because of the slower
ripening of the honey, and the consequent
hindrance to the bees.

We shall watch this matter closely, and
keep our readers posted concerning its ad-
vent and revelation— and ring the bell just
in time for all to witness the arrival of the
locomotive !

Now comes this " conclusion," in a letter
from Mr. Hj. Stallhammar, of Sweden, to
the Canadian Bee Journal :

As regards the Koerb comb foundation
(one-sided, with cells of double-depth), this
Summer it has proven itself a failure, the
queen filling the cells with eggs before the
bees had drawn the cells out long enough ;
and, furthermore, when fastened on the one
edge of the frame, the bees are inclined to
build a new comb on the other edge of the
same frame.

We had no confidence whatever in the in-
vention, and so stated it at the time of its
very peculiar announcement. Nothing else
than a complete failure ought to have been
expected by its friends.

A Cai'toii— which is a cover for a one-
pound package of comb honey, is received
from Mr. J. B. Hains, Bedford, 0. It has a
neat front, and on the back is a view of his
apiary, and a selection from our Leaflet
entitled " Why Eat Honey ? " It is neat,
attractive and withal inviting and instruc-
tive.

Xlie Honey Crop in California has
been misrepresented by the Commercial
Bulletin. It stated that " the yield in San
Bernardino and San Diego counties will be
the heaviest ever gathered." This does not
conform with advices received in San Fran-
cisco, and the Coimii-j/il/crc/tHntsays that a
local dealer who has just returned from a
trip to Southern California, after making a
careful canvass of the field in person, re-
ports the yield of the counties in question
will be, from present prospects, only about
half that realized in 1886, and that in other
sections of the State indications are that the
proportion will be no greater.

The fact is, .somebody has been trying to
bcdc the market. But in spite of all such
work the prices of both comb and extracted
, honey will iji> up I

596

T^H® Ml^EKICMK MMW J@^K1«M1U.

h^m^^^m^mi

Bees as Edut-ators.— Mrs. L. Harri-
son, in the Prairie Fai-mcr of last week,
gives tlie tollowing very iuterestiiig article
on the above subject :

Educated Eyes.— No sooner does a per-
son become the owner of a colony of bees
than he looks around to see what are the
prospects of future gain. Heretofore he
drove or rode aloug the highways, noticing
the ruts, bridges, fences and houses, but
now his vision takes in a wider range. His
observation is quickened, and trees, slirubs
and plants have put on new life, as it were,
to his enlivened Jaculties. From the hrst
opening buds in spring, until the last rus-
tling leaf has fallen, his interest never lags,
as he constantly watches the opening
flowers, and notes with pleasure the busy
workers roaming over them in quest ot
treasure to store in their hives.

Nectak in Weeds.— What was to him
once a useless weed, to be cut down with
the scythe, or whacked off with a hoe, is
clothed in beauty, and becomes a priceless
treasure. Whoever saw any beauty in the
figwort, or watched for the appearance of
its tiny cupboard, looked down into their
depths for the first appearance of sparkling
nectar, but a bee-keeper ? Or whoever saw
any utility in Spanish-needles, or beggar-
ticks ? There is a bond of friendship exist-
ing between the beekeeper and nectar-bear-
ing plants, and they appear to spring up to
greet him wherever he goes. The Indian
calls white clover '• The White Man's Foot,"
and well he may, for its modest flower soon
appears as the harbinger of peace and
plenty. , , , .

Soils.— The interest thus awakened in
plants, soon takes on a wider range, and ex-
tends to the soil. Seeds of sweet clover
(melilot) are scattered on gravelly soil, take
root, penetrating deeply, keep it from wash-
ing and dying and add to its fertility. Dreary
wastes thus become clothed with verdure,
adding to the beauty of the landscape and
yielding choice nectar, tit food tor gods. On
a recent trip of a dozen miles on a railroad
leading out from this city, we were agree-
ably surprised to find this plant growing
luxuriantly nearly the whole distance, and
some deep cuts were so covered with it that
the soil couldn't be seen. It is to be hoped
that the officers of railroads will appreciate
the utility of this plant in keeping the soil
from washing away and preventing damage
and danger thereby, and foster its growth.
I have seen the yellow variety of this plant
growing on the borders of salt marshes on
the shores of Long Island Sound.

Moisture. — Marshes and wet lands along
rivers and watercourses, come in lor a share
of attention by the bee-keeper. His eye
quickly detects anything in the interest of
his winged stock. If by digging a ditch and
running off water tlie growth of favorite bee-
plants is promoted, it is done. He then
benefits his neighbors as well as himself,
for, as the ground becomes dry, blue-grass
and the clovers will take root, thus pro-
moting grazmg for stock, and malaria will
disappear. New plants will spring up as if
by magic, the button-bush (Cephalantlius
occidentalis) growing in water. It seems
as if the seeds ot honey-plants rattled from
the bee-keeper's clothes. The seed of many
honey-plants is food for birds, which are
our triends and co-workers in destroying
many noxious insects.

Educated Eai:?.— As seeing is culti-
vated by bee-culture, so is hearing— even all
the senses are quickened, much better than
they can be in a kindergarten. How soon
the trained ear discovers the note of the
roljber, the sound of swarming, the piping
of queens, and the happy hum of plenty, or

the sorrowful moan, when the queen is lost.
The sense of smell reveals the blooming of
apples, as also the opening of the fragrant
basswood, buckwheat, etc., and reveals the
presence ot that dire calamity, foul brood.

Bee-keeping is, therefore, not only a
pleasant and profitable employment, but it
tends to lift up and exalt the intellect, and
educate the human senses.

Pleasantries.— Prof. Cook, on page
602 of this issue says that " the Wiley lie "
was not a "scientific pleasantry "—there
was nothing scientific about it. Instead of
that, it was only a "glaring, mischievous
error," clothed in "the garb of science!"
The Professor is evidently correct. It is a
libel to call it "scientific."

The Professor also gives some very em-
phatic decisions on honey being "digested
nectar," and Mr. Paul L. Vial Ion, Bayou
Goula, La., has sent us these criticisms on
the matter, which came to hand since the
page was " made up," which contains the
Professor's article. He says :

X think Mr. Demaree gives us a pretty
good "pleasantry" when lie says on page
568 : " Pure honey is nectar of flowers
gathered by bees and reduced to proper con-
sistency by the internal heat of the bee-hive.
That's the whole of it." Will friend
Demaree please to theorize on that question,
and not let it remain in that crude state ?
As for the other part of the subject, he hits
the nail pretty well.

CUapnian Honey-Plant.— Mr. R.

Bacon, Verona, N. T., on Aug. 31, 1888, asks
the following questions about the seed of
the above-named plant :

Please inform me as to when is the best
time to gather the seed from the Chapman
honey-plant, and how to clean it. 1 ob-
tained a small package of the seed, which 1
planted, and 1 find it to be one of the best —
if not the best— of honey-plants. I believe
that if bee-keepers would club together, and
plant a large area with it, it would add im-
mensely to our annual honey crop. 1 say
" club together," for it will hardly pay one
bee-keeper to plant it for all the surrounding
apiarists, but all should help in bearing the
expense, as all would reap the benefits.

We refer this question to Mr. H. Chapman
for reply, which will probably appear in
our next issue. Seed can be obtained at
this office.

Another Uee Story.— The following
is taken from the Chicago Daily News, and
was sent to it by telegraph from Martin's
Ferry, O., on Sept. 4, 1888. The bees must
have been very numerous down there to
have done so much cleaning up in so short
a time. It says :

Mr. G. N. W. Stringer, a well-known and
reliable farmer on Deep run, was in town
to-day and told this wonderful bee story :
Yesterday Mrs. Stringer boiled down forty
gallons ot cider to ten gallons, put it iu four
tin pans, and set them on a table out-of-
doors to cool, covering the pans with a table-
cloth. Five hours later she went to the
table to take the cider in, and, much to her
surprise, discovered that the bees liad
emptied every pan, sipping the cider through
the table-cloth.

A Peculiar method of dispensing
sweetness has been discovered by Mr. J. W.
Tefft of New York, as will be seen by the
following " notice " from the East Syracuse,
News of Sept. 1, 1888. It says :

Mr. J. W. Tefft of Collamer will please
accept our thanks for his liberal donation of
several sections of honey last week. Among
the number was one marked " For the Office
Devil," with Mr. Tefft's compliments. Up-
on receiving the gift and immediately after
testing the quality, the devil enquired as to
the geographical position of Mr. Tefft's resi-
dence upon the globe. Our devil is quite
an ingenious chap and we would not be sur-
prised if he should invent a device to make
honey for the girls, as they were among his
most frequent callers during the past week.

Xlie WortliAvestern Bee - Keepers'
Society is usually held in Chicago during
the last week of the Exposition. This year
the North American Convention is to be
held at Columbus, Ohio, on Oct. 3 to 5, and
thus comes so close to the time for holding
the one at Chicago, that it is, by some,
thought best to omit it altogether. So many
of the members feel unlike making the out-
lay for attending it, after three years of
failure of the honey crop. If it is held at
all, the better time would be at the time of
the Fat Stock Show. The officers would
like to hear from the members on this point.

IHr. !•'. Cliesliire says that the rearing
of a bee, from the egg to maturity, costs a
colony the equivalent of four cells of honey;
and it is only because a bee, in a fair yield,
is able to requite the colony with many
times its cost, that a large population means
surplus ; but if this population is brought
upon the stage after the harvest is over, it
becomes aconsuming instead of a producing
population. Hence the importance of hav-
ing the brood-rearing about over when the
honey-flow is at its best.— Exchange.

Ho>v to Xest Drinking Water. —

One of the simplest ways of testing drinking
water is to purchase a small quantity of
saturated solution of permanganate of potas-
sium from the druggist and put a few drops
of it into a bottle of drinking water. This
will turn the water a beautiful rose color,
but it the water contains any dangerous
amount of organic matter, in a lew hours
the water will change to a dirty reddish-
brown. If the color of the water remains
unchanged at the end of twelve hours it may
be considered comparatively pure. A yet
simpler way of testing the water is to put a
halt teaspoonful of pure sugar into a clean
pint bottle, three-quarters full of water,
cork the bottle, set it where it is warm for
two or three days and where it will not be
disturbed. If, during this time, the water
becomes cloudy or milky, it is unfit for
household use. If it remains perfectly
clear, it is safe.— N. Y. Tribune.

Convention I^otices.

iW The North American Bee-Keepers' Society
will meet at Columbus, O., on Wednesiiay, October
3, 1S88, and continue as usual in session for three
days. W. Z. Hutchinson, Secu

I^~ Tne next meetinK of the Union Bee-Keepers'
Association will be held at* layton. Ills., on Thurs-
day and Krlday. October 1 1 and 1 2. IHSrt, in the Town
uail at 10:311 a.m. The Park Hotel will charnetl.oo
per day : the restaurants 25 cts. per meal. We ex-
pect Messrs Dudant, Hambaugb, Camm and other
prominent bee-keepers to be present.

8. N. Black, Pres.

TTH® rnvmrnmicmn mmm j©i3fRrfsif.

597

Honey l^ocusl.— We have just re-
ceived from Mr. Norman J. Coleman, Com-
missioner ot Ai^riculture, the " Annual
Report of Forestry for 188T," issued by the
Department at Washington. It contains
many things ot interest concerninj; the for-
est trees, etc., of America. Concerning the
Honey Locust it gives these interesting
particulars and description :

DMributirm.—FTom the Brazos River,
eastern Texas, northward to eastern Ne-
braslsa and eastward tliroughout the entire
region to the Atlantic, but in the latter
States chietly introduced. It is mostly asso-
ciated withotliertrees, elm, walnut, hickory,
and ash, though sometimes becoming the
predominant species, and in a few cases, in
small areas, excludini» all other species.
Outside of its natural range it has been
quite generally cultivated as a shade and
ornamental tree, and in a few ot the West-
ern States successfully grown in forest
plantations. It is well fitted to replace the
Black Locust in the southern half of the
United States, where it can undoubtedly be
more successfully grown as a forest tree.

In 1700 it was introduced into England,
but cultivated only as an ornamental tree,
and somewhat unsuccessfully as a hedge-
plant, as it was also upon the Continent.
Subsequently it became known in south-
western Europe, especially in France, Aus-
tria, and Italy, where fertile seeds are easily
matured.

Growth.— The Honey Locust grows rap-
idly duiinR its early lite in favorable situ-
ations, making from 3 to 3 feet annually in
height growth, and nearly three-fourths of
an inch in diameter for the first ten years.
Although not as extensively tried as a forest
tree as the Black Locust, yet so far as known
it is generally tar less liable to the attacks
of insects than the latter. Commonly about
50 to sometimes 90 feet in height and I'.f to
3 feet in diameter. Grown in thi^ open it
usually produces a short trunk and a broad,
much-branched crown, while closely grown
with other heavy-foliageil companions it
develops a taller trunk and smaller crown.

Soil and Site— The Honey Locust is
found growing almost entirely in low, rich
bottom-lands and in slieltered valleys, where
the soil is deep and loose, rarely of its own
accord taking to the poorer and drier up-
lands. In such favorable locations it pro-
duces its finest timber value. The moder-
ately rich, but loose, sandy, or gravelly
soils of highlands and slopes produce desir-
able timber, though not as quickly as the
lower and richer soils. The growth in stitf
damp soils is apparently a healthy one, but
slow and undesirable for timber ; it will
not endure an undrained soil.

Propdgation. — It does not sprout from
the stump nor grow from cuttings, and is
therefore propagated entirely from the seed,
which will sometimes retain their vitality
for three years, even out of the pods. The
fresh seed procured in the fall grow most
readily if planted immediately, but if kept
dry for a season or more and then planted
they germinate very slowly, f>ften not at all,
or '■ lie over." The young plants of the first
year are not quite as hardy as those of the
Black Locust ot the same age, but are equal
to them in this respect at any time alter-
wards. They can be transplanted to their
permanent sites when one year old and will
bear the transplanting well, but are on the
■whole, perhaps, best kept in the nursery
rows till the fall or spring following the
second year.

QiiaJity of Wood and Economic Uses.—
The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and dura-
ble in contact with the soil or wln-n exposed
to the weather (equal to that of Red Mul-
berry). It splits somewhat more readily
than that of the Black Locust, and the grain
is considerably coarser as well as being
more porous. It seems not to have attracted

much attention for its economic value, but
where available is employed considerably
for fence posts, rails, in turnery for heavy
spoke-timber, and is much esteemed for
fuel. It is adapted to other purposes in
construction, and will undoubtedly come
into more general use in the absence of
other heavy-wooded but much slower-grow-
ing kinds.

The Honey Locust Tree.

Descriptive Characters. — Ijeaves com-
pound, composed of small, lance-shaped,
oblong leaflets. Pods large, flat, shiny
brown, 9 to sometimes 18 inches long and
about l}i' inches broad, with a sweetish
hard pulp between the seeds— often eaten
by children. Armed with clusters of long
keen spines, generally three together, a
central or main one with smaller lateral
ones ; often attached to the trunks of young
trees, but absent from older stems. The

Honey Locust Limb, Seed and Pod.

bark of young trees ften to fifteen years) is
mostly smooth and unbroken ; but very old
trees have rough and much furrowed bark,
rendering the tree quite a different one in
appearance. Varieties of this species are
without thorns, or sometimes with small
thorns.

The locusts are excellent honey-producers
and should not be overlooked in the selection
of shade trees. Although the duration of
bloom is but limited, they yield a bountiful

supply ot rich nectar, and bees will literally
swarm among the highly-perfumed blos-
soms. Mr. G. W. Demaree, of Kentucky,
writes as follows regarding. the locust :

" The time of year in which it blooms
nearly filling the interval between the late
fruit Bloom and the white clover, makes, it
an exceedingly valuable auxiliary to the
honey harvest in the middle states, if not
elsewhere. It is a most profuse honey
bearer, rivalling the famous linden in
quality, and only inferior to the product of
the latter in color. Locust honey cannot be
said to be dark in color. It is ot a rich pale-
red color, when in a liquid state ; but when
in the shape of comb honey, its appearance,
If removed from the hive when first finished,
is but little inferior to our superior clover
honey. It becomes exceedingly thick, if
left with the bees till the cells are thor-
oughly sealed, and its keeping qualities are
therefore most excellent. The trees are
planted by the side of fences, in waste
places, and on poor, worn-out lands. They
may be propagated from the seeds, or by
transplanting the young trees from one to
three years old. If the ground is plowed in
tiie spring, and the locust seeds planted on
the hills with corn, or with other hill crops,
and cultivated the fiist year, the young trees
will grow with great rapidity, even on very
poor lands. In this way beautiful groves
can be started, making the land, in process
of time, very valuable, in locations where
timber is an object, besides giving a perfect
sea of bloom, ladened with precious nectar."

Tlie Honey Crop is very small this
season, especially the white honey. More
honey is now being gathered than at any
time before, this year. Mr. Geo. H. Knicker-
bocker of Pine Plains, N.Y., remarks thus :

With these conditions a good quality of
honey must, ot necessity, bring a good
price, unless the market is demoralized. 1
already hear of some who live in favored
localities, and have a fair crop of honey,
who are making the mistake so common
among bee-keepers, viz : being in such a
hurry to dispose of their honey as soon as
gathered (before someone else can get theirs
ready for market), they offer nice comb
honey for 10 or 12 ets. per pound, and by so
doing help to establish a low price, even
when honey is a short crop and should bring
a good price, in order to fairly remunerate
the producer for his labor and investment.

The foolishness of such proceedings can-
not be too severely condemned. If honey
does not bring an extra good price this year,
it is the fault of the producers themselves.
Even those who may have some of last
years' crop of comb honey are tn be congrat-
ulated, for it will also find a market at good
prices.

fVe Have some copies of the old edition
of Cook's Manual left, which we will sell at
the old price, Sl.'i"). The price of the new
edition is SI. 50 per copy ; a notice of which
may be found on page .579.

We 'Want 20,000 subscribers. Out of
the 300,000 bee keepers in America, certainly
this is not an extravagant desire ! It is
only one out of every fifteen ! We confi-
dently ask those who appreciate the Ameri-
can Bek .JornsAi., to show it by sending
us one or more new subscribers. We will
give them full value for their money.

598

Tmm m.immMiGmm mmm jQ>'wmmmi^.

Why Queen.Cells do Xot Hatch.

Written ior the A merican Bee Journal

Query 574.— My bees came out of winter
quarters In very good condition, with the ex-
ception of one colony that starved to death,
and another that was queenless. I have had
3 very good swarms, the first on June 9. To
the queenless colony I gave a comb of eggs
and brood, and they made two queen-cells,
but neither ot them hatched. From the colo-
nies that swarmed first, I took a comb and
adhering bees containing a nice, sealed queen-
cell : but it never hatched. I have given them
another comb containing two queen-cells ;
they have now had time to hatch, but I have
not examined them, what do you suppose is
the reason that queen-cells do not hatch
there? I have kept them well supplied with
bees from other colonies.— Iowa.

Candidly, I do not know.— G. M.

DOOLITTLE.

The most probable cause of the
trouble was that the brood got chilled.
—J. P. H. Brown.

I can offer no explanation that would
be of use.— A. J. Cook.

I do not know ; perhaps they got
chilled.— C. H. Dibbern.

I think there was not a sufficient
number of bees to keep the cells warm.
— R. L. Taylor.

It is impossible to give a correct an-
swer without knowing all the circum-
stances.—P. L. VlALLON.

Laying workers probably infested the
hive, which are at times very hard to
dethrone.- J. M. IIambaugh.

Why do you not see if the last cells
have a queen or not y If not, break up
the colony and unite it with others. —
H. D. Cutting,

You leave too many things in the
dark. Did the queens die in the cells V
Did the bees destroy the cells ? I can
give no opinion in the absence of fuller
information.— M. Mahin.

I cannot say, unless they got chilled.
The position of queen-cells is usually
the coldest part of the hive, and unless
the weather is warm, or the colony
strong, that may often happen in such
cool summers as this.— Eugene Secor.

From the data given, I am unable to
answer. There are so many reasons
that might be given, none of which
might be right, that it is useless to at-
tempt to make a reply .—J. E. Pond.

Possibly they were chilled, but I have
found dead grubs in queen-cells when
I thouglit they had hardly been chilled,
and I did not know the cause of death,
— C. C. Miller.

Such colonies are often infested with
laying workers, and the young queens
are destroyed on their return from
their bridal tour. Are you positive
that the queens died in the cells V —
Mrs. L, Harrison.

There are various reasons why queen-
cells do not hatch. Not knowing more
of the conditions, I cannot answer in
your case. There is no certainty of
any queen-cell hatching; that is' the
reason why all those who used to ad-
vocate clipping all the queen-cells but

one to prevent after-swarming, were
writing a great deal more than they
practically understood.- James Hed-

DON.

Possibly the queen-cells were not
handled carefully. I think that many
queens, .iust after the cells have been
sealed, may be entirely destroyed by
shaking the frames, as we do when
clearing them of bees. In this case the
queen brood must either have been de-
fective or destroyed by bad handling.—
J. M. Shuck.

No reason can be given why the cells
did not hatch if the bees did not aban-
don them, and leave them to be chilled
and destroyed by a too low tempera-
ture. I am inclined to think that the
cells hatched, and the young queens
were destroyed by the bees. Bees that
have been queenless a long time are
liable to act as though they had laying
workers among them, whether you see
any signs of these pests or not. This
peculiar abnormality among bees is
the prevailing cause of the loss of
young queens at the time, and be-
fore their wedding flight.— G. W.
Demaree.

In the absence of fuller details, it
would be almost impossible to state the
cause for the queen-cells not hatching.
They may have been chilled, or laying
workers might have interfered, or some-
thing else may have been the cause. —
The Editor.

Bees Stins^ing: the Capping of
Cell§.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 575.— I notice that Mr. L. B. Clifton,
in the Situlhfin Farm, gives it as his idea that
bees, after filling their cells with honey and
capping them, insert their sting in the center
and deposit some formic acid to protect the
honey from fermenting. Now my idea was,
that they left it uncapped until all the water
evaporated, thereby keeping it from ferment-
ing. What is your idea y I want to hear from
older bee-men than I am. I ask this for in-
formation.- Georgia.

I more than doubt Mr. Clifton's

theory.— M. Mahin.

«

Stinging the honey ia all " bosh."— R.
L. Taylor.

I think your idea is as good as any.—
H. D. Cutting.

In my opinion, the sting performs no
part in ripening honey.— G. M. Doo-
little.

My opinion is the same as your own.
— ,T. M. IIambaugh.

I have heard this assertion years ago,
but I have failed vet to see anything ot
the kind.— P. L. Viallon.

I do not believe that formic acid is
deposited in it. If that is so, why does
extracted honey that has never been
capped not ferment when evaporated
arliticially ?— Mrs. L. Harrison.

I think that the formic acid theory,
put in the honey by the bees using
their sting, is a grand humbug. Your
idea is the better of the two. — Eugene
Secor.

We think that Mr. L. B. Clifton is
fond of wild theories. They do not

always leave it until evaporated, and
that is why some honey bursts the
cappings.— Dadant & Son.

I do not know, but I am somewhat
skeptical about bees ever using their
stings for any other purpose than as
weapons of war.— C. C. Miller.

We have no proof that bees insert
their sting and deposit formic acid in
the honey, although there is some
formic acid present in nearly all honey.
—J. P. H.Brown.

The above idea is all theory, and to
my mind utter nonsense ; at any rate,
it is all guess-work, and almost any
Yankee could guess better.— J. E. Pond.

I do not believe in the formic acid
idea. I believe that the only use the
bee makes of its sting is for defense.
Bees do not generally cap the cells till
the honey is sufficiently evaporated to
keep.— C. II. Dibbern.

Well, I am quite an old bee-man, and
have put in most of my time studying
apicultural queries that came rather
closer to my dollar-and-cent success, so
I will not try to give instruction about
what I do not understand. — James
Heddon.

I think that idea is a myth. There
is formic acid in the honey, which is
doubtless the result of digestion. How
do the stingless bees of hot climates
acidulate their honey V- A. J. Cook.

My " idea " is, that I never saw it
done, and that I do not believe it is
done. At our county horticultural
meeting last week, a bee-keeper made
the same statement, and also that the
bees did the capping " with their
stingers." I think that he never sub-
scribed for a bee-periodical. If formic
acid has to be put into honey to pre-
vent its fermenting, when is it put in
honey that is extracted before being
capped?— A. B.Mason.

I believe it has been established that
there is formic acid in honey. I in-
cline to the believe that the acid
formed in honey is developed and in-
corporated with the honey in the honey-
stomach, and tends to preserve the
nectar till it ripens, rather than to pre-
serve it after it has been evaporated
and sealed.— J. M. Shuck.

When Mr. Clifton writes in that way
he is simply repeating one of the many
"scientific pleasantries" with which
our bee -literature abounds. There is
not a shadow of truth about it. Honey
contains more or less of formic acid',
but it gets there by absorption from
the effluvium rising from the heated
cluster of bees. Perhaps this is a wise
provision of nature— certninly it is the
most natural process by which such an
end could be accomplished.— G. W.
Demaree.

Formic acid is found in the honey,
no matter whether it is capped by the
bees or extracted before being capped
—therefore the " theory " advocated by
Mr. Clifton is without foundation. He
is not the author of the theory, how-
ever. Our friend, the Rev. W. F.
Clarke, is its sponsor, and if he finds it
possible to further defend it, we should
like to hear the arguments.— The Edi-
tor.

T'H® SMEMICfiM ©EK JQ^JMNSI..

599

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QUEEN-REARING.

In full C'oIonie§, willioiit First
Removing tbe Brood.

Written fur the American Bee Journal
BY HENRY ALLEY.

It is supposed that queens reared at
swarming-time are superior to tliose
reared by what is called "artificial
methods." This point I will not discuss
at this time, but will give the results of
some experiments which have been
conducted in my apiary the present
season, in order to induce a colony of
bees to build queen-cells without first
removing the queen or any of the brood.
On August 15, several of the best
colonies in my apiary were put in order,
to test this matter of rearing queens in
full colonies the same as the bees v/ould
do if about to cast a swarm. When it
was ready, I found the bees were ready
also, and they built the cells just as 1
expected they would. I must say that
I was as much surprised as delighted at
the result, to see that my first attempt
was a success.

The cells thus built were very large,
and the young queens from them are
fine and equal to those reared by any
method, or by any one. I intend to
present several of them to prominent
bee-keepers in this country, and have
them tested with those reared at
swarming-time ; others will be placed
in my own colonies.

If this new method for rearing queens
works as well as it now promises, it
will most likely be adopted by nearly
all who rear queens in large numbers,
as it is the moat practical as well as the
most economical method yet devised by
anyone. There is no doubt in my mind,
that one colony of bees can be kept at
work building queen-cells from May 20
to September 20. There is one colony
in my apiary that is now (Aug. 29) at
work on the fourth set of cells, and the
bees seem to take as much interest, and
work on them with the same vigor, as
they did on the first lot of eggs given
them.

One of the best features about this
new method is the fact that the bees
build no cells except from the eggs
given them ; therefore, it will not be
necessary to hunt the other combs over,
when one set of cells are removed.

It must be evident to all, that this
method has a marked advantage over
others so long in use, one of the most
important of which is in the immense
saving in bees, time and honey, as by
this method queens are reared, and in
so doing the colony need not be dis-
turbed, except when one frame is put
in, and removed at the time the cells
are capped.

Some one will say, " I thought you
did not approve of naving one cohmy
build but one set of queen-cells." Well,
I do not in cases where the bees are de-
prived of the queen and all the brood.
You must remember that with the new

plan the bees are kept at all times in
the same condition that they are in
when a swarm issues. Now, if bees are
kept in that condition, why are they
not ready to rear as fine queens as they
would if they had intended to swarm V
The queen has the freedom of all the
combs, and brood-rearing is not stopped
tor a moment, and thus the colony is
kept up to the highest point of activity
at all times.

So far as I have any knowledge, no
one has ever reared, or has attempted
to rear, queens by not depriving the
bees of their que'en. I am not quite
ready to make public the details of this
method of rearing queens, but I shall
probably do so at the proper time, and
in season for those who desire to test it
another year.

Weuham, Mass.

THE ABC.

Early Instruction for Beginners
Tilings Worth Knowing.

Written for the Touthn' Companion
BY DR. C. C. MILLER.

" What a beautiful piece of honey! I
wonder if it is artificial, or genuine
comb-honey made by the bees."

Such remarks as this may often be
heard from those who have read the
statement which has been going the
rounds of the papers, that comb-honey
is made by machinery entirely indepen-
dent of the labor of the honey bees.
The story was first started by Professor
Wiley who says he meant it as a scien-
tific pleasantry ; but error travels faster
than truth, and may not be overtaken
by it for years.

The truth is that no such thing has
ever been accomplished, and I doubt if
it has ever been attempted. Mr. A. I.
Root made an offer of one thousand
dollars for a single pound of honey so
made, and although the offer has been
standing, if I am not mistaken, for
several years, no one has yet called for

the money. • .i, , . ,

When you examine the wonderful
workmanship in a piece of honey-comb
and observe its great regularity, it seems
that there must be some master-builder
among the many thousands, whose
province it is to direct the acts of the
others that the work may go on as one
harmonious whole. But if you watch
the bees at work you will see nothing of
the kind. True, there is a bee called a
queen, but the bees do their work with-
out any control on her part. Each bee
seems to be working according to its
own sweet will, one putting on a bit of
wax, another giving it a push here, an-
other there, and the only wonder is,
that where so little order or system ap-
pears, such wondrously regular work-
manship is done.

It is interesting to watch a young
worker gnaw its way out of its cell, and
become a member of the commonwealth.
No mother, nurse nor tutor is on hand
to instruct it as to what its duties are
to be, and yet that mysterious some-
thing, that we call imtinct. which is
born with the bee, seems to tell it exactly
what to do, so that the same perfection

of workmanship is found in the hive
now as thousands of years ago, no im-
provement from practice. The bee
does not seem to learn to do its work, it
Jyiww without learning.

The first sixteen days of the young
worker's life are spent indoors doing
house-work and tending baby, and dur-
ing the rest of its life it is a field
worker, bringing in nectar and pollen
from the flowers, also water and pro-
polis. During the busy gathering sea-
son, the life of a worker is not more
than six weeks, and it seems to wear
itself out with work, for the old bees
are distinguished by their ragged
wings. _,.

The name queen is misleading. The
queen is not a ruler, she is simply an
egg-layer, and is said sometimes to lay
her own weight of eggs in twenty-four
hours, that is, about three thousand
eggs. She does this, however, only
when all' conditions are most favorable,
surrounded by a populous colony, with
a copious harvest, for at such times she
is bountifully fed by the workers, that
can be seen every few minutes offering
food to her.

Under ordinary circumstances a
queen is doing pretty good work to lay
one or two thousand eggs a day, or
rather in a day and night, for work in
the hive goes on day and night. The
workers rather than the que^n seem to
control the rate at which eggs are laid,
for at some seasons of the year, particu-
larly in autumn and winter, the queen
is left to forage for herself, and few or
no eggs are laid.

The cells in honey-comb are six-sided
and of two sizes, one size, worker,
measuring five to the inch, and the
other, drone, four. If an egg is laid in
a small cell it produces a worker, if in
a large cell a drone. At certain times
a third kind of cell is built, a queen cell.
When a colony becomes very populous
and contemplates swarming, a number
of queen-cells are built, looking not un-
like so many peanuts, each queen-cell
taking as much wax in its construction
as would make a great many drone or
worker cells. A queen-cell is not six-
sided but round, and the young queen,
while in it, has several times as much
room as.the other young bees.

About ten days before the young
queens are old enough to emerge from
their cells, the swarm issues. The old
queen goes oS with the swarm, and
when the first young queen hatches, a
second swarm is likely to issue, to be
sometimes followed in two or three
days by a third, and not rarely by a
fourth and even a fifth.

The young queens seem to have a
mortal antipathy to each other, and as
soon as one such queen hatches, her
first business is to proceed, if allowed,
to destroy her unhatched royal sisters.
This she does by digging a hole in the
side of a queen-cell, and stinging the
inmate in its cradle. If further swarm-
ing is contemplated by the workers,
they defend the unhatched queens from
the attack of the one at liberty, which
goes off with the swarm. Previous to
going off. however, this young queen
may be heard, especially in the still of
the evening, uttering a shrill cry,
'■ Pe-e-p, peep, peep," replied to by the

600

TrnW, JtME'RieMlf WMM JO^MIfMlr.

young queens in their cells, " Quahk,
quahk."

When no further swarming is in-
tended, all the young queens who are
sufficiently matured are allowed to
emerge from their cells, and when two
of these meet, a deadly combat ensues.
One of them stings the other to death,
and strangely enough the victor is never
injured in the struggle, for neither one
stings till she gets in a position to deal
a death thrust without danger to her-
self. In this way the conflict continues
till all the queens but one are killed,
and those remaining unhatched are
despatched in their cradles.

These queen cells, of which I have
been speaking, are usually found on the
edges of the comb, and sometimes even
on the wood that surrounds the comb.
If a hole happens to be in any part of a
comb the bees are likely to make use of
the space for a queen-cell. If the
queen is at any time lost, when no pre-
vious preparation has been made for
rearing a young queen, a different
course is pursued.

The bees select a young larva in a
worker-cell, which, under ordinary cir-
cumstances, would have produced a
worker, enlarge its cell greatly, destroy-
ing, if necessary, the adjacent cells for
that purpose, feed it lavishly so that
the little grub is literally swimming in a
sea of food, and in due time it emerges
a perfect queen.

If it should happen that nothing but
drone eggs are in the hive, the poor
bees will try their best to rear a queen
from one of these, but it never grows
into anything but a drone, and, I think,
always dies in the cell. The fact is,
there are only two kinds of eggs, drone
and worker or queen, for any and every
worker egg with the right kind of food
and treatment will produce a queen.

The young worker has its rations
very accurately dealt out, just enough,
and not a particle is left over; but
there is no stint in feeding the young
queen, and when she hatches out of her
cell there is usually enough food {or
royal jelli/, as it is called) left to make
one think another queen might have
been reared on it.

The time required for hatching out
the perfect bee from the laying of the
egg is, tor the drone twenty-four days,
for the worker twenty-one, and for the
queen sixteen. Curiously enough, the
one that matures the soonest lives the
longest, for the queen attains the age
of two, three and sometimes five years.

The life of the worker seems to de-
pend on the amount of work it does, in
the honey harvest living only about six
weeks; but those which are hatched
late in summer live over till the next
spring. It is hard to tell just how long
the drone would live if let alone, for
when forage in the fields become scarce
he is mercilessly driven from the hive
to perish.

The drone is the male and is a lazy
scamp, for he not only does nothing
toward laying up stores in the hive, but
does not even visit the flowers for his
own food. He helps himself to the
stores gathered by the workers, then
flies about for exercise, and comes back
with a good appetite for more.

There seems to be a popular impres-
sion that a queen is surrounded by a

body-guard or a number of courtiers
always accompanying her, and ready to
attend to her every want, while some
have the nolinn that the queen-cell is a
kind of throne where the queen holds
court and may be found at all times.

So far is this from being true, the
queen cell is torn down shortly after
the young queen hatches out, aud be-
fore she IS two weeks old she com-
mences laying and may be found in any
part of the hive.

No bee accompanies her, but if at any
time she stops at any point, the workers
near her form a circle about her, all
facing the queen as if to do her honor.
Presently the queen moves on, and the
retinue is broken up, to be formed
again when she next makes a halt, but
the retinue is formed by a fresh lot of
workers each time.

Within the past fifty years great pro-
gress has been made in bee-culture.
Some men take as much pride in their
stock of bees as others do in their stock
of cattle, and fresh importations are
constantly made from other lands,
Egypt, Palestine, the Isle of Cyprus,
but chiefly from Italy. The Italian bee
is distinguished from the common
black bee by having three yellow bands
upon its abdomen, being more beautiful
in appearance and more industrious in
character.

I have only touched upon a few points
of interest relating to the honey-bee.
That the subject is a large one may be
judged from the fact that there are
published in the English language three
weekly periodicals devoted entirely to
bee-culture, besides a number published
monthly and semi-monthly.

Marengo, 111.

POOR SEASON.

Some Oood Advice about Hie
Fall Care of Bees.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY CHARLES F. MUTH.

It requires but a small amount of
skill and experience to produce a large
amount of honey in bee-hives or nail-
kegs when the season and surroundings
are favorable ; we all know that some
of our brethren going in favored local-
ities have their egotism tickled more
than is necessary when a large crop is
realized. Their celebrated hives, in-
ventions of their own ; their celebrated
methods of manipulation, their fine
theories and never-ending arguments,
would all drop out of sight with them-
selves, if they were living in a locality
like we " poor chaps " who have had
four poor honey seasons in succession.

The season of 1888 is as bad as any
we have had, and although I never ex-
perienced or heard of a colony of bees
starving in the month of August, such
things are possible, and it is the object
of this article to put my neighbors on
their guard.

My bees had, during this season, 8
acres of Alsike clover in their imme-
diate vicinity, and I extracted 150 lbs.
from about 20 colonies, which should
not have been done, judging by present

appearances. I examined my colonies
about Aug. 20, and found all strong in
bees and brood, but, with a small
amount of stores. A June swarm,
hived on 10 full combs, had every comb
filled with brood in all stages and not a
drop of honey. I supplied them at once,
as a matter of course. It is a peculiar
fact that Italian bees, with a vigorous
queen, will fill their combs with brood
during a dearth, when with blacks, as
a rule, almost all breeding would cease.

My colony referred to above, is now
one of the best in my apiary, but would
have starved to death in less than 3
days, as a cool, rainy spell set in while
the food was still on their hive, lasting
for three days or more. There are 20
acres of buckwheat in full bloom, and
in view of the apiary, which would not
have saved it from starvation.

There are hundreds of colonies of
bees in Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky,
in a worse condition than mine, which
may starve to death between now and
the beginning of winter, unless they are
provided promptlv.

Cincinnati, O., Aug. 30, 1888.

ORIG-IN OF HONEY.

Wliere doe§ the Honey come
from ?

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY JAMES HEDDON.

There have been many interesting
articles written under the title of
"Where honey comes from," and after
reading them all, I can think of no
heading more appropriate to my under-
standing of the matter, than '' Where
docs honey come from?" After last
season's severe drought, we had some-
thing less than half the usual white
clover bloom, and the basswood bloom
was an average one. From all I know
after twenty years' experience, I should
not have had much if any different
weather during the above blooming,
could I have fixed it my own way. But
now, strange to say, of white clover
honey we get almost none, and no more
than one-sixth of the crop of basswood,
nearly all of which was taken in the
extracted form.

For the last four years we have
secured but little amber honey which
comes from buckwheat and weeds, dur-
ing the months of August and Septem-
ber, and we credited the failure to the
droughts which occurred each year.
Now this year we have the same August
drought as bad as ever, and we have
almost an average yield of this so-called
" fall honey." Buckwheat yielded well,
right in the drought. Now I am non-
plussed ; my observations would lead
me to say to a novice who might ask me
where honey comes from, that " it just
comes out of the air ; " and if he asked
me under what conditions, I might say,
" when it wants to."

The pleurisy-root which I have writ-
ten about, as the best honey-plant I am
acquainted with, actually shared the
fate of the clover and buckwheat of
this season, at least to a certain extent.
Certainly the bees worked on it, con-

TMW MMERICar* BE® JO^JRItSlL.

601

stantly, never leaving it for basswood,
but it was exceptional ratber than in
all blossoms, as heretofore, where you
could see the drops of honey standing.

Poor SeasouD are BleNslngs.

The last two very poor honey seasons,
will, I am conhdent, prove a blessing to
bee-keepers. It has given us old
veterans a splendid education ; it has
taught us how to make the most of dis-
aster; it is a valuable acquisition to
know how to make the most out of our
business when good luck favors us, and
it is also equally valuable to know how
to make the most during disastrous
seasDns. Besides this, the markets are
cleared out, consumers are getting the
habit of paying a little more for their
honey, and better than all, producers
as well as consumers, are finding out
that bees do not '• work for nothing and
board themselves," but that intelligent
labor and capital are needed to make
our business remunerative.

The quality of honey in this section
is some better than that of last year.
We shall strive to winter our bees to
the best of our ability, believing that
honey-production offers more induce-
ments at the present time, than at any
time during the past few years.

Dowagiac, Mich.

TIERING UP.

My Method while Working for
Comb Honey.

Written for Gleanings in Bee-Culture
BY G. M. DOOLITTLE.

The usual plan of working for comb
honey is what is known as the tiering
up system, and without doubt there are
more who use this system than there
are of. those who use all other systems
combined; yet this does not certainly
make it true that this plan is the best
one there is, by any means. It often
happens that the majority is not in the
right, and so, after 1 had proven to my
entire satisfaction, that there was a
better plan to work on, in producing
comb honey, than the tiering-up system,
I forsook the same and turned my at-
tention to other plans. My ctuef objec-
tion to the tiering- up plan was that not
80 much honey could be obtained by
using it; and, worse than all the rest, if
the utmost care was not used, the result
would be lots of unfinished sections in
the fall. These unfinished sections
have been an eye-sore to all the users
of this plan, as the immediate past will
testify, for many are so disgusted with
them that they recommend that they be
burned up, while a whole issue of one
of our bee-periodicals, is used in telling
how to save them by way of feeding
back extracted honey, in order to get
them filled.

The next system most in use is what
is termed the "side and top storing plan
combined," which I adopted upon leav-
ing the tiering-up plan. J5y the use of
this plan, more honey can be obtained
than by any other plan I know of, ex-
cept by using the lateral plan, of which
I shall soon speak. The trouble with

the side and top storing plan was, that
it required much work; yet, as I go over
the results of the past while usiug it, I
am convinced that the extra amount of
honey obtained by it more than paid me
for ail the extra work the plan required,
over the tiering up plan. An average
yield of over so lbs. of comb honey per
colony, for a period of 15 years, is a
record never attained by any of the ad-
vocates of that plan.

A few years ago D. A. Jones came
out with a wholly side-storing plan, the
young brood to be kept in the center of
the hive by means of perforated zinc,
while the sections were to be placed be-
tween that and the older brood, which
was to be kept on the outside. One
trial of this proved, so far as I was con-
cerned, that the plan was fallacious;
and although he told us he would ex-
plain, some years ago, I have never seen
a word from him on the subject since;
hence I havenot enumerated this in the
above three plans at all.

While. working with the side and top
storing plan I left a passageway under
the side sections, so that any bees which
might be scattered around over the top
and side of the hive, after any manipu-
lation, could get back to the cluster, in-
stead of dying there, as is the case
where no means of outlet is provided.
This caused many to write me, asking
if I meant to have this so; "for," said
they, "the bees will go around under
these side sections, up into the cap over
them, and build comb there, which they
fill with honey." I told them that this
was as I wanted it, giving the reasons
for so leaving it, and telling them if any
colony so persisted in doing, to give
more room by adding sections at the
sides.

Well, I often got caught in this same
fix myself, when I would be a little
tardy in keeping up with the bees, so
that I have often had from 5 to 15
pounds of honey built in the cap of the
hive, the bees having to travel from 2-5
to 30 inches entirely away from the
brood to get there. This leaving the
brood and storing honey in such amounts
in the cap, led me to adopt what I term
the lateral plan of obtaining section
honey, which plan gives me fully as
much honey as could be obtained by the
side and top box plan, with as little
work as is required when using the
tiering-np plan.

The larger part of my hives are of the
kind known as the "chaff hive," which
gives plenty of space on top for all the
room required by the largest colony,
without tiering up. Over the top of
these hives I have placed a queen ex-
cluding honey-board, the queen-exclud-
ing part going over only the brood
apartment to the hive, the rest being a
thin board to cover up the chaff. When
the honey season arrives this is put on
(quilts being used, together with saw-
dust cushions up to this time), and from
three to five wide frames, holding four
l>4-pound sections each, are placed
directly over the brood. As soon as
these are well occupied with bees at
work, I add one or two wide frames at
each side; and when these are satisfac-
torily occupied I add enough more to
cover the top of the hive if so much
room is needed. In this way I accom-
modate the size of the colony with the

needed room, neither giving too much
nor too little, as must of necessity occur
where the T super and others of a set
capacity are used.

As soon as the first that were put on
are filled, they are taken off (handling
by the wide frame only, so five pounds
are handled instead of single boxes),
when the partly filled sections at each
side are slid along on the honey-board
till they come together in the center,
when the empty ones are placed at the
sides.

As the honey season draws to a close
no more empty sections are put on, so
that, when the season is over, I often
have but one or two wide frames or
sections on the hive, thus doing away
with more partly filled sections than I
really need for bait sections the follow-
ing season.

Borodino, N. Y.

FOUL BROOD CURE.

The Sulphuric Acid and other
inethods of Cure.

Writtin for the American Bee Journal
BY GERD WENDELKEN.

Many substances can be used as a
remedy for foul brood, but the question
is, which is the best? Salicylic acid
and carbolic acid, associated with borax
and alcohol, is recommended by Mr.
Muth and Mr. Kohnke, as the best
remedy, but some other beekeepers
have found them of no use. The fail-
ures, 1 think, are caused by wrong
methods which they pursued. The
attempt to cure foul brood by spraying
the infected hive and combs with
diluted salicylic or carbolic acid is un-
certain, because we may spray too
much or not enough ; and in addition
to this it is very troublesome to apply
it, besides having a chilling effect on
the colonies, and is often a mischief in-
stead of a benefit. The worst of all is
the fact, that when applied to hives
and combs, we start robbing, and bees
from other hives visit the combs under
treatment, and take the spores home
with them, and by the time one colony
is cured, some of the others are infected ;
therefore I always have been in favor
of the remedy being given in the food,
and provide the bees with the drug, and
the bees will give it to the larvae.

Methods or Curing Foul Brood.

Mr. Stachelhausen recommends car-
bolic acid, mixed with wood-coal and tar.
He puts this on felt paper in the hive
on the bottom-board, and moistens the
front at the entrance with it about
twice a week. lie disinfects every hive
in the yard whether diseased or not dis-
eased. The vapor of this stuff, he says
will prevent the spread of the disease
from four to six months. After this is
done, he commences to cure the dis-
eased colonies, by feeding every dis-
eased one with medicated syrup, as Mr.
Muth has recommended.

Mr. Cheshire recommends carbolic
acid, 1 part to 500 parts of syrup, and he
has cured foul brood by feeding it to
diseased bees.

602

T-mm mmimmi^mm mmm jiQ>J3mmmi^.

I prefer sulphuric acid when mixed
1 part to 700 parts of syrup, and fed to
the bees ; because the cure is easier,
quicker and cheaper. The price of one
ounce of salicylic acid is 50 cts., one pint
of the best quality of alcohol cost 90 cts.
— in all 11.40. Now one ounce sulphuric
acid costs only from 5 to 10 cents, and
the curative elject will go as far as the
other acids do. With little expense
and little labor, I cured my foul broody
bees in Germany in 1838 (50 years ago),
and I think that I can do it yet ; because
there is no difference between foul
brood in Germany and in America.

Several prominent beekeepers have
recommended to give the foul bees a
new, clean hive with foundation ; treat
them as a new swarm, and burn the
combs of the foul brood. I have no
doubt that foul brood can be cured by
this method, but it seems to me unnec-
essary, and it is doubtful to me that the
cures by burning, spraying, and starva-
tion would pay.

Marietta, O., Sept. 1, 1888.

SCIENCE.

Indefensibility of Criticlsini
True Science.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY PROF. A. J. COOK.

I was surprised and as deeply pained,
to read the article from our friend, Mr.
G. W. Demaree, on page 568. Prof.
Wiley's article in the Popular Science
Monihhj was not science. It was worthy
censure, for it taught glaring mischiev-
ous error, and dressed this in science's
garb. But to censure or ridicule true
science is like discourtesy or rudeness
to one's mother — utterly indefensible.
Science has been one of the most potent
factors in the Nineteenth Century civil-
ization. To it we are all indebted more
than we can tell. What base ingrati-
tude, then, to defame it. "How worse
than an aching tooth is a thankless
child."

Honey is "Digested Nectar."

I was also surprised that the same
gentleman should contradict one of the
demonstrated facts of science — that
honey is digested nectar. "No uncrazed
thinker on the earth possessing brains
enough to frame a thought could be-
lieve such an impossibility." That is a
strong sentence for a man of Mr.
Demaree's intelligence. He might as
well say the same of the belief that I can
talk with, and recognize the voice of, a
friend 200 miles distant. Oh, friend
Demaree! "There are more things in
heaven and earth than are dreamt of
in your philosophy." Nectar is neutral;
honey is acid. Nectar is cane-sugar;
nectar invert sugar. They are -not the
same.

That all honey is equally digested
is very likely not true ; but that honey
is more or less perfectly digested nectar
is as certain as that the world is round.
To proclaim truth, should do injury to
no man or industry; if it does, all the
worse for the man or the industry.

Agricultural College, Mich.

QUEENLESSNESS.

Removing Queens from Colonies
to Save Honey.

Written for the American Dee Journal
BY ALEX. W. STITH.

On page 504, is an article from my
pen, on removing queens to save honey,
and I will say, in "justice " to myself,
that it was meant for surplus alone ; I
produce only extracted honey, and to
this only, I intended the rule to apply.

On page 521, appears an article by
W. Z. Hutchinson, embodying nearly
the same principles, yet differing some-
what in its practicability, both he and
I seemingly unaware of each other's
production, as they were published on
nearly the same date, and the reader
will be left to solve the problem.

But lo, there ariseth the "wise man
of the East "—Mr. Friedemann Greiner,
who has an article on page 538. He is
probably not as well known to the
readers of the Bee Journal as Baron
Von Berlepsh, Dzierzon and others, to
whom he refers so much. Mr. G. seems
free to let Mr. Hutchinson alone, but
perhaps Mr. H. is too good authority to
tackle, if he does not "cage the queen."
But Mr. G. seems ready to correct one
whom he may consider a " mossbacked
Kentuckian," with the experience and
conclusions of Dzierzon, Ililbert, and
Pollmann, but at the same time disre-
garding the advice of the great Baron
Von Berlepsh, whose untiring investi-
gations I have no reason to disregard ;
and with due justice to the above dis-
tinguished apiarists, I will say that if
the idea originated with Berlepsh, or
any one else, why, Mr. G. will please
flatter the right one (or himself, as the
dictates of his conscience will permit).

I have been a reader of the Bee
Journal, if I mistake not, for the
past eight years, and I had not seen in
print, prior to my article alluded to, the
method I described, and I am not so
desirous of notoriety as to state any-
thing but facts which developed under
my own observation, Mr. G's. article
on page 538, to the contrary notwith-
standing.

I am aware that myself or Mr. G's.
writing the experiences and conclusions
of others will not interest the reader ;
if it would, why need we go to Europe
or South America V Have we no
practical or scientific bee-keepers in the
IJnited States, to test the method de-
scribed y Where are our Cooks, New-
mans, Heddons, Doolittles, Secors,
Abbotts, Demarees, and many others
whose names are so familiar, and whose
scientific researches and practical ex-
periences have been of so much benefit
to the agricultural world — perhaps as
much as those renowned pioneers of
Europe, whose talent no one appreciates
more than I ?

What I may write on bee-keeping is
for the sole purpose of benefiting bee-
keepers in general (especially the nov-
ice), and it is from my own experience
in managing an apiary, consisting of
from 50 to 100 colonies each year, for
the past ten years — in Kentucky, not
Germany, or South America, or in the

State of New York. I write of what I
have tested to my own satisfaction in
my own apiary, and I will practically
answer all of Mr. G's. criticisms, Imt
respectfully request him, to describe
his own experience in detail, of " caging
queens " in full colonies, to be
smothered by her own bees in extreme
hot weather, such as we have in the
months of July and August. Probably
such. procedure may do in New York,
but not in Kentucky.

In conclusion I will add that no one
enjoys a friendly discussion more than
I, for in a diversity of opinion the
reader is most likely to be enlightened.
So my thanks are hereby tendered to
Mr. G., not for his practical method of
"caging queens," but for criticizing
my error, if it is one.

Portland, Ky.

OLD COMBS.

The Condition of the Bees in
Northern Iowa.

Written Jiir the American Bee Journal
BY' WILLIAM CLEARY.

Generally speaking, bees wintered
well liere last winter, but got very weak
in the Spring, and some dwindled. It
was so wet until the middle of June,
that they did not get enough to keep
up breeding. We got no honey from
white clover, and very little from Bass-
wood. There was no surplus, and on
August 1, half the bees in the county
did not average two lbs. per colony.
We were " blue," but with buckwheat
and fall flowers they have stored about
20. lbs per colony so far this month.
Some of my neighbor's bees have been
swarming continually for the last three
weeks, and he has cut out all the queen-
cells several times, but they would
swarm the next day, and every fine day.
I increased my bees one-third by divid-
ing. They have not swarmed, but are
in good working condition now— about
as they should be in June in a favorable
season. We expect very little surplus
unless the fall is extra good and late.
I want to ask a few questions :

1. Would you use old black comb that
the bees died in, or empty frames, if
the combs were straight and otherwise
good y Last year and this I hived most
of my new swarms on old comb, and a
neighbor put his on new empty frames,
and he got the most honey. 1 have al-
most lost faith in saving old combs.

2. Some say that you can keep the
bees from swarming by cutting out
queen-cells ; but my neighbor cannot.
Why is it V

3. Is it advisable to keep putting
bees back, where they persist in swarm-
ing in June and the first of July ?

4. I noticed a great many small shiny
bees, and my neighbor spoke of the
same thing. What were they, and what
caused them ? They were mostly
among weak colonies. They died, or
were killed off, as they are all gone.

5. I also noticed that when there was
no honey coming in for several days,
the bees left some brood they did not
cap over, and I found dead brood in

'T^HS mjimMmi^mM mmw j^wmmmil.

603

'•^^^^■"•^^^■^Ai^*^*^^^^^^

some hives. AVas this caused by the
lack of honey y They had plenty of
pollen all summer, but there was no
honey in the bloom until now.

We are having a dry spell ; the bass-
wood yielded very little, as it was very
late and lasted only a few days.

6. What way should the wind prevail,
to have the best honey-flow ?

Algona, Iowa, Aug. 30, 1888.

[1. We prefer to use comb founda-
tion, rather than any " old black
combs." It is false economy.

2. That is the usual method of the
prevention of swarming— but when the
" swarming fever " is on them it is diffi-
cult to control them.

3. To persist in putting the bees
back, sometimes results in the loss of
the swarm, by their going to the woods
without alighting.

4. They are old bees and are often
found in strong colonies, but soon dis-
appear—dying of old age.

5. During a dearth of honey, the
bees sometimes not only leave the
brood uncapped but actually put it out
and destroy it — thereby preventing any
increase to consume the failing stores
in the hive.

6. We have often noticed that no
honey is gathered unless the wind
comes from the south, southeast or
southwest.— Ed]

FUMIGATION.

Bi-Sulpliide of Carbon for Comb
Fiiniigalion.

Written for the Amerlca/n, Bee Journal
BY G. K. PIERCE.

While looking over some of the back
numbers of the American Bee Jour-
nal a short time ago, 1 noticed a query
in regard to the best method of protect-
ing spare combs, as well as surplus
honey, from the ravages of the larvse of
the bee-moth. The reply to the ques-
tion, describes the method usually
adopted by bee-keepers to accomplish
this purpose, ;'. (., to expose the combs
to the fumes of burning sulphur, in a
closed room.

In my experience I have found the
above method to be crude, more or less
troublesome, and by no means reliable,
unless the bee-keeper has an apartment
that is suited to the purpose ; and even
then, if the worms have obtained a
foot-hold, or if the quantity of comb to
be fumigated is small, the trouble and
labor expended by this method is greater
than the beneht derived from the
comb.

The principal objection to sulphur
fumigation is, that combustion cannot
be well regulated. If a small quantity
is used, it is soon consumed, and the
effect is not lasting enough ; but, if on
the other hand a larger quantity is used,
care must be taken lest a conflagration
be the result.

Another objection is, that sulphur
will not burn readily except in connec-
tion with substances that are rich in
carbon, i. e., dry wood, resin, charcoal,
lycopodium, etc.; and, as these sub-
stances are not chemically united with
the former, when the oxygen of the air
is insufficient in quantity to oxidize
both elements, the carbon will take the
most, leaving little or none to unite
with the sulphur, to form sulphurous
acid gas— the larvre destroying agent.

As has been intimated above, the ob-
ject of burning sulphur is to generate
sulphurous acid gas, a most potent
agent for destroying parasitical life,
both animal and vegetable. It is true
that there are other substances which
would prove equally efficacious, as far
as merely destroying the larvse is con-
cerned, but they are not available;
either on the score of economy, or be-
cause they would render the combs un-
fit for the further use of the bee.

A few years ago, having occasion to
fumigate some spare combs, and not
being satisfied with the methods de-
scribed in the different works on bee-
keeping, I conducted a series of experi-
ments with a view to find some simple
and more reliable way to accomplish
the object sought. After many trials
with different substances— the details
of which is not necessary to consider —
I decided that the most satisfactory
results were obtained by the combus-
tion of bi sulphide of carbon.

As I have stated, the main objection
to sulphur is, that its combustion can-
not readily be regulated. The first step,
therefore, was to obtain a solution con-
taining sulphur which might be burned
in a lamp ; this would enable the opera-
tor to continue the fumigating process
at will, as well as to confine the sul-
phurous acid evolved, to a very small
space if desirable— as it would be when
the quantity of comb to be exposed was
small.

At first thought, sulphuretted oil
(Sulphuretted oil is made by dissolving
sulphur in hot oil. As the latter cools,
most of the sulphur is precipitated. It
is sometimes called " balsam of sul-
phur ") would seem to have a composi-
tion that would burn readily in a lamp,
and so, indeed, it would when in a free
circulation of air, but when ignited in
an enclosed space, the products of com-
bustion were mainlv carbonic acid gas,
sulphur soot, etc. The trouble in this
case also was, that the oil was too rich
in carbon, especially when the lamp
was burned in an enclosed space, the
carbon appropriating nearly all of the
oxygen, leaving very little to unite with
the sulphur.

The foregoing experiments not being
successful, I now turned my attention
to bi-sulphide of carbon, to consider its
possibilities as a fumigating agent.
This substance is a clear, colorless
liquid, with a peculiar fetid odor ;
volatilizes quite rapidly at ordinary
temperatures if exposed to the air ; and
boils at about 11«.5 per cent. Fahr. Its
chemical formula is C S2 ; contains
15.78 per cent, of carbon, and 84.21 per
cent, of sulphur. It should be kept in
a cool place, and under no circumstances
should the container be opened near a
flame.

The main difficulty experienced in
using bi-sulphide of carbon as a fumi-
gating agent was, to devise a lamp in
which it would burn safely, for it is so
inflammable that in one of ordinary
construction the liquid in the fount
would surely ignite from the flame of
the wick; this trouble being overcome,
the trial was a success in every par-
ticular.

I have no hesitation in saying that
fumigation with bi-sulphide of carbon
will commend itself to every enterpris-
ing apiarist who will give it a fair trial ;
a careless man, however, should never
handle it, as it is a bad thing to play
with, but with care it is as safe as kero-
sene or any other illuminating oil.

The price of bi-sulphide of carbon
varies according to the quantity pur-
chased. The quotations are from 20 to
30 cents per pound, wholesale. I have
seen it quoted at 15 cts. per lb. in 5 lb.
bottles, the price of the bottles added.
It is only persons in the wholesale trade
who can buy at these prices, but if the
bee-keeper will buy the article in un-
broken packages, he can probably ob-
tain it from the local druggist at a
comparatively small advance.

Blairstown, Iowa.

WINTER FOOD.

The Relation of Food to tbe
Wintering of Bee§.

Written for the Bee-Keepers' Review
BY W. Z. HUTCHINSON.

All are agreed that for the successful
wintering of bees in our Northern
States, good food is of the first impor-
tance ; but as to how this shall be best
secured, there is some difference of
opinion. Pure cane-sugar properly
prepared, or fed early enough to give
the tiees time to prepare it, stands un-
rivalled as a winter food for bees.

Dr. Miller says his bees made a " poor
stagger " in wintering upon sugar last
winter, but admits that the same might
have been the case had honey been ted
instead of sugar, and that sugar fed in
the right time and in the right place is
probably a safe food. The Doctor asks,
who has practiced taking away all
natural stores and feeding sugar, and
met with unfailing success V I have,
Mr. Heddou has, many others have ; in
fact we feel like asking the Doctor who
has not, when the bees are wintered in
a temperature ranging from 35^ to biP'i

When I was at Mr. Ileddon's last
spring, he read a letter just received
from Mr. C. E. Boyer, of Ainger, Ohio,
in which he recounted heavy losses of
sugar-fed colonies that had been kept
in a warm cellar. It was the first in-
stance of the kind that had come to our
knowledge. It was a puzzle to us, and
is yet; that is, if the sugar was pure.
As a general thing, I think it better
that the sugar be fed early, but it can
be given late and yet have the bees
winter well.

It was Mr. E. J. Oatman, I believe,
who once fed sugar so late, to 200 colo-
nies, that it was not sealed over at all,
yet they wintered well in a cellar. If
fed early the bees have an opportunity

604

•rmm msmmmi^mn mmm jo^mifMir.

to handle it over, and in this handling,
its character is somewhat changed by
the addition of the secretions from their
glands. There is also an opportunity
of sealing over the syrup, when it is
less likely to be injured by changes in
temperature, moisture, etc. If fed late,
the syrup must be made thick, as the
bees have no time to evaporate it ; and
there must be something added to
prevent the syrup from crystallizing.
After repeated trials I give my pref-
erence to honey. From ten to twenty
per cent, of honey is sutTicient. I never
want to be put to the trouble of extract-
ing the honey in the fall before feeding
sugar, and, if contraction of the brood-
nest is properly managed, the combs
will be perfectly free from honey at the
end of the honey harvest ; when, with
Heddon feeders, oil-stoves to prepare
the syrup, and the proper utensils,
feeding is never dreaded in this
■"family."

• Two or three years ago I experi-
mented by feeding and preparing for
winter a few colonies each day. 1 be-
gan the latter part of August and con-
tinued feeding a few colonies each day
until nearly the middle of October. All
wintered equally well, except the last
few colonies that were fed. 1 think
that September. is early enough to feed.
When feeding has been neglected until
it is so late, and the weather so cool
that the bees will not leave the cluster
and go up into a feeder, it may be man-
aged by tilling the feeder with hot
syrup and placing it under the hive.
The heat from the syrup will warm up
and arouse the bees, when they will
come down and carry up the feed.

But all cannot, or may not wish to,
use sugar for a winter food, and I have
done my best to help them. I especially
recommend the views of Mr. O.O. Pop-
pleton. According to his idea, those
who have been so successful by saving
out combs of early-gathered honey upon
which to winter their bees, may at-
tribute their success to the fact that
the early honey harvests were very
abundant, while the fall flow was
scanty. Mr. J. II. Martin unconsciously
voices that idea when he says : " I find
that good buckwheat honey will winter
bees better than honey from a great
variety of fall flowers." Possibly the
honey, in a slight flow, becomes more
heavily charged with pollen. Candied
honey or thin, watery honey is an unfit
food for bees long confined by cold. As
a rule, honey-dew furnishes a poor win-
ter food. To those whose management
is such that their bees must winter
upon natural stores, we would say, see
to it that the stores are from the most
bountiful flow, well ripened and sealed,
and you have done all that you can do.

Dr. Miller asks for an explanation of
why bees have starved with an abun-
dance of pollen within easy access, and
yet showed no signs of diarrhoea. I
would say that I suppose bees can live
but a short time without honey, that
upon pollen alone they would soon
starve— before enough would be con-
sumed to overload the intestines. In
other words, if bees had access to pol-
len only, they would eat but very little
of it, and the result would be starvation
rather than overloading the intestines.

Flint, Mich., Sept. 1, 1888.

COlVVEIMTIoai DIRECTORY.

1888 Time and Place of Meeting.

Oct. 3-5.— North American, at Columbus, O.

W. Z. Hutchinson. Sec, Flint, Mich.

Oct. 11, 12.— Union, at Clayton, Ills.

S. N, Blacli, Pres., Clayton, nis.

Dec, —.—Michigan State, at ,Jackson, Mich.

H, D, Cutting, Sec, Clinton, Mich.

ZW In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of futuremeetinKs.— Ed.

Plan for a Bee-House.— Chas. D.
Barber, Stockton, N. Y., on Aug. 31, 1888,
says:

I want to build a bee-house. Will some
one who has one, or who knows, please give
a description of it in tlie Bee Journal ?
How liisili, wide and long should it be ? 1
want it for 20 to .30 colonies. Honey is selling
here for from 12 to 15 cents per pound.

Protectors of tlie Uees.— F. M.

Herrick, Woodstock, N. T., on Sept. 3, 1888,
writes :

1 desire to become a membpr of the Na-
tional Bee-Keepers' Union, as I fully indorse
all its principles, and realize that in union
only is there strength to protect an honest
industry. 1 do not think that 1 shall ever
have any trouble myself, hut others may,
and I wish to cast my lot with the protectors
of the bee. The proceedings of the city
authorities in the Arkadelphia ease, tarings
to my minri amusing thoughts, and begKiuK
clemency with hope of escaping Immediate
execution (from the editor) I will submit the
following :

Some folks there are with critic spleen
liilte dogs, who barlt at things unseen ;
Not knowing what the bee was made for,
From whence I', came, or what It staid for;
They think some enemy hath sent it,—
Thus take occasion to resent it.

Ilor to Control S>varniing;, etc.

—J. F. Eikeuberry, Green, Iowa, on Aug. 3,
1888, says :

1 took out of my outdoor cellar, 27 colo-
nies in good condition in the spring, and
lost 6 colonies by spring dwindling. It was
very cold and wet so long, that bees could
not do anything until June. They com-
menced to swarm the first of July, and have
kept It up until now, a swarm having issued
yesterday. 1 wish that some one would tell
me liow to control swarming. My bees have
done wkII the last mouth, and are still work-
ing faithfully in tlie sections. 1 have now
37 colonies all doing well.

Virgin <(iieens — Fall Prospects.

— G. W. Demaiee, Christiansburg, Ky., on
August 31, 1888, says:

In answer to query .511, on page 566, 1
wished to say, "the virgin queen lays
■no egcs until her amalorial period has
passed," The omission of the word "7io"
clianges my meaning to the reverse of what
1 intended to say. We have had an abun-
dance of rain since Ang. 16, and there is now
fair prospects of fall honey lor winter stores,
to say the least. The young white clover Is
partially saved.

Worlclng- on Bnck-wUeat, etc. —

1, N. Rogers, Jackson, Mich., on Aug. 31,
1888, writes :

So far this has been a very poor honey
year for this (Jacksnn) county. But very
few had any white clover honey stored in
the sections, and the present indications are
that but little fall honey will be obtained. 1
have 5 colonies tliat have given me 24 pounds
each, gathered from buckwheat, for which 1
readily obtained 20cts, per pound. My bees
are still working lively on a piece of buck-
wheat, sown late expressly for them. I
would say in regard to bees working on buck-
wlieat, that I have giown it for several years
(as much for the bees as for the seed), and
have ob,served that, on a hot, sunshiny day,
hees work ou it only in the forenoon ; but if
the day be cloudy and warm, they will work
on it the greater part of the day. Only
about one-fourth of the bees put into winter
quarters last fall, were alive when fruit trees
commenced to bloom last spring, and the
most of them were very weak. 1 put 36
colonies into the cellar; 1 had 19 in chaff
hives, and liad but 9 colonies to commence
the season with — tlie first loss of any conse-
quence, that 1 ever met with. Everything
IS drying up, not having had any rain to
speak of, in this immediate vicinity, since
early in June.

Itees are Busy.- Geo. G. Scott, Wa-
dena, Iowa, ou Sept. 4, 1888, says :

My bees have gathered about 30 lbs. of
honey per colony, spring count. The sea-
son's yield in this section may be estimated
at about half a crop. Fall flowers are yield-
ing well, and bees are very busy.

Small Average per Colony. — D.

L. Shapley, KandallsvlUe, N. Y., on Aug. 6,

1888, says :

Bees have got through putting the honey
into the sections for this season. It is the
poorest season 1 have seen in six years. I
shall not have over 50 lbs. of surplus honey
from 6 colonies, spring count ; and my bees
have done as well as any in this vicinity.
There is no honey here to speak of, this year.
The average per colouy is only about 5
pounds of surplus, and of poor quality at
that.

Blessing in Bisgnise— Increase.

— E. B. Morgan, Cleveland, Iowa, on Aug.

31, 1888, writes :

The honey crop in this locality (southern
Iowa) is very poor. Different bee-meu have
told me that they have no honey. The
spring was too wet and cold, and the white
clover yielded hut little ; the heads being so
loose and straggly ; they had lost that sym-
metrical shape, hut 1 see that the fall clover,
or the clover now in bloom, has resumed the
old shape. Quite a number of the bee-men
feel despondent, and 1 think 1 will class
myself among them. Still, we had better
look upon the bright side, as Dr. Mason
says " that two poor seasons may be a bless-
ing in disguise." One thing is sure, that
quite a numbir of our farmer bee-keepers
that kept from 10 to 30 colonies are swept
out of existence, and have their ill-shaped
hives for sale. My 50 rolonies are in good
condition for winter. The question of pre-
venting increase, that has ca.ised so much
study and anxiety to many will, I think,
soon be settled. 1 tliink that the principle
is already discovered, but not being quite
sure as to its ivsulls, having had such poor
season, we must wait ; but one thing is sure,
it will not be caging old queens and keeping
them over from year to year. Young queens
for fertility, hence strength of colonies and
honey; old queens for drones and swarming.

TMm MMERicarf wmm jQ>\iMwmi^.

605

fc*^*^^-^** ^^^^^^*^^.^*^*^*^

BUSINESS MANAGER.

gusincss glotices.

It Yoii Ijive near one post-office and
get your mail at another, be siu-e to give the
address that we liave on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

If yoii Liose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Boxes — to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4J<x4)^ and 534x53^.
Price, 81.00 per 100, or 88.50 per 1,000.

I»i-esen'e Yoiir Papers for future
reference. If you have no Bli^MER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Jouknai..

Tncca Brushes, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -write American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writmg to tliis office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

P«ire Plienol for Foul Brood. —

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned In Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 25 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Register.— All who Intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) $1 GO

" 100 colonieB (220 pages) 125

" 200 colomea (420 pages) 1 50

Pliotograplis of Bee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for 81.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

CX.i;BBII\Ci L,IST.

We Clnl> the .American Bee Journal

lor a year, with any of the following papers

or books, at the prices quoted In the I^ASX

column. The regular price of both is given

in the first column. One year's subscription

tor the American I3ee Journal must be sent

with each order for another paper or book:

Price of both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00...

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 — 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazlne 1 50 — 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150 — 140

The Apiculturist ..1 75 1 60

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 . . . 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 — 1.30

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 — 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25. . . . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal..! 60.... 1 50
Dzierzon'B Bee- Book (cloth).. .3 00. . . . 2 00
Koot's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25.. .. 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 — 2 20

Western World Guide 150.,.. 1 30

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 150.. 1 40

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 — 1 50

Convention Hand- Book 150.... 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00.... 1 75

Iowa Homestead 200... 190

How to Propagate Fruit 150 125

History of National Society. . 1 50. . . . 1 25

Hastings' Perfection Feeder.—

This Feeder (illustrated) will hold 3 quarts,
and the lettin;; down of the feed is regulated

Patented Ort. IS. 1RS7.

by a thumb-screw. The cap screws securely
on. It is easy to regulate— either a spoonful
or a quart— and that amount can be given
in an hour or a day, as desired. By it the
food can be given where It is most needed-
just over the cluster. Not a drop need be
lost, and no robber bees can get at it. A
single one can be had for 40 cents, or a
dozen for 83.50, and it can be obtained at
this office. Postage 10 cents extra.

Cork tor Winter Packing.- Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for 81.00.

Can You Do Anyttaini; that will do
more to advance and defend the pursuit of
bee-keeping, than to aid its Weekly Ex-
ponent and Defender ? The American
Bee Journ.vl is the pioneer bee-paper of
America, and is fully entitled to the active
support of every progressive apiarist, for it
works constantly and faithfully for the best
interests of the pursuit. We therefore
specially request all our readers to use their
influence to double our subscription list,
during the coming autumn. Reader, will
you please send us a new subscription witli
your renewal or before that time ? A good
weekly at one dollar a year is surely cheap
enough to command patronage.

Please to get yonr Neiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It Is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Red Isabels tor Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent,
each ; but we cannot print the name andi
address on less than 100. Larger quantities,
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C

250 Laliels $1.50 $2.00 $2,25

SOOLabels 2 00 3.00 3,50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

ia~ Samples mailed free, upon application.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Alstke
CUmer Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; S'3.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : 810.00 per bushel; 82.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 30 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Excliange.— We will accept Honey
and Beeswax in exchange for Bee-Keepers'
Supplies In any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

Alt alta Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 'Zlc. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 85,50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., 810.00.
If wanted by mall, add 10 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

'We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; K pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, 83. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Xhe Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this office
tor 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

606

TMM ffiMmmicMN mnm j^^mmmi^.

- *^''^-*'^-*^^-aifc^i^^*^*<

Honey and BeesMrax Market,.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lbs.. 17@18c.:
2-lbs.. 13@]4c. Fair white l-Ibs., l.i@16c.; 2-lb8., 11
to 12C. Kxtracted, white. 7^@8c.
Sep. 5. THURBttR, WHTLAND & CO.

NKW YORK.

HONEY.— Fancy white l-lbs., 17@18r. ; off grades,

15@i6c. Fancy white 2-lba.. I3'^14c.; off grades. I:ic.

Extracted, white, THa'^yc. New crop ie arriving and

demand is Kood.

BBB8WAX.— 23®23Wc.

HILDKETH BROS. & 8EGBLKEN,
Sep. 5. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuaoe 81.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- White 1-lb. sections, 12®15c.; 2-tb3., 11
to 14 cts.; amber, 7@9c. B.\tracted, white, 5X@6c.;
light amber. .^(jiS^c.; amber and candied. 4^4(a49ic.
Receipts light and marliet Arm for best qualities.

BKBSWAJC.-17(»21C.
Aug. 25. O. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Frout 8t.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best new white comb. 15@t6c , with lit-
tle in sight and slow sales. MarKet is low, and bee-
keepers will do better to hold honey until approach
of cold weather.

BEESWAX.— 21@22c. Supply limited.
Aug. 22. M. H. HUNT. Bell Branch, Mloh.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— New crop offered at 16®17c., demand
being very light yet. Extracted is not in much d&
mand, and prices are nominal at 7(§.8c. lor the best
grades.

BBKSWAX,-22o. R. A. BURNETT,

Aug. 14. 161 8outh Water St.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— None here, and market in good condi-
tion for new crop. There is some demand for the
extracted.

BEB8WAX.-22C. „

Aug. 2. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 8. Water St,

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.- We quote extracted at 5^8c. per !h.,
for which demand is fair. Comb honey. 12@15c.
Some small lots have sold at 14®16c. Market quiet.

BKKSW AX.— Demand is good— 2U®22C. per lb. f or
good to Choice yellow, on arrival.
AUB. 24. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— Choice 1-lb. sections, ISc. ; dark l-lbs.,
14c.: 2-lb8., IM.; dark, 13c. White extracted in fio-
lb. cans. He. ; amber, 7c.; in barrels and kegs, 5@8c.
Demand good, prices firm, and stock light.

BKBSWAX.— Nonein market.
Aug. 29. HAMBLIN 4 BBARSS. 514 Walnut St.

NEW YORK.
H"NBY. -We quote: Choice white clover and
basawood extracted, 7H@8^c.
Aug.29. F.G.STKOHMEYBR&CC, 122Water8t.

BOHTON
HONEY.— We quote: New 1-lb. sections, 18@20c.;
2-lb8 , I4@i6c. New extracted, 8® ioc.

BEKSVV AX.— 2."i cts. oer Ih
Aug. 24. BLAKB & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- We quote : Extracted, white, 5^ cents;
light, 5Hc.; amber, 4Wif35c. Comb, l-lbs.. 12@I4c.: 2-
Ibs., 9'*13c., as to quality. Arrivals not large, and
supplies held flrmlv.

BSBSWAX.— Dull at 19®22c.
Aug. 20. SCHACHT & l.KMCKB. 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote: New white I-lbB., ISc; light
l-lbs., IHc. California white Mba.. 18c.; light l-Ibs.,
H'.c; white 2-1 bs . Ii:c.i light 2-lbs., 14c. Jixtracted.
white. He; amber. 7c.

BBBSWA.X.— l.sSiiOc.
Sep. 5. CLKMONS, Cl,OON& CO., cor 4th AWalnnt.

ST. LOUIS.

HONEY.-We quote: Extracted, 4H(9l5!.<ic. ; if in
cans. Hfaac. White clover comb, 14@15c. Market is
steady and receipts light.

BEESWAX.-2IC. for nrime.
Sep. 6. D. G. TUTT & CO., Commercial St.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— New white 1-lb. sections 18c., and very
fine. 2I1C.; l-lbs. l.'Sca.lSc.; old 2 and 3 lbs., not salable,
iy^@14c.; dark l-lbs.. old or new, 12@I3c. Extrac-
ted, new white in Itegs and i^-barrels. 8@»c.; old. in
same packages^ 7<" 8c. : in tin. Hiiiwc-: dark in barrels
or ^-barrels, (i(a.«i-jc. Arrivals of new crop small;
demand not urgent, and only very moderate trade.

B BESW AX.-22(gl25c.
Aug. 31. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water 8

A Home market for honey can be
made by jurticiously distributiiiK the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this naper.

Conventions.— The time for holding
Bee-Keepers' Conventions has now arrived,
and we cannot give any better advice
than this : Let each one attend who can
do so, and take part in making these meet-
ings interesting and instructive. If you
have not already obtained the "Bee-Keep-
er's Convention Hand Boole," do so at once
to post yourself up on how to conduct such
meetings correctly. It contains a simple
Manual of Parliamentary Law and Rules of
Order for the guidance of officers and mem-
bers of Local Conventions— Model Consti-
tution and By-Laws for a Local Society—
Prosramme for a Convention, with Subjects
for Discussion — List of Premiums for Fairs,
etc. Bound in cloth, and suitable for the
pocket. Price, 50 cents. We will club this
book and the American Bee Journal for
one year for Sl.3.5. It also contains a lot of
blank leaves on which you can note impor-
tant matters as they come up. Do not fail
to send for a copy of it.

Sininiins' l^on-SMarniing Sys-
tem.-We have a few of these books left,
and we will club them with the American
Bee Journal for one year, both postpaid,
for $1.35. The subscription to the Bee
Joural can be for next year, this year, or
may begin anew at any time.

Colored Poster.s for putting up over
honey exhibits at Fairs are quite attractive,
as well as useful. We have prepared some
for the Bee Journal, and will send two
or more free of cost to any one who will use
them, and try to get up a club. Sample
copies will be sent free upon application.

WeMill Present a Pocket Dictionary
for two subscribers with S3.00. It is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to decide
as to the spelling of words, and to detei-mine
their meaning.

Ne-w- Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 1887 and 1888, for SI .75, while
there are any sets of 1887 left.

J^ducvtiscmewts.

WANTED— Situation. I can manage, or assist
in, a prart'cal apiarv . oan cive^ooil references.
Please address me. HARRY ftAJLEY,

37A2t GRANBY, PRuV. QUE.. CANADA.

Mention ih:. American Dee Journal.

WORK

FOR ALL IP'^0 awcfk and expenses
paid. Siunple^* worth |.> and particulars
free. I*, O. Vickery, Aouusta* Me.

37A13t

Mention the American Bee Journal,

LANGSTROTH FUND.

AOOOD full IcPKth PHOTOGRAPH of Rev. L.
L Lankrj.troth, mounted on cabinet card, will be
sent to any address for 5<> cts —one-half to go to
the "Lanjrstroth Kund." Address,

THOMAS B.KEY'KOI.nS,
36A2t Box 356, DAVTON, OHIO.

Mtntion the Amtrican Bee Journal.

WEBSTER

3000 more "Wor.l.^ -ja.X ir.ui!;,- 2000 more Illua-
trations than any otlier Arncrican Dictionary.

Among the suppI'Mnontary foatures, unequaled
for concise and trustworthy infonnation, are

A Biographical Dictionary

giving briei facta cnncernint; 9,7<'0 Noted Per-
f*ona of aneientand ninileiii times,

A Gazetteer of the World

locating and descriliint; 25,000 Places; and a Vo-
cabularv of the names of Noted

Fictitious Persons and Places

The latter is not found in any other Dictionary.

Webster excels in .SYXONYM.S which are appro-

priatcly f wind in the body of tlie work.

•Soltl I vn'I booksellers. Pamplilct free.

G. & C. MEP.RIAM a CO. , Pub'rs, Springfield, Mass.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

We have some ELEGANT

RIBBON BADGES, having

a rosette and gold Bee, for

bee-keepers' use at Fairs,

i -w \ Conventions, etc. Price

50 cents each, by mall, postpaid.

THOS. O. ■ST.'WULA.Ti «fc SON,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

Are You Going to the Fair ?

IF 80, read The Bee-Keepers' Review for
August. It is especially devoted to Apia-
rian Exhibitions at Fairs, and )s contributed
to by H. D. Cutting, Prot. A. J. Cook. James
Heddon, M. M. BaldrldRC, M. H. Hunt, R. F.
Hoi termann, Dr. A. B. Mason and J. H. Martin.

The September Number will be devoted to
"Food, and its Relation to the Wintering of
Bees."

Price of the Review, 50 cents a year. Sam-
ples free. Back Numbers can be furnished.

The Production of Comb Honey,

A neat little Bonk of 45 pages, price 25 cents.
The REVIEW and this book for 63 cents.
Stamps taken, either D. S. or Canadian.

Address, W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

35Dtf 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

HANDSOME

ONE-PIECE SECTIONS.

WE have a limited quantity of One-Pound
Sections, ■lHx4;4, a trifle less than two
inches wide, with narrow tops, in packages of
1,000 each. They are manufactured from ex-
tra white lumber planed on both sides, making
them the flnest and most attractive honey-
section in the world. Price, S4.00 per package.

TH08. O. NEIVMAN A. SON.

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

'TJX'TC VOa SALE. — 24 COLONIES
ip ■ .« f j^% in improved movable - frame
hives. For termn and particuliirs, write to
KEV. .1. I>. GEHKING,

36A2t PARKVILLB, Platte Co., MO.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

TESTED GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS.

ONE Qiieen, gl.OO ; 2 Queens, $1.S0 ; three
Queens, $2.00 ; one-half dozen, $r,.00. By
Reiurn mail. HENRY ALLEY.
36A3t . WEN HAM, MASS.

Mention the American Bet Journal.

THl© MMERICJKP* ME® JOiafRNKtr.

Gil

EDITOR.

VfliniV, Sept, 19, 1888. No, 38.

Ebitorml Bueemgs,

" Xliougfli the mills of God grind slowly,
Yet they grind exceeding small ;

Though with patience he stands waiting,
With exactness grinds he all."

Our <liivry Uepartineut is not con-
ducted for the purpose of answering catch-
questions or puzzling conundrums. It is
solely intended to aid earnest seekers after
knowledge in our pursuit.

Xlie IiKliana State Fair com-
meuced on Monday. We learn that there is
a creditable display of honey among the
exhibits.

■n I-'raiice, the month of August has
been better for honey-production than July.
The honey crop is less than the average,
and in some parts the amount of white
honey is exceedingly small.

l^inc Fences divide property, and keep
cattle and horses on their owner's land,
but bees pay no attention to such divisional
lines. The air is their highway, the sun-
shine their invitation to roam, and the
flowers their banqueting halls. Happy,
basking, smiling, buzzing, frugal bee I
Cunning, stinging, robbing bee !

■We have Received a copy of a
pamplilet issued by The St. Louis Academy
of Sciences, on the Pollination and Perfora-
tion of Howers. It is written by Mr. L. H.
Panimel (who is well known as a corres-
pondent of the Amehican Bee Joxjunal),
as a contribution from the "Shaw School
of Botany." it is very interesting, and we
will make some extracts from it in our next
issue.

Hotel Arrang^eiuents a.t Coluni-

I»i»s.— Concerning these. Dr. A. B. Mason
wrote us from the Centennial Exposition
Grounds at Columbus, O., on Sept. 13, 1S88,
asking us to publish the following notice to
bee-keepers who intend to be present at the
convention :

If tliose in attendance at the next meet-
ing of the North American Bee-Keepers'
Society will report to me at the place of
meeting in the hail of the House of Repre-
sentatives at any time after 10 a.m., Oct. 3,
I will try and be able to tell them where to
obtain such entertainment as they may
wish. As yet I have not been able to ob-
tain reduced rates at hotels, but may suc-
ceed in doing so. Let thnse coming to the
convention take advantage of the reduced
railroad rates to the Centennial at Columbus.

An effort has been made to secure reduced
rates through the Tratlic Associations, but
without success.

It is a Poor Economist, says an
exchange, who lets surrounding available
treasures go to waste. What would you
think of the farmer who would not gather
the golden grain when it was ripe and
waving in the field ? Or what would you
think of the man who would harvest the
new crop and let the old crop go to waste ?
The man of thrift gathers and saves from
every possible source. He lets nothing go
to waste. He gathers in his corn and his
wheat, his rye and his barley, and he gathers
also the honey from the flowers of his fields.
It is his, he pays nothing for it. Genial
nature plants the flowers and fills their
cups with honey, and all he has to do is to
get the bees and care for them, to save what
would otherwise be lost.

Itees Imprison a Rattler. — The

Atlanta Constitution relates that a party of
men cut a bee-tree near Trompville, Ga. The
hollow was found to be filled with honey
and comb for a distance of 15 feet. After
securing the honey, one of the boys cut into
the tree above the portion used by the bees,
and found a rattlesnake 3 feet long. As
there was no hole in the tree, except the
one which contained the honey, the suppo-
sition is that the snake crawled up the
hollow before the bees began to hive, and
the honey-comb had blocked its exit.3

Orange Jiicid, so well known as an
agricultural editor, has purchased the
Fai-mer of St. Paul, Minn. ; has moved it to
Chicago, and the first number is on our
desk, the name changed to Orange Judd
Farmer, and making a very creditable ap-
pearance. We wish it a very prosperous
career, and extend to friend Judd the right-
hand of fellowship. With such a manager
and editor it must succeed.

A l^eat Pamphlet of 32 pages is on
our desk, from the St. Joseph Apiary, Mis-
souri. It is written by the Rev. Emerson
T. Abbott, and is intended for distribution
at the coming fair in that city.

Uee-Sting-s — In an exchange Prof. A.
J. Cook is credited with the following ad-
vice as to what to use for relief from the
effects of the stings of bees :

I have ammonia, or hartshorn as it is
usually called, always about our apiary, and
have found nothing better tor bee-stings.
This is correct in theory as well as in prac-
tice ; the active poison of the bee is or con-
tains formic aeul ; ammonia is an alkali,
and neutralizes the acid and so the poison.
Dashing the part stung into ice water also
gives partial relief ; it stops the circulation,
and so prevents absorption of the venom.
A strong extract of cheap tobacco, made by
turning hot water on a cheap cigar is also
a partial alleviative. Some regard it supe-
rior to ammonia. It is a well-known fact
that the bee-poison is itself a kind of vac-
cine ; the more one is stung the less is he
affected.

Xiie Old Story about bees puncturing
grapes and other fruits, says an exchange,
to suck the juice therefrom is pretty well
exploded. That they will suck the sweets
from any of these fruits tliat they may find
already broken, is true ; and seeing them
doing this, unthinking persons have jumped
to the conclusion that the bee was the
original trespasser. A little study of the
organism of the bee will show that it has no
tools wherewith to comit such depredations.
Nature took care of the fruit as far as the
bees are concerned, by incapacitating the
bees from cutting or boring into it.

^Ve had a Call from Mr. Herbert
Brown, who has been sent to the Eastern
States from Ventura county, Calif., to
" place " several carloads of extracted
honey. He reports the California honey
crop as larger than it has heretofore been
estimated. He says that some of the bee-
keepers there have "bought up" all the
honey on the market, and "hold it" 1o
" stiffen the prices," as well as to judiciously
place it upon the market ; thus reducing to
a minimum the damage usually done by
small producers whose impecuniosity leads
them to sitcriftcc their honey crop by ac-
cepting the first and lowest amount offered.

Onc-Xhir«l of a Crop — A. Reusch,
of Chariton, Iowa, says he expects to ob-
tain only )-i of a crop of honey this year.
He writes us thus on Sept. 13, 1888 :

The bees in this locality have done but
little until Aug. 30. They had been doing
well up to last Monday, Sept. 10, when it
turned cold, and the wind was in the North.
I expect to get a third of a crop of fall
honey.

Frank I^eslie's Sunday Masa-
zine for October contains many interest-
ing and valuable articles, all freshly written
and brightly illustrated. The continued
story, " Genevieve," opens the number. It
is a story of the Huguenot troubles in
France. The poems and short articles are
numerous and good, and there are a number
of full-page engravings of much beauty. It
is a specially good number of this favorite
family magazine.

612

Tmm MMEMIC'MJf MMM J©^RHM1U.

taf ---:?i«'~'~'-'^'^'^-^/^''^*^*^*^*'

>«^«o«<

Preiiarinsj Bees for 'WiDter. —

Mr. H. E. Hill gives this descriptiou of his
method of preparing bees for winter, in the
Farm and Home :

Below I give a brief description of a plan
of preparation that, notwithstanding the
pollen, hibernation and other theories, has
served me in the wintering of hundreds of
colonies with a loss not exceeding two per
cent. The method being simple, as it Is
effectual, is especially recommended to
those who have but few colonies to care

for : , ,_ ,. J ,.

Procure a box (such as may be had at any
dry-goods store) from 12 to 24 inches larger
than the hive to be packed. After cutting
an entrance 6 inches in length by 1}4 inches
high in one side at equal distances from the
sides, 1 place the box on the summer stand
of the hive, and put the hive inside, sup-
ported on pieces of wood, at a height that
brings the bottom-board to correspond with
the entrance.

Then place strips IK inches high on either
side of the entrance from the hive to the in-
side of the packing case, resting on the pro-
jecting bottom-board, and place a snug-
fitting piece of stuff over these, thus form-
ing a passage for the bees from the hive to
the open air, and exculding the sawdust or

glaner shavings which are used for packing,
eing now packed snugly beneath and on
all sides of the hive, 1 use no honey-board,
but simply cover the frames with a quilt ot
cotton cloth and a cushion of sawdust,
which acts as an absorbent, and may be
easily replaced with a dry one if it becomes
damp from the escaping moisture of the
colony during winter. Over this I put the
usual six IntTies of shavings— or even 24
inches— filling the box. Now place a good
roof over them, and all is complete.

Try it, and report your success next May.
If by mild, sunny weather the bees are in-
clined to fly oftener than is desirable, place
a short board in front over the entrance,
with the bottom resting on the ground, a
foot from the box, and over this an armful
of straw. This box will darken the en-
trance, and tend greatly to equalize the tem-
perature inside.

Xliis Uialos'iie is published in a late
number of the Western Chi-i^Uan Advo-
cate. The answers to the questions are
supposed to be given by one of the dis-
gusted purchasers of some of the patent
moth-trap bee-hives which abound in doors,
hinges, drawers, corners, etc. :

What is the chief end of bees ? To get
out patent hives.

What is the best patent hive ? The best
hive is not patented.

But don't some of these patent hives fool
the moth ? No ; they fool the men who buy
them.

What patent hive is the most useful ?
The new one in the barn with a hen's
nest in.

But is there not more money m patent
hives than in bees ? Tes ; but that time is
almost over.

But how are we to know a poor hive ? It
has a great many doors, drawers, hinges,
cracks, crevices, nooks and corners which
look like conveniences, but in which the

Who are the great bee-savants of this
conntry ? The men who don't use patent
hives.

Are bees profitable ? Not to those who
buy patent hives.

Sense Organs in bees and other in-
sects are worthy of considerable study, and
will repay a thorough investigation. In
Murray^s Magazine we find the following
very interesting remarks on the subject :

In the matter of sense organs we are met
by serious difficulties of interpretation, and
this difHculty is the more keenly telt in
studying creatures so widely different from
ourselves as the bee. Such an insect %vould
seem at first sight to be about as susceptible
to the delicacies of touch as an ancient
armor-sheathed knight. Head, thorax, ab-
domen, limbs, all are ensheathed in chi-
tinous armor. The bee has his skeleton
outside. The question is, how can delicate
impressions of touch be transmitted through
the tough, dense skin so as to affect the
sensitive "squash" within? If you will
examine one of the feelers of the bee you
will see that the surface is richly supplied
with hairs. It is by means of such sense
hairs that the bee experiences a sensation
of touch. Each touch hair is hollow, and
within it is a protoplasmic filament contain-
ing, it would seem, the delicate terminal
threadlet of a nerve. A curious modifica-
tion of the touch hair is found on the last
joint of the anteunse. They are here bent
sharply at right angles, so as to form
rectangular booklets.

Shipping: Colonies of Bees.— The

following concerning the shipment of full
colonies of bees is from the Indiana
Fai'mcr :

A great many people seem to think it is
next to impossible to ship full colonies of
bees by cars, without running a risk that
makes it well-nigh out of the question. This
is a mistake. Bees properly prepared may
be shipped several hundred miles. The
frames must he secured in some way so that
they will not shake about the hive, and the
bees fastened in with wire-screen, so that
they can have plenty of fresh air. We
usually tack screen over the entrance and
over the brood-frames, and ship them with
the cover off, and mark them "This side up,
with care. Do not cover up. Do not leave
in the sun." We also recommend that,
where the route is known, they be shipped
so that the greater part ot the journey may
be made at night. Timid express agents
are apt to become greatly alarmed at a few
robber bees that may hover about, and con-
clude at once that the bees are escaping.
There is no danger of robber bees at night,
and it is the coolest part of the day.

Xlie Nortli American Convention
at Columbus, O., will soon convene, and all
who intend to go should soon be making the
arrangements. The following from the Sec-
retary will explain about the railroad fare
to and from the Convention :

IW The North American Bee-Keepers' Society
will hold its anDUal meeting on Oct. 3. 4 and 5, 1888,
in Kepresentatives' Hail at the capitol in Columbus,
Ohio. Tlie Passenger Traffic Associations will grant
reduced rates only when 100 persons are present,
holding railroad certificates. Owing to the short
honey crop it is feared that a sufficient number of
persons will not be present holding certificates, and
that an attempt on the part of the Society to avail
itself of the reduced rates offered by the Passenger
TrafQc Associations will only result in disappoint-
ment ; hence it has been decided that the only
course open will be to allow each member to shift
for himself, or herself, to either talie advantage of
such excursion rates as maybe available in his or
her vicinity, buy round-trip ticltets. or do something

of the sort.

W. Z. Hutchinson, Secretan/.

September Hints — Mr. C. H. Dib-

bern, in the Western Plowman, gives the
following hints about seasonable work in
the apiary :

This is the last month that bees can be
reasonably expected to gather any honey.
Usually about the 20th of the month we, in
this latitude, have a frost that kills the
flowers, but if not, the last series of flowers
are done blooming, and there is nothing
more for the bees to-do.

Early this month is the time to know the
exact condition ot each colony.

While honey is yet coming in is the time
to take out the frames and examine them.
To guess they are all right, won't do, if you
wish to winter them over.

In some localities, feeding will again have
to be resorted to. This should be done now,
before the nights become too cool, and rob-
bing is more difficult to guard against.

As soon as the gathering season is over,
remove all the surplus arrangements and
put the bees in condition for winter. Many,
especially those who have had two seasons
of failure, will become discouraged and
careless, and will let the bees shift tor them-
selves, with perhaps not enough honey to
carry them to January. That such persons
will ever have " no luck" with bees is cer-
tain, and perhaps the sooner the bees come
out dead, the better. The persevering, in-
telligent bee-keeper, however, will only
strive the more when others around him are
giving up, and my experience is that such
only will win in any pursuit.

This season has been a peculiar one, in
regard to swarming. Usually, in this local-
ity, the bees commence swarming in June
arid end up early in July. This year they
commenced in May, and are swarming some
yet. Heretofore, we used to return second,
or very late, undesirable swarms by looking
over the combs of the swarming colony and
removing all the queen-cells and hiving the
swarm back in the old hive. We lately hit
upon a new wrinkle with the new hive.
Now when a late swarm comes out that we
do not want to hive separately, or have any
weak or queenless colonies to boom up, we
simply {(iDert the hive that casts the swarm,
and return the bees by shaking them on the
sheet in front of the hive. So far this has
worked nicely, and not one has made a sec-
ond attempt to swarm. This process, of
course, turns the queen-cells (the cause of
the bees swarming) wrong side up, and the
bees immediately tear them out. It this
proves to be the invariable result of invert-
ing, this is another point in favor of invert-
ible hives.

We lately broke up a case of robbing in a
very neat way. Going out into the apiary
quite early one morning we noticed a colony
that seemed to be working with unusual
energy. In looking around a little further
we soon discovered another colony that was
evidently being robbed. Concluding that
this last one had lost their queen, we re-
moved it to the shop and examined them,
and soon found that to be the fact. We
now procured the comb from a nucleus (it
is well to have a few such at all times) con-
taining bees, brood and a queen. We ex-
changed this frame tor one of the queenless
hives. We now returned this hive to the
place of the one doing the robbing, which
was removed to the stand ot the one that
was being robbed. This, of course, threw
the robbing business into great confusion.
Those trying to rob would simply go into
their own hives ; if any returned, they only
carried the honey back to the hive they had
previously robbed. An hour afterwards,
all was quiet, and the robbing was com-
pletely stopped, and both colonies resumed
their honest toils.

Voiu- Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

itmrn MMURicsp* mmm joi^mnmi^.

613

>^»^*«^^-~^-^— ■ - — -—•■^^

Uoctors IMsagree.— Mr. G. K. Hub-
bard lias this criticism to malce on one of
our Queries. It appeared in tlie JncUaua
Fa)-mer recently. Variety is the spice of
life. If we all thought and spoke alike
there would be no diversity of opinion— no
spicy discussions— no progress from the
"old ruts" and well-beaten paths of our
forefathers. The fact that we disaaree on
every conceivable subject is the " bulwark
of our freedom," and the glory of the nine-
teenth century. But here is the item :

In the question department of the Amei-.i-
CAN Bee Journal, the question, "Are
eugs ever put into the royal cell ?" is an-
swered by a lart'e number of prominent
apiarists, and it is actually surprisins; to see
how many answer tlie question negatively,
or in a manner expressing doubt. We do
not under>tau(l why this should be. We
have frequently seen eggs in queen-cells,
and in fact have seen it so often that we
wonder at our experience being different
from so many wlio are more experienced.
We imply that those who express dnubt on
the suDject, think that young larv* are
always used for the purpose. Clearly they
are mistaken, as we have often seen eggs
in queencells appearing to have been de-
posited as naturally as any in regular
workt-r or drone cells. The question is not
one carrying with it facts of much impor-
tance, but it makes a splendid illustration
of how " doctors disagree " on questions
that seem as plain as the alphabet toothers.

Au Eye Openei-.— One of our ex-
changes contains the following showing
tliat a poor honey crop may be a blessing in
disguise :

I think it is not hard to see that this poor
season may be a blessing in disguise, and
may work for the good of our business.
Our large markets have uot overstocked
with honey, prices liad been knocked down
by shijiping honey into, the already over-
stocked markets, until honey was selling at
ruinous prices. The Wiley lie was floating
over the country, that there were numerous
manufactories where beecomb was manu-
factured and tilled with glucose syrup, and
sealed over with hot irons. The newspapers
wafted this story along, and thousands be-
lieved the story, although it was so iucon-
sistent.

This failure of honey from the flowers has
cleared out the lioney markets so that com-
mission men have been calling loudly for
honey, at kood prices. Where are these
glucose manufactories all this time, that
they allow theiuarkets to become so bare of
hoiiev even at doubled-up prices ? This
omjlit to open the eyes of the community on
this subject, and strike a death-blow to that
infamous lie.

Stin;;iiig: Ilces. — A correspondent
from Iowa sends us the following dialogue
concerning educating the bees to hold their
breath and thus suspend their stinging pro-
pensities. Here is the dialogue :

" What have you found to he the best
remedy for a bee-sting ?" said the reporter.

" Bee-sting ! I havn't had an oppor-
tunity to use a remedy for years."

" How then, Mr. Fogy, do you manage ;
or don't your bees sting ?"

" Yes, my bees are capable of stinging,
but they have had good training. Ton prob-
ably luve noticed in some of the bee-litera-
ture of the day, a novel way of escaping
the sting of a bee by holding your breath."

" Now that idea never occurred to me, but

sometime ago I commenced training my
bees to hold their breath as soon as tliey
felt like stinging, thus preventing the sting,
and it you don't believe it, I have them well
trained, and you can try it."

Al!<iUce Clover.— In the report of the

United States Botanist just issued, in the
report of tlie Commissioner of Agriculture,
a copy of which we have received from N.
J. Coleman, Esq., we find the following on
page 804, concerning the history, develop-
ment and characteristics of Alsike clover,
which will interest our readers :

This differs from common red clover in
being later, taller, more slender and succu-
lent. The flower heads are upon long pedi-

Alsike Clover Bloom.

eels, and are intermediate in size and color
between those of white and red clover. Its
botanical name was so given from its being
supposed by Linnfeus to be a hybrid be-
tween those clovers, but it is now known to
be a distinct species, it is found native
over a large part of Europe, and was first
cultivated in Sweden, deriving its common
name from the village of .Syke in that coun-
try. In 1834 it was taken to England, and
in 1854 to Germany, where it is largnly
grown, not only for its excellent forage, but
also for its seed, which commands a high
prir'e. In France it is little grown as yet,
and is frequf'ntly confounded with the less
productive Trifoliimi eleynns.

The following is condensed from "Les
Prairies Artificielles," by Ed. Vianne, of
Paris: "Alsike does not attain its full
development under two or three years, and
should therefore be mixed with some other
plant for permanent meadows. It is best
adapted to cool, damp, calcareous soil, and
gives good results upon reclaimed marshes.
It is adapted neither to very dry soils, nor
to those where there is stagnant water.
Being of slender growth, rye-grass, rye, or
oats, are often sown with it, when it is to
be mowed. In fertile ground weeds are apt
to diminish the yield after a few years, so
that it requires to he brolcen up. It is gen-
erally sown in May, at the rate of 6 to 7
pounds of the clean seed per acre. Some-
times it is sown in tlie pods at the rate of 50
to 100 pounds per acre, either in ^spring or in
autumn after the cereals are harvested.

"Alsike sprouts but little after cutting,
and therefore produces but one crop and

one pasturage. The yield of seed Is usually
130 to 170 pounds per acre. Tlie seed sep-
arates more easily from the pods than that
of ordinary clover, and as the heads easily
break off when dry, care is required in
harvesting.

" It does not endure droutli as well as the
common red clover, but will grow on more
damp and heavy soils, and it is said that it
can be grown on land which, through long
cultivation of the common clover, has be-
come ' clover sick.' "

AI>scoii«liiig: Swarm. — I desire to
know the cause of a swarm of bees leaving.
It was a very large swarm, which I had
tried to prevent swarming, by cutting out
queen-cells. I examined each one of the
ten brood fraines carefully, and cut out
eleven cells in different stages of construc-
tion. On the second day after this they
swarmed. I hived them and gave them a
frame of brood, and set the liive on the old
stand. They stayed until the next day,
when they came out, and, without alight-
intr, went straight to a tree aliout half a
mile away. They had built two larue pieces
of comb, one on each side of the frame of
brood, which contained a small quantity of
honey and some eggs. Can you give any
reason whv they left in this ungrateful
manner ? The frame of brood wliich I gave
them I took from a hive that had swarmed
a few days before, and I thounht perhaps
the unsealed larv:e were too large.— L. B.
Post.

[Tour bees had picked out their hollow
tree, and got it cleaned out and already
fixed up for housekeeping before they
swarmed at all. Under such circumstances
you could not well induce them to give up
their project, especially if you let them re-
main on the old stand, and this is one very
good argument in favor of hiving at some
little distance from where the parent col-
ony stood. Where they pick out the loca-
tion before swarming, they are pretty sure
to move to it, sooner or later.— Gicanings.]

For tlie Sixtcentli consecutive year
Chicago opened up its great Inter-State In-
dustrial Expositi<m, replete with the best
products of science, industry and art, on
Wednesday, Sept. 5, and will close Satur-
day, Oct. 20. The immense structure is
now laden to its fullest capacity with the
finest and most magnificent exhibits ever
displayed ; from almost every quarter of
the civilized world, illustrating as it does
every avenue of human industry in its most
complete form, it is almost a necessity that
they who would keep abreast of our most
advanced ideas in both industry.science and
art, should not tail to visit this great Ex-
position. Every railroad and transportation
line running into the city have made re-
duced rates, and there is every indicition
that a much larger attendance will follow
than any year that has preceded.

Colored Posters for putting up over
honey exhibits at Fairs are quite attractive,
as well as useful. We have prepared some
for the Bee Jol'iinat,, and will send two
or more free of cost to any one who will use
them, and try to get up a club. Sample
copies will be sent free upon application.

614

'TH^ SMBRICMH BE® JOWMB^MI*.

toxi^ai*^ at^kj

Golden-Rod.

ITritfoi /'jc Our Little Men and Wnmen

BY CLAKA DOTY BATES.

. An idle Breeze strayed up and down
The rusty fields and meadows brown,

Sigliinga grievous sigh, "All, me !

Where can the summer blossoms be ?"
When suddenly a glorious face
Shone on him from a weedy space,

And with an airy, plumy nod,

"Good afternoon !" said Golden-Rod.

The Breeze received her courtesy'
And then came liurrying home to me,
And eagerly this story told :
" I've seen a lady dressed in gold,
So shining that the very light
That touches her is doubly bright-
She nodded, too, a royal nod."
"Why, that," I said, "is Golden-Rod."

" Come out and see her where she stands,

Gold on her head and in her hands,"
He cried ; and 1 without delay
Went after where he led the way ;

And there she stood, all light, all grace.

Illumining that weedy place.
And to us both, with airy nod,
"Good afternoon !" said Golden-Rod.

Most assuredly it is. To take honey
from the brood-nest is a slip-shod,
slouchy way of taking surplus. It is
but a little better than the old fogy
plan of " robbing bees."— G. W. Dem-

AKEE.

I use a two-story hive, and extract as
often as 1 find the honey about two-
thirds capped over. It is necessary to
occasionally extract from the brood-
chamber, so as not to allow the queen
to be over-crowded, etc.— P.L.Viallon

While it is sometimes necessary to
extract from the brood- combs, in order
to give the queen room to lay, still
with proper management and the judi-
cious tiering-up of supers, it will not
generally become a necessity. Our
ideal extracted honey is always taken
from the virgin comb in the supers—
not from the breeding apartment. —
The Editor.

t

tens.

Tiering-Up ivlieii >Vorking for
Extracted Houey.

Written for theArrwrican Bee Journal

Query 576.— When extracted honey is de-
sired, is it not preferable to tier up, that is, to
use e.\tra stories above instead of taking- from
the brood-chamber ?— N.

Yes.— Dadant & Son.

Certainly.— Mks. L. Harrison.

Yes.- H. D. Cutting.

Certainly.— R. L. Taylor.

Yes.— J. M. Hambaugh.

I think so, decidedly.— A. J. Cook.

Yes. — G. M. DooLiTTLK.

Yes, every time.— Eugene Secor.

In most of the cases it is.— J. P. H.
Brown.

Yes, every time.— C. H. Dibbern.

Opinions differ. I think that I should
prefer tiering.— C. C. Miller.

Yes, sir. It is better if those extra
stories above are half -depth. I have
used both full and half depth supers
for more than fifteen years.— Jajies
Hbddon.

If the tiering-up plan is followed.and
plenty of room given, it will seldom be
necessary to extract from the brood-
chamber.— A. B. Mason.

I consider that the best way to gather
extracted honey is by tiering-up. I am
of this opinion both from experience
and observation.- J. E. Pond.

Extract from an upper story, as a
rule. Sometimes the brood-chamber
has too mtich honey. In that case it
should be extracted, or full combs ex-
changed for empty ones. — M. Mahin.

Ideal extracted honey can only be
had from supers where there can be no
suspicion of the juices of brood, and
the taste of pollen.— J. M. Shuck.

Number of Frames Used ^vlien
Tiering-Up.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 577.— 1. Are not 12 or 13 frames
too many for the brood-chamber, when tier-
inp up ? !i. How many would jou use below?
3. Would you use the sams number above as
below, when tiering up ?— New York.

1. More than are necessary. 2. Eight.
3. Oneless.—R. L. Taylor.

1. No. 2. Eight Langstroth frames.
3. Yes.— Mrs. L. Harrison.

1 and 2. Nine Langstroth frames are
sufficient. 3. I would.— J. P II. Brown.

I use nine Gallup frames in the
brood-chamber when working for ex-
tracted honey.— G. M. Doolittle.

1. Y^es. 2. Ten. 3. Yes.— J. M. Ham-
baugh.

1 and 2. That depends upon the size
of the frames. 3. Y'es.— C. H. Dibbern.

1. Y'es. 2. Seven to eight. 3. Use 8
to 10 above.— H. D. Cutting.

1. Y^es, unless very small. 2. I am
not fully settled on that poiat.— C. C.
Miller.

1. That depends upon the size of the
frame. Ten Langstroth frames are not
too many, unless the surplus is all
wanted in the supers. 3. If for ex-
tracting, yes.— A. B. Mason.

1. No, not of the Langstroth size or
smaller. 2. We use half-depth frames
above, or rather 6 inches deep.— Da-
dant & Son.

1. Much will depend upon the size of
the frame, Ten Langstroth frames or
equivalent are, in my opinion, about
right, both in the brood-chamber and
in the surplus apartments.— J. E. Pond.

You do not give the name of your
frame. If Langstroth, I would not use
more than ten below, and the same size
of hive above with one frame less. —
Eugene Secor.

1. Ten frames are enough. 2. Ten,
if for extracted honey ; 8 if for comb
honey. 3. I use 10 frames in the brood-
chamber and 9 above.— P. L. Viallon.

That depends upon the size of the
frames. I have used 12 Gallup frames
with success. This leaves plenty in the
lower hive for winter.- A. J. Cook.

1. Much depends upon the size of the
flames, and something upon the locality
and the season. I use in that way frorn
8 to 11 frames of nearly the Gallup pat-
tern. 3. Yes.— M. Mahin.

I do not understand the question. If
the querist desires comb honey, 12 to 13
Langstroth frames are too many. If
he desires extracted honey, 12 to 13
frames may not be too many. — J. M.
Shuck.

1. It depends upon the size of the
frames used. 2. In my locality I use 10
Langstroth frames in the brood-cham-
ber. 3. "When I use full-depth supers
above, I use but 9 frames. In fact. I
use but 9 frames in the surplus apart-
ment whether I am using full-depth or
half-depth cases. Placing the frames
a little wider apart in the surplus cases
makes the sealed combs full and plump,
and they uncap nicely.— G. W.Dem-
aree.

Y'es, too many for any brood-cham-
ber, provided they are the size of the
Langstroth frame. Never use more
than 10 Langstroth frames' capacity in
the brood-chamber, and never more
than 7 or 8, unless you are practicing
contraction at the proper season of the
year. The rest of your query is an-
swered in my reply to Query 570, —
James Heddon.

1. That largely depends upon the size
of the frames used. 2. I prefer the 10-
frame Langstroth hive for all purposes,
but would contract the brood-chamber
by reducing the number of frames
when working for surplus honey. 3.
In order to obtain all the surplus in the
supers, I should use less frames below,
graded by the circumstances.— The
Editor.

Query 575. ^The answer to this
quel}-, by Mr. J. M. Shuck, in last
w-eek's BifE Journal, should have
read as follows :

I believe it has been established that
there i.s formic acid in honey. I in-
cline to the belief that the acid fmuiel
in the honey is developed and incor-
porated witb the honey in the honey-
stomach, and tends to preserve the
nectar till it ripens, rather than to pre-
serve it after it has been evaporated
and sealed.— J. M. Shuck.

The two italic words in the above
answer, hy an oversight, were printed
incorrectly, and the error was not dis-
covered until after the " forms " were
printed.

Convention Notices.

•SSg- Tne next meetinitof the Union Bee-Keepers,
Association win be tield at t layton, Ills., on Thurs-
day and Friday, October 11 and ll', IftSS, in the Town
HsII at 10:30 a.m. Tlie Park Hotel will charce »1,00
per day : the restaurants 1:5 cts. per meal. We ex-
pect Messrs, Daduiit, Hambautih, Camm and other
prominent bee-keepers to be present.

S. N, BLACK, Prt».

Z^~ The Ohio State Bee-Keepers' Association will
hold its Hth annual meetinu in joint convention with
the North American Bee-Keepers'Society at Colum-
bus, O., on Oct, 3. 4 and 5, 18SS. A special business
session of the Ohio State Bee-Keepers' Association
will be held on Oct, 4. to elect officers for the com-
ing: year, and for the transa tion of other businesi.
Tliis business meetinjcwrll ni.it interfere with the
regular programme of the National convention of
the same day. Fkank A. Baton, Stc.

Tmm m^Mmmi^mm mmm jawKfist.

615

PLEASANTRIES.

Time of Biickwiieat and White
Clover Bloom. *

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY DR. C. C. MILLEK.

In response to the request of the edi-
tor on page 563, I reply that in this
locality, and I think it is the general
rule in all localities, the nectar disap-
pears from buckwheat bloom by the
middle of the day, so that whereas
there is no trouble from robbing in the
forenoon when buckwheat is yielding,
care must be taken to avoid everything
like exposure of combs or honey in the
afternoon. Something, however, de-
pends upon the weather, for if the
morning is cold or rainy, the forenoon
of buckwheat bloom may be extended
into the afternoon.

It is well to be somewhat familiar
with the habits of flowers as to bloom-
ing, although buckwheat is the most
notable exception to the general rule
that flowers yield nectar all day long.

Wlilte Clover Bloomiiig aud Not
Yielding Nectar.

Considerable apprehension was felt
in this locality about the crop of white
clover this summer. The summer of
1887 was 80 very dry that white clover
seemed to be burnt up,rootand branch,
and the question was whether the sum-
mer of 1888 would see any white clover,
and if some did come from seed,
whether it would be forward enough to
bloom. I never watched more closely
in the spring for the first appearance
of growth. Contrary to my expecta-
tion, I think that I never saw so much
white clover starting. I cannot say,
although I should like to know, whether
it came from the roots of last year or
from the seeds.

Then I watched to see whether it
would bloom. Soon the blossom buds
appeared in profusion, and my fears for
the season subsided. I awaited with
confidence the gathering of a bountiful
harvest, for I feel sure I never before
saw the ground more white with clover
bloom, and I think that I never saw any
thing to equal it. But the flood of nec-
tar seemed slow about coming, and
after the time for it was all over, I was
obliged to confess that I was a 'false
prophet." and that very little honey
was gathered from white clover.

Now what was the trouble V Is it
true that white clover, as some have
stated, produces no nectar the first
summer it comes from seed V It cer-
tainly looked a little that way this year,
providing the clover all came from seed
this spring or last fall ; and yet I can
hardly believe there is any difference
between a blossom on a plant a few
weeks old, and one on a plaut a year
older. If the blossom needs nectar to
call insects to fertilize it, will not the
young plant produce it just as well as

the old one V I really would like some
one who can speak with authority, to
tell ua more about this plant and its
habits.

That Hoiiej-ed-mau.

This man was mentioned on page
579, and I agree with the editor that it
was nothing strange that the man re-
ceived no stings from the bees alight-
ing upon the honey daubed on him.
But I suspect there is very little foun-
dation— very likely no foundation what-
ever— for the whole story. Let us look
at it.

A man daubed himself with honey,
800 bees that were swarming in the
woods alighted on him and stayed there
until he transported them home. In
the first place, when bees are swarm-
ing, they are very intent upon the one
thing— swarming. I very much doubt
if you could get 800, or 80 bees, of a
swarming colony to alight upon a man
daubed with honey for the sake of get-
ting tbe honey. They are not just then
in the honey-gathering business. But
suppose you could get them to depart
from their usual habit, and forsaking
the cluster or the swarm in the air,
settle upon the man, how long would
they stay there ? Just long enough to
load up with honey and then off they
would fly, and no bee would come back
for a second load to the man unless he
stood still at the spot where the bee
left him.

You may bid defiance to the worst
robbers by simply keeping on the move
anything you want to protect from
them. So I suspect that the whole
thing originated in the brain of some
one anxious to get up a sensational
item for the newpapers. Sensational
items are in demand, and we can ex-
pect nothing difierent so long as the
truth is not more highly valued than
sensations.

Tbe Wiley PleaHantry.

This "pleasantry" owed its popu-
larity and its successful run to the fact
that it was sensational. It is not that
newspapers or reporters so much pre-
fer tbe false to the true. A true sen-
sation is preferable to one that is false,
but there is a lamentable absence of
care as to whether truth or falsehood
is promulgated, providing only that it
is sensational. Get up a contradiction
of the Wiley statement that shall be
equally sensational, and it will promptly
go the rounds. But no matter how
strong may be Prof. Wiley's retraction,
it will not be likely to find currency
anywhere except in the columns of
those papers specially devoted to the
interests of bee-keepers. The retrac-
tion may be very true, but it is not sen-
sational.

The holding the breath to prevent
stinging goes the rounds for the same
reason, and the bee-periodicals are not
altogether guiltless, because at least
two of them have published it with no
word as to its truth or falsity. We
hardly ought to blame other papers for
neglecting to inquire closely into the
truth of every item admitted to their
columns, if the same thing is done
right in our own ranks. A notable
instance of this is in the following :

Tlie Sting-Trowel TUcory.

That bees ever use their stings to
work wax, I believe is just as untrue as
that artificial comb honey is made, and
yet this error had its origin entirely
among bee-keepers. It is true that it
is not like the Wiley affair in mis-
chievous tendency, and I do not sup-
pose Mr. Clarke would have made the
statement he did, if he had supposed
mischief would arise from it ; still he
was far from warranted in putting
forth as an ascertained fact, that which
was a mere play of his imagination. I
do not believe he ever had any proof
that his fancy was a fact, and I con-
fess I would very much like to see Mr.
Clarke himself tbe first one to give the
" sting trowel " its quietus. I would
like this for the sake of the truth, and
also for the sake of Mr. Clarke as well.

Marengo, Ills.

FALL FLOWERS.

Tlic Autumn Honey-Flow in the
Middle States.

Written for the Orange Bulletin
BY H. B. GEER.

After the heat of the summer has
passed, and the first fall rains begin,
then spring into life and beauty the
autumn flowers that are usually loaded
with delicious nectar— resorts of pleas-
ure and profit for the millions of honey-
bees, that, after some weeks of idleness
and inactivity, are only too glad to
again return to the fields and their
duties.

During the spring and early part of
last summer the flowers, such as strug-
gled into existence despite the drouth-
were nearly or entirely fruitless, and
the sources of honey very limited in-
deed. But after the rain had come
again, it brought out the autumn
flowers here in Tennessee, and also, as I
learn, in Missouri, and the honey-flow
during tbe month of September was
better and more of it than during all
the previous months of the year.

Chief among the fall honey-plants of
Tennessee, is the golden-rod. Here it
blooms in great profusion, and its
bright golden plumes may be seen nod-
ding and waving in nearly every field
and meadow— especially in the waste
places or fallow land, and in the fence
corners. It yields honey of a rich
yellow color which has a very pleasant
flavor. In fact I think it the finest
honey that our bees can obtain from
any source in the fall of the year.

In Missouri, where the writer is in-
terested in apiculture, the asters are
our chief reliance for fall honey. There
they bloom in great profusion from
about the first of September until frost.
There are a great many varieties of
asters, and they all yield a fair grade
of honey, which every bee-keeper is
glad to receive, after the spring and
summer supply hf^s proven a failure, as
was the case last season.

Honey partakes of the nature of the
flowers from which it is gathered, more
perhaps than one would suppose. For

616

'E^mm mmmmi^mm mmm j,Q>Jsmmmi^,

instance, in the spring of the year
when the flowers are fragrant and
loaded with perfume, the nectar gath-
ered from them is likewise fragrant
and delightful, and seems to emit the
sweetness of the fields, and the wild
flowers themselves. The delicate fra-
grance of the white clover bloom is
well-known, and, as if in keeping with
its delicate nature, the honey it yields
surpasses all others in flavor and pleas-
urable taste.

On the other hand, the honey from
the fall flowers, while equally sweet
and pure, is devoid of the fragrance
and pleasant smell that the early sea-
son honey possesses. Likewise the
autumn flowers seldom emit a pleasant
perfume, although they rival in beauty
their kindred of the springtime.

CANADA.

Report of the Haldimand, Ont.,
Convention.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY E. C. CAMPBELL, SeC.

A meeting of the Haldimand Bee-
Keepers' Association was held at Fish-
erville, Ont., on Saturday, Sept. 1,
1888. The minutes of the previous
meeting were read and conflrmed.

How and \l'bat to Feed Bees.

The President said that granulated
sugar should be fed, as it was safer
than to risk feeding cheap sugar. He
made a thick syrup by putting the
granulated sugar into boiling water,
and stirring it frequently to keep it
from burning. He exhibited a Cana-
dian feeder, showing how it worked,
and urged early feeding, so that the
bees could cap tbeir stores before cold
weather. It was also necessary to feed
in the evening, so as to avoid robbing.

Mr. W. Kindree's plan was the same
as the President's, only that he boiled
the sugar a little more than Mr. Arm-
strong. He thought that by doing so
the syrup was not so apt to granulate.

Mr. Mehlenbacher described his plan
of feeding, which was by tipping the
hive up in front, and pouring the syrup
behind the division- board.

Mr. Overholt used a similar feeder to
the Canadian, and found it ahead of
any other.

Mr. Best had always used honey, but
this year he would have to try sugar,
as he had no honey. He had wintered
a colony on 15 pounds of honey, and it
had wintered all right.

Mr. Atkinson made syrup the same
as described by Mr. Armstrong, and
used inverted glass jars as feeders.

How to t'uite Colonies of Bees.

The President gave his plan of unit-
ing colonies, which was to gradually
move the colonies to be united, towards
each other until they were close to-
gether, and then spreading the frames
apart, and putting in frames alter-
nately, he then gives the bees a good
smoking, and the work is done.

Thirteen members reported 252 colo-
nies, spring count, and 375 colonies, fall

count ; from which it is seen that the
increase has been very small, besides
no surplus honey taken ; and what is
worse, the bees have not stores enough
to winter on, and will have to be fed.

The next meeting of the association
will be held at Cayuga, at the call of
the President.

HONEY-JUMBLES

Of the Xortli Ainerieau Couven-
tion of 1SS7.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY A COUNTRY BEE.

'' All N. A. B. K's (wrote H., the recorder) were
Summoned to appear bfefore the President Miller,
Each bringing one dollar in paper or silver ;
And at the Commercial Hotel please register,
In Chicago, Ills., the I6th of November."

A No. I Root responded with his " A B G's ;"
Armstrong came on with his hive and T-supers ;
And Aspiiiwall wrote that if we'd organize.
All delegates should receive that "Magazine'* of

his—
"Life ne'er exulted in so rich a prize."

Bees (Oenus Homo) were Baldridge.Baldwin,Barber,
B'tardtnan, Miss Bennett. T F. Bingham,the smoker,
Betsinger. T. S. and Joshua Bull (not Johnny),
Bedell, and Burnett, who is not a B{ur)master,
Although he well knows how to handle the honey.

" We may live without friends, we may live without

books "-
But this Society "cannot live without A. J. Cook.'*
Compton. of GlQnvtoodt Croiker, Cumins and Com.-

stock,
"Were very modest, and did not give us much talk,
But the deficiency was made up by Mr. iVilcox.

"While a-gathering of bee-bread for their living,"

l/ubftard, whose ancestor "went to the cupboard,"
anrl

Found Hopkins, of O. (kin of Hop-'o-ray-thumb).

Speaking of H'b, Lemmer see ; Dr. Haskin, Hutchin-
son.

ntlton and Heddon-the "banner" goes to Michigan.

Lyman, Fomcrook, and TJiomton, no doubt ought
to be,

" I the man in the moon, this thornbush, my thorn-
bush."

D. G. and O. W. Webster (decendants of Daniel and
Noah) ;

Hear our BefsfTifffr, "Oh, velvet bee you're a dusty
fellow.

You've powdered your legs with gold," all yellow.

" O Woodman spare that (Dahl linden honey) tree,"

Cried Funk. Staininger. "'mid the trees, where hum-
ming-bees '

Extract the nectar from the bright flowers.

Here the Redmond, who once chased lifv^olds, the
fox.

Now extracts the "extracted honey "with the ex-
tractor.

Beside Our President, were B. J. and M. M. Miller,
Gilson who sent to fetch a pail of (Afc) Whorter:
Tliat reraindsusof that young "Tribune" reporter,
Who thought our " countrifled look peculiar ;"
If he'd seen one buzzing drone, he'd not have been
80 jocular.

Mrs. Searles—" hark to the music, the Idrum and the

life."
A Taylor. Cumitis, Davenport with his wife.
Janes, Esher, Murphy, unit Gander. Dethloff-ray life.
Neimel z I Vm Fullmer than Hawks, when chickens

are rife.
Another room for exhibits, would lessen the strife.

I hear the bees swarming, and while watching for

the queen.
Oh, Gould. I see the one who sang, "Keep our

Graves, Green.''
" I Lovett. (Sweet. Hart), or Stantoyi, in the Parks,
With Wilson, Thompson, Robertson, or even the

Holtermann.

When the Oatman was Stow (ed) in the hopper.
With Newman, Secor, and McLain the Professor,
By the hardest of Davis work our Strong Miller,
Turned us out a grist ot very Good tlower.
"And here by thee, will hum the bee, forever and
forever."

The flower was left with the Cook, by Chapman;
Wiio turned it over to the ladies and gentlemen.
Seme iVfiirum that the flavor was equn\ to linden—
' E.\\:use me. but will our Good friend. Dr. Mason,
Be so kind as to see to the ventilation ?'*

Our hearts went out to Father Langatroth,
With the hope that his remaining (lays on earth.
May be filled with sweetness around his hearth,
And the conscious thought of the good he has

wrought.
For the bee-keeping people, bring joy to his heart.

Thanks were tendered to Mr. Thomas W. Cowan,
Who, being such an able " microscopian,"
Gave pleasure and profit to all who met him :
While regretting his absence, at Prof. Cook's sug-
gestion.
He was made honorary member of this Convention,

Thanks to Thomas G. Neivman again and again.
For his excellent arrangements with the hotel-man.
For his thoughttul guod-will shown on every hand ;
To mention this Society, is to think of his name.
*' He has served thee as none would," still sounds
the refrain.

For President, the genial Dr. A. B- Afoson,
Kor Secretary, the effifient W. Z. Hutchinson,
For Treasurer. i\/rs.H^orrison, who uses nooeception,
They were Secor (ed) oflBcers at the election.
Without a Wakeman's or Woodman's dissension.

"We may learn of the bee, the wise man's lore,
The hand of the diligent gatheretli store."
At Columbus, Ohio, " If this life be not o'er,"
On the 3rd of October, '* May we meet once more."
Till then, success to you all, Au revoir.

MAPLE TREES.

Insect Enemies ITIowing Tbem
Down — Plant Lindens.

From the Detroit, Mich., Tribune
September 3, 1888.

Dr. W. C. Stevens of Fourteenth
avenue has devoted considerable atten-
tion to the destructive insects from
whose ravages the maple trees are suf-
fering so severely. He expresses the
belief that there is not one sound maple
tree in a hundred under Ave years old
in Detroit. Ou some whole streets he
has been unable to And a single tree
unaffected by the pest. The same state
of affairs seems to prevail among the
shade trees throughout the country east
of Detroit.

Dr. Stevens recently wrote to Prof.
Cook of the Agricultural college relative
to the matter. The professor in liis re-
ply says that the same destruction of
maples in Detroit referred to by the
Doctor is noticeable in Lansing and in
every other city in the state. He pro-
nounces a specimen insect, which Dr.
Stevens sent him, the grub of a common
maple tree borer, Playionotus s^Kciosus,
which is very harmful to trees all over
Michigan. They attack large, thrifty
trees and have destroyed many maples
in Jackson, Lansing and other places.
The beetle, which appears in July and
August, is a large, handsome longicorn,
black in color and striped with a rich
yellow.

The pupa case which the Doctor sent
is pronounced by the professor that of
a caterpillar, jEycrla acerni. This beau-
tiful moth lays her eggs in July, and
the caterpillars feed on the inner bark
for one year. It is black, striped with
yellow and orange. This insect. Prof.
Cook says, is also doing much to destroy
the maples.

More harmful than either of these
varieties is the big-headed apple tree
borer, which is a very serious enemy of
the maples, especially young or newly
transplanted trees. This beetle attacks
trees whose vigor has been checked.
Thus it is that it is so destructive to
trees recently transplanted. Prof. Cook

THE SMERIC3KF* BBK J&^MNMJL.

617

recommends that the trunks of trees be
washed early in June and July with a
strong solution of soap, to which one-
tenth of its volume of crude carbolic
acid has been added, especially for two
or three years after setting. Still better
is good care— spading about the trees
and adding a generous mulch every
spring for Qve or six years after plant-
ing.

•• Why do we plant so many maples? "
is a conundrum propounded by the pro-
fessor in his reply. He estimates that
throughout the state ten maples are
planted to one of any other species.
He refers to the elm as a beautiful tree,
and one, which, in this locality, is yet
free from serious attack. Still the elm-
leaf beetle in the East is moving West
rapidly, and the canker worm is a fatal
enemy of the tree. The bass wood or
linden is a handsome tree, a more vigor-
ous grower than either maple or elm,
and is comparatively free from insect
enemies. With the same care live, and
the professor guesses ten, lindens sur-
vive to one maple. It is also an admir-
able houey-tree, and so has much
economic value.

'' If we must plant maples," concludes
the professor, 'give them the best of
care and wash them with the solution
mentioned each June and July for some
years after planting, but it is far better
to plant the beautiful linden, which
with half a chance, if stock is kept
away, will live, thrive and mature."

STINGING BEES.

Something in tlie Honey Causes
Bees to Sling.

Written for the American Bee Jmmial
BY SOLOMON W. JEWETT.

No pure honey can be found in
America in any quantity or in any con-
dition, that has not gone through the
chemical laboratory of the honeybee,
or some other insect that stores this
peculiar sweet, which has properties as
food and medicinal, that cannot be
found outside of its deposits in the
comb by some insect. Most people
have yet to learn this, and many other
simple things in nature not yet learned.

There are other matters relating to
bees that I tind many apiarists have not
discovered, namely, in the working of
the bees among some flowers, they be-
come more irritable, and more liable to
use their simple weapons of warfare,
than they do when gathering sweets,
and the pollen, or anything which they
are seeking to convey to their rural
home. Some wild flowers, and the
buckwheat flower, contain more poison,
and is more virulent than clover, or
from the willow, etc.

When working on the flower of buck-
wheat, sometimes they are so over-
charged with poison, that they are
quite inclined to sting man and ani-
mals, seemingly to relieve themselves
of this surfeit ; and we find it in the
honey sometimes, by partaking of a
little fresh honey (gathered and stored
by these arch chemists, as deposited in
the comb), which will give griping
pains ; and this poison is in less quan-

tities in the seed. By continuing along
for sometime, daily partaking of buck-
wheat cakes, it shows the effects on
the cuticle or skin of the body, and
even the scalp may feel this dry rough-
ness, and an itching sensation when
nothing of the kind had been felt
before.

We have some people who keep fowls,
that speak in favor of buckwheat to
make hens lay; but that is a mistake ;
they may lay in their seasons because
it is their nature, but if one will only
observe how dry and dead their feathers
become, and stand out as though they
were suffering pain, they might desist
from putting before these birds buck-
wheat as food.

simple Remedy I'ur Bee-Stiugs.

There is a simple remedy at hand,
for those afflicted with pain from eat-
ing too freely of this honey gathered
from buckwheat. It is simply to take
a swallow of the weak solution of soda
and water, and it is one among the best
remedies to apply wherever the bee, the
wasp, or the snake has inserted its
venom through the sting into man or
animal flesh.

But there is another remedy that will
draw out poison from the snake bite.
Kill and open the body of a hen or bird,
and lay it on the stung place ; it will
extract the poison, reduce the swelling,
and remove the pain. At the usual
swarming season, should one have the
solution of common baking soda, or
saleratus, on hand, it will destroy the
effects of the bee-sting at once, if
applied.

Rutland, Vt.

MARKETING.

Disposing of the Honey Crop to
Commission Men, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY EEV. J. D. GEHRING.

It is easier to learn the bee-business
so as to know how to produce nice
comb honey, than it is to learn how to
dispose of it to the best advantage.

Last year I had no trouble to dispose
of all I had at 20 cents a pound. This
year I cannot sell a pound to the same
grocerymen in Kansas City. When I
called on them the other day, I asked,
" Can I sell you some nice, white clover
honey?" One answered : "No, sir!
We have more honey now than we can
sell. Nobody wants honey." Another,
•' Is it nice and white V Sections well
filled out and unbroken ¥" To which I
could promptly reply in the affirmative.

■' IIow much do you want for it V"
Eighteen cents, net.

"Don't want it!"

And IS cents a pound is 2 cents less
than the quoted market price ! These
same men are retailing it at 25 cents.
Something is wrong somewhere. What
is it V

We have two firms in Kansas City
who make comb honey a specialty.
They now quote 18 and 20 cents for
first-class comb honey. I presume they
sell to retailers at those prices. I do

not know how they sell it in large lots ;
but I know that they have a " buying
price " and a " selling price," for when
I ask, " What is the price of the best
comb honey ?" they will cast upon me
a look peculiar to a Kansas City com-
mission man, and answer my question
" Yankee fashion," thus : " Do you
want to buy or sell ?"

I have a few hundred pounds to sell
at 18 cents.

" Don't want it I Piles of it on hand
now."

Who is glutting (V) the Kansas City
market this year. 1 wonder V Some " big
bee-men in the East," I am told !

What a queer state of affairs ! The
bee-papers inform the anxious, tired
and disgusted small bee-man that there
is a very light honey crop in the coun-
try. He can say " amen " to the state-
ment, for he is one of them. But New
York bee-keepers send honey by the
carload (?) all the way to our own mar-
ket; and our commission men cannot
be convinced that honey is scarce.

" If you want to consign your honey,
we'll take it and sell it for you. But
we can't guarantee any particular
price, as the demand is light."

" l'"ou see ?" No. some bee-keepers
don't " see " that they are helping a
syndicate of commission sharpers to
control the honey market, and that
they are making it easy for those men
to treat us poor, small struggling fel-
lows with haughty contempt.

I tell you, Mr. Editor, we ought not
to stand such an outrage ! I am only a
small " Dutchman," and have no great
amount of " stock " invested in bees
and honey ; but, sir, I am big with in-
dignation ! Even a Dutchman will tind
out a thing or two when he is exasper-
ated. Let me tell you what I mean :

Not many years ago a man, whom I
know quite well, had some honey to
sell. He was a "poor preacher," and
needed money, so he sent it to a com-
mission man who said he could prob-
ably (?) get 17 cents for it. But when
the preacher collected for his honey,
he got only 15 cents minus the " com-
mission "—because " we couldn't get
17 cents."

Well, one day, sometime after the
transaction with the commission man,
the preacher saw some honey in a
grocery store which he thought looked
exactly like his IJ^pound sections. He
asked the price, and found they were
retailing it at 25 cents a pound. He
asked where they got it, aud was told

at commissiou house. It was his

honey, no doubt. But as it was a deli-
cate question to ask the merchant what
price he paid for the honey, this
preacher sent a man (who didn't want
to buy honey) to inquire the price, and
was told that, as that was " particularly
nice honey," they had to ask 18 cents(!)
for it.

That Dutchman has ever since been
a little careful about accepting the gift
of a " stencil plate," ready for use,
from a commission house.

Hadn't we better form a " honey
trust ?"

Farkville, Mo.

[We trust that the last sentence is a
joke, Bro. Gehring. The word itself is
distasteful to us. We have trusted so

618

Tmm MMERicsEf mmm jois^kksi,.

-^^'■tiMM

much in our business career, that we
are now mourning the loss of many
thousands of dollars trusted! Then
about '-honey trusts," it was only
a few months ago that the papers would
have it that the New York bee-keepers
were to hold a meeting to form a
" honey trust," which was to accom-
plish iC'Onders '. But there was no truth
in it. Two years ago a Honey Pro-
ducers' Association was talked of
■when the honey crop was of fair pro-
portions, and if such a plan as then
presented could be carried out, it would
be productive of much good. Such an
association would practically put an
end to the swindling done by dishonor-
able commission men (for there are
such, though there are also many
honorable ones) who sell at one price,
and report to producers at another and
lower one. There are sharpers and
swindlers in all occupations, and honey
commission men are no exception to
the rule.— Ed. 1

they cease work at 11 o'clock, but gen-
erally as soon as 1 o'clock. 1 think I
have never seen a bee work as late as
3 p. m. on buckwheat.

I have not had any increase this sea-
son, mainly, I think, on account of the
large, roomy hives which I use. They
take 10 frames of the Langstroth size,
and hold -10 sections i}4 x 4}4 x 1 15-16,
in each super. I think they are as
good non-swarming hives as there are
in existence, not excepting the " Cotton
Hive."

If my bees had swarmed, I should
not have a pound of surplus : as it is, I
have 30 lbs. per colony. We will now
commence to prophesy concerninji the
crop of 1889, which surely ought to be
very large.

Stannard's Cor., N. Y., Sept. 3, 1888.

NEW YORK.

THE FAIRS.

Will it Pay to Exhibit Bees and
Honey ?

Written for Oleanings in Bee-Culture
BY DK. A. B. MASON.

An Average Honey Crop
30 lb§. per Colony.

of

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY H. J. KOGEKS.

The season for surplus has closed
here, and the result is not very encour-
aging ; however, we have some honey,
and are thankful.

My 80 colonies were put into winter
quarters last fall with plenty of bees
and honey, and came out in the spring
without any loss ; but five colonies
were rather weak, and I lost 3 out of
the 5 by spring dwindling.

The cold, backward spring kept the
brood from spreading very fast, so that
when apple blossoms appeared, most
colonies were not very strong. For the
first season here since I have kept bees,
apple blossoms yielded no nectar, and I
soon found some of my colonies on the
verge of starvation ; especially those
that I had transferred. I fed all the
honey I had on hand, and also consider-
able sugar syrup.

About June 1 raspberries opened, and
about four-fifths of my colonies com-
menced work in the sections, and I
secured about 2,000 lbs. of very nice
honey, all in the comb. At this time
we were getting copious rains, and it
looked as if clover would be a fine har-
vest, but it yielded very little, scarcely
more than last season.

This section is always favored with
lots of buckwheat, and when I found
that the basswood was a total failure, I
hoped we would get a " big run " from
buckwheat. This, too, has failed on
account of a frost, which has ended all
work in the sections for this season.

It is well known that bees do not
work on buckwheat except a few hours
in the early part of the day— sometimes

Agricultural fairs set in motion the
best elements of farm life, and stir up
the ambition of those interested, and
all are interested in the success of the
undertaking. It is an advertisement
for the community and for persons in-
terested ; and if the display is good it
gives a good reputation to the exhibitor.

" Like other productive industries,
bee-keeping is not exempt from uncer-
tainties as to results, and few things
bring to the bee keeper so many pleas-
ant and profitable things as does a dis-
play of bees, honey, and apiarian appli-
ances," at the annual and other State,
county, and district fairs and exposi-
tions. Wherever such an exhibit is
made it is a nucleus around which bee-
keepers gather, and in a quiet, pleasant,
ffeid profitable way exchange ideas and
discuss matters "new and old." An
incident at the Tri-State Fair held here
two years ago made a more lasting im-
pression on me than hours of ordinary
talking or pages of reading-matter
might have done. An elderly farmer,
some would have called him an " old
codger." wanted to buy some bees of
me. We talked over prices, etc., and I
thought a bargain was about made,
when he asked me if I used the. ex-
tractor. When I told him I did, it
would have done any melancholy dys-
peptic good to see the expression of
disgust that spread over his face as he
saiil, " I don't want any of your bees."
Strange as it may seem, I had to laugh
in spite of all my efforts to the contrary,
and I saw that this oracle knew that
the extractor is responsible for the
great winter mortality among bees, for
he afterwards told me so. I believe he
tried to purchase bees of every bee-
keeper there, and with the same result.

If there is a business that requires a
man who can express in his face, at one
and the same time, disgust, contempt,
and anywhere from ten to ten thousand
other kinds of expressions, I would
most earnestly recommend that gentle-

man as the best-qualified man to run
that business that 1 ever met.

These exhibits aid us in our efforts
to popularize the use of honey as food
and medicine. They will also help to
raise the standard of excellence, both
quality and attractiveness of honey put
upon the market. New ideas will be
disseminated, new methods will be
learned, and old ones discarded.

Bees and honey are always great at-
tractions at fairs ; and to hear the " fat "
expressions and quaint sayings of
"smart" country people and city
" dudenes " is enough to add years of
happy life to the average age of those
who enjoy such things. To listen to
fond papas and doting mammas as they
explain to their children, who are all
eyes and ears at such times, the mys-
teries of the hive, and how the bees
" make honey " while they are shut in
the hive at the fair, and how a honey-
extractor works either as a washing-
machine, an ice-cream freezer, or a
churn, will cause a change in the facial
expression of such stoics as Mr. Hutch-
inson and a score or more others whom
I might name, but space forbids ; and
such matter-of-fact men as our friend
A. I Root gather new enthusiasm and
energy from such displays of sweetness,
and the consequent contact with wise
and otherviise people.

The first year I lived here, the pre-
mium offered by the Tri-State Fair was
five dollars "for the best show of
honey." I found the " show " set away
on a high shelf among other things,
and where it was seen oy but few. It
consisted of a rough box, holding about
twenty pounds of comb honey, with
glass in one end of the box. I spoke to
officers of the society about the matter,
and the result was the offering of over
SlOO the next year as premiums, and
the next year $208. For six years the
Bee and Honey Department has been a
" fixture," and, like other departments,
has a superintendent, etc. ; and last fall
it was said to be " the most attractive
exhibit on the grounds." The exhibit
in 1882 was small compared to what it
has since become, and was described in
the American Bee Journal by the
editor, who assisted in awarding the
premiums, as a " grand success. The
small corner set apart for the bee and
honey show was so crammed all the
time that it was with great difiiculty
any one could get through the crowd,
and utterly impossible for many who
desired to examine the exhibits to even
get within a stone's throw of them."

I want to say a few kind words about
friend T. G. Newman. When we first
started out to make an exhibition of
honey, etc., at the Tri-State Fair in
1882 and also in 1883, he kindly con-
sented to help us, and came from Chi-
cago to Toledo and spent three days
each year, without "fee or reward," in
aiding in judging, and starting us off
in good shape. A. I. Root and 0. F.
Muth and others helped us in 1883, and
we have tried each year to improve on
the previous one.

The exhibit at the St. Joseph, Mo.,
fair has become one of its most attrac-
tive features ; and for five or six years
past the Michigan bee-keepers have
made a large and attractive display at

T'H® HMERICarf BE® J©^tJKHMt.

619

^■^■'— •*■*-*— ■*-^-^-^*^a^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^<il*^*''"ft^'-lTt A^fc* gir'^*^a*fc**>**

their State Fair, and have a separate
building for their exhibit, and the pre-
mium-hst was gradually worked up by
Mr. Cutting, Prof. Cook, and others,
from next to nothing to over $300. At
Toronto, Canada, have been made some
of the largest (if not tin: largest) and
most attractive exhibitions of honey
and apiarian appliances ever made on
this continent.

I believe honey should be made the
main attraction. A display of bees
and queens is always "in order," and
calls forth more quaint and original
expressions from the crowd of sight-
seers than even the extractor does.
Many an old " residenter " has taken
pains to put on the second pair of eyes
to see " the king-bee who bosses all the
other bees, and tells them what to do,"
and then, after being told it is a queen,
and the mother of the bees, hurries off
to hunt up some friend or member of
the family to show them "the mother
of all the bees."

Supplies are viewed with curiosity ;
but honey, that " sweetest of sweets,
excepting the lasses that we all love to
greet," is the great attraction, and
creates a desire to taste that which to
many is so irresistible that a purchase
has to be made before the visitor is
satisfied, and then, when leaving, fre-
quently turns and casts longing glances
at the tempting display of luscious
sweetness.

The skill displayed in making honey
exhibits in some of the countries of
Europe is so great, and the display so
attractive, that it is not a rare thing to
have ihem visited by common people,
as well as by kings and qutens ; and it
is largely the lault of the bee-keepers
themselves if like attractive and in-
structive displays are not made at the
different fairs throughout this country ;
and I have yet to learn that the man-
agers of any fair have regretted having
done what they could to call forth an
exhibit of honey, but all have been sur-
prised at the beauty and attractiveness
of a well-prepared display.

The Stark Co. ,0.,Agricultual Society,
at the solicitation of the Stark Co. Bee-
Keeper's Soceity, last year appropriated
$100, to be given, as premiums for bees
and honey, etc. and $1.^0 for the erec-
tion of a building for the display of
things pertaining to the apiary.

If all county and State agricultural
societies cannot be induced to give fair
premiums for the products of the apiary,
without doubt enough can be secured
to more than pay expenses; but some
one or more bee-keepers must look
after the matter, and be sure that it is
attended to. It w-ill not take care of
itself.

The question with us all very prop-
erly arises, " Does it pay to be to all
this expense and trouble ?" The same
question very naturally arises, also, in
regard to any kind of an exhibit at
fairs, and each will have to answer
the question for himself.

On page 221 of Gleaiiings for 1887, J.
II. Martin puts this matter before us
very nicely. He says, " Does it paij to
spend time and money to advertise'tbe
honey business V If we look around
us, we see every trade making strenu-
ous efforts to get ahead. Take up the

most obscure county paper, and every
trade is represented in its columns.
Our most successful merchants are the
ones w'ho ' catch on ' to every advertis-
ing novelty to be used in the extension
of their business. Our fairs are the
red-hot centers of attraction and ad-
vertising, through all lines of business,
with the exception, perhaps, of bee-
keeping.

"Probably the hardest thing for a
spirited bee keeper to bear, at the pres-
ent time, is the general belief that bee-
keeping is a small business, and that
any ninny who knows just enough to
chew gum, can successfully produce
honey ; and bee-keepers, as a rule, are
following a course of action to confirm
people in that belief ; for if a business
is not worth a little advertising effort,
it is not much of a business."

It seems to me that a few bee-keepers
in each county where honey is pro-
duced can make it pay to be to the
necessary expense and trouble of mak-
ing a nice and attractive exhibit. To
be sure, it has to be " mixed with taste
and brains," and that is just what every
successful bee-keeper, or his wif'ej has
a supply of. See that the premiums
are enough to pai/ cxjKnses (which need
not be heavy), and trust to sales, etc.,
for the " net proceeds."

One thing has been fully demon-
strated by the exhibits of "honey at
fairs, and that is, that bee-keeping is
fully abreast of other productive in-
dustries ; and when compared with
some, is much ahead in attractiveness
and value.

The honey exhibition at the Ohio
Centennial Exposition at Columbus,
from Sept. 4 to Oct. 9, is not to be made
just for the money there is in it, but to
show the progress in bee-culture dur-
ing the last hundred years ; and it is
hoped that it will be the largest and
most attractive that has ever been held
in this country ; and, so far as I know,
those engaged in the matter have the
vim and push to do credit to the fra-
ternity. Just think of a building 36x80
tilled with the luscious God-given
sweet ! I have seen tons of honey piled
up at fairs that did not make as much
show as one-fourth the amount might
have been made to do.

Auburndale, O.

FOUL BROOD.

What Produces It? — Siilpliiirir
Acid Treatment.

Written for the American Bee Jovrruil
BY WILLIAM KLINTWORTH.

It is easier to ask a question than to
answer it. We may have theories
upon certain things, but if our theories
are not founded upon facts that cor-
roborate our ideas, our theories have
no foundation, and are not worth much.
What creates foul brood 'f We might
ask, what creates sickness, such as
typhoid fever, yellow fever, and other
diseases that occur more in some locali-
ties than others V

If we could see atmosphere, or the
production of decayed vegetation, in

its true light, we would know more
about diseases than we do now. Hut
we know those things only in part. It
is clear to my mind that the same cause
produces chills and fever, yellow fever
and typhoid, and some other diseases ;
but how much of that substance it
takes to create a certain disease, cannot
be stated with any certainty. But after
it is developed it is not merely a dead
substance, but has life in itself, and
takes possession of its victim. Then
the question comes to us, what can we
do to kill that, and not hurt the bees
and brood V

There are several things that will
destroy foul brood, but we cannot ap-
ply them. When a colony of bees has
foul brood, it not only affects the
brood, but bees and queen also, and
consequently they should then be fed,
or we will not always accomplish our
object. If I found foul brood among
my bees, I would feed them all, for it
would be hard to tell how soon it would
develop in those that I could not dis-
cern anything wrong, and at the same
time were diseased.

Ho«v to Feed Sulpliiirlc Acid.

I will now describe how to feed sul-
phuric acid : Take 60 drops of sul-
phuric acid to one pint of water, and
add one pint of honey. Mix it thor-
oughly, and that will do to feed. I pre-
fer to feed from beneath, but if I could
not do so, I would take the bees and
frames out of the box. I would then
take 60 drops of sulphuric acid to one
pint of water, and wash the inside of
the.box thoroughly with it, and then
put the bees back into the box, and
feed the best way I could with the
preparation. I have fed one quart of
it to one colony of bees inside of 24
hours.

TUe Fire Trealmeut of Foul Brood.

I know that some who have had ex-
perience with foul brood, recommend
burning the bees, but I must confess
that I have failed to see it in that way.
Suppose I had only 3 or 4 colonies of
bees, and had discovered that they
were foul, I would then take them and
burn them, hives, bees, and all. The
question comes to me, what have I
gained by doing so ?

But suppose I had a larger number,
and find that some of them are foul,
and burn them; and in a few days I
find some more, and do the same with
them, and I do so until I have burned
them all— where are my profits ? I
keep bees for pleasure and protit. As
long as everything goes all right, I get
plenty of honey — 1 think much of my
bees. But when they get diseased, I
burn them alive ! Does that not look
hard V

But we say, " It can't be cured with
any certainty." How do we know ?
Have we tried everything that we can ?
If I had foul brood among my bees,
and I had no other remedy, before I
would burn them, I would take the
bees and brush them off the comb into
a box, as if I would ship them. I would
take box, frames and all, except the
bees, and put them into a bleach box,
or a big dry-goods box. I would take a
half pound of sulphur, put it into an

620

THB MsuBKicMK mmm j@^khmi*.

■*<i>*^*^*^^

^■^'■»-*^fr-_'-j->^^^^^^^<^*^*^*^*iifc*^^^*^*^*^*^^^*ifc*^*ifcM

iron kettle or something fire-proof, and
place it in the box with the hive. Then
set the sulphur a6re. After it had
burned, put the hive on the old stand,
and put the bees into it. That will kill
the brood and eggs, and save the hive,
frame and bees. Has any one ever
tried it V
Marietta, Ohio.

COWVENTIOIV DIRECTORY.

1888 Time and Place of MeeUno.

Sept. 25, 26.— Cedar Valley, at Cedar Falls, Iowa.

J. J. Owecs, Sec, Waterloo, Iowa.

Sept. 26.— Progressive, at Newburd. O.

Miss Dema Beanett, Sec, Bedford, O.

Oct. 3-D.— North American, at Columbus, O.

W. Z. Hutchinson, Sec. Flint, Mich.

Oct. 4.— Ohio State, at Columbus, O.

Frank A. Eaton, Sec, Bluffton, O.

Oct. 11, 12.— Union, at Clayton, lUe.

S. N. Black, Pres., Clayton, Ills.

Dec. —.-Michigan State, at Jackson, Mich.

H. D. Cutting. Sec, Clinton, Mich.

B^" In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Bd.

Yield ot Fall Honey.— Jno. A.
Thornton, Lima, Ills, ou Sept. 5, 1888, says :

The yield of fall honey will be good. I
will have an average surplus o( about 3.5 lbs.
per colony. Tlie quality is equal to clover,
as some of it was troni red clover. Tlie
largest yield is from smart-weed. My 200
colonies have gathered a good supply for
winter besides the above amount of surplus.

Heart's-Ease lloiiey.— John Has-

kins. Empire Prairie, Mo., on Sept. 7, 1888,
writes :

Three to four weeks ago it seemed as
tliough I should have had another failurB
with my bees ; but about the middle uf
August they commenced to swarm, and no
person that has not seen bees working on
the heart's-ease can form but little idea
how fast they will gather honey. The colo-
nies that three weeks ago I did not know
would gather enough honey to winter on,
will probably give nie in comb honey from
100 to l.W pounds each. There are thou-
sands of acres of heart's-ease here.

A mooming Ctu-iosity.— J. C. Bell,
Belton, Te.x., on Aug. 31, 1888, writes :

1 send a blossom that made its appearance
about April 1, fnmi wliieh the bees gath-
ered quite a quantity of honey for 60 days.
Since the rains se"t in on Aug. 18, it is
blooming .again. Wliat is it ? Bees have
done finely in Texas this year.

[This is not yet identified. It is a curi-
osity, and I should much like to have a
pressed specimen showing more of the
plant. Please address it to T. J. Burrill,
Champaign, Ills.]

Cliapnian Iloiiey-Plant Seed.—

H. Chapman, of Versailles, N. Y., on Sept.
10, 1888, gives the following information in
reply to a question by Mr. R. Bacon, on
page .596 :

The seed of the Chapman honey-plant
should be collected as soon as the balls
commence to turn brown; the balls should
be siiread upon platforms until thoroughly
cured, when the seed can be easily shaken
fnmi the heads. But to separate the seed
from the capsule, requires more labor. 1
accomplish this with a machine devised by
myself, and which cmisists of a cylinder
thickly studded with steel teeth, and vphich
is made to revolve within another cylinder,
from the inner sides of which project steel
teeth. It is unnecessary to remove the
capsules from seed used at home, but I have
always cleaned that which I sold.

«ay Fealliei-.— D. W. McDaniel, of
Hamilton, Ills., on Sept. 3, 1888, says :

1 send a specimen of a honey-plant to be
named. It grows on thin clay soil, and
from 3 to 4 feet in hight. Bees work on the
blossoms all day. The bloom commences
at the top of the spike, and blossoms down-
ward. Please give its name in the " old
reliable " Amekican Bee Jouunal.

[This is "gay feather" (Llatris scririosa);
not known to be specially valuable for
honey ; but like other " compound " flowers,
it is a great pollen producer.— T. J. Buk-

KILL.]

No Swarms or Honey.— Mr. John

Boerstler, Vashon, Wash. Ter., on Sept. 7,
1888, says :

I am not discouraged yet, although the
bees did not swarm or store one pound of
surplus honey this year. In the spring it
was too wet, and after that they secured a
good supply of stores, and will have plenty
to winter on; but not a pound forme. I
will have to do withouthoney this year. All
right ; 1 guess I am not the only one in
that "boat."

Hedge HysitNop, elc— T. M. Cole-
man, Glendon, Iowa, on Aug. 28, 1888,
writes :

I send you a part of a plant which grows
in a corner of my lot. that I do not recollect
of ever seeing bf fore this season. It grows
about 6 to 7 feet high, and the bees work ou
it as if they liked it. Will you please state,
in the Bee Jouknai., what it is.

Bees are doing nothing as to surplus
honey. My colonies have been strong all
the season, and I have not had an ounce of
honey and no swarms this season. The
most of them stored in about enough to
winter on, from the linden trees, of which
1 have a good bee-range.

[This is "hedge hyssop" {Lophanthiis
scrophularlfoUus) ; like most of the mint
family, it is an excellent honey-plant.— T.

J. BUREII.L.]

out queen-cells, and hived b'ack after-
swarms ; in this way all colonies have been
kept strong. The crop of honey is better
than last season, though rather below an
average. The honey season usually ends
by Aug. 20, but this year it continued good
till Sept. 4, since which time only the buds
of black-oak have yielded a clear, fine-
tlavored nectar. From sunrise till 9 o'clock
it may be seen in drops on the ends of dark-
colored, shining buds. It is no honey-dew.
It has lasted a week or more. I never saw
it before, and may never see it again.

Excessive S>varniins', elc — Mr.

Franklin Wilcox, Mauston, Wis., on Sept.
10, 1888, writes :

The bees have not worked " according to
rule" this season. They wintered fairly
well, hut dwindled very badly in the spring.
I had 3 swarms in .June ; they swarmed
almost every day from the middle of July
to Sept. 4. I havf ki-pt bees tor 20 years,
and I have never had so much swarming as
this year. I hived nearly all the first
swarms on full combs on the old stands, cut

Happily Hisappointed.— Rev. S.

Roese, Maiden Rock, Wis., on September 1,

1888, says :

The very heavy rains have ceased here,
and we have nowhad 10 days' fair weather,
after the winter wheat in shocks was nearly
spoiled, and all other crops but corn (so far)
a total failure. We have bad for the last
week or so, a fair honey-flow, and 1 feel
happily disappointed. The bees are taking
advantage of this opportunity. Since ray
last report I have extracted over 400 lbs. of
honey, and take oft about the same number
of pounds of comb honey, for which 1 feel
thankful.

Honey Coming in Freely.- J. E.

Pryor, Dexter, Iowa, on Sept. 13, 1888,

writes :

Up to Aug. 1 our bees scarcely stored
enough honey to keep them from starving ;
in fact, in June we had to feed to keep them
breeding. But since Aug. 15 I think 1
never saw bees do any better. I have had
10 or 12 swarms since Aug. 23, all of which
will have considerable surplus honey.
Swarms that were hived on full frames of
foundation, had their hives filled with
honey to the exclusion of the queens, in
from 4 to 6 days. The honey is ot the finest
quality of tall honey, very thick and heavy,
and is still coining in quite freely. Our
bees will be in splendid condition for win-
ter. I increased my apiary from 48 to 76
colonies, by natural swarming.

Bee-Keepers' Union. — Dr. H. J.

Sooles, KnoxviUe, Iowa, on Sept. 10, 1888,

says :

As to the change ot time of election of
officers and payment of dues to the Bee-
Keepers' Union, 1 vote "No!" I think
that it wouhl be a detriment to the Union,
and decrease the membership instead ot in-
creasing it. It would lu'ing the election
and renewHl of membership at a time when
the bi-es are in winter quarters, and there is
no fear or talk ot the bees interfering with
anyone: and all would rest content, and
be more likely to flll■g^t, than they would if
it came at a time when it required attention.

I"^" Tbe fith annual meeting, and basket picnic, of
the Progressive Bee-Keepers' Association will be
held on Wednes lay. Sept. 26. 1-SS. at the residence
of Mr W.S Wait, in Newburg, Geauga Co.. Ohio. All
are invited to be present. Uewa Benni^tt, Sec.

C??" 'I'he Cedar Valley Bee-Keepers' As.'sociation
will hold its annual meeting at the Council Rooms,
Cedar K'alls, Iowa, on Sept. 25 and 2«, 1S8S. All who
are interested in bees and honey are cordially invi-
ted to be present. J. J. Owens, Sec.

A Modern UEE-FAISM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this otbce. Price, $1,
postpaid.

Tmm MME'RICJtN: BE© JQia'RNMlf.

621

BUSINESS MANAGER.

Sxtsiwess Notices.

It Toil Liive near une post ofiBce and
get your mail at another, be sure to give tlie
address tliat we liave on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

If you L.ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, It is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

I»aper Koxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Kx-t3€ and 5iix53^.
Price, $1.00 per 100, or $8.50 per 1,000.

Preserve Your Papers for future
reference. If you have no BIWil>EIt we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee J ouknai..

Yucca, Briislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please wi-ite American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writmg to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Pure Plicnol for Foul Brood.—

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 35 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Register.— All who inteud to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
should get a copy of tlie Apiary Register and
begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pajres) $1 00

" 100 colonies (220 pages) 125

" 200 colomeB (420 pa^es) 1 50

Photog-raplis of Bee-Kvepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of tliree subscri-
bers and $3.00.

C'LUBBI-^O LIST.

■\Ve Club the American Bee Journal
for a year, with an\' of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the tiASX
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price 0/ both. Cflub
The American Bee Journal 1 00...

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazlne 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150 140

The Apiculturist 175 160

Canadian Bee Journal .2 00 180

Canadian Honey Producer.. .1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25. . . . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60 1 50

Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth) . . . 3 00 . . . . 2 00

Hoot's A B Cof Bee-Culture.. 2 25.... 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 150 130

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 150.. 1 40

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 150.... 130

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00.... 175

Iowa Homestead 2 00... 190

How to Propagate Fruit 1 50 1 25

History of National Society.. 1 50..., 125

Hastings' Perteclion Feeder. —

This Feeder (illustrated) will hold '2 quarts,
and the letting down of the feed is regulated

Patented Oct. 18, 1887.

by a thumb-screw. The cap screws securely
on. It is easy to regulate— either a spoonful
or a quart — and that amount can be given
in an hour or a day, as desired. By it the
food can be given where it is most needed-
just over the cluster. Not a drop need be
lost, and no robber bees can get at it. A
single one can be had for 40 cents, or a
dozen for $3.50, and it can be obtained at
this office. Postage 10 cents extra.

Cork for 'Winter Packing.— Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Please to get your I\eigIiI>or,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Can You i>o Anytliing that will do
more to advance and defend the pursuit of
bee-keeping, than to aid its Weekly Ex-
ponent and Defender ? The A.merican
Bee Journal is the pioneer bee-paper of
America, and is fully entitled to the active
support of every progressive apiarist, lor it
works constantly and faithfully for the best
interests of the pursuit. We therefore
specially reque.st all our readers to use their
influence to double our subscription list
during the coniiug autumn. Reader, will
you please send us a new subscription with
your renewal or before that time ? A good
weekly at one dollar a year is surely cheap
enough to command patronage.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows : •

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2.25

SOOLabels 2 00 3.00 3.50

l.OOOLabels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«a- Samples mailed free, upon application.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Alstke
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
per bushel; $2.25 per peck ; 35 cents per lb.
White Clmer Seed : $10.00 per bushel; $2.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
CUruer Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 30 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Exchange.— We will accept Honey
and Beeswax in exchange for Bee-Keepers'
Supplies in any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., '23c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, $5.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., $10.00.
If wanted by mail, add 10 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

■*Ve Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1; >2 pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient lor half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Xlte Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 35 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

622

'S'Mm MMBKICSlf mmW J@^MlfS;lL.

"■^^^^■t^*^**

Honey and Beeswax Market.

CHICAGO.

HONBT.— New crop arriving slowly, but demand
is limited. "White clover comb, 17@lsc. Extracted,
7®9c.

BBESWAX.-22C.
Sep. 12. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 S. Water St,

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— For white comb Mbs.. 18c. Very little
inquiry for anything outside of l-lbs., and when it
is wanted It is at a lower price. Extracted, the best
grades, 7@Hc.. and some held higher. Offerings are
small and demand slow.

BBE8WA_X,-22o. R. A. BURNETT,

Sep. 12. 161 South Water St.

DENVER.

HONK T.— Colorado, new 1-lb. sections., 13@15c.
Extracted, 7®8c.

BBE8WAX.-20@23c.
Sep. 7. J. M. CLABK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St,

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs.. 17@18c.;
2-lb8., 13®HC. Fair white l-lbs., 15@lBc.; 2-lbs., 11
to 12C. Extracted, white, 7^®8c.
Sep. 5. TH DRB ISK, WHYL AND & CO.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— Fancy white l-lbs., 17®t8c.; off grades,

15@t6c. Fancy white 2-lb8., I3@i4c.: off grades, uc.

Extracted, white, 7H(3.8c. New crop is arriving and

demand is good.

BBBSWAX.-23®23>ic.

HILDKKTH BROS. * SEGBLKBN,
Sep. 5. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane 8t.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.-White 1-lb. sections, 12®15c.i 2-lbs., 11
to 14 cts. : amber, 7@yc. Extracted, white, 5><@6c.;
light amber, .=>("5V4c.; amber and candied, 4'4®4^c.
Receipts light and market firm for best qualities.

BEESWAX.— 17®21c.
Aug. 25. O. B. SMITH 4 CO., 423 Frout St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.- Best new white comb. 15@l6c , with lit-
tle in sight and Blow sales. Marliet is low, and bee-
keepers will do better to hold honey until approach
of cold weather.

BKE8WAX.— 21®22c. Supply limited.
Aug. 22, M. H. HUNT. Bell Branch, Mich.

CINCINNAII.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 5i?8c. per !b.,
for which demand is fair. Comb honey, r2@15c.
Some small lots have sold at 14@16c. Market quiet.

BKliS WAX. —Demand is good— 2U®22c. per lb. tor
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Aug. 24. C. P. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central At.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.-Choice Mb. sections, 18c ; dark l-lbs.,
14c.; 2-lbs., Itic; dark, I3c. White extracted in 60-
Ib. cans. He. ; amber, 7c.: in barrels and kegs, 5@8c,
Demand good, prices firm, and stock light.

BKK8WAX.— None in market.
Aug. 29. HAMBLIN i BEARSS, 514 Walnut St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote ; Fancy white 1-lb. sections,

17W®18c.: 2-lb8., I4'<j®15>«c. Fair l-lbs., I4i^®15^c.;

2-lbs., I l@12c. Extrttcled, fancy white ciover,7i^®^H-

Sep. 13. F.G.STROHMBYER&CO., 122Water8t.

#;, BOMTON ■'

lc«J^lEY.— We quote: New i-lb. sections, 18®20c.j

2-ib8 , 14@i6c. New extracted. 8® IOC

BKK«WAX.— 2S ct«- ner In
Aug. 24. BLAKE & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote : Extracted, white, 55^ cents;
light, 5Mc.; amber, 4^(ai5c. Comb, l-lbs.. 12@14c.: 2-
Ibs., 9*13c., as to quality. Arrivals not large, and
supplies lield firmly.

BEESWAX.— Dull at 19@22c.
Aug. 20. SCHACHT & LKMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.—We quote : New white l-lbs., l«c.; light
I-lbs., 16c. California white l-lbs., I8e.: light l-lbs.,
16c.; white 2-lbs., iHc; light 2-lbs., 14c. Extracted,
white. He.; amber, 7c.

BKESWAX.— 18®2nc.
Sep. 5. CLBMONS, CLOON & CO., oor 4th ftWalnnt.

ST. LODIS.

HONEY.-We quote: Extracted, i'4@5)^B.: if in
cans. 8(5:9c. White clover comb, 14@i5c. Market is
steady and receipts light.

BEBSWAX.-2IC. for orime.
Sep. 6. D. G. T UTT & CO., Commercial St.

MILWAtJKBK.

HONEY.- New white 1-lh. sections' I8C., and very
fine. 20C.; l-lbs. 15®lSc.: old 2 and 3 lbs., not salable,
12?Ai@14c.: dark l-lbs., old or new, 12@I3C. Extrac-
ted, new white in kegs and M-liarrels, 8®!)c.; old, in
same packages, 7(aSc.; in tin. H@9c.; dark in barrels
or VburrelB, o®6^c. Arrivals of new crop small;
demand not urgent, and only very moderate trade.

BBBSWAJC.— 22®25c.
Aug. 31. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water 8

Conventions. — The time for holding
Bee-Keepers' Conventions has now arrived,
and we cannot give any better advice
than this : Let each one attend who can
do so, and take part in making these meet-
ings interesting and instructive. If you
have not already obtained the "Bee-Keep-
er's Convention Hand Book," do so at once
to post yourself up on how to conduct such
meetings correctly. It contains a simple
Manual of Parliamentary Law and Rules of
Order for the guidance of officers and mem-
bers of Local Conventions— Model Consti-
tution and By-Laws for a Local Society-
Programme for a Convention, with Subjects
for Discussion— List of Premiums for Fairs,
etc. Bound in cloth, and suitable for the
pocket. Price, .50 cents. We will club this
book and the Aiierican Bee JouRNii.L for
one year for Sl.2.5. It also contains a lot of
blank leaves on which you can note impor-
tant matters as they come up. Do not fail
to send for a copy of it.

IVe 'Want 20,000 subscribers. Out of
the 300,000 bee-keepers in America, certainly
this is not an extravagant desire ! It is
only one out of every fifteen ! We confi-
dently ask those who appreciate the Ameri-
can Bee Journal, to show it by sending
us one or more new subscribers. We will
give them full value for their money.

Sininiins' i^on«S\>'arniing Sys-
tem.—-We have a few of these books left,
and we will club them with the American
Bee Journal for one year, both postpaid,
for $1.35. The subscription to the Bee
Journal can be for next year, this year, or
may begin anew at any time.

We Have some copies of the old edition
of Cook's Manual left, which we will sell at
the old price, SI.2.5, The price of the new
edition is $1..50 per copy ; a notice of which
may be found on page 579.

A Home market for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this naper.

Queens.— We can mail a Tested Italian
Queen (bred for the best results as well as
for beauty) forS2.00 ; Untested Queens $1.00
each, or $9.00 per dozen. Orders solicited.

■*Ve-\vill Present a Pocket Dictionary
for two subscribers with $2.00. It is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to decide
as to the spelling of words, and to determine
their meaning.

Give a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will .sell lots of it.

Aducrtisemjewts.

WANTED— Situation. I can manage, or assist
in, a practical apiarv. can sivegood references.
Please address me- HARRT OAI^ET,
37A2t GRANBY.PEuV. QUE., CANADA.

Mention thj American Bee Journal.

BEE-KEEPERS, TAKE NOTICE !

To introduce; our SECTIONS -we will
from now until Jan. 1, 1889, sell A No. 1,
all-white Sections at $'2 75 per M ; and second
class at $2.2.5 per M. All other Supplies at a
oorrespondinjr low figure. 1^~ Price-Iilst and
samples free. Address,

R. H. SCHMIDT & CO.,
38Alt NEW LONDON, WIS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

HANDSOME

ONE - PIECE SECTIONS.

WE have a limited quantity of One-Pound
Sections, 4 V4.\4J4, a trifle less tban two
inches wide, witb narrow tops, in packages of
1,000 each. They are manufactured from ex-
tra while lumber placed on both sides, making
them the flneet and most attractive honey-
section in the world. Price, $4,00 per package.

Tiios. e. N£WMAsr <b soar,

923*925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

OThe BUYEBS' GUIDE in
issued Marcb and Sept.,
each year. It is an ency-
clopedia of useful infer,
mation for all who pur.
chase the luxuries or the
necessities of life. W^e
can clothe you and furnish you with
all the necessary and unnecessary
appliances to ride, walk, dance, sleep,
eat, fish, hunt, work, go to church,
or stay at home, and in various sizes,
styles and quantities. Just figure out
what is required to do all these things
COMFORTABLY, and you can make a fair
estimate of the value of the BUYEES"
GUIDE, which will be sent upon
receipt of 10 cents to pay p'^stage,

MONTGOMERY WARD & CO.

111-114 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111.

38Al3t

31ention the American Dee Journal.

Jones' Frame Pliers.

FOR taking frames out of hives, or
moving them in any way desired. It is
made of Japanned iron, and can be utilized
in many ways. It has a long claw for loos-
ening frames, and a hook which maybe used
for carrying other frames besides the one
held by the Pliers. Price, 40 cents., by mail.
By express, 30 cents.

THOS. G. NEWMAN &: SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.
Menti07i the American Bee Journal.

Dadants' Foiiiidatiou Factory, whulesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

TESTED GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS.

ONE Queen, $1.00 ; 2 Queens, $1.80 ; three
Queenn. $2.60 ; one-half dozen, $.5.00. By
Keliirn mall. HENRY AI.I.EV,

36A3t WENHAM, MASS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

ntmm MMERicffiF* mmm jo^uRPfat.

Gil

XII091AS G. NE^VJIAIV,

EDITOB.

VoiniV. Sept, 19, 1888. No, 38.

EbIWRML BmEIEGS,

" Xlioug:li the mills of God grind slowly,
Yet they grind exceeding small ;

Though with patience he stands waiting,
With exactness grinds he all."

Our i^iierj- ■>epartnieut is not con-
ducted for the purpose of answering catch-
questions or puzzling conundrums. It is
solely intended to aid earnest seekers after
knowledge in our pursuit.

Xlie Indiaua State Fair com-
menced on Monday. We learn that there is
a creditable display of honey among the
exhibits.

In France, the month of August has
been better for honey-production than July.
The honey crop is less than the average,
and in some parts the amount ot white
honey is exceedingly small.

I.,inc Fences divide property, and keep
cattle and horses on their owner's land,
but bees pay no attention to such divisional
lines. The air is their highway, the sun-
shine their invitation to roam, and the
flowers their banqueting halls. Happy,
basking, smiling, buzzing, frugal bee !
Cunning, stinging, robbing bee !

■We liave lEeceived a copy of a
pamphlet issued by The St. Louis Academy
of Sciences, on the Pollination and Perfora-
tion of flowers. It is written by Mr. L. H.
Pammel (who is well known as a corres-
pondent of the American Bee Journal),
as a contribution from the " Shaw School
of Botany." It is very interesting, and we
will make some extracts from it in our next
issue.

Hotel Arrangements at Coluin-

I»ns.— Concerning these. Dr. A. B. Mason
wrote us from the Centennial Exposition
Grounds at Columbus, 0., on Sept. 13, 1888,
asking us to publish the following notice to
bee-keepers who intend to be present at the
convention :

If those in attendance at the next meet-
ing of the North American Bee-Keepers'
Society will report to me at the place of
meeting in the hall ot the House of Repre-
sentatives at anytime after 10 a.m., Oct. 3,
I will try and be able to tell them where to
obtain such entertainment as they may
wish. As yet I have not been able to ob-
tain reduced rates at hotels, but may suc-
ceed in doins so. Let those coming to the
convention take advantage of the reduced
railroad rates to the Centennial at Columbus.

An effort has been made to secure reduced
rates through the Traliic Associations, but
without success.

■t Is a Poor Economist, says an
exchange, who lets surrounding available
treasures go to waste. What would you
think of the farmer who would not gather
the golden grain when it was ripe and
waving in the field ? Or what would you
think of the man who would harvest the
new crop and let the old crop go to waste ?
The man of thrift gathers and saves from
every possible source. He lets nothing go
to waste. He gathers in his corn and his
wheat, his rye and his barley, and he gathers
also the honey from the flowers of his fields.
It is his, he pays nothing for it. Genial
nature plants the flowers and fills their
cups with honey, and all he has to do is to
get the bees and care for them, to save what
would otherwise be lost.

Bees Imprison a Rattler.— The

Atlanta Constitution relates that a party of
men cut a bee-tree near Trompville, Ga. The
hollow was fouud to be filled with honey
and comb for a distance of 15 feet. After
securing tlie honey, one of the boys cut into
the tree above the portion used by the bees,
and found a rattlesnake 3 feet long. As
there was no hole in the tree, except the
one which contained the honey, the suppo-
sition is that the snake crawled up the
hollow before the bees began to hive, and
the honey-comb had blocked its exit.3

Orang-e Jii«ld, so well known as an
agricultural editor, has purchased the
Farmer of St. Paul, Minn. ; has moved it to
Chicaao, and tlie first number is on onr
desk, the name changed to Orange Judd
Farmer, and making a very creditable ap-
pearance. We wish it a very prosperous
career, and extend to friend Judd the right-
hand of fellowship. With such a manager
and editor it must succeed.

A IVeat I»an>plilet of 33 pages is on
our desk, from tlie St. Joseph Apiary, Mis-
souri. It is written by the Rev. Emerson
T. Abbott, and is intended for distribution
at the coming fair in that city.

Uee Stings — In an exchange Prof. A.
J. Cook is credited with the following ad-
vice as to what to use for relief from the
effects of the stings ot bees :

I have ammonia, or hartshorn as it is
usually called, always about our apiary, and
have fouud nothing better for bee-stings.
This IS correct in theory as well as in prac-
tice ; the active poison of the bee is or con-
tains formic acid ; ammonia is an alkali,
and neutralizes the acid and so the poison.
Dashing the part stung into ice water also
gives partial relief ; it stops the circulation,
and so prevents absorption of the venom.
A strong extract of cheap tobacco, made by
turning hot water ou a cheap cigar is also
a partial alleviative. Some regard it supe-
rior to ammonia. It is a well-known fact
that the bee-poison is itself a kind of vac-
cine ; the more one is stung the less is he
affected.

Xlie Old Slory about bees puncturing
grapes and other fruits, says an exchange,
to suck the juice therefrom is pretty well
exploded. That they will suck the sweets
from any of these fruits that they may find
already broken, is true ; and seeing them
doing this, unthinking persons have jumped
to tlie conclusion that the bee was the
original trespasser. A little study of the
organism of the bee will show that it has no
tools wherewith to comit such depredations.
Nature took care of the fruit as far as the
bees are concerned, by incapacitating the
bees from cutting or boring into it.

IVe had a Call from Mr. Herbert
Brown, who has been sent to the Eastern
States from Ventura county, Calif., to
" place " several carloads of extracted
honey. He reports the California honey
crop as larger than it has heretofore been
estimated. He says that some of the bee-
keepers there have " bought up " ail the
honey on the market, and "hold it" to
" stiffen the prices," as well as to judiciously
place it upon the market ; thus reducing to
a minimum the damage usually done by
small producers whose impecuniosity leads
them to sacrifice their houey crop by ac-
cepting the first and lowest amount offered.

One-Xliird of a Crop.— A. Reusch,
of Chariton, Iowa, says he expects to ob-
tain only},, of a crop of honey this year.
He writes us thus on Sept. 13, 1888 :

The bees in this locality have done but
little until Aug. 20. They had been doing
well up to last Monday, Sept. 10, when it
turned cold, and the wind was in the North.
I expect to get a third of a crop of fall
honev.

Frank Leslie's Sunday ]VIaga-
zine for October contains many interest-
ing and valuable articles, all freshly written
and brightly illustrated. The continued
story, " Genevieve," opens the number. It
is a story of the Huguenot troubles in
France. The poems and short articles are
numerous and good, and there are a number
of full-page engravings of much beauty. It
is a specially good number of this favorite
family magazine.

612

•TMIE MMERICMH mMM J©WKlfMlL'.

-^^'■^^^^^'■^'■^'■^•■^^^^m*i^»^»»t»i^*^t^A^»^Am'-^^^^^^^'-'%ju

Proparins Bees 4br 'Winter. —

Mr. H. E. Hill gives this description of his
metliod of preparing bees for winter, in the
Farm and Home :

Below I give a brief description of a plan
of preparation that, notwithstanding the
pollen, hibernation and other theories, has
served me in the wintering of hundreds of
colonies with a loss not exceeding two per
cent. The method being simple, as it is
effectual, is especially recommended to
those who have but few colonies to care

Procure a box (such as may be had at any
dry-goods store) trom 12 to 24 inches larger
than the hive to be packed. After cutting
an entrance 6 inches in length by 1J.< inches
high in one side at equal distances trom the
sides, I place the box on the summer stand
of the hive, and put the hive inside, sup-
ported on pieces of wood, at a height that
brings the bottom-board to correspond with
the entrance.

Then place strips 1,^2 inches high on either
side of the entrance from the hive to the in-
side of the packing case, resting on the pro-
jecting bottom-board, and place a snug-
fitting piece of stuff over these, thus form-
ing a passage for the bees from the hive to
the open air, and exculding the sawdust or

glaner shavings which are used for packing,
eiug now packed snugly beneath and on
all sides of the hive, 1 use no honey-board,
but simply cover the frames with a quilt of
cotton cloth and a cushion of sawdust,
which acts as an absorbent, and may be
easily replaced witli a dry one if it becomes
damp from the escaping moisture of the
colony during winter. Over this I put the
usual six inches of shavings— or even 34
inches— filling the box. Now place a good
roof over them, and all is complete.

Try it, and report your success next May.
If by mild, sunny weather the bees are in-
clined to fly ofteuer than is desirable, place
a short board in front over the entrance,
with the bottom resting on the ground, a
foot trom the box, and over this an armful
of straw. This box will darken the en-
trance, and tend greatly to equalize the tem-
perature inside.

Xhis I>iaIo;;iie is published in a late
number of the Western CliHstian Advo-
cate. The answers to the questions are
supposed to be given by one of the dis-
gusted purchasers of some of the patent
moth-trap bee-hives which abound in doors,
hinges, drawers, corners, etc. :

What is the chief end of bees ? To get
out patent liives.

What is the best patent hive ? The best
hive is not patented.

But don't some of these patent hives fool
the moth ? No ; they fool the men who buy
them.

What patent hive is the most useful ?
The new one in the barn with a hen's
nest in.

But is there not more money in patent
hives than in bees ? Yes; but that time is
almost over.

But how are we to know a poor hive ? It
has a great many doors, drawers, hinges,
cracks, crevices, nooks and corners which
look like conveniences, but in which the
bees stick fast.

Who are the great bee-savants of this
conntry ? The men who don't use patent
hives.

Are bees profitable ? Not to those who
buy patent hives. '

Sense Oi-gans in bees and other in-
sects are worthy of considerable study, and
will repay a thorough investigation. In
Murray's Magazine we find the following
very interesting remarks on the subject :

In the matter of sense organs we are met
by serious difficulties of interpretation, and
this difficulty is the more keenly lelt in
studying creatures so widely different from
ourselves as the bee. Such an insect would
seem at first sight to be about as susceptible
to the delicacies of touch as an ancient
armor-sheathed knight. Head, thorax, ab-
domen, limbs, all are ensheathed in chi-
tinous armor. The bee has his skeleton
outside. The question is, how can delicate
impressions of touch be transmitted through
the tough, dense skin so as to affect the
sensitive " squash " within? If you will
examine one of the feelers of the bee you
will see that the surface is richly supplied
with hairs. It is by means of such sense
hairs that the bee experiences a sensation
of touch. Each touch hair is hollow, and
within it is a protoplasmic filament contain-
ing, it would seem, the delicate terminal
threadlet of a nerve. A curious modifica-
tion of the touch hair is found on the last
joint of the antennee. They are here bent
sharply at right angles, so as to form
rectangular booklets.

Shipping; Colonies of Itees.— The
following concerning the shipment of full
colonies of bees is from the Indiana
FaiTThcr :

A great many people seem to think it is
next to impossible to ship full colonies of
bees by cars, without running a risk that
makes it well-nigh outot the question. This
Is a mistake. Bees properly prepared may
be shipped several hundred miles. The
frames must be secured in some way so that
they will not shake about the hive, and the
bees fastened in with wire-screen, so that
they can have plenty of fresh air. We
usually tack screen over the entrance and
over the brood-frames, and ship them with
the cover off, and mark them " This side up,
with care. Do not cover up. Do not leave
in the sun." We also recommend that,
where the route is known, they be shipped
so that the greater part of the journey may
be made at night. Timid express agents
are apt to become greatly alarmed at a few
robber bees that may hover about, and con-
clude at once that the bees are escaping.
There is no danger of robber bees at night,
and it is the coolest part of the day.

Xlie IVortli American Convention
at Columbus, O., will soon convene, and all
who intend to go should soon be making the
arrangements. The following from the Sec-
retary will explain about the railroad fare
to and from the Convention :

r^~ The North American Bee-Keepers' Society
will lioirt its annual meeting on Oct. 3, 4 and 5, 1888.
in Kcpresentatives' Hall at the capitol in Columbus,
Ohio. The Passenger TraflQc Associations will grant
reduced rates only when 100 persons are present,
holding railroad certificates. Owing to the short
honey crop it is feared that a sufficient number of
persona will not be present holding certiflcates, and
that an attempt on the part of the Society to avail
itself of the reduced rates offered by the Passenger
Traffic Associations will only result in disappoint-
ment ; hence it has been decided that the only
course open will be to allow each member to shift
for himself, or herself, to either take advantage of
Buch e-YCursion rates as may be available in his or
her vicinity, buy round-trip ticliets. or do something
of the sort.

W. Z. Hutchinson, Secretary.

September Hints Mr. C. H. Dib-

beru, in the Western Plowman, gives the
following hints about seasonable work in
the apiary :

This is the last month that bees can be
reasonably expected to gather any honey.
Usually about the 20th of the month we, in
this latitude, have a frost that kills the
flowers, but it not, the last series of flowers
are done blooming, and there is nothing
more for the bees to do.

Early this month is the time to Imow the
exact condition of each colony.

While honey is yet coming in is the time
to take out the frames and examine them.
To guess they are all right, won't do, if you
wish to winter them over.

In some localities, feeding will again have
to.be resorted to. This should be done now.
before the nights become too cool, and rob-
bing is more difficult to guard against.

As soon as the gathering season is over,
remove all the surplus arrangements and
put the bees in condition for winter. Many,
especially those who have had two seasons
of failure, will become discouraged and
careless, and will let the bees shift for them-
selves, with perhaps not enough honey to
carry them to January. That such persons
will ever have "no luck" with bees is cer-
tain, and perhaps the sooner the bees come
out dead, the l)ctter. The persevering, in-
telligent bee-keeper, however, will only
strive the more when others around him are
giving up, and my experience is that such
only will win in any pursuit.

This season has been a peculiar one, in
regard to swarming. Usually, in this local-
ity, the bees commence swarming in June
and end up early in July. This year they
commenced in May, and are swarming some
yet. Heretofore, we used to return second,
or very late, undesirable swarms by looking
over the combs of the swarming colony and
removing all the queen-cells and hiving the
swarm back in the old hive. We lately hit
upon a new wrinkle with the new hive.
Now when a late swarm comes out that we
do not want to hive separately, or have any
weak or queenless colonies to boom up, we
simply invert the hive that casts the swarm,
and return the bees, by shaking them on the
sheet in front of the hive. So far this has
worked nicely, and not one has made a sec-
ond attempt to swarm. This process, of
course, turns the queen-cells (the cause of
the bees swarming) wrong side up, and the
bees immediately tear them out. If this
proves to be the invariable result of invert-
ing, this is another point in favor of invert-
ible hives.

We lately broke up a case of robbing in a
very neat way. Going out into the apiary
quite early one morning we noticed a colony
that seemed to be working with unusual
energy. In looking around a little further
we soon discovered another colony that was
evidently being robbed. Concluding that
this last one had lost their queen, we re-
moved it to the shop and examined them,
and soon found that to be the fact. We
now procured the comb from a nucleus (it
is well to have a few such at all times) con-
taining bees, brood and a queen. We ex-
changed this frame for one of the queenless
hives. We now returned this hive to the
place of the one doing the robbing, which
was removed to the stand of the one that
was being robbed. This, of course, threw
the robbing business into great confusion.
Tliose trying to rob would simply go into
their own hives ; if any returned, they only
carried the honey back to the hive they had
previously robbed. An hour afterwards,
all was quiet, and the robbing was com-
pletely stopped, and both colonies resumed
their honest toils.

Ifonr FmII Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

ntmrn kmericjeih mmw joi^rhmi^.

613

I>octor!« IHwagree.— Mr. G. K. Hub-
bard has this criticism to matte on one of
our Queries. It appeared in tlie Indiana
fd/'mec recently. Variety is the spice of
life. If we all thouKlit and spoke alil<e
there would be no diversity of opinion— no
spicy discussions— DO progress from the
"old ruts" and well-beaten paths of our
forefathers. The fact that we disagree on
every conceivable subject is the " bulwark
of our freedom," and the glory of the nine-
teenth century. But here is the item :

In the question department of the Ameki-
CAN Bee Journal, the quesiion, "Are
eggs ever put into tlie royal cell ?" is an-
swered by a large number of prominent
apia^i3t^s, and it is actually surprising to see
how many answer the question negatively,
or in a manner expressing doubt. We do
not understand why this should be. We
have frequently seen eggs in queen-cells,
and in fact liave seen it so often that we
wonder at our experience being different
from so many who are more experienced.
We imply that those who express dnubt on
the subject, tliink that young larv;e are
always used for the purpose. Clearly they
are mistaken, as we have often seen eggs
in queen-cells appearing to have been de-
posited as naturally as any in regular
worker or drone cells. The question is not
one carrying with it facts of much impor-
tance, but it makes a splendid illustration
of how " doctors disagree " on questions
that seem as plain as the alphabet toothers.

An Eye Opener. — One of our ex-
changes contains the following showing
that a poor honey crop may be a blessing in
disgui-ic :

I think it is not hard to see that this poor
season may be a blessing ia disguise, and
may work for the good of our bu>infss.
Our large markets have sot overstocked
with honey, prices had been knopkeil down
by shipping honey into the already over-
stocked markets, until honey was selling at
ruinous prices. The Wiley lie was floating
over the country, that there were numerous
manufactories where bee-comb was manu-
factured ami tilled with ghicose syrup, and
sealed over with hot irons. The newspapers
wafted this story along, and thousands be-
lieved the story," although It was so incon-
sistent.

This failure of honey from the flowers has
cleared out the honey markets so that com-
mission men have been calling loudly tor
honey, at good prices. Where are these
glucose manufactories all this time, that
they allow the markets to become so Ijare of
honev even at doubled-up prices ? This
ouaht to open the eyes of the comiuunity on
this subject, and strike a death-blow to that
infamous lie.

sometime ago I commenced training my
bees to hold their breath as soon as they

felt like stinging, thus preventing the sting,
and if you don't believe it, 1 have them
trained, and you can try it."

well

Klin^ciug- Uees. — A correspondent
from Iowa sends us the following dialogue
concerning educatin;» the bees to hold their
breath and thus suspend their slinging pro-
pensities. Here is the dialogue :

" What have you found to be tlie best
remedy for a bee-sting '?" said the reporter.

" Bee-sting ! I havn't had an oppor-
tunity to use a. remedy for years."

" How then, Mr. Fogy, do you manage ;
or don't your bees sting ?"

" Yes, my bees are capable of stinging,
but they have had good training. Ton prob-
ably have noticed in some of the bee litera-
ture of the day, a novel way of escaping
the sting of a bee by holding your breath."

" Now that idea never occurred to me, but

AlsUce Clover.— In the report of the
United States Botanist just issued, in the
report of the Commissioner of Agriculture,
a copy of which we liave received from N.
J. Coleman, Esq., we find the following on
page 304, conceruing the history, develop-
ment and characteristics of Alsike clover,
which will interest our readers : #

This differs from common red clover in
being later, taller, more slender and succu-
lent. The flower heads are upon long pedi-

Alsike Clover Bloom.

eels, and are intermediate in size and color
between tliose of white and red clover. Its
botanical name was so given from its being
supposed by Linnaeus to be a hybrid be-
twet-n those clovers, but it is now known to
be a distinct species. It is found native
over a large part of Europe, and wai first
cultivated in Sweden, deriving its common
name from the village of Syke in that coun-
try. In 1834 it was taken to England, and
in 185-1 to Germany, where it is largely
grown, not only for its excellent forage, but
also for its seed, which commands a liigli
price. In France it is little grown as yet,
and is frequently confounded with the less
productive TrifulUcni elcgans.

The following is condensed from "Les
Prairies Artificielles," by Ed. Vianne, of
Paris: "Alsike does not attain its full
development under two or three years, and
should therefore be mixed with some other
plant for permanent meadows. It is best
adapted to cool, damp, calcareous soil, and
aives good results upon reclaimed marshes.
It is adapted neither to very dry soils, nor
to those where there is stagnant water.
Being of slender growth, rye-grass, rye, or
oats, are often sown with it, when it is to
be mowed. In fertile ground weeds are apt
to diminish the >ield after a few years, so
that it requires to be broken up. It is gen-
erally sown in May, at the rate of 0 to 7
pounds of the clean seed per acre. Some-
times it is sown in the puds at the rate of .50
to 100 pounds per acre, either in spring or in
autumn after the cereals are harvested.

"Alsike sprouts but little after cutting,
and therefore produces but one crop and

one pasturage. The yield of seed Is usually
130 to 170 pounds per acre. The seed sep-
arates more easily from the pods than that
of ordinary clover, and as the heads easily
break off when dry, care is required in
harvesting.

" It does not endure drouth as well as the
common red clover, but will grow on more
damp and heavy soils, and it is said that it
can be grown ou land which, through long
cultivation of the common clover, has be-
come ' clover sick.' "

Abscontliug- Kivami. — I desire to
know the cause of a swarm of bees leaving.
It was a very large swarm, which I had
ti led to prevent swarming, by cutting out
queen-ceils. I examined each one of the
ten brood frames carefully, and cut out
eleven cells in different stages of construc-
tion. On the second day after this they
swarmed. I hived them and gave them a
frame of brood, and set the hive on the old
stand. They stayed uutil the next day,
when they came out, and, without alight-
ing, went straiaht to a tree al)out half a
mile away. They had built two larae pieces
of comb, one on eacli side of the frame of
brood, wliich contained a small quantity of
honey and some eggs. Can you give any
reason whv they left in this ungrateful
manner ? The frame of brood which I gave
them I took from a hive that liad swarmed
a few days before, and 1 thought perhaps
the unsealed larv» were too large.— L. B.
Post.

[Tour bees had picked out their hollow

tree, and got it cleaned out and already
fixed up for housekeeping before they
swarmed at all. Under such circumstances
you could not well induce them to give up
their project, especially if you let them re-
main on the old stand, and this is one very
good argument in favor of hiving at some
little distance from where the parent col-
ony stood. Where they pick out the loca-
tion before swarming, they are pretty sure
to move to it, sooner or later.— Gtcaniiigs.]

For tlie SIxteentIt consecutive year
Chicago opened up its great Inter-State In-
dustrial Exposition, replete with the best
products of science, industry and art, on
Wednesday, Sept. .5, and will close Satur-
day, Oct. 20. The immense structure is
now laden to its fullest capacity with the
Huest and most magnificent exhibits ever
displayed ; from almost every quarter of
the civilized world, illustrating as it does
every avenue of human industry in its most
complete form, it is almost a nece-isity that
they who would keep abreast of our most
advanced ideas in both industrj'.science and
art, should not fail to visit this great Ex-
position. Every railroad and transportation
line running into the city have made re-
duced rates, and there is every indication
that a much larger attendance will follow
than any year that has preceded.

Colored Posters for putting up over
honey exhibits at Fairs are quite attractive,
as well as useful. We have prepared .some
for the Bee Joi'UN'.vi., and will send two
or more free of cost to any one who will use
them, and try to get up a club. Sample
copies will be sent free upon application.

614

Tmm MiyiEKic-Mif mmM j©iokhmi«-.

GoIden.Rod.

Written for Our Little Men and Wamen

BY CI.AKA DOTY BATES.

An idle Brt-eze strayed up and down
The rusty fields and meadows brown,

Sighing a grievous sigh, " Ah, me !

Where can tlie summer blossoms be ?"
When suddenly a glorious tace
Shone on him from a weedy space.

And with an airy, plumy nod,

"Good atternoou !" said Golden-Rod.

The Breeze received her courtesy?

And then came hurrying home to me.
And eagerly this story told :
" I've Seen a lady dressed in gold.

So shining that the very light

That touches her is doubly bright —
She nodded, too, a royal nod."
" Why, that," 1 said, " is Golden-Rod."

" Come out and see her where she stands.

Gold on her head and in her hands,"
He cried ; and I without delay
Went after where he led the way ;

And there she stood, all light, all grace.

Illumining that weedy place.
And to us both, with airy nod,
"Good afternoon !" said Golden-Rod.

Most assuredly it is. To take honey
from the brood-nest is a slip-shod,
slouchy way of taking surplus. It is
but a little better than the old fogy
plan of " robbing bees."— G. W. Dem-

AKEE.

I use a two-story hive, and extract as
often as 1 find the honey about two-
thirds capped over. It is necessary to
occasionally extract from the brood-
chamber, so as not to allow the queen
to be over-crowded, etc.— P.L.Viallon

While it is sometimes necessary to
extract from the brood- combs, in order
to ^e the queen room to lay, still
with proper management and the judi-
cious tiering-up of supers, it will not
generally become a necessity. Our
ideal extracted honey is always taken
from the virgin comb in the supers —
not from the breeding apartment. —
The Editor.

Number of Frames Used ivlieu
Tiering-Up.

OmRiES f Replies,

Tieriiig-Up M'lieii 'Working
Extracted Honey.

for

Written for the American BeeJownal

Query 576.— When extracted honey ie de-
sired, is it not preferable to tier up, that is, to
use extra stories above instead of taking from
the brood-chamber ?— N.

Yes.— Dadant & Son.
Certainly.— Mrs. L. Haerison.
Yes.— H. D. Cutting.
Certainly.- R. L. Taylor.
Yes.— J. M. Haiibaugh.
I think so, decidedly.— A. J. Cook.

Yes.— G. M. DOOLITTLE.

Yes, every time.— Eugene Secor.
In most of the cases it is.— J. P. H.
Brown.

Yes, every time.— C. H. Dibbebn.

Opinions differ. I think that I should
prefer tiering.— C. C. Miller.

Yes, sir. It is better if those extra
stories above are half-depth. I have
used both full and half depth supers
for more than flfteen years.— James
Heddon.

If the tiering-up plan is followed, and
plenty of room given, it will seldom be
necessary to extinct from the brood-
chamber.— A. B. Mason.

I consider that the best way to gather
extracted honey is by tieriug-up. I am
of this opinion both from experience
and observation.—,!. E. Pond.

Extract from an upper story, as a
rule. Sometimes the brood-chamber
has too much honey. In that case it
should be extracted, or full combs ex-
changed for empty ones. — M. Mahin.

Ideal extracted honey can only be
had from supers where there can be no
suspicion of the juices of brood, and
the taste of pollen.— J. M. Shuck.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Qnery 577.— 1. Are not 12 or 13 frames
too many for the brood-ohsmber, when tier-
inp* up ? 2. How many would j ou use below?
3. Would you use the sams number above as
below, when tietin^up ?— New York.

Eight.

1. More than are necessary. 2,
3. Oneless.-R. L. Taylor.

1. No. 2. Eight Langstroth frames.
3. Yes.— Mrs. L. Harrison.

1 and 2. Nine Langstroth frames are
sufficient. 3. I would.— J. PH. Brown.

I use nine Gallup frames in the
brood-chamber when working for ex-
tracted honey.— G. M. Doolittle.

1. Y'es. 2. Ten. 3. Yes.— J. M. Ham-

BAUGH.

1 and 2. That depends upon the size
of the frames. 3. Yes.— C. H.Dibbern.

1. Yes. 2. Seven to eight. 3. Use 8
to 10 above.— H. D. Cutting. ■

1. Y^es, unless very small. 2. I am
not fully settled on that point.— C. C.
Miller.

1. That depends upon the size of the
frame. Ten Langstroth frames are not
too many, unless the surplus is all
wanted in the supers. 3. If for ex-
tracting, yes.- A. B. Mason.

1. No, not of the Langstroth size or
smaller. 2. We use half-depth frames
above, or rather 6 inches deep.— Da-
dant & Son.

1. Much will depend upon the size of
the frame. Ten Langstroth frames or
equivalent are, in my opinion, about
right, both in the brood-chamber and
in the surplus apartments.- J.E.Pond.

I'ou do not give the name of your
frame. If Langstroth, I would not use
more than ten below, and the same size
of hive above with one frame less. —
Eugene Secob.

1. Ten frames are enough. 2. Ten,
if for extracted honey ; 8 if for comb
honey. 3. I use 10 frames in the brood-
chamber and 9 above.— P. L. Viallon.

That depends upon the size of the
frames. I have used 12 Gallup frames
with success. This leaves plenty in the
lower hive for winter.- A. J. Cook.

1. Much depends upon the size of the
frames,and somethingupon the locality
and the season. I use in that way from
8 to 11 frames of nearly the Gallup pat-
tern. 3. Yes.— M. Mahin.

I do not understand the question. If
the querist desires comb honey, 12 to 13
Langstroth frames are too many. If
he desires extracted honey, 12 to 13
frames may not be too many.— J. M.
Shuck.

1. It depends upon the size of the
frames used. 2. In my locality I use 10
Langstroth frames in the brood-cham-
ber. 3. When I use full-depth supers
above, I use but 9 frames. In fact, I
use but 9 frames in the surplus apart-
ment whether I am using full-depth or
half-depth cases. Placing the frames
a little wider apart in the surplus cases
makes the sealed combs full and plump,
and they uncap nicely.— G. W.Dem-
abee.

Y'"es, too many for any brood-cham-
ber, provided they are the size of the
Langstroth frame. Never use more
than 10 Langstroth frames' capacity in
the brood-chamber, and never more
than 7 or 8, unless you are practicing
contraction at the proper season of the
year. The rest of your query is an-
swered in my reply to Query 576.—
James Heddon.

1. That largely depends upon the size
of the frames used. 2. I prefer the 10-
frame Langstroth hive for all purposes,
but would contract the brood-chamber
by reducing the number of frames
when working for surplus honey. 3.
In order to obtain all the surplus in the
supers, I should use less frames below,
graded by the circumstances.— The
Editor.

Query 575. — The answer to this
query, by Mr. J. M. Shuck, in last
week's Bee Journal, should have
read as follows :

I believe it has been established that
there is formic acid in honey. I in-
cline to the belief that the acid founel
in the honey is developed and incor-
porated with the honey in the honey-
stomach, and tends to preserve the
nectar till it ripens, rather than to pre-
serve it after it has been evaporated
and sealed.— J. M. Shuck.

The two italic words in the above
answer, by an oversight, were printed
incorrectly, and the error was not dis-
covered until after the " forms" were
printed.

Convention I^otices.

tW Tne next meeting of tbe Union Bee-Keepers,
Associftlion will he tield at * layton. Ills., on Thurs-
day and Friday. October 11 and rj, ISSft, in tlie Town
Hall at 10:niia.m. Tlie Park Hotel will c-harKe»l.oo
per day : the restaurants -25 cts. per meal. We ex-
pect Messrs. Dadant, UamDaugh.Camm and other
prominent bee-keepers to be present.

8. N. BLACK, Pres.

C?" The Ohio State Bee-Keepers' Ajsoclation will
hold itsHth annual uicetinK in joint convention with
tlie t^orlli American Bee-Keepers' Sociely at Colum-
bUB,0.. onlKt. 3, 4 and 5, lw««. A special business
session of the Ohio State Bee- Keepers' Association
will be held on Oct. 4, to elect ofBcers for the com-
ini: year, and for the transa tiou of other business.
This business ineetiDK will not interfere with the
regular programme of the National convention of
the same day. Frank A. Baton, Sec.

THB ffiMERICSPf mmm JO'^RNJlEr.

615

PLEASANTRIES.

Time or Buckwheat and White
Clover Bloom.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY DR. C. C. MILLER.

In response to the request of the edi-
tor on page 563, I reply that in tliis
locality, and I think it is the general
rule in all localities, the nectar disap-
pears from buckwheat bloom by the
middle of the day, so that whereas
there is no trouble from robbing in the
forenoon when buckwheat is yielding,
care must be taken to avoid everything
like exposure of combs or honey' in the
afternoon. Something, however, de-
pends upon the weather, for if the
morning is cold or rainy, the forenoon
of buckwheat bloom may be extended
into the afternoon.

It is well to be somewhat familiar
with the habits of flowers as to bloom-
ing, although buckwheat is the most
notable exception to the general rule
that flowers yield nectar all day long.

Wblte Clover Blooming and Not
ITieldlug Nectar.

Considerable apprehension was felt
in this locality about the crop of white
clover this summer. The summer of
1887 was so very dry that white clover
seemed to be burnt up,rootand branch,
and the question was whether the sum-
mer of 1888 would see any white clover,
and if some did come from seed,
whether it would be forward enough to
bloom. I never watched more closely
in the spring for the first appearance
of growth. Contrary to my expecta-
tion, I think that I never saw so much
white clover starting. I cannot say,
although I should like toknow, whether
it came from the roots of last year or
from the seeds.

Then I watched to see whether it
would bloom. Soon the blossom buds
appeared in profusion, and my fears for
the season subsided. I awaited with
confidence the gathering of a bountiful
harvest, for I feel sure I never before
saw the ground more white with clover
bloom, and I think that I never saw any
thing to equal it. But the flood of nec-
tar seemed slow about coming, and
after the time for it was all over, I was
obliged to confess that I was a '' false
prophet." and that very little honey
was gathered from white clover.

Xow what was the trouble ? Is it
true that white clover, as some have
stated, produces no nectar the Hrst
summer it comes from seed ? It cer-
tainly looked a little that way this year,
providing the clover all came from seed
this spring or last fall ; and yet I can
hardly believe there is any difference
between a blossom on a plant a few
weeks old , ajid one on a plant a year
older. If the blossom needs nectar to
call insects to fertilize it, will not the
young plant produce it just as well as

the old one ? I really would like some
one who can speak with authority, to
tell U3 more about this plant and its
habits.

Tliat Houeyedoinaii.

This man was mentioned on page
579, and I agree with the editor that it
was nothing strange that the man re-
ceived no stings from the bees alight-
ing upon the honey daulaed on him.
But I suspect there is very little foun-
dation—very likely nofoundation what-
ever—for the whole story. Let us look
at it.

A man daubed himself with honey,
800 bees that were swarming in the
woods alighted on him and stayed there
until he transported them home. In
the tirst place, when bees are swarm-
ing, they are very intent upon the one
thing— swarming. I very much doubt
if you could get 800, or 80 bees, of a
swarming colony to alight upon a man
daubed with honey for the sake of get-
ting the honey. They are not just then
in the honey-gathering business. But
suppose you could get them to depart
from their usual habit, and forsaking
the cluster or the swarm in the air,
settle upon the man, how long would
they stay there ? Just long enough to
load up with honey and then off they
would fly, and no bee would comeback
for a second load to the man unless he
stood still at the spot where the bee
left him.

You may bid defiance to the worst
robbers by simply keeping on the move
anything you want to protect from
them. So I suspect that the whole
thing originated in the brain of some
one anxious to get up a sensational
item for the newpapers. Sensational
items are in demand, and we can ex-
pect nothing different so long as the
truth is not more highly valued than
sensations.

The Wiley Pleasantry.

This "pleasantry" owed its popu-
larity and its successful run to the fact
that it was sensational. It is not that
newspapers or reporters so much pre-
fer the false to the true. A true sen-
sation is preferable to one that is false,
but there is a lamentable absence of
care as to whether truth or falsehood
is promulgated, providing only that it
is sensational. Get up a contradiction
of the Wiley statement that shall be
equally sensational, and it willpromptly
go the rounds. But no matter how
strong may be Prof. Wiley's retraction,
it will not be likely to find currency
anywhere except in the columns of
those papers specially devoted to the
interests of bee-keepers. The retrac-
tion may be very true, but it is not sen-
sational.

The holding the breath to prevent
stinging goes the rounds for the same
reason, and the bee-periodicals are not
altogether guiltless, because at least
two of them have published it with no
word as to its truth or falsity. We
hardly ought to blame other papers for
neglecting to inquire closely into the
truth of every item admitted to their
columns, if the same thing is done
right in our own ranks. A notable
instance of this is in the following :

Tlie Stiug-Trowel Theory.

That bees ever use their stings to
work wax, I believe is just as untrue as
that artificial comb honey is made, and
yet this error had its origin entirely
among bee-keepers. It is true that it
is not like the Wiley affair in mis-
chievous tendency, and I do not sup-
pose Mr. Clarke would have made the
statement he did, if he had supposed
mischief would arise from it ; still he
was far from warranted in putting
forth as an ascertained fact, that which
was a mere play of his imagination. I
do not believe he ever had any proof
that his fancy was a fact, and I con-
fess I would very much like to see Mr.
Clarke himself the first one to give the
" sting trowel " its quietus. I would
like this for the sake of the truth, and
also for the sake of Mr. Clarke as well.

Marengo, Ills.

FALL FLOWERS.

The Autumn Honey-Flow in the
Middle States.

Written for the Orange Bulletin
BY H. B. GEER.

After the heat of the summer has
passed, and the first fall rains begin,
then spring into life and beauty the
autumn flowers that are usually loaded
with delicious nectar— resorts of pleas-
ure and profit for the millions of honey-
bees, that, after some weeks of idleness
and inactivity, are only too glad to
again return to the fields and their
duties.

During the spring and early part of
last summer the flowers, such as strug-
gled into existence despite the drouth —
were nearly or entirely fruitless, and
the sources of hnney very limited in-
deed. But after tlie rain had come
again, it brought out the autumn
flowers here in Tennessee, and also, as I
learn, in Missouri, and the honey-flow
during the month of September was
better and more of it than during aU
the previous months of the year.

Chief among the fall honey-plants of
Tennessee, is the golden-rod. Here it
blooms in great profusion, and its
bright golden plumes may be seen nod-
ding and waving in nearly every field
and meadow— especially in the waste
places or fallow land, and in the fence
corners. It yields honey of a rich
yellow color which has a very pleasant
flavor. In fact I think it the finest
honey that our bees can obtain from
any source in the fall of the year.

In Missouri, where the writer is in-
terested in apiculture, the asters are
our chief reliance for fall honey. There
they bloom in great profusion from
about the first of September until frost.
There are a great many varieties of
asters, and they all yield a fair grade
of honey, which every bee-keeper is
glad to receive, after the spring and
summer supply has proven a failure, as
was the case last season.

Honey partakes of the nature of the
flowers from which it is gathered, more
perhaps than one would suppose. For

616

THM! MMBMicMi* mmm ■ j©>vimnmi<.

instance, in the spring of the year
■when the flowers are fragrant and
loaded with perfume, the nectar gath-
ered from them is likewise fragrant
and delightful, and seems to emit the
sweetness of the fields, and the wild
flowers themselves. The delicate fra-
grance of the white clover bloom is
well-known, and, as if in keeping with
its delicate nature, the honey it yields
surpasses all others in flavor and pleas-
urable taste.

On the other hand, the honey from
the fall flowers, while equally sweet
and pure, is devoid of the fragrance
and pleasant smell that the early sea-
son honey possesses. Likewise the
autumn flowers seldom emit a pleasant
perfume, although they rival in beauty
their kindred of the springtime.

CANADA.

Report of the Haldiniand, Out.
Convention.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY E. C. CAMPBELL, (S'eC.

count ; from which it is seen that the
increase has been very small, besides
no surplus honey taken ; and what is
worse, the bees have not stores enough
to winter on, and will have to be fed.

The next meeting of the association
will be held at Cayuga, at the call of
the President.

A meeting of the Haldimand Bee-
Keepers' Association was held at Fish-
erville, Ont., on Saturday, Sept. 1,
1888. The minutes of the previous
meeting were read and confirmed,

Hoiv and \l'taat to Feed Bees.

The President said that granulated
sugar should be fed, as it was safer
than to risk feeding cheap sugar. He
made a thick syrup by putting the
granulated sugar into boiling water,
and stirring it frequently to keep it
from burning. He exhibited a Cana-
dian feeder, showing how it worked,
and urged early feeding, so that the
bees could cap their stores before cold
weather. It was also necessary to feed
in the evening, so as to avoid robbing.

Mr. W. Kindree's plan was the same
as the President's, only that he boiled
the sugar a little more than Mr. Arm-
strong. He thought that by doing so
the syrup was not so apt to granulate.

Mr. Mehlenbacher described his plan
of feeding, which was by tipping the
hive up in front, and pouring the syrup
behind the division- board.

Mr. Overholt used a similar feeder to
the Canadian, and found it ahead of
any. other.

Mr. Best had always used honey, but
this year he would have to try sugar,
as he had no honey. He had wintered
a colony on 15 pounds of honey, and it
had wintered all right.

Mr. Atkinson made syrup the same
as described by Mr. Armstrong, and
used inverted glass jars as feeders.

How to iruite Colonies of Bees.

The President gave his plan of unit-
ing colonies, which was to gradually
move the colonies to be united, towards
each other until they were close to-
gether, and then spre.icliiig the frames
apart, and putting in frames alter-
nately ; he then gives the bees a good
smoking, and the work is done.

Thirteen members reported 252 colo-
nies, spring count, and 375 colonies, fall

HONEY-JUMBLES

Of the IVorth American Conven-
tioii of 1887.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY A COUNTRY BEE.

'* All N. A. B. K'8 (wrote H., the recorder) were
Summoned to Hppear before the President Miller,
Kiich bringine une dollar in paper or silver ;
And at the Commercial Hotel please retiister.
In ChicaKO. Ills., the 16th of November."

A No. 1 Root responded with his " A B O's ;"
Ar7nstrong rame on with his hive and T-supers ;
And Aspinwall wrote tliat if we'd organize.
All delegates should receive that "Magazine" of

his —
"Life ne'er exulted in so rich a prize."

Bees (Oemis Homo) were Baldrtdge.Baldwin.Tiarber,
B'iardmnn, Miss Bennett, T F. Binghain,the smoker,
Betsinger, T. S. and JoahiMi Bull (not Johnny),
Bedell, and Burnett, who is not a Bi.ur)master,
Although he well knows how to handle the honey.

" We may live without friends, we may live without

boobs "-
But this Society "cannot live without A. J. Cook.'^
Compfoji, of Glenwood, Crotker, Cumins and Com-

stock,
Were very modest, and did not give us much talk,
But the deficiency was made up by Mr. Wilcox.

"While a-gatheriuK of bee-bread for their living,"

Hubbard, whose ancestor "went to the cupboard,"
anil

Found Hopkins, of O. (kin of Hop-'o-my-thumb).

Speaking uf H'a, Lemmer see ; Dr. Haskin, Hutchin-
son,

Hilto7i SLnd. Heddon -the "banner" goes to Michigan.

Lyman, Forncrook, and Thornton, no doubt oughC
to be,

" I the man in the moon, this thornbush, my thorn-
bush."

D. 0. and G. W. Webster (decendants of Daniel and
Noah) ;

Hear our Be(5ing?r, "Oh, velvet bee you're a dusty
fellow.

You've powdered your legs with gold," all yellow.

" O Woodman spare that (Dahl linden honey) tree,"

Cried Funk, Staininger, "'mid the trees, where hum-
ming-bees '

Extract the nectar from the bright flowers.

Here tbe Redmond, who once chased Reynolds, the
fox.

Now extracts the "extracted honey "with the ex-
tractor.

Beside oux Presiilont. were B. J. and M. M. MiVer,
Oilson who sent to iVtoh a pail of {Mo Whorter;
'I'liat reminds u:^ ol tluit young " Tribune " reporter.
Who thout'ht our " cuuntritled look peculiar ;''
If he'd seen one buzzing drone, he'd not have been
80 jocular.

Mrs. Searles—" hark to the music, the Idrum and the

tife."
A Taylor, Cumins. Davenport with hia wife.
Jones, Esher.Murphu, and Gander. Dethloff-my life.
Nelmetz! I'm Fatlmer Lban Hawks, when chickens

are rife.
Another room for exhibits, would lessen the strife.

I hear tbe bees swarming, and while watching for

the queen,
Oh, Gould. I see the one who sang, "Keep our

Graves, Orren."
" I Lovett. (Sweet. Hart), or Stanton, in the Parks,
With Wilson, Thompson, Robertson, or even the

Holtermann.

When the Oatman was Stow fed) in the hopper.
With Newman. Secnr, and McLain the Professor,
By the haniest of Davis work our Strong Miller,
Turned us out a gri.st of very Good flower.
"And here by thee, will hum the bee, forever and
forever."'

The flower was left with the Cook, by Chapman;
Wlio turned it over to the ladles and gentlemen.
Some Maruin that tlie flavor was equal to linden —
'■ Excuse me, but will our Good triend. Dr. Mason,
Be so kind as to see to the ventiration ?'"

Our hearts went out to Father Langstroth,
With tbe hope that his remaining days on earth.
May be filled with sweetness around his hearth.
And the conscious thought of the good he has

wrought.
For the bee-keeping people, bring joy to his heart.

Thanks were tendered to Mr. Thomas W. Cowan,
Who, being sucli an able " microscopian,"
Gave pleasure and profit to all who met him :
While regretting his absence, at Prof. Cook's sug-
gestion.
He was made honorary member of this Convention.

Thanks to Thomas O. Newman again and again.
For his excellent arrangemeuts with the hotel-man,
For his thoughttui guod-will shown on every hand ;
T<J mention this Society, is to think of his name.
" He has served thee as none would," still sounds
the refrain.

For President, the genial Dr. A. B. Mason,
For Secretary, tlie efflcieut W. Z. Hutchinson,
For Treasurer, 3/ rs.Hdrrison, who uses noueception,
They were Secor (ed) officers at the election.
Without a Waheman's or Woodman^s dissension.

" We may learn of the bee. the wise man's lore,
The hand of the diligent gathereth store."
At Columbus, Ohio. " If this life be not o'er,"
On the 3rd of October. " May we meet once more."
Till then, success to you all, Au revoir.

MAPLE TREES.

Insect Enemies mowing Them
Down — Plant Lindens.

From the Detroit, Mich., Tribune
September 3, 1888.

Dr. W. C. Stevens of Fourteenth
avenue has devoted considerable atten-
tion to the destructive insects from
vphose ravages the maple trees are suf-
fering so severely. He expresses the
belief that there is not one sound maple
tree in a hundred under five years old
in Detroit. On some whole streets he
has been unable to find a single tree
unaffected by the pest. The same state
of affairs seems to prevail among tbe
shade trees throughout the country east
of Detroit.

Dr. Stevens recently wrote to Prof.
Cook of the Agricultural college relative
to the matter. The professor in his re-
ply says that the same destruction of
maples in Detroit referred to by the
Doctor is noticeable in Lansing and in
every other city in the state. He pro-
nounces a specimen insect, which Dr.
Stevens sent him, the grub of a common
maple tree borer, Playionotm spceiosus,
which is verv harmful to trees all over
Michigan. They attack large, thrifty
trees and have destroyed many maples
in Jackson, Lansing and other places.
The beetle, which appears in July and
August, is a large, handsome longicorn,
black in color and striped with a rich
yellow.

The pupa case which the Doctor sent
is pronounced by the professor that of
a caterpillar, ^Sy'r/a accrni. This beau-
tiful moth lays her eggs in July, and
the caterpillars feed on the inner bark
for one year. It is black, striped with
yellow and orange. This insect. Prof.
Cook says, is also'doingmuch to destroy
the maples.

More harmful than either of these
varieties is the big-headed apple tree
borer, which is a very serious enemy of
the maples, especiallv young or newly
transplanted trees.. This beetle attacks
trees whose vigor" has been checked.
Thus it is that it is so destructive to
trees recently transplanted. Prof. Cook

T«® MMEMicfErf mmn j&ismmmi^.

617

recommends that the trunks of trees be
washed early in June and July with a
strong solution of soap, to which one-
tenth of its volume ot crude carbolic
acid has been added, especially for two
or three years after setting. Still better
is good care— spading about the trees
and adding a generous mulch every
spring for five or six years after plant-
ing.

'• Why do we plant so many maplesV "
is a conundrum propounded by the pro-
fessor in his reply. He estimates that
throughout the state ten maples are
planted to one of any other species.
He refers to the elm as a beautiful tree,
and one, which, in this locality, is yet
free from serious attack. Still the elm-
leaf beetle in the East is moving West
rapidly, and the canker worm is a fatal
enemy of the tree. The bassvvood or
linden is a handsome tree, a more vigor-
ous grower than either maple or elm,
and is comparatively free from insect
enemies. With the same care live, aud
the professor guesses ten, lindens sur-
vive to one maple. It is also an admir-
able honey-tree, and so has much
economic value.

" If we must plant maples," concludes
the professor, "give them the best of
care and wash them with the solution
mentioned each June and July for some
years after planting, but it is far better
to plant the beautiful linden, which
with half a chance, if stock is kept
away, will live, thrive and mature."

STINGING BEES.

Soinetliing; in tlic Honey Caii!>ie§
Bees to Sting.

Written for the Anun'ican Bee Journal

BY SOLOMON W. JEWETT.

No pure honey can be found in
America in any quantity or in any con-
dition, that has not gone through the
chemical laboratory of the honeybee,
or some other insect that stores this
peculiar sweet, which has properties as
food and medicinal, that cannot be
found outside of its deposits in the
comb by some insect. Most people
have yet to learn this, and many other
simple things in nature not yet Icarued.

There are other matters relating to
bees that I tind many apiarists have not
discovered, namely, in the working of
the bees arooug some flowers, tliey be-
come more irritable, and more liable to
use their simple weapons of warfare,
than they do when gathering sweets,
and the pollen, or anything which they
are seeking to convey to their rural
home. Some wild flowers, and the
buckwheat flower, contain more poison,
and is more virulent than clover, or
from the willow, etc.

When working on the flower of buck-
wheat, sometimes they are so over-
charged with poison, that they are
quite inclined to sting man and ani-
mals, seemingly to relieve themselves
of this surfeit ; and we And it in the
honey sometimes, by partaking of a
little fresh honey (gathered and stored
by these arch chemists, as deposited in
the comb), which will give griping
pains ; and this poison is in less quan-

tities in the seed. By continuing along
for sometime, daily partaking of buck-
wheat cakes, it shows the effects on
the cuticle or skin of the body, and
even the scalp may feel this dry rough-
ness, and an itching sensation when
nothing of the kind had been felt
before.

AVe have some people who keep fowls,
that speak in favor of buckwheat to
make hens lay ; but that is a mistake ;
they may lay in their seasons because
it is their nature, but if one will only
observe how dry and dead theirfeathers
become, and stand out as though they
were suffering pain, they might desist
from putting before these birds buck-
wheat as food.

simple Remedy for Bee-Stliigs.

There is a simple remedy at hand,
for those afflicted with pain from eat-
ing too freely of this honey gathered
from buckwheat. It is simply to take
a swallow of the weak solution of soda
and water, and it is one among the best
remedies to apply wherever the bee, the
wasp, or the snake has inserted its
venom through the sting into man or
animal flesh.

But there is another remedy that will
draw out poison from the snake bite.
Kill and open the body of a hen or bird,
and lay it on the stung place ; it will
extract the poison, reduce the swelling,
and remove the pain. At the usual
swarming season, should one have the
solution of common baking soda, or
aaleratus, on hand, it will destroy the
effects of the bee-sting at once, if
applied.

Eutland, Vt.

MARKETING.

Disponing of tiie Honey Crop to
Coniinisi^ion IMen, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY REV. J, D. GEHRING.

It is easier to learn the bee-business
so as to know how to produce nice
comb honey, than it is to learn how to
dispose of it to the best advantage.

Last year I had no trouble to dispose
of all I had at 20 cents a pound. This
year I cannot sell a pound to the same
grocerymen in Kansas City. When I
called on them the other day, I asked,
" Can I sell you some nice, white clover
honey?" One answered: "No, sir!
We have more honey now than we can
sell. Nobody wants honey." Another,
'' Is it nice and white? Sections well
filled out and unbroken V" To which I
could promptly reply in theaflirmative.

" How much do you want for it V"
Eighteen cents, net.

"Don't want it!"

And 18 cents a poiuid is 2 cents less
than the quoted market price ! These
same men are retailing it at 25 cents.
Something is wrong somewhere. What
isity

We have two firms in Kansas City
who make comb honey a specialty.
They now quote IS and 20 cents for
first-class comb honey. I presume they
sell to retailers at those prices. I do

not know how they sell it in large lots ;
but I know that they have a " buying
price " and a " selling price," for when
I ask, " What is the price of the best
comb honey ?" tliey will cast upon me
a look peculiar to a Kansas City com-
mission man, and answer my question
"Yankee fashion," thus: "Do you
want to buy or sell ?"

I have a few hundred pounds to sell
at 18 cents.

"Don't want it ! Piles of it on hand
now."

Who is glutting (V) the Kansas City
market thin year. I wonder? Some " big
bee-men in the East," I am told !

What a queer state of affairs ! The
bee-papers inform the anxious, tired
and disgusted smdll bee-man that there
is a very light honey crop in the coun-
try. He can say " amen " to the state-
ment, for he is o»r of them. But New
York bee-keepers send honey by the
carload (?) all the way to our own mar-
ket; and our commission men cannot
be convinced that honey is scarce.

" If you want to consign your honey,
we'll take it and sell it for you. But
we can"t guarantee any particular
price, as the demand is light."

" You see?" No. some bee-keepers
don't " see " that they are helping a
syndicate of commission sharpers to
control the honey market, and that
they are making it easy for those men
to treat us poor, small struggling fel-
lows with haugbtv contempt.

I tell you, Mr. Editor, we ought not
to stand such an outrage ! I am only a
small " Dutchman," and have no great
amount of "stock" invested in bees
and honey ; but, sir, I am big with in-
dignation ! Even a Dutchman will find
out a thing or two when he is exasper-
ated. Let me tell you what I mean :

Not many years ago a man, whom I
know quite well, had some honey to
sell. He was a "poor preacher," and
needed money, so he sent it to a com-
mission man who said he could prob-
ably (?) get 17 cents for it. But when
the preacher collected for his honey,
he got only lo cents minus the " com-
mission "—because "we couldn't get
17 cents."

Well, one day, sometime after the
transaction with the commission man,
the preacher saw some honey in a
grocery store which he thought looked
exactly like his IJ^pound sections. He
asked the price, and found they were
retailing it at 25 cents a pound. He
asked where they got it, aud was told

at commission house. It was his

lioney, no doubt. But as it was a deli-
cate question to ask the merchant what
price he paid for the honey, this
preacher sent a man (who didn't want
to buy honey) to inquire the price, and
was told that, as that was " particularly
nice honey," they had to ask 18 cents (!)
for it.

That Dutcliman has ever since been
a little careful about accepting the gift
of a " stencil plate," ready for use,
from a commission house.

Hadn't we better form a " honey
trust?"

Parkville, Mo.

[Weii-Kut that the last sentence is a
joke, Bro. Gehring. The word itself is
distasteful to us. We have trusted so

618

TH® MMERICMEf BES JO^RffMl..

-■"^-^-^^-^-^^^^^^^^

much in our business career, that we
are now mourning the loss of many
thousands of dollars tnislcd ! Then
about " honey trusts," it was only
a few months ago that the papers would
have it that the New York bee-keepers
were to hold a meeting to form a
" honey trust," which was to accom-
plish loondcrs ! But there was no truth
in it. Two years ago a Honey Pro-
ducers' Association was talked of
■when the honey crop was of fair pro-
portions, and if such a plan as then
presented could be carried out, it would
be productive of much good. Such an
association would practically put an
end to the swindling done by dishonor-
dble commission men (for there are
such, though there are also many
honorable ones) who sell at one price,
and report to producers at another and
lower one. There are sharpers and
swindlers in all occupations, and honey
commission men are no exception to
the rule.— Ed. 1

they cease work at 11 o'clock, but gen-
erally as soon as 1 o'clock. I think I
have never seen a bee work as late as
3 p. m. on buckwheat.

I have not had any increase this sea-
son, mainly, I think, on account of the
large, roomy hives which I use. They
take 10 frames of the Langstroth size,
and hold -10 sections 414 x i}i x 1 15-16,
in each super. I thiuk they are as
good non-swarming hives as there are
in existence, not excepting the " Cotton
Hive."

If my bees had swarmed, I should
not have a pound of surplus ; as it is, I
have 30 lbs. per colony. We will now
commence to prophesy concerning the
crop of 1889, which surely ought to be
very large.

Stannard's Cor., N. Y., Sept. 3, 1888.

NEW YORK.

An Average Honey Crop
30 lbs. per Colony.

of

THE FAIRS.

AVill it Pay to Exhibit Bees and
Honey ?

Written for Gleanings in Bee-Culture
BY DR. A. B. MASON.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY H. J. ROGERS.

The season for surplus has closed
here, and the result is not very encour-
aging ; however, we have some honey,
and are thankful.

My 80 colonies were put into winter
quarters last fall with plenty of bees
and honey, and came out in the spring
without any loss ; but live colonies
were rather weak, and I lost 3 out of
the 5 by spring dwindling.

The cold, backward spring kept the
brood from spreading very fast, so that
when apple blossoms appeared, most
colonies were not very strong. For the
first season here since I have kept bees,
apple blossoms yielded no nectar, and I
soon found some of my colonies on the
verge of starvation ; especially those
that I had transferred. I fed all the
honey 1 had on hand, and also consider-
able sugar syrup.

About June 1 raspberries opened, and
about four-fifths of my colonies com-
menced work in the sections, and I
secured about 2,000 lbs. of very nice
honey, all in the comb. At this time
we were getting copious rains, and it
looked as if clover would be a fine bar-
vest, but it yielded very little, scarcely
more than last season.

This section is always favored with
lots of buckwheat, and when I found
that the basswood was a total failure, I
hoped we would get a " big run " from
buckwheat. This, too, has failed on
account of a frost, which has ended all
work in the sections for this season.

It is well known that bees do not
work on buckwheat except a few hours
in the early part of the day— sometimes

Agricultural fairs set in motion the
best elements of farm life, and stir up
the ambition of those interested, and
all o/e interested in the success of the
undertaking. It is an advertisement
for the community and for persons in-
terested ; and if the display is good it
gives a good reputation to the exhibitor.

" Like other productive industries,
bee-keeping is not exempt from uncer-
tainties as to results, and few things
bring to the bee keeper so many pleas-
ant and profitable things as does a dis-
play of bees, honey, and apiarian appli-
ances," at the annual and other State,
county, and district fairs and exposi-
tions. Wherever such an exhibit is
made it is a nucleus around which bee-
keepers gather, and in a quiet, pleasant,
and profitable way exchange ideas and
discuss matters "new and old." An
incident at the Tri-State Fair held here
two years ago made a more lasting im-
pression on me than hours of ordinary
talking or pages of reading-matter
might have done. An elderly farmer,
some would have called him an " old
codger," wanted to buy some bees of
me. We talked over prices, etc., and I
thought a bargain was about made,
when he asked me if I used the ex-
tractor. When I told him I did. it
would have done any melancholy dys-
peptic good to see the expression of
disgust that spread over his face as he
said, " I don't want any of your bees."
Strange as it may seem, I had to laugh
in spite of all my efforts to the contrary,
and I saw that this oracle knew that
the extractor is responsible for the
great winter mortality among bees, for
he afterwards told me so. 1 believe he
tried to purchase bees of every bee-
keeper there, and with the same result.

If there is a business that requires a
man who can express in his face, at one
and the same time, disgust, contempt,
and anywhere from ten to ten thousand
other kinds of expressions, I would
most earnestly recommend that gentle-

man as the best-qualified man to run
that business that 1 ever met.

These exhibits aid us in our efforts
to popularize the use of honey as food
and medicine. They will also help to
raise the standard of excellence, both
quality and attractiveness of honey put
upon the market. New ideas will be
disseminated, new methods will be
learned, and old ones discarded.

Bees and honey are always great at-
tractions at fairs ; and to hear the " fat "
expressions and quaint sayings of
"smart" country people and city
" dudenes" is enough to add years of
happy life to the average age of those
who enjoy snch things. To listen to
fond papas and doting mammas as they
explain to their children, who are all
eyes and ears at such times, the mys-
teries of the hive, and how the bees
" make honey " while they are shut in
the hive at the fair, and how a honey-
extractor works either as a washing-
machine, an ice-cream freezer, or a
churn, will cause a change in the facial
expression of such stoics as Mr. Hutch-
inson and a score or more others whom
I might name, but space forbids ; and
such matter-of-fact men as our friend
A. I Boot gather new enthusiasm and
energy from such displays of sweetness,
and the consequent contact with wise
and o(/ici-wise people.

The first year I lived here, the pre-
mium offered by the Tri-State Fair was
five dollars "for the best show of
honey." I found the " show " set away
on a high shelf among other things,
and where it was seen by but few. It
consisted of a rough box, holding about
twenty pounds of comb honey, with
glass in one end of the box. I spoke to
officers of the society about the matter,
and the result was the offering of over
$100 the next year as premiums, and
the next year $208. For six years the
Bee and Honey Department has been a
" fixture," and, like other departments,
has a superintendent, etc. ; and last fall
it was said to be " the most attractive
exhibit on the grounds." The exhibit
in 1882 was small compared to what it
has since become, and was described in
the American Bee Journal by the
editor, who assisted in awarding the
premiums, as a " grand success. The
small corner set apart for the bee and
honey show was so crammed all the
time that it was with great difficulty
any one could get through the crowd,
and utterly impossible for many who
desired to examine the exhibits to even
get within a stone's throw of them."

I want to sav a few kind words about
friend T. G. Newman. When we first
started out to make an exhibition of
honey, etc., at the Tri-State Fair in
1882 and also in 1883, he kindly con-
sented to help us, and came from Chi-
cago to Toledo and spent three days
each year, without "fee or reward," in
aiding in judging, and starting us off
in good shape. A. 1. Root and 0. F.
Muth and others helped us in 1883, and
we have tried each year to improve on
the previous one.

The exhibit at the St. Joseph, Mo.,
fair has become one of its most attrac-
tive features ; and for five or six years
past the Michigan bee-keepers have
made a large and attractive display at

Tmm JJEMERICSK BE® JOWKHRI,.

619

their State Fair, and have a separate
building for their exhibit, and the pre-
mium-list was gradually worked up by
Mr. Cutting, Prof. Cook, and others,
from next to nothing to over $S(10. At
Toronto, Canada, have been made some
of the largest (if not the largest) and
most attractive exhibitions of honey
and apiarian appliances ever made on
this continent.

I believe honey should be made the
main attraction. A display of bees
and queens is always "in order," and
calls forth more quaint and original
expressions from the crowd of sight-
seers than even the extractor does.
Many an old "residenter" has taken
pains to put on the second pair of eyes
to see '■ the king-bee who bosses all the
other bees, and tells them what to do,"
and then, after being told it is a queen,
and the mother of the bees, hurries off
to hunt up some friend or member of
the family to show them "the mother
of all the bees."

Supplies are viewed with curiosity ;
but honey, that "sweetest of sweets,
excepting the lasses that we all love to
greet," is the great attraction, and
creates a desire to taste that which to
many is so irresistible that a purchase
has to be made before the visitor is
satisfied, and then, when leaving, fre-
quently turns and casts longing glances
at the tempting display of luscious
sweetness.

The skill displayed in making honey
exhibits in some of the countries of
Europe is so great, and the display so
attractive, that it is not a rare thing to
have them visited by common people,
as well as by kings and queens ; and it
is largely the fault of the bee-keepers
themselves if like attractive and in-
structive displays are not made at the
different fairs throughout this country ;
and I have yet to learn that the man-
agers of any fair have regretted having
done what they could to call forth an
exhibit of honey, but all have been sur-
prised at the beauty and attractiveness
of a well-prepared display.

The Stark Co.,0.,Agricultual Society,
at the solicitation of the Stark Co. Bee-
Keeper's Soceity, last year appropriated
$100, to be given, as premiums for bees
and honey, etc. and $1.50 for the erec-
tion of a building for the display of
things pertaining to the apiary.

If all county and State agricultural
societies cannot be induced to give fair
premiums for the products of the apiary,
without doubt enough can be secured
to more than pay expenses ; but some
one or more bee-keepers must look
after the matter, and be sure that it is
attended to. It will not take care of
itself.

The question with us all very prop-
erly arises, •• Does it pay to he to all
this expense and trouble ?" The same
question very naturally arises, also, in
regard to any kind of an exhibit at
fairs, and each will have to answer
the question for himself.

On page 221 of Glcaninfjs for 1887, J.
II. Martin puts this matter before us
very nicely. He says, " Does it jk(;/ to
spend time and money to advertise the
honey business V If we look around
us, we see every trade making strenu-
ous efforts to get ahead. Take up the

most obscure county paper, and every
trade is represented in its columns.
Our most successful merchants are the
ones who ' catch on ' to every advertis-
ing novelty to be used in the extension
of their business. Our fairs are the
red-hot centers of attraction and ad-
vertising, through all lines of business,
with the exception, perhaps, of bee-
keeping.

" Probably the hardest thing for a
spirited bee keeper to bear, at the pres-
ent time, is the general belief that bee-
keeping is a small business, and that
any ninny who knows just enough to
chew gum, can successfully produce
honey ; and bee-keepers, as a rule, are
following a course of action to confirm
people in that belief ; for if a business
is not worth a little advertising effort,
it is not much of a business."

It seems to me that a few bee-keepers
in each county where honey is pro-
duced can make it pay to be to the
necessary expense and trouble of mak-
ing a nice and attractive exhibit. To
be sure, it has to be " mixed with taste
and brains," and that is just what every
successful bee-keeper, or his wife, has
a supply of. See that the premiums
are enough to p«j/ expenses (which need
not be heavy), and trust to sales, etc.,
for the " net proceeds."

One thing has been fully demon-
strated by the exhibits of honey at
fairs, and that is, that bee-keeping is
fully abreast of other productive in-
dustries ; and when compared with
some, is much ahead in attractiveness
and value.

The honey exhibition at the Ohio
Centennial Exposition at Columbus,
from Sept. 4 to Oct. 9, is not to be made
just for the money there is in it, but to
show the progress in bee-culture dur-
ing the last hundred years ; and it is
hoped that it will be the largest and
most attractive that has ever been held
in this country ; and, so far as I know,
those engaged in the matter have the
vim and push to do credit to the fra-
ternity. Just think of a building 36x80
fllled with the luscious God-given
sweet ! I have seen tons of honey piled
up at fairs that did not make as much
show as one-fourth the amount might
have been made to do.

Auburndale, O.

FOUL BROOD.

What Prodiice§ It J — Sulphuric
Acid Treatment.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY WILLIAM KLINTWOKTH.

It is easier to ask a question than to
answer it. We may have theories
upon certain things, but if our theories
are not founded upon facts that cor-
roborate our ideas, our theories have
no foundation, and are not worth much.
What creates foul brood V We might
ask, what creates sickness, such as
typhoid fever, yellow fever, and other
diseases that occur more in some locali-
ties than others V

If we could see atmosphere, or the
production of decayed vegetation, in

its true light, we would know more
about diseases than we do now. but
we know those things only in part. It
is clear to my mind that the same cause
produces chills and fever, yellow fever
and typhoid, and some other diseases ;
but how much of that substance it
takes to create a certain disease, cannot
be stated with any certainty. But after
it is developed it is not merely a dead
substance, but has life in itself, and
takes possession of its victim. Then
the question comes to us, what can we
do to kill that, and not hurt the bees
and brood V

There are several things that will
destroy foul brood, but we cannot ap-
ply them. When a colony of bees has
foul brood, it not only affects the
brood, but bees and queen also, and
consequently they should then be fed,
or we will not always accomplish our
object. If I found foul brood among
my bees, I would feed them all, for it
would be hard to tell how soon it would
develop in those that I could not dis-
cern anything wrong, and at the same
time were diseased.

How to Feed Sulplinric Acid.

I will now describe how to feed sul-
phuric acid : Take 60 drops of sul-
phuric acid to one pint of water, and
add one pint of honey. Mix it thor-
oughly, and that will do to teed. I pre-
fer to feed from beneath, but if I could
not do so, I would take the bees and
frames out of the box. I would then
take 60 drops of sulphuric acid to one
pint of water, and wash the inside of
the box thoroughly with it, and then
put the bees back into the box, and
feed the best way I could with the
preparation. I have fed one quart of
it to one colony of bees inside of 24
hours.

Tlie Fire Treatment of Foul Brood.

I know that some who have had ex-
perience with foul brood, recommend
burning the bees, but I must confess
that I have failed to see it in that way.
Suppose I had only 3 or 4 colonies of
bees, and had discovered that they
were foul, I would then take them and
burn them, hives, bees, and all. The
question comes to me, what have I
gained by doing so y

But suppose I had a larger number,
and tiud that some of them are foul,
and burn them ; and in a few days I
find some more, and do the same with
them, and I do so until I have burned
them all— where are my profits V I
keep bees for pleasure and profit. As
long as everything goes all right, I get
plenty of honey— 1 think much of my
bees. But when they get diseased, I
burn them alive ! Does that not look
hard ?

But we say, " It can't be cured with
any certainly." How do we know ?
Have we tried everything that we can V
If I had foul brood among my bees,
and I had no other remedy, before I
would burn them, I would take the
bees and brush them off the comb into
a box, as if I would ship them. I would
take box, frames and all, except the
bees, and put them into a bleach box,
or a big dry-goods box. I would take a
half pound of sulphur, put it into an

620

Tmm MMK'RICMfi MMm J©^KE«ffi£f.

iron kettle or something fire-proof, and
place it in the box with the hive. Then
set the sulphur aBre. After it had
burned, put the hive on the old stand,
and put the bees into it. That will kill
the brood and eggs, and save the hive,
frame and bees. Has any one ever
tried it V
Marietta, Ohio.

COWVENTIOiV DIRECTORY.

1888 Time and Place of MeetinQ.

Sept. 25, 26.— Cedar Valley, at Cedar Falla. Iowa.

J. J. Owens. Sec., Waterloo, Iowa.

Sept. 26.— ProEre?sive. at Newburp. O.

Miss Dema Bennett, See., Bedford, O.

Oct. 3-5.— North American, at Columbus. O.

W. Z. Hutcbinson. Sec. Flint, Mich.

Oct. 4.— Ohio State, at Columbus, O.

Franlc A. Eaton, Sec, Bluffton, O.

Oct. 11, 12.— Union, at Clavton, Ills.

S. N. Black, Pres., Clayton, Ills.

Dec. —.-Michigan State, at Jackson, Mich.

H. D. Cutting. Sec, Clinton, Mich.

t^~ In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— BD.

Yield of Fall Honey.— Jno. A.

Thornton, Lima, Ills, on Sept. 5, 1888, says :

The yield ot fall honey will be good. I
will have an average surplus of about 3.5 lbs.
per colony. The quality is pqual to clover,
as some of it was from red clover. Tlie
largest yield is from smart-weed. My 200
colonies have gathered a good supply for
winter besides the above amount of surplus.

A Ulooining' Curiosity. — J. C. Bell,
Belton, Tex., on Aug. 31, 1888, writes :

1 send a blossom that made its appearance
about April 1, from which the bees gath-
ered quite a quantity of honey for 60 days.
Since the rains set in on Aug. 18, it is
blooming again. What is it ? Bees have
done finely in Texas this year.

[This is not yet identified. It is a curi-
osity, and I should much like to have a
pressed specimen showing more of the
plant. Please address it to T. J. Burrill,
Champaign, Ills.]

Heart's-Ease Houey.— John Has-
kins. Empire Prairie, Mo., on Sept. 7, 1888,
writes :

Tliree to four weeks ago it seemed as
though I should have had another failure
with my bees ; but about the middle of
August they commenced to swarm, and no
person that has not seen bees working on
the heart's-ease can form but little idea
how fast they will gather honey. The colo-
nies that three weeks ago I did not know
would gather enough honey to winter on,
will probably give me in comb honey from
100 to l.=iO pounds each. There are thou-
sands of acres of heart's-ease here.

Chapman Honey-Plant Seed.—

H. Chapman, of Versailles, N. Y., on Sept.
10, 1888, gives the following information in
reply to a question by Mr. R. Bacon, on
page .590 :

The seed of the Cliapman honey-plant
should be collected as soon as the balls
commence to turn brown ; the balls should
be spread upon platforms until thoroughly
cured, when the seed can be easily shaken
fri mi the heads. But to separate the seed
from tlie capsule, requires more labor. 1
accompli.sli this with a machine devised by
myself, and which consists of a cylinder
thickly studded with steel teeth, and which
is made to revolve within another cylinder,
from the inner sides of which project steel
teeth. It is unnecessary to remove the
capsules from seed used at home, but I have
always cleaned that which I sold.

«jJay Featlicr.— D. W. McDaniel, of
Hamilton, Ills., on Sept. 3, 18S8, says :

I send a specimen ot a honey-plant to be
named. It grows on thin clay soil, and
from 3 to 4 feet in liight. Bees work on the
blossoms all day. The bloom commences
at the too of the spike, and blossoms down-
ward. Please give its name in the "old
reliable" Ameiuc.^n Bee Journal.

[This is "gay feather" {Liatns scarlosa) ;
not known to be specially valuable for
honey ; but like other " compound " flowers,
it is a great pollen producer.— T. J. Bur-
kill.]

Wo Swarms or Honey.— Mr. John
Boerstler, Vashoii, Wash. Ter., on Sept. 7,'
1888, says :

I am not discouraged yet, although the
bees did not swarm or store one pound of
surplus honey this year. In the spring it
was too wet, and after that they secured a
good supply of stores, and will have plenty
to winter on ; but not a pound for me. I
will have to do without houey this year. All
right ; I guess I am not the only one in
that "boat."

Hedge Hyssop, etc.— T. M. Cole-
man, Glendon, Iowa, on Aug. 28, 1888,
writes :

I send you apart of a plant which grows
in a corner of my lot, that I do not recollect
of ever seeing before this season. It grows
about 6 to 7 feet high, and the bees work on
it as if they liked it. Will you please state,
in the Bee Jouhxal, what it is.

Bees are doing nothing as to surplus
honey. My colonies have been strong all
the season, and I have not had an ounce of
honey and no swarms this season. The
most of tneni stored in about enough to
winter on. from the linden trees, of which
I have a good beerange.

[This is "hedge hyssop" (Lophanfhus
scrophularifoUtis) : like most of the mint
family, it is an e.xcellent honey-plant.- T.
J. Burrill.]

Excessive Swarming-, etc. — Mr.

Franklin Wilcox, Mauston, Wis., on Sept.
10, 1888, writes :

The bees have not worked " according to
rule" this season. They wintered fairly
well, but dwindled verv badly in the spring.
1 had 3 swarms in June ; they swarmed
almost every day from the middle of July
to Sept. 4. I havp kept bees for 20 years,
and I have never had so much swarming as
this year. I hived nearly all the first
swarms on full combs on the old stands, cut

out queen-cells, and hived back after-
swarms ; in this way all colonies have been
kept strong. The crop of honey is better
than last season, though rather below an
average. The hooey season usually ends
by Aug. 20, but this year it continued good
till Sept. 4, since which time only the buds
of black-oak have yielded a clear, fine-
flavored nectar. From sunrise till 9 o'clock
it may be seen in drops on the ends ot dark-
colored, shining buds. It is no honey-dew.
It has lasted a week or more. I never saw
it before, and may never see it again.

Happily IMsappointed. — Rev. S.
Roese, Maiden Rock, Wis., on September 1,

1888, says :

The very heavy rains have ceased here,
and we have now'had 10 days' fair weather,
after the winter wheat in shocks was nearly
spoiled, and all other crops but corn (so tar)
a total failure. We have had for the last
week or so, a fair honey-flow, and I feel
happily disappointed. The bees are taking
advantage ot this opportunity. Since my
la.st report 1 have extracted over 4U0 lbs. of
houey, and take oH about the same number
of pounds of comb houey, for which I feel
thankful.

Honey Coming in Freely.— J. E.

Pryor, Dexter, Iowa, on Sept. 13, 1888,

writes :

Up to Aug. 1 our bees scarcely stored
enough honey to keep them from starving ;
in fact, ill June we had to feed to keep them
breeding. But .since Aug. 1.5 I think 1
never saw bees do any belter. I have had
10 or 13 swarms since Aug. 22, all of which
will have considerable surplus honey.
Swarms that were hived on full frames of
foundation, had their hives filled with
honey to the exclusion of the queens, in
from 4 to 6 days. The honey is ot the finest
quality of tall honey, very thick and heavy,
and is still coming in quite freely. Our
bees will he in splendid condition for win-
ter. I increa.sed my apiary from 48 to 76
colonies, by natural swarming.

Bee-Keepers' Union. — Dr. H. J.

Scoles, KnoxviUe, Iowa, on Sept. 10, 1888,

says :

As to the change ot time of election of
officers and payment of dues to the Bee-
Keepers' Union, I vote "No!" I think
that it would be a detriment to the Union,
and decrease the membership instead of in-
creasing it. It wuulil lu'ing the election
and renewal of membership at a time when
the bees are in winter quarters, and there is
no fear or talk ot the bees interfering with
anyone; and all would rest content, and
be more likely to forget, than they would if
it came at a time when it required attention.

TT^ The 6th annual meeting, and basket picnic, of
the Progressive Bee-Keepers' Association will be
held on Wedneslav. Sept. 2fi. I'-ss, at the residence
of Mr. W.S Wait, ill Newburg, Geauga Co.. Ohio. All
are invited to be present. UE«A BEXNETT. Sec.

C:^?" The Cedar Valley Bee-Keepers' Association
will hold its annual meeting at the Council Kooms,
Cedar Falls, Iowa, on Sept. l'5 and 2H. 1KS.S. All who
are interested in bees and honey are cordially invi-
ted to be present. J. J. Owens, Sec.

A Modern UEE.FAR:TI, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1,
postpaid.

THE ffiMERICSK BEU JQXJRNSlr.

621

-» — » — ■'■— ■»^^'-- — ■^ — -■— ■'■^■' ^* ■;^,^±^:;j;t±^-^:f^.^^ ^ ^ ^ " "^ ' ~ l^_t^-:^

BUSINESS MANAGER.

hisxHcss Moiitts,

It Yon Live near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give tlie
address tliat we have on our list.

Hilton^s new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at tliis office.

If you l.ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Xx4K and 5^x5)4-
Price, Sl.OO per 100, or S8.50 per 1,000.

I»rescr^e Yoiir Papers^ for future
reference. If you have no BI^OER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions tor tlieBEE Jouknai,,

ITucca Bruslies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -write American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writmg to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Pure Plienol tor Foul Brood. —

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 25 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiarj',

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) $1 00

'• 100 colonies (220 pages) 125

" 200 colonies (420 pages) 150

Photog^raplis ol Bee-Keepers. —

The " medley " gotten up by E. 0. Tuttle,
contatnmg the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for S1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of tliree subscri-
bers and 83.00.

4;lubbi:>c: i.isx.

■We Club the American Bee Journal
for a year, with any of tlie following papers
or books, at the prunes (juoted in the IjASX
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price 0/ both.
The American Bee Journal 1 00...

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00...

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50...

Bee-Keepers' Guide 1 50...

Bee-Keepers' Review 1 30 . . .

The Apiculturist 1 73...

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00...

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40...
The 8 above-named papers 5 63...

and Cook's Manual 2 25...

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00...
Binder for Am. Bee Journal . . 1 60 . . .
Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth). . ,3 00. . .
Boot's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25. . .

Farmer's Account Book 4 GO...

Western World Guide 1 50. . .

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 150..

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 . . .

Convention Hand-Book 1 50,. .

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00. . .

Iowa Homestead 2 00...

How to Propagate Fruit 150...

History of National Society . . 1 50. . .

Club

175
140
140
140
160
180
130
5 00

2 00
175
150
2 00
2 10
2 20
130
1 40
150
130
175
190
125
1-25

Hastings^ Perleclion Feeder.—

This Feeder (illustrated) will hold 3 quarts,
and the letting down of the feed is regulated

Patented Oct. 18, 1887.

by a thumb-screw. The cap screws securely
on. It is easy to regulate — either a spoonful
or a quart— and that amount can be given
in an hour or a day, as desired. By it the
food can be given where it is most needed-
just over the cluster. Not a drop need be
lost, and no robber bees can get at it. A
single one can be had for 40 cents, or a
dozen for S3.50, and it can be obtained at
this office. Postage 10 cents extra.

Cork tor Winter PaoUing.— Its

advautages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Please to get your Neiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can aSoid to do without it.

Can You Do Anytliing that will do
more to advance and defend the pursuit of
bee-keeping, than to aid its Weekly Ex-
ponent and Defender ? The American
Bee Journal is the pioneer bee-paper of
America, and is fully entitled to the active
support of every progressive apiarist, for it
works constantly and faithfully for the best
interests of the pursuit. We therefore
specially request all our readers to u.se their
influence to double our subscription list
during the coming autumn. Reader, will
j'ou please send us a new subscription with
your renewal or before that time ? A good
weekly at one dollar a year is surely cheap
enough to command patronage.

Red Labels fi>r Pails.— We have

three sizes of these Labels ranging in size

for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of

honey. Price, SI for a hundred, with the

name and address of the bee-keeper printed

on them. Smaller quantities at one cent

each ; but we cannot print the name and

address on less than 100. Larger quantities

according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

2.50 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2,25

SOOLabels 2 00 3,00 3,50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«■ Samples mailed free, upon application.

Oover Seeds. — We are selling Alslke
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
per bushel; $'3.25 per peck ; '35 cents per lb.
White Clmer Seed : $10.00 per bushel; $3.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Excliange.— We will accept Honey
and Beeswax in exchange for Bee-Keepers*
Supplies in any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 33c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, $5.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., $10.00.
If wanted by mail, add 10 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

_ 'We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEE1> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; }4 pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, S3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Xbe Convention. — The pamphlet,
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this offiee-
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

622

TMIf MME'RIC-MBf B-E® JQlSmMMlL.

Honey and Bees'wax Market.

CHICAGO.

HONBV.— New crop arriving slowly, but demand
is limited. "White clover comb, 17@18c. Extracted,
7®Bc.

BEB8WAX.-22C.
Sep. 12. 8. T. FISH & CO.. 189 8. Water St,

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— For white comb l-Ibs.. 18c. Verv little
inquiry for anything ootside of l-Iba.. and when it
is wanted It is at a lower price. Extracted, the best
grades, 7@Sc., and some held higher. Offerings are
small and demand slow.

BBB8WAi,-22o. R. A. BURNETT.

Sep. 12. 161 South Water St.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Colorado, new 1-lb. sections., 13@15c.
Extracted, 7®8c.

BBB8WAX.-20O23C.
Sep. 7. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lbs., 17®18c.;
2-lbs., 13@14C. Fair white l-Ibs., 15®lBc.i 2-lbs., 11
to 12c. Kxtracted, white. 7H®8C.
Sep. 5. THURBBR, WHYLAND & CO.

NEW YORK.

HONBT.— Fancy white 1-lbs., 17®I8n.; ofT grades,

15@ific. Fancy white 2-lbs., 13®t4c.; off grades, izc.

Extracted, white, 7Miiy.8c. New crop is arriving and

demand is good.

BEESWAX.- 23023^0.

HILDKETli BROS. & 8EGELKBN,
Sep. 5. -iS & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- White 1-lb. sections. 12®15c.; 2-lbs., 11
to 14 cts.; amber, 7®yc. Extracted, white. 5X@6c.:
light amber, SCtS'^c; amber and candied, 4M@454c.
Receipts light and market firm for beat qualities.

BKESWAJC.— 17(«21c.
Aug. 25. O. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Front 8t.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best new white comb. 15®18c , with lit-
tle in sight and slow sales. Market is low, and bee-
keepers will do better to hold honey until approach
of cold weather.

BBBSWAX.— 21®22c. Supply limited.
Aug. 22. M. H. H UN T, Ben Branch, Mich.

CINCINNAII.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at s-ftsc. per !b.,
for which demand is fair. Comb honey, 12@15c.
Some small lota have sold at I4@16c. Market quiet.

BEESWAX.- Demand is good— 2u®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Aug. 24. C. F. MUTH & SON. Freeman & Central Av.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— Choice 1-lb. sections, 18c : dark 1-lbs.,
14c.: 2-lb8., 16c.; dark, l3o. White extracted in 60-
Ib. cans. 8c.: amber, 7c. : in barrels and kegs, 5@8c.
Demand good, prices firm, and stock light.

BRBSWAX.-None in market.
Aug. 29. UAMBLIN & BEAU8B, S14 Walnut St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
\T4@\Sc.- 2-lb8., I4i<,®i5i<;c. Fair i-lbs.. imm^iic.;
2-Ibs., il®12c. Extracted, fancy white clover,7J^@->^.
Sep. 13. F.G.8TR0HMEYBR4CO., 122 Water Bt.
BOHTON
HONEY.— We quote : New 1-lb. sections, 18®20c.;
2-lb8 , 14@i6c. New extracted, 8@l0c.

BKKWWAX.— a.'i CIS. nor IK
Aug. 24. BLAKE & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- We quote : Extracted, white, 5M cents;
light, o^c; amber, 4i-,r55e. Comb. 1-lbs.. 12@14c.: 2-
Ibs., yaisc. as to quality. Arrivals not large, and
supplies held flrmlv.

BKBSWAX.— Dull at 19@220.
Aug. 20. SCHACUT & LEMCKB, 122-124 OBTiB St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote: New white l-lbs., ISc; light
1-lbs., IKc. California white 1-lbs., I8c.: light l-Ibs.,
16c.: white 2-Ibs.. 16c.; light 2-lb8., 14c. extracted,
white. M(\: amber, 7c.

BKESWAX.— l.S®20c.
Sep. 5. CLBMON8, CLOON & CO., COr 4th 4Walnut.

ST. LOOTS.

HONBY.-We quote: Extracted, i]4m5]/,c.; If in
can.i, 8(49c. Whiteclovcr comb, 14®150. Market is
steady and receipts liplit.

BEESWAX.-21C. for orirae.
Sep. 6. D. G. rUTT & CO., Commercial St.

MILWAUKEE.

HONBY.— New white lib. sections 18c., and very
fine. 200.; 1-lbs. 15®l8c.; old 2 and 3 lbs., not salable,
l-^^®14c.: dark l-Ibs., old or new, 12®I3c. Extrac-
ts, new white in kegs and ^-barrels, 8®9c.: old, in
same packages, 7(a8c.: in tin, 8@9c.: dark in barrels
or ij-bjirrels, 6^6^^. Arrivals of new crop small;
demand not urgent, and only very moderate trade.

BEE8WAX.-22@25c.
Aug. 31. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water S

Conventions.— The time for holding
Bee-Keepers' Conventions has now arrived,
and we cannot give any better advice
tlian this : Let each one attend who can
do so, and take part in making these meet-
ings interesting and instructive. If you
have not already obtained the "Bee-Keep-
er's Convention Hand-Book," do so at once
to post yourself up on how to conduct such
meetings correctly. It contains a simple
Manual of Parliamentary Law and Rules of
Order for the guidance of officers and mem-
bers of Local Conventions— Model Consti-
tution and By-Laws for a Local Society —
Programme for a Convention, with Subjects
for Discussion— List of Premiums for Fairs,
etc. Bound in cloth, and suitable for the
pocket. Price, .50 cents. We will club this
book and the American Bee Journal for
one year for Sl.35. It also contains a lot of
blank leaves on which you can note impor-
tant matters as they come up. Do not fail
to send for a copy of it.

■»Ve fVant 20,000 subscribers. Out of
the 300,000 bee-keepers in America, certainly
this is not an extravagant desire ! It is
only one out of every fifteen! We confi-
dently ask those who appreciate the Ameri-
can Bee Jotirnal, to show it by sending
us one or more new subscribers. We will
give them full value for their money.

Sinimins' :\on-S'»vai*iiiing; Sys-
tem.— We have a few of these books left,
and we will club them with the American
Bee Journal for one year, both postpaid,
for SI. 3.5. The subscription to the Bee
Journal can be for next year, this year, or
may begin anew at any time.

"WFe nave some copies of the old edition
of Cook's Manual left, which we will sell at
the old price, Sl.2.5. The price of the new
edition is Sl.50 per copy ; a notice of which
may be found on page 5T9.

A Home itiarket for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this naper.

<|«ieens.— We can mail a Tested Italian
Queen (bred for the best results as well as
for beauty) for.S3.00 ; Untested Queens Sl.OO
each, or S9.00 per dozen. Orders solicited.

We -will Present a Pocket Dictionary
for two subscribers with $3.00. It is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to decide
as to the spelling of words, and to determine
their meaning.

*}ive a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

Aducrtisemtttts.

WAXTED— Situation. lean manage, or assist
in, a practical apiary; can eivegood references.
Please address me. HARRY OAJLET.
37A2t GRANBY, PRUV. QUE., CANADA.

Mention th^ American Dee Journal.

BEE-KEEPERS, TAKE NOTICE !

To INXROOUCE: our SECTIONS we will
from now until Jan. 1, 1889, sell A No. 1,
all-white Sections at $2 75 per M ; and second
class at $2.2.5 per M. All other Supplies at a
corresponding- low figure. tS~ Prloe-List and
samples free. Address,

R. U. SCHMIDT & CO.,
38Alt NEW LONDON, WIS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

HANDSOME

ONE - PEGE SECTIONS.

WE have a limited quantity of One-Pound
Sections, 4i4.\4^, a trifle less than two
inches wide, wiib narrow tops, in packag-es of
1,000 each. Thf-y are manufactured from ex-
tra white lumber planed on both sides, making-
them the finest and most attractive honey-
section in the world. Price, $-1.00 per package.

THOS. e. IVEWMAK Sc SON,

9-23 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

OThe BUYEES' GUIDE io
issued March and Sept.,
each year. It is an ency-
clopedia of useful infor-
mation for all who pur-
chase the luxuries or the
necessities of life. We
can clothe you and furnish you with
all the necessary and unneoesssiry
appliances to ride, walk, dance, sleep,
eat, fish, hunt, work, go to church,
or stay at home, and in various sizes,
styles and quantities. Just figure out
what is required to do all these things
COMFORTABLY, and you can make .a fair
estimate of the value of the BUYERS'
GUIDE, which will be sent upon
receipt of 10 cents to pay postage,

MONTGOMERY WARD & CO.

111-114 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111.

38A13t

Mention the American Dee Jo^irtial.

Jones' Frame Pliers.

FOR taking frames out of hives, or
moving them in any way desired.. It is
made of Japanned iron, and can be litilized
in many ways. It has a long claw for loos-
ening frames, and a hook which maybe used
for carrying other frames besides the one
held by the Pliers. Price, 40 cents., by mail.
By express, 30 cents.

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.
Mention tlie American Dec Journal.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, trbolesale

and retail. See advertisement in tinotber eolumo.

TESTED GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS.

ONE Queen, $1.00 ; '2 Queens, $1.80 ; three
Queens, $-!.G0 ; one-half dozen. $5.00. By
Return mall. HENRY ALLEV,
38A3t WENHAM, MASS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

THE? JEMERICMINC MW^ J©tJKlfSlLr.

G27

^ i PUBLISHED BY^ ^„

THO S. G . NEWMAN S» SON,

cHicyvGo; ii_.t..

EDITOR.

VoLIIlV, Sept. 26,1888, No, 39,

Tlie Honey Exhibit at the St.

Josepli, Mo., Fair was a very graud one,
and exceeded in maanificence tliat of last
year. The Kev. Emerson T. Abbott cap-
tured premiums amounting to SUO. Of the
other premiums we are not yet advised.

lion. A. II. Ciieney, of Sparta,
Mich., is running on one of the tickets as
candidate for Governor of that State. Mr.
Cheney is a very enthusiastic bee-lieeper,
as well as an influential and honored gen-
tleman'.

Keed the Itees in such a manner as to
prevent robbing. A good feeder is worth
many times its cost as a prevention of rob-
bing. If there is danger of such, contract
the entrance so that only a single bee can
pass. This will enable the bees to defend
their hives against intruders.

A Cliang-e ofXinie.— Owing to the

Quincy celebration, the next meeting of
the Union Bee-Keepers' Association will
be held at the Town Hall in Clayton, Ills.,
on Tuesday and Wednesday, Oct. Ifi and 17,
commencing at 10:30 o'clock on Tuesday.

Susquclaannii Co., Convention.

— H. M. Seeley, of Harford, Pa., on Sept. 14,
1888, announces the following change in the
date of meeting of this bee-convention :

Owing to the 8th day of September being
a very wet day, the Susquehanna County
Bee-Keepers' Association postponed their
meeting until Oct. 6, 1888, when it will be
held at Montrose, Pa., the same as before,
with the same programme and at the same
hour.

I%ot a, " Corner !"— The daily papers
are very fond of stating that there is a
" corner on honey down in New York," and
then they invent incredible stories about
that "corner" or "trust." Mr. G. H.
Knickerbocker, of Pine Plains, N. Y., writes
us as follows on this subject :

I enclose a clipping credited to the Farm,
Field and StiicTiinmi of Chicago. This is
another illustration ot the fact that some
newspaper men get a " hint," and then
build up a big lie, and the bigger the lie the
faster they will copy it. I have written to
the editor asking him to retract these state-
ments, as they do our association great in-
justice by grossly misrepresenting our
motives and intentions.

Will you please publish the clipping and
also the enclosed circular letter, which will
show how utterly false these charges are ?
We work only for the greatest good to the
greatest number, and in the interest of
dealers as well as pro'lucers.

Here is the item to which Mr. Knicker-
bocker alludes :

A Mei>lifluent Thust. — The latest
thing in trusts reported is a combination of
honey-producers, in session at Utica, N. Y.
The producers present claim an annual out-
put of over .5,000,000 pounds of comb honey,
and 1,000,000 pounds ot the extracted pro-
duct. The large producers propose to es-
tablish uniformity of shape, size, and style
of tile packages for the coming year, the
price to be charged to the wholesale dealers,
and a plan for uniformity of action to pre-
vent the cheapening competition which has
marked Ihe honey sale during the past. A
trust to be composed of all the iarge pro-
ducers in the State is proposed, nominally
to regulate the size of combs, so as to unify
the marketable packages, but actually to
buy up all the surplus honey when there is
a glut of production, so as to keep up the
price and siiut out competitors who might
be willing to sell at a sacrifice.

It is hardly probable that this mellifluous
syndicate will unify all, or even a majority
of the bee-men of the United States, in a
scheme to corner the honey-market, at least
so long as honey remains as a high-priced
luxury in the principal markets of the coun-
try.—Fottti, Field and Stockman.

The following is the true account con-
cerning the formation of the Honey-Pro-
ducers' Exchange, being an official docu-
ment from the Secretary :

Pine Plains, N. Y., April 2G, 1888.

At the convention of the New York Bee-
Keepers' Association, held at Utica, Jan.
17, 18 and 19, 1888, a committee composed ot
John Aspinwall, C. G. Dickinson, A. I.
Root, and P. H. Elwood, was appointed to
dratt a scheme looking to the organization
of an Inter-State Association, which should
not be confined to any (me section, but
should, in the broadest sense, he. a benefit
to its reporters and members all over the
United States.

This committee made the following re-
port, which was adopted :

Your committee would suggest that this
Association shall resolve itself into a
Honey Producers' Exchange, for the pur-
pose of gathering statistics of the wintering
of bees and the honey crop throughout the
United States.

Besolvcd, That the duties of the Secre-
tary of this Assaciation shall be the for-
warding of suitable blanks to reporters, so
that they shall report on the first day of
May, June, July, August and September
from every honey-producing State. No
State to have more than six reporters, who
shall fill them out and send by return mail
to the Secretary. He shall have the reports

printed and mailed to members and re-
porters by the luth of each month.

Resolved, That the Secretary keep ac-
count of his time involved in this work, and
report the same at the next convention. He
sliall be empowered to draw upon the
Ireasurerfor funds necessary to carry out
the work.

This organization is to be a secret one,
and the statistics obtained are not to be
made public, but are tor the exclusive use
ot the members and reporters of this Honey
Producers' Exchange. To obtain reliable
statistics (per centage of loss in wintering,
honey crop, percentage of increase, quan-
tity of honey on the market, prices offered,
etc., etc.) will require the hearty co-opera-
tion of intelligent reporters throughout the
Uinted States. The advantages of these
statistics are too plain to every honey-pro-
ducer and dealer to require any elaboration
here. We would only say that if you know
the honey crop, the market is yours, and
you can secure prices in keeping with the
amount of honey which you know is on the
market.

On the last of April, May, June, July and
August postal-cards with a set of questions
to be answered on them and returned at
once, will be sent to each reporter, and the
compiled report will be sent out bv us on
the 10th of each month.

Others who desire these reports can have
them by sending us one dollar, which will
make them members of the Exchange, and
also of the New York State Bee-Keepers'
Association.

G. H. Knickekbocker, Sec.

All the newspaper sensations about '
"corners" and "trusts" having nothing
else to rest upon than the above— which is
only a system of "gathering statistics of
the wintering of bees and the honey crop
throughout the United States !" Just that
aud nothing more ! Will the newspapers
now as readily copy the facts as they did the
falsehood ?

Another Bee-Keeper Crone Mr.

F. A. Snell, of Milledgeville, Ills., on Sept.
13, 18S8, wrote as follows concerning the
death of a lady bee-keeper :

Mrs. Catherine Hendrick departed this
life on Sept. 13, 188S. She leaves a husband
and four children to mourn her death. She
was 44 years old, and her disease was can-
cer. Mrs. Hendrick, though not an exten-
sive bee-keeper, was one of our most suc-
cessful ones. In her well-managed apiary
she kept only pure Italian bees. She used
the modern improvements in hives and sur-
plus receptacle.s, and was well informed,
liaving read numerous work on bee-culture.
Mrs. Hendrick was a true Christian, and
was loved by all who knew her. She had
kept bees tor 10 years, and had resided here
31 years.

Xiic Preserving- qualities of honey
are immense. The best hams are cured
with honey, and pears and apples are often
preserved in honey. In fact, honey has the
quality of preserving for a long time in a
fresh state anything that may be laid in it or
mixed with it, and to prevent its corruption
in a far superior manner to sugar ; thus
many species of fruit may be preserved by
being laid in honey, and by this means will
obtain a pleasant taste, and give to the
stomach a healthy tone. One who has once
tried it will not use sugar for preserving
fruit.

628

^mm MMERicMH mmm jo^mnsl,.

^^^ifc^af>fl^iiiaafri*^^^^^^*fti* (TliA^kA^bAiJkA^fcAJ^A^

l^cbraska Mee and Hoiiey SUo^v.

—The beekeepers of Nebraska are progres-
sive and pushing— always in tlie lead in
every enterprise which will do honor to the
pursuit.

About a month ago Mr. J. N. Heater, Sec-
retary of the State Association, sent out
circulars to the bee-keepers of Nebraska,
the first paragraph of which reads thus :

The Board of Managers of our State Fair
Association have very generously appro-
priated 8B00 to be used in erecting perma-
nent quarters for the exhibition of bees,
honey and apiary supplies at our State Fair,
and in accordance it is expected that the
bee men and women of the Slate will turn
out and bring a liberal share of their pro-
duct tor exhibition until this new buildiDg
shall be filled until we shall even surprise
ourselves. Thousands of people from the
East will visit our coming State Fair, and
the light exhibit heretofore has impressed
them with tlie idea that we were not pro-
ducing much honey in this State, while the
opposite has really been the tact, and it has
only been our neglect to show this product
that has caused this impression. Now that
new and ample quarters are to be furnished
us in which to make an exhibit, let us, as
bee-keepers of the State, unite to see how
well we can fill these new quarters, and
• show to those who visit our coming State
Fair, what a lot of sweet things we are pro-
ducing here in Nebraska.

The result of this appeal to the beekeep-
ers is thus stated by the Lincoln Journal in
its report of the Fair :

Wlien Supt. Whitcomb of the department
of bees, honey and apiary goods asked the
Board for a new building, he aareed that it
should be tilled the first year. The promise
has been faithfully kept. The new struc-
ture is so full of exhibits that it is with
difTieulty that the spectators find room to
stand while they are observing the many
interesting features of the exhibit.

The present display, Mr. Whitcomb says,
is larger than of all previous years com-
bined, and Mr. Whitcomb ought to know.
Cases and jars and vessels of all kinds are
filled with the most luscious honey. There
are cords of apiary goods with here and
there an exhibition colony of bees, not in-
cluding the seven hives out in the bee-yard.

The first display encountered on entering
the building is ihat of Mrs. J. N. Heater, of
Columbus. This exhibit includes comb
honey to the amount of 500 pounds, and
200 pounds of extracted honey, bee-hives,
extractors, plants and all kinds of bee-
keepers' supplies. The exhibit occupies
the iront halt of the building. It is taste-
fully arranged, and attracts no end of
attention.

Special credit should be given this year to
the bee-men of the State, who have sent in
a large number of samples of their product.
There is not so much from the vicinity of
Lincoln as one would expect, but the re-
mainder of the State has done well, and
will do better in the future.

M. Tower, of Lincoln, shows one case of
comb honey,two gallons of extracted honey,
and one colony of bees.

Almon Tower, of Lincoln, shows the
same amount, smokers, and a colonies of
bees.

Geo. F. Warren has two cases of comb
honey.

Henry Patterson, of Humboldt, exhibits
two cases of comb honey, and 100 pounds of
extracted honey.

Mrs. E. Whitcomb, of Friend, shows 20
pounds of fine granulated honey.

A. V. Kouba, of Crete, has a case of comb
honey and 15 gallons of extracted honey, 2
nuclei colonies, queens, foundation mill,
and foundation, and one colony of bees.

Ernest Bose, of Pleasant Dale, has a case
of comb honey.

Mrs. E. J. Watterman, of Milford, has a
case of comb honey.

Thos. Dolison, of Germantown, has ex-
tracted honey, one colony of bees.

W. P. Dakin, of Lincoln, shows one col-
ony of bees.

J.E. Rose, of Friend, shows a case of
comb honey and five gallons of extracted
honey.

An exhibit that fills nearly halt of the
building is made by E. Kretchnier, of Co-
burg, Iowa. This is not a Nebraska ex-
hibit, but Coburg is but a few miles from
the border, and the State can almost claim
the display, which includes 300 different
articles in the line of bee-supplies alone,
embracing everything relating to practical
bee-culture; some 23 volumes on Dees and
honey, including nearly ail the literature of
the subject, two of the books being written
by Mr. Kretchnier ; a full colony of Italian
bees in working order, and a colony of bees
in a revolving observatory hive ; 600 pounds
of honey in jars, pails, bottles and recepta-
cles of all kinds, and also in the comb.

The hives in the yard were weighed yes-
terday morning, and the increase for two
weeks was found to be as follows : A. V.
Kouba, 74 pounds ; M. Tower, 65 pounds ;
A.. Tower, 60 and 15, the bees from the lat-
ter hive having gone home ; Thos. Dobson,
40 and 43 pounds ; W. P. Dakin, 13 pounds,
these bees also having returned to their old
location.

The building— the exhibit— the honey —
the implements— aW are very creditable to
the apiarists of that youthful State ; and
should stir up apiarists in older States to be
"up and doing" something to their credit
in the line of exhibiting their product.

Colnnilms.— We do not refer to the
discoverer of America, but to the capital
city of the State of Ohio, where the next
meeting of the North American Bee-Keep-
ers' Society is to be held on Oct. 3 to 5—
NEXT ^VEEK. Dr. Mason, writing from the
grounds, has this to say to those intending
to go to Columbus, which should be read by
all who intend to go :

Most of those who will attend will be
within the reach of reduced rates to the
Ohio Centennial Exposition. Let each one
intending to attend the convention inquire
at his railroad station about rates to the
Centennial ; and if there is no reduction
from that station, buy a round-trip ticket
to the nearest large town or city, and there
buy a round-trip ticket to the Centennial.
Most if not all such tickets will have a ticket
attached that will give one admission to the
Centennial Grounds. If the holder does not
care to use it, it can be disposed of for what
it cost. I do not know the rates from New
York, Toronto, St. Louis, Chicago, Louis-
ville, etc., but excursions are coming every
week. Fare from Toledo, to Columbus, 0.,
(124 miles) is and will be 82..50 round trip.

No reduced rates for board and lodging
have been made as yet ; but good meals can
be had for 25 cents, and lodging for from 25
cents.and up. It has been customary to get
reduced rates at what are called first-class
hotels, and the rates are frequently such
that only a few take advantage of them, the
remainder preferring to secure equally good
accommodations at other hotels and board-
ing houses at cheaper rates, so that the
social part of the convention is divided.

The convention will meet in the State
House, in the hall of the House of Repre-

sentatives, at U a.m., Oct. 3, and I shall try
to be prepared to refer all delegates to gooil
lodging and boarding places, at rates that
will best suit their pocket-books, and then
all can make the place of meeting " head-
quarters" for the social part.

We have interviewed the Passenger
Agent, at Chicago, of the Pennsylvania
Lines (Pan Handle route), and he informs
ns that application has been made for re-
duced rates for the Bee-Keepers' Conven-
tion, and a rate of \}{ fare has been granted.
Tickets can be obtained at any station on
that route, on Sept. 29 and 30, and Oct. 1 and
2, by purchasing a full-fare ticket to Colum-
bus, O., and obtain with it a certificate from
the agent of such purchase. This certficate
must be counter-signed at the Convention
by its Secretary, and upon presentation of
this certificate, the ticket agent at Colum-
bus, O., will sell the return ticket at one-
third fare.

The fare from Chicago to Columbus is
$9.20, and trains leave Chicago at 10:30 a.m.
and 8:30 p.m.

Read these particulars carefully, for if
not strictly followed, no reduction can be
obtained.

Fresh Viands or Hash !- The fol-
lowing is from a valued correspondent to
theAMEKiCAN Bee Journal, but as he
did not indicate whether it was for publica-
tion, or only for the Editor's private read-
ing, we omit his name. He wrote us some-
thing about tlie new edition of Prof. Cook's
Manual, and what itsaid aboutMr. Cheshire
and his book. Upon receiving our reply,
he wrote us as follows :

Lest you may misunderstand me about
the Cook and Cheshire controversy, 1 will
just say that I am inclined to think that
Prof. Cook is correct when he says Che-
shire's BeeKeeping is a " compilation." It
is a magnificent compilation, however, and
a most beautiful book.

I cannot help but meditate upon the de-
struction of idols. William Tell, whom
boys have so often tried to imitate, has
gone ; Shakespeare is laid on the shelf ;
Pocahontas is no more; Captain John Smith
and Miles Standish rest under suspicion ;
and now this atmosphere of doubt pervades
the bee-keeper's sanctum, and clothes him
with uncertainty as to whether he maybe
feasting on fresh viands, or only after all
subsisting on hash.

As between Cook and Cheshire I shall tie
to the American at all hazards, until proper
treaties are established.

If authors and inventors could forget
pecuniary interest, and seek only for that
which is right, best, and true, the Inneral
expenses of jealousy could be well afforded.

That the beautiful volumes of Mr. Che-
shire's "Bees and Bee-Keeping" are under
ban, is true ; but their elegance, like charity,
covers a multitude of sins ! As a work of
art- as a triumph of the printer's art, both
in " letter press " and engraving— as a full
and complete treatise on the subject, the
work is a master-piece, and stands unex-
celled and unapproachable in any Country,
clime or language. We admit that it is
marred by jealous flings, inexcusable errors,
and uncredited cuUings, but these we charge
up to human weakness and frailty.

lUm MMERICSK BE® JOtJRKSI^.

629

CO:«VEXTIOX DIRECTOKY.

l.-^sg Time and PUice of Meeting.

Sept. 25, 28.— Cedar Valley, at Cedar Falls, Iowa.

J. J. 0*en8, Sec, "Waterloo, Iowa,

Sept. 2G.— Proprcj^sive, at Newburp. O.

MisB DeiuH Bennett, Sec. Bedford, O.

Oct. 3-5.— North .\mcrlcan, at Columbus. O.

W. Z. Hutcliinaon. Sec. Klint, Mich.

Oct. 4.— Ohio State, at Columbus, O.

Frank A. Eaton, Sec. BUilTton, O.

Oct. 6.— Susquehanna Countv. at Montrose. Pa.

H. M. Seeley.Sec, Uarlord. Pa.

Oct. 10. 17.— Union, at Clayton. Ills.

S. N. Black, Prcs.. Clayton, Ills.

Nov. 21,22.— Pan Handle, at Wheelinj;. vr. Va.

W. L. Kinsey, Sec , Blaine, O.

Dec. —.-Michigan Slate, at Jackson, Mich.

II. 1). (Cutting. Sec. Clinton, Mich.

SS^ Id order to hare this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future moetlnKS.— Gd.

YViien Ituoknlteat Yiel<l!«, etc.

— H. M, Seeley, JIarford, Pa,, on St-pt, 14,
188S, writes :

1 saw in the Bee Journal a short time
ago, the request to know it biicl^wheat
yielded all day, or only in the moruins;.
When we have a hot, damp and cloudy day,
it yield.s nectar all day ; all other times
only in tlie nioriiiiig. It has not yielded
very much tliis .season. My report for the
season is as follows: From 7 colonies in
the spriiie, I have taken 170 pounds of
honey, and increased them to 12 colonies, 1
took 15.5 pounds of the honey from 2 colonies.

Uee-Kfepiug- iu Florida.— N. C,

Larseii, Cleveland, Fla., on Sept. 10, 1888,
writes :

My 10 colonies of bees are in splendid
condition, with plenty of stores. 1 am try-
ing to learn the seasons and honey-flows
here, and have not taken any more than
about 10 gallons of honey in all, for home
use. I expect to get considerable honey the
coming winter and spring. Our main flow,
I think, is from pennyroyal, which blooms
during the winter, and saw palmetto, which
blooms during the spring months. How-
ever, it I can have honey enouali for home
use, I will be satisfied, considering my out-
lay thus far.

Yellow Fever in FIori«la.— John
Craycraft, of Altoona, FU,, on Sept. 12,
188S, writes as follows concerning the
trouble in Florida :

The orange crop is fine and large, and
will be a great income to llie people here.
But we are all in prison, as it wtre. A
guard is across the whole line of the State
to keei> us ill like criminals. We can ship
nothing out of the State, and our mail mat-
ter is all defaced and detained. We are in
a part of the State where there has not been
a case within 50 miles of ns, and we are
treated like criminals, if we attempt to
leave the State. There is no ohjecti"ii to a
strict quarantine on Jacksonville, but to
treat ns all alike, and for the authorities
that be, to pen up in a camp, women and
children with negroes and roughs, as is
done, is more than is pleasant. Such out-
rases are far worse than the " fever." There

area number of cities in the Norlli that
have offered their hospitality to the afflicted
city of Jacksonville, and for its people to
come to them, but the " powers that be "
would not let them leave, but have kept
them in pens " like thieves," to sicken and
die, so that they could carry out their
" theory," or kill in the attempt. We have
plenty to eat, and things are allowed to
come into the State, but nothing we have
can go out in exchange but cash, and that
will not last long. 1 cannot get along with-
out the Bee Jochnal, if our honey crop is
small this year ; we must know what others
are doing.

Oolden-Kotl and Wild Asters.—

Rev, S. Roese, Maiden Rock, Wis., on Sept.
10, 1888, says :

We are having a nice flow of honey from
golden-roil and wild asters. My bees are
doing finely, and if frost holds off two
weeks more, they will he in fine condition
for winteripii. I have extracted 1,400 pound,*,
and taken off 000 pounds of comb honey— a
happy disappointment since my last report.
The bees are still working lively, and all
are equally .strong for winter.

r. S.— Sept. 14.— We had a hard frost last
night. Iwill prepare my bees lor winter.

Bnclovlieat Yielding Honey.—

H. M, Moyer, Uill Church, Pa , on Sept. 15,
1888, says :

Mr. S. J. Youngraan, on page 563, asks if
buckwheat yields nectar all day, or only in
the forenoon. In this locality {Berks Co.)
the bees work only in the forenoon, and I
think also in other places. Hardly a bee
could be seen on it in the afternoon. My
experience is with common SilverhuU and
Japanese buckwheat. The SilverhuU has
the most blossoms, and is longest in bloom,
but the Japanese is a good yielder for grain.

Sweet Clover and Buckwheat.

— D. F. Park, Athens, Pa,, on Sept. 13, 1888,
writes :

The opening of white clover found my 80
colonies well stocked with bees, but nearly
destitute of honey. Tlie honev-flow was
light, so that I took off only 13 cases of
white honey. This was secured by taking
out the outside frames and putting on cases
with empty combs. By shaving the thickest
edee with a hot knife, it was capped as
white and even as from foundation. Sweet
clover, of which we have a great abundance
along our rivers, comes into blossom before
the close of white clover, when bees forsook
the latter, and filled the sections with the
sweet clover lioney, thus spoiling many
cases that would otherwise have been
white. I think that sweet clover is much
overrated as a honey-plant. Buckwheat has
yielded fairly, so that I shall have 40 cases
of sweet clover and buckwheat honey com-
bined. 1 have liad but 4 swarms this sea-
son. Last season's averaae was 35 pounds
per colony, which was small ; however 1
shall realize more money this year, as I
shall not repeat the experiment of sending
my honey to a city commission house, get-
ing returns of 6 cents per pound for nice
buckwheat honey ! It don't pay.

A jMotlern (tFl':-FAR^I, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S,
Simmins, For sale at this office. Price, $1,
postpaid.

Bees and Honey at the Woonsooket,
R, I., Fair attracted considerable attention
in the Harris Hall. The Patriot thus de-
scribes it :

Harris Hall looked quite gay at night
when lighteil, all the articles on all the
tables showing up to good advantage.

One of the most attractive as well as in-
structive features of the hall display is that
made in the Apiarian Department by
Samuel Cushman, of Pawtucket. If any
one desires to realize these lines of Watts,
he or she would do well to visit the hall :

" How doth the little busy bee
Improve each shing hour.
And gather honey all the day
From every opening flower."

There are collections of bees of the
Syrian, Austrian and Italian species. The
Italian-hybrids can be seen in a working
glass-covered hive, " busy as bees," forming
cells, storing lioney, collecting pollen,
spreading wax or carrying out dead bees.
A wire work tube is connected with the
hive and extends to an opening in a front
window of the hall. Through this the bees
pass out during the day for the imrpose of
collecting honey, and when loaded, will re-
turn and go through the process of storing
what they have obtained, in doing so show-
ing their art in the distribution of honey,
wax and pollen. The queen-bees can be
.seen in the other hives producing eggs,
while they are surrounded by hundreds of
working bees, all busy, not one for an in-
stant idle. There is certainly a grand les-
son of industry, skill and perseverance to
be learned from these bees. Their owner
understands his business well, and knows
all about bees.

Besides the bees, this gentleman also ex-
hibits lioney in the comb, extracted honey
and winter hives.

Among other contributors C, F. Tarbell
exhibits sixty varieties of asters.

Convention I^otices.

ZT~ The Pan-Handle Bee - Keepers' Aesociation
will hold its next meeting in the K. of P. Hall, on
Main St.. between 1 1th & i2th Streets, in Wheeling,
W Va on Nov. 21 and 22. 1888. Alt beekeepers are
cordially invited. W. I.. KlNSEy.Sec.

C:F" The iith annual raeetmg, and basket picnic, of
the Protrre^sive Bee-Keepers' Aeaociaiion will be
held on Wetlnesdav. Sept. 26. l-«8, at the residence
of Mr. W.S Wait, in Newburg, Geauga Co., Ohio. All
are invited to be present. Uema ben.sktt. Sec.

Zir The Cedar Valley Bee-Keepers' .\ssociation
will hold Us annual meeting at the Council Rooms,
i'edar Kails, Iowa, on Sept. 25 and 2fi. 1j^8.s. All who
are interested in bees and honey are cordially invi-
ted to be present. J. J. Owens, Sec.

Z^~ Tne next meeting of the Union Bee-Keepers'
Association will be held at i layton. Ills., on Tues-
day and Wenes'iay.oct. in and 17, 188i^,in the Town
ti all at II »: Jo a.m. The Park Hotel will charge $1.00
per day : ihe restaurants 25 cts. per meal. We ex-
pect Messrs Dadant. Uaraijaugh.Camm and other
prominent bee-keepers to be present.

S. N. BLACK, Pre*.

ZW The Ohio State Bee-Keepers' Association win
hold its «th annual meetina in joint convention with
the North .Vmeriran Hee-Keepers'Socieiy at Colum-
bus, <)-. "U <)' t. ;i. ^ aiil -">, 18-s«. A special buslnesa
session 111 ihe I iliiii State Bee Keepers' Associatioii
will be belli iin O t. 4, til elect otBcers for the com-
in" year, and for the traiisa -tion of other business.
This business meeting will not interfere with the
rei'ular programme of the National convention of
thS same day. Frank A. Eato.v, See.

t^" The North American Bee-Keepers' Society
will holil its annual nieelingon Oct. a. 4 and .1. 1888,
in fiepre^entiitivf 8" null at the Capitol in t'oliimbus.
Ohio 'I he i'a-senger Traffic Associations will grant
reduced rates only when pki persons are present,
holding railroad i-ertillcaies. Owing to the short
honevcriipit is feared that a sufflcient number of
persons wdl not be present holrting certitleates. and
that an attempt on the part of the Society to avail
itself iif the reiiui-ed rates nlTered by the Passenger
I'raffie .V^siiciatlons will only result in Oisappnint-
ment ■ hence it has been decided that the nnly
course iipen will be to allow each member to shift
for himself, or herself, to eltlier lake advantage of
such e.vcurslon rates as maybe available in his or
her vicinity, buy round-trip tickets, or do something
" e sor . ^^. ^ HCTCHINSON. Secretary.

630

iTHB m-mmmiGmn beb jQismmmi^.

hA ^ *» j^::^*^ *^*^*-imft-*r^^*-i^*i^

nsus f Emplies.

Desirabiiily and Advantages of
RcYersing.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 57S.— When is reversing desirable ?
and what are jts advautagee ?— Peun.

With me, never.— M. Mahin.

I do not practice it. — J. P. H. Brown.

I have had no experience. — Mrs. L.
Harrison.

I am not snre that it is ever desir-
able.—C. C. Miller.

Never, unless you want to compel
the bees to move their honey to the
supers.— Dadant & Son.

I do not practice it, and cannot see
its advantages.— H. D. Cutting.

Never. It has no advantages except
to get the combs fastened to the bot-
tom-bars.—G. Vf. Demaree.

I have never practiced this method,
hence I do not know.— J. M. Ham-

BAUOn.

Wlien the bees are gathering honey
to get the frames solid full of comb.—
R. L. Taylor.

1 do not know that I ever found it
desirable at any time, nor of any ad-
vantage in practice.— P. L. Viallon.

It seems to be desirable to obtain
welimied frames. Beyond that I doubt
if it gives permanent satisfaction. —
Eugene Secor.

It is never desirable, except once,
perhaps, to get the combs built out to
the frames all around.— G. M. Doo-

LITTLE.

I do not think it desirable at any
time. I have tested the matter some-
what, and base my opinion upon that
experience.— J. E. Pond.

1. To get combs fastened to the
frames on all sides. 2. To insure
against swarms ; so my experience says.
Others think not. 3. To get the bees
into the sections at will, at the dawn
of the harvest.— A. J. Cook.

It is desirable when you want the
frames tilled with comb, and also when
the lower part of the combs are filled
with brood, and the upper part with
honey that you want put into the
supers.— A. B. Mason.

After a good honey-flow, when the
body of the hive has become too full
of honey, the bees will then carry a
part of it into the sections.— C. 'H.

DiBBERN.

Oh, now this wants a whole article to
answer it, and I have spoken my
"piece " in several back numbers ; but
perhaps it is nearly time to repeat, as
there are many new subscribers, and I
guess I will do so before long, for re-
versing is a benelicial practice when
properly understood and executed.—
James IIeddon.

It is desirable when preparing the
bees for the honey harvest ; desirable
after the gathering begins, as it pro-
motes the habit of carrying the honey
to the supers, thus leaving the brood-

combs for the use of the queen. The
invertible system gives us more bees
from an 8-frame Langstroth brood-nest
than we can get from a 12- frame non-
invertible of the same size. — J. M.
SnucK.

In brief, it may be- said to be desir-
able to mmc when they wish to give the
queen the full capacity of the brood-
chamber for laying purposes, and when
tbey vi'ant to have the frames built out
in full all around. These are the main
reasons, but some can find no excuse
for reversing frames. Like all other
questions, this has two sides to it. —
The Editor.

It makes a saving of time and
trouble to uncap both sides before put-
ting the frame into the extractor ;
though some uncap one at a time, the
great majority uncap both at once.—
The Editor.

ITncappinET tlie Combs of Honey
in Extractius.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 579.— When extractingr, is it best to
iineap both sides of the comb betore you put
it into the extractor? or do you tirst uncap
one side, then extract, and then uncap the
other Bide ?— Q.

Uncap both sides.— Mrs. L. Harri-
son.
Both sides, of course.— E.L.Taylor.

Uncap both sides to save time.—
Dadant & Son.

Uncap both sides before putting it
into the extractor.— A. B. Mason.

Uncap both sides first, and feave
much time.— A. J. Cook.

Uncap both sides before you place it
into the extractor.— J. P. II. Brown.

I have always uncapped both sides
first.— C. C. Miller.

I uncap both sides before placing the
combs in the extractor. — J. M. Shuck.

Uncap both sides before putting the
comb into the extractor. — M. Mahin.

Uncap both sides always, as it saves
extra work.— G. M. Doolittle.

Uncap both sides before putting the
comb into the extractor.— J. M. Haji-

BAUGH.

Uncap from each side before the
frame is put into the extractor.— H. D.
Cutting.;

I do that way myself. I think you
can do it more rapidly that way.—
Eugene Secor.

Yes, by all means uncap both sides
before you put it into the extractor. —
P. L. Viallon.

I always uncap both sides of the comb
before I begin to extract either. It is
only a matter of dispatch. — James
Heddon.

I always uncap both sides. It is less
work, owing to the fact that it will re-
quire less handling to do so.— J. E.
Pond.

Uncap only one side at a time ; as
the capping helps to strengthen the
comb, and keeps it from brealiiug. — C.

II. DliiBERN.

I shave the capping from both sides
before the frame is placed in the ex-
tractor. It requires less handling of
the frames to proceed in this way, and
tliere is not the least inconvenience
about it.— G. W. Demaree.

QUEEN-CELLS.

Do Queens Ever Lay Eggs in
Royal Cells?

Written for Die Anuricati Bee Journal
BY G. M. doolittle.

I see by the replies to Query 569, that
some are still in doubt that a queen
ever lays eggs in queen cells. Formerly
there used to be many such, but I had
supposed that at this late day and age
(after such men as Gallup, Grimm,
Shuck and others had testified that
they had seen queens deposit eggs in
queen-cells), the doubting ones had
given up the old theory of the queen
hating a rival so badly that she would
in no way contribute toward the get-
ting of such an one ; but in this I see
that I am mistaken.

It seems to me that the way an egg
is attached lo a queen-cell should be
enough to convince any one that none
but a queen could so put the egg, occu-
pying the same position that it occupies
in a worker-cell.

I never saw a queen in the act of
laying in a queen-cell, but my hired
man did, which gave me positive proof
that what I had long considered as a
fact, was a literal truth. God said to
all of his creation, after he had made it
and pronounced it good, "Multiply
and replenish the earth ;" then why
should not the queen perform her part
of this work, as well as the mothers of
all else living 'f

That one queen will kill another,
when two come in contact, does not
positively argue that the mother-bee
should not do her part in keeping the
colony provided with a means by which
it could exist after she had left with a
swarm. What difference could it make
with her, after she had left, how many
queens sprang up, so long as none of
them could possibly harm her V

I am well aware that the workers do
once in a great while carry eggs from
an ordinary cell to an enibryo queen-
cell, still this is not done nearly so
often as larvie are so carried, and when
eggs are so carried, it is very easily
delected by the experienced eye, for
they are placed in the cells in almost
any shape, save the manner in which
the queen does her work.

I once had a strong colony swarm,
and before I could get around to do my
part of the work, they returned, the
queen having her wings clipped.
Thinking that I would be all ready for
them the next day, I did not try to
divide them in the afternoon, as I
sometimes do to save time for the
swarms of the next day, but left them

If mm JSMERICMK BEE? jQvm^mi^.

G31

as they were. The next day, when
they came out agSin, I was on hand,
but before they were fairly out of the
hive, another swarm came tumbling
out of a very populous hive and went
with them.

No sooner were they all in the air,
than the whole of them were re-en-
forced by another swarm from another
hive, which I had said was not to
swarm that year on account of their
having a failing queen. This last hive
had been opened an hour previous, and
all queen-cells cut off, so as to keep
them as I wished for a few days, till I
could get some queens fertilized which
I had under headway ; and one can im-
agine mv surprise and chagrin, when,
before this last swarm had got two-
thirds out, the whole mass went piling
into the hive of the colony that I had
determined should not swarm. After
a few moments' thought, I concluded
to leave them as they were (only I put
on section room to the capacity of 100
pounds, or over), to see what would be-
come of it.

The next morning, before 8 o'clock,
out they came, and were hived in an
empty hive, after giving them one of
the good queens which were kept back
the day before. Having secured them,
and having the old queen, that I had
said should not swarm, in a cage, I
went to the hive to inspect it before I
let her go back in. Now came the
greatest surprise of my life in the way
of queen-cells, for by turning to my
diary I see that by actual count there
were 423, 276 of them having eggs and
larvDB in, when less than 11 hours be-
fore there was not a queen-cell in the
hive.

Here was where I first detected the
difference between eggs carried to a
queen-cell by the bees, and those placed
in them by the queen. I decided that
188 eggs had been laid by the queen in
these cells, by their being attached by
the point to the bottom of the cells, and
17 were carried there by the bees, as
they were in all positions in the cells ;
71 cells had larv;e, which the bees must
have carried there, of course. These
larvai were from two to three days old,
as nearly as I could judge, and all of
them were literally swimming in royal
jelly, as much so as any I ever saw of
that age in my life. Here is a point
worthy of note for those who claim
that no queen can be really good unless
started from the egg and fed as a
queen.

Since then I have a few times had
eggs and larvje removed from the comb
I had given to a queenless colony, to a
dry comb at its side ; but in all these
instances the queen-cells were built
first, and the eggs or larvse deposited in
them, the position of the eggs resemb-
ling that which 1 have described above;
but as 1 said near the beginning, the
cases are quite rare where either eggs
or larva? are removed from one cell to
another, and three larviB are removed
to where one egg is removed ; for the
bees can get a queen more quickly
from the larvas than from the egg.

The usual way of working in a queen-
less colony to secure a queen is, to Hoat
the royal larva when chosen, out to
near the end of the worker-cell in
which it is, and when there, turn

queen-cell down over the ends of the
cell. Nearly all writers tell us that
the bees when made queenless tear
down adjoining cells so as to build a
queen-cell over the larva which they
have selected for a queen ; but this is
not done once in one thousand times,
according to my experience, and not
then, unless the combs are new, not
having any cocoons in them, or the
selected larva is near a hole in the
comb, or the edge thereof.
J5orodino, N. V.

GREAT BRITAIN.

IVo

Honey Crop, and llie
arc Starving.

Bcc§

From the British Bee Journal
Aug. 30, 1888.

, "place the sugar in
' advises a fifth ; -'No,

We think that the season of 1S88 may
be reckoned as the most disastrous that
modern bee-keepers have ever experi-
enced in the British Isles. Flowers
have been plentiful, but when in bloom
the weather prevented the bees leaving
their hives, and also retarded the secre-
tion of the necessary nectar in them.
In consequence of this, many colonies
at the present time are either starving
or bordering on that condition.

Last week we " drove " (bumped) 7
colonies of bees in straw-skeps, the
property of a cottager who, in other
seasons, has averaged from 1.5 to 20
pounds of honey per colony. Although
the hives were full to overflowing with
bees— we took ^}i pounds of bees from
one having a super on— the total
amount of honey obtained from the 7
colonies was just a trifle over 3 pounds;
one of them had commenced to suc-
cumb, hundreds lying dead on the floor-
board.

The foregoing we take as almost a
general average, in our district, of the
condition of colonies left entirely to
their own resources. At the present
time, therefore, the question left for
consideration is, will it pay to feed the
colonies the quantity of stores neces-
sary for their winter's consumption V
With the frame-hive bee-keeper his an-
swer, given we should think without a
moment's consideration, will be " yes."
Of this there cannot be two opinions,
but with the cottager an outlay of (say)
four shillings per colony is a considera-
tion; yet it will pay him. Many of
these poor folks have all their work cut
out for them to make two ends meet
with their present earnings, but to ex-
pend four shillings per colony, money
down, to keep the bees alive, is an im-
possibility, and so the dying out of such
colonies during the coming winter will
be most calamitous.

Having satisfied ourselves that
" feeding up " is now the only and most
remunerative course to pursue, the next
question to arise is, What to feed?
There is such a varietyof sugars on the
market that the novice scarcely knows
which to choose, and even when he
does know the description of sugar, the
form in which it is to be given to the
bees is a stumbling-block. " Dry sugar
feeding," says one ; " syrup," says
a 'another; "candy,"' another; -'Good

candy,", a fourth

a dummy-board.' ,

don't; put it on top of the frames,'
chimes in a sixth. Well, between all
these numerous words of advice he be-
comes bewildered, and gives the appar-
ent enigma up in despair; and yet each
of these advisers is giving sound ad-
vice in as far as the different require-
ments of a colony at a given time
necessitate.

A little refiection on the part of the
bee-keeper will prove to him that dry-
sugar feeding alone during the coming
season will be of no use whatever ; the
food given must be syrup— good, thick,
cane-sugar syrup ; no washy sugar- and-
water— we might almost say, water and
syrup. We have for some years tried
dry-sugar feeding, and have fqund it
in some cases very useful, but where a
colony has little or no natural stores, it
has invariably been a failure; times
and times have we endeavored to rear
condemned bees placed in fully-built
combs upon dry sugar, but always
failed. A colony at the commencement
of winter having G or 7 pounds of stores,
if fed on dry sugar will die out, or be
of little use the next season, but where
a colony has just a shortness of stores,
barely enough to last it until the fol-
lowing spring, then dry sugar feedmg
will be invaluable, and so will candy,
both ordinary and " Good."

Having then satisfied ourselves that
for the present season, at least, syrup
feeding is our only resource, it be-
hooves us to consider what sugar to
use, how to make the syrup, and how
to feed. The first question is, perhaps,
of the greatest importance, as the
quality of— we cannot call it adulter-
ated—unsuitable sugar for bee-feeding
on the market is enormous.

Sugar at the present time is obtained
commercially from a variety of vegeta-
ble substances ; of course those yield-
in" the greatest quantity are chosen
before others, and as the beet-root
yields 8 per cent, of cane-sugar, it is
the principal (after the sugar-cane) •
vegetable requisitioned to supply the
tea and breakfast table. Then agam,
cane (sugar-cane) sugars, when dam-
aged or of bad color, are after chemi-
cal treatment transformed into good
colored and sound samples, and used
for admixing with beet-sugar ; this de-
scription of sugar can be mostly de-
tected by the smell, by an adept by the
sight the chemicals used in the
bleaching process, giving a most de-
cided acid odor. The smell of beet-
su^ar to most people (for our own part,
we" should say to all people), is most
nauseous, but when mixed with other
sugars and refined, it loses to a great
extent, but not entirely so, this un-
pleasant odor. Sugars of this descrip-
tion are known in the trade by the
term '■ pieces." When feeding bees
sugar should be avoided.

Any respectable grocer will give an
apVlicant the iuformationas to what is,
or what is not " pieces." Loaf-sugar,
best qualities, are almost free from
beet, the best being "Tate's cubes"
No. 1 quality, black brand, Martiueau s
cubes first quality ; both of these are in
hundredweight square, wood cases.
Dutch crushed, sold now in large quan-
tities for preserving purposes, is not to

632

THE mvmmmnDMM mwm jQ^mMmi^.

be recommended, as frequently other
than sugar-cane sugars are used in its
manufacture. This sugar is packed in
bags of about two hundredweight,
mostly having a lead seal attached to
the mouth ot the bag. It is in irregular-
shaped pieces of loaf-sugar, together
with large quantities of the dust of the
same ; as its name denotes it is
' ' crushed " loaf-sugar. Other descrip-
tions of loaf-sugar we do not recom-
mend.

Sugars Suited for Bee-Feeding.

We now come to a description of sugar
which we have found eminently suited
for bee-feeding, not only have we found
it useful and suitable in this respect,
but we never use any other description
upon our table, as its clean sweetening
properties are far before loaf and raw
sugars. It is called "granulated."
When this was first brought before the
bee-keeping public, one manufacturer
only produced it, Duncan ; it then was
known by the name of "Duncan's
Pearl Sugar." This firm ceased refin-
ing, and certain manufacturers in
America purchased the royalty, manu-
facturing and importing large quanti-
ties to England packed in barrels of
about 238 pounds ; unfortunately dur-
ing the last few months no consign-
ments of this sugar have been received
in England. This sugar made a splen-
did, clear, thick syrup if half-a-pint of
water was added to each pound of
sugar, and made in the ordinary man-
ner.

The foregoing sugar being now be-
yond our reach, we have found an ex-
cellent substitute for the same in gran-
ulated sugar manufactured by two
firms, viz., Messrs. Geo.Crosfield& Co.,
of 6 Stanley Street, Liverpool (regis-
tered trademark C. in a diamond), and
Messrs. Lyle, of Glasgow and London ;
both of these firms guarantee their
granulated sugar as perfectly free from
beet. These firms, being refiners, will
not supply a private individual, but any
respectable grocer will obtain the sugar
for a consumer.

Eaw sugars, such as Demerara, Bar-
badoes and Porto Rico, will make very
good syrup, upon which the bees will
successfully winter, but their color de-
tracts from their merits, as such syrup
will stain the combs ; this, according to
our experience, is the only objection.
Demerara sugar is imitated by one
firm who color a white crystallized
sugar with some material (a trade
secret); this sugar can easily be de-
tected by placing a small quantity in
the mouth. After sucking a short time,
the remainder left in the mouth will be
quite white, the act of sucking having
removed the coloring matter, which is
only superficial. As we do not know
what the coloring matter is composed
of, we object to its being used in the
apiary.

Porto Rico sugar we find the most
suitable for dry-sugar feeding, as it is
very dehquescent; it also, for feeding
on top of the frames, binds together
with slight pressure, so forming itself
into almost a solid cake. " Good "
candy is made by mixing icing sugar
with hot honey until of the consistency
of putty ; this is much too expensive,
and on account of the same, suitable

only for the food used in queens' travel-
ing cages.

The answer then to the question,
What sugar to use in making syrup V
will be found to be granulated, guaran-
teed by the makers to be free from
beet. How to make the syrup is an-
swered also in the above paragraph,
and will also be found in any modern
manual on bee-keeping.

Honr to Feed Sugar to Bees.

How to feed is then the next ques-
tion. The ordinary regulating bottle-
feeder will be of little service this sea-
son ; a fast-feeder must be used. There
are plenty ot these to choose from, and
where expense is of little object, any
of the boxes with numerous divisions,
upon the principle of which most fast-
feeders now are made, can be used, but
there are other and cheaper methods of
making a fast-feeder, the following one
we frequently use :

Obtain a tin dish, having almost per-
pendicular sides ; into this place a wood
float almost fitting the dish, and hav-
ing a number of holes, freely dispersed,
bored through. We place this on top
of the frames, after filling it with syrup,
and under the quilts, allowing, by lay-
ing pieces of wood across the tin dish,
the bees to work up over the edge and
take the syrup down. It is not what
we call a tidy way of doing it, but it
answers as well as the most expensive
feeder.

The dish is refilled through the hole
in the quilt, and will hold about four
pounds of syrup. The quilts must be
tucked down snugly all around. A good
colony with this feeder can be fed up
in about ten days or less, if the weather
is warm.

It is very noticeable that beet-sugar
is objected to bv most bee-keepers, and
rightly so. Although beet-sugar is,
chemically speaking, cane-sugar, it is
vastly inferior in its saccharine proper-
ties to sugar made from the sugar-
cane. If we place a quantity equal in
bulk to what we usually find with
sugar-cane sugar suflBcient for sweeten-
ing a cup of tea, it will be found quite
unsuited to our taste, necessitating a
further addition of at least one-fourth
the original bulk. Bees fed on the
same do not winter in at all a satisfac-
tory manner, therefore we think that a
knowledge as to where to get a sugar
free from beet will be of great service
to our readers, and likewise a comfort
to the bees through the rigors of the
winter of 1888-89.

CALIFORNIA.

The Season and the
Honey.

Sources of

Written for Die American Bee Journal
BY S. L. WATKINS.

The honey crop in El Dorado county,
this year, was an average one, being
about -50 pounds per colony. The
weather has been extremely warm the
past mouth, at I'lacerville the mercury
standing at 100° to 105° almost every
day in August. This hot weather and

no honey coming in, caused the bees to
dwindle down rapidly. At the Placer-
ville apiary I lost 40 colonies out of 82.

The Carniolan bees have done the
best at Placerville. It is true that they
dwindled down considerably, but noth-
ing at all in comparison with the Ital-
ians, hybrids and blacks. I have not
lost a single colony of Carniolan bees.
They are the best bees to defend their
hives against robber bees, of any that I
have ever seen. Next season I shall
keep nothing but Carniolan bees in the
Placerville apiary.

I have two apiaries located 14 miles
above Placerville in the mountains.
At these apiaries all kinds of bees do
well. I do not see much difference in
regard to the amount of honey stored
by each race— black bees do as well as
the Italians.

Bees gather the spring crop from
alders, willows, maples, dogwood, wild
cherry and plum, California lilac, man-
zanita. chaparall, folocio, pennyroyal,
etc. The fall crop is the largest and
best, being gathered mostly from the
incense cedar, which is a wonderful
yielder of honey. The spring crop
averages about 30 pounds per colony,
and the fall crop sometimes averages
100 pounds per colony.

Bees do not begin to gather honey
from the incense cedar until October,
and it usually lasts about six weeks.
The honey gathered from this source is
the thickest that I have ever seen.
The bees cap the cells with a snowy
whiteness, which gives it a very beau-
tiful appearance. The incense cedar
is rich in both pollen and honey, a sin-
gle tree furnishing enough pollen for
the wants of a whole colony.

Placerville, Calif., Sept. 10, 1888.

NECTAR.

Do Bees Hear ? — Swarming and
Science.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY G. W. DBMAREB.

There are many questions pertaining
to bee-culture that are not directly of
practical utility, but interesting never-
theless.

Have Bees the Sense of Hearing 1

This is a matter, it seems to me,
capable of demonstration. That bees
do hear in some senile which answers to
the sense in which other animals hear,
I have every reason to believe. That
bees pay no attention to the ordinary
din and clash of the outer world about
them, proves nothing at all, for the
same is true, in a limited sense, with
all living creatures.

My grounds are bounded on the one
side by a railroad, and from 10 to 14
trains pass by every day. My stock
graze in the pasture undisturbed — tuey
rarely ever raise tneir heads when a
train thunders oy. The same is true
with my bees— tliey work right along
as though all was silent. But if I drop
some young bees on the ground, they
will find the entrance to the hive if
they are in heariiui distance of the bees
at the entrance ; if not, they will wan-

TH^ MMERICMN MSW JOTPHNSIr.

638

der about, crawl into some other hive,
or perish in their lost condition.

Sometimes when hiving a swarm, I
dip up a cupful of bees and pour thera
into the prepared hive ; tliey imme-
diately set up a loud "roar,'- and the
swarm promptly answer: and they rush
into the hive with that joyous hum
which thrills the heart of the true
lover of bees with joy, that is difficult
to describe. Do you say that rihration
guides tlie bees, and not sound .' What
18 "sound " but an impression made on
the subject by concussion or vibration
of the atmosphere ?

To say that sound is not the same
thing identically to the insect that it is
to animals of higher order, proves
nothing, because it cannot be proven
that sound is precisely the same thing
to the lower animal that it is to the in-
tellectual being. Bees heeu- in a sense
which answers all their purposes, and
this is all that can be said of other
animals.

Selecting a Home before Sn'ariulns.

This is an old doctrine. It has age
on its side. It had its origin away back
in the ages of bat-eyed fogyism as per-
tains to bees. There is such a touch-
ing story here, about the sending out
of "scouts" to locate a future home
while the swarm waits with patience
and hope. There are among these
"scouts" some good Joshuas and
Calebs — they will bring in a good
report. jst

It is hopeless, perhaps, to try to be
an educator along this line. Mr.
Youngman, on page 567, publishes a
case of "sending out scouts," which
appears conclusive to him. liut to me
it is easy to see what attracted those
bees which he took for scouts, " clean-
ing out a new home." The "chunks
of propolis and fragments if comb"
adhering to the hollow tree is what at-
tracted the bees there. They were
foraging for bee-glue, and doubt-
less they unwittingly answered as a de-
coy to tlie homeless swarm as it passed
that way. I once saw a swarm enter
an empty hive in my apiary, directed
there by the same cause.

No evidence that will hear investiga-
tion has ever been published, to war-
rant the belief that bees locate and
" clean up " a home in advance of their
taking actual possession.

Honey Is Not DIgcated Nectar.

Since writing the above items the
Bee .Journal has come to hand, and
Prof. Cook's reply to my article on
page 5()8, has been noted. I am as
much astonished, and grieved, at the
Professor's reply, as he was surprised
and pained because of my article.
What have I said against --true
science "that justifies the heated and
spontaneous defense of Prof. Cook ';:'
No man has a higher appreciation for
what '■ true ecience " has done for the
"nineteenth century," than myself.
But vagaries and absurd theories are
not science. Against these (not true
science) I hurl ridicule, because no
other weapon can reacli them. True
science is not the child of one father
nor of one " mother," hence the "" base
ingratitude " which so stirs the Profes-
sor is a thing of bis imagination.

Yes, " there are more things in
heaven and earth " than I ever dreamt
of, and the remark is true when I ap-
ply it to my honored friend, Prof.
Cook, or to any other living man ; but
I am pretty certain that no man can
lift himself by the straps of his boots.

Our learned author says, " that honey
is more or less perfectly— what words
are these ?— digested nectar is as cer-
tain as the world is round." This is at
par with his dogmatic assertion that,
"bees never hibernate." The one as
well as the other rests alone on bis
Ipse dixit.

" That all honey is equally digested
is very likely not true." Yes, I should
think so ; and it is a thousand times
more safe— more in accordance with
the evidence, with reason and common
observation — to say that it is not digested
at all in the meaning of that word when
applied to the assimilation of food in
the stomach.

I have before me a fancy little card,
"Why Eat Honey," sent me by that
shrewd and practical apiarist and
honey-dealer, Chas. F. Muth. I quote
from it as a sample of good common-
sense :

" What is honey? It is a vegetable
product, not made, but gathered from
the nectary of flowers, where it is
secreted according to the rules of Na-
ture's laboratory." These common-
sense words whet the appetite for
honey, while Prof. Cook's "more or
less perfectly digested " vomit makes
every fiber of my being recoil.

I am not able to make the large re-
ports of great yields of honey as some
bee-keepers seem able to do— perhaps
my locality will not admit of it ; but I
had one colony of bees to gather and
finish up 300 pounds of the dnest qnal-
ity of honey in less than 30 days. The
density of raw nectar varies so much
that it is hard to say how many pounds
or raw nectar that 300 pounds of stan-
dard honey would represent, but cer-
tainly not less than 600 pounds of
freshly-gathered nectar. Now I say
that it would be as impossible for a
colony of bees to digest (assimilate) in
their stomachs 600, or even 300. pounds
of raw nectar in less than 30 days, as it
would be for Prof. Cook to lift himself
by the straps of his boots.

The presence of invert sugar in
honey argues nothing. Chemical
changes going on during the process of
evaporation is sufficient to account for
that.

Christiansburg, Ky.

BOTANICAL.

The Polliiialioii and Perfora-
tion or Flowers.

From the Shaiv School of Botany,
BY L. n. PAMMEL.

Last spring my attention was drawn
to a rather large and conspicuous clus-
ter of I'liloinis tiiliiidsa growing in the
13otanic Garden. The species is a na-
tive of Europe, and has become spar-
ingly naturalized in the United States.
The pollination of this species seems
not to have been studied, although we I

have an admirable account of the polli-
nation of Phtmnis liusseliana hyljoe-w.
Our species, although agreeing in some
important particulars with the Syrian,
differs in color and some other minor
points.

The structure of the flower clusters
is that common to many of the Labi-
ates, in that the flowers are borne in
cymose axillary clusters; but in this
case the clusters are very dense, so that
the flowers are not separated readily.
The tubular calyx is lOribbed, and
terminates rather abruptly in 5 awns.

A plant when in flower is very con-
spicuous not only from the purple color
of the corollas, but also from the num-
ber of flowers open at the same time,
as there are often as many as six or
eight in one cyme ; and on going to the
flower at any time of the day, one could
see several species of Botuhus and a
Xijloerqid collecting nectar, besides
other small Hymenoptera which prin-
cipally collected pollen. The corolla is
decidedly two-lipped. The upper lip
arches over the lower, and is slightly
notched.

At the time of pollination the upper
lip lies close to the lower, so that a
humble-bee, on entering the flower,
must force the former back, when its
thorax is dusted with pollen from the
anther cells which lie among the rather
numerous hairs in the arched upper
lip. This lip readily returns to its
former position on account of the elas-
ticallyhinged arrangement to be found
on its posterior part close to the tube
of the corolla. This arrangement is
also described by Loew, as occurring in
Phloniis liusseliana, ana has been called
by him " Charnier Gelank "

Insects, attracted by the clusters of
bright purple flowers, find a landing-
place on the lower lip of the corolla,
and experience no trouble in finding
the nectar, as there is a well marked
groove in the middle and larger lobe of
this lip, which diminishes in size down-
ward till the nectary is reached, where
it disappears. In addition to this
groove there are some nectar marks :
two on the middle lobe (one on each
side of the groove), add one on each of
the lateral lobes. These nectar marks
are colored somewhat deeper than the
rest of the corolla, and run to the
groove, where they disappear.

There is an abundance of nectar,
secreted from the well-developed nec-
tar-gland situated immediately under-
neath the pistil, in the form of a fleshy
outgrowth arising from the receptacle.
This gland is usually somewhat angled,
sending up one lobe between each of

the lobes of the ovary The nectary

occupies the lower part of the tube of
the corolla, which is considerably en-
larged above the nectary ; this enlarge-
ment is not peculiar to this plant, but
is also to be found in others. There is
developed at this enlargement a ring of
rather stiff hairs, which excludes small
insects. The occurrence of a ring of
hairs above the nectary is also common
to other Labiates

Poliluatloii by Hiiinble-Bees.

The flowers of Phtnmis tidierosn. are
adapted to pollination by humble-bees,
as has been shown, by the elastically
hinged arrangement in the upper lip.

634

T'HS JEMEKICMH MMM J©"PRlfMl<.

fcA^fcA^fcA^fcAMl * '^ * * * -^ *_"*•* "*•*. '*".*'^*'^*'^_*-'^ * ^_^_^M*

^■^■^■^^^-"^'■^■^■^■'■^^^■^^^^^■^^-

and the length of the tube of the corolla.
Several of our species of Bomhus must
be able to do efficient work in their
cross-pollination, as the measurements
of their tongues indicate. Mr. Robert-
son, who has kindly identifled the in-
sects I sent him, gives me the follow-
ing measurements :

The tongue of a female of Bombus
scparnlKf: measured 11 mm., while that
at B. Pcint^tlh-aiilriis was 16 mm. long.
1 frequently saw a large species of
BombuK, probably B. Pennsi/lvankict,
which entered the flowers in a normal
way, and most of the flowers were pol-
linated by this insect. Besides this
there was one other humble-bee, a
worker of B. v<i(j(in!<{?), which visited
the flowers, but mostly those which had
previously been used by B. Pcimrii/l-
ranicm. The tongue of this insect
measured 6.5 mm., so that it was hardly
long enough to reach the nectar, and I
doubt whether the insect is strong
enough to push the upper lip back ; as it
regularly visited the older flowers, no
doubt it may be of service to the plant.
AnUiophora and 3Icli><sodes, which
have longer tongues than those of
Bnmhuit Penn.tyhunicus, are frequent
visitors to flowers with deep seated
nectar, but they were not noticed on
Phloinis; on the Other hand Xytocopa
Vii-ghiica made perforations and used
them exclusively.

The two species of PMomin are much
alike in the awn-pointed lobes of the
calyx, the hinged arrangement in the
upper lip, and the compactness of the
flower- cluster. The flowers of Ph. Biit:-
!<diunH are somewhat larger, and are
therefore adapted only to long-tongued
insects, since the tube of the corolla is
22-22 mm. long. But the tube of Ph.
iuherona is only 10 mm. long, so that it
is adapted to a much larger range of
insects. Accordingly Loew found Ph.
JJif.s-.sc^iVma visited in the Berlin JJotanic
Garden only by Bombus hortontm, and
he says that Anfhophnra piUpes is the
only other insect in North Germany
which can do adequate service in its
pollination.

In both of these species there is a
beautiful contrivance for securing
cross-pollination. But while the Syrian,
according to Loew, is proof against
such depredators as Bombus tcrrcstris,
which perforates many European
flowers in order to get at their nectar,
Ph. tub(^rof<a is not proof against these
urlwelcomed visitors. Notwithstand-
ing that Xijloaqxt. has a tongue of 7-5
mm., and can therefore get at a portion
of the nectar in a normal way, it
chooses rather to perforate the flowers,
the awn-pointed calyx lobes ofl'ering no
resistance.

Tlic Colors or Flower Species.

But I think the most striking differ-
ence between the species is in color,
and as this is such an interesting bio-
logical fact, I will summarize what
Hermann MuUer says about it in his
classical work " Die Befruchtung der
Alpenblumen :''

Not only have Ilymeiinptera been mo8t active in
tiie fievelopiiient ol eucli pef.ullar contrivances as
tlie boll-shiiped corollas ot Onnvallarias, Campanu-
las, and Gentians ; the funnel-shaped corollas of
Rhododendrons and Echiums ; tlie tubular corollas
of Loniieras; the closed corollas ot Ijinarias and
Antirrhinunis ; the spurred flowers of AquileKias
and Aconiiums : tlie labiate flowers of Laiuluuis,

Palvias, Melampyrum, and Pedicularis ; the in-
verted flowers with small openintrs of Arctostapby-
loHaiul Vaccinium : and the papilionaceous flowers
of 'I'rifolium and llubiaia ;— but they have also in-
fluenced the colors ot flowers in a most raarlied
detiree. Flowers adapted to a large ranwe of in-
sects, like those of CoinposilcE, Saxijragtw, Valeri-
anacetc, PotentiUa, and Rtnimculus, are usually
yellow or white. But in such highly luoditied
flowers as Lamiums, Salvias, Delphiniums, Aconi-
tums. and Aquilegias, the colors are generally
violet, blue, pink, or purple. In these and other
genera a change seems to have stepped in, especi-
ally where flowers have the same structure and are
pollinated by the same class of insects.

Our species of Ifonarda show this

color-range beautifully In Labiates

the prevailing colors are blue, rose,
lilac, and purple ; seldom yellow or
white. Ldriiimn album, hovxixr, is
white, while L. muculutum is red.
Plilomis tuberosa is purple. Ph. Ru.s-
sdkoia is yellow. Sah-ia ylulimmi is
yellow, S.pi-dtin.m blue. Why should
we have changes in color of such
closely related species ?

Slight changes in color must there-
fore be of great use to an insect, just
as changes in color of parts of a flower
after pollination are of use to the insect
by indicating that its services are no
longer needed. Muller believes that
the changes in color, in closely allied
species, have been produced for reasons
of this kind.

The Perforation of Floivers.

The perforation of flowers by insects,
and in a few cases by birds, to get at
the nectar by fraudulent means, is a
matter of cotnmon observation ; but in
a few cases this is the normal way of
procedure, as has been shown by Dar-
win and Muller, for insects are obliged
to perforate the lax inner membrane of
some orchids (nearly all of the British
Ophrete according to Darwin) in order
to get the nectar which lies within
their tissues ; and in the case of Labur-
num, etc., Muller has shown that in-
sects puncture the thickened bases of
the standard petal in order to get nec-
tar. I ought also to call attention to
the destructive work of species of
J/((y«c7u7e, which cut out parts of the
petals of roses, pelargoniums, etc., and
use them to line their nests.

A century ago, Sprengel notice'd that
flowers were perforated. Since his time
many European as well as American
observers have noticed perforations.
Among them I may mention Darwin,
Delpino, Ogle, Kerner, Loew, and Her-
mann Muller. To Loew, and especially
Muller, are we greatly indebted for
painstaking labor in giving lists of
flowers and their visitors, and, with the
exception of these and a few by other
investigators, we have no statistical
tables on the pollination of flowers and
their insect visitors, so that we have
little accurate information as to what
insects perforate flowers.

It is of value to know not only that a
given flower is perforated, but also
what relation the insect bears to the
flower which it perforates. It is, in-
deed, interesting to follow out these
relations from Muller's tables

Darwin, in his " Cross and Self-Fer-
tilization," etc., states that out of many
hundred specimens of red clover ex-
amined by him, nearly all were per-
forated, and he has even seen whole
Helds in the same condition. Thos.
Belt and others have noticed the same
thing. It is quite as common for red

clover to be perforated in this country
as it is in Europe

Italian Bees and the Red Clover.

In the summer of 1883, in the vicinity
of La Crosse, Wis., I noticed large
numbers of honey-bees on the flowers
of red clover, aiid wondered whether
they made perforations, or what they
were doing. In some cases they ob-
tained pollen, but in a vast majority of
cases nectar was collected through per-
forations made by some other insect.
Among bee-keepers there is a notion
that the Italian bee is able to get nec-
tar from red clover. I doubt whether
this is true, for in my experience I
never found them collecting nectar in
the normal way ; they seemed to collect
only through perforations made by
some other insect.

One thing will show, in part at least,
why honey-bees go to the red clover at
certain times and not on other occa-
sions. It is a well-known fact that the
amount of nectar secreted by a plant
varies according to season and locality.
There are periods, as I have had occa-
sion repeatedly to observe, when hive-
bees cannot collect enough to supply
their young, and they then freely use
the perforations made by Bomhus and
other insects ; but when there is an
abundance of nectar they pass over
fields of red clover, and when 2fonanla
punrAata is in flower, and has a good
supply of nectar, they will pass over
fields of white clover, and fly some dis-
tance to fields of wild bergamot.

Although the rule seems to be that
honey-bees do not perforate flowers,
there seems to be exceptions, for no
less an authority than Hermann Muller
states that they perforate the flowers
of Erka Mmlij\ using their mandibles
to bite holes in the tube of the corolla.
The tongue of the honey-bee is only
6mm. long, so that it is not able to get
the nectar otherwise in these early
flowers. Later he found honey-bees
collecting nectar in the normal way,
but he failed to observe whether these

late flowers were smaller or not

It is not always an easy matter to
tell whether an insect makes the per-
forations, especially when these are in
the form of longitudinal slits, or
whether it is merely looking for the
perforations of some other insect. In
flowers where the tissue is firm, these
slits close over quite effectively, and
are not readily seen. While the honey-
bee makes, at most, few perforations,
Muller records many cases in which it
uses perforations made by other in-
sects; butit is suQicient here to refer
to his works for these.

In this country, Meehan believes that
the honey-bee perforates the flowers of
Salvia Splendens. Delpino, Comes,
and a few other observers, also state
that the honey-bee perforates corollas.
I think, however, that generally honey-
bees only use the perforations made by
other insects, and they are certainly
quick to perceive these perforations.
Muller records the most interesting
case of Salvia Solarea, in which the
tube of the corolla is so long that the
honey-bee is not able to get the nectar
in a iiormal way. It made several at-
tempts, but did not try to perforate
the corollas. When, finally, it found

'rmm mm.mmicm.m mmw jq-ukkki^.

635

several in which the corollas had just
loosened, it immediately began to sip
the little drops of nectar which still re-
mained attached to the base of the
corolla. It is certainly a clear case, for
the insect tried in every way to get nec-
tar, except by perforating the corolla.

The examples of flowers perforated
by Banibas tenrMris show that it mainly
pierces those from which it cannot get
nectar in a normal way. Muller has
found this interesting difference be-
tween its visits to flowers on the plains
and valleys, and to those of alpine and
sub-alpine regions ; that while in the
lower regions it perforates many flowers
where the nectar is in part accessible

to it others are visited in a normal

way in alpine regions.

Muller also found a constant differ-
ence in the length of its tongue. In
the Alps its tongue was usually 8 11
mm. long, while in the lowlands only
7-ii mm.long. JJonihustcrrifiti-i:^ is one
of the most abundant of European
humble-bees, and this is perhaps one
reason why it uses these illegal means
to get nectar. J3ut B. ma^tnimtio', as
Muller's investigation shows, is the
worst enemy to alpine flowers. Not-
withstanding that its tongue is of
sufllcient length to enable it to reach
the nectar of some flowers it per-
forates them, and only pollinates such

flowers as it could not well perforate

unless it were to go to more trou^ile
than getting the nectar in a normal
way involves. . . .

Carpenter Bees and Flowers.

The Carpenter bees, belonging to the
genus A'ly'orrfj/d, do considerable injury
to flowers in more southern latitudes,
where thev abound.

Xylocopa Virginica, according to
Cresson, is found in the middle, south-
ern and western States, and of the 27
species of this genus mentioned in his
catalogue, this is the most northern,
and has the widest distribution. The
species no doubt causes considerable
annoyance, as :Mann, Ryder, and Miss
Murtdfeldt have shown. Mr. Maun
was the first to describe one method
which it uses to perforate flowers, in
which ■• the insect applies its sharp and
wedge-shaped maxillae to the grooved
surface of the tube, aad splits this open
3 or 4 mm. from the base."

Dr. Schneck and Mr. Van Ingen each
record several cases in which the tube
of the corolla had longitudinal slits,
but as perforators they found humble-
bees (lli)iiibu.< .■']. As these slits corres-
pond so well to the slits I found on tlie
tube of the corolla of Phlomis, 1 bring
them up in this connection. I fre-
quently found this Xylocopa in the act
of making longitudinal slits in the tube
of the corolla of Phlomis tuberosa. The
insect applies its powerful mandibles
against ihe tube of the corolla until it
gains entrance, then, thrusting its
maxilliE in as far as it can in a longi-
tudinal direction, the tissue yields
easily, so that longitudinal slits are the
result. At other limes the mandibles
are drawn backward and forwnrd, thus
causing longitudinal slits. The num-
ber of slits varied from one to three.
The insect did not take much trouble
to And the old slits, but went directly
at making new ones, as it seemed to be

easier for it to do this than to waste
time in looking for the old ones.

'n'u»i>s Perloratlng Flowers.

Wasps also perforate flowers, es-
pecially such as are adapted to this
class of insects.... Mr. Robertson has
reported to me several interesting cases
where wasps use perforations, and, at
least in one instance, make them. At
Orlando, Fla., he found Ave species of
wasps, which sucked the flowers
through perforations, which are at first
very small, but finally large and irreg-
ular. At Clinton, Mo., he observed
that Odynerus Foraminatus made per-
forations in the tube of the corolla of
Monarda Bradburiana, which, as he
thinks, were made by the wasp taking
the tube between her jaws and cutting
towards the mouth of the corolla, thus
loosening a triangular piece which
could be closed over the opening. In
the Botanic Garden I frequently found
the flowers of this species perforated,
but the perforations were in the form
of longitudinal slits.

While wasps do not generally per-
forate flowers, they are not above using
those perforated by species of Bombus
and other insects; for these, in their
rapid visits to flowers, are certain to
leave some nectar. Insects much lower
in the scale than wasps, frequently use
the perforations made by species of
Bombus, as Muller has shown to be the
case in a small Ichneumon fly which
eagerly sought the nectar left in the
flowers

Ants and Beetles GatUering Honey.

Ants are especially fond of saccha-
rine matter, and are frequent visitors
to flowers, but only for nectar. Their
visits are entirely injurious to the
plant. They frequently gnaw parts of
the flowers, and make irregular holes,
thus gaining an entrance, or they use
the perforations made by other insects.

Beetles, although not high in the
scale of development, and certainly
low as far as the adaptation of flowers
and their pollination is concerned,
show, in a few cases, some ingenuity
in getting at nectar, as Muller found to
be the case with Cetonia Aurata, which
feeds on delicate parts of various
flowers, is especially fond of nectar,
and was found on the flowers of Con-
vallaria Polygonatum eating its way
from the top of the perianth to where
the nectar is found at the base of the
pistil, where it began to feed on the
nectar-secreting gland until the wall of
the ovary was reached, when it left the
flower.

The acute observer Sprengel found
that large numbers of the flowers of
Symphytum Oftlcinale were perforated
by one of the flower-beetles, and that
ants used these perforations. :Mr. B.
M. Vaughn, who found the flowers of
Corydalis Aurea perforated at Madison,
AVis.,isof the opinion that these per-
forations were made by one of the
flower- beetles.

Birds that Pcrrorate Flowers.

It is not strange that birds should at
times perforate flowers, since so many
flowers are well adapted to pollination
by them. Prof. Trelease mentions

that, according to Prof. W. A. Henry,
the humming-bird probably perforated
the flowers of Tecome Radicans. Dr.
Schneck and George Sprang have found
these perforated, but the latter found
ants gnawing through the corolla In
the ilotanic Garden there was hardly a
single fully opened flower of this
species which did not have a few slits.
Prof. Beal reports that Mr. Ilollings-
worth found the flowers of Fuchsia
pierced through at the base of the
calyx- tube and robbed of their nectar.
Mr. Robertson writes me that he has
seen the humming-bird force its bill
into a flower-bud, so that the lobes of
the corolla had not been separated, but
merely cut through. Prof. Beal watched
carefully for two seasons the flowers of
the Missouri Currant, seeing large num-
bers of bees collecting nectar from
holes made in the calyx-tube; yet, after
careful examination, he has never seen
honey-bees make these holes, but sev-
eral times noticed the Baltimore oriole
passing over the bushes and giving
each of the fresh flowers a prick with
the tip of its beak. No other bird hav-
ing been seen doing this, he concluded
that it is the work of the Baltimore
oriole, while the honey-bee takes the
gleanings after the oriole.

How Floivers are Perforated.

I have alluded to the manner in which
Xylocopa makes perforations ; I must
also describe how this is done by Bom-
bus and Apis :

The mouth-parts are somewhat com-
plex : the mandibles or upper jaws are
developed for the purpose of biting;
the maxillie and labium are brought
into use when the bee takes a liquid
into its pharynx. The maxillte are
situated on each side of the labium,
and consist of a flattened stipe at the
base, then the rudimentary maxillary
palpi, and from the stipe projects the
triangular and deeply grooved lacinia.
When the maxillEe are brought close
together, a tube is formed which opens
into the pharynx. The labium or lower
lip consists of a central portion and
two pairs of appendages, the para-
glossic and labial palpi. The central
portion of the labium is divided into a
basal portion, the mentum and a termi-
nal portion, the ligula. " The mentum
is hinged to the submentum, which in
turn is hinged to the maxillie by two
chitinous rods." The labial palpi are
deeply grooved, and when brought to-
gether form a tube.

In flying from flower to flower the
insect carries its sucking apparatus
stretched forward so that it is enabled
to put it directly into the flower. The
mouth-parts of the bee are held in a
similar way when the tender cellular
tissue is pierced with the tips of its
maxillffi. While many humble-bees are
addicted to boring the tubes of corollas,
they also resort to bitting the tissues
of the flowers by the aid of their
mandibles.

Fertility of Perforated Flowers.

Tlie opinion is current that perforated
flowers are not as productive as un-
perfoiated ones. Delpino has shown
that some perforated flowers are ab-
solutely sterile. Ogle states that many

636

TH® MMEKICMr* . BEE) J©^RNMlr.

flowers of Phaseolus roultiflorus fail to
produce seed because of perforations.

I doubt whether there are many
flowers in which one can hnd more per-
forations than in Symphytum Ottici-
nale. In stocks which have several
thousand flowers, hardly one can be
found which is not perforated. Several
stocks in the Botanic Garden gave me
ample opportunity of seeing the results
from perforated flowers. I did not un-
dertake to count the ripened fruits, but
the greater number of flowers devel-
oped some nutlets. At this time I had
not seen Loew's experiments on this
plant. His results are so striking and
conclusive that I give them somewhat
in detail :

On the nth of June, 1885, he took
several branches which had passed an-
thesis. On these he had 73 flowers,
and was careful to remove later flowers;
on the 4th of August, 46 flowers were
drv, while the remaining 27 flowers had
matured .51 nutlets, so that 37 per cent,
of the flowers were more or less fertile.
The full fertility of many plants, as
Darwin has shown, depends largely
upon cross-pollination. Insects do not
commonly visit flowers unless they get
nectar or pollen in return, so that,
when a flower is constantly robbed, the
regular pollinators do not receive their
due share of nectar or pollen, their
visits are fewer, and consequently there
is less chance for cross-pollination. If
the plant is capable of self-pollination,
seeds may be developed, and often in
great abundance, yet Darwin has
shown that the progeny of self-fertilized
flowers is less vigorous than from cross-
fertilized flowers.

If the structure of a flower is such
that self-fertilization is prevented, and
insects do not go to it in the regular
way, sterility may result. But in most
of the flowers perforated there is an
abundance of nectar, and insects which
perforate flowers are very hasty in
their visits, and therefore always leave
some nectar, as can be seen in many
cases where the perforator first robs
the flowers, after which numerous
other insects use the perforations to
get nectar, while others again visit the
flowers in a normal way. On the whole,
I am inclined to think that sterility re-
sults more from the disharmonic action
of perforating insects than is usually

supposed

Insects certainly show considerable
intelligence in making perforations, or
using those made by other insects. One
of the most remarkable cases is that
observed by Francis Darwin, in a cul-
tivated variety of the everlasting pea,
where the nectar is enclosed within a
tube formed by the united stamens, at
the base of which are two natural open-
ings, one on each side, the left being a
little the larger. Humble-bees which
bite holes through the standard petal,
always operated on the left-hand side,
so as to reach the larger passage. . . .

Muller records an interesting case
where a female of Bombus terrestris
entered a flower of ^'icia Faba in the
normal way. Being unable to get the
nectar, the insect forced its head under
the banner, and stretched its tongue as
much as possible, but, being still un-
able to reach the nectar, it withdrew

its head from the flower, and after
cleaning its tongue with its forelegs,
flew to another flower, where the same
performances were repeated ; but in the
fourth she bit a hole in the corolla
above the calyx

Humble-bees show preferences in the
flowers they perforate. Dr. Wm. Ogle
states that in Switzerland he collected
100 flower-stems of a blue variety of
Aconitum Napellus without finding a
single flower perforated, while on 100
stems of the white variety, growing
near by, every one of the open flowers
had been perforated. This difference,
Darwin thinks, may be due to different
amounts of acrid matter contained in
the flowers, the blue variety being dis-
tasteful to bees

Why should insects perforate flowersV
Darwin believes that, as a general rule,
flowers are only perforated when they
grow in large quantities close together

Flowers grown in large masses are

conspicuous, and therefore attract
many insects; and, as the perforated
flowers usually contain considerable
nectar, the number of insects visiting
the flowers at any one time is very
large, and, as Darwin has shown, some
of the nectaries are sucked dry ; now,
in order to save time, for the flowers
would have to be probed for their nec-
tar, the insect makes perforations. To
this rule there are exceptions, as has
been shown in some of the cases cited,
where an insect, unable to get the nec-
tar in a normal way, takes to perforat-
ing flowers. Muller, Loew, and others,
have shown that there is a certain cor-
relation between the length of the
tongues of Hymenoptera and the
flowers they perforate, as can be seen
by consulting their tables on flowers
and their visitors

To summarize :— It has been shown
that flowers with deep-seated nectar
are often perforated, and that in most
cases the perforations are made by in-
sects which are unable to get at the
nectar in a normal way ; that Bombus
mastrucatus is more addicted to this
habit than any other European humble-
bee ; that there is a certain correlation
in the length of the tongues of Apidoe
and the flowers they visit in a normal
way, but when this limit is reached,
flowers are often perforated ; that con-
spicuousness of plants may account for
some of the perforations, but most of
them are attributable to the non-adapt-
ability of the insect to the flower ; that
the insect uses considerable ingenuity
in perforating flowers, attacking them
in close proximity to the nectary ; that
this is individual experience, and not
inheritance on the part of insects ; and
that perforated flowers are not neces-
sarily sterile, but are often quite pro-
ductive.

St. Louis, Mo.

HONEY PRICES.

AlM'ays ifleiilioii your Post-OflBce,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter wliere you may happen
to be for tlie hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire yoiu' address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

Criticisms on the Quotations of
Commission ]ncn.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY C. r. MUTH & SON.

The Editor has kindly sent us the letter
of a correspondent to answer, to which we
have no otijections whatever, as the ques-
tion has been asked us many times. The
correspondent says :

" I would like to see an explanation of the quota-
tlona given in the American Bee Jouunal. For
instance, Mesars*. Mutli & Son quote extracted
honey at 5 to 8 cents per pound; but upon writing
to them, they sent quotations asking about 10 to 12
cents for extracted clover honey. Now, why do
they not quote correctly. 5 to 12 cents per pound?
I do not mean Messrs. Muth & Son alone, but simply
suppose it were they, or any other commission
house, why do they do it ?"

Our quotations in the American Bee
JouKNAi, and other bee-papers quote ex-
tracted honey at ,5 to 8 cents on arrival.
This means that we buy honev at that
range ; i. c, good standard qualities, for
which we have a pretty steady demand.
Those quotations are known to our custo-
mers as, L L (a certain grade of Southern
houey), tall honey, basswood, mangrove,
clover and belle-'tlower honey, the last
heing from Cuba. It has a peculiar flavor of
its hwn, but is a nice article, and having
sold ahnut 40,000 pounds since last spring,
we believe to have created a demand for it.
When reordering, the majority of our cus-
tomers call for houey by the aliove names.

The above are onrbuyina prices, bul;they
do not hinder us from buying occasionally
at 4 cents a pound, or even for less ; or at 9
cents a pound, as the case may be. Our
range of prices is from 5 to 12 cents a pound
when selling. It would not have been
proper to say, from .5 to 1.5 cents, although
we do sell a single pound of the best clover
honey at 15 cents, >.. pound at 8 cents. Our
conscieucedoes not trouble us any when
we sell to one party a pound of honey at
15 cents, to another a barrel of the same
quality at the rate of 10 cents, or five barrels
at il cents a pound ; and to another party .50
pounds in a tin can and crate for $7.00. We
make no secret of our prices, because we
prefer, at anv lime, to sell a barrel of honey
instead of a pound. Most of our customers
are manufacturers or dealers, and unless we
give them a margui, we cannot expect to
make the sale. It is our business to sell,
and we are sorry to refuse the purchase of
a lot because our stock on hand is too large.
At our farm we have one class of custo-
mers onlv, and one price for all. There we
do as other producers do, or should do, and
dispose of all we can.

Cincinnati, O.

[The quotation of a certain sum "on
arrival," is understood to mean that the
persons so quoting it, pay that amoiuiton.
arrival, and take all that arrives. That
phrase is misuiuierstood, and should not be
used, for Brother Muth has no intention of
conveying that idea.

Of cour.=;e the prices quoted in our Honey
and Beeswax Market must be understood to
indicate the prices that honey brings tor
the producer— not the prices at which the
dealers sell it at retail.— Ed.]

Scatter the I^eallets. — Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

TjHE SMERICSN bee; JO^RPiJEEr.

637

BUSINESS MANAGER.

Jusiucss Ilotices

II Yoii Uve near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address tliat we liave on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at tliis office.

Ifyoii L.ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but .5 cents.

Paper Stoxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4}^x43^ and SJiX.?^.
Price, 81.00 per 100, or SS..50 per 1,000.

Presei-n-e Your Papers for futitte

reference. If you have no JtI>'I>EK we
will mail you one for CO cents ; or you can
have one FKEE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Jouenai.,

Yucca Urusltes, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please 'wrif e American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission liouse), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Pure Phenol for Foul Brood.—

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 25 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to

be systematic m their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) J] 00

" 100 colonies (220 pages) J 2S

'• 200 colonies (420 pages) 1 50

Plioto;p-aplis ot Bee-Keepers. —

The "medley" gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces ot 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Jourxal for one
year for Sl.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and S3.00.

<'i.i;uBi.>ci 1.ISX.

We Club the American Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the I.1ASX
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first colunni. One year's subscription
for the American Bee JoiuTial must be sent
with each order for anotlier paper or book:

Price of both. CluA
The American Bee Journal 100...

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magiizine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150... 140

Tiie Apiculturist 175 160

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00... 180

Canadian Honey Producer. ..1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25.... 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60 1 50

Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth)... 3 00.. .. 2 00

Hoot's A B C of Bee-Culture . . 2 25 . . . . 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 150.... 1 30

Heddon's book. "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Tear Among the Bees 1 75 1 .50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00.... 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00 ... 190

How to Propagate Fruit 1 50 1 25

History of National Society..! 50 125

Ilasting's' Perfection Feeder. —

This Feeder (illustrated) will hold 2 quarts,
and the letting down of the feed is regulated

Patented Oct. IR. lfi.s7.

'^"^.^■■

by a thumb-screw. The cap screws securely
on. It is easy to regulate— either a spoonful
or a quart— and that amount can he g\ven
in an hour or a day, as desired. By it the
food can be given where It is most needed-
just over the cluster. Not a drop need be
lost, and no robber bees can get at it. A
single one can be had for 40 cents, or a
dozen for S3..i0, aiid it can be obtained at
this office. Postage 10 cents extra.

Cork Ibr 'Wliiter Packing.- Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, forSl.OO.

Please to get your I>'eiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to ilo without it.

Can You l>o Anything that will do
more to advance and defend the pursuit of
beekeeping, than to aid its Weekly Ex-
ponent and Defender ? The American
Bee JouRN.\L is the pioneer bee-paper of
America, and is fully entitled to the active
support of every progressive apiarist, for it
works constantly and faithfully for the best
interests ot the pursuit We therefore
specially request all our readers to use their
influence to double our subscription list
during the coining autumn. Header, will
you please send us a new subscription with
your renewal or before that time ? A good
weekly at one dollar a year is surely cheap
enough to command patronage.

Bed Isabels for Pails.— We have

three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2.25

500Labels 2 00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«a- Samples mailed free, upon application.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling ^Isifce
Clover Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; S'i25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : 810.00 per bushel; $'3.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Excliange.— We will accept Honey
and Beeswax in exchange for Bee-Keepers'
Supplies in any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

Altalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 33c. ; per peck, $.3.00 ; per half-
bushel, $5.50 ; per bushel of GO lb., $10.00.
If wanted by mail, add 10 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

^Ve Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SFFI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; }4 pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Xlie Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report ot the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

638

TME' MMEMICMH BEE J&URMmL,.

"■^'^t^^^AM

noney and Beesvrax market.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— New crop arriving slowly, but demand
is limited. White clover comb, 17@lsc. B.Ytracted,
7®9c.

BKB8WAX.— 22c.
Sep. 12. S. T. FISH & CO., 189 8. Water St.

CHICAGO.

HONBY.— For white comb Mba.. I8c. Very little
inquiry for anything outside of l-lbs., and when it
is wanted it is at a lower price. Extracted, the best
grades, 7@j8c.. and some lield higher. Offerings are
small and demand slow.

BBK8WAX,-220. R. A. BURNETT,

Sep. 12. lei South Water 8t.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Colorado, new 1-lb. eections., 13@15c.
Extracted, 7®8c.

BEBSWAJ£.-20®'.>3C.
Sep. 7. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote ; Fancy white 1-lhs., 15@l7c.:
2-lbs., 14®16c. Fair white l-lbs., 14®l«c.; 2-lba., 13
to '.'ic. Kxtracted, white, 7!.e@8c.

BBBSWAX.-23'^.c.
Sep. 17. THURBBR, WHYLAND&CO.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— Fancy white l-lbs.. 17@18c.; off grades,

15@lfic. Fancy white 2-lbs.. 13(dl4c.i off grades, uc.

Extracted, white, 7^'a8c. New crop is arriving and

demand is good.

BBK8WAX.— 23®23Vac.

HILDKE'lll BROS. * 8EGELKEN,
Sep. 5. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuace St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— White 1-lb. sections, 12®15c.; 2-lbs.. II
to 14 cts. ; amber, 7®9c. Extracted, white, 5>i@6c.:
ligh t amber, 5(L'.'5^c.; amber and candied. 4^(^45ic.
Receipts light and market Arm for best qualities.

BEB8WAJC.— 17i«21c.
Aug. 25. O. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Frout 8t.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best new white comb. 15®t6c., with lit-
tle in sight and slow sales. Market is low, and bee-
keepers will do better to hold honey until approach
of cold weather.

BBBSWAJC.- 21®22c. Supply limited.
Aug. 22. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich,

CINCINNAII.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4><;®8c. per !b.
Comb honey, 12@16c. Demand slow.

BEBSWAJC.— Demand is good- 2U®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Sep. 18. C. F. MDTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.— Choice 1-lb. sections, 18c. ; dark l-lbs.,
14c.; 2-lbs., IBc; darit, 13c. White extracted in 60-
Ib. cans. 8c. : amber. 7c. : in barrels and kegs, 5@8c.
Demand good, prices firm, and stock light.

BEESWAX.— None in market.
Aug. 29. HAMBLIN & BKARSS, 514 Walnut St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. sections,

17)^®18c.: 2-lb8., HMiSlsiac. Fair l-lbs., HVcSId^c;

2-lbB.,ll@12c. E.xtrauled, fancy white clover,7H®-*^<i.

Sep. 13. F. G. 8TR0HME YE H i CO., 122 Water 8t.

BOSTON

HONEY.— We quote : New 1-lb. sections, 18®20c.;
2-lbB.. I4@l6c. New extracted, 8® IOC.

BKKSWAX.— 2f.ctB. oer m
Aug. 24. BL A K E & RIPLB Y, 57 Chatham Street.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote ; Extracted, white, 5^ cents;
light, 5Mc.; amber. 4i.ia5c. Comb, l-lbs.. 12®l4c. : 2-
Ibs., 9(3130., as to quality. Arrivals not large, aiid
supplies held flrmlv.

BKBSWAX.— Dull at 19®22c.
Aug. 20. SCHAOHT S LKMCKB. 122-124 Davis St.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : New white 1-lba., ISc; light
l-lbs., ific. California white l-lbs., 18c.; light Mba.,
16c.; white 2-lbs., It^c; light 2-lb8., 14c. Jbixlracted,
wliite.Hc. ; amber, 7c.

BKESWAX.-18®2lic.
Sep. 5. CL,BM0N8, CLOON & CO.. cor 4th iWalnut.

ST. L0DI8.

HONBY.-We qu.ite: Extracted, 4!^®5!.4c.; if in
cans, 8fa9c. White clover comb. 14@15c. Market is
steady and receipts light.

BEB8WAX.-2IC. fur orlme.
Sep. 6. D. G. T iJTT & CO., Commercial St.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— New white 1-lb. .sections lac. and very
flne.20c.; l-lbs. ISOikc; old 2 and 3 lbs., not salalile,
12H®14c.; dark lIb8.,old or new, 12®i:Jc. Extrac-
ted, new white in kegs and ^-barrels, H®Mc.: old. in
same packages, 7fa8c. ; intin,8®9c.: dark in barrels
or >t.-barrel8, 6®6'^c. Arrivals of new crop small ;
demand not urgent, and only very moderate trade.

BKE8WAJC.-22@2,'ic.
Aug. 31. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water 8t.

Conventions. — The time for holding
Bee-Keepers' Conventions has now arrived,
and we cannot give any better advice
than this : Let each one attend who can
do so, and take part in making these meet-
ings inljerestlng and instructive. If you
have not already obtained the "Bee-Keep-
er's Convention Hand-Boolr," do so at once
to post yourself up on how to conduct such
meetings correctly. It contains a simple
Manual of Parliamentary Law and Kules of
Order for the guidance of officers and mem-
bers of Local Conventions— Model Consti-
tution and By-Laws for a Local Society-
Programme for a Convention, with Subjects
for Discussion— List of Premiums for Fairs,
etc. Bound in cloth, and suitable for the
pocket. Price, 50 cents. We will club this
book and the American Bee Journal for
one year for 81.35. It also contains a lot of
blank leaves on which you can note impor-
tant matters as they come up. Do not fail
to send for a copy of it.

We 'Want 20,000 subscribers. Out of
the 300,000 bee keepers in America, certainly
this is not an extravagant desire ! It is
only one out of every fifteen ! We confi-
dently ask those who appreciate the Ameri-
can Bee Journal, to show it by sending
us one or more new subscribers. We will
give them full value for their money.

Siniinins' I\on-SM' arming Sys-
tem.—We have a few of these books left,
and we will club them with the American
Bee Journal for one year, both postpaid,
for S1.25. The subscription to the Bee
Journal can be for next year, this year, or
may begin anew at any time.

■%Ve Have some copies of the old edition
of Cook's Manual left, which we will sell at
the old price, $1.2.5. The price of the new
edition is 81.50 per copy ; a notice of which
may be found on page .579.

A Home Mai-ket for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this naper.

<lueens.— We can mail a Tested Italian
Queen (bred for the best results as well as
for beauty) for.?2.00 ; Untested Queens Sl.OO
each, or 89.00 per dozen. Orders solicited.

Xlie Institution which ha.s done so
much to foster art in America, " The Na-
tional Academy of Design," has its history
well told by A. S. Soutliworth, in the open-
ing article of Frank Leslie's Popular
Monthly for October, It is illustrated with
views of the building, and portraits of its
Presidents. The stories and adventures in
the number are all attractive and well illus-
trated, and some, like " Venezuela and
Great Britain," by Almont Barnes, of no
little value.

We-»vill I*i-e»enl a Pocket Dictionary
for two subsi:-riber.s witli $2.00. Jt is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to decide
as to the spelling of words, and to determine
then- meaning.

Yoiu- Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

gidwertiscmcuts.

Pure Italian Bees,

TSirW $3.00 per Colony QUEENS, $1.00.
Address. S. F. RKKIK

39A3t NORTH DORCHESTER, N, H.

Jfentlo?! th^ American Bee Journal.

o

Jones' Frame Pliers.

FOR taking franieo out of bives, or
moving them in any way desired. It is
made ot Japanned iron, and can be utilized
in many ways. It has a long claw for loos-
eoing frames, and a book which maybe used
for carrying other frames besides the one
held by the Pbei-s. Price, 40 cents., by mail.
By express, 30 cents.

THOS. G. NEWinAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.
Mention theA.mcrican Bee Journal.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

Give a Coj*}- of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots ot it.

The Bee-Keepers' Review

FOK SEPTEMBER is specially devoted
to " Food and Its Relation to the Winter-
ing of Bees." If you wish to know the views
ot Mr. Heddon, J. H. Martin, Dr. C. O. Miller,
L. Stachelhausen, Dr. L. C. Whiting. R. L. Tay-
lor, and O. O. Poppleton, read this Number.

Price ot the Review, 50 cents a year. Sam-
ples tree. Back Numbers can be turnished.

The Production of Comb Honey,

A neat little Book of 45 pages, price 25 cents.
The REVIEW and this book tor 65 cents.
Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

Address, W. X. HUTOHINSON,

:39Dtf 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

AVe have some ELEGANT
RIBBON BADWES, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Tairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
50 'cents each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. G, XEWMAN * SOST,

11^3 & 92.') West Madison-Street. - (CHICAGO, ILL8.
ilfen£to>» the American Bee Journal.

Dadaiits' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

T-KEJ mmummicRu mnM j&i^mnmi^.

G43

I'MIOAOO. IL.!" '

XIIO.llAS «. NE^VSIAW,

EDITOR.

Pleurisy Root.— Mr. James Heddou,
on page BOO, uieiitiims the fact that this
plant had "shared the fate" of the clover
and buckwheat of this season, at least to a
certain extent. Now in Olcanitigs we find,
as a later report, the fdUowing, stating that
it has yielded better than any other plant :

This yenr the pleurisy plant is the best
honey yieldcr of them all. It has spread
until there is no dearth and robbiug, when
basswood closes. We see that the quality
of the honey is exeell'-nt, and the color
about the same as white clover. It is stand-
ing full of seeds this season, and we be-
lieve that in the near future, it will be the
bent sunilus honey -producing plant we
hive in this locality, basswood and clover
not excepted.

VoLIIlV.

Oct.3,1888. No. 40.

Tlie " iKortli American " Conven-
tion will be in session by the time this
paper is in the hands of its readers. We
expect to give a report of the proceedings
in our next issue.

■»Ve Kogret to learn that Mr. W. Z.
Hutchinson has been "on the sick list"
again. He is now improving, however, and
hopes to have fully recovered in a few days.

A Oiang;e of Time for the payment
ot dues and the election of officers of the
National Bee-Keepers' Union was proposed
on page 579. It was thought that it would
be a much better time to have it come in
January instead of July, and as we have
several cases on hand with a call for money
to carry them to a successful issue, it was
further proposed that the next annual dues
be called for next January, for the year
1889. Several have voted, and all so tar
have been in favor of the change. Let every
member of the Union send a postal card to
the Manager, and say whether he favois the
change or not. Be free to vote, and vote at
once.

Uncle Kant's Matioiiul no-»ver.—

Upon the selection of this, the Lewiston,
Maine, Jo^imal remarks as follows :

What shall be the National flower of the
United States ? This question was first
bronaht before the public at the rfcent ses-
sion of the Society of American Florists in
New York. Some one proposes that the
golden-rod shall be the chosen emblem of
nationality. The claims made for this
flower are that it is national in the wide
range of its growth, accommodating itself to
almost any circumstances, in the pasture,
in the meadow, in the roadside, or by the
stream.

Mr. Turner's "Outline Studies in the
History of the Northwest," (Charles H.
Kerr <& Co., Chicago), is a timely jiublica-
tion in this anniversary year of the settle-
ment of the Northwest. It is prepared for
the uses of study clubs, and arranged to
occupy fifteen meetings, each meeting being
devoted to a particular division of the study,
and three special topics being provided for
each. Mailed to any address for 10 cents by
the publishers.

The Appeal of the Arkadelphia case
is to come before the Supreme Court at
Little Rock, Ark., this month. The Hon.
S. W. Williams has the case in charge for
the Union, and we confidently hope that it
will sustain the verdict of the lower court,
and declare that the pursuit of bee-keeping
is iwt a nuisance. Thousands anxiously
await the result of the trial.

If you Have Surplus Honey

ready to take off from the hive, do so at
once. Honey is much better looking when
just completed than it will ever be after.
By leaving it on the hive the bees thicken
the capping^, and by traveling over the
dark brood-combs and then over the honey,
it becotnes soiled, and has a darker appear-
ance. The propolis nuisance sliould also
be remembered. The sooner the honey is
removed the less of this will there be to
scrape off from the sections.— Co^mnn s
Rural.

I»r. Itlorrison, of Oxford, Pa., was
very successful at the late Pennsylvania
State Fair, in his competition in the Api-
arian Department, having secured five first
prizes on his bees. First on Carniolan and
Italian bees, and on queens, queen-rearing
and queen-cells.

Reproduction in the Honey Bee is
the title of a pamphlet just received. It is
an address delivered before the Pennsyl-
vania State Board of Agricult'ire, by Prof.
G G Groff, acting President of the Buck-
nell University, and apiarist of the State
Board of Agriculture. It is a very interest-
ing address, and we shall copy a portion of
it as soon as we can find room for it.

Nature's Way.— This is the title of a
15-ceut pamphlet entitled, " G. M. Doolit-
tle's Method of Rearing Queens "—which is
called " The nearest approach to Nature's
way yet devised." It describes his method,
and points out its advantages. For sale at
this office.

Xlie Winterings of Bees is the most
important sui'}.-ct now before us— it is thor-
oughly a seasonable topic, because a plan
must be decided upon and put into prac-
tice in a very short time. We advise every
bee-keeper to read carefully the article on
pages 647 and 648, written by Mr. G. R.
Pierce, entitled, "The Result ot Experi-
ments Made to Discover the Cause of Bee-
Diarrhea." Its careful perusal will pay for
the time devoted to it, even though you may
not agree with all its conclusions.

At tlie Indiana State Fair Mr. G.

K. Hubbard captured all the premiums but
one; the excepiion being that of acoUection
of honey plants, which was awarded to Mr.
J. S. Russell, of Zionsville, Ind. Mr. Hub-
bard took the other eight premiums as fol-
lows : On queens, apiarian supplies ; comb
foundation for brood-chamber and surplus,
honey and wax extractors, sections, and
crates for honey. By the report we should
think that no honey was exhibited.

Wlien \»'e Consider that pure honey
is the very essence of flowers and plants, in
which, we are told, there is a remedy for
every disease, surely we cannot doubt the
happy combination of honey as medicine.
The Scripture tells us, In many passages,
of the womlerful efficacy of honey as food
and medicino. As the treatment of disease
becomes more and more rational so will the
value of honey as a medicine become more
and more appannt.— Exchange.

'Wax is a substance secreted by the bees,
and is analogous to the fat of higher ani-
mals. To produce a single pound ot wax,
bees must consume from 15 to 20 pounds of
honey. The expensive substance is used
by the thrifty Utile insects with the greatest
economy. The thickness ot the cell-walls
in a new comb is said to be only l-180th of
an inch.— The Millstone.

Saved by Bees.— An exchange says :
"Once when the Turks had begun to scale
the wall of a church in Transylvania, a
girl's wit saved the people from capture and
death. Behind the church was a little
garden, and in it a dozen bee-hives which it
was the girl's duty to care for. Seizing a
hive she ran up on the fortress wall and
burled it down among the enemy. Again
and again she repeated the process until
ten or more swarms of maddened bees were
stinging the Turks. They were blinded
and dismayed, and, unable to cope with the
insect foe, beat a hasty retreat. They had
been discoutited by a girl's device."

644

THi^ aryiERicarf bee jQORi*aiLr.

Tliat Silver ]L.iniiis to the clouds
which have hmis like a pall over the pur-
suit of bee-keeping for the past few years,
is thus commented upon in last week's
Prairie Farmer by Mrs. L. Harrison :

Beestock has been below par for a couple
of years, but, as every cloud has a silver
lininR, let all encaged in the fascinating
pursuit, keep up their courage, hoping for a
prosperous season in the near future. There
IS one happy coincidence, however, to con-
sole us over the flabby condition of our
purses, that if we have no honey to sell to
fill them up, bees generally winter well after
a poor season. The queen has plenty of
room to deposit egas, and vigorous young
bees to act as nurses, for they have no
secreting of wax or building of comb to at-
tend to. When there is an abundance of
honey, all hands are pressed into service,
and the queen is neglected, so that when
the season closes the bees are mostly old,
with little vitality to withstand the winter's
cold ; then we hear of diarrhea, spring-
dwindling, and kindred ills ; but now our
colonies are strong, with queens doing their
level best, and at the approach of cold
weather will be full of vigorous workers,
hardy as a nut.

Cross bees at this season I Yes, indeed ;
some of them are hot as a streak of light-
ning. The best way is to feed them a little
for a few days, before disturbing them, es-
pecially if they have no unsealed honey. A
well-fed colony is as good-natured as a fat
alderman after dinner, but paupers are very
different.

Feeding Back.— This' is relied upon
by the cranks, who persist in claiming that
comb honey is adulterated, to prove their
point. We have repeatedly asserted that
such is not practiced to any extent— is not
profitable— and therefore does not in the
slightest degree uphold or sustain the asser-
tion of Wiley, Evans & Co.— still they re-
peat the story over and over again. The
last issue of the Rural Canadian contains
this corroboration of our statement :

Mr. S. T. Pettit, for two years President
of the Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association,
says that a few years ago some one gave a
plan of securing lots of comb honey by the
use of the extractor ; throwing out the nec-
tar green, as fast as it came in, thus exciting
the bees to gather all they possibly could,
and then when the honey season was past,
just feeding it back, thus securing big crops
of comb honey. Well, the plan looked
reasonable on paper, but in actual practice
it looks very different tn me. Of course, 1
waited until the gathering season was past,
and then went enthusiastically to work
giving unfinished sections, mostly, to work
upon. Well, the amount they managed to
cram away in the brood-chamber before
starting at all in the sections, took a good
deal of the enthusiasm out of me ; but at
length they went reluctantly, tardily, at
work in the sections. But the sections were
not as nice as those built by the same bees
during the honey-flow.

Another set-back to the scheme was found
in the ureat loss of weight during the feed-
ing-back process. 1 did not keep an accurate
account, but I believe it to be 40 to 50 per
cent.

Another serious objection that presented
itself consisted in the fact that all the bees
used for feeding back died outright or

dwindled badly. Too much honey in the
brood-chamber I think was the cause.

My opinion is, that it will not pay to feed
back, even to complete sections that are
nearly finished, much less for the building
of whole sections.

Extracting tlie Wax.— This is very
often a great nuisance in a house, and many
family jars have resulted from the process
of rendering beeswax. In the Western
Plowman, M.T. C. H. Dibbern gives some of
his experience in these words :

I have lately experimented a good deal in
rendering the wax from old brood-combs.
In my experiments I have used about all
known methods. I have boiled it and
strained it ; I dipped it from the top ; I have
steamed it and melted it in the sun extrac-
tors, but all with about the same result, not
nearly all the wax would be secured.

Lately 1 had a pile of refuse from which
1 extracted all the wax I could get, but upon
examination with a microscope I became
convinced that a good deal of wax still re-
mained. I filled a wash boiler full of it
and boiled it until all the lumps separated.
I had rigged up a box with a false slatted
bottom in it. I poured the contents of the
boiler into a strong burlap sack, placed it in
the box after tying securely, placed a piece
of plank on the sack, and a square biock on
top of that. 1 took a long plank to use as a
lever, placing one end under a cleat nailed
to the building, and commenced pressing
the contents of the sack, gradually adding
more weight till the pressure was about as
great as the sack would stand without burst-
ing. Leaving the weight on for an hour or
more, the last drop of wax seemed to have
separated from tlie mass in the sack. The
wax and dirty water will be caught in the
bottom of the box where it will readily
cool.

After cleaning up this run I found we had
seven pounds of nice, bright yellow wax,
worth at least S1.40, and much more to make
into foundation. This experiment has con-
vinced me that many thousands of dollars
are annually lost by the imperfect methods
of securing beeswax. When the comb is
new or from cappings, it is easy enough to
get all the wax, but old, dirty pieces of
drone comb, or odds and ends, mixed with
propolis, and what not, it is quite another
matter. I am now convinced that the only
way to get nearly all the wax from such
comb, is to submit it, as hot as possible, to
a high pressure.

Uee-Ii:eepiug' was one of the most
rural occupations. At the time when man
first commenced to stir the soil for his daily
bread, bees were managed tor domestic use,
to furnish the only product then known and
used exclusively as a sweet. The discovery
of sugar-making supplied a cheaper staple,
which placed houey among the luxuries.
For hundreds of years such has been the
state of the honey trade. Now we see ad-
vanced bee-keeping increasing the produc-
tion to an extent which will place honey on
regular bill of fare of the most unpretentious
hotels. Indeed, we should see it there to-
day.—Exchange.

A Home ITIarlcet for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this naper.

FigM'ort.— On page 649, will be found
an article on this honey-producing plant, by
R. S. Russell, committee on Honey Plants
at the Indiana State Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion, Zionsville, Ind. Mrs. L. HarrLson
makes the following additional remarks on
the same plant in the Prairie Farmer :

The Simpson honey-plant was brought to
notice by Mr. Simpson, of Warren county.
Ills. It is often called rattle-weed, as the
seeds will rattle in the pod, and Carpenter's
square, as it has a square stalk. It belongs
to the tigwort family, the botanical name
Seraphuiaria nodosa, from its being a sup-
posed remedy for scrofula. It delights in
damp, shady ground, and grows wild over a
large extent of country along hedges, old
rail fences, stumps, etc. Willows are all
good honey-plants. One tree bears all pis-
tillate flowers ; another all staminate. The
pistillate yield honey, and the staminate
pollen, and the bees act as marriage priests
carrying the fertilizing powder from one to
another.

There has been more honey gathered in
one day from basswood than from any other
source. Many persons learning this, planted
out orchards, but were sadly disappointed
in the yield. Plants do not yield honey in
the same amount in different localities.
While basswood yields largely in Canada,
Vermont, Michigan, etc., it is worth but
little for that purpose in Illinois.

Xhe Season in Canada is thus de-
scribed in the last issue of the Rural Cana-
dian : " The past season has been a very
poor one for bee-keepers. Last summer
(1887) the drouth prevented clover from
seeding, and this prevented the usual flora
of this nectar-secreting plant, one upon
which the bee-keeper depends so much for
his profits. Linden yielded but little, and
our only hope was thistle and fall flowers.
Heavy and frequent showers have given a
yield sufficient for winter, and perhaps an
average of 15 pounds to the colony surplus.
Of course it will be necessary to distribute
this evenly between those colonies which
have gathered insufficient."

Irresponsil»Ie. — In Gleanings for

Sept. 1, 18SS, we find this brief "puff :"

We have for some time past had com-
plaint from different parties in regard to
Mr. F. .1. Crowley, dealer in apiarian sup-
plies, Batavia, Genesee county, N. Y. We
are now informed that he is in Batavia only
a part of the time, and is no way responsi-
ble.

He has also been owing us for several
years, but we can get nothing from him.
There are many more very much like
Crowlej', whose transactions ought to be
published for the benefit of honest men.
We are considering the matter of publish-
ing a black list, and we may have to do it
yet.

A Modern UEE-FAR:^!, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1,
postpaid.

TTHK mjs/imMiQmM

® JOtJlRNSXr.

645

I^ook at Yoiir IVrappei* Isabel.

— Tlie date there indicates tlie eud of tlie
moDtti and year to which your subscription
is paid. If that date is past, we liope you
will sit down at once and send us the neces-
sary dollar to move the date a year ahead.
The following inrident, from the Breeder's
Jounial, illustrates the danger of procras-
tination in this matter of punctually paying
subscription for your paper :

Not long since, says a writer, I dropped
into a pioniiuent newspaper oRice, and,
while chatting with the editor, a well-to-do
stock-raiser of that county dropped in and
planked down the necessary amount (or
two years' subscription in advance for the
paper, and at the same time remarked :

" I want the tag on my paper to be in such
a shape that 1 need not be ashamed, when
a friend calls at my house, to let him see it.
Tou may believe me or not, but it is a fact
all the same," he continued, " that a little
matter like that has already saved me con-
siderable money ; and one particular in-
stance I want to tell you about. 1 had some
dealings with a certain man," said he, "and
one day, while at his house for the purpose
of selling him some sheep, I chanced to
pick up his newspaper. 1 observed by the
tag upon the margin that he was terribly in
arrears for it. The fact that a man would
allow his newspaper account to run on,
year after year, to such an extent, set me to
thinking, and 1 resolved that should he ask
me for credit— he already owed me for titty
head of line sheep — I would respectfully de-
cline his request. As I had anticipated, he
did ask for time, which 1 not only refused
him, but demanded the amount already due
me. He was unable to meet the obligation
just then, he said, but would do so very
soon. 1 sold my stock elsewhere, but I
never got the money out of the man for the
sheep 1 had previously sold him, nor do I
expect to. Had 1 not seen that tell-tale
newspaper tag he might have stuck me still
further. Now, when 1 am in doubt as to a
man's responsibility, all I want to enable
me to accurately size him up is, to get my
optics on his newspaper tag, and in nine
cases out of ten I will never be mistaken in
my estimate of him."

We commend this item to the careful
perusal of all those who are in arrears for
their reading matter. Good credit is better
than a fortune— nay, it is a fortune itself.

Riislio Superstition<ii about the

Bees.— We clip the following from the
Seottigh Fa>-mlng World :

Many curious and quaint traditions, dat-
ing from a remote past, still linger around
the venerable straw hive, and upon which
we may dwell more at length on some future
occasion. Not a few cottage bee-keepers of
the old school still devoutly believe in the
efficacy of adhering to old customs to the
very letter, absurd and amusing as they ap-
pear to outsiders It is considered indis-
pensable at the outset that the swarm be
paid for in gold ; silver coin is supposed to
be " unlucky," and, accordingly, the lesser
gold coin is tendered almost invariably in
payment. It is just possible, however, that
this tradition may have originated on the
part of some shrewd bee-keeper anxious to
keep up the price at a time when swarms
were many and sales few. In some places
it is the practice to put a little sugar at the
hive-entrance on Christmas Eve, and at the
stroke of midnight the bees are believed to
come down and eat it. If a death occurs in
a family, the hives must be draped with the
insignia of mourning, and at night the bees
are "woke up" by sharply rapping the
hives with the knuckles, and each is then

informed of the event ; the sound caused by
the humming of the bees inside the hives,
alarmed at being " woke up " in such a
manner, is considered to be tlieir response
to the communication. A generation ago
this belief was very general, and it has still
many adherents.

Quite recently a couple of old bee-keepers,
Sam Goodheeve and Phil. Hackles, charac-
teristic representatives of the old school,
discussed the topic, happily unconscious of
a " chil " standing by " taking notes." We
subjoin it verbatim :

" Our Joe tells me that poor old Tom
Hedgestake's heeves be all dead arter all,"
said Sam, " and he fed 'um too, all the time
he could still get about."

" What else could 'ees widder expect," re-
plied Phil. "She ne'er woke 'era up when
the old man died, and ne'er put one of 'em
in mourning."

" Well, I told how't would be," Sam re-
joined ; " and now she sees plain enough
how my words become true. But there be
a many people that'll ne'er be told nothing,
and so she must put up with consequences."

" Bees be curls things now," observes
Sam musingly, after lighting a fresh pipe ;
"and I well mind how, when Uncle Jim
died— that was in the 'ear '60— his heeves all
perished the followin' winter, as there was
not a scrap o' black put on any on 'em.
Now when my feyther died, and that nigh
on thirty 'ear ago, I took care to wake the
bees up and put all the heeves in mournin'.
I cut up his old black weskit on purpose,
and not one on 'em perished ; and they was
the forridest too swarm of anybody's round
about that spring. What a whoppin' lot o'
honey 1 had that 'ear surely ! 1 sold £6
worth, 'sides what weateinside,and brewed
a big barrel o' mayde in t' bargain."

COIVVENTIOIV DIRECTORY.

1888 Time and Place of Meeting.

Oct. 3-5.— North American, at Columbus. O.

W. Z. UutchinBOn. Sec Flint. Mich.

Oct. 4.— Ohio State, at Columbus, O.

Frank A. Eaton, Sec, Bluffton, O.

Oct. 6.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose. Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

Oct. 16, 17.— Union, at Clavton. Ills.

. S. N. Black, Pres., Clayton, Ills.

Nov. 21, 22.— Pan-Handle, at Wheeling, W. Va.

W. L. Kinsey, Sec, Blaine, O.

Dec. —.-Michigan State, at Jaokson, Mich.

, H. D. Cutting. Sec, Clinton. Mich.

J^" In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- Ed.

Results of llie Season. — J. E.

Boyles, Nelsonville, O., on Sept. 17, 1888,

writes :

i

I wintered .30 colonies, spring count, on
the summer stands. 1 have always win-
tered my bees that way, and generally with
success, but not always. They came
through in nice condition, and all bred up
early except one which was queenless. 1
gave them brood with adhering bees, and a
queen-cell, and they soon became strong,
but too late to store surplus. 1 have five
new colonies by natural swarming. The
last gne on June IS was a large one, and be-
came very strong, but too late also for sur-
plus. All of the 33 colonies stored more or
less honey in the sections, amounting to
about 1,000 pounds, although a portion of

the sections were unfinished. I sell in my
home market, and mostly at the stores
where 1 sell garden stuff, as I am in the
garden business. 1 get 16 cents per pound
for honey, in cash, or 20 cents in merchan-
dise. I could always sell more if 1 had it.
The present crop is about two-thirds gone,
and I could have sold all of it by this time,
had i not been crowded with my other
work. Our honey harvest was ended by
July 5. We never look for a fall crop here;
yet the bees have had much better late
forage than usual, as we have had plenty
of rain.

Decidedly (be Best Season.— N.

C. Clayton, Central, S. C, on Sept. 19, 1888,
says :

I have been a bee-keeper several years in
a locality that, years ago, was exceedingly
good for bees, but of late it has been the re-
verse, some years having no surplus at all.
But since applying modern improvements I
get some honey every year, and my report
for this year is decidedly the best it ever
has been. I began in the spring with 31
colonies, controlled swarming pretty well
by extracting, and took about 75 gallons of
honey. There is not much market for
honey here.

Wbat a tVonian Can I>o.— Mrs.

Harriet A. Gale, Shelby, Lake Co., Ind.,
thus writes of her season's work and the
cash results :

My bees have done well for the past sea-
son. I have 18 colonies now with honey-
boxes on the hives. When those on are
finished, my crop will amount to over a
thousand pounds, which I have already sold
for IS cents per pound, and a part of it is
already shipped.

]>etei-niining tbe Sex o4 Bec-

Esss.— M. S. Morgan, South Elgin, Ills.,
on Sept. 27, 1888, writes :

I am obliged to dissent from the com-
monly received theory that the volition of
the queen determines the sex of her eggs.
In my opinion, after her fertilization any
one of her eggs will produce a worker, a
queen, or a drone, according to the purpose
and manipulation of the workers. A proof
that a worker egg may be made to produce
a drone, may be obtained in this way :
Divide a colony, giving to the new hive,
bees with sealed worker-brood only, to-
gether with a queen-cell. Be sure that there
are no drones in the new hive. Now from
a colony that have killed off their drones,
select any one frame of entire worker bmod
having a few uiihatched eggs : place this
frame in the new hive ; and 1 will guaran-
tee that upon this frame will be found the
elongated cells of drones, whilst in the col-
ony from which it was taken, there will be
workers only. The egg with the sperm at-
tached produces a worker ; the same egg
with the sperm detached, produces a drone;
the separation being made by the volition
of the worker, and not by the volition of
the queen.

^Vetvill Present a Pocket Dictionary
for two subscribers with $2.00. It is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to decide
as to the spelling of words, and to determine
their meaning.

Tour Fnll Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

646

TWm MMERICSEf BE® J©TiJMKffiI*.

*^*^A^^^*^*^*^*^*^A^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^«»«^»^»^>i>*<fc«i^«^»^^^»^->j^-'^»^»— ^'^■^^^■^»-»--

Queries t Replies.

Handlin;

B Bees ivith Yeil and
Gloves.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Qnerjr 580 — Is it desirable to use a veil or
(?lovee, when handliDK bees ?— Kentucky.

Veil, yes; gloves, no.— G. M. Doo-

LITTLE.

A veil almost always, but gloves
never.— James IIeddon.

Yes, a veil, but no gloves.— J. P. H.
Brown.

A veil, but no gloves.— C. C. Miller.

Yes, a veil, but not gloves.— R. L.
Taylor.

I use a veil, but no gloves. — J. M.
Hambaugh.

If the bees are disposed to sting, yes.
It not, no.— M. Mahin.

Yes, a veil, when necessary to pre-
vent stings. Gloves never, say I.— A.
J. Cook.

A veil, yes ; but not gloves, unless
you cut off the finger tips. — Dadant &
Son.

A veil is very desirable at times. I
never handle bees with gloves.— H. D.
Cutting.

I prefer to. You cannot always or
sometimes tell how bees are going to
act.— Mrs. L. Harrison.

Sometimes it is best to use both, and
" Kentucky " is not much of a bee-
keepers if he cannot tell icheit.—A. B.
Mason.

Sometimes it is well to use a veil,
but gloves of any kind are useless.— C.

H. DiBBERN.

It will depend wholly upon the in-
dividual, and on the bees. There have
been times with myself, where both
were absolutely necessary.— J. E. Pond.

It is desirable to have a veil ready for
use, and to use it when you feel like it.
Gloves are seldom needed. Bees usually
strike "above the belt." Singe the
long hairs off the back of the hands,
and do not jerk back if abeedaitsat
the hand. Keep your nerves steady
And— hohlyour breath /—Eugene Secor

There are times that bees can be
handled with impunity without a veil,
but after one gets stung on the bridge
of the nose, or other tender spots on
the face, he will always think of hav-
ing a veil when handling bees. Gloves
are a nuisance, and not desirable.— P.
L. Viallon.

It is very desirable to me on some
occasions. I do not often wear gloves,
but I would use them oftener it I
could get gloves that would not be in
the way of nimble fingering. A bee-
veil is among the essential devices in
apiary work. I frequently hear people
say that they have no use for a veil or
gloves. It is evident that such people
know but little about handling bees.
When taking honey, tiering-up, etc.,
during the honey flow, I rarely ever
use a veil ; but I frequently go through
hybrid colonies to remove queen-cells

and such-like operations, and I know
that 1 have met with cases where an
unprotected person would get a sting
in every square inch of his hide.— G.
W. Demakee.

I use a veil, but no gloves. I am not
often stung, but the chance of a sting
in the eye, or a bee in the ear, causes
me to wear a veil. — J. M. Shuck.

When honey is coming in, there is
but little reason for wearing a veil, but
a good smoker should always be at
hand, for use in case of an emergency-
an accident, for instance. Gloves are
of use, to protect the hands, when the
finger tips are cut off. in times when
the bees are cross, or there is a dearth
of honey.— The Editor.

Bee-^tiiig Remedies.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 581 — Are the so-called bee-stinjr
remedies of any value for curing bee-stings f
Iowa.

I think not.— R. L. Taylor.
They are of very little value.— J. P.
H. Brown.

I think not.— J. M. Hambaugh.
None that I have used, and I have
tried many.— James Heddon.

Yes, a little. I think that ammonia
is the best. — A. J. Cook.

We tried them, and think nothing of
any of them, except cold water.— Da-
dant & Son.

Some of them are. The oils of cin-
namon and cloves have been of real
value to us this season.— A. B. Mason.

Very little, if any. The best remedy
I have found is saliva from my own
mouth.— M. Mahin.

I do not know from experience, but
my faith in them is not very strong.—
C. C. Miller.

From experience and reading on the
subject, I am of the opinion that no
remedy of value has as yet been found.
-J. E. Pond.

Simple pure ammonia is the best of
anything I have used, but of late years
I have not used anything.— H. D.
Cutting.

Not any that I have ever tried. If a
person belonging to my family were
stung badly, I should put them in a wet
sheet pack. If an animal, in like man-
ner.—Mrs. L. Harrison.

I never use any. Years ago, when I
first commenced, tew suffered more
from stings than I did. Now they
affect me but liitle more than an insect
bite.— G. M. Doolittle.

They have proven worthless so far as
I have experimented with them. It is
proper to say, however, that a bee-sting
amounts to very little with me, anyway.
— G. W. Demaree.

They will aleviate the pain and lessen
the swelling on persons not used to
stings. The professional bee-keeper
has little use for them.— C.H.Dibb,ern.

I have not tried everything, but
nothing that I ever did try did any
good, so far as I could discover. Stings

do not swell on me any more. If I get
stung on the end of the nose, my
Iriends do not notice any difference.—
Eugene Secor.

The absorption of the poison is im-
mediate, and no local application is of
any value. I would like to have Prof.
Cook give us an article on the subject,
and bring in the action of the hypo-
dermic svringe to fully demonstrate
this.— P. L. Viallon.

I think not. A sting in the band,
where I always get it, if at all, can be
instantly rubbed out on the clothing,
and, many times, the poison will not
reach the blood at all. The bee will
often be crushed in this way before it
has pushed its lance into the skin. — J.
M. Shuck.

Our British friends are very enthu-
siastic in their praise of the use of
apifuge for the prevention of being
stung by bees. When Mr. Cowan was
here he spoke very highly of it— though
some have condedaned it, or stated that
they did not think it of value as a pre-
ventive. When stung some use am-
monia to advantage to allay the pain ;
others apply smoke for the same pur-
pose. The poison acid may be neu-
tralized by an alkali ; saltpetre for in-
stance. Ice cold water, if applied at
once, will drive the blood back, and
quite often affords relief .—The Editor

Convention IVotices.

CF" The Pan-Handle Bee - Keepers' Association
will hold its next meeUn^j; in the K. of P. Hall on
Main St., between I ith & lith Streets, in Wheeling.
W. Va., on Nov. 21 and 22, 1888. All beelieepers are
cordially invited. W. L. KiNSEV, Sec.

Z^~ Tne next meetino: of the Union Bee-Keepers*
Association will be held at > layton. Ills., on Tues-
day and Wenesday. Oct. If; and 17, iHrtH, in the Town
Hall at 10::)i.a.m. The Parli Hotel will charge tl.oo
per day ; the restaurants 2n cts. per meal. We ex-
pect Messrs Dadaiit, Uamnaugh, Caium and other
prominent bee-keepers to be present.

S. N. BLACK, Pre:

%W The Ohio State Bee-Keepers' Association will
hold its tjtb annual meeting In joint convention with
the North American Bee-Keepers' Society at ('olum-
bus, O.. on o< t. 3,4 and 5, 18S8. A special business
session of the Ohio State Bee Keepers' Association
will be held on Ojt. 4, to elect officers for the com-
ing year, and for the transa tion of other business.
Tills business meelingwill not interfere with the
regular programme of the National convention of
the same day. FRANK A. Baton, Sec.

53^ The North American Bee-Keepers' Society
will hold its annual meeting on Oct. ;i. 4 and 5, 1888,
in Kepresentatives" Hall at the capitol in Columbus,
Ohio. The Pa.senper Traffic As50ctations will grant
reduced rates only wlien loo persons are present,
holding railroad certificates. Owing to the short
honey crop it is feared that a sufficient number of
persons will not be present holding certificates, and
tliat an attempt on tiie part of the Society to avail
itself of the reduced rates otfered by the Passenger
Traffic Associations will only result in dis.ippotnt-
meiit ; hence it has been decided that the only
course open will be to allow each member to shift
lor him-^elf, or herself, to either take advantage of
such excursion rates its may be available in his or
her vicinity, buy round-trip tickets, or do something
of the sort.

W. Z. HcrrCHiNsoN, Secretary.

Always Mention your Post-Offlce,
County and State wlien writing to this
office. No matter wliere you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

Scatter the I.,eaflets.— Look at the
list (with prices) on the second page.

THE SMERICSK BEE JOURlMat.

647

The Baltle-Bees.

Were you there when the columns swirled about,

Did you hear ihe ounnong' rattle ?
Dirt you hear the recin^ents' luoty shout,

And the hum of the Bees of Battle ?

The bees that hummed in the air were of lend ;

How they sanj; thrtniph the leafy bowers !
And the juice of the flowers which they drank was
red—

How the Battle-Bees fed on flowers !

Were you there when the bees came humming
throueh.

Were you there when they so beset us.
When the honey they made with so much ado

Was sweeter than that of Hymettus ?

Was it sweet? Ah. it was ! 80 I say a^ain :

lis BweetnesB is told in story-
It was deadly sweet to the armies twain—

But the honey was only gtory.

—Selected.

BEE-DIARRHEA.

The Result of Experiiiieii(!« made
to Diseover the Cause of It.

Written for theAmeriean Bee Journal
BY G. E. riEKCE.

Query 564 reads thus : " During De-
cember, January and February of the
winter of 1884-85 I lost 700 full colonies

out of 900 located in Ave apiaries

The frames and combs were badly
smeared with excreta where there were
a few bees and queen left The win-
ter of 1885-86 was the same with 600
colonies. The winter of 1886-87 all of
400 colonies came through to February.
They commenced dwindling then, and
went down one-third The past win-
ter has been the same. I have some 15
or 20 colonies that have withstood all
these winters, and have come out good
every time under the same conditions.
1. Have you had this experience V 2.
What is it y 3. How can I stop it ?—
Illinois."

The above is the substance of Query
564, on page 502. It was accompanied
by the opinions of some twelve experi-
enced apiarists as to the cause of the
disease in question, and how to prevent
it — a few to whom the query had evi-
dently been submitted, not expressing
any decided view on the subject. All
who expressed any opinion were united
in referring the trouble to bee-diarrhea,
and the cause to improper food, but
disagreed as to the manner of preven-
tion. Some advise " Illinois " to feed
pure cane-sugar ; some to keep the bees
in a warm cellar ; to deprive them of
pollen, etc.

Donbtful Cause of Bee-Diarrliea.

I believe but very few persons who
have kept bees in the Northern States
will hesitate in naming the disease re-
ferred to in the Query as bee-diarrhea ;
but as to the cause— that is the rub !
That is the winter problem which has
been discoursed upon in all the bee-
periodicals of the land during the past
twenty years, and if there has ever
been a clear, rational explanation given
of the cause of this disease— the dread
of the Northern bee-keeper— it is not'

yet manifest to the mental vision of the
fraternity. The hypothesis of today
does not become a theory to-morrow,
but is kicked out to give place to the
next plausible explanation that may be
offered ; in the meantime, the disease
" gets there just the same," as sure as
the winters come on— at least it does
with the majority of bee-keepers.

Facts Discovered in Experlnieiitlng.

I do not propose, in this article, to
advance any explanation as to the cause
of the trouble under consideration —
this would require more time than I
have at present at my command — but
rather to bring forward some facts
which I think have escaped the atten-
tion of some of the prominent writers
on this question. I have indeed an
hypothesis— as every bee-keeper must
have— to explain the cause of winter
losses in the apiary, but for the present
I must try to confine my remarks to
certain facts which I have noticed
while conducting a series of experi-
ments undertaken with a view to dis-
cover some practical method by which
bees could be carried through the win-
ter with as little risk as is incurred by
the stockman in wintering his horses,
cattle, sheep or hogs.

We may boast to our heart's content
of the great advance made in bee-keep-
ing ; of our extractors, comb founda-
tion machines, and the superiority of
the improved hives now in use, over
the bee gums of our daddies, but after
all the fact remains that the average
winter mortality among bees is quite
as high now as it was 25 years ago.

The winter of 1879-80 was very cold,
all through the northwest, and the
losses among bee-keepers were very ex-
tensive, especially among those wlio
practiced out door wintering. My own
losses were so severe that I resolved to
conduct a series of experiments with a
view to arrive at some definite idea as
to what was the cause of winter mor-
tality among bees. I had for years
taken much interest in this question;
had read everything available on the
subject ; had tried nearly all methods
and devices recommended in the bee-
papers and books devoted to the in-
dustry ; and had seen more or less of
my bees die every winter and spring
without being able to afford them any
relief. I do not mean by saying this,
that my losses were more than that of
the average of bee-keepers in the North
—I do not think they were as high as
the average ; but I was losing more
bees than I thought necessary to lose
if the proper conditions of wintering
were understood.

Different Pliases of Bee-Diarrhea.

The solution of the subject under
consideration naturally leads along
three lines of thought, viz :

1. What is it?

2. What causes it ?

3. What will prevent it ?
It might be supposed that the first

question was known from the start,
but this idea is an error, arising from
the notion that diarrhea is a specific
disease, whereas it may be simply a
corroborative symptom of some organic
or constitutional derangement. Simple

diarrhea is (jenerally caused by a sud-
den change in food or drink, or by the
introduction of improper or vitiated
alimentary substances ; but it often
occurs when the cause has not the re-
motest relation to food or drink Medi-
cal writers recognize this distinction
by treating of the subject under dif-
ferent heads— usually three— but as my
education has been confined mainly to
chemistry and Materia Mcdica, I shall
not attempt to explain all the different
phases of ilie disease.

Tlie Quality of Winter Bee-Food.

Now to return to the Query, the
question arises, did those bees have the
diarrhea in its simplest form, or was it
exhibited in connection with some de-
rangement of the bee-system '{ If the
former supposition is correct, then we
may properly look to the food for the
cause. If the latter, then tlie cause
must be sought elsewhere. My opin-
ion is that the disease, which is usually
termed bee-diarrhea, is the out-growth
of another disorder, and the cause of
this is seldom, if ever, to be referred to
the qualitij of the food. I do not wish
to be understood as saying, that if bees
were fed impure food they would not
have the diarrhea, for they probably
would. What I mean to assert is. that
the quality of honey has nothing to do,
in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred,
with the bringing about of the disease
in question. I am forced to this con-
clusion not only from experimental ex-
perience—which I have not time to set
forth— but also from the following
reasons :

First, when animals are afflicted with
simple diarrhea, the organs of the sys-
tem are in a relaxed condition ; there is
no distention or intiammation. In bee-
diarrhea— so-calUed — there is unmis-
takable evidence of congestion aijd in-
flammation. The bloated appearance
evidently does not result from the
accumulatiou of fecal matter, for it
does not disappear after evacua-
tion. It might be urged that the
retention of the feces in the intestines
for an unusual time would cause irrita-
tion which would evidently produce in-
flammation in the surrounding mem-
branes. This argument seems very
reasonable, but I am disposed to be-
lieve that it is not applicable to this
case for the following reasons :

1. It has been proven repeatedly by
direct experiment, that bees can be
kept housed for six months or more, on
stores of honey and pollen, without
any injurious effect. 2. Bees often be-
come diseased within two or three days
after having had a cleansing flight. 3.
The disease usually makes itself mani-
fest within a short period of time. I
have repeatedly seen colonies become
badly sickened within 10 or 12 hours
after a previous examination, when, to
all outward appearance, they were in
perfect health. The second and third
reasons, by themselves, prove nothing,
but when taken together, tend to dis-
prove the hypothesis that the disease
is caused by fecal accumulation.

Tlie Impure-Food Theorr-

Second, I disbelieve in the " impure
food " theory bacause, when improper
substances are taken into the animal

648

'jtmm MMERieMif bseh joismmmi^.

system, nature acts ab initio— from the
beginning. When a young man com-
mences to use tobacco, he does not
smoke a box of cigars before feeling
the unpleasant effects of the weed ; the
first cigar or pipe generally "lays him
out " limp and pale, with his whole in-
ternal apparatus in open rebellion and
spasmodic eruption. The farmer un-
derstands that, if he feeds green food
exclusively to animals, that have been
fed upon hay, they will, for a time,
" have the scours." These are only a
few of the many examples that might
be cited to illustrate that wise provi-
sion of the Creative Power, by which
all animals are warned against partak-
ing of substances which would cause
the system to become deranged, even
if the derangement is only temporary,
as in the case of a sudden change of
feed.

Third. There is still another objec-
tion to the " impure food " argument.
Even when the adult members of a
species of animals are enabled, by vir-
ture of their superior physical power,
to eat food which may not be best for
them, if the same food" be consumed by
the same species of immature growth,
the evil effects will very soon become
apparent.

Now in the case of bee-diarrhea,
neither the young bee, just emerging
from its cell, nor the one that has
nearly completed its course of life, ex-
hibit any indications of disease until
nearly the middle of the winter, and
very often not until the month of
March.

To still further show the fallacy of
the prevalent idea that winter mortality
of bees is caused by improper food, let
me illustrate by the following facts
that have come under my notice while
studying this question :

Experiments in Wintering Bees.

Suppose we take ten hives contain-
ing colonies of normal strength, both
as to bees and honey. Let these colo-
nies be left on the summer stands and
protected from the weather in auy
manner that the experimenter may see
ht, provided it is so arranged that the
clustered bees may be examined from
the top, with as little disturbance as
possible.

Now if we examine these colonies,
say on Dec. 1, we shall find— if the
weather is cold— the bees closely clus-
tered in the front-center of this hive
with the top part of the living sphere
from 8 to 5 inches hrloiv the top-bars of
the brood-frames- the distance below
will vary according to the disposition
of the honey stores and the depth of
the frame. If the weather continues
cold, the motion of the cluster will be
upward, and in time the bees at the
top will be in close proximity to the
honey-board or quilt, whichever may
be used to cover the hive.

Suppose these 10 colonies are closely
watched, and it is found that on Jan. 1,
4 colonies are so clustered as to reach
over the frame tops; this interval of
time— December to January— we will
designate a. On Feb. 1, two more are
in the same position, interval of time
called I); still two more reach this posi-
tion on Feb. 15, interval of time c, and

the last two on March 1, interval of
time d.

Now what I wish to bring to the
notice of the reader is, that during the
interval of time a, there will be no dan-
ger of any of these 10 colonies becom-
ing diseased. During the interval &, if
there is disease it will be among the
first 4 colonies named ; during interval
c only among six; during interval d.
only among eight. After March 1, if
very cold weather is experienced, or if
the hives are not properly protected,
all of the 10 colonies are liable to be-
come diseased ; but the chances of es-
cape are in favor of those which were
last to reach the top-bars, and against
the first.

The question arises, what has the
position of the clustered bees to do
with the bringing on of the disease, if
the cause is to be referred to improper
food y If the honey in the upper region
of the hive is unQt for bee-food, why
is not that below '/

But let us try another experiment.
Take a good, strong colony— it is no
matter about the quantity of stores—
and in place of the honey-board place
over it an empty hive, or a box, with-
out top or bottom, of the same dimen-
sions as the hive. To prevent its being
moved, light cleats should be nailed on
the lower edge, or straw may be piled
around on all sides except the en-
trance. Now lay a piece of oil-cloth on
the frames, and over this tuck snugly a
piece of heavy blanket or quilt. Cover
with a heavy board to keep out rain or
snow. As soon as the clustered bees
reach the top-bars, take six one-pouud
sections of sealed honey, cut out en-
trance-ways in the sides, and lay them
close together, side downward, in such
a manner that the center of the clus-
tered bees will be directly under the
general center of the sections. Replace
the coverings, and do not disturb them
until about the time they will have
consumed most of the honey in the sec-
tions, when another course must be
laid on, and so continue as long as the
bees approach the coverings.

The result of this experiment will be,
that the colony operated upon wil! be
alive and in good health on the first
day of April, or thereabouts, no matter
whether there is pollen in the honey or
not ; no matter what kind of honey is
used— only that it must be sealed-
whether from white clover or buck-
wheat; gathered in the spring or fall,
it makes no difference in the result. If
any one doubts this, it may be veritied
or disproved during the coming winter.

IVhat the Experiments Prove.

These experiments, together with
others not mentioned, prove conclu-
sively to me that qualit!/ of food has
seldom, if ever, any part in producing
diarrhea— so called ; and acting upon
this theory, I have been enabled to so
prepare my bees that I have had no
losses from this cause during the past
five winters, and shall prepare my col-
onies for the coming winter with per-
fect confidence that they will pass that
heretofore critical period in vigorous
health.

If the reader of this article desires to
know what name I would give the dis-
ease, I would say that I am not an ex-

pert at clinical diagnosis, therefore I
have not unlimited confidence in my
conclusions; but if he will, for the
time being, throw aside all precon-
ceived notions about ventilation, ab-
sorption, hibernation, pollen consump-
tion, etc., watch his bees and read
some standard work on catarrh, he
may, or may not, come to the conclu-
sion to name it vnteMinal cctarrh.

How to Prevent Winter Losses.

The main point, however, is to know
how to prevent this trouble, and this
can be done by the following :

1. Never stinting the bees in their
supply of honey.

2. Keeping the hives so protected
that the heat generated by the bees
will be retained as long as possible
ivithin the hire.

I have no confidence in any system
of wintering bees which does away
with hice protection, not even when win-
tered in a cellar. The first cost is an
item, but it pays well in the end.

Blairstown, Iowa.

AUTUMN.

§ugg:estions about the Xece§$ary
Fall Work.

Written for the Farmers' Advocate

BY E. F. HOLTEKMANN.

As the honey-flow has been so very
short this season, bee-keepers will be
inclined to take away more honey from
their bees than good judgment should
allow, and as a natural result the bees
will starve before spring. If an upper
story is put upon a hive, and this is
called the surplus arrangement, it does
not mean that the bees can spare all
they put in a jar from it ; of extracted
honey, especially, the bees rarely have
enough in the lower combs for winter.
So many bees are lost by starvation,
and so much has been said upon this
subject that it would seem almost as
if there was no use in writing upon this
subject.

Get your bees ready for winter early
— in fact, in summer it should com-
mence, and as the brood will often not
permit the storing of sufficient honey
below, reserve two or three combs of
good honey well capped, and have
these to fall back on in every hive, if
they do not have the requisite quantity
of honey on Oct. 1. Take out combs
free from brood and with the least
honey, and put in the combs of sealed
honey.

It is a very bad plan to feed — time is
taken up. The bees rob if they get
the least chance ; it wears the bees of
the hive out as a honey-flow does, and
leaves them aged for winter ; and there
is a great, actual waste by the bees in
placing their stores in the hive, to say
nothing of the bad impression that
your neighbors get to see you haul
home sugar and feed it to the bees ;
they of course at once say your are
" making honey." See, then, that your
bees have 30 pounds of feed, an average
hive with combs and bees weighing 20
pounds. Have this feeding done be-
fore Oct. 1.

THB fElMERICKrf BE® ja^RNJEILr.

G49

IX'liiter-PaBiiageB n Brood-Combs.

These enable the bees to pass from
comb to comb without having to pass
under them or around the sides, and
the desirability of such passages will
be better understood when it is remem-
bered that the lower part of the tiive is
colder than the upper. The bees clus-
ter on the combs in a ball-shape, for
instance, the center combs have the
largest number of bees, and the outside
combs the least of any. The size of
this cluster depends upon the tempera-
ture of the hive, and the higher the
temperature the more the bees spread
over the frames ; the colder, the more
compactly they cluster. Then as they
cluster in a ball shape, when the clus-
ter contracts they can contract on each
comb, but not towards the center of
the cluster unless they go down or out-
side and pass around the comb, which
is a movement just opposite to the nat-
ural, and those on the outside combs
become isolated and perish. If there
was a passage through each comb,
■where the center of the cluster on the
comb would be, the bees could pass
through and join the cluster on the
other side. Tlie best position for the
passage would be in the center of the
upper two- thirds of the comb, above
rather than below.

There are many contrivances for cut-
ting or punching these holes. Perhaps
the best is a cone-shaped piece of tin,
growing in diameter, as it recedes from
the cutting end. This can cut a round
hole through the comb, allowing the
piece of comb removed to slide out on
the wide end of the cone. Another
plan resorted to is, to lay a bridge over
the top boxes. This bridge is con-
structed simply of sticks, so made as to
allow the bees to pass from comb to
over the top boxes. If you winter your
bees outside, it is particularly desirable
to make these passages for the bees.
In a warm cellar it is less necessary.

Old and Worn-Out Queens.

Many colonies perish in winter or
early spring because their queens are
old and worn-out, and perish at this
season of the year. A queen will some-
times be vigorous and prolific when
five years old, but much oftener a
queen will be in that condition in
which slie should be replaced by a
young and vigorous queen, at three
years of age.

The question naturally follows, how
shall we know the age of a queen ?
This is a somewhat difficult matter,
and a careful record of each hive,
which should be numbered, is a good
way. Bear in mind that the old queen
issues with the swarm, and you must
transfer the record with the swarm. If
queens' wings are clipped, the front
right wing may be clipped the first
year, the rear right the second year,
and the left, next in order. If you
have only a few colonies you should
have no trouble to tell the age, and
should know all your queens by sight.

If you have old queens replace them
before fall ; this may be done by taking
out tlie queen and placing a queen-cell
in the hive which you know is about
ready to hatch. Use good stock, and
now and then purchase a ''dollar

queen " from some one whose bees you
know have blood different from your
own bees. In bees, as in other stock,
new blood of the right kind gives vigor
and energy— very desirable qualities in
bees.
Brantford, Ont.

BEE-PASTURAGE.

Fig^vort, or ISiinpson Honey-
Plant, for Honey.

Read at the Indhmn State Convention

BY R. S. KUSSELL.

Where is there one who has handled
bees and made them his associates,
who doubts for a moment that these
industrious little misers will appreciate
any improvement in their homes and
plantation, and doubly repay any judi-
cious outlay toward supplying them
suitable plants from which to extract
the honey V

We believe that a bee is not happy
except when employed gathering the
sweets which Nature stores in certain
plants. Now is the time to lay the
foundation for an abundant honey
harvest.

If you have no bee-willow near your
apiary, procure a few roots or cuttings,
and plant in low land near the apiary.

Simpson Honey- Plant— Figioort.

This will bring the earliest pollen,
which is the most useful. The bark
will crack late in the fall and furnish
a harvest of honey after frost has
killed all flowers. Also set out a few
soft and hard maples, and tap lightly
in two or three places early in the
spring. Set these trees near the bee-
house, as many bees are chilled and lost
in rambling for the early sweets.

Be sure and save all the basswood on
your farm, and plant a few more in old
pastures for shade. Plant catnip, the
more the better, near the apiary ; it is
tine for the young bees. Spare all the
golden-rod when mowing the fence-
corners, also all asters. The bees will
tell you what tliey are when in bloom,
if you do not recogni/.e your friends.

Sow a patch of buckwheat on July 1
and 20 : and also on Aug. 10 and Sept.
1. Last but not least, procure a sup-
ply of Simpson's honey-pl»nt seed from
some reliable apiarist or seedsman. It
can be sown iu hot-beds, and trans-

planted the same as cabbage, or sown
in open ground. It will grow any-
where,in fence-corners or waste ground,
in shade or cultivated fields, planted
214 teet apart. It is a certain grower,
and will "get there" whether culti-
vated or not.

This is, beyond doubt, by far the best
honey-plant of all, giving a steady flow
of good honey from the middle of July
until killed by frost. The honey ac-
cumulates in the cup-shaped flowers,
and if all removed will almost imme-
diately till up again, thus affording an
inexhaustible supply faster than the
busy workers can remove and store it.

I have noticed no disease in my api-
ary since I have raised this honey-
plant. I think that the secret is, it
keeps the bees employed gathering
good, healthy honey, instead of trying
to extract it from decaying fruits and
vegetables in the fall months, which
they are sure to do unless they can
work on something better.

It is a medicinal plant, but is not
eaten or disturbed by stock of any
kind, and will take care of itself after
the first year. It is not a noxious weed
which will take possession of your
farm, but is easily exterminated.

Brother apiarists, I can imagine no
lovelier stroll than through my woods
in August and September. This honey-
plant is in full bloom, and the beauti-
ful Italian bees make the woods musi-
cal from daylight until dark. I will
not speak of the merits of the different
varieties of clover, as of necessity they
will be sown, and help to round out a
season for the most industrious crea-
ture of God's creation.

GRAPE BLOOM.

Bees Gathering Honey from
Orape-Blossoins.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY PROF. A. J. COOK.

" Do men gather grapes from this-
tles y" No, but bees gather honey or
nectar from grapes.

A few days since a gentleman from
Texas sent me what he thought was a
kind of sarsaparilla, with the statement
that bees were collecting much honey
from it. He was a subscriber to Glean-
ings, and at his request 1 named the
plant for that paper.

Now our friend C. F. Muth, sends
me the same plant with the following :
" Our friend J. W. Park sends the en-
closed plant and blossom from Colum-
bia, Texas. He calls it ' cow-itch,' and
says that it grows profusely in his
neighborhood, and yields very abun-
dantly of a superior quality of honey."

Right here we see the mischief of
common names, and the necessity of
scientific ones. One calls this " sarsa-
parilla," and one " cow-itch," and it is
really one of the very reputable grape
family. It is Vitis bipinuata. It is a
bushy, low. climbing vine, with fruit
about the size of a pea, but not eatable.

As will be seen, it belongs to the
same genus— I'/^/s— that includes all
our grapes. Vitis vinifera is the Euro-

650

Tmm MiNdEKicsif mm^ jowRPfSt.

»*^«ai«^*«

pean grape ; Viti<< Inbnisca is the north-
ern fox grape ; Vitis mstivalis, the sum-
mer grape ; Vitis cordifolia, winter or
frost grape ; and Vitis vulpina, the
southern fox grape. V. indii'isa is
more closely related to the one in ques-
tion, as its berries are not edible.
Agricultural College, Mich.

BABY BEES.

A Tew TliougliU for Children
About Youns Bees.

Written for the Prairie Farmer
BY MES. L. HARRISON.

There is a good deal more in a colony
of bees than the honey and wax they
produce. They are models of industry,
neatness and order. About the first
lines engraved on the plastic clay of
my memory, are these of Watts :

How doth the little busy bee

Improve each ehininfr hour.
And gather honey all the day,

From every opening flower.

How skillfully she builds her cell.
How neat she spreads the wax,

And labors hard to store it well
With the sweet food she makes.

Children should be taught to watch
the bees as they go in and out of their
hives, and, particularly, notice that
each individual bee has a duty to per-
form for which it is accountable. The
guards protect the entrance against all
intruders, and no enemy is allowed to
pass without resistance. It is amusing
to watch a bumble-bee as it tries to
evade the guards and gain access to
the rich stores within. How soon his
back is mounted, and " policemen " at
his aide bring him forth, as he loudly
buzzes and struggles for freedom. Bees
from neighboring hives are not allowed
to enter without showing their pass-
port, which is a well -filled sac of nec-
tar, while all paupers are denied en-
trance. Woe betide the moth that has
the presumption to knock at the door
of a strong colony of Italians, for it
will never try that game again.

When the young drone bee emerges
from the cell,'he looks around for some-
thing good to eat. If he is not fed by
the field workers, he goes to a cell and
helps himself. This he is allowed to
do ad litiitum, until his duties com-
mence, which, in his case, is to fertilize
a queen. He daily sallies forth in quest
of her, to perform the task for which
■was the purpose of his creation, and in
the performance yields up his life. If
he is not needed for this duty, he must
"walk the plank," for no needless
members are allowed, but all must suc-
cumb to the good of the commonwealth.

The young worker is allowed a few
days to eat and digest food, when her
duties as nurse to the larvie and queen
commence.

The duties of the queen are so oner-
ous, in the production of so many eggs,
that her system is not capable of sus-
taining the draught, unless her food is
given ner in a half-digested state, so
that it readily assimilates. The queen,
even, is not allowed in the hive, if she
does not perform her duties properly.

She must not " skip any stitches," but
go round and round in a circle, using
every cell ; and her progeny must be
able to perform their duties, or she is
ejected. Woe betide her, if she rears
all "boys" and no "girls," and her
owner finds it out.

When the worker's duties of a nurse
are completed, she takes a rest in
secreting wax and building comb, and
is allowed a play spell after dinner,
that she may learn the location of her
hive. Perhaps she is given a lesson
now and then in stinging, as she is
always an adept at it, and ready, on the
least provocation, to "curl her tail."
We see more of her in her capacity as
guard and field-worker than in any
other.

She attends strictly to business, and,
when gathering clover honey, does not
stop to smell the fragrance of roses,
pinks and posies, but goes quickly from
one clover blossom to another. There
is harmony in Nature, and she must
carry the fertilizing powder from flower
to flower, so that the seed will germi-
nate, and the plant be perpetuated.

Peoria, Ills.

IOWA.

Report of the Iowa §tale Bee-
Keepers' Convention.

Written for the, American Bee Journal

BY JOS. NYSEWANDBR.

The Iowa State Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation met in their commodious tent
on the Fair Grounds during the State
Fair, on Sept. i and 5, 1888. In the ab-
sence of President Spaulding, Joseph
Xysewander acted as temporary chair-
man at the opening of the meeting. In
the election of officers the following
were chosen for the ensuing year :

President, Mrs. O. F. Jackson, of
Sigourney, Iowa ; Vice-President, Eu-
gene Secor, of Forest City ; Secretary,
J. W. Moore, of DesMinnes; and
Treasurer, Jos. Nysewander, of Des
Moines.

The subjects discussed were appro-
priate to the season, which, being a
peculiar one, brought new experiences
to many. Much swarming and little
surplus honey is the exception to the
rule in Iowa. There seemed to be just
enough honey gathered to engender
much swarming, while with fewer
swarms fair returns could have been
secured in the way of surplus honey.

Hon' to Control Sn'arining.

Several plans were presented that
had been successfully employed by dif-
ferent members present. It was con-
ceded that a single swarm from one
colony was rather an advantage than a
disadvantage, as it was possible to
have the benefit of 2 colonies instead
of one when the real harvest came.
Upon this theory Mr. Chantry sug-
gested that it was his method to work
for increase until July, and then have
the several colonies, instead of one,
ready for the fall flowers ; it being un-
derstood, however, that he is entirely
dependent upon the fall bloom for his

honey crop. Ordinarily, or in tnost
locations, this method was deemed
impracticable.

Mr. Kimble said he thought that he
could secure the best results by having
about one-third increase ; and in re-
sponse to a number asking the ques-
tion as to whether it was possible to
confine his colonies to a certain num-
ber, he thought that he would have to
depend oa at least that much increase.

Mr. Secor stated that he practiced
hiving the first swarms on the old
stand, and removing the parent colony
to a new location. He found that this
in most cases brought about the desired
result. Others suggested cutting out
queen-cells, etc., which they found
quite satisfactory, although it required
more labor.

It was found that even this season,
that those who were able to control
swarming, had a fair yield of honey to
report. Mr. Secor stated that up to
that date, which did not include the
fall honey, or at least very little oE it,
that his colonies averaged about 40
pounds each, of comb honey. He be-
lieved that bees should be made to pay
their way in any season.

Honey from Different Vlowera.

In discussing this subject, Mr. Bitten-
bender stated that it was his observa-
tion that bees never gathered nectar
from different kinds of flowers in a
sinsle trip.

Mr. Secor said that he noticed at
different times that some of his colo-
nies would be storing one kind of
honey, while others in the same apiary
would be storing another kind.

The question arising that different
kinds of honey were noticeable in the
same comb, was explained by the fact
that different flowers would secrete
nectar at different times in the same
day, and in such cases bees, unlike
some human beings, would not lie idle
for a favorite job ; or, in other words,
would not wait for a favorite flower to
secrete honey.

Tbe Use or Honejr-Boards.

All that were present favored the
use of honey-boards, whether working
for comb or extracted honey. While
poor queens will sometimes lay in the
sections, and very little in the brood-
chamber, such cases were more fre-
quently the result of not using the
honey-board. One of some description
was highly indorsed, whether it was
queen-excluding or not. Even if not
queen-excluding, it would largely pre-
vent this difliculty when working for
comb honey. Qneen-excluding boards
were recommended where extracting
was done, and many favored them in
any case.

Danger to Bees In Extracting Iiate<

In reference to this subject, it was
seen by a number of reports to have
been the cause of heavy winter losses.
It was conceded that a reserved store
of honey should be preserved where
close extracting was practiced. A suf-
ficient number of sealed combs of
honey, and of a good quality too, should
be put away for this purpose ; and
after the honey season was over, it

XBlf MMERICMK BE® JOUTRIfMI*.

651

should be placed in the center of the
brood •chamber for the winter supply of
food for the colony.

A committee was selected for ar-
ranging a programme for the next
meeting. It is proposed to make that
meeting one of the grandest in the his-
tory of the Association, and it cannot
fail in its aims, having as co-operative
workers the most enthusiastic, practi-
cal and able apiarists in the country.
An announcement of the programme
and time of meeting will be made in
due time, in the different bee-papers.

Des Moines, Iowa.

FUMIGATION

With Salpliur— Sting -
Tlieory.

Trowel

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY DR. C. C. MILLER.

I was a little surprised, on reading
page 603, to tjnd that one who appears
to be 80 close an observer as Mr.
Pierce, should hold views concerning
sulphur, that, according to my experi-
ence, are erroneous. He is entirely
right in saying what is not generally
said (and perhaps it is not generally
known), that after worms have ob-
tained a good foothold, it is very diffi-
cult to kill them with sulphur.

1 have had combs in which the
worms have abounded, from those of
small size to those of full grown, and
after subjecting them to a very dense
smoke of sulphur for a long time, the
" fat old chaps "seemed to be none the
worse for their smoking. Such combs,
I think, I would not try to cure with
sulphur. The cheapest and easiest
way, probably, to dispose of them is to
give them to the bees to clean out.

If it is not at a time when it is warm
enough for bees to fly, the worms will
not make much headway, and as soon
as the worms are frozen, that is the
last of them. If only a few worms are
in a comb, and they are half-grown or
larger, it is no very difficult matter to
pick them out with a wire nail. But
for the worms that are very small— and
we never need wait for them to get
large— the fumes of burning sulphur
are very effective.

My experience has been almost en-
tirely in fumigating comb houey in
sections, and for that purpose sulphur
may almost be said to be preventive,
rather than curative, for the worms
should be killed when they are hardly
large enough to be seen by the naked
eye. If a section be fumigated within
two weeks after its removal from the
bees, and then two weeks later, I think
there need be little anxiety about the
worms.

Having used a good many pounds of
sulphur during a number of years, I
think I may speak with some authority
upon the subject, and I trust that Mr.
Pierce will take it kindly when I say
that I think he is mistaken on two
points : flrst, as to the difficulty of reg-
ulating the combustion of sulphur, and
second, as to the necessity for burning
sulphur in connection with some car-

bonaceous substance. "With regard to
the latter, I may say that I never burn
anything in conneciion with sulphur,
simply lay a lighted match upon the
sulphur, and there is no difficulty about
the dim, blue blaze continuing as long
as a grain of sulphur remains.

As to the difficulty of regulating, es-
pecially when a large amount is used,
let me give a bit of my experience in a
previous year :

I had a lot of sections piled in a room
about 1.5 feet square, and concluded to
smoke the whole room. So I lighted 5
pounds of sulphur early enough in the
day so that I thought it would all burn
before night, and kept occasional
watch of it through a window. At
dark it was burning apparently the
same as when first lighted, and at bed-
time the same. Although I thought it
entirely safe, I never feel that I can be
too careful about Are, so I concluded to
sit up with it until it expired. I did
not get to bed until after 1 o'clock.

My method of using was this : The
sulphur was put in an iron kettle hold-
ing about a gallon. A common kettle
holding 3 or 4 gallons was partly fllled
with ashes, and in this the smaller
kettle containing the sulphur was
placed, and over all a tin cover that did
not fit closely. I suppose this cover al-
lowed plenly of air to enter to keep up
combustion, but made it burn slower
than if entirely uncovered. Previous
to covering, a lighted match was laid
on the sulphur, and that was all the
attention it received except the watch-
ing, and no doubt it would have burned
just the same if I had been a mile

away.

I do not think that roll brimstone
would act just the same, but I suspect
a part of it mixed with the powdered
sulphur might answer. The cost is so
little that I have always used it in the
powdered form.

Bees Stlngins: tbe Capping of Cells.

Referring to "replies" on page 598,
allow me to correct Dr. Mason and the
Editor. Dr. Mason thinks that the
man who believed that the bees did the
capping with their stingers, never sub-
scribed for a bee-periodical. Now Doc-
tor, that idea originated with the Rev.
W. F. Clarke, and was first promul-
gated in the bee-papers and his book,
unless I am very much mistaken, and
your man's believing it, was just so
much proof that he had been reading
the bee papers. The Doctor may be
surprised at the man's belief, but a
little thought will convince him that
there is nothing surprising in it.

The statement was given in all sober-
ness in the columns of our bee-papers,
and coming from a respectable source,
why should it not be believed V If I
remember rightly, it passed entirely
unchallenged for a considerable length
of time, and to this day I think not
more than three individuals ever denied
its truth, and not a single one of our
editors ever said he thought it was not
true. Why shouldn't the man believe
ity

If the Doctor refers, not to the sting-
trowel, but to the injection of formic
acid after the cell was filled with honey,
the case is not different, but still
stronger, for I do not remember to

have seen that stated elsewhere than in
the bee papers. The last place I re-
member seeing anything of the kind
was in the liriUsh Bee Journal for Aug.
2.S, where, on page 409, Dr. A. von
Planta quotes approvingly Dr. Muellen-
hoff in No (i of the Eichstaedt Bienen-
zcitung, where he says, on page 61,
" When the cell is nearly tilled, and
the honey is not intended for imme-
diate consumption, the bees add a drop
of the secretion of their poison gland.
Now we ought to know positively
whether this is true or false. Some-
where, lately. Prof. Cook nas called it
in question— I mean aside from his an-
swer in the present case — but I do not
remember whether he says positively
it is false, or simply that he does not
believe it.

The Editor is in error, I think, in at-
tributing the sting-acid theory to Rev.
W. F. Clarke. I think it came from a
number of sources, and it might be
difficult now to determine who first
started it. Mr. Clarke is " sponsor "
for the " sting-trowel " theory— at least
I do not know that any one else in this
country has said he knew it was true,
unless it be Dr. Mason's friend, al-
though I have been told that the idea
flrst had birth in France. Mr. Clarke,
however, says he became satisfied of
its truth as the result of observations.
I seriously question whether Mr.
Clarke ever made any observations that
warranted him in giving utterance to
the sting-trowel theory as a positively
ascertained fact.

Marengo, Ills.

[If the editor was in error in the
statement made on page 598 in answer
to Query 57.5, our friend, the Rev. W.
F. Clarke, will be very ready to show
it. Editors are not always right, es-
pecially when they try to find " fathers"
for waifs, or the offspring of fertile
brains.— Ed.]

CALIFORNIA.

Honey Produclion on tlie Pacific
C'oa§t.

Written for the Riverside Press .
BY FRED. L. ALLES.

Throughout Southern California, for
a distance of 300 miles, the Coast
Range of Mountains is spotted with
little canyons upon whose sides may
be found a hundred varieties of wild
flowers. Here and there rises an occa-
sional live-oak or a clump of low grow-
ing pines. The body of this living
carpet, covering the acclivity of the
Temescal range,the San .Jacinto mount-
ains and the lower edges of the Sierra
Madres, is composed of all the colors
of the rainbow, and varies with the
mouths and seasons, while heaps of
gray old boulders, jutting clumps of
sandstone and granite, and masses of
chaparral, grease-wood and mesquite,
with their neutral tints, give the eye
relief from the too brilliant color sur-
rounding them.

These canyons are the sources of the
water supply for the. valley vineyards

652

TKB MMMMICMlf B.EE JQ'^RK«I,.

and orchards, and are the homes of the
bee-masters of a land litterally " flow-
ing with honey."

Bee-farming in California bears little
resemblance to the same industry else-
where, on account of the novel differ-
ence in the seasons. Instead of mak-
ing provision for long and cold winters,
the bees are able here to gather nectar
from New Year's Day to Christmas,
and the bee-master takes out honey
during eight months of the year.
During January, February and March
the orange and lemon trees of the val-
ley orchards, and the wild aracia and
eucalyptus (Australian blue-gum) are
all in bloom, and furnish a fair quan-
tity of nectar, but the larger part of
this is consumed by the bees, and it is
not the custom to take this from the
hives. The so-called " orange-blossom
honey " sometimes seen on the market,
is not made from orange-blossom nec-
tar at all, and is so labeled with intent
to deceive.

Early in February the native sheep-
grass, alfllerilla, furnishes an abund-
ance of bloom, which makes a good
honey of amber color, but not so good
as that made from black sage, which
blossoms later in the same month.
This sage grows in the lowest valleys,
and on the side of the mountain ranges
in all parts of California, and is the
best plant for bees, because its nectar
gives them heart and vitality at a sea-
son when they most need it. The
honey from it is of a fine color and
strong body.

Early in June appears tbe best of all
honey-produoing plants — the white and
silver sages. No flower in the world
produces a clearer white, pure nectar
than California silver sage. Eastern
white clover and basswood (American
linden) are splendid honey-producers,
but both are inferior to the silver sage
in making an article of delicious flavor,
good body, and clear as pure water.
These sages bloom usually during the
entire month of June, and then comes
the wild buckwheat, which has a blos-
som resembling the cultivated plant,
and furuishes a honey of good quality
and rich, amber color.

Early in July the wild alfalfa appears,
and soon after the wild sumac opens its
large clusters of creamy-white flowers,
and both are exceedingly rich in a
delicious nectar. The wild mignonette
is in bloom during the same period,
and the bees never seem to tire of hov-
ering over its perfumed flowers during
their short period of bloom.

The golden rod throws up its bril-
liant yellow flower spikes in July and
and August, and continues in blossom
until Christmas. It is similar to the
plant of tbe same name growing in the
Eastern States, and is one of the most
valuable of California's long list of
honey-producing plants.

This list includes nearly 200 plants,
but many of them bloom for only a
short period, every fortnight showing a
new combination of colors on the hill-
sides. The nectar gathered from all
the different flowers is not separated
by the bee-master. The aim is only to
keep the light, silver-sage honey apart
from that of darker color gathered
earlier in the season from the alfllerilla

and black sage, and afterward again
from the amber honey of the wild buck-
wheat, sumac and golden-rod.

The process of preventing the mixing
of the honey by the bees is very simple,
the bee-master watching the season of
the different flavors, and taking the
honey from the combs as the season
progresses.

California liquid honey, as it leaves
the bee-master, is always pure. Sugar,
glucose, and all other possible adul-
terations cost more per pound than the
pure honey is worth on the ranch.

TIERING-UP.

Results of the Season — Doubling
Vp Swarms.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY H. C. GIFFORD.

I will now give a statement of my
summer's work and the results. About
July 1 my 20 colonies of bees had not
5 pounds of honey to the hive. I have
practiced the tiering up plan, some of
them 3 tiers high, making 81 one-pound
sections per hive. I have taken off
1,350 pounds of honey, and have about
450 or 500 pounds yet to take off, or
about 1,800 pounds from 20 colonies,
besides increasing them to 27 colonies.
At the present time all are in good con-
dition, and the hives well filled with
honey. I have doubled up some
swarms, returned some second swarms,
and have had no trouble with their
coming out the second time.

My bees never did as well as they
have since July 5. I have read very
many big stories in the Bee Journal,
and some of them I rather doubted, so
I need not be surprised if some doubt
what I may say about one of my new
swarms; but it is true, and I think it
has been of great benefit to me, for I
intend to practice it next summer, if I
live.

Experience ATttli .Ttvo Swarms.

About Aug. .5, a large swarm came
out, and settled on the grape-vines near
the hives. 1 hived them, but when
about three-fourths of them were in
the hive, another swarm issued, and
came right to the hive where I was
working. I let it stay until about one-
half of them had settled in my new
hive, which I immediately carried to a
stand ; the rest flew around awhile, and
then went back to their old home.

It seemed that all the bees could not
get into the hive, so I put 48 sections
on top, and they all went in. After
awhile I put on 24 more sections, and
on Sept. 15, I took off the three tiers,
which weighed 78 pounds, and the hive
is now full from top to bottom, which
cannot be less than 60 pounds, and per-
haps 80. This was all stored in about
40 days.

The above statements are facts, and
I intend after this to put two swarms
together whenever I can. One strong
colony is worth three small ones, and is
not so much trouble or expense.

My neighbors call me an " expert "
I in the bee-business, but this summer's

experience teaches me that I am only
in my A B C's. What 1 have learned
I have gotten from the American
Bee Journal. My neighbors have
no honey to speak of, except Wm.
Johnson, who works by the same
method that I do. I sell my honey at
the stores, at 18 cents per pound, and I
tell them to sell it at 20 cents. I will
have no trouble to sell my crop, al-
though some who have a little honey
bring it in and sell it for what they can
get, which ranges from 12J^ to 16 cents
per pound.

I send my membership fee for the
" Union." It would look selfish to me
not to belong to the Bee-Keepers'
Union, when I have received so much
benefit from the experience of those
who do belong to it ; but I have such
good luck with wiotering my bees on
the summer stands, that I shall not try
the cellar yet. I box up the hives and
pack them with straw, leaving an open-
ing in front 6 inches long and 3 inches
high, which I can close up at any time.
I pack the caps with straw, and cover
them well on top to keep them dry.

Morris, Ills., Sept. 24, 1888,

■We Club the American Bee Journal

for a year, with any of the following papers

or books, at the prices quoted iu the I.ASX

column. The regular price of botli is given

in tlie first column. One year's subscription

for the American Bee Journal must be sent

with each order for another paper or book:

. Price of both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00 . . .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 — 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50 — 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 — 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150 — 140

The Apiculturist 1 75.... 1 60

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 — 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 — 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 — 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25 ... . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 — 175
Binder for Am. Bee Journal . . 1 60 . . . . 1 50
Dzierzon's Bee-Book(cloth)...300.... 2 00
Root's A BCof Bee-Culture. .225.... 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00. . . . 2 20

Western World Guide 150.... 130

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00 175

Iowa Homestead 200.... 190

How to Propagate Fruit 150 125

History of National Society.. 1 50 125

Can You l>o AiiylUiuK' that will do
more to advance and defend the pursuit of
bee-keeping, than to aid its Weekly Ex-
ponent and Defender ? The Amkiucak
Bee Journal is the pioneer bee-paper of
America, aud is lully entitled to the active
support of every progressive apiarist, for it
works constantly and faithfully for tlie best
interests ot the pursuit. We therefore
specially request all our readers to use tlieir
influence to double our subscription list
during the eoniiiig autumn. Header, will
you please send us a new subscription with
your renewal or before that time ? A good
weekly at one dollar a year is surely cheap
enough to command patronage.

Tmm MME'Ricsii mmm jo^mhsi*.

653

^^Y^s^ssMse^j^,^^

-Jc---

AI.FREI> II. IVE^VIVIAM,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

justness ^otkes.

If ITou Uve near one post-office and
get your mail at anotlier, be sure to give the
address tliat we liave on our list.

Uilton'M new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

If yoii Lose ITIoiiey by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Itoxes — to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4^x4)^ and 5^4x53^.
Price, $1.00 per 100, or .$S..50 per 1,000.

I»rescrve Yoiii* Papers for future
reference. If you have no BINfOER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FKEE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journai,.

Yucca, Itriislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -write American Bee Jowmal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a coumiission house), causiug
vexatious delay and trouble.

Pure Plienol for Foul Brood. —

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and IT, can be
procured at this office at 35 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 coloniea (120 pages) $1 00

" 100 coloaiea (320 pages) 126

'• 200 colonies (420 pages) 150

Pliotog^raplis ot Bee-lCeepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 131 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Joubnal for one
year for $1.75; or we will pre.sent it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and $3.00.

Ilasting'M' Perfect ion Feeder.—

Tills excellent Feeder will hold 3 quarts
and the letting down of the feed is regulated
by a thumb-screw. The cap screws securely
on. It is easy to regulate— either a spoonful
or a quart— and that amount can be given
in an hour or a day, as desired. By it the
food can be given where it is most needed-
just over the cluster. Not a drop need be
lost, and no robber bees can get at it. A
single one can be had for 40 cents, or a
dozen for $3.-50, and it can be obtained at
this office. Postage 10 cents extra.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have

three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name aud
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2.25

500Label8 2 00 3.00 .3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

*»■ Samples mailed free, upon application.

Xhe Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling AlsiUe
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
perljushel; $3.35 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : $10.00 per bushel; $3.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peek: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Cork fot- Winter Packing.— Its

advantages are that it never becomes nrnsty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Exchange.— We will accept Honey
and Beeswax in exchange for Bee-Keepers'
Supplies in any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 23c. ; per peek, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, $5.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., $10.00.
If wanted by mail, add 10 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

Honey and Ueeswax Market.

CHICAGO.

HONE Y.--New crop arriving slowly, but demand
18 limited. White clover comD, 17®18C. Extracted,
7@9c.

BKB8WAX.-22C.
Sep. 12. B. T. FISH a, CO., 189 8. Water 8t,

CHICAGO.

HONBV.-For white comb I-lbs., 18c. Very little
Inquiry for anything outside of l-lbs., and when It
la wanted It Is at a lower price. Extracted, the best
Krades, 7<3)Hc.. and some held higher. Offeringa are
small and demand slow.

BKK8WAX,-22o. R. A. B0RNBTT,

Sep. 12. 181 South Water St.

DENVER.

HONBY.-Colorado, new 1-lb. sections., 13®15c.
Extracted, 7@hc.

BKESWAJC.-20O23C.
Sep. 7. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white I-lbs., 15017c.;
2.1bB., I4@16c. Fair white 1-Ibs., 14@mc.; 2-lb8., 13
to i.'ic. Kxtraoted. white, 7W®8c.
BEESWAX.-23HC.

THURBBR, WHYLAND i CO.

Sep. 17.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote . Fancy white 1-lbs., 17@18c.:
■21ba , I3®14c. Fair white 1-lbs., 15®16c.; 2-lba,, lac.
Buckwheat 1-lba., Il(fl,l2c.; 2-lbB., I0@llc, White
extracted, 7'i;@s'«e.; buckwheat. 5>^@6t<;b,; Califor-
nia extracted, white sage, 7^@79ic. , amber, 7i^@7^.
Demand good and prices Arm. New comb honey is
arriving quite freely.

BBESWAX.--J3(3.23Mjc.

HILDKETU BROS. & 8BGELKBN,
Sep. 26. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.-White 1-lb. sections, 11®I2^C.; 2-Ibs.,
12H®i c.; amber. 8@iuc. E.\tracted, white, .ijioec;
light amber, o^fesmc; amber and candied. 4->i<*5c.
Receipts light and market Arm for best qualitiea.

BEESWAX.-Dull at 19922>sc.
Sep. 22. O. B. SMITH 4 CO., 423 Front 8t.

DETROIT.

HONBY.-Best white comb, 17®lRc.: dark, 16c.—
Extracted, 8®10c. Market bare of all kinds.

BEB8WAX.-21®22c.
Sep. 24. M. H. HCTNT, Bell Branch. Mloh.

CINCINNATI.

HONBY.— We quote extracted at 4'-'i@8c. per lb.
Comb honey, 12@lt5c. Demand slow.

BEESWAX.— Demand ia good— 2U®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Sep. 18. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY'.— Choice Mb. sections, 18c.; dark 1-lbs.,
14c.: 2-lb8., Idc. : dark, I3C. White extracted in 60-
Ib. cans, 8c.: amber, 7c.: in barrels and kegs, 5@8c.
Demand good, prices firm, and stock light.

BEESWAX.- None in market.
Aug. 29. HAMBLIN & BEAR88, 514 Walnut Bt.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
i7'->i®18c.: 2-Iba., i4@i,'ic. Fair 1-Ibs.. I4^®i5j^c.:
2-lt>s., I l@12c. Extracted, fancy white clover.7m(iyi;a-
California white in co-lb. cans, 8c. ; light amber .in
same cans, 7%c.; amber, 7J<c. Buckwlieat in kegs
and barrcN, 6J^(3(6. Cuban, in barrels and i^-barrels,
65c. per gallon.
Sep. 26. F.G. 8TR0HMEYKR 4C0., 122 Water 8t.

BOSTON.

HONBY.— We quote : New 1-lb. sections, 18®20o.;
2-lbs , l4®16c. New extracted, 8®luc.

BBK8WAX.— 25 otB. per lb.
Aug. 24. BLAKE & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : New white 1-lbB., 18c,; light
l-lbs., I«c. California white 1-lbs., 18c.; light l-Ibs.,
inc.; white 2-lbB., 16c.; light 2-lb8., 14c. Hiztracted,
while. He; amber, 7c.

BKESWAX— I.HW20C. ■
Sep. 5. CbBMONS, CLOON & CO., cor 4th ftWalnnt.

ST. Lonis.

HONEY.- We quote; Extracted, 4>^®5^c.: If in
cans. Htaitc. Wtiite clover comb, 14@15c. Market is
steady and receipts light.

BEESWAX.-21C. for orlme.
Sep. 6. D. G. T tJTT & CO.. Commercial St.

MIL.WATJKBE.

HONBY.— New white 1-lb. sections 18c., and very
fine. 2nc.; I-lbs. 15®1HC.: old 2 and 3 lbs., not salable,
I2W@14C.: dark l-lbs.,old or new, l2@13c. Extrac-
ted, new white in kegs and )<-barrels, H<g>!ic.; old, in
same packages, 7(&8c.; lntln,809c.: dark in barrels
or ''^-barrels, 6@6>^c. Arrivals of new crop small;
dem^and not urgent, and only very moderate trade.

BBK8WAX.— 22®2.'ic.
Aug 31. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

654

THB sMERiesi* mmm journsiu.

Conventions. — The time for holding
Bee-Keepers' Conventions has now arrived,
and we cannot give any better advice
than this : Let each one attend who can
do so, and take part in making these meet-
ings interesting and instructive. If you
have not already obtained the "Bee-Keep-
er's Convention Hand-Book," do so at once
to post yourself up on how to conduct such
meetings correctly. It contains a simple
Manual of Parliamentary Law and Rules of
Order for the guidance of officers and mem-
bers of Local Conventions— Model Consti-
tution and By-Laws for a Local Society —
Programme for a Convention, with Subjects
for Discussion— List of Premiums for Fairs,
etc. Bound in cloth, and suitable for the
pocket. Price, 50 cents. We will club this
book and the American Bee Journal for
one year for Sl.2.5. It also contains a lot of
blank leaves on which you can note impor-
tant matters as they come up. Do not fail
to send for a copy of it.

Simniins' ]>'on-S^varniing Sys-
tem.-We have a few of these books left,
and we will club them with the American
Bee Journal for one year, both postpaid,
for $1.25. The subscription to the Bee
Journal can be for next year, this year, or
may begin anew at any time.

Gentlest bees known; not surpassed
as workers even by the wicked races.

Imported Queens, "A" grade, $6.00,
Tested, $4.00: Untested, $1.00,

f^~ lam now able to supply the demand for Ambrozlc Stock, having receive a Queen
of him, and can send either Ambrozic or Benton stock by return mail. I have now VEBY
FINE QUEENS. 14Etr

GiTJElElISrS.

One-half dozen $5 00

Never saw foul brood. Cash alwayi
required before flllinn an order.

S. W. HORBISON, H. D.,

Oilord, Chester Co., Pa

■We nave some copies of the old edition
of Cook's Manual left, which we will sell at
the old price, $1.2.5. The price of the new
edition is Sl.50 per copy ; a notice of which
may be found on page 579.

Qneens. — We can mail a Tested Italian
Queen (bred for the best results as well as
for beauty) for$2.00 ; Untested Queens Sl.OO
eacb, or $9.00 per dozen. Orders solicited.

Xlie I>atest catalogue for this year is
that of T. S. Sanford, New Castle, Pa. It
has 4 pages, and includes bees and supplies.

I»r. Miller's Book, " A Tear Among
the Bees," and the American Bee Jour-
nal for one yeaar— we send both for f 1..50.

New Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 18S7 and 1888, for Si. 75, while
there are any sets of 1887 left.

gidwjertisemjettts.

The OrlBlnal

BINGHAM

Bee Smoker

s a ss3u«

nS a>H Sg ,*2 £

-=5 e
• c

c

\!

Patented, 1878

. rja o*i.

gSBir^.»EaSa

Z<c go Zoo.O;t
<% H« "f ►■SSo

o p

3. 1.

Bingham & Hetheriiigton Uncapping £ni^

Patented May 20, 1879.

BINGHAin SinOKERS and KIVITE>
have Revolutionized the Smoker anci
Knife Trade, and have made bee-keeping a

Fleasure and a success. They are the onlj
asting and satiiifaotory Snokers and
Knives now used by experienced bee-keepere
in Europe, Australia. Cuba, and America
They are covered by patents, and while thej
are always the best that can be made, the}
are also the lowest priced.

Prices, bjr maU, post-paid.

Doctor smoker (wide shield).. 314 inch.. $2 00
Conquerorsmokerlwideshieid)3 " .. 176

Larg-e smoker (Wide shield) 2% " ..'ISO

Extra smoker (Wide shield) 2 ** ..136

Plain smoker 2 " ..100

Little Wonder smoker IX " .. 66

Bingham & Hetherin^on Honey Knife,
2 inch lis

TO SELL AGAIN, apply for dozen or half
dozen rates. Address,

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,

6Atf .A.BKOMIA. MIOBC.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

BEES to GiTe AAvay.— 75 Colonies of hy-
brid Bees in Langsiroth hives. Plenty of
honey fur witjter. Wij] sell the lot for what the
hives and hnn'^y are worth. AdHress,

I. W. ROLLINS, Elgin, Wabasha Co., Minn.
Mention the American Dee Journal.

Pure Italian Bees,

ON1.V S3.00 per Colony QDEENS, $1.00,
Address. S. F. RKfCn,

39A3t NORTH DORCHESTER, N. H.

Uention thi American Bee Journal.

Jones' Frame Pliers.

BEE-KEEPEaS' SUPPLIES.

HIVES, Sections, Foundation, Smokers.
Frames, Crates, &c , furnished at greatly
ri-duced rates. Also ITALIAN BKES and

QCEEINS at very low prices. Send lor my
Catalogue. Address,

A.. IF. STA.TJI'IF-EI^,
29Ctf STERLING, ILLINOIS.

Mention the American Bee J(Aimal.

HEAD-QUARTERSINTHE SOUTH.

F.^CTORV OF

BEE HIVES, &C.

Early Nuclei & Italian Queens.

ly Tenth annual Catalogue now ready.
•■iCtf P ATTI. t. VI AI.I.OJf , Bayou Qoala, La.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

FOR taktns frames out of Iilves, or
moving them in any way desired. It is
made of Japanned iron, and can be utilized
in many ways. It has a long claw for loos-
ening frames, and a book which maybe used
tor carrying other frames besides the one
»ield by the Pliers. Price, 40 cents., by mail.
By express, 30 cents.

THOS. G. NEWmAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.
Mention the American Bee Jounuil.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertlBement m another column.

Dadants' Fnnnd.ttiou Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery,

Read what J . 1. Pa BBXT.of
Ch a rlton. N. v., says— "Wo
cut with ooe of your Com-
btneid Machines, last winter
511 chaff hiTCB with 7- In. cap,
I'Mj honey-racks, siCi broad
frames, 2.om honey-bi'iea
and a *:reat deal of other
work. This winter we have
double the amouni of bee-
hives, etc., to make and we
expect to do it with this Saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price - List

Free. Address. W. F. & JOHN BARNES,

45Ctf No. 484 RubySt. Rockford, IIL

Mention the American Bee JtAimah

We have some ELEGANT
RIBBON BADGES, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
50"cents each, by mail, postpaid.

XHOS. &. NETVMAX <Xz SOX,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street. - CHICAGO, ILLS.

J. FOKNCKOOK & CO.,

MANUFACTURSR8 OP THE

"BOSS" ONE-PIECE SECTIONS,

Patented June 28, IS81.

WILL furnish Ton, the comlnit sea«on, ONB
PIBCB 8BCTION8 as cheap as the cheapeat.
|#- Write for prices. ^

Watertown. Wis.. Jan. 1, 1888. 40C3t

Mention the Arturican Bee Journal.

'TH® MMMiticMPt mmw j&jamMmju.

G59

m

THos. G.^al:^VMAN a, son, ;

BDITOU.

voiniy. Oct, 10, 18

No. 41.

'I'lie i'^ai-nest .Mau of Ibu Convention
was the son of friend A. I. Root.

The " Bees und Honey "' Build-
ing on the Centennial grounds was a great
attraction on Friday.

Xlie IScxt Session of the Interna-
tional is to be held in Brantford, Ont., and
Mr. Holtermann, editor of the Honey Pro-
ducer o( that place, is the Secretary.

ratlier I^ang;slroth has taken a
severe cold, and is again 'unable to leave
home. For that reason his promised essay
for the North American Convention was
among the missing.

Xlie Ne»v Constitution of the In-
ternational Society was adopted on Thurs-
day evening, as laid over for consideration
at the last meeting. We hope tliat it will
be a means of increasing its usefulness.

I»lr. ,J. Y. Betwiler, from Florida,
had some very fine samples of mangrove
honey at the convention. It was fully equal
to white clover honey, and we do not won-
der why he objects to its being quoted in
the honey niarliets as " Southern honey,"
and priced by the gallon. It should be
quoted separately as mangrove extracted
honey, and priced by the pound, lilje other
kinds of equal quality and value. Mr.
Detwiler was not located in tlie yellow
fever district, but he found it difficult to
leave the " stricken State." He will spend
a few months in Toledo, O., where he
formerly resided. He is an enthusiastic
apiarist.

Tile niortii Anioriean Conven-
tion at Columbus, O,, was a small but a
very enthusiastic annual gathering of the
bee-keepers of the Continent. Some seven
States were represented, and our friend
Holtermann, of Brantford, Ont, represented
the Province of Ontario, Canada. It con-
vened last Wednesday morning, and held
si-K sessions. Then, as it was generally de-
sired by those present to visit the Centen-
nial grounds to view the attractions there
presented, including the bee and honey
show, the last day was spent on those
grounds in social and fraternal intercourse,
while examining and commenting upon the
exhibits of bees, lioney, and apiarian sup-
plies.

Some of the principal exhibitors were A.
I. Root, Dr. A. B. Mason, Dr. H. Besse, Dr.
G. L. Tinker, Mr. McPherson, etc.

The honey exhibit was very fine, and con-
ferred credit upon all the exhibitors, many
of whose names we cannot now recall.

Mr. Root's exhibit of apiarian implements
was large and varied, covering almost every-
thing used advantageously in apiculture.
In the "Power Hall" Mr. Root had his
machinery running which makes one-piece
sections complete, from the wood in the
rough. The saws make such fine work that
the sections looked as though they had been
sand-papered. It is a triumph in the art of
making sections to have them beautiful as
well as useful. To say that in workman-
ship they were fully equal to those four-
piece sections made by Dr. G. L. Tinker, is
no small praise, for the Doctor's work has
heretofore excelled almost everything pre-
sented in that line.

The magnificent coliseum building on the
grounds is a marvel. It is said to hold ten
thousand persons, and seat about six thou-
sand. Tlie speaker can be distinctly heard
anywhere in the hall, so perfect are the
acoustics thereof. It is about 250 feet
across, and 100 feet in height.

Our visiting company consisting of Mr.

A. I. Root, Dr. Miller, Mr. McLain, Dr. A.

B. Mason and ourself. We prevailed upon
Dr. Miller to play the organ and sing sev-
eral pieces, accompanied by the rest of the
party. We went to the further side of the
hall, and we could hear the words distinctly
—but we cannot enumerate all the things
which were very attractive to us.

Mr. Ernest Root, son of A. I. Root, an
estimable young man, was accompanied by
his charming and affable wife. He had with
him his instrument for taking instantaneous
photographic views, and it was well em-
ployed, lie "took" the members of the
convention, the bee and honey building on
the grounds, and several views of the ex-
hibits.

L,ady ffleniber.** to the number of a
dozen were in attendance at the Conven-
tion at Columbus. We will give the list
next week. We regret to say that Mrs. L.
Harrison was absent on account of poor
health.

Xiic llorlieultural Society was

in session at Columbus at the same time,
and in the same building as the Bee-Con-
vention, and we record the fact with pleas-
ure that both societies worked very liar-
monioHsly. Mr. Devol, Secretary of the
Ohio State Horticultural Society, was in-
troduced to the Bee-Keepers' Convention by
the Editor of the American Bee Journal,
and in behalf of the horticulturists, he ex-
tended an invitation to all the bee-keepers
to attend a meeting of the Horticultural
Society, which was then in session in the
Senate Chamber. The Convention received
Mr. Devol with much applause, and by vote
thanked the horticulturists, and accepted
their fraternal invitation.

Upon entering the Senate Chamber we
found the horticulturists engaged in a dis-
cussion concerning the fructification of
fruit-bloom by insects. The beemen were
invited to take part, and they did so. The
result is that it was generally agreed that
the bees and other insects performed very
valuable work upon the flowers, by fertiliz-
ing them, and thus increasing the fruit.

Several of the horticulturists mentioned
the fact that the bees were often heard
"roaring "over tlie bloom of the strawber-
ries. Upon being asked if there was any
noticeable difference between their "roar-
ing "over tlie Crescent and Wilson varie-
ties, it was answered in the negative. Some
people had " notions " about their being a
difference, but none were discovered upon
close examination.

We are glad to note a growing friendli-
ness among fruitgrowers towards their
special friends— the bees. We shall do all
we can to foster and encourage such a de-
sirable result.

Kislit States were represented at the
Inter-National Convention. The following
are the officers elected for the ensuing year:

PRESlDENT-Dr. A. B. Mason, Auburndale, O.
ViCK-PRESinENTS -Thoa.O. Newman. ChlcaKO 111

Prof. (}. W. Webster, Lake Hsien, Pla.

.Joneph NyBewnniter, Oes Moines, Iowa.

R. L. 'I'aykir. Lapoer, Mich.

O. L Hersliiser, .lamestown, N. r.

Mnrtin Kmijzh, tlolbruok, Ont.

Krank A. Eatnn, Biuffton, Ohio.

F. Minnick, Bessemer, Wis.
Secrbtary-R. F. Holtermann. Brantford, Ont.
TREASURER— Dr. C. C. Miller, Marenno, Ills.

Singing was made a feature of the
convention in Columbus, O. Dr. Miller is
an organist, and had composed the music
for two bee-keepers' songs, which were
written by that poet-laureate of bee-men—
Mr. Eugene Secor. Mr. A. I. Root, of Me-
dina, O., had them printed and freely scat-
tered at the convention. The result was
some lively singing to introduce the work
of each session. We think that no vote of
thanks was offered to these gentlemen—
wholly due to thoughtlessness, not to in-
gratitude—and we now propose such a
hearty vote by the larger convention made
up of ab.sentees. That all may vote under-
standingly, we hope to publisli both the
music and words of one song in our next
issue.

660

T"HU fEMERICMH BEE? J©1EJRNSIU,

^^■^■-■^^■"■^^^^■^■^^^

-■^■"■-■^■Si

Uses of Honey.— In the Orange Judd
Fanner we find the followinjj interesting
item on the uses to which honey is now
frequently put. The superior value of
honey in the " sweet manufactures " of the
day is just beginning to be appreciated ;
and when consumers once realize its ex-
cellence as a substitute for sugar, and its
comparative inexpensiveness, honey will
then occupy its proper position— not only in
medicine and the culinary art, where its use
■would bring health and happiness to all,
but also in the manufacture of luxurious
confections. The item referred to reads
thus :

In all ages honey has been used for many
purposes. The Ancient Britons used it to
make mead, and this drink continued to be
much used luudieds of yeais atier them.
When malt liquors became popular, and
when sugar was introduced, the uses of
honey went down for a time, but of late
jearsithas gone up again with a bound.
Boiieyis l.ugely u-ed ui the manuiaciure
of honey chocolate creams and lioney choco-
laie tablets. There is a delicious taste of
the honey in these articles, but they are so
juiiiciiiusly blended with tlie other materials
that they are not ti.o sweet. Honey is also
now largely used by the confectioners in
the place of suaar in many kinds of lozen-
ges, couiih drops and other sweetmeats.
Gl)Cerine and honey jujubes for the throat;
corn and honey food ; herbal tablets, etc.,
are only a few of the many things which
niialitbe mentioned. The toilet is not left
out, as it is used in soap and dentitiice.
Doctors use it very largely lor many pur-
poses, and many doctors are amoniist our
most successlul bee-keepers, and thus the
purity of their meiliciuts may be guaran-
teed. Tliere are many per.-ons who are not
allowed to use sugar at all ; to these honey
comes as a boon. It is a curious thing to
note that even the analer now u-^es honey,
and natural honey fish bait is put down in
the list of nece^saries for the modem com-
plete angler. What would old Isaac Wal-
ton say to this ?

Prof. W. ■^V. McLain, of the Gov-
ernment Experiment Station at Hinsdale,
Ills., has been appointed superintendent of
the Apiarian Exhibit of the Paris Exposi-
tion to be held in April, 18t>9, and he is now
making preparations to gather together the
largest and best exhibit of bees, honey,
apiaiiau supplies, implements, and their
processes of manufacture, that has ever
been made. Let us all help him to make
up the exhibit, and thus show the world
what we can do.

'Winnebago County, Iowa, held
its first fair the last week of September, and
it was a success, the display in every de-
partment exceeding all expectations. Mr.
Eugene Secor— one of our valued corres-
pondents—is the President of the Agricul-
tural Society, which fact of itself should
have insured a successful outcome of the
fair. Mr. Secor and W. W. Wright made a
fine display of honey, which attracted a
good deal of attention, and Mrs. Secor made
a good showing of canned fruit.

Mr. It. McKniglit, of Owen Sound,
Ont., on Sept. 29, 1888, writes as follows
concerning the exhibit of honey which he
made at the Toronto Industrial Exhibition :

I send you a photograph of my honey ex-
hibit as shown at thelndu''trial Exhiiiition
at Toronto recently. It took the special
prize of $50 for its general "get up," apart
from the quality and quantity of the honey.

Mv aggregate prizes on this exhibit
amounted to $87— the most taken for ho'iey
alone, by any one here, up till the present
time.

The photograph shows the end and one
side of the exhiiiit. The extent of space it
covers is 16x4 feet, rising to i}.< feet from
the stase at the back end, with a uniform
ascent from front to rear.

The photograph referred to by Mr.
McKnight is an excellent one, showing a
very creditable and finely-arranged exhibit
of honey, both comb and extracted. Among
the numerous nicely-labeled glass cans and
jars of honey are placed a number of pots
of beautiful flowers, which adds much to
the attractiveness of the display. Snch ex-
hibits of the products of the apiary will do
a great deal toward familiarizing the gen-
eral public with the results of the labors of
the bees and their keepers, and also bring
to the attention of interested spectators this
unexcelled food product— honey— in its va-
rious forms. Thus will the apiarists not
only develop a good home market for their
production, but at the same time they will
contiibute no little to the health and hap-
piness of others.

Parmer I>e Forest's Itirtliday
■tees. — Cyrus De Forest owns a lariit in
Noith Wilton, on the Danhury branch of
the Housatonic railway. On his t)irthday
every May a swarm of bees come to his
place and take refuge between the floor and
the ceiling of his house. All clforts to keep
them out have failed, and it has not yet
been discovered how they aain an entrance.
At the end of the season the floor is taken
up and the honey is gathered. Last year
Mr. De Forest L'ot94 pounds, and this year
his crop was 76 pounds. The remarkable
facts of the case are the reiiularity of the
appearance of the bees. Last year was the
one exception in several years, they coming
one day earlier than usual. The bees are
killed every year, but a swarm takes their
place the next season.

A correspondent sends us the above for
publication. It is evidently one of the
" yarns " now going the rounds. It is very
unlikely they should come "every May," on
his birthday, even if it did once happen.

A Young: but promising apiarist of
Virginia has passed away. We refer to Mr.
Samuel B. Wood, eldest son of Mr. Daniel
T. Wood, aged 23 years. He died at his
father's residence after a lingering illness
of consumption, on Monday, Sept. 9, 18S8.

When at College his health became im-
paired, and three years ago he relinquished
his studies, left College, and commenced to
keep bees. He was very successful, and
would have become a distinauished apiarist
in time. The Winchester Times says :

He was an exemplary young man, and
had won the esteem and admiration of
many friends by his Christian demeanor
and attractive manners. His death is de-
plored by all who knew him. To the sorely
bereaved parents and family we tender our
sympathies.

He was buried on Sept. 12, from his
father's residence at Mount Hebron, three
miles south of Jordan's Springs. The
furneral procession was a very long one,
showing that he had many friends.

Tlie Toronto Honey Exliibit.—

In the Cmiadian Honey Producer ior Octo-
ber is given a list ot the exhibitors and their
exhibits, with the amounts secured in pre-
miums, besides diplomas. From that list
we glean the following, the judges being J.
F. Dunn, Allen Pringle and W. McEvoy :

For various exhibits R. McKnight, of
Owen Sound, secured S.37 in premiums ; K.
F. Holtemianii, of Brantford, $4'i.f>0 ; K. H.
Smith, of Bracehridge, S30..50 ; E. L. Goold
.ifc Co., of Brantford, $23 ; Will Ellis, of St.
Davids, $8 ; Mrs. John Wilson, S2 ; and J.
Spence, of Toronto, a silver medal. Mr. R.
McKnight received, in addition to the pre-
miums, $50 " for the most tasty, attractive
and neatly-arranged exhibit of honey in the
apiarian department, all the honey the pro-
duction of the exhibitor." Half of the prize
was given by the Ontario Bee Keepers' As-
sociation. Although the season had proved
disastrous to the bee-keeper, the exhibit on
the whole was very creditable, indeed.

Mr. X. II. Itlovr, one of the most pro-
pressive apiarists of England, is now in
America, on a visit. He sailed on Sept. 19
from Liverpool to New York, in the steam-
ship "City of Rome." He intends to visit
some of our principal bee-keepers. As Mr.
Blow is well acquainted with the portions
of Europe and Asia from which we obtain
the Eastern raci-s of bees, his company will
be very entertaining.

Xlie Rliotle Island Bee and
Honey Exiiibit is thus mentioned by
the Providence Journal ot Sept. 26 :

There are six entries, the largest of which
is by Samuel Cushman, of Pawtucket. He
has six hives of bees, showing stro'na colo-
nies of tlie best working strains of Italian,
S\rian, Carniolansand natives. He lias also
an exiiihit of hives, winter hives, comb
honey hives, and hives for extracting the
honey. He has also a large cane showing a
swarm clustered in their natural state.

In this exhibit there are 1,200 pounds of
the best Vermont comb honey, and 20O
pounds of extracted honey, extracted oy
centrifugal force, with an extractor on view.

A. C. Miller, of Drownville, ex-Secretary
of the Rhode Island Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion, has an exhibition of coiuh honey, ex-
tracted honey, honey vinegar, and observa-
tory hive of bees, lisjlit comb foundation, a
machine for placinu the foundation in the
supers, and specimen hives for the produc-
tion of comb honey.

Mrs. S. M. Lackey, of Providence, shows
observatory hives, samples of wax, comb
honey, extracted honey, and an extractor.

Sam Warren Lewis shows 200 p(mnris of
extracted honey in glass, 10 pounds of comb
honey, and the largest display of beeswax,
one cake of which was made 31 years ago.

S. A. Dexter shows an observatory hive,
showing the production of comb honey.

urnm 2SMERICS1H mnm journki^.

6G1

'■^^^i-^**''^'^***^****^*^^*

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Breeding no u<i to EratlUatc the
»i\vurinin;; Propeiisilj .

WHttai for the American Bcc Journal

<liiery 582.— Can « strain of bees be tm-
pnived hycarelul breediim:, whicb will have
bred out the propensity to swarm ?— Obio.

I doubt it. — Eugene Secor.

AVe think not. — Dadant & Son.

I think .-JO, most assiivodly. — A. J.
Cook.

I tliink so, to some extent. — J. M.
Hambaugh.

Possibly, but I tliink that it would
be a long job. — C. C. Miller.

I do not think that the swarming
pnii)eiisit\ ciin ever be bred out, — J.
P. H. Hi{o\vt(.

It is i)c)s.sil)le to improve bees by
careful lireeiling. — H. U. Cutting.

I think so, but it would take a very
long time. — R. L. Taylor.

I do not know ; but I would like
such bees if as good in other respects.

C. H. DiBBERN.

Oh, yes. You can breed toward al-
most any desired mental or physical
standard, but practically I think you
had not better spend uiuch of your
time ti-ying to breed out the propen-
sity to swarm. — James Heddok.

By careful selection of breeding-
stock, the propensity to swarm can be
diminished. — M. Mahin.

They may, but I think it is doubt-
ful ; hens have been bred that lose the
propensity to set.— Mrs. L. Harrison.

No doubt of it. Chas. Dadant & Son
have nearly accomplished it, aided by
their large hives. — J. M. Shuck.

No one can tell. Theoretically it
can, but I think that it would cause
injury to so breed. See Gleanings of
1883, for an article on that subject. —
J. E. Pond.

I live in Ohio, but I do not know of
any such bees in the State, and I do
not believe that there ever will be an}'
such here, or elsewhere, for that mat-
tei-. — A. B. Mason.

No. I have had colonies of bees
that did not swarm for four yeai's, but
after carefully ex))erimenting without
avail, I adhered to my convictions,
that it is useless to try to woi'k to
change natural laws P. L. Viallon.

I think not. If the desire to swarm
under favorable conditions could be
bred out of bees, it could only lie done
at a saerilice of valuable qualities. I
think the only way to bieed out of
bees the desire to fulfill this mission in
the earth, would be to breed down-

ward until no eniugv was left. I will
suggest that if you can breed a strain
of bees that always have yoiiwj queens,
healthy and .strong, you will have a
non-swarming .strain. But if the
(pieens are to get old, like all other
living creatures, you will make a fail-
ure.— G. W. Demaree.

To the first half of the question, yes;
to the other part, I will say that when
working for comb honey, you will be
apt to get swarms after " careful
breeding " for a thousand years. — G.

M. DOOLITTLE.

Careful selection, and breeding may
very much improve bees, but swarm-
ing is their method of increase, and to
" breed out the propensity to swarm "
is more than one might hope ior, or
expect, — The Editor.

The Annual Rent of an Apiary.

WriXUn Sot t?ie American Bee Journal

Query 583.— What annual rent could be
profltahly paid for an out-apiary of 100 colo-
nies ?— Nebraska.

All depends upon circumstances, and
it is very hard to answer. — P: L. Vial-
lon.

Last year and this, it would be the
widow's mite. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

So much depends; that I will not
try to shed any light. — James Heddon.

It would depend upon the location
and the honey-crop prospects. — J. P.
H. Brown.

It is hard to say. This year, a
" goose-egg," as the College boj's say.
— A. J. Cook.

Ten to fifteen dollars ought to pay
the ground rent. — C. H. Dibbern.

In this locality not a cent, unless the
seasons change. — H. D. Cutting.

Much depends. Lines should be
very nicely drawn to decide. — J. M.
Hambaugh.

I do not know. It will depend
wholly on the locality and season, or
more particularly on the crop of honey
gathered. — J. E. Pond.

So much depends upon varying cir-
cumstances that I cannot give an
opinion. — M. Mahin.

Annual interest at the current rates
upon the cash value of the bees and
hives J. M. Shuck.

That depends upon so many minor
considerations that I will not attempt
a gue.ss. — Eugene Secor.

No one could tell without knowing
the average yield of the field, and
other circumstances. ^R. L. Taylor.

That depends upon the locality and
season. Last jear and this, in most
localities, anj- rent would have been

too much. Last year Dr. Miller's .•;ur-
plus honey cost him over $2.00 a
pound. — A. B. Mason.

It depend.s upon the location. In a
first-class place, s.ay 1,500 pounds of
extracted honey, or its equivalent. We
would advise the renter, however, to
give nothing but a share of the crop. —
Dadant & Son.

I guess that would depend upon the
season. Such seasons as the past two
have been, give little margin to the
apiarist who has no rent to pay. — G.
M. Doolittle.

In foi-mer years I would have an-
swered that an annual rent equal to 20
per cent, on the investment could be
safely and profitably paid ; but with
the experience of the. last three years
freshly in my mind, a man would have
to pay nie a io»«s equal to 25 per cent,
of hi.s investment, to take his bees oflf
of his hands for one year. — G. W.
Demaree.

So much depends upon the locality,
the pasturage near it, the kind of sea-
son, that it would be difficult to arrive
at a correct way to answer the ques-
tion. Ten dollars ought to pay the
rent in an ordinary season, perhaps. —
The Editor.

Convention Notices.

rE'" The Pan-Handle Bee - Keepers' AeioclRtlon
will hold its next meeting in tlie K. of KHhI on
Main St., between mil i 12th Streets. In Wheeling,
W Va., on Nov. 21 and 22, 1888. All bee keepers are
cordially Invited. W. L. KIN8EV, See.

t^~ 'rhe next meetinz of the Union Bee-Keepers*
AsBocialiun will be held at i layton. Ills., on Tnes-
dav and Wene.Hday.oct. lennd 17, iMHx.ln the I'uwn
mill at 10:1" a.m. The Parli Hotel will charge tl.OO
per day; ilie restauriints 2.5 cls. per meal. We ex-
pect Messrs Dadant, Hambaugh, Camm and other
prominent bee-lieeperB to be present
•^ S. N. BLACK, Prei.

Can You I>o Anytliing that will do
more to advance and defend the pursuit of
bee-keepinc, tli»n to aid its Weekly Ex-
ponent and Defender ? Tlie Americaw
Bee Journal is the pioneer bee-paper of
America, and is fully entitled to the active
support of every pioRressive apiarist, for it
works constantly and faithfully for the best
interests of the pursuit. We therefore
specially request all our readers to use their
influence to double our subscription list
during the coining autumn, lieailer, will
you please se:id us a new subscription with
your renewal or before that time ? A good
weekly at one dollar a year Is surely cheap
enough to command patronage.

Al^vays mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter wliere you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

6G2

ITHE; MMERICSN: BEE) JQURNSt.

DO BEES HEAR?

Have Bees the Seni«e of Hearing?
— Experiments.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY s. A. SHUCK.

On pai^e 567, I find this sentence :
"Many seem to think that bees have
the sense of hearing, but so far all of
my ex))erimeuts go to prove to the
contrary."

I am very sorry that this statement
comes from one whose teachings are
so i)lain and practical, and his logical
deductions so nearly without a fault,
that it gives me a feeling of regret to
believe that he is in error ; and not-
withstanding the fact that it makes no
difference in dollars and cents, to
scientific apiculture, whether bees hear
or not ; if they possess the sense of
healing, it must appear that any one
of extensive experience with bees
should have discovered this fact.

I am confident that bees possess the
sense of hearing equal to that of sight,
scent or taste ; and if I fail to give
satisfactory evidence in support of my
position, will some one please to point
out my error ?

In July, 1882, I attached one end of
a silken thread to the waist of a very
active virgin queen. The other end
of the thread was attached to a long
pole, and this pole was held up in the
apiary when the drones were flying
freely. This queen flew as far as the
thread would allow her to fly, and
continued her eftorts for some con-
siderable time. Then after a short
rest, renewed her eflbrts. This flying
and resting by turns, was repeated
many times. As long as she continued
to fly, the drones pursued here in great
numbers, but the instant she stopped
to rest, the drones dashed away as if
suddenly frightened, appearing again
as soon as the queen put forth an ef-
fort to tiy. Does it not appear that it
was the sound produced by the queen's
wings that attracted the drones ?

Some four or six weeks ago I shook
a large swarm from my hiving-box on
the ground in front of a hive prepared
for them. A few bees remained in
the box, and instantly they com-
menced the "call " to their comrades
that were scrambling in every direc-
tion to gain a footing. I placed the
box under a large Russian sunflower,
some 3 feet from the entrance of tlie
hive. I saw the queen take wing from
the bees on the ground, and not seeing
her return to them, as soon as the

bees got started into the hive, I took
up the box and found the queen in it.

I do not think that this box, with
perhaps a hundred bees in it, smelled
more of bees than the 6 or 8 pounds of
Ijces on the ground ; and not only this,
but it is evident that this queen was
attracted more by the humming noise
of the few bees in the box, than she
was by the scent or sight of the
scrambling mass she deserted.

Just as I had shaken a swarm from
this box in front of a hive, I discovered
another swarm issuing from a hive
only about 20 feet distant. The queen
of the issuing swarm could not fly, so
I knew that the bees would very soon
return. I quickly gathered up some
dry grass tliat had been cut from
among the hives, and piled it in front,
on the two sides and top of the hive
the bees were entering, thus covering
up the bees that I had just shaken
from the box. In a few moments the
bees in the air began to return, and
just as I had anticipated, commenced
tumbling down on this pile of grass,
and started right down through it to
the loud hunuuing beneath. I picked
up a small stick and commenced whip-
ping this pile of grass. This put the
bees to flight, and in another moment
they were tumbling down at the en-
trance of their own hive.

The bees under the grass were en-
tering the same hive they had i.ssued
from only 10 or 15 minutes before. No
change had taken place in the sur-
roundings except the buncli of grass
over the hive. There were over a
hundred hives in the apiarj'. The
ground is level, and the hives are in
rows about 11 feet apart, and 9 feet
apart in the rows. One hive faces to
the east, and tlie next one to the south,
and I see no excuse whatever, for
those bees trying to crawl down
through this bunch of grass, except the
loud humming noise beneath it.

I have given three examples, one
each of drone, queen and worker-bees
being attracted by sound. These
three instances are only a few of many
very similar instances that have come
under my observation during the past
twelve years. I will now ofler some
experiments that I am confident will
enable any one to prove to his entire
satisfaction that bees do hear.

Take a comb with adhering bees
from any hive of gentle bees. Be
careful not to excite or disturb the
bees. Hold tlie comb before you.
Now sing, whistle, hollow or blow a
horn, sy as to make any kind of a pro-
longed tone of a musical nature, and
of a reasonaljlc degree of loudiiess,and
nearly every bee on the comb will stop
to listen. The effect is so striking that
no one can doubt it. Do not be afraid
of being stung, unless you blow your

breath upon them. When the noise
ceases, they resume business as if
nothing had taken place. I have tried
these experiments nianj' times during
the past ten years, and I know that the
bees will listen wliile you sing.

I have obser\ ed the same efl'ect from
the pijiing of virgin queens, wlien
nearly all the bees of a fair si/cd col-
ony would listen, wliile tlie (piecn was
piping. Please to test tliis matter, and
report througli the Bee Journal.

Liverpool, Ills.

LEG-ISLATION.

A Canadian's Views About IVec-
tar being Public Property.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY DR. C. C. MILLER.

Friend Newman : — I enclose a pri-
vate letter from one of the prominent
bee-keepers of Canada, and I think
that I betray no confidence in allow-
ing you to print that part of it which
is of public interest, and .shows some
careful thinking. I am glad to know
that I am not so entirelj' alone as I
formerly considered myself, in think-
ing that soini-thing ought to be done.
After reading the article of Mr.
McNeill, on page 586, and the com-
ments thereon, I am strongly Impressed
that bee-keepers will begin to see the
possibility of conflict arising at any
and all points, and that certain laws
that might perhaps be easily had for
the asking, would forever set them
free from the danger of litigation that
would come without the asking, and
require heavy fees before its departure.
But here is the letter from Canada :

" I fully believe in such legislation as
will enable a bee-keeper, by paying a
reasonable sum of money, to control a
certain territory. It seems to me that
it would be a great mistake, on your
part, to admit that the nectar does not
belong to the land-owner. The farmer
owns the land, pajs the taxes, culti-
vates it, fences it, and, in fact, he is
the "lord" of the soil, and I know
enough of farming to know that his
labor is no mean task, and I confess it
would be veiT difficult to convince me
that the whole grass, or rather clover
crop, including the roots, stalks, leaves,
flowers — yea, and even the very nectar
in the blossoms, do not belong to the
owner of the soil.

"All and singular, most surely, are
the personal property of the land-
owner. But at the same time it is
quite as clear to nij' mind that if all
farmers or land-owners, if you please,
should undertake to keep bees, and
gather each his own share of that nec-
tar, each and every one, or nearly so.

T^HE mm^mmicMu be® j©^Mf«ai*.

663

, .«.«.«>>.«>.. ■ . ■ ,^.«^-.«.^>^>«^ijj^. ■ .jL.^.>.>>^

would make a miserable failure ; and
what little honey that might be se-
cured, or should be secured in that
way, all costs being computed, would
cost very likely not less than one dol-
lar per pound.

" Well, now, it appears to me that
the most rational thing in the world
would be, for these land-owners to
simply sell their right for a term of
years to a professional who would, in
the most economical method possible,
secure that honey, and thus be in a
position to supply the people in nice
shape, at a minimum price, one of the
choicest gifts of a kind and benevolent
Father.

" But how is all this to be accom-
plished, you ask ? It is not a ditlioult
matter, in my way of thinking. Simply
get a permissive, local-option Bill
through your Legislature, empowering
the voters of a given locality, the size
of which may be fixed by the bee-
keeper who may wish to establish, or
one who has already established an
apiarv in such a locality. Then after
the necessary legal preliminaries are
complied with (which need not be
enumerated here), let the matter be
decided in the same manner that many
other public matters are decided,
namely, by the ballot.

" I think that the money could be
applied to educational matters or pur-
poses with perfect satisfaction and
equity to the people in that particular
locality voted to the use of the Viee-
keeper' in question. I believe this
scheme would be just to all parties
concerned.

"Every land-owner would be re-
munerated for his own nectar. The
bee-keeper would feel that he was not
stealing his living from some who
think that they have a right to some
fair consideration for the nectar that
their own possessions produce. He
would also rejoice in a sweet feeling
of security, that some unwise person
cannot novsr come along and ruin his
prospects after he has gone to all the
expense of establishing an apiary.

"There would be no dilliculty in
carrying such a by-law in almost any
rural district. Do you not see that
nine-tenths of the people never keep
bees, nor have they any exi)Cctation of

public property— belongs to everybody
— I predict that in a short time you
will have a lot of fellows pulling your
hair in right lusty earnest."

REPRODUCTION

In the Honey-Bce— Interesting
Facts About Bees.

Rfnd hrfnre the Pa. State Booed of Agriculture
BY PROF. GEO. G. GKOFF, M.D.

doing so ? and they would be quite
willing to dispose of their share of the
nectar to any one who would in turn
pay a reasonable sum into the common
school fund. Almost any oft'er that
promises to reduce the taxes without
inflicting difficulties, will be accepted
by the people. Of course some diffi-
culties would have to be surmounted,
and details adjusted, but I see no real
serious objections to tire scheme.

"But on the other hand, if jou
start out declaring that the nectar is

To the naturalist the means by
which living beings reproduce their
kind is always a subject of interest.
Indeed, of all the functions of life, that
of reproduction is the most interesting,
the most wonderful, and to each
species, the most important. Some
forms of insects seem to exist in the
mature state only that they may per-
petuate their kind, and this being ac-
complished, they perish ; the males in
the act of fertilizing the females, the
female, at once, when the eggs are
safely deposited, neither parent ever
seeing their offspring.

In all the higher animals reproduc-
tion is accomplished through the inter-
vention of the two sexes, the male and
the female, but among many of the
lower forms of life both male and
female are frequently dispensed with.
In some cases the offspring pass
through so many and so great trans,
formations that it has been exceedingly
difficult to trace the whole life liistory
of these strange beings. In some cases
the germs of life are so small that
their origin cannot easily be discovered,
except with the most patient research.
This is true of the honey-bee.

A knowledge of the modes of repro-
duction, and of the laws governing the
same, is always of value to the agri-
culturist and to the naturalist, because
in the case of the higher forms he may
readily improve his cattle, grains,
tubers and fruits by a careful study of
and conformity to these laws, as is so
well illustrated in the great number of
valuable varieties introduced in late
years. And also in the case of the
lower forms of life, pests and all kinds
of animals and vegetable parasites, if
their habits, times and modes of repro-
duction be understood, we may often,
with great case, cut short the career of
forms wliich, undisturbed, would have
caused great losses. The different
modes of reproduction in the organic
world may be outlined as follows, viz :

1. Asexual, divided into Division and
Budding, both of which are again
divided into Continuous and Discon-
tinuous.

2. Hermaphrodite.divided into close-
fertilization and cross-fertilization.

3. True Sexual, divided into Ovi-
parous, Ovaviviparous and Viviparous;

the last being again divided into Apia-
cental and Placental.

The minute animals called animal-
cules, which live in stagnant waters,
in damp places, and in the sea, in
many cases reproduce their kind in
some "asexual way," i. e., without the
intervention of the sexes. Of these
asexual methods there are two princi-
pal ones. In the first, the body of the
parent splits into two or more pieces,
which, by absorption of nutrition,
rapidly grow into perfect animals.
Sometimes the young remain attached
to the parent germ, and then we have
"continuous" division, and the result-
ant is a " colony," as is true of sponges,
sea-mats and numerous other marine
forms. In other cases the young are
all set free from the parent organisms.
Budding differs from division, in
that the young appear on the sides of
of the body of the parents as small
buds or enlargements. They remain
attached, growing lai'ger and larger,
until they become perfect animals in
all their parts. When development is
completed, they either remain attached
to the parent or else are set free to
live independent lives, in the first case
forming " colonies," as in continuous
division. Coral colonies are formed
in this way. In some of these lowly
asexual forms the young are entirely
unlike their parents, and at no period
of their lives resemble them. These
beings of the second generation bring
fortlf young, which return to the origi-
nal type, that is, resemble the grand-
parents. This is called "alternation
of generation." Jelly fish are such
intermediate forms. Nearly all the
lowest plants, as moulds, mildews,
blights, etc., are asexual.

The next mode of reproduction is
the "hermaphrodite." In this the
sexes both exist in the same individual.
This is the common mode in the higher
plants, the male and the female ele-
ments being in the same flower. The
common earth-worm is a true herma-
phrodite, as is the tape-worm. In the
earth-worm we have cross-fertilization,
that is, two individuals reciprocally
fertilize each other, while in the tape-
worm, which fertilizes its own ova, it
is called "close." Nature generally
abhors close fertilization, or, at least,
usually contrives that it shall not con-
tinue the permanent order of things
with any group of beings. Thus, in
i)lants, the fertilizing pollen is carried
to distant plants of the same species,
by the winds, or by honej'-seeking in-
sects.

The highest mode is the " true sex-
ual," in which the sexes exist perfect
in distinct individuals. To this group
belong fish, reptiles, birds, mammals,
and many insects. The lowest class
here is the " oviparous," in which eggs

664

TH® mi<mmmiGMm miBM j©wkm.mi<.

are laid by the female, aud then
hatched bj' heat applied externally, as
in insects, fish, reptiles and birds.

"Ovaviviparous" animals produce
eggs, but these are retained within the
body of the female until hatched. This
is true of some reptiles. In the " vivi-
parous " mode the eggs exist, but are
very minute, and development pro-
ceeds within the body of the female.

The " aplacental " animals, opossums
and kangaroos, bring forth their young
in a very imperfectly developed state,
while in the " placental" animals the
j'oung are much further developed at
the time of birtli, as is true of all the
domestic animals.

Beefi are ovixxirous insects, in which
an egg is laid, which in time hatches
into a worm (grub, larva or cater-
pillar). This, after a time, spins a
cocoon, and becomes the quiescent
pupa, and after a variable time the
pupa changes into the imago or per-
fect insect. The honey-bee has always
passed through all the stages of the
egg, the worm, the pupa, and the per-
fect insect.

In a perfect colony of honey-bees in
the summer time we find one queen, a
few hundred drones, and several thou-
sand workers, of the last from 10,000
to 40,000. Now, that eggs and worms
and young bees are- found in bee-hives
was long known, but by what means
the eggs were laid for a long time
baffled the most careful observers. The
queen-bee was generally considered
the ruler of the colony, and a male,
hence, in Shakespeare, we read :

" They have a kiaR and officers of state."

And in Virgil, the Latin poet,

" First of the throng and foremost of the whole
One stands confest, the sovereign and the soul."

The naturalist Aristle has left a re-
mark showing that some observers of
his time, or possibly earlier, had a clue
as to the origin of bees, for he says,
" Some say that the rulers produce the
young of the bees." About the time
of Christ, Virgil, the poet already
quoted, gave the following method for
replenishing depleted bee-hives :

A young bullock is to be killed by
being suffocated. His body is covered
with tlowers, and allowed to lie in a
secluded place until it decomposes.
Worms will appear in the putrid mass,
which, in time, will hatch into bees,
and then if empty liives are near, the
new bees will enter the same. Virgil
states, however, that this is the method
said to be practiced \n Egypt, but some
early English writei\s gravely recom-
mended the plan as the correct thing
to do.

The earliest mention I 6nd of any
modern person knowing the true
method of bee-reproduction is that of
Joseph Warden, physician of Corydon,

England, who, in 1617, published a
curious and interesting little book, en-
titled, '.'The Feminine Kingdom ; or,
the True Amazons." In this book he
tells us that the queen is the one female
in the colony, and that she is at once
the ruler and mother of all witliin the
hive.

Butler, an English bee-keeper of an
earlier date, seems also to have had a
correct view of the same matter. Re-
cent students have cleared the matter
all up, and we are now able to under-
stand quite fully what so long puzzled
our predecessors.

We will consider first the origin of
the queen, then of the workers, and
last of all, of the drones.

How ttae Queen-Bee Is Prodaced.

The queen is produced by two
methods, which may be termed the
ordinary and the extraordinary meth-
ods. As to the ordinary way : In a
strong colony of bees, in the months
of May and June, and sometimes later
(this is for the latitude of Pennsylva-
nia), there will often be found large
cells, which on the exterior much re-
semble ground-nuts or peanuts. These
cells are generally at the sides of the
comljs, though they are sometimes
found on the face of a comb. They
have thick walls, and an internal cavity
much greater than that found in either
worker or drone cells.

A peculiarity of the queen-cells, for
so there are called, is that the mouth
opens downward, while all other cells
in the hive are horizontal. This ar-
rangement is doubtless made that more
room may be secured for the cell, for
naturally the combs are placed too
close together to build the queen-cells
in the ordinary horizontal position. At
any rate, queens will hatch from cells
placed horizontally. In these cells
eggs are placed, by what member of
the colony, is not certainly known.

A single egg is placed in each cell,
some say by the queen, others think
by the workers. A number of careful
observers have declared that they have
seen the queen in the very act of de-
positing eggs in these cells. No one
doubts that the queen lays these eggs.
In time, they hatch into young queens,
if the colony is strong, and the weather
is favorable ; the young queens will be
ready to emerge in 1(J days from the
time the egg becomes a worm. How-
ever, if the workers are not ready for
the new queen, they will confine her
in her cell, feeding and earing for lier
there.

Under favorable conditions, about
eight days before any young queen
will liatch out, the old queen leads off
a portion of the bees to form a new
colony, which, leaving tlie old home
for the new queen, will, in a short
time, fully replenish it with bees.

So soon as a young queen emerges
from her cell, she makes a tour of the
hive, and finding any queen-cells, un-
less prevented by the workers, pro-
ceeds to tear them open and destroy
the immature queens. In case the
workers prevent this destruction, a
second swarm is given off, led by the
newlj' hatched queen.

It is a curious fact, that the queen-
bee does not spin a complete cocoon,
but leaves one end open, which makes
her destruction very easy to any rival.
About the only use the queen makes
of b^r sting, is to destroy her rivals
with it.

If the weather becomes bad, and the
honey-flow ceases, the workers fre-
quently destroy all the queen-cells,
thus preventing all swarming for the
season. On this plan, modern bee-
keepers prevent second swarms, by
opening the hives and cutting out all
queen-cells.

What we call the extraordinary
method follows : Should the queen of
a healtliy colony be lost through any
accident, there being in the colony
worker larva; not over three days old,
the workers will select some of these
worms, destined in the ordinary course
of things to become worker-bees, and
by enlarging their cells, by assiduous
attention, feeding them almost con-
stantly upon a peculiar substance
called " roj-al jellj," will produce, in
due time, a number of healthy young
queens, one of whicli, the first to
hatch, becomes the leader of the col-
ony. This important discovery, that
the queen proceeds from a worker-
egg, was first announced by Schirarch,
a Saxon clergyman, in 1771. (It is an
interesting fact that nearly all of the
great discoveries in bee-production
have been made by clergymen.)

On this discovery depends the
modern methods of commercial queen-
rearing, by whicli queens are now pro-
duced, in every modernized apiary the
world over, many bee-keepers making
queen-rearing an exclusive business.
Though the queen hatches in sixteen
days, the drone requires nineteen, and
the workers twenty-one days. The
shorter period is probably due to the
much more abundant and the richer
food supplied to tlie queens ; also be-
cause she has a more roomj- cell in
which to develop. This is an excellent
illustration of how mucli environment
will do for a develoiiing animal. On
these influences, the Rev. L. L. Lang-
stroth has written in his classic work
on the " Hive and Honej-Bee." He
says :

" The peculiar mode in which the
worm designed to be reared as a queen
is treated, causes it (1) to arrive at
maturity almost one-third earlier than
if it had been bred a worker. And

THE SMBRIC^M BEE JOJORNSIL.

665

yet, as it has to be much more fully
(levelopoil, according to ordinary
analog^', it should have had a slower
growth. (2.) Its organs of reproduc-
tion are completely developed, so that
it is capable of fulfilling the oflioe of
a mother. (3.) Its size, shape and
color are all greatly changed. Its
lower jaws are shorter, its head
rounder, its abdomen without a recep-
tacle for secreting wax, and its legs
have neither brushes nor baskets, while
its sting is more curved, and one-third
longer than that of the worker. (4.)
Its instincts are eutii'ely changed.
Reared as a worker, it would have
been read\' to thrust out its sting at
the least provocation ; whereas, now,
it may be pulled limb from limb, with-
out attempting to sting. As a worker,
it would have treated a queen with the
greatest consideration ; whereas, now,
if brought into contact with another
queen, it rushes forthwith to mortal
combat with its rival. As a worker,
it would frequently have left the hive,
either for labor or exercise ; as a
queen it never leaves the hive after
impregnation, except to accompany a
new swarm. (5.) The term of its
life is remarkably lengthened ; as a
worker, it would not have lived more
than six or seven months ; as a queen,
it may live seven or eight times as
long. All these wonders rest on the
impregnable basis of complete demon-
stration, and instead of being witnessed
onlj' by a select few, may now be
familiar sights to any bee-keeper who
prefers to acquaint himself with the
facts, rather than to cavil and sneer
at the labors of others."

Of the anxiety of bees over the loss
of their queen, and joj' on finding her,
the same writer says :

"A large hive standing at a distance
from any other, was I'emoved in the
morning of a pleasant daj', to a new
place, and another hive, containing
only comb, was placed in its stead.
Thousands of workei's, which were
out in the fields, or which left the old
hive after its removal, returned to the
familiar spot. It was afl'ecting to wit-
ness their grief and despair ; thej' flew
in restless circles about the place
where once stood their happy home,
entered and left the new hive, con-
tinually expressing in various ways
their lamentations over so cruel a
bereavement. Towards evening, they
ceased to take wing, and roamed in
restless platoons in and out of the hive,
and over its surface, acting all the
time, as though in search of some lost
treasure.

" I now gave them a small piece of
brood-comb, containing worker-eggs
and worms. What followed the intro-
duction of this brood-comb took place
much quicker than it can be described.

The bees which first touched it raised
a peculiar note, and in a moment the
comb was covered with a dense mass ;
their restless motions and mournful
noises ceased, and a cheerful buzz at
once proclaimed their delight. Despair
gave place to hope, as they recognized
in this small jjiece of comb the means
of their deliverance.

" Im.agine a large building filled
with thousands of persons, tearing
their liair, beating their breasts, and
by piteous cries, as well as b}' frantic
gestures, giving vent to their despair ;
if some one should enter this house of
mourning, and by a single word cause
all those demonstrations of agony to
give place to smiles and congratula-
tions, the change would not be more
instantaneous and wonderful than that
produced when the bees received the
brood-comb." •

The lUatin^ of Qneens.

If the weather is favorable, on the
third day from the cell, the young
queen goes forth on her " bridal tour,"
and in a few hours, if she is successful,
she returns, bearing with her the or-
gans of the male, which has perished in
the act of impregnation. If the third
day is cloudj', or wet, she goes forth
on the first favorable day, and she
continues to go forth day after day
until she is successful.

The queen is always (some object to
this) fertilized in the open air, while
on the wing, and but once in her life.
This was first announced by the blind
naturalist Huber, at tlje close of the
last centurj'. The fertilizing element
received from the male is stored in a
little receptacle, and a little of it
ejected as the eggs pass down the
oviduct, thus vitalizing them.

Average Age of Proline Queens.

The queen in her prime may lay
from 2,000 to 3,000 eggs in a single
day. Her second year is generally
thought to be the most prolific, and
after that she graduallj' declines in
value. The queen lays such large
numbers of eggs, however, onl3- during
the busy season of the year, when
honey is coming in rapidly. During
the winter mouths, and during a sud-
den cessation of the hom-y-tlow, she
ceases to lay almost entirely, though I
think a few eggs and worms will be
found at most timt-s in vigorous colo-
nies. This is a wise provision to pro-
tect the colony from destrucli(jn
through loss of the queen.

When a queen has grown old and is
no longer very prolific, the workers
see that a new one is reared, and the
old one is then '• superseded," though
occasionally the old and the young
queens have been seen living in har-
mony in the same hive, and actually
at the same time, on the same comb.

Some bee-men think tliat the work-
ers will, unaided, attend to the de-
struction of feeble queens, but at pres-
ent a large number of the more pro-
gressive apiarists prefer to do this
themselves, thus insuring at all times
to all their colonies, young and vigor-
ous queens. Tliis is one important
particular in which modern bee-keep-
ing ditfers fr<nn the old.

How Bee-E)gg« are Hatched.

The eggs of the bee are hatched by
the united heat of the colon}'. The in-
terior of a hive is alwaj's warm, even
in the dead of winter, and hence,
when the number of bees in a hive be-
comes small, the colony perislies, being
unable to maintain the requisite de-
gree of animal heat. Hence, also, the
reason for increasing only by swarm-
ing.

The Progeny or Vurertlllzed Queens.

If the queen-bee fails to become fer-
tilized before she is 21 days old, she
remains through her life s(erile. This
was first observed by Huber. In 18-15,
Dzierzon, a Catholic clerg3'man of
Germany, observed that 3'oung queens
not fertilized, and old, nearly exhaust-
ed queens, alike laid eggs, all of
which hatched only drone-bees. After
repealed observations, Dzierzon an-
nounced the discoveries, and the theory
of iMrthcnogenesis. which, in short, is,
that some animals have, under pecu-
liar circumstances, the power of bring-
ing forth young, without the interven-
tion of the male. In the case of bees,
these unfertilized eggs hatched only
into drones.

Mr. Langstroth, about 1851, sent an
old drone-laying queen to Dr. Joseph
Leidy, the renowned scientist, who
found that the receptacle in which the
male element is stored, was entirely
empty. The same observation has
been made by competent persons on
young drone-laying queens. It seems
then, that a queen can lay eggs which
will produce queens, workers or
drones. Tliat queens come from ordi-
narv worker-eggs, laid in special cells,
and attended with special care. The
workers come from fertilized eggs,
laid in ordinary cells, while the drones
come from unfertilized eggs. It would
seem that the queen can will whether
she will have worker or drone prog-
eny, she voluntarily discharging the
male fluid upon the eggs as tlu^y pass
down the oviduct, or withholding it.
This point is, however, in dispute,
some believing that the small worker-
cell compresses the bod}- of the queen,
and that this pressure opens the mouth
of the vessel containing the male fluid.
Be that as it may, the queen can also
lay drone-eggs in worker-cells, and
worker-eggs in the cells which have
only just been commenced, and where

666

XMU MMERICSPf BEE JQURPffEI*.

>*i**^*^*^*^*«»»ai<>^><»»^AJ>^^'-^"^^'^»^--

this pressure fauuot possibly be ex-
erted.

The workers hatch in 21 days. A
careful microscopic study of their sex-
ual system (first made in the time of
Huber, and for him), shows them to
be partially developed females, the
sexual organs being very rudimentary.
Here rests the jiossibility of developing
any worker worm into a queen, if it is
only taken early enough, and sub-
jected to lengthening to meet the
needs of the larger occupants. All
this shows the wonderful instincts of
this wonderful insect.

Edenburg, Pa.

LARVAL FOOD.

Tlie Quantity and Quality of tiie
Food of Larval Bees.

Written for the Dniggist Circular

FOR SEPTEMBEK.

The bee has proven a sufficiently in-
teresting study to engage the atten-
tion of many able observers, among
the keenest of whom are Leuckart and
Schonfeld, whose observations con-
cerning the food of larval bees agree
in the main, and are according to A.
V. Planta {Zeit. Physiol. Chem.) sub-
stantially as follows :

1. The food of the queen-bee larvae
is the same during the whole of the
larval period ; it is free from pollen-
grains, which have been reduced to a
thickish but homogeneous juice by the
digestive action uf the stomach of
bee.

2. The food of the larval drones is
also, during the first four days of the
larval period, free from pollen, and
appears to have been completely di-
gested previously. After four days
their food is rich in pollen-grains,
which have, however, undergone a cer-
tain amount of , digestion. The food
•stuff of the larvse is probably formed
from bee-bread. The composition of
the food of the queen-bee larv» was
water, 69.38 ; total solids, 30.62. In
the solids the proportions were, nitro-
genous material, 45.14 ; fat, 13.55 ;
glucose, 20.39 ; ash, 4.06.

The composition of the food of the
drone-larva^ and tliose of the working
bees both differed from each other,
and from that of the queen-bees. All
kinds are rich in nitrogen ; all were of
a grayish white color ; that of the
queen-bee was the stickiest, that of the
workers the most fluid. Peptone ap-
peared to Ije absent ; the greater part
of the nitrogenous material present
was proteid. The ethereal extract was
in all cases aeid, but formic acid was
absent. The sugar present was, in
all cases, invert sugar, whereas the

sugar in pollen-grains is invariably

cane-sugar.

There are certain differences in the
composition of the different kinds of
larval food, more especially in the
composition of the solids present. Its
composition is, moreover, quite differ-
ent from that of the bee's saliva, which
contains no sugar. The difference be-
tween the proportional amount of the
different solids present in the different
forms of larval food is a constant one,
and no doubt this variation has in
view the particular requirements of
the larvse in question. Certain small
but constant differences were also ob-
served in the chemical composition of
the food of the larval drones during
the first four days, and at subsequent
periods. Not only is there a difference
in the quality, but there is also one in
the quantity of the food supplied.

The juice from 100 queen-bee cells
yielded 3.6028 grams of dry substance;
that from 100 drones' cells, 0.2612
gram ; that from 100 workers' cells,
0.0474 gram. The substance investi-
gated was the juice of pap, the whitish
sticky substance which the working
bees store in the cells of the larvas of
the queens, drones and workers.

I>euckart regarded it as the product
of the true stomach of the working
bees, which they vomit into the cells,
in the same way that honey is vomited
from the honey-stomach. Fischer and
others regarded it as the product of
the salivarj- glands of the bees. Schon-
feld, in numerous papers, has recentlj-
shown that Leuckai't's original view is
the correct one. He showed that the
saliva can be easily obtained from the
salivary glands of the head and thorax,
and that it is very different from the
food juice deposited in the cells of the
bees ; and that, moreover, the juice is
similar, both chemically and micro-
scopically, to the contents of the bee's
true stomach ; he showed also from
the consideration of certain anatomical
and physiological peculiarities of the
bee, such as the position of the mouth,
the inability of the bee to spit, etc.,
that the view of this substance being
saliva, is quite untenable.

Certain observers have replied that
a bee cannot vomit the contents of its
true stomach, because of a valve which
intervenes between it and the honey
stomach ; but Schonfeld has shown
that the structure, mistaken by these
observers for a valve, does not act as
one, but is in realitj' an internal
mouth, over which the animal has
voluntary control, and by means of
which it is able to eat and drink the
contents of the honey-stomach when
necessity or inclination arises. By
light pressure on the stomach, and
stretching out the animal's neck, the
contents of the stomach can be easily

pressed out. Planta's investigations
entirely confirm Schonfeld's view, that
this substance comes from the bee's
stomach.

REARING QUEENS

By the Swarming Impulse, Not
in tbe Swarming Season.

Written fur the American Bee Journal
BY A. N. CLABK.

Recently Mr. Allej' sta,ted that he
had in August reared queen-cells in
colonies having queens. I do not
know his method, but a j'ear ago last
July I had cells built in a normal col-
ony as follows :

I contracted the hive to 8 Langstroth
frames, 2 of which were empty combs.
There being but little nectar in the
fields, I fed one pound of diluted
honey each day ; this stimulated breed-
ing, and, being crowded for room in
the course of a week, they commenced
building cells preparatory to swarming.
As soon as the cells were started, I re-
moved the comb containing them, re-
placing it by a selected comb of hatch-
ing eggs in which the cell-walls were
broken down in rows that were hori-
zontal.

Upon examination a few da3's later,
I found cells on the pre25ared comb.
Just before the cells were ready to
seal, the comb of cells was removed to
a queenless colony. By thus removing
cells, replacing with empty comb, and
the discontinuance of feeding, swarm-
ing was prevented.

It is quite possible that one would
not always be so successful. For in-
stance, the bees might build cells of
their own larv;i? instead of from that
given them ; and frequently thej' might
swarm before the cells were removed,
or, even after their removal. In some
cases the queenless colony might de-
stroy the unsealed cells given them.
Perhaps Mr. Alley's method overcomes
these difficulties. ^

Although queens reared by the
above method seem as good as any, I
doubt their being better than those
reared in queenless colonies, strong in
young bees.

n'by Bees Gather More Propolis iu the
State of micbigan.

Some apiarists have wondered why
bees in Michigan use propolis more
freely than they do in some other
States. I think that it is due to the
greater number of tamarack trees that
grow here. The bees are now gath-
ering large quantities of resin, which
exudes from the cones on the tamarack
and evergreen trees.

East LeRoy, Mich.

•THE: SMERICar* BEE JOURNKt.

667

STRAIGHT COMBS.

Securing^ !»lruislil CoiiibK With-
out Comb FouiKlutioii.

Written for Faiin, Field and Stuckman

BY S. E. MILLER.

This is one of the first ilifiiculties
(hat the beginner iu bee-eultiire will
meet with, if he has not some good
book to refer to, and even some of
these only tell how to do it by using
comb foundation. I believe I have
never seen an article in any book or
jjaper which told how straight combs
could be secured without the use of
foundation. Although it is the best
and cheapest in the long run, it is not
everj' beginner who has the money to
invest, or wishes to purchase the arti-
cle, therefore, the question arises how
to get along without it.

The following plan was gi\en to me
by a brother bee-keeper, and I have
since verified it to ni)' satisfaction :

When hiving a swarm, if you have
already a movable-frame hive contain-
ing straight combs, take out one, or
better, two combs, replacing them
with empty frames or division-boards.
Insert these frames in the new hive
which the swarm is to occupy, putting
them near the centre, with an emptj'
frame between them. Tlie bees will
cluster on these two frames of brood,
and will be sure to commence work
on the frame between them first, and
having a straight wall an each side,
will be almost certain to build it
straight. If honey is plentiful, this
frame will soon have a straight comb
started all along its top-bar, but should
they build any side-combs, remove
them. Now part these frames and
put two more empty frames between,
leaving the frame with the mwly-made
comb in the centre, an empty one on
each side of it, and the two finished
frames containing full combs on the
outside of these.

Continue in this way until all the
frames have a small straiglit comb
started along under their top-bars,
after which very little attention will
be necessary to insure straight combs.
Until then, be ever attentive, not al-
lowing them to work more than two
or three days without examining them,
and cutting off all combs that may be
started where you do not want tliem.
You can get along with one full frame
of comb to start with, or even without
any, but in that case you must be vigi-
lant, and never allow the bees to start
building the combs crosswise of the
frames.

Some beginners seem to think that
all the}- have to do is to put the bees
into the hive, in the belief that the iiees
will know how to manage things. The

result is, the bee-keeper has a movable-
frame hive in wliich the frames are not
"movable" after being filled with
combs. I know of a ease of this kind
just across the river from here. Bees,
if allowed to have their own way in
frames not having foundation starters,
are, I think, just as likely to build
crosswise as lengthwise of the frames.

With a little experience in this way,
the beginner will soon have no trouble
in securing combs as straight as can
be secured with comb foundation.

I might add that I have had the best
results in frames with a triangular
strip of wood fastened to the underside
of the top-bar, instead of the comb-
guide in common use at the present
day.

OLD QUEENS.

The Value of Queens After 2 or
3 Seasons.

Written for the Prairie Farmer

BY MRS. L. HARRISON.

Some prominent bee - culturists
(among them Mr. Oatman, of Dundee,
Ills., who counts his colonies bj' hun-
dreds), do not keep a queen after she
has laid for three seasons. They keep
bees for the money there is in them,
and claim they obtain the best I'eturns
Ijy so doing, as an old queen, like an
old hen, lays but few eggs, and that
she is apt to fail when most needed.
Nor if the colonies are not populous,
at the right time, the more of them the
owner has, the poorer he will be. Just
before the honey seasons closes in the
fall, is a good time for renewing
queens, as then no time will be lost.
If it is done in the spring, it may ma-
terially damage the honey crop for
that season.

Those who desire to pui'chase queens
can obtain them much cheaper in the
fall, than at any other time of the
year. It is better for all bee-keepers
to introduce a little new blood among
their bees now and then ; following the
example of breeders of fine horses,
cattle, shee]) and fowls, they should
aim at excellence, and not be satisfied
with any but the best. Queen-bees
are now sent in the mails to all parts
of our country, for a two-cent stamp,
and even from Europe, Avith entire
safetj'.

It is not necessary to purchase
queens, except to introduce new blood
now and then to build up an apiary to
a high state of excellence. Everv
close observer will soon notice whicli
are his best colnnies, those that are
most populous. and consequently
gather the must h<niey. The best col-
onies generallv swarm earliest, and if

all of the queen-cells are preserved,
the b('c-keeper will be master of the
situation. These young queens can be
kept during the busy season in a hive
with two or three frames of comb, and
are ready to be introduced to large col-
onies at the pleasure of their owner.
Where after-swarms or "casts "have
been hived in tlie hurry incident to
swarming, and are being united in the
fall, the good queens should be pre-
served ; her bees will proclaim her
character.

In the gen(Mal overhauling of the
apiary in the fall, some colonies will
be generally found not up to the stan-
dard ; bees very small, or else very
dark, the queen having mated with a
black drone. The queens removed
while uniting could be introduced to
such colonies. A general weeding-out
should take place in the fall, of all
undesirable stock.

Imported queens were for many
years held at high figures, as so manj"
died in transit. An Irishman once
said to me : " Mr. Rogers once paid
twenty dollars for a bay, a single bay,
Madam." Since a better way of send-
ing them has been discovered, few are
lost, and they can be purchased at
reasonable rates.

It is an easy matter to discern Ital-
ian queens. They stick to the comb,
and their bright color attracts the eye ;
but with the dark or common bees, it
is difi'erent. The bees run like a flock
of sheep, and the queen hides among
them, and cannot be discerned by her
color. I ha\e lifted the combs of a
black colony two or three times, and
failed to find her sable majesty. I now
have a queen-excluder, which is a
piece of zitic with holes in it, that ad-
mit workers, but not drones or queens,
and put that against the entrance of a
new hi\e. I remove the old one, put-
ting this in its place. Then I remove
the combs and brush ofl" the bees, place
them in the new hive, cover them np,
and, if I am bus}-, retire to new duties
and allow them to enter the hive at
their own sweet will. The queen and
drones will be found on the excluder.
One time, in driving a colony in this
wa}', I picked up the black queen, and
immediately put an Italian in her
place, and she was well i-eceived.

It should be borne in mind, that the
old queen must first be removed before
releasing a new one, or she will be de-
stroyed. Then cage the queen, and
release her in 48 hours, or, better still,
let the bees do it. If a shipping-cage
is fastened to the side of a comb with
the tin points, the bees will eat away
the comb and release her. I roll up
wire-chith over a little stick and wedge
in the comb as stoppers, and let the
bees release her from this.

Peoria, Ills.

66H

Tmm mwmmmi^mM beb j&umnmLf.

COXVENTIOIV DIRECTORY.

1888 Time and Place of JlfeeMnj.

Oct. 16. 17— Union, at Clayton, IHb.

S. N. Black, Pres., Clayton, Ills.

Oct. 20.- Wabash County, at Wabash, Ind.

Henry Cripe, Sec , North Mancheater, Ind.

Nov. 21,22.— PanHandle. at Wheeling, W. Va.

W. L. Kinsey, Sec , Blaine, O.

Dec. —.—Michigan State, at Jackson, Mich.

H. D. Cutting. Sec, Clinton, Mich.

t^~ In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetingB.- Ed.

StUCTlOX^^^^

A Power for Protection.— G. H.

Ashby, Albion, N. T., on Oct. 1, 18S8, says :

I send my dues for the Bee Keepers'
Union. Tlie Union is doing wonders for
tlie small amount expended. I do not be-
lieve tliat any bee-keeper, whether of few
or many colonies, wnnid miss one dollar per
year— about 8 cents per month ; and if only
one-half would "chip in" that amount,
what a power for protection the Uuiou
would be.

Over One-Hair a. Crop.— C. Thiel-
mann, Thielmanton, Minn., on Sept. 27,

1888, says :

Bees in this vicinity have had a good time
for honey yatlierinsj for the past 5 or 6
weeks ; but for the past 2 weeks they have
not done much in the sections on account
of the cold nights, but they have filled the
brood-chambers with honey. They have
more than what they need for winter and
spring. There are multitudes of flowers in
bh)om yet, but It has been too cold the past
two dajs for the bees to work. The honey
crop here is a little over one half, and
about one-third of it is white, hut not as
white as usual. 1 got about 7.000 pounds,
fi,000 pounds of which is comb honey.

IJee - Keeping- in Oalcota.— An-
drew Craig, Empire, Dakota, on Sept. 23,
1888, writes :

1 have 3 colonies of bees, one ot which
stored 18 pounds of surplus honey in sec-
tions ; the other 3 did nothing. Settlers
here are few and far between, and my bees
liave trouhled nobody yet. My surplus was
all gathered after Aug. 10. and is of light
amiier color. It was one half granulated
within a week after being taken otf. Alsike
clover sowed last spring blussnmed some,
and bees worked immensely ou bee-balm.
Buckwheat yielded no nectar this season.
<iolden-rod aud asters are abundant.

Best Season for 5 Years.— K. A.

Dyke, Effingham, Ills., on Sept. 37, 1888,
writes :

Having seen so many discouraging re-
ports in the bee-papers lately, I feel like
giving mine for this season. '1 commenced
the season with 13 colonies, increased them
by manipulation to 'a, and secured 1,100
pounds of honev, three-fourths of it ex-
tracted, and all from heart's-ease and
Spanish-needle. I had to feed my bees dur-
ing Auaust until about tlie 16th, to keen
them from starving, and to keep up brood-

rearing ; they used up the feed clean each
day, and when the huney-flovv came on
Aug. 31), it was a refieshinu sight to see
them lay it away. From Aug. 3(5 to Sept. 9
the weather was cloudy, some rainy, and
quite warm, but very little sunshine; and
with thousands of acres of bloom in sight
and range, it is no wonder that the l)ees
stored honey rapidly. Since that time it
has not been so favorable, and ouly asters
are yieldiut! anytiiing now. This has been
the best seasmi here for five years. Last
year was considered a failure, yet 1 in-
creased from 9 colonies to 12, and wintered
all on the summer stands safrjy.and secured
3,50 pivunds of suriilus honey. 1 am dispos-
ing of my honey in the liome markets, at
13>< to 18 cents per pound, wholesale ; aud
1.5 to 20 cents retail. 1 have lots ot compe-
tition in the way of broken honey aud
"squeezed stuff,"

Frozen Foundation.— C. G. Ridout,
ot Hutchinson, Minn., asks the following
questiou :

Will it in any way injure comb founda-
tion to freeze, or be kept in a room all win-
ter that does freeze hard ?

[No ; if not handled while it is cold.
Take it into a warm room and let it remain
for a day or two before handling it in any
way.— Ed.]

Tlie Illinois State Fair D. R.

Rosebrough, Casey, Ills., on Sept. 27, 1888,
writes :

I have just returned from the State Fair,
and so far as bees and honey are concnrned,
it was a failure. There were only three or
four exhioits of bees and honey, but it was
in small amounts, and in bad condition.
The best exhibit of honey and bees was
from Piatt county. Dadaut's coiub founda-
tion took the " blue ribb m." 1 could not
take any honey this year, as I had none to
take, and that was likely the reason why
there was not more exhibited ; but I am in
hopes ot having some honey next year. I
think that the bee-ket-pers of Illinois should
arise in their might, and not allowour sister
States to excel us in this line ; so next year
I want to see a dozen or more beekeepers
with honey at our State Fair. All other ex-
hibits of agricultural products, except
honey, were grand.

Uee-Keeping- in Ontario.— Mr. R.

F. Holterraann, ot Branttord, Ont., Vice-
President of the Ontario Bee-Keepers' As-
sociation, sends the following report of bee-
keeping in Ontario :

The past winter was passed fairly well by
the bees. Spring dwindling was excessiv.-,
owing to severe weather. The clover yield
was a total failure in umst localities, linden
the same, and at its close showers and warm
weather gave us somethistle honey in buck-
wheat localities ; the fall flow was fairly
good. On an average not suHioient honey
has been secured for winter, yet colonies
are otherwise in good condition. Whilst
the average is so low, we hear of isolateil
cases where a yield of 30 to 40 and even fiO
pounds per colony has been obtained ; and,
on the other hand, colonies had to be fed in
the height of the honey season. Increase
has been but slight, and all colonies remiiii-
ing should be carefully preserved and cared
for. There has been practically no coiidi
honey taken, and the extracted honey will
be off the market before the end of the' pres-
ent mouth.

Xlie Kef. I.,. Ij. Lians:.>>trotli.— In

an article noticing the receipt of a cabinet
photograph of Father Laugstroth, from Mr.
T. B. Reynolds, of Dayton, O., the Brttlgh
Bee Journal for Sept. 30, remarks as fol-
lows :

The photograph is a full-length, cabinet
size, and gives a good idea of the general
appearance and intelligent countenance of
one who still retains so many admirers and
friends in both hemispheres. It gives us
much pleasure to note that, though long
past the allotted threescore years and ten,
and though for many years he his passed
through much physical suffering, he con-
tinues to look so hearty and well, and it
would appear as if many years were still in
prospect before the "the grand old man"
is called away from our mid-t. The name
of the Rev. L. L. Laugstroth has for so
many years been " a household word " with
bee keepers, that we feel assured that many
will feel inclined to indulge in the enjoy-
ment of being anle to look into that calm,
intelliienf, and benevolent face which is
now presented to them.

We feel a spirit of gratitude pervading
our hearts that we have been permitted to
look, as it were, upon his living presence.
Our memory passes back to that sentence
which well-nigh thirty years ago he nenned:
" Debarred to a great extent by ill-health
from the appropriate duties of my profes-
sion, aud compelled to seek an employment
calling me as much as possible into the
open air, I cherish the hope! that my laliors
in an important department of rural econ-
omy may prove serviceable to the com-
munity." Truly, whatever loss there may
have been to his fellow men in his inability
to follow his high and Imly callin;!, there
has been a clear, and a great, and an abid-
ing gain to the hee keeping world ; and we
are ready to subscribe to that which his
friend, the Rev. Robert Baird, said of h m :
" He well deserves the name of Benefactor
— infinitely more so than many who in all
countries aud in all aaes have received that
honorable title." And how feelingly Mr.
Laugstroth directs the attention of those ot
his own profession to the study ot the
economy of the honey-bee: "The atten-
tion of ministers of the gospel isparlicu'aily
invited to this branch ot natural -history.
An intimate acquaintance withihebee-liive,
while beneficial to them in many ways,
might lead them in their preaching to imi-
tate more closely the example of Him who
illustrated His teachings by " the birds of
the air, and the lilies of the field," as well
as the common walks ot life, and the busy
pursuits of men.

The " old man eloquent " is still with us,
and his voice is ever and anon heard in the
exercise of his sacred calling. It was but a
very short time since — only a few months
ago— that this good man visited Mr James
Heddon, of Dowaitiac, Mich. Mr. Ileddon
says: "Nearing eighty years of age, and
nut in the enjoyment of very robust, physi-
cal health, 1 was astonished to find his men-
tal powers as young and vigorous as those
of a man of middle aae." On this occasion
he nreai^hed in the Congregational Church,
and Mr. Heddon proceeds to say : " I think
1 may safely say that many years have
passed away since our city has been hon-
ored with such beiieficentaud well-delivered
sermons. His voice is lound, full, and
melodius, fully equal to four times the
capacity of anv church in the city." We
can mily breathe a hope that one whom bee-
keepers have learned to love and reference
may long be spared to us.

[The last sentence calls forth our most
hearty response.— Ed.1

XM® MMERICMP* HEB JOURNSI..

669

— » — »^ ^^.»^^^^— .^ — ^^^^^^^i^^^^.^-— ^-^^^^^^ — -j-'^t^a^f ^*^*^*»*»»»«^>^>^f ^«

al.fre:i> h. ]^E^V5iAr«,

BD8INESS MANAGER.

xxsiwcss 3J^ticc$.

<;i>1JMBI!\Ci I.1ST.

We Cliib the American Bee Journal
for a year, with any of tlie following papers
or books, at the prices (nioted in tlie I..ASX
coluuui. Tlie regular price of both is given
in the first colunni. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

II Yoii Live near one post office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Hilton''^ new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at tliis office.

If you I>osc Money by carelessly en-
dosiug it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Kx4)i and 5^:^x5^^.
Price, 81.00 per 100, or SS..50 per 1,000.

I»reserve If our l»apei-s for future
reference. If you have no WI."\I>KK we

will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FKEE, if you will sen<l us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journai,.

Yucca Briislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please ^rrKe American Dee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this ottice.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Pure Plienol lor Foul Brood.—

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 aud 17, can be
procured at this office at 25 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
should get a copy of the Apiary Kigister and
l)egiu to use it. The prices aie as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) $100

" 100 colonies (220 pages) 125

" 200 colonies (420 patfeB) 1 50

PliOtosrrapIis o< Bee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containuig the faces of 1.31 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Jouunal for one
year for 81.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of tliree subscri-
bers and 83.00.

Price of both.

Club

The American Bee Journai

.100...

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture

.200...

175

Bee-Keepers'Magazino

.150...

140

Bee-Keepers' Guide

.1 50...

1 40

150...

140

The Apiculturist

Canadian Bee Journal

.175...

160

.2 00...

180

Canadian Honey Producer.

.1 40...

130

The 8 above-named papers

5 65...

5 00

and Cook's Manual

.2 25...

. 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman).

.2 00...

. 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal

.1 60...

. 1 50

Dzieraon'8 Bee-Book (cloth).

.3 00...

. 2 00

Root's A B C of Bee-Culture

2 25 . .

. 2 10

Farmer's Account Book

.4 00...

Western World Guide

.150...

. 130

Heddon'8 book, "Success,".

1 50..

1 40

A Year Among the Beca —

. 175...

. 150

Convention Hand-Book

.150...

. 1 30

Wepklv Inter Ocean

.200...

. 175

Iowa Homestead

.210 ..

. 1 90

How to Propagate Fruit....

.150...

. 1 25

History of National Society

.150...

125

TIte Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in. Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, aud a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for .50 cents, postpaid.

Clover Seeds.- We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; 8'i25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
WhiU Clover Seed ; 810.00 per bushel; 83.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Ckrver Seed: 80.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight

Hastings' Perfection Feeder.-

This excellent Feeder will hold 3 quarts,
and the leftin--' 'Inwn of the fe"d is regulated

Pmenteci Oct. is. is»7.

by a thumb-screw. The cap screws securely
on. It is easy to regulate— either a spoonful
or a quart— and that amount can be given
inanhourora day, as desired. By it the
food can be given where it is most needed-
just over the cluster. Not a drop need be
lost, and no rohber bees can get at it. A
single one can be had for 40 cents, or a
dozen for $3..50, and it can be obtained at
this office. Postage 10 cents extra.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have

three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold Ironi one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and addrf ss of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels »1 -50 $2.00 J2 '25

500Lahel8 2 00 3 00 3.50

1.000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«a- Samples mailed free, upon application.

Cork for Winter Packing.— Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for 81.00.

Excliange.— We will accept Honey
and Beeswax in exchange for Bee-Keepers'
Supplies in any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honej'-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., •2'2c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., 810.00.
If wanted by mail, add 10 cents per pound
(or bag and postage.

■We W^ant 20,000 subscribers. Out of
the 300,000 beekeepers in America, certainly
this is not an extravagant desire ! It is
only one out of every filteen ! We confi-
dently ask those who appreciate the Ameri-
can Bee Joiirnal, to show it by sending
us one or more new subscribers. We will
give them full value for their mouey.

A Home Market for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this naper.

A Modern BEF-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Sinimins. For sale at this office. Price, $1,
postpaid.

■your Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

670

THE? MMMRICMEf MMM JOl^mMmi^.

Conventions.— The time for holding
Bee-Keepers' Conventions has now arrived,
and we cannot give any better advice
than this : Let e'ach one attend vplio can
do so, and take part in malting these meet-
ings interesting and instructive. It you
have not already obtained the "Bee-Keep-
er's Convention Hand Book," do so at once
to post yourself up od how to conduct such
meetings correctly. It contains a simple
Manual ot Parliamentary Law and Rules of
Order for the guidance of offiofrs and mem-
bers of Local Conventions— Model Consti-
tution and By-Laws for a Local Society-
Programme for a Convention, with Subjects
for Discussion— List of Premiums for Fairs,
etc. Bound in cloth, aud suitable for the
pocket. Price, 50 cents. We will club this
book and the American Bee Journal for
one year for S1..35. It also contains a lot of
blank leaves on v? hich you can note impor-
tant matters as they come up. Do not fail
to send for a copy of it.

Honey and Beesvi'ax Market.

CHICAGO.

HONE7.— New crop arriving slowly, but demand
is limited. White clover comb, 17®l«c. Extracted,
7®9c.

BKB8WAX.— 22C.
Sep. 12. 0. T. FISH & CO., 189 S. Water St,

CHICAGO.

HONBV.— For white comb libs., 18e. Very little
inquiry for anything outside of l-Ibs , and when it
is wanted it is at a lower price. Extracted, the best
grades, 7i&8c., and some held higher. Offerings are
small and demand slow.

KKKSWAJt.,— a20. R. A. BtJRNBTT,

Sep. 12. 161 South Water St.

DENVER.

HONE v.— Colorado, new i-lb. sections., I3@i5c.
Extracted, 7®8c.

BKKSWAA.— 20®i3C.
Sep. 7. J. M. CLARK & CO.. 1409 Fifteenth St.

NEW TORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs., 15®17c.;
2-lbB., 14®16c. Fair white l-Ibs., 14®H)0.; 2-lb8., 13
to i.=>c. Kxtracled. white, 7J^@8c.
BEESWAX.-23WC.

THORBER, WHTLAND & CO.

I\atMre's ^Vay.— This is the title of a
15-ceut pamphlet entitled, " G. M. Doolit-
tle's Metliod of Hearing Queens "—which is
called " The nearest approach to Nature's
way yet devised." It describes his method,
and points out its advantages. For sale at
this office.

Colored Posters for putting up over
honey exhibits at Fairs are quite attractive,
as well as useful. We have prepared some
for the Bee Journal, and will send two
or more free of cost to any one who will use
them, and try to get up a club. Sample
copies will be sent free upon application.

Simmins' IMon-S^varniing: Sys-
tem.—We have a few of these books left,
and we will club them with the AsrERiCAN
Bee Journal for one year, both postpaid,
for $1.35. The subscription to the Bee
Journal can be for next year, this year, or
may begin anew at any time.

"We Have some copies of the old edition
ot Cook's Manual left, which we will sell at
the old price, $1.25. The price of the new
edition is .81..50 per copy ; a notice of which
may be found on page 579.

Sep. 17.

■We will Present a Pocket Dictionary
for two subscribers with S3.00. It is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to decide
as to the spelling of words, and to determine
their meaning.

Queens.— We can mail a Tested ItaUan
Queen (bred for the best results as well as
for beauty) for»3.00 ; Untested Queens Sl.OO
each, or 89.00 per dozen. Orders solicited.

I>r. Miller's Itook, " A Tear .\mong
the Bees," and the American Bee Jour-
nal for one year— we send both for $1.50.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONEV.— We quote : Extracted, white, 6 cents;
light amber, 6^c. ; amber, 5^@5Jic. Comb, l-lbs.,
ia(L'J14c ; 2-lbs., HI l;lc.,

Ba!ESWAX.-20®220.
Sep. 24. SCUACHT Si LBMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

Wc Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI» at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; 3^ pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $'i. One pound of seed is
suflicient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote . Fancy white l-lbs., 17®18c. ;
21bs , l3@14e. Fair white l-lbs., 15@16c. ; 2-lbs , 12c.
BucRwheat l-lbs., Ilwl2c.i 2-lb8., in@ilc. White
extracted, 7^®8ii>c.; buckwheat. 5V2@6'iib.; Califor-
nia extrac ted, white sage. 7!^@7^c. . amber, 7Ji@7^.
Demand good and prices firm. New comb honey is
arriving quite freely.

BEBSW AX.— 23(923120.

HLLDKETM BROS. & SEGBLKEN,
Sep. 26. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.-White 1-lb. sections, ll®12i^c.; 2-lbs.,
12'..;@1 c; amber,s@iuc. Extracted, white, .'iMQec;
light amber. 5^(5i3^c.; amber and candied. 4$4@5c.
Receipts light and market Arm for best qualities.

BBBSWAX.— Dull at l9S22>^c.
Sep. 22. O. B. SMITH * CO., 423 Frout St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.- Best while comb. 17®iac.: dark, 16c.—
Extracted, 8(gH0c. Market bare of all kinds.

BBE8WAX.-21®i;2c.
Sep. 24. M. U. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mioh.

CINCINNAIL

HONBY.— We quote extracted at 4to(88c. per !b.
Comb honey, 12@16c. Demand slow.

BBESW AX.— Demand is good— 2u®22c. per lb. for
ffood to choice yellow, on arrival.
Sep. 18. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— Choice 1-Ib. sections, 18c.; dark l-lbs.,
14c.: 2-lbs., Itsc.; darh, 13c. White extracted in fju-
Ib. cans. He: amber, 7c.: in barreli and kegs, d@8c.
Demand good, prices steady, and stock fair.

BEESWAX.- None in market.
Sep. 27. HAMBLIN & BBARSS, 514 Walnut 8t.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote ; Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
17t<;®l8c.: 2-lb8., 14®1,')C. Fair l-lbs., 14!^®15^c.;
2-1 bs.,' l®12c. Extracted, fancy white clover,7'^®-^<i.
California white in Hii-lb. cans. He. : tight amber ,in
same cans, 7%c. : amber, 7>ic. Buckwheat in kegs
and barrel", .'>Js®e. Luban, In barrels and ^-Darrels,
65c. per gallon.
Sep. 26. F. G. STROHMK YE R & CO., 122 Water St.

BOSTON

HONEY.— We quote : New 1-lb. sections, 18@20e.:
2-lts , 14®l6c. ^ew extracted. 8® luc.

BBBSWAX.— 25 cts. per lb.
Aug. 24. BLAKE & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— We quote : New white I-lbs, 18c.: light
I-lbs., Itlc. (California wlnte l-iris.. IHt:.; light l-lbs.,
16c.; white 2-lbs, iiic. light 2-lbs., 14c. extracted,
white. He; amber, 7e

BKBSWAX.-IH,S.2cic. „ ,

Sep. 5. CLKMONS, CLOON & CO., cor 4th iWalnuI.

ST. LOUIS.
HONBY.-We quote: Extracted, 4^'«5k'C.; If in
cans, 8'u9c. White clover comb. 14®I5C. Market is
steady and receipts light.

8H;Hi8WAX.-2lc. for nrime.

Sep. 6. D. G. 'rUTT iS CO.. Commercial St.

MII.VVArTKKB.

HONKY.— New white I-lb. sections I8c., and very
fine. 2(11'.; l-lbs. I.ValHc; old 2 and 3 lbs., not salable,
l'i^®14c,; dark 1 lbs., old or new, I2@i;lc. Extrac-
te t. new white in kegs mid ^-barrels, 8@9c. : old, in
siiiue iiHckMges, 7'.' He ; in fin. H(ti9c.: dark in barrels
or '..-barrels. Old iii^c. .\rrivals of new crop small;
dem'and not uigent. and only very moderate trade.

HKKSWAX.-22®2;c
Aug 31. A. V. BISHOP. 142 W. Water ct.

Xlie Presidential Candidates. —

Among the many interesting publications
brought out by the campaign, " The Presi-
dential Candidates " is one of the best. It
is of the size and style ot Hdrper's Weekly.
It contains portraits and sketches of all the
twelve candidates, and the portraits of Mrs.
Cleveland, Mrs. Harrison, Mrs. Morton and
Mrs. Thurman. The large pictures of Mr.
Cleveland and Mr. Harrison are very strik-
ing, and the best we have seen. The many
sketches of the lives are exceedingly inter-
esting. While all the portraits are ot great
interest, those of Belva Lockwood, the Suf-
fragist Candidate, and that of Mrs. Thur-
man, will attract unusual attention. Alto-
gether this is a very valuable publication at
this time. It is sold by the newsdealers, or
sent by J. A. & R. A. Reid, of Providence,
K. I., for 10 cents.

C^~ The Wabash County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will hold their fall meeting in the Court House
at wahasb, Ind., on o^t. 20. I8HH, at lOam. All bee-
keepers are cordially invited to meet with us.

Henry Gripe, Sec.

^dujertisenxcixts.

We have some ELEGANT
RIBBON BADGES, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
50*eeiits each, by mail, postpaid.

Titos, e. NE'Wni.il.N <<z SON,

923 & 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO. ILLS.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

Jones' Frame Pliers.

J7<<»H Inking frames out of hives, or

C inoviiiKthem in any way desired. It 18
nailf of .lapanned iron, and can be uti ized
m many ways. It has a long claw for loos-
aniiiK frames, and a hook which maybe used
for carrying other frames besides the one
ipld bv the Pliers. Price, 40 cents., by mall.
By e.\priS8, accents.

XHOS. G. NEWMAN 4; SON,

923 & 92.") W. Madison St., • CHICAGO, ILL.
Mention the Aincrican Bee Journal.

XHis;. MME'REcmK MMM j&Jumnmi^.

G75

EDITOR.

voiniv. octn.m no, 42.

Xlie Columbus Con-venlion has

monopolized a large space in this issue of
ttie Bee Joubnal. Next week we hope
to give the remaining portion. In order to
do this we omit the Queries and nearly all
the correspondence. As that convention
presents the newest matter for the craft in
America, we must give it In time to be fresh
as well as seasonable.

Xhe Alabama State Fair occurs
at Montgomery on Oct. 32, and in the Bee
and Honey Department the premiums
amount to $fi8, besides diplomas. Capt. W.
H. Black makes an exhibit there. His 16
colonies last spring have increased to .38,
besides Riving over 1,000 pounds of surplus
honey in one-pound sections. That is a
little over 6i pounds per colony, spring
count. That is a report not to be ashamed
of in this exceedingly poor season !

^^^^^^^'-■j .^^^^^»^» — ».-^

On moiuitain Sides.— A California
paper thus moralizes over the fruit-bees
controversy and its results :

The irrepressible conflict between fruit-
grower and apiarist has ended in the latter
Beeiiig to the mountains, taking the little
busy bees to gather the nectar from the de-
licious mountain flowers. The orchardist
charged that the bees punctured the ripeii-
ina fruit with their lancet tongues, and
while the hpe-masler knew this to be an
error, he had no choice but to go among the
hills where fruit-growing is not yet a lead-
ing industry.

Nay I Rather say that the rich mountain
flowers have enticed the bee-keepers to the
delicious bee-pasturage provided by Nature
away up the mountain sides, leaving the
valleys to the raisin-growers— thus solving
the problem to the advantage of both the
fruit-growers and bee-men. How much bet-
ter to have it so, than to quarrel over it.

HiiilKtin I%o. :t9, issued by the Agri-
cultural College of Michigan, on Sept. 1,
1888, contains "experiments with insecti-
cides," by Prof. A. J. Cook (wlio is well-
known to our readt-rs), having charge of the
Department of Zoology and Entomology
at the College. The expeiiments were
made for the purpose of destroying the
Codling Moths, Curculio, Ants, and other
insects. The Bulletin also gives valuable
information concerning the planting of
trees, etc., and advises the planting of Lin-
den trees instead of Maples and Locusts,
which are so susceptible to injury. He says:

Our American linden or basswood is a
tree of rare beauty, and a more vigorous
and rapid grower than either maple or elm.
It IS attacked very rarely by inst'Cts, and so
tar as 1 have observed 1 sh luld say that ten
transplanted basswoods live and thrive to
one of maple. Last but not least, the linden
is a very valuable honey-tree, as the honey
from basswood is usuiiUy very plenteous
and of mo-t excellent quality, as we sliould
expect iiora the delicious fragrance of tlie
beautiful flowers. When we plant a linden,
then, we are adorning our street,or grounds,
wiih a tree that will very likely live and
thrive, a tree that will surprise us with its
rapid growlh and development, and a tree
that will liless the C(miing generation with
the valuable product which it so bountifully
yields. 1 believe there is no native decidu-
ous tree that offers such inducements for
transplanting as does the American linden.

Unless we conclude then to plant lindens
exclusively, and such a course has much to
rei'omuiend it, I should say plant all our
beautiful trees : linden, maple, elm, oak,
tulip, chestnut, ash, willow and even poplar,
then, as with the man who practices mixed
husbandry, and like the maid who divides
her eggs among several baskets, we shall be
almost sure to win at some point, and not to
lose in all.

1 f it is thought that trees of one kind when
planted in a single or double strai^iht row
look the best, then 1 say plant linden. If
we plant irregularly, and pay some heed to
grouping, which I have done, we can then
plant all kinds of trees with excellent efffCt.
Were it nnt for the inconvenience of this
style of planting, when we come to u-ie our
mowers to cut the yrass along the way side,
I should certainly advise this irregular
planting and grouping. Owing to the en-
hanced beauty, 1 prefer it even with the
inconvenience thrown in.

To conclude, I say then, either plant lin-
dens or else ail our desirable native species.
If we must set maples, then practice great
care that we may resist the borers and save
our trees.

sages, this plant is a good honey- producer.
Another plant sent by the same person is
the prickly mvpy—Aryemone platyceras
—not known to be specially uselul for
honey.— T.J. BuRRiLL.]

M'liat a Commission merchant
Has to Say About Honey In con-
versation with J. T. Carson, a commission
merchant of Louisville, Ky., last week,
some points of special value to bee keepers
were brought out. He reports the honey
crop unusually short so far as his inforiua-.
tion g.ies, and he usually handles quite large
quantities. Comb honey sells in Louisville
much more rapidly than extracted, and that
in one-pound sections much better than
that put up in larger packages.

Bee-keepers should be careful to not leave
honey on the hives until it gets a yellowish
cast, as that which is the whitest and clean-
est sells first.

Shipping crates for comb honey should
have glass at one end, but do not need it on
two ends or two side<, as one side is just as
good, and there is less liability of breakage.

Mr. Carson has all his honey shipped by
freight, as express companies not only
charge more, but their agents are so often
hurried that it is not handled as safely as by
the freight hands. A large shipment of
comb honey put up in an unsalable shape
hung on the Louisville market for over a
year, while that put up neatly in one-pound
sections found ready sale.

Good comb honey could be sold in Louis-
ville at 20 cents less 5 per cent, commission
and freight. As the honey crop has been
very light, those who have any may expect
good prices and prompt returns.— Zn,dian.a
Farmer.

Some Xexas Iloney-PIants.— J.

C. Bell, BeltoD, Tex., on Sept. 39, 1888,
writes :

As requested on page 620, I have sent
Prof. Hurrill three stalks or stems with
flowers for name. The old stalk came up
from an old root that lives through the win-
ter. The two tender stalks came from the
same root after the August rains. The sec-
ond crop does not secrete honey as whII as
the first. 1 also sent one white bloom for
name that is very fine for bees ; it grows
wild here, and blooms the second time
when it rains iu the summer.

[The plant sent by Mr. Bell sometime ago
proves to be Salvia azurca, variety grandi-
florn, occurring from Kansas well south-
ward in Texas. Tlie determination has
been made from some specimens recently
received direct from Mr. Bell. Like all tlie

A Xrusty CiJuide.— Under this head-
ing tlie Prairie Farmer gives Prof. Cook's
new " Manual " the following superb notice,
which we most fully endorse :

A new edition of the " Bee-Keepers'
Guide, or Manual of tlie Apiarv," is on our
desk. This is the fitteeiitii thousand of the
deservedly popular Guide of the Professor.
Let none fear to trust this guide up the
steep anil ruaged paths of beekeeping, for
it will ultimately land them on the summit
of success. His feet are freshly shod, his
Alpine-^tock newly pointed, and you can
lean on his arm wiih safety. On the way,
with magnifying glass in hand, he will
show you the wonderful mechanism of this
uselul insect ; its tongue, which does not
talk, but laps anil sucks up the nectar into
its haversack, and Us manv-jninted legs,
which gather and carry the "p illen. Tiiis
Apian way is bordered with many beautiful
fliiwers, tor which the bee acts as marriage-
priest, and they are fully described and
illustrated. Let all who can, take a trip
with this (Juiile, for they will remember the
pleasant " outing " many years to come.

Mr. X. II. Kiow will only visit bee-
keepers who may invite him to do so— he
will not thrust himself upon them. If any
wish to have such a visitor, they may send
the invitation to this ofUce. We expect him
to call here within a few days.

676

T'ME? mimmmi€;mm mmm j@^mmmL.

^».^»-—^'^-^^^j—^^*-—-^^-^^^^^j;j^^;^^^;_;;^t^*'**^*^** ****** *******

Rhode Island State Fair.— In the

Providence Evening Telegram we notice
the following as the awards in the depart-
ment of " bees, honey and wax :"

The judge of this department was L. C.
Root.

Awards— S. A. Dexter, Providence, comb
honey, third ; Samuel W. Lewis, Olneyville,
package of comb honey, first ; liquid ex-
tracted honev, second ; extracted honey,
third ; granulated extracted honey in glass,
first ; 10 pounds of wax, second.

A. C. Miller, Drownville, 10 pounds of
comb honey, second ; 10 pounds of liquid
extracted honey, second ; display of drones,
third ; hatching queen-cells with bees, sec-
ond ; complete hive for comb honey,second ;
complete hive for extracted honey, second ;
thin foundation for honey boxes, first.

Samuel Cushman,Pawtucket,comb honey,
first; assortment of comb honey, first ; one
pound of comb honey, second ; display of
comb honey, first ; 300 pounds of extracted
honey, first ; 10 p<mnds of the same, first ;
variety of exti acted honey, first; package
of the same, first ; drones, workers, etc.,
first; hatching queens in cells, third; dis-

Elay of queens, first ; hatching colony, first;
ive for comb honey, first ; hive for ex-
tracted honey, first ; extracted honey, first ;
display of apiary improvements, second ;
largest exhibit, first.

Mrs. S. M. Lackey, Providence,200 pounds
of extracted honey, third ; variety of ex-
tracted honey, second ; beeswax, first ;
drones, queens, etc., second ; hatching cells,
second ; display of queens, etc., second ;
hive of comb honey, third ; hive of extracted
honey, third ; honey extractor, second ; 10
pounds of comb for brood, first.

Judge L. C. Root makes the following re-
port on this department :

The bee-keepers of Rhode Island have
reason to be proud of their exhibition in
this department. While they all rank well,
1 should be unjust to myself, to the society
and to the bee-keepers of Rhode Island it I
did not express mv personal gratitication at
the marked standard of excellence to which
Mr. Samuel Cushman, of Pawtuckft, has
attained as manifested in his exhibit. In
the average of his exhibits I observed a
most marked degree of neatness, attractive-
ness and mechanical skill which is the very
foundation of success in our business.

A Mew Enemy.— In the new entomo-
logical periodical published by the Govern-
ment at Washington, D. C, entitled I?isec£
Life, No. 3 for September, 1888, we notice
the following under the captioii of "A New
Enemy to Honey-Bees," which is worth
making a note of. It reads as follows :

Several predaeeous bugs have been re-
corded from time to time as feeding upon
honeybees, and in Bulletin 13 of this
division (page 44) we mention the fact that
the common wheel bug {Prionidus crisPi-
tus) was in the habit of lurking about the
hives and preying upon the bees at Win-
chester, Va. Last summer we received in-
formation from Mr. J. W. Lanford, of Law-
rence County, S. C, that another bug had
been captured by him in the act of piercing
the honey-bee, and that his neighbors had
noticed the same insect lurking about their
hives. The specimen captured in the act
was forwarded to us, and proved to be
Euthyrhvnehvsfloridiinus,a. species which
is rather common throughout the South.

Postal Reiorm.— Farm Life com-
ments thus on this matter: "The Senate
Committee to whom was referred the bill
reducing the postage on fourth-class matter
from 16 to 8 cents per pound, have reported
favorably, giving the reasons why the
change is advisable. The objection that
the lower rate would lessen the revenue is
clearly shown to have no foundation. While
Farm Life is in favor of the 4 cent rate, it
may be that a trial of the 8 cent rate will
the better prepare the way for the adoption
of the desired reform. The arguments now
used by the Senate Committee will be found
equally effective in a year or two for the
lower rate. Four cents a pound for mer-
chandise, and oae cent an ounce for letters
are the rates demanded by the people, and
these they are certain to have before the ag-
itation ends. We append a small part of
the Senate report :

On the present estimated volume of fourth
class matter (excluding seeds, etc.), the
immediate loss by the proposed reduction
of the rate would fall considerably short of
$1,000,000 annually, a sum that seems in-
significant in the present magnitude of the
postal revenue. The stimulus of a lower
rate would, however, greatly augment the
number of parcels mailed, bringing a cor-
responding increase of revenue. Moreover,
the carriage of fourth-class matter inci-
dentally involves much extra revenue,
through circulars, money-orders, postal
notes, registered letters, and ordinary writ-
ten correspondence connected with the
transactions ; and this extra revenue, aris-
ing almost wholly from exceedingly profit-
able sources, would increase just in propor-
tion to the increase of tourth-class matte-r.
It may well be doubted, therefore, whether
there would be any decrease of revenue
from this source at the very outset, and in
the end there would surely be a very large
increase.

The measure would not involve a propor-
tionate outlay, since usually merchandise is
carried within restricted areas, and to a
large degree over " star routes," the cost of
which is not sensibly affected by the weight
of the mails.

"The United States, while having the
cheapest letter and (newspaper postage, and
in many respects the best postal service of
any country in the world, is far behind
nearly every other leading government in
providing facilities for the carriage of mer-
chandise and miscellaneous articles in the
mails.

"We are almost alone in being with-
out the parcels post system, which has be-
come a marked feature in the postal estab-
lishments of other countries. Under this
system, merchandise and other matter of
almost every description are carried in the
mails at a small fraction of the charge, and
in quantities greatly in excess of that
allowed on fourth-class matter in this coun-
try. The present charge of 16 cents a pound
is prohibitory in its effects, often compelling
people to deny themselves of small articles,
whether of necessity or comfort, which they
cannot procure otherwise than through the
mails. The hardship falls most heavily
upon those living in the rural districts,
where the home markets are scantily sup-
plied, and where the usual means of private
transportation do not exist."

Fall Flo'wers and Honey.— Mrs.

L. Harrison, in the Prairie Farmer for last
week, thus speaks of the fall flowers, prai-
ries and fall honey of Illinois :

The Hope so fondly cherished, that fall
flowers would yield sufficient honey for
winter stores, has been realized. In a letter
before me from a lady bee-keeper of South
Evanston, Ills., is the following : " I shall
not have to do any feeding ; the hives are
loaded in the brood-chamber, yes, crowded
with honey ; and the queens have been
making up the time they lost in the spring.
If honey and young bees will insure good
wintering, I ought not to lose any."

On the prairits, where corn and sky meet,
and wet places are tile drained, there may
not be a sufticiency of fall bloom to yield
honey for the support of the bees during the
coming winter. Timber-lands, and those
along watt'r courses, subject to overflow,
where Spanish-needles and motherwort
flourish, are the best bee-pastures in the
fall.

1 am an old settler of the State of Illinois;
came here in 1836, and have lived here and
in the vicinity ever since. I was born in
Ohio, and it is a good State to be born in, if
one only emigrates soon enough, as I did,
in time to enjoy the beautiful prairies in
their pristine loveliness. On these mead-
ows roses, lilies, Indian pinks and lady-
slippers, with many more, budded and blos-
somed and nodded in the breeze, with no
tear that the cruel reaper would cut them
down. There were two kinds of lady slip-
pers, yellow and delicate pink-and-white
ones. I have not seen one for years, but it
would give me more pleasure to see one
than the rarest exoiic.

An old settler of this county said that he
was like the mountain thatsaid to Mahomet,
" I cannot come to you, so you must come
to me," and invited the old settlers to picnic
on his grounds. More than one hundred
responded to the call, and on the way
thither on the cars, some remarked: "I
rode over this ground when there was not a
single house." And now, what a change!
Farm houses and towns. My old friends,
the prairie flowers, had given place to corn
and stub'de-fields ; the plow, reaper and
mower had ruthlessly cut them down, and
they waved there no more. The cahin, lye-
hopper and old bee-gum have disappeared,
and large, commodious farm-houses occupy
their sites. In lieu of the buzzing of the
wheel, the note of the organ and the whirr
of the sewing-machine are heard. The
sound of the flail is heard no more in the
land, nor the tread of horses on the ground
threshing-floor, but instead there falls on
the ear the whirr of the steam-thresher, as
the stream of clean grain runs into a sack,
while the clean, bright straw is deposited
on the stack.

There are some " old settlers " among the
flowers yet remaining, that the reaper and
plow have not destroyed. Golden-rods and
asters have taken up their abode under the
pro'ection of hedges, fences, and rough, un-
tillable land. Tile drove them from wet
places, and now they are on the ragged-
edge. May the day be far distant when they
are driven from the highways and fences !

Xlie Credit Belonsrs to tbe Bees.

—Farmers say that honey is their only pro-
duct that is free from vermin. Let due
credit be given the bees for this. They cer-
tainly take great pains to "comb" it.—
Binghamton Republican.

■We -will Present a Pocket Dictionary
for two subscribers with S3.00. It is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to decide
as to the spelling of words, and to determine
their meaning.

G77

INTERNATIONAL.

Report of llie Blorth American
Bee-Keepers' Convention.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY W. Z. HUTCHINSON.

The North American Bee-Keepers'
Society convened its Nineteenth An-
nual Convention on Oct. .3, 1888, in
the Representative Hall, at the State
House in Columbus, Ohio.

The meeting was called to order at
11 a.m., with President A. B. Mason
in the chair. As no programme had
been prepared, a committee was ap-
pointed to prepare one. The follow-
ing members then paid their dues :

J. S. Barb, BristolviUe, O.

J. A. Bityard, Atuens, 0.

E. M. Bennett, South Charlestown, O.

Dr. H. Besae, Delaware, 0.

J. H. Boyden, Saline, Mich.

J no. Calvert, Medina, O.

Asher M. Coe, Coe Ridae, O.

E. H. Collins, Mattsville, Ind.

Prof. A. J. Cook, Agricultural Coll., Mich.

J. Y. Detwiler, New Smyrna, Fla.

W. J. Dixon, Monday, O.

G. M. Dooiittle, Borodino, N. T.

Frank A. Eaton, BmfftoQ. 0.

Henry Hastinas, Kenton, O.

B. Heipliry, Utica, O.

K. F. Holtermann, Brantford, Ont.

Marcus Holtz, Tiffin. O.

W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich.

C\ E. Joues, Delaware, O.

D. B. Lovett, Crestline, O.
David Lucas, Jewett, O.

Dr. A. B. Mason, Auburndale, 0.
N. W. McLain, Hinsdale, Ills.
J. J. McWhorter, South Lyons, Mich.
Dr. C. C. Miller, Marenno, Ills.

F. Minnick, Bessemer, Wis.
J. F. Moore, Kockaway, O.

S. R. Morris, Bloominnsburg, 0.
Adam Rickenbacher, Gahanna, 0. .

A. 1. Root, Medina, O.

E. R. Root, Medina, O.

K. R. Ryan, Bradshaw, Nebr.

Jno. Short, Mollne, Mich.

J. H. Smith, Kenton, O.

R. L. Taylor. Lapeer, Mich.

Dr. G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, 0.

Samuel Utz, Kenton, 0.

P. S. Van Rensseler, La Cairne, O.

G. W. Webster, Lake Helen, Fla.

B. Wells, Fostoria, O.

Roht. B. Woodward, Somerset, O.
S. P. Yoder, East Lewistown, O.

LIFE MEMBER.

Thomas G. Newman, Chicago, Ills.

LADY JtEJtBERS.

Miss Dema Bennett. Bedford, O.

Mrs. Prof. Cook, Agricultural Coll., Mich.

Mrs. M. George, Bowling Green, O.

Mrs. D. B. Lovett, Crestline, O.

Mrs. A. B. Mason, Auburndale, O.

Mrs. Mary MiPherson, Ohio.

Mis. E. li. Palmer, Exeter, Mich.

Miss Kate Perkins, Flushing, O.

Mr.«. E. R. Root, Medina. 0.

Mrs. M. Stover, R )Scoe, O.

Mrs. Catherine Springer, Fostoria, 0.

Miss Mary Statelar, Somerford, O.

Miss Sarah Statelar, Somerford, O.

After the members had paid their
dues, the remainder of the forenoon
was employed in what might be called

An Experience Meeting^.

Miss Dema Bennett had received
many reports, and nearly all reported
failure. A few had reported getting
100 pounds per colon}- from pepperage.

Dr. Tinker reported almost no honey
from white clover. The greatest yield
had been from yellow poplar. The
honey from this source is dark, and
many mistake it for honey-dew.

Prof. Cook stated that he had re-
ceived some heart's-ease honey from
Iowa. When first received it was very
strong in flavor. No one would want
it upon the table. In three or four
weeks the strong flavor had passed
away.

R. L. Taylor said — My story is like
that of the other members. My crop
is about 5 pounds of surplus per col-
ony. My bees are in two apiaries nine
miles apart. All the white honey was
secured in one locality, and all the fall
honey in the other. In the northern
part of the county the fall flow was
bountiful. If I had moved my bees 20
miles I might have secured from 25,000
to 40,000 pounds of surplus. This
honey that was secured in the north-
ern part of the county was almost as
white as my clover honey. I think it
came from asters and button-ball. The
flavor is good ; it reminds me of fine
maple syrup.

R. F. Holtermann reported that bees
wintered poorly in Canada. Clover
and linden yielded but lightly. But
very little comb honey had been taken,
and the extracted would all be oft' the
nuirkets in October. The fall flow had
been fair. In localities the flow from
thistle had been good.

Mrs. Mary McPherson made her
living by keeping bees, poultry, etc.
She had learned the business under
protest. Her husband had told her
that she might sometime be left to
support herself and children. His
words had proved true. Last season
she was left a widow. From 32 colo-
nics she had secured 800 pounds of
comb honey. She did all the work,
besides caring for her poultry and
doing her house-work. She was up in
the mcu-ning as soon as it was light
enough to see, and she said she would
like to have a private settlement with
the man who said bee-keeping was
nice and easj' work — ^just suited to
ladies.

J. y. Detwiler rehearsed the troubles
that had befallen the bee-keepers of
Florida. The frost of 1886 had in-
jured the mangrove. It had recovered
in a measure, and was beginning to
yield. This year he had 1,200 pounds
from 40 colonies. Large black ants

give much trouble. They work at
night, and sometimes destroy full col-
onies. Mr. Detwiler preferred to keep
bees in the North, even with the risks
of wintering, to keeping them in
Florida ; but he liked the climate of
Florida, his home is there, and he
should stay.

The convention then adjourned until
2 p.m.

AFTERNOON SESSIOIV.

The afternoon session was called to
order at 2 p.m. by President Mason.

Reunion Song:.

We naturally feel a little pride in
the fact that when we need poetrj',
songs or music it is not necessary to
leave our ranks in search of the talent
necessary for their manufacture. The
afternoon session was opened by sing-
ing " The Bee-Keepers' Reunion Song"
— the words by Eugene Secor, and the
music by Dr. C. C. Miller. Many of
the members joined in the singing,
and all were pleased with the senti-
ments expressed, as well as with the
music.

After the singing the convention
took up for discussion this subject :

Xlie Uest Age of Bees to Go into
Winter Quarters.

Dr. G. L. Tinker preferred young
bees ; those that had had one flight.
He would put the bees in as early as
Nov. 10, as they are then likely to be-
come quiet and remain so. As an ex-
periment he hail taken some of the
bees out of the cellar, and allowed
them to fly, then returned them to the
cellar, and as a result they became
restless and wintered very poorly.

Dr. C. C. Miller — I suppose that if
we should try to find out what class of
the human family suftered most in a
severe winter, we would learn that it
was the old folks and the children. I
do not know as I disagree with Dr.
Tinker. I am not sure, however, that
I want very young bees. In the fall
we have all ages of bees in the hives.
Some of them will die within a week,
others in two weeks, others in a month,
and so on. If it were possible, I be-
lieve it would be an advantage to have
sifted out all the bees that would die
before spring.

R. L. Taylor — I would like to ask at
what time the Doctor would have the
queen stop laying ?

Dr. C:. C. Miller — We have but little
control over this. We might prolong
breeding by feeding.

R. L. Taylor — One year I fed the
bees in th(^ fall. October was warm,
there was brood in the hives early in
November, and the young bees cer-
tainly did no harm, as the bees win-
tered unusually well.

678

*rH® M^mMmiGMM wbm j@i3fmifMiL.

-*^-' — XkAJ

A. I. Root — We were once told that
we must have young bees for winter —
must feed if necessary. We tried tak-
ing away the queen in the fall, but the
bees wintered well.

Prof. Cook would not care to have
the queen lay after Sept. 1.

E. R. Root^In 1886-87 we wintered
200 colonies without loss, and they
were almost all old bees ; we had foul
brood in the apiary, and but little
brood was reared.

Dr. A. B. Mason preferred bees that
had done a little work before winter
had begun.

Prof. A. J. Cook — I think that we
ought to have brood up to September.
In 1871 we had no brood in July and
August, and the bees wintered poorly.
I do not care to have the bees begin to
breed before the first of April.

R. L. Taylor — I do not want my bees
to breed in the cellar. One year,
towards spring, I found a colony in
the cellar that had one comb full of
brood. I was pleased with it. I kept
watch of it. When put out, the bees
seemed to lose heart. They did not
go ahead and prosper. Other colonies
that did not breed until taken from
the cellar outstripped this one.

There was quite a long discussion
as to how early in the spring it was
best for bees to begin breeding. Some
said two months before the white
clover harvest was soon enough, and
others would have them begin sooner.

Upon a vote being taken, it was
found that the convention was about
equally divided. One-half thought
that two months before white clover
was soon enough, and the other half
preferred to have them commence
sooner.

The convention next listened to the
reading of an essay by Prof. G. W.
Webster, of Lake Helen, Fla., upon

Xhe Honey-Plants of Florida.

Probably no State in the Union pre-
sents such a variety of soil and vegeta-
ble production, and consequently of
bee-forage as Florida. Here in Volusia
county, in what is generally called
South Florida, there are at least seven
distinct classes of land, each class
having its own peculiar flora. These
classes are commonly distinguished as
High Hammock, Low Hammock, High
Pine, Low Pine (or Flatwoods), Scrub,
Cypress Swamps, and the Mangrove
Islands.

A narrow strip of hammock along
the St. John's river, a wider one run-
ning north and south along the coast,
and a few small bodies scattered
through the county, comprise the
hammock land. The largest portion
of high pine land is a strip 5 to 10
miles wide running north and south
through the county, and near the St.

John's river. Between the high pine
land and the hammock along the
coast, there is a strip of low pine land
10 to 15 miles wide.

Scrub lands are scattered about in
various parts of the county, sometimes
several thousand acres in a body.
Small bodies of cypress swamp are to
be found in nearly all parts of the
county. The Mangrove islands are
found in the salt water of the Indian
and Hillsborough rivers, along the
coast. Hammock lands furnish bee-
forage from cabbage and saw-palmetto,
yellow jasmine, grapevines, and many
other vines and shrubs. High pine
furnishes almost nothing except where
it is cultivated in orange groves, or
other crops. Cow-peas keep bees busy
during a part of the season, and the
wild partridge-pea (Cassia chaincecrista)
is said to be a good honey-plant ; and
sometimes Pelastemon Feazi is said to
yield honey.

Cypress swamps are mostly located
in the "low pine" lands, and furnish
nothing that I know of except where
there are whortleberries or ilex grow-
ing around their borders. Flatwoods
are covered with large quantities of
saw-palmetto, which is the best honey-
plant in Florida, aside from the man-
grove. Ilex glaber, a species of holly,
with black berries, commonly called
gailberry, is found along the borders
of streams, lakes and swamps. It does
not grow in suflBcient quantities to
yield, a large amount of honey, but we
sometimes get a flow of it just before
the palmetto, and it produces a little
better quality of honey.

Scrub yields a good quality of honey
from the scrub or spruce pine, and a
poor quality from a shrub called, some-
times, crooked-wood (Andromeda fer-
ruginea). Palmetto is also found in
the scrub, as well as whortleberries,
red-bay, and some other shrubs that
help a little. The orange yields abun-
dantly, and the honey is of fair flavor.
Settlements are mostly on high pine
and hammock land, which would
consequently locate the orange groves
there also.

Our own apiary of about 40 colonies
is located on high pine land. Our first
surplus honej' is from the spruce pine
in January or February. In February
or March conies the orange, and in
April the andromeda. Two or three
weeks later, in May, comes our best
yield from gailberry and palmetto,
which closes the season so far as sur-
plus is concerned. In fact it is neces-
sary to leave 25 or 30 pounds of honey
in each hive when taking the last
honey in June. Otherwise the bees
are liable to need feeding during the
fall or early winter, and in my opin-
ion feeding does not pay in the pine
woods of Florida.

During the summer and early au-
tumn sufiicient honey is gathered to
keep up breeding, but by November
surplus honey is generally considerably
diminished. One common cause of
loss of colonies here is undoubtedly
lack of stores ; another cause is the
loss of queens in swarming time,
many young queens being lost before
they get to laying. During April and
May the green dragon-fly is very de-
structive to bees ; sometimes hundreds
of them may be seen around the
apiary, darting in every direction,
seizing the bees as they return heavily
laden, and devouring them at their
leisure, as they fly about : and no
doubt they get many young queens
during their mating flight.

There is about as much trouble in
wintering bees here as there is in the
Northern States, owing, I think, to
the many mild days during the win-
ter, which tempt bees abroad when
there is nothing for them to get. The
bees become chilled or worn out, and
fail to return. Our experience here
has been a yield from 40 to 50 pounds
of extracted honey per colony, the
seasons varying as they are cold or
warm, wet or dry.

IMang:rove Region of Florida.

Bee-keeping near the coast, in the
mangrove region, is entirely a difter-
ent aflair, and requires different
methods. Before the great freeze of
three years ago, very large yields
were sometimes obtained. Several
bee-keepers reported a yield of over
300 pounds each from their best colo-
nies ; and sometimes whole apiaries
yielded an average of over 200 pounds
per colony. The freeze killed much
of the mangrove, and there are prob-
ably not over one-fourth of the bees
there now that were there then.

The mangrove is slowly recovering
from the efl'ects of the freeze, and dur-
ing the past season some apiaries have
done fairly well. The great trouble
seems to be in wintering the bees so
as to have plenty of workers when the
mangrove is in blossom, which is not
generally before the middle of June,
and lasts until sometime in August.
Where there are many large apiaries
the yield of honey from palmetto,
orange groves and the hammock lands
is not sufficient to keep the bees breed-
ing during the late winter and spring.

One man, who was taking care of
about 100 colonies, told me that he
thought 60 pounds of honey should be
left in the hive to winter on. It was
then the last week in April, and he
said that he had already fed five bar-
rels of sugar. In March his bees had
got well advanced in brood-rearing,
on orange blossoms and yaupon {Ilex
cassine), but in April the honey failed.

T'Me; MMBmicMNi MWiW jo^mnmi^.

670

and the bees carried out large quanti-
ties of young brood. While we were
talking we could hear the bees work-
ing on the two or three species of
wild grape that were just coming into
blossom in the hammock. I also no-
ticed bees very busy on Ikx dcciilna
and Eugenia dicholoma, two shrubs or
small trees that are plentiful in places
near the coast.

About the same time I visited two
apiaries belonging to J. Y. Detwilcr —
one at his home on the east side of the
Hillsborough river, opposite New
Smyrna, and the other on Orange Is-
land, 12 or 14 miles further south.
His home apiary did not seem to be
doing much, there being but little
hammock within reach of it, but the
one on Orange Island, having access
to plenty of hammock, were rearing
brood and storing honey. He had not
fed either apiary except perhaps to
give weak colonies frames of honej-
from the strong ones.

I spent several weeks on the Hills-
borough river in June and Jul}-, and
visited the apiaries of Mr. Detwiler,
the Messrs. Brown on the east side of
the river, W. S. Hart (in charge of E.
S. Contant) at Hawk's Park, A. E.
Marsh, near Oak Hill, and others.
Two story hives were, generally used,
and so far as I learned, no honey was
extracted from the lower story, and it
seemed to be the general opinion that
both stories should be left full of
sealed honey for winter use.

I think that the palmetto yield must
have been much shortened the past
season by dry weather, and the man-
grove itself, although its roots stand
in water, and are washed by the tide
every day, seems to need rain in order
to produce a good yield. I heard bee-
keepers complaining that they were
getting little honey on account of the
dry weather, while only a few miles
distant, others who had been in the
track of storms, were getting a good
flow. • The best yield heard of was 150
or 160 pounds per colony. Some got
but very little. One man said that he
fed two barrels of sugar and one-half
a barrel of honey, and extracted two
and one-half barrels of honey. Difler-
ence in location, rainfall, condition of
bees, and I have no doubt in manage-
ment, all conspire to make a diticrence
in results.

I have no doubt that large quanti-
ties of honey will be produced from
the mangrove, but it will be done by
acquired skill and untiring persever-
ance.

Further south Satureia rigida, com-
monly called wild penny-royal, is
said to be a very superior honey-plant,
blossoming during the winter. I have
collected specimens of it within less
than two miles of our own apiarj',

where it blossoms in April, but not in
sufficient quantities to yield much
honey.

Xlie Ciradine- of Florida Honey.

I wish to speak in regard to the
grading of Florida honey. Some'
dealers still unjustly class it as " South-
ern honey," a name that has been ap-
plied to a very inferior article produced
in some parts of the South, by the old-
fashioned method of melting and
mashing comb, bee-bread, brood and
dead bees, and running the filthy mass
through a cloth strainer. Mangrove
honey is nearly as clear and white as
the best white clover honey, and has a
mild and pleasant flavor. Orange,
palmetto, and gallberry honey — our
principal honej-plants in the interior
— are, in my opinion, much superior to
buckwheat honey, and they are cer-
tainly much lighter in color than buck-
wheat, or even golden-rod, and should
be graded and sold on their merits as
mangrove, orange or palmetto, as the
case may be.

Geo. W. Webster.

Mangrof e and Palmetto Honey.

After the reading of Prof. Webster's
essay, the following discussion ensued:

Prof. Cook — I think that something
ought to be done in the way of recog-
nizing the difterence between man-
gi-ove honey and the ordinary South-
ern honey. The mangi-ove honey is
certainly fine honey, and ought not to
sufler from having the name "South-
ern " honey given to it.

J. Y. Detwiler — If this convention
would recognise the supei'ior quality
of palmetto and mangrove honej-, and
urge the editors to make a distinction
between this and other Southern honey,
in their market quotations, it would be
a great help to the bee-keepers of
Florida.

Upon motion of Dr. Miller, it was
voted that the editors of the bee-papers
be requested to quote mangrove aud
palmetto honey under their proper
names, and to continue to keep these
names in their quotations. If there is
no honey of these kinds in the market,
simply say, "None in the market." •

The attention of the meeting was
next turned to a discussion of the

ILiessons of tlie ^Season.

Dr. C. C. Miller recounted the fail-
ures of the past seeson. Not only had
the honey cnjp been a light one, but
he had been called upon to bear
troubles and afllietions, still, he had
been hajipy ; he thought that the great-
est lesson he had learned was that of
being contented under adverse circum-
stances.

R. F. Holtermann became di.sgusted
with bees the first year he kept them,

sold out, and the next year the average
honey crop was 200 pounds per colony
He had learned that it was best ta
"Stick to it."

Prof. Cook thought that one lesson
of the season was in that it showed the
desirability of combining bee-keeping
with some other business. He called
attention to the amount of honey that
Mr. Taylor could haVe secured by
moving his bees. This should teach
us what might be done by moving bees
to better pastures.

The convention now took a recesa
of ten minutes.

When called to order, the members
were once more pleased, set to laugh-
ing this time by Dr. Miller's singing a
song entitled, "Dot Happy Bee-Man ;"
the words being written by Eugene
Secor, and music by Dr. Miller.

The next topic taken up for discus-
sion was,

Tlie Time for Pntting' Bees into
^Vinter Quarters.

Dr. Mason had put bees into the
cellar on Oct. 19, and others later ■
and there \vas no particular difterence
in regard to the amount of stores con-
sumed, or in the wintering of the bees.
The average consumption of stores
was six or seven pounds per colony.

E. R. Root said that their colonies
consumed, on an average, about 12
pounds per colony.

Prof. Cook had done considerable
weighing of bees. Out-of-doors the
consumption of stores per colony aver-i
aged about 15 pounds ; in the cellar, 8
pounds. He knew that bees coidd win-
ter well in a light cellar, but as a gen-
eral thing he did not think they would.

Dr. Mason knew that light was in-
jurious. He had had bees continue to
leave their hives on account of the
light, until the hives were depopulated.

Dr. Miller had had bees remain
quiet in the cellar with the sun shin-
ing upon the hives. If the bees are
uneasy, the light will disturb them ;
otherwise it probably will not. He did
not advise light in a cellar.

Prof. Cook — This may not be exactly
the place to talk of hives, but I have
noticed that bees have wintered the
best in the "New Hcddon Hives," and
I have wondered if others have no-
ticed it. I have been at a loss to ac-
count for this, as it has been without
exception. Sometimes I have thought
that it might be because the combs
were i an inch above the bottom-
board ; and again, I have been in-
clined to attribute it to the fact that
the upper story was filled with honey,
while the lower one was emi)ty.

Frank A. Eaton had never succeeded
in wintering bees in the cellar until he
bean raising the hives from the bot-
tom-boards.

680

THU JEMEKICMlHf MMW JQV^mMmi^.

^ *■»•*■»-*■»■* ■■fcj

R. L. Taj-lor — My experience with
the Heddon hive has beea similar to
that of Prof. Cook's ; but I do not at-
tribute it to the same cause as he does.
I think that it is caused by the space
between the upper and lower cases.
As cold weather comes on, the cluster
contracts. With large combs small
clusters of bees become isolated and
chilled ; they may not be killed out-
right, but their vitality is impaired.
With the Heddon hive the center of
the cluster is where the break comes
in the frames, and all the bees can
readily keep in the cluster.

Dr. Tinker — Mr. Taylor may be
stating facts when talking of single-
walled hives, but with properly con-
structed chaff hives his views would be
untenable.

R. L. Taylor — In breeding up bees
in the spring, I have decidedly the best
results with the new Heddon hive, as
compared with the Langstroth-Heddon
hive.

The convention then adjourned until
7 p.m.

The convention was called to order
at 7 p.m.. with President Mason in the
chair. The first question brought up
for discussion was,

Sections Open on all Sides.

Dr. Tinker led the discussion, and
spoke in substance as follows : Open-
side sections affoi-ded better ventila-
tion. If the surplus apartment is
divided into too small apartments, the
ventilation is deficient, and more time
is required for ripening the honey ;
hence not so much honey is secured.
The combs are built out square and
true to the edges, and the sections
filled full. Italian bees, with closed-
side sections, often draw in the comb
— make it thinner — as they approach
the uprights to the sections, connect-
ing the comb to the uprights by merely
a narrow ledge. With open-side sec-
tions this is avoided.

A. I. Root had noticed this drawing
in of the comb as it approached the
sides, but did not think that this was
alwajs the case. He recounted tlie
experiments of Mr. A. Rice in the
house apiary. He placed small sec-
tions inside of ordinary brood-frames,
hung them the usual distance apart,
and the bees tilled them most com-
pletely. Later he tried the /jrdinary
sections, wide frames and separators.
After trying them he was led to ex-
claim : " 1 wish that the little scamps
would fill out the sections as well as
they used to in the old brood-frames !"

R. L. Taylor asked, why not get rid
of the It.ilians, keep such bees as
would fill out the sections whether
open-sided or not ?

Dr. Tinker admitted that black bees
and some hybrids would give no
trouble in this direction.

Frank A. Eaton— There is one objec-
tion to open-side sections, and that is
in orating, the corners catch and tear
the combs.

Dr. Miller had produced and ship-
ped thousands and thousands of pounds
of comb houe}', and the sections were
well filled, and bore transportation
without loss from breakage, and they
were close-sided sections.

Dr. Tinker still clung to the idea
that more honey could be secured by
using sections with open sides, and
that with care in handling there need
be but little if any damage done to the
combs.

Next came a discussion upon,

If OM' Can Safety 'be Secured in
tlie Mating of Queens?

A. I. Root said that the appearance
of hives had much to do with it. King
birds sometimes probably catch them.
Sometimes queens cannot fl}'. They
leave the hive and cannot get back.
To know whether a queen can fly, toss
her up in the air.

Prof. Cook had scarcely lost any
queens until the present season, when
the loss was nearly one-half. Previous
to this season the hives had stood in
the Shade of evergreens. These trees
had been of different sizes, character
and appearance. This year they were
all cut away.

R. L. Taylor thought that bees and
queens were gnided in finding their
hives by the larger surrounding ob-
jects, trees, etc., rather than by the
hives themselves.

Dr. Miller did not think that increas-
ing distance between the hives aided
the bees very much. He would place
the hives in groups.

Following this came a livelj' little
discussion upon

The Use of Chaff Hives.

E. R. Root led in the discussion, very
fairly presenting the good and bad
features. They afforded protection
from cold, also from the direct heat of
the sun's rays. The bees are always
ready for winter, so far as protection
is concerned, and the cool nights of
late summer do not drive the bees
from the supers. With chaft' hives
there is no laborious carrying of bees
in and out of the cellar. Mr. Root
said that bj' referring to their statis-
tics, they found that cellar wintering
of bees predominated in Michigan,
Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota ; as
far south as southern Ohio chaff hives
and cellars held about equal sway ;
south of this, chaff-hive wintering of
bees greatly out-numbered other
methods.

Dr. Tinker thought that the saving
in stores in the spring would alone pay
for the expense of chaff hives.

Frank A. Eaton emphasized the
point of leaving the bees in the cellar
until the danger from cold is over ;
then the bees make rapid progress, and
chaff hives are not needed.

Dr. Tinker replied that we often
have frosts after warm weather has
been " on deck " several weeks.

R. L. Taylor admitted that there
might be a saving of honey by having
the bees protected early in the year,
but for actual work in the apiary, pro-
ducing either comb or extracted honey,
he could not endure using a chaff hive,
and did not see how any man could.
Their capacity is limited — only 50 sec-
tions can be used upon one hive, and
it is often desirable to put on 100. Only
one set of extracting combs can be
used, and it is often desirable to use
several. The hives are hea\'y and un-
wieldly, and if it were desirable to
move an apiary to more desirable pas-
turage, chaff hives would almost pro-
hibit it.

Dr. Mason called attention to the
fact that 80 sections can be placed in
a chaff hive.

R. L. Taylor — Oh, yes, if 3'ou put
them in wide frames ; but I can't
"play" with my bees in any such way
as that. When I said 50 sections, I
meant when they are in cases so that
you can work, with them.

John Calvert called attention to the
single-story chaff hives. It overcame
most of the objections urged against
the chaff hive.

R. L. Taylor — Yes ; but the trouble
is, the chaff hives do not do what is
claimed for them. They do not win-
ter the bees. A single-walled hive is
just as good for wintering bees ; with
it the sun can warm up the bees ; with
a chaff hive it does not.

Dr. Mason would prefer to winter
the bees in the cellar, but valued pro-
tection for them in the spring. If he
wintered his bees out-of-doors, he
would use chaff hives.

Mr. Chase mentioned that Mr. Shane
had two apiaries. In one the bees are
protected in the spring by packing ; in
the other they are not. The packed
apiary always comes out ahead, and
gives the best results.

Frank A. Eaton did not get in a
hurry to take the bees from the cellar.
They were left in until chaff hives
were not needed.

The following interesting letters were
then read :

Dayton, O., Oct. 2, 1888.
My Dear Friends : — I am very sorry
to say that I cannot be present at your
meeting at Columbus. I have taken

'THB MM^RICMIH; SBE( JOlTRIfSlU.

681

such a heavy cold that it will not be
safe for me to leave home. It oppres-
ses me so much that I cannot even
commit to paper the essay which I
have prepared.

I am more disappointed than I can
well cxpre.ss, for I wiis looking forward
to a very happy time in seeing again
many of my old friends.

Wishing you a pleasant and profit-
able meeting, and desiring to be kindly
remembered to you <ill, I remain very
sincerely your friend,

L. L. Langstroth.

Peoria, Ills., Oct. 3, 1888.
I regret exceedinglj' that I am not
meeting with you to-day. My poor
health would not justify the outlay of
strength necessary to travel all night
to reach Columbus. I hope that Father
Langstroth is there. I imagine I see
him now, with his hand upon his cane,
with his benignant face beaming upon
all. Mrs. L. Harbison.

Forest City, Iowa, Oct. 1, 1888.
Travel, reading, observation and
conversation with bee-keepers in va-
rious parts of the State lead me to
think that the crop of honey is light
in Iowa this year. While the season
has been better than last as regards
the condition in which the bees will be
at the beginning of winter, and per-
haps also as to the quantity of surplus,
it is mostly fall honey and oft' color,
though the quality is good.

The severe drouth of 1887 so killed
the white clover that it required all
this season to regain its foothold in
the pastures. I doubt if it is fully re-
established now. So we got no white
clover honey wortli speaking of. Bass-
wood (linden, if you like the word bet-
ter) blossomed very full in 1887. This
was its off year, and the yield light.
The fall flowers yielded fairly well.
Bees seem to be in good condition.
I have not heard of any foul brood.

The Chapman honey-plant was tried
to some extent. There is no doubt
about the fondness of bees for it, but
whether it would pay to cultivate for
hone}-, is another question. A tine ex-
hibit of bees, honey and implements
was made at our State Fair, and at
some of the local fairs. The art of
bee-keeping seems to be keeping step
to the music of progress in other de-
partments of rural life.

Eugene Secor.

Upon taking a vote, it was decided
to hold the next meeting at Brantford,
Ont.

The convention adjourned until 9:30
a.m. the ne.xt day

.nORI>I]>[« SESSION.

President Mason called the conven-
tion to order at 9:30 a.m. The first
topic discussed was,

Tlie IVidtli of Sections.

J. H. Smith made several widths of
sections, but sold ten thousand of the
inch and seven-eigths to one thousand
of any other width.

E. R. Root saiil that their experience
was that of Mr. Smith's.

Frank A. Eaton said that it all de-
pended upon whether separators were
used. One inch and seven-eighths was
the proper width with separators ; if
they are not used, the sections must be
narrower.

Dr. Tinker preferred that the space
between the top-bars and between the
bottom-bars should be | of an inch,
instead of the usual } of an inch.

The next topic was,

When Sliall Hees be Put Out of
the Cellar?

Dr. Besse — When there is something
for them to do. When they can gather
pollen.

Dr. Miller — About two weeks after
the right time. [Laughter and cries
of " good ;" "that's it."] I suspect
that we put our bees in too late, and
take them out too early. I used to
take them out at the blossoming of the
soft maple, but it has several times
fooled me. Freezing weather came on
again after the maples had blossomed.

Next came a discussion in regard to
the subject of

Securing: Itlore Complete Organi-
zation Among: Uee-Kee|>er!!>.

Dr. C. C. Miller — We have local so-
cieties. State societies, and the North
American Society ; and the latter is
largely local. Unless something is
done to make it more completely a
representative body, we might just as
well kill it and done with it. I would
suggest that the State and local socie-
ties send delegates, and pay their ex-
pen-ses.

Prof. A. J. Cook— The State and
local societies will not do this, and 1
do not believe that this society is yet
ready to die. .Suppose that we do
have a large local attendance, we also
have a scattering attendance from
abroad. We could have the different
States represented by essays from their
best men.

A. I. Root mentioned that religious
bodies send delegates to meetings and
conventions and pay their expenses.
Apicultural societies might do the
same. He would give more to see a
man and hear liini t:ilk than he would
to have an essay from him.

Upon motion it was voted that all
State and local societies be invited to
send delegates to the North American
Society's conventions.

Next came an interesting talk by
Prof. A. J. Cook, upon,

ExperimentN in Apiculture.

With one or two exceptions, the
Michigan Agricultural College is the
only one that has experimented in
apiculture. Until lately there has been
a lack of time in conducting the Col-
lege apiary. At last an able assistant
has been secured, and the passage of
the Hatch bill has provided the funds,
and the prospects are that much more
will be done. One line of work will
be that of crossing different varieties
of bees ; another, that of determining
the value of special planting for honey;
and the third will be in regard to the
adulteration of honej'. Rocky Moun-
tain bee-plant. Chapman honey-plant,
pleurisy-root, and perhaps others will
be tried. Considerable is hoped for
the Rocky Mountain bee-plant, as it
flourishes in a drouthy climate. At
present the bees at the College area
cross b(^tween the Syrians and the
Carniolans, and they seem to possess
the good qualities of both.

Prof. Cook feels sure that bee-keep-
ers do not adulterate honey, neither
does he believe that it is done by
grocers. He considers them no more
honest than many other classes, but
adulteration does not paj'. He does
not believe that the chemist can tell
positively iu regard to adulteration,
and experiments are to be made to
determine, if possible, whether adul-
teration can l)e detected.

A. I. Root asked how Prof. Cook
knew that their bees were a cross be-
tween the Syrians and Carniolans.

Prof. Cook — We do not know posi-
tively. There are no bees nearer than
three miles. Besides, I have studied
the characteristics of each race, and I
cannot fail to recognize them.

Mr. Thomas G. Newman then ad-
dressed the convention in substance as
follows upon the

The Importance of Experiments
in Apiculture.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen ■

The announcement just made by
Prof. Cook, that he intends to com-
mence the making of careful experi-
ments on the four important points
enumerated will give great delight to
the devotees of our pursuit, because
the promised experiments will cover
the "•round of not only the value of
tlie different varieties of bees, but also
the necessary pasturage to be pro-
vided, and the application of the most
successful methods to be employed in

682

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the management of the apiary for
profit.

We know but a very little of the
arts and sciences — only just what has
been found out by experiments, or by
accident ! We have seen only that
which we had ej'es to see ; and the
value of experiments — of training — of
delving into the unknown — of studying
the possibilities — lies in the opening of
our intellectual eyes to see what there
is in Nature all around our pathway !
Was Stephenson a genius ? Was
Franklin brilliant ? No ; but both of
them were full of observation, perse-
verance and intelligence, and these
characteristics were diligently aided
by common sense.

It has been well remarked that if
necessity was the mother of invention,
surely an American was its father !
Success lies in working with Nature,
for it contains the secrets of all inven-
tions. Here we may study, delve,
guess, invent or copy to our heart's
content. The human arm suggested
the lever to Arehimides. The human
skull was well studied by Michael An-
gelo, who designed the dome of St.
Peters. The waves of the fui-y-lashed
ocean led Napier to invent the shape
of the " bow " of a steamship best
suited to plow the waves and triumph-
antly ride over its tempest-tossed
bosom. The latter let us more fully
describe, that we may leai-n a valuable
lesson therefrom.

The first steamships built in Scotland
dared not to venture out of the firths
and rivers in stormy weather. But
David Napier, the celebrated marine
engineer, thought that they could be
so built that they could navigate the
ocean in all- kinds of weather, and
accordingly he determined to know
and personally observe the difficulties
to be encountered and overcome.

Sailing packets were then running
between Glasgow and Belfast, and he
selected a stormy period of the year to
make that voyage, in order to study
the waves when driven with fury, for
St. George's Sea is noted for its dan-
gers, and the number of its shipwrecks.
He stood for hours at the " bow " of the
packet, watching the breaking of the
waves — now and then leaving that
chosen post to inquire of the captain
if he considered the sea rough. When
assured that so far it was nothing un-
usual, he returned to his post with dis-
appointment.

The drenching spray he cared
naught about, but the " ordinary
weather" made him impatient. At
last the wind increased — it blew a gale
— and wave after wave "swept the
packet from stem to stern." With this
he was delighted, and dripping with
salt water he made his way to the cap-
tain and asked, " Captain, do you

think it is rough now ? who replied,
" I never faced a worse sea, sir !"

Napier exclaimed, " Well ; if that is
all, I think I canmasterit !" He went
below to meditate, and on his return
to Glasgow, ho began to experiment —
just as Prof. Cook now promised us to
do, but in another line. He aimed to
discover the shape of the "bow"
which would go through the water
with the least resistance.

His observations, taken while being
drenched with the waves at the "bow"
of the packet, convinced him that the
round bow of the sailing vessel was
not calculated for a fast steamship.

Repeated experiments led him to be-
lieve that the fine wedge-shaped
" bow" would revolutionize the world
in the matter of steamship building.
Then it often required several days to
sail between Glasgow and Belfast !
Now it requires but nine hours — all
because of the experience and experi-
ments of that undaunted marine en-
gineer.

Now our modern "Napier," who has
taken special pains to find out what
necessity requires, will retire to his
quiet haunts at the State Agricultural
College, away up in Michigan, to medi-
tate and experiment on the four impor-
tant points which he enumerated a
few minutes since ! Let us hope that
he will discover and bring to light
matters and methods as important to
progressive bee-culture as did Napier
to ocean travelers, but a few years
ago.

We all are aware that the survej'
precedes the building of the railroad,
and the reconnaissance locates the
field and line of battle. Just so is it
with us, at this time. Prof. Cook
knows the difficulties to be encountered
— he has "studied the waves of ad-
versity" which have repeatedly dashed
over our chosen pursuit, and caused
much consternation. He has "sur-
veyed the line " upon which it is to be
hoped we can all ride to success ; and
located the plan of battle which may
give us the victory. We shall anxiously
await the result of his meditations.

j|tee-Pa!>«tura;;e.

One of the cardinal points is that of
providing pasturage for the bees. He
proposes to plant ten acres of the
Rocky Mountain bee-plant — to plant
broadcast, and let it take care of and
perpetuate itself. This matter of
planting for honey has been a pet
theory for years, with me, and I hail
the day for an experiment on a large
scale, feeling assured that it is one of
" the winning cards."

Those depending on the wild pas-
tures for bee-forage should not fail to
plant for honey, and thus secure a

good crop every season, as the years
come and go. If drouth comes and
finds them depending on streams
which dry up, they are then the suf-
ferers.

They should have pastures for the
bees, with plants having deep roots to
go and seek the moisture below, oi"
else have pastures that can be watered
from convenient wells or ponds, and
thus aid Nature to secrete the nectar
in the dry times. ,

Every season teaches some new and
useful lesson. Those who heed these
lessons are on the rise. Those who do
not are on the down grade. Will api-
arists be content to repeat each year
the mistakes of the former one ? If
they are wise, No. If they are heed-
less and unprogi'essive. Yes.

Honey Adulteration.

It has been asked here and else-
where if extracted honey is now being
adulterated ? I answer. No. It will
not pay to adulterate honey at its pres-
ent very low price, and hence it is not
practiced, for even the thieves and
adulterators will not ply their nefarious
business when it is unprofitable to
do so.

As to the adulteration of comb honey,
the truth al)out that is out at last.
Wiley, Evans & Co., have been driven
to the wall, in two ways ; first by their
having been forced to confess that
there was nothing upon which they
could build their " bogus comb-honey"
storj', except the wild imagination of
a diseased brain ; and the fun of per-
petrating a very wra-scientific pleas-
antry !

And, in the second place, immediate
sale of the small crop of honey had
made bare the gi-eat marts of trade,
and while the demand was urgent, and
the prices high, not a single pound of
the bogus comb honey could be found!
More than anything else, this shows
the falsity of the claim, and exposes
the lie about " combs being made of
paraffine, filled with glucose, and sealed
by machinery ?"

Not a crate — not a section — not a
pound — not a cell of the bogus " comb
honey " can be found on the markets !
Not even the advanced prices can
bring it to the front ! If it was in ex-
istence, how the manufacturers of the
bogus stufl' would jump at the chance
to sell it ! How they would run the
machinery night and day to fill the
demand !

The citadel is stormed !

The giant is slain !

Comb honey is vindicated !

Prof. Wiley's lie is exposed !

The peddlers of the lies are rebuked!

The " prince of lies " is defeated.

The honey crop failure did it.

Thomas G. Newman.

XMi^ m^mmmiGmfi bbe^ j&vimMWL,.

683

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A. I. Root mentioned that Dr. Miller
had secured large quantities of honej'
from 200 acres of cucumbers raised
near him. This showed that honey
could be secured from that plant.

Dr. Miller — I think no one person,
unless it is Mr. Root, has done so much
planting for honey as I have. Because
Prof. Cook finds some plant valuable
for honey, it does not follow that we
shall all find it valuable ; still, we are
glad he is doing something in this line.
Does the Professor expect to cultivate
his Rocky Mountain honey-plant ?

Prof. Cook — No ; we cannot do much
in the line of cultivation. A plant to
be of value must be able to take care
of itself, a sort of " root hog or die "
plant.

A. I. Root — What better does Prof.
Cook expect to find the Rocky Moun-
tain honey-plant than is buckwheat ?

Prof. Cook — It will stand drouth. It
is brought up on dry weather. A dry
locality is its home.

Dr. Mason said that he had been in
attendance at the Ohio Centennial for
the past five weeks, and it was aston-
ishing to see the amount of belief there
is in the adulteration of honey.

R. F. Holtermann then gave the fol-
lowing address on the

Talue of United Experiments
in Apiculture.

Who amongst bee-keepers does not
look back with deep and heartfelt
gi'atitude to such men as Huber, Dzier-
zon, Langstroth, Quinby, and a host
of others ? and it takes but a moment
of reflection to bring to our mind's
eye a picture of these men toiling day
after da}', yes, year after year, to gain a
perfect and reliable knowledge of the
natural history and habits of the
honey-bee. What vast benefits api-
culture has derived, and what great
strides it has made to make it an im-
portant branch of agriculture, not
only the bee-keeper but every well-
informed citizen knows.

Whj' is it that so much credit is due
these men ? Because they stand out
and above otlier men of their day —
because thej- were leaders and bene-
factors. True, they stood compara-
tively alone, and had to follow their
researches too often unaided, and not
only with no one to cheer and help
them, but rather, with those about
them to sneer and misunderstand.
Now these men are leaving, and have
left, a rich legacy to prosterity. They
have not followed their own selfish
aims and ambitions, but in some in-
stances have gained no temporal ad-
vancement, and for our benefit.

Are we then making the best use of
our advantages ? Are we doing our
duty faithfully, are we making use of
that intelligence which we so right-

fuUj' claim as characteristic of bee-
keepers, and are we with these advan-
tages— so much greater in our age
than those of our fatlicrs — preparing a
legacy for posterity ? We are doing
much, but not all that we might.

The Manager of our Bee-Keepers'
Union uses the old and true motto,
" In union there is strength ;" this is
pre-eminently true of researches or ex-
periments. We have not the plea that
our forefathers had ; we have numbers
who are only waiting to do such work
in union, and we have organizations
and means of advertising and reaching
them, that our fathers never had. Let
us then organize and do the most that
skill and energy can devise.

Every branch in agriculture is ahead
of us. How many associations are
performing experiments through its
members. Let us then cast aside in
this matter all other motives, and to-
gether aim at the elevation and per-
fection of our chosen pursuit, laying
aside all petty jealousies, all desires to
self-elevation, and in union conduct
the experiments decided upon to in-
vestigate, no matter who may have
led us in that direction.

I believe that one of our greatest
failures has been, coming to conclu-
sions too rapidly. A new and (as far
as theory goes) grand idea impresses
us, or the result of one season's experi-
ence leads us to believe we have made
a discovery which will immortalize our
names, and we advance and defend
that discovery only to lead others and
ourselves astray. Now if we want to
be of the greatest use, we must keep
under, these our sanguine and selfish
dispositions, and in the calm light of
reason and lofty desire to advance and
elevate apiculture, unite and decide
upon some line of experiment ; and
right here is the ditticult question to
decide, what shall that be ?

I had the honor of being appointed
one of a committee by the " Ontario
Agricultural and Experimental Union,"
to decide upon a line of experiment
for those of its members interested in
bee-keeping. After study the commit-
tee felt that so important was it to de-
cide upon the most practical and easily
conducted experiments, that we de-
cided upon consulting the memliers of
the North Ameriean Bee - Keepers'
Society, and the members of the
Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association in
convention, before taking any decided
.step in the matter.

The thought was, to iiave two or
three lines of experimentation, and
the.se for the dift'ereut seasons of the
jear. For instance, we have men who
are »ble, and have the time and means
at their disposal, to make minute and
scientific researches of practical value.
Again, we have those who have many

colonies who can conduct researches,
where a large number of colonies arc
advantageous, but who cannot under-
take anything which will require a
great outlay of time.

Again, those who have fewer colo-
nies, who are plain, practical men, and
could conduct ordinarily careful ex-
periments, in spring, summer, autumn
and winter, and those again who could
only conduct them during one or more
of these seasons. Every opportunity
should be given to every bee-keeper to
join in .something. In wintering bees,
especially, there should be no drones
in the hive. I hesitate to set forth
what we shall experiment upon — my
desire is rather to rivet your attention
upon the grand possibilities before us,
knowing that practical minds liere,
will do the rest.

Of course we can never take the
place of a man who can devote his
life's energies to experimental work,
and can secure what necessary means
are required to conduct his labors
properly — at the same time we can at-
tain results that he never can, and in
a shorter time.

Let us lose no time. Let a line of
work be decided upon for the coming
winter and the coming j-ear. How
vast a work can we accomplish, how
great our sphere of usefulness by
eanest,careful and conscientious work !

In one year, in certain directions,
we can make more progress by this
method, than before in ten. But I
need not point out to a bee-keeper the
advantage to be secured bj' united,
whole-souled organization to accom-
plish any work ; no more fitting ex-
ample of this can be found than in the
homes, the occupants of which we are
the " masters." R. F. Holtermann.

The convention then adjourned until
p.m.

OHIO.

The Report of tiie Ohio State
Convention.

The Ohio State Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation held its sixth annual meeting
in conjunction with the North Ameri-
can Bee-Keepers' Society on Oct. 3, 4,
and 5, 1888, at Columbus, O. A special
I business session was held on Oct. 4,
for the election of officers for the com-
ing year, which resulted as follows :

President, H. R. Boardman, of East
Townsend ; Vice-President, John Cal-
vert, of Medina ; Secretary and Treas-
urer, Miss Dema Bennett, of Bedford.

On motion the convention adjourned
to hold the next annual meeting at
Cleveland, O., on the call of the eT-
ecutive committee.

Fkank a. Eaton, Sec.

684

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hjmkAimAm^*

kikmktimt^mtAM

SPANISH-NEEDLE.

Good Flow of Fall Honey— A
Streak of L.uek.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY JOS. M. HAMBAUGH.

Having two out-apiaries in connec-
tion with my home apiary and fai'm
work combined, has made this one of
the busiest seasons on record. Did I
sit down and pine over the discourag-
ing results of last year ? Hardly. I
simply made the best of circumstances,
and set myself to work with renewed
zeal, notwithstanding the taunts of the
"wiseacres" and "knowing ones,"
who from the beginning said, " I told
you that you would get bee-stung."

Well, my bees were divided as be-
fore stated, into three yards, the ones
at home composed of Italians and
hybrids, and all three yards were ac-
cessible to linden timber. White
clover was a complete failure, and
many colonies had to be fed to bridge
them over from fruit-bloom to bass-
wood, and when this bloom came —
which was the most profuse I ever saw
in this section — the bees seemed to
revel in their glorj% and our long-pent-
up enthusiasm was boundless.

We were too sure, however, for
though the surplus receptacles were
quickly filled, the nertar seemed ex-
ceedingly crude, and we waited pa-
tientlj' to see the white cappings ap-
pear— the apiarist's criterion for ripe
honey. The golden plumes began to
drop, and seed-balls appear, and yet
our honey was uncapped.

On July 19 the attention of the bees
was drawn to the river bottom, onl}-
from one-half to a mile distant, and
having adverse experience with honey-
dew and dark honey, I concluded that
I would not allow the linden honey to
mix with it, and I extracted, and now
comes the problem of getting rid of
about 1,000 pounds of unripe linden
honey.

It was about this time that button-
bush began to yield quite a showing
for honey, and brood-rearing and
swarming was the order of the da}',
where colonies were not given plenty
of room, and this served to put all the
colonies in splendid condition for the
fall harvest. It was a sight to see the
seething mass of insects issuing from
a 3-stor3', 10-frame Simplicity hive,
with one inch blocks under the front
corners to give them vent, and one
would wonder how many of the 8-
frame divisible brood-chamber hives it

would take to produce the same re-
sults.

Never in my memoi-y have I seen
honej' come in as lively as it did dur-
ing the cereopsis or Spanish-needle
flow ; and the beauty of it was, it
seemed to be " already cooked," and
almost as soon as the cells were filled,
they were sealed. One colony pro-
duced 73 pounds of honey in five days'
time ; another one, 86 pounds in ten
days ; and the gross receipts from 42
colonies at the home apiary was 2,009
pounds of honey at one extracting, and
they had been extracted from but 5 to
8 days previous — an average of 47
pounds per colony.

My other apiaries did remarkably
well, but the Italians and hybrids " get
away" with the ordinary bee by odds.
The total product of one Italian colony
of bees was 264 pounds. I am not
prepared to give any report just yet,
but it will aggregate nearly 10,000
pounds. So please do not class me
among " blasted hopes " and one of
the "bea-stung."

Spring, Ills.,. Oct. 8, 1888.

COIVVEBITIOW DIRECTORY.

1888 Time ana Place ot Mteting.

Oct. 20.- Wabash County, at Wabash, Ind.

Henry Cripe, Sec North Manchester, Ind.

Nov. 14.— Alabama State, at Montgomery. Ala.

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Ala.

Nov. 21, 22.— Pan-Handle, at Wheeling, W. Va.

W. L. KiDsey, Sec, , Blaine, O.

Dec. —.—Michigan State", at Jackson, Mich.

H. i). Cutting. Sec. Clinton, Mich.

tW In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Ed.

More tban Half a Crop.— Daniel
Sheldon, Strawberry Point, Iowa, on Oct.
5, 18S8, says :

Although the first bloom of white clover
yielded but little hooey here, basswond,
second bloom of white clover, lioise-niint,
golflen-rod, etc., have kept the industrious
little workers busy until they have secured
more than half a cropiu this S' ctioii. Bee-
keepers are not discouraKed here. I have
had uniform succes.-i in cellar wintering of
bees. I raise the hives up im inch blocks,
keep the temperature at about 40°, and re-
move the dead bees frequently.

Buckwheat and Alsike 4Jlover.

— C. A. Bunch, La Paz, Ind., ou Oct. 8, 1888,
writes :

As I believe that buckwheat alway%pro-
duces nectar in this locality, I value the
plant very much. I do not think that it
produces a large amount of honey, though
It puts the bees in good condition for golden-

rod, which out-stripped all plants and
honey or nectar-producing trees here this
season. There was ten acres of buckwheat
is less than one-half mile of my apiary,
which was alive with bees almost every
morning until 9 a.m., and on some warm,
misty days until later or nearly noon, al-
though August and September were very
dry months, with very little rain. I think
that my 38 colonies stored some over 200
pounds of honey from buckwheat in one-
pound sections, which is not so bad, X think,
considering the season we have had. I have
had a small amount of Alsike clover on my
place for the last two years, which seems to
be good as a honey-plant, as well as for pas-
ture. I expect to sow a half bushel of
Alsike clover next spring.

No Surplus Honey.— Henry A.Hyle,
Redwood, N. T., on Oct. 5, 1888, says :

I now have 5 colonies of bees, but I re-
ceived no surplus honey this year, and I
will have to feed my bees pretty well to
make up for the lacu of honey for winter
stores. 1 lost i colonies last winter. I have
a good location for keeping bees, and after
three years' experience. I think that I am
safe in keeping more bees than heretofore.

Hardly an Averag^e Fall Crop.

— W. M. Woodward, Custer Park, Ills., on
Oct. 6, 1888, writes :

The honey crop has been slow here.
There was none at all until corn tasseled,
when honey began to come slowly from
corn, and has continued to come from
heart's-ease and other fall flowers.- The
fall crop is hardly an average one, but a
great blessing for these times.

Molasses Barrels and Jug^s for
Honey.— F. C. Erkel, Le Sueur, Minn.,
on Oct. 7, 1888, writes :

My bees have done as well as could be
expected considering the season. I moved
35 colonies last spring, by wagon, 13 miles,
on 2 or 3 feet of hay, and found the combs
all in good condition with one exception,
and they were not very bad. I got no honey
from clover this year, but the bees made
things lively for a few days on basswood,
but it did not last long ; however, they filled
up below in the hive, and 1 got some nice
white comb honey.

Autumn flowers yielded well, and 1 ob-
tained considerable comb honey from that
source, besides a little more than doubling
my stock. The bees were determined to
swarm late, and kept me busy putting them
back. 1 have more than 1 want now, and
think that I shall kill 1.5 or 20 colonies and
extract the honey. I have a great deal to
learn about bees yet, especially how to pro-
duce comb honey. 1 would like the follow-
ing questions answered in the Bee Jour-
nal : 1. My 10-frame Langstroth hives are
nearly all full. Would it not be advisable
to extract from two or three frames before
getting them ready for the cellar ? 2. Would
it be advisable to put extracted honey in
second-hand molasses barrels, such as can
be bought at groceries ? 3. How would
common one-gallon jugs do to put extracted
honey in. if the honey was heated to keep
from granulating ?

[1. Yes.

2. If you do not care to preserve the
flavor, the molasses barrels may be used.
If you do want the flavor preserved, use
new kegs or new barrels.

3. If it granulates, you will find it trouble-
some to liquefy and handle it.— Ed.]

T'MII^ fSMBRICMH MMW JQ'HJ'RIfME,.

685

- * ^ » ^^~ ^ •~'^ •*• ' ^ "^ *i^«

AI^FREW H. I^EWMAI^,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

business Notices,

II ITou Utc near one post-office and
get your mall at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Hilton's nevf pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

iryou Lose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Itoxcs— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4^x4)^ and SJi^xSJ^.
Price, 81.00 per 100, or $8.50 per 1,000.

Preserve Yotrr Papers for future
reference. If you have no m]\l>ER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Joltrnai,.

Yucca Itriishes, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -write American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

P«i-e PUenol tor Foal Brood. —

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 35 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Register.— AH who intend to

be systematic In their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. Tlie prices are as follows :

For BO colonieB (120 pages) $1 00

" 100 colonies (220 pages) 125

" 200 colonies (420 pages) 1 50

Photograplis of Bee-Keepers. —

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 120 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for 81.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

4;L,UBBirV«i I.ISX.

>Ve Club the Americam, Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the LAST
column. The regular price of both is given
in the finst column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price 0} both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00 . . .

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 60 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150 140

Tlie Apiculturist 175 1 60

Canadian Bee Journal..., 2 00... 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers. . 5 65 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 23. . . . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 176

Binder for Am. Bee Journal . . 1 60 1 50

Dzierzon's Bee-Boolj(oloth).. .3 00.. .. 2 00
Boots A B Cot Bee-Culture.. 2 25.... 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00.... 2 20

Westein World Guide 150.,.. 1 30

Heddon's book. "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 1 .30

Weekly InterOeean 2 00 1 75

Iowa Homestead 2 00... 1 90

How to Propagate Fruit 1 50 1 25

History of National Society..! 50 1 25

Hastings* Pcrtection Feeder. —

This excellent Feeder will hold 3 quarts,
and the letting down of the feed is regulated

Patented Oct. 18, 1S.S7.

by a thumb-screw. The cap screws securely
00. It is easy to regulate— either a spoonful
or a quart— and that amount can be given
in an hour or a day, as desired. By it the
food can be given where it is most needed-
just over the cluster. Not a drop need be
lost, and no robber bees can get at it. A
single one can be had for 40 cents, or a
dozen for 83.50, and it can be obtained at
this office. Postage 10 cents extra.

Red Isabels for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Isabels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, 81 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.50 $3.00 $2,25

500Labels 200 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

*a- Samples mailed free, upon application.

The Convention. — The pamphlet
containing the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; $2.35 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : 810.00 per bushel; 83.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight

Corl< for 'Winter Paclcing-.— Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Excliange.— We will accept Honey
and Beeswax in exchange for Bee-Keepers'
Supplies in any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivatioH of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 33c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., 810.00.
If wanted by mail, add 10 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

"We ■»Vant 20,000 subscribers. Out of
the 300,000 bee -beepers in America, certainly
this is not an extravagant desire ! It is
only one out of every fifteen ! We confi-
dently ask those who appreciate the Ameri-
can Bee Journal, to show it by sending
us oue or more new subscribers. We will
give them full value for their money.

A Home Market for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine.
Such will create a demand in any localitya
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this naper.

A Modern BEE-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simmins. For sale at this office. Price, $1,
postpaid.

Your Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

686

t»m»m»^i\*

Conventions.— The time for holding
Bee- Keepers' Conventions has now arrived,
and we cannot give any better advice
than this : Let each one attend who can
do so, and take part in making tliese meet-
ings interesting and instructive. If you
have not already obtained the "Bee-Keep-
er's Convention Hand Book," do so at once
to post yourself up on how to conduct such
meetings correctly. It contains a simple
Manual of Parliamentary Law and Rules of
Order for the guidance of officers and mem-
bers of Local Conventions— Model Consti-
tution and By-Laws for a Local Society—
Proaramme for a Convention, with Subjects
for Discussion— List of Premiums for Fairs,
etc. Bound in cloth, and suitable for the
pocket. Price, 50 cents. We will club this
boolc and the American Bee Journal for
one year for SI. 3.5. It also contains a lot of
blank leaves on which you can note impor-
tant matters as they come up. Do not fail
to send for a copy of it.

Honey and Bees-wax Market.

Watnre's Way.— This is the title of a
15-cent pamphlet entitled, " G. M. Doolit-
tle's Method of Rearing Queens "—which is
dialled " The nearest approach to Nature's
way yet devised." It describes his method,
and points out its advantages. For sale at
this ofBce.

Can Ifoii l>o Anything that will do
more to advance and defend the pursuit of
bee-keeping, than to aid its Weekly Ex-
ponent and Defender ? The American
Bee Joubnal is the pioneer bee-paper of
America, and is fully entitled to the active
support of every progressive apiarist, for it
works constantly and faithfully for the best
interests of the pursuit. We therefore
specially request all our readers to use their
influence to double our subscription list
during the coming autumn. Reader, will
you please send us a new subscription with
your renewal or before that time ? A good
■weekly at one dollar a year is surely cheap
enough to command patronage.

Al>vays Mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing-
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

CHICAGO.

HONET.— New crop arriving slowly, but demand
is limited. White clover comb, i7®ihc. Extracted,
7@»c.

Bfi:B8WAX.-22c.
Sep. 12. B. T. PISH & CO., 189 8. Water 8t,

CHICAGO.

HONEV.-Por white comb libs.. 18c. Very little
inquiry for anything outsiile of l-lbs . and when it
iM wante t It is at a lower price. B.vtracted the best
grade-s, 7(sHi ., and some held higher. Offerings are
small and demand slow.

iKK;SWAJ[.,-22o. R. a. BURNETT.

Sep. 12. 161 South Water St.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Colorado, new i-lb. sections., I3@15c.
Extracted, 7®Sc.

BI!:KSWAX.-20®'3c.
Sep. 7. J. M. CLABK 4 CO., 1*09 Fifteenth 8t.

NEW YORK.

HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white I-lbs., 15®17c.;
2-lb8., 14®I6c. Fair white 1-lbs.. 14@1BC.; 2-lb8., 13
to f>'-. Kn traded, white. 7,'-i@8c.

BEKSWAX.-23J2C.
Sep. 17. THDRBKR, WHYLAND & CO.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote . Fancy white l-lbs., 17®18c. ;
2 lbs , I3®14c. Fair white l-lbs.. 15@i6c. ; 2-lb!< . 12c.
Barbwheat 1-lbs., lli. i2c.; 2 lbs., 10@llc. White
extracted. 7^(a;H!.^c.; buckwheat. .'il.^fSJfi'^b. : < aliftfr-
nia extrai teii, white sage, 7^®*94c. amber. 7^®7H.
Demand good and prices tlrm. New comb honey is
arriving quite freely.

BKESW.rtA.— ^3(3i23)^C.

HILDBETU BROS. & 8EGELKEN.
Oct. 10. -28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane 8t.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— White 1-lb. sections. l\@V2]4c.; 2-lbs.,
12^®1 c; amber. rt@loc. Extracted, white, .=i8i®6c. ;
light amber, .'»''4@5^c.; amber and candied 49i®5o.
Receipts light and market firm for best qualities.

HBKSWAX.- Dull at 19 ; 22J4C.
Sep. 22. O. B. SMITH & CO.. 423 Frout St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best white comb, 17@l«c.; dark, 16c.—
Extracted, 8(g*10c. Market bare of all kinds.

H K K-i WAX.-2I®.!2<;.
Sep. 24. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mloh.

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4iiJ@8c. per lb.
Comb honey. 12®H>c. Demand slow.

BKKSWAJC.— Demand is good-20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Sep. 18. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central At.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— Choice 1-lb. sections, lac ; dark 1-lbs.,
14e.; 2-lb8.. Inc.. dark, l3c. White extracted in HO-
Ib. can». He. : amber. 7c.: In barrel and kegs, .5@8c.
Demand good, prices steady, and stock fair.

BEESWAX.- None in market.
Sep. 27. HAMBLIN & BBAK88. 514 Walnut St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote ; Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
17!^®18c.- 2-lb8., 14®15c, Fair l-lbs., 14>ij®15Hc.;
2-1118., l®12c. Bxtracted, fancy white clover. 7M;® >M.
California white in fio.Ib. cans, hc ; light amber ,in
same cans. 7Mc, : amber, 7Xc. Buckwheat in kegs
and barreW, fi^®6. Cuban, in barrels and >6-barrels,
65c. per gallon.
Sep. 26. F. G. STROHMB YE R & CO., 122 Water St.

BOHTON

HONEY.- We quote : Best white clover l-pounds.
16®17c.i best2.1bs., I5«16^. Extracted. 8c.

BMKSW AX.-2.S cts. per lb.
Oct. 10. BLAKE & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY. -White 1-lbs. 17®i8c.; dark. 14®15c.; Cal-
ifornia white l-lt)S., 17c.; dark, 14c, Extracted white
8c.; amber. 7c.

BEESWAX —None in the market.
Oct. 11. CLlliMON8.CL,oON*co.,cor4tli*Walnat.

ST. LOD18.
HONEY.— We quote: Extracted,_4V^®5Hc. : if

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONBY.-We quote : Extracted, white, 6 cents;

light amber, b%c.; amber, SJi@5>^c. Comb, l-lbs.

13®14c i •-'■lbs., Ill 13c.,
B B KS W AX.— 20®22c.
Sep. 24. SI 'UACUT 4 LEMCKB, 122.124 Davis St.

We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; }4 pound,
S1.75 ; 1 pound, S3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

<jMeens.— We can mail a Tested Italian

Queen (bred for the best results as well as ii.i..- -,- , ,..«,,? .-. , .

r' . ... ,„.„,„ ., , . .„ ..,/,„ can8,8.<9c. White clover comb, 14®15c. Market is

for beauty) forS2.00 ; Untested Queens 81.00 steady and receipts light.

Simniins'' I>'on-SM- arming: Sys-
tem.—We have a few of these books left,
and we will club them with the American
Bee Journal for one year, both postpaid,
for SI. 25. The subscription to the Bee
Journal can be for next year, this year, or
may begin anew at any time.

l>r. Miller's Book, "A Tear Among
the Bees," and the American Bee Jour-
nal for one year— we send both lor $1.50.

Please to get yonr IVeighbor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journax. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

Convention I^otices.

C^" The Wabash County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will hold their fall meeting in the Court Uou-e
at wabash, Ind., on o. t, 20, 1888, at lOa.m. All bee-
keepers are cordially invited to meet with us.

Henry Cripk. Sec.

2W~ The Pan-Handle Bee - Keepers' AS'^ociation
will hold its next meeting in the K. of P. Hall on
Main St.. between llth&l2th Streets, in Wheeling,
W. Va., on Nov. 21 and 22, 1888. All bee-keepers are
cordially invited. W. L. KINSEY, Sec.

f^" The Alabama State Bee-Keepers' Association
will meet at 1o a.m. on Wednesday, Nov. 14. 188H. at
the office of the Secretary of the State Fair (in the
Fair Building), in Montgomery, Ala. Members are
urged to attend, and all persons interested in bees
and honey are cordially invited,

J. M. Jenkins, See.

each, or 89.00 per dozen. Orders solicited.

■We Have some copies of the old edition
of Cook's Manual left, which we will sell at
the old price, $1.2.5. The price of the new
edition is $1.50 per copy ; a notice of which
may be found on page 579.

BBBSWAX.— 2IC. tor orlme.
Sep. 6. D. G. T UTT & CO., Commercial St.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.- New white 1-lb. sections 18c., and very
fine. 2nc,; l-lbs. l.'s®l8c.: old 2 and 3 lbs., not salable,
1 ■^^®14c.; dark 1 lbs., old or new. I2@13c. Bxtrac-
tei, new white in kegs and ^-barrels, 8@9c.: old, in
same packages, 7"' 8c.: in fin. Hfa;9c.; dark in barrels
or Mi-barrels, BiJ^ij^c. Arrivals of new crop small;
demand not urgent, and only very moderate trade.

B K E8 W AX.— 22®2;)C.
Aug. 31. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

The American Apiciilturist

WIL,Ij be mailed from Oot. 1, 1888. to Jan.
1, !S90, for 75 cents. The " Bee-Keeper's
Handy-Book" will be re-written the coming
year, and all will be published in The Apiccl-
TURiST during the year 1889. The first article
will be presented in the Nov., 1888, iesue.

Our method for rearing QUEENS in full col-
onies will be published in pamphlet form, and
a copy given to each subscriber. Address,

AinilRICAN APieilLTBRIST,

42Alt WENHAM, Essex Co., MASS.

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wliolesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

WANTED,

lleeswax.— We will pay 20 cents per

pound, delivered here, tor Yellow Beeswax.
To avoid mistakes, the name of the shipper
should always be on each package.

THOS. R. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 West Madison St.. CHICAGO, ILLS

THE MMBRicMK mmm jo^rnsi,.

G91

XIIOMAS G. !%EW:MAN,

EDITOR.

VoiniV. OcUil888, Nc,43.

There's al>vay!< si River to rri>ss,

Always au t Ifoit to make,
If there's anythinf» good to win,

Any rich prize to take ;
Yonder's the fruit we crave.

Yonder tlie charming scene ;
But deep and wide, with a troubled tide,

Is the river that lies between.

'%\'liat a ^Voman Can I)o.— Mrs. J.

N. Heater, of Columbus, Nebr., is one of
the best-known exhibitors of Honey and
Bee-Snpplies in America. Speaking of her
exhibit at the Sta(e Fair at Lincoln, the
Columbus Journal remarks thus : "Aside
from its newspapers, mills and banks, there
is probably no single business represented
in Columbus that belter advertises the city
than the business transacted by Mrs. J. N.
Heater." And of her attractive exhibit at
the State Fair, the Lincoln Journal says :

Each succeeding year the apiary depart-
ment finds Mrs. Heater, of Columbus, pres-
ent with a large showing of eoiub and ex-
tracted honey, wax, implements, and bee-
keepers' supplies.

The exhibit is in the form of a large
pyramid of jars of honey arranged around
an ornamented velvet back-ground, bearing
the name and residence of the exhibitor.

This exhibit shows to advantage what
well-directed intelligent study and years of
experience can do in this direction, and all
who visit the State Fair should not fail to
visit Apiary Hall and inspect this exhibi-
tion.

Good exhibits of bees, honey and beeswax
at Fairs, will do more to educate the people,
and help the sale of honey than anything
else. The apiarian exhibit at Columbus,
Oliio, Centeunial was a greater attraction
than almost any other display. Realizing
this fact, the managers of the Fair put up a
building esi)ecially for it this year, and it
pays well.

A Friend of tlie Bees.— The Wash-
ington, D. C, Sddof Oct. 8, 1888, contains
the following announcement :

Mr. J. P. Miller visited the Agricultural
Department today to secure the co-opera-
tion of the Commissioner of Agriculture in
obtaining legislation to protect the public
and the bee-keepers against spurious honey.
As credentials, Mr. ililler brought an inter-
esting colony of Italian bees with him in a
case, and placed them on exhibition in the
Museum " Zoo."

Mr. Miller stated to a Star reporter that
what the bee-keepers want is a law similar
to the oleomargarine law, requiring manu-
facturers of artiBeial honey to stamp their
wares, so that the public will not i>e de-
ceived in purchasing it. The artificial
honey, he said, is composed of three fourths
of glucose and one-fourth of real honey.
This, he said, was not injurious, but he did
not think it ought to be sold as real honey.
The bee-keepers, he said, did not fear the
competition of the artificial product. What
they did fear was that the adulterated arti-
cle would make people suspicious of all
honey.

The reporter for the Star confounds the
terms "artificial" and adulterated— the
stuff he describes as one-fourth of honey
and three-fourths glucose is the ordinary
adulterated article, and it should not be
allowed to be sold without being labeled
"glucose honey," as suggested by Mr.
Miller.

But now, when liquid honey is sold for
about the same price as the best grade of
glucose, there is but little danger of any
one taking the trouble to adulterate it,
when it will not pay them handsomely to do
so. Those who sophisticate, do so for
profit, not for the fun of doing so.

The pursuit of bee-keeping is to-day suf-
fering far more from the effects of the lying
done by Wiley, Evans & Co., than it is
from adulteration. These fellows adulter-
ate the truth and lie about the product ; and
in that way cause public distrust, and sus-
picions concerning all the honey produced—
whether in or out of the comb !

Arkadelpliia Kee-Snit.— Concern-
ing this lawsuit the Bee-Keepers' Ouide has
the following letter from the present Mayor
of the city of Arkadelphia, dated Sept. 38,
1888, which brands the whole thing as a
"persecution," and says that it was " more
personal malice than anything else :"

- Deak Sir :— In reply to yours of the 35th
inst., and referring to the Z. A. Clark bee-
case, I would state that the case came up
for trial at the last term of the Circuit Court.
The attorney for Mr. Clark waived a jury
trial, but submitted the case to the Judge
on certain points of law questioning the
right of the city authorities to declare bees
as a nuisance, per sc. Judge Hearn, of our
Circuit Court, took the matter under advise-
ment, and on the following week rendered
his decision in favor ot Mr. Clark.

The city attorney has taken an appeal to
the Supreme Court of the State, which, 1
think, will affirtn the decision of the Circuit
Court, as Judge Hearn supported all the
points of law offered by the Hon. Sam
Williams, who is Mr. Clark's attorney (or
rather represented the Bee-Keepers' Union
in this case), and was determined that he
would give an opinion that would hokl.

My sympathies had beeu with Mr. Clark,
and I was one.ot his bondsmen on the ap-

peal. His persecution was the work of my
predecessor in ollice, and 1 ilunight it more
personal malice than anything else.

1 state this to free myself from any odium
attachable to this case. Mr. Clark's friends
used my name and elected me as Mayor as a
rebuke to the party that persecuted him.
Yours truly, L. J. Weber.

We are expecting to hear the result of the
appeal every day, and shall give it to our
readersat the earliest possible moment. In
the above letter Mayor Weber says he thinks
the Supreme Court " will affirm the decision
of the Circuit Court," and declare that the
pursuit of bee-keeping is no nuisance.

Ensriisli Artificial Honey.— One
of our exchanges, while enumerating a
number of artificial things, says that a man
by the name of Lyie has taken out a patent
in England (Patent No. 8,86-S) for making
" artificial honey." This is what he says
about it :

C. Lyle patented a mixture of grape
sugar, fruit sugar and glucose (dextrose,
levuloseand glucose), with the addition of
fruit essences, and thinks this compound is
equal to any natural honey.

It certainly is not less palatable than the
honey analyzed at the controlling station at
Beilin, Germany, which had been imported
from Holland, and was found to be made up
of glucose and oleomargarine.

The proof ot the letter is found in Mit-
theil, a. d. Chem. Tech. Versuchsanstalt in
Berlin, 1886, page U. The proof of the
former can be found in the English Patent
Office files for 1885.

While we have no desire to injure the
feelings of our English brethren, or make
an offset for the "fun" they have been
" poking " at Americans about " adulterat-
ing bee-farms" in this country (which,
however, exist only in imagination) we
would like to have them look this matter
up, and tell us what there is in it. We es-
pecially commend it to the consideration of
our friends and co laborers, Mr. Thomas W.
Cowan, editor of tlie British Bee Journal,
and Herr Vogel, editor of the Blenen
Zcitung. Let us hear from these gentlemen
about these dextrose-levulose-glucose-oleo-
margarine combinations ! Are they any
more tangible than the adulterating bee-
farms ? Let the light shine upon them ! !

Coninienling' upon an item on page
.595, on the best place to keep comb honey,
Mr. H. M. Moyer, of Hill Church, Pa., says:
" Ventilation is as important as heat. If I
put comb honey in a close room, with tem-
perature at 80° to 85°, and no ventilation, it
will sweat ; but if I give it plenty of air, it
will be all right." The "point is well
taken "—let it be ventilated.

Tlie Pamitlilei Report of the Colum-
bus Convention is now issued, and copies
have been sent to each member, as well as
to the (^olleues, Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Siicictles and periodicals devoted to
the industry. Copies can be obtained at
thisdflice, by mail, postpaid, for 35 cents.
This pamphlet contains the new bee-songs
and words, as well as a portrait of the
President of the Association.

692

THU MMERics;i« mmm jotJRKSiLf,

I*aris World's Fair. — It has been
previously annouuced iu these columns that
Prof. N. W. McLaIn has been entrusted by
the Department of Agriculture with the
work of preparing and forwarding to Paris
an exhibit of apiarian products and sup-
plies, as well as methods and machinery
employed in the pursuit of bee-keeping.
Some are inquiring for the particulars con-
cerning this great enterprise, and we will
here quote from the New York Mall and
Express the following :

The Universal Exposition of 1889, at
Paris, promises to be one of the largest and
most successful of the world's fairs held iu
recent years. Elaborate arrangements for
the reception and display of the exhibits
are well under way, and unusual facilities
both for the transportation of goods from
this country and their care are assured.

The French government extended a
formal invitation to the United States to
take part in the Exposition. The invitation
was accepted by a joint resolution of the
Senate and House of Representatives, and
the governors of the several States and Ter-
ritories were requested to invite the people
to assist in the proper representation of the
products of American industry, and of the
natural resources of the country.

The President was directed to appoint a
commissioner-general and an assistant eom-
missionergeneral, to make all of the ar-
rangements for exhibits, and represent the
government at the Exposition. He was also
directed to appoint nine scientiflc experts
as assistants to the commission, each to be
assigned to one of the nine groups into
which the exhibits will be divided.

Provision was made for the salaries of
the commissioners and the necessary as-
sistants, and the sum of $2.50,000 was appro-
priated to be used under the direction of
the Secretary of State to defray all expenses.
The action of Congress was approved May
TO, and the President has appointed General
William B. Franklin, Commissioner-Gen-
eral, hnd Mr. Somerville P. Tuck, Assistant
Commissioner-General.

The Expostion will open May 5, and close
Oct. 31, 1889, and there will be no charge for
space occupied by exhibitors. The com-
mission will forward and return all articles
received, free of freight charges.

Goods of exhibitors who are unable to go
to Paris, or send representatives, will be
cared for free of all expense, except that of
unpacking and repacking. There will be
no duties to pay except on goods that are
sold or consumed.

The exhibition is to be divided into nine
groups or departments, as follows :

1. Works of art.

2. Education, and processes used therein.
8. Plain and decorative house furniture.

4. Textile fabrics.

5. The raw and manufactured products of
mining, forestry, chemistry, etc.

6. Apparatus and methods of mechanical
industries.

7. Food products.

8. Agriculture, vine culture and fish cul-
ture.

9. Horticulture.

The French government has appropriated
43,000,000 francs toward the expenses of the
Exposition.

The buildings for the exposition are now
nearly completed. They occupy the Champ-
de-Mars and the Troeadero Palace and Park
on the banks of the Seine. In the Park at

the entrance to the exhibition on the
Champ-de-Mars the wonderful Eiffel Tower
is now in course of erection. It is to be en-
tirely of iron, and 1,000 feet in height. Its
object is to show the triumph of modern en-
gineering skill. It will be furnished with
an elevator of American manufacture.

On the right of the tower is the Palace of
Liberal Arts, aiid on the left the fine Palace
of Fine Arts. Large gardens occupy the
centre of the square, and at the back is the
main building, or the gallery of machines,
as it is called. The buildings are magnih-
cent structures of glass and iron, lighted by
electricity, and fitted with every modern
convenience.

It is expected that the total number of ex-
hibitors from all countries will reach 30,000;
it is estimated that 12,000,000 persons will
enter the grounds and buildings. Some idea
of the magnitude ot the exhibition maybe
gained from the fact that the total area of
buildings and enclosed grounds, which is to
be lighted by electricity, is 3,000,000 square
feet. The space allotted to the United
States is about 75,000 square feet. W. B.
Franklin is the United States Commis-
sioner-General, and the oflttce of the United
States Commission to the Paris Exposition
of 1889, is at 35 Wall Street, New York City,
N. Y.

Unfarorable YVeatlier lor tlie

Queens.— Henry Alley, Weuham, Mass.,
on Oct. 8, 1888, writes as follows about the
unfavorable fall weather in the East :

This has been the worst fall I ever knew
for the queen business. I have lost more
than 200 queens, for the reason that they
could not take a flight to male. There have
been but three favorable days since Aug.
25, for queens to fly— -cold, cloudy and rainy
all the time. 1 have had to purchase 600

Sounds of sugar to feed to bees for winter,
[ad the weather been as good as it gen-
erally is in September, I would have had
honey to sell from the fall crop. As it is, I
had to buy sugar. Golden-rod never was
more abundant.

Fall Honey fnr Winter Stores. —

The Orange Judd Farmer for Oct. 6, con-
tains the following very characteristic arti-
cle on the above subject, and the joy ex-
perienced by bee-keepers over the crop of
fall honey secured. It says :

Bee-keepers are smiling, yes, almost
laughing, and With good reason, because
after the failure of tlie first and second flow
of honey, and while bee-keepers were in
their last days ot grace, the bees have filled
their hives lull, even to overflowing. No
feeding had to be done to keep the bees
from starving during the winter. Such is
the experience of Mrs. L. HarriS(m, the
Queen bee of Peoria, Ills., as given the O.
J.Faiiner. She continues: There is one
consolation to be derived from the poor sea-
son, and that is this, that bees usually pass
the fiillowing winter in safety. Queens
have had plenty of room to deposit eggs,
and young bees crowd the hives. They are
full of vitality, and will keep the poor old
bees warm, and well they may, for the old
ones have worn their wings, until they are
all ragged and torn, in carrying home sup-
plies to rear the young, and for food in
winter.

Those who have been fortunate enough
to secure honey for sale, should demand a
good price for it, as there is very little to be
had in this country or England. I know of
but one apiary in Illinois where white
honey was secured, and that is located in
the river bottom, and the honey was gath-
ered from button-bush, which grows in the
water ; so it was not injured by two pre-
vious years of drouth.

A Race Uetiveen Pig^eons and

Bees.— Prof. J. P. Miller, wlio is exhibit-
ing bees at the Casino Museum at Pittsburg,
Pa., sends us the following item from the
Pittsburg Press of Sept. 22, 1888, which we
give for what it is worth :

The oddest race I ever heard of was one
lately flown in northern Genuany between
bees and pigeons, says a correspondent in
the London Illustrated Spoitliiy and Dra-
matic News. Twelve pigeons and 12 bees
(4 drones and 8 working Dees) were taken
an hour's distance from their home at
Hamm and freed simultaneously. My in-
formant tells me that a drone won the race,
arriving four seconds in advance of the
pigeon, the three other drones and a second
pigeon came next together, and the eight
working bees preceded the remaining ten
pigecms by a length, I am told, but what
sort ot a length I do not know. If a bee
beat a pigeon a length— that is to say, by a
bee's length- it would be a very precise
judge who did not give the result a dead
heat. I should certainly have supposed that
a bee would not have had a 1,000 to 1 chance
with a pigeon, but I confess that I have no
idea of the bee's best record for an hour's
flight.

Frank l.ieslie's Sunday 9Iaga-
zine for Novemlier continues the beautiful
story, " Genevieve ; or. The Children of
Port Royal," and in addition provides a
charming Thanksgiving story, by Fannie
Aymar Matthews, entitled, " A Leaf from
the Log of the Neitjc." There is also a
story, "A Charm of Halloween," by Mrs.
Alexander. "The Story of Zenana Mis-
sions " is well told by Emma Raymond
Pitman. The pictorial features of the num-
ber are as abundant as ever, and some of
the pictures are very beautiful. The last
page is occupied with an exquisite composi-
tion by C. Wenham Smith, organist of
Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, to Faber's
hymn, "Pilgrims of the Night."

l>o IVot Ship Honey to Us without
first corresponding with us about it. We
have received several undesirable lots with-
out previous notice, or correspondence of
any kind.

Can YoH l>o Anytiiing that will do
more to advance and defend the pursuit of
bee-keeping, than to aid its Weekly Ex-
ponent and Defender ? The Amekicak
Bee Journal is the pioneer bee-paper of
America, and is fully entitled to the active
support of every progressive apiarist, for it
works constantly and faithfully for the best
interests of the pursuit. We therefore
specially request all our readers to use their
influence to double our subscription list
during the coming autumn. Reader, will
you please send us a new subscription with
your renewal or before that time ? A good
weekly at one dollar a year is surely cheap
enough to command patronage.

I>r. iTliller's Book, "A Year Among
the Bees," and the Amekican Bee Jouk-
NAL for one year— we send both for $1.50.

I'nm mvammicmm wmm joornsi,.

693

-- — ■"-«»» *i*aL*a>*«

Reunion Song. — Through the kindness of Mr. A. I. Root, iu loaning us tlu; plate for this Song, which was
composed for the Columbus Convention, we are enaljlcd to present the words and music to our readers. The words
are expressive, the air is pleasant, and the whole melodious. Thousands will learn to .sing it, and it will be heard
at nearly all the conventions hereafter.

i

KUGENE SECOE.

BEE KEEPER'S REUNION SONG.

r. ('. .Mii.i.ER.

3=

U-i nij ,}r'^LJ-4-i-i

m

^=3=

:nd-ed. Its

i^^^

--^ pr—

I.Thela-bors of sum-mer are end-ed. Its triumphs and fail-ures are past, The

2. We think of the mer-cies un-numbered, Vouchsafed by our Father a - bove, Whose

3. As nat-ure doth yield up her treasures To pa-tient, in - dus-tri - ous bees. So

^...^^ t t t ^=^f-.-.r-t^t=T f f f f - ^"^-^ -

mfFfrrr^^

r iV r ir-r-f^

^^

tol^-^^t^fj^

:$s=

q=^

last,
love,
these,

r*-*-

^

work of the bee is sus - pend - ed, The sea - son of rest comes at

watchful-ness nev -er has slumbered, \\' hose banner a - bove us is

they who are seek-ing the plea - sures Of friendship' a - mong such as
III

.U=^

a3^

f it r r r t=£

^

We

As
Shall

I i

^ \> r"^~T~r^^"f

^z^^,^ I j7Tf±±to:J=-^

m

meet in re - u - nion as broth - ers, As spir - its made kin - dred by
each from his field of en - deav - or Has ciyne to this broth-er - ly
find heart re-spon-sive and o - pen To wel-come with broth-er - ly

r r r ' . '^-^

^^

:^

£

toil. Each

feast. May the

love, — Shall

I— ! 4-

^^

1 — V

+

fc^j : n J

«

j-4-J . ^

• — g : *^

^

^

^^i=^

grasps the warm hand of the oth - er With pleasure that knows no re - coil. We

poi - son of en - vy for - ev - er Be ban-ished and good-will in - creased. We

find in 're - u - nion a tok - en Of hap - py re - u - nion a - bove. Shall
^ -^ • ^ . -iS)- • ^

^^^^^^i^M

i

fe*

^^^^j-^j-j^fe^^^

m

f

p^

*

sing
find

as broth -ers, Our la - bors have made us as one. But

His mer - cy, Ke - call we his watch-care so great, We

hearts o - pen To wel - come with brother - ly love— .Shall

^ ft* *. *- t^ - , ^.a. ,

\ \ \ r ^ r

1^-"—^ — r

meet in con-ven-tion as broth -ers,
sing of His num-ber-less mer - cies,
find hearts respon-sive and o - pen.

f=^

±

^

^

i

-:—* 4 * *W-

-^

i : d

1

greet with kind feci - ings all oth - ers Who meet us when la - bor
sing of good fel - low-ship, broth-ers, And ban - ish the (lis - cord
find in re - u - nion a tok - en Of hap - py re

^ I i: •*■

IS

of

done,
hate,
bove.

694

T'H® MMMKICMEf B^M® J©liJMffMI*.

INTERNATIONAL.

Report of the North American
Bee-Keepers' Convention.

Written for theAmcricmi, Bee Journal

BY W. Z. HUTCHINSON.

AFXERI^OOI^ SESSIOIV.

President Mason called the meeting
to order at 2 p.m., and the next busi-
ness in order was the

Election of Officers.

Considerable time was spent in bal-
loting, and the results were as follows:

President— Dr. A. B. Mason, Aubumdale, O.
ViCK-PRESiDENTa-Thos.G. Newman, Chicago, III.

Prof. G. W. Webster, Lake Helen, Fla.

Joseph Nyaewander, Des Moines, Iowa.

R. L. Taylor, Lapeer, Mich.

O. L. Herahiser, Jamestown, N. T.

Martin Kmlgh, Holbrook, Ont.

Frank A. Eaton, BluflTton, Ohio.

F. Minnick, Bessemer, Wis.
Sbcritart— R. F. Holtermann, Brantford, Ont.
THBASUHER-Dr. C. C. Miller, Marengo, Ills.

Alter the election of officers, the
topic announced for discussion was,

Comb Honey — S^M-arniing:, etc.

Dr. Miller was called upon, but said
that he did not know as he could give
anj-thing new upon the subject. Some
one asked him if he could tell how to
prevent swarming. He replied : "No;
I do not know how to prevent swarm-
ing. I can prevent increase, but not
swarming. Who knows how to pre-
vent swarming ?" No answer.

Br. Besse asked him how he liked
contracting the brood-nest.

Dr. Miller — I practiced contraction
of the brood-nest — practiced it quite
severely, too, at times, but I am not
sure that I prefer it. I may yet go
back to having the same number of
hives in the apiary all the year around.

Dx. Tinker— If we have the brood-
chamber too large, it becomes, to a
certain extent, a store-chamber. There
is more economy and comfort in hav-
ing the brood in one apartment, and
the honey in another. When the first
swarm issues I hive it upon the old
stand, putting the old hive to one side.
As soon as I have time to attend to it,
the bees are shaken from the combs of
the old colony down in front of the
newly-hived swarm. The combs thus
deprived of bees are placed over some
other colony. By this management
there is no increase, and rousing

swarms are secured. As the bees
hatch out, tbe cells are filled with
honey. A queen-excluding honey-
board must be used under the set of
combs placed over another colony.
When a queen-excluder is used, the
bees will not destroy the queen-cells.

In reply to an inquiry. Dr. Tinker
said that in hiving swarms he filled
frames half full of foundation.

An Acbno^rled^enient from Mr.
Cowan.

President Mason reported that Mr.
Cowan, upon receipt of the letter in-
forming him of his election as an hon-
orary member, had replied, thanking
the Society most cordially through
him as its President.

Honey-Uew for '%Vinter-Stores.

In reply to an inquiry as to whether
we should use honey-dew for winter
stores. Prof. Cook replied that, if it
were palatable to the taste, he should
consider it safe. He objected most
strongly to the use of the term "bug-
juice," as applied to honey-dew. Such
terms give an unpleasant impression
that is prejudicial. He urged all edi-
tors to cut out the term whenever it be
found in correspondence.

Mr. Thomas G. Newman, by request,
gave the following address concerning
the work undertaken by the

IVational Bee-Keepers' Union.

Mr. President : — It is a well-known
fact — one firmly established in the
minds of all, that " in Union there is
strength." Of course we cannot ap-
prove of any Union to carry out an
illegitimate or unlawful work ; but a
Union to defend our pursuit from the
unjust attacks of ignorant or preju-
diced persons, is not only desirable,
but very necessary to our well-being
and general prosperity.

Look for a moment at the object
and aim of the Union of the Atlantic
States a century ago, and see how the
grand design has been carried out
even to a grander achievement. See
the millions of freemen of to-day, who
inhabit this " land of the free and
home of the brave," gathered from
every land and clime, who are enjoy-
ing the blessings of "peace and
plenty," entirely free from oppression
or tyranny, and increasing in wealth
and power — all resulting from a bond
of union only a hundred years old.

Then these sparsely inhabited States
— thirteen in number — were weak and
almost powerless. The Union has
made them strong and powerful — it
has developed strength ! A strength
which says to all — both friend and foe
— "Hands ofl";" we are able to defend
ourselves, and take care of our
rights !"

For this cause, and for this purpose,
does the National Bee-Keepers' Union
exist ! To form a " bond of Union " —
to throw a safe-guard around the pui'-
suit as well as its devotees. It does
not seek a quarrel, but when one is
forced upon any of its member.-;, it sets
up a "Rock of Defense" by its very
existence and glorious record. Never
yet has it sufl'ered a defeat in all the
trials it has defended before the
courts ! That, surely, is a record to
be proud over — but it is more than
that. It is a warning to ignorant and
jealous enemies to beware how they
trifle with the pursuit of apiculture,
and to keep their hands off the inter-
ests of its devotees. It warns them
that the bee-keepers, as well as the
bees, have a sting, with which to tor-
ture their enemies !

The Union not only seeks to obtain
decisions from the highest courts of
America, but also to have on record
these decisions to be quoted as prece-
dents in all the courts of law, and by
all the lawyers who practice therein.
In the case lately tried in New York,
the Judge stated that there were no
precedents to guide the decision, and
hence he ruled adversely to the bees,
as did one in Canada, likening an api-
ary to a pig-sty, or a manure pit.

Now we are beginning to make his-
tory— to record decisions — to provide
precedents! When "ignorance" as-
sails the bees, and charges them with
eating up the clover (as they did in
the sheep-bees case), the records and
courts decide that the bees are not
only innocent of the charge, but that
they benefit the pastures by fructifying
the flowers, and thus increase the
product !

When "prejudice" comes into court
with the charge that the bees injure
the fruit, the decisions say. No ! Birds
and wasps are the depredators, the
bees have no means of opening the
skin of grape or peach. They only
take what is running to waste after the
the fruit is punctured by bird or wasp!

When " jealousy " throws a charge
into court against the bees, saying that
they are a nuisance and must be re-
moved, the Judge says. No. It has
been decided that bee-keeping per se
is not a nuisance — they may remain !

When " ignorance " complains that
the bees " eat up young ducks," as it
did at Arkadelphia, common-sense re-
plies most emphatically that the charge
is madness, and derides the accuser,
sarcastically averring that it may as
well be charged with eating elephants,
or destroying the mountains !

Wliat tlie Union has done is a guar-
antee for the future. It may not al-
ways triumph over prejudice and
envy and ignorance, but it will defend
the pursuit, and uphold th'e right. It

T'H® Miammicsr* m^m jQi'ummmi^.

695

is for bee-keepers to say whether it
deserves both their moral and financial
support or not. If it does, they
should render both in unstinted meas-
ure. It is to the interest of all to do
so, and the interest of all is the inter-
est of every individual engaged in the
pursuit of bee-culture.

As the Union has made the speaker
its servant (without salary or emolu-
ments), he may speak thus plainly, for
he will never require or take tyiy as-
sistance from the Union, except that
assistance which comes to every de-
votee of the pursuit in a general way,
by its influence in favor of justice and
right !

The Union is yours — support it.
Thomas G. Newmajj.

The following resolution was passed
by a unanimous vote :

Resolved, That it is the sense of this
Society that the National Bee-Keepers'
Union has been productive of good,
and deserves the hearty, moral and
financial support of all bee-keepers,
and that the General Manager deserves
and receives the hearty gratitude of
this Association for his very earnest,
efficient and disinterested services.

The convention then adjourned until
7 p.m.

President Mason had no more than
called the meeting to order before he
pulled Mr. Root " over the coals " for
careless proof-reading. Mr. Root had
allowed the words " manufactured
stock " to appear in his market quota-
tions. For once the joke, and it was
a serious one, too, was .on Mr. Root,
and everybod}- had something to say ;
the talking and laughing over this mis-
hap proved so interesting that consid-
erable time slipped by unheeded.
Finally attention was turned to the
consideration of the proposed

Conslitiitioii and By-I.iaM's for
the Society.

This was prepared last year by Mr.
Thomas G. Newman, and referred to a
committee to report at this meeting.

The committee reported the matter
back to the convention without recom-
mendation. Then, with but a very
little discussion or consideration, it
was voted to adopt the new Constitu-
tion and B3'-Laws, and the North
American Bee-Keepers' Society will
hereafter be known as the

International Americ-sin Bee-
A»>sociation,

with the following Constitution and
By-Laws :

Article I. — Name

This organization shall be known as
"The International American Bee-

Association," and shall include in its
territory all of the United States and
Canada.

Article \l.— Object.

Its object shall lie to promote the
general interests of the pursuit of bee-
culture throughout the North American
Continent ; to form a fraternal bond of
union for the instruction and protec-
tion of its members ; to diflfuse a gen-
eral knowledge of the value and uses
of honey both for food and medicine ;
to create a market for this God-given
sweet, and to assist in its distribution
evenly over the American Continent —
and thereby enhancing its commercial
value.

Article III. — Membership.

1. This Association shall consist of
its officers, life members, annual mem-
bers, honorary members, delegates
from affiliated local associations, and
ex-presidents.

2. Any person interested in Apicul-
ture may become a Life Member, upon
the payment to the Secretary of the
sum of ten dollars, and receiving a
majority vote at any annual meeting
of this Association.

3. Any person interested in Apicul-
ture may become an Annual Member
upon the payment to the Secretary of
one dollar, and receiving a majority
vote, at anj' annual meeting. Ladies
interested in apiculture may be ad-
mitted free upon a majority vote.

4. Annual Members shall be entitled
to vote, hold office, and discuss any
question before the Association, subject
to the By-Laws of the Association.

5. Any persons interested in bee-cul-
ture may become Honorary Members
by a majority vote at any regular
meeting.

6. Delegates from affiliated local
Associations shall be admitted free,
and have all the rights of annual
members.

,. Article IV. — Officers.

1. The officers of this Association
shall consist of a President, First Vice-
President, Secretary and Treasurer,
and their term of office shall be one
year, or until their successors shall be
elected and installed. These officers
shall constitute the executive com-
mittee.

2. The Presidents of all the Local
Associations, in affiliation with the
International Association, shall be ex-
officio Vice-Presidents of this Associa-
tion.

Article V. — Affiliation.

Any State, District, Territory or
Province in North America may be-
come affiliated to the "International

American Bee-Association " upon the
annual payment of five dollars, which
shall be due on the first day of January
in each year.

Article VI. — Meetings.

The Annual Convention of this Asso-
ciation shall be held at such time and
place as shall be agreed upon at the
previous Annual Convention. Ten
members shall constitute a quorum for
the transaction of business, but a less
number may engage in discussion, and
adjourn until some future day.

Article VII. — Special Meetings.

Special Meetings may be called by
the President, Secretary, and Treas-
urer, who shall constitute the executive
committee.

Article VIII. — Vacancies in Office.

Vacancies in office by death, resig-
nation, or otherwise, shall be filled by
the President until the next annual
meeting.

Article IX. — Amendments.

This Constitution may be amended
at any Annual Convention, by a two-
thirds vote of all the members in at-
tendance.

BY-LAWS.

Article I. — The officers of this As-
sociation shall be elected hy a majority
ballot ; or, if so decided, by a vote of
two-thirds of those present, the officers
may be elected by a show of hands.

Art. II. — It shall be the duty of the
President to call and preserve order in
all meetings of the Association ; to call
for all reports of officers and standing
committees ; to put to vote all motions
regidarly seconded ; to decide all ques-
tions of order according to the Consti-
tution and By-Laws of the Association,
and in accordance with Parliamentary
usao'e ; to provide for counting the
votes at all elections ; and at the ex-
piration of his term of office, to de-
liver an address before the Association.

Art. III. — It shall be the dut}- of the
First Vice-President (or in his absence
one of the other Vice-Presidents), in
the absence of the President, to per-
form the duties of that office.

Art. IV.— It shall be the duty of the
Secretary to call the names of the
members of the Association at the
opening of each annual meeting, and
to receive the annual dues ; to report
all proceedings of the Association, and
record the same, when approved, in
the Secretary's book ; to conduct all
correspondence of the Association, and
to file and preserve all papers belong-
ino- to the same ; to take and record the
name and address of every person who
becomes a member of the Association,

696

Trnm mwrnmrni^mm mmM jo^ksimi*.

and transfer the moneys received for
dues to the Treasurer, after taking his
I'eceipt for the same ; to make out and
publish annually, as far as practicable,
a statistical table showing the number
of colonies owned in the spring and
fall, and the amount of honey and wax
produced (together with such other
information as may be deemed bene-
ficial) by each member of the Associa-
tion ; and to give notice of all meet-
ings of the Association in all the bee-
papers, at least four weeks before the
time of such meeting.

Aet. V.^It shall be the duty of the
Treasurer to receive from the Secre-
tary the funds of the Association, and
give a receipt for the same ; to pay
them out upon the order of the ex-
ecutive committee, and to render a
written report of all receipts and ex-
penditures of the Association at each
Annual Convention.

Art. "VI. — The Secretary shall have
power to choose an Assistant-Secretary
if deemed necessary.

Art. VII. — The Association shall be
mainlj' governed ';y the following or-
der of business :

Call to Order.

Calling the Roll of Officers and
Members.

Reading the Minutes of the Annual,
and Special Meetings, if any.

Reception of New Members and the
Collection of Annual Dues.

Secretary's Report.

Treasurer's Report.

Report of Standing Committees.

Reports from Affiliated Societies.

President's Address.

Election of Officers.

Selection of the Time and Place for
holding the next Convention.

Miscellaneous Business.

Discussion of Apicultural Topics.

Installation of Officers.

Adjournment.

Art. VIII. — 1. A committee of five
may be elected, who shall have power
to organize itself into a " Honey Com-
pany," and its duties shall be to in-
augurate plans for the marketing and
sale of the products of the apiary.
Every member of the International
American Bee-Association, and its
affiliated branches, shall be entitled to
the benefits of the Honey Company,
subject to the terms of its By-Laws.

2. This Honey Company shall make
Annual Reports of the state of the mar-
ket, amount of business done, and of
its financial condition, to the Annual
Convention of the Internationa)
American Bee-Association.

Art. IX. — I. The Secretary of each
local Affiliated Society shall, through
its Secretary or President, on the first
day of August in each year, report to
the Secretai-y of the Intel-national
American Bee-Association, the numbe»

of its members, stating the aggregate
number of colonies of bees in their
apiaries in the previous fall, the num-
ber in the spring, the increase since,
and the approximate number of pounds
of honey produced (stating comb and
extracted separately), and anj' other
desirable information concerning the
probable honey-production of those
not members of the Society, but within
the territory of the affiliated local as-
sociation.

2. If the annual Affiliation Fee be
not promptly paid, and the Local Re-
port withheld, the "International
American Bee-Association " may at
any time within one month of the
dates mentioned, withdraw the privi-
leges.of affiliation, which comprise the
following :

(1.) The President of each Affiliated
Society is ex-officio a Vice-President of
the International American Bee-Asso-
ciation.

(2.) It shall be entitled to receive
from the International Bee-Association
two Silver Medals, to be ofi'ered as
Prizes for Honey, open for competi-
tion to all its members, one for the
best in the comb, and the other for the
best out of the comb.

(3.) The members of all the Affiliated
Societies shall be entitled to the facili-
ties which may be provided from time
to time by the Honey Company, for
the sale of Honey and Beeswax, upon
the terms stated in the By-Laws of the
Company.

(4.) Each Affiliated Society shall be
entitled to the services of a Judge to
award premiums at its Bee and Honey
Show, upon the payment of his actual
railroad and hotel expenses.

(5.) Each Affiliated Society shall be
entitled to elect one Delegate to each
25 of its members, or fraction thereof,
who may represent it at the Annual
Convention of the International Amer-
ican Bee-Association — all expenses of
such Delegates to be boi-ne by them-
selves or the local society, or both con-
jointly, as they may provide. SucJi
Delegates shall be entitled to vote,
hold office, and take part in all the de-
liberations of the International Bee-
Association.

Aet. X. — A Defense Committee of
seven shall be appointed for the pur-
pose of considering the applications of
members for Defense from unjust law-
suits by tliose who are prejudiced
against the pursuit. This committee
shall be the officers annually elected
by the National Bee-Keepers' Union,
which is hereb}' declared to be affil-
iated to the International American
Bee-Association. Its President is here-
by' made a Vice-President of this Asso-
ciation, and its General Manager also
a delegate to the International Con-
vention.

Art. XI. — An Expert Committee of
three shall be annually elected and
fuUj' empowered to prepare Examina-
tion Blanks, and make all necessary
arrangements for the examination of
candidates for Diplomas as Experts in
the art of bee-keeping. This commit-
tee shall be empowered in the name of
this Association, to award Diplomas of
three grades upon candidates, accoi'd-
ing to their proficiency in the art of
bee-keeping, and the management of
an apiaiy.

Art. XII. — 1. The Executive Com-
mittee of this Association shall cause
the Constitution and By-Laws to be
printed in appropriate form, and eveiy
person joining the Association shall be
entitled to a copy of the same.

2. It shall also select subjects for
discussion, and appoint members to
deliver addresses or read essays, and
the same shall be published with the
call for the next Annual Meeting.

3. It shall also provide free Badges
for all members, and procure Medals
for the Honey Shows of Affiliated As-
sociations, and Diplomas for experts.

4. The Executive Committee shall
also provide a place of meeting for the
Annual Convention, and see that all
necessary arrangements are made to
carry out the demands of the Constitu-
tion a^d By-Laws.

Art. XIII. — No member shall be en-
titled to the floor more than five min-
utes in the discussion of any motion,
resolution or petition, without obtain-
ing the consent of the Association, nor
a second time, unless by the consent of
the President, or a majority of the
members present.

Art. XIV. — All Committees sh"all be
elected by ballot, by a plurality vote,
except by special resolution.

Art. XV. — These By-Laws may be
amended by a two-thirds vote of all
the members present at anj- annual
meeting of the Association.

The next and last topic discussed
was,

Xlie "fVintering: of B«es.

Dr. Miller — Most of the points have
been touched upon. The bees must
have good food, must be brought into
the cellar early in the fall ; the tem-
perature kept at from 40° to 45'^ ; not
to be taken out too soon. I believe
this covers most of the ground.

Dr. Tinker — In the early part of the
winter I think that a temperature of
41° is better than 45° for the cellar. If
anything breaks up the hibernation,
and sets the bees to eating, it is in-
jurious ; and it makes no diflerence, so
far as results are concerned, whether
they eat honey or pollen. After Feb-
ruary the temperature should be
higher.

THE MllIBRICS:r« Wmm J©^KIfS£r.

697

'—■^ — ■'■•f «a>^^

Vice-President R. F. Holtennann, of
Brantford, gave this report for Ontario :

The past winter was passed fairly
well by the bees. Spring dwindling
was excessive, owing to severe weather,
The clover yield was a total failure in
most localities, linden the same, and at
its close showers and warm weatlier
gave us some thistle honey in buck-
wheat localities ; the fall flow was
fairly good. On an average not sufli-
cient honey has been secured for win-
ter, yet colonies are otherwise in good
condition. Whilst the average is so
low, we hear of isolated cases where
a yield of 30 to 40 and even 60 pounds
per colony has been obtained ; and,
on the other hand, colonies had to be
fed in the height of the honey season.

Increase has been but slight, and all
colonies remaining should be carefully
preserved and cared for. There has
been practically no comb honey taken,
and the extracted honey will be off the
market before the end of the present
month. R. F. Holtekmann.

Brantford, Ont., Oct. 1, 1888.

^^Jf^ *^ * ^ *^ ijik<>^

It was voted that Thomas G. New-
man & Son publish in pamphlet form
the report of the proceedings, and
mail copies to each member of the
Association, and that they be paid $20
for the work.

It was also voted that the Secretary
be paid the balance ($7) in the treas-
urj' for his services.

The following resolution was passed
bj- a unanimous vote :

Resolved, That we extend our thanks
to the Hon. Fred Blenkner, Third As-
sistant Sergeant-at-Arms of the House
of Representatives, and through him
to the House of Representatives, for
the free use of the Hall of the House
for holding this convention.

The convention then adjourned to
meet in social intercourse during the
next day, at the Bee and Hone}" Hall
on the Centennial Grounds ; and the
next meeting will be held at the call
of the executive committee, at Brant-
ford, Ont.

W. Z. Hutchinson, Sec.

Contention Notices.

t^" Tlie Pan-Handle Bee - Keepers' Association
wiU hold \l^ next meetinii In the K. of P. Hall on
Main St., between 11th & I'Jth Streets, in Wheeling,
W. Vu.. on Nov.-.il and 2-J, 1888. All beekeepers are
cordially Invited. W. L. kinsky. Sec.

jy The next reirular meetlof? of the Stark Co.
Bee-Keepers' Society will be held In Grance Hall at
Canton, Ohio, on Saturday. Noy. 3. inks, at 10 a.m.
Matters of importance to Dee-culture wi'l be dis-
cussed. Every Dee-keeper la requested to be there.
Mahk Tho.m.sun, Sec.

f^* The Alabama State Bee-Keepers' Association
will meet at loa.m.on Wednesday, Nov. 14. ihm«. at
the oflBce of the Secretary of the Stale Fair (in the
Fair Uuilding), In Montgomery, Ala. .Members are
urged to attend, and all persona interested in bees
and honey are cordially invited.

J. M. Jenkins, Sec.

REPORT FOR 1888.

Results in tlie Apiary for the
Past Season.

Written for tlu: American Bee Journal

BY G. M. DOOLITTLE.

My bees wintered fairly well during
the winter of 1887-88, my loss being
only 3 colonies out of 60 — two dying
out of those wintered out-doors, and
one out of tho.se wintered in the cellar.
The winter was very severe, and there
was only one day warm enough for the
bees to fly between Nov. 1, 1887, and
April 26, 1888, that being on March
27. Had that day in March not oc-
curred, my loss would have been very
heavy among those wintered on the
summer stands, for previous to this
they were getting very unea.sy.

Those from the cellar which were
put out on April 27 and 28, were very
quiet, and could apparently have en-
dured another month of confinement,
without serious results. With April
26 came extremely warm weather for
the time of year, the mercury standing
near tlie nineties for three or four days
in succession.

About the middle of May it came
off cold, so that frost and snow were
the order of the day for nearly two
weeks, and as this bad weather came
before any brood to any extent had
hatched in those put out from the cel-
lar, these colonies "spring dwindled"
to an extent greater than was ever
known to me. In front of some of the
colonies the alighting-board and
ground were covered with dead bees,
the most of whit-h were those that had
come through the winter ; while the
bottom-boards to the hives were cov-
ered with young bees which did not
seem to h<ave vitality enough to exist
without their older sisters. From this
source I lost two other colonies, -while
several more were so materially weak-
ened that they were good for little else
save using for nuclei later on in the
season. Others no lietter in any way
before tlie freezing weather than were
those which dwindled, held right on
during the same time, scarcely losing
a bee, and came out splendid colonies.

Here, again, I am out at open sea,
for the experience of the p.ast spring
has taken all of the conceit out of me,
and I candidly confess that I do not
know what caiises " spring dwindling;"
for all that dwindled, and those which
did not dwindle, were wintered exactly
alike, and were as near " alike as two
peas," as far as I could see. Not a
colony of those wintered out-doors

seemed to suffer a bit (rpni the effect
of this disease, if disease.lt be.

The hard maple gave tlie bees plenty
of pollen, and the willows furnished
considerable honey, so that brood-
rearing went on fairly well the latter
part of May. Apple trees blossomed
on June 1, but owing to cold weather,
which now came again, no honey was
obtained from this source. On the
nights of June 1, 2, 3 and 6, ice formed
on the tin roofs of the bee-hive covers,
so as to stand up like brass buttons,
and again brood-rearing came to a
stand still, and all colonies which had
drones h.atehed, killed them off, unless
the hive was well stocked with honey.

Clover opened about June 20, but
with the exception of the Alsike va-
riety, it did not yield any honey, and
as but little of that variety is grown
here, nothing more than a living was
obtained from that source. Locust
gave a little honey also, while some
was obtained from sumach, but from
none of these sources did the bees get
enough to commence work in the sec-
tions, except a few of the strongest
ones. *

Very few swarms issued, only about
one third of the colonies casting
swarms, which was the lightest swarm-
ing I ever knew. Basswood opened
on July 8, but the bees did not seem
to get more than a living till July 13,
when the honey began to come in quite
lively. The yield of honey was fairly
good from that date for nearly two
weeks, when it drew to a close, grad-
ually, the bees following the bloom to
the "tops of the hills live to seven miles
away.

Teasel yielded very little honey this
year, although now and then a bee
would be seen coming in, covered with
teasel dust, all through the basswood
yield. As usual buckwheat gave no
surplus honey, and as this plant has
failed to yield any honey for so long a
time, I have got through counting on
it for any surplus.

By sales of bees and queens my stock
was reduced to just 17 queens of the
orio-inal number with which I went
into winter quarters, and as I used all
of the colonies from which I took
queens to form my numerous queen-
rearing colonies, 17 colonies and the
few increase from them was all I
worked for comb honey.

The result in lioney from the 17 col-
onies in the spring, is 1,233 pounds, all
of which is comb honey, as I have not
extracted a pound of honey this sea-
son. This gives an average of 72J
pounds of honey for each old colony,
spring count, which was worked for
honey.

On Aug. 1, 1 began getting the brood
out of the various nuclei, leaving only
enough in each to keep them along.

698

T«® MMERicMrf mmM jQismmmi^.

"^»— ^■^■^^^j^'^^-^ti^t^tixi^^ifc^i

-'■^■'■^■'— ■■^^'^■'■^■^■^^■^*■^■^^*^A^■^^*■^1l«>^^^^»»^^^»^^>^*^

SO that when I got through with them
I should have little left in each hive
save the combs. This brood was given
to the stronger nuclei, which together
with brood taken from the colonies
which did not swarm, was used to
build up colonies for winter, so that I
now have 60 colonies again for winter.

All of the colonies worked for honey
have an abundance for winter, after
an equalization of the whole, but the
united brood and colonies which were
built up in that way had to be fed in
order that they might winter without
danger from starvation. As my aver-
age yield of honey during the past l-i
j-ears has been not far from 80 pounds
per colony, it will be seen that this
year has been about an average season
"for honey in this part of New York
State.

Borodino, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1888.

EXPERIMENTS

In the Prevention of Natural
Swarming, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY W. M. WOODWARD.

I was deeply interested in the ex-
periments of Mr. C. H. Dibbern, on
page 612, on the

Prevention of Swarming.

I had been going over the same
ground, and will give the experiments
and results :

I had a strain of Albino bees and
hybrids, which would swarm every six
weeks, both old and young queens,
and I was, after three seasons, becom-.
ing anxious for some way to control
them. I caught at the Simmins' " non-
swarming" idea as a possible waj' out
of the trouble. It seemed to me feasi-
ble, and the only way that I conceived
worthy of further trial, for they would
build cells as long as they had anything
to build with, and 1 had tried every
way in former yeai's without success.
I therefore set myself about testing
what this heralded plan would do.

I prepared 10 . colonies as follows :
Two colonies on nine 7-inch frames
were given an extra set of combs be-
neath, about ten days before swarm-
ing began. Two more were fitted up
the same with starters onl}'. Also six
extra Langstrotli hives (with 9 frames)
were fitted up with clean combs, and
two placed IJeneath and four above,
one each way on strong colonies of
black bees, and two each waj' on
hybrids.

This I thought would give the plan
a fair test. The results were as fol-
lows : My first swarm was from a 7-
inch frame hive, single tier ; the sec-

ond from one with an extra set of
starters below. The other one with
starters remained sometime longer, but
swarmed without building any comb
to speak of.

The 2 colonies fitted with an extra
set of 7-inch combs below performed
as follows : One swarmed earlj-, I
think the third or fourth swarm, with-
out apparently occupying the extra
hive at all. The other swarmed and
went back ; and, as the queen had
used but the upper or original hive for
brood, I now changed them, putting
the brood below, and they remained.

The two Langstroth hives given to
the black bees, one above and the
other below, both proved efl'ectual.
But — only one black colony out of 14
or 15 swarmed until very late, long
after these experiments had closed.
The 4 hybrid colonies fitted with Lang-
stroth hives, one above and the others
below, all swarmed ; but one, after
going back the third time, remained ;
and one other was changed from be-
low and put above, at the beginning
of the honey-flow from corn, about
July 20, and swarmed when the extra
hive was nearly filled for extracting.
I have no doubt this last would have
proved successful had I not removed a
case of sections from between the two
hives when they needed it ; but al-
though they had made a start in theirs,
the rest had done nothing, and I
thought they would only black their
combs, and so I took it off. They
swarmed in three or four days after-
ward.

One conclusion which I arrived at
was this : That bees could not be in-
duced to build comb below, to any ex-
tent, after they had ceased to build
once in their hive. I tried the same
experiment later on with swarms, by
putting an extra hive with foundation
or startex's beneath, and in no instance
did 1 succeed in getting another set of
combs built, or even drawn out. I
found it necessary to change them to
the top, when they were built and filled
with honey.

Another conclusion at which I ar-
rived was, that the extra hive is always
better above than below the brood. It
seems to prevent swarming better,
and also prevents the combs from being
loaded with bee-bread.

Still another conclusion was, that
about 9 Langstroth frames gives the
most prolific queens that I have all the
room for brood that they want. Only
one of all these queens occupied the
second story, and when she swarmed,
I overhauled the hive and placed the
fullest frames of brood in one hive,
and two were given to a weak colony.
Yet I judged that the brood could as
well all have been placed in nine full
frames.

In a word, the Simmins' non-swarm-
ing method has proven a great hoax.
Still I think that I have a " leader " in
the right direction. I was able, by the
use of an extra tier of drawn combs, to
hold off swarming. I believe that
swarming can be prevented. If so, it
will be by working colonies just as for
extracted honey, until well started ;
and working, bj' the tiering-up plan,
into comb honey at the time of raising
the upper story.

The only way I was able to pi-event
increase was, by breaking up every
colony that swarmed, giving all of the
bees to the swarm, and using the brood ,
where it could be disposed of to the »
best advantage. By this means I suc-
ceeded in keeping the bees together
strong enough to gather the fall crop
of honey.

Valne of Comb Foundation.

I have heretofore written very
strongly in favor of full sheets of comb
foundation in the brood-nest. I still
use it as a general rule ; but with the
above bees it has only aggravated this
disposition to swarm, as they positively
will not do anything outside the brood-
nest if they can crowd in there.

I have found that I could keep them
together about tvro weeks longer by
using narrow starters only. I never
was able to get any comb honey from
them, except by sheer compulsion. I
have hived them for 24 hours, or even
more, in the cases only, and then
raised them upon a hive ; yet they
quickly found the place for their
home, and this did no good. A few
sections perhaps were started, but the
rest of their honey went below. They
must have positive contraction to the
space actually full of brood.

CroiTdlng Frames Together.

I have tried Mr. Pond's plan of
crowding frames together, somewhat
extensively for the purpose of prevent-
ing the hive from becoming choked
up with honey. The only advantage
I ever gained by it was, that the
breeding depth was retained, but it
was filled with honey just the same.
Taken alone, it was a total failure ;
but in conjunction with reversible
frames of a shallow type, it was a suc-
cess. The frames should not be deeper
than 7 or 7} inches — surely not more
than 8 inches for this purpose.

The same result can be gained with
the hanging frame, when placed close
by taking the side of a knife and
bruising the cappings thoroughly. This
will cause the bees to remove the
honey in order to repair the combs,
when the queen will occupy the combs
witli brood. I have met with my most
perfect success in producing comb
honey by the latter process — a gain of

TH® JEMBRICKN BE® JOIJRNKIL.

699

not less than 40 per cent, over any
other colony at the time of trial ; but
it involves double the woj'k.

On the whole, shallow reversible
frames promise to be far the best, anil
I believe that we have not yet half
learned to appreciate the reversible
frame.

Custer Park, Ills.

WINTERING BEES.

Preparing; tlie Bees for their
JLoiig^ Confinement.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY KEV. STEPHEN ROESE.

The Bee Journal makes its weekly
visits with great accuracy, and comes
richlj- laden with its precious contents
of valuable instruction and advice,
from the bee-keeping fraternity from
Maine to California, cultivating, like
an electric current, a feeling of sympa-
thy and good-will toward all who love
this honest industry and art.

But the summer is now ended, the
harvest is past, and the time is now at
hand for bee-keepers to be preparing
their bees for winter, which is a mat-
ter of great importance ; for in fall
management and winter care lie the
bee-keeper's success for the coming
season. Bees that winter well in a
dry cellar or bee-house with 35°, and
not over 40°, of temperature, will
come out healthy and strong in the
spring, and beginners (and older ones
not excepted) in the pleasant and
profitable occupation should be very
careful, and not allow one colony of
bees to go into winter quarters with
less than 35 pounds of sealed honey ;
and to be sure that each hive is placed
on the scales, and not guessed at.

September is the best month and
time for this preparation, to examine
and find out the conditions of each
colony. Later, when frosts have in-
jured tlie houey-flow, and bee-pasture
is scarce ; where bees will be trouble-
some and annoy both bees and bee-
keeper— while this work of examina-
tion and preparation for winter is
going on, and often causes a general
demoralization of the whole apiary,
not a hive should be opened unneces-
sarily, or left open by neglect ; for if
one bee is allowed to enter a strange
hive, or get a tastj of honey not its
own, in a short time robbing at
wholesale will be the order of the da},
and the strongest colonies cannot re-
sist it ; and with what fury and terror
this warfare is carried on, many bee-
keepers, without doubt, have witnessed
and experienced !

One who has read of, or has been
an eye-witness of the great Battle of

the Wilderness, will be able to form a
faint idea of the terrific warfare, when
bees have begun robbing in good
earnest. I have often wished, on such
occasions, that I had never seen a bee.

Preparing tlie Bees for Winter.

The way I prepare my bees for win-
ter is as follows : I begin earlj- during
the extracting season. When shaving
oft" the cappings from the cells that are
sealed over, I punch a hole through
the frame in the center, 2 inches from
the top-bar, for a winter passage, and
put away at the same time the best
frames of straight combs all sealed
over, placing them in vacant Sim-
plicity hives, 2 inches apart, for further
use in winter preparations. On find-
ing a colony with frames nearly empty,
I take one or more without brood and
replace them with full ones set aside
for this purpose ; and if the colony is
strong, I take from it one or two
combs with brood, and give them to
weak ones, thus making them all
equally strong, or as nearly so as I
can. But I make it a point to do this
work with great despatch, having
everything ready and on hand ; the
smoker filled with dry, rotten elm
wood, and also the honey-knife, if
needed to cut liits of brace-comb on
the outside frames and side-wall of the
hive ; and also a small chisel or old
file to pry loose the frames, if need be.
In less than three minutes the work of
examination and preparation is com-
pleted.

My next work is to contract the
hive-entrance according to the strength
of the colony, and guard the same
closely for several days, until all dan-
ger of robbing is over. The partly
empty combs thus taken out, I extract,
placing them in a Simplicity hive ; and
toward evening I put the same on a
hive of bees having no upper storj' ;
during the night the bees will take
every particle of honey out and carry
it down, and in the morning the combs
will be all dry and clean, ready to put
away for winter.

I use no enameled sheet for winter
covers on the frames ; burlap is my
favorite cover for winter, or binder
twine is still better.

Watching the weather closely, I
store all my bees away for winter just
before the first hard freezing — before
the combs get frosty ; after arranging
them all in tiers, one above the other,
but so as not to rest the upper tier on
the lower, taking tlie cover ofl' from
each hive. I spread on the burlap
cover, 3 inches of sawdust, which will
answer a three-fold object, viz : 1. It
will keep the bees warm. 2. It will
keep them dry, and absorb the mois-
ture. 3. It will admit air, as it is
porous.

The hive-enti'ance I regulate accord-
ing to the strength of the colony, and
in two weeks I go into the bee-house
to see if the entrances are clogged up
with dead bees. If so, I have a hook
of strong wire, and reach gently into
the hive and draw the dead bees out.

If the mercury- is at zero, I stop up
the ventilator with a bag filled with
sawdust, for this purpose, and take the
same out when the atmosphere is
milder. With this care my bees win-
tered remarkably well last winter ;
they came out strong, and I lost, of
all I put out in the spring, only 3 colo-
nies by spring dwindling. During the
cold weather in M.ay I heated bricks,
and placed them, during a cold night,
above the frames, to prevent the young
brood being chilled, and I shall do
likewise in the future.

Improvements In Bee-Keeping.

I think that" every intelligent bee-
keeper ought to be thankful for
modern improvements in bee-keeping,
and the light which has dawned upon
the times and age in which we live ;
for since the introduction of the mov-
able comb-frame, by the venerable
Father Langstroth, and the Simplicity
hive by Mr. A. I. Root, bee-keeping is
no longer a task to be dreaded ; but it
is now a work that is pleasant, easy,
entertaining and profitable, and, what
is more — honorable. In spite of the
" Wiley lie," which was wilfully in-
tended to cast a gloom and dark
shadow over so honest a pursuit, in
which many intelligent men and
women are engaged, the art of bee-
keeping is still progressing, prospering
and developing more.

Only a fiend and villain could do as
Wilej' did, wounding the feelings of
over 300,000 bee-keepers in this coun-
try, and many more in the Old World ;
and then trying to smooth it over,
calling his wicked act a harmless
" pleasantry," and complaining that
bee-keepers are continually "picking"
at him. He maj', conscience smitten,
take home the truth that he deserves,
and he has not heard the last of it
yet, for with all his education, wisdom
and scientific knowledge, he leaves
unclaimed the standing ofier of $1,000
rewaril oflered by a noble defender of
this honest enterprise. In this section
of country the " Wiley lie " has taken
no strong foothold — only once in a
while a traveling salesman will tell
the merchants what he has seen in the
papers, that bee-keepers manufacture
C(mib, honey, and all, without the aid
of the bees.

In closing I will sav that we are
truly living in an age of wonders, con-
sidering the progress of science and
art during the last 50 years ; and since
the days of Hcrr von Berlepsh and his

700 T'H]© MMERICSrf BEE JOURIfSEr.

associates iu Germany, the art of bee-
keeping has been wonderfully develop-
ing, and every candid reader will
agree with the " good book," that in
the latter days many shall run to and
fro, and knowledge shall be increased,
and the wise shall understand.
Maiden Rock, Wis.

FLOWER COLORS.

Are Bee§ Attracted by the Colors
of Floiverst

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY MRS. MAHALA B. CHADDOCK.

Among the many good and interest-
ing things in Mr. L. H. Pammers arti-
cle on page 633, on " The Pollination
and Perforation of Flowers," there is
a wrong idea put forth. He takes it
from Muller, but also 'seems to adopt
it as his belief. It is in regard to the
changes in color of Howers of closely
related species. After quoting from
Muller, and giving examples of some
of the species thatshow the color-range,
he saj-s :

" Slight changes of color must there-
fore be of great use to an insect ; just
as changes in color of parts of a
flower after pollination are of use to
the insect by indicating that its ser-
vices are no longer needed."

Color is no guide for the insect
world. They visit flowers for the nec-
tar and pollen which they contain —
not for the good of the flower ; and if
color is of no account at any time, how
can a change in the color of a part of
a flower tell an insect that its services
are no longer needed ?

Bees and other insects work by in-
stinct, and all their labor is for the
good of their own kind ; they know
nothing about " pollination," and a
change in the parts of all the flowers
in the universe would tell them noth-
ing. Insects cannot reason. If they
could, they might alight on a flower,
and, if the inside of the petals had
turned dark, say, " This flower has
already been poUenized. I know by
this dark stripe, so I'll not go in, but
will go to other flowers where no
change in the color has taken place,
and then I'll do the work that was in-
tended for me to do. It matters not
that I have a thousand empty mouths
at home, waiting to be fed. I'm around
just now pollenizing flowers, and the
babies at home will have to wait until
I find a flower that needs me."

But we all know that insects do not
reason, but go by an instinct that
makes them seize everj'thing that will
contribute to their own prosperity.
That in working for their own good

the insects do unconsciously pollenize
flowers, is true ; but that thej' are con-
scious of what they do, can never be
admitted, unle.ss we admit that they
are endowed with reason.

There never was a wilder notion
than that bright-colored flowers attract
insects. One of my neighbors has
masses of zinnias, two long rows reach-
ing from the house down to the road ;
and as I walk among them I look out
for bees. Not a bee is to be seen ; but
up near the house is an insignificant
little bunch of mignonette, with half a
dozen bees at work on it. Bees and
other insects are attracted by the scent
of flowers, not.by the color. Here is
the S&'

Vermont, Ills.

AUTUMN.

Hints About Fall Work in the
Apiary.

Written for the Western Plowman

BY C. H. DIBBEBN.

As predicted last month, the fall
yield of honey has been very fair, and
the quality is unusually good. I have
never before seen such white honey
produced so late in the season. Bee-
keepers are now in much better con-
dition than a year ago. Then there
were hives that contained not a single
pound of honey, and the only thing to
do to save the bees, was to buy sugar
and make it into syrup and feed them.
This required mone5^ work and pa-
tience. Now all is changed. The
bees are well supplied with honey, in
fact man}' have too much, and some
extracting from the brood- chambers
will have to be done. Bee-men can
keep their money in their pockets, if
they have any, and perhaps add to it
considerably from sales of honey.

Preparing Honey for Iflarket.

October is usually a busy month, as
all the work of removing surplus ar-
rangements, and putting the bees in
the best possible condition for winter,
should be done now before the weather
gets too cold. Then the honey has to
to be prepared for market. Cases for
shipping have to be made, and if any
are on hand from previous years, they
should be taken apart, and planed so
all will look nice and inviting. We
should alwa3-s remember that we can-
not have anything too neat about
honey — the bees themselves set us a
very good example, when they put
nectar into snow white waxen cells.
Perhaps from this has come the old
saying, " Neat as wax."

To the bee-keepers that have honey
to sell I want to say a word or two.

Of course you want to get the most
money you can out of the crop, which
is a very short one at best. If j'our
honey is nice and white, or dark and
yellow, be sure and scrape every sec-
tion clean of propolis, and pack in ,
neat shipping-cases, with clean glass
on at least one side. Your name- .
should be on the case, with the kind of
honey, weights, etc.

Now do not put nice white comb
next to the glass, and dark, poor stufl'
hid away back of them, as your cus-
tomers will certainly find it out, and
perhaps not buy any more from you.
There is no use to try to sell a thing
for what it is not, to saj' nothing of
the dishonesty. Some people would ;
call that smart, but such practice will
soon be found out, and the man be
marked as one to be avoided. It is all
well enough to put nice combs next to
the glass, but the balance of the case
must grade nearly the same.

If you have dark honey, put that
into cases by itself, and sell for a few
cents less, for just what it is. We are
making three grades of ours this year :
choice white, heart's-ease and buck-
wheat, which we expect to sell at a
dift'erence of 5 cents per pound be-
tween the poorest and best. I have
noticed in previous years that some
bee-keepers bring in their honey in
the cases just as they come oft' the
hives, with the sections all stuck fast,
and the propolis still sticking to them,
without bottoms, so that every particle
of honey leaking out will run on the
counter, where it attracts flies, and
very often the neighboring bees. I
have seen grocers literally driven out
of their stores in this w.ay. Is it any
wonder that after such experience
some grocers will not bother with
honey ?

Our cases are close fitting, with glass
on one side, and a cover that fits per-
fectly. Before the sections are put in,
a neat fitting pan, made of stout wrap-
ping paper, is placed in the bottom to
catch and hold every particle of honey
that may leak out. Honey in such
shape can be handled as easily as
sugar. Do not be in too great a hurry
to sell. Honey this year should bring
1.5 to 20 cents per pound for comb, and
10 to 1.5 cents for extracted.

Honey of Different Colors.

We have noticed one thing this year
that struck us as. rather odd. Some
cases contained as nice white honey as
any white clover, while perhaps the
very next hive would contain sections
stored at the very same tim3, that were
quite dark. This at first puzzled us,
but after thinking over the matter, we
concluded that bees from certain hives
work on one kind of blossoms, while
others work on a different kind. I also

THE ftMERICar* BEE JQURNSl,.

701

noticed that only one kind was usually
in a case.

Value of Honer-PlanU.

Our honey-plants, with which we
have been experimenting, are now
done blooming, and we can now form
some idea of their value. We are well
satisfied with the outcome of our four
acres of sweet clover. It kept the bees
busy for about a month at a time when
there was almost nothing else for
them. It is true they did not gather
honey fast, but it kept up brood-rear-
ing, and the bees more than held their
own, and when the fall blooms came
they were ready for it, and how they
did work !

The Chapman honey-plant com-
menced blooming about the same time
as sweet clover, and went out of bloom
a little sooner. It is undoubtedly very
rich in honey, as the bees were on it
constantly. Still I do not think it will
ever be very extensively cultivated by
bee-men, as it requires too much at-
tention the first year. Then, too, it is
known to ha\'e several enemies that
may play sad havoc with it in the fu-
ture, (ithers will regard it with dis-
favor, as it looks so much like thistles.
Cattle will not touch it, and on this
account we believe it will be valuable
to scatter in waste places, about old
stone quarries, etc., where other plants
could not exist.

Some years ago I got some of Dr.
Tinker's golden honej- -plant seeds and
scattered it far and wide. Now thej-
are growing in many places, and bid
fair to add another important source
of honey to our field.

We shall save all the seeds this fall
that we can use, and send for several
other varieties, and do all possible to
improve our honey resources. We
sliall also do what we can to induce
farmers to sow Alsike clover.

Brood-CIiainbera Full of Honey.

In many sections of the West, brood-
ehanibers of hives will be found clog-
ged with honey. Especially is this the
case with large hives, or where surplus
arrangements are defective. A colony
does not need over 40 or 50 pounds of
good honey to winter nicely. In fact
more is a detriment to them, as they
cannot cluster and pack in the combs,
on the approach of cold weather, and
on this account many bees will become
chilled, and lost between cold, solid
combs.

A verj- good plan is to take out the
side combs whicli are usually solid
with honey, and extract them, and re-
turn empty combs to near the center
of hives. It is best to do this before
the weather gets too cold, as the bees
are then harder to handle, and the
honey is more difficult to throw out of
the combs.

Bruiib Tor Removins Bees.

A brush of some kind is necessary
to brush the bees otf the combs. We
have found nothing better for this pur-
pose than a handful of the stems of
anj- suitable green grass, made into a
small wisp broom. Bees do not seem
to mind being .swept oft' with grass in a
green state, but would become furious
if a hair or feather was nsed. In open-
ing hives and handling combs at this
lime of year, a good deal of caution is
necessary to prevent robbing. Use
entrance-blocks where hives have been
opened, and do not let bees have ac-
cess to honey anywhere. Do not put
extracted honey into old whisky bar-
rels, on economic grounds, as the
honey will be spoiled.

Milan, Ills.

COIVVENTION DIRECTORY.

1888 Time and Place of Meeting.

Nov. 3.— Stark County, at Canton. Ohio.

Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O.

Nov. 14.— Alabama State, at Montgomery, Ala.

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Ala.

Nov. 21, 22.-Pan- Handle, at Wheeling. W. Va.

W. L. Kinsey. Sec , Blaine, O.

Dec.

-Michigan State. at.Ja("k^on. Mich.

H. D. (Cutting. Sec, Clinton, Mich.

83?" In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Kd.

■^^^

Snow.— Mr. S. F. Reed, North Dorches-
ter, N. H., oil Oct. 9, 1888, writes :

It is snowinj hard here today. There
are nearly ti inclies ut snow on the ground
now. A heavy frost killed all vegetation
about Se^it. .5th or 6tli.

Xlie Season o< 1S88 — Mr. Leslie
Stewart, Jefferson, N. Y., on Oct. 15, 1888,
writes as follows :

The honey season of 1SS8 is over, and the
bees will now be quiet until the buddinn
spring arrives, when it is hoped tiiat a good
season will be in store for us. Certainly we
ought to have one then, if we stand the past
two poor seasons without flinching. We
have now had two very discouraaing sea-
sons—in 1887 there was a very short crop,
and the crop of 1888 is yet smaller ; still we
must not complain, for will not this clear
our markets of all old and second-class
honey, and give a clear market for 1889 ?

Let us auain prepare for the coming sea-
son, with li>;ht hearts and high hopes. Let
us get out a better lot of liives and crates
than ever. Let us see that our bees have
first-class stores on which to winter. If
they are to be wintered out-doors, let us
pack them carefully ; if in the cellar, let us
see that it is clean, dry and warm. We
canuotbetoo particular about such things,
and you know we are rather inclined to be
a little careless at such times.

To be sure the season has been a poor
one, and the honey crop was small. The

prices are not as high a^ we might expect,
jet the deiuand Is good, and we will prob-
ably have a great abundance to winter the
bees on ; and some of us have quite a nice
lot to spare, which will go a good ways to
pay our actual expenses. My crop for the
season is atiout as follows : Basswood,
raspberry and white clover extracted, 4.>
pounds per coloiy, and of buckwheat, 65
pounds per colony. Comb honey, 20 pounds
per colony ; of buckwheat, 50 pounds per
colony. While there is not a large yield,
yet 1 am satisfied, and feel sure that it is
better than the most of us have done ; but
it has cost me and my Italians a great deal
of hard labor, to say nothing of the ex-
penses.

It has been the poorest season for the
rearing of queens ever known to me. I was
obliged to have very strong nuclei, and
sometimes the cells would become chilled,
and the young queens would not hatch out ;
yet I succeeded in rearing some of the finest
queens that I ever saw, when the weather
was favorable.

Fall Crop in Georgia.— W. H.

Prior, Madison, Ga., on Oct. 10, 1888, writes
as follows :

My bees have been gathering honey nicely
for the past ten days, there being quite a
good tlow of honey from the fall flowers,
especially from the golden-rod, which is
very abundant in this section, and is still in
full bloom. Frost generally occurs with us
from Oct. 15 to the 20th.

Resiill»> of llie Season.— J. M.

Jacobs, DeWitt, Iowa, on Oct. 17, 1888,says:

I started last spring with 20 colonies of
Italian bees, increased them to 45 colonies,
and have taken I.UOO pounds of fine fall
honey. I sold .500 pounds for 18 cents per
pound, in one-pound sections. I produce
comb honey, extracting unfilled and un-
capped sections. I winter my bees in the
cellar, darkened, with the temperature at
40° to 45° above zero. I have tiie bottom-
boards loose, and change them during the
winter, so as to remove dead bees and mold,
if there should be any. I have been very
successful so far. I have a market for 50,000
pounds of honey in one-pound sections.

Bee-Keepins: in I\el>raslia.— Mr.

Wm. StoUey, Grand Island, Nebr., on Oct.
13, 1888, writes :

My 30 colonies of bees wintered well in
the winter of 1887-8S ; but owing to ray ab-
sence from home (in June, July and part of
August), and other causes, but 20 colonies
were in a condition to gatlier any surplus
when I returned. From them 1 took 62
pounds of comb honey, and 1,348 pounds of
extracted. I had but one colony to produce
comb honey in one-pound sections. My
system of manaiieinent is such that I so far
have successfully controlled increase to
suit myself. This season I have only kept
up the number of colonies I had in the
spring, and they are all strong, and in good
condition now, except 3 colonies that are
rather weak in numbers.

Mj bees have, on an average, 25 pounds
of honey for winter stores, and I have 100
well-filled and sealed combs besides, re-
served fur spring stimulation and feeding.
I have superseded all queens over 2 years
old, and tiave now nine queens reared in
1S»7, and 21 queens reared during this sum-
mer. It was owing mostly to old queens
that 10 of mv colonies became deranged
during this summer. All of my bees are in
their winter quarters, and well packed now.
It is the melilot and alfalfa which, for the
la.st three years, have enabled me to render a
good account trom central Nebraska.

702

'rmm m^mmmi^mm mmm j©wkmsil.

S^Snmm

AL,FREI> H. WE^IViUAr*,

BUSINESS MANAGER.

^nsxncss Notices.

It You lA-re near one post office and
get your mall at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Hilton's new pamphlet on Comb Honey
Production has been reduced in price to 5
cents. For sale at this office.

If you Lose Jffloney by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Xx4}i and 5)^x5)^.
Price, 81.00 per 100, or $8.50 per 1,000.

Preserre Your Papers for future
reference. If you have no BIJ^UER we

will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Jouknai.,

Yucca Brnslies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please write American Bee Jowmal
on the envelope when writmg to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

Pure Plienol for Foul Brood. —

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, meutioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 35 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must be sent by ex-
press.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to
be systematic m their work in the apiary,
should get a copy of the Apiary Register and
begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) tl 00

" 100 coloaiea (220 pag-es) 135

" 200 colonies (420 pa^es) 1 50

Pliotograplis of Bee-Keepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containmg the faces of 120 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for 81.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and 83.00.

Xhe Convention. — The pamphlet
containmg the report of the proceedings of
the Union Convention in Chicago, Ills., is
published, and can be obtained at this office
for 25 cents. Or bound up with the history
of the International Society, and a full re-
port of the Detroit and Indianapolis conven-
tions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Clover Seeds.— We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; 83.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : 810.00 per bushel; 82.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Sweet, or Melilot,
Clover Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Cork for ^Vinter PacUing.— Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for 81.00.

Excliange.- We will accept Honey
and Beeswax in exchange for Bee-Keepers'
Supplies in any quantity. Those desiring
to make a trade are invited to correspond
with us, stating quantity, quality, and
price, and the goods they want in exchange.

Alfalfa Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 33c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., 810.00.
If wanted by mail, add 10 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

We Want 20,000 subscribers. Out of
the 300,000 beekeepers in America, certainly
this is not an extravagant desire ! It is
only one out of every fifteen ! We confi-
dently ask those who appreciate the Ameri-
can Bee Jottrnal, to show it by sendinsi
us one or more new subscribers. We will
give them full value for their money.

A Home Market for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine.
Such will create a demand in any locality
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this naper.

A Modern BEE-FARM, and its

Economic Management ; showing how bees
may be cultivated as a means of livelihood ;
as a health-giving pursuit ; and as a source
of recreation to the busy man. By S.
Simniins. For sale at this office. Price, $1,
postpaid.

Honey and Beeswax Market.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— New crop arriving slowly, but demand
is limited. White clover comb. 17®lsc. Extracted,

7®MC.

BKB8WAX.-22e. .

Sep. 12. a. T. F18H 4 CO., 188 8. Water St, ■

CHICAGO.

HONET.-For white comb Mbs., 18c. Very little
inquiry for anything outside of l-lbs., and when it
Is wiinted it is at a lower price. Exlracted. tfle best
eraUes, 7&«c.. and some held higher. Offerings are
small and demand slow.

BBK8WAX.-220. R. A. BURNETT,

Sep. 12. 161 South Water St.

DENVER.

HONEY.— Colorado, new 1-lb. sections., 13®lSo.
Extracted. 7(§i8c.

BKB8WAX.-20®'J3C.
Sep. 7. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs., 15®170.; .,
2-lb8., 14@16c. Fair white l-Iba., 14®16c.i 2-lbs., 13
to '.'>c. Kxtracted. white, 75^@8c.

BBKSWAi.-23,'^o.
Sep. 17. THDRBER, WHYLAND&CO.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.- We quote ; Fancy white l-lbs., I7®I8c.;
21bs , I3@14c. Fair white l-lbs., 15®iec.; 2-lba., I2o.
Buckwheat 1-lhs.. ii(«i2c.; 2-lb8,, in®iic. White
extracted, 7^j(a8>HiC.: bucliwheat. 5'^(a6M,b.; Califor-
nia extracted, white sage, 7^®7Mc.. amber, 7J<@7^.
Demand good and prices firm. New comb honey is
arriving quite freely.

BEE8WAX.— 23®23!^c.

HILDRETH BROS. & HEOBLKEN,
Oct. 10. 28 & 30 W. BroadwaJ, near i>uane St.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.-White 1-lb. sections, ll®12Hc.; 2-lbs.,
12^@1 c; amber, 8@10c. Extracted, white, 59l@6c.:
light amber. 5V4(<*5?^c.: amber and candied, 49i®5c.
Receipts light and market firm for beat qualities.

BBKSWAX.-Dullat 19Si22Mic. »

Sep. 22. O. B. SMITH & CO.. 423 Frout St.

DETROIT.
HONKY.-Beat white comb, 17®18c.; dark, 160.-
Extracted, 8®loc. Market bare of all kinds.
BBB8WAi.-21®22c.

Sep. 24.

M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, MIoh.

CINCINNAII.

Vour Full Address, plainly written,
■i very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4!^®8c. per !b.
Comb honey, I2@i6c. Demand slow.

BEBSWAX.-Demand is good-20®22c. per lb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Sep. IS. C. F. MUTH & SON. Freeman i Central At.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— Choice 1-lb. sections, 18c, : dark l-lbs.,
14c.: 2-lb8., Ibc; dark, 13c. White extracted in 60-
lb. cans, 8c. ; amber, 7o.: in barrels and kegs, 5®8c.
Demand good, prices steady, and stock fair.

BKB8WAX.— None in market.
Sep. 27. HAMBLIN & BKAR88, 514 Walnut 8t.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— "We quote: Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
17i-i®18c.; 2-lb8., 14®15c. Fair l-lbs.. 14!^®l5^c.;
2-lbs., I l®12c. Extracted. fancy white clover.74®-^^.
California white in 60-1 b. cans, 8c. : light amber ,in
same cans, 7^ic. : amber, 7MC. Buckwheat in kegs
and barrels, 5H®6. Cuban, in barrels and ^barrels,
65c. per gallon.
Sep. 26. F.G. 8TR0HMEYBR 4C0., 122 Water St.

BOSTON.

HONEY.— We quote : Best white clover 1-pounds,
16@17c.; best 2-lbs., I5*i6c. Bxtracted.se.

BEESWAX.— 25 ctB. per lb.
Oct. 10. BLAKE & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.-White I-lbs. I7®isc.: dark. U®15c.; Cal-
ifornia white l-lbs., 17c.: dark, i4c. Extracted white
8c. : amber. 7c.

BEESWAX.- None in the market.
Oct. 11. CLBM0N8. CLOON&CO., C0r4th&WBlnat.

ST. Loms.

HONBY.-We quote: Extracted, 4Mias}4e-: if in
cans.Hmyc. White clover comb, 14®15c. Market is
steatiy ami receipts light.

BKKSWAX.-21C. tor prime.
Sep. 6. D. G. TtTTT & CO., Commercial St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONBY.-We quote : E.xtracted, white, 6 cents:
ligiit amber, 5!*ic.: amber, 5M®53^c. Comb, l-lbs.
ia(iii4c.: li-lbs., Mi,^i3c.,

BEESWAX.— 2n®22c.
Sep. 24. 8CHACHT & LEMCKH, 122-124 Davis St.

TM'B M^&mmicmn mmw jO'isrRKsi,.

707

THOS. G.NEWIVJIAN ^SON, ,

CHICAGO, (L.L.

EDITOR.

YoiniV. OcUim Nc.44,

BUEEIMQS,

IIo^v dotli tliP little busy bee,
Delialit to bark aad bite ;

It aathers honey all the clay
Aua eats it up at ninht.

You never hear tlie bee complain,
Nor hear it weep nor wail ;

But if it wish It can unfold
A very painful tail.

Tlie Pnlnictto Honey of Florida,
exhibited at the Columbus, Ohio, Conven-
tion, was nearly as palatable as our white
clover honey, and Mr. Detwiler wants us to
call it by its proper name, and not class it
with Southern honey generally. There can
be no objection to doing so, and certainly
there would be justice in it. Let it be
known as Palmetto Honey, by all means.

All in a Rom.— At the Columbus con-
vention, after the adjournment, while
listening to the songs of the "Glee Club,"
brother Hutchinson called attention to the
fact that if a cannon-ball should strike
Brother Root and cross the line of chairs, it
would wipe out Ave or six editors of bee-
periodicals — they having unconsciously
placed themselves in that position, so as to
be near one another and have a "friendly
chat" between the songs. We heartily en-
dorse the sentiment of the following con-
cerning it, copied from the las't Oleanings :

Quite by accident, the editors of the rep-
resentative bee-papers sat in a line .so
straight, indeed, that, if a cannon-ball had
been tired along that line it would have
swept them all down. It was Mr. Hutchin-
son, we believe, who first called attention
to this phalanx of editors. Let's see :
There was Holterniann, of the Catiadlnii
Honey-Produca- ; Newman, of the Ameri-
can Hke Jour.vai. ; Hutchiuson, of the
Bee-Keepers' Review, and your humble ser-
vants [A. I. Root and his son Ernest]. This
little incident, quite accidental in itself,
represents the fraternal feeling that exists
among us, we feel sure ; and God grant that
editors of bee-papers may never be ashamed
to sit together and be " kind o' decent."

Xlie i'anadian Honey-Prod ncer

for November is on our desk. It was the
first of tlie monthlies to put in an appear-
ance, and has a fair report of the Columbus
convention. Bro. Holtermann is a wide-
awake and energetic worker, and deserves
great success. He is a risitif/ young man,
and some day we hope to announce that he
is elected President of the International
Bee-Association. He is a " worker-bee " in
" the hive of Nature."

FloriOa Honey Crop.— Alderman
& Roberts, of Wewahitchka, Fla., report
their crop of honey for the past season as
follows :

Our honey crop has been about 7.5 pounds
per colony. We have taken tlie honey
from about 8,000 hives now. We have 1,000
colonies in Langstroth hives.

ICee-I>a!!iliira;;e 8 Miles A-*vay.—

Away out in Washington Territory, on
Fidalgo Island, there lives a bee-keeper by
the name of H. A. March, who also has the
only spot of ground in America wliere cauli-
flower seeds are matured as a crop. He has
acres of them, and sells them to Eastern
seedsmen. So says the Washington Farmer
of the r2th inst. He has also discovered
how far his bees go to their pasturage to
gather honey. This he did by following
with his boat under a line of bees across
Padilla Bay. He traced them to where
they were gathering honey from the golden-
rods on Skagit flats, eight miles distant. He
knew they were his, not only because he
followed them, but because there were no
Italian bees in the county at that time ex-
cept his.

He also has a dozen poultry houses scat-
tered over his place, at which he breeds
special valuable varieties of chickens. He
keeps them out of his garden by clipping
their wings. Mr. M. is marching along,
quite abreast of the times, in that new
country so far away. The Bee Jouknal
visits the bee-men of that region as well as
"islands of the seas," to instill the knowl-
edge of the newest methods and the most
profitable management of an apiary.

Transpoi-tins' itneens. — Mr. G. M.

Doolittle, in Glcmnngs, contends that
"queens are not injured so much by trans-
portation in the mails, or by express, as
they are by the sudden check in egg pro-
duction, that results from taking them
away from full colonies in which each
queen is laying perhaps her weight of eggs
each da}'." This position is very reason-
able, and is no doubt correct.

Mr. Ivar S. Ifonn;;; writes this to the
British Bee Jmirnnl from Christiania, Nor-
way, on Sept. 28, 1888 :

In Norway, last winter was quite serious
to us bee- keepers. I suppose that about
three-fnurths of all the colonies died of cold
and hunger, and this summer has only very
little bettered us, because the honey-harvest
with us in Norway, as well as in England
and America, has been scarce nearly every-
where. However, we will not therefore
lose heart, but hope for better luck next
year.

Commenting npon our friendly
notice of the exliibit of Mr. A. I. Root at
Columbus, he remarks thus : " How grati-
fying it is that editors of bee-papers, unlike
some other pursuits, can say kind things of
each other, and not exhibit signs of jeal-
ousy." Sure enough. If the editors of the
periodicals of an industry cannot be just,
reasonable and friendly towards each other,
they ought to "get out," and make room for
those who will not be such fools as to be
jealous. We hate "jealousy." The Bible
truly says : " It is as criiel as the grave."

I^ol Miicli Honey — Mrs.L. Harrison,
Peoria, Ills., writes: "There have been
several frosts in this locality, and thin ice
formed one night, yet on Oct. 7 honey came
in quite freely during the warm part of the
day. Golden-rod and asters are still bloom
ini!. also black-heart (Polygonum Pennsyl-
V(inl^um). There is very littlchoney to be
seen in the stiues here, and what there is.
is badly niixed. It took the bees all the
season to till a few boxes, crnsequently it
is travel-stained."— 0. J. Farmer.

Antiimn in England and its effect on
the feeding of bees is thus described in the
British Bee Journal for Oct. 11, 1888 :

With the exception of a few cold days,
bee-keepers in the southeastern localities
have enjoyed splendid weather for rapidly
feeding their bees in anticipation of the
long winter on which we are abjiut to enter.
Snow, wind-storms, and extremely cold
nights, in the north and midland districts,
have, we fear, interrupted the feeding
process.

The Union.— Mr. J. M. Hambaugh, of
Spring, Ills., sent two membership fees for
the Union, collected at the Clayton, Ills.,
Convention, and adds :

We had a splendid time at the Clayton
meeting, and will send the report for pub-
lication .soon. Resolutions were unani-
mnusly adopted requesting each member to
send thfir money and names to the editor
of the Amkkican Bee .Journal, and be-
come members uf the Union, iu the defense
of right.

Tlie Ventilation, by special arrange-
ment, of a bee-depository, is decided to be
unnecessary by the leading bee-keepers
who have given their views in the Bee-
Keepers' Riview for October. Its editor
sums the matter up thus :

Ventilation, simply for the sake of secur-
ing fresher or purer air, finds but little sup-
port ; while the tew who plead for special
ventilation do so almost entirely upon the
ground tliat they can thereby more readily
control tlie temperature. Some who have
been to the expense of furnishing their cel-
lars with sub-earth and special ventilation,
have linally abandoned it as not only use-
less but injurious. If bee-repositories are
built sufficiently under ground it does not
seem that ventilation would be very much
needed for controlling temperature.

708

Tmm SBdEKicMif mmm joiffRrfsir.

In October Days.

From Vick's Magazine for October.

I wander down the russet lane
And see the autumn's bonefires burn

Upon the hillside slopes again,
Among the sumac and the fern.

The Oaks have caught October's fire,
And drop their treasures in the grass,

Wiiile the still flame creeps high and higher,
Fanned, by the warm winds as they pass.

The sky is dim in purple haze ;

The spell of dreams is over all.
Unknown, save in the lone, still days

When flowers fade and dead leaves fall.

Xlie Con»ititiition of* the Inter-
national Society. — It was a great dis-
appointment to the Editor of the Asleri-
CAN Bee Jouknai,( who was indisposed and
absent much of the time), to learn that the
Convention at Chicago, in 1887, did not dis-
cuss the merits of the new Constitution and
By-Laws he there presented. These docu-
ments were " evolved " while on a sick-bed,
under considerable difBculty, and were by
him acknowledged to be imperfect in many
points. The Convention was particularly
solicited to discuss, and by Its united wis-
dom improve both the Constitution and By-
Laws, and we were surprised that they did
not even attempt to do so — but when at
Columbus, they adopted the whole, without
discussion and without due consideration,
we were even more astounded. We desired
to offer some amendments, which the inter-
vening time had suggested, and to obtain
the.views of others upon points which were
open to discussion. But it was rushed
through by a vote to adopt, in such haste
as to show that it was done to get a trouble-
some thing out of the way as rapidly as
possible.

We do not wonder, therefore, that Dr.
Miller should seek to discuss it now in the
bee-papers (see page 711). That is the next
best thing to be done, and we welcome it,
even though we had no idea of the Doctor's
views on the subject, until his article was
received for publication.

Some of the points raised by Dr. Miller
"are well taken ;" others need discussion,
and still others, when explained, will, we
think, meet with his unijualified approval,
as they now stand. We will review them
by numbers, as follows :

1. Ills first point, suggesting the shorter
came. Is well taken and should be adopted.
The title, "American Bee-Society," is
short, expressive and appropriate.

2. In a society, standing at the head of
the pursuit of apiculture on the continf nt of
North America, surely some formality is
necessary in determining who shall be its
annual members, and a majority vote by
show of hands would occupy but a minute
for a dozen of such members. It is probably
true that none may ever be voted owf— still
such a peculiarity may be desired, and the
Constitution should give the Society the
power to do so.

No such formality is required with dele-
gates from affiliated societies— they are ad-

mitted free without vote, on their creden-
tials.

3. As to the calling of special meetings,
something unusual may arise, making it ex-
pedient to do so, and then to have the power
is a desirable thing.

4. An address by the President is not one
of the iiew features, but is no less desirable.
Who is more conversant with the items of
interest or business matters to bring before
the Society, than the President who had
chargeof it during the intervening year?
His address need not be a long one, but
should cover the salient points, review the
work done, the position attained, and the
points deemed desirable by the Society's
officers or members, etc.

5. Calling the names of officers, perma-
nent members and delegates, to know who
are present, is advisable, even if it does
consume a few moments to do so, especially
in a representative body. The names of
annual members of a former meeting of
course are not to be called. Their member-
ship closed with the adjournment. This
negatives the Doctor's objection entirely.

6. Giving notice of the regular meetinss
three months previous is desirable, but the
law gives the least possible time to have
the meeting held lawfully.

7. The items mentioned by Dr. Miller in
this division should have received consid-
erable attention, both by the committee,
and also by the Convention. They were
put into the By-Laws for the purpose of
being discussed before being adopted. As
that was not done, we ask for a general dis-
cussion, and will (D. V.) promise to devote
our energies at the next meeting to have the
whole Constitution and By-Laws amended,
perfected, and put into running order.

The Columbus Convention did not ap-
point the committees required by the Con-
stitution and By-Laws, evidently intending
to leave that for the next meeting to do,
which should be composed of its officers,
life-members and delegates from affiliated
societies.

In the meantime, we would recommend
every apicultural society in America to
electa delegate to send to the next meeting
at Brantford, fnlly instructed as to the
needs and wishes of the local society, and
to assist in completing the organization of
the International Association.

ItiiclcW^lieat as a Honey-Plant.

— The editor of the Canadian Honey Pro-
ducer, in his issue for October, reports 10
pounds of honey in a single day by one
colony, from buckwheat. The day was
showery, so the bees were enabled to work
on it from morning till night. Now, friends,
wliat is there in our whole list of plants,
that are raised for honey alone, that has
given a yield like this ? I venture to say,
that not one has ever yet given us anything
like it. We should like to have friend
Holtermann tell us more about it. Was
the buckwheat the new Japanese, the
silverhull, or the old-fashioned kind ?—
Oleaniniis.

norticnlture and Apiculture. —

The two legislative halls at Columbus were
occupied at the same time by bee keepers
and truit growers. They were friendly or-
ganizations, as they ought to be, and the
fruit-growers sent a delegation to invite the
bee-keepers to their hall to hold a joint ses-
sion. It was accepted, with thanks. They
discussed a subject which was of interest
to both societies, and did it in a friendly
way, too. This shows thata good, friendly,
brotherly spirit is being engendered, and
we are glad to see it. We hope that such
may obtain all over the country, and gen-
eral harmony may prevail. The Orange
Jwdd Farmer thus mentions the matter in
its issue for Oct. 20 :

The convention was invited by Secretary
Devol, of the Ohio State Horticultural So-
ciety, to visit th'e horticulturists then in
session in the same building.

Upon entering the Senate Chamber the
horticulturists were discussing the question
of fruit fertilization by insects. In this the
bee-men joined heartily.

It was decided that the little busy bee was
a very useful insect to the fruit-grower in
the way of aiding nature in the fertilization
of flowers. The consensus of opinion was
that " bees seem to 'roar' over the Crescent
and Wilson varieties of strawberries in
equal numbers." Tills answers the idea
wtiich some people have regarding the
value of the perfect and imperfect flowers
as lioney-pruducing plants.

The feeling between the fruit-growers
and bee-keept-rs is becoming more friendly
every year. They are earh beginning to
see the necessity of the other for tlie best
results in their respective lines of labor.

Tes, Brother Judd, we hail the omen of a
better day, with delight. For this grand re-
sult we have labored full many years, and
now hope that the peace and harmony may
last forever.

Uisposing: oi Honey.— The Ameri-
can ApicuUarist says that one who has
anything to sell must watch his chance and
take every advantage of the market, and
adds :

I have a brother who carries the mail be-
tween Wenham and a summer resort. The
idea struck me that it would be a good
place to dispose of some of my honey. One
day I gave liim a package to show the peo-
ple, and the result was 1 foimd quite a sale
for honey. He gets 2.5 cents per pound for
it, and I allow 5 cents commission tor sell-
ing it. You see we both make a good thing
out of it, as it requires no extra time or
labor to do the selling.

You who have honey for sale should take
a sample package when going "to town,"
or wherever you go, provided the honey Ciin
be taken as well as not. In this way you
can do your own advertising, aud at the
same time take orders to fill wlien going
tliat way again. If theje is much passing
of teams by your residence, just stick up a
"shinjjie," stating that you have pure
honey for sale, and you will he surprised to
know how many aud how well people love
honey.

I>o Not Ship Honey to Us without
first corresponding with us about it. We
have received several undesirable lots with-
out previous notice, or correspondence of
any kind.

THK m^mmmi^mm mmw j^t^mmmi^.

709

"■ — -■^»mtm»mAmt

"Maniifsifturcd Honey."— lu the

report of the CoUiuibus Convention on page
695 (middle of tlie first cohnnn), Secretary
Hutchinson noticed tlie fact that the editor
of Otennings was " hauled over the coals "
for admittinj; to the market quotations In
the number for Oct. 1, the words, "manu-
factured stock." As we felt sure the matter
could be explained, and that it was an over-
sight in the type-setting, and would be fully
ventilated in the next issue of our valned
cotemporary, we did not refer to it edi-
torially. We now give from Olcanings of
Oct. 15, the following editorial, which fully
explains the whole matter :

As the business for the second evening of
the convention at Columbus opened, Presi-
dent Mason gravely announced that some
heavy charges had been made against
broUier A. I. Root. He said he hoped that
brother K. would oe able to explain matters
satisfactorily, but the whole ihing looked
very dark and suspicious. Thereupon lie
produced Olcunings in Bce-Cidture for
Oct. 1. Turning to page 7-iS, he with great
gravity read the report from St. Louis, from
W. B. Westcott & Co., dwelling with much
emphasis on the sentence, "Extracted
TOimttfiictucetJ stock, 4 to 5 cents." your
humble servant asked to be shown where
on the pages of Olcanings such a sentence
occurred. The President handed him a
copy, and there was no getting around it.
Qleanings in Bee-Culture, tliat has been so
active in months past in contradicting slan-
derous reports of the newspapers, and in-
sisting that, at the present time, very little
spurious honey was to be found in any of
our markets, has actually been quoting
"manufactured honey at 4 to 5 cents a
pound," as if it were a regular and reput-
able article of merchandise. A good deal
of sport was indulged in at the expense of
the editor of Olcanings; but upon his
promise to investigate, and make ample
apology and correction, he was let off for
the time being, and the proceedings of the
convention went on. It seems there was a
good deal of hurry and rush in many direc-
tions just before John, Ernest, and myself
got away for three days at the Centennial
exhibit. As the market reports are usually
not mucli more thau a chunge of tiiiures
irom the preceding reports, I believe 1
skipped them. Ernest did the same, and
the compositors, perhaps, did not think why
" niaiiulactured stock " should not t)e all
right. 1 at once wrote to W. K. Westcott Jx,
Co. for an explanation, and here is what
they say about it :

Z>ear.Sir.'— Your favor of ttie 6tli Inst, is at hand,
also our postal, Sept. 22. What we nieaut by loanu-
lacturers' stock was (lurk extracted honey that was
too dark f'lr tiihl« use, and that we add to njanufan*
turers of crackers, to tcbacconists and others, such
as nieail men, etc. We did not mean to convey the
Idea that the honey is manufactured oradulterated.

W. B. WESTCOTT & Co.
St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 8, 1888.

It was my impression, as soon as I saw it,
that the report alluded to means the poor
honey usually sold for inanufacttirmy pur-

f loses as above. In view of the damaije,
lowever, that has been done to our indus-
tury, I think it behooves us all to be care-
ful how we express ourselves. Had the
ahov» item read, "Second quality, dark ex-
tracted honey tor nianufaclnring purposes,
4 to 5 cents," all would have been well, and
perhaps no great harm has been done as it
is. The report was made on a postal card,
and the end of the word "manufacturers"
ran off the margin, so it was a very difficult
Blatter for the compositor or proof-reader to

decide just what the word was intended to
be ; but it certainly looks more like " manu-
factured " ttian anything ele. By making
the word terminate with er« instead of ed,
the meaning would be quite different.

Xlie Paris Exposition of 188!».

—Below will be found a circular letter
issued by Hon. Norman J. Colman, United
States Commissioner of Agriculture, and a
supplemental directory note from N. W.
McLain, Apicultural Agent.

Washington, D. C, Oct. 1, 18S8.

The Congress of the United States having
accepted on the part of this Government,
the invitation of the French Republic to
take part in an International Exposition to
be held in Paris in 1889, has directed the
Commissioner of Agriculture, by joint reso-
lution approved May 10 last, to collect and
prepare suitable speciniens of the agricul-
tural productions of the several States and
Territories of the Union for exhibition at
said Exposition.

A special division has been organized in
this Department for this purpose, and a
number of special agents liave been ap-
pointed by me to collect suitable specimens
for exhibition.

Statistics support the assertion that agri-
culture furnishes tour-tifths of our exports,
and it is to tlie interest of all our States and
Territories that the United States should be
creditably represented by this Department
at the great exposition which the French
people liave organized at Paris, and which
will attract countless visitors from all coun-
tries of the world. It is therefore needless
to dwell upon the importance of the agricul-
tural section of the United States exhibit.

In view of these facts, you are cordially
invited to co-operate by every means in
your power in the special work assigned to
the agents appointed by this Department in

this important duty This Department

would be pleased to hear from you, and to
get your views as to the most appropriate
products of your section of country, and
such as would be most desirable for the
purpose indicated. Very respectfully,
NoHMAN J. Coi.m.\'n,
U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture.

ts~ Please address all communications
relating to bees, methods and devices used
in hee-keeping, bee-forage plants, facts and
statistics concerning bee products and meth-
ods of marketing, and methods of utilizing
honey and wax in the arts and in maiuifac-
turing, to N. W. McLain, Apl. Agt. Div. of
Eiit., Hinsdale, Ills.

We hope that our readers will all feel
interested in the effort being made to give
to our chosen industry the prominence it
deserves among otlier agricultural pursuits.
Let each one determine what he can do to
contribute to the success of this undertak-
ing, and then act promptly.

At tlip I^ennox Fair, lately held in
Ontario, Canada, Mr. Allen Pringle made
an exhibit, and this is what the Napanee
Express says concerning it :

The exhibit of honey by Allen Pringle
was quite an attraction, and was excellent
for this year. It consisted of both granu-
lated and liquid clover, buckweat and bass-
wood honey, and was shown chiefly in a
dozen different styles ot glass holders of
various sizes ; also styles of crates of sec-
tions. These were arranged in tiers one
above the other, in square cone shape, being
"topped off" by a couple of tin cans of
honey. The exhibit was a surprise to many
of tliose who claim to be adepts at bee-
keeping. Mr. Pringle has made this indus-
try a special study, and has advanced won-
derfully Mr. Pringle also exhibited a

honey-extractor and four hives of his own
get up. The latter were tested last and this
year, and Mr. Pringle was delighted with
the results. Tiiey promise to be quite an
aid to bee-keepers.

The awards were as follows in the Honey
Department :

Exhibit and quality of comb honey, Allen
Pringle, Robt. Metzler and L. Hartman.

Exliihit and quality of extracted honey
Allen Pringle, Robt. Metzler and A. Knight.

No Honey from Riieknlieat.—

The Michigan Furmcr prints the following
concerning an experiment made by D. A.
Jones, of Beeton, Ont., in taking 75 colonies
of bees to 20 acres ot buckwheat :

D. A. Jones, of Beeton, complains that
thouiih 75 colonies of bees were moved con-
tiguous to 20 acres of buckwheat, at the
opening of its liloom. the bees did not store
any honey from it, but rather were com-
pelled to lise the stores already In the hives.
The soil on vfhich the crop grew was very
poor, yet tlie buckwheat grew well and
bloomed abuudantly. The beesworkedon
it, but stored no honey. And he wants to
' know what the matter was.

Money in Potatoes, by Mr. Joseph
Greiner. Price, 35 cents. This is a. com-
plete instructor for the potato grower, ex-
plaining his new system in 40 lessons. For
sale at this office.

A Magnificent Present

For every one who will send us a Club
of five ncio subsci'ibers for 1889, befoi-e
next January. All the remaining issues
of this year/ree to new subscribers.

This ATLAS

cnntiiiiis iarfie sfale
Mups uf every coun-
try jiTid civil divisinn
upon the face of the
Globe.

It is beautifully
illuslruted with col-
ored djHururas, thftt
show wejilth, rie^t.
civil coniliiioii of
people, chief pro-
ductions, inanufac-
tures an<l commerce,
relitriouB sects, etc..
and ft superb line of
eiiKnivings of much
histurjcui interest &
value, together with
many new and desi-
rable features which
are expressly gotten
up for this work—
jtninni: which will be
ttniMil a conrise His-
tory of each State.

Price, in best English cloth bindinji (size, closed,
11x14 inches ; op^ed, 22.xl4 inches). 9^4.50.

To anv one sending us direct
to this office FIVE l^EW
Subscribers for one year, with sS^o.OO,
(renewals not to count) we will present
this beautiful Atlas, b}^ mail, postpaid.

We have purchased one of them for our own use,
and regard it as a valuable acquisition to our library.
It is handsomely bound and contains a fund of very
useful know. edge. It contains lOa pages.

THOS. G. NEWMAN A: SON,

923 & 925 W. MaaiBOn-St., - CHICAGO, ILLS-

710

THE SBdEKieSPC BEE JQURKMt,

■--■--"fc.-^

wiES P Replies,

Average Yield Per Colony for a
Term of Years.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 584.— What is an average yield of
honey, per colony, lor eight or ten years ?—
Illinois.

Twenty-five pounds. — Mbs. L. Har-
bison.

From 50 to 85 pounds, according to
the location. — Dadant & Son.

In this locality (Michigan) about 30
pounds of combhonej^ — H.D. Cutting.

In my location (Georgia) it would
be about 40 pounds. — J. P. H. Bkown.

Fifty pounds of comb honey, or 100
pounds of extracted. — Eugene Secor.

The average with me (Louisiana)
has not been over 50 pounds. — P. L.

VlAlLON.

From 35 to 40 pounds in Michigan.
— E. L. Taylor.

That depends upon the locality and
season. — A. B. Mason.

More or less, according to locality.
Fifty pounds would be a big average
in my own vicinity — Massachusetts. —
J. E. Pond.

I guess that 75 pounds of comb
honey, and 100 pounds or more of ex-
tracted. Perhaps that is rather too
high. — A. J. Cook.

An average yield with me (Illinois)
for such length of time has been about
40 pounds. — C. H. Dibbern.

I have kept no statistics, and have
but little idea ; in my location (Indi-
ana) I have got all the way from more
than 100 pounds to nothing. — M.

IdAHIN.

In my location (New York) my
average has been about 75 pounds per
colony of comb honey, for the past 16
years. — G. M. Doolittle.

I do notsuppose that I could tell close
enough even in my own location
(Michigan) to give you anj' better idea
than jou now have. — James Heddon.

All depends ■ upon the bee-keeper,
the kind of bees, the kind of hives,
and other appliances, and upon the
location ; all the way from nothing to
100 pounds per colony. — J. M. Shuck.

I do not value veiy highly my repu-
tation as a guesser, but I would not
risk it on that. The question is a fair
one, and I shall be glad to sec the an-
swers.— C. C. Miller.

If I could forget the past three years
I would say 50 pounds in my locality
(Kentucky), but I hate come to the
point that I never expect to see any
honey any more. — G. W. Dbmaree.

Much depends on location, and the
care taken of the bees. Any estimate
would probably be guess-work. In
average years each colony should pro-
duce at least 75 pounds of extracted,
or 40 pounds of comb honey in my
locality — Illinois. — -J. M. Hambaugh.

A " guess " is all that can be ex-
pected as an answer to the question.
Our guess is about 50 pounds of both
comb and extracted honey as an aver-
age for ten years, if that average is to
include all the bee-keepers of the
countr}". If only the more enlightened
about 100 pounds. The specialists
will average 25 pounds more. — The
Editor.

ReinoTing the Queen to Seeure
more Surplus Honey.

Written for the American Bee Journal

QuerySSS.— 1. Will removing the queen
from a colony three weeks before the honey-
harvest, secure more honey in the sections,
instead of in the brood-nest, as the bees do
after a swarm issues ?— Ohio.

I have had no experience in that
line. — A. B. Mason.

I think so, if I understand the ques-
tion.— A. J. Cook.

I have never practiced this method.
J. M. Hambaugh.

I do not belive it will, I do not un-
derstand the latter part of this ques-
tion.— Eugene Secor.

No ; if I understand the question, to
do so would be disastrous. — R. L.

TAYtOR.

In most of such colonies there would
be less honey in the sections, and
more in the brood-nest. — J. P. H.
Brown.

No. A good queen should be in the
hive at all times. — C. H. Dibbern.

Nothing can be gained by removing
the queen, except that swarming may
be prevented. — M. Mahin.

It will secure more honey in the
brood-nest, and less honey altogether.
— Dadant & Son.

I do not propose to remove any good
queen from any colony, unless I see
better reasons oflered for so doing. —
H. D. Cutting.

My efforts along the line of removal
of the queen to secure a good yield of
comb honey have all been failures. —
G M. Doolittle.

No. If the queen be removed at
the beginning of the harvest, and no
queen is allowed to develop, and the
honey-yield only lasts about ten days,
yes ; otherwise, no. Comb honej' se-
cured by this method is almost certain
to be badly polluted with pollen, and

later on with the lavvas of the wax-
moth. The best work and the cleanest
crop can be secured only by having
the colony complete — a good laying
queen, a few drones, and a host of
willing workers made cheerful by the
perfect organization of their forces. —
J. M. Shuck.

The honey will not be used in rear-
ing brood, and its place will be filled
with honey. I would prefer a laying
queen for this locality — Illinois. — Mrs.
L. Harrison.

I do not think that it will. The
question has been discussed somewhat
in days past, but with the conclusion
that it is unnatural, and therefore
valueless. — J. E. Pond.

I am not sure that I know what you
mean by " as the bees do," but I doubt
if removing the queen increases the
surplus, unless indirectly by prevent-
ing swarming. — C. C. Miller.

You will always notice that when a
colony is queenless, that the bees will
always store honey in all the brood-
combs below, and it is only when they
have a virgin or laying queen that they
remove the honey to make room for
the laying of the queen. — P. L. Vial-
LON.

No, sir, not in this locality (Michi-
gan), and I am so positive that the
idea is impracticable, if not nonsensi-
cal, that I am pleased to go on record
as saying that it will never come into
general use. — James Heddon.

I do not have room here to discuss
this subject. If the queen is removed
as described by you, the bees will
store more honey because they will not
have so much brood to feed. They
will generally till the brood-combs as
the larvre hatch out, after the fashion
of a colony that has cast a swarm, and
you will find that the extra consump-
tion of stores necessary to replace the
loss in way of bees, owing to the re-
moval of the queen, will be greater
than was the gain in honey by reason
of the removal of the queen. Try it
and report. — G. W. Demaree.

We doubt the policy of removing a
good queen at any time from a colony
of bees. Queenlessness is an abnor-
mal condition, and should not be
forced on a colony, except for good
and sufficient reasons. It would prob-
ably result in having less honey in the
sections instead of more, and more in
the brood-nest, where surplus honey
should not be tolerated in these days
of enlightened metliods of storing the
surplus honey in neat sections con-
taining virgin comb. — The Editor.

New Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 18S7 and 1888, for 81 .75. while
there are any sets of 1S87 left.

1

THE; SMERICais: ®E1^ JQJJ^nni^.

Ill

NEW LAWS.

Dcfeciive P«»inls in llie Xew
Constitiilioii and By-Laivs.

Written for the Americaii Bee Journal
BY DR. C. C. MILLER.

At the last meeting; of the Nortli
Auiericau Bce-Keeper.s' Society, some
discussion was liail with reference to
increasing tlie usefulness of the Society,
and especially with reference to mak-
ing it representative in character.
Some members warmly opposed anj'
attempt at change, because impossible
to carrj' out, and then with singular
Inconsistency at a later time, jumped
to the other extreme and assisted in
making sueh a sweeping change as to
revolutionize the whole afl'air.

At the Chicago convention in 1887,
Mr. Thomas G. Newman laid before
the Society a carefullj-'prcpared plan
for carrying out important clianges,
evidencing no little amount of unsel-
fish labor in the preparation. Mr.
Newman is entitled to a hearly vote of
thanks, and the committee appointed
to report upon the matter, namely.
Prof. A. J. Cook, W. Z. Hutchinson
and A. I. Root, deserve a no less hearty
vote of — censure, for their neglect to
consider and report.

Without in the least detracting from
the labors of Mr. Newman. I consider
the action of the Society in adopting
an entircdy new constitution and by-
laws, which, it is pretty s.afe to say,
but few of them had read — I consider
the action at least hasty. It was prob-
ablj' more than was expected by its
framer, for in presenting it at Chicago,
he said, "Your committee can easily
exclude, revise or make new provisions
to suit their own views." Nothing of
this kind was done, and it may be
pertinent to ask whether the Society
were any better prepared to take ac-
tion at Columbus than at Chicago.

However, it is perhaps well that
hasty action was taken, rather than no
action at all, and in the columns of
the bee-papers is a good place to dis-
cuss what changes, if any, should be
made ; in fact it is entircl}- in order to
discuss the whole matter in all its bear-
ings. I feel sure that friend Newman
will not call in question my good in-
tention, even if we should somewhat
ditter in our views. Inde(nl, I am con-
fident that he will welcome the most
rigid scrutiny.

The most prominent change at-
tempted is that of making the Society
representative, and if that intention

can be full}- carried out, the new Con-
stitution w'ill be a blessing, even if it
makes a less ajiproach to perfection
than it now' does. But it must be re-
memljered that llic Society can only
incite, not compel representation, and
on that account it ma}" be better to
discu.ss the matter here than at tlie
sessions of tlie convention. My only
fear is, that those who are not in con-
nection witli the Society, may fail to
give to the subject the' attention it de-
serves. And now, if you phiasc, I will
consider somewhat in detail the new
Constitution and By-Laws, as pub-
lished on page (i'J.).

CritlciaiuK or tbe Constltation.

1. The first article reads, "This or-
ganization shall be known as 'The
International American Bee-Associa-
tion,' and shall include in its territory
all of the United States and Canada."
The very pleasant meeting at Toronto
is too fresh in my memory to make me
feel tliatthc exclusion of Canada would
l>e anything less than a calamity, and
tlie name " International American "
was evidently framed with that in
view, and on tliat account is eminently
proper. The name is, however, some-
what cumbersome. As " Internationi»l
American " means among the nations
of America, and as the nations of
America are all American, would it
not be equally well to simply call the
Society '■American Bee-Association,"
or, still better, "American Bee-
Socifety ?"

2. Section 3 of Art. Ill, requires a
majority vote for the reception of each
member. Is it necessary to take time
for this ? In all the history of the
Society has there ever been a case in
which an applicant would have been
voted out ?

3. Without being very fully informed
on the subject, I doubt the expediency
of Art. VII, which says, " S])ecial
meetings may be called by the Presi-
dent, Secretaiy and Treasurer."

4. The last clause of Art. II of the
By-Laws makes it the duty of the Presi-
dent, " at the expiration of his term of
office, to deliver an address before the
Association." Even with so good a
President as Dr. Mason, I think the
time could be more profitably occupied
in discussion, and if the Doctor should
Ix' impeached for a violation of this
clause, I will try m}' best to defend
him.

5. The fourth by-law requires the
Secretary " to call the names of the
members of the Association at the
opening of each annual meeting."
Except for the time taken, this can do
no harm, but in a society so migratory
in character, it can do little good.
Had tlie roll been called at Columbus,
only twelve would have answered.

6. It is also made the duty of the
Secretary " to give notice of all regu-
lar meetings of the Association in the
bec-]iapcrs, at least four weeks before
the time of such meeting." Would not
"at least three months before" be
better ?

7. According to Art. VIII, a "Honey
Company " is to be formed to sell lionej'.
If no thouglit is given to this before
tlie formation of such " Honey (Com-
pany" at tlie Brantford meeting, will
it not be a failure ? And is not the
whole business of honey-selling some-
tliing so out of the usual line of the
Society that it should have been care-
fully discussed before agreeing to en-
ter upon it at all ?

Another item that might ivell have
received some consideration before its
hasty adoption, is that of " prizes for
honey" in Art. IX, Sec. 2, Suli-Sec. (2)
of the By-Laws ; and still another is
found in Art. XI, relating to giving
diplomas to experts in bee-keeping.
However well this may work in Eng-
land where bee-keeping stands on a
ditt'crent basis, and where distances
arc not so great as in this country, it
may well be questioned whether it is
desirable or practical in the United
States and Canada. Even granting
that the committee of three, wlio are
to examine candidates, may make ar-
rangements so that each one of the
three may act separately, I doubt if
the three members can lie so located
that there shall not be points of ter-
ritory one or two thousand miles dis-
tant from any or all of them.

Dlsrnsttlng lis merits.

It may be asked, what good will
come of "discussing these things now ?
In reply I may say that it looks to me
that when it comes to the matter of
carrying out the provisions of the new
Constitution and By-Laws, discussion
will, almost of necessity, arise, and it
may be the better way to look every-
thing squarely in the face, and instead
of spending "time in the convention,
'liscuss the aflair in the columns per-
mitted for our use. It is true that I
am talking about what I know very
little about, and it is quite possible
that I am far from right about some if
not all the points mentioned, but others
may be just as ignorant as I, and light
will hurt none of us.

As I have already intimated, the
one thing in the new Constitution
making the Society representative, if
successfully carried out, over-balances
all the defects I have mentioned, if
such defects really exist.

Marengo, Ills.

[Editorial comments on the New
Constitution and By-Laws may be seen
on page 708. — Ed.]

712

TMl^ MVmMmi^MM- MMM J©^MffMfif.

^ *-*--*--*-* ^- -*- ^- -■

WINTER FOOD.

Some Observationi on Feeding
and 'Wintering Itee§.

Written for the Farm, Field and Stockman
BY S. E. MILLER.

If the fall finds your bees shoi't of a
winter supply of honey, feed about a
quart of sj'rup or honey every evening
until the}' have sufficient. If j^ou wish
to use syrup, and do not know how to
make it, use this recipe : Take about
four parts of granulated sugar to one
of boiling water, and boil till the sugar
is well dissolved. This will all be used
up before you get anj' surplus the ne.xt
.season, so you need have no fear of
having 3'our honey mixed with sugar
syrup.

If the bees seem backward about
taking the feed, give it to them warm,
and pour a little down among them,
and then make a trail of syrup or
honey to the feeder.

While a great part of the bee-keep-
ers, and perhaps the majority of them,
are in favor of cellar wintering, and
while I have no doubt that it is best
further north, I do not believe that it
will pay to go to the trouble of cellar
wintering in this latitude (Central
Missouri). Still, the bee-keepers liav-
ing the largest apiaries in Montgom-
ery count}', practice ceUar wintering,
and I should not advise thos(! having
suitable cellars to leave their bees out-
side if they believe in wintering bees
in the cellar.

My brother and I have wintered our
bees out-of-doors for the past three
winters with fair success ; our apiary,
however, is well protected on the
northwest, which may have something
to do with it, and I should advise all
who winter their bees out-of-doors to
have some kind of a wind-break to
shelter them from the prevailing
winds.

In case you have to feed, it should
be Commenced as early as you can tell
whether there will be a honey-How or
not from autumn flowers. If neglected
too long, the bees may not 1)0 settled
down for winter when it sets in.

When through with preparing your
bees for winter, you will most likely
have a lot of combs to be taken care
of through the winter'; if containing
honey, they should be kept in a dry
room, where the temperature never
gets much, if any, below freezing.
They should be looked after occasion-
ally, if there is much warm weather,
to see that the motli does not destroy
them. These combs, if containing
honey, will come handy in the spring,
if you find any of your colonies run-
ning short of food.
Montgomery, Mo.

Some Autumnal Ai>i-Xlioiig:lit«.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY GEO. W. yOKK.

The summer now is ended.

The hee its work has dune-
Its hum no more extended
To greet the moruiuK sun.

Its days were full of toiling.
In garnerina the stores,

Lest much of it bespoilJni<
Ou fields, side hills and shores.

The bee hath hastened ever.
That time may not be lost.

To gather up wliat never
Siiould waste at any cost.

And now the winter cometli—
With cold and stormy breeze —

" That tries the souls of men,"
And sometimes those of bees ;

But frugal little workers,
With stores of nectar sweet,

Are never like the shirkers,
Wlio nothing have to eat.

Then quietly they cluster.

Between the condjs so snug-
All ready for spring muster
Is every "honey-bug."
Chicago, Ills., Oct. 23, 188S.

PURE BEES.

Parthenogenesis Discussed-
Rearing Pure Bees.

Written fur the Home and Farm

BY T. E. HANBURG.

This is a subject every apiarist
should understancl. Without an ac-
curate and thorough knowledge of
this theory, the practice of bee-culture
cannot be conducted with the skill and
judgment necessary to successful re-
sults.

This theory as applied to the honey-
bee is, that the eggs of ;i virgin queen
will hatch, but that such eggs will only
protluce drones, and for the eggs of
any queen to produce workers (jr
queens, she must be fecundated once
in life by a drone.

If this drone is impure or is tainted
with black blood, the progeny of such
a queen will not be pure Italian bees,
and hence, the workers will not be
uniformly marked with the three dis-
tinct yellow bands which .always char-
acterize the pure Italians. Some of
these bees, it is true, may have three
bands, but others will have only two,
and some one, hence they will be pure,
mixed bloods or hybrids.

If now a queen should be reared
from the egg of such a queen, and
even though she mates witli a pure
Italian drone, her progeny will not be
pure. This is the reason that so many
commence with Italian bees and after
a while they run backwards into
hybrids, and should a queen be reared
from the egg of this latter queen, the
resultins workers will run still further

backwards until they are black bees.
It will thus be seen that a contamina-
tion, be it ever so slight, will lower the
standard of the pure bees.

A theory has been advanced which
has a large number of adherents, that
an Italian queen will always produce
pure drones, no matter with what kind
of a drone she has mated. I do not ac-
cept this theory, but reject it in part,
with all due respect to the opinions of
many eminent apiarists. They claim
with due force, and that which is true,
that the sperm of the male is so man-
aged in the oviduct of the queen that
she can impregnate the eggs, or not,
as they pass down through the oviduct,
and come in contact with the sperm-
atica which contains the male sperm.
All eggs thus passing without touching
and absorbing some of the male sperm
produce drones only, and that the
eggs, becoming thus Impregnated,
marvelous as it is, produce queens or
workers, according as they are treated
by the bees.

They claim that which is true, that
the queen can and does impregnate
these eggs at will. Of course, eggs
thus passing the oviduct without com-
ing in contact with the spormatica,
produce drones only. This theory I
do not carry further, and believe in
its entirety.

It is a well-known fact that if a
pure leghorn pullet mates but once
with a black .Spanish cock, her chicks
ever afterwards will occasionally show
a l)lack feather : and lay like reasoning
and by observation which comes by a
long practical experience, I believe it
is so with bees.

If those who fully liold to this theory
think that the mating of an Italian
queen with a lilack drone, has no ef-
fect on her progeny, they must be
somewhat in error, for certainly by
absorption the queen's blood becomes
somewhat contaminated, as the eft'ect
of such mating. She may be able to
produce pure or nearly pure drones,
lint the contamination is in her blood
all the saihe, which will show to some
extent in her workers, and of course,
if an eg^ from such a queen, which
would have produced a worker be so
treated that it produces a queen, such
a queen will not be a pure Italian, but
will be hybrid, and her drones, of
course, will partake of this qualit}-.

It is generally conceded that it is
rare that an Italian quci'U .will dupli-
cate herself in her daughters. The
old q\ieen may produce workers, every
one of which will show the tliree dis-
tinct bands, but her daughters, as a
rule, will produce bees that vary in
this respect. This may be owing to
tlie daughter's mating with a half-
blood drone, or it may be owing to
the mother or grandmother, etc., hav-

1

THE ^MKRICKN: WBW JOURNffl^.

713

ing been impure. This rule holds good
with fowls, as has been stated.

With tlie manials it may be claimed
by some that impurity is caused by
carrjMng the young in the uterus, and
thus the blood of the mother becomes
contaminated with the blood of the
sire ; but with the fowl such cannot he
the case, and the impurity, as with a
queen-bee, must be caused by absorp-
tion of the male sperm. This, of course,
is reasoning by analogy, but the pre-
sumption is that such reasoning is coi--
rect. I therefore leave it for the
readers to decide, if a pure Italian
queen mates with a black drone, will
her drones after such mating be pure ?

I have known queens whose progeny
would be uniformly marked with the
three bands. These bees would be
quiet, easily handled, little given to
stinging, good niu'ses, e.xcellent honej-
gatherers, would cling quietly to their
combs while being manipulated, and
in every respect were model bees.

I have known a second queen reared
from this first queen, aiid although slie
undoubtedly' mated with a pure Italian
drone, her bees would be luievenly
marked, given to stinging, and when
the hive was opened, would be rest-
less, crawling here and there in the
utmost confusion. It might be said
that there was a mistake here, and
that this queen mated with a black
drone, but I do not think this falling
off is always to be accounted for in
this way. The queen away in the long
ago was contaminated, and tliis con-
tamination shows out occasionally. Of
course, when a pure queen mates with
a black drone, the resulting bees are
hybrids, and the}- may also be con-
taminated in the above manner.

It will thus be seen that every bee-
keeper who wishes to have pure Italian
bees must be vigilant and careful.
When he has a queen that produces
pure bees, and he rears queens from
her, he should .see to it that, when she
flies out on her wedding tour, no
drones are allowed to II3' whose
mothers ai-e not pure, and whose
progeny in every instance shows the
marking of pure Italian bees.

It appears from this that those who
rear (pieens should pay careful atten-
tion to havino; pure drones ; and l)y
seeing rigidh'to it that none but pure
drones are allowed to mate with these
queens, he can build up impure queens
into a state of purity little inferior to
tho.se which come from sunny Italy.

I do not tolerate impure queens or
drones in mj' apiary, and he who loves
bee-cnlture, must breed upwards and
not downwai'ds. If this course is pur-
sued, he will be amply repaid in many
ways. It is also good to occasionally
purchase a queen from a distant

breeder with which to cross the blood,

and to stop in-breeding.

Carefully note the progeny of every
queen, and tolerate those onlj' which
are pure, and which .show in every bee
the three distinct yellow bands. Keep
your bees pure, and you will not only
be rewarded with large crops of honej-,
but you will derive a greater pleasure
from a calling which is not only hon-
orable and lucrative, but elevating and
ennobling.

WINTERING BEES.

Bc!«t Ag:c for Bee§ to Go into
Winter <luarter§.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY J. E. POND.

As is well known, I always winter
my bees on the summer stands, and
for j'ears I have met with practically
no loss. This I conclude depends more
upon prepartion than any other cause,
and after repeated experiments I have
come to the conclusion that extra-late
breeding makes no real difference in
results.

For years I had the idea that late-
bred bees must winter better than
those that were older, but the theory,
plausible though it be, is not borue out
by the facts : that is to say, I get no
better results in wintering from caus-
ing the late-breeding, than I do from
allowing strong colonies to manage
the matter as they please.

Of course there are exceptional
cases. If a colony is weak in late
summer, from any cause, such as a
poor queen, or the queen being crowd-
ed out by an extra honey-yield, as may
happen at times where the gi-eatest
care is used, then I may be obliged to
strengthen up ni}- colonies for winter,
Ijy forcing the queen to the latest pos-
sible point of time; but. under ordi-
naiw conditions, I tind that bees bred
as ordinarily done, with no special at-
tempt to force the matter, go through
the winter fully as well, and come out
in the spring fully as strong, as with
forced breeding ; and such being the
case, I am of the further opinion that
too much interference in that direc-
tion, at the hands of inexperienced
persons, under the instructions as
given at the present time, will prove
hazardous, and do more harm than
good.

I do not think that in the hands of
experienced men, late breeding will
do any harm, but I fear that tho.se
who attempt the matter without kni.w-^
ing just how it should be done, will
fail in the work.

Late breeding artificially, is rather
against the natural law, and any va- '

riation from that law, must be made
on certain lines, else faihu'e must or-
dinarily result ; for this reason, I ad-
vise those only who have large experi-
ence, to attempt the matter on a large
scale. Those who have no large ex-
perience, should go slow, and gain
that experience b)- working on a col-
ony or two only, until they fullj' un-
derstand the matter.
North Attleboro, Mass.

FALL WORK.

Some Hint»i al>ont Xeeessary
Seasonable Work.

Written for tlic Prairie Farmer

BV MRS. L. HAKRISON.

Whatever work has to be done with
bees should be done before they enter
the quiescent state. The}' should have
stores enough to last till flowers bloom,
as spring is a poor time to disturb them.
Feeding during early spring excites
them to an unusual activity, and they
fly out, get chilled, and never return.
Many a colony, that swarms out in
early spring, might be traced to some
disturbing cause. I had a nucleus
pass a verj' mild winter on its summer
stand. I was so pleased about it, that
I began to coddle it, and put frames
of honey back of the division-board.
It soon began to carry the honey into
the brood-nest, became very lively,
and in a few days swarmed out, and
was destroyed while trying to enter a
hive containing a large colony.

" Of all sad words of tongue or pen,
the saddest are these, ' It might have
been !' " Had I let them alone, thej'
might have built up into a good-sized
colony by the tiiue flowers bloomed.
Bee-keepers have arrived at the con-
clusion that the best time to do spring
work in the apiary, is to do it in the
fall ; or rather, anticipate and do all
that is necessary, and not disturb them
in the least until warm weather has
come to sta}'.

Frost Not Ifet Injurloas.

There have been .several frosts, the
fir.st occurring in this locality Sept. 27,
but not suflicient to. injure grapes or
kill tonuito-vines in our garden up to
date, Oct. 2. The golden-rods and
asters appear to be but little injured,
and, as the days are quite warm, may
continue to yield a little honey.

Death of the Drones.

Bees conclude that the season is
over, and that thej- cannot aflbrd such
luxuries as gentlemen of leisure
Father Langstroth kindly gave him a
dav in court, and ably defended him
a»'-;iinst his accusers, but his eloquence

714:

'rmm MBSERicsK mmm jQJsmMM-Lr.

>><>««»>«

was all wasted, for he is persecuted as
liadly now as ever. It is pitiable to see
him walk the plank, with a policeman
each side of him as he sings the death-
watch.

But the law of the hive is "the
greatest good to the greatest number,"
and must be obeyed by the highest as
well as the lowest, queens, drones and
workers. He fares no worse than the
rest ; as soon as the queen becomes in-
firm or is injured, unfitting her to per-
form her allotted duties, she is carried
out and another reared to fill her
place. So also it is with the workers.

It is no use for the drone to plead
that he is not to blame for idleness,
that he has no bag to carry honey in,
for he is told, all the same, that his
room is better than his company. He
submits with more grace to his fate
than do some of the human family,
who are now suii'ering under severe
quarantine regulations, to prevent
" the pistilence that walketh by noon-
day," spreading itself all over this fair
land. " The greatest good to the
greatest number," is a vei-y good rule
to observe, whether in communities of
bees or of men.

Removing Surplus Honey.

The sooner surplus honey is taken
from the hives the better, for Italian
bees are always looking out for No. 1,
and will fill up the brood-nest as fast
as it is empty. I have been surprised
many times to see the difference be-
tween black bees and Italians in this
respect. After removing boxes filled
with surplus honey from the black col-
onies, I would find that the body of
the hive was nearly emptj-, while the
Italians were full — more provident, it
seems.

I removed a case of sections latch'
in this way : I removed the cover and
sheets, and blew smoke down through
them, driving the bees below, when it
was removed, and carried into the
honey-house. A few remained, which
gathered in a cluster upon the win-
dow, and when it was darkened and
the door open, flew out. When Dr.
Miller removes his cases of sections,
he piles one upon the other, until they
are five or six high, and places a little
tent, made something like an Indian
wigwam or tepee, on top. This can
be made of mosquito-netting, with
rubber elastic in the bottom, to fit
nicelj' around a case, with a hole in
the top. Smoke does not issue out of
this hole, but bees do. It needs some
sort of a frame-work, either of wire or
of wood, to liold it up.

Where there is only a small amount
of hone}- secured in close boxes, or

them. It should be covered closely,
so as to be dark inside, and have a
little hole by which the bees can es-
cape ; they will see the light and come
out, while robbers will not find it.
Sometimes it is well to pr_y up the
cases or boxes one day and leave them
until the next. If the night following
is cool, the bees will all cluster below,
and they can be removed early in the
morning, when there are no bees in
them.

Peoria, Ills.

Further, as to the usual combat
when two or more young queens
hatch, only the one first recognized by
the bees goes on the " war path," as I
call it. The rest avoid her, and each
other, until they happen to meet, or
else are expelled b}' the bees, or go
out with the second swarm, as it some-
times happen with even 3 or 4 young
queens. Then in that case the bees
" ball " all but the first one, after being
hived.

New Richmond, Mich.

BEE-LANG-UAGE.

What the Bees have Taught lis
— They do Hear.

Written for the Amerirnn Bee Journal
BY J. O. SHEARMAN.

QUEEN-REARING.

Etfect of the Swarming Impulse
on Queen-Rearing.

Bead at the Wahaah Co., Ind., Convention
BY J. J. MARTIN.

those made liy nailing sections together

a barrel is a good receptacle to put I qf it. But what is the use

them in while the bees are leaving ' know it.

On page 599, Dr. Miller states that
the young queen utters a " shrill crj',
pe-e-p, peep, peep," replied to by the
young queens in their cells, " quahk,
quahk." Now is it possible that as
fully developed a bee-master as Dr.
Miller, does not know that the queens
make the noise with their wings ?
Such is the case, however. I have
seen them do it — a short, quick, vibra-
tory motion ; and the hoarser " note"
of the queen in the cell is caused by its
confined position — though they have
room to make the motion all the same.
It seems to me that this alone should
settle the question, "Do bees hear?"
Wliy do they make any noise else ?
What is hearing anj'way, but a concus-
sion of the waves of sound upon any
sensitive object, whether it be ears or
the soft parts of bees all over tliem. We
all know that bees are very sensitive,
and their sense of sight, smell and
taste are more acute than most other
animals ; and I claim the}- are equally
sensitive to sound. Why, they even
have a bee-language, and I know it,
for I have learned a part of it by prac-
tice— all by notes made by their wings
moving in different ways, and with
difl'erent velocity.

A worker bee can make a noise in
the same way that a queen does, but it
sounds more like "perrt" to her
" peep." Then it is easy to t(>ll just
when a swarm starts, even with my
back to them, at 10 or 12 feet distance
(and often more), and right in a yard
full of bees that make a great deal
more noise than the swarm does when
first starting.

I could give many more instances,
such as the change in the note when a
queen is given to a queenless colony,
even while she is in the cage ; also
their " call," when bees start for the
hive, if they are shaken down in front

■ We all

Every bee-keeper knows the impor-
tance of having a strong and vigorous
queen in order that the colony may be
profitable ; and in order that we may
have good queens, the queen-rearer
studies and makes use of all the means
possible to bring about the desired
result, so that the queen-bee or mother
of the colony, may possess as far as
possible all the good qualities, such as
honey-gathering, gentleness, etc.

It is the general impression with
most bee-keepers that the only good
queens are those reared under the
swarming impulse, which I admit is a
correct view in one respect ; but I am
prepared to say that better queens can
be reared by what is termed the
"artificial process" by some bee-
keepers. Yet it is the natural process
after all, with the assistance of the
queen-breeder, whose knowledge in
this particular line should be of value
in proportion, as it is in any other de-
partment of the apiary.

The swarming impulse can be
brought about without waiting for it
naturally, by removing the queen from
a strong colony and uniting with this
colony young bees from other colonies,
until the hive is overflowing with bees;
then remove all the eggs and unsealed
brood, and give the colony eggs from
a selected or imported queen, and the
colony will build from 15 to 20 queen-
cells. The great adv»utage gained
over natural swarming, is in having
the cells built from the eggs you wish
them.

In twelve days the cells will be
sealed, and can be cut out and placed
in the queen-nursery, or in queenless
nuclei, to hatch, always selecting the
!)est and most nearly perfect cells. If
hatched in the nursery they are in-
troduced to queenless nuclei or colo-
nies, and in five days they fly out to
meet the drone.

THU MMERICSrf BEE JOljmiSRI^.

715

Here is another point of gre:il ad-
vantage— allowing drones to tly oidy
from sek'cti'il colonies, all others being
kept in the hive by the use of perfor-
ated zinc, or Ijy the use of the ordinary
drone-trap, thns mating the qneiMis
with the s(deeted drones, or just those
desired. This, I think, makes a gigan-
tic stride, in nij- estimation.

It is sometimes argued that there is
so much danger of queens mating
with black drones from a neighboring
forest, or from a colony of black bees,
kept by some one in the vicinitj- of
the apiary, but I believe it is onlj- a
rarity where this occurs, when a large
number of drones are present in the
apiary ; for, from close observatii>n, I
am le.ad to believe that the virgin
queen flies but a very short distance
until she meets the drone and returns
to the hive.

After mating, the queen will usually
lay in three days, and if she lays in
worker-comb, we may safely conclude
that she is properlj' fertilized. Now,
to cull again, take only those which
are large and vigorous.

We have queens superior to those
reared by the ordinary colony without
any assistance. To the average bee-
keeper, this is of but little interest, as
the rearing of a small number of
queens would necessitate the disturb-
ing of one or more of their best colo-
nies, during the very best of the
honey-flow. It would prove quite ex-
pensive, if only a half dozen or more
queens are wanted, as the same colo-
nies would gather more honey during
the 25 or 80 days required in hatching
and mating the queens, than would
buy the same number.

North Manchester, Ind.

CONVENTION'S.

The Iiii|>orlanee of Bciii^
Altcndaiiee, etc.

Written for Oleanltigs in Bee-Culture

BY PROF. A. J. COOK.

Since returning from tlie meeting in
Columbus, I am more than ever con-
vinced of the value and importance of
such gatherings. I have always felt
that there could be no mistake in this
matter. The common practice of all
intelligent societies sustains this posi-
tion. We say the farmers, as a class,
have suffered from isolation and the
lack of .such associations, and that the
Grange was a God-send to the farmer,
in that it supplied this long-felt want.
Mr. Heddon and I have often argued
this matter iti cxlenso, both by word of
mouth and bj- letter ; and while I have
very great respect for Mr. Heddon's
ability as a bee-keeper, which is rarely

surpassed, I cannot but believe that in
this matter he is wholly wrong. The
opinion of the world, as expressed in
actions, is with me, and not with him.

There is one serious obstacle in the
way of making our meetings in the
highest degree satisfactory ; that is,
the great size of our country. If our
a.ssociation is to warrant calling it
North American, we must not limit
the meetings to one section of coun-
try, nor have we done so. New York,
Rochester, Toronto, Cleveland, Detroit,
Columbus, Lexington, Cincinnati, In-
dianapolis, and Chicago, are wide
apart. I think it would be well to go
to St. Louis, Louisville. Philadelphia,*
Pittsburg, Richmond, and New Or-
leans.

But it has always appeared to me
that such meetings were more success-
ful where some one appeared in per-
son, invited the a.ssociation, and so be-
came in some sense responsible for the
success of the meeting. Thus it was
that I moved and favored the going to
Brantford next j'car. I feel sure that
Mr. Holtermann will spare no pains
to make the meeting a success. I
should have preferred, had we been
invited, to go to St. Louis or Kansas
City.

Now, if we thus migrate we cannot
expect to have the same persons pres-
ent each, nor representatives from all
sections. It is too expensive. Of
course, if State associations would ap-
point and bear the expenses of dele-
gates, this might be done. But from
my observations in other associations,
I much doubt the success of any such
plan, much as I should like to see it
succeed. Yet for all this I still think
we can make the meetings represen-
tative.

While we may not secure the per-
sonal presence of Smith and Jones at
each meeting, we can secure their
brains, their thought, which, after all,
is what we want. I believe most thor-
oughly that what we need and must
secure is such action by our Secretary,
in preparation for each meeting, as
will call forth in brief, say fifteen min-
utes, carefully prepai'ed " papers," the
best that is known, from the best bee-
keepers of the several States. I say,
•'/jreparerf papers." I mean just that.
Then we get mature views, and con-
cise, well-digested pointers. Our best
men will do better, when time is taken
to carefully prepare themselves.

Thus we shall have a dozen or fif-
teen just such admirable presentations
as Dr. Tinker gave at Columbus.
Then we have a representative nieet-
inf. Wo have some facts of real value
presented from all sections. We have
some topics to hold us in our discus-
sions. Oh ! but it did me good to have
my dear friend Dr. Mill but I must

not call names — say to me at (Colum-
bus, " I believe you are right in this
matter of papers." It is such a com-
fort to see our friends converted. If I
could only get Mr. Heddon out to con-
ventions. 1 should soon have him on
my side as to their importan<;e.

I hope this matter will be fully di.s-
cu.ssed. I desire that our next meet-
ing be a grand success, and thus a
tyi)(! of the many more to follow it. I
believe these meetings maj' be a great
blessing to all, not only to those who
attend, but to those who stay at home.
I have made some suggestions in the
above. Who will speak next ?

Agricultural College, Mich.

Mr. A. I. Root, editor of Gleanings,
remarks as follows on the subject :

Friend Cook, I heartily agree with
all you say ; and altliough 1 myself am
much inclined to l)aekslide a little, es-
pecially if I do not attend the conven-
tions for a wliile, I never get home
without feeling that I am a wiser and
a better man, and with a feeling, too,
that I have been fulfilling better the
purpose for which God placed me here
upon this earth. In other words, I do
believe that the man who stays at
home hurts himself. The great
troubles and trials that beset us through
life are often caused by not being ac-
quainted. The uncharitableness, the
greed, and selfishness, which we see
exhibited are the consequences and
outgrowth of staying at home — yes,
oftentimes of sticking to business. Of
course, there are people who do not
stick to their business enough, or, per-
haps, not in the right way ; but they
are exceptions to the general rule.
Inasmuch as our good friend, the edi-
tor of the American Bee Journal,
gives a caret>dly prepared report of all
the proceedings of the convention, we
have not thought best to take space for
it here ; but I want to speak a little of
the social time we had outside of the
regular meetings

Before our last evening assembly
opened, we were informed that the
Senate Chamber, which we occupied,
must be vacated exactly at 9 o'clock,
for another crowd. Yankee-like, we
inquired what the next crowd were
going to do. The reply was, that a
large company of male jubilee singers
were to practice on some campaign
songs ; and when we suggested that
the bee-men were fond of music, we
received a very cordial invitation to
remain. Well, tlu- singing was the
grandest and the finest, I believe, I
ever heard in all my life. It never
dawned upon my simple understand-
ing before, that the human voice un-
aided is capable of such flights of
melody as we had there. These sing-
ers, of course, and the audience, were.

716

Tmm MIHEMieMlf MMM J©13'RIfMI*.

as a rule, members of one of the great
political parties. Bee-keepers do not
all think alike, nor vote alike, and I
do not know but I should be a little
ashamed of them if the}' did ; but I
was happy to hear those who hold dif-
ferent political views from the senti-
ments of the campaign songs join
heartil}- in the enjo3-ment of it.

Our talents, abilities, and accom-
plishments are in different lines.
Friend Newman is, perhaps, not so
much of a bee-keeper as some of the
rest of us ; but he has a wonderful gift
in the ease and clearness with which
he makes himself understood to ever}'-
body. President Mason had to be
continuall}' telling us to speak louder,
while friend Newman could, without
doubt, make himself heard and under-
stood to a thousand people. He is
perfectly at home and at ease in ad-
dressing an audience, while a great
many, like myself, feel neither at
home, nor exactly at ease, in such a
place. '

On the Centennial grounds is a great
building erected exactly on the plan
of a half-sphere — an immense dome,
so high and broad that one speaker
can easily make himself heard by
12,000 people. Not a stick of timber,
nor a pillar, nor even an iron-rod,
breaks the space enclosed ; and we
soon discovered that the acoustic prop-
erties of the building are wonderful.
A piano and an organ stood there in-
vitingl}' open ; and bj' a little persua-
sion Dr. Miller was induced to sit
down and sing my favorite hymn,
" The Rock that is Higher than I." To
my surprise, and perhajis a little to his
surprise also, he discovered that his
voice would fill tlie room easily ; and
before he got through, several came
forward and joined in the hymn.
Then we had the pieces which we give
in this issue, and on page 75(> of the
last number, and several more joined
in tlie chorus. One friend attracted
our attention by his beautiful voice,
and Dr. Miller asked him if he was a
bce-mnn. He said he was not a bee-
man, Init we found out he was one of
the 150 who surprised and delighted
us at the campaign meeting the night
before ; and as we cliatted with him
we felt that we had found a new
brother — yes, a brother in truth, al-
though those that sang together repre-
sented the politics of at least three of

our great political parties

There are grand enjoyments pro-
vided for us, even in tliis world, in the
way of using our eyes and ears and
other senses intelligently ; and the only
way to use tliem intelligently is to get
acquainted — to know bj' face and to
know by reputation ; and if we stay at
liome there is no way in the world bj'
which we can know about and enjoy

in the right way these things God has,
in his wonderful wisdom and love,
provided for us.

*Prof. Cook seems too have forgot-
ten that the sessions of 1873 were held
at Louisville ; 1874 at Pittsburgh, and
1876 at Philadelphia. In 1885 the In-
ternational Congress, a similar meet-
ing, was held in New Orleans — taking
four out of the six places named, and
leaving but St. Louis and Richmond.

The next meeting at Brantford, we
feel sure will be the greatest success
of tlie present decade. Mr. Holter-
mann intends to leave no stone un-
turned which may be used to advance
its interests. Prof. Cook is quite right
about having some one interested, on
the spot, to manage the matter.

Any meeting not havjng a full pro-
gramme of carefully prepared essaj's,
will be more or less of a failure, as
Prof. Cook says. The foundation is
now laid for making the Society a
grand success, and all our energies
must be devoted to that object from
now until the next meeting at Brant-
ford.

SAFE WINTERING-.

melliods of Preparing Bees for
Safe Winlerina;.

Readat the Wabash Co., lnd„ Convention
BY AAKON SINGBK.

This suljject is a puzzler. After we
read the current literature on tlie sub-
ject of wintering bees, and find all
kinds of ways and devices set forth for
the successful wintering of our colo-
nies, 3'et we are at a loss to come to a
correct conclusion in this matter, as to
which is the best and cheapest way to
winter bees succe.ssfulh'. If each bee-
keeper were asked separately, as to
his ideas of wintering, I doubt very
nincli if any two would agree on all
points. So the' best that I can do, is
to give my ideas on this subject with-
out trying to follow any of our great
leaders.

To winter well, colonies should go
into quarters strong in bees, as there
will be more heat generated when it is
necessary by a strong colony than by
a weak one. All will agree that a cer-
tain amount of animal heat is essential
to the vitality of the colony. The
question then arises, how can we best
pack or prepare our bees so as to re-
tain the greatest possible amount of
heat ?

Many, perhaps, have observed that
colonies having plenty of good stores,
winter well in the old-fashioned box-
hive. The bees generally glue shut all
cracks and crevices near the top with
propolis, this being no doubt done to
keep the heat from passing off so
rapidl}-. The combs are generally
built so as to form a double wall on
the outside of the (duster, and in this
way tlie bees form a natural double-
walled hive for their own protection
against cold. Tliis will lead us to the
conclusion that the colon}' in a mov-
able-frame hive should have more pro-
tection around the hive than a single
wall aSbrds.

AVlnter Protection for Hives.

I use something like this, as an ad-
ditional protection around the outside :
Make four sides of a box separately,
out of rough lumber, about 10 inches
larger each way than the hive, and
about 10 inches higher. These sep-
arate pieces can then be placed around
the hive and nailed at each corner
with two nails. The hive is then en-
closed in a box with 5 inches of space
around the outside.

An entrance must then be left to the
hive through this space, which can be
made by nailing together two boards
about a foot in length, and 8 or 10
inches wide. Put two strips about
one-half an inch thick, between the
boards near the edges before nailing
together, and then you will have a
passage-way through tlie boards one-
half an inch in height by nearly the
width of the boards. Arrange this so
that one end of the opening is .against
the entrance to the hive, and the other
end protruding from the box. This
gives the bees a place of ingress and
egress.

Then all the space between the hive
and box can be filled with sawdust to
the top of the box. After this is done,
cover the box to keep out rain, and
let the bees alone.

These boxes can be taken apart and
piled up when not in use, and they
will last a long time.

A very good outside j)rotection is to
shovel snow all around against the
hive ; but there is an oljjeetion, that
tliis has a tendency to jar the bees and
cause uneasiness.

Accumulation of moisture In Hives.

Tlie accumulation of moisture is one
of the drawbacks in wintering. It is
advisalile tliat some arrangement be
made for it to escape from the cluster,
without allowing much of the heat to
escape with it. A sack made of some
light material, the size of the hive on
top, and filled with clover chaff, or
some like material, makes an excel-
lent covering for the bees in winter.

d

THE MMERICar* BE® JQORNSI*.

717

This absords the moisture arising from
the cluster, and at the same time it
does not let the heat pass off rapidlj-.

Good Stores for Winter.

Another very essential thing is
plenty of good stores of honej'. I
would pay but little attention to pol-
len, for I am not aljle to say that it
does much damage in excess of its
good.

It is a question whether it pays to
take all the honey from bees and give
them a substitute in the form of sugar,
as it is quite an additional amount of
labor to make the exchange properly.

Some bee-keepers prepare their bees
for winter with no labor or expense,
by just letting them stand as they were
at the close of the honey season, with
all the fixtures and everything on the
hives. This is a very cheap way to
prepare bees for winter, but the out^
come in the spring is expensive to
them in losses, besides the remorse of
conscience which should come to all
such, for cruelty to their living
property.

In conclusion I would say, put an
absorbent on the hive ; leave the en-
trance open ; protect the outside of the
hives jn some way ; see that all colo-
nies are strong in bees and natural
stores — and then give them a good
letting alone !

Wabash, Ind., Oct. 20, 1888.

CoiiTention ]>'otic"es.

r?~ The Nebraska state Bee-Keepers' Association
will convene at Liucdlu, Nebr., on Jan. 9, hi ami 1 1,
18M9. J. N. Heatek, 6Vc.

t3?" The Pan-IIandle Bee - Keepers' Association
will hold Us next meeting in the K. of P. Hall on
Main St., between nth & Uth Streets, in Wheeling,
W. Va., on Nov. 21 and 22,1888. All beekeepers are
cordially Invited. W. L. KIN8EV. Sec.

tfT The Marshall County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet at llie Court House in MarsliaPtown.
lowH, on Friday, Nov. 16. IhHM, at 10 a.m. All bee-
keepers are coniially inv.ted tcj meet with us. :tn<l
brinn along anything that tliey may have that will
interest or benellt apiariaLs. J. w. SANdeks, Sec.

O?" 'I'he next rei^u'ar meeting of the Stark Co.
Bee-Keepers' Society will be held in Grange (tail at
Canton, Ohio, on Saturday, Nov. 8. I-«sH. at 10 a.m.
Matters of Importance to bee-culture wi 1 be dis-
cussed. Every uee-keeper is requested to be there.
Mauk Thomson, Sic.

ZW The Alabama State Bee-Keepers' Association
wilt niett at lo a.m. on Wednesday, Nov. !4. issh. at
the office of the Secretary of the State Fair (in the
Fair Building), in Montgomery, Ala. Members are
urged to attend .and all persotis inierestea in bees
and honey are cordially invited.

J. M. Jenkins, Sec.

COIVVEKTIOIV DIRECTORY.

Inl«-nialional Itee-Conveiilion.

— Tlie Paniplilet Report of the Ciiluuibus,
Ohio, Convention is now Iss'jed, and copies
have been .sent to each member, as well as
to the Colleges, Acricultural and Horticul-
tural Societies and periodicals devoted to
tlie industry. Copies can be obtained at
this office, by mail, postpaid, for '2.5 cents.
Tliis pamphlet contains the new bee-songs
and words, as well as a portrait of the
President. Bound up with the history of
the International Society, and a full report
of the Detroit, Indianapolis and Chicago
conventious, for .50 cents, postpaid.

1888 Time and PUtce of Meetino.

Nov. 3.— Stark County, at ' 'anion. Ohio.

Mark 'rhomson. Sec, Canton, O.

Nov. 14.— Alabama Stale, at Montgomery. Ala.

J. M. Jenkins. Wetumpka, Ala.

Nov. 16.— Marshall County, at Marshalltown.lowa.
J. W. Sanders, Sec, LeGrand. Iowa.

Nov. 2I,22.-Pan.Handle. at Wheeling. W. Va.

VI. L. Kinsey, Sec, Blaine, O.

Dec. —.-Michigan State, at Jackson, Mich.

H. D. CutUng. Sec. Clinton, Mich.
1889.
Jan. 9-11. — Nebraska State, at Lincoln, Nebr.

J. N. Heater. Sec. Columbus, Nebr.

tS^ In order to have this table conjplete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Bd.

iVIanimolli Iflis'nonolte.— Mr. B. C.

GriHith, of Griffith, N. C, on Oct. 18, 1888,
says :

I send a part of a plant which please to
name throuuli the Bee JouitNAL. It seems
to be a (jood honey-plant ; my bees have
been on it more or less since the last of
Mav— live months— and if. is still in bloom.
If it is of value, 1 would like to know it.

[It is Reseda grandiflorn, or mammoth
mignonette, a good honey-producer.— Ei>.]

All Aster.— J. O. Dedman, Harrods-
buig, Ky., on Oct. 4, 1888, writes as follows:

Inclosed is a sprisr of wild flower. I
notice that when tlie liower I enclose and
tjolden-rod grow together, the bees hardly
notice the latter. Can you tell me what it
is ? No one here can. It made its appear-
ance very lately.

[It is one of the asters [Aster trades-
canti). all of which are excellent honey-
producers.— £d.]

Tlie Season in I^eln-aska.- A. E.

Maley, of Auburn, Nebr., on Oct. 20, 1888,
writes :

The spring of 1888, in this locality, was
cold ana rainy. The bees only made a liv-
ing until July, when they began to fill up
the hives. Melissa came into bloom in
.July, and the bees soon found it, but they
(lid nut work on it as well as on catnip.
Buckwheat and hearfs-ease yielded well,
and some colonies stoi'ed .50 pounds in the
seclions. Bees are in good condition for
winter, with plenty of sealed stores. There
are no larne apiaries in this part of the
country, but there are some men going into
the business in earnest. I know a man
about 90 miles west of here, who cleared
81,000 last year, from the sale of bees and
honey.

FallEIIoney Oop in Io-»va.— J. W.

Sanders, Le Grand, Iowa, on Oct. 23, 1888,

writes :

I have met with a number of bee-keepers
here, and all repiirt no surplus honey this
season until the latter part of August. Our
bees began to work on the fall bloom about
Aug. 20, at which time they were strong iii
workers, youug bees and biood ; so that if

cold, wet weather had set in, instead of
good bee-weather, we would have had a
general bee-tamiiie, for almost all were
nearly destitute of honey, either in the sur-
plus or brood-departments. It is seldom we
see hives increase in weight as fast as they
did from Aug. '25 to Sept. 3. in fact, the
harvest continued good up to the fii'st week
in October, rrevioiis to this harvest many
had tears that they would have to feed their
bees in order to have stores for winter. All
are now rejoicing that we have plenty of
young bees, winter stores, and some sur-
plus. From what I can learn, I think that
many got from one-fifth to one-third of a
crop, while others have only a good storage
for winter. Our white clover for next sea-
son looks well, and as all conditions at this
time seem to be well for wintering, we hope
for a good season next year.

Haifa Crop of Honey.— L. Haun,
Leavenworth, Kans., on Oct. 11, 1888, says :

We have had scarcely half a crop of sur-
plus honey this year, in this locality,
mainly obtained Irom linden and whits
clover. The smart-weed and other fall
flowers have yielded abundantly for winter
supplies.

Honey-Yield in Uiflerent I.,ocal-
ities.— A. E. Howe, of Okemos, Mich., on

Oct. 23, 1888, writes :

Are localities that yield honey in poor
years better than those that yield nothing ?
Or are the localities that yield nothing just
as apt to yield honey next year ? Bees have
done nothing here for two years, and the
reason I ask the question Is, 1 would like to
move iny bees to where 1 can do the best
with them.

[The questions are unanswerable, be-
cause there is no rule by which to be guided.
A poor locality may yield honey in a gen-
erally unfavorable season, by reason of its
not being affected by the special cause of
disaster in other localities. Almost a barren
hillside (a poor place for bee-pasturage gen-
erally) may yield honey in its usual quan-
tity, even when the valleys, usually depend-
ing on the rich clovers, may yield nothing,
by reason of the sward having been killed
by frost during the previous winter. We
should prefer to risk the places having the
best bee-pasturage in selecting a new loca-
tion, even though they may fail once in a
while.— Ed.]

iVIoving: Colonies to Mevi- Pas-
tiire.— Vet Tucker, Shelby, Ohio, on Oct.
■20, 1888, gives the following novel ex-
perience :

My apiary is situated in the village of
Shelby, where there are 110 colonies of bees.
Thinking this Held might be overstocked,
about Aug. '20 I moved 4 colonies 3 miles
into the country, tn an unoccupied field,
where there was an abundance of buck-
wheat, asters aiul golden-rod. The next
day after moving I visited them, and
found them all riulit and busy. In a week
I visited them a'.'ain, and they were storing
honey in the sections. Two friends were
present at this visit, and I gave the bees two
filled sections from the center of a crate on
one of the colonies, and replaced them with
empty sections. At my next visit this crate
was rilled, and I raised it and put an empty
one under it.

718

•T'ME' mimmmiQMm mmm jQ'^mMmi^.

■■*'^*^^-^

A few days ago I brought them home, and
upon exaiiHiiinn the honey, 1 found that the
above described colony had Hlled the upper
crate witli yellow jjcdden-rod honey, except
the two sections in the place of tlio-se re-
moved. These two and the lower crate
contained only white aster honey. Two
other colonies had gathered from golden-rod
and asters, but it' was somewhat mixed.
Ou opening the fourth hive, I found oidy
dark buckwheat lionny. In this I was not
able,to detect even a trace of golden rod or
aster honey, while in the other three, the
absence of buckwheat was as marked.
With me this was a novel experience. How
is it witli others ?

Bee-Kfcping: iu Dakota.— J. O.

Hagen, Aberdeen, Dakota, on Oct. 14, 1888,
writes :

I purchased 1 colony of bees last spring,
and increased tliem to 3 colonies by divid-
ing. 1 obtained only 13 pounds of comb
honey, but perhaps I would have had more
if 1 had put on the surplus sections before
the harvest was over ; so X cannot tell how
the h(mey season has been this year. 1 be-
lieve that bees will do well liere in Dakota.
To day 1 opened one of the hives to look at
the bees, and half a dozen alighted on my
hand, and left their stingers there. I picked
them off, and now 1 enclose them in this
letter. Please examine them, and tell me
through the American Bee Journal what
kind of bees they are. My wife and I have
been troubled all summer by them. She
could not come nearer the hive than withiu
100 feet, and my neighbors have been
troubled at their wells, when they were
alter water.

[Of course the bees were all mashed up
and dead in the letter envelope. As some
of them have two, and others three bands,
of course they are hybrids— but they are
line, large bees, and look like good workers.
—Ed.]

crop is about one-halt of the usual yield ;
but I got the most of it during August and
September. I kept my bees strong by feed-
ing during the summer. My crop is 3,C00
pounds Irom about SO colonies. My bees
are strong, and have too much honey in the
brood chambers, and being cold nights,
they fairly crowded the brood-frames.

lloiicy from Pepperage. — Miss
Dema Bennett, Bedford, 0., on Oct. 18, 1S88,
writes :

Through some mistake, I am credited
with saying, on page 677, in the "experi-
ence meeting" at Columbus, that, "A few
had reported getting 100 pounds per colony
from pepperage." This amount far exceeds
any report I have received from Ohio this
year, as being gathered from ali sources. I
mentioned that Mr. L. G. Heed, of Kent,
O., th lught that the dark honey iu his
locality was gathered from pepperage, in-
stead of honey-dew, as some ihimght, and I
asked if it was possible that the honey-dew
mentioned in a good many of the reports,
could have been gathered from pepvierage.
It was a mistake, but perhaps it was my
own fault iu not speaking so as to be under-
stood, as there was more or less confusion,
and 1 am not used to speaking in public.

Honey and UeesM'a.x market.

Ciood Vail Mouey-riow.— Green
E. Shirer, Greene, Iowa, on Oct. 32, 1888,
says :

Last year my bees did nothing at all — I
did not get one pound of honey, and no
swarms. During the winter and spring I
lost one-third of them. Bees just made a
good living this season up to Aug. l.i, when
a wonderful honey-flow began, and the
hives filled up ijuite fast. I extracted 000
pounds of very thick and heavy honey, of
line quality. 1 have besides about 60 pounds
of comb honey, and the bees have an abun-
dance for winter. I will begin the winter
with 38 colonies, but 4 of them have drone-
laying queens. My bees are packed with
chaff for winter, on the sunnner stands, ex-
cept one colony that I will put into the cel-
lar. White clover is very promising for
next year, and 1 am hopingfor a good honey
season then.

Wanted — Colorado Climate. —

Mrs. L. Harrison, of Peoria, Ills., propounds
the following question :

Who will supply Prof. Cook with the
climate of Colorado, to sow with the seed
of the Rocky Mountain honey-plant, to fer-
tilize it in order to secure a crop of honey ?

[The Professor may perhaps enter Into a
compact with "the clerk of the weather,"
to transfer Colorado climate to Michigan
next year, or to make some kind of an ex-
change in the matter. It would be useless
for us " ordinary mortals" to attempt such
a scheme, but between " celestial officials"
and "cullege professors," there may appear
some media for such an exchange or trans-
fer. We respectfully refer the question to
Prof. Cook.— Ed.]

Xlie Illinoi!!! State Fair, etc.—

John A. Williamson, Lodge, Ills., on Oct.

15, 1888, writes :

At the State Fair at Olney, I obtained S47
in premiums. The first four on the list,
which I enclose, represents the four blue
ribbons— first prizes. I had the only exhibit
of honey. There was pretty strong compe-
tition on bees, but 1 obtained all the blue
ribbons except one. There is no honey in
that part of the State, there being no clover
or linden there, and the colonies were so
reduced by the timeof the fall run that they
had no bees to gather the enormous crop
that was furnished by heart's-ease, Spanish-
needle, and other fall flowers. My own

Sly Experience ^vitli Itees. — Isaac

llarman, Kobinson, Kans., on Oct. 12, 1888,
sajs :

I obtained 3 colonies of bees last spring,
transferred them, and I now have 4 colonies
in frame hives ; besides, one swarm left, as
I supposed afterwards, by not setting the
queen in tlie hive. They left the next day.
The first swarm stored 38 pounds of honey
in the sections, which sold at 20 cents per
pound. 1 think thatthis country is excel-
lent for bee-keepers, and 1 look forward
with pleasure to the time when I can be the
happy owner of an apiary, no preventing
Providence.

We Want 30,000 subscribers. Out of
the 300,000 bee-keepers in America, certainly
this is not an extravagant desire ! It is
only one out of every fifteen! We confi-
dently ask those who appreciate the Ameri-
can Bee Journal, to show it by sending
us one or more new subscribers. We will
give them full value for their money.

Your Fnll Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

CHK^AOO.

HONEV.— New crop arriving slowly, but demand
is limited. White cluver comu, 17@l»c. iSxiracted,

70 HC.

bke;swax.-22c.
Sep. 12. li. T. PISH & CO., 189 8. Water St,

rHICAGO.

HONEY.-For wliite comb Mb9..iac. Very little
inquil'y for anything outsiiie of l-lbs . and when it
is wante J it is 'at a lower price. Extracted, the beat
grades. 7^c., and some held higher. Otferings are
small and demand slow.

rtBMSWAX.-aao. r. a. burnbtt.

Sep. 12. 161 South vyater St.

MILWAUKBE.

HONEY. -We quote : K"ancy white l-lbs., isia^nc:
2-lbs . l«®l»c. Good dark libs.. I6@l8c.i 2-lbs., 15 to
IBc; fair Mba , '2'h2«ii4c. Extracierl white, in kegs
and Mi-barrelB. H^.fg,yc. ; amber in same, ~\<^xc.^ in I
pails and tin. white, 9''91-(>c ; in barrels and hair-bur- 1
rels. dark. ti@(iUjc. Market steady and supply ample I
for the moderate demand, but present values have
a tendency to restrict general consumption. ,

BE KSW AJC.-22@23c;.
Oct. 25. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

DENVER,

H0NE7.— Colorado, new 1-lb. sections.,. 13@15o.
Extracted, 7c§iHc.

BKKSWAX.-2(l@-'3o.
Sep. 7. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

NEW YORK.

HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lbs.. 15@17c.;
2.1bs., 14®lf!c. Fair while l-lbs,, 14®lbc.; 2-lbs„ 13
to i^c. Kxtracied, white, 7H@sc.

BEBSWAX.-23k'C.
Sep. 17. THURBER. WHYLAND&CO.

NBW YORK,

HONEY.— We quote . Fancy white l-lbs., 17®18c. ;
21b3 , 13®14c. Fair white l-lbs„ 15®16c.; 2-lbs., 12c.
Buckwheat l-lbs.. ino.i2c.; 21b8.. iii@iic. White
extracted. 7V..(58'«c.; buckwheat. sS^aBVsb.; Califor-
nia extracted, white sage, 7^@75:{c, ; amber, 7l<@7!.^.
Demand good and prices firm. New comb honey is
arriving quite freely.

BBKSWaX.— 23(gi-.'3VsC.

HILDKKTH BROS. & SEGBLKBN,
Oct. 10. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near i>uane St.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.-White 1-lb. sections, 11®12V«C.; 2-lbs.,
121^(q.l c; amber. H@loc. Extracted, white. ■^M@6c.;
light amber. .'."^cilSl^c. : amber and candied, 4%(<i5c.
Receipts light and market Arm tor best qualities.

UKKSWAX.— Dull at ia222!4o.
Sep. 22. O. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Froilt St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.- Best white comb. 17@lSc.: dark, 16c.—
Extracted, S{g)iuc. Market bare of all kinds.

UKK3WAX.-21®-.:2c.
Sep. 24. M. H. HUNT. Bell Br&ncb, Mloh.

CINI^INNATI.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4K*'"!. per !b.
Comb honey. 12H@16c. Demand slow, and only for
best qualities.

BE as WAX. —Demand Is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
trood to chf'ice veliow, on arrival.
Oct. 24. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central At.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— Choice 1-lb. sections, l«c. ; dark l-lbs..
14c.; 2-lbs., Inc.; dark, 13c. White extracted in «0-
Ib. cans. He; amber, 7c.: in barrels and kegs, 0®8c.
Demand good, prices steady, and stock fair.

BKK.SWAX.— None in market.
Sep. 27. HAMBLIN & BKARSS. 514 Walnut St.

NRW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote ; Fancy white Mb. sections,
I7W@18c.; 2-lb9,, 14®l,'Sc, Fair l-lbs.. 14i^®151<o.;
2-Il>a., ■ !@12c. Extracted. fancy white clover. 7^®-^J^.
California white in 6o-lb. cans. 8c : light amber ,in
same cans. "il|c.: amber, 7><c. Buckwheat in kegs
and barrels, 5^i.@6, Cuban, in barrets and ^^-DarrelB,
65c. per gallon.
Sep. 26. F.U.STROHMBYER &C0.. 122 Water St.

BO'JTON
HONEY.— We quote : Best white clover I.pounde.
17®18c,l best 2-lbs,, 16" 17. . Extracted, H«9c, The
market is more active, with an upward tendency.
Oct. 25. BLAKK & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.-White l-lbs. I7@isc,; dark, l-l®15c.; Cal-
ifornia white l-lbs., 17c.; dark, l4c. Extracted white
Be; amber. 7c.

BKESWAX.— None in the market.
Oct. 11. CLBMON8,CLOON&CO..Cor4thAWalnat.

ST. LOnlS.

HONEY.— We quote : Extracted in barrels. 5@6c.,
according to quality; in cans. 7®8c. Comb. 12^(^15c.
Prices tirmer on account of scarcity, though the
demand is not great.

BBBSWAX.— 21C. for prime.
Oct. 17. D. G. TUTT & CO., Commercial St.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- Wo quote : Extracted, white. 6 cents;
light amber, 59|c.; amber, 5H@5j^c. Comb, l-lbs.
13®l4c ; 2-Uis,. Iii-'~l3c.,

BEESWAX.— 2lKai22c.
Sep. 24. SCHACHT & LBMCKB, 132-124 Davis St.

itmM mme-micsn: mmm jQ>i3Mwmi^.

723

k^m^AmtA^*

EniTOR.

voiniv.

Not. ], 1888.

No, 45.

A little paper and a little ink

Make thousands, perhaps millions, think.

Xliere are over 200 bee-societies in the
little State of Germany, with a membership
of over 12,000. They evidently believe in
"societies" there. Here in America the
largest society of beekeepers we ever had,
lacked a good many of 200 members. This
is not for a vpant of bee-keepers either, for
we have 300,000 of them in America. But
so many of thera think that they " know it
all," and that there is no need of societies
for them. And as to imparting their knowl-
edge to their less-conSdent or less-informed
brethren— they scoff that idea !

Xlie l>niry ('ommissioner of

New Jersey, Mr. Wm. K. Newton,
whose analysts of samples of honey has
been doubtingly noticed in our columns sev-
eral times, wrote thus to the Bee-Keepers'
Magazine last June :

Tour editorial comment on the article in
the British Bee Journal is correct, as no
comb honey was found adulterated. The
heading to my article is "Strained Honey,"
and all the specimens were of that kind.
The samples labeled on the cans and jars,
" Choice Comb Honey," were merely small
pieces of comb floating in a sea of glucose.

We are glad to learn that the Dairy Com-
missioner of New Jersey has announced
that 710 comb honey was found adulterated
—that the labels which read " Choice Comb
Honey" were a deception, and merely re-
ferred to the small pieces of comb honey
"floating in a sea of glucose !"

It would have been far better if Mr. New-
ton had learned something more about
honey before attempting to enlighten the
world oh that subject. His statement in
the above extract is :

The heading of my article is "Strained
Honey," and all the specimens were of that
kind.

But the probabilities are that none of the
specimens were of that kind, l. e., strained
honey— th&t system of breaking up the
comb and straining the whole through a
cloth having passed out of use long ago !
The only thing strained about the matter
is the implied accusation that nearly all the
liquid honey on the market is adulterated !
That idea is strained ! I It is untrue in
fact, and full of harm to the industry.

This work has been prepared for the use
of students in Agricultural Colleges ; and
for private students ; in fact for any one
who desires to find out something about our
common insects. Especial pains has been
taken to describe the species that are of
interest to farmers, and to indicate methods
of combatting those that are injurious.

A prominent feature of the book is the
use of analytical keys to enable the reader
to find out the name of the family to which
any insect belongs. These have been pre-
pared with great care. Another special
feature of the work is the indication of the
pronunciation of the scientific names.

No pains or expense have been spared in
the preparation of illustrations, or in print-
ing the book. There are many original en-
gravings made especially for the work. The
printing was done by the De Vinne Press
(the firm that prints the Century and the
Saint Nicholas Magazines), and is excellent
throughout.

9Ia.|4>r Sliallard, of New South
Wales, is now offering in the Sydney papers,
a reward of £30 to any one who produces a
sample of adulterated honey, put up by him
and bearing his name. This no doubt is an
olTset for some one who is falsely charging
him with adulteration. Sometime since the
Major exposed some samples of adulterated
honey in Sydney, and the counter charge is
no doubt a retaliation. We glean these facts
from the Australasian Bee Jourv/d for
October, which is just received.

Taking I>essons. — A correspondent
in New York asks the following question :

Is it necessary for a person who intends
to make bee-keeping an exclusive business
to serve an apprenticeship with a practical
apiarist ? If so, what is the best way to do it ?

It would be desirable to take lessons in
bee-keeping before embarking in the busi-
ness. The cheapest way is to hire out to
some good apiarist for one season, and keep
wide awake to take in all you can hold, and
be imbued with the theory and practice.
Then by the aid of books and a good bee-
paper, you ought to succeed. Almost any
one having a large apiary would be glad to
have your help for a season by correspond-
ing with them in advance with some one
near you, would be the cheapest and per-
haps the best arrangement to make.

Sand, instead of bottom-boards, it is
said in a recent work on Polish bee-keep-
ing, is recommended and used in that coun-
try for bee-hives. It says :

The stands are prepared by raising the
earth at each hive 2 or 3 inches above the
surrounding level ; an inch of clean, dry
sand is then placed on top of each elevation
and beaten dovni smooth and firm. Round
the outside edges of the mounds some dry
chips or moss is placed, and this again
covered with erfrth well stamped to prevent
insects burrowing under the hive.

An Introduction to Entomology

by John Henry Comstock, professor of en-
tomology and general invertebrate zoology
in Cornell University, Ithaca, N. T. This
is the title of a new book. Price $2.00.
Part I of which is on our desk. Prof. Cora-
stock was formerly United States Entomolo-
gist. He has spent several years in the
production of this excellent work. The
part published now includes the grammar
of the science, and about half of the sys-
tematic part.

Tlie Ciolden-Rod bids fair now to
become the National flower of America. It
is our choice, and we believe it to be the
choice of the bee-keepers of America. The
New York Obsei^ver thus champions its
cause :

It is surely high time that the selection of
a National flower were made. England has
her rose, Sotland her thistle, Ireland her
shamrock, France her lily, and why not
America have her floral representative also?
There is surely no lack ot flowers native to
the soil from which a choice may be made.

This question has already been discussed
to some extent in the horticultural journals,
and several nominations have been an-
nounced. One journal has come out in
favor of the pansy ; another has put the '
trailing arbutus at the head of its ticket,
others have declared for the golden-rod and
the aster. It is probable that a choice will
eventually fall upon some one of these four
candidates.

We have decided, after long and careful
deliberation, to champion the cause of the
rolden-rod. It is sturdy ; it is independent;
it is free. It is not a sectional flower. It
knows no east, no west, no north, no south.
It is at home everywhere ; as happy and
radiant when it lifts itself above the sod of
a southern plain as when it nods in the
breezes of a northern valley.

Neither is it particular in such matters as
soil and surroundings. It can accommodate
itself to almost any circumstances, and be
just as sweet and beautiful in one place as
another. In the pasture, in the meadow,
on the hill side, by the stream, it is eyery-
vs-here the same noble and glorious flower ;
unpretentious and simple in Its attire ; yet
rich and strong in its beauty ; modest and
unobtrusive in its habits, yet not too shy and
retiring. These are not all the reasons for
our believing the golden-rod is entitled to
the honor of being chosen as the National
flower of America; time and space would
fail us to recount all the virtues and pecu-
liar qualifications of our candidate. Such
as we have given we leave to the considera-
tion of our candid, and, we hope, unpreju-
diced readers.

We Regret to notice that the mis-
leading table of the Dairy Commissioner of
New Jersey is approvingly copied into three
bee-papers— one of them in Australia. Such
is exceedingly reprehensible.

724

'■■'—■■—■'—■ ■^■'

THl© MB^ERICMIf ®1E® J©13!RlfffiI,.

^*-^ * -^ * *

»*^>^f ^^^-^^Aj

Experiments. — It is understood that
Prof. Cook intends to " hatch out "an ex-
tensive system of experiments at the Michi-
gan Agricultural College. The money ap-
propriated by Congress in the Hatch bill is
to be divided among the different States,
and some of the Michigan portion will be
expended under the personal supervision of
Prof. Cook in making experiments. Con-
cerning vphat he proposes to do, the Cana-
dian Honey Producer remarks as follows :

Prof. Cook stated that in 1878 they started
to teach bee-keeping at the Acricultural
College, Michigan. For sometime very
little was done to assist bee-keepers. He
urged the claims of bee-keepers, and while
those in authority agreed that it was an im-
portant matter, the time had passed by
without the College being in a position to
do anything. His duties were too numer-
ous to enable him to do much. Every year
he had gone before the board to fight the
matter, but he had been unable to secure
any one but an inexperienced hand. A year
ago, however, they had decided to build a
larger place for bees, and enlarge the de-
• partment. They had now a good building,
and everything in apple-pie order. A few
experiments had been conducted. They
had tried pollen and not pollen for winter.

Each State was given $1.5,000 for experi-
ments, and he had secured a part of this
grant for experiments in bee-keeping. So
far as he knew there was no other Agricul-
tural Colleges working in this direction, and
only one or two States. There were great
problems which wanted working out, and
he was about to give the plan of work he
proposed following, and he desired the
friendly criticism of bee-keepers.

He was crossing Syrian and Carniolan
bees ; the latter were gentle, good comb-
honey builders, the former energetic and
prolific, and he was receiving encourage-
ment, and thought something could be done
which would give good results. In cross-
ing, the objections which found ground
with cattle and the like could not be ad-
vanced in bees ; cattle had strains followed
up for generations in the way of milk or
beef production, two distinct objects—
whilst the objects with bees were less
distinct.

With the strain of bees spoken of, he had
been experimenting for five years.

He wanted to get a man to work who
could spend hour after hour, down close to
a hive of bees, closely observing them.
That was aim Number 1. Caii I get a bet-
ter bee ?

He believed next that something could be
done in the direction of special planting for
bees. There might be nothing in it, but he
thought there was. They had a large area
in Chapman honey plants and melissa. He
was also trying Rocky Mountain bee-plant
and pleurisy-root. There might be nothing
in it, but it would be better for the country
for him to try it, than for bee-keepers to
try a little and each fail.

Mexico is so completely an unknown
land to most people, that it is well to have
a little insight into its history. " Our
Neighboring Republic and its Presidents,"
in Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly for
December, fully illustrated, gives a con-
nected view and portraits of all who have
been at the head of the Mexican Republic
from the days of Hidalgo.

-Homey at Je-wlsli Feasts.— Mr.
Alfred Neighbour,of London, in the British
Bee Journal for Sept. 13, 1888, gives these
items of interest on this .subject :

I have often noticed at this season of the
year that there has been rather an unusual
demand for honey in the combs, the custo-
mers for the most part bearing evidence of
belonging to the Jewish persuasion. This
year there has been no diminution in this
respect, and our supplies (being rather
limited, owing to the unfavorable weather)
have been largely drawn upon— which has
led me to make inquiries into the cause of
this consumption of honey by the Jewish
people, and 1 find that it is on the occasion
of the first day of their new year.

This occurred on Thursday, Sept. 6, being
the first of the month—" Tlshrl, 5649 "—and
as it is a festival day, also the harvest sea-
son when most kinds ot produce have been
gathered, the new fruit, etc., are partaken
of at mealtimes, because the opportunity
admits of the additknuil blessing being
said before eating the new ripe fruit. New
Twncy with new apples makes an excellent
bon bouehe, and is greatly appreciated on
the occasion.

Jly informant tells me that observant
Jews, whenever partaking of food, always
repeat a certain short blessing of thankful-
ness, and an additional one when the fruit
or produce is the first of the season.
Moreover, their festivals are days of glad-
ness as well as of prayer ; and in what bet-
ter way can people display their pleasure
and gratitude than by the sober enjoyment
of the good things in season, more es-
pecially by a community who are the de-
scendants of the inhabitants of "a land
flowing with milk and lioney ?"

Bee-Keepins; is taught in schools in
Russia. Tlic Schoolmaster, an English
paper, gives the following under the head-
ing of " A Hint from Russia :"

A new departure in girls' schools is being
tried in Russia, countenanced and aided by
the State. A lady has opened in a village
near Kief a school where girls of the lower
classes will be instructed in such branches
of petite culture as women can profitably
attend to, from market-gardening to bee-
keeping. The school is to yearly grant an
aid of 1,.500 roubles. " Rural School Boards
in England," says the St. James' Gazette,
" might perhaps take the idea into serious
consideration. The wives and mothers of a
future generation of British husbandmen
would probably find a practical knowledge
of dairy-farming and poultry-keeping even
more useful than the arts and sciences they
are now encouraged, if not required, to
study."

To the latter the British Bee Journal
appropriately adds : "To this. we would
add bee-keeping."

Another IVorel Bee-Suit has been
tried in Germany, as we notice by an ac-
count of it in Dcr Bien^ii-Vatcr aus Boh-
mcn (The Bee-Keeperof Bohemia.) It says:

A widow (Theresa Schottel) who kept
bees in Mutzig, Alsace-Lorraine, was hauled
before the court, by three of her neighbors,
to answer charges brought against her bees.
The three neighbors claimed that the bees
collected on the udder of their cows and
goats, that they drew out the milk, that the
cows and goats, kicking at the bees, caused
the bees to sting the udders, and that the
udders became so swollen and painful that
the milk could not be drawn. The case was
decided in favor of the widow, and the com-
plainants were obliged to pay costs. The
Judge declared the charges unfounded.

Benton Qneens.— We have the fol-
lowing letter from Australia, asking for its
publication. We think Mr. Frank Benton
has gone from Munich, and this may ac-
count for his non-attention to Major Shal-
lard's letters. We publish it, hoping it will
meet Mr. Benton's eye, and be thereby the
means of straightening the matter out. We
feel sure that there m.ust be some reason
for the delay of two years, and await de-
velopments. Here is the letter of Major
Shallard :

Glenbrook, New South Wales,Aug.31,1888.

In May, 1886, I sent Mr. Frank Benton, of
Munich, Germany, £7 for six queens. He
acknowledged receipt of the money, and
sent one queen (which arrived dead) in the
early part of the following August. Since
then 1 have written him four letters, but
can get no reply.

Mr. Benton has had my money now for
two years, and I should like to see the
queens. 1 write this in the hope that its
publication will compel him to attend to the
matter, as he has evidently decided to ignore
my letters on the subject.

Major Shallabd.

Bees l^o\r in Fasliion. — Among the

"edicts of fashion" just announced, are
some very extraordinary and elaborate
" fancies." A " fashion " paper says :

The ladies of Turin presented to the
bride, Princess Bonaparte, a regular out-
and-out "palanquin," or sedan chair of
fabulous value, an exact copy of Louis XV
style— panels painted by renowned artists,
handles of solid gold, and pockets contain-
ing a prayer book bound in red velvet edged
with gold, a bonbouniere in gold with en-
ameled miniature, lace fan mounted in gold
set with pearls, and perfumery case in gold
and brilliants.

This same "faire ladye" designed the
" embroidere of her bridale mantel," which
was a mixture of bees and eagles in precious
stones.

The latter reminds us of the broach pre-
sented to the Princess Beatrice, by the api-
arists of England, consisting of a bee formed
in precious stones — elaborate, suggestive
and beautiful.

Money in Potatoes, by Mr. Joseph
Greiner. Price, 35 cents. This is a com-
plete instructor for the potato grower, ex-
plaining his new system in 40 lessons. For
sale at this office.

A 'Wealtli of Illustrations of the

highest quality adorns the pages of the
American Agriculturist for November,
making it one of the finest and most useful
issues of this sterling magazine ever pub-
lished. The leading article describes the
Lakeside farm and herd of Holstein-
Friesian cattle and thorough-bred Clydes-
dale, Hambletonian and French coach
horses. The numerous illustrations of
famous cattle and horses are reproduced
direct from life, without the intervention of
mechanical engraving, thus making the
pictures so natural and true to life as to
really make a new departure in live stock
Illustration.

itmm MMSRiciEif BEC1& j&\3imnmi^.

725

^■^■^^■*>»^«a>**i»j»*^*^'

l<ee>Keeping: in Qu«-fiiMlan<I,

Australia, is thus described l)y Mr, D. R.
McConiiel.ot Brisbane, in the Australasian
Bee Journal :

I may safely say that, whatever was the
condition of bee-lieepinz in (Jneensland
four years ago, it is on the hi«h roail to "the
most scientific Americau method " now.
" Modern " bee-keepiua is practiced by
more than one can count on one's fingers,
and yet there are not many bee-keeners in
Queensland. We formed a Bee-Keepers'
Association last Aiinust, 1886, at the annual
Aericultural Exhibition in Brisbane, which
numbers overoO members. We liave month-
ly meetings, to which some of us travel
over 60 miles, when papers are read, new
and old methods discussed, and much busi-
ness arranged. We have induced the Na-
tional Association to multiply by four their
entries for exhibits under Honey, Bees and
Bee-Keeping materials ; and we appoint one
of the judges for the show. Our improve-
ments, to be fallen in hand at once, are the
commencement of a museum and a library.
We intend also to ask the Government to
make arrangements for sending bees by
post, which is now impossible. So you see
we have not "died ere scarcely born."

It has been remarkable that while you
were complaining of the drouth, we had our
season almost spoilt by wet. We had had a
drouth before that for four or five years ;
and the rain will have done good for the
next season. I am not sure how much of
our crop, mostly from eucalypti, depends
on the rainfall. Clover, of course, fails
certainly wiihout rain ; but these gum trees
of ours do not seem to mind how dry the
ground is. Indeed, some varieties never
bloomed at all last year, apparently because
the rain came when their flowers should
have opened.

Now that we can organize our work and
obser\ation throuiih the Queensland Bee-
Keepers' Association, we nope to be able
by and by to present a complete report of
the different times of flowering, and the
value of our honey trees.

Robl>iBig.— Many inquire as to how to
know when bees are robbing, and how to
prevent it. The Rural Canadian says it
knows it in this way :

When robbing is going on in the yard I
generally know it without going into the
apiary. An occasional stray bee will come
into the office where I am writing. The
hive attacked is closed with a wire screen,
to give ample ventilation. If but few bees
have got at it, I manage to kill them with a
piece of tliiu, wide board.

After the bees once become engaged in
robbing, they are of no use in the apiary,
as they will continue to steal during the
rest of their lives, and the sooner they are
disposed of the better. If much robbing Is
goi[ig on in the apiary, the thieving colo-
nies sh(mld be found and removed to a new
location, at least a mile away. By sprink-
ling Hour on the robber bees as they leave
the hive being robbed, they can be easily
traced to the stand where they belong. I
have often broken up a colony which were
robljing by blowing tobacco smoke in their
hive. When this is done, care nnist be
taken tliat the other colonies do not turn to
and rob the one that has been doing the
robbing.

The American AptcuHurist remarks as
follows as to the danger and the remedy :

Care should be taken in season to prevent
robbing in the apiary. The most danger is
during the first few days after the lioney-
flow ceases. The bees at once commence
to look around for the weak colonies, or any
exposed sweets. Keep all honey out of

reach and smell of the bees. Should the
bees get into the beehouse, the best plan is
to fasten them in. Let out just before it is
too dark for them to find the hive. This
will do more towards breaking up robbing
than any other plan I know of. A few bees
will return in the morning, but they will
soou become discouraged and give it up.

Uiickwlieat Honey.— On page 563
Mr. S. J. Youngman asks these questions :
"1 have observed that the buckwheat bloom
yields no nectar in the afternoon in this
vicinity. Is tliis a characteristic of the
plant throughont the United States ? Are
some varieties better than others to yield
honey ?"

Several have replied already, stating that
they never have seen bees working on buck-
wheat later in the day than noon. Mr. H.
M. Seely, on page 629, says : " When we
have a hot, damp and cloudy day, it yields
nectar all day ; all other times only in the
morning. It lias not yielded very much this
season."

Now the editor of the Canadian Honey
Producer gives a plausible reason for its
non-yielding of honey, in these words :

Honey is secured from buclfwheat gen-
erally until about 10 or U o'clock. The rea-
son is that it requires moisture and secures
it from the dew. If there is no dew, there
will be but little honey in the buckwiieat.
Again, if we have a cloudy day and light
showers, there will be buckwheat honey in
the blossoms all day. Such a day we had
lately, and one colony gained 10 pounds
that day.

Honey at Fairs. — Concerning the
awards made by judges at Fairs, Mrs. L.
Harrison makes these comments in the
Prairie Farmer :

State, district and county fairs are great
educators of the people, and whether it pays
financially or otherwise, bee-keepers should
make an. exhibit of honey, wax and bees. 1
am sorry to say it, but I could not make a
creditable exhibit this fall— no, not even
buy it, in Peoria. Some exhibitors make a
great mistake in exhibiting only white
honey. Fair exhibits should embrace all
the honeys of the locality.from apple bloom
to fall flowers, whether it is white, yellow
or brown, both in comb and extracted, and
in marketable shape.

Committees at Fairs many times have a
mistaken idea of what constitutes excel-
lence in honey, wax and supplies. It is not
possible for them to be posted on all com-
modities upon winch they must pass judg-
ment. At one of the Illinois State Fairs
held at Peoria, a large glass vessel, filled
with comb honey, which took the bees two
seasons to fill, and was consequently much
travel-stained by the bees, was awarded the
"blue," while rich, white honey, in good
marketable shape, was unnoticed. This
dripping, daubing mess was a curiosity, and
consequently was awarded the " blue."

The second premium on honey at the
same Fair was given to a confectioner's jar
of " strained " honey. The second award
was to be given to extracted. The lady who
exhibited it, said : " It was nice honey
when 1 strained it, and I do not know what
makes it so cloudy." Tliere was on exhi-
bition at the same time a gross of nice,white
extracted in Moth's honey-jars, tin-foiled
and labeled. Honey-dealers ordisinterested
bee-keepers should be excellent persons to
have on an awarding committee ot honey.

Candied Cunib Honey.— The ques-
tion is often asked, " What can I do with
honey candied in the comb ?" Mr. Will M.
Kellogg, in the Bee-Keepers' Magazine,
describes his plan thus :

I had about 20 cases of 6 inch extracting
combs that 1 had to leave for some time for
laok of time and storage room, and when I
came to extract it, I found it candied solid.
It was fine, clean white comb, filled with
clover honey, and I hated to lose it. I cut
tlie combs out of the frames, laid one at a
time on a clean, smooth board, and cut it up
fine with a chopping knife, then placed it in
a large tin can over a slow fire, and care-
fully melted comb, honey and all.

When it was thoroughly melted I set the
can to one side until cold ; then the wax
having risen to the top, 1 peeled it off of the
honey and threw it into the wax extractor ;
rewarmed and strained the honey, and I had
several pounds of nice wax, and over 300
pounds of as fine, thick honey as an expert
ever smacked Ills lips over. .So I received
over $50 for my batch of caudied comb
honey.

Never Strike at. a Bee.— A good
illustration of the correctness of this ad-
vice is shown by Mr. E. S. Arwine, in the
Pacific Farmer, who gave his experience as
follows :

About 38 or 40 years ago, when 1 was 8 to
10 years old (I have been used to bees from
childhood), I held up a leafy bush for the
swarm to cluster on, while tin pans, bells,
and two .sea shell horns were making the
sweet music of bytione days, to induce the
bees to cluster. After circling around about
the usual time, a prime swarm began to
aliglit on the stern of my bush, on a level
with my liead ; and as the cluster-call
sounded, the bees poured in all over my
shoulders ; then my hat brim dropped down
over my face. I dropi)ed my bush, took off
my hat and laid it on the bush, and moved
out pretty quickly, witli a pint or so of bees
on my arms and shoulders. I do not think
I got a sting, but the swarm clustered on
my old hat. Moral : Never strike a bee.

"We Want 30,000 subscribers. Out of
the 300,000 beekeepers in America, certainly
this is not an extravagant desire ! It is
only one out of every fifteen! We confi-
dently ask those who appreciate the AiiErti-
CAN Bee Journal, to show it by sending
us one or more new subscribers. We will
give them full value for their money.

Convention I^otices.

ZW The Nebraska State Bee-Keepers' Association
will convene at Lincoln, Nebr.. on Jan. 9. in ami 1 1,
lgg9. J. N. Ueatek. Sec.

r^~ Tliere will bearaeetlnKOf the Susquehanna
County Bet^Keepers' Association at the Oiurl House
in Montrose, Pa., on Saturday. May 4. ixxii, at lo a.m.
H. M. SeelEY, S«c.

r^- The Pan-Handle Bee - Keepers' Association
will bold its next meetlnK in the K. of P. Hall on
Main St.. between llth & Lith Streets, in WheellnK,
W Va on Nov. :il and ;:2, ISSS. All bee-keepers are
cordially invited, W. L, Kinsev. Sec,

t^- The Marshall County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet at the Court House In MarshaMtown.
Iowa on Friday. Nov. It!. IHMS, at 10 a.m. All bee-
keepers are conlially invited to meet with us. and
brinu alonK aiiythinK that they may have that will
interest or benclit apiarists. J. W. SANDEliS, Sec.

t^" The Alabama State Bee-Keepers' Association
will meet at lo a.m. <m Wednesday, Nov. u, ihsh. at
the office of the Secretary of the state Fair On the
Fair Building.'), in Montgomery. Ala. Members are
urged to attend .and all persons interested in bees
and honey are cordially Invited.

J. M. JENKINS, Sec.

726

'THie MiidM'MicMff mmm j&vimmmi^.

yiovins Bees in tlie Fall of the
Year.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 586.— Is it safe and practicable to
move bees m the fall, when the frames are
tilled with honey, either on wagons or ship-
ped on cars ?— Minnesota.

Yes, with ordinary care. — H. D.
Cutting.

Yes, but not great distances. The
spring is tlie proper time. — Dadant &
Son.

It is not so good, but with proper
fastening of the frames it can be done.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

I move tliem on a wagon eveiy fall
and spring. I moved 184 colonies this
fall. — C. C. Miller.

When the hives contain only old
combs, 3'es. When they contain new
combs, no. — M. Mahin.

With care, it is safe to move them
by either conveyance. — Mrs. L. Har-
rison.

I should dislike to do so after the
weather was too cold for the bees to
have a good flight. — Edgene Secor.

Yes, if j'ou exercise care regarding
"jars and junks." In every respect,
except the weight of the combs, fall is
the best time, provided the bees have
a good flight after removal.- — James
Heddon.

It is safer to move bees in the fall,
if the weather is not too cold, than in
summer. Where the necessary pre-
cautions are taken, it is always practi-
cable.— P. L. VlALLON.

Much depends. Should the frames
be wired, by exercising great care in
their preparation, and in driving, they
may be successfullj' moved. —J. M.
Hambaugh.

That depends upon the size of the
fi'ames and on the combs. If frames
are large and not wired, and the comb
new, they could not be safely moved
without extreme care ; while with small
or medium-sized frames, well wired
and full of comb in which brood has
been reared for several years, they
could be safely moved. — R. L. Tay-
lor.

Yes, if carefully done. If the combs
are old or wired, they will be less
likely to fall out and do damage. ]f
the bees are in movable-frame hives,

the frames ought to be fastened A.

J. Cook.

It can be safely done if care is used.
The frames should be securely fast-
ened so that no swing will be allowed.
I find it fully as safe to move bees in

the fall as in the summer. Ample ven-
tilation should be given — J. E. Pond.

There is a little more danger at-
tending the shipment of bees when the
combs are filled with honey ; but if
the honey is sealed, and the frames are
secured in place so that they cannot
jostle about, the hives can be shipped
safely either on a car or wagon. — G.
W. Demaree.

It is both safe and practicable. I
have moved and shipped hundreds of
colonies with frames filled with honey.
If the frames are well propolized they
will go short distances by rail or spring-
wagon without extra preparatiou ; but
if the journey is long, with re-ship-
ments, the combs must be secured with
wired sticks, and the frames securely
fastened at tlie top and bottom. — J. P.
H. Brown.

Yes. If on a wagon, a haj'-rack is a
good bed to put them in. The frames
should ride crosswise, as the most
"shake", is crosswise. On the cars
the frames should ride lengthwise, so
as to sutfer the least " bump " from the
cars. Frames on metal bearings need
to be fixed in the hives so that they
cannot move in tlie hive body. Those
that have been used in wooden rabbets
one season are usuall}' firm enough. —
J. M. Shuck.

The spring is the best time, when
there is but little honey in the combs,
but they can be moved in the fall,
when the combs are properly secured,
and it is not too late for the bees to
have a good chance to fly afterwards.
Old combs are preferable if the dis-
tance be a long one.— The Editor.

Hivingr Swarms on Full Combs
or on Foundation.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 587— Are frames filled with comb
belter on which to hive new swarms, than
frames half tilled with foundation ?— I. R.

Yes. — M. Mahin.

Yes. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

My experience says, j^es. — G. M.

DOOLITTLE.

Yes. I would prefer the combs
every time. — J. M. Hambaugh.

Sometimes they would be better, but
probably not if comb honey is the ob-
ject.— R. L. Taylor.

If it is desired to extract from the
brood-frames, yes. If not, no — an im-
inense NO !— J. M. Shuck.

To a certain extent it would depend
upon your method of work. For ex-
tracted honey, I want all the filled
frames I can get. — H. D. Cutting.

Yes, undoubtedlj', if the combs are
worker-comliK, and not too old and
dirty. Frames half filled with foun-

dation would incite bees to build drone-
comb. — Dadant & Son.

I think that I can do better with full
combs. Others may do better with
half empty frames. — C. C. Miller.

I prefer to hive swarms on frames
filled with comb, alternated with
frames filled with foundation. -^J. P.
H. Brown.

Yes, in any case if working for
extracted honey ; and if for comb, jes,
if you properly contract the brood-
chambers.— James Heddon.

Yes, but not better than full sheets
of foundation on wired frames. Hiving
swarms on frames half tilled with
foundation is not very practicable, im-
less wire is used. — P. L. Viallon.

That depends upon the management.
For extracted honey, yes, much better.
For comb honey I prefer hiving
swarms on starters merely. See my
last edition of the " Bee-Keepers'
Guide," or Hutchinson's book on "The
Production of Comb Honej'." — A. J.
Cook.

That depends. If worked for ex-
tracted honey they might be as good,
as, if a sudden flow of honey filled the
combs and cramped the queen, you
could extract. For comb honey, I
should just as soon have the latter. —
Eugene Secor.

It depends altogether upon the time
when they are hived. If in the swarm-
ing season, I should prefer the founda-
tion ; and in any case I should want
empty cells enough to give the queen
ample room for egg-laying. — J. E.
Pond.

In my experience, yes. But proper
management has much to do with the
final outcome. I hive my swarms on
empty combs, and put on the surplus
cases immediately, if I have queen-
excluders to put over the top of the
brood-chamber ; otherwise I wait until
the queen has begun to la}', saj* two or
three days before I put on the cases.
In this way n\y bees indulge their in-
clination to build combs in the surplus
cases. — G. W. Demaree.

If it is intended to extract the honey
from the brood-frames, good worker
combs will be preferable to frames
that are only half filled with comb
foundation, because the bees may fill
the other half with drone comb. —The
Editor.

Always ITIention your Post-OHice,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state tlie old as well
as the new address.

T'HB m'mmMiGKm miSiW jooRifMiu.

727

AUXUMM-

Now Ceres roams her laden leas
And sounds her KOlden horn,

To be answered by the harvest bees
And laugh of tasseled corn.

Over the red and yellow leaves
When smiles the silvery morn,

Light she glides to her bearded sheaves,
By berry bush and thorn.

And hills are lost in purple haze,

While trees are talking low
About the mellow autumn days

And nature's afterglow.

COLOR AND BEES.

Iiiitinct and the Color Sense in
Bees.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY PBOF. A. J. COOK.

I am sure I am in no wise peculiar
among bee-keepers, in my pleasure
ami .admiration in reading Mrs. Chad-
doek's articles. Her piquant style and
usual good sense, and accuracj-, al-
most always serve up a meal which
delights us all. But is she so happy
in her article on page 700 ? She says,
" Color is no guide to the insect
world." How does she know this ?

I believe that color is an almost
universal guide to insects. Nay, more ;
I think that I know it.

It is the almost universal opinion of
scientists, that the color of flowers was
developed especially to attract insects ;
this, of course, for the flowers' good.
Lubbock's experiments, moreover,
prove beyond a doubt, that bees are
guided by color. He placed honey on
slips of different color. A bee was
attracted to the honey on a yellow
strip. The bee loaded and left. While
away the great statesman changed the
place or positions of the slips. The
bee soon returned, and to the yellow,
though in a changed position. The
thing was tried over and over with the
same result. I have confirmed the
truth by similar experiments.

Bees do visit flowers for the pollen
and nectar ; but they are attracted to
the flower by color and odor, which, I
believe, were developed especially to
attract the bees, for the good of the
flowers.

Mrs. C. says, again, that bees work
entirely by instinct. She also saj's that
insects cannot reason. How does she
know this ? I believe that bees and
other insects do reason. I think that
they are intelligent, and can learn. I
think that I know this. As Mrs. C.
says, " We all know that insects do
not reason," the burden of proof rests

with her. I know that habit is very
strong with insects ; I feel equally sure
that they do reason.

Agricultural College, Mich.

HISTORIC.

Remarks upon the Origin of the
Hoyey-Bee.

Written for the Dec-Keepers' Magazine

BY C. J. ROBINSON.

The date when honey-bees first ex-
isted is wholly unknown and past find-
ing out, and their first appearance on
the globe has not been explained in
historj-. No indications of the exis-
tence of bees have been found in the
rocks of the cretaceous period, nor has
the fossil remains of bees been dis-
covered in rock or earth deposits of
any period

The busy bee seems to have claimed
greater interest from the ancients than
the}' acquired in modern times. It is
certain, however, that the great in-
terest taken in bees from the earliest
times is reviving among ns with no
common force since the publications of
John M. Weeks, Father Quinby, Mr.
King and others. The great interest
in bees has arisen chiefly from the
marked resemblance which their modes
of life seem to bear to those of man.
Remove everj' fanciful theory and en-
thusiastic reverie, and there still re-
mains an analogy far too curious to be
ratified with a passing glance.

On the principle of nihil huniani a
me alienum, this approximation to
human nature has ever made the
favorites of their masters. And theirs
is no hideous mimicry of man's follies
and weaknesses, such as we see in the
monkey tribe. Their life is a serious
matter-of-fact business, a likeness to
the best and most rational of our man-
ners and government, set about with
motives so apparently identical with
our own, that man's pride has only
been able to escape from the ignominy
of allowing them a portion of his
monopolized reason, bj' assigning
them a separate quality under the
name of in.stinct.

It was the equal of Solomon Virgil
who said: "The complicated and
wonderful economj' of bees can be re-
ferred to naught else than the direct
inspiration of the divine mind." But
we, from all that has been said by
eminent men, should not forget the
real services achieved in this as well
as in every other branch of knowledge
bj- the encyclopedist Aristotle, the
pupil of him who was distinguished as
the " Attic Bee ;" or the Life of Aristo-
machus, devoted to this pursuit, or the
enthusiasm of Hyginus ; who more

than 1,800 years before the Rev. Mr.
Cotton collected all the bee-passages
which could be found scattered over
the pages of an earlier antiquitj'.

Varro, Columella, Celsus and Pliny
have each given in their contributions
to the subject, and some notion may
be formed of the minuteness with
which they entered upon their re-
searches from a passage in Columella,
who, writing of the origin of bees,
mentioned that Euchemerus main-
tained that they were first produced in
the island of Coz, though Euthronious
asserted they originated in Mount
Hymettus and Hicander in Crete. Con-
sidering the obscurity of the subject,
and the discordant theories of modern
times, there is no branch of natural
history in which the ancients arrived
at so much truth.

Concerning the antiquity of the Apis
Mellifica family, we are only able to
trace its existence through past his-
torical ages. The primitive natives of
Egypt did not record what transpired
or was known to them. The most an-
cient memorial matter that is known
was chronicled by the priests — lilerali
— who engraved certain characters
called " hieroglyphics," which indi-
cated certain meanings understood by
the priests. It was called skohia en
meter en ncter tur, picture writing, or
writing in sacred words. In the Egyp-
tian dialect the picture of a hive bee
represented Lower Egypt, restricted to
the island in the Nile at its confluence
with the Mediterrean Sea, and called
by the Greeks the Delta.

This sj-mbolizing of the honey-bee
aflbrds us the remotest data of its ex-
istence, and points to the whereabout
of their origin or first appearance on
earth. I have made research, and
have become satisfied that priests of
primitive Egypt had knowledge of the
birth place of the original progenitors
of the honey-bee race equally as cer-
tain as the shepherds had of the place
called Bethlehem.

With the ancient Egyptians the pic-
ture of a queen-bee was the emblem of
royalty ; this is evidence that Lower
Egypt, the Delta, was the sovereign
mother country, anterior to all Egypt,
becoming one kingdom under Seros-
tris. If, as is claimed by eminent his-
torians, Lower Egj'pt was the cradle
of the primitive Israelites who were the
uncles of the subseq\ient mighty na-
tion of Nineveh and Babylon, from
whose loins the world is peopled, may
we not logically conclude that the
orio'inal nursery of the hive-bee, though
called an iiisecl, living in common like
men, each one doing his part for the
o-ood of all, was in the Eden of the
Israelites, where the landscape is a
beautiful plain unadorned with "hills
and shrubs ?"

728

Tmm rn'mmmi^MM mmm j^'^mmms*.

If we study the monumental records
of early times in Egypt, we may reach
back to the dawn of beedom. Egjptian
rulers seemed to place their chief
glorj- in rearing monuments for pos-
terity. Their temples and pyramids
were the grandest in the world, but
the obelisks, an Egyptian invention,
became the principal ornaments of all
countries. On the planes of these
stone pillars were inscribed the me-
morials of antiquity, the only data of
earlier times.

According to eminent Egyptologists,
the obelisk taken to Rome, standing at
St. John Latern, is over 4,200 years
old. The obelisk (Cleopatra's Needle)
standing in New York city, is inscribed
with memorial data in prehistoric
times. No interpretations of the in-
scription, so far as I can discover, re-
lates to' bees, yet I believe they are
represented. We fail to fiillj' appre-
ciate that we have in the citj" of New
York such a treasure of antiquity — the
obelisk. We but faintly realize that
Moses and Aaron, Father Abraham,
the Prophets, Alexander the Great,
and great, personages — antique He-
brews, Israelites, Greeks and Romans,
and, quite likel3% the Divine Redeemer,
have stood near this obelisk and read,
or tried to decipher the inscription.

In Egypt and everywhere honey-
bees in their natural state take up
their dwelling in trees, logs, under
stones, and in clefts of rocks. The ex-
pressions of Moses and of the Psalmist,
" Honey out of the i-ocks," is proof
that the habits of the busy bee has
ever been identically the same.

The early part of Egyptian monu-
mental history was covered with the
arrivals of Abraham and Joseph, and
the exodus of the Israelites, and we
can only get a glimpse of what was the
state of the world at that period from
Biblical literature, from which we
learn that bee-keeping had ever been
a principal branch of their domestic
pursuits.

What aliment, if anj', Adam sub-
sisted on, before his unfortunate dis-
obedience, we are not informed, but
milk and honey is the food first men-
tioned ; hence we are in possession of
evidence that honey-bees were coeval
with man's appearance on tlie globe —
created with and for his purpose, else
God would not have mentioned honey
as the food for His chosen people, j'ea.
He furnished honey as a special bless-
ing to His elect

We find the honey-bee first on the
Delta in Egypt, and it is probable that
the original nucleus, or the colony
Noah put in, multiplied and spread
up along the vallej' of the Nile ; also
eastward over the Isthmus of Suez into
Syria, and along the eastern coast of
the sea, and crossed to Cj'prus, Greece

and Italy. Wherever people migrated
bees were taken, for they were the first
domestics on wliich mankind were de-
pendent for a living

Like other creatures, bees show dif-
ferent marks ; but the difference is not
radical — only a divei'gement within
the bounds fixed by the hand of na-
ture. We know of no type, breed or
strain of bees that ij constant in re-
producing, identically, progeny after
its progenitors. This fact settles the
claim that bees have but one origin
common with all of every name and
nature. The differences ol)served
comes aliout by reason of difterent
geographical influence, or by accident
— freak or physical nature. Color is
not organic in living creatures. Color
of epidermis (skin) and its appendages
(hairs, roots, etc.) is the creature of
accident ; dependent not on constitu-
tional element of species, but on the
secretive functions of the skin, an
aberation more or less common to all
creatures — fickle as the color of the
clouds

Presumably the orginal type has at
some remote periods, diverged some-
what, yet identical in attributes which
are enduring and constant as are the
planets in their respective spheres. I
think the Oriental bees, perhaps by
reason of congenial climatic influence,
were and are more through long
periods in rigorous climates. Color
seems to be more uniform or fixed,
and the tj-pe reproduced more closelj-
by the native bees of the country about
the Mediterranean than elsewhere.
This circumstance indicates that cli-
matic influences incident thereto sub-
ject bees to what is called freaks of
nature

In my research I found one item in
sacred history that tells of the original
home of the honey-bee. The Prophet
Isaiah explained to the people that the
Lord would punish people for their
disobedience by introducing armies
into their country and compare the
armies swarming among the people
like bees swarming among flowers.
"The Lord shall hiss (whistle) for the
fly (bee) that is in the uttermost part
of the rivers (Nile) of Egjqit, and for
the bee that is in the Land of Assyria."
chap, vii : ver. 18. (The words fly
and bee mean the same. Rivers refer
to the lower branches of the Nile, and
"hiss," in the version, means whistle.)

The Prophet illustrated the idea of
armies by alluding to a tradition com-
mon among the people of the Orient,
which was superstitiously believed that
the proprietor of an ajjiary by one hiss
or whistle could summon all the bees
to the village, and bj- the same signal
conduct them into one bed or field of
flowers ; that is, the bee-master could,
by the signal, call all the bees from

two countries into one locality making
the number fearful, and the idea that
the Lord's armies compared in hosts
with the myraids of bees must strike
terror. If the Prophet wrote bj' dicta-
tion of the Omniscient, he could not
mistake the locality of the bee, 1st,
Rivers of Egjpt, 2d, Assyria.

The foregoing is mj' version of the
subject, independent and alone. Per-
haps I am one who can never ri.se into
the region of essayist, but formed to
plod on the lower levels of thought,
unpossessed of the pinions necessary
to reach the heights, and cannot rea-
lize the mental act bj' which a man of
genius reaches a conception which un-
ravels and illuminates the tangle of
centuries of observation. »

Richfield, N. Y.

WINTER REST.

Iminediale Work of Preparing
Bees for Winter.

Written for the Farm, Field and Stockman
BY S. E. MILLER.

I prefer to have them in shape so as
to not have to meddle with them after
the honey-flow has ceased, for there is
a vast dift'erence between handling
bees during hone)--flow and after it has
ceased. I have had Italians just as
gentle as any one could wish just be-
fore the frost, which were just the re-
verse when the honey-flow was cut
short by frost. Tlierefore, if you wish
to avoid robbing, stinging and trouble
in general, get jour bees in shape be-
fore frost comes. Of course I would
not advise closing the bees up for win-
ter while there is still a chance of pro-
curing surplus honey, but with the
present signal service arrangements,
we can tell prettj' nearly when to look
for frost, and thus have our bees in
shape for winter, and still not lose
more than a few daj-s that might be
devoted to the storing of surplus
honey, and even if the flow does con-
tinue a few days after you have them
prepared, they will make room for it
somewhere. I must describe

The GbaflrDIvlslon-Board

or dummy, and the chaff cushion
which are two of the great essentials
to successful wiutering. The division-
board is made as follows : Make the
frames the same as you use in your
hives, only, instead of the ordinary
width, make them about an inch and
a half wide, and on each side nail
boards about i of an inch thick, thus
forming a complete box, only before
nailing on the Last side, fill it with dry
chaff or chopped straw.. Before nail-
ing on sides, however, you should
fasten a strip of strong cloth on the

THE? ^MSRICJLPi MmW J@UKI«SI«.

729

outside of the ends and bottom-bars of
he frames, leaving shick enough in
the cloth so that wlien filled with chaff
it will bulge out enough to cause the
frame to fit snugly against the sides
ahd bottom of the hive.

The chaft' cushion is simply a square
sack as wide and as long as the inside
of your hive, and about 4 to 6 inches
thick, filled with chaff. Care should
be taken, however, not to till it too
full, for if too full it will assume a
rounded form, and not lit down as
well on the frames.

With two division-boards and one
chaff cushion for each colon}-, you are
ready to go into the apiary. If your
hives are two stories high, remove the
upper storj', and remove from the
lower story enough of the frames to
admit of a division-board on each side,
which will generally be three. Thus,
if you are using a ten-frame hive, it
will have room for seven frames of
brood and honey between them. Place
the frames containing the most brood
in the center, and those having the
least, or none at all, next to the
division-boards. Care should be taken
to allow the necessary amount of
stores, which should be from 20 to 25
pounds of well-ripened honey. Should
there not be bees enough in the hive
to pretty well crowd seven frames, re-
move one, two, or three more frames,
and move up the division-boards so as
to allow no unoccupied space. Should
there not be enough bees to cover well
four Langstroth frames, or their equiv-
alent, I prefer to unite them with
another colony.

Should you have frames containing
brood that are not needed in some col-
onies, you will most likely find a place
in another colony where they can be
used to advantage. After you have
the frames and divison-ljoards ar-
ranged as described, place the en-
ameled cloth over the frames, put on
the second stor}-, and put in

Tbe Chaff CusUlon,

being sure that it fits down well around
the sides, then put on the cover, and
do not bother them until some warm
day in February, when it might not
be amiss to peep in and see how they
are getting along. I forgot to say that
before placing the cloth over the
frames, you should lay two sticks
about 3 inches apart, crosswise of the
frames. The sticks should be an inch
or more in thickness.

This will allow the bees access to
any frame in the hive by passing over
the top.

See that each colony has a joung,
healthy queen, before putting them
away. I should not like to try winter-
ing colonies that have queens over two
years old.

The more bees you have in a hive
when prepared for winter, the surer
you are of success (at least that is my
experience), even if some of them are
crowded outside for a while. Should
j'our bees not have enough stores to
winter on, you had better feed them.
Instead of putting on the chaft" cushion
I would use a. feeder in the upper
story, turning the enameled cloth back
a little at one end, to allow the bees
access to the feeder.

CONGCOMKRATIO.^.

Written fur the American Bee Journal

BY G. B. OLNEY.

May the A. B. J. ever shine
Throueli ttll the coming tiiue,
With light and life a-tjeaniing.
Tiike gf'lii and silver— no dreaming ;
But sure protection to a union
All o'er the land a-roving.
Their legal rights construing
In a mild way, but ruling
Still but deep -no fooling.

Arkadelphias without number

Will only find they've mile a blunder,

To attack an industry as oM as time ;

With grape-t ulture and Arkadelpbla tine.

It's <uily wa-ting time -

There's a " tJnion " just behind.

From over hills and many hollows.
Comes gleaming forth the single dollars,
Shouting aloud in bold, neriant power.
Steel-pointed shells at their glistening lower.
They fairlv conceive why the land is ours,
And all must " get'' from the "land csf the free"
No place here for even the honey-bee.
" You're a 'nuisance.' " but your not to blame-
Bright Arkadelphia gave the name.

Oh, how sweet and euphonious is the sound.
Claiming the h-mey-bee in any town
Is the greaiest " nuisance" ever found.
Arkadelphia— your only a name.
A bursting bubble for public fame.
More ' artiticial comb mauc of parafflne,"
'■ Scientitlc pleasantry " now it is time
To crawl into your holes, recall the fine.
Quick to hide and get behind.
Olcey, Iowa, Oct. 15, 188S.

NIL DESPERANDUM.

The Failure of llie Hone}' Crop
in England.

Editorial In the British Bee Jaurnal,
Dated Oct. 18, 1888.

We are right in i)resuming that the
bulk of our readers in Great Britain
are amateur bee-keepers, who do not
depend upon honey-raising for a live-
lihood, therefore to the majority, first,
a few words of comfort may be fitly
addressed now that the season of 1888
is ended.

One of the great recommendations
of this pursuit, one of the principal
reasons for the growing poi)ularity of
our hobby, has lieen that it pnys ;
this has been proved over and over
again, the question has olily been one
of doubt as to whether or not one
could, in our fickle climate, devote the
whole time to bee-keeping and obtain
a living by it. On this point the con-
sensus of opinion is that bee-keeping
should be combincil with some other
occupation, such .as fruit or poultry
farming ; alone it could not be recom-

mended. The occurrence of a disas-
trous succession of fruit, clover, and
heather cro))s, such as we have ex-
perienced this season, but adds weight
to the advice wi; have repeatedly given
in these columns in answer to inquirers
who have thouglit of making a busi-
ness of bee-keeping jKr se. Keeping
bees will then pay, because we have
more strings than one to our bow, and
a single bail honey season does not
mean disgust followed by collapse.

'"Tis not in mortals to command success.

But we'll do more, Sempronius ; we'll deserve it."

So let those with whom our bee-keep-
ing is but an agreeable pastime, a true
labor of love, take heart of grace, and,
with true British courage, fight the
harder tlie more we seem to be sur-
rounded with difiiculties. It is only
by such an exhibition of pluck that we
can show our so-called love for bees
and bee-culture to be a sterling feeling
and not an empty sentiment, lasting
only so long as the couleur cle rose of
the hobby — only so long as lasts the
golden light gleaming through well-
filled honey-jars.

Quite a number of proverbial say-
ings spring into the mind when we
urge our readers to have " a patient
continuance in well-doing ;" this, by
the way, being only a more ancient
way of telling us that " Everything
comes to him who knows how to wait."
(We will allow the cynic to get in his
jeer edgeway, that " whilst the grass
is growing the horse is starving.") We
have often found "the darkest — the
coldest hour, the one before the dawn;"
we have found, too, the mere effort to
" take arms against a sea or troubles,"
as Shakespeare tells us, " and by op-
posing end them." Who has not felt
braced up by a firm determination to
get comfort out of disaster by sheer
force of will ? Why, the oldest
amongst us — old stagers, the steady
coaches whos(! wheels have placidly
revolved with the years in an unevent-
ful round of monotony — the monotony
of mere routine, these can remember
how many of the happiest passages in
life have been developed anil perfected
when there has been no single gleam
of hope on the horizon, all dark and
dismal everywhere.

Be sure we may find much pleasure
in sympathizing with such of our fra-
ternity as have found the jear's trans-
actions a loss, all too keenly to be felt
perhaps ; we can try to infuse into
them a little of the spirit of Mark
Tapley, who played " Away with
MelanCholy" on a one-keyed flute.
We recently saw a couple of bee-keep-
ers returning from the mooi's with a
waggi>n-loail of hives,plodding through
a dreiiehing rain for eight miles on a
black-dark night ; one of them wheeled
a broken tricycle, and both were as

730

T«® mmmmi^mm mmm j©^MifMi*.

happy as sand-boys, wet to the skin as
they were, bringing home a dozen
hives from which they had not taken a
single pound of honey during either
clover or heather harvest — on tlie con-
trarj', they had been forced to feed the
bees. England is not in danger (not
even of a decline in bee-keeping) so
long as we have hearts of this mettle
in our midst. Truly, nothing can
damp such ardor, and a mishap only
makes them " thankful it's no worse,"
sheer animal nerve carries them
through breakers into the smooth
waters of contentment.

Our warmest sympathy is offered to
those in the trade who have pluckily
launched out in the effort to live by
combining bee-keeping with the mak-
ing of appliances used in the craft.
These have had blows with a two-
edged sword : — their own bees have
earned little or nothing, and there has
been very little demand for hives, sec-
tions, extractors, and other requisites
of the bee-garden. It would be, we
believe, a recompense to the trade, if
those who have the means would, next
season, purchase, instead of making
for themselves, such articles as thej*
can. The goods are now-a-days very
cheap and well made ; competition has
given us many things at low rates, so
that it would pay us in the long run to
keep the competitors in the field until
brighter days come, as come thej-
must, when they and we may be re-
paid for the privations and pinches
one has to put up with in such a year
as 1888.

Ttae Pa«t and Future.

After such a summer (?) as the bees
have passed through, it behooves ever}'
bee-keeper to see that a disastrous sea-
son is not followed by an utter col-
lapse of his army of workers — workers
who, unfortunately, have not had the
opportunity to store either for their
masters or themselves.

Already we hear of many colonies
dying of stanation, and not a few
skeppists declare their intention of
feeding no more, as they have already
fed all the summer in the hope of a
turn for the better, and now the bees
must go to the wall. Of course this is
only false economj' with sugar at pres-
ent rates. Take, for instance, a com-
mon sleep, well stocked with bees, and
hardly an ounce of food. Rather than
let them perish, suppose we give them
15 pounds of syrup, which, at the out-
side, will cost not more three shillings.
With a fair j^rospect of wintering, the
following season such colony will be
worth at least 15 shillings, without
counting its swarm, and almost certain
crop of iionej'. Is there any question
about feeding being a good investment?

The oldest bee-keepers do not re-
member such a honeyless season as we

have just experienced, and it is more
than probable that the present genera-
tion may not see another such. Apiaries
of fifty to one hundred colonies have
not given a sin-plus in total of one
hundred pounds ; skeps have been
'•taken up" by the score, and not a
half-a-dozen pounds of honey have been
secured. Many bee-keepers have had
to feed through the summer, while it
has been the exception to find some
favored locality or apiary where the
bees have managed to get a living all
the time. Such we know of where a
small surplus has been given, and
some have even stored themselves for
winter during the warm spell of
weather experienced in September.

The past summer has been remark-
able in that not a single honej'-glut
occurred while the main crops were
in bloom. We have, of course, ex-
perienced poor seasons, but with the
present exception we do not ourselves
remember when there was not at least
one honey-glut, whatever the prevail-
ing weather may have been.

i:\FI>UEI\CE.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY EUGENE SECOK.

When the dark Lethean waters,
And the silent mists of ages.
O'er our memories thickly yathir.
In the stilly realm of Death-land ;—
When no more our names shall quiver
On the lips of friend or kindn d,
Whether good or whether evil
We have taught by our example,
It shall live— it dieth never.
When decay earth's classic structures,
When their marble pillars molder.
Then the influence we've exerted
On the lives of fellow mortals,
May retain its wonted vigor-
May its proper fruit be j ieldiag.
Forest City, Iowa.

THE SOUTH.

Hints about Seasonable Work
in the Fall.

Written for the Southern Cultivator

BY J. M. JENKINS.

This month, in the South, is the
proper time to see that all colonies
have plenty of stores to take them
through the winter. If any are short
of honey in the brood-nest, we can
probably find others that have more
than they need for their own use, and
we can take' one or more frames from
them and give to those that have not
enough for winter.

As to how much honey is needed to
winter a colonj* depends upon circum-
stances, mainly upon the size of the
colony. It is best to be on the safe
side, and allow them more than
enough. I give my bees 20 to 30

pounds per colony. This weight is
guessed at bj' estimating the number
of frames full of honey in tire brood-
nest, and that a full Simplicitj- brood-
frame will average five pounds ; if we
are short of honey, and have to feed,
we can use extracted honey or sugar
syrup for this purpose. The latter is
easily prepared bj' pouring boiling
water on twice its weight of cheap
sugar. It is not necessary to cook it.

In the North, where bees are con-
fined for months, it is necessary to use
the best and purest sugar. In the
South, where they fly nearly every fair
daj- in the year, they are safe with any
food they will eat.

In this locality, and in many others
in the South, the "bitter weed" that
spoils the milk in the spring, abounds
and j-ields honey from about the first
of August until frost, and although the
honey is too bitter to eat, it answers
admirably for our bees to live on
through the winter. As it does not
bloom before the beginning of August,
we can make it a point to take all the
honey from them before it blooms, and
let them fill up their brood-frames with
this bitter honej".

Many different feeders have been
invented, some of which are compli-
cated and costly, but I have found the
" Simplicity feeder " sufficient for all
purposes— its cost is only five cents.
The little wooden butter plates used
bj' retail grocers, are as good as any-
thing, perhaps, and can be had for
nearly nothing. To use these feeders
we place them in the upper story,
after the sections have been removed,
directly on the brood-frames ; put
enough of them in a hive to hold 5 or
10 pounds of feed. Place the feeder in
position while empty, and with a
sprinkling pot with the sprinkler re-
moved, or a coffee-pot, pour the feed
into the feeder, and cover all with the
enameled sheet or quilt used for cover-
ing the frames. This retains the heat
of the hive, and is essential as the bees
would not leave their cluster in cool
weather to carry the food below.

With an assistant to handle hive
covers, it is very little trouble to feed
in this way. The best time to feed is
after sundown, so as to avoid robbers.
Be careful to spill no feed — not a drop
— outside or on the hives, or leave any
exposed anywhere that a robber may
get a taste the following day. Be sure
that no hive has a crack or other open-
ing except the entrance that will ad-
mit a bee, and the entrance had better
be contracted to a small one, especially
if the colony be not strong.

Bear in mind that you cannot be too
careful while feeding, for if robbing is
commenced you may have trouble.

Wetumpka, Ala.

Tmm m-mmmi^mn be?® jouRMffiiu.

731

UNITING.

Soiiici Practical Hints abuiit
Vnilinsr Bees.

Written for the Prairie Farmer

BY MKS. L. HARRISON.

Bees, that are to be united, should
be brought together after they have
ceased Hying at night, and phieed side
by side, and on top of each other, and
boards placed in front of the entrance,
to attract their attention, so that thej-
will take their bearings. When their
location is established, they are readj'
to be united. All but one queen should
he removed ; if left, they will cause
fighting, and all might be destroyed
in the fr.ay. Puff a little smoke into
the entrance, so that they will load up
with honey, and be on their good be-
havior, and then proceed to liusiness.
.Take all the combs containing l)rood
and place them together in a hive, and
all others in a comb-basket or some
other receptacle, where bees cannot
get at them to rob.

Place the hive containing the lirood-
combs as near the center of the loca-
tion of the united colonies as possible,
and pour all the bees together in front
of it. This hive has not been the
home of any of them, and as they
have now none of their own, they will
gladly accept it, and unite ])eaceably.
After they have been domiciled a few
days, the combs containing honey
might be put in the upper story, and a
little opening made so that bees could
come up and carry it below. VVhen
empty, they should be stored away for
use another season.

Sometime since, a boy called saying:
" I saw a swarm of bees come out of
your lot, and I will show you where
they are now." I found them clus-
tered in a neighbor's yard, and
brought them home, but what to do
with them was the question. I had
neither frames or comb nor founda-
tion to give them, and I put them into
an empty hive ; as the seasons ran,
they might fail to build comb and store
enough honey to last until flowers
bloom. I threw flour on tliem, hop-
ing to catch the queen, as they ran into
an empty hive, and take her away, so
that the bees would return to their old
home, and I could see where the white
bees went to, but I failed in the at-
tempt. Then I remembered seeing a
hive which contained ver}- few bees,
and on opening it, found it queenless.
I took out the frames of comb, and
gave them (just as they were, contain-
ing honey and bee-bread, but no
brood) to the swarm. So they com-
menced housekeeping in a well-fur-
nished house, with plenty of provi-
sions. These combs woidd soon have

been taken possession of by moths, ami
before cold weather, have been en-
tirely consumed.

Some persons have a mistaken idea
about moths, thinking they destroy
colonies of bees ; they merely move in
when the bees move out, or are too
weak to cover or defend their comb.
I was \evy much amused this summer,
while watching a swarm enter a hive
which contained empty comb, at see-
ing these gentry fly out in hot haste ;
they saw that the enemy was too strong
for them, and emigrated, leaving their
young to be summarily dealt with. In
a few moments they followed suit,
being taken by the bees from tlieir
cradles and rolled off the hive.

Peoria, Ills.

PATENTS.

The Relation to Invention and
Practical Honesty.

Written for the Ameriiccm Apiculturist

BY R. L. TAYLOR.

It seenis there is a question arising
among bee-keepers concerning the
propriety of obtaining a patent on any
article pertaining to bee-culture. It
is broadly asserted that the bee-keep-
ers of this country are now generally
of the opinion that it is not best to ob-
tain such patents. I know not on what
authority such assertion is made, but I
trust it is not true. I am glad to no-
tice that the Apiculturist has boldly
challenged the statement, and it seems
to me the matter is of such great im-
portance practically, as well as morally,
that I have thought it worth while to
say a word upon the topic.

It appears plain to me that the pat-
ent laws are beneficient in their eftects
to all; to the inventor in protecting
him in his right to his own invention,
and not less so to others who reap the
fruit of his skill and study by reason
of the laws furnishing him an incen-
tive to apply his skill and study.

Many are opposed to the granting of
patents, but that is not a difficult thing
to account for. Some are opposed be-
cause they are themselves destitute of
mechanical skill, and so imagine that
a freedom to use the inventions of
others would be the most advantageous
thing for them. Others because,
through a spirit of general charity,
the}' think, though stumbled, perhaps,
at the idea of taking the thought,
time and money of the inventor with-
out recompense, that the greatest
good to the greatest number would
come of a like freedom. Still others
are manufacturers of bee-keepers' sup-
plies, and aim to make and keep for
sale everything that is largely called
for. Naturally enough, such desire

about all I he profit that can bo ob-
tained, and so would prefer that the
inventor have no legal right to any
part of it, and either shut him out
from all financial benefit, or else only
give him credit for a nominal sum to
be fixed at the direction of the man-
facturer, and accepted as a gift.

But all these overlook the great fact
that every party to a transaction taken
as a whole must receive a share of the
profit, or transactions become infre-
quent and business suffers. The drive
wheels of a locomotive cannot say to
the other wheels, give us all the oil.
for that would create friction, and
locomotion would cease.

It requires time, thought, labor and
money to make and perfect an inven-
tion, and certainly the laboring inven-
tor is worth}' of his hire. And if that
is so, should he not have legal protec-
tion in his right ?

And then comes the dissemination
of the invention, and the making plain
its functions and advantages. How
often when an invention has been pat-
entedi and its dissemination begun,
does some one rise up and claim that
he invented the same thing long be-
fore. He did not believe in patents,
perhaps, and so seeing no hope of
adequate reward, let his invention
sleep in secret. The other, having
hope of reward, publishes his dis-
covery, and this, so far as the public
is concerned, is the chief virtue of an
inventor. . Without question, the
knowledge of articles patented is more
likely to be disseminated.

All effort is made through some in-
centive ; and in the struggle for sus-
tenance and competence, there is only
one incentive that -moves all, and that
is the hope of gain. Who will say it is
best to take that incentive way ?

It is said that patents give an oppor-
tunity for the commission of frauds. If
that were true, shall we abolish gen-
uine money because it gives an oppor-
tunity' for counterfeiting ?

But it is not the patent of an article
that gives the power to perpetuate
fraud. That is rather a safeguard, as
the fee prerecpiisite to the use of the
invention begets caution and careful
examination. Fraud is accomplished
through the eftbrt made to disseminate
a worthless article. To the simple, the
fact that an article is pVoclaimed as
unpatented, smacks of honesty, and
they are easily caught by bait, having
api)arcntly such an aroma. Thus,
through advertising and other active
efl'orts, a certain liive which is very in-
convenient in use, and its making
very laborious, and which is discarded
by " almost every bee-keeper having
bees in any considerable number, as
soon as he gains a little experience, is

732

iTHM^ rn'mmmiGMM wmm j&^mnm^.

now selling to beginners more exten-
sively than perhaps any other hive-
Practically it operates as a fraud to
a greater extent than all other bee-
keeping articles with patents real or
pretended combined. I speak from
experience with the hive both prac-

tically and financially. A patent on
the hive instead of increasing the in-
jury, would have lessened it very ma-
terially. A few dollars' charge for
individual rights has a wonderful eflect
in suggesting caution in the adoption
of new devices.

(

i

Eugene Secor.

DOT HAPPY BEE MAN.

C. C. MiLLEK.

-2¥

-^ ^ r

->t-A-

0 I ish vone

1 schmokes mine pipe
O Katri - na mine lofe,
Ve moves on der town

of dose hap-py
und I vatclies
see dat gold
und lives

bee mans,
dose bees,
on der legs,
like pig pugs,'

=J=S=°i^3

-A-

^

I

Und I
Dem
In der

don't
laughs
prings
clov-er

got to
till mine
a half
field,"

I

5^

T

E5^5

2%4=*

■iiz

S

ffe^

:te3te

^

^^^

&^=^^^

vork an - y more ;

schtomack goes schplit,

pound ef - ery day;

so Yankees say;

I loafs all day on der ap-ple tree shade. Or

Ven I see dem go sch trait for Hans Brinkerhofi's flow'rs Und

Ve schtarts a Pank quiclc ven dose bees get some svarms, Und

I'll vash mine feet from der dirt of der plow, Und

P§

1^

*

±:

T

■*■■»•-*•

Smokers furnish another case in
point. The ones protected by patent
are decidedly the best, and the ones
heralded as unpatented are the ones to
be shunned.

It is also objected that inventions
are the work of many minds, and,
therefore, a single person
should not be allowed a
revenue from them. It is
true, no doubt, that inven-
tors draw upon the common
fund of knowledge amassed
by others, but is he who
is acute enough, and studi-
ous enough, and devoted
enough to combine that
knowledge, and make it
produce practical results,
and is, after that, suffi-
cient!}' enterprising to bring
it to the doors of .the mul-
titude, and to persist in ex-
plaining it until stubborn-
ness itself shall admit its
value, tlierefore entitled to
no credit ?

There is much food for
thought in this subject, but
time and space forbid its
further pursuit at present,
but let us intelligently con-
sider, that we may get into
a proper attitude with ref-
erence to it.

Lapeer, Mich.

^

m^

T

^

i

^

^^^^^^^^

schmokes mine
nef - er suck
prings in der
jines der

pipe on der door. For I

Yakob's vone bit. You see

veallh in dot vay. Mine frau

Un-ion right a - vay. I runs

— I n ^ f"^ h^ t^T —

-j *_ S S it i_ .

^

haf boughted vone
dot king bee hef

her shall haf vone

for der ma-yor or

FF^

^

§f

i

^4r

|fc^^g

lee - die bee - box,
aw - ful schmart got
new gin^'liam dress,

congress -man too

Zhust zhammed crammed full of dose pets Vot

Und him say to his vim-ens "Coome. coome, You

Der childers don't got to home schtay Und

Or pres - i - dent maybe, I guess, Und

i

itn^

^^^

¥

^l-^l

m

i^a:

'^^

:o:

^VH AX ARE YVEEUS ?

Not botanically, or scien-
tilically, but specifically.
Do we always consider this
word weed in its broadest
sense ? What constitutes a
weed ? Certainly we all
know what common weeds
are, even though we do not
a!l do our duty in eradicat-
ing them, but there is a
class of weeds that may be
we do not always properh'
recognize as such.

Wemayconsistentlj- class
anj' plant a weed that cum-
bers the ground to the det-
riment or destruction of
plants that are wanted for
useful purposes. Therefore,
cultivated plants become
weeds when there is a
superfluitj' of them. If there
are two or three more cu-
cumber plants in a hill than
can successfully grow there,
or this much more than is
needed, these surplus plants
are just as much weeds as
barn-grass or thistles.

The point I wish to make,
then, is that a plant too
much in any place is a

THE SMERICJEK BEE JOURNSl*.

733

i

EE

I>OX HAPPY UKE MA;>'— Concluded

^

^->'-^-

K:^^:p^^^l^^^^^^d^^0^

4 4 »

-N— N

^

4^4

vorks all der day and nef-er schleep nights^Iore'n ten tousandhundert I bets.

schteals all you can from der peoples round out, Und pring it to Yakob right home.

vork like some schlaves der kraut gar-den in, But (ishand play pall all der day.

all zhust be-cause of dose bees in dot box, Vot vorks for most notings or less.

iiazT*:

=1=

3E

s

T^

^►-r-

ii

j-'^i si '

&

p

, nioRi's. , . , ,

^—4-f * P f-

'P * P f f f VP»00»4f-»»jpf

O de busy, busy bee,0 de busy,busybee,What sings all .iround, abootmiDehead, about my head,

^

: S N-*-«-N

J5Zfc

^

^53

-^^^-

-4-4-

«i

s

^

^—&

3

s

O de busy,busy bee,Odebusy,busy bee.Wbt sings all around, about mine head.

^

^ \ n

^

4 I *

^

:p=P=

Virt

fe

Bu - sy bee, de hu-sy bee,\Vhat sings all 'round mine head, around my head.

u

^5=^:

^

-y-N

p w •

'i'—p y > I

-H--N-

H K N r;

m 2— J S

i±±:

i

O de bu-sy, bu-sy bee, O de bu-sy, bu-sy bee. What nefer stops vork ven I'm in bed.

^-^-^-r-^-^ i f f^^::?^

5

N N I

— N-

^s

I

fetfc

&

t=t^

^

-r^-^

-I — N-t^

N N

-4—4-

^

N N

4 4 4

^^

■^^ •#

O de bu-sy, bu-sy bee, O de bu-sy, bu-sy bee,What nefer stops vork ven I'm in bed.

De bu - sy bee, De bu - sy bee, What vorks ven I'm in bed.

weed, and if we have no
other place for it should be
removed and put with other
weeds. As a general rule,
not enough attention is paid
to this operation of thin-
ning. It may be carried
too far in being done too
early, before we know what
the insects are going to do,
or by taking out too many
plants, but as a rule this op-
eration is not carried far
enough for the best results.
It is a verj- important
factor in insuring the larg-
est return possible from a
given ground, with the least
expense. A great economy
to fertilizers will result from
a strict attention to this
matter, and but a small
amount of experience is
necessary to enable one to
see how far to go with it.
In thinning out, if we are
at work upon a plant that
is easily transplanted, al-
ways utilize all the plants
we can find room for by
setting out in places where
they molest nothing else.

In thus filling up the
nooks and corners, we shall
transfer these surplus plants
from the category of weeds
to the list of useful plants.
Let us pay good attention
to this thinning process
while we are weeding, and
see that we never neglect
this important feature in
making the most of our
ground. We shall all find
room for improvement in
this regard. — N. E. Farmer.

COIVVEHITIOIV DIRECTORY.

1888 Time and Place of Meeting.

Nov. 14.— Alabama State, at Montgomery. Ala.

J. M. Jenkins. Wetumpka, Ala.

Nov. 16.- Marshall County. at Marshalltown, Iowa.
J. W. Sanclera, Sec, LeGrand, Iowa.

Nov. 21 , 22.-P«nHanrtle. at Wheeling. W. Va.

W. L. Kinsey, Sec, Blaine, O.

Dec. —.-Michigan State, at Jackson, Mich.

H. D. Cutting. Sec, Clinton, Mich.
1R89.
Jan. 9-11.— Nebraska State, at Lincoln. Nebr.

J. N. Heater, Sec, Columbus, Nebr.

tST In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- Bd.

Swanniii{i:-llox.— John .S. Seely, of
Oswego, Ills., on Oct. 30, 1888, writes :

The patent swarming-box that was de-
scribed in the Bee JouBNALa while ago,

I am inclined to think does not amount to
much. I have used it, or all that is useful,
as 1 recollect the description of it, for at
least 3 years. I got the idea from the Bee
J0URNA.L, or some other paper, of the box
on the stick, and I added the slide. 1 take
a 16-foot piece 1x2 inches, cut in two,
planed and smooth, and put three strips of
tin 1-inch wide around both, and nail all to
one piece ; then tiore holes throiiKh both a
foot apart, and slide up and down to suit
the height requited, and put in a pin or small
bolt. The box is 6 or 7 inches square, and
about a foot long, open at the top, and sev-
eral holes in the sides. 1 think that I have
not cut a limb since 1 have used it. I gen-
erally give the limh a shake or jar with the
box, sometimes with a pole. If the bees
cluster on the body of a tree or large limb, I
put the box under the bees, brush them off,
and they will usually soon cluster on it. 1
have often carried large swarms 8 or 10 rods
in and on the box. I have no patent on this,
and I think that no one else has a right to.

Good Yield from Italians.— John
Blodget, Flag Springs, Mo., on Oct. 27, says:

I commenced the season of 1888 with 9
colonies, 7 strong and 2 weak ones. 1 in-
creased them, by natural swarming, to 30

strong colonies, all In good condition for
wintering, with plenty of good honey, and
to spare. I have taken off 1,428 one-pound
sections of comb honey, and sold 900 pounds
for Ifi^a and 15 cents per pound. This was
all heart'sease honey except about 200
pounds of linden, making an average per
colony, spring count, of Ih^-i pounds. 1
have one new colony that was hived on
June 9, on starters 4 inches wide in brood-
frames ; since that time it has stored 178
one-pound sections of honey. Its queen is
a daughter of an imported queen reared
artificially, and of last year's rearing. There
was no swarming impulse there.

The black bees are a failure so far as this
year is concerned. One of my neighbors,
1 who keeps bees only three miles away, told
I me recently that he had 12 colonies in the
Quinby hives, and that all he would get
from all of them was only 90 pounds. I feel
like hurrahing for the Italians. They are
the " coming bees," and have come to stay,
1 hope, until they drive the black bee, moth
and all into the— I do not know where, but
I do not know of a place in Missouri bad
enough.

I»r. Miller's Book, " A Tear Among
the Bees," and the Ajiekican Bee Jotnt-
NAL for one year— we send both for tl.50.

T34

THE; sMMRicMK mmw jQ^mwmi^.

lllJOliliK

ALFRBU H. I^EWTJIAN,

BUSINESS MANAOKR.

xtsmtss S^otices.

14 You t,ive near one post-office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give tlie
address that we have on our list.

Crive a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

If yoH t.ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

JPiire Phenol Ibr Foul Brood.—

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 25 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must go by express.

Preserve Your Papers for future

reference. If you have no mi^OER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions tor the Bee Joubnai,.

Yucca Brushes, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -wTite American Bee Jmvmal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

A Home Market for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine.''
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Apiary Kegister.— All who intend to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
should get a copy of the Apiary Register and
begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pag-es) , $] 00

•' 100 colonies (220 pagres) 125

" 200 colonies (420 pa^es) 1 50

Photog^raphs ol Bee«Keepers. —

The " medley " gotten up by E. 0. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 120 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journai, for one
year for $1.75 ; or we will present it free, by
maU, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and S3.00.

Hasting^s* Perfection Feeder. —

This excellent Feeder will hold 2 quarts,
and the letting down of the feed is regulated
by a thumb-screw. The cap screws securely
on. It is easy to regulate— either a spoonful
or a quart — and that amount can be given
in an hour or a day, as desired. By it the
food can be given where it is most needed-
just over the cluster. Not a drop need be
lost, and no robber bees can get at it. A
single one can be had for 40 cents, or a
dozen for .S3.50, and it can be obtained at
this office. Postage 10 cents extra.

Clover Seeds. — We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : .$8.00
per bushel; 82.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
Whits Clover Seed : $10.00 per bushel; $2.75
per peck; 30 cents per lb. Melilot or Sweet
Clover Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

Altai! a Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb.. 22c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, $.5.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., $10.00.
If wanted by mail, add 10 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

'Wc Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; K pound,
81.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for lialf an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Siniinins' Mon-Stv arming Sys-
tem.—We have a few of these books left,
and we will club them with the American
Bee Journal for one year, both postpaid,
for $1.25. The subscription to the Bee
JouKNAL can be for next year, this year, or
may begin anew at any time.

Paper Boxes — to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Xx4}^ and 5)^x514.
Price, $1.00 per 100, or $8.50 per 1,000.

Please to get your IVeighbor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

■%Ve Mill Present a Pocket Dictionary
for two subscribers with $2.00. Jt is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to decide
the spelling of words, and their meaning.

Cork for '^Vinter Packing'. — Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Oiood Enough. — Andrews & Lock-
hart, of Patten's Mills, N. T., on Oct. 13,
1888, wrote as follows concerning their use
of the advertising columns of the Ameri-
can Bee Journal :

We got more orders from our advertise-
ment in the American Bee Journal than
from all the other bee-papers put together.
We shall advertise in it again next year.

Honey and Beeswax Market.

CHICAGO.

HONEV.— New crop arriving slowly, but demand
is limited. White clover comb, 17@loc. Extracted,

7(5)90.

BKK8WAX.-22C.
Sep. 12. ». T. FISH & CO.. 189 8. Water 8t,

CHICAftO.

HONEY.-For white comb 1-lba., I8c. Very little
inquiry for anything outside of l-lbs., and when it
is wanted it is at a lower price. Extracted, the best
grades, 7^j8c.. and some held higher. OfiTerings are
small and demand slow.

BBB8WAX,-22o. R. A. BURNETT.

Sep. 12. 161 South Water St.

MILWAUKKB.

HONE V.-We quote : Fancy white I-Ibs., 18®20c.:
2-lbs , lH@l8c. Gooddark l.lbs., I6@l8c.: •2-lb8., 15 to
16c.; fair 1-lhB , I2i^2(*14c. Extracted, white, in kegB
and Jii-barrels. 8W{g,9c. : amber in same, 7W@mc.: in
pails and tin, white, 9;'t9^c. ; in barrels and naif-bar-
rels, dark, 6@61-^c. Market steady and supply araple
for tbe moderate demand, but present values have
a tendency to restrict general consumption.

BEESWAX.— 22®2:ic.
Oct. 25. A. V. BISHOP. 142 W. Water St.

DENVER.

HONE v.— Colorado, new l-lb. sections., 13@15c.
Extracted. 7@8e.

Bl!;B8WAX.-2n®23c.
Sep. 7. J. M. CLARK 4 CO.. 1409 Fifteenth St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lhs., 15@17o.:
2-lbs., 14®16c. Fair white l-Ibs., 1401BC.; 2-lb8., 13
to )5c. Kxtracted. white, 7>^@8c.

BEKSWAX.-23loc.
Sep. 17. ^HDRBER, WHYLAND & CO.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote . Fancy white l-lbs., 17®18c. :
2Ibs, I3@14c. Fair white l-lbs., 15®l6c.; 2-lb3., 12c.
Buckwheat l-lbs.. 11<(«12C.; 2-lb8., in@llc, VYhite
extracted. 7'^®8^'c. ; buckwheat. 5!.s@6Hb.: Califor-
nia extracted, white sage, IM&lHc. amber, 7J4®7^.
Demand good and prices firm. New comb honey Is
arriving quite f reel v.

BEK8WAA.— 23®23J^c.

HILDKB'I U BB08. * SEGBLKBN,
Oct. 10. -is &■ 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONBY.-Whlte l-lb. sections, lI@12Hc.i 2-lbs.,
12'.<.®1 c. : amber. 8@i()c. Extracted, white. 5M@6c.;
light amber. oHfeS^oc. ; amber and candied. 4$|@5c.
Receipts light and market firm for best qualities.

BKK8WAX.— Dullat 19Si22>4c.
Sep. 22. O. B. 8MITU 4 CO.. 423 Front at.

DKTROIT.

HONEY.— Best white comb, 17@lftc.: dark, 16c.—
Extracted, 8(g*H'c. Market bare of all kinds.

BKKaWAX.-21®-.!2c.
Sep. 24. M. U. HUNT. Bell Branota. Mich.

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 4V^'58c. per lb.
Comb honey, 12ii,@nic. Demand slow, and only for
be.st qualities.

UBBSW Ai.— Demand is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
ffood to choice vellow. on arrival.
Oct. 24. V. F. MUTH & SON. Freeman & Central Av.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— Choice l-lb. sections, 18c.: dark l-lbs.,
14c.; 2-lbs., Inc.; dark, l3c. White extracted in 60-
Ib. cans, 8c. ; amber. 7c. ; in barrels and kegs, 5®8C.
Demand good, prices steady, and stock fair.

BKKSWAX.- None in market.
Sep. 27. HAMBLIN & BBAB88, 514 Walnut St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lb. sections,
17W@18c.; 2-lbs., 14®15c. Fair l-lbs.. 14V^®15),^c.;
2-lbs., I l@12c. Extracted, fancy white cIover,7^@^H.
California white in 6u-lb. cans. He. ; light amber ,in
same cans, 7J<c. ; amber. 7Xc. Buckwheat in kegs
and barrel'*, 5^(ae. Cuban, in barrels and ^-barrels,
fine, per gallon.
Sep.26. F.G.STROHMBYEttiCO., 122Water8t.

HOTKEY.— We quote : Best white clover 1-pounds.
I7@18c.; best 2-lbs.. 16-«17o. Extracted, 8a9c. The
market is more active, with an upward tendency.
Oct. 25. BLAKK & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— White l-lbs. I7@l8c.; dark. I4@15c.; Cal-
ifornia white l-lbs.. 17c.; dark. 14e. B.<ctracted white
8c.; amber. 7c.

BEESWAX.- None in the market.
Oct. 1 1 . CUUMONB. CLUON S CO.. oor 4th *WaInnt.

ST. LOOTS.

HONE Y.— We quote : Extracted in barrels, 5@6c.,
according to quality: in cans. 7®8c. Comb, 12^^150.
Prices firmer on account of scarcity, tnougQ the
demand is not great.

BEESWAX.— 21 c. for prime.
Oct. 17. D. G. tCJIT & CO., Commercial St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote : Extracted, white. 6 cents;

light amber, bHe-\ amber. 5M®5^o. Comb, l-lbs.

I3®14c.: 2-lbs.. 10M13C.,
BKBSWAX.-20®22C.
Sep. 24. 8CHACHT & LKMCKB. 122-124 Davl

THE MMERIC^CN MMM JOIililNair.

739

THOMAS O. NEVinnAN,

EDITOR.

YoiniV. Noy.14,1888. No. 46.

Ediwrml 'Bueemqs,

When things don't go to suit you,

And tlie world seems upside down,
Don't waste your time in fretting.

But drive away that frown.
Since life is oft perplexing,

It is the wisest plan
To bear all trials bravely,

And smile whene'er you can.

Oar Engrlisli Friend, Mr. T. B.

Blow, made us a short visit last week. He
spent Sunday at Medina, O., and intends to
return to England very soon. He was un-
avoidably delayed in Wisconsin, and now
regrets that he has not time to accept the
many invitatrons to call on bee-keepers on
his return trip. He is a well-informed api-
arist, and has traveled in many countries in
the interest of bee-keeping.

Wew Cook Hook.— On our desk is a
copy of " Miss Maria Parloa's New Cook
Book." It has an elegantly illuminated
cover, and is filled with wise, judicious and
palatable instruction. By adopting these
directions, house-keeping may be made sim-
ple, easy and elegant. It will be sent for 30
cents by the publishers, Estes & Lauriat,
301 Washington St., Boston, Mass.

Honey Xurning to Sugar.—

When we were at the Columbus Conven-
tion Dr. A. B. Slason gave us a bottle of
honey-sugar for our Museum. It was ob-
tained thus : Let a barrel of honey granu-
late, and after removing the head of the
barrel, scoop out and reraovS the honey in
tlie centre. After awhile the honey at the
sides will drain off the liquid portion and
become dry sugar. That Is how the doctor
obtained this.

Bees in llie Museum Zoo.— Geo.
A. Wright, Glenwood, Pa., on Oct. 30, 1888,
says:

I have just read the item from the Wash-
ington, D. C, SUii; on page 69U and by
your footnotes to the article in question, I
see that you believe there is some truth in
the statement. Now I happened to be in
Wasliingtim, U. C, on Oct. U and 12 (only
three days after the article in question was
written) and I spent the best part of two
days in the National Museum ; 1 looked the
agricultural and "zoo" departments through
with treat care ; made careful inquiry of
the Government officials, and none of them
had ever seen or heard anything of bees or
honey in the National buildings. Had
Miller or any one else placed bees on ex-
hibition in tlie Museum, I should have been
quite sure to have found them, for I had
bees and honey particularly in mind when
looking through the Museum. So just put
the reporter down with Wiley, Evans & Co.

We know that Mr. Miller has bees on
exhibition, but the Star reporter may have
got things mixed up some on page 691.

Since the above was in type Mr. J. P.
Miller called at this office, and we showed
him Mr. Wright's letter. He said he was
sorry Mr. Wright did not see the exhibit of
bees. They were in the department of live
animals, a small building just south of the
Smithsonian. Had he gone there it would
have been almost impossible to have missed
seeing them. They were near the south
window, just to the left of the large cage
containing the two black bears six months
old. If Mr. Wright still doubts Mr. Miller's
word, he can write for the facts to Mr.
Hornaday, Superintendent of the Depart-
ment of Live Animals in the Museum at
Washington, D. C. Mr. Miller, during the
warm weather, exhibits bees in the large
cities of America for a living, and he is an
adept at it.

Oleomargarine, as a honey adul-
terant, is a strange thing, but that is what
the paper stated, as we quoted from it on
page 691. Our friend, A. I. Root, comments
thus upon it in Oleanmgs for Nov. 1 :

According to the American Bee Journal
there are now reports started in the papers
that in Holland honey is adulterated with
olei/margarlne. This last is ahead of all
other previous false statements. We have
heard about glucose, old rags, boots, shoes,
etc., being used as material for making
spurious honev ; but oleomargarine is ahead
of them all. 1 wonder if the compositor or
editor had not lost his dictionary, and in-
tended to use some other word.

No, friend Koot, it was not a typographi-
cal error. The writer may have been im-
bibing or enthusing, but the proof may be
found in Milfhell, a. d. Chem. Tech. Ver-
suchsanstalt in Berlin, 1886, page 14. We
hope some German apiarist will look it up,
and report in the Amekican Bee Jouunal.

Xhe Xime tor Reading- has come,
with the long winter evenings. We have a
large stock of bee-books, and would like to
fill orders for them. To read and post up is
the way to succeed in any pursuit— in none
is it more important than in bee-keeping.

A Correspondent in the Canadian
Dee Journal suggests that the Ontario Bee-
Keepers' Association liold a union mee^g
at Brantford with the next annual sesnon
of the International American Bee-Associa-
tion. Here is what he says :

I see by the last Bee Jottunal that the
North American Bee-Keepers' Association
is to meet at Brantford next year. Why not
have the Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association
meet there with them ? I observe that you,
Mr. Editor, suggest that the Ontario Bee-
Keepers' Association attend in a body, but
I go one belter, and propose to liold both
annual meetings at once. "I may be wrong,"
as Mr. Pringle says, in the suggestion, but
there is no way to find out how little a
fellow knows until he comes out and makes
himself heard.

We heartily endorse the suggestion. One
large and enthusiastic convention Is far
preferable to two smaller ones.

Bee-Keepers' Union.— After giving
a brief resume of the annual report of the
Manager of the Union, the Axistralasian
Bee Journal adds this paragraph, winding
up with an expression of good will and de-
sire for its prosperity :

The report gives particulars of several
cases the Union has defended on account
of its members, and shows how the Union
has forced not only the now celebrated Prof.
Wiley, but also lawyers, doctors, and min-
isters to recant all they have said in con-
nection with artificial comb honey. The
Union has paid away principally in defend-
ing cases against bee-keeping during the
year ending June 30, 1888, S305.45, and the
balance in hand on the same date was
8358.27. Long may the Union flourish !

Colorado Climate. — Prof. A. J.
Cook writes as follows in reply to Mrs.
Harrison's article on page 718 :

Let me assure Mrs. Harrison that Color-
ado climate seems not necessary. I have had
a small platof Rocky Mountain bee-plant for
over ten years. It blooms well, and has
attracted the bees freely each year. I have
just sown eight acres, and shall know what
is what next year.

Farmers sliould keep a regular account
book, which will give them a full showing
of the transactions of the year, showing the
amount of profit or loss in each department,
together with all the receipts and disburse-
ments. Our Farmers' Account Book con-
tains 150 large folio pages, with useful in-
formation and reference tables at the end.
Price $3.00.

We will present it to any one sending us
four new subscribers for a year, with 84.00
to pay for them. A little work in the dull
winter days will procure this nice present.
We send it by mail post-paid. It is hand-
somely bound.

L.ast W^eek we sent bills for those who
are in arrears for subscription for a year and
more. We hope they will be prompt in
sending in this amount together with a
dollar for next year.

740

T'HE MBa[ERieJS.H WBM JQ^JSiMMMLf.

statistics.— The subjoined summary
of information, derived from individual re-
ports given in Olcanings for Nov. 1, 1S88,
will Kive a correct idea of tlie present con-
dition of tlie apiarian pursuit througlwut
the United States and Territories :

1. The average price of comb honey
throuKhout the United States is a small
fraction over 19 cents per pound. The aver-
age for July 1 was 16 cents. The market is
luiprovinB some, as will be noticed. In some
cases it sells as high as 30 cents. In a large
numher of localities it is sold for ascents.
In only three or four places does it sell for
le^s than 15 cents.

2 The average price of extracted honey
is a fraction ovf r 13 cents per pound. The
statistics for July 15 showed H cents. There
seems to be less fluctuation in the price of
extracted than of comb.

3. A trifle over 48 per cent, of honey was
secured throughout the United States by
the reporters, and probably this percentage
represents very nearly the proportionate
amount secured by bee-keepers as a whole
through the country. This Is some better
than the report in July, by about 25 per

cent. . , i. ^,

4. Of those who report in regard to the
quality of honey, 66 report good ; 32 fair,
and only 8 poor.

5. Of the number who reply in regard to
the season, 13 report it to have been good ;
44 far, and 53 poor. If we put those who
report oood and those who report fair to-
gether, i he ratio stands 57 to 53. In other
wot ds, in about half the localities the sea-
son has been poor ; and in the other half,
from fair to good.

6 This season is decidedly better than
last : 66 report better ; 12 ahout the same,
and 27 worse. At this rate we may expect a
tolerably good season next year, if the
gradations from worse to better mean any
thing.

7. As to feeding, very little has been done
this fall ; of those who report, SO will not
be obliged to feed at all. The remainder,
27, will feed some, but not much.

Comparing this season with the last, we
have great reason to be encouraged ; and
alihough the reports given reler to indi-
viduals largely, yet in the majority of cases
they are representative of the locality. If
one man in a certain section of the State
has had a poor season, those about him will
experience pretty much the same state of
affairs. There are occasionally exceptions
to this rule, but it generally holds true.

In Aiiclilainl, New Zealand, they
have mild winters. Mr. O. Poole, in the
.Australasian Bee Journal for Oct. 1, 1888,
remarks thus concerning such seasons :

As a proof of the mildness of the past sea-
son, 1 may mention that a small colony of
bees have successfully passed the winter
mouths at Uevonport on three combs in a
glass observatory hive. The queen has for
some time been busily laying, and at present
they have every appearance of doing well.

Alvcays Mention your Post-Offlce,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

'What Becomes of all the SuK^r
and Honey ? asks the American Agri-
culturist, and then answers it in this way :

In the United States the consumption of
sugar per head of the population was 29
pounds in 1869 ; 39 in 1879 ; 48 in 1883, and 54
in 1887. In England the consumption of
sugar was 32 pounds per head in 1858 ; 41,i2
in 18,58 ; 62 in 1867 ; 62 in 1876. For several
countries the consumption is placed as fol-
lows :

Great Britain 63 pounds.

France 25

Germany 18 "

Denmark 33

Holland 25

Austro-Hungary 15

Italy 6

Spain 7 "

United States 54

Canada 51

Australia is put at 86 pounds per capita,
and Venezuela at 180— a flgure that seems
incredible. In all countries the average
consumption annually increases. Sugar is
becoming as much a necessity of life as
bread.

Then on the consumption of honey it
continues In the following words :

The annual product is about 28,000,000
pounds, or }.,' a pound apiece to the popula-
tion. In 1880, Tennessee made 3,131,000
pounds ; New York, 2,089,000 : Ohio, 1,637,-
000 ; North Carolina, 1,591,000 ; Kentucky,
1,.500,.565, and seven other States— Arkansas,
Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Pennsyl-
vania and Virginia— produced more than
one million pounds each ; altogether, in the
States named, more than half the entire
product of the country.

The Agriculturist has fallen into an error,
consequent upon copying the figures given
in the census reports which are manifestly
incorrect. The honey product of America
is over a hundred millions of pounds, in-
stead of a quarter of that amount.

Cider tor Winter Stores.— Several
correspondents have inquired whether it
would be advisable to attempt to winter
bees on stores composed of cider. In reply
we commend the following from an ex-
change :

Bees should not be allowed liberty to
cider. All stores from this and decayed
fruit are very unhealthy for them during
wioter as food. Bees will store their combs
full of sweet cider if allowed access to it,
and in such a case heavy losses are sure to
follow during the winter. It well pays
each one interested, the apiarist or the man-
ufacturers of cider, to enclose the mills in a
building where bees cannot molest them,
as it is almost impossible to manufacture
cider, when the mills are located close to
large apiaries, in the open air.

Combs containing a large amount of cider
should be removed, and others of good
honey inserted in their stead. If combs of
honey are not at hand, it will pay to feed
such colonies the full amount of winter
provisions, and the combs of cider honey
can be used in the spring with no bad effect
for spring feeding ; and even it combs of
honey are soured to a certain extent, it will
do no harm to give it to the bees in warm
weather when they are flying daily. But to
confine bees without loss during cold
weather, it is essential to have a healthy
diet on which to confine them.

l\eTV Constitution. — Prof. A. J.

Cook writes us as follows about the com-
mittee who had it in charge last year :

Please allow me to say in reply to the
severe strictures of my good friend Dr.
Miller in reference to the committee on the
new Constitution and By-Laws, that the en-
tire blame rests upon me as chairman. 1 do
not wish my friends Hutchinson and Root
to suffer for my delinquency. I have only
to say that, owing to a severe press of work
the past year, the whole affair utterly es-
caped my mind. It was like a thunder clap
when Dr. Mason called upon me for a
report.

I was not present at Columbus, O., when
the new Constitution was adopted. As
stated in my improptu report, I do not
think the new regime will be any improve-
ment on the old. 1 believe the association
is a very important organization. 1 also be-
lieve that it will do the most good by con-
tinuing its migratory meetings, reaching to
all parts of the country, and securing essays
for each meeting from representative men
from all sections. After this the more in-
formality, and the less machinery, the bet-
ter. But we shall see. I shall heartily
support the new order, and rejoice sincerely
in any improvement that results.

One might easily conclude from reading
the above that some" one had proposed, or
that the Constitution had provided that the
annual meetings of the Society should be
held at one place all the time. Of course
they are to be "mi{}ratory meetings, reach-
ing to all parts of the country," as hereto-
fore. We agree with the Professor in re-
gard to obtaining essays. The other plan
has been " tried and found wanting."

Clear Orit.- As an illustration of this
grand quality, Mr. E. S.Arwine gives in the
Pacific Farmer his experience in hiving a
swarm of bees. He says :

Once upon a time, about 1877 or 1878, 1
had a swarm cluster about 30 feet tip on a
tree near my apiary ; and as 1 could not get
at them with a ladder on account of the
small limbs, I climed the treefto get them.
1 could get nothing to stand on, in reach of
the cluster, but two small limbs about as
large as a man's tumb, and held on by a
limb about l',' inches in diameter, and
about 4 feet froFn the body of the tree.

The limbs I stood on being on a small
fork that terminated in small oranches out-
side of and around the cluster, I had cut the
small limbs from around the bees, and was
about tying a line to a limb, when the two
branches 1 was standing on broke. The
limb I was holding to, by the jerk of my
weight coming all on it, bent quickly, strik-
ing the cluster, and that precipitated a large
part of it on to my bare head, my hat hav-
ing been knocked off while climbing.

Think of the joy of my situation— hang-
ing by one hand some 18 or 20 feet high,
with perhaps a hundred lances busily test-
ing the hardness of ray head, and the stick-
ing qualities of my grit, but I did not fall.

I had had a broken thigh once, and I
would prefer a thousand bee-stings to one
broken leg. I quietly pulled myself on to
the body of the tree, climbed down, combed
the stings out of my scalp, while my wife
picked a dozen or two out of my forehead,
face and neck, after which I climbed up
again, knocked the cluster into a basket,
let them down by a rope, carried them to
the hive, and emptied them out. Thus I
learned that we could carry bees in an open-
topped vessel as well as any way, and with
no risk of jarring the cluster off.

•rHK m'mmmicmfi mmm j&umnmi^.

741

GRAVENHORST.

A Sketch of llic Man and Ili§
Jfletliods of Work.

Writteyi for Oleanliigs in Bee-Culture

BV L. STACHELHACSEN.

The name of the German bee-vet-
eran, C. J. H. Graveuhorst (born Sept.
26, 1823), is well known to Aniericans.
The teachers of Germany educate not
only the people in the science of read-
ing and writing, but many of them are
likewise excellent amateur bee-keep-
ers, silkworm raisers, etc., etc. ; so,
too, our friend kept bees as long as he
acted as teacher.

In 1863, a disease of the ears made
it necessary to (juit teaching, and from
this time he kept bees in the city of
Braunschweig, as a specialist, and for
the support of his family. Near that
city are the wide plains of Lusneburg,
with the honey-yielding he;Uh, where
bee-keeping lias been a profession for
centuries. Here the old heath bee-
keeper wanders with one hundred or
more straw-skeps from one hone}-flow
to the other until late in the fall ; and
they are masters in their trade. Here
friend Gravenhorst got his first educa-
tion as bee-keeper.

As the movable comb was more and
more used, he used hives after Dzier-
zon and Berlepsch. He saw the ad-
vantages of these hives, but his income
■was not so large as he wished. In
man}' I'espects the old straw-skeps
were better. So the aim to unite the
advantage^ of movable-frames with
the advantages of the straw-skeps
caused Gravenhoi'st to invent his hive,
the " bogenstuelper," and he made it
public in 1865.

Here I will remark, that Mr. Gra-
venhorst's hive was the first one in
Germany by which an}' frame could be
taken out without removing a number
of other ones, as in our Langstroth
hive, and Mr. Gravenhorst has always
spoken and written for this principle.

As to his originality, his whole man-
agement and many things finalh-
adopted here in the United States
were known and used by Mr. Graven-
horst first, although in another form.
On the other hand, his knowledge of
the English language enabled him to
study onr American methods, and two
voyages to England showed to him tlie
progress of ajiieulture in that country,
ftnd he did not fail to use wliat he
learned, of course modified for his con-
trivances.

For a long time he was the only bee-
keeper in Gerniany who reported in

bee-papers the advance in the United
States and England. His experiences
are laid down in many articles for bee-
papers.

About 1873 Mr. Gravenhorst pub-
lished the first edition of his book,
Der Practische Imker {The Practical
Bec-Keeper). It was merely a pamph-
let describing his hive and manage-
ment. In 1878 the second edition
came out, enlarged to a manual for
the bee-keeper, and now I have be-
fore me the fourth edition, 1887, beau-
tifully illustrated, and much enlarged
and improved.

On the first of October, 1883, he
started a new bee-paper, lllustrierle

C. J. H. Gravenhorst.

Bienenzeiluiig, by which he gives to
his readers the experiences made in
his own large apiar}', as well as the
most important improvements in api-
culture in the wide world. This bee-
paper is now one of the best, if not
the best, in Germany.

In 1884 he was driven away from
his home. His neighbors did not like
bees, and Mr. Gravenhorst was or-
dered to remove his. He appealed
from court to court, and the German
bee-keepers stood nobly by him, help-
ing to pay the expenses ; but the law-
suit was lost, and he sold his old home
in the city of Braunschweig and moved
his bees to Storbeckshof, near the val-
ley of the Elbe.

If we look in his book we will see
many engravings which seem strange
to us. But if we read the book, and
if we know the honej' resources of his
country, we are bound to saj- that Mr.
Gravenhorst's hive and management
are not to be surpassed for his locality.
His hive is especially adapted for
wandering and for quick handling.
Manj' manipulations are done by hives
instead of by frames, the Barac idea

represented now by Mr. Heddon, but
in quite a diflcrent wa}'.

The American bee-keeper will be
astonished if he sees that Mr. Graven-
horst's liive is turned upside down to
take out the frames. This is at first a
concession to the custom of the heath
bee-keeper ; but many advantages are
gained thereby. Many times we see
all we need by a glimpse from below
by lifting the hive only a few inches
on one side. If the colony builds some
drone-comb here, we have a sure sign
that the swarming fever is commenc-
ing. The Heddon and similar inverti-
ble hives will show us these advan-
tages by and by.

The cover of the hive is tight, and
no mat or cloth or quilt is to be re-
moved. This is an advantage, es-
pecially in the spring, after a revision
has been necessary, because not a bit
of the warm air of the hive can es-
cape. The objections against this hive
are, that for a short and very good
honey-flow it is too small, correspond-
ing to the one story and a half of the
Simplicity only. Again, it cannot be
enlarged, and thereby is not practicable
for comb honey in sections.

In his management we find many
things quite ditlerent from ours. In
conformity to the honey-flow, and the
usage of the heath bee-keepers, Mr.
Gravenhorst increases his colonies in
the spring, and unites again in the
fall. He teaches, and has for many
years, that swarms should be hived on
starters only — an idea which finds ad-
vocates now among our best American
bee-masters. For this purpose his
artificial swarms are quite similar to
the natural swarms ; and one of his
methods of forming artificial swarms
is quite similar to Mr. Doolittle's
method of forming nuclei. This chap-
ter of his book is very interesting

Of importance is the chapter on
moving bees from one pasturage to
another. Tliis is entirely new for the
United'States, and we could find no
better teacher than Mr. Gravenhorst,
who for many years has taken his 200
to 6U0 hives twice every year to
another location, and with the best
success, too.

In short, Mr. Gravenhorst is original
in ever}' respect. His aim is to ad-
vance bee-keeping to a pursuit giving
a living to the manager, and to sys-
tematize the labor. In this respect he
has done more than any other bee-
keeper in (ieriiiany ; and we can truly
say tliat Mr. (iravenhorst is now the
greatest master in practical bee-keep-
ing in Germany. His crops of honey
are counted by tons — a rare case in
Germany.

One point I wish especially to men-
tion, because he gives a glimpse of the
character of the man. Many ihven.

742 1P-H1^ MMB^KICMlf mmm J©WKltSI*.

tors of hives think that their invention
only is good, and that all other hives
are impracticable. Not so with Mr.
Gravenhorst. He fnlly perceives the
advantages of other hives, and es-
pecially of our Langstroth hive, and
his judgment vras always impartial.
In this respect he is far ahead of a
few frivolous enviers who criticized
his hive and management a short time

ago. . .

In his book he gives descriptions
and engravings of different German
hives ; but we find the Langstroth,
Cowan, and the new Heddon hive too.
No other German bee-book mentions
these or similar hives. The operations
and management are described, but he
always gives remarks as' to how the
bee-keeper should proceed with hives
of other styles.

Salem, Texas.

' for keeps.'

&

lEFUEt

Using Clilorofornt to Quiet
Tempered Bees.

Ill

Written for the American Bee Journal

Qnery 588.— 1. Would any ill-effects follow
the use of chloroform In quieting very ill-
natured Cyprians or, other bees ? 2. Will they
revive after being thoroughly paralyzed by
its use ?— Iowa.

never used it. — Eugene

I have
Secor.

1. No ; not unless you go too far. 2.
Yes. — H. D. Cutting.

The use of chloroform is dangerous,
either on bees or human beings. —
Dadant & Son.

I cannot say,- as I have never experi-
mented' in that direction. — J. M. Ham-

BAUGH.

A trial will tell you. If you kill
them, it would be a " small loss." — G.

M. DOOLITTLE.

1. I think not, unless greatly over-
done. 2. I think so, but I have never
tried it. — C. C. Miller.

I have had no experience with chlo-
roform, and so I do not know. — C. H.

DiBBERN.

1. No. 2. Unless kept too long un-
der the influence of it, they will re-
vive.— P. L. VlAXLON.

I have had no experience with either
chloroform or Cyprians. Th-ey might
do well toqether. — J. M. Shuck.

1. I cannot .speak from experience.
2. I think they will, but I have never
tried it on a full colony. — Mrs. L.
Harrison.

It all depends upon haw much they
were paralyzed. If I had cross Cyp-
rians, or any kind of cross bees, I

would paralyze them
James Heddon.

1. I think not. 2. Yes. I have used
chloroform on bees until they fell from
the combs. All revived, and seemed
unharmed. I prefer, however, not to
use it. Smoke, I think, is preferable.
— A. J. Cook.

1. There will be no ill-effects if you
know just when to stop. 2. Yes ; but
do not give too much. When you must
give bees an ansesthetic, smoke them
with puff-balls {Lycoperdon bovista). —
J. P. H. Brown.

1. I think not. Those who have
tested say that there will not. 2. I
have never tested it, but I see no rea-
son why they should not ; but I do not
think its use should be pushed to that
extent >T. E. Pond.

1. I have never used chloroform.
On general principles I woidd think
that a moderate use might produce no
ill-effects. 2. That would depend upon
the quantity used. — M. Mahin.

It would depend entirely upon the
strength of the dose. Just enough to
"quiet them" would undoubtedly have
no permanent ill-effects. Though I
should not want to answer for those
that were "thoroughly paralyzed." —
Will M. Barnum.

I never use any severe measures to
conquer spiteful bees. If a colony be-
comes unmanageable, I proceed to
change the strain, and get rid of the
unmanageable bees in that waj-. 1. I
have never used chloroform to quiet
bees, and therefore I do not know
about its effects on them. 2. The word
"thoroughly" is pretty strong. I
would never expect to see bees active
again after once being "thoroughly
paralyzed." — G. W. Demaree.

No ill-effects would follow a mod-
erate dose, but the true way to conquer
ill-natured bees is to introduce a new
mother of good-natured bees. — The
Editor.

the

Extracting the Honey from
Brood-lVest.

tiie

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 589.— Would it not be a good plan
to extract a part of the honey in the brood-
chamber to give room for the queen, and
still leave plenty of honey for winter stores,
even if some feeding in the spring had to be
done ?-N. S.

No, never. — James Heddon.

No. — Eugene Secor.

No. — M. Mahin.

No, not as a general rule. — Will M.
Baknum.

No ; she would have plenty of room
without making the stores short. — R.
L. Taylor.

No. Use Hill's device over
frames. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

Yes ; but do this before the weather
becomes too cold. — C. H. Dibbern.

I do not do it. Bees properly man-
aged during the honey season will not
store too much in the brood-nest. — J.
M. Shuck.

Be very cautious about extracting
from the brood-combs, late in the sea-
son. We do not believe in it. — Dadant
& Son.

Without great care and good judg-
ment it would be a very bad plan. — J.
P. H. Brown.

I never saw a hive too full of honey
for safe wintering. The queen needs
no more room than any other bee, late
in the fall.— G. M. Doolittle.

Should the colony be quite populous
they will probably consume stores sufli-
cient to make room for the queen. It
might be necessary to extract in the
spring. — J. M. Hambaugh.

If in the fall after the honey flow.
I would not extract. I always found
that those colonies which had plenty of
honey in the brood-chamber to winter
on, came out the strongest and in bet-
ter condition in the spring. — P. L.
Viallon.

I like the combs well filled for win-
ter. I would rather remove combs
and have 30 pounds of honey in five
Langstroth frames, or eight Gallup
frames, than to have the 30 pounds in
all the frames. — A. J. CoOK.

Unless the hive is very small, it is
not necessary, and I would rather
have enough in the hive to avoid feed-
ing in the fall or spring. — C. C.
Miller.

I never allow the queen to be crowd-
ed in the brood-chamber. The plan
that gives her ample room should be
adopted. Experience will prove what
plan is the best.— J. E. Pond.

It would depend upon the size of
the hive and several other conditions.
I want enough good honey left in the
brood-chamber to carry the bee*
through without feeding in the spring,
if possible.— H. D. Cutting.

While I would prefer to have two
or three combs in the middle of the
brood-chamber only partly filled from
the top-bars downward, as an empty
place for the bees to cluster in, at the
beginning of winter, I do not think
that it is essentially necessary ._ The
queen needs no " room " at this time
of the year.— G. W. Demaree.

In winter, the queen takes no more
room than a worker-bee. There can
be no good reason for taking honey
away from the bees in the fall, when
they have not enough for their use in
the spring.— The Editor.

Tmm ^MERICSllH BEE? JOURNSI^.

743

COTVVEBJTIO:^ DIRECTORY.

1888 Time and Place of Meeting.

Nov. 16.- Marshall County, at Marshalltown. Iowa.
J. \V. Saruiers, Sec, LeGrand. Iowa.

Nov. 21, 22,— PanHBnflle,at Wheeling. Vf. Va.

W. h. Kinsey, 8ec.. Blaine, O.

Dec. —.—Michigan Slate, at Jackson. Mich.

H. D. Cutting. Sec, Clinton, Mich,
1889.
Jan. 9-11.— Nebraska State, at Lincoln, Nebr.

J. N. Heater, Sec, Columbua, Nebr.

May 4.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

17" In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetinffs.- Ed.

APPLE-BLOSSOMS

In the Land of Flowcr!«-
Que§tion§.

-Some

Writtai for the American BccJaumal

BY ALBERT VOUGHT.

Thinking Uiat apple-blossoms on
Nov. 1 would be a rarity in the frosty
city of Chicago, I enclose a bunch
gathered this morning, and I hope
that they may not be too much soiled
to help make up the bouquet that is to
grace )"onr sanctum on the day of ar-
rival. Of course these blossoms will
not come to maturity, but the bees are
having a fine time gathering pollen
and sipping the sweets "just the
same." Apple-lilossoms two months
before Christmas, and again two
months after — who says this is not a
land of flowers and honey ?

I cannot give an accm-ate account
of honej^ taken and sold this season, so
I will not attempt it ; however,-! feel
ver}' much encourged with the year's
experience. If this has been a poor
season, I would like to see a good one.

I, too, wish to make a protest. Why
make any distinction in nice, clear,
bright honey ? We have acres and
acres of white clover, why class it all
as "southern honey," whether gath-
ered in nice one-pound sections, or ex-
tracted and cared for according to
modern bee-keeping, or in the old-
fashioned " bee-gum," and mashed up
with brood, dirty comb, etc., and
" strained ?" I am satisfied that I get
as nice honey as that north of tlie
"Mason and Dixon line."

A neighbor said to me one day,
" Have you any more of that nice
honey ? I declare, that which I got
was as good, or better, than any I ever
ate in New Yorl;, while I lived there.
It doesn't taste like the honey we get
here. Your bees must be trained." I
told him that it was only a dift'erence
in the way they were handled.

As I am only partially "trained"
myself, and depend almost entirely
upon the Amekican Bee Journal,
and as I have no neighbor bee-keepers
(no legislation required here), I wish
to ask :

1. Do bumble-bees drive away the
honey-bees ? In my lawn are six or
eight honej'-locust trees. I noticed
during the past two years, almost
countless numbers of bumble-bees and
other insects on them, but not as many
honey-bees as I thought there should
be.

2. Is the Russian mulberry a honey-
producing tree ?

Illawara, La., Oct. 29, 1888.

[1. We do not think generally that
bumble-bees have any antipathy to
honey-bees. We remember that some
40 years ago a war between these bees
was reported in Wales, at the close of
Avhich it is said that "heaps of the
vanquished covered the ground, some
without heads, others minus their
wings, and others completely sep-
arated into two parts." One person is
said to have " scraped together 8 or 4
bushels of dead bees with his foot," as
a result of this singular war. This is
very unusual, however, for they gen-
erally have no trouble with one
another.

2. We think not. We never heard
of its yielding any honey. — Ed.]

SELLING HONEY.

How to Inereai«e the Demand
and Maintain Prices.

Read at the New Vork Convention

BY L. c. ROOT.

Those who have carefully read the
various bee-papers during the past
)-ear, have observed the unusual in-
terest which has been manifested in
regard to the disposition of our pro-
ducts at remunerative prices. I have
many times expressed the opinion
that far too much thought was being
given in the direction of producing
large quantities of honey, and too little
to the better quality and proper dis-
position of the same. I have so often
expressed my views upon this subject,
that I shall ofJ'er but few suggestions.
Enough has been said, and practical
plans enough have been offered to en-
tirely revolutionize the sj'stem of mark-
eting. To tell the exact truth, we
liave had too mudi talk, followed by
far too little action. The great needs
at present may be briefly stated as fol-
lows : ■

First, to attain to a higher standard
in the production of our honey. This
will be readied through the great
freedom of discussion which is taking-
place in all our bee-literature. I am a
thorough advocate of the " question
and answer department '' of our
papers, where we are enabled to com-
pare the opinions of so many of our
best bee-keepers, expressed in so con-
cise and explicit a manner. We should
remember tliat anything tending to-
educate in the direction of raising the
quality of our honey to a higher stan-
dard, is exactly in line with cresiting.
and strengthening a better market.

Our first aim should be a prime
quality, and next complete and perfect
finish, so that it shall be attractive and
agreeable to handle. All this mean*
proper fall management and winter
work ; successful wintering, and proper
spring management ; so that colonies
shall be populous, and in condition to
store honey rapidly, which aids its
neat appearance. In short, it means,
all the year round, hard work.

Second, we need to guard and foster
most strenuously the fact that our pro-
duct is a pure and wholesome article
of food. In fact, the only commercial
sweet, furnishetl entirelj' from natural
sources, that has undergone no process
of manufacture. It is as wholly and
truly as natural a production as milk,
and" has ranked with it in all ages past.

Third. We are now come to the
point where we need a reformation
We talk mucli about " developing a
home market," "creating a greater
demand for our honey," "making
proper exhibits at our fairs," etc., but
we fail to practice what we advocate.
In my opinion, one of the very greatest
needs in the direction of solving the
problem, is an entire revolution in our
svstem of marketing. Our wares
should be handled in eveiy large and
important market, by those who are
thorouglily informed in every branch
of bee-culture.

It may be urged that by these ex-
hibitions we will induce many not now
in the business to embark in it. I
think not. I believe the better way is
to come right out square and let them
see what we are doing. I have made
exhibitions at the Saratoga County
fairs for a numljer of years, and have
yet to hear of any one starting in the
business as the result, but I know th.at
it has been the means of helping hun-
di-cds. I may say thousands of pounds
of honey, out of the glutted city
markets.

I think, perhaps, you will agree with
mc that for the caus^ of apiculture,
exlHl>itions at fairs are desirable, but
will it pay tlie persons making them
for their time and the necessary ex-
pense ? We might ask, does bee-

744

TMW, MME'RieMrf MMm J©^KlfMI,.

kmkhm^mAa

keeping pay ? Does my business pay ?
The answer depends in a great meas-
ure on the individuals themselves. It
may not pay directlj' the first year, but
if advertising is worth anything, it no
doubt will, in the long run.

If your fair managers offer no
premiums, make a good display one or
two years without, and I think they
will then, rather than lose the attrac-
tive feature. There is also a great ad-
vantage in being the first one to start
anything like this.

Now, if these few ideas that I have
here advanced will result in increasing
the home consumption of our honey,
thereby helping to relieve the city
markets, I shall feel repaid for all the
labor I have given this essay.

Stamford, Conn.

SPRING DWINDLING.

LiOss of Bees in I lie Spring
Fancy Comb Honey.

^¥ritten for the American Bee Journal
C. E. WOODWAKD.

On page 697, Mr. Doolittle states in
his report for 1888, that he is again
out at open sea, for the experience of
the past spring has taken all of the
conceit out of him ; and he candidly
confesses that he does m^t know what
causes " spring dwindling," or degen-
eration. Well, let us see.

Mr. Doolittle says in his report that
2 colonies were wintered exactly alike.
That may be true, so far as the eye
could witness, and j-et not be exactly
alike. You may take two eggs that
look just alike, and yet they are not
alike ; for one may sink in water, and
the other may float.

So Mr. Doolittle's bees might not be
just alike. One colony might have
contained young bees, and the other
might have contained old ones that
died with old age. A colony of young
bees, if well protected in the spring,
will not degenerate, at least such is
my experience.

Frodnciiig; Fancy Comb Honey.

If bee-keepers wish to obtain fancy
prices they must obtain fancy honey.
How can we obtain fancy ' honey ?
Simply by using starters in tlie sec-
tipns ? No, I think not. P'ill the sec-
tions half full ? No, I would not. I
would till tlie sections full of founda-
tion, and fasten tlie foundation to each
side of the section, not at the top, and
h^ave a bce-s))afe at the bottom ; for
the bees will take care of that part.

I have tried, and experimented with
all the ways, and I like the above way
much the best. The sections are filled
flush and full at the four sides. All of

my honey sold for 15 and 15i cents
per pound, while others obtained 12J
and 13 cents per pound in the same
market. This is the way I obtain
fancy honey, and fancy prices.
South Newburg, O.

BEE-WARRIORS.

A Vietorioui Army Put to Flight
by Bees.

Written for Harper's You7ig People.

The quiet little village of Holzmen-
gen, in Transylvania, was in an up-
roar one bright summer afternoon
long ago, for its Saxon inhabitants
were fighting for their lives against
terrible odds, as they had fought man}'
a time before. The whole slope of the
hill on the brow of which it stood was
one great crowd of wild-looking men,
with dark, tierce faces and white tur-
bans, and strangely fashioned armor —
those dreaded Turkish soldiers, the
memory of whose fierceness is still
preserved in our saying that any man
of savage temper is " a regular Turk."

And all this time, while the air was
rent with the din of battle, and Death
was gapping to devour the village and
all within it, a little girl barely ten
years old, with long fair hair, and eyes
as blue and bright as the skj' overhead,
was at work in her little garden just
behind the village church, as quietly
as if no enemy were within a hundred
miles of her.

But this was not so strange as it
looked. Little Lizzie was the daugh-
ter of the sexton who had charge of
the church, which, as the largest and
safest building in the place, was al-
ways used as a hospital in time of war;
and the work upon which the little
woman was so busy, was the preparing
of bandages for the wounded, who
were now being brought in thick and
fast.

But in the midst of all this uproar
and agony and death, the sun shone as
brightlj' as ever, and the trees of the
tiny garden rustled in the evening
breeze ; and around the twelve neat
hives that stood ranged in a row, the
bees were humming blithely, as tliej-
hovered among the flowers ; and any
one who had sliut his ears to the
frightful din below might have thought
this spot the most peaceful in the world.

And now Lizzie, catching up a whole
armful of bandages, hurried away into
the church, where she was soon so
busy among the wounded men that
she hardly noticed that the noise of
the battle was growing louder, seem-
ing to roll nearer and nearer every
m<mient.

But suddenly a fearful cry from
without made her look up, and through

the nearest window she saw the Ger-
mans crowding wildly into the one
small gate of the church-yard wall,
while behind them the dark Turkish
faces and snow-white turbans were
eddying like a flood among the houses.
The Turks had taken the village, and
were coming on to attack the church
itself !

Luckily it could only be attacked on
one side, for on the other the rock was
so steep and slippery that no man
alive could have scaled it. So the
brave village bailiff", though bleeding
from several wounds, ranged his men
along the side of the wall that faced
the enem3% and encouraged them to
stand firm and fight it out to the last.

On came the Turks with hoarse yells
of triumph, and in a moment the whole
space outside the church-yard wall was
a sea of grim faces and flashing steel.

And now the swarming assailants
made a thinl charge, which brought
them right up to the foot of the wall
that sheltered all who were left of the
defenders ; and while some thundered
upon the gate with axes, others planted
ladders against the wall or tried to
clamber up it on each other's shoulders.

Another moment and all would have
been over ; but just then Lizzie, struck
with a bright idea (which came to her
from an old story that she had heard
one winter evening), darted back to
her little garden, seized two of the
bee-hives, one in each hand, and
springing upon the low wall, hurled
them among tlie swarming assailants.
Two more instantly followed, and then
other two, until the whole dozen hives
had been flung down upon the heads
of the clambering Turks.

The bees, enraged to madness at
being sent whirling through the air so
unceremoniously, fell like furies upon
the shaven heads and bare arms of the
Turkish soldiers, and gave them such
a pricking that the Saxon arrows
which had been falling so thick among
them, seemed a mere nothing in com-
parison. Every man in the front
ranks was literally black with the in-
furiated insects, which kept stinging
the more fiercely the more the be-
wildered Turks tried to beat them oft'.

There was no more thought of bat-
tle or assault ; for who could wield a
sword or climb a wall with his head
covered with a perfect nose-bag of en-
raged bees, and every exposed inch of
his body smarting as if pierced by a
thousand red-hot needles ? Aw.ay flew
the enemy, and away flew the bees
after them, while the yells of pain of
the discomfited Turks were answered
bj' the uproarious laughter of the
triumphant Saxons, who might well
laugh to see a whole Turkish army put
to flight by the device of one little
o-irl.

THU SMERICSPf BE15 J@^Rr«ffilL,.

745

Clouds and Sunsliiuc.

>»^»-^->'^^^^^

BY M. B. GLEA90N.

In their onward pmjrreea frlidlng.

Come and go successive years,
Freitrhifd wan me joys and sorrows

That beget our smiles and tears.

Borne on rapid, tireless pinions.

Sweep they down through boundless space,
Leaxnng now a belt of sunshine

And anon a darijened place.

Light has ever foil of shadow.
So does pleasure mate with pain.

And our joy is twin to sadness.
But our loss is linked with gain.

Life's most patient, helpful lessons

Are with wise, unerring care.
Given through trials that beset us.

Or In burdens that we bear.

-Our Rest.

CANADA.

Keeping Bec§ in the Hive in
UnfaTorable ^Veatlicr.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY S. T. PETTIT.

The weather here, almost all the
time for the last five weeks, lias been
cool and cloudy, with a considerable
amount of rain. I believe that this
state of the weather at thi.s time of the
j-ear, in this latitude, is better for bees
than if it were warm and sunshiny.
When the weather is warm and clear,
at this time of the year, bees wear
themselves out sucking around cider-
mills, and working upon decaying
apples in neighboring orchards.

I have thought a good deal over the
matter, and tried to devise some cheap
and effective scheme or device, where-
by bees could be kept comfortable,
happj' and (juiet at home, when sur-
rounding conditions were just right to
tempt them abroad to their own de-
struction. If any one can tell ns how
to do it, I am persuaded that tlie
majority will vote him a great dis-
coverer and benefactor.

To me it is a painful trial to look on
helplessly, and see my bees storing
large quantities of "death," in the
shape of poor honey-dew, and fre-
quently many colonies perish from this
cause. Now would it not be a great
boon to us, if we could make them
" hibernate " a few hours ever3' day,
or whenever we should find it neces-
sary to do so, until the trouble be
past ?

In my locality the worst kind of
honej--dew is brought in only in the
forenoon. Again, the time is appar-
entl}' at hand, when Paris green and
other poisons will be largely used upon
fruit-trees ; and it may be found neces-
sary for the safetj' of bees, and for
best results, to have it done at certain
fixed times, or rather, when tlie blo.s-
soms are in a certain stage of advance-
ment; and when this time arrives, the
bee-keeper should be notified, who

then sh(nild be in a position to keep
his bees at home in that quiet state
without worry that will do them no
harm.

The pertinent question is, who will
make the discovery ? Who will tell
us how to do it ? The want is a felt
one, and the remedy, I trust, will be
forthcoming.

Experiments fur Next Season.

The plan upon which I contemplate
ex])erimenting next season, is about as
follows :

For each hive I will make a box out
of wire-cloth, whose length shall be
equal to the width of the hive, about 2
inches high and 3 inches wide, with
bottom and one side out. Place this
upon the alighting-board, and against
the front of the hive, so that the bees
can come out into this cage, but can-
not escape or get out. Then place
pieces of ice upon the box or cage,
and shade the hive, particularly the
front.

The ice will cause a current of cold
air to fall constantly upon the alight-
ing-board at the entrance, with fre-
quent drops of ice-water. If the day
is very hot, I will elevate the front of
the hive so that both the ice-water and
the cold air will fiow down into the
hive.

Now 1 fancy every bee that may
spend a few seconds in this cold apart-
ment, will return and report the day
rather cloudy, cool and wet for out-
door operations. What do bee-keepers
think about it ? I would add that
"lots" of ventilation is a great factor
in keeping bees quiet in hot days.

Belmont, Ont., Oct. 25, 1888.

BEES AS DOCTORS.

Incidents in the Apiary Occur-
ring tliiisi Fall.

Written for the Prairie Farmer

BY MRS. L. HAKRISON.

The weather has been cut off from
the best piece lately, and I have en-
joj'ed exceedingly to be out among the
rustling, falling, fragrant leaves, bot-
tling up sunshine to uncork during
zero-time. I am like the Yankee seek-
ing work who was hired to pound on
the side of a log with an axe. In
a short time he threw it down in dis-
gust, saying: " I can't do it; I must
see the chips lly." When told by a
l)hysician that I must walk and drive
in the open air a great deal, I said :
" I can't ilo it unless I have some ob-
ject." He looked at me in disgust,
saying: "Isn't liealth an object
enough ?" No, it was not. I needed
something to do that would cause nje
to forget self, pains and aches ; and

bee-keeping fills the bill. It is good
medicffie to be taken well-shaken, but
not in too large doses.

Doctors prescribe the bee's sting as
a remedj- for some ailments, and a
powerful one it is, too, and thej' had
better let the bee administer it. It
can drop it out from its bottle with
more precision than it can from the
apotliecary's. I have no doubt that
rheumatism, dropsy and kidney dis-
orders are greatly benefited by work-
ing with bees.

I used to tell a little girl, when put-
ting on my shoes for me during win-
ter, tliat when the weather got warm,
and I worked out with the bees and
got stung, she would not have to do it
any more ; and she never did, for I
could do it nij'self.

I was once verj- favorablj' impressed
with the life-giving qualities of bees.
I had been very sick a long time, and
was barely able to walk, when I went
to a hive containing a large colony of
bees, uncovered them and sat down by
them, breathing in their effluvia. It
had a wonderfully exhilarating, re-
juvenating effect upon me. Whj', I
was " born again." It was during the
working season of bees, when they are
visiting thousands of flowers and
bringing home with them their medici-
nal virtues.

Fall IVork.

This is the time of year when it pays
to work in the apiaiy, and do it well.
Promising to do better another year,
will not answer. " Now is the ac-
cepted time : now is the day of salva-
tion." Come with me, and we will
take a look at the apiar}". Do you see
anything different in that large colony
of bees sunning themselves in the por-
tico, from the others ? Yes, drones ;
there are none to be seen elsewhere.
How fat and sleek, jollj' and con-
tented ; happy as a clam. Why have
they not been able to walk the plank ?
The ladies need them no doubt ; so
tolerate their company. Let us ex-
amine them and see if they are nyt
queenless. How heavy this frame is,
sealed clear lo the bottom !

We will remove each frame and
look it over carefully, and see what we
can find. Not a bit of brood — but this
is not strange. There is little in any
of tlic colonies now ; they iisuall}' have
a little patch, which is a wise provi-
sion of nature, against the lo.ss of the
queen ; for, as long as they have an
egi', tliey can rear another one. But
if not, alas ! they must perish ; they
cannot make something from nothing.

See ! tliis explains it — a que(;n-cell.
She has just come ont apparently ; if
it had been long, the bees would have
cut it down like an acorn-cup. I do
not like to say the queen has hatched,
for how can the bee's egg hatch, and

746

rtMM MMMRICMK MMm J©^KIfME<.

afterwards the queen ? If tlie^oung
queen returns from her bridal-tour in
safety, this colony will be all right in
the spring. I will now put on this
Hill's device and spread on this new
muslin sheet, and run this hot flat-iron
over the top of the hive, which melts
the propolis, and sticks it fast. Now
this hive can be carried " up-stairs,
down-stairs, and in my lady's cham-
ber," and not a bee get put. I think
this is quite important, whether the
bees remain in-doors or out.

When they are carried in the cellar,
or out, they cannot escape from the
top, or during the winter. I have had
colonies badly weakened, almost
ruined, Viy creeping up under the mus-
lin into the cap, and perishing. I tear
this sheet large enough so that the cap
shuts down over it, and when it is
on, the bees can be protected with dry
leaves or chaft' cushions, as preferred.

Hill's Device.

This looks like four half-moon pieces
of wood, with a piece of hoop-iron for
a back-bone. It makes a little warm
nest under the muslin, so that bees
can pass from one frame to another
after honey, without going down into
the cold. When I have not enough to
go around, I put on some cobs or
sticks. Bee-keepei's formerly made
holes in the combs, for passages for
the bees during winter, but this de-
vice obviates it. It is the invention of
a successful bee-keeper, of Mount
Healthy, O.

I will now put on the device and
muslin on this large colony. It pays
to use new muslin in the fall, as the
the ventilation will be better during
the winter. I formerly used duck, but
it costs more and is no better. These
stiff, propolized ones make good kin-
dling on a cold morning. There is a
good deal of wax on them, but it does
not pay to boil them up to melt — more
game than candle. How the bees boil
out in front and on top ! I will mark
this hive "No. 1." You see that hive
over there marked "Extra." That
was marked "Extra" last year, and
holds good for this ; not on account of
it being so populous, but because it
stored more surplus than others of its
size. That is the kind of a colony to
rear queens from, and must keep its
colors flying.

This one is the last swarm of the
season — quite late — and I did not
think that it would pary to climb after
them, but I did, all the same. I gave
it, when hived, six frames of comb,
that I took from a hive that had a
drone-laying queen which had been
unnoticed, until there was scarcely a
corporal's guard of workers. The hive
is quite heavy ; but, I will put these
two frames of uncapped honey back of

the division-board, and leave them to
carry it in, before I put on the muslin.
I will mark it " C," and be sure that it
is carried into the cellar.

Bee-Cellars.

Take a look at mine. You see that
it is partitioned off from the main cel-
lar, and is under the sitting-room,
where a hai-d-coal Are never goes out,
from fall till spring. It has a window
hung on hinges, which is protected
with wire-gauze, and a sub-earth ven-
tilator. The window is covered with
thick green paper, to keep out the
light. It has been freshly whitened,
and the window and ventilator have
been open all summer. The brick
floor was thoroughly scrubbed, after
the bees were removed in the spring.

Peoria, Ills.

IN COUNSEL.

Report of the Union Bee.Kcep-
ers' Convention.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY JOHN G. SMITH.

The Union Bee-Keepers' Society met
on Oct. 16, 1888, at the City Hall in
Clayton, Ills., the attendance being
small, but all who did attend came
with knowledge obtained from the
store-house of experience (which is
acknowledged to be the very best)
concerning the habits and instincts of
one of man's best friends — the honej'-
bee.

The convention was called to order
with President S. N. Black in the
chair, and the minutes of the previous
meeting and the Treasurer's report
were read and approved. The con-
vention then adjourned until 1:30 p.m.

AFXERiVOOrV .SESSIOW.

President Black called the conven-
tion to order, and an essay was read by
J. M. Hambaugh, on Hives and Honey
Receptacles.

The next topic discussed was,

Hoiv to Increase Colonies,

J. G. Smith selects the best colonj'
in earlj' spring, confines the bees to as
small a space as they can well occupy,
by use of division-boards, and places
on top of the frames a bee-feeder. He
feeds regularly every 24 hours just
what syrup the colony can consume,
and no more. As the colony gets
strong in numbers, he removes the
division-boards and gives empty combs
or foundation as required until full
colonies are obtained.

"What is the best method to pre-
vent swarmino; ?"

J. G. Smith — Exchange places with
those that are about to swarm, with
those that are not.

Mr. Spencei- — What if your colonies
are all strong ?

J. G. Smith — The result is the same.

Comb Honey ts. Extracted.

President Black preferred to produce
comb honey.

Mr. Spencer — Mr. President, I think
the reason that you do not like ex-
tracted honey is because you swallow
it too soon.

" How can we overcome the prejn-
dice to extracted honey ?" Some one
answered that it was hard to do.

J. M Hambaugh showed a sample
of extracted honey in a bottle, and
could hardly convince any one that it
was honey.

Mr. Robbins preferred extracted
hone}'.

President Black knew of no parties
in this place that adulterated honey,
but believed that it was done in large
cities.

J. G. Smith had becm tiying to over-
come the prejudice against extracted
honej'. He had taken some nice comb
honey, extracted it before a customer's
own e3'es,and the customer thought that
the action of the extractor changed the
flavor, or gives the honey a taste that
he did not like.

The convention then adjourned until
7:30 p.m.

The convention was called to order
at 7:30 p.m., with President Black in
the chair. A general talk was in-
dulged in for about two hours, after
which the meeting adjourned till 9:30
a.m. the next day.

SECO:«l> DAY.

The convention was called to order
at 9:30 a.m., with President Black in
the chair, when the following subject
was discussed :

Handling Comb and Extracted Honey.

J. M. Hambaugh had worse luck
with comb honey than with extracted.

W. T. F. Petty favored the produc-
tion of comb honey. He uses a frame
holding 4 one-pound sections each,
and places as nianj- of these frames
over the brood-chamber as is conven-
ient, with a case surrounding the
frames.

President Black — Do you practice
tiering up ?

Mr. Petty — Yes.

President Black — How much foun-
dation do you use in each section ?

Mr. Petty — Three-fourth inch pieces
as starters.

President Black — How do you fasten
the foundation in the sections ?

Mr. Petty — I use a Parker founda-
tion fastener. I do not think that it

Tmm ffiMERicsr* bis® jO'^^mnmi^.

747

^^•■^^*^*-^*-*-*^*— ■*-^*^*''

hA^^m- '■ ^ ^ -^fcA^

is necessai'y to invert either hives or
sections in order to get them filled
completely.

J. G. Smith remarked as follows on,
" What constitutes a normal colony of
bees ?"

The subject is a lengthy one, but I
will try to give a short synopsis of it.
The word " normal," as I understand
it, means perfect, complete. A normal
colony of bees consists first of a good,
prolific queen, a suitable hive, nice,
straight combs, eggs and larval bees
in all stages, and hatching brood, and
mature workers and drones. I cannot
give here a full synopsis, as the de-
scribing of the many changes and dif-
ferent duties that each class of bees
have to perform, would consume too
much valuable time.

" How long does it take to rear a
queen P"

T. S. Wallace had reared queens in
eleven days, from the egg, and con-
sidered it a sufficient length of time.

J. M. Hambaugh claimed 14 to 16
days.

Bonr to Re-(laeen Colonies 1

Mr. T. S. Wallace gives queen-cells
to the colony.

President Black first shakes all the
bees of the colon}' in front of the hive,
then drops a fertile queen in their
midst. He had been very successful
in this way.

Mr. Howard Ogle cages a selected
queen, removes the rejected one,
places the former queen in a cage on
a comb as near the spot as possible to
where th3 rejected queen was ; closes
the hive, lets the bees liberate the
caged queen, and examines the hives 48
honrs later, when he removes the cage.
He had been generally successful in
tljjs way.

How to Unite Colonies.

Mr. D. E. Robbins places one hive
on top of the other, first removing the
bottom-board of the hive to be placed
on top, then puts the two hives to-
gether. He pays no attention to the
queens (this should be done late iu the
evening), but lets them remain in that
condition for three daj's, then shakes
all together, when the job is complete.

J. G. Smith does the same as Mr.
Robbins, except that 24 hours was the
time I'equired.

How to Winter Bees.

Mr. David W. McDaniel preferred a
cellar, with slight upper ventilation in
each hive.

J. M. Hambaugh prefers the same as
Mr. McDaniel.

Mr. Daniel Shank, a nurseryman of
Clavton, [jreferred lower ventilation.

Mr. T. S. Wallace winters his bees
in a cellar, and favors lower ventila-
tion. He cuts holes in the bottom-

boards, and covers them with wire-
gauze.

"When should bees be put into win-
ter quarters ?"

J. M. Hambaugh puts his bees in
about Nov. 20, and takes them out
sometime in April.

The convention then adjourned till
1 p.m., when the afternoon session
opened with President Black in the
chair, and tlie discussion continued as
follows, on

Sivarming and Bee-Pasturage.

President Black thought that pure
races of bees would not swarm as
much as the mixed races.

" What is best to plant or sow for
bee-pasturage ?"

Mr. Shank exhibited a raspberrj--
eane, and a bottle of raspberries in
salt brine. They were of the ne\\
German variety, which he thought
could hardly be excelled as a honey-
plant. The canes are self-supporting
and very hardy ; the fruit is very large,
and excellent in flavor. Every bee-
keeper, as well as others, ought to
grow them.

President Black sows buckwheat and
Alsike clover. He found the latter to
be good bee-pasturage.

J. M. Hambaugh bad some experi-
ence with Alsike clover, but wished to
try it another season before reporting
as to its value as a honey-plant.

Mr. Petty thought that melilot or
sweet clover was verj' good, if not the
best pasture for bees.

"What is the proper space between
brood-frames from center to center of
the top-bars ?"

Mr. Pettj' — One and one-third inches.

Mr. Robbins — One and one-half
inches.

President Black — One and one-third
inches is about right.

The Rev. Mr. Pears was present, and
on motion he was unanimously made
an honorary member of the Society.
Mr. Pears then thanked the Societj' for
their courtesy.

It was then noted that the name of
this Society be changed to the "Cen-
tral Illinois Bee-Keepers' Union."

The following resolution was then
passed unanimouslj- :

Resolved, That we tender our sincere
thanks to the landlord, T. H. Brents,
and to the resident members oi this
Society for their kindness and hospi-
tality during our sojourn among them.

The election of officers for next year
being in order, resulted as follows :
President, Howard Ogle ; Vice-Presi-
dent, W. T. F. Petty ; Secretary, Jos.
M. Hambaugh ; Treasurer, J. G. Smith.

The officers will act as a committee
on programme for the next meeting.

Mt. Sterling, Brown county. Ills.,
was then chosen as the next place of
the annual meeting, the date of the

meeting to be decided by the President
of this Societj'.

On motion of J. M. Hambaugh,.
Pres. S. N. Black said : "I recommend
the members of this Society to join the
National Bee-Keepers' Union, at their
earliest opportunity."

The convention then adjourned
meet next year at Mt. Sterling, Ills.
John G. Smith, -Sec. pro lem^

NEW LAWS

Of llie International Americait
Bee-Associaiiun.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY R. F. HOLTEKMANN.

It was with feelings of pleasure that
I found Dr. Miller's criticisms of our
Society, on page 711. There were
several points that I thought might be
changed to advantage, but when
President Mason brought the matter
up so (to me) unexpectedly, it took
my breath away ; all the time I knew
there were, some points, in my esti-
mation, objectionable. Now kindlj'
bear with me, and I will state them.

Article I. Strike out the word
"American," and you have the name.
Let me say that I cannot see any rea-
son why we should not have an asso-
ciation trulj- international. Whodai'es
to say that we in America have noth-
ing to learn from Germany, Britain,
France, Norway, Sweden, and other
countries, and that the}- have nothing
to learn from us, or from one another ?
If this is the ease (and we know that
there are men there of means, and
who desire to advance bee-keeping),
wh}', then, have we not reason to ex-
pect that they sliall join us in conven-
tion ? We may make a special eftbrt
to have such a meeting, saj' once iiii
five years. Yet, let it be international^
and let them understand that our
doors are always open to them, and
thev have a right to meet us on equal
footing.

Some may say, " Have we not papers
published in the interests of bee-keep-
ers, and we can have an interchange
of all valuable ideas ?" Let me say
that that is impossible. He who thinks,
that he may remain at home, and read
the report of a convention, and profit
equallj' with the one who has attended,
is greatly mistaken. Reports are not
verbatim. Every reporter — it may
even be unconsciousl}' — gives promi-
nence to wluit he thinks is of impor-
tance, and what he may consider cor-
rect, however mistaken he may be.
You have then, to a great extent, to
think as he does, and to see as he
sees. Even were you to read a report
verbatim, you would not share equally
in advantage, for the verj' tones used

748

Tmm MMEMicMif mmm j@J9mnm&t.

^■»-*--^*— -■*'^*^*^*-^*ifc*<

An expression alter the meaning of the
words. For this reason, and to secure
•a mutual interchange of thought be-
tween countries, it is pi-oposed, and we
hope to succeed next j-ear, in having
the grandest bee-keepers' convention
ever held, in which representatives
from several European countries will
take part — a convention from which
■every one can go home not onlj' bene-
fited, but enriched.

Article III. What about life mem-
bers ? Are we going to make figure
heads of them ? We do not allow
them to vote, hold office, etc., unless
they give us another $1.00 each year.
This is wrong, and should be corrected,
■or the life memljership clause struck
■out.

Article VI. The time is to be fixed
•at the previous meeting. Is this wise,
■or had the executive better decide this
as circumstances may direct.

Article VIII of the BY-LAWS is op-
tional, hence it is not objectionable,
■.although it will probably never be
made use of. Dr. Miller is wrong ; he
•says is to be formed.

In Article IX., Clause ,2, I agree
with Dr. Miller. Five dollars is the
.affiliation fee ; the local society gets
two silver medals and a free member-
-ship. If these can be had for $5.00, all
right ; otherwise our funds will not
.allow it. And that reminds me that
members should send on their mem-
bership fees for the new year, as funds
:are low, and a great deal of work re-
■quiring funds has to be done during
the coming year.

Article XI is of no use to us. I agree
\vith Dr. Miller.

Article XII is very good, but re-
member, send on those annual fees.
We are out of funds, and the associa-
tion is already indebted to me for pos-
tage, etc.

Article XIII, Clause 2, is very good.
Xet us stick to that.

In closing, let me say that I agree
Tvith Dr. Miller, and I am sure we all
feel that a vote of thanks was, and is,
due Mr. Newman for the great trouble
he has taken in tliis matter, more es-
pecially as he was quite sick at the
time.

Brantford, Ont.

EXTRACTING-.

<roustriiotins a Simple, Home-
Made Honey Extractor.

Written for the Practical Farmer.

Tlie pi'oduction of comb lioney,
-with amateur bee-keepers, is a diiti-
cult matter, especially to those having
a few hives, and who prefer obtaining
their honey to increasing their colo-
nies. To i-ead the number of articles

written upon the subject in bee-peri-
odicals and apicultural newspapers, it
would seem that even apiarists with a
large number of colonies have con-
siderable trouble in getting the bees
to work freely in the section boxes.
Various plans have been suggested,
the principal and probably the only
cei'tain one being the contraction of
the brood-chamber to five frames,
therebj' compelling the bees during a
honey flow to deposit it in the surplus
chamber.

Now this niaj- be a very good plan,
and it certainly can be readily carried
out by the party who makes bee-culture
a business, and can sit down, pump iu
hand, read}- to throw a wet blanket on
a swarm endeavoring to get up and
dust, or get in as unhandy a place on
a tree as possible ; but the bee-keeper
jn a small wa}-, who has other things
to attend to, is vexed when he comes
home and finds that the honey he saw
in the sections a week before is now
safely stored in the honey-sacs of the
missing swarm. Why, we may ask,
should the bee-keeper run such a risk
to obtain comb honej' ? It is no purer
than extracted honey, neither is it so
easy to partake of, unless you eat the
wax, which certainly was never in-
tended for food.

Mr. Lemuel Stout, of Philadelphia,
after five years of bee-keeping, with
from 3 to 5 colonies, had very little
success in getting comb honey in the
siu-plus department. There was plenty
elsewhere, but unobtainable without
destroying the comb, and then the
product was only strained honey, an
article not relished b}' any one who
knows how it is obtained.

Mr. Stout had decided to get rid of
his bees except a little pet colony in a
hive about 8 inches square. The last
week in June, 1888, there were about
40 pounds of honej^ nicely capped over
in his hives, which, if he had an ex-
tractor, he could recover, but it cer-
tainlj' would not pay him to purchase
an article that he might not want to
use six hours annually. He thought it
strange that among the 300,000 bee-
beepers in the United States, no one of
the number had devised some simple
contrivance that would answer the
purpose — an instrument that any one
could make with verj' little trouble
and expense.

If centrifugal motion would throw
the honey from the comb in the stan-
dard extractors, it would do the same
if the comb was put in a suitable
shaped can and placed upon the edge
of a horizontal revolving wheel. This,
if secured to a vertical shaft about 6
feet long, might be operated bj* pulling
a stout cord, sa)- 10 feet long, around it.
Accordingly he took an old hoe-
handle pointed at one end for his up-

right shaft. On this he fixed a dis-
carded front wheel of a carriage. The
pointed end of the shaft rested in a
small countersunk hole made in a
block of wood nailed to the floor,
while the upper end revolved in a hole
bored through a block fastened to a
joist overhead. Round the hub of the
wheel which extended downward, the
cord was wound, by pulling on which
strongly the wheel revolved, and with
so much velocity that bj' the momen-
tum acquired, the cord after being un-
wound, was wound up again ready
when drawn upon to impart to the
wheel an equal velocity in the contrary
direction.

The tin-can used is deep enough to
receive one of the hive frames, stand-
ing on end. It is nearly diamond-
shaped in its cross section, and is
securely closed by a tin lid. When in
place it stands erect on the upper side
of the felloe of the horizontal wheel,
where its lower end is secured between
wire uprights. Its upper end is em-
braced by strong wires attached to and
extending from the shaft.

His instrument was first tried last
4th of July, when Mr. Stout uncapped
the combs, introduced frames and
combs, and extracted over 40 pounds
of nice, clear honey, the combs being
free from injurj-.

BEE-KEEPIlSra

Con§idered a§ a Pursuit for
Farmers.

Written for the Maryland Farmer

BY THE EDITOR.

The progress of this pursuit since
our boyhood days is something wonder-
ful, and even now it is quite evident
that still greater progress is in store
for the bee-keeper of the future. Men,
womeu and children are now in the
business of skillful bee-keeping, and
the honey production of the country is
becoming of vast magnitude.

The Brlglit Side.

That bee-keeping has a bright side
is a fact which everj' one realizes. At
the farmer's home it speaks of the
delicious sweets gathered from the
flowers, and reaped and enjoyed with
the smallest degree of labor and care.
All day long, while the farmer is toil-
ing in the fields, these industrious pro-
viders are gathering the very nectar
of the crops for his delight, and for
the health and happiness of his house-
hold.

The Dark Side.

But it has a dark side, also. Not so
heavy in the farmer's home, as when
the ))ee-keeper, who has made this the

THE^ MKiS'MICMH BREr J@l3rMIfMI^.

749'

one great business of the 3ear, meets
with a faihu-e of the honey ci-op, and
after a season's labor, places all on the
losing side of his ledger. This is in-
deed a dark side. But with the farmer,
the only dark side is the slight addi-
tional labor, and the natural dread of
stings ; with the study necessary to
make his ventui'e a success.

Smoke.

Among the protections perhaps none
is actually superior to smoke — a good
smoker skilfully used will often prove
a great blessing, and without injuring
the bees, will enable the operator to
handle them to his entire satisfaction.
It is very true that in time of swarm-
ing but little danger may be appre-
hended as a general thing from bees,
unless some accident should happen ;
for they are then too busy about im-
portant things of their own to trouble
any one else. Yet the greatest care
should be taken to move in the most
moderate, cool and quiet way in their
midst. We used to think that certain
ones — when we have seen them taking
up swarms in their naked hands, and
pouring them into a prepared hive —
were proof against bee-stings, or were
almost supernaturally protected. But
we have learned that such jiersons
were protected only by a perfect self-
possession and fearlessness, which bee-
keepers must cultivate, and if possible
acquire. Meanwhile, we do not ad-
vise any one to run the risk of arous-
ing an angry colony and suffering
when by a little forethought and care
he can have all needed protection.

Plantlus for Bees.

The whole domain of nature, rich in
flowers, is the treasury from which
bees gather their sweets ; but it should
be the aim of bee-keepers to help out
the supply by especial care. It is true
that bees cannot generall}' reach the
honey in the red clover ; but in white
clover and Alsike they find a good sup-
ply, and of the best quality. Some
have planted large fields of buckwheat
for their bees ; but it does not give as
rich a supply, nor as attractive a pro-
duce in the market as the others.
Mignonette is also cultivated for the
bees ; aud every year new plants are
brought to notice and extolled highly.
All the blossoms of the forest and the
field are placed under trilnite by the
bees, and no farmer can go amiss in
keeping a few colonies.

Last Year's. DlBConrasemeut.

In many parts of the country last
year was a great failure among those
who depended upon bees and lioney
for their yearly income ; but this was
only a temporary check to the indus-
try which is liable to befall in the
prosecution of any single department

belonging to the farm. It may not
again occur in many years to come,
and is no reason for neglecting the
important duty of gathering so great a
crop .as that which every farm will
yield, if bees are kept.

Helping; tbe Bees.

A great success is in the various
methods of helping the bees in their
work. So great has been the improve-
ments during the past few years, that
much of the work which took up the
precious time of the bees may be done
now by machinery, and the actual
work of gathering the honey be left to
occupy the bees more continuously.
By means of the uncapping knife and
the extractor, the honey is taken from
the sheets of comb, and the comb re-
placed for the bees to fill again, sav-
ing thus the long time necessary in
building new combs.

Again, comb foundation for either
brood-cells or honey surplus is made,
and the work of the bees is thus
directed to the best profit of the bee-
keeper. This wax foundation is one
of the greatest and best inventions
connected with bee-keeping. It en-
ables us to have straight combs of
hone}', in whatever sized frames we
may desire, and the market is supplied
with the beautiful one-pound sections
which so attract the purchaser. It
gives us also most j)erfect control of
honej' or brood production.

MELISSA HONEY.

Yield of 60 Pounds Per Colony
from Ifleiisgs.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY A. C. TYRREL.

Friend Newjian : — I have sent you
a sample of melissa honey, which I
think you will pronounce excellent.
You will notice that the honey is am-
ber colored, but that does not in the
least detract from its good qualities.

You will also observe that it is very
thick, notwithstanding the jar in which
it has been kept since the middle of
October, was tightly sealed. The
plants from which the honey was gath-
ered are rich in nectar, as well as
pollen, and grew on very weedy
ground, the seed Ijeing sown broad-
cast, and the ground harrowed over but
twice, consequently having to take
their chances with weeds of the rank-
est growth.

The yield exceeded my most san-
guine expectations, and the facts will
warrant the assertion that melissa is
entitled to rank first as a houey-jilant.
From two acres my bees stored 1,500
pounds of as tine honey as I ever saw.

The comb is as white as from any
honey-producing plants, I believe.

I am so well pleased with the results,
of my experiments with the above
named plants since 1881, that I will
plant 4 or o acres next sea.son. Your-
unbiased opinion as to the quality, etc.,
of the honey sent, will greatly oblige^
as I wish to refute by solid facts and
statements the oft-reiterated assertion
that, " it does not pay to raise plants,
for honey alone." That theory — it is
not a fact — published for so many
years in .some of the leading bee-paperSv
has discouraged apiarists in experi-
menting with various honey-plants,
and planting for honey, to their detri-
ment, and in consequence a protracted
wail of "blasted hopes and no honey j
bees dying of starvation ; not a pound
of honey in my hives, etc." has gone-
forth from nearly every hamlet in the-
country.

I forgot to say that at the com-
mencement of blooming of melissa,
the hives were empty, but before the
close of the season, they were all filled,
and some colonies had stored 60
pounds of surplus — a pretty fair show-
ing for an " ofi' year."

Madison, Nebr., Nov. 1, 1888.

[This is certainly a very excellent
showing on the practicability of plant-
ing for honej'. We have never doubted
the judiciousness of the advice to plant
for honey, and do not think that we
ever shall decide adversely to it.

The experiments to be made by
Prof. Cook, will be interesting to
us all.

The honey said to have been sent to
us by Mr. Tyrrel has not yet come to
hand. When it does come, we will
cheerfully give our opinion of it. — Ed.}

Convention IVotices.

CS^ The Nebraska State Bee-Keepers' Association
will convene at Lincolii, Nebr., on Jan. 9, 10 and u,
188.9. J. N. Heatkr, Sec.

gW There will be a meeting of the Susquehanna
County Bee-Keepers' Association at the Court House
in Montrose, Pa., on Saturday, May 4, lHS9,at lua.m.
B. M. Seelky, See.

tw The Pan-Handle .Bee - Keepers' Asaociation
will holtl its next meeting in the K. of P. Hall, on
Main St., between 11th & 12th Streets, in Wheelinff,
W. Va., on Nov. 21 and 2a, 1888. All bee-keepers are
cordially invited. W. L. Kinsey, Sec.

ZW The Marshall County Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion will meet at the Court House in .Marshalitown,
Iowa, on Friday, Nov. IB, I88«, at 10 a.m. All bee-
keepers are cordially invited to meet with us. and
brint.' along anything that they may have that will
interest or benellt apiarists. J. W. SANDEKS, Sec.

tW The twentieth annual convention of the New
York State Bee-Keepers' Association will he held
in the City Hall, Syracuse, N. Y., on Dec. 11. 12 and
13, 18.S8. O. u. Knickerbocker, Sec.

Your Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

750

•TM]© MMMKICMlf MMW J&JSMMTiJL.

Fall C'rop of Honey.— G. M. Wbit-
ford, Arlington, Nebr., on Nov. 4, 1888,
wrote as follows :

The season, in this locality, was very un-
favorable to the production of honey. Wet
weather and cool uiehts prevented the
secretiim of nectar in tlie flowers until the
last part of August and the first part of
September, when we had a short spell of
warm weather ; then for about three weeks
the bees worked with energy until the
honey flow was checked by the dry weather.
My yield from 10 colonies is 336 pounds of
comb honey, and 6B pounds of extracted
houey. The greater part of the comb honey
has been sold for 18 and 20 cents per pound
for choice well-filled sections, and 15 cents
for the imperfect ones. Extracted honey is
selling at 1.5 cents per pound.

Ciood Yield of Honey.— L. E.

Traphagan, EUery Center, N. Y., on Oct.
30, 1888, writes :

On June 17 a swarm of bees issued that
weighed 8 pounds. I have taken 7.5 pounds
■of lioney from it, and they have 65 pounds
by weight now. On June 39 I transferred
a colony of old bees to a new hive, and they
have 50 pounds of honey now, and I have
taken oft 20 pounds in sections. I think
that they have done very well. This is my
first year with bees. I get a great deal of
■excellent information in the Bee Jouknal,
and all bee-keepers should read it.

apiary that is in this part of the country. I
live on the banks of the Kickapoo creek,
and there are hundreds of acres of flat land
which abound in flowers of almost every
kind. One queer feature is, that there is an
abundance of Spanish-needle and golden-
rod which the bees did not touch. There is
a clearing of J30 acres joining my land,
grown full of thistles ; the bees worked on
them for six weeks, and the honey was as
light in color as white clover honey. 1 sold
it all to the stores in Peoria for 15 cents per
pound.

Honey and Bees'wax market.

of

A Fraud. — Alderman & Roberts,
Wewahitchka, Fla., write as follows :

Noticing the address of Joseph McCaul in
the American Bee JotnBNAL, stating that
he had opened up beekeepers' headquarters
on Duaue Street, N. Y., and as we had pre-
viously sold honey quite largely to the firm
■of McCaul & Hildreth Brothers, we shipped
him 4 barrels and 10 kegs of honey to sell
on commission. He received the honey and
sold it to Strohmeyer & Co., but never an-
swered any of our letters. If any readers
of the American Bee Journal know
where he can be found, we would like to
hear from them.

[We wrote a letter to Mr. McCaul as soou
as the above came to hand, demanding that
he make proper returns for the honey (it
once, but the letter was returned to us un-
opened, by the New York Post-office,
marked, " Removed— present address un-
known." This is evidently another addi-
tion to the list of swindlers.— Ed.]

Experience of an Aged Bee-
Man.— James Jaggard, Rosefield, Ills., on
Oct. 30, 1888, writes :

My bees did well considering the season,
the colonies averaging 40 pounds. The old
colonies did not store much surplus honey.
1 did not feed one pound of sugar. I have
38 colonies on the summer stands, with the
brood-frames full of honey. I have ceased
farming, and will devote what little time I
have to bee-keeping. I am in the 8.'?rd year
of my age, hale, hearty and well. Bee-
keeping is my delight, and their stings do
not hurt me half a minute after being stung.
I think that I have the best location for an

Bee-Keepin;; in Oeorgia. — R. H.

Campbell, Madison, Ga., on Nov. 3, 1888,
writes :

The season is mild, and the Italians have
been booming and roaring on a plant that I
have not as yet learned the name of. A
brother bee-keeper in Mississippi calls it
" bitter-weed," but this is not bitter-weed,
as cows eat it, and it does not affect the
milk. It is a species of buckwheat, as the
bloom is white and very profuse. It yields
honey abundantly, and we have it every
fall when there is plenty of rain through
September. I think that the plant is one of
the asters. It abounds everywhere over the
whole country in this section. I have sent
a specimen to Prof. Cook, and will see what
he says about it. The bees do not notice
golden-rod while this is in bloom. The
honey is excellent.

I have one or two ABC scholars here,
and one says that his bees have gathered
more honey this fall than they did in the
spring. That is accounted for by his bees
not being in proper condition at the time of
the honey-flow. There have been three
heavy honey-flows this year, viz : the first
of May, the first two weeks of August, and
from Oct. 15 until now. My 90 colonies of
Italians are in excellent condition for
winter.

I received a fine 1<* of imported queens
from Italy in September, that were five
weeks in coming by express. In two of
the cages every oee was dead except the
queens, which shows that they were very
hardy. Thev had plenty of stores, and I
cannot see why the workers did not live,
unless they were all old bees, and no doubt
that was the case. In the lot of eight
queens, five came through safely. I have
drones still flying in my apiary. We had
one slight frost on Oct. 10, but it did no
damage. Black bees and hybrids have done
poorly, and the moths have played havoc
with some.

International Bee-Convention.

—The Pamphlet Report of the Columbus,
Ohio, Convention is now issued, and copies
have been sent to each member, as well as
to the Colleges, Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Societies and periodicals devoted to
the industry. Copies can be obtained at
this office, by mail, postpaid, for 35 cents.
This pamphlet contains the new bee-songs
and words, as well as a portrait of the
President. Bound up with the history of
the International Society, and a full report
of the Detroit, Indianapolis and Chicago
conventions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

l>r. miller's Book, "A Year Among
the Bees," and the American Bee Jour-
nal for one year— we send both for $1.50.

I>o Mot Fail to get up a club and send
it with your renewal for next year.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— New crop arriving slowly, but demand
is limited. White clover comb, 17@lSc. Extracted,
7®9c.

BU;E8WAX.-22c.
Sep. 12. 8. T. FISH & CO., 189 8. Water 8t,

CHICAGO.

HONET.— For wliite comb 1-lbs.. 18c. Very little
inquiry for anything outside of l-lba., and when It
ia wanted It is at a lower price. Extracted, the best
grades. 7@8c., and some held higher. Offerings are
small and demand slow.

BBE8WAX,-220. R. A. BURNETT,

Sep. 12. 161 8outh Water St.

MILWAUKEE.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs., 18@20c.:
2-lb9 , l(i®18c. Good dark l.lbs., 16®l8c.: 'i-lbs., 15 to
18c.; fair l-lbs , r2^(a,l4c. Extracted, white. In hegs
and w-barrels. 8'^.(y.9c. ; amber in same, 7?^08c.; in
pails and tin, while, it('i9Hc.; in barrels and half-bar-
rels, dark, 6@6Hc. Market steady an,l supply ample
for the moderate demand, but present values have
a tendency to restrict general consumption.

BEESWAX.— 22®230.
Oct. 25. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water Bt.

DENVER.

HONEY.- Colorado, new 1-lb. sections., 13@15c.
Extracted, 7®8c.

BEBSWAX.-20®'23C.
Sep. 7. J. M. CLARK & CO., 1409 Fifteenth St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs., I5@I7C.J
2.1bs., 14@16c. Fair white l-Ibs., 14@16c.i 2-lbs., 13
to I5c. Kxtracted, white, 7J^@8c.

BEESWAX.-23V.C.
Sep. 17. ^'HURBBR, WHYXAND & CO.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote . Fancy white l-lbs., 17@18c. ;
2-lbs . 13@14c. Fair white l-lbs., 15@iec.; 2-lb8., 12c.
Buckwheat l-lbs.. ili»i2c.; 2-lb8., inoiic. White
extracted, 7.'^®8is;C. ; buckwheat. 5\i@6iib.; Califor-
nia extracted, white sage, 7Hi@7%c., amber, 7;<@7M.
Demand good and prices Arm. New comb honey Is
arriving quite freely.

BBB8VVAJC.— 23(*-23!<c.

HILDKETH BROS. & 8EOBLKBN,
Oct. 10. '28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane Bt.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.- White 1-lb. sections, ll®i2)4o.; 2-lb8.,
12'-5@i c.i amber, s@ioc. Extracted, white, ^@6c.i
light amber. s^fii.S'-^c.; amber and candied. 4m@5c.
Receipts light and market firm for best qualities.

BEESWAX.— Dull at 19@2-2>ic
Sep. 22. O. B. SMITH & CO., 423 Front 8t.

DETROIT.

HONEY.- Best white comb, 17®18c. : dark, 16c.—
Extracted, 8@i0c. Market bare of all kinds.

BBB8WAX.-21@22c.
Sep. 24. M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mloh.

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.- We quote extracted at 4!^a8c. per lb.
Comb honey, 12!i.®160. Demand slow, and only for
best qualities. ,^ _

BEESWAX.- Demand is good— 20®22c. perlb. for
good to choice yellow, on arrival.
Oct. 24. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central At.

KANSAS CITY

HONEY.- Choice 1-lb. sections,' 18c.; dark l.lbs.,
14c.; 2-lb8., l«c.: dark, l3c. White extracted in 60-
Ib. cans, Sc; amber, 7c. ; in barrels and kegs, S@8c.
Demand good, prices steady, and stock fair.

BEESWAX.- None in market.
Sep. 27. HAMBLIN & BEAK88, 514 Walnut Bt.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote I Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
17!^®18c.: 2-lbs., 14®15C. Fair l-lbs.. 14ii®15Ho.;
2-lbB.. I l@12c. Extracted, fancy white clover. 7^®-*^.
California white in 60-lb. cans, 8c. : light amber ,in
same cans, 7%c. ; amber, 7>ic. Buckwheat m kegs
and barrels, 5H®6. Cuban, in barrels and )t-barrelB.

65c. per gallon.

Sep.26. F.G.STROHMBYERiCO., 122WaterBt.

BOSTON
HONEY.- We quote: Beat white clover 1-pounds,

17®18c.; best 2-lbs., 16* 17c. Extracted, «a9c. The
market is more active, with an upward tendency.
Oct. 25. BLAKE & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.-White l-lbs. 17®18c.; dark. 14®15c.i Cal-
ifornia white l-lbs., 17c.; dark. 14c. Extracted white
8c. ; amber. 7c.

BEESWAX.- None in the market.
Oct. 1 1 . CLBM0N8, CLOON St. CO., cor 4th AWalnnt.

ST. LODI8.

HONEY.— We quote : Extracted in barrels. 5@6c.,
according to quality; in cans. 7®8c. Comb. 12H@15c.
Prices flrmer on account of scarcity, though the
demand is not great.

BEESWAX.— 21C. tor prime.
Oct. 17. D. G. TtJTT * CO., Commercial St.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONBY.-We quote : Extracted, white, 6 cents;
light amber, 5»ic.; amber, S^®5!«c. Comb, l-lbs.
J3®14c.; 2-lbs., loaisc,

BEESWAX.— 20®22C.
Sep. 24. 8CHACHT & LBMCKB, 123-124 Dsvl

rtwrn JiMiTRicMif mmm j&^mf^mi^.

755

m

THOS. G. NEWMAN 8» SON, ;

CHICAGO* tl-il-'.

EDITOR,

MIIIV. Nov, 21, 18

N0:4].

lie >vlio plants a tree

Plants a hope.
Rootlets up through libers blindly grope ;
Leaves untold into horizons free.

Si) man's life must climb

From the clods of time

Unto heaven's sublime.
Canst thou prophesy, thou little tree.
What the glory of thy boughs shall be ?
—E.vchanfje.

Xhat Melissa Honey mentioned by
Mr. A. C. Tyrrel, on page "49 of our last
Issue, came to hand a few days ago, after
that Journal was printed. It is of ex-
cellent quality, thick body, and pleasant to
the palate ; though amber-colored, it will
be found good for table and other uses. It
has rather a pungent taste, which is more
pleasant than otherwise.

Mr. Ivar S. Yonnjf, who visited the
apiarists of America last year,has published
some very disparaging and untruthful
things about Americans. The head-master
of the Grammar School in Christiania makes
an apology for Mr. Young in these words,
as published in the Canadian Bee Journal
for Nov. 7 :

Mr. Toung is very warm-blooded, and

therefore at times rash and unconsiderate,
and says things that had better be left un-
told.

True : and now let us hope that a sense
of honor will lead him to correct the many
erroneous things he has already said. We
have written to him, pointing them out, and
given lilm a chance to set himself right in
the matter, as publicly as the misstatements
were made. If he does so, Americans will
forgive and forget. If not, they will know
the measure of the man and the clothes
which best suit him.

Xlie Revie-»v of the new edition of
" Cook's Manual of the Apiary," by the
editor of the U?-ttis?i Bee Journal, which
may be found on pages 760 to 762 of this
Journal, is a very complete, fair and
thorough criticism. While in general it
meets our approval, there are some matters
which are still open to discussion. Many
are not ready to adojit the view that "honey
is digested nectar," nor is the question, "Do
bees hear ?" settled to the satisfaction of
some of our best-informed apiarists. But
the matter, as discussed in the Manual and
by the reviewer, is well worth careful study
and investigation.

The reviewer makes repeated compari-
sons between Prof. Cook's Manual and the
work by Mr. Frank Cheshire, and points out
the superiority of the Manual in many re-
spects. It is to be regretted that typographi-
cally comparisons result the other way. Mr.
Cheshire's magnificent work is prinled in
the highest style of the art, on beautiful
paper, and the illustrations are superb. It
is a disappointment not to be able to truth-
fully say as much of Prof. Cook's Manual.
The exceedingly fine illustration on page 46
of Mr. Cheshire's work is a marvel of
beauty and excellence; in contrast, those on
pages 306 and 307 of Prof. Cook's book are so
badly printed as to be almost indistinguish-
able—caused by the inferior quality of ink
and paper, and worse press work.

Giving credit for the illustrations is men-
tioned by the reviewer as commendable,
and so it is, but unfortunately the Professor
has therein made thirteen mistakes. This
is a matter of but little importance, but it
might be corrected in future editions.

Take it all in all, Americans have cause
for pride in the many excellencies of the
new edition of Prof. Cook's Manual.

Mr. <jieoi-sfe K. Hubbard, an api-
arist of La Grange, Ind., has taken unto
himself a wife. The pleasant ceremony
occurred on the 8th inst. Th^ bride was
Miss Josie L. Spires, of Tiffin, O., a teacher
in the, public schools. The Bee Journal
extends congratulations, and wishes for
them unbounded happiness and lots ot
honey.

tVooden Comb.— An exchange says
that Mr. Aspinwall has, this summer, used
wooden combs ; that is, we presume, a raid-
rib of thin wood, with the combs built on
each side in the brood-chamber. It adds :

If the wintering of his bees in this comb
is as successful as the summer experience,
it will prove quite an innovation in bee-
keeping. After making, these wooden
combs are treated in hot wax, and are
readily accepted by the bees, while the
treatment prevents any effects of moisture
on them.

TIic l>alc on the wrapper label of
your paper indicates the end ot the month
to which you have paid. If that is past,
please send us a dollar to carry the date
another year ahead.

Fun lor llie Boys.— This time it is
made by one of the "girls "—Mrs. Lucinda
Harrison, in the Prairie Farmer. She is
always saying something original and amus-
ing. Here is her latest dose :

Orituary.— Died at Columbus, O., Oct.
4,1888, the North American Bpb Keepers'
Society, aged 19 years and 1 ^ay. Services
held at Representative Hall at the State
House, Dr. Tliomas G.Newman, of Chicago,
officiating ; Dr. C. C. Miller, leader of
music ; pallbearers. Dr. Mason, Dr. Besse,
Dr. Tinker, Prof. Cook, See. Hutchinson
and K. F. Holtermanu.

The heir to this inheritance is known as
"The International Araeiican Bee-Associa-
tion," and includes in its territory "all of
the United States and Canada." I cannot;
see why tlie heir does not inherit the whole
estate. Perhaps it is reserved for minor
heiis. 1 thought North America extended
from Behring Strait to the Isthmus of
Darien. It is not slated what disease the
parent died of, but 1 infer it was a dose ot
too much doctor, as there were many in
attendance.

That is the unkindest cut of all, especially
after dubbing the editor of the Bee Jour-
nal as "Doctor!" "Died ot too much
doctor." It is a pity that Mrs. Harrison
was not there to soothe its last moments,
and administer consolation.

But it is the old proclamation : " The
King is dead ! Long live the King." The
same announcement of death is also one of
life. One succeeds the other instanter. The
" North American " is dead, but the " Inter-
national " lives, and by many reforms and
improvements expects to merit and obtain
the fealty and devotion before given to
the one it has now succeeded.

Let us all pull tos'etlier for success,
and heed tlie moral of the following bridal
story :

An eccentric bride-groom requested his
bride to accompany him into the uardeu a
day or two after the wedding. He then
threw a line over the roof of tneir cottage.
Giving his wife one end of it, he retreated
to the other side, and exclaimed, "Pull the
line !"

She pulled it, at his request, as far as she
could. He cried, "Pull it over !"

"I can't," she replied.

"Pull with all your might!" shouted the
whimsical husband.

But in vain were all the efforts of the bride
to pull over the line so long as the husband
held on to the opposite end. But when he
came round, and they both pulled at one
end, it came over with great ease.

"There," said he, as the linetVll from the
roof, " see how hard and ineffectual was our
labor when we pulled in opposition to each
other, but liow easy and pleasant it is when
we both pull together. If we oppose each
other, it will be hard work; if we act to-
gether, it will he pleasant to live. Lotus
therefore always pall tagethcr."

Moss for M'inter Pai-kiugr Ac-
cording to Tidskrlft for Bishjolsel, moss is
very often used in Norway for winter pack-
ing, and it is spoken of as very excellent.
They let it dry, when it is green, and in this
state it will better absorb the moisture from
the brood-chamber than anything else. It
never becomes musty, but is called to life
again by the moisture, and will be as green
and fresh as ever.

756

THE JEryiERIC^M MBW JO^RftSI^.

^ » — ■> .^ 'j^ ^^^t^^-" T±^ tft±^:^-^-^-^-±^^'

GLEiMS OF SEWS.

Hunting Bees in Australia. —

The following very interesting account of
bee-huuting i|i Australia, is from an ex-
change :

The wild bee of Australia differs little in
size or appearance from our common horse-
fly, and is stlngless. Most ot tlie trees in
that country are hollow, and it is in the
cavities of the branches that the bees de-
posit their honey, at a considerable dis-
tance from the ground. It is of an aromatic
taste, and chiefly gatliered from the leaves
and blossoms of the different trees that
clothe the whole country, from the summits
of the mountains to the sea-shore, with the
exception of occasional plains, which are of
rare occurrence. By the aborijiines of
Australia this honey is regarded as a great
luxury, and it is very interesting to note
with what sagacity they contrive to indulge
their taste for it— searching it out with in-
fallible eye-siaht, and with amazing delicacy
of touch. Their method of tinding these
natural hives, which are not numerous, is
curious, not only from the fact that the
most minute observation, and the most
delicate manipulations must have been re-
quired to enable the inventor of it to suc-
ceed but also because it displays a knowl-
edge of the natural history ot an insect,
such as 1 can venture to say, a large portion
of the civilized world does not possess.

From the absence in many parts of the
bush of Australia of Howers, the little na-
tive bee may be seen bu-ily working on the
barl£ of the trees, and unlike the bee of tins
country, which is ever on the move from
flower to flower, it seems to he nncimscious
of danger. This may arise from the vast-
ness ot the solitude in Australia, which are
seldom or ever disturbed, except by a pass-
ing tribe, or by its own wild denizens, which
are far from numerous. The bee is there-
fore easily approached, and the bright, clear
atmosphere of the climate is peculiarly
favorable to the pursuit.

A party of two or three natives, armed
with a tomahawk, sally forth into the bush,
havina previously pn)viited themselves with
soft white down "from the breast of some
bird, whice is very light in texture, and at
the same time very bluffy. With that won-
derful quickness of sight which practice
has renaered perfe t, tliey descry the little
brownish, leaden colnred insect on the hark,
and rolling up an end of the down feather
to the finest possible point belween their
fingers, they dip itin the gummy substance,
which a pecular sort of lierb exudes when
the stem is broken, they cautiou-<ly approach
the bee, and with great delicacy of touch
place the gummed point under tlie hind
leg-i of the bee. it at once adheres. Then
comes the result for which all this prepara-
tion had been made. The bee, feeling the
additional weinht, fancies he has done his
task, and is laden with honey, and flies off
from the tree on his homeward journey, at
not a great distance from the ground. The
small white feather is now all that can be
discerned, and the hunt at once commences.

Kanning on afoot amid broken branches
and stony uround, requires, one would
think, the aid of one's eyesight ; but with
the native Australians it is not so. Without
for a moment taking their eyes off the ob-
ject, they follow it, sometimes the distance
of half a mile, and rarely, if ever, fail in
marking the very branch where they saw
the little bit of white-diwn disappear at the
entianceof the hive. Here there is a halt,
the prize is found, and they sit down to re-
gain their breath, before ascending the tree,
and to light a pipe, to which old and young,
men, women and children, are extremely
partial.

When the rest and smoke are over, with
one arm round the tree, and the tomahawk
in the other, the blackman notches in the
hark, and placing the big toe in the notches
ot this hastily constructed stair, ascends till
he comes to where the branches commence.
Then putting the handle of the tomahawk
between his teeth, he climbs with the ease
and agility of a monkey, until he reaches
the branch where last he saw the white-
down disappear. He then carefully sounds
the branches with the back of his toma-
hawk, till the dull sound as distinct from
the hollow sound, tells him where the bees
are. Aholf is then cut, and he puts his
hand in and takes the honey out. If alone,
the savage eats of the honey until he can
eat no more, and leaves the rest. But if
others are with him, he cuts a square piece
of bark, and after having his part as a re-
ward for his exertion, brings down a mass
of honey and comb mixed up together,
which, though not inviting, is greedily de-
voured by his partners below.

Itee-Association for Blaryland.

—An enthusiastic correspondent of the
State of Maryland, writes as follows on the
subject :

I wish to call attention to the fact that
there is not in our State (Maryland) a bee-
keepers' association, although it embraces
three of the largest supply depots in the
country, and therefore susfgests a goodly
numiierof bee-keepers. Among the " Edi-
torial Buzzin^s " of the American Bee
Journal of Nov. 7, in an article about the
number of bee-societies in America com-
pared with those in Germany, it states as a
reason for their scarcity in America, that
our bee-keepers "think that they know it
all, and tliere is no need of societies for
them. And as for imparting their knowl-
edge to their less confident or less infnrmed
brethren— they scoff that idea !" Now shall
we not try to remedy this, and add one more
to the numher of American bee-societies?
Can we not oraanizean association that will
call together the bee-keepers of Maryland,
and thesurionndins country ? Or shall we
always remain "in short-arm'd ignorance?"

Certainly you can organize a society. Just
issue a "call" for a meeting, organize an
association, and tjiere is no reason why you
cannot have one of the best societies in
America. •

Here is a hint : If you act at once, you
may be the first to affiliate with the '•' Inter-
national American ;" and that would be
quite a " feather in your cap," for the "In-
ternational " is taking everywhere, and will
become the "central sun " of apiculture in
America in a very short time.

Act quickly ! Strike out for success ! Be
enthusiastic ! These are the watch-words
which bring success, everytime.

Ants.— A bee-keeper in Norway, Mr. P.
A. Larsen, recommends as a remedy against
ants, the use of the intestines of fish. He
puts some of it into tlie nest, and he insists
that the ants are always chased away, if
this remedy Is applied once or twice.

Another gentleman, Mr. C. Omberg, rec-
ommends the use of powdered lime. He
puts some of it around the hives with the
same good effect.

Your Full Address, plainly written,
is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

Food Adulteration was discussed
at the annual meeting of the National Board
of Trade at Chicago, last week, when con-
sidering the advisability of asking Congress
to pass a law against adulterated lard.
Among other things the preamble sets forth
that " such adulteration of lard has grown
to be a National scandal, and has seriously
damaged the good name of American lard,
both in this country and abroad."

The following resolution was, after con-
siderable discussion, carried :

Resolved, That the National Board of
Trade recommends to the Congress of the
United States the enactment of such laws
and regulations as will compel all refiners
and dealers to brand all adulterated lard,
"Compound lard," or with some brand such
as will plainly distinguish the pure from
the impure article, in order that the con-
sumers at home and abroad may know the
one from the other.

This is all very well, but why not by law
condemn all other food adulterations ?
Almost everything used for food aud medi-
cine by man is adulterated, and all should
be protected by law from the ill-advised and
health-destroying sophistications. If we
mistake not, a bill was prepared, and is now
pending before Congress, which covers not
only the adulteration of food, but also the
compounded articles of food.

Every honest man should not only favor
and endorse such action by Congress as
would compel men to be honest with food
of all kinds, including honey ; but they
should work for the enforcement of such a
law to the letter, as well as the spirit thereof.

The low prices of honey have fortunately
driven adulterators of that article to the
wall. But if the prices advance again, they
may revive their nefarious business.

A law against all adulterations is needed,
and it should be speedily passed by Con-
gress, and rigidly enforced in every partot
the United States of America.

Xlie Honey Season in I^orway.

—An editorial in Tldskrift for Biskjotsel
for October, says : " This season has for
us bee-keepers been a dull one, and the pre-
vious winter was still worse. A worse fail-
ure in tlie honey crop will scarcely be heard
of. Many colonies had to be fed in the
midst of the summer, and many of them
starved to death. But now we have a good
flow from heather, and we hope that the
bees have gathered enough for winter use."
Regarding the heather honey, it is said,
in another editorial, that it must be ex-
tracted every di(y, because if it is left with
the bees until it is capped over, it is impos-
sible to get it out of the cells.

■*Ve-»vill Present a Pocket Dictionary
for two subscribers with S3.00. It is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to decide
the spelling of words, and their meaning.

l>r. Miller's Book, "A Tear Among
the Bees," and the American Bee Jomi-
NAL for one year— we send both for $1.50.

-*■—■■' ^tA^fc*

TH15 31MERICSr« BEE J©'tJRHSI<.

757

IVonien and Uees.

'Tin a fact that can never be questioned,

However absurd it may sound,
TLat twlxt women and bees a resemblance

Most wonderful is to be found.

They have both of tbera "combB," that Is certain,

And In energy neither are lax :
And though honey to both is delicious.

They are both now and then in a " wax."

A wife full of cares economic

Is roo^t like an industrious bee ;
And the waist of a wasp on a lady

Is souietbinp delightful to sec— Judy.

Rapid and Tireless ^Vork.— Con-
cerning the work performed by bees and
wasps, Susan Power, in Vlck's Magazine,
writes as follows :

Early as a man of science may be, Sir
Joliii Lubboclt entering his study a tew
minutes alter four in the mornin};, found a
wasp already at worl£ on the honey set out
of the window. Bees and wasps suck all
the honey from flowers and sweets they can
carry, fly bacli lo the hive, store it, and
come bacli directly tor another supply.

The wasp in question liept at work with-
out a moment's rest until 7:46 in the even-
ing, making a day of sixteen hours. The
bee bf nan at 5; 4.5 in the morninjj, and also
left otf earlier than the wasp. Each visit
Jrom the honey to the hive took about six
minutes, and it made ten visits an hour,
and a hundred in the day. The wasp made
sixty visits between 4:13 in the morning
and 6 minutes past r3 at noon, for Sir .Joh n
timed them all, and gives a table exact to the
minute of each return to the honey on the
Sill.

Sir wasp must have strayed to visit
flowers sometimes, or to have a flight by
the way, for his time varies from live to ten
and 20 minutes between visits, which were
kept up till dusk. This was in autumn. In
summer they make overtime, and work late
in the long English twilights, which are
clear till after 9 o'clock.

In fine weather, bees often visit more
than 20 flowers in a minute, and so carefully
do they economize the sunny hours that If
they find one nectary dry in a flower they
do not waste time to examine others on the
same plant. Mr. Darwin watched certain
flowers carefully, and found that each one
was visited by bees at least thirty times in
a day. In large clover fields, or plains of
wild flowers, every one is visited in the
course of a day. Mr. Uarwin carefully ex-
amined a large number of flowers in such
fields, and found Ihat every single one had
been visited by bees. Tiiere is something
very pietty in the thought of this tireless.
faithful industry of insects, and of *wo of
the most learned men in Great Britain
spending whole summer days in the fields
with great faithfulness watching the flower
Industry.

What use in it, you ask, with true modern
disregard of any pursuit which does not
return its per cent, of interest within the
week? Only to find out more of the uses
flowers and insects have for each other,
that flowers were made to attract and teed
bees that I hey in turn might carry the jiol-
len which fertilizes and secures the seed of
plants. Without this careful searching
work of the bees in the clover fields and
orchards, our field and fruit trees would die
out in time.

Xlie Xinic tor Reading has come,
with the long winter evenings. We have a
large stock of bee-books, and would like to
fill orders for them. To read and post up is
the way to succeed in any pursuit— in none
is it more important than in bee-keeping.

A IXcw Implement for bee keepers
has just been brought out by the W. F. and
John Barnes Co. It is a combined scroll
saw and a circular saw. Each machine is
perfect, neither being impaired by the other.
The two machines can be put in one, ready
for use either way, in one minute, and each
will do its work with absolute success. This
combination of uses doubles the value of
the machine, at less co.st than they can be
furnished separately. The capacity of the
scroll saw is exactly the same as that of
scroll saw No. 7, the warranty as to what
that will do applying equally to this. For
light ripping, cutting to length, cutting
joints, drawer and box work, etc., the cir-
cular saw of the combined machine is in-
valuable. In short, for general use, no
more profitable investment can be made by
any beekeeper, or almost any wood worker,
than this combined machine with its differ-
ent combinations and attachments.

Combined Scroll and Circular Sato.

The circular saw, while remaining on its
mandrel, can be taken at once out of the
way when the scroll saw is to be used. The
mandrel is set in its bearing in such a man-
ner as to enable the operator to take the
whole (mandrel and saw) from the machine
in an instant.

All varieties of joint work can be done
truly and rapidly. The table can be handily
adjusted up or down by a cam, to allow any
desired depth of cut being made by the saws
or cutter tools. The circular saws are 6
inches in diameter, and reach l!':^ inches
above the sawtable. A 7 or 8 inch saw
can be used if desired.

Emery wheels, in size up to 1 inch face
by 6 inches diameter, can be used to good
advantage on this machine.

Those who make their own hives or sur-
plus arrangements will find it an invaluable
aid. Its price is $.50, and it can be obtained
at this office.

l>o TSot rail to get up a clnb and send
it with your renewal for next year.

Conventions as aids to progressive
bee-culture, is thus set forth in the Canor
dian Farmers' Advocate for November :.

Perhaps there is nothing, aside from
periodicals, which so benetits a pursuit as
the meeting in convention of those inter-
ested in that pursuit. Points which reciuire
solution may be discussed, or an idea se-
cured, whicli leads to an entirely new and
valuable train of thought. Amongst bee-
keepers these conventions are very general,
and the most important of them all is the
North American Bee Keepers' Association.
Its last meeting was held Oct. 3, 4 and .5, at
Columbus, O. Although the season has
been a very poor one for bee keepers, the
attendance was very Jair, and embraced
four authors ot stanuard works in apicul-
ture.

A new departure was made in the way of
a programme. There were but few essays,
and a programme committee selected topics
for discussion for each session, with a
leader for the topic. Whilst many and
lengthy essays should be avoided, a medium
might be advantageous; and short ones in-
ter.sjiersed with lengthy discussions, would
bring out and concentrate discussion. Many
topics of interest were brought up, and the
sessions thoroughly enjoyable.

Brantford, Canada, was selected for the
next place of meeting ; and as this is only
the second lime in twenty years that the
society will meet in Canada, a very large
attendance is expected. Mr. R. F. Holter-
mann, of that place, is the Secretary.

Let us hope that the next meeting will be
a right-royal one, inasmuch as it is to be
held in the Dominion ot Royalty.

Frank M^eslic's S^nnday .11a ga-
zine for December closes the twenty-
fourth semi-annual volume. It is filled, as
usual, with the most entertaining matter in
prose and poetry, fiction and fact. A
Christmas anthem, entitled, "Unto Us a
Child is Born," composed by Mr. C. Wen-
liam Smith, organist of Plymouth Church,
Brooklyn, occupies three pages, and is a
brilliant piece of music. A sermon by Dr.
Talmage, on"The Vail of Modesty," ap-
peals strongly to American women.

Convention ^^otices.

Z^- The Nebraska State Bee-Keepers' Association
will convene at Lincoln, Nebr.. on Jan. 9, 10 and 11,
1880. J. N. Hkatib, Sec.

Z^~ There will be a meeting of the Susquehanna
County Bee-Keepera' Association at the Court House
in Montrose, Pa., on Saturday, May 4. Iiwii.at lua.m.
H. M. Seelbv,S£c.

f^" The Pan-TIandle Bee-Keepers' Association
will hold its next nicetitig in the K. of P.Hall on
Main St., between nth & Vlttx Streets. In Wheeling,
W Va on Nov. 21 and 122, 18^. All bee-keepers are
cordially invited. W. L. KiNSEr, Sec.

tw~ The twentieth annual convention of the New
York State Bee-Keepers' Association will be held
in the <"ity Uall, Syracuse. N. V..on Dec. 11. J'2 and
13 1888 U. U.KKICKKUllUCKEK, SeiV

Zlf~ The 'i.lrd annual meetini? of the Michigan

State Bee-Keepers' Associalion will beheld in the
<'4iuncil Ronni at.Iackson. Mich . on Dec. lii and 13.
IRKS Greatly reduced rates have been secured at
the Kurd Hou-'C. also at the < omniercial House
(neartlie Michigan Central depot) at ♦L.'ioand *1.(m)
per day- A programnie i-« being prepared and e.\cel-
lenl essays are alreidy promsed. Any bee-keeper
having anything new and useful, and flnfling it im-

Sos-ible to be present, can send it iiy Kxpress to
acksr.n. in care of the Secretary, who will place it
on exhibition and return it as per orders. Please lo
come and bring your bee-keeping friends with you.

H. D. CCTTl.NG, Stc.

758

TT'HE MMBmicMif mmu j&JsmmMi^.

Xlie Indian Summer.

Written for the Home and Farm

BY A. F. BROWNE.

The sunliglit, in a warm And mellow tide
Upon this Indian summer day descends ;

Earth, sky, and all the view of waters wide
In silent and harmonious beauty blends.

Along the southward slope?, the aftergrass
Still shows the emerald shade of summer time ;

With lingering pace a troop of zephyrs pass.
And oft repeat averse of mystic rhyme.

The vapor ships that slowly cross the sty
Are smooth and fleecy, liiic the clouds of June,

And only trees that leafless meet my eye
Rami ad me earth has passed from Nature's noon.

w

Depositing;

Eggs in
Cells.

tlie Royal

Wrttten for the American Bee Jowmal

Query 590.— How nearly complete is the
royal cell when the queen deposits the egg in
it ?— S.

as to the length. -

About one-thh-d,

G M. DOOLITTLE.

I do not know. — J. M. Hambadgh.

Usnalh- it is in the eafly stages. —
Mrs. L. Harrison.

When it is about in the shape of the
Clip of a small acorn. — M. Mai-iin.

Just when they are about the size of
a small acorn-cup. — P. L. Viallon.

Only just started, or in the " acorn-
cup " stage. — James HEDDO>f.

Probably about one-half completed.

C. H. DiBBERN.

It is only advanced to a cup-shaped
appearance. — J. P. H. Brown.

I have seen some barely begun, and
others almost large enough to seal
over. — C. C. Miller.

It is like an acorn-cup, \ to J of an
inch deep. — R. L. Taylor.

I do not remember just now of hav-
ing seen a queen deposit an egg in the
royal cell. You will generally lind an
egg in the cell when about one-third
formed. — H. D. Cutting.

The royal cell is frequently made
around an egg that has been placed in
a worker-cell, and I have known the
egg to be placed in the royal cell when
more than half completed. — A. B.
Mason.

It varies much ; often in a shallow
cup ; sometimes in a nearly completed
cell. — A. J. Cook.

It depends upon circumstances. I

the inci])ieni cup from which the cell is
built. The question is mooted. — J. E.
Pond.

As a swarm sometimes Issues before
queen-cells are started, it is plain that
the}' are sometimes far from complete.
I think that the queen does not always
deposit the egg in a royal cell. —
Eugene Secor.

I have seen this done only once. I
held the comb in my hands, I saw the
cell prior to the queen's visit, and saw
it at the time of visit and afterwards.
She undoubtedly laid in it at the time.
The cell was about J an inch deep. A
very fine queen was developed in the
usual time from this queen-cell. — J. M.
Shuck.

The queen does not deposit the agg
in the royal cell. The workers select
a common worker-cell (with a larva
from one to two days old) ; enlarge
the cell — perhaps at the 'expense of
three or four adjoining cells — and lit-
erally "Hoat" the larva in royal jelly,
which is simply partly-digested honey
and pollen. The worker-egg, under
this treatment will, in 16 days, hatch
out into a perfect queen. — Will M.
Barnum.

I have often seeil eggs " standing on
end " in the usual way, in queen-cells
no deeper than an ordinary acorn-cup.
According to my observations none
but old or otherwise condemned queens
ever lay eggs in queen-cells ; and in
these cases most likely they are forced
to do it by the worker bees. Lajing
workers and exhausted queens, and
sometimes drone-laying queens will
lay eggs in queen-cells. But when
strong young queens swaruu they
usually go out before txxiy cells have
been started. — G. W. Demakee.

The egg will generall}' be found in
the royal cell when it is from one-
fourth to one-third of its length — but
sometimes when it is nearer complete.

-The Editor.

Does

it Injnrc a Queen to Sting
Her Rival J

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 591.

ing her rival ?

—Is a queen injured by sting-
-Illinois.

No. — P. L. Viallon.

No.— R. L. Taylor.

Not usually. — Dadant & Son.

I think not. — H. D. Cutting.

Not in the least. — M. Mahin.

Yes, probably. — ^Mrs. L. Harrison.

I think not. — J. M. Hambaugh.

I think not. — A. B. Mason.

Probably never. — C. C. Miller.

I think not, but I do not know for

Usually not ; but possibly she maj-
be sometimes. — A. J. Cook.

No, sir ; but she is by her rival sting-
ing her. — -J. E. Pond.

I do not know, but I think not. —
James Heddon.

Gracious ! I don't know. — J. M.
Shuck.

I think not. Still I should prefer
that a good queen should never com-
bat with another queen. — G. M. Doo-
little.

I have met with cases where I con-
eluded that they had been injured in
this manner. — J. P. H. Brown.

No ; not as I have ever been able to
observe — and I have made some ob-
servations in this direction. —Will M.
Barnum.

I never supposed that the constitu-
tion of a mule was impaired by the
sudden contact of his hind feet with
some soft spot on the driver. No. —
Eugene Secok.

To say that the surviving queen is
?iev€r injured in her conflict with her
rival, may be putting it too strong, but
as a rule she is not injured in the least,
I know of one ease in which the con-
test between two queens proved fatal
to both combatants ; which case seems
to prove that there are exceptions to
the general ride. — G. W. Demaree.

Generally she is not injured, but an
injury may occur in some case.s. —
The Editor.

CL,UBBI!^Ci L.IST.

We CUib the American Bee Jawmal

for a year, with any of the following papers

or books, at the prices quoted in the l.iASX

column. The regular price of both is given

in the first column. One year's subscription

for the American Bee Journal must be sent

with each order for another paper or book:

Price of both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 Ou . . .

and cftanings in Bee-Culture 2 00.... 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50 — 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Heview 150 — 140

The Apiculturist 1 75 — 1 65

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00.... 180

Canadian Honey Producer...! 40 — 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 — 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25. . . . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman). ..2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal..! 60 — 1 50
Dzierzons liee-Book(cloth).. .3 00.. .. 2 00
Koot's A EC of Bee-Culture.. 2 25.... 210

Farmer's Account Book 4 00.... 2 20

Western World Guide 1 50 130

Heddon's book, "Success,".. ! 50.. 1 40

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 — 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 ... . 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00.... 1 '75

How to Propagate Fruit 150 125

History of National Society..! 50..., 125

have known the egg to be deposited in certain. — C. H. Dibbern

Please to get yoiir Weiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so crraAP that
no one can afford to do without it.

TMm mwmmmi^mm mm^ j^'ummmi^.

759

A^ * ^ ^.^ *_^ * ^ ^-^_^j^ ^^ ^/^ _*_*_*• — ^*-^>m*-'*"*-^*^*^*^*<fc*^*ir-*-*-^-**-*-*-*-*-**^-*-*-*-^r-^-'-*--\j

CENTENNIAL.

Tbe Premiums Awarded at the
Columbus Exposition.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY DR. A. B. MASON.

I have been so busy since getting
home from Columbus, O., that it has
seemed impossible to write, and send
a list of premiums awarded in the Bee
and Honey Department of the Centen-
nial Exposition at Columbus, but I will
take the time this morning, 2 a.m. I
V'ant to give you an article cm the Ex-
position and the Bee and Honey De-
partment, but I shall have to do that
some other time.

Mr. Elias Cole, of Ashley, O., was
awarded first premium on a founda-
tion mill, samples of foundation for
brood-chamber and surplus, and wax
extractor ; second premium on display
of extracted honey, and third on a
colony of bees, dis|)layof beeswax, di.s-
plaj' of queens, and bee-hive.

Dr. G. L. Tinker, of New Phil.adel-
phia, O., was awarded first premium
on a colon}' of bees, bee-hive, exhibi-
tion bee-hive, arrangement for secur-
ing surplus, sections and su])plies; and
third on the best race of bees.

Dr. H. Bcsse, of Delaware, O., was
awarded first premium on a smoker
(Bingham's) ; second on beeswax,
foundation mill, sections and supplies ;
and third premium on display of comb
honey, sample of comb honej", honey
extractor (Muth's), and wax extractor.

Mr. C. E. .Jones, of Delaware, O.,
was awarded second premium on dis-
play of comb honey, colony of bees,
race of bees, display of queens, extrac-
tor (Root's), wax-extractor, smoker,
and arrangement for securing surplus;
and third premium on a sample of ex-
tracted honey.

Mr. Aaron Goodrich — a gentleman
over 7.5 years old — of Worthington, O.,
was awarded third premium on a dis-
play of comb honey and a display of
beeswax ; second on a sample of honey-
vinegar, and third premium ou a dis-
play of extracted honey.

Mrs. Mason, who has a larger api-
ary than I have, was awai'ded first
premium on a display of extracted
honey, sample of extracted honey,
sample of C(mib honey, race of bees,
honey-cake, honey-cookies, honej--
jumbles, and honej-candies : and sec-
ond premium on honey-plants.

E. E. Mason was awarded first on
foundation made on the grounds, for
brood-chamber and surplus ; second

on sample of comb honey and honey-
candy ; third on honey-plants.

If I am last on the list, and did not
get as many premiums as I might have
had if there had not been so much
competition, I was not "left out in the
cold " entirelj-. I was awarded first
premium on a display of honey-plants,
honey-vinegar, display of queens, foun-
dation press, and honey extractor ;
and second on sample of extracted
hone}% foundation for brood-chamber
and surplus, made on the ground ;
bee-hive and exhibition bee-hive ; and
third on supplies.

If I had the time, and did not have
the " fear of the editor's waste-basket "
before me, I should like to write some-
what in detail of the Bee and Honey
Department and the exhibits, exhibi-
tors, and some of those who visited our
building during the Exposition, and it
may not be wholly uninteresting to saj'
something of our display, etc.

A building 36x(i0 feet was put up
purposely for the apiarian department,
and was well filled with everything re-
lating to the apiary.

Tbere were thirteen exhibitors, but
only eight competed for premiums, as
will be seen by the above list of
awards..

A. I. Root sent a whole carload of
appliances, and his display included
almost everything from a queen-cage
to machinery for making sections. It
is perfectly useless to attempt to
enumerate them, and he had two men
there all the time to look after and ex-
plain everything about which a ques-
tion might be asked, and to run the
four new machines for making one-
piece V-grooved sections. Mr. Root
did not compete for premiums. His
exhibit, without the machinery, occu-
pied a space of 8x40 feet, and the sec-
tion machinery occupied a space of
12x1.5 feet in machinery hall, and at-
tracted a great deal of attention from
the thousands and thousands of visi-
tors, during the seven weeks of the
Exposition.

Too much could not be said in praise
of the gentlemanly conduct and ways
of the five dift'erent gentlemen Mr.
Root had at ditierent times at the Ex-
position, and it seems but natural to
mention Mr. Warner and Mr. Will
Turner, who were the first on the
grounds to put up the machinery and
get things in running order. Then
came Mr. Whipple, and Mr. Turner
went home. Then these were relieved,
and Mr. Art. Pulsifcr came and took
charge of the uiacliinery, and Mr. Will
Weed relieved ^Ir. Whipple. It was a
pleasure to niaki' tlie acquaintance of
those men, and to have their comjiany.
Mr. Aaron Goodrich, of Worthing-
ton. O., who keeps bees, as he said,
"just for the fun of the thing," occu-

pied a space 20 feet ^ong by 7 feet
wide, and exhibited comb and ex-
tracted honey, honey-vinegar, and
beeswax, which was displayed on
shelves that extended up 9 feet. Mr.
Goodrich lives about nine miles north
of the Exposition grounds, and having
rather poor health, his family and
friends objected to his making an ex-
hibit, but his whole soul was in the
business, and he wanted to help show
the world what could be done in ex-
hibiting the progress of bee-keeping in
Ohio. He came from home to the
grounds every Monday morning,
bringing his " provendei*" (as he
called it) and bedding with him, and
staid in the building every night until
Saturday, when he would go home to
spend Sunday with his family.

The first four weeks Mr. Goodrich
gained in flesh a pound a week, and
the next three weeks two pounds a
week, and before the Exposition was
over he got so that from eating just
enough to keep " soul and body to-
gether," he could, to use his own
words, "eat a good square meal, and
take his rations regularlj-."

I could tell of a good many interest-
ing things about "Uncle Aaron," as
e\erybody calls him, and so did we
exhibitors, but it takes up valuable
space ; but the pleasure he enjoyed,
and his partial restoration to health,
more than paid him for all trouble and
expense.

At some future time I will try to
write about the other exhibits, exhibi-
tors, etc., if acceptable ; but time for-
bids more at present.

Auburndale, O., Nov. 12, 1888.

BUCKWHEAT.

Keeping a Record of eaeli
Colony in the Apiary.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY LESLIE STEW.^KT.

It seems rather queer to me that
such bee-keepers as Messrs. G. M.
Doolittle, D. A. Jones, etc., should
not have found buckwheat a valuable
honey-plant, while with me here in
New York, it has not failed to give a
goodly amount of surplus in the last
seven years. In fact, I am beginning
to put more confidence in it for a large
amount of surplus than any honey-
producing plant we have in this
locality. To be sure, it has not quite
so fine a flavor as white clover or bass-
wood, nor .so light colored, and must
of course sell for a little less per
pound.

I sell the extracted buckwheat honey
at 2 cents per pound less than white
clover or basswood honey ; yet I find

760

TM® rnvmrnmi^MM mmM jO'^PMifMi-r.

that to my home customers I sell 5
pounds of bucWvheat honey to 1 pound
of clover or basswood extracted hone)'.
Buckwheat began to bloom about
Aug. 3, this year, and it made, livelj'
times for the bees during the following
ten days. I had up to this time ex-
tracted 50 pounds per colonj', on an
average, through my entire apiary,
wliile my best colony stored in ten
days (from Aug. 3 to Aug. 13) 78
pounds of extracted honey ; the second
best, 74 pounds, and the third 71
IJounds; please remember that this was
all surplus, and not one drop taken
from the brood-chambers. This honey
was well ripened and very nice.

At the above time I had grand hopes
of a large crop from this source, and
boasted that I would extract over 100
pounds per colonj- of choice buckwheat
honey. But, alas, a cold rain set in,
and has kept at it pretty much ever
since. Yet my best colony succeeded
in storing 109 pounds ; second best,
107 pounds ; third best, 103 pounds of
buckwheat extracted honey. But my
entire apiary averaged only t)5 pounds,
after seeing that all that had been run
for extracted honey had enough to carrj^
them until another season. •

The above will show that buckwheat
is not such a bad honey-plant in some
sections, at least in a poor season.

The following report tells how it has
done as compared with otlier honey-
plants during the last three years :

In 188(j : Extracted white clover, 20
pounds ; basswood, 76 pounds ; buck-
wheat, t)9 pounds. Of comb honej%
no complete sections of white clover ;
basswood, 52 sections ; buckwheat, 48
sections.

In 1887 : Extracted white clover,
none ; ba.sswood, 82 pounds ; buck-
wheat, 68 pounds. Of comb honey,
no white clover ; basswood, 61 pounds;
buckwheat, 50 pounds.

In 1888 : Extracted white clover,
25 pounds ; basswood, 20 pounds ;
buckwheat, 65 pounds. Of comb
honey, no complete sections ; bass-
wood, 20 sections ; buckwheat, 50 sec-
tions. In the case of comb honey, the
number of complete sections are
counted.

I keep a careful record of each col-
ony on a small slate, and when I ex-
tract, the date of extracting is put
down with number of pounds ex-
ti-acted, and the quality of the honej'.
While with comb honey, an account
is kept of the number of complete sec-
tions taken o&, with the quality of the
honey stated.

In the fall I go carefully over the
entire apiary, and see that each colony
has a goodly supply of winter stores.
If one should be found short of stores,
it is immediately fed, and the amount
deducted from its year's record on the

slate. For instance, colony No. 26
was worked for extracted honey, and
the record on the slate is as follows :
"Extracted honey, 20 pounds of white
clover, 50 pounds of basswood, and 89
pounds of buckwheat — total 159
pounds. I was obliged to feed 10
pounds back for winter stores, leaving
a total of 149 pounds as the record for
the season."

Now during the month of September,
the little slates are all gathered in, and
their records with the number of the
hive is carefully recorded in a large
book for the purpose ; and the next
spring, .should I want a choice breed-
ing queen, I go to the book and select
the best colony there indicated, whicli
does not take long.

By the above plan it will be seen
that my record is taken after the bees
have been given a sufficient supply on
which to winter. My bees are all
wintered on natural stores. I never
have fed a pound of anything else. I
positively think that if all the bee-
keepers would follow my plan in this
respect, we would have less honey to
clog our large markets, and get a bet-
ter price for the honey. •

Jefferson, N. Y., Nov. 5, 1888.

COOK'S BOOK.

Criticism of the New Edition ol
Jooii.'^ Manual.

Review from the British Dec Journal

BY THE EDITOR.

We are pleased to welcome this the
thirteenth edition and fifteenth thou-
sand of Prof. Cook's Manual, which
first made its appearance as a modest
pamphlet in 1876. So much was this
at that time appreciated that it sold
rapidly, and Prof. Cook has from time
to time enlarged it, until it has grown
to contain nearly 450 pages. In the
present edition there are 110 added
pages, and 31 illustrations ; and it has
been in a great measure re-written, to
bring it up to the knowledge of the
present day.

Not only has the practical part been
brought up to the present time, but
also the first part — treating of the
natural history of the honey-bee — has
had full justice done to it ; for the
works of Schiemenz, Schonfeld and
others, have been mentioned, and the
reader is made acquainted not only
witli the progress made in the science
connected with bees, but also with the
names of those to whom we are in-
debted for the discoveries.

Just fancy any one writing about
Parthenogenesis, and not mentioning
that to Dzierzon we owe its discovery
in connection with bees, made in 1835,

and published by him in 1842 ; yet
hard as it is possible to believe it, an
author has recently done so, and onlj'
mentions Dzierzon casually in con-
nection with the introduction of the
Italian bee in 1853, which enabled
him to prove his discovery to be true,
j-et never once is he mentioned as the
discoverer. This is the way many
books are made ! So conscientious is
Prof. Cook in acknowledging where he
gets his information, and giving due
credit, that in the preface he even
mentions where every woodcut is taken
from ; and this is in striking contrast
to the ways of compilers of the pres-
ent day, who copy right and left with-
out even so much as alluding to those
from whose works they copy

In Chapter II. the anatomy and
phj'siologj' of insects, and the honey-
bee in particular, are treated. Here
we find many new illustrations, and
much fresh matter. Describing the
antennas, he agrees with those who,
like Leydig, Erichson, Hauser, and
others, consider these the organs of
smell, and tell us that " while Erichson
first discovered the pits in the anten-
na;, Burraeister discovered the sensi-
tive nerve-ending hairs at their bot-
tom, and Leydig the perforated pegs
or tooth-like hairs.

Further, he says, "We may state,
then, that the antennal organ of smell
consists of a free or sunken hair-like
bod)', which oj)ens by a pore or canal
to a many-nucleated ganglionic nerve.
We thus understand how the bee finds
the nectar, the fly the meat, and the
drone and other male insects their
mates."

That the antenna; are organs of
smell are generally admitted, but some
have from time to time endeavored
to sliow that they also contain the
organs of hearing. Taking this view,
we find Dr. Braxton Hicks, Graber,
and Mayer, but the evidence they bring
forward is not sufficient to satisfy
scientists that these depressions are
really organs of audition. This also
is our view, and is the one taken by
Prof. Cook, for he says, "Mr. Cheshire
speaks of small pits in the antenna;,
which lie regards as organs of hear-
ing. He gi.xes, however, no proof of
this, and the pits that he describes are
not at all ear-like in their structure.
Dr. Packard says that there is no
proof that any insects except crickets
and locusts have i-eal organs of hear-
ing. He here refers to the ear-like
organs situated on the sides of the
body of these insects. Dr. C. S. Minot,
in reviewing Graber's work, says that
it has not been demonstrated that even
these tympanal organs are auditory,
and adds that all attempts to demon-
strate tlie existence of an auditory or-
gan in insects have failed. That in-

XH® MMERicji,]?* mm'B j&viRMmi^,

761

*^-^-^-^^*-^*f--^-^*-^-^-^^^*-^-^-^*-^-^^-^'^*^*^-^j^:'^*-^^^*-^*^^ir *1fc* j^*jM

sects are conscious of vibrations, which
with us cause sound, I think no ob-
serving person can doubt Every

apiarist has noticed the eflfect of va-
rious sounds made by the bees upon
their comratles of tlio liive, and how
contagions is tlie sharp note of anger,
the low hum of fear, and the pleasant
tone of a new swarm as, they com-
mence to enter their new home. Now,
whether insects take note of their
vibrations as we recognize pitch, or
whether they just distinguish the
tremor, I think no one knows. There,
is some reason to believe that their
delicate touch-organs may enable them
to discriminate between vibrations
even more acutely than can we by the
use of our ears. A slight jar will
quickly awaken a colony of hybrids,
while aloud noise will pass unnoticed.
If insects can appreciate with great
delicacy the diiicrent vibratoi-y condi-
tions of the air by an excessive devel-
opment of the sense of touch, then un-
doubtedl}' the antennffi ma}' be great
aids. Dr. Clemens thought that in-
sects could only detect atmospheric
vibrations. So, too, thought Liuneus
and Brnnet. From our present knowl-
edge this view seems the most reason-
able one, for nothing answering in
the least to ears, structuralh, has yet
been discovered."

We are ourselves inclined to the
same view, and do not see anj' reason
why bees should not be sensible to
vibrations which produce no efl'eet upon
us. Onr ear is so fashioned that it is
sensible to vibrations reaching at the
outside to 88,000 in a second. The
sensation of red is produced when -t70
millions of millions of vibrations enter
the eye in a similar time. But be-
tween these two numbers vibrations
produce on us only the sensation of
heat, for we have no special organs
adapted to them. There is, therefore,
no reason why bees shoidd not be sen-
sible to vibrations even with their
touch-organs which do not afl'ect us.

We have examined the antenna; re-
peatedly with the microscope, both
superficially and section by section ;
and although using instruments sec-
ond to none in efficiency, we have
failed to trace any connection between
the organs described by Graber and
Mayer and an auditory apparatus. The
title of (iraber's work above referred
to, is UOer neuc otocyslennrlige Sinncsor-
t/ane der Tn.ieclen, lS7if ; and Mayer's,
Sopra ccrti organi di senso ncllc An-
tennc dci DiUeri, 1878.

In describing the compound eyes.
Prof. Cook gives illustrations from
Gegenbower, but we think they do not
give such a good idea of the structure
of the eye as those of Grenacher,
copied by Cheshire, and introduced on
Plate IV. of his book. We have a

very beautiful, uniijne microscopic sec-
tion of the eye, showing the disposi-
tion of the rods, and the decussating
nerve fibrils, corroborating Grena-
dier's views, and showing the accuracy
of his drawings. When we were stay-
ing at the College, we showed this
preparation to the students of Prof.
Cook's class, and they were astonished
at the beauty of the structure of this
organ.

Prof. Cook does not hold the view of
a mosaic vision, which, he sajs, " is
now abandoned," but thinks the philos-
ophy of sight in insects is rather like
that of higher animals, except thou-
sands of eyes instead of two are used
as one. Although their sense of color
is very keen, our author believes
" more has been made of this matter
of color than truth will warrant." We
think so, too, and believe that the ex-
periments of Sir John Lubbock go to
prove, not that bees prefer one color
to another, but that they can be accus-
tomed to recognize a certain color.

There is much worthy of study in
this part of the chapter which refers
to organs common to most insects, but
we have not the space to go through
them as carefully as we vvould wish, or
as the work deserves. The second
part of the chapter refers more par-
ticularly to the honey-bee. Referring
to food given to queens and drones, he
says Schiemenz and Schonfeld are un-
questionably correct in the belief that
they are fed by the workers the same
food that the larvre are fed, and rea-
sons from the fact that, as he finds the
queen lays over 3,000 eggs a day
weighing 3,900 grams, while she her-
self only weighs 2.299 grams, for her
to be in a position to lay nearly double
her weight daily can only be possible
because she is fed with highly nutri-
tious food, which was wholly digested
for her. Schonfeld found that the
queen, like the drones, will soon die
if shut away from the workers by a
double wire cage, even though they
have access to honey.

One of the most interesting para-
graphs in this chapter is that referring
to the glandular organs, which we find
very well explained both as regards
their structure and functions. Ram-
dohr, in 1811, discovered a pair of
salivary glands in the thorax, and two
other pairs were discovered by Meckel
in 184(i. These have been fully de-
scribed by Siebold. Their functions
are well known. Still Cheshire says
on page 72, "and yet dense ignorance
respecting them is common to the
present day, even such an accom-
plished German a)iicnlturist as Ber-
lepseh failing to mention them." Had
Cheshire looked at page 136 of Die
Biciie, by Berlepsch, he would have
I found that not only does this distin-

guished German mention them, but
that he also describes their functions.
Schiemenz goes into the nuitter very
carefully, and in an elaborate mono-
graph, beautifully illustrated, he en-
deavors to show that they produce a
secretion which is the food of the
larvffi and queens. This view has been
proved to be incorrect, and Schonfeld
has fully demonstrated that the food
of the larva; is, as Dufour first pointed
out, digested by the workers. More-
over, any doubt as to this being the
case has been removed by the experi-
ments of Dr. A. de Planta, who shows
that the chyle food of the queen,
drone and worker larvce varies. Prof.
Cook explains this very clearly, and
then goes on to treat of the honey-
stomach with its four-lipped mouth,
and shows how the bee can either feed
herself or store honey at will.

We ourselves do not believe that the
glands supply the larval food exclu-
sively, although we think that secre-
tion from these is added to the chyle
food given tliem. Also, why do the
queen and drones have glands ? for if
they get food as a secretion they do
not want them.

This is how Prof. Cook sums up the
matter : " Before leaving the subject,
it seems well to remark that it would
appear that the old view of Dufour, so
alily advocated by Pastor Schonfeld,
is, despite the arguments and re-
searches of Schiemenz, the correct
one. The queen, drone and larvte do
not get this food as a secretion — a sort
of milk — but it is rather the digested
pollen or chyle modified, as the bees
desire, by varying their own food. In
addition to this albuminous food the
([ueen and drones also take much
honey ; thus they need the glands
which furnish the ferment that changes
cane to reducible sugar, and they
have them. If all honey were fully
digested, then the drones and queen
would not need any glands at all.
The fact that the pollen that the larva*
do got is partially digested is further
proof that this is chyme, or partially
digested pollen."

The legs of bees, with their an-
tenna'— cleaners, claws, spines, and
beautiful pulvilli, are fully described
and illustrated, as are also the mouth
jKirts and sting. He does not believe
that the poison is dropped into the
cells to preserve the honey according
to Dr. Mnlleidioff's theory, but thinks
the formic acid in honey doubtless
comes from tlie honey-stomach of the
bee.

Chapter III. is devoted to swarming
and nattu-al methods of increase.
Alluding to the piping of queens, he
agrees with Landois that this is a true
voice made in the cells, and even also
by a queen whose wings are cut oflf.

762

Twm mvmmmi^MM mm® jei^KifMi,.

He says it is usuallj' asserted that bees
do no gathering on the day they
swarm previous to leaving the hive,
but that is not true. Mr. Doolittle
thinks they are just as active as on
other days. The reasgn for clustering
of the swarm, he says, is, no doubt, to
give the queen a rest before her long
flight.

Speaking of honey, he says it is
"digested nectar." This nectar con-
tains much water, though tlie amount
is very variable — a mixture of several
kinds of sugar and a small amount of
nitrogenous matter in the form of
pollen. Nectar is peculiar in the large
amount of sucrose or cane sugar
which it contains. Often there is
nearly or quite as much of this as of
all the other sugars. We cannot,
therefore, give the composition of
honej' ; it will be as various as the
flowers from which it is gathered.
" Again, the thoroughness of the diges-
tion will affect the composition of
honey." He thinks it likel}^ that in-
complete digestion and the possible
variation in nectar make the determi-
nation by the analyst either by use »f
the polariscope or chemical reagents a
matter of doubt. He goes very fully
into the action of honey under the
polariscope, and shows that too much
reliance should not be placed on this
test. He finds the specific gravity
varies from 1.40 to 1.50. Honey will
generally granulate when the tempera-
ture is reduced below 70°. Some
honey seems to remain liquid indefi-
nitely. Granulated honey is almost
certainly pure.

In speaking of honey-comb he saj^s,
"The late Prof. J. Wyman demon-
strated that an exact hexagon.al cell
does not exist. He also showed that
the size varies, so that in a distance of
ten worker-cells there may be a varia-
tion of one cell in diameter, and this
in natural, not distorted cells." "This
variation of one-fifth of an inch in ten
cells is extreme, but a variation of one-
tenth of an inch is common." We
have ourselves carried out a large
series of measurements which fully
confirm this, and we hope soon to be
able to publish tlie results. He says,
as we have also maintained, that bees
change from worker to drone cells,
not by any system, l)ut simply b}' en-
larging and contracting. The transi-
tion cells are usually of four I'ows,
althougli sometimes there are two or
as many as eight."

Prof. Cook says, " An English writer
criticises Langstroth's representation
of these irregular cells, and adds that
the angles can never be less than 100*^.
This is far from the truth, as 1 have
found many cells where an angle was
considerably less than this." We have
also got a large number of impressions

taken direct from the comb showing
that Langstroth is right. Some combs
which we last j'ear exhibited at the
Conversazione of the British Bee-Keep-
ers' Association had several rows of
perfectly square cells which would
represent angles of 90°.

Referring to the number of cells to
the square inch, he says, "A recent
English author, after stating the
diameter of the cells, adds, ' The state-
ment, many times made, that 25 and
It) of these respectively is erroneous,
as they are not square.' He says these
are 28 13-15 and 18 178-375. After
many counts he thinks he should have
used his eyes rather than his mathe-
matics, for he finds worker-cells per
square inch vary from 25 to 29, and
drone-cells from 17 to 19 per square
inch. Our English author seems quite
to have ignored the fact that because
of this great variation, and for con-
venience of calculation, the above
figures were adopted as an average."

A very interesting paragraph on
pollen and propolis concludes the first
part of the work, which occupies 163
pages. It is not rambling and spun
out like the writings of some authors,
but is concise, clear, and contains all
of any -^-alue to the bee-keeper. It is
also written in a Christian spirit to-
wards those from whom the author
diflVrs.

The second part is practical, and is
devoted to the management of the
apiary. Here the principal hives, ap-
pliances, and various methods in use
in America are described very fully
and illustrated. In this part there is
also much new matter added, making
it very complete. The Langstroth and
Heddon hives have full justice done
them, as well as other hives in use in
America. Our English bee-keepers
will find much useful information, al-
though some of the appliances and
methods may not be suited to this
country.

All Prof. Cook says as to the man-
agement of hives for surplus is as use-
ful for us as for our American friends,
but we do not encounter the same
difficulties in wintering as they do,
therefore we do not need to take the
same measures for the protection of
our bees. Our methods of open driv-
ing and transferring are also simpler
than theirs. The chapters following
are full of practical information, and
from them inuch may be learned.
Honey-plants are treated more com-
pletely than in any other work ; dis-
eases and enemies of bees, with what
is known about them, have also proper
attention.

Prof. Cook is the leading scientific
authority on all that concerns bees in
America, and, as most of our readers
know, is a pleasant writer. Being

Professor of Entomologj^ at the State
Agricultural College in Michigan, he
has the opportunity of testing methods
and appliances at the experimental
apiarj' attached to the College, .sonic
of tlie advantages of this being appar-
ent in the book before us. Unlike a
recent author, who not only jealously
withholds the names of many of the
inventors or advocates of particular
methods, but in many cases claims
them as his own, thinking, no doubt,
that he is the man, and that wisdom
will perish with him. Prof. Cook is
scrupulouslj" particular in giving
names. This is as it should be, and
we think it shows a much more noble
spirit to give glory unto whom it is
due than to rob those entitled to it.
Altogether the work is a great im-
provement on the former editions, and
is one that no bee-keeper should be
without

BEGINNING.

A Woman's Experience in
Keeping Bees.

Jl'ritUn for the American Bee Journal
BY MRS. EMILY CASBON.

You do not know how much pleas-
ure it gives me to read the American
Bee Journal. I do not set myself up
as an example for any one, but I have
had a little actital experience, and if it
will be a benefit to any bee-keepers,
they are welcome to it.

In the fall of 1886 I bought a colony
of bees. They were in a box-hive
nailed securely with a glass in front,
and a wooden door on hinges. By the
way, the bee-man, of whom I bought
them, assured me that it was the very
best now made. I had been taking
the Bee Joirnal, consequently I had
read of the Langstroth, and knew
better.

It was late i)i October, and the bees
did not have stores enough. I fed
them some old honey I had, but not
suflicieut. My feeder was a very com-
mon arrangement, being a pie-pan
with wire netting arranged like the
shape of the pan. I propped it out of
the honey just enough to let the bees
eat and not get into it. Being a new
hand at the business, I did not think
to warm the honey, so they would not
take it.

I babied those bees worse than any
batch of bread I ever made, and I
have made a great deal. On Nov. 14,
I put those bees into the cellar, having
first tacked wire netting over the en-
trance to keep them in. I visited them
every day or two, to ascertain their
condition. I cleaned oft' the bottom-
board every little while, and there
were lots of dead bees.

Tmm MMERICaPf BME JOHRNSlr.

763

Finally one bright Februar}' day I
took tliem out antl gave them a flight.
How they did enjoj' it ; from 11 a.m.
until after 3 p.m. they hummed and
buzzed around.

March came, and the combs were
getting nioldj-, and I took my bees out
into the yard. I had a large dr\--
goods bo.v, with one side off. I put
tlie hive on a soap-box in the larger
box, and packed all around with clean
pine shavings (1 took what came first),
then I spread an old floor oil-cloth
over the front, and let it down in cold,
chilly weather, raising it in warm,
bright days. I do not think that this
colony had one dozen workers. When
they began to work in the spring I fed
sugar syrup to hasten the brood, and
the result was that by the fall I liad a
hive full of bees and honey, besides
some surplus.

This section southwest of Valparaiso
is especially adapted for bees, as there
are many acres of asters, golden-rod
and Spanish-needle, besides other
plants. I should like to obtain some
bees on shares, as I want to start a
new apiary. There are no bees with-
in miles of here, as most of the farmers
are engaged in agricultural pursuits,
and do not want to bother with them.

I love to work with them. They
never sting me, and I have always
handled them without gloves,and some-
times without a veil.

Valparaiso, Ind.

"WINTER.

Speculation as to AVIiat Kind of
a One it will Be, etc.

Written for the Western Plowman

BV C. H. DIBBERN.

The season is now over, and the
story of 1888, as far as the bee-keep-
ing interests are concerned, is now
told. The general result over the
United States and Canada is not very
satisfactory, although some very good
yields are reported. The general
average is perhaps a one-fourth crop,
but the bees are in much bettor con-
dition than a year ago. The prospects
for another year are also very much
better, as the young white clover
plants got a good start, and if we have
a reasonable amount of snow during
the winter, a good crop next year is
almost a sure thing. This being as-
sured, we should do now, before steady
freezing weather sets in, everything
pcssible to place the bees in the best
condition to withstand the rigors of
the coming winter.

Do not be caught by the idea that
■we will have a moderate winter. The
only safe way is to expect a severe

winter everj' season in the northern
States. There is still a great difference
between bee-keepers as to in and out-
door wintering ; but this question has
long since been settled in favor of cel-
lar wintering. It takes but live min-
utes to carry a hive to the cellar,
where, if the condition of the colony is
all right, they are almost certain to go
through the winter in good condition.

On the other hand, it ta^es much
longer to pack thein on the summer
stands, and requires a great deal of
material, such as boxes, lumber, chafl',
straw or leaves, and this again has to
be disposed of in the spring. This is
much more labor than carrying in and
out of the cellar, and then one can
never feel very safe about the bees
when they become buried under the
snow, and the mercury persists in
dodging far below zero. At such
times one can go into his bee-cellar,
and hear the gentle hum of content-
ment from the hives, and feel assured
that it is all right, and go to bed and
sleep soundlj"'.

Now as to the time of putting the
bees into winter quarters, there is
some difference of opinion. It is not
l)est to do so too earlj", nor will it do
to wait too long. We once knew an
apiary of 340 colonies to be lost, hy
leaving them out too long, waiting for
a favorable time, which never came,
to put them away. The bees ought to
be allowed to fly as late as possible, as
their confinement will be long enough
anyway, and on the other hand they
should be removed before ice forms on
the combs.

It is not always easy to determine
just the right time to do this, and one
must stud}- the season, whether it is
likel}- to be early or late. Our rule of
late yeai's has been to commence stor-
ing the hives as soon after the 20th of
November as the bees have had a nice
day for a flight. Our practice is to carry
in 30 or 40 hives at a time, and the
same in carrying them out, as other-
wise it gets to be tiresome work, e.s-
pecially if the hives are heavy with
honey, as they are this year. It is well
to put them 5 or ti inches from the
bottom of the cellar, by placing pieces
of scantling under them, or bricks an-
swer the purpose nicely if at hand. Of
course we know that some bee-keepers
are so situated that they cannot winter
in-doors, on account of a low location
or having no suitalile place. As our
numerous experiments in out-door
wintering have never been very satis-
factory, we will recommend such to
study the methods of bee-keepers who
have met with better success in this
matter.

The Time to Sell Hone}-.

This is the month in which the
honey crop should be closed out. If

that is not possible, make it a point to
do so before Christmas, as after that
time it is usually dull and harder to
sell. All the comb honey should be
overhauled and scraped of projiolis as
soon after it comes oft' the hives, as
time can be spared. It should then be
graded, and crated in neat, new cases,
weighed and marked. All extracting
must be finished up early this month,
as the honey is hard to remove from
the combs in cold weather, and the
combs are liable to break.

Aplcnitnral Conteiuplation.

As we are writing these " notes,"
and look through the open window at
the apiaiy, the white, blue, red and
yellow hives among the trees, whose
green and yellow leaves are now fast
falling this October afternoon, we can-
not help thinking what a pretty scene
it is ! What a study, pleasure, profit —
yes, and it is hard work, too ! We
have other large interests in the com-
mercial world, but there is nothing we
would rather do than to keep bees,and
that is what we expect to do in our
declining years. Work becomes a
l)leasure and a study when one learns
from nature as we go along. To dis-
cover new principles, new methods,
and new facts one's own self, is like
exploring some unknown country, in-
teresting, fascinating, but never satis-
fied. Something new and unknown,
that appears to be hidden just beyond
the distant hills, is ever leading on-
ward and upward.

Extracting Honey from Brood-Frames

Latelj' we have extracted consider-
able honey from outside brood-combs,
which with us are solid with very nice
honey, and replacing the empty combs
near the center of the hives. This is
particular work, and requires judg-
ment and tact, otherwise the robber
bees would soon have possession of the
apiary. It is easy enough to take the
combs away from the bees, but when
the combs from which most of the
honey has been extracted, are return-
ed, it causes great excitement, and
soon attracts the robbers. We found
that about the only time we could do
this kind of work was late in the after-
noon, about an hour or two before
dark. By having a number of empty
combs they could be exchanged for
full ones, and the confusion would all
be over before morning. Witli wire
screen doors and windows, the extract-
ing can be done any time during the
day. Some of this honey was \nit up
in pint, quart, and half gallon Mason
jars. We found that bj- exposing these
to the sun for a week or two, the color
of the honey became much lighter, and
the quality was also much improved.

Milan, Ills.

764

Ttmm SMEMicMfi mmm j@wmmmi^.

THE CELLAR.

Ingenious Harness Used for
Carrying Bee-Hives.

Written for Gleanings in BeeCullurc

BY G. M. DOOHTTLE.

I am asked to give au article on the
above subject ; and as the askei- puts
his querj' in the shape of several ques-
tions, I think it best to answer them
by number, in the order they are put.

First, he says, "I should like to
know how I can place the bees in the
cellar without disturbing them." This
is nearly an impossibility, as far as not
arousing them at all is concerned, for
bees are sensitive to the least move-
ment of their home, and, no matter
how still it may be done, if done times
enough the result always is a restless
colony. But, practically speaking,
bees can be set in the cellar without
disturbance, or, in other words, not be
disturbed enough so that it is notice-
able, or to do any harm. In fact, I
am not sure that a disturbance, so
great as to cause them to come out all
over the front of the hive after they
are in the cellar, does any harm, yet I
prefer not to so disturb them.

I have two ways of carrying the bees
to the cellar : one of which is, to get
a strap of the harness-maker, or other-
wise, long enough to go over my
shoulders, and reach the cleat that
goes around the top of the hive, or the
hand-holes, if cleats are not used, so
that the hive may be held up in about
the position that it would naturally be
when carried in the hands. Now get
two large snaps, such as are used on
the breast-straps of heavy harness, and
have them sowed, one on each end of
the strap. After this is done, take out
the tongues, or snap part, of each, and
file the projecting hook part of the
snaps to a sharp point, when your
strap is ready. On going to the hive,
throw the strap over the shoulders,
and, on stooping down, hitch the
sharp points of the snaps into the
cleats, or hand-holes, of the hive, and
straighten up, thus lifting the hive by
the shoulders, instead of the arms.
With the hands, keep the hive away
from the body, and thus you can carry
it as still as you please.

The other way, and the best one for
all not physically strong, is to get a
spring wheelbarrow, and on this place
a sawdust cushion, such as is used over
the hives in winter; or, in the absence
of this, put on several thicknesses of
old carpet, or horse-blankets, and on
this set the hive, when it can be
wheeled right into the cellar, if the
cellar is built as it should be, or to the
cellar-door, in any event. In this way
no seriou.s disturbance should be

caused, if set on and oft" the wheel-
barrow as they should be.

Secondly, he says, " I want to raise
them an inch oft' the bottom-board."
This is as it .should be, only, instead
of an inch, I prefer that the distance
be 2 inches, or, better still, the whole
height of the hive. By this, I mean to
let the bottom edges of one hive rest
on the top edge.s of two other hives,
so that there is an open space, the
size of a hive, under each hive except
the bottom ones.

To explain more fully : I first carry
into the cellar some bottom-boards,
placing them on the cellar bottom
nearly as far apart as the width of a
hive. On these bottom-boards I place
a 2-inch rim, and on these rims I place
the first tier of hives, which leaves the
hives a little too close for a hive to
stand between them. Now, in setting
in the next tier, they are set on the
other hives, so as to come over this
space between the hives below, they
resting on the edges of the hives be-
low, as I said at first, the next tier
setting over the emjjty spaces between
the last, and so on until the top of the
cellar is reached. To keep the dead
bees, etc., from soiling the cushions
and hives below, newspapers are
spread over them before the next tier
is set on top. I believe this is some-
thing similar to the way friend Board-
man winters his bees. In any event, I
like the plan very much.

When to Carry Bees Into the Cellar.

Thirdly he asks, " Is it best to carry
them in in the daytime or after dark ?"
As to this matter, I do not know that
it makes any dilference with the bees.
The only thing to be considered is the
convenience of the operator, and the
prospect of what the weather will be
on the following day. I have fre-
quently carried in my bees on a moon-
light evening, when I feared it might
rain the next morning, for I consider
it a great disadvantage to have the
hives set in the cellar when drj'. At
other times I have risen at 4 o'clock in
the morning and set the bees in before
daylight, getting them in just as it was
commencing to rain ; still, the most of
the setting-in has been done by day-
light, thus having the advantage as
far as seeing is concerned.

Fourthly he asks, "Should the
weather be cold or warm, when the
bees are set in ?" I used to think that
the weather should be cold, in order
that the bees need not fly out of the
hive if they were disturbed, fearing
that they would disturb easier in warm
weather than in cold ; but after an ex-
perience of the past five years, I now
say, set them in when the outside air
is nearly or of the same temperature
of that in the cellar, if possible, and

never when the hives are full of frost,
and frozen down, if it can be avoided.

Where hives are frozen down to the
bottom-boards, and the outsides of
them covered with snow and ice, it is
the worst time possible to carry them
in ; while getting them in at such a
time without disturbing them is out of
the question, for each hive will come
up from the bottom-board with such a
shock that all the bees in the hive are
at once aroused. The proper temper-
ature in which to set them in is from
35'^ to 50° ; but as this cannot always
be obtained, from 30° to 35° will do
very well.

In closing, I will say that the time
of year in which to set bees in the
cellar is from Oct. 25 to Nov. 20, ac-
cording to latitude, and not in Decem-
ber, as used to be advocated.

Borodino, N. Y. ■

KENTUCKY.

Some of the Oood Results of the
Past Season.

Written for the American BeeJo^imal

BY GEO. W. MORRIS.

My report for the past season is as
follows :

My 11 colonies of Italian bees win-
tered without loss. They bred up early,
and began to swarm early in May, but
I checked swarming as much as pos-
sible by extracting. All the surplus
obtained in June was honey-dew,
amounting to 500 pounds. This honey
is dark, and not very well flavored.
Bees ceased to gather it about June 20.

With the exception of the clovers,
sunflowers, and some other bloom, all
of which was very scarce, bees had no
forage until the asters commenced to
bloom, about Sept. 20, when they
rallied and gave me a surplus of 400
pounds of as pretty white honey as I
ever saw.

My apiary has produced the follow-
ing results this season : Four hun-
dred pounds of white honey, at 12J
cents, $50 ; 500 pounds of honey-dew
honey at 10 cents, $50 ; for queens,
$18 ; and for 6 swarms, $12, making a
total of $130.

This is the second season that the
asters have given much surplus in this
locality, last season being the first. I
liave been noticing it for about six
years, and it is increasing very rap-
idly, and bids fair to outstrip all other
pasturage for bees, especially as fall
pasturage, and for extracted honey,
because bees can gather and store
honey when it is too cool to build
comb.

I believe it would pay me to culti-
vate sunflowers by the acre, and have
them bloom in August and September,

THE JIMERICMJM: WimM J©URI^KI<.

765

in order to keep my bees built up
strong for the fall crop. I planted one
row of them in the garden this season,
and the bees worked on them at least
four weeks, as busily as evia- they
worked on Alsike clover iu-this locality.
If any know of a better substitute for
bee-pasturage than the above plant, I
would be glad to hear from them
through the Bee Jouunal.

The prospect now for white clover
is much better than it was one year
ago in this locality. My bees paid me
better than any yet heard from in this
State the past season.

Cornishville, Ky., Nov. 1. 1888.

CARNIOLANS.

Tbe Value of Carniolan Becs-
Tliey pre Not Robbers.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY S. W. MORRISON, M. D.

For the introduction of Carniolan
bees into this country, Mr. Benton de-
serves the gratitude of all bee-keepers.
As having the largest experience in
the United States with Carniolans, I
am entitled to express my opinion of
them at this time, the close of the
third summer with 50 colonies.

The most notable new trait about
them is, their freedom from the dis-
position to " rob," or their vigilance in
guarding their hives. With 200 nuclei
colonies, dailj' exposure of their combs,
and a poor honey season, it is remark-
&ble that I have not had a single col-
on}' robbed. Such freedom from I'ob-
bing never happened to me when I
had Italians.

I am still convinced that Carniolans
are better honey-gatherers than Ital-
ians, Cyprians or Syrians ; and as for
gentleness, I have little use for
smokers, and many colonies can be
handled with the same imi)unity as if
they were so many Hies.

In the issue for Nov. 7 is published
a complaint against Mr. Frank Ben-
ton, which is certainly unjOst. Mr.
Benton may see the article, or ho may
not. Many will read it who will not
see the reply he makes to correct it,
and thus a wrong is done him which
he can never correct. I have had
probably more business transactions
with Mr. Benton during the past five
years than any other person in the
United States, and I can vouch for his
honesty and promptness.

Mr. Benton left Munich in the spring
of 1887, I think, and spent the winter
of 1887-88 in Laibach, Province of
Carniola, Austria, because he could
not afford to incur the expense of the
return to Munich. His last letter to
me was dated at Laibach, Sept. 29 ; in

it he stated that he expected to spend
the winter elsewhere, but did not give
me his address. Registered letters
only will be forwarded to him. It is
fair to suppose that Major Shallard's
letters never reached Mr. Benton.
Oxford, Pa.

[No injury to Mr. Benton was in-
tended by the publication of the com-
plaint— just the reverse, it gives him
a chance to fix the matter up. The
fact of his moving after Sept. 29, 1888,
has no relation to the previous fact
that Major Shallai-d has been writing
him for over two years, and can get
nothing but an acknowledgement for
the money sent. We sent him a
marked copy of the Journal contain-
ing the article, and we hope that he
will be able to fully explain the cause
of the delay. Publishing the matter
will be a benefit to him, then.

Since the above was in tyjje, we
notice an article on Carniolan queens
in the British Bee Journal, written by
Mr. Benton, and dated at Laibach,
Oct. 19, 1888, nearly a month later
than the date given by Dr. Morrison.
He will probably receive the marked
copy we mailed to him. — Ed.]

BEES AND ODORS.

Robbing Stopped by the Use of
Sliisk and Peppermint.

Written for the Country Oentleman

BY A country parson.

Twenty-five jears ago I began bee-
keeping with a row of hives, all painted
alike, and placed close together, say
12 inches apart. This likeness and
nearness of hives, together with my
work and fussing, soon brought on the
calamity — robbing right and left,
stealing, _ fighting and killing, until
some of the hives were empty, and
the ground covered with dead bees. I
rushed to my library, and then tried
the plans proscribed as infallible reme-
dies — tied them up in sheets ; del-
uged them with water ; buried them
in loose straw ; smashed the robbers'
combs ; put them to sleep with chloro-
form ; shifted positions of hives. But
they still fought and robbed, and killed
like little demons.

Then I sat down to stud}' out a
remedy, or to see the end of the Kil-
kenny-cat process. I soon found the
ditticulty to be in this — that the rob-
bed bees could not distinguish between
the friends in their own family and
their enemies from other families. I

could tell which were ' robbers from
their hesitating flight about the en-
trance of the doomed hive. The home
bees came in like an arrow from a
bow. The robbers hesitated, backed
and filled, and seemed watching for a
chance to get in. But of this sign the
home guard seemed to take no notice.
From this I concluded that they did
not discriminate by sight.

In this way I went on to eliminate
the different senses from their method
of discrimination, until at last I reached
the conclusion that the sense of smell
was their chief, if not their only de-
pendence.

But to return to our robbers. The
guards are on duty at the entrance of
the hive. The robber lands on the
alighting-board. He either steals in
unobserved, or is challenged. If he
has been in the hive often enough to
have acquired the right odor, he is ad-
mitted as a friend. If the scent is not
clear, he is doubted, and there is hesi-
tation. If he brings a brand-new and
strange odor, he is " bounced," and a
fight begins that generally ends in the
death of the bouncer or bounced.

This suggested the remedy. I took
some musk, wrapped it loosely in
muslin and covered the package with
wire-netting, for fear the bees might
eat it and get poisoned, or tear it to
pieces and carry it out of the hive.
This little package, about 1 inch long
and J inch in diameter, I dropped in
the midst of the combs of the robbed
hive.

The next step was to get a contrast-
ing and strong odor for the robber
hive. I selected essence of pepper-
mint, diluted an ounce of it with a
pint of milk-warm water, borrowed
my wife's in-door plant sprinkler, im-
covered the robl)ing hives, and gave
them a dash of their perfumery.

It is not easy to laugh alone, but I
did laugh out long and loud when I
saw the result. The musk guards
waited in alert expectancy. A pepper-
mint robber began to buzz around, but
the musk fellow detected its presence,
and followed every motion of the
peppermint adversary, by turning his
belligerent front, when the robber was
at least 12 inches distant. And when
he would venture within 2 or 3 inches
of the vigilant musker, the guard
would fairly leap at him and catch
him " on tlie wing." There was no
room for light, and no killing. The
alien peppermint robber would flee
with the cowardice of his profession.

It is no exaggeration to say that
within five minutes the whole thing
was stopped, and for good. The
remedy is efl'ective, and can be applied
with little trouble, and not more than
two minutes of time.

Staten Island, N. Y.

766

^Mw mmMmmi^MM mmm jQ^mnmLr.

COlVVEXTIOiV DIRECTORY.

1888 Time and Place of Meetifig.

Nov. 21, 22.— Pan-Handle, at Wheeling. W. Va.

W. L.. Kinaey, Sec, Blaine, O.

Dec, n-13.— New York State, at Syracuse. N. Y.

G. H. Knickerbocker. Sec, Pioe Plains, N. Y.

Dec. 12, 13.— Michigan State, at Jackson. Mich.

H. 1>. Cutting. Sec, Clinton, Mich.
JR89.
Jan. 9-11.— Nebraska State, at Lincoln, Nebr.

J. N. Heater, Sec, Columbus, Nebr.

May 4.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

B^" In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.— Ed.

sehSSi'^^i^'

^m

Bees in '^Vinter i^iiarters.— J. W.

Tefift, CoUamer, N. T., on Oct. 30, 1888,
writes as follows :

For once I have been fortunate. I had
my bees all packed for winter on the sum-
mer stands by Oct. 1. Had 1 not done so, I
do not think i could have done it by this
time, for nothing seems to come but rain.
The temperature has for the past thirty
days been as low as 28°, and only on three
days has it been up to 60°, and then only be-
tween the hours of 12 and 3. 1 have not
seen a bee flying except on three days when
it was 60°. We have nothing to do hut saw
wood and keep out of the mud, which is
"too sott to walk upon, and too thin to
swim in," which makes it very inconvenient
to navigate.

Siniall Increase, etc. — John Holler,
Fremont, Nebr., on Nov. 13, 1888, writes :

I have had a very small increase in colo-
nies during the past summer, and not much
honey until the fall gathering. 1 have ob-
tained 3,000 pounds from 50 colonies.

SoMtliern Aster Honey. — W. H.

Prior, Madison, Ga., on Nov. 13, 1888, writes
as follows :

I send a wild flower and stem of the same
(I think an aster), which has proved to be
by far the best honey-producer as to both
guantity and quality that we have had dur-
ing the eutire year. It made Its appearance
here some 20 years ago, and lias been
spreading gradually until this year, and to
use an old and familiar expression, "The
whole face of the earth was covered with
it." In fact it was everywhere, along the
road side, in every old field, and could be
seen everywhere except on land that was in
cultivation. It is commonly known as
"The iastflowerof summer," or " Farewell
summer." It began opening about Oct. 10
this year, and has continued up to the pres-
ent time.

We had our first frost this morning, giv-
ing us a very late fall. This flower came up
all among the golden-rod, and towered
above it with beautiful white flowers. As
soon as it began opening, the bees left the
golden-rod and began working on it. I have
one colony, and by no means a full colony,
that has stored, with only starters.20 pounds
of nice comb honey in pound sections, since
Oct. 12. My 18 colonies averaged 20 pounds
of honey per colony in October. Had I ex-
pected the honey-flow, I could have secured
2.5 pounds per colony, just as easily. \Ve

had a rain of more than a week beginning
about Oct. 20, that cut us short about one-
third of a crop.

1 began bee keeping last spring with 5
weak colonies of black bees in box -hives ;
now I have 18 colonies of Italian bees in
movable frame hives (having bought 12
queens and reared 6), with plenty of honey
lor winter, besides 2.5 pounds of comb
honey extra per colony, spring count. How
will that do for a beginner ?

Thinking that it would be something of
a novelty for the editnr.away up in Chlcaco,
to eat honey gathered from flowers in the
month of November, as well as for him to
see a good quality of Southern honey, I
have sent him by express a pound section
that was taken from the hive on Saturday,
Nov. 10, just finished by the bees. This was
gathered from the white flower mentioned
above. I will ask the editor to tell me what
he thinks of the honey, and to name the
flower.

[The flower is from an Aster tradescanti,
sometimes called the "Michaelmas daisy,"
and produces excellent honey of light amber
color, and fine flavor. The sample of honey
came, all mashed up, with about an ounce
of honey on the paper, the comb being all
drained dry. This shows what care is
taken of small packages by the express
companies.— Ed.]

Results ot tlie Season. — S. Burton,

Eureka, Ills., on Nov. 13, 1888, writes :

I commenced with 14 colonies of bees last
spring, 10 colonies bping strong, and 4 weak.
1 had 18 swarms, i of which went to the
woods, leaving nie 14 new colonies. I
bought 4 colonies, so 1 now have 32. All
are packed en the summer stands with a
shed over them facing the east and south,
packed with straw behind and between
them ; with sti'-ks across the frames, burlap
over the sticks, a cushion of leaves on top
of that, and then the hive-cover. My crop
of honey was gathered after Aug. 20. I got
about 300 pounds of surplus in one-pound
sections, and the bees have their hives welt
filled for winter. I am getting the bee-
fever. I want to have 100 colonies of bees
as soon as I can, as I am the only one that
has any bees to amount to anything here.

Cictting Rid of Ants.— Byron Ben-
ton, Bronson, Mich., on Nov. 13, 18S8, writes
as follows :

My way of getting rid of ants in bee-hives
is to kill what I can, and then place green
catnip over the brood where the ants gather,
which I find drives them away effectuallv.
There must be a great loss of hees here this
winter among such bee-men that have not
fed their bees.

Xhe ITIiclii^an Convention.—

President Geo. E. Hilton, of Fremont,
Mich., writes as follows concerning the
coming meeting of the State Convention :

The Michigan State Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation hold their next annual meeting at
,)ackson, Mich., on Dec. 12 and 13, 1888.
While the season lias been far from encour-
aging, we want to give a cordial invitation
to all within reach of the association, to
favor us with their presence ; and I can as-
sure all, that we will have subjects for dis-
cussion that will be encouraging, for Michi-
gan is not going to lose her record of hold-
ing the " Convention of the Continent," and
we expect to send all home with " Nil des-
perandum " as their motto.

Honey and BeesM'ax iMarket.

CHICAGO.

HONB?.— We quote: White clover 1-lbs.. I8®I9e.:
2-lb8.. I6@17c. Guod dark 1-lbs.. 15(<' I6c.: 2-ib?., 13@
14c. Buckwheat 1-lbs., I4(^i5c.: 2-Ib8., i2@i2Hic.—
Extracted, 7@9c.. depending upon quality and style
of package. Receipts increasing, but demand still
limited. Stock is not selling as freely this season as
a Year ago.

BKESWAX.-22C,
Nov. 13. B. T. FISH & CO.. 189 8. Water St,

CHICAGO.

HONET.-For white comb l.lba.. I8c. Very little
inquiry for anything outside of 1-lbB., and when it
is wanted it is at a lower price, E.vtracted. the best
grades, 7@8c„ and some held higher. Offerings are
small and demand slow.

BBB8WAX,-22o. B. A. BURNETT,

Sep. 12. 161 South Water St.

MILWAITKEE.

HONEY,— We quote : Fancy white 1-lbs,, 18@20e.;
2-lbs, 1B018C. Good dark l.lbs., 16@18c.: 2-lb8., 15 to
I6C.; fair 1. lbs , I2i^f3il4c. E.xtracted. white, in ke^
and ^-barrels, SHisyc. : amber in same, TMicsiHc.: Id
pails and tin, white, 9^91.90. ; in barrels and lialf-bar-
rels, dark, 6@tiUc. Market steady and supply ample
for the moderate demand, but present values have
a tendency to restrict general consumption.

BBB8WAJC.-22023C.
Oct. 25. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lbs., 15®17o.;
2.1bs., 14®iec. Fair white 1-lbs.. I4016C.; 2-lbs., 13
to i.sc. Kxtracted. white, 7H@8c.

BBESWAX.-23!«c.
Sep. 17. ^rHDRBBR. WHYLAND & CO

NEW YORK.

HONEY,— We quote . Fancy white l-lbs., 17®18c,:
21bs , ]3@14c. Fair white l-lbs., I5@l6c.; 2-lb^., 12c.
Buckwheat 1-lbs., ll(*12c.; 2-lbs., in@ilc. White
extracted, 7i^(sj8't.c. ; buckwheat, 5M<at6}^b.; Califor-
nia extracted, white sage, 7W@7^c,; amber, 7J4@7^.
Demand good and prices firm. New comb honey is
arriving quite freely.

BKBSWAX.— 23®23>^c.

HILDHKTU BROS. & 8EQELKKN,
Oct. 10. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— White 1-lb. sections. iI®12Hc.; 2-lbs.,
12i«@l c; amber, s®ioc. Extracted, white, ,'i?l@6c.i
light amber, .T'4(r'5t6e.; amber and candied. 494®5c.
Receipts light and market firm for best qualities,

BEESWAX.— Dull at l!:l®22VsC
Sep. 22. O. B.SMITH SCO., 423 Frojlt St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.-Best white comb. 17@lSc.: dark, ISC-
Extracted, SCSJlt'c. Market bare of all kinds.

BEl(;sWAJC.-21®22c.
Sep. 24. M. U. HUNT. Bell Branch. Mich.

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at S'asc. per lb.
Best white comb honey, 16c. Demand slew.

BEKBWAA.— Demand is good— 2u®22c. per lb. lor
-ood tn choice vellow. on arrival.
Nov. 12. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman i Central Ay.

KANSAS CITY

HONEY.— Choice 1-lb. sections,' 18c. ; dark l-lbs.,
I4c. ; 2.1bs., IHc; dark, 13c, White extracted in (iO-
Ib. cans, 8c, : amber, 7c. : in barrels and kegs, ii@8c.
Demand good, prices steady, and stock fair.

BEESWAX,— None in market.
Sep, 27. HAMBLIN & BBARSS. 514 Walnut St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-Ib, sections,
17'i;@18c.: 2-lb8., I4®l!ic, Fair 1-lbs., 14is®l5^c.;
2-lb8., n@12c, Extracted.fancy white clover. 7^®")^.
California white in fiii-Ib. cans, 8c. : light amber ,in
same cans, "iHc.: amber, 7)tfc. Buckwheat in kega
and barrel-*, si-ttse, Cuban, in barrels and H-barrels,
65c, per gallon.
Sep,26. F,U.STROHMEYBR&CO.. 122WaterSt.

BCTON

HONEY,— We quote: Best white clover 1-pounds.

17®18c,; best 2.!bs.. 16417*;. Extracted. MIS 9c. The

receipts are very light, and honey sells fairly well.

Nov. 12. BLAKE & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— White l-lbs. 17@l8c.: dark. 14®15c.i Cal-
ifornia white l-lbs., 17c.: dark, 14c, Extracted white
8c.: amber, 7c.

BEESWAX,- None in the market,
Oct, 1 1. CLBMON8, CLOON 4 CO., cor 4th AWalnnt.

ST. LOUIS,

HONEY,— We quote : Extracted in barrels. .5®6c.,
according to quality: in cans. 7@sc. Comb, 12H;<a>I.'ic,
Prices firmer on account of scarcity, though the
demand is not great,

BKESWAX.— 21c. for prime.
Oct, 17, D, G. TUTT & CO., Commercial St,

SAN FRANCISCO,

HONEY,— We quote : Extracted, white, 6'^ cents;
light amber. H@6H.c.: amber, n^c. Comb, white 1-
Ibs . 13@l4c.: 2-lbs., 13c, Light amber l-lbs., l,:@13c,:
2-lbs , ll@l2c. Demand very active for extracted,
and fair for comb lionev.

BBBS WAX.— 2002 1 c.
Nov. 6. SCHACHT & LBMCEJB, 122-124 Davis SI

1

itmm SMSRicsix ,mnm j@'&mumi^.

771

THOS. G.NEWMAK B^SGS,

CMICAGO, Il't'.

EDITOR.

Vol. HIT. M 28,1888. No. 48.

To Kiss her cheek ! as honey fine
The bee from rose or eglantine

Doth sip, so I from dimple cute
Would taste of love's delicious wine !

What could a knight (or bee) compute
Dearer than such delight divine ?

Pure ammonia is a good remedy for
bee-stings.

W^e Reg-ret to learn that Mr. John G.
Smith, Secretary of the Central Illinois
Bee-Keepers' Society, met witli;an accident
on his vpay home from the Clayton Conven-
tion. While on the train between Bluff
City and Barry, a cinder lodged in his eye,
which caused him severe pain for several
days. Since then he has been indisposed
from the results of a severe cold in the head.
His many friends will be sorry to learn
these particulars of his illness, and with us
will no doubt olfer^him their sympathy.

A Correspondent in central New
York writes us concerning the complaint
against Mr. McCaul, published on page 7.50,
and states that he is still doing business at
122 Water Street, New York. We have
written to him, at that address, calling for
a settlement for the Florida honey, and
await a reply. Our correspondent adds :
";Mr. McCaul Iku sold hundreds of dollars
worth of honey for me, and always rendered
an accurate account, at good prices." If he
will do the same for the Florida honey, and
satisfactorily explain the cause of the delay
in remitting for it, after having sold it for
cash long ago, Alderman]& Roberts will no
doubt be very glad to state the fact as pub-
licly as they made the complaint.

^Vliy M-as Mr. Uoolittle I\ot

Xliere?— That question is often asked
about bee-conventions, but it has never
been publicly answered. We have known
the reason for some years, and when Mr.
Doolittle's name was mentioned for Presi-
dent of the International at Columbus, we
suggested that Mr. Doolittle was not a mem-
ber, and was therefore not eligible. We
did this to have his name dropped, and still
not give the real reason. Then one enthu-
siastic member paid the dues for his friend
Mr. Doolittle, so as to make him eligible to
the office. This made it necessary to take
another tack, for we had never felt author-
ized to state the true reason. The result
was that Dr. Mason was re-elected.

Then our friend Doolittle wrote to us
asking why his name appeared among the
members, when he had not paid any dues.
We replied with the above facts, and this
is his reply :

FitiEsi) Newman :— Your letter regard-
ing to how 1 came to be a member of the
North American Bee-Keepers' Association
is at hand. Thanks to that friend whoso
kindly paid my membership fee, but 1 am
sincerely glad that 1 was not made Presi-
dent. If anything of the kind ever again
comes up where you are, please say for me
that I cannot accept the oflice on any ac-
count. 1 have a heart trouble that excite-
ment makes much worse, and being away
from home at conventions, etc., puts me in
such a condition that I am wholly untitted
to assume any office, or take any comtort in
the proceedings of a convention. For this
reason I have staid at home, of late.

G. M. Doolittle.

As the above question is so often asked,
we take the liberty of publishing friend
Doolittle's letter, without his knowledge or
consent, just to reply to the many similar
inquiries to the one at the head of this
article, which are so frequently propound-
ed. We know of no one more worthy of
the honor of being President of the " Inter-
national," and so stated at the convention,
but his wishes should be consulted. In the
higher sense we know his " heart is right,"
ftven if physically he has a " heart trouble"
—which has not been generally known till
this announcement.

4jtone to California.— Our friend A.
I. Root has taken his departure for Califor-
nia, going by way of New Orleans, for a six
weeks' sojourn. Qlcanings for Nov. 15,
says that he left on the ISth inst., and then
It adds :

He has worked long and hard at his post ;
and while some of us at home will have to
work a little harder, perhaps, in his absence,
it is a pleasure to us to think that he has
now arrived at that point in life when he
can take this change and rest, which he so
richly deserves. He will furnish notes of
travel by the way, besides telling of that
great bee-country— California — a country
whose resources seem boundless, and about
which we bee-keepers of the East know
comparatively little.

Xiic Appeal in the lawsuit against Z.
A. Clark, of Arkadelphia, Ark., was to be
called for Monday, the 26th inst. In our
next issue we hope to be able to record
some good news concerning it.

<j!overnniental Statistics.— At the

late meeting of the National Board of
Trade, a resolution was presented recom-
mending the "discontinuance of monthly
crop bulletins by the department of agricul-
ture, as their only effect had been to disturb
the world's markets without giving any re-
liable information." One of the members
remarked as follows :

The statistician of the department has
been continually representing the annual
produce of grain in this country as enor-
mously in excess of what it was. The re-
port of last year was so ambiguous in its
language that nobody could understand it,
particularly that part concerning the wheat
crop. The Secretary of the Chicago Board
of Trade endeavored to ascertain what this
meant, and liad made frequent interroga-
tions. The statistician, for instance, repre-
sented in his returns that the spring wheat
crop last June was 13 bushels to the acre.

Now, the average produce per acre was 12
bushels. The fact was that the spring wheat
croD was more than a month late last year,
and was far behind the average. A farmer
in Indiana reads the reports of the statis-
tician, and makes up his mind that there is
a hig crop in the country, and that he will
sell all he has got. He finds out, when it is
too late, that the crop is meager, and that
he has lost heavily. The returns of last
year, prepared in the month of December,
showed a produce of 11,000,000 bushels in
excess of the later and perfected returns
prepared three months afterward. The re-
sult of the whole thing was encouragement
for the operations of English bears, "and in-
jurious to American agriculture.

After some discussion a substitute resolu-
tion was adopted, which provides for the
establishment of reporting agencies
throughout the country, which will collect
and furnish to the bureau all the necessary
information regarding the crops of the
country, and provides several other im-
provements in the machinery of the depart-
ment.

This is similar to the work undertaken by
apiarists, after waiting some time for the
governmental reports through the statis-
tician, on bee and honey statistics.

«S- Xlie National Itee-Keepers'

Union fiscal year has heretofore ended on
June 30. Sometime since it was proposed
to have it end with the calendar year. It
was submitted to vote, and every vote so
far received is of the same tenor as the fol-
lowing from Mr. H. K. Staley, Pleasant
Ridge, Ohio :

At the request of the Manager of the Bee-
Keepers' Union, for the members to vote
on the proposed change for the paying of
the annual dues from June to January, I
vote in the positive, or in other words, I
favor the change.

If any one wants to vote in the negative,
please let it come at once ; if none are re-
ceived by Dec. 10, the motion will be de-
clared to be carried, and the change made
accordingly, by consent.

This change will make the time for pay-
ing dues and voting for officers come on
Jan. 1, and blanks will be sent out on Dec.
15, for that object— unless somebody votes
, against the change.

772

THE SRdERICMEf BEU J@^RrfSlL.

Preparing Mees tor ^Vinter.—

Mrs. L. Harrison describes some of her ex-
periences while preparing lier bees for win-
ter, in the Prairie Farmer. She says that
she found the bees in fine condition, the
colonies being very populous, with a sufli-
ciency of sealed honey for winter stores.
She then adds :

Although the weather is fine and warm
for working out-of-doors. It would have been
better to have fixed them up earlier, for as
long as they can gather honey they are
easily handled ; but when there is none to
gather, they are on the war-path with the
least provocation. Bees act very differently
on a cold day than on a warm one, when
smoke is blown upon them. On a warm
day, when smoke is blown upon them, they
rush down among the combs and fill their
sacs with honey, when they are as good-
natured as a fat alderman after dinner ; but
when it is cold, they rush into the smoke
and right into the fire, if they can gain ac-
cess to it, and perish.

This is one reason why bees are so cross
when there is no honey in the fields. Let a
hive be opened on these mild, warm days,
when bees are on the wing, and robbers
will soon appear. Their clarion note soon
arouses the colony, which will be on the
defensive, and stinging everything within
reach. The dog will be off with a roll and
a howl, biting and scratching ; the cat will
dart up a tree with her tail as large as a
rolling-pin, while the chickens scratch their
combs with their feet.and seek shelter under
weeds and bushes. To avoid this 1 open
and fix up colonies in the early morning,
before there are any bees flying, and if 1 am
very careful not to jar or knock the hive, 1
can get through with quite a number with-
out the use of smoke, or robbing induced.

There has been hut a small amount of
surplus honey secured this year, but what
has been secured is in good condition. Some
vears there is a little honey scattered
through many sections— little patches of
sealed honey not larger than a dollar in the
center of some— but, this year, whatever
they undertook, they finished up in good
shape. Those sections last year that had
little patches of honey in them, were un-
capped, extracted, and stored away for use
this year. Now we find that they have been
put to good use.

Xlie Same Old <luecii, more than
40 years old ! This is what the old Califor-
nian. Wall, tells about the age of a queen-
bee. The Napa Bcffister gives this laugh-
able account of the old " Forty-niner :"

Many are familiar with Mr. Wall's ex-
traordinary feat, in 1849, of driving (accord-
ing to his statement) a swarm of bees across
the plains. A day or two since, as one of
our business men was coming down town,
he happened to discover a huge bee quietly
resting on Wall's shoulder, as preparations
were being made tn sprinkle the Court
House lawn. "Say,Wall,what are you going
to do with tliat bee on your shoulder ?"

Wall was startled for a moment, but, re-
covering his usual composure, spoke with
gravity, carrying convictions of untarnish-
ble truth, - I'll tell you. That bee is the
queen of the swarm that I drove across the
plains. She has been hunting me for years,
and knew me the moment 1 call her name.
You see, she is getting a little gray, but I
know her on sight. She piloted the swarm,
and I used to feed her from my own molas-
ses can. That bee is the last of her race,
and I shall take care of her in her old age.

I tell you, John, that bee brings up many
reminiscences of that memorable trip.
Several times that swarm stood by me in an
hour of peril. They could scent an Indian
several miles away, and they got to really
enjoy an Indian attack. The fact is, they
understood tactics as well as the best
trained soldiers. When the queen sounded
an alarm, every bee was under arms, ready
for flght. First a skirmish line was thrown
out, and you could see more or less uneasi-
ness among the redskins as one and another
would claw about his ears, eyes, or nose,
but when the order to 'charge' was sound-
ed, and the bee-battalions began to move in
' double-quick,' a rout and stampede always
followed. It is a fact, John. Those bees
fought all of my battles across the plains,
and this is my ' old queen ' sure enough."

I>o yiot Sell all the honey you have.
Keep what is necessary for use in the
family. Mr. C. H. Dibbern tells some of
his experience In this connection in the
Western Ploivman in these words :

I have no patience with that class of bee-
keepers who think they cannot afford to eat
honey and supply it on their tables. 1 well
remember when I was a boy, working out
during vacation, how carefully 1 attended a
few colonies of bees in the old way ; how I
hived them, and put on the boxes, for the
owner, who was afraid of them ; how anx-
iously I watched the white combs through
the little piece of glass as they neared com-
pletion ; how finally the eventful time
came, and one evening I removed the boxes
(we knew nothing about sections then)
from the hives. I left the boxes near the
hives over night, so that the bees could run
back during the night, which was the com-
mon practice then. As there were still
some bees in them next morning, they were
removed to the cellar, leaving the door
slightly open, so that the bees could find
their way out.

Like a boy, I had been anticipating the
"good time coming" when we would be
feasting on honey. 1 waited patiently for
some days after this, for the appearance on
the table of the beautiful comb honey, but
none came. Finally I ventured to ask what
had become of the honey, when 1 was in-
formed that it had all been taken to town
and sold ; that they could not afford to eat
honey when they could get 15 cents per
pound for it. 1 said nothing, but thought a
great deal for a long time ; in fact, 1 have not
got over it yet, although I have produced
carloads of honey since.

Dark ok Fali, Honey.— Late honey,
which is usually dark, or in some localities
of a golden color, should be sold, whether
extracted or in the comb, for just what it is.
If you have any "honeydew" or poor
trash, do not try and work it off by liidiag
it in the middle of the cases, and exposing
only nice white combs. Such practi-'e may
be sharp, but it is dishonest, nevertheless,
and it will be sure to re-act on the guilty
bee-keeper. Such usually find their home
market " played out," and have to resort to
shipping.

Partlv-Fiixkd Sections.— Partly-filled
sections should be extracted before it gets
very cold, as the honey soon gets too thick
to run freely. 1 used to consider these
empty combs of g;eat value for use the next
season, but nice comb foundation has
changed all this. I now cut out all combs
that have been extracted, and melt them up
by placing them in a large dish-pan over a
pot of boiling water. When all is melted,
let it cool, and you will have a nice cake of
wax, and some very nice honey.

Use NO Soiled Sections,— Burn up all
sections that are not nice and clean. It is
poor economy to have nice white honey
stored in old dirty boxes. If we wish to
hold our customers for our honey, we must
always have it in the best possible condition.

Colors ana Bees.— In TlcTc's Maga-
zine for October we find the following on
flower colors and their visitors, the bees :

All through creation appears a consid-
erateness, a taking thought tor the pleas-
ures of slight beings, very moving and com-
forting to see. Not a wood-tick or red
spider, or hard working bee but is meant to
be happy as well as useful, and while we
take the world with a sublime conceit of its
being all for us, we find that certain pleas-
ures were designed peculiarly for insignifi-
cant beings on whom we do not waste a
thought.

If the flowers are dyed in every warm, en-
ticing hue, it is not for us alone, but to draw
the honey-seeking insects which have a fine
eye for color.

To test this power in bees. Sir John Lub-
bock tried a pretty experiment, placing
some honey on a slip of glass laid on blue
paper outside his study window, and when
a bee had made several journeys and be-
come used to the color, laying an orange
slip with honey in its place, and the blue
further away. The bee came back, finding
the honey in the same spot, but it preferred
the blue color, and pausing a moment
darted for the blue paper.

Xiie Canse ot Failure of the honej"
crop tor 1888 is thus stated in the Michigan
Farmer for last week :

The Central Michigan Bee-Keepers' As-
sociation ascribed the cause of the failure
in the honey crop to the following reasons :
The bees have been remarkably free from
all disorders. The trouble lay in the fail-
ure of nature to properly perform her duty.
The chalices ot flowers, from which the
bees collect the sweet semi-fluid substance
contained but little nectar. A close ob-
server states that the absence of this sub-
stance was due to the atmosphere and the
direction of the winds. North, northeast,
and east winds are very destructive to the
honey-flow, and during the past season
almost continued winds from these direc-
tions prevailed, together with a dry, harsh
atmosphere. The best flow ot honey is
secured by a southwest wind, and a west
wind is the next most favorable. A damp,
warm, balmy atmosphere is essential to suc-
cessful bee-culture.

A Liiving jTIoiise smothered in honey
is a great delicacy in China, as appears
from the following item in an exchange :

If you were a Chinese girl, remarked a
Celestial nobleman belonaing to the Chi-
nese mission, and wanted to give some one
a great delicacy, you would get two yourg
baby mice, blind and unable to crawl, and
place them before your guest alive on a
plate. He would dip each living morsel in
a dish of honey and envelop It in a sugary
shroud before popping it into his mouth.
The dying squeak of the poor little atom is
the sauce piquante of this favorite dish in
China.

^Ingnifieenl Increase.— Mr. John
Kentch, Tioga, Pa., writes to Oleaninris
that he has obtained 278 bushels of Japanese
buckwheat seed from 2 pounds of seed in
two seasons. He s:iys :

One year alfto last spring I bought2 pounds
of Japanese buckwheat, which I sowed on
July .5, 1887, from which I harvested 8
bushels and one peek of good buckwheat.
Op July 3 of this year, I sowed 4 bushels of
it on 6* j acres of ground. It promised to
be a big yield, but the frost of Sept. 6 and 7
cut it short. I cut it right away after the
frost, and set it up. I threshed it Oct. 11, and
got 278 bushels of good, clean buckwheat.

THE MMEKicMr* mmM j©igiRi*ffii^.

773

"Moist are and its relation to winter-
ing bees," is ttie special subject matter of
the last issue of tlie Dcc-Kecpcrs' Review.
The editor sums it up thus :

The burden of the testimony is that mois-
ture plays but an uuiuiportaut part in the
wintering of bees, except as it relates to
temperature. But little moisture is required
to saturatecold air ; that is, it will absorb
but little moisture, the point wlien it will
receive no more being soon reached. As
the temperature rises, the absorbing capac-
ity of the air increases. When air of a
high temperature, at that of our bodies, or
nearly that, is saturated, or nearly so, with
moisture, the exhalations from the lungs
and skin are taken up but slowly ; we are
oppressed, and say the weather is " muggy."
This explains why we feel better on bright,
clear days. Heating air increases its power
of absorption, hence we enjoy a lire upon a
damp day. If the air of a cellar is dry, it
will be readily seen that the temperature
may be allowed to go much lower. In
other words, a cold, dry atmosphere, or a
warm, damp one, may be about equal, so
far as effects are concerneJ. We fear this
point has not been sufficiently considered.
We have had many reports of the success-
ful wintering of bees at such and such a
degree of temperature, but nothing is said
as to the degree of saturation.

We wish bee-beepers would use a wet-
bulb thermometer in their cellars ; it would
not be the work of half an hour to arrange
one ; then le£ the degree of saturation he
given with that of the temperature, and we
will have something approaching aociltacy.
We say " approaching accuracy," because
the strength of the colonies and the manner
in which they are protected, have a bearing.
A iiopulous, well-protected colony can
warm up the inside o( the hive, expelling
the moisture and increasing the absorbing
capacity of the enclosed air. Building a
tire in a room on a damp day is the same in
principle.

,Whileit is true that moisture may be
brought into the cellar with air from the
outside, we do not think this is the case in
the freezing cold of winter. Frozen air, if
the expression is allowable, has a very low
point of saturation. That is, it will hold
but very little moisture ; and when it is
brought into the hiuher temperature of the
Cbllar its capacity for absorption is greatly
increased — it is ready to receive water in-
stead of giving it out. When the outside air
comes into a cellar and deposits moisture
upon the objects therein, it is evident that
the incoming air is warm and mnislure
laden— warmer than the cellar and its con-
tents. Mold in bee-repositories is usually
looked upon as something undesirable, and
we will admit that its appearance is far
from pleasant, but we must not forget that,
in a certain sense, it Is a plant— the child of
warmtli and moisture— and that the condi-
tions necessary tor its development may not
be injurious to the bees— mey be more
beneficial than a condition uuder which
mold does not develop, one of moisture and
cold.

A very dam)) cellar ought to be warm
enough for the development of mold. But
the cellar need not be damp. It can be
made both warm and dry. These matters
of temperature and moisture are under our
control. Either by fires, or by going into
the earth, preferably the latter, we can
secure the proper temperature; and by the
use of lime to absorb'the moisture, a dry
atmosphere can be secured. Certainly, it is
not much trouble to keep unslacked lime in
the cellar. While it is evident that mois-
ture in ordinary cellars is not injurious, pro-
vided the temperature is high enough, it is
a greafconitort to know that there is noth-
ing to fear from a dry atmosphere ; that we
can indulge our fancy, if you choose to call
it that, for dry, sweet-smelling, moldless
cellars, and know that the results will at
least be harmless.

First Preniiiiiii.— In the report of
premiums awarded at the Centennial Ex
position at Columbus, 0., a typographical
error occurred, concerniDg which Dr.Mason
writes as follows :

On page 759 is a big blunder, either of
mine or the printer, and we are always
ready to blame the printer. It it had been
in regard to myself, I should have said noth-
ing, but when an old man, that every one
who knows him regards with esteem, and
took so much pains to help make our State
Centennial honey exhibit such a success, is
the sufferer, then I waut to do all I can to
correct the mistake.

In the sixth paragraph, in mentioning the
premiums awarded Mr. Aaron Goodrich, it
says he " was awarded third premium on a
display of comb honey and a display of bees-
wax." It should read first premium
on both. He had a fine display of comb
honey, and I never saw a nicer display of
beeswax at a fair or exposition.

It was an oversight of the printer, and we
gladly make the correction to do justice to
our aged friend Goodrich, for it was a mag-
nificent display, indeed.

A Portrait of Mr. George E. Hilton
will look down over the Paris Exposition
next year. The Fremont, Mich., Indicator
for Nov. 15, 1888, contains the following
item about it :

Among the manv attractions at the Paris
Exposition of 1883, will he an enlarged
picture of Geo. E. Hilton's Red, White and
Blue Apiary. The work is done by anew
proces-i, in the Department of Agriculture
at Washington, and at Government expense.
Also a crate of honey gathered from the
famous willow herb {Ephilobium angus-
tifolum). The picture will be exquisitely
Iramed, and the honey exhibited in a black
walnut case, after the pattern of George's
shipping cases, and made by himself. At
the close of the Exposition they will be
pluced in the Museum at Washington.

Mr. Hilton spent some money for engrav-
ing, but it has paid him well. His portrait,
and his apiary, too, have been published in
nearly all the bee-periodicals of the world.
He is well advertised.

A «'orrespoiicleiit from British Co-
lumbia makes the following inquires about
sweet clover :

1. Will sweet clover blossom when it is
grazed with stock the same as white ? 3.
What quantity of seed is required per acre?
3. When is the best time to sow it ?

We reply as follows: 1. As it does not
bloom until the second season, \l will do no
harm if it is grazed by cattle during the
first season.

3. Six pounds to the acre is about the right
quantity to sow.

3. It CAfl be sown at any time, even on the
snow in winter. It is excellent for waste
places, commons, etc.

At Rest.— Dr. C. C. Miller's mother died
at his residence a few days ago, after an
illness of nine months. It is a relief to
know that her long illness is now over, and
that she is released from her sufferings.even
though it does sever the dearest of human
ties— the most sacred of all earthly affec-
tions. Peace to her dust.

It is Retresliing: to get a report stat-
ing that the past season was the best in
twelve years. That is the interesting news
given in the following from Mr. H. A.
Schultz, of Clontarf, Ont. He says :

This has been a very good season for
honey with me, in fact the best in my 13
years of bee-keeping. I am greatly pleased
with my crop this year. A few more good
seasons like the past one, and I think that I
shall be able to say that my bees have paid
me back the money I have expended for
them, and on their account. To-day we are
having a fall of snow, and I am moving my
45 colonies into the bee-house. The past
three days were nice and warm, and the
bees had a grand final flight before being
put into winter quarters. This is the first
time that I cau put my bees away on full
natural stores ; in previous years I had to
feed considerable sugar syrup.

A Key to the Families of Insects, by
Noble M. Eberhart, B.S., Ph.D. This is the
name of an 8-page pamphlet issued by the
Popular Publishing Co., at Chicago Lawn,
Ills. This Key is the only one of the kind
published, and consequently of more value
to entomologists than it it was only one of
several. Although the matter does not
occupy much space, from its nature it is
readily seen that years have been spent in
its preparation.

Please to get your I^eiKlibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Jouknal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

B5^ The *23rd annuat meelinK of the MichiKan
Stale Bee-Keepers' AASocialion wilt be held in the
Council Room at Jackson. Mich., on Dec. 12 and 13.
ISHM. Greatlv reduced rates have been secured at
the Hurd Hcmse. also at the < ommereial House
{near the Michifan Central depot) at *1.5U and fl.OD
per day. A protrriimine i-t beint: prepared and excel-
lent essays are alreddy promised. Any bee-keeper
having anylliintr new and useful, and hndinn it im-
possible to be present, can send it by E.xpress to
JaoltBon. in care of the Secretary, who will place it
on exhibition and return it as per orders. Please to
come and brinx your bee-Seepinf friends with you.

H. D. CDTTING, Sec

CHJBBII^CJ LIST.

■%Ve Club the Americmi Bee Jorwmal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted m the IjASX
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price 0/ both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00. . .

and Gleaning^s in Bee-Culture 2 00.... 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 1.50 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150 — 140

The Apiculturist 1 75 1 65

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00... 180

Canadian Honey Producer. ..1 40 — 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 6 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25.... 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman) ... 2 00 1 75

Binder for Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60 1 50

Dzierzon'8 Bee-Book (cloth)... 3 00.. .. 2 00
Roofs A EC of Bee-Culture.. 2 25.... 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 150 130

Heddon's book. "Success, ".. 150.. 140

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00 175

How to Propagate Fruit I 50 1 25

History of National Society..! 50 125

774

•TH® SM^MicMif mmm j^ismmmLr.

Spacing Frames in the Brood-
Nest.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 592.— 1. What is the proper or best
distance apart to space frames in the hive?
I use the Van Deusen metal cornera, and my
hives take 8 frames spaced Vz an inch apart.
2. Would not 9 Irames In the same space be
better? 3. If so, why? If not, why not?
The queen will only deposit eggs in cells 7-16
deep. I think that the Van Deusen corners
are a little too wide, as the bees are apt to
build the cells too deep for eggs, and illl them
with honey, thus preventing the queen from
depositing eggs In them.— S.

Seven-eighths inch top-bars are the
usual width. I prefer to space brood-
frames If inches apart from center to
center. — James Heddon.

1. I use IJ inches from center to
center of the frames. 2. I have no
experience with the Van Deusen hive.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

I have usually used frames IJ inches
from center to center. That satisfies
me. I think that a slight variation
does no harm. — A. J. Cook.

The distance from the center of one
top-bar to the centre of the other
.should be nearly 1 7-16 inches. — J. P.
H. Brown.

Space your frames just 1 7-16 inches
from center to center, and you will be
about right for all practical purposes.
— H. D. Cutting.

From center to center brood-frames
should be about If inches apart. I
have usually spaced them IJ, but that
is wider than necessary. — M. Mahin.

1. I space IJ inches from center to
center. I am not authority on ques-
tions 2 and 3. — J. M. Hambaugh.

1. Eight frames to the foot are what
I generally use, but I have used nine.
I prefer eight, as it gives more room
for the bees, and they are more con-
venient to handle. — A. B. Mason.

1. One and three-eighths inches or
a little less, from center to center. 2.
That depends upon the size of your
hive. Give each frame from 1} to If
inches from center to center. — R. L.
Taylor.

As I do not use the metal corners
spoken of, and therefore cannot appre-
ciate your difficulty, and as you seem
to have reasoned out the matter prettj-
well, I will not advise. — Eugene
Secor.

In questions of this kind you should
give dimensions of the hive, etc., as
many do not know anything about the
Van Deusen corners. Frames should
be a little less than 1} inches from cen-
ter to center ; ten frames in a space of
14i inches is about right. — P. L. Vial-

LON.

1. One and a half inches from cen-
ter to center. 2. I think not. 3. The
queen always has the comb well
stocked with eggs and brood before
the honey-flow causes the bees to en-
large the combs. — Mrs. L. Harbison.

I use If inches from center to cen-
ter space of brood-combs. As jou do
not give the size of j'our hives, I am
unable to answer your other questions.

C. H. DiBBERN.

1. I prefer If inches for my brood-
combs. 2. I would think so. 3. Be-
cause the combs are kept straight by
reason of there being no surplus room
to bulge them out of shape. After
looking more carefully at your ques-
tions, you leave me in the dark when
you say that your frames are i inch
apart. The proper way is to measure
from center to center of the frames. —
G. W. Demaree.

1. I am not sure. Perhaps If inches
from center to center. 2. I am in-
clined to think it would. 3. Because
with only 8 frames the space is IJ
inches, which, I think, is too much. I
take it that j'our top-bars are one inch
wide. If not, that changes the whole
aftair. — C. C. Millek.

1. Usually Ij inches from center to
center. 2. I think nearer spacing
would be better. 3. The reasons,
therefor, would require more space
than can be given here — in fact they
would form the text or basis of a long
article. — J. E. Pond.

1. Three-eights of an inch ; in other
words, just the width of j'our fore-
finger. 2. Yes. 3. Because the J inch
is too wide, and the additional frame
would decrease the distance. Bees are
quite to liable to build comb in spaces
any larger than f of an inch. — Will
M. Barnum.

1. One and a half inches from cen-
ter to center. 2. No. 3. Because your
combs would be too crowded, and
would be gnawed down by the bees
wherever there would be too little
room. Also, because less bees can
cluster between the combs, and they
do not keep up the heat so well, etc. —
Dadant & Son.

Eight frames to the foot for winter,
and nine frames to the foot for sum-
mer. Frames closely spaced are more
suitable for brood, and less suitable
for storage, because of the thinness of
the combs ; and there is less spare
room also when closely spaced than in
the old way. This close spacing, as a
principle, is known as " the J. E. Pond
method," and is quite valuable — J. M.
Shuck.

1. About If inches from center to
centre is the best distance to space
brood-frames, but some use tliem
wider apart, and others even narrower,

varying all the way from IJ to IJ
inches. Those who use "Van Deusen
metal corners " for frames are best
qualified to criticise them. Perhaps
you are right in your deductions. —
The Editor.

Plantingr Trees for Honey and
as Wind.Breaks.

Written for the American Bee Jowmal

Query 593.— I have 4 or 5 acres that I
wish to plant to forest trees. 1. What variety
(or varieties) would be the most valuaole and
hardy ? 2. Will the basswood {or linden) grow
from cuttings ? or what time should the seed
he planted, or will they grow from the seed ?
I want to plant most of the trees next spring,
and would like to plant trees that would pro-
duce honey as well as make a wind-break and
shade. — Iowa,

1. Basswood. Plant small trees. —
James Heddon.

I would recommend basswood. It
is best to propagate it from the seed. —
J. P. H. Brown.

I know nothing at all, practically,
of the matter. — ,1. E. Pond.

I have had no experience in tliis
line. — H. D. Cutting.

This can be better answered by
some one in your State. — P.L.Viallon.

Black locust and honey locust, or
linden and box-elder. — Mrs. L. Har-
rison.

1 should prefer basswood, and would
get the young trees at some nursery.
1 think that cuttings of basswood
would grow. — G. M. Doolittle.

Linden, and tulip if they do well,
from seeds. Plant in the fall or
spring. The trees grow rapidly, and
are beautiful. — A. J. Cook.

1. Linden, if you want honey. 2.
We need light upon raising linden
from seed. • You would probably bet-
ter buy yoifng trees. I do not believe
that they will grow from cuttings in
open ground. — C. C. Miller.

I would plant the linden, and a few
soft maples. I am not authority on
how to get the plants started. — J. M.
Hambaugh.

1. I would plant black walnut. 2.
I do not know, never having tried it-
Plant the seed in the fall. For a shade
and honey-tree plant basswood (or
linden). — A. B: Mason.

If I were to plant for the value of
the timber, I should plant Ijlack wal-
nut ; for honey, basswood is the best
for your State. I do not know whether
they will grow from cuttings, but they
will grow from seed. I do not know
the best time or manner of planting. —

C. H. DiBBERN.

1. Where fence-posts are used, black
locust is very valuable. It grows very
rapidly, and" lasts equal to red cedar.

T-H® SMERICSr* BEE JO^KNffil^.

775

2. Basswood seed will grow. Plant as
soon as gathered, and keep the ground
moist with a light covering of leaves.
Plant seeds in nursery rows, and trans-
plant when large enough. Loeust,
basswood and soft maple would an-
swer your purpose. — R. L. Taylor.

Honey-locust {Oleclitschid triacan-
lliiis) yields an abundant flow of honey,
and can be propagated from the seed.
Also poplar (sometimes called tulip-
tree) is a good hone3--yielder. But for
general use, the basswood cannot be
beat. The best way would be to get
small trees from the woods. Cuttings
would be far preferable to seed. —
Will M. Bausum.

1. Basswood, locust, soft maple, and
perhaps tulip trees. 2. No ! Take
roots from places where the trees have
been grubbed out and have sprouted
up again. So far as our experience
goes not one seed of basswood in
twenty will grow. For M'ind-breaks,
etc., all things considered, we would
use first, maple ; second, locust ; and
third, basswood, — Dadant & Son.

1. For your purpose I would recom-
mend basswood, and next to that,
the Linodendron tulipifera, commonly
called in this country " poplar." 2.
Basswood can be grown from euttings,
but I think that success could only be
secured on a large scale by using a
hot-house. 3. Tliey will grow from
the seed, and the seed should be
planted in the late summer or early
fall.— M. Mahin.

1. Iowa is a htrge State — 200 miles
across north and south. What would
do well in the southern part might not
in the northern — instance catalpa. For
an ornamental tree few excel linden,
but iu planting\ I would not confine
myself to one variety. While jou like
honey, your posterity may like walnuts
and butternuts. The lumber from the
latter will be four times as valuable.
Linden is best raised from the seed
gathered in fall. They can be Ijought
cheaply from some nurseries. This
question needs more space. — Eugene
Secor.

Plant the beautiful American linden.
I would not bother with seeds or cut-
tings, but go to the forest and get the
young trees. They transplant readily,
but the young trees must be protected
from slock. Nearly all four-footed
animals like to browse on the mucil-
aginous twigs and bark, and I have
even seen bipeds of the genus homo
doing the same. — J. M. Shuck.

Your locality must be tak(m into
consideration when deciding your
questions. In my locality I would
plant the black locust, as it is an extra
honey-producer, a rapid grower, and
is valuable for fence-posts. A five-
acre lot worlli i?40 per acre here, if

planted in black locust, in my locality,
would be worth $250 per acre in 15
years from the time it was planted.
Perhaps the linden would prosper best
in your locality. It will not pay to
raise forest trees from euttings. — G.
W. De.maree.

If you want honey, transplant young
linden trees (ba.sswood) in the spring,
from the woods. They grow readily
if sufticient moisture is provided. To
grow from the seed is less satisfactory.
The poplar (or tulip), black and honey
locusts, soft maples, etc., are hardy,
easil}' grown, and are very desirable
for shade, wind-breaks, and the honey
they produce. — The Editor.

XHA!>"MS«SIVII\G.

Written for St. Nicholas Magazine

BY grace WINTHKOP.

The sunflowers in the garden
Are bending limp and low.

Two cornstalks, brown and withered.
Stand rustling in a row.

" We were so fine," they murmured,
"A little while ago !"

The sky is gray and gloom
Without the sunshine's glow.

There is no smiling anywhere
Unless— Oh. gladsome show !

Twelve plump and golden pumpkins
All beaming in a row !

They say, " Why so despairing ?

We're always here, you know,
At this unpleasant season

Bxpressly sent to show
The need of glad Thanksgiving,

In spite of frost and snow."

ITALIAN BEES.

Putting on Sections — Symptoms
of Foul Brood.

Written for the American Bee Jounuxl

BY G. 51. DOOLITTLE.

A subscriber to the American Bee
Journal wishes me to give a descrip-
tion of the Italian bee. While this
would seem almost unnecessary at this
late day, yet I will try to comply with
the request in a sort of a general way.

This bee belongs to one of the yel-
low Tarieties, to which also belong the
Cyprian and Syrian. The Italians are
very quiet and gentle, in their purit}-,
while the other two varieties named
are very cross and vindictive. Ital-
ians were imported to this country
about I8G0, while the other two were
not brought to our shores until about

1880. So far nearly all apiarists agree
in placing the Italian bee at the head
of all others, both as to ease of ma-
nipulation, beauty, and honey-gather-
ing qualities.

As comb-builders the Italians are
not quite as good as the black or
German bee, neither do they use as
much wax in capping their surplus
hone}', which causes it to have a little
darker, or watery, appearance. They
cling very tenaciously to their combs,
while the black bees often fall ofl' or
run about in a frightened way, making
it a nuisance to handle them, es-
pecially if a little too much smoke is
used. The tenacity of the Italians
makes the handling of the hives and
combs very pleasant, but when we
wish to get them oft' the combs for ex-
tracting the honey, or for an}- purpose,
it is quite a job.

However, the main point of superi-
ority of the Italian bee is in its honey-
gathering qualities. If there is any
honey to be had, they are away to the
fields after it, and will toil incessantly
all day for a very little, while the black
bees will not work at all unless honey
can bo gathered quite freely. Italian
bees will labor faithfully all day long
for only " pennies," while the German
bee must have the " dollars " or it will
not work. To illustrate :

In the spring of 1872 the writer hail
15 colonies of black bees, and 3 Italian
colonies. As an experiment, a 14-
quart pail full of maple sap was placed
in shallow dishes after adding about 2
pounds of sugar, so as to make a very
thin sweet. With honey, the bees were
started to work near this sap, and as
long as the honey lasted they came in
about the proportion named above — 15
of the dark, and 3 of the yellow bees.
As soon as the honey was gone, they
took to the sap, but iu a few minutes
the black bees began to stop coming,
so that in an hour none but Italian
bees were carrying the thin sweet.
These bees worked until they carried
all the sap home, and had it evapor-
ated down to the consistency of honey,
while the black bees thought it not
worthy of their notice.

When to Put on Sections.

From the various letters which I get,
asking when sections should be put oit
the hives, it would seem that there was
a lack of knowledge on the part of
some along this line.

In tlie forepart of the season a little
care is reijuired, for if put on too early
they will greatly retard brood-rearing,
owing to the cool nights which are
liable to occur at the time, during
which the bees are obliged to econo-
mize heat as much as possible. At
this season of the year it is not best to
put them on until the liive is tilled

776

TMM m'mmmi^mm mmm jo-ukhmi,.

with bees and brood, so that thej' can
take possession of the sections at once,
and if cold nights do come, the bees
will crowd down into the hive below,
so as to protect the brood.

Again, there is no use of putting on
sections until the bees are getting
honey, for the_v not only tend to dis-
courage brood-rearing, but the bees,
having nothing else to do, will often
cut down the foundation starters, and
plaster propolis or bee-glue over them
so as to make the labor of the apiarist
much more than it otherwise would be.

The proper time to put on sections
is when the hive is filled with bees and
brood, and the bees are getting honey
enough so that little bits of comb are
being built about the tops of the
frames. At such times the cells of
comb will be lengthened along the
tops of .the frames, which is so pleas-
ing to the ejes of the e.Kperienced bee-
keeper, thus showing that the bees are
getting honey, and are ready for the
surplus department.

Symptoms and Cure of Foul Brood.

Another subscriber wislies to know
the symptoms and cure of foul brood.
When a colony has this dreaded dis-
ease, a few of the larva; die soon after
the bees seal the cells containing them.
The cappings to the cells soon have a
sunken appearance, with a pin-hole in
the centre of each. Upon opening the
cells the larva; is found stretched at
full length in the cells, and have a
brown appearance, while all healthy
hirvse or pup:e are white. If touched,
this dead In-ood is of a salvy, ropj' na-
ture, and gives off an offensive smell.

From the first few cells the disease
spreads rapidly until the coniljs become
a putrifying mass, generally during
the first season, and nearly always
during the second, whicli stench at
this stage, if allowed to get so far, can
be smelled a rod or two from the hive.
A few of the larva' mature into bees,
the population of the hive decreases
until it becomes an easy prej' to rob-
bers, when the honej- is taken off by
these robber bees, only to carry tlie
seeds of the maladj' to the robbers'
hive, for the disease to spread through
the honey, and all else coming in con-
tact with it.

The cure is to drive out all of the
bees from the affected hive, and keep
them shut up in an empty bo.K until
they are nearly starved, so that they
will have digested all of the diseased
honey. They should then be hived
and fed in a new, clean hive, when
they are clear from the disease. If in
the honey season, a swarm issues from
a foul-broody hive, it is not necessary
to put them through tlie starving pro-
cess ; simply hive them in an entirely
empty hive, the same as you would a

healthy swarm, and as far as my ex-
perience goes, they will always be
health)' thereafter, unless they con-
tract it again bj' getting diseased honey
from some other hive.

Great care should be taken that no
bees get at the contents of tlie old hive
before the combs are rendered into
wax, and the honey and hive scalded.
Other cures have been recommended,
but most of them are ineffectual, ex-
cept in the h.ands of an expert.

Borodino, N. Y.

ODOR OR COLOR.

Wliieli is it liiat Attracts
Bees to the Flower i

the

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY MRS. MAHALA B. CHADDOCK.

Prof. Cook asks how 1 know that
color is no guide to bees. I answer, I
know it because I am a reasoning
being. If I were an insect I should
know it by instinct. I knoto that bees
are guided bj' odor, and I think that I
can prove it, even to Prof. Cook's
scientific mind.

Most of the nectai'-bearing plants
that I am acquainted with are incon-
spicuous in color, but strong in odor.
Is there anything bright or showy in
a held of white clower ? Anybodj'
with eyes in his head must answer
"No." Do not the bees always find
the white clover blossoms ? A thou-
sand voices answer "Yes." Well, then,
color does not attract bees to white
clover, but odor does. It seems to me
that this is incontrovertiljle.

The blossoms of the linden are yel-
low, but there is a sort of white mem-
brane near the clusters of Howers that
makes many people think that the
blossoms are white. A silver-leafed
maple appears, when the wind is stir-
ring, as much like a flowering tree as
the linden does when full of bloom.
Can the bees see the blossoms on the
linden q,nd pick them out from other
forest trees ? No, they cannot ! They
smell them, and go for tliein. Can any
bod}- doubt this ? Can Prof. Cook
doubt it ?

Then there are the raspberries, the
catnip, the sweet clover, and ground-
ivj-, all inconspicuous flowers, but
flowers that are never neglected by the
bees when they contain nectar. And
is there on all the earth a more insig-
nificant flower than the smart-weed ?
It grows mostly in corn-flelds,^ and
never reaches to the tops of the stalks ;
the flowers are a pale pink in color,
and so small that at any con.siderable
distance up in the air thej' must be
practicallj' invisible. Are the smart-
weeds ever neglected by the bees ?
Never. Why, if it were possible to

stretch a curtain over the entire field,
and nail it to the fence all around, the
bees would go in through the rails and
gather the nectar all the same. Can
Prof. Cook doubt this ?

I think that I have proved my state-
ment, but I will prove it in another
wa3'. When you feed bees • out-of-
doors, put some honey in a plate of
rye flower, for instance. Is it a yellow
color, or any color, that attracts the
bees to it ? The rj'e flower is a whitish
gra3' — one of the most inconspicuous
colors — but Prof. Cook knows that the
bees will go to it. How can they find
it except bj' the odor ?

When old bee-hunters go out to
"line " bees, what do they take to at-
tract tlie bees — some bright-colored
yellow flowers fastened in a bouquet
on a pole ? Not at all ; they take some
foul smelling stutt' in a vessel, and the
bees come to it because they smell it.
Can any one dispute this point? I
think not.

If the slops from the bed-rooms are
emptied on the grass at certain seasons
of the year, the bees will work on that
spot. There are no flowers of any
kind, only green grass and odor. Can
this be disputed ? When bees go to
cess-pools, do they go for bright col-
ors ? Everybody knows better — they
go because they smell something that
they want. There can be no question
of color about it.

I think that I have covered everj-
point, so far. Prof. Cook says : " It
is almost the universal opinion of
scientists, that the color of flowers was
developed especially to attract insects :
this of course for the flowers' good."
If tills is so, then it only goes to show
that scientists are almost universally
wrong. Bees visit flowers for the
honey and pollen they contain, not for
the good of the flowers. To believe
otherwise, is witclicraft. A bee can
know no more of what is good for
flowers, than a liog knows of the prices
of pork in a daily newspaper.

If color is given to flowers to attract
insects, why do not bees work on
flowers that have no nectar or pollen ?
Why do not bees work on zinnias and
dahlias, and peonys ? Nothing could
be much brighter, but thej- contain no
lioney ov pollen, and the bees pass
them' by. So if Nature gave color to
flowers to insure their fertilization, she
made a big mistake. She would bet-
ter have endowed all her flowers with
nectar or pollen. If insects do by
chance aliglit on a brilliantly colored
flower containing no honey or pollen,
they do not stay ; they do not go in
and out, and handle the stamens, as it
is necessary they should do, in order
to fertilize the flowers.

The Professor asks how I know that
insects do not reason. I know it in

THE lEMERICMPf BEE, JQURKSIL,.

777

this way : All reasoning animals
study out ways to better their sur-
roundings. This is the int<ignin royal
of reason. Well, bees do just the
same things over and over that they
did thousands of years ago. They live
in hollow trees, and hang suspended
on limbs now, when in a wild state,
just as the}- did then ; and build in the
crevices of rocks just as they did in
Bible times. Why, if bees had been
endoweil with reason, there would be
no free man on the earth to-day.
Armed as they are with a deadly
weapon — a weapon that will kill a
horse or a man as surely as a l)ullett —
they would be marching us around
with a guard of bees on eveiy side,
and telling up jmintediy what to do, and
how to do it — to improve their houses,
to train up their young, and to prepare
their dainty dinners.
Vermont, Ills.

BEE LIFE.

The Length of the Term of Bee
Life €on§idered.

Written for the Journal of Horticulture

BY A LANARKSHIRE BEE-KEEPER.

Notwithstanding all that has been
written upon the natural term of bee
life, there is still much misconception
regarding the limit. From the fact
that many articles have been written
on preserving the life of bees, is proof
that their management is by many but
imperfectly understood, and that many
bees die at au early age through ignor-
ance on the part of the owner. There
is no time throughout the whole year
that the apiarist is justified in pursu-
ing a course that is likely to shorten
bee life. Where profit is expected it
should be the aim at all times of the
bee-master to prolong it.

Although care to prolong bee life is
necessary at all times, yet during
autumn a little extra attention is ab-
solutely necessary before we can rea-
sonably expect our favorites to tide
over the winter months successfully,
and obviate the untimely deaths we
read so much about. That bee life
can both be ])rolonged or cut short
tliere is no doubt, and the bee-keeper
has the control of that to a great ex-
tent, as can be witnessed by compar-
ing results under different manage-
ments.

I have expressed my views strongly
as to what constitutes the best preserv-
ing hive, the first principle in apicul-
ture. I have also shown thai the short
term of bee life, as set down l)y
modern writers, is misleading; in
short, the six-weeks theory cannot be
supported by any evidence. However

desirable the youthful element may be
in the hive at certain seasons, it is
positively injurious at others. It is a
fact well known that bees, on or about
the fifth day of their existence, if the
weather is warm, fly out and void
their excreta, which, if delaj'ed be3'ond
a reasonable time, they become rest-
less and cold, communicating the rest-
lessness to the adult bees ; and the
young ones, unable to fly, either leave
the hive to die outside, or are chilled
to death inside. Young bees cannot
endure the same length of confine-
ment, if they have never had an air-
ing, as adult bees, and are often the
direct cause of the entire loss of the
colony that bred them.

Late feeding is a mistake, and many
a ■ bad result has arisen therefrom.
Late breeding we cannot always pre-
vent, but it should not be encouraged.
It has always been our object to be in
possession of bees that neither require
feeding nor coddling. Some years
since, and for years in succession, a
cotemporary advised feeding in Octo-
ber, and we know something of the
evil that beset those who took that ill-
timed advice.

Bees, as a rule, cease breeding with
the decline of the hone}- season, which
usually occurs about the end of Au-
gust, except in the case of those hav-
ing young fertile queens, which, unless
fed, will not breed beyond the au-
tumnal equinox, but will sometimes
begin again soon after the shortest
day. When this is the case, and a
mild Februarj' follows, there will be a
chance for the young and tender bees
to get an airing. Then all may go
well ; but should the weather be im-
favorable and protracted, so as to pre-
vent the flight of the j'oung bees, the
colony may succumb to the influence
of the evil. But. happilj-, early breed-
ing is not so fatal or injurious to bees
as late breeding.

I have for some time past been pay-
ing particular attention to colonies
with late-bred bees, not for the pur-
pose of getting information, but to be
enabled to give tliat to others from
accurate observations. Since Nov. 10,
the last day bees carried pollen for this
year, I have collected all the dead bees
from several hives, having taken the
precaution that none should be carried
oft' by the birds, by netting the front of
the hive. I collected the ejected dead,
and found, as I fully expected, ' not
more than 10 per cent, of adult bees
out of more than ten thousand. These
I laid down near a hive, and in less
than an hour the sparrows and titmice
had carried every one away. My rea-
son for menti(uiing the alacrity the
bees displayed is to impress bee-keep-
ers that, though their hives may show
signs of dead bees, they may be

actually dwindling rapidly through
some autumnal mismanagement.

The foregoing will, perhaps, impress
the beginner with the evils of late
feeding and breeding, and convey to
him the cause of dwindling. This is
sometimes aggravated b}' uncalled-for
molestations, and a superabundance
of cloth coverings, whicli often cause
internal damp and disease in the bees.
Thus, by excess, they aggravate evils
that sensible bee-keepers would ob-
viate by using, in moderation, the
proper quantity of a suitable material,
which helps greatlj- to prolong the life
of bees.

PROTECTION.

Regulation for the Proteetlon
of the Rights of Bee-Keepers.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY DR. C. C. MILLER.

I have been sometimes amused,
sometimes unmoved, and sometimes
pained at the inevitable misconstruc-
tion and misrepresentation that gen-
erally occur whenever ray views as to
legislation for bee-keepers are men-
tioned. Do I express mjself so indis-
tinctly on this subject that I cannot be
understood P Quite frequentlj- the
misrepresentation is in attributing to
me views that I never held. I clip the
following from the Western Plowman :

For some years a discussion has been
coins on in the bee-papers as to bee-keepers
buying the " honey rights " of their respec-
tive districts, to the exclusion of all others,
by paying a small rent to the owners ol the
laud on which the tiees are supposed to
forage. Dr. C. C. Miller, of Marerii;o, Ills.,
is at tlie head of such a proposition, and
seriously proposes to have a law enacted to
that effect. Lately some others have come
to his assistance, and they seem to seriously
think that some such law should be passed,
and would be of practical advantage to
both bee-keepers and land owners. How
such a question can be seriously considered,
and why it should be urged by bee-keepers
is astonishing. Such a law ought to be en-
titled, "An act for the extermination of
bee-keeping," as that would be the inevit-
able result if it could be enforced. Bee-
keepers have certainly expenses, and diffi-
culties enough now, without adding new
burdens, especially if self-imposed. Hut let
us look at the justice of the proposition.

Bees have been kept for thousands of
j'ears, and their rights to go and gather
the nectar from lorests and fields have
never been questioned. Such rights have
iievnr been deeded in fee simple to any
land owner, and consequently they do not
own tliem, and have nothing to rent or sell.
But even admitting that they had a right to
the honey produced, and wliich would go to
loss but for the bee-keeper, then in order to
protect such property tliey would be com-
pelled to build a legal fence which would
of course be such a fence as no well-be-
haved bee could get over. That this can-
not be done is very evident. Then such a
proposition is contrary to public policy.
The bee-keeping industry interest is now
worth more than $3.5,000 annually. Many a
poor man, and woman too, are now able to

778

Tmm m'pi^mmicmm mmm jQVimmmi^.

make a good living in this pursuit, for them-
selves and families, without injuring any
one, tliat would otherwise, perhaps, become
charges on the community. Then, too,
would not such a law be a step in the direc-
tion of trusts, favoring a few at the expense
of the many ? But it is almost nonsense to
talk of this matter, only to show its ab-
surdity. It will be many a day before any
such law will be passed in this country.

The above is frora the pen of Mr. C.
H. Dibbern, for whom I have much re-
spect as conducting a department
in the Western Plowman, of Moliue,
characterized, so far as I have had
opportunity to judge, by fairness and
good sense. Mr. Dibbern and I have
had no bitter quarrel, and so far as I
know, nothing but kindly feelings ex-
ist between us, and why he should mis-
represent my views, and hold me up to
the ridicule of his readers, is some-
thing that I can understand no more
than I can understand the many pre-
vious cases of misrepresentation.

Whether the proposition to buy " the
'home rights' of their respective dis-
tricts by paying a small rent," etc., be
a wise proposition or not, I will not
stop to discuss, but certainly I have no
recollection of advocating such a
proposition, or proposing " to have a
law enacted to that effect." Indeed I
have said very little as to the particu-
lar means of attaining the end, the
only point I have insisted upon being
that there should be some way in
which a bee-keeper might be secure
from interference in a certain territory,
without specifying how such a securit}'
should be obtained, or whether it
should be secured for one colony or a
thousand.

Mr. Dibbern says, "Lately some
others have come to his assistance,"
and I am glad to believe that their
number is not small, and I feel confi-
dent that when Mr. Dibbern gives the
matter the thought it deserves, he will
come to my way of thinking.

Mr. D. saj'S : "Bees have been kept
for thousands of years, and their rights
to go, and gather the nectar from
forests and fields have never been
questioned." Softly ! Has Mr. D.
forgotten the cases of S. I. Freeborn,
of Ithaca, Wis., Z. A. Clark, of Arka-
delphia, Ark., and others ? On account
of the absence of laws for the protec-
tion of bee-keepers, more than one
has been obliged to give up his bees or
move.

Has Bro. Dibbern forgotten the ex-
istence of the Bee-Keepers' Union,
born of the necessity for organized ef-
fort to withstand the assaults of ignor-
ance and malice, just because proper
legislation is lacking ? What would
be said of a " Farmers' Union" com-
bined to resist the attempts that might
be made to drive a farmer from the
cultivation of his land ? No such thing
is needed, for the law is sufficient to

protect each farmer on his territory,
be that a rod or a mile. Something iu
the same line is needed that the bee-
keeper may be protected, whether he
may have one colony or a hundred.

As the matter now stands, Mr. Dib-
bern maj' awaken some fine morning
to find that liis apiarj-, "the white,
blue, red and yellow hives among the
trees," upon which he looks so lovingly,
may no longer be continued, on ac-
count of legislation from a lower power
that was made possible by the apathj'
of bee-keepers in failing to secure
from the State the legislation that
might be had for the
may And, as others
within a few rods of
ary maj' be planted, thus spoiling the
chances for both ; and then Mr. D.
might think it a very tine thing if he
could stand on the same footing as a
farmer, in possession of his territorj'.

The fact that " such a fence as no
well-behaved bee could get over " can-
not be built, cuts no figure in the case.
Fences are not built to confine fish
within certain limits, and j'et fishing
limits are defined within which no
outsider dare intrude.

Does Mr. D. think that the laws pro-
tecting farmers ought to be entitled
"An act to exterminate farming?"
Does he think such laws " a step in
the direction of trusts ?" Would it be
an improvement to throw all lands

asking. Or he
have done, that
his, another api-

open in common that each man could
settle down anywhere at his own sweet
will ?

Now please remember, friend Dib-
bern, I ask nothing more for the bee-
keeper than for the farmer, and I have
no more desire to drive out of the
business " manj' a poor man and
woman who are now able to make a
good living in this pursuit," tlian I
have to drive them out of farming.

Marengo, Ills.

ASIATIC BEES.

Where liie Caucasian Bees
Came From.

Vrrltten for the American Bee Journal

BY J. W. TEFFT.

It will be seen at the extreme east-
ern end of the Black Sea in Central
Asia, there stretches eastward the
range of Causasus mountains to the
Caspian Sea. The great Russian rail-
road now building into the heart of
Asia is at last a fact, and travelers can
now go from St. Petersburg almost to
the boundary line of the Chinese Em-
pire in twelve days. From St. Peters-
btu'g the new line runs through Mos-
cow, Womnesh, Rostoo and Valkavas ;
here the route is barred by the Cau-

casus range, over which the line is not
yet completed, and one has to take a
camel caravan to travel 18 hours over
a pass of 8,000 feet high, 2,000 feet
higher than St. Gothard.

With scenery twice as wild as that
of Switzerland, tlie Caucasus will be a
great summer resort in the near future. .,
Over the pass we come to the rich -S
valley of the Oxus, the Mississippi of
Central Asia, now opened up, having,
no outlet save by caravan. The re-
sources of this territory are all kinds
of minerals and agricultural, and all
undeveloped. The eftect on civiliza-
tion, of the new railroad line, can bet-
ter be imagined than described. Con-
sidering the fact, the great mechani-
cal advances, and the higher civiliza-
tion of the nineteenth centurj' will now
be carried into this barbaric Asia. Its
effect upon school geographies is not
even to be surmized.

In referring to Webster, he defines
Caucasian thus : " Any one belonging
to the Indo-Europeau race, and the
white races originating near Mount
Caucasus." These mountains stretch
from longitude 40° to 50° east, and
latitude 46° to 50° north, about the
same latitude as the State of Maine,
47°, being several degrees north of
Syria, Cyprus or Italy, the homes of the
Syrian, Cyprian and Italian bees. Thus
it will be seen that the Caucasian bees
came from a cold climate.

Peculiarities of Ibe Caucasian Bees.

Now whatever may be the individual
or class merit of the Caucasian bees,
they take the lead in all points save
one, and that is swarming. They are
remarkably gentle, seldom stinging,
yet they can sting when abused.

In manipulation I never use smoke, .
as that arouses them to anger. The
only time I use smoke is when closing
up the hive, to drive them away to
prevent bruising.

These bees cling to the combs firmly
when the frames of combs are hand-
led. As honey gatherers they are as
good as the best. Their cappings are
equal to that of the blacks, being very
white and thick. The bee-glue or pro-
polis is not half as sticky as that of the
blacks or Italians. They gather im-
mense quantities of pollen. The
queens are remarkably prolific, and
colonies swarm once a week, if left to
their own management.

They build more queen-cells than any
other race of bees. The brace-combs
seem to be made of dark wax, a kind
of mud color, which is objectionable
when cappings are stuck to the sep-
arators. They are extra hardy, and
stand our cold, bleak winters splen-
didly.

Their color is of a dark copper hue,
or fine orange like — not so light a

T^HB SSMERICMff mmM JOISRlfMlL-.

779

color nor as handsome to my eye as
the Cyprians, but tending towards that
splendid species. They are large bees,
yet long and slim. Tlieir wings are
long, and will carry a big load. They
work when Cyprians and blacks are
idle, and are out earlier in the morn-
ing, and fly later in the evening. They
gathered honey right along during the
drouth of 1886 and 1887, when the
blacks, Cyprians and Italians gath-
ered none, but used up all unsealed
honey in the sections, and then nearly
starved.

They not only stand the heat, dry-
ness and cold better, but againstrob-
bers, insects, moth-millers and fungus
they have no equal ; and when prop-
erly understood and managed, they
will gather as much honey as any bees,
but they require another system of
management.

They are amazingly interesting as a
race ; not for their superior hardiness
against cold and drouth, but for the
fact that they introduce a distinctly
new strain of blood, one which by
crossing with those we already have,
is likely to give us very superior bees.

The four years that I' have been ex-
perimenting with the Caucasian bees,
I have learned something. The first
swarm I was at my wit's end to under-
stand rightly. At that time I would
have willingly given $50 had I never
seen them. They gave me much
trouble by their continuous swarming,
which was decidedly disagreeable and
annoying. I transferred them to re-
versible frames, and with a determina-
tion to conquer, and also to study their
habits and requirements, and by
domestication to civilize them so that
they would stay at home, I soon found
the prime cause to be in the queen,
resulting from her extraordinary pro-
lificness. The minor cause was pollen.

The queens want more room than
any race of bees that I ever owned.
The peculiar device I have adopted in
my management of them was that I
gave the queens more i-oom without
inserting extra combs, and with the
help of the device I solved the puzzle,
and now I have them under control.

Securing Hardiness in Bees.

For 31 years I have been trying in
vain to discover one tjpe of bees that
I could rear successfully in northern
central New York ; and one of the
most discouraging things to contend
with, has been the difficult character
of hardiness. Indeed, I tliink if it
were not for this unsurmountable dif-
ficultj', we have bees hardy enough to
successfullj' breed much further north.
Without hardy bees there cannot be a
great success in honey-production ;
and to my thinking, it is this weakness
which has prevented my succeeding

with the almost harily bees, such as
the Cyprian, Italian and blacks, and
their crosses. Thej* are all tine honey-
gatherers, but they fail during our
severe winters.

It seems reasonable, and it may be
of some wisdom, that with the Cy-
pcrian bee from the South, and the
Caucasian bee from the North (or any
other first-class race of bees) — if we
could cross them with this most liardy
bee, and could rear them successfulh',
we would have the "American bee;"
and bj' crossing and judicious selec-
tion, we could retain the quiet, gentle
disposition and hardiness of the Cau-
casian, and thus remedy the teiTor —
stings.

A cross of the Cjprians, and this the
hardiest and gentlest of all bees, might
confer upon the former those better
qualities, gentleness and hardiness,
which are generally needed ; and bj-
commingling the several different na-
tures, we will have an equisite beauty
— the American honej'-bee, not now
found in any one type.

But our triumph will not then be
completed. We must, and can, pro-
duce an American bee vastly superior
to any now known. There is no ques-
tion of the certainty of such results.
We want first-class bees, and in order
to get them, we must have Jirst-dass
parcntaqe.

From tlie fact that all bees are more
or less mongrels of many degrees of
crossing, and various relatives will
crop out in a multitude of disapjioint-
ments, yet our past success is a
guaranty for the future, that out of
many, some will be good.^

I trust that some enthusiastic api-
arist may be sufficiently interested in
the matter to make these crosses. This
can only be done by those who are so
situated as to be able to breed all
kinds, which we of the bleak, cold
North are unable to do.

Collamer, N. Y.

COLORADO.

Report of tlic Colorado State
Bee-Keepers' Society.

WrilUn for the ColaraOo Farmer
BY J. 31. CLARK.

An adjourned meeting of the Colo-
rado State Bee-Keepers' Association
met in Denver, at the Chamber of
Commerce, at 10:30 a.m., on Nov. 13,
1888, with President Milleson in the
chair.

Secretary Clark read the minutes of
the last meeting, which were approved.

Chairman Rhodes, of the committee
on foul brood, desired to confer with
the other members of the committee,
and report in the afternoon.

Secretary Clark reported that he had
received communications from Delta
and Montrose, from parties desiring to
form an association auxiliary to the
State society. He also read a letter
from C. E. Carroll, of Liberty, Rio
Grande county, stating that he had
had several colonies in the San Luis
valley, but the experiment had not
been a success.

President Milleson urged that the
Society be incorporated, so that they
could get their reports printed in con-
nection with tlie Horticultural Society
report, etc. V. De Vinney agreed with
the President, and moved that the Sec-
retary be antliorized to take immediate
steps towards incorporation under tlie
State laws, which was carried.

Foul Brood and its Cure.

V. De Vinney thought that for quite
awhile his bees had no foul brood. He
was appointed executor for an estate,
and brought the bees (which had origi-
nally come from the East) to his api-
ary three years ago. He did not un-
derstand foul brood then. He found
white spots and a slight odor, but not
such as books had led him to believe.
His own bees had robbed them as they
grew feeble. Sixty colonies got this
foul brood. Bee-Keepers should not
wait until the combs get bad, but as
soon as they find white spots .and a
slight odur, they should look out. He
cut out the bad places and washed the
frames with salicylic acid as the bee-
books direct. He saved some, as it
looked good, but gained nothing, as
much afterward proved bad, and other
foul brood was placed where he had
cut it out. He had been over five
years in getting this foul brood, so he
did not think that it was as bad in
Colorado as elsewhere.

Mr. De Vinney's belief is that this is
nothing but a mold or mildew, no
worse than other mildew, and if cut
out early no harm would result. Where
he used salicylic acid last spring he
had found an improvement. It is gen-
erally said that when the comb is
flattened, it is an evidence of foul
brood. This is not true, for it may be
even. The depression is caused by
bees pressing against it in warm
weather. He saw such depressed
combs, took them out and examined
them under a magnifying glass, wlieu
he saw them move, showing that there
was life.

Bees will .store honey when there is
foul brood. To -tell if clear comb is
affected with foul brood, tip it to an
angle of 90°, when j'ou see the " mum-
my." Do not look at them flat, as
they will appear all right, since the
bees will clean them out when they
can, but the "mummy" part is too
stickv.

780

Tmm MBdERicMEf mmm j©iljme«mi,.

-■'—-■—*—- — ^^ ^^^ ^t±^

Mr. Davis — To what extent has foul
brood been scattered ?

Mr. Knight — Mj' bees had it in
Littleton.

Mr. Devinuey — The bees had it in
Morrison, but none up near Central
Citj'. It is in North Denver and Rals-
ton creek.

Thos. Crisman lives on the upper
end of the Ralston, and had heard of
none west of Arvada.

J. W. Bacon said that there was
none in the neighborhood of Long-
mont.

Mr. Hurlburt feared that many bees
had the foul brood, as it was in the
unsealed as well as the sealed honey,
although the bee-books taught dif-
ferently.

Mr. De Vinuey corroborated Mr.
Hurlburt's statement, as did also Rev.
R. H. Rhodes.

Prof. Cheshire's book on foul brood
was highly endorsed.

Mr. De Vinney said that scien.ce
never discovered a gold mine, but it
could tabulate experience. He had
read much, but stated facts regardless
of reading. As a big tire will destroy
the whole earth while a little will not,
so a little mildew amounts to little, but
much will ruin.

Mr. Lohf had foul brood introduced
into his apiary through some old comb.
As soon as he found the punctures, he
read bee-books, and put all the bees
into an empty hive, and smoked the
hive with sulphur. He used sulphur
to a great extent when in the nursery
business in Missouri. It destroys all
fungus. It kills fungus also in the
human system. He gave tlie bees new
combs, and that was the last lie saw
of it.

Mrs. Graves, of Clear creek, found
a great deal of foul brood. Mrs.
Rhodes advised her to get medicine
whicli she gave in syrup, and some
queens were now laying, and thej- are
thrifty.

Mr. Rhodes said that he had fol-
lowed strictlj' the teachings of Prof.
Cheshii'o's book, and the bees ai'e now
so lively that thej- act like bees in the
spring.

Mrs. Graves said that she poured
this medicated syrup over the broken
combs. She used only a very little of
the best of the poor comb in feeding.

Mrs. Rhodes' bees had liad the foul
brood all summer. Now she has some
strong colonies, but has taken out 150
frames with foul brood. Mr. Rhodes
<lug a big hole in whicli she buried the
frames and honey. She intends to ex-
periment in feeding the best of the
frames of honey to the bees.

Mrs. Everett had not found foul
brood among her bees, which are
lively, and come out each fine day.

They have averaged 95 pounds per
colony, and 5 swarms.

Mrs. Bacon said that her bees had
averaged 150 pounus to the hive in
extracting, but only 50 pounds of comb
honey. This is not fair, as the bees
were weak.

After a little discussion several new
members joined, and the convention
adjourned until 1:30 p.m., when Mr.
Rhodes, of the committee on foul
brood, consisting of H. Knight, Wm.
Davis and J. M. Clark, with himself,
made a report, showing that the dis-
ease was spreading very rapidly, that
it was clearly defined, and they be-
sought all Colorado bee-keepers to aid
them in suppressing it ; urged the ap-
pointment of a committee to petition
the Legislature to pass a protective
law, and to see that it is enforced.
They recommended Cheshire's work on
foul brood, and requitsted the mem-
bers to forward to the Secretary all
information pertaining to tlie subject.

The report was considered in parts,
and with a few slight verbal changes,
the entire report was adopted.

" At what season is the best honey
gathered ?"

H. Knight — The first about June.

Secretary Clark agreed that this
was so, whether gathered from alfalfa
or other flowers. Early honey has a
white comb, as well as a better flavor.

Mr. Carlzen found that early honey
is less gummj-.

Secretary Clark said early honey
would keep the best.

Mrs. Rhodes said that some tastes
preferred the late honey.

Mr. RhocTes said that a Pennsyl-
vauian, accustomed to buckwheat
honey, would think our worst honey
better than his best.

Secretary Clark thought that late
flowers were yellow, and those of
spring, white.

Mr. Knight wanted to know wliy
late honey always granulates. Mr.
Rhodes said that it was a question of
locality ; his did in the spring.

Secretary Clark said that alfalfa
honej' would candy, also rosin-weed
hone}', when extracted.

Mr. De Vinney said that ra.spberries
would be in bloom about June 5, be-
fore alfalfa. His bees worked on wil-
low, and he wanted to know al)out
the quality of the hone}-. Answer —
Mr. Root gives it as a honej'-plant.

Mr. Rhodes offered the following res-
olution which was carried unanimously
by the convention :

Resolved, That a committee of three
be appointed wliose duty it shall be to
search out fraudulent honey, and deal-
ers in the same, and work in the Leg-
islature to secure laws to check sucli
dishonest attempts to injure the honey
inilustry of Colorado.

" Will the queen deposit eggs in
cells that have contained foul brood ?"
Mr. De Vinney said that they would
when crowded.

Keeping Hoaey from Candjrlns:.

" What method is best to keep comb
honey in winter from candying ?"

Secretary Clark favored a tempera-
ture like that in which it was stored.
If we can keep it in the same condi-
tions as regards light and heat, as in
the hive, we can keep it longer ; but
honey stored in some conditions, noth-
ing can keep it from candying. Rosin-
weed honey would sometimes candy in
48 hours.

" Is foul brood an epidemic, or is it
a contagion ?"

Mr. Rhodes thought that we must
treat it as a clearly defined disease.
The remedies reconjmended have
acted as checks, and he thinks next
year will demonstrate. This year he
began too late, when brood-rearing
had ceased. In Colorado it can be
checked easier than elsewhere. Strin-
gent legislation is necessary ; at the
last meeting one member olsjected to
a penalty. In Michigan the law is
1100 ; he had made it $50. When a
man refuses to destroy his bees he
should be punished. He took Mr.
Davis to see a man who had lost all of
his colonies but nine, and they were
diseased. The committee had asked
him to destroy the bees, oftering to
give him a new start. He would not
destroy them, and they are living now.
He believed that they had given the
disease to Mr. Graves' bees.

Mr. Carlzen said that we ought to
have a foul brood law like that ii\ Min-
nesota concerning mustard seed — if
they would not clean it, the county
would and charge them for it.

Best Rare of Bees.

•' Which race of bees are the best
honey-gatherers ?"

Mr. Davis tliought that cross-bred
bees stored as good honey as any.

Secretary Clark and Mrs. Rhodes
thought that the Italians were the best.

Mr. De Vinney saw no difi'erence in
regard to honey-gathering. Blacks
had done as well as his nearly pure
Italians.

President Milleson said that certain
races, whether pure-blooded or hybrid,
did better than others. The rule is to
adopt the best races, and breed from
them to secure a particular strain.
This is as important in bee-culture as
in cattle-breeding. His experience is
that if bees will not sting and fight in 1
defense of their honey, they have very
little to spare.

Mr. Bacon thought that this theory
would prove the blacks better tlian the
Italians, but he did not believe this.

TMU MMEmiCMP« BEE JO^RJi®!.:.

781

President Milleson said that hybrids
were considered the best by many bee-
keepers.

"Which section is the best, the one-
piece or the four-piece ?"

Secretary Clark preferred the four-
piece section, although it took more
time to form them than the one-piece.
If well put together, the one-piece will
do well.

Mr. De Vinncj* said that the one-
piece sections had to be soaked, and if
too wet, there was trouble ; sometimes
they would split in two.

Secretary Clark said that it was hard
to crate honey if the one-piece section
did not make a perfect square.

Mr. Hurlburt said that too much
water was bad ; he moistened the in-
side with a sponge, but did not touch
the groove. He would take ten or
more and wet them crosswise.

Seei-etary Clark laid them down,
and wet them on the backs, rather
than the grooved side ; as that swells
and the other side does not, there is
no danger of breaking.

Prevention of Robbin;;.

"What is the best way to prevent
bees from robbing ?"

Mr. Bacon noticed a small swarm,
two weeks ago, that had done nothing,
and for days they waited on the out-
side. He thought that they were wait-
ing for others to rob them, and then
join them.

President Milleson thought that he
would investigate ; there must be some
reason ; it may have been foul brood.

Secretarj' Clark said that the best
way was to narrow the entrance so
that only one bee could enter at a
time ; another method was to make
each colony strong.

Mr. Davis was bothered two j'ears
ago. If he covered the hive, it stop-
ped the robbing, but the bees could
not find tlieir way back. He found an
eflfective way. He opened the hive
and let them come in, then killed them
with sulphur ; in a short time he
opened it again, and when filled he
gave them another smoking. He
killed about 3 colonies, mostly his
neighbor's.

Mrs. Rhodes found that if syrup was
placed in crocks on the ground, away
from the hives, it prevented robbing.

Mr. Kniglit always narrowed his
hive-entrances, and had no trouble.

President Milleson said that bees
were like men, if you allowed a man
to get some money that he did not
earn, he will always seek some way to
get other monej' that he has not
earned ; and bees will get honey with-
out work if they can.

Tbe Colorado Honey-lfield.

"What is the aggregate yield of
honey in Colorado for 1888 ?" was not

answered, as the Secretary said that
he was getting honey all the time. The
members were directed to report to
him by the January meeting. Dr.
Shaw urged them to be careful, as
their figures were valuable, and none
such had ever been collected. The
Secretary said that if all would help
him, he could get up a column of
figures that would astonish our legis-
lators. He would send circulars to
every apiarist, but his experience in
the Horticultural Society convinced
him that not one in ten would report.

Mr. Rhodes had found new bee-men
in Boulder county, who had started
with 20 colonies ; they now had 22,
and 1,000 pounds of honey. Wherever
he went he tried to get statistics. Dr.
Shaw favored personal visitation.

It appears that there is a difterence
in the tendency of different samples of
honey to candy. What is the cause of
such a tendency ?"'

Secretary tUark said that the dififei'-
ence was in the flowers and seasons.

Mr. Pratt said that he had resolved
to build a bee-house the next day. Mr.
De Vinney said that bees often struck
each other in a bee-house, if they were
too crowded. Mr. Knight had found
that height made no difference ; a
house 9 feet from the ground did as
well as those lower.

Mr. De Vinney said that the Legis-
lative committee should get to work
now ; they should go to our member of
the House and ui'ge the cause ; then
go to the Speaker of tbe House, and
get him to put this man on the com-
mittee.

Stephen R. Pratt, R. H.-'Rhodes and
Henry Knight were appointed commit-
tee on Legislation. Messrs. CUark,
De Vinney ami Hurlburt were ap-
pointed a committee on fraudulent
honey.

Mr. Pratt said that he would like to
have members address him thus :
"Box 2804, Denver, Colo.," and state
what legislation they desired.

On motion the executive committee
was ordered to draw up a programme
for the annual meeting on the third
Monday in January, 1889. The con-
vention then adjourned until that date.
J. M. Clark, Sec.

SWARMING.

Experimciils for Controlling; the
Swarming Fever.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY DK. A. E. SMITH.

1 carried on some experiments last
summer to prevent swarming, and as
far as the colonies were concerned,
they did not swarm, but produced 140
pounds of comb honej' each.

The plan is as follows : I watched
the colony closely. Just when I
tliought they would commence build-
ing queen-cells, I opened the hive,
took out two frames of brood, shook
off most of the bees, looking sharply
that I did not have the queen, and put
in their places two frames full of foun-
dation. I then replaced the section-
cases.

In one week the}' began to show
symptoms of swarming (as I thought),
and I removed one frame, and put in
its place a frame full of foundation (I
use the 10-framo Simplicity hive). In
the last removal, I changed the outside
for the center frames, putting the four
center ones to the outside.

At the first removal I also took out
the fourth ones from the outside. In
the last removal, I took an outside
frame, but the one with the foundation
went in the same place that one of the
first did.

As I could not experiment on a large
scale, and some apiarists may know
something of this method, I would ask
them, "About what proportion of col-
onies will it prevent from swarming ?"
This seems to be enlarging the brood-
nest, but it makes no difference what
it is, that is the way to get the honey.

This was done while I was putting
on or taking off section-cases, so it will
be seen how much labor it took with
those colonies, and the removal.

I should sa}' that at the second re-
moval, and the change of inside for
outside frames, I like to uncap as
much honey as I think the bees will
take care of, and iq) it goes.

This, to me, looked the most feasi-
ble in my " well-digested plan," for the
production of comb honey, and it was
a perfect succass. I use a modifica-
tion of the T-super, and "tier up,"
filling the sections full of foundation,
and never forgetting to praise the
Italians.

If in another year I could succeed in
a large majority of cases, in prevent-
ing swarming, that would be well, but
I was afraid of an accident, etc. Any
information will be thankfully re-
ceived, and for this purpose I wish to
submit it to the correspondents of the
American Bee Journal.

Darlington, Wis.

Convention I>'otices.

C^ Tbe Nebraska State Bee-Keepers' Association
wili convene at Lincoln, Nebr., on Jan. 9, lO and u.
1889. J. N. Heater, Sec.

ZW The annual meeting of the Ontario Bee-Keep-
ers'Association will be held at Owen Stiund, Ont..
on Jan. Sand 9, 1889. Vf. CovsE. Sec.

ZJ^ There will be a meetinE of the Susquehanna
County Bee-Keepers' Association at the Court House
in Montrose, Pa., on Saturday, May 4. lK.mi,at 10 a.m.
H. M. SEELET, Sec.

fy The twentieth annual convention of the New
York State Bee-Keepers' Association will he held
in tbe City Uall, Syracuse, N. Y.. on Dec. 11. 12 and

13, 1888. G. H. KNICKBRBOCKBR, SCC.

782

'rmm m^mmmiemif be© j©^Rf«siLr.

CONVEIVTIOX DIRECTORY.

1888 Time and Place of Meeting.

Dec. 11-13.— New York State, at Syracuse. N. Y.

G. H. Kuickerbocker, Sec, Pine Plains, N. Y.

Dec. 12, 13. -Michigan State, at Jackson. Mich.

H. D. CuttinR. Sec, Clinton, Mich.

Jan.'s, 9.— Ontario, at Owen Sound, Ont.

\V. Couse. Sec, Streetaville, Ont.

Jan. 9-11.— Nebraska State, at Tjincoln, Nebr.

J. N. Heater, Sec. Columbus, Nebr.

S^" In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetinKs.— Bd.

sjMS^iife.

Fair Report for 1888 Mr. Wm.

Crouley, Redwood Falls, Nebr., writes :

My report for 1888 is fair. I havR ob-
tained something over 3,000 pounds of Iioney
from 48 colonies, spring count, and increased
tlieni to 84 colonies and several nuclei. I
will send a detailed report of the season
when I have more time.

Bees in Cood Condition.— Theo.

Johnson, Fairburj', Nebr., on Nov. 17, says:

Bees in southern Nebraska only produced
about one-fourth as much surplus as usual,
but they are all in excellent condition for
winter. The honey is of a fine quality, and
nearly all in the market.

Peedin;; Bees for Winter. — Mr.

Lemuel Stout, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 17,
1888, writes :

I have never lost a colony of bees in win-
tering. I use the "Hill device" on the
summer stands. I have carried the hives
one at a time into the kitchen, as late as the
middle of November, the colonies having
sugar stores of 13 pounds of sugar to 0 pints
of boiling water, with no acid, and no
further cooking after the water is added.
Furthermore, about once a week, on a sun-
shiny day, 1 take the covers off of the hives,
raise the cotton, open the muslin door, and
take a peep in. Some of them cluster on
the muslin, and some down among the
frames. I do not recollect ever seeing pub-
lished how fast they will take food. I
placed 18 pounds of syrup in a loug tin ves-
sel, on one ot my hives, at 3 o'clock in the
afternoon, and at 6 o'clock the ne.xt morn-
ing they were running over the bottom of
the vessel, averaging 1 1-5 pounds per hour.

Sniokin;; Bees, ele.— T. F. Kinsel,
Shiloh, O., on Nov. 19, 1888, writes :

In reading the article on " Bee-Keeping,"
on page 748, 1 was particularly attracted Dy
' the part ot it relative to " smoKe." The re-
marks, if heeded, may be worth the price ot
the Amehican Bee Journai. for a year. 1
have often heard men remark, "Bees won't
sting me." It is not true. Bees, at times,
without smoke or something to subdue
them, will sting the oldest bee-master in
the world, if jarred or irritated. When men
" never get stung," they, perhaps, only go
among bees to handle swarms, or when
himey is coming in freely, when there is
really but little danger unless an accident
occurs. Let such men hive swarms when
they have become mixed up in the air, or
have been lighting— such bees sometimes
become savage, and are dangerous to handle

even with a good smoker. I never use a
veil or gloves, yet a good smoker 1 consider
indispensable, especially when doing the
last extracting, or preparing the bees for the
cellar.

The season here has not been a good one
for surplus honey, though the brood-cham-
bers are well filled with bees, and honey
enough for winter use.

Sliaking' Itee*Diseasc— JYlignon-

ette.— Frank Waring, Philipsburg, Pa., on
Nov. 19, 1888, writes :

Last spring I had 3 colonies of bees which
I thought had symptoms of the "shaking
disea-e." Their queens had been reared
from one which 1 had bought. I had read,
in the Bee Journal, of people curing the
shaking disease by pouring salt brine over
the frames. I thought that I would try
feeding salt brine in the open air ; so I pro-
cured a small trough, put salt and water
into it, and placed it near the hives, but not
a bee was seen on it until after one night,
when it rained hard, overflowing the
trough ; the next morning the bees were
l3usy, and continued working on it for
weeks. 1 filled it up with water, and added
salt to suit their taste. All signs of the
shaking disease disappeared before fall.

This fall my sister had one small plot of
dwarf mignonette, one of mammoth mig-
nonette, audone of Alsike clover, in bloom
at the same time, the first crop of Alsike
having been cut off when in bloom. When
the small mignonette had 20 or 30 bees on
it, the mammoth would have about half as
many, and the Alsike clover would have 2
or 3 bees on it. If we had plenty of that
small mignonette it would keep bees from
robbing late in the fall, when the frost has
killed more tender plants.

Iioney and Bees\f'ax Market.

A Magnificent Present

For eveiy one who will send us a Club
of five new subscribers for 1889, before
next January. All the remaining issues
of this year free to new subscribers.

ThisATLAS

contains large scale
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It is beautifully
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nvil condition of
people, chief pro-
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loutKl a concise His-
tory ot each State.

Price, in hest English cloth binding (size, closed,
11x14 inches ; opened, 22x14 inches), 3$4.50.

To any one sending us, direct
to this office, FIVE XEW
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(renewals not to count) we wiW pi'eseiit
this beautiful Atlas, by mail, postpaid.

We have purchased one of them for our own use.
and regard it as a valuable acquisition to our library.
It is handsomely bound and contains a fund of very
useful knowledge. It contains 1»S pages.

THOS. G. NEWMAN A: SON,
923&925 W.Madison-St.. - CHICAGO. ILLS.

CHICAGO.

HONEir.— We quote : White clover 1-lbs., I8^19c.;
2-lb8.. m®17c. Good dark 1-lbs., 15(5H6c.; 2-lbs., 13@
14c. Buckwheat l-lbs.. I4@l5c,; 2Ib8., I2@il2^c.—
Extracted. 7@9c.. depending upon quality and style
of package. Receipts increasing, but demand still
limited. Stock is not selling as freely this season as
a year ago.

BKESWAX.— 22c.
Nov. 13. a. T. FISH & CO., 189 S. Water St.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.-It is selling fairly well at 18c. for best
1-lbs,; very fancy lots have sold at 20c. Dark and.
yellow comb sells shuvlyat i:i@lHc. Extracted, 7itJ
9c.. according to quality and style of package. The
stock of best comb honey is light.

BEESWAX,— a2o. K. A. BURNETT.

Nov. 22. 161 South Water St,

MILWAUKEE.
HONEY.-We quote : Fancy white 1-Ibs., 18@20c.;

2-lbs , lH@i8c. Good dark l.Ibs., 16®i8c.: 2-lb8., 15 to
16c.; fair l-lbs. i2^(«.l4c. Extracted, white, in kegs
and J^-barrels, H^iayc. ; amber in same. 7f^@*<c.; in
pails and tin, white, i»'iyi^c.; in barrels and lialf-bar-
rels. dark, 6@6Vsc. Market steady and supply ample
for the moderate demand, but present values have
a tendency to restrict general consumption.

BEESWAX.— 22{si23c.
Oct. 25. A. V. BISHOP. 142 W. Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs., 15@l7c.
2-lb8., I4@l6c. Fair wiiite l-lbs., 14@ltic.; 2-lb8.,l J
to i.'ic. Kxtracted. white, 7i^@ac.

BBESWAX.-23ii;C.
Sep. 17. THURBBR. WHYLAND & CO

NEW YORK.

HONE Y.— We quote . Fancy white 1-lbs., 17@iac. ;
2 lbs , I3@l4c. Fair white l-lbs.. 15@i6c.; 2-lbA.. I2c.
Buckwheat l-lbs., ili<(.i2c.; 2lb8., liK§Jllc. White
extracted. 7'-s(s<8>ftc.; buckwheat. 5}4®6Hb.: <'alifor-
nia extracted, white sage, 7H@T^c. , amber, 7K@7J^.
Demand good and prices firm. New comb honey is
arriving quite freely.

BEESWAX.— li3im23V^C.

HILDKETil BROS. & SEGELKEN,
Oct. 10. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Duane St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— White l-lb. sections. l2@I2Hc.; 2-lb3.,
I2(g*l4c.; amber. 8(§;iuc. Extracted, white, e^fSe^c.:
light amber, 6c.; amber and candied. 514'^5'^c. For
comb honey the demand is light ; for extracted it is
good, and market firm.

BEESWAX.— Dull at 18@22c.
Nov. 15. O. B, SMITH & CO.. 423 Frout St.

DETROIT.

HONEY.— Best white 1-lbs., I7@18c, Supply is bet-
ter. Extracted, 8@yc. Sales slow.

BBEaWAX.-22{at^yc.
Nov. 17. M. H. HUNT. Bell Branch. Mich.

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 5^8c. per !b.
Best white comb honey, iRc. Demand slew.

BEKSWAX.— Demand is good— 2U(d22c. per lb. for
ffood tn choice vetlow. on arrivHl.
Nov. 12. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.- Choice i-lb. sections, iRc ; dark l-Ibs..
14c.; 2-lb3., IHC; dark, ]3c. White extracted in «0-
Ib. cans. sc. ; amber, 7c.: in barreU and kegs, o@8c.
Demand good, prices steady, and stock fair.

BEESWAX.— None in market.
Sep. 27. HAMBLIN & BEAK38, 514 Walnut St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.-We quote : Fancv white l-lb. sections,
I7^@18c.: 2-lbs., 14tair>c. Fair l-Ibs.. 14V^@i5^c.;
2-lb8.,ii@l2c. Extracted, fancy white clover. 7^®-*^^.
California white in i;iv-lb. cans, hc, ; light amber ,in
same cans. 79^0.: amb^T, 7)ftC. Buckwheat in kegs
and barrel*, 5K@6. Cuban, in barrels and J^-barrels.

65c. per gallon. „

Sep.26. F.G.STROHMBYER&CO., 122WaterBt.

BOSTON

HONEY.-We quote: Best white clover l-pounds,

17{§ilHc.; best 2-lbs.. in«.i7c. Extracted. Mf5 9c. The

receipts are very light, and honey sells fairly well.

Nov. 12. BLAKE & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— White I-lbs., I7c.: fair. t4c.; CaUfornia
white 1-lbs., I7c.: 2-!bs.. 15c. Extracted white Cali-
fornia. 7Wc. : amber. 7c.

BEESWAX— None in the market.
Nov. 22. CLEMONS, CLOON & CO.. cor 4th &Walnut.

ST. LOUIS.

HONEY.— We quote ; Extracted in barrels, 5@6c.,
according to quality; in cans. 7®8c. Comb, l2Jij@l5c.
Prices tlrmer on account of scarcity, though the
demand is not great.

BKBSWAX.- 2lc. for orime.
Oct. 17. D. G. TUTT & CO.. Commercial St.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— We quote : Extracted, white, Gli cents;
litrht amber, B^fv-iiC.; amber. 5^c. Comb, white I-
Ibs I3®l4c.; 2-lbs., 13C. Light amber l-lbs.. l:i@13c.;
■'-lbs. ii@i2c. Demand very active for extracted,
and fair for comb honey.

ritit^waX "'ll&ilC

Nov. e. SCHACHT 4 LBMCKB, 122-124 DaTl« 8t.

THE MMERICaPf BEE JOHRlMMt.

787

XH051AS G. WE^VJIAN,

EDITOR.

MXXIV, Dec, 5, 18

No. 49,

Patience, O mortal. Patience yet awhile I
How long soe'er iby evils here, the gates
Of glory do but wait to open wide
For him who waits I

Xypiioid Fever, says the Cmuidian
Bee J(jwr)i(i(, lias laid low two of the chil-
dren of Mr. G. A. Deadman, of Brussels.
Ont. lie and the entire household were
stricken with the fever, but they have re-
covered. Our sympathy is with our brother
in his affliction.

XUe l^ansTStrotli Fund has had

quite a boost, by a contribution from our
English brethren amounting to about S112.
This was forwarded by Mr. Thos. Wm.
Cowan to Dr. C. C. Miller, and by the latter
sent to Mr. Langstroth. The following
letter of acknowledgement is published in
the British Bee Journal for Nov. 15, 1888,
which has just come to hand :

Mv Dear Mr Cowan :— Yours of the 5th
inst., with 231 5s. M. for the Langstroth
Fund, is received. It is not necessary that
I should otfer any words of thanks to you
and y(pur countrymen for your aid in this
worthy work, fur the reward comes with the
doing ; yet I would do violence to my own
feelings did I not express to you my deep
feeling of gratitude that God has prompted
you to this act. 1 am sure 1 know the bee-
keepers of America well enough to say that I
am speaking fur them when 1 sav, "Thank
you, thank you." Surely such things bring
us nearer together. The ocean is not quite
so wide as it was. The bond of friendly
feeling between the two countries grows
stronger each day ; and it I were ever to
stray so far from these " western wilds " as
totind myself on "Albion's green isle," 1
am quite certain I could sing " God Save the
Queen !" as heartily as any of you.
Most cordially yours,

C. C. MlI.LEK.

Marengo, Ills., Oct. 24, 1888.

Our British Friends are having a
fierce fight in the British Bee Journal over
Carniolan queens and bees. The combat-
tants are Mr. Simmins, Mr. Benton, Mr.
Blow and "Amateur Expert." The editor
and sub-editor of the Britlsli Bee Journiil
also take a hand in the contioversy — Mr.
Blow's last article being written from Wis-
consin. After one of these articles by
"Amateur Expert," in the issue for Nov.
15, he remarks as follows concerning the
annual convention at Columbus, O., and
our article on European adulterated honey,
in the American Bee Journal for Oct.
24, 1888, on page 691 :

Now let us cross "the pond." While we
are stinging each other in this fashion, our
friends over yonder have been holding a
bigconvention at Cnlunilin«, Ohio. Mr. E.
Secor, the bee-men's Laureate, has com-
posed two "bee-poems," and Dr. Miller
has set them to music ; cons^qnently. they
sing these hymns in the meetings as Crom-
well's " Ironsides " sang when on the
march. We shall have to gf r a piano at
.Jermyn Street for the " Annnnl," so that we
too may have a harmony. Would it not be
a strong inducemnnt for more to ait'ml ?
Ton will find the music and words in Qlcan-
inqs and the American Bee Joitrnai,.

Talking about the American Bee .Iour-
NAL, reminds me Iriend Newman has hnen
giving us a poke i" the ribs over adultera-
tion. He finds " C. Lyle patented a mix-
ture in England (patent No. 8SK3) of grape
sugar, fruit sugar, and glucose ('Ipxtrose,
levulose, and glucose), with the addition of
fruit essence, and thinks this comnound is
equal to any natural honey." Mr. Newuian
wishes to know what we know about it, or
if it is only a " joke," as " adulterated bee-
farms" in America, that we are so fond of
talking about, are only a joke. Perhaps Mr.
Hooker will look up the patent when he
next goes to the Patent Office. As to the
stuff, 1 do not know if anv is made from
Lyie's prescription, but I do know that all
onr grocers sell what they call "honey
syrup," at five-pence per pound. It is liuht-
colored, like clover honey, does not granu-
late, is evidently flavored with some es-
sence, and is presentable both to the eye
and the palate. I cannot find that any one
buvs it for "honey" but perfectly unl^er-
stands it is a manufactured article, conse-
quently no harm is done ; and that is alto-
gether a different matter from the bogus
noney put up by purveyors and sold as the
product of the bee at more than double price.

Honey Jumbles. — When at the Co-
lumbus convention we purchased a package
of the honey jumbles which were being sold
in the building devoted to the bee and
honey exhibit, by a young man in charge of
A. I. Root's exhibit. They were nice. This
is a description of them from Gleanings :

One of our men sold in a few days seven
barrels of these honey cakes, and could
have sold a gnod many more had he been
able to get them from the factory before
the Exposition closed. At one time he sold
two barreU in about twelve hours. Now,
the particular point aboutthislotnt jumbles
that made them sell, is, I hat they were a
year old, and yet they were just as nice to
eat as the day they were baked, and not one
of Ihegreat crowd took a single exception
to them. This is the great point in using
honey for making jumbles. Tou can keep
them just as long as you choose, and they
do not get dry and hard, like cakes made of
sugar or molasses. Possibly under some
circumstances they may dry up ; but by
placing the barrel in the cellar, or anywhere
else where it is a little damp, they will very

soon become soft and delicious, and yet
there is no danger of mold or anything of
the sort.

A B C of Bec-CMllure.— The 37tb
thousand of this excellent book by A. I.
Root, of Medina, 0., is now published, and
a copy of it is on our desk.

The book has been thoroughly revised,
and brought down to the present day. Our
ever-changing pursuit demands these re-
visions every year or two, in order to keep
abreast of the times. The book now con-
tains 400 large double-column pages o(
closely printed matter, and over 300 engrav-
ings ; many of which are executed in the
best style of the art. Generally speaking,
the printing is also done very credilably,
though some of the engravings are not up to
the mark in the matter of press work.
About .50 new engravings have been made
for this edition, and about .50 pages of en-
tirely new matter have been added to the
body of the work in addition to the other
new matter under various headings, to take
the place of the discarded matter.

At the end of the book we discover 16
pages devoted to biographical sketches of
some of onr promineut apiarists, accom-
panied with illustrations. These are mostly
from the fei tile pen of Dr. C. C. Miller, of
Marengo, Ills., who has given iu a con-
densed form biographies which are very
interesting.

The author of the book gives the follow-
ing concerning it in Oleunings In Bee-Cul-
ture for November :

In 1880 we employed G. M. Doolittle to
carefully read the ABC and point out such
faults and add such suugestinns as his large
experience might dictate, llis commeias
have been found to be so valuable that we
Ihiiught best to employ a no less iJi-actical
and extensive beekeeper. Dr. C. C. Miller,
to perform the same task on the present
edition. He did so, adding his comments,
or suggestions, to the latter portion of the
work. The experience of two snch every-
day bee-keepeis, confinnator.v, in the ma-
jority of cases, on various topics brouaht up
in the A B C liook, will be round to be ex-
ceedingly valuable to the reader

Noih'ng hut that which is known to be
thoro^lyhly practical has been admitted to
its pai:e-^. In cither words, every subject
has been treated from a dollar and cent
pointofview. Strict attention to this par-
ticular, more than to anything alse, has
given the ABC enormous sales. Althnui'h
we have added greatly to the value of the
book, as well as to its cost, ilie price will he
the same as heretofore— $1.35 in cloth ; $1.00
in paper, postpaid.

This book and Prof. Cook's are well
worth the prices at which they are publish-
ed, and we cannot do better tiian to advi,se
every apiarist to get both and study them
well. Prof. Cook's is more full and valua-
able on the anatomy and physiology of bees,
while Mr. Root gives interesting details
about all the implements used in the apiary,
and how to make them. Much of the new
matter iu the latter is in reference to hive-
making, comb honey, comb foundation,
swarming and rearing queens.

We are well pleased with these new books
for 1888, and specially recommend them
both to the craft in general.

788

TMm mmtm^iQmM m'em jouRKMir.

GLEMSOFEEWS.

Paris Exposilioii.— It will be seeu
from the foUowini! circular letter of the
Represenlative of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture that the work of pre-
paring the collection for the exhibit of this
Department alone is no small undertaking.
An idea of the collection in the aggregate
can be imagined when we remember that
agriculture is only one of the nine groups,
into whifh the exhibit of the United States
is divided :

By joint rtsolution approved May 10,
1888, Congress lormally accepted the invita-
tion of the French Republic to take part in
the Paris Universal Exposition ot 1889, and
made anapproprialicm to defray the expen-
ses incident to the collection and installation
of the American exhibit. It was provided
that a commissioner general, and an assist-
ant commissioner general should be ap-
pointed to frame rules and regulations tor
the undertaking, and, under the direction
of the Secretary of State, to control the ex-
penditures to which it might give rise ; and
that as assistants to the Commissioner Gen-
eral, nine scientific experts, to be assigned
to the nine groups into which fhe French
authorities have divided the Exposition,
should be appointed by the President. It
was furthermore made the duty ot the Com-
missioner of Agriculture to collect and pre-
pare suitable specimens of the agricultural
■proriuctious of the several States and ter-
ritories.

In accordance with the provisions of this
resolution of Congress, arrangements have
been duly made between Gen. William B.
Franklin, Commissioner General, and Nor-
man J. Culman, Commissioner ot Agricul-
ture, for preparing that part of the exhibit
for which the latter is respousible.

The undersigned, having been appointed
by the President as one ot the assistants to
the Commissioner General, and assigned to
Group ViU (agricultural products), has
also been designated by the Commissioner
of Agriculture as his representative to pre-
pare the agricultural exhibit, and a board has
been formed in the Department of Agricul-
ture, consisting of the undersigned, Mr.
William Saunders, Mr. O. D. La Dow, Mr.
M Trimble, and Dr. D. E. Salmon, to con-
sider and decide upon all questions relating
to the agriculture exhibit.

A sub-division of the work into various
branches has been made, to facilitate the
collecting and preparing of material for the
exhibit, and special agents have been as-
signed as follows :

1. Grains— Mr. George William Hill, ot
St. Paul, Minn.

2 Citrous and other Fruits— Mr. H. E.
Van Deman, of the Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington.

3 Cotton and Fibres— Col. Jas. R. Bin-
ford of Duck Hill, Miss., and Mr. Charles
Ricli'ards Dodge, ot Boston, Mass.

4 Viticulture-Mr. B. F. Clayton, of New
York, and Mr. George Husmaun, ot Napa
City, Calif.

h Tobacco and Peanuts— Mr. Alexander
McDonald, of Lynchburg, Va.

6 A"ricultural Education and Experi-
ment s"tations-Prof. W. O. Atwater, ot this
Departai' nt.

7 Vegetables, including Hops and Cran-
berries- Mr. M. G. Kern, ot St. Louis, Mo.

8. Entomology, including Apiculture and
Silk-Culture— The undersigned, Mr. N. W.
McLain, of Hinsdale, Ills., and Mr. Philip
Walker, ot this Department.

9. Forestry— Prof. B. E. Fernow, of this
Department, and Mr. M. G. Kern, of St.
Louis, Mo.

10. Sorghum and other Sugar Plants-
Plot H. W. Wiley, ot this Department.

11. Grasses and Forage Plants— Dr. Geo.
Vasey, of this Department.

12. Meat Products.— Dr. D. E. Salmon, of
this Department.

In addition to the foregoing divisions of
the exhibit the heads of Divisions of the
Department of Agriculture have been called
upon to make contributions and their sev-
eral specialties as follows :

Methods of collecting and of sending out
seeds— Mr. W. M. King.

Mammals and birds injurious or beneficia!
to agriculture— Dr. C. HartMerriam.

Illustrations of the principal fungus dis-
eases of agricultural products— Prot. B. T.
Galloway.

Illustrations o( the methods of discrimi-
nating between adulterated and pure food
products by microscopic methods — Dr.
Thomas Taylor.

General Agricultural Statistics— Dr. J. R.
Dodge.

The attention of all who intend or wish
to become contributors to the agricultural
exhibit, is called to the necessity of putting
themselves into communication with this
ofBce, either directly by mail, or throuah
the special agents who are already in the
field. The time remaining, though ample,
if exhibitors are prompt in making their
purposes known, is yet so short as to leave
little margin for delay.

It is intended, as far as practicable, to
show not only the varied products of the
country by samples, but also by means of
photographs and models, the methods and
processes of cultivating, harvesting and pre-
paring for the market.

While it is the purpose ot the Commis-
sioner to malie the display one that will be
creditable to the country at large, yet the
advantages to follow from the spread of in-
formation, among foreign peoples, as to the
great variety and unrivaled qualities of
American agricultural productions, are de-
signed to accrue directly to individuals and
associations who may contribute of their
products to the enterprise. The name and
locality of the exhibitor will be plainly
affixed to every exhibit, and will appear, as
well, in the official catalogues of the Expo-
sition.

Materials contributed in bulk will be
placed in suitable receptacles for display,
at this office, and all exhibits will be trans-
ported to Paris, cared for, and returned free
of cost to the exhibitor.

Organizations desiring to prepare, at their
own expense, more elaborate exhibits of the
products ot a given locality, should com-
municate at once the extent ot floor or wall
space they desire.

All materials designed for the Agricul-
tural exhibit must be in Washington not
later than tlie middle of January, 1889, and
must be carefully addressed to the under-
signed and marked, as must all letters,
Paris ExposiHon. C. V. Riley,

Representative.

Ancient Foolislincss-- The follow-
ing very quaint extract was taken out of a
book entitled, "Speculum Mundi ; or A
Glasse Representing the Face of the World,"
written by John Swan, M. A., 183.% by T.
Bonner Chambers, F. L. S., and sent to the
British Bee Journal for publication. It ex-
hibits the ignorance about bees 250 years
ago:

Bees.— These be those winged workmen,
which whether their proHt or admiration
be greater, I am scarce able to say. For
they do not onely busily bestirre themselves
to gather hony, which is very useful in the
life of man ; but they do work it up in most
strange manner, and keep it in their waxen
cells so rarely built that all the men which
the world affords are not able to do the like.
Neither is this all : for they live so, as they
may be true patterns of needful government,
keeping themselves under the subjection of
a king, and order of laws. They may well
be likewise said to have the soveraignty
and pre-eminence above all others ot this
kinde, because the rest come farre short of
their perfections.

It is a creature having foure wiugs, and
bloudlesse. the onely crafts-master of
honey. Their eyes are somewhat ot a
horny substance, hid deep in their bodies,
as is also their stings ; which when they
lose they die :

Vitam in vulnere pronunt :
because their sting and entrails come away
together. They want neither tongue nor
teeth, and out of their short feet or stumps,
there grow forth as it were two fingers,
wherein they carry a little stone, for the
poysing their bodies in stormy, windie,
tempestuous weather ; it being a great
means to keep them fiom blowing away and
losing their homes.

Neither can it be denied but that by na-
ture they are much different : tor some are
more domesticall and tame, and others
again are altogether wilde, uplandish, and
agre^tiall. Those former are much de-
lighted with the familiar friendship, cus-
tome, and company of men ; but the other
can in no wise brook or endure them, and
therefore they keep their trade of honey-
making in old trees, caves, and such like
other holes.

As for their breathing, I do not believe it;
hnwbeit they may pant, move, or stirre (as
the heart or brain doth), and by transpira-
tion be comforted and made lively: for
they be much refreshed by the aire which
passeth through their divided places, inso-
much that they alwayes use great diligence
and care to preserve tliem from being
stopped : for as soon as they be stopped in
those passages, they die ; as we see if at
any time they chance to tall into oyl, or the
likeliquour, which may stop their pores.

Some make three kings amongst them,
differing in colour, as black, red, and divers
coloured ; but perhaps there is rather one
king in a companie, the other like kings
may be esteemed as viceroyes. In their
hreeding, thev actually couple together,
after which they lay eggs, setting upon
them for the space of live and fourtie
dayes ; then do they hatch their young
ones, which at the first come forth much
like to white worms, except the king, who
only is said to be hatched with wings. And
sometimes there is a kinde ot bee bred out
of putrefation, as authors write. A rotten
horse breedeth wasps ; a dead calf bees, if
the west winde b'ow ; from an asse pro-
ceed humble-bees ; ot a mule, hornets, etc.
And whether the bees iu Samson's dead
lion were bred anywhere else, no man
knoweth.

C2^ Tberewill be a meeting of the Susquehanna
County He«-Keepera' Associationat theCourtHouse
in Montrose, Pa., on Saturday, May 4, iHrtii.at n> a.m.
H. M. SEBLEr, s«.

I

TMm JKMERICSPI MMW JQiafRKMEf.

789

Two Colonic!!! in One Hive in
the Spring.

WrUtcn for the American Bee Journal

Query 594.— Thei hiyes I use take 10 and
12 Langetroth frames, and the hive-entrances
are 7 or 8 Inches long. Would it be a good
Idea, in the early spring, to put one of the
division-boards in the centre of the hive, thus
making two divisions, using the 10 or 12
frame— .5 or 6 frames in each division, and
put in two queens, one in each apartment,
and arrange an entrance-slide in the center
of the entrance, so as to make two entrances;
and when they have bred up strong, to remove
one of the queens, take the divisioti-board
from the center, and put the brood froiu the
two divisions in the centre, and take away
the entrance-slide '/—New York.

It looks practicable, if yon have the
queens. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

I have found such an arrangement
to work niceh'. — A. B. Mason.

In early spring, one good queen can
lay more eggs than the bees can care

for. — G. M. DOOLITTLE.

This would answer all right experi-
mentalh' ; but jjraclically — "it never
would do." — Will M. Barnum.

I think that the plan is too cuniber-
sonie to pay. — M. Mahin.

I have had but little experience in
this line. It looks well, but does not
" pan out" all right. — H. D. Cutting.

No. One queen, if good, will lay
all the eggs the whole colony can take
care of in the spring. — R. L. Taylor.

Your plan will work, but I would
arrange the entrances at opposite
sides of the hive. — J. M, Ha5IBAUGH.

Your plan has some plausibility
about it, but practically I fear in the
end there would be little gained. — J.
P. H. Brown.

Theoretically the plan is all right.
There is a quicker and cheaper way to
get what honcj' a field affords. — James
JHeddon.

I always practice contraction in the
spring, though I only keep one colony
in each hive. Dr. Miller puts 2 colo-
nies in each hive in winter, I think,
and likes it. — A. J. Cook.

I should prefer to keep the bees all
together, rather than to attempt to
split them up. One queen is sufficient
in the spring. — J. E. Pond.

No ; that is not practical. It looks
better in theory than in practice. A
good queen, after a good wintering,
will fill }our 12 Langstroth frames
with brood. — Dadant & Son.

No doubt but your plan will work
well, but it occurs to me — where would
you get two queens for each hive in the
early spring ? I find it no easy matter
to furnish all my colonies with one
good queen each, in the early spring.
— G. W. Demaeee.

That would undoubtedly work .all
right if one liked so nvxi-'h fussing ; but
I slioulil prefer smaller hives and less
manipulating of the frames. — Eu<5ene
Seoor.

This m.ay work well, but if a colony
is strong enough to make two 5-frame
nuclei, I would prefer to contract it to
its capacity, and let one queen do the
business.— P. L. Viallon.

Everything will work nicely until
yon come to separate them. Then, if
not careful, you will give one queen
all the Hying force. With the plan
given in " A Year Among the Bees," I
have no trouble in letting each queen
keep her own bees. — C. C. Miller.

This plan might work very well, but
I do not see where you would get your
extra queens so early, unless you prac-
tice doubling up. I have experimented
some on this line, but I have not yet
decided whether it is of any advan-
tage. Give it a trial and report in the
American Bee Journal. — C. H. Dib-

BERN.

No, do not do it. If a good queen
cannot fully occupy the hive before the
honey-yiekl, the hive is too large, that
is all. If the queen cannot populate a
hive of the proper size, get a new
queen. The bee-keeper should work
his bees in wholesale lots, and avoid
puttering. — J. M. Shuck.

We can see no advantage in the
plan proposed, for one good queen
will lay all the eggs required, and all
that can be taken care of. The fuss
and extra labor would not pay, es-
pecially if the apiarist has anything
else to do ; and the separation in the
spring may cause more trouble than
you expect. Besides, to obtain the ex-
tra queen required when dividing, and
to profitably employ them after unit-
ing, will be a problem to solve. — The
Editor.

Frames for Producing Extrncled
Honey.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 595.— When working for extracted
honey, and the tierlng-up system is practiced,
suppofethe bee-keeper uses the Langstroth
brood-frame, would it rot be more desirable,
and would not more honey be secured by
using frames '/i the depth; or If that Is thought
to be too shallow, say 8 or 7 Inches deep, and
the same length as the Langstroth frame, in-
stead of using the frames inlhe upper story
the full depth of the Langstroth frame ?— New
York.

I think not. — Will M. Barnuji.

I believe it would. — Eugene Secor.

I prefer a uniform frame above and
below. — J. M. Hambaugii.

I think not, judging from my own
experience. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

I use full-depth frames for extract-
ins;. — G M. DOOLITTLE.

I think not. I believe that we can-
not afford two sizes of frames. — A. J.
Cook.

I prefer a shallow frame for top-
storing for extracted honey. — J. P. H.
Brown.

This will give you more frames to
manipulate ; hence extra labor and no
more surplus. — P. L. Viallon.

The shallow frames are better if you
do not mind having two kinds of
frames. — C. C. Miller.

We decidedly prefer frames G inches
deep, ;ifter hsiving tried different kinds
side by side for years. — Dadant &
Son.

Many of our most successful bee-
keepers use a 5-inch frame, Langstroth
length, with the best results. — H. D.
Cutting.

I have used half Langstroth depth
frames for extracting over 15 years,
and I prefer tliem to full-depth frames.
— James Heddon.

I think that no more honey would
be gathered by using shallow frames
in such a case, and their use might, or
might not, be more desirable, accord-
ing to the other circumstances. — R. L.
Taylor.

For extracted honey I prefer a frame
not more than G inches deep in the
clear. Those that I use are 5J inches,
and they seem to be just right. — M.
Mahin.

This is a question on which there
has been considerable discussion. I
prefer the regular Langstroth frame.
I think that the ([uestion is a local one,
and wholly a matter of individual pref-
erence.— J. E. Pond.

I think that good results could be
secured with frames J the depth of the
Langstriith frames. I prefer a frame
7 inches deep, but about 4 inches
longer than the Langstroth, and would
use these to tier up for extracted
honey. — C. H. Dibbern'.

For .shallow supers, I make them just
right to hold a frame that will just
take in a 41x4J-inch section; so if I
want to use sections, I put in brood-
frames. When the bees require more
room than is furnished by the shallow
super, I remove it and put a full story
in its place, using the Langstroth
frame, and place the shallow super, if
not completed, on a weaker colony. —
A. B. Mason.

According to my experience, ex-
tending through eight or ten years, I
would say yes, if the shallow frames
are properly adjusted in c;ises suitable
to the tiering-up system. I would not
advise frames more than G inches deep.
I make mine a fraction less than 5
inches deep, so that 2 frames will go
in the extractor made for the standard
Langstroth frame. When the season

790

THE MuyiERicMr* m'Bm jo^kkmi*.

is very good, I use the standard size of
supers interehangeabl}- with the shallow
cases, on the strongest colonies. — G.
W. Demaree.

The honey-yield never depends upon
the kind of hive, nor the shape of the
frame. Flowers yield honej', if any is
gathered ; bees are the gatherers, and
the combs ai'e the vessels to hold the
honey. We may get more honey in a
marketable shape by some method
Ihan we may by' another, but if the
llowers yield, and the colonies are
strong, and storage room is abundant,
a "log gum " will hold as much as the
finest hive in the world, of the same
capacity. (Give me credit for priority
on this statement. I think that I have
a "moral right" to it,)— J. M. Shuck.

Economy would probably decide
this question in the negative. Two
sizes of frames are not only undesir-
able, but unnecessarily troublesome
and laborious in the manipulations of
the apiary. — The Editor.

HONEY-BEES.

Ancient Apicullural History and
JLiierature.

Written Jtir the American Bee Journal
BV HENRY K. STALE!'.

Bees have been known to man since
the highest antiquity, then living in
trees, caves, box-hives, or the conical
straw-skeps and other rude habitations
prepared by the ancients. That the}'
existed long before the Christian era,
we have the Biljle as our testimony.
Who has not heard of the "land flow-
ing with milk and honey ?" or of Sam-
son, how that, when he went down to
Timnath, to view his girl, he came
upon a young, stalwart lion, which he
rent with his hands ? or, how that.

We Club the American Bee Jmimal

for a year, witli any ot the following papers

or books, at the prices quoted in the LASX

column. The regidar price ot both is given

in tlie tirst column. One year's subscription

for tlie American Bee Journal must be sent

with eacli order for another paper or book:

Price of botn. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 OU . . .

and Gleanings in Rise-Culture 2 00 — 1 76

- -- -- - -" 140

1 40
140
165
180
l.'iO
5 00

2 00
175
150
2 00
2 10
2 20
1 30
1 40
150
130
175
125
125

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50.

Bee-Keepers' rjuide 150

Bee-Keepers' Review 1 50 —

The Apiculturist 1 75

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 —

Canadian Honey Producer...! 40 —
The 8 above-named papers ^Q^ —

tmd Cook's Manual 2 '35

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00

Binder tor Am. Bee Journal..! 60

Dzierzon's liee-Book (cloth) . . .3 00

Root's A BCof Bee-Culture.. 2 25....

Farmer's Account Book 4 00

Western World Guide 1 50

Heddon's book, "Success, ".. 150..

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 —

Convention Hand- Book 1 50.. ..

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00. . . .

How to Propagate Fruit 1 50

History of National Society. .150

Convention Notices.

Cy The Nebraska state Bee-Keepers' Associatjion
will convene at Liucoln, Nebr., on Jan. 9. lO and 11,
188.9. J. W. UeaTEH, Sec.

S3^ The annual meeting of the Ontario Bee-Keep-
ers'Associuimn will be held at Owen Sounrl, Ont.,
onJan.snnda, 18k9. W. Coi'SE. Sec.

XW~ The twentieth annual convention of the New
York State Bee-Keepers' Association will he held
in the City Hall, Syracuse, N. Y.. on Dec', il. 12 and

13. IWS. U. a. KNICKBKBOCKKR, Sec.

^^' The iSrd annual meetine of the Michigan
Siiiie l*ef-Keepei«' A.-i3ociaii<in will beheld in tlie
Council Ro.ini itt.Iuckson. Mich . on Dec. 12 and 13,
IKKH. Greiitlv re<lii'-cil rules huve been securcl at

the Hurd Uou-e. siso jil Itu ninerciitl House

(near the Mid. niiUL Central .lepot) at tl.f.oanil »l.iio
per day. A prou'r:ininic i« beiny prepared anil excel-
lent essays are aire uly pronnaeti. Any bee-keeper
having anylhing new and useful, and tlndincit liu-
ptis-ible tt) be piesent. can send it by Kxpress to
.TH<-k«"n ill (lire of the Secretary, who will place it
on exhibition and return it as per orders. Please to
cuuie auU brinn your Pee-lieepmg friends with you.
II. D. CDTTINO, Sec

after a time, wlien he went to take her
to wife, turning aside to the vineyard,
he found the carcass of the dead lion
inhabited by a populous swarm of
bus}' bees, from whose ossiferous domi-
cile he partook of the honey and ate,
also oftering some to his parents ?

And growing out of this came that
mighty riddle of riddles, which he put
forth at the marriage feast, completely
dumb-founding the would-be expound-
ers, viz: "Out of the eater came
forth meat, and out of the strong came
forth sweetness." A beautiful thought
this is indeed, how that out of a lion's
carcass could come that sweet, de-
licious honey, which the bees can
gatlier from the reddest clover tops to
the whitest buckwheat blossoms. No
wonder it tempted Samson, for what
boy or girl, when buckwheat cakes are
in season, does not desire the smooth-
healing honey for a covering ?

It was on this riddle that Samson
declared, that if within the seven days
of the feast they could declare it unto
him, then he would donate them 30
sheets and 30 changes of garments ;
but if then they could not expound it,
lie tlien was to receive the same from
them. At first not being able to ac-
complish the desideratum, tliey got his
wife to entice her husband to tell her
the riddle, and she to them ; and hav-
ing plowed witli his heifer (as he .ap-
she nearly

as a sequel of tliis riddle, emanating
from tlie bee, were 30 men slain at
Ashkelon by Samson, to purvey goods
for those who had wrongfully won the
guerdon of the riddle.

This was not the entl of that slight
affair ; for, the Philistines having
burned Samson's wife, enraged him
the more, so that he took 500 foxes,
and, turning them tail to tail, put a
tire-brand between to tails, and let
them go into the standing corn of the
Philistines. Thus we can see, as "great
oaks from little acorns grow," terrible
results from meager things may follow,
as it does from those dirty and abomin-
able apicultural lies circulated through-
out the country. And I think that
that carcass ought to have the praise
of being the first frame hive, and pos-
sibly of giving the idea of movable-
frame hives to men.

Honey as an Ancient Food.

Honey was held in great esteem by
the ancients. Jacob, when he sent his
sons down into Egypt, had honey as
one of the gifts for the Governor. I
wonder if he thought it would soften
the temper of Pharaoh, or curb his
tongue and ire ; for you know how
sweet it tastes.

The diet of John the Baptist in the
wilderness was locust and wild honey ;
and Solomon said : " Hast thou found
honey ? Eat so much as is sufficient
for thee, lest thou be filled therewith
and vomit it ;" and also, "It is not
good to eat too much honey j so for
men to search their own glory is not
glory."

Not long after this Virgil sung of
them in his Georgics, and especially in
that renowned poem, the ^Eneid, when
lie compared them with the enthusias-
tic Tyrians, thus :

*' Quails apes aetate nova per florea rnra.
K.xercet sub 80ie labor, cum gentisadultos
Kducunt tetus, aut cum li quentia luella
Stipant et (lulci disiendunl nectare celtas,
Aut oneru aceipiiint vementum aut agmine facto.
Ignarum fucos pecus :i praesaepibus arcent :
Tervet opus, redolentque thyme Iragantia mella.

Even this great Italian poet had to
stop and muse upon these insignificant
insects, which albeit they do come into
close consanguinity with the dreaded
tape-worm, yet they are one of God's
o-randest pieces of mechanism among
the animal creation — microcosms in
themselves.

The bee has two antennse jointed in

pellated lier), until she nearly wore

the life out of him, he, the man, who about twenty places. Do they not in
at his death, to be avenged of the
Philistines, pulled down the pillars of
a temple, tluis killing more men at his
death than in his lifetime ; he, the
man, with the new jaw-bone of an ass
slew a thousand living souls, and car-
ried off llie liiigt; doors of tlie gate of
Gaza, bar and all, had to submit to
that delicate creature — woman

this peculiarity resemble the tape-
worm, tliat dreaded visitor of people ?
Tlie antenna?, like the yards of a sliip,
seem to be the directors of the bee, for
it is supposed tlirough them that the
bee is directed to tTie sweet-smelling
flowers, or skips to the blooming or-
chards, and sips the balmy nectar.
And The antenna; are the objects of touch.

'T'HE SMERicjep* mmm j©^mmmi<.

791

and are supposed to be the objects of
smell and hcainng.

The Bee'ti Ejres and Pollen-Baskets.

Each bee has two eyes, compound,
which ave composed of numerous
smaller ej-es, having a hexagonal
shape. Prof. Frank R. Cheshire, of
England, by use of the mieroscoi)e,
counted 6,300 of these .smaller eyes on
one side of a worker-bee ; 4,9-0 in a
queen, the mother of this ; and in one
of her sons, the tremendous number of
13,090. Think of it, one girl, by a
stamp of her daint3' foot, can kill an
insect with more eyes than the horrible
Argus liad !

There are also found, on the upper
part of the head, three simple eyes
called "ocelli." The bee has three
pair of legs, compactly located in the
thorax ; on the liinder pair of legs are
little hairs wliich form the pollen-
baskets.

Valneol'Bees in Pollentzing Blossoms,

The bees go forth and gather the
pollen from the stamens of the flowers,
carrying it from blossom to blo.ssom,
thus fertilizing the bloom. The bee is
one of man's greatest benefactors, be-
cause it fertilizes the blossoms, thus
producing fruit. To show how neces-
sary they are for this purpose, let me
quote a few examples :

First : When the spring is too cold
for the bees to come out, gardeners
who raise early cucumbers in hot-beds
often have to transfer the pollen from
blossom to blossom with tiny spoons,
whereas, if the spring was warm, and
the hot-beds uncovered so that tlie bees
could get at the bloom, there would be
no need of this.

Second : Red clover was introduced
into Australia, and although it grew
nicely, no seed of much account could
be garnered, because of the imperfect
impregnation without the bumble-bee.
The trouble with the ordinary honey-
bees is the shortness of their ])roboscis,
that is, they cannot reach down far
enough into tlie corollas of the red
clover to fertilize them well. So nests
of bumble-bees were exported o\er the
briny deep, and with their presence
came the much-desired clover seed.

Yes, truly, everything has its pur-
poses and various functions to perform.
A nest of bumble-bees in a man's
clover patch— if red — providing he is
raising it for seed, may be worth about
$25, or 150, to him. But woe unto the
bumble-bees when the juveniles come
forth armed with broom-sticks, tea-
kettles of hot water, tin -pans, bells,
shingles, clubs, etc., to bombard their
domicile, and lay it in ruins by vis et
armis, although a few are rendered
hors de combat, and go home bawling

to mamma for arnica, or lemon and

salt, as an antidote.

Treating a Horse Stung by Bees.

Let me say right here, if any person
should be so unfortunate as to have a
swarm of angry bees alight on a
sweat}" horse — for they detest them
when in this condition — quickly smoke
off' the bees, throw a blanket over the
raging auimal, give him a dose of
laudanum, and rub him down with
baking-soda, and this, if the case is a
bad one, maj- be depended upon as
almost the only cure.

Bee-Stings and Hlienniatisiu.

A swarm of bees may contain from
5,000 to 30,000, or even as high as
45,000 bees, having one queen, a few
drones, and the rest workers ; so a
person can see if 10,000 bees should
ply their swell-producing pins, it would
be enough to make a horse crazy or a
man a maniac. Its effects were illus-
trated in that article, "A Victorious
Army Put to Flight by Bees," written
for Harper's Young Pcoi^le, where vic-
tory and success were turned into bed-
lam by the stings of bees.

One thing which they say bee-stings
are good for, I must not fail to men-
tion, and tliat is rheumatism. If you
are in any way troubled with such in
yonr lower limbs, procure a pair of
trousers witli broad legs, not forget-
ting to have strings ready to tie them
at the bottom, so that the bees cannot
crawl out. Having obtained a bottle-
ful of honey-bees, run them up the
leg of your pantaloons, and being sure
you have tied the pants at the bottom,
uncork the bottle from the inside of
your pocket.

Now all is read 3' to excite the medi-
cine and cure the rheumatism. The
way to set the stingers in operation is
to start and run a race with some
friend, and no matter how hard they
bite, persevere and they say it is a cure.
This may be a " scientific pleasantrj',"
but there is no school like the school
of experience, jou know.

Honr tlio Bee Gathers Pollen.

To return to the pollen-baskets: The
bee gathers the farina with its tongue
and the hairs of its legs and bodj' ;
then by means of its tongue and legs
it moulds the jiollen into little balls.
These balls are then taken up by the
front ))air of legs, transferred to the
second jiair, and tlien with the middle
one^ it is packed away into tlie pollen-
baskets on the hinder ones, until it
often hangs over like hay does on a
wagon. Having reached its home, the
jJoUen is deposited in a cell ; then us-
ing its head as a battering-ram, the
farina is compressed into the bottom
of the cell.

The toad is one of the bee's dead-
liest enemies. In the evening it comes
around to the hive and, watching its
chance, it springs into the air, at the
same time giving its oyster-shaped
mouth a funny motion, and Mr. Bee is
gone. The toad will thus catch lots of
them, and grow fat off' of the sweet
convivium.

A Colony's Care lor its Queen.

The queen is the mother-bee of the
colony. She is treated with tlie great-
est respect and affection by the bees.
A circle of bees constantly environ
her, or else a retinue follow after, of-
fering her their sincere affections,
either bj- gently caressing her with
their antennre, or feeding her with
honey from time to time. If they are
deprived of her, the whole colony is
thrown into a state of the most intense
excitement, either rushing over the
combs or flying a short distance from
the hive in search of their beloved
mother, soon returning to join the ex-
cited throng.

Finally becoming cognizant of their
terrible misfortune, the bees return to
their home, and with sorrowful tones
reveal their deep sense of so deplor-
able a calamity. All business is sus-
pended— just as when a great human
king or queen dies —and if another
queen is not soon introduced, or eggs
supplied from which thej' can rear one
the colony soon perishes, wasting
away in numbers, and becoming too
careless to repel the ravages of the
devastating bee-moth.

What scene could more minutely or
pathetically describe the death of a
queen or king among men, than this
of a colony of bees when deprived of
their mother? Upon the announce-
ment of the death, the people rush
forth from their houses, business is
suspended, they gather together in
motly crowds and discuss the situation,
showing by their lethargic forces,
hyjJochondriacal ways and sobbing
tears the depth of their loss.

Tbe TVorlters and Drones.

The workers are the neuters, or the
bees that gather honey. In them lies
the strength of tlie colony, being some-
times from 10,000 to 30,000 strong.
They visit either flowers that are foul-
odored, or those of a sweet, aromatic
flavcn-, sipping up the soothing nectar,
diving down into the chalice of the
lilj' as well as the corolla of the com-
mon white clovers.

Up to about tbe first ten days of
their lives they are the house-keepers,
sweeping up the floor with their slen-
der limbs, or propolizing the cracks to
keep out the whistling wind. This
propolis is gathered from flowers and

792

Tmm mwMmmi^mm mmm jO'WmMm%,.

trees, delightfully described by Evans,
thus :

*' Wttb merry hum the willow's copse they scale.
The Firs dark pyramid, or Poplar pale ;

Scoop from the Alder's leaf its oozy flood.
Or strip the chestnut's resin-coated bud ;

Sbitn the lif;lit tear that tips Narcissus' ray,
Ar<»und the hoUy-liocka hoar frasrance play ;

That forms a fretwork for the future comb.
Caulk every chink, where rushing winds may roar.

And seal their circling ramparts to the floor,"

The drone bees are the males of the
hive, and, like many people, are in-
veterate loungers. They have no
stinger, the shortness of their proboscis
disqualifies them for gathering honey,
their thighs are destitute of baskets
for holding bee-bread, and no pouches
are found on the abdomen for secret-
ing ■wax.

Like the Indian to the sqnaw. the
drones live off of the workers until
those little creatures tind there is no
further use for the gormandizing
arone» when they seize him by the
neck or any other part of the body,
pull.him out, sting him to death, and
hurling him over the alighting-board,
Mr. Drone is ?^07^ est.

Dr. Evans very appropriately de-
scribes drones thus : '

" Their short protioscis sips
No luscious nectar from the wiM thyme's lips.
From the lime's leaves no amber drops they steal,
Nor bear their emoveless thiphs the fooUiul meal :
On other's toil in pampered leisure thrive
They, lazy fathers, of the industrious hive."

Thus we see many peculiarities of
people are found in the bee. There
are the wild bees as there are the wikl
people ; the cultivated bees as there
are cultivated people ; the qeens with
their royal retinues, the robbei's ply-
ing their nefarious tricks, idle loungers,
etc. So Shakespeare, recognizing
this, said :

" So work the honey-bees.
Creatures that by a rule in Nature teach
The art of order to a peopled kingdom.
They have a king and offl. era of sorts.
Where some like maKistraies, correct at home,
Others like soldiers, armed in their etinas.
Make boot upon the summer's velvet buds ;
Which pillaae. they with merry march, bring home
To the tentniyal of their emperor,
Who, busied in his majesty, surveys
The singing masons building roots of gold ;
The civil citizens kneading up the honey ;
The poor mechanic porters crowding in
Their heavy burdens at his mansion gate ;
The sad-eyed Justice, with his Burly hum.
Delivering o'er to executors fate
The lazying, yawning drone."

Pleasant Ridge, Ohio.

BEE-^WORK.

Melliods and Implements I'sed
in tlic Apiary.

Written for the. American Bee Journal

BY G. P. HACIIENBERG, M. D.

In my article on page 519, I advo-
cated tlie superiority of a simplicity
bee-smoker, but neglected to mention
the kind of fuel I use with it. It is an
excellent smoker with rotten wood,
but the best fuel to give the best re-
sults is corn-stalks cut up in short
pieces. The way I do is to fill the can

with cut corn-stalks, with a few chips
of wood to hold the fire.

I ignite it with a little kerosene oil,
and afterwards modify the blaze with
the metallic fan. Soon a smoldering
Are is established, and the smoker is
tit for use. It will do any bee-man
good, that has any faith in smoke for
tlie subjugation of bees, to see the
gushing volume of smoke coming from
that can — not in short intervals, as in
the ordinary bellows-smoker, but in a
ceaseless, continued flow sufiicient to
last for any ordinary work on a hive.

There is another important item in
the use of this smoker. A wire rack

J, Handle. 2. Place to bold the Bmoker. 3,
Hooks 10 hold it.

Each for Holding the Smoker.

is used to hold the can, so that the
upper edge is level with the top of the
hive. This rack, illustrated here, with
its hooks, usually is adjusted, leaving
the hive on the lee side.

Holding tlie Comb wben Extracting.

Another subject that may demand
an explanation is the management of

"3^
I

O

■O

1, I, Two llda of equal size, made of light galvan-
ized wire-nettinp. 2,2. The outside bound by tin.
3. A wire to hoKl the lids together, and hkewise
serve as a hinue between the two. The two stems
f3) are aitout an inch apart and connected. Where
inside cloth of the wire is used, different hinges
must be used, such as 4, to be placed at 5.

Comb Siqjportcr for Extracting.

natural comb in the process of capping
and extracting, so as to keep them
from going to pieces. I mean comb
not supported by wire, or made on
foundation. To meet the dilKcuItj- I
made a pair of wire-netting clasps to
receive the comb in a way to give sup-

port to both sides, both in capping as
well as extracting.

The illustration will show how this
comb supporter is made.

Although I am the originator of this
implement, I have good reason to be
very proud of it ; for it is a good thing
in an apiar}-. With it I meet with no
vexations by injuring in the least the
frailest comb. There is another use
to which it can be applied. Slip it
into a tin frame with a close bottom.
This gives' a receptacle for cappings,
which in a minute can be thoroughly
drained of its honey by the extractor.

Reversing Combs iu Extracting.

Allow me here to suggest an im-
provement that could be made, in the
extractor itself. In this age of light-
ning haste, it is a tedious operation to
handle a comb twice, or oftener, in
passing it through the extractor. To
do good work a comb should go
through a double process of extracting.
This, however, is not always done for
want of time. But if the drum of the
extractor was a little larger in diame-
ter, and the comb worked on pivots,
so as to reverse the sides, simply by
reversing the action of the crank, ex-
tracting honey could be greatly ex-
pedited. Sucli an extractor could be
easily made, and would be cheap al-
most at any price.

Rendering or BeesiTax.

I have tried difl'ereut methods of
rendering wax, and some that cost me
a good deal of monej'. I must humblj'
confess that this wax business has been
the " sand in my bread." Finally I
made a sun wa.x-extractor, and was
pleased with the purity of the wax it
atiorded me. But for an extensive
apiary it is a process too slow and un-
certain. The fault with a sun-extrac-
tor is that the solar heat may be sufii-
cient to melt away surface wax, but it
lacks penetration (as wax is a poor
conductor of heat), and unfortunately
a heavy body of it will not melt away
before the rajs of the sun, as would a
cake of ice. And another defect is the
loss of heat by conduction.

To meet in a measure the above
difficulties, I took a good-sized store-
box and knocked out two connecting
sides of it ; these I covered with two
glass windows. Inside of this box I
placed a large hotel tin-tray, that I
happened to have, with a sufficient in-
cline for the melted wax to run of.
The wax enclosed was exposed to the
direct rays of the sun, and as it melted
(liy a process too slow for me) it was
received in a tin basin.

To improve tilings I placed a kero-
sene lamp, burning rather low, within
the large vacant space of the box — not
to heat the tray as much as to com-

'THB MMSRICMff mmW JO^RlflEI*.

793

h*imAm^^^m»»MM

pensate for the loss of solar heat by
conduction. By this operation I in-
creased the flow of wax a hundred
fold — and it was as free from impuri-
ties as if the sun alone had done the
work.

The advent of cold weather put a
stop to these operations, leaving me
several hundred pounds of wax un-
rendered. I dumped the whole into a
large water tanlc heated by a fiu-nace.
After the mass was all melted down,
cooled, and rid of the substrata im-
purities, I remelted it in drj- heat with
a high temperature, leaving the melted
wax to run through a close wire
strainer into hot water.

Fasteniug Frames In tlie Hive.

In my article on page 519, I spoke of
fastening the comb frames from the in-
side of the hive to keep them in place ;
but since then I have nnicli improved
on that plan, and now I fasten them
from the outside with wire nails about
1| inches long, leaving the liead end
of the hail exposed nearlj' half an inch.
In the inside the nails are forced into
a groove of the upper cross piece of
the frame, that is made for the narrow
strip to hold the foundation or starter.
The holes in the hive to receive the
nails are made large enough so that
they can be puslied or forced in with
but little resistance.

I am now reconstructing all of my
upper stories in that waj-, as I go
along in exclianging combs in extract-
ing. With a tin gauge the boles are
always made true to their place, and
made with rapiditj*. This arrange-
ment will always give us nice, uniform
combs, and save time and comb in
capping and extracting, etc.

Exposed Honey and Robbing.

Will honey exposed in an apiary
cause robbing and a demoralization of
the bees ? I paid considerable atten-
tion to this subject, and finally came
to the conclusion that honey can be
exposed with impunity under peculiar
circumstances.

Perhaps it ni.ay shock some people
to tell them that I often feed back re-
fuse honey to the bees in the open air,
such as extracted cappings, unwashed
hone3--vessels, etc. But I only do this
under a healthy government of my
apiary, under the assurance that all
my hives are well supplied with honey,
and this refuse lioney is never exposed
near a hive. A liungry dog is always
a thief.

But mark this precaution : When I
pile up three or four stories of ex-
tracted comb over a hive that has
storage for honey, to have them clean-
ed out, I always lessen the entrance of
the hive. This is to prevent robbing.
Now in this there is no contradiction.

The fact is, you may expose a barrel
of honey in the woods away from any
apiary, and bees will take it away, but
molest none of their neighboring liives
on that account.

In a good honej' season, when bees
are busy gathering lioney from flowers,
such an exposure of refuse honey will
not attract them, unless it may be a
few smooth-back, lazy bees that wear
themselves out in the friction of steal-
ing. At one time, in the honey sea-
son, I placed a piece of comb full of
honey near the entrance of a hive. In
a week 1 removed it, and found the
honey still in the comb.

It is true that I have had honey e.x-
posed, and it appeared that the rob-
bers made a raid on several hives at
the same time ; but after an investiga-
tion I found that' the cause was not as
much in the honey that was exposed,
as in some defect in the unfortunate
colonies that were assailed, as being
queenless, weak, that were already in a
starving condition, or molested by
moth, etc.

It is a good rule, as soon as a hive is
raided by robbers, not onl}' to lessen
the outlet, but see what is wrong with
the hive itself. A healthy colony of
bees is always respected. I had one
colony the past summer that had not
much more than a handful of bees. All
summer long it struggled for existence
and for an increase. But the colony
was health}' and well organized, and
notwithstanding its rich neighbors, it
was by them never molested in the
least. But let any morbid influence
be brought to bear on that little col-
ony, the robbers by some intuition
will soon find it out, and in less than
an hour clean it out entirely.

Defenders and Fighters of a Colony.

There is another interesting subject
in connection with the bees, that has
recently attracted my attention and
that is, which are the defenders and
fighters of a colony ? Are they a dis-
tinct class of bees assigned for that
function, or are all workers warriors
when the occasion demands it ?

I am inclined to believe that each
colony has a standing army full of
fight and viciousness. This array in
some liives is very numerous, in others
of a very limited number. It is this
that gives temper to a colony. I have
some that are so vicious that it is witli
the greatest difticulty that anything
can be done with them ; otliers so
docile and harmless that the}- hardlj'
show any resistance in handling.

But what made me in particular
think that the fighters of a colonj' are
a distinct class, was the way the bees
conducted themselves that happen to
get inside of my honey-house, where
the extracting is done. Those that

follow me in, on the warpath, would
buzz around me, and often sting me
even two days after their captivity ;
but those that got in simply for plun-
der, were harmless, and manifested no
resistance by any handling, except they
should be accidentally pressed by the
fingers. These two classes I repeat-
edly held as prisoners for several days,
in order to watch their actions in re-
gard to this matter. I do not know
that there is any physical difference
between them, as I never made a
microscopic examination of the two ;
but I might do so in some future time.

That the stinger in the worker is
conclusive that it is a fighting bee,
does not make it so ; otherwise the
queen would be as belligerent as some
of the rest. In defending a hive it ap-
pears that the drones mix up some in
the melee, but only as a set of noisy
bull-dosers.

Austin, Texas.

MOISTURE.

Its Effects on Bees in Cellars
Easily Avoided.

Written for the Bee-Keepers^ Review

BY U. L. TAYLOK.

So far as I have been able to dis-
cover, there is nothing that would lead
me to suppose that moisture afleets the
welfare of bees in any respect differ-
entljf from the manner in which it
operates upon the well-being of the
larger animals. The problem in-
volved in "Moisture" seems to me not
to be a difficult one if we remember
two facts, viz : that heat expels mois-
ture ; and that moisture furnishes an
excellent medium for the escape of
heat. So, it is evident that, in the dis-
cussion of this question, these two
elements must be taken as independ-
ent ; that is, what might be an injuri-
ous amount of moisture in one case
might be perfectly harmless in another,
owing to the existence of a higher
temperature.

And it is plain that this matter of
heat presents two aspects, viz : the in-
ternal heat, so to speak, of the clus-
tered colon}', and the temperature of
the surrounding atmosphere. Each
should be taken as complementary of
the other — the higher the one, the
lower the other may be permitted to
be. The well-fed, fat and vigorous ox
throws ofl' the moisture left on his sleek
hide by a shower, in clouds of vapor,
even in a low teinpei'ature ; while an
ox of low vitality, ill-fed and lean, in
the same temperature would remain
wet and shivering ; but if the tempera-
ture were sufficiently raised he would
throw ofl' the moisture equally as well

794

THE MMERICMH BEE J©^MHMI*.

fi«ii»>«»»«

as did the other in the lower tem-
perature.

We must recognize the same distinc-
tion between strong, healthj' colonies
of bees and those weak in numbers
and vitality, While I say this, I do
not thinlc there is anything to fear
from the moisture of any ordinarj' at-
mosphere. There is no danger from
moisture in the dampest of cellars,
only it will not answer to arrange the
hives and their trappings so as to col-
lect the moisture. If there is much
moisture, the temperature must be un-
der control and kept well up ; and the
hives so arranged as to favor the ex-
pulsion of the moisture. All that is
necessai-y in order to guard against
any ill-effects, even from a saturated
atmosphere, is well-fed colonies of fair
slrengtli, in well ventilated hives, kept
in a temperature of from 45^ to 50^^.

A cellar can scarcely be so dry that
moisture will not drip down the inside
of the hive if the temperature be low ;
and while this indicates too little
warmth, it is not necessarily injurious.
The important point is to keep the
moisture out of the cluster ; hence it
follows that the fact that the moisture
is so great that mold gathers on the
comb is not in itself any proof that the
conditions are unfavorable to the well-
being of the bees.

Having had considerable experience
with both damp and dry cellars, I am
firm in the belief that there is nothing
to fear from the effects of any atmos-
l^heric moisture, if one only bears in
mind the principles above hinted at —
providing the conditions indicated
which will enable the bees to drive
that moisture away from the cluster.

Lapeer, Mich.

LESSONS.

Some Lessons Taught by the
Past Season.

Written for the Country Gentleman

BY PROF. A. J. COOK.

The past season has been the most
■discouraging one for bee-keepers in
the memory of man. This seems to be
true, not of one State only, or even of
one country alone. Every State in
our country, Canada, England, Ger-
many— in fact all Europe — are chant-
ing the same dirge. It would be in-
teresting to know just the cause of this
universal honey drouth. It is probable
that the cause is not one-and-the-same
in all the localities. In the North and
Northwest of the United States, it is
plainlj', two ; yes, even three, succes-
sive seasons of unparalleled drouth.
Such continuous drouth not only dries
up the nectar-fountains of the flowers,

but it also kills or dwai'fs the very
plants that bear the flowers.

No Adulteration.

Discouraging as has been this drouth
of nectar, and consequent ill-success
of honey-producers, the season has not
been without its valuable lessons. One
of the most baneful influences that has
worked against bee-keepers for several
3"ears, is the quite general impression
that honey is largely adulterated.
Many like lioney, and would use it,
except for tliis wide-spread fear — bug-
bear, I maj' sa}' — of adulteration.

The truth is that comb honey has
never been adulterated, and extracted
honey never hj the producers. Some
years ago when honey was very high-
priced, extracted honey was widely
adulterated. Now it is so low-priced
that such adulteration does not paj',
and so is discontinued. It was hard
to convince people of this truth. The
past two seasons of scarcity, however,
have shown that this cry is wholly
baseless. I have made a very careful
investigation, and I feel quite sure that
honey is not at present adulterated
even b}' dealers. In showing that this
accusation is false, the past seasons
have conferred a veiy substantial
benefit on the bee-keeping industry.

Bee-Keeping as a Pursuit.

Another lesson is that bee-keeping
serves best as a supplementary pursuit,
and not as an exclusive business. I
know of farmers who have, in past
seasons, secured hundreds of dollars
from bees, and yet carried on their
regular business with no special diffi-
culty. In several cases, and for sev-
eral successive years, the proceeds of
the apiar3' have exceeded those of a
good farm.

For physicians and ministers, bee-
keeping serves even better than for
farmers. Here it not only supplements
the earnings, but gives exercise that
often conserves the health. In every
case the liee-keeping breaks the rou-
tine, and so serves as a recreation.
Indeed, few industries aftbrd more
pleasure to, or awaken more studious
interest in, those who wisely engage in
it, than does bee-keeping.

While the past two years are very
discouraging to the bee-keeping speci-
alist who has all his "industrial eggs"
in one basket, they are not at all so to
the person who has other means of
support. While he has secured little
or no returns, he has been to very
little expense, and he knows that he
has a good net spread to "catch the
game " when it comes. While, then,
two such unfortunate seasons are
severely trying to those whose only
means of support are tied up in bees,
they are only disappointing, not disas-

trous, to him who has apiculture as
only one of the excellent strings to his
industrial bow.

The past season then pronounces
with emphasis that bee-keeping is not
for the specialist, but for him who
would add to other pursuits one that
combines profit with pleasure, and, if
his life is sendentary, with wholesome
recreation as well. While bee-keeping
has done well for the specialist, it
serves better as a supplemental pur-
suit.

migratory Bee-Keeping.

The third lesson of the season to the
bee-keeper is the importance of honey-
plants, hitherto not sufficiently appre-
ciated. Mr. R. L. Taylor, of Lapeer
county, Mich., a large and successful
bee-keeper, secured only enough honey
for his bees, while neighboring bee-
keepers, near a large marsh, secured a
remunerative harvest. So moving bees
a short distance, in such years, may
transform what would otherwise prove
to be a failure and discouragement,
into gratifj-ing success. Henceforth .
bee-keepers will be on the lookout to
discover how, by migratory bee-keep-
ing, they may bridge over the disaster
occasioned by unpropitious seasons.

Neiv Houer Sources.

Again, it has been discovered this
year that other than generally recog-
nized sources of honey may come to
the rescue in such years. Thus the
cucumber plantations in certain parts
of Illiimis have not only paid the
growers a good profit, but have fur-
nished nectar, so that the bees have
gathered a good harvest. Bee-keepers
thus learn that it may pay a double
profit to secure a pickle factory in
their neighborhoods.

In Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, etc., a
large crop of honey — fine honey — has
been secured from Polygonum, P.
Pennsylvanicnm, which grows sponta-
neously in the corn-fields. This plant
belongs to the same family as do buck-
wheat and smart-weed. The flowers,
however, are a ^•ery bright pink, and
the leaves and stems have not the
pungent character that is possessed by
those of the smart-weed. It grows,
too, on upland, and not in low places.
The bee-keepers all over the country
call this heart's-ease. This certainly
is a very appropriate name, and may
well be transferred from pansies to
this pol3-gonum in all our botanies.

Special Planting for Bees.

The fact that some plants furnish
nectar, even if the seasons are dry and
unproductive, makes it important to
test the matter of special planting for
bees. Is it possible to cultivate a
plant that will keep the bees busy, in-
dependent of the weather ? If so,

i

Tmm MMMRicsM mWB j@i&mnmLf,

795

how many acres \vould be required to
suppl}' 100 colonies of bees ? Tliese
are questions that I have undertaken
to solve, under the auspices of our
Experimental Station.

I have just sowed eight acres of
Cleome inlegrifolia, or the famous
Rocky Mountain bee-plant. This beau-
tiful flower blossoms from early August
till frost. In Colorado it grows on tbe
dry fields with no irrigation. It fur-
nishes there much excellent honey. I
have grown it here for several years in
small beds, and find that bees are al-
ways working upon the tlowers in
their season. I have hope that it will
prove a great blessing to bee-keepers.

I am also trying three other promis-
ing plants, and expect to show that it
will pay, or else that it will not, in
which latter case I will save private
expenditure in similar experiments.

Agricultural College, Mich.

MARKETING.

IliTe§ and Surplus Comb Honey
Receptacles.

Read at the Central Ills. Convention
BY JOS. M. HAMBAUGH.

The hive we want is the one that
will bring us the most honey, and the
one easiest manipulated for the rapid
storing of honey in its most marketable
form.

There is, however, some prime fac-
tors to be understood for the obtaining
of the necessary force to reap the very
first results, for without a strong force
of bees at the time of bloom, and when
the elements yield up the precious
nectar, our eft'orts will come to naught.
Then I maintain now, as in the past,
that we must cater to the needs of the
queen as regards Iier power of repro-
duction, in order to obtain the very
best results numerically from our colo-
nies, which is a prime factor in obtain-
ing an abundant harvest of honey ; and
any device, wlicreljy the queen is hin-
dered in rapid depositing of eggs in
the projjer season, is a detriment to
the apiarist, and costs him many
pounds of honcj-.

The hives, to be non-swarming,
must be capable of expanding, to meet
the needs of an extensive army of
workers, and at the same time we
should be able to quickly contract
them to any small-sized nucleus ; bj-
this means we have increase practi-
callj- at our command, if we will be
awake and attend to the bees in their
sea.soD.

As the markets call for honey in
comb form, in one and two pound sec-
tions, of course our receptacles must
be put up to accommodate this size of

package, and if we can persuade our
bees to build the sections marketal)Iy
without separators, I would advocate
their abolishment ; Init this is a debat-
able question, and one not fully set-
tled in my own mind.

Tlio Preventlou or Increase.

There is another question of more
vital importance to the apiarist than
the use, or non-use, of separators, in
working for comb honey, and one
which we believe to be more difficult
of solution, viz : the prevention of in-
crease, and how to induce the bees to
work in the sections. A practical
method that will solve this problem,
will be a boon to the apiarist, and we
will listen with interest to all argu-
ments in that direction.

It has always appeared to me that
combs the size of one pound sections
were contraiy to the laws governing
the household economy of the bee ;
and when they occupy them it is with
reluctance, and only under force of
circumstances ; their brood-chamber
must be filled to its utmost capacity,
with brood, pollen and hone}', and
then only for pastime will they cluster
in the sections, and gradually deposit
a small amount of honey therein, until
sufficient " steam " is raised to engen-
der the swarming fever, when out go
the bees, and the sections are left as
empty and void of workers as a church-
house garret.

It is the swarming nuisance that is
a menace to the comb-honey producer,
and any surplus receptacle that will
overcome this difficulty, will be a boon
to the bee-man, as well as to the con-
sumer.

I also believe that a skeleton break-
joint or zinc honey-board used in the
center of the hive is a detriment to the
progress of the bees, more or less, and
should be excluded. In manipulating
for extracted honey, the case is (piite
diB'erent. Combs put up more in ac-
cordance with their natural instincts,
can be placed aljove the brood-cham-
ber, and with little or no ceremony
they are quickly occupied, and the
apiarist can expand the size of the sur-
plus department to accommodate the
size of the colony, by adding more
combs and cases ; and the force and
attention of the bees being turned to
honey-gathering, the swarming im-
pulse is almost wholly overcome.

To sum up : 1. Let us see that the
hives and combs are put up in a way
that will give the queen a chance to
develop her slrcngtli. 2. See that the
surplus receptacles are arrangeil so
that they can be accommodated to the
needs of the colony, be it strong or
weak, :ind abolish as much as possible
all complicated features. Let all
frames, hives and surplus receptacles

be made by a pattern, and use no other
throughout the entire yard. Let all
hive-stands, bodies, covers, brood-
frames, etc., be interchangeable with
any hive in the yard, and you will be
prepared to combine pleasure with
profit in your bee-keeping.
Spring, Ills.

BEE-CELLAR.

M'hcn and How to Put Bees
into Bee-Cellars.

Written' for the Prairie Farmer

BY MKS. L. HARRISON.

What is the l)est time to put bees in
the cellar ? October, November or
December ? Surely, you have me now,
and I can only say, I don't know. I
used to be as wise as an owl on this
subject, and recommended putting
tliem in late, thinking that there is
generall}' a warm spell in the forepart
of December, and that it would be bet-
ter for the bees to have a cleansing
flight during this time, before they re-
tired for their long rest. They clean
house during this mild spell, and carry
out many dead bees, and I thought
that they would die in the cellar, and
had better be left out-of-doors. These
bees that die might live much longer
in the cellar, and might or might not
be a benefit. If there are plenty of
bees without them, then there would
be no profit in feeding them longer.

A successful bee-keeper of northern
Vermont told me that he always
housed his bees when dampness gath-
ered on the glass of his observing-
hive. Now a thoughtful person will
readily see that the right condition for
housing bees will not occur in central
Illinois at the same time as in Michi-
gan, Vermont, or Iowa. I am now of
the opinion that the best time to house
bees in any locality, is when they hi-
bernate, or in other words, are com-
pactly clustered. Reports favored the
putting of bees away as soon as Octo-
ber, at the late convention, but in this
count}-, up to date (Nov. 15), there
have been but few days when the bees
were not upon the wing.

The Best Time to ITIove Bees.

It is during daylight, of course; " for
the night cometh, when no man can
work." In the morning, when the
person who carries them is fresh, and
has nerves stead}' — that is the best
time of all.

Hives should be dry, and the en-
trances closed ; then any person of
sufficient strength can carry them with-
out fear. Most inexperienced persons
are afraid of bees, and if the liive-en-
trances arc open, and the hive in tran-

796

Tmm MMi^MicMK mmm j^jamMMMt,

fc* Ji*OAJ

sit be jarred or knocked against some-
thing, the bees would rush out, and tlie
person carrying them drop the hive,
when the consequences would be very
serious.

Should a cold daj- or a warm one be
chosen for moving bees to the cellar ?
The night previous to moving them, I
would leave the cellar open, so that
the temperature would be nearly like
that out-doors — a temperature of 35-"
would do very well. The temperature
■being the same, would help to keep
the bees quiet. On a cold day, combs
break easilj', and on a Avarm day bees
would be restless and want to fly.

When hives are covered with ice
and snow, it is a poor time to hapdle
them — unpleasant for both the bees
and operator. When the bees are all
carried in, leave the cellar open and
the hive-entrance.s shut until the next
morning, when they can be opened, as
the bees will then be quiet, and the
cellar closed and darkened.

Some bee-keepers claim that light in
a cellar does no harm, but I prefer it
to be dark ; darkness has a quieting
eftect on all animated nature, and bees
are no exception. It is true that no
one has ever found them sleeping very
soundly, but they do not leave their
hive so much in darkness as in light.

Advantages of Cellar- If^intering.

One big item is the saving of stores.
It is also a saving of hives, as they ai'e
protected from the elements for 5 or 6
months of the year, but the greatest
good is in keeping the inmates in good
health. The last 5 j-ears we have win-
tered half of our bees in the cellar,
and would put in more if there was
room.

One winter there were as many col-
onies in number lost in the cellar as
there were out-of-doors, but this was
in their favor. Parties who came to
purchase colonies in tlie spring, inva-
riably chose those that had passed the
winter in the cellar, as they could see
at a glance that they were the most
populous.

There has been a great deal said by
bee-keepers about lugging hives in and
out of the cellar, in comparison with
chafl' hives, and leaving them upon the
summer stands. Two laboring men
will carry 50 colonies into our cellar
in less than half a day ; it has no out^
side door, but they are taken through
a window.

Peoria, Ills.

A!^ AirXUM:^ SECRET.

Al-trays Mention your Post-Offlee,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour wlien actually wi-iting—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state tlie old as well
as the new address.

Written for the JEtna

BY ,J. K. LUDLUM.

I stand at the eate in the garden
And gaze o'er the level Held,

Yellow and ripe in the sunlight.
That perfect harvest will yield.

Down from the broad maple branches
The leaves are fluttering slow.

Touched by the brilliant tipt brushes
Of elves that set them aglow.

A perfumed south wind comes stealing
And whispers among the leaves,

Then like a mischievous truant
Slips on to the ripe wheat sheaves.

The asters are royal purple,

And stand in kingly array,
Gallant and tall at the roadside.

Like guards of the autumn day.

They challenge the wind in passing,
But soft, he whispers a word

And all the guards bow before him
As soon as the word they heard.

And I 'nealh the maple shadows
Behind the old garden gate —

I heard the message delivered,
And hold it inviolate.

And lo, my heart is a-kindle
With strong, and burning desire ;

I glance at the branches oVr me
A-gleam with the magic tire.

Next day to the gate in the garden

Over the trost-spreut sod
1 pass as a li>yal subject

To welcome queen yoldcn-rod.

COIWEXTIOX DIRECTORY.

I88g.

Time and Place of Meetljig,

Dec. n-13.-New York State, at Syracuse. N. Y.

G. H. Kniclierbocker, Sec, rine Plains. iN. Y.

Dec. 12, 13.-MichTcan State, at Jarkson. Mich.

H. D. ('uttiDK. Sec. Clinton, Mich.
1889.
Jan. 8, 9.-0ntario, at Owen Sounrl. Ont.

W. Couse, Sec. StreetsTille. Ont.

Jan. 9-11.— Nebraska State, at Lincoln. Nebr.

J. N. Heater. Sec. Columbus, Nebr.

May 4.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

U. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

53^ In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars ol
time and place of future meetioKS.— Bd.

Uniting: t'olonics, etc. — D. E. Rob-
bins, Payson, Ills., on Nov. 19, 1888, writes :

In the report of the Union Bee-Keepers'
Convention on page 747, I am said to use
for uniting colonies a method that is hardly
what I intended, through some misunder-
standing. We were discussing the preven-
tion of increase, and after several plans
had been given, I remarked that the method
of preventing increase by uniting colonies
had not been touched. Having last sum-
mer a number of colonies with mismated
queens, and not wishing so many colonies, I
removed the poor queens, and in one, two,
or three days thereafter, I united the queen-
less colonies with the weaker of those hav-

ing pure queens, in some instances by alter-
nating the combs of the colonies, and in
other cases by placing the hive containing
no queen, on top of the other. (I use the
Simplicity hive.) This I did at any time of
the day when most convenient ; but it was
during a good honey-flow, and in every in-
stance proved a perfect success. Some dis-
cussion followed as to the danger to the
queen, and some advised always caging the
queen ; then I remarked that I paid no at-
teution to that. This proved profitable un-
der the circumstances, as the two weak ones
united made a tirst-class colony, and gave
much more surplus than both would if kept
separate. The best united colony gave 170
pounds of extracted honey ; the best yield
from a single queen was 150 pounds, which
weighed over 12 pounds per gallon.

Bees did Fairly ^Vell Wm. Shlec,

Marlette, Mich., on Nov. 23, 1888, says :

I commenced last spring with 15 colonies
in a rather indillereut condition. I lost half
of my bees in wintering, consequently the
surviving ones were quite weak. However
they did fairly well, having increased to 31
good colonies, and produced 1,100 pounds of
tine comb honey in one-pound sections. 1
winter my bees on the summer stands, in
chaff hives.

^Vcll Supplied witii YVinter
Stores.— J. M. Young, Rock Bluffs, Nebr.,
on Nov. 33, 1888, writes :

Bees throughout this section of the coun-
try are well supplied with stores sufficient
to last them until honey comes again in the
spring. My apiary ot CO colonies has been
in charge of other parties a portion of the
past summer. My attention being called
away on other business the most ot the
time, hence the bees have not received the
care and attention that tliey should have
had, and only a part of a crop of honey has
been obtained, and that being comb honey.
From this time on I expect to be with the
bees, and give them my personal attentitm.
But few swarms have been obtained by
bee-keepers throughout this neigliborhood.
Comb honey is selling for from 18 to 20
cents per pound. There is not mach ex-
tracted honey on the market ; it is selling
at from 13 to 15 cents per pound.

Bees in a Kag^ing: Storm. — Henry

Alley, Wenliaui, Mass., on Nov. 26, 1888,
writes :

For the last 31 hours a terrible storm of
wind, rain and snow has raged. My bees
have suffered some from the water, as it was
impossible to keep the caps on all tlie hives.

Piiotogrrapliy and Bee - Keep-
ins.— Geo. ^- Walrath, Norwood, N. Y.,
on Nov. 13, 1888, writes :

How would it do to combine bee-keeping
with photography ? I live in a town ot
about 1,000 population, and have a good
photographic business, but I find time to
look after my bees, which is a recreation
as well as a profit. I began in the spring of
1887, with 5 colonies, which I increased to
13, and bought 10 colonies more in box-
hives, in the fall. This season I started
with 24 colonies, increased them to 33, and
purchased 20 colonies more I his fall, at 83.50
per colony, in Simplicity hives, which
makes me"53 colonies now. I got only about
.500 pounds of comb honey this season, and
8 swarms from 34 colonies, spring count.
This is the poorest season that 1 ever knew

XHU SMERICffilSt BEE JOlJRKSIr.

797

in St. Lawrence county. White clover
yielded no nectar, and buckwheat was cut
by tlie frost on Sept. 1 ; since then there has
not been a drop ot honey, and it has been
cold and raining about 30 days out of the
month. As a result, 1 have not been able
to look through the hives and prepare the
bees for winter. I think that some of them
will have to subsist on candy. 1 introduced
3 Carniolan qunens in August ; the first one
was introduced by taking as many frames of
sealed brood as would till a hive, without
any bees adhering, and keeping in the house
with the queen conflned until the brood hart
mostly hatched, when it was put out, a full
colony of bees.

[Photography and bee-culture are admir-
ably adapted to go together, as you have no
doubt discovered experimentally.— Ed.1

Silver Uning-— Phi-c Honey.— J.

C. Armstrong, Bromley, Iowa, on Nov. 27,
1888, writes :

"All is well that ends well." I am able
to give a little better report for my bees
from that given on page 515. Then, appar-
ently, the best part ot the honey season was
past, and man>; of our bees were on the
point ot starvation. They remained in that
condition until about the middle of August,
when the loug-louked-for "silver-lining"
came ; wlien tor nearly a month, 1 think, I
never saw htves fill up so last before. Some
of my best colonies tilled up one set of sec-
tions, and were crowded for room before 1
was aware of it. Unfortunately a light
frost catue on the night of Sept. 12, followed
by cool weather, which checked the honny-
flow, alter which tliey did not more than
hold their own. My bees have ample stores
for winter, and, like all others, I am looking
for a good honey season next year.

While I have the subject of honey, I wish
to ask the readers ot the Amehicax Bee
Journal a question for inforniation (and
no one needs It worse). We have, for some
length of time, read through the papers a
great deal about pure and adulterated honey.
In such reading 1 have trrentally asked the
question, "What is pure honey?" Prof.
Cook says that it is " digested nectar." All
riaht ; but is not the nectar of one flower
different from that of another ? The nectar
from white clover is different from that of
buckwheat, both in color and flavor ; hence
there must be ingredients in the one not
found in the other. A person analyzing dif-
ferent samples of honey, as has been done
to show up the dishonesty of bee-keepers,
and having the common idea that bees make
honey instead of gathering it from the
flowers, and taking white clover honey as
pure honey, would pronounce buckwheat
honey adulterated. Hence the question,
what is pure honey ?

Ready Tor tlie ^Viiitcr.— W. V.

Bosworth, Jr., Clockville, N. T., on Nov. 23,
1888, says :

I have 60 colonies in good condition for
winter in chatf hives, and, like all bee-
keepers that have had their eye-teeth cut,
and have learned by experience that one
head does not carry all the knowledge there
is in bee-keeping, 1 hope to have the same
number next spring.

Xlie Xime tor Readings has come,
with the long winter evenings. We have a
large stock of bee-books, and would like to
fill orders for them. To read and post up is
the way to succeed in any pursuit— in none
is it more important than in bee-keeping.

BiiJraiiiMi

AI>FREI> H. l^ElVSIA^i,

BUStNESS M.^NAQER.

Uusiucss 3j0ticc$.

14 You Uve near one post-ofSce and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on oru: list.

Oit-e a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

If yoH L.o!<ie Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

I*iire Mienol tor FonI Brood. —

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 25 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must go by express.

I»reseiTe Tonr Papers for future

reference. If you have no BII^WER we

will mail you one for CO cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Joubnai.,

Tncca Briislies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -write American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

A Home Market for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, "Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
should get a copy of the Apiary Re^ster and
begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies {120 pages) $1 00

" 100 colonies (220 pasfes) 125

" 200 colonies (420 pa^es) 1 50

PUotoerraphs ol Bee-Kcepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
contamiug the faces of 120 representative
apiarists, and a. printed sketch of each one,
will be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for $1.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of tliree subscri-
bers and S3.00.

tS" Xlie I\alional Bee-Keepers*

Union fiscal year has heretofore ended on
June 30. Sometime since it was proposed
to have it end with tlie calendar year. It
was submitted to vote, and every vote so
far received is ot tlie same tenor as the fol-
lowing from Mr. U. K. Staley, Pleasant
Ridge, Ohio:

At the request ot the Manager of the Bee-
Keepers' Union, for the memtiers to vote
on the proposed change for the paying of
the annual dues 'from June to January, I
vote in the positive, or in other words, I
favor the change.

If any one wants to vote in the negative,
please let it come at once ; if none are re-
ceived by Dec. 10, the motion will be de-
clared to be carried, and the change made
accordingly, by consent.

This change will make the time for pay-
ing dues and voting for officers come on
Jan. 1, and blanks will be sent out on Dec.
15, for that object— unless somebody votes
against the change.

International Bec-Confention.

—The Pamphlet Report of the Columbus,
Ohio, Convention is now issued, and copies
have been sent to each member, as well as
to the Colleges, Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Societies and periodicals devoted to
the industry. Copies can be obtained at
this office, by mail, postpaid, for 25 cents.
This pamphlet contains the new bee-songs
and words, as well as a portrait of the
President. Bound up with the history of
the International Society, and a full report
of the Detroit, Indianapolis and Chicago
conventions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Oood Enougli.- Andrews & Lock-
hart, of Patten's Mills, N. Y., on Oct. 13,
1888, wrote as follows concerning their use
of the advertising columns of the Ameri-
can Bee Journal :

We got more orders from our advertise-
ment in the American Bee Journal than
from all the other bee-papers put together.
We shall advertise in it again next year.

^Ve Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the followmg prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; K pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, S3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section ot
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Xx4K and 5J^x53^.
Price, Sl.OO per 100. or $8.50 per 1,000.

Xl«e Bate on the wrapper label ot
your paper indicates the end of the month
to which you have paid. It that is past,
please send us a dollar to carry the date
another year ahead.

Bo TSot Fail to get up a club and send
it with your renewal for next year.

798

|^-^*-^*^--*--^^-*--'--*--*^ltfcA.

Hastings' Pevieclion Feeder.—

This excellent Feeder will hold 3 quarts,
and the letting down of the feed is regulated
by a thumb-screw. The cap screws securely
on. It is easy to regulate— either a spoonful
or a quart— and that amount can be given
in an hour or a day, as desired. By it the
food can be given where it is most needed-
just over the cluster. Not a drop need be
lost, and uo robber bees can get at it. A
single one can be had {or 40 cents, or a
dozen for 83.50, and it can be obtained at
this ofiBce. Postage 10 cents extra.

Honey and BeesTrax Market.

Red l,a1>els for Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, SI for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name and
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels $1.50 $2.00 $2 25

500Labels 2 00 3.00 3.o0

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«- Samples mailed free, upon application.

Simniins' ]^on-Swarmins: Sys-
tem We have a few of these books left,

and we will club them with the American
Bee Journal for one year, both postpaid,
for 81.25. The subscription to the Bee
JouKNAL can be for next year, this year, or
may begin anew at any time.

Cork for ^Vinter Packing.— Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odoriess. Cusliions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for 81.00.

Clover Seeds.— We are sellmg Alsike
Clcrver Seed at the following prices : 88.00
per bushel; 83.25 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
White Clover Seed : 810.00 per bushel; 82.75
pel" peck ; 30 cents per lb. Melilot or Sweet
Clover Seed: 86.00 per bushel ; 81.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

AUalfa Cl«ver.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., 33c. ; per peck, $3.0o ; per half-
bushel, 85.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., 810.00.
If wanted by mail, add 10 cents per pound
for bag and postage.

Please to get yonr IVeighbor,
who keeps bees, to also take the American
Bee Journal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

■We -will Present a Pocket Dictionary
for two subscribers with S2.00. Jt is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to decide
the spelling of words, and then: meaning.

I>o Not Ship Honey to Us without
first corresponding with us about it. We
have received several undesirable lots with-
out previous notice, or correspondence of
any kind.

Tour Full Address, plainly written.
Is very essential in order to avoid mistakes.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.— We quote : White clover l-lbs.. 18®19c.;
2-lb9., li?®17e. Good dark l-lbs.. la® 6c.; 2-lbs., 13®
14c. Buckwheat l-lbs.. I4@15c ; 2-lba., V2®l2Hc —
Extracted. 7@iic. depending upon quiiiiiy and style
of packaj^e. Receipts increasme, but demand still
limited. Stock ia not selling as freely this season as
a year ago.

B tilES WA2 2''C

Nov. 13. ■ 5.T. FISH 4 CO., 189 8. Water St.

CHICAGO.

HONEY.- It is selling fairly well at 18c. for best
l-lbs. very fancy lots have sold at 20c. Dark and
yellow comb sells slowly at 13®liie. Extracted, 7.a
He, according to quality and style of package. The
stock of best comb honey is light.

BHB8WAX,-22o. R.A.BURNETT.

Nov. 22. 161 South Water St.

MILWAUKEE.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs.. is®2nc.;
2-lbs. 16® 8c. Good dark l-lbs., I6®18c.: 2-lb8., 15®
IKc; fair l-lbs. 12!4®Hc. K-ttracted, while, in kegs
and i-J-barrels, .'<^i>^59c. ; amber in same, 7^®hc.: in
pails and tin, wiiiie,9"H'/2C ; in barrels and luilfbar-
rels, dark, 6@H'.ftC. Market steady and supply ample
tor the moderate demand, but present values have
a tendency to restrict general consumption.

Oct. 25. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs., 15@l7c.
2-lbs., 14®16c. Fair white 1-lba., 14®16c.; 2-lb9.,tl
to i5c. Extracted, white, 7^@8c.

BEESWAX.-23HC. _ , „„.,„„

Sep. 17. THURBBR, WHYLAND & CO

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs., 16®17c.:
2-lbs , 13@14c. Fair white l-lbs.. t4®I5c.; 2-Ibs., 11 to
12c. Buckwheat libs, l(o.l2c.; 2-lb» . mc. White
extracted, Hfdyc; buckwheat, 6@7c. Demand good
for white l-lbs. and buckwheat 1 and 2 lbs., of which
the stock is light. Good stock of while 2-lb3.,with
but little demand.

BBK8WAX -22H®240. ^^ , „„„

HILDKDJTll BROS. & 8EGBLKEN,
Nov. 24. 24 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuaae St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— White 1-lb. sections, 12®I2iic.i 2-lbs.,

]2®l4c.: amber, H@liic. Extracted, white^ 6'^®6-l^c.:

light amber, 6c.; amber and candied. 5'-4'a).'iHc. For

,. comb honey the demand is light ; for extracted it is

— Its good, and market linn.

BBBSWAX.-DuU at lH@22c.
Nov. 15. O. B. SMITH & CO.. 423 Frout St.

nKTROIT.
HONEY.— Best while l-lbs., I7®18c. Supply is bet-
ter. Extracted, «®!ic. Sales slow,

HEKSWAX..— 22(a;.;3C. , .,. ^

Nov. 17. M. U. HUNT, Bell Branch, Mich,

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 5'sftc. per lb.
Be«t white comb honey, IBc. Demand slew.

BBKSWAJC.— Demand is good— :!U®22C. per lb. for
(rood to choice veMow. on arrival.
Nov. 12. C. F. MUTU Si SON, Freeman & Central Av.

KANSAS CITY.

HONF.Y.-Choice 1-lb. sections.' IRc; dark 1-Ibs..
14c ; 2-)bs., IHc; dark, 13c. White extracted in 6U-
Ib cans. 8c. ; amber, 7c. : in barrel-* and kegs, u@8c.
Demand good, prices steady, and stock fair.

BEF8WAX.— None in market. , ,„ , . „.

Sep 27. HAMBLIN & BBAKSS. 514 Walnut St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY —We quote ; Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
17i«@18c.- 2-lbs., 14®l.'ic. Fair l-lbs.. 14!i;®15)^c.;
•'-rba,'i®i2c. Extracted, fancy white clover.7k®-!:a,
California white in «ii-lb. cans, «c ; light amber ,m
same cans, "Mc; amber, 7Xc. Buckwheat in kegs
and barrel", b^@6. Cuban, in barrels and i^-darrels,

Sep,'26y *'"f?G. STROHMBYBR & CO.

gidiicrtisemeuts,

A Magnificent Present

For every one who will send us a Club
of five new subscribers for 1889, before
ne.xt January. All the remaining issues
of this year free to new subscribers.

This ATLAS

contains large scale
Maps of every coun-
try and civildivision
up»m the face of the
G'oue.

It is beautifully
illustrated with col-
ored diagrams, that
show wealth, debt,
civil conoition of
people, chief pro-
ilnctions, manufac-
tures and commerce,
religious sects, etc..
and a superb line of
engravings of much
historical interest &
value, togetherwith
many new and desi-
rable features which
are expressly gotten
up for this work—
amongwhichwill be
found a concise His-
tory of each State.

Price, in best English cloth binding (size, closed
11X14 inches ; opened, 22x14 inches), $4. SO.

To anv one sendinc; us, direct
to tlii-s olBce, FIVE NEW
Subscribers for one year, with $5.00,
(renewals not to count) we wiW present
this beautiful Atlas, by mail, postpaid.

We have purchased one ot them for our own use,
and regard it as a valuable acquisition to our library.
It is handsomely bound and contains a fund of very
useful knowledge. It contains 192 pages.

TIIOS. G. NE«'MA!V A: SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison-St., - CHICAGO, ILLS.

, 122 Water 8t.

BOSTON

HONEY.— We quote : Best white clover l-pounds.

17®l.sc.; be»t2-lb9., l«-<17c. Extracted, xrs 9c. The

receipts are very light, and honey sells fairly well.

Nov. 12. BLAKE & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.-White l-lbs.. 17c.; fair. 14c.; California
white l-lba., 17c ; 2-lhs., 150. E.xtracted white Call-
forida. 7i^c.: amber. 7c.

BBESWAX.-None in the market. „^ . _, , .
Nov. 22. CLBMON 8, CLOON S CO., cor 4th 4 Walnut.

ST. LOUIS.

HONEY.— We quote : Extracted in barrels, 5®6c.
according to quality; incans.7®8c. Comb, 12^4® 15c.
Prices drmer on account of scarcity, though the
demand is not great.

BEB8WAX.—21C. for prime. , , a.

Octri7 D. G. TlJTT & CO., Commercial St.

SAN FRANCISCO.
HONEY.— We quote ; Extracted, white, e'^ cents;
light amber, ««(l'-i>c.; amber, 5!^c. Comb, white 1-
lbs. I3®14c.; 2-lb9.,13c. Light amber l-lus.,1 (»13c.;
2-lbs., Il®l2c. Demand very active lor extracted,
and fair for comb honey.
^BEBSWAX.-2l^«2Ki.^ LBMCKB. 122-124 Dayla 8t.

We have some ELEGANT
RIBDON BAUWES, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
SO'ceilts each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. G. NE^VIWAN A: SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison St.. - CHICAGO. ILL.

BEES and HONEY,

OR THK

Management of an Apiary for Pleasure
and Prefit ; by

THOMAS C. NEWMAN,

EiUtoTof the A merUan Bee JoumoL

It contains 220 profusely illustrated pages
Is "fully up with the times" in all the im-
provements and Inventions in tnis rapidly
developing pursuit, and presents the apiar-
ist with eveivtliing that can aid m the
Buccessf 111 management of the honey-oee,
and at the same time produce the most
hoiiev in its best and most attractive con-
dition. Bound in cloUi, «1.00, postpaid.

»-A lilberal Discount to Dealers, by
the Dozen or Hundred.

THOS. G. TTETVMAN & SON,

323 & 925 West MadlBon St., CHICAGO, ILL.

T'H® mimmmi^mm mmm jotJKrfMiL-.

803

■ omcyyoo. h>l. as- — ^^ '

Wi^P?^^*?:*®-

EDITOR.

VoiniV. Dec, 12, m No. 50.

One I>ay at a time !
It's a wholesome rhyme !

A good cue to live by,
A day at a time.

■We Iiave received the first number of
the "Queen Breeders' Journal," dated Jan-
uary, 1S89. It is to be issued monthly at 50
cents a year, at Marlboro, Mass. It con-
tains 10 pages, and is nicely printed.

Candy lor ^Viiiter Feeding— Mr.

Fulkenson, ot Wayne Co., Pa., desires us to
Siive in the American Bee Journal a re-
ceipt for making candy to feed bees on the
top of frames in winter. Here it is :

Use four parts of coffee A sufjar, and one
part of water ; simmer until it becomes
quite hard, on being cooled ; mould it into
frames ot one-inch thickness, and lay it on
the top of the frames, using sticks under-
neath 3 ^-inch square, to give the bees free
access to it, and the heat of tlie hive will
beep it warm, and soften it.

As liie Cold Weatlier approaches
every kind-hearted man who owns a horse
will provide his animal with a comfortable
blanket, both for stable wear and for cov-
ering when hitched out-of-doors. Nor is it
a matter of kindness of heart alone, but is
really a matter ot economy with the owner
of the horse. An animal which is kept
comfortably blanketed will keep in good
condition and come out in the spring in bet-
ter condition for hard work, on less feed
than cue that is afforded none but its nat-
ural protection. The cost of the blanket
will be more than saved in the feed, besides
adding to the physical comfort and appear-
ance of the beast.

The Caiiiidinns, it seems, are prepar-
ing for a monster convention at Brantford
next fall, in connection with the meetii g of
the International there. The Honey Pro-
ducer for December remarks as follows :

The Cnnadkin Bee Journal makes a
very happy sngKHstion, and one which re-
flects much credit upon it, in speaking of
the International American Bee-Associa-
tion meeting at Brantford next year, it says:

" Next year the meeting being in Brant-
ford, we trust that some arrangement may
be made tn secure a good crowd. Let the
Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association and all
county societies make it a point to attend in
a body — Our suggestions may be prema-
ture, but beginning in lime is half the
battle."

What an excellent idea if all the county
associations, and wp believe there are seven
alone atliliated with the Ontario, besidns a
number of others— and the Ontario and the
Quebec can arranije to meet in a body at
Brantford. Tliey alone would have one ot
the very best conventions ever held : if we
add to this the bee-keepers of the United
States, and as it is proposed, representatives
from several European countries, we shall
certainly have the best meeting bf'e-keepers
have ever held, and we can assure the edi-
tors of the Cajwirfirtii. Bee Jouritiil and all
others a most hearty welcome to Brantford.

We should lilie to see such a convention
held, and think that the suggestions are
" good and timely." We support the motion
enthusiastically.

Revised I^angstrotli.- On page 814
will be seen the announcement that the
new and revised edition of the book of the
Rev. L. L. Langstroth will appear next
week. It will show the progress of thirty
years, and will be very interesting. It is
somewhat strange, and certainly a coinci-
dence, that in the year of three S's (1888)
there should appear new editions of three of
the standard bonks on apiculture — the other
two being by Prof. Cook and Mr. A. I. Root.
The revised Langstroth is published by Ch.
Dadant & Son, whose long experience in
practical apiculture abundantly qualifies
them for the work of revision. As soon as
the book comes to hand we will give further
notice and review. It can be obtained at
this ofBce as soon as issued from the press.

To I>elin«iHen«s.— After January 1,
1889, we shall discontinue sending the
American Bee Journal to those who
have not responded to the bills we sent out
a few weeks ago.

This does not mean that we shall try to
deprive fDiy one oi the pleasure of reading
the Bee Journal who really desire its
continuance, but find it diflicult to pay now.
Such can get a short extension of time by
asking for it. We should be sorry to lose
any subscriber who wishes to have its
weekly visits continued, but do not want
any to continue to take it who do not think
they are getting the full worth of their
money.

We hope each one will endeavor to send
us one or more new subscribers when they
renew. We want at least ten thousand sub-
scribers for 1880.

Maryland, My Maryland John

B. Reed, Ovving's Mills, Md.,on Dec. 3, 1888,
writes us as follows concerning an article
on page 7.^6, on the institution of a Bee-
Keepers' Society in Maryland :

I lately met with a correspondent of the
American Bee Journal who was very
eiithusiaslio about tlie organization of a
bee-keepers' association for Maryland. He
showed me an article that lie wrote on that
subject, which I think is very good; but I
do not think there has been enough of bee-
literature distributed in our StHte to start
one very soun. If you would make an ap-
peal to some of our large bee-keepers, and
some of tlie neighboring States would lend
a helping hand, we might in time organize
such a body ; if only very small at first it
would very likely increase. There are a
uood many who would keep bees if they
had some one to attend to them. If there
were men going about doing such work that
were endorsed by some association, it would
increase the numher ot apiarists. Do you
not think that it would be well to agitate
this matter ?

Will the bee-keepers in the surrounding
country correspond with Mr. Reed, so that
there may be a good vs'orking society in-
stituted in Maryland, as we suggested in an
editorial on page 7.^6 ? It requires some one
to lead, and considerable energy to get the
bee-keepers together, and then the thing
can easily be done. Enough enthusiasm
can be kindled at such a meeting to make a
society a success. We repeat what we be-
fore said : Act quickly ! Strike out for
success I Be enthusiastic ! These are the
watch-words which bring success, every-
time.

Indian Summer seems to have
"slipped a cog "this year. The beautiful
weather which usually comes in October,
and which we are wont to call "Indian
summer," arrived this year aliout the mid-
dle of November, and is still here. In fact
we can truthfully say that though not quite
as warm, still " December is as pleasant as
May," in all that makes it enjoyable. Our
friends in the country have good roads, and
with bracing atmosphere, clear skies, and
a lack of snow in the West, the season is
delightful. In the East they are having
lots of snow, and storms have been too
plenty, while no snow is the rule all throngh
the West.

Xlie Micltigan Bee-Keepers meet
in convention on Wednesday (the date of
this paper), and hold a two-days session.
This is the 33rd annual convention of this
State Association. It is one ot the oldest
and best societies of bee-keepers in Amer-
ica, and this meeting will no doubt be a
very interesting one. We shall have a re-
port of the proceedings in due time.

In Australia there is a great com-
plaint of drouth, which seems to have ex-
tended all over that continent. New Zealand
and the islands adjacent. It is much of the
same state of affairs as existed in North
America in 1887, the results of which are
yet being felt quite extensively.

804

'rmm mimmmicmm be® jo^rkmiu.

'^■~-*^*^*^*»«^*^^

World's Congress of Bce-Keep-

ers.— The idea grows, day by day. Mr. J.
W. TefEt now gets enthusiastic, and says
that the coming meeting atBrantford, Ont.,
should be a World's Congress of bee-keepers ;
that it should select as a permanent location
Niagara Falls for holding its sessions. He
asks to have the toUowiug "Notice" sub-
mitted for the consideration of bee-keepers,
and a prophecy of the future :

The World's Congress of bee-keepers will
hold its first council at Brautford, Ont.
Now is the time for local conventions to
elect delegates, etc., giving four days of
high thinking in apiculture. Bee-keepers
of culture and of earnest thought should not
fail to attend the sessions of the World's
Bee-Keepers' Congress, to be held at Brant-
ford, Ontario, Canada, on date

Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Fri-
day, , 1889.

The old reliable American Bee Jour-
nal has already dwelt, upon the character
and purposes ot this Congress. It is simply
a gathering for the liberal discussion of
what is best in bee-culture for men and
women ; and also for finding out in which
direction true progress lies ; in what meas-
ures the greatest good will result. The
Congress seeks to he simply a little advance
guard of bee-keeping civilization, blazing
away for general advance.

We apprehend a marked effort at the
coming Congress of bee-keepers to be prac-
tical. To point out some steps which may
actually be taken, and what practical good
may follow. Messrs. Allen Pringle and L.
C. Root are expected to share in the discus-
sions, as they are conspicuous among the
educators, as exponents.

Dr. A. Stanley Hancock, of Buffalo, N.
T., vciil give his experience In reversible
frames, all-purpose bee-hives, ventilation,

Thomas G. Newman will probably in-
dicate in a measure the character and pur-
poses ot the four days' celebration.

Dr. Tinker on the new sections open on
all sides.

The question of the race and type of bees,
by Prof. A. J. Cook.

Tobacco, humbugs, and scientific bee-
keeping by A. 1. Root.

A welcome address by R. F. Holtermann
is sure to be earnest and suggestive.

We submit the above by request, but it is
too early yet to get up a programme for the
Congress.

We are glad to notice the general waking-
up to the importance of having a good con-
vention, and hail with delight the indica-
tions of a monster meeting, which shall be
noted for the sacrificing ot selfish motives
and designs, and for the unanimity of those
present— all working for the general good-
while making plans for the advancement
and prosperity of the pursuit. That is a
hopeful sign— a good omen !

Money in Potatoes, by Mr. Joseph

Greiner. Price, 25 cents, postpaid. This
is a complete instructor for the practical
potato-grower, and explains the author's
new system in 40 interesting lessons. It is
for sale at this office.

Odor and Color.— On page 776 Mrs.
Chaddock avers that she knows that " odor
is a guide to bees " in search of honey.
This was in reply to Prof. Cook, who claims
that " the color of flowers " was the attrac-
tion to tlie bees. Now, in Oleanings for
December, on page 926, Prof. Cook makes
these additional remarks on the subject :

Do you remember what ludicrous blunders
Agassiz made when he attempted to write
ot bees ? He was a master in science, yet
the humblest bee-keeper in the land could
have taught even Agassiz very much.

The point I wish to make is : If we wish
to learn of bees and their work, we go to a
bee-man ; so when we wish to learn as to
the nature, growth, development, and gen-
eral economy of plants, we will, if wise, go
to a first class botanist. W. E. Gladstone is
a marvelous man, but I would give a thou-
sand times as nuich for Dr. Real's opinion
on an intricate matter connected with plants
as I would for Gladstone's.

Now for ray point: All our bontanists
believe that odor and color in flowers are
developed peculiarities. They have been
evolved for the good of the plant. The
method by which they aid the plants is by
attracting insects. We positively know
that insects by cross-fertilizina the flowers
of the same species do immense good to the
plants. This often changes sterility to
maximum productiveness, and almost al-
ways increases the productiveness many
fold. Of course, as bees are so much more
numerous in early spring than any and all
other sweet-loving insects, they are the
chief agents in this good work.

We may say, then, that the rich coloration
and penetrating odors of flowers are their
distress signals. Bees see the colors or
smell the odors, and so are attracted, to the
mutual benefit of both parties. We see,
then, why many showy flowers, like cardi-
nal bloom, and the Rocky Mountain or Col-
orado cleoiiie attract bees and other insects
without odor. Otlier inconspicuous flowers,
like mignonette, are very fragrant, and so
attract insects by scent, not gaudy colora-
tion. Still others, like the phlox, are both
showy and fragrant.

Again, are not our bees governed by rea-
son ? It is sometimes said, that bees are
wholly ruled by instinct. I do not think so.
A red clover field is rich in clover, and de-
lightful with fragrance. Yet the honey-bee
generally passes it by. A less fragrant and
more feebly adorned white clover field at
the same time rings with the hum of bees.
Why the difference? The bees have
learned by experience that they receive no
benefit from red clover. Indeed, the very
fact that they are attracted by color argues
that they are reasoning from former experi-
ence. Bees are, in a sense, botanists.

A €rood Christmas Present for an

apiarian friend or relative would be one of
the new books on apiculture, or even a
year's subscription to the American Bee
Journal. See list of books on page 81.5 of
this issue, and select what you desire. It
sent for at once, there will be plenty of
time to get either the book or subscription
receipt in time for Christmas.

I\o-»v is the time to sell the honey. The
holidays are at hand, and the best prices
rule about that time.

Well did Pythagoras put it when he
said, " Rest satisfied with doing well, and
leave others to talk of you as they please."

Button-Kail Honey. — Mr. S. A.

Shuck, of Liverpool, Ills., gives the follow-
ing particulars concerning this honey-pro-
ducer, in Oleanings :

There are thousands of acres of it in the
marshes of this, the Ulinois river bottom. I
have lived in this place five years, but we
got no button-ball honey until last season.
It bloomed about three weeks, and gave us
(wife, children and I) something over a ton
from this source.

This season it bloomed six weeks, and we
have taken off the hives about 2,000 pounds,
all button-ball honey. There is about a ton
on the hives, and the greater part of that is
button-ball.

The cause of its failure in previous years
was ice breaking it down during the winter;
and its continuing so long in bloom this
season was caused by the water. When it
commenced to bloom it was standing in
water up to its "chin." The water com-
menced going down ; and as the water con-
tinued to fall, new shoots put forth, and
new buds kept coming, so that there was
considerable button-ball bloora yet last
week.

We obtained nearly three tons of honey
last season from 98 colonies in the spring,
and went into winter quarters with 114 colo-
nies. We commenced last spring with about
108 colonies ; and while we have not a big
crop, we have a fair yield. Our neighbors
got almost nothing last season, and a little
less so far this season.

Among the ancient " Irish Signs and
Omens" enumerated by an exchange, we
notice the following as directions or en-
chantments to attract wild bees :

Gather fox-glove, raspberry leaves, wild
marjoram, mint, camimiile, and valerian,
mix with butter made on Monday, on which
day the herbs should also be gathered. Boil
with honey, and rub the vessel into which
the bees should go, with tlie mixture. Place
it in a tree, and the bees will come.

In our day they sound very strange among
matter-of-fact people.

»S- Xlie I^ational Bee-Keepers'

Union fiscal year has heretofore ended on
June 30. Sometime since it was proposed
to have it end with the calendar year. It
was submitted to vote, and every vote, so far
received, is in fnvor of the change, except
one which suggests that "January is always
settlement month, and funds scarce." As
the dues ai'e not delinquent for six months,
that objection is nullified. The change is
therefore declared carried by consent.

This change will make the time tor pay-
ing dues and voting for officers come on
Jan. 1, and blanks will be sent out on Dec.
15, for that object.

Xo Our Subscribers.— Send to F.

P. Shuniway, Jr., Boston, Mass., for a free
sample copy of the Cottage Hearth, a beau-
tiful illustrated magazine, and so realize
what an extraordinaiiv offer we are
making when we propose to send both tlie
Cottage Hearth and the American Bee
Journal for a full year for only S1.50,
when the price of the Cottage Hearth alone
is 81.50 a year, thus giving you two standard
publications at the price of one.

'jcmm jsMERicMH MMW j&wmwm%(.

805

■.*^*^^^->^-.*.*-^*^*^^-^-^j-:^^^^^-*-^^^^*-^-*^^^^^*^^^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^*^^^^

MREARY ^VI.^XKR.

Alas ! nil aowerless are the vales ;
We feel the brealb i)f Arctic gaies.

AI! silent are the linney-bees.

And gaunt and leafless are the trees.

The daisies to the zephyrs nod
So more— deal is the golden-rod.

No Are flies in the alders g'eam ;

No more the swallows skim the stream.

The gras^ Is withered on the lawn ;

No more the sonK-bird greets the dawn.

The merry crickets chirp no more ;
The weather-strips are on the door.

Now come bleak winds with drizzline showers,
And 'neath the eaves the sparrow cowers.

The elory of the autumn's past.
And dreary winter's coming fast.

The dreary winter with its snow.
And days uf '* eight and ten belo ff."

mRiES f Ri

Placing the Seclioii-Casc for
Comb Honey.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 596.— When comb honey is desired,
can any more honey be obtained by placing
the section-caso crosswise over the frames,
than by usini; it lenfrthwise ; that is, running
with the frames, or from front to rear ?— New
York.

No. — C. C. Miller.

No. — Mrs. L. H.'^.rrison.

I think not. — J. M. Hambaugh.

I think not. — M. Mahin.

No, certainly not. — R. L. Taylor.

No. No more, and no less. — Eugene
Secor.

No. What kind of a hive do you
have ? — Will M. Barnum.

No ; and there are serious olsjections
to such a practice. — James Heddon.

I can see no difi"erence in favor of
either plan. — G. M. Doolittle.

We do not think that it makes any
dift'erence as to quantity. — Dadant &
Son.

Having never tried them crosswise,
I do not know. — A. B. Mason.

I prefer tliem to run crosswise, hut
practically I do not think it makes
any ditfcrence. — J. P. H. Brown.

I think not. 1 have them both waj-s,
and I sec no diflerence in the amount
of hone}- secured. — A. J. Cook.

I do not think that there can be, and
I see no good reason wliv it sliould. —
J. E. Pond.

I can see no dift'erence as far as
honey is concerned. I prefer the sec-
tions to run with the frames. — H. D.
Cutting.

No, never. Besides it is wrong any-
waj'. Run sections the same as the
frames, and the hive need be level or

true one way. Run the sections cross-
wise, and the hivt must be level both
ways. Double trouble without a sin-
gle advantage. — J. M. Shuck.

I do not think that it makes much
dift'erence, but putting the sections
lengthwise is generally preferred. — P.

L. VlALLON.

It makes no dift'erence, but as hives
are generally tilted forward to shed
water, it is best to place the sections
running from front to rear. The hives
must be kept plumb sidewise, when
comb either in brood-frames or sec-
tions is being built. — C. H. Dibbern.

I have used cases largely in both
waj's, and as to quantity of honey I
have failed to see any dift'erence in
favor of either way. I make my cases
so that the sections run with the
brood-frames, in order that the hives
may be " tipped" forward .slightly so
as to drain the alighting-board of any
water that may get there. — G. W.
Demaree.

Oh. no ! No good reason is pre-
sented why it should make any dift'er-
ence in the quantity of honey obtained,
so far as we can discover. There are
reasons for having the combs parallel
with the brood-frames, other than a
quantity of honey. — The Editor.

Separate Section-Cases, or Wide
Frames ?

Written for the Amcruxin Bee Journal

ftuery 597.— Can more honey be obtained
by using separate cases (that is, those with
sections) than by using wide frames with sec-
tions y— E.

No, I think not. — R. L. Taylor.

No more honey, but less work. — C.
C. Miller.

I never use wide frames. Place all
sections in cases. — J. P. H. Brown.

I think not, but it is more conven-
ient to use separate cases. — A. B.
Mason.

Not according to my experience. —

P. L. VlALLON.

I think so, and in better shape
usually. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

There is no dift'erence as to quantity;
it is only a matter of convenience to
the bee-keeper. — C. H. Dibbern.

I have never made a practical test,
but I believe the dift'erence would not
be very marked. — J. M. Hambaugh.

The wide-frame plan will give as
much honey as any plan so far known.
— G. M. Doolittle.

I do not know as I understand j-our
question fairlj'. But I am satislied

section-case than with wide frames. —
Will M. Barnom.

I see no reason whj-. It is simply
for convenience that we use crates or
cases, in lieu of wide frames. — A. J.
Cook.

It depends upon circumstances.
There are advocates of both plans.
Probably but little dift'erence will be
found. — J. E. Pond.

I use separate cases, also sections in
wide frames, and I can see no dift'er-
ence with the same race of bees and
colonies of the same strength. — H. D.
Cutting.

One plan will secure just as much
honey as the other, other things being
equal. It is altogether a question of
cheapness and convenience. I began
with wide frames, but I have discarded
them. — M. Mahin.

Perhaps not, but the latter method
would involve the most work, I think.
In a large apiary the question is not
simply quantity, but maximum quan-
tity with minimum labor. — Eugene
Secor.

Cases for surplus honey of half-
depth ott'cr advantages that those of
full-depth do not ; for the reason that
a small amount of storage-room is of-
fered at one time, and heat is econo-
mized. The "case" system has al-
most superseded the wide-frame sys-
tem, and will eventually " push it to
the wall." Very much of this popu-
larity is due to the old Heddon case. —
J. M. Shuck.

I have tried both the wide-frame and
the case system, and I conclude that if
the apiarist is possessed of genius, and
is inditt'erent to what is by some peo-
ple called "fuss" in the bee-business,
there need be but little dift'erence in
the quantity of comb honey realized.
But for my part I am not fond enough
of "fuss" to be found fussing with
such impracticable traps as wide
frames.— G. W. Demaree.

In all probability the dift'erence in
quantity is very little, if any. Con-
venience and economy of labor and
material are the only things which are
claimed for section-cases for surplus
honey, which arc now superseding
the wide frames very rapidly. — The
Editor.

'rii«'! Xini«! for Reading' has cume,
with the long winter evenings. We have a
large stock of bee-books, and would like to
fill orders for them. To read and post up is
the way to succeed in any pursuit— in none
is it more important than in bee-keeping.

'iTf" The anniml meetinp of the Northwestern

lUlnoia Htitl Southwestern Wisconsin Bee-Keepers'

Asaot-iation wiU be held in the Supervisors Uooin of

.-, . T J u -.1 *i the Court House at Uuckford. Mis., on .Tan. ir, and

that I can get more honey with the \e_{^i,. d. a. fuller. Sec.

806

IT'HE' MMBKICMK mm'B JQ'XSmmMI^.

Atf-^-*--— --■--*-*-*--^-*-*-*-*— -*-*-**-*-**^^^^^ ^_^ ^ ^_^_^^ *_^ ^^^

REMINISCENCES.

A Record of a AVoinaii's Work
Anions llic Bees.

Written fur the Ainer icon Bee Journal

BY S. B. ATWATER.

The season has been a disastrous one
to me. There was one continual
drouth from tlie beginning to the end
of tlie season. I iiept my bees alive
by feeding honej'.

Deatli of Mrs. S. B. Atwater.

But on Dec. 12, 1887, my dear wife
passed to the " summer land." As a
consequence of this death in the
family, the bees also died.

If it were known how many years I
liave been I'eading the Amekican Bee
Journal, the reader would no doubt
exclaim, " Can any man read modern
bee-culture to so little purpose, that
that old superstition still clings to
him ?" I have read modern bee-oul-
ture quite extensively, and still what I
have said I believe to be true. Mj-
wife also had studied the books, and
read the papers until she became well
versed in what is known of the nature
and habits of the honey-bee, and an
adept in the management of an apiarj'.

We worked our apiaiy at first alto-
gether for extracted honey ; and in
building up by dividing, by forming
nuclei and other methods of increas-
ing the original stock, she had consid-
erable experience. In this work she
often made discoveries bj' her observa-
tions, and came to concUisions that
months afterwards, and sometime years
afterward, she saw confirmed by the
observations of others, and recorded in
tlie bee books and papers.

Bees DcTourins; tlieir Eggs*

One of these oljservations I recall
now, made several yeai's ago. She
had strengthened a nucleus by giving
it fi'ames of Ijrood from a strong col-
ony. When these frames were put in,
she noticed one frame filled with eggs
that were not hatched. In two days
afterward the cells in this frame were
cmjity — the bees had evidently de-
voured the eggs. The same was no-
ticed every time that eggs were put
into the hives where there were but
few bees, and those bees young.

On another occasion after we had
divided some strong colonies, leaving
about the same (juantity of bees and
brood in each of the two hives, she
noticed that but few bees were tlying
the next day in front of the hives that

had been moved to a new location.
On noticing these "bees closely, she
saw that tliey would walk out of the
entrance a little wa_y on the alighting-
board, and then return to the hive
without taking wing. She came to
the conclusion that the old bees — the
honey-gatherers and water - carriers
that had been once in these hives — had
flown out in the eai'ly morning, and
when they had obtained their loads,
had gone back to the hive on the old
stand instead of coming back to the
new place ; and that the bees in the
hives on the new stands were all j'oung
bees, and not old enough to fl}'. She
sprinkled some water on the edge of
the alighting-board, and was delighted
to see how eagerly the j'oung bees
crowded out and drank it.

In a few days, as she watched these
hives, she saw that the young bees
were beginning to 6y, and hunt new
watering-places. ' And then again,
when she had the good fortune to
catch a stra}' swarm, that had struck
out to find a new habitation, and had
it nicely hived, she thought it was not
otic new colony that we then most
wanted, but two or thi'ee. So she
lifted two or three frames from the
newly-hived swarm with their clusters
of bees, and put them in a new hive
with plenty of frames of brood from
hives that could well spare them in
June ; and two or three more frames
were lifted fi'om the hive containing
the new swarm, and placed in still
another hive, which was filled up bj-
frames of lirood drawn from strong
colonies. These hives were each placed
in a new location, and as the division
was made before the newlv-hived
swarm had had time to mark its loca-
tion, each part staid with the brood
that was given it.

In this experiment there was no
complaint about the bees eating fresh
eggs in comb that was put in the hive,
nor was there any necessity for sprink-
ling water on the alighting-board for
the young bees to carry in. This divi-
sion of the new swarm was so satisfac-
tory, that in after years, when we de-
sired to increase, we waited for a
natural swarm and then divided it
according to its strength.

These and man}- other things she
discovered which afterwartl she saw
confirmed by the writings of others.
Some experiments that she tried in
the management of bees did not work
out as well as she expected they would,
but even in failures there wei'e lessons
that were learned. In trying dilVcrent
plans of management, she found which
were the best. As an illustration, she
put the extra story of empty comb be-
low the bees instead of above, as is
usual, but the experiment was not a
success.

Those colonies which had their ex-
tra stories of emptj- comb placed above
them gathered more honey than those
did whose condition was reversed. I
have written this much to show that
my wife vi'as a thinker and an experi-
menter. She had read that it is nat-
ural for bees to store honey over their
brood, and she believed it after she
had tried to make them store it below.

Bee-Stlngs and Smoke.

I cannot tell you all the discoveries
she made in one short letter, but I will
relate one more : She noticed that
sometimes when we pinched a bee and
induced it to resent the provocation
bj- a sting, that other bees would be
excited by the scent given out by the
stinging hee ; and perhaps a half dozen
other bees, that up to that moment
had been well-l)ehaved, would instantly
take the warpath and rush right to the
spot already stung, and do their best
to sting it some more. At such times
she used the smoker, turning on a
blast of smoke to take away the scent
of the bee-sting. It was but a short
time till she discovered that smoke
was an antidote for the poison of the
bee-sting.

We have tried many things, but
nothing gives so much relief as
smoke blown from the bee-smoker for
a few moments on the place stung.
This fact has been mentioned in the
Bee Journal, but for the benefit of
new subscribers it ought to be re-
peated every three months. Those
who try the experiment for the first
time will soon learn to lose as little
time as possible after being stung, be-
fore beginning to puft" the smoke on
the sting. I never saw any man who
could do as much work, and do it as
intelligently in handling bees, as my
wife could.

The FliUosopIiy. J

I will now return to the philosophy 4
— not the superstition — that connects
the death of my wife with the death of
the bees the same winter. She and I
had always worked together in pre-
paring our bees for winter. My wife
was taken sick just about the time we
expected to go to work to prepare the
bees for winter, and she was not able
to help. My whole time and thoughts
were engrossed in caring for mj- wife.
The bees were neglected, and stood i
out through the rigorous winter with- ;
out any packing. They are dead now, ■•.
but there would have been but little j
profit in them this summer had they |
lived. The white clover was killed by J
the drouth one year .ago. It came up
from the seed, and if we have a gooil
winter, this will be a good location foi-
bces next year.

Viola, Ills.

'jtmm m^mmmi^mm mmm jo'^jkn'se..

807

h^A^Am

PEACHES.

Sound Fruit is Never Attacked
by the Bees.

Written for the Farin Life.

The matter has corae up a great
many times in regard to bees and
peaches, and perhaps more this pi-es-
eut season than heretofore. A few
da3-s ago a neighbor told me that our
bees had taken eomi)lete possession of
his peach orchard. They were " clean-
ing the fruit right oii' the trees, and
would not let anybody go near the
ti-ees." I told him they were eating
the decayed peaches, and no others.
He woukl not believe me until I took
him down to our fruit-house and
showed him several baskets of sweet
cling-stone peaches. These sweet
cling-stones are the first that ripen,
and this year they began rotting, a
great part of them, before they got
mellow enough to eat. I have taken
considerable time and pains to look
into the whole matter, and I think I
understand it.

I bought of a neighbor about two
bushels of these peaches, and I imme-
diately sorted out all decayed and
mellow ones. Before I got through,
the bees were busy on the decayed
ones, and where the skin was bruised
they rapidly enlarged the opening and
soon finished the peach. For two or
three hours not a bee was to be found
on those that had been sorted out as
perfect. By noon, however, knots of
bees were gathered in difl'ercnt parts
of almost every basket.

I sorted them again, and found little
white spots, indicating that rot had
commenced since I went over them in
the morning, and whenever the bees
found these indications that decay had
commenced on a small spot, they
puslied tlieir tongues into it, and rap-
idly made the opening larger. I then
placed a part of the peaches indoors,
where the bees could not get at them.
In about three hours' time, as before,
quite a number of the peaches showed
decayed spots. Some had commenced
to get mellow, but the greater part of
them commenced to rot before getting
mellow at all.

Well, wherever they were left out-
of-doors the bees found out wliat was
going on, and kept going over the
peaches, waiting for a soft spot to ap-
pear. Before these soft spots ap-
peared, a whitish down always indi-
cated whei-e rot was going to com-
mence. The appearance was some-
thing like mildew.

Good peaches, however, that became
mellow before this rotting commenced,
were never attacked or injured bj- the
bees at all. If, after the peaches get

mellow, the}' are tumbled around in
the baskets so as to bruise the skin,
they will be attacked by the bees.
They will also, within 24 hours, as a
rule, commence to decay if the Ijees do
not get at them.

Now, friends, I think you have the
truth of the whole matter. The bees
do not injure sound peaches. They
will, however, get through the skin at
once when this process of decay com-
mences, and it will start out through
the basket of peaches in just a few
hours — that is, if you sort out every
decayed peach, and every one that
shows any symptoms of decay, at nine
o'clock in the morning, during hot,
rainy weather, by noon you will find a
good many that have commenced to
rot — enough so that the bees will get
at them. In a few hours more, the
peach will sometimes be too rotten for'
sale or use.

Now, I do not know whether this
kind of rot always occurs with these
sweet cling-stones or not, I have
noticed it several seasons, but I never
saw it so bad as this season. It com-
mences when the peach is nearly ripe,
and it may attack fruit before it is
mellow, or after it is mellow, or not at
all. It is not the same kind of rot that
spoils fridt when it rots from over-
ripeness. If you get a remedj- for the
rot, you will also have a remedy for
the bees ; and this kind of rot is cer-
tainly a very serious matter to fruit-
growers.

Now, then, there is one other
trouble : When your fruit gets bruised
so as to break the skin, the bees will
rapidly take out the inside. People
who handle fruit, however, greatly
magnify the efl'ects ; and my neighbor
was greatly surprised to see me pick
out peaches and push the bees away
with my finger, in order to show him
the white mold which is the forerun-
ner, or harbinger, of the rot on every
peach where tlie bees had found an
opening. He could hardly believe me
when I told him they did not chase
his people out of the orchard.

Now, I wish the whole matter might
be fully understood, and I wish our
agricultural papers would copy the
facts I have here given. There is
some trouble with bees and fruit, I am
well aware ; but the trouble is not so
great as fruit-men often imagine ; and
I am sure it will be very much less ex-
pense to arrange the damages in an
amicable way, rather than to attempt
to right the matter by going to law.

Let the bee-keeper and the fruit-
raiser both look into the matter, and
talk it over in a friendly way. I pro-
posed gatliering the fruit, or paying
the damages ; but my neighbor finally
declared that there were not sound
peaches enough there in the first place

to he worth talking about. He knew
many of them were rotting, even be-
fore they were ripe ; but he did not
know the bees were at work on the
trees, onl}' on tliose that had begun to
rot.

Another tiling : The bees would pay
no attention to these peaches, even the
sweet ones, were it a .season when
honey could be found in the fields.
With us, however, the bees seldom find
honey enough to keep them busy at
the time when peaches begin to ripen.

October, 1888.

[When the whole facts are known,
the bees will be fullj' exonerated from
the charge of attacking sound fruit, as
is so well demonstrated in the fore-
going article from that excellent agri-
cultural periodical called the Farm
Life, published at Rochester, N. Y. —
Ed.]

UNITING.

Use of Cliloruforui in Handling
Bees.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY C. E. WOODWAKD.

On page 742 some one asks if any
ill-eft'ects would follow the use of chlo-
roform in quieting bees, or introduc-
ing queens. As I have never seen any
method for its use in the apiary, from
our leading apiarists, I will give the
method I u.se for uniting colonies and
introducing queens.

In the first place, we must take into
consideration the powerful liquid we
are to use. Chloroform is a colorless,
volatile liquid, and is very powerful
for man or beast, and should not be
allowed in the hands of any child.

Get the chloroform and three
sponges, and saturate one of the
sponges with the liquid ; dampen a
sponge with water, and put the sponge
into tlie bee-smoker ; then put in the
sponge saturated with the chloroform,
and then put in the third sponge. Be
siire that you have the sponge satur-
ated with the chloroform between the
two sponges dampened with water.
This will hold the strength of the
chloroform.

Wet a cloth with water and cover
over the frames of the hive that is to
be manipulated, and cover the hive up
again. Now take the smoker and
give the bees two puffs of the chloro-
form. Then go to the next hive and
operate on it as before. If you are
uniting bees, then go back to the first
hive and give them two puffs more.
By this time the bees will lie "silly,"

808

THE' n^iawmionw wmw jQ^mmm%r.

and the queens may be allowed to run
in, and all will be right.

The bees may also be united with

perfect satisfaction, and without loss.
No consumption of houej' is needed,
no sweet solution is wanted, and the
perfumes of cremated wood is uncalled
for. The time is fast approaching
when the old -IS-hour-method will be-
come obsolete.

South Newbury, Ohio.

HONEY-BEES.

Apieultiiral Literature and
Facts About Bec§.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY HENRY K. ST.\LEY.

Among the bees still holds good that
law of the stronger preying upon the
weaker. The thought rendered in
poetry is as follows :

Big fleas have little fleas to bite 'em.

And little fleas have lesser fleas, ad inftnitum.

So, when we look into the animal
kingdom on this nether world, we find
the lion preying upon the jackal, the
wolf upon the lamb, etc. ; but, of
course, there are e.xceptions to the
general rule.

Tlie Robbers Among tlie Bees.

The bee in its formation, life and
idiosyncrasies is a good deal like man,"
as I mentioned on page 792. That is,
in a case of continuous drouth, and
when honej' -bearing plants cease to
pour forth their nectar, the bee, like
man when he is out of employment
and becomes down-hearted, will often
resort to robbing. But this robbing
may be easily remedied, by so chang-
ing the hives, that, the robbers instead
of bringing honey to their own hive,
will be taking it from their own alveary
to the other. This will often neutra-
lize the aS'air, but sometimes it will
not. Then you had better try the
odor plan (i.e.) putting one kind of
odor (as peppermint) in one hive, and
another kind (as musk) in the other ;
and, then, the bees of the various hives
being able to distinguish themselves
from one another, you will soon see
the truth in that old saying, " Uber
clem Sturriic iH liuhe^'' — After the tem-
pest is sunshine.

No one who has not seen this whole-
sale robljiug among bees, cau hardly
comprehenil how the little scalawags
dart through the air from .one hive to
the other, the robbers bearing liome
their little load of pilfered sweets,
shaking themselves at the entrance of
their own hive to inform their co-
lal)orers, when the air is soon tilled
with a maddened, angry swarm of
bees, ready to sting the first person

that comes in sight, on the least provo-
catian, while over the alighting-board
of the robber hive may be seen the
pilferers falling tliick and fast.

Virgil's description of a imgna be-
tween two colonies of bees, applies
xevy well to this robbing incident. It
is as follows :

"As soon, therefore, as they find the
spring serene, and the fields of air
open, fortli thej' rush from their gates;
thej' join battle : buzzing sounds arise
in the sky aloft : mingled they cluster
in a mighty round, and fall headlong :
hail rains not thicker from the air, nor
such quantities of acorns from tlie
shaken oak. The kings themselves
admit the hosts, distinguished by their
wings, exert miglity souls in little
bodies, obstinately determined not to
j'ield till the dread victor has com-
pelled either these or tliose to turn
their backs in flight. These commo-
tions of their minds, and this so mighty
fray, checked by the throw of a little
dust will cease."

The above, of course, is the embel-
lished language of the poet, and
adorned by his imagination to look
plausible to the illiterate ; but in practi-
cable experience he will find the diffi-
culties are greater than he expected.
We may exclaim with Bobbie Burns,
when bees are on the pilfering ram-
page, and

Bizz out wi 'angry fyke, (bustle)

When plundering herds assail their byke (hive),

that for the nonce, it is enough for a
literate apiarist to manage them, let
alone an illiterate one.

For 21 daj-s of its life (the worker-
bee) — 16 days for the queen, and 24
for the drone — it lives what may be
termed an aquatic life ; and from the
hatching of the egg it passes through
great changes, until it finally emerges
from the cell a perfect bee, when its
life may be said to be that of the
aerial tj'pe ; for then, it soon acquires
tlie power to use its wings, feet and
other organs.

It devotes about the first ten daj^s of
its aerial life to cleaning cells — pre-
paratory to receive the eggs or honey
— or taking care of bees just emerging,
etc., like chiUlren learn to perform the
work in a cuisine and household duties.

At 12 or 14 days of age the bee
commences to labor in the fields, and
passes its prime at about six weeks in
the working season, when mild — or it
may be onl^- 30 days, during a strong
honey-flow — wlien it steadily begins to
go into decline. So, like u,s, it is only
a few short days from tlie time they
had their first after-birth frolic, when

Sporting witll quick glance,
Show to the sun their waved coals dropt with gold,

to the time when, with torn wings and
haggard limbs, they wearil}' draw

themselves away from the busy swarm
of population, to some remote place to
die in. Hence when the peculiarities
of the bee are brought vis-a-vis with
the peculiarities of the human race,
does it not seem that we are very
closelj- allied to the faiuilj- of the Apis
Mellijica ?

Atax}', when the hive is in a healthy
condition, finds no place among the
bees. Everything must be in apple-
pie (^rder. If there are some that get
mad, and trow they will do what they
please sans souci, they are soon ousted
out or treated to a reprimand. One
thing very queer about them is, the
the utter nonchalance the}' have for in-
firm members of their familj'.

It is a well known fact, that some
people who are too lazy to work in the
winter-time, through their influence
with the trustee in their township, get
a permit to enter the county infirmarj"
palming ofl" valetudinarianism on liim
Of course, with this permit, they gain
an entrance into the infirmary, and
feast there, through the winter at the
expense of the county, leaving again

When that Aprille with his schowers swoote
The drought of Marche has perced to the roote,

to seek employment. We find no such
thing in the bee-hive, because thej' be-
lieve in the adage that says, he who
does not labor shall not eat.

Those bees that are sick, bruised, or
in some waj' rendered infirm, are
hustled out and thrown overboard.
This resembles the way Sparta did
with her infirm children. Every newlj-
born babe was taken, according to the
Law of L)curgus, before a committee
of aged men, who gave, the decision
upon his riglit to live. If puny or
sickly, into a ravine they slung him to
die ; but, if he seemed likelj- to be
strong, lie was accepted as one of the
sons of Sparta, and had one nine-thou-
sandth part of the public lands given
to him.

So also with the bees, they allow no
cripples among them, and will even
tear down an inchoate queen if one of
her limbs is in some w.ay injured.
They have no time to" bother witli the
infirm ; life is too short, and thc'honey-
flow too uncertain and pusiUanimous
to be bothered with tliem. Like the
Spartans of old at the pass of Ther-
mopyUw they have a mighty work to
accompish with small numbers, and in
a short time ; and, therefore, they have
no time to bother with the infirm when
the hone3--flow is thundering rapidly
pass their threshold.

The type of a man's life for nine
months is aquatic, and during that in-
terval of time he assumes many difl'er-
ent but correlated forms ; and is it not
so with the bee ? The egg hatches,
and the larva grows, in what may be
termed a parvum /return (little sea) of

i

THU ffiMERICa^M BE® J©1SPRHffiIU.

809

liquid food, which it graduall}', through
many distinct ■forms, uses up, going
tlirough tlie various forms of larva,
pupa (whore it spins its cocoon, whicli
serves as a velvet lied for its immature
body to bounce about in, and also to
guard against jars, as well as apieul-
tural eruptions indulged in by illiterate
bee-men), to the imago state where it
assumes the real form of the bee.
During this time — niirabile diclu — the
pabulum in the cell seems to change
directly into the body of the bee, and
if any offal escapes, it must be in the
form of gaseous vapors.

At the birth of a child his life be-
comes aerial ; he soon, through nour-
ishment from his mother's bosom, ac-
quires the power to use his limbs with
energj- ; to expand his lungs with the
atmospheric air, and squall, and many
other doings I need not 7nentioii to those
blest with little children. How won-
derfully similar to the bee in its pecu-
liarities is man ! No wonder that great
poet. Green, wrote this lovely little
passage :

To the mind's ear, and inward silence,
't'here silence spealts. and sliade gives light :
While insects from the threshold preach,
And minds disposed to musing teach ;

Proud of strong limbs and painted hues,
They perish by tlie slightest bruite :
Or maladies begun within
Destroy more slow life's frail machine :

From maggot-youtti thro' change of state,

They feel like us, the turns of fate.

Some born to creep have lived lo fly,

And changed eartti's cells for dwellings high ;

And some that did tlieir six wings keep,
Before they died, been forced to creep.
They politics, like ours, profess ;
'i'he greater prey upon tlie less.

Some strain on foot huge loads to bring,
Home toll incessant on tne wing ;
Nor from their vigorous schemes desist
Till death ; and then they are never mist.

Some frolic, toil, marry, increase.
Are sick and well, have war and peace ;
And broke with age in half a day,
Yield to successors, and away.

Yes, truly, Green saw and under-
stood the bee in the way the poet.
Gray, meant the following lines, thus :

To contemplation's sober eye
Such is the race of man.

The quotation from Green's "Grotto,"
I consider one of the gems of bee-
literature, wortliy of being learned Ijy
ever3- bee-loving person, notwithstand-
ing the apicultural effusions of Shakes-
peare, or the embellished sayings in
Virgil's Fourth Georgics, to the con-
trary ; for where in all the realm of
bee-literature will you find a poem
containing so great a maximum of
thought in so small a number of
words, which at the same time may be
construeil to apply to the human race
so minutely ?

Are we not proud of brawny arms
and sparkling eyes, rubicund cheeks
and dainty hands ? Yet, is not a
slight cut or bruise able to produce
tetenus, when Death, with his reaping
scythe, claims us as his own? Although
nianj' are the panaceas that have been

recommended and tried to cure con-
sumption, it, like foul brood, may
emanate from the mother, so that no
remedy may be able to cure it. If the
parents are consumptive, .we know
that the child may, in all probability,
be made the possessor of what may be
termed hereditarj' consumption ; and
we know also, that a healthy person
without the slightest blemish of
hereditary consumption, may contract
that awful disease through the neglect
of a cold.

So also there is hereditary foul
brood, emanating from the queen-bee,
the germs of which are supposed to
exist in the eggs themselves, and also
the foul brood that grasps a healthy
colony being convej'ed to it by bees
from other infected colonies ; or the
germs may be wafted through the air,
or it is supposed that the bacilli may
exist in the newly-gathered pollen,
and thus find its way into the rank
and tile of the bee-hive.

The following lines of Pope, in his
"Essay on Man," seem to apply di-
rectl}' to hereditary consumption in
man, ami ma}' bo construed to apply
to hereditary foul brood in bees, thus :

As man perhaps, the moment of his breath,
Receives the lurking principle of death :
The young disease, that must subdue at length.
Grows with his growth, and strengthens with his
strength.

Returning to Green's sayings, we
can easily construe the distich.

Pome born to creep, have lived to fly.

And cbang'd earth s cells for dwellings high,

to apply to man. Yes, some men who
were born in penury, like Lincoln,
Grant and Garfield, changed their
humble abodes for dwellings high, as-
cending step by step to the top of the
ladder of Renown, until at its summit
they stood environed with the Nimbus
of fame, and tho Aureola of glory ;
while some, born with " silver spoons
in their moutli," before thej' died have
been forced to beg from door to door.
Nor do we from our vigorous schemes
desist till death, and then we are
missed very little, for the world still
gjratcs on its axis, our orb still circles
round the sun, seed-time and harvest
come and go, and the busy populations
of tho earth still fill up the combs of
prosperity witli the rich productions
of our globe, while we go into oblivion
and gliilc down the river of Forgetful-
ness. Truly our " life is but a sheet of
paper white, where on each one maj'
write his word or two, and then comes
night ;" or we can exclaim with Gray :

Poor moralist I and what are thou ?
A solitary fly !

Thy joys no glittering female meets.
No hive hast thtni of hoarded sweets.

No painted plumage to display ;
On hasty wings thy youth is flown ;
Thy sun is set. thy spring is gone—
We' frolic while 'tis May.

Pleasant Ridge, Ohio.

NECTAR.

Honey Is IVot I?Iadc, but Gath-
ered from Flo\ver§.

Written for the Prairie Farmer

BY MRS. L. HARBISON.

In an old book that my father used
to read from as I stood by his knee,
are these words : " My son, eat thou
honey, because it is good." Yes, in-
deed, "it is good;" not only for the
young, but the old, decrepit, and mid-
dle-aged. It gives warmth to the sys-
tem, arouses nervous energj', and gives
vigor to the vital functions.

After the closing of the North
American Bee-Keepers' Convention
during the fall of 1880, a number of
bee-keepers, myself among the num-
ber, called at the home of General
Witliers. We walked through and
admired that beautiful palace, with its
many stained windows, perfect venti-
lation, and hard-finished interior, fur-
nished with every convenience, for the
comfort and health of the horses,
which were to be its inmates. In the
course of conversation this genial gen-
tleman said the horses had paid for
their home, and among other things,
that his father, who lived to be a very
old man, alwaj's ate a little honey
every day.

People have said to me : "I thought
honey was all the same ; that bees
made it, and you bee-keepers call it
basswood, clover honey, etc." It is
true, that all that the bees collect and
store in tlieir combs is honey, whether
it is the product of the leaves or bark
of trees, honey-dew or sweet juice
oozing from corn-stalks, wheat-stubble,
or distilled in tlie corollas of beautiful
flowers.

Bee-masters now endeavor to keep
the different kinds of honey as distinct
as possible, and they do it in this way :
All the honey gathered in the North
and the West, up to the time of the
blooming of white clover, is used in
brood-rearing. There may be excep-
tions to this, in the vicinity of large
apple orchards, but in this locality
there are but few trees, and what there
are, are crab apples.

During some seasons, very large
colonies, at near the close of fruit-
bloom, will have their combs built out
white with new wax, and the bees
rich in wax, so much so that the scales
are visible with the naked eye, and
occasionally a swarm issues. These
are the right conditions for colonies to
be in when surplus boxes are to be put
on ; but instead of putting them on we
remove two or three frames of brood
and honey, as the circumstances may
favor, and fill their places with empty
comb.

810

TH© SMERICMM MMM J©^KffMl,.

I do this because I know that honej-
from this source is of short duration,
and it is better to remove this brood
and honey, and give it to weak colo-
nies, so that they may all be strong,
at the advent of white clover.

Apple honey is dark, but has a rose
flavor which is agreeable, but bees are
not strong enough when it blooms, to
store any amount of surplus, as it re-
quires so much to support brood-rear-
ing at this time of the year.

Raspberry honey is tine, but there is
n<it enough of it in this locality to
yield much surplus, and at about the
same time wild cherry blooms, which
secretes bitter honey. Some seasons,
locusts and dandelions are rich in nec-
tar, and it is much better to have these
honejs made into bees, than mixed up
in surplus.

Wlilte Clover Honef .

When the spring flows of nectar are
passed, and the apiary has been man-
aged intelligently, every colony will
be ready for business, with its hive
full to over-flowing with workers, an.\-
ious for the fray. Where there are
acres upon acres of white clover, with
millions of blossoms, and the electrical
conditions are favorable for the secre-
tion of nectar, coinb will be built so
rapidly to store the flood coming in,
that it will be so delicate as to be al-
most imperceptible, as it melts away
in the mouth. When there are millions
of nectar-bearing blossoms of white
clover, there is no need for bees to
roam among other flowers to get
honey to mix with clover.

It is evident that white clover honey
is simply the nectar secreted in the
blossoms, gathered and evaporated by
bees. I have eaten the white sage
honey of California, the orange of
Florida, yet I have never seen the
white clover of the North excelled in
delicacy of flavor — a real ambrosia, tit
food for gods.

Bassivood IIuney>

This is a fine wliite honey, with a
flavor peculiarly its own. In this
locality, there is little of this honej' to
be had in its purity, as it blooms be-
fore the close of tlie white clover, and
usuallj- lasts onh" for a day or so. In
northern latitudes tlie bloom lasts for
three weeks, and the trees are very
plentiful. More honey has been gath-
ered in one day from this source, than
from any other.

About twenty years ago a bee-keeper
in this vicinity knowing the reputation
of these trees, erected a monument to
his memory, by planting tliem largely,
and in order to prolong the season of
bloom, planted both the Ameri<uin and
'European varieties. His planting was
a success, as far as the trees are con-
cerned, for they grew tinelj', but he

did not take into consideration the
ditference of soil and climate, and they
are a partial failure as to honey. In
this dry, sandy soil, the bloom all
opens at once, and the bees hold high
carnival while it lasts, for a daj^ or so.
Qraniilated Hone)'.

At the National Bee-Convention at
Detroit, there was on exhibition a
square block of extracted, granulated,
basswood honej'. I was requested by
the owner to sample it, and I never
enjoyed eating any kind of confec-
tionery as I did this magnificent sweet.
The honey had been stored in a barrel,
and, when it was used, it was taken
out from one side, and a part left
standing, which drained and hardened.
A block was cut out from tlie dry side,
and how nicely it sliced oft".

Some persons have a mistaken idea,
with reference to the granulation of
honey. When it granulates in cold
weather, as it runs out of the comb,
tliej- jump to the conclusion that the
bees have been fed sugar, when it is
an evidence of its purity.

Adulteration of Hone}'.

" Good morning : I called to see if
I could buy some bees' honej'. The
doctor told me not to buy it at the
store, but to get it where bees were
kept, as there was so much manufac-
tured stufi' in the market."

" Come into the lionej'-house. Now
what kind of honey do you" want?
Here is comb honey in sections, and
there is extracted honey."

"The doctor told me to be sure and
get bees' lioney in the comb, and ren-
der it out myself."

"Now suppose I take this knife and
cut oft' the cells and put it into that tin
can which I call an extractor, turn the
crank, and throw out the honey, would
not that do ?"

" No ; the doctor said I must render
it out myself. What do you charge
for that white honey ?"

"Twentj'-five cents a pound."

"Twenty-five cents per pound?
Why, I bought as nice honey three
years ago as that for ' a bit,' and some
for ten cents. What has become of
all the honey ? Then there was piles
of it in the stores ?"

"There has been a failure in the
honey crop for several j'ears. I want
to make a bargain with you. Wlien
the doctor calls again, find out where
I can buy some manufactured honej',
for there is a man in Ohio who otfers
five hundred dollars for a sample. I'll
go snooks with you, as the children
sa}', and we'll make some monej-.
Now my good woman, don't you sup-
pose that if comb honey could be
manufactured, at the price it now
brings, the stores would be full of it ?"

Peoria, Ills.

VALUE OF COMBS.

Practicability of Saving tlicni
for Several Years' Operation.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY A. E. MALEY.

Mr. Newman : — I send you the fol-
lowing article which I found in our
county paper, and think it worthy a
place in the American Bee Journal.
it is as follows :

It has long been a question with
bee-keepers whether honej' - combs
could not be used for repeated filling,
thus saving much time to the busy in-
sect. A correspondent of the German-
town Telegraph considers the question
as completely settled, for he has
thoroughly tested the experiment in
his own apiarj'. He says : A bee-
hive should contain about 1,800 or
2,000 cubic inches in the brood-cham-
ber, which will require 1^ pounds of
comb to till it (if properly arranged as
the bees will do), this being a fact as
everj- one knows anything can testify.
It re(iuires at least 25 pounds of liquid,
sweet or honey as the case may be, to
make the 1} pounds of comb, which it
also requires at least 15 days' time for
a good colonj' of bees to gather and
secrete into wax in order to build the
combs from, which is to supply the
brood-chamber. It is also a fact, not
successfully controverted, that a good
colony of bees, say 20,000 strong, will
gather at least 8 or 10 pounds of honej-
in a daj' if the honej' season is a good
one. We have often had them gather
double that amount in a day.

At first thought, those who think
but little about the true value of combs
can hardlj- believe that it takes 25
pounds of honej' for the bees to pro-
duce a pound and a quarter of comb,
yet this statement is true, and anj' one
who can figure will find that bees will
store at least 100 pounds of nice
honey in a season in combs given them
to start with, and not compel them to
use up the best and most valuable
honey for making their combs.

We have often contended, and are
still of the opinion that the best honey
is gathered about the time that fruit
blossoms come out, and especially
when the white clover and other
earliest blossoms are in full vigor,
which is usuallj' the time our bees
here in the North do their swarming.

They are too often placed in an
empty hive or gum to build new combs
and shift for themselves, or, as it is
usually called "luck," while we are
verj- sure the old sinner "luck" has
for manj' jears lieen a failure.

As before stated, the first honey is
our best, and in order to procure the

THE? SMERicajH BE® jQwmmmi^.

•811

bust we must save our combs from
colonies that may have died, or in
some other-way left their hive, whieh
is done too often by spring; dwindling.
These combs are truly valuable to the
bee-kee])er, and can be turned to good
account by saving thora for another
year's operation. Do not melt them
lip for wax, f<jr sureh' there is but
little pay in the wax to the producer
at 20 or 23 cents per pound, while the
combs in many instances can be
turned to good accoiuit by giving
tliem to the bees, which will soon fill
them with the best of all sweets — that
of honey — which jou can with very
little expense extract and return the
coml)S to the bees for i-efilling, and
thus make a saving of at least 100
pounds of nice extracted honey worth,
as a rule. 15 cents per pound.

"We know whereof we speak when
wc state that in the year 1882 we took
from one colony of Cyprian bees 718
pounds of nicelj' extracted honey,
which netted us 20 cents per pound ;
this we could not have done had we
not saved our best combs and used
trem as before stated, savingboth time
and honey in the early part of the
season, giving the bees the full benefit
of a splendid honey harvest. Again
let me say, look well to your bees, and
they in return will richh- repay you for
all the trouble you may be at in their
care. Time in bee-keeping may be as
valuable as in any other calling on earth,
and he who Mill heed its demands
must expect to make slow progress."

Auburn, Nebr.

[We doubt the value of the advice
to save empty combs for use during
the succeeding season. It would be
better to melt them up and use comb
foundation, especially when the price
of the latter is so reasonable as it is at
the present time. The trouble of pre-
serving combs from the ravages of
moths would then be averted, which
to the careless or inexperienced is
something to think of. — Ed.]

CANADA.

The Bee-Men of IVorfolk Meet
and Talk.

Written for tlie Norfolk Refoiinci:

The Norfolk Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion met at Dean's Hotel, on Sept. 1,
1888. Tlie Vice-President, ].. W.
Kitchen, opened the meeting.

Mr. Rider reported very few swarms,
no light honey, all lUirk, with an aver-
age of about 20 pounds of comb lionej-
per colony.

Mr. Murphy reports no early honey.
From 10 colonies in the spring ho had
extracted 500 pounds, and increased
to 15 colonies.

Mr. Mi'lulay gave his report. He
had 115 colonies in the spring, in-
creased to 200 colonies, and had 4,500
pounds of honey. He had worked on
tlie ticring-up system this season,
which was generally thought best for
a year of this kind.

Mr. Kitchen reported very little
early brood, and no clover honey. He
had (i colonies in the spring, increased
to 8, and had taken MO pounds of
honey.

R. S. Gage reported an average yield
of honey, but no increase.

C. W. Culver gave this report :
From 13 colonies in the spring he in-
creased to 23, and had taken 400
pounds of hone}', gathered from the
Japanese buckwheat. The winter
stores are all buckwheat honey this
year.

Rag-weed, motherwort, and golden-
rod were spoken of as good honey
plants this year. It was decided to
give a special prize of |10 at the Union
Exhibition for the best and neatest
display" of honey and apiarian fixtures,
the largest auKJunt not necessary to
win.

The next meeting will be held in
Delhi, on Dec. 2.

•THE QUEEN.

Lessons in Government from tlie
Bee-Hive.

Written for tlieAiiicrtean Bee Journal

BY G. P. HACHENBERG, M. D.

Perhaps there is nothing in nature
that has excited my admiration more
than to watch and study the govern-
ment of a thrifty colony of bees under
the influence of the queen. The laws
of political economy as instituted by
man, surely could not improve it. Did
nature here give us a representation of
a government as it should be ? If so,
what a reflection on democracy ?

When in the service as sui'geon in
the United States armj' in the far
Northwest, I greatl_y astonished an In-
dian chief In- telling him that the most
powerful nation of the world was gov-
erned by a woman. He thought "such
a nation was no good." Let me state
here what I told him, that no King
ever did as well as Queen Victoria.
Here comes to our mind what is the
nature of that psycological influence
of woman that is gifted to rule ? It
may not suit us men alwaj's to accede
this gift to her, but nevertheless she
lias it, and it soon would nninifcst
itself if plnsically she held the relation
to man tliat working bees do to the

drones. Her pT-imitivo power to gov-
ern is manifested over her children.

No man can do justice to a child as
a good woman can. And when she is
called to a liigher sphere of govern-
ment, as her latent powers are brought
into requisition, .the_y develop into an
irresistible force and influence. What
woman ever took the military field
that did not control every soldier
heart and hand ? It maj' be admitted
tliat her force of reasoning and her
power of execution maj' not be equal
to nia,n caeteris jjarUius ; but her intui-
tion of what is proper, armed with her
own quick manner of reasoning, is not
apt to run riot with false premises,
such as characterizes so often the
mental operations of man. Of course
I only speak here of the best of women,
and the general run of men in power,
and not the woman that has been
crushed by misfortune, perhaps through
the bad habits and viciousness of her
parents, husband and brothers or
sons.

I have no doubt we have some
women in this country, if any one of
them could be made President of the
United States, wit/i an able cabinet of
men, would glorifj' this country per-
haps more than any President did
since the days of Washington. With
such a President and such a cabinet,
their sexes would form hardlj' a factor
in the party, except such as exist be-
tween father and daughter, son and
mother, or rather between the bee-
(jneen and her workers. The affilia-
tion would be close, but exceedingly
deferential and respectful, such as
could not exist with anj- ruling power
made up of one sex.

Nature evidcntl}' has made the
female a ruling power — to rule in love,
peace, and harmony. The male in alt
departments of animal life is by nature
selflsh, cruel, and exceedingly bellig-
erent. In tliis tliere is no exception
in man — and onlj' where he soars over
liis own sex, he is a gentleman, a Chris-
tian, and a true scholar.

Austin, Texas.

Convention I\otices.

ZW The Nebraska State Bee-Keepers' Association
will convene at Lincoln, Nebr.. oil .Ian. St, n) and 11,
18MH. J. N. Heatek, Sec.

pf" The annual meeting of the Ontario Bee-Keep-
ers'Association will be held at Owen Sound, Ont.,
on Jan. 8 and y, KSHy. w. CucsE. Sec.

tW The twentieth annual convention of tlie New
York Slate Bee-Keepers' Association will he held
in the rity Hall, Syracuse, N. If., on Dec. 11.12 and

13, 18*<8. G. 11. KNICKBHUUCKEK, StC.

Zj^ The 23r.l annual ineetinK of the Michigan.
State Bee-Keeper.s' Association will he held in the
Council RoMiii at .Jackson. Mich., on Dec. 12 and 13.
IKKH. Greatly reduteil rates have been uecured at
the Ilurd Hniise, also at the < oinmerciMl House-
(near the Michigan Centr.Hl depot) at ♦].r,n and ♦l.(H>
per day. A prowramnic is beini: prepared and e.vcel-
lent essays are alreidy proni'SCii. Any bee-keeper
havinK anythinfZ new nnil useful, and tlniiini,' it im-
possible to be present, can send it by Express ta
.iHckson. in care of the Secretary, who will place it
tin exhibition and return it as per orders. Please to
couio and XjtUvz your bee-keeping friends with you.
11. l>. Cutting, Sec

812-

THE rnmmmiGmM mmm joukkset.

-^^■■^•'*^*■^^^^^^^■^^^fi^^j^fc_*^**^*-'**'^*^*^*^*^^^*

COTVVEI^TIOIV DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

Dec. 11-13.— New York State, at Syracuse. N. Y.

G. H. Koickerbocker, Sec, Pine Plains. N. Y.

Dec. 12, l3.-MichisanState. at Jarkson. Mich.

H. D. Cutting. Sec, Clinlun, Mich.

1889.

J an. 8, 9.— Ontario, at Owen Sound, Ont.

W. Couse. Sec. Streetsville, Ont.

Jan. 9-1 1.— Nebraska State, at Lincoln, Nebr.

J. N. Heater, Sec, Columbua, Nebr.

May 4.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose. Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

jy In order to have this table complete. Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetinKS.— Bd.

sci-^SW^

Kesiilts of the Season.— B. L.

Tucker, Nevada, Mo., on Dec. 1,1888, writes:

I commenced the season with 7.5 colonies,
tiavius lost 11 last winter. 1 doubled up
the weak ones in the spring, and obtained
about 4,000 pounds of choice clover and
linden boney, of which 600 pounds was put
in one-pound sections. 1 am now out of the
bee-busniess, but I do not think that 1 will
gtt much rest until I get back into it again.

honey producing is one of the noblest
pursuits.

There are two kinds of men in the world
— those who care for bee-keeping, and those
who do not ; the latter class have no sympa-
thy for the enthusiasm of tlie former, and
are at a loss to see how the former can
think that working in wet weather, on an
empty stomach, long hours in cramped
positions, and no end of bodily discomlort
and hard work, can compensate for a few
miserable pounds of honey ! Nor can a
true bee-keeper tell, but he simply knows
that they do.

Siis'ai* Syrup Cri-auiilatiiig, etc.

— G. H. Ashby, Albion, N. T., on Nov. 3T,

18SS, writes :

I have noticed lately a good deal of com-
plaint about sugar syrup granulating in the
cunib alter feeding, and 1 think that 1 can
see the main trouble. Tdose giving direc-
limis for making such syrup invariably say,
take so many parts of granulated sugar,
and so many of water. I have not seen the
kind of water mentioned. Now soft water
should always be used, and if not more
than brought to a boil, it will not granulate,
unless it is made too rich with sugar. I use
two parts of sugar to one part of water,
and never had it granulate. It hard water
is used, acid must be added to correspond
with the hardness of the water. Any con-
fectioner can tell one all about it. Some do
not need these instructions, but I am satis-
lied by repoits that a good mauy do.

The honey season was very poor here,
l)eing about 20 per cent, of an average crop.
Bees have iiad Out few Uights since Sept. 20,
and gathered nothing since that time, al-
though there was lots of bloom. It will
make seven months' subsistence on less
than the average amount of stores. All will
•depend upon the weather of early spring.

Origiuality in Kee-Kecpinjii;. — C.

D. Battey, Peterboro, N. Y., ou Dec. 3, 1888,
says :

I have been a constant reader of the Bee
Journal for nearly a year, and 1 find it
very interesting and instructive, although
this is my thirtieth year in bee-keeping. I
commenced when at the age of 8 years, and
have been constantly in the business ever
since. I have tried a large number of hives,
plans, etc., in that time, but 1 have dis-
carded them all, and 1 use hives and fix-
tures, and, 1 may say, a process of my own
of managing bees. But I have always found
that the more a man reads and studies, the
more perfect will be his own theorizing. 1
have also built a house for wintering bees,
above the surface of the ground. It is en-
tirely different from wiiat most bee-men
advocate, but it was a perfect success la?t
winter, and I now have Vi.i colonies peace-
fully at rest within its sawdust walls.

but through neglect I lost all but 3 of them.
I got some honey, but not any to sell— 300
pounds, that is all I obtained. My bees are
in good condition, 1 think. 1 do not be-
lieve in any other way of wintering. I have
kept bees all my life, but "out door winter-
ing of bees, well packed in straw," is my
motto.

lleart's-Easc Honey.— Mr. E. T.

Flanagan, Belleville, Ills., on Nov. 30, 1888,
wrote as follows :

I did not get 100 pounds of honev during
the summer from KiO strong colonies, lu
the fall they gatliered enough to winter on
from heatt's-ease or smart-weed. The pros-
pects are excellent for a tip-top crop from
white clover next season.

Sprayinjs;: Oi-cliard Ulooni, etc.

—Dr. I. W. Warner, Elba, N. Y., on Dec. 3,
1888, writes :

1. Will you tell me through the Ameri-
can Bee Journal what effect, it any,
spraying an orchard in full bloom with
Paris green or London purple will have on
the bees or honey ? This has been a poor
year for the bees and for me. I have .50
colonies. 2. Is there much honey stored in
the State of Maryland ? Is the central por-
tion of the State a good bee-country ?

[1. The spraying should be done just as the
blossoms have fallen in May, and before
the worms have entered the fruit. Then as
there is nothing to attract the bees, it will
not be detrimental to them or the honey.

2. Maryland is a good honey-producing
locality, but we cannot determine the com-
parative value of different parts of the
State. Will Dr. W. G. Phelps, of Galena,
Md., kindly answer that question in the
Bee Journal ?— Ed.]

Ilee-l.iterature and Bee- Work.

— Jas. W. Tefft, of Collamer, N. Y., writes
as follows :

The American Bee Journal comes so
regularly, and is freighted with the best
about bees and honey. It is a remarkably
clean paper, and is doing tlie bee-keepers of
the world an inestimable amount of good.
Its valuable opinions cause us all to think,
and stimulate self-respect among bee-keep-
ers. It is noted for tlie heavy paper on
which it is printed, the artistic taste dis-
played in its illustrations, and the typo-
grapliical work in general. To read and
study it is to acquire a thorough knowledge
of bee-keeping not readily obtained in any
other way. It also illustrates the fact that

Sneeze-Wee«l Homey, etc.— Mr. U.

Stephenson, Gladstone, Ills., on Nov. 28,
1888, writes :

My bees did nothing until the fall honey-
flow. 1 am situated near the confluence of
the Henderson river orcreeb and the Missis-
sippi, and fall tlowers are abundant, such as
gokleo-rod, asters, Spanish-needles and the
sneeze-weed {Hdcniiim aittumno/c), which
I consider as good, and with me the surest
producer of any of the above-named flowers.
1 have often wondered that this honey-
plant was never mentioned by our modern
writers. The honey is similar in appear-
ance to the golden-rod honey, and I have
had good judges pronounce it flavored with
golden rod when I know there was none in
it. I thought that I would call your atten-
tion to sneeze wort, or " sneeze-weed," as I
call it. I put lOS colonies into a good, warm,
dry cellar or cave, ou Nov. 26 A great
many of which were so heavy that I am
afraid they were too full.

Wintering: Bees Ont-l)oors.— Dr.

P. W. Schmidt, Ottawa Station, Mich., on
Nov. 29, 1888, writes :

About one year ago I had the misfortune
in the going of the railroad train, to have
inv left arm and a hip bone broken, from
which 1 sutfer badly yet, by the way of
rheumatism, as I am 70 years old, and re-
covery is slow. I have 12 colonies of bees
well packed on the summer stands in good
sheds, as I think as much of my bees as
some people think of a fine horse. They
want to be protected as well as a horse. 1
did not get much honey this year, and the
reiison is, I am always gone away from
home amongst the sick and afflicted, so I
have to trust the bees to an ignorant man,
and all know that if we have to look
through another man's " spec's," we can
see but little. I have had over 20 swarms,

A Magnificent Present

For every one who will send us a Club
of five new subsc-ribers for 1889, before
next January. All the remaining issues
of this year free to new subscribers.

This ATLAS

contains larjie scale
Maps of every coun-
try anil civildivision
upon the face of the
G'oLie.

It is beautifully
illustrate"! with col-
oretl iiiHtirams, that
shiiw wealth, debt,
civil ooRfiition of
people, chief pro-
ductions, manufac-
tures iinil commerce,
reliyiouB soiits, etc.,
aniJ a superb line of
eneraviny?! of mmh
histtirical interest &
value, tutrether with
uia'>v new and desi-
rable features which
are e.xpressly tjotten
up fur this work—
Miut'iiffwhich will be
found a cun'ise His-
lury of each State.

Price, in best En-rlish cloth binding (size, closed,
11x14 inches ; opened, i2Uxl4 inches), $4.30.

To any one setnlins: us, direct
to tliis office, FIVE BJEW
Subscribers fur one year, with :^5.00,
(renewals not to count) we will present
this beautiful Atlas, by mail, postpaid.

We have purchased one of them for our own use,
and repard it as a valuable acquisition to our library.
It is handsomely bound and contains a fund of very
useful knowledge. It contains 19a pages.

Tmm rnvmrnmi^mn be® j&isstnm^.

813

BUSINESS MANAGER.

gusiucss Notices,

It If on Live near one post-office and
get your mail at another, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

Give a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

It* yon I^ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Pure Plicnol for Foul Brood. —

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 16 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 25 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must go by express.

I*reserve Yo«ip Papers for futiu-e
reference. If you have no ItI3il>ER we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, it you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journal,

Yucca Itruslies, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please iirrite American Bee Journal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

A Home Market for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Iloney as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Apiary KeRister.— All who intend to
be systematic in their work in the apiary,
should get a copy of the Apiary Register and
begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) $1 00

" 100 colonies (320 pages) 1 25

" 200 colouies (420 pa^es) 1 50

Pliotog^rapliN ot Bee-Keepers. —

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 120 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
wUl be sent with the Bee Journal for one
year for Sl.TS; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and S3.00.

CI^UBBL^Ci LISX.

■We Club the American Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the I^ASX
column. The regular price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

PTice 0/ both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 00...

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 2 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 1 50 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 150 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150 140

The Apiculturist 1 75 1 65

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer... 1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers 5 65 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman)... 2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60 1 50

Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth) ... 3 00 2 00

Root's A B Cof Bee-(7ulture..2 25 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 1 50 1 30

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 1 50.. 1 40

A Year Among: the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand- Book 1 50 1 30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00 1 75

How to Propagate Fruit 1 50 1 25

History of National Society. .1 50 1 25

International Bee-Convention.

—The Pamphlet Report of the Columbus,
Ohio, Convention is now issued, and copies
have been sent to each member, as well as
to the Colleges, Afiricultural and Horticul-
tural Societies and periodicals devoted to
the industry. Copies can be obtained at
this office, by mail, postpaid, for 25 cents.
This pamphlet contains the new bee-songs
and words, as well as a portrait of the
President. Bound up with the history of
the International Society, and a full report
of the Detroit, Indianapolis and Chicago
conventions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

■We Supply Cliapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, $1 ; K pound,
S1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient for half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Mx4J^ and 53^x53^.
Price, $1.00 per 100, or S8.50 per 1,000.

Xhe Bate on the wrapper label of
your paper indicates the end of the month
to which you have paid. If that is past,
please send us a dollar to carry the date
another year ahead.

Bo ]^ot Fail to get up a club and send
it with your renewal for next year.

Altaira Clover.— For habits and cul-
tivation of this honey-plant, see page 245.
We supply the .seed at the following prices :
—Per lb., ■22c. ; per peck, $3.00 ; per half-
bushel, S5.50 ; per bushel of 60 lb., SIO.OO.
If wanted by mail, add 10 ceuts per pound
for bag and postage.

Iloney and Beestvax Market.

OHIHAGO.

HONKV.— We quote: White cloverl-lbs.. ISSInct
t!-lb8.. Ifi®17c. GuuJ (lark l-lbs.. lofeiec; -J-lbs.. 13®
14c. Buckwheat l-)bs., l-KSfloc; 2-lb8.. 12@12!^u.—
Kxtracted. 7yi';ic., flepending upon quality and etyle-
of package. Receipts increasiDjr, but demand still
limited. Stock is not selling as freely this seaeon a»
a year aeo.

BKKSWAX.-2-'c.
Nov. 13. ». T. FISH & CO.. 189 S. Water 8t,

(IHIflAGO.

HONEY.- It is selling fairly well at ISc. for best
l-lbs.: very fancy lots have sold at 20c. Dark and
yellow comb sells slowly at 13{5)l(;c. B,xtracted. 7 ^
9c. , according to quality and style of package. The
stock of best comb honey is light.

BBK8WAX,-22o. R. A. BURNBTT,

Nov. 22. 161 South Water St.

Mli^WAUKBE.

HONBV.— We quote : Kancy white I-lbs., lfl®2no.;
2-lbB.. ltj®i«c. Good dark l-Ibs., lR®18c.: 2-lbs., 15®
IRC: fair l-lba., 12^(3)14c. K.vtracted. while, in kega
and v^-barrels, Hf^^gyc. ; amber in same, 7tii(s^c.: in
pails and tin, white, 9"f91^c-: in barrels and half-bar-
rels, dark. 6@Ht5C. Market steady and supply ample
tor the moderate demand, but present values have
a tendency to restrict general consumption.

BEESWAX.— 22®23C.
Oct. 25, A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water 6t.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs., 15®17c.
2-lbs., 14®16c. Fair white l-Ibs., 14@lBc.; 2-lb8.,l t
to 1 5c. Kxtracted, white, 7H@sc.

BEESWAX.-23^c.
Sep. 17. 'I'HURBBR. WHYLAND&CO

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs., 16®17c.;
2-lbs , 13®Hc. Fair white l-lbs., 14®15c.: 2-lb8., 11 to
12c. Buckwheat Mbs, llfaJl2c.: 2-lbs , luc. White
extracted, K®9c.: buckwheat, 6®7c. Demand good
for white l-lbs. and buckwheat 1 and 2 lbs., of which
the stock is light. Good stock of white 2-lba., with
but little demand.

BEKSWAX.-22!j;®24c.

HILDKETH BROS. & 8EGELKEN,
Nov. 24. 21 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane 81.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— White 1-lb. sections, 12@12>4c.; 2-lbs.,
12®14c.; amber,H@ioc. Extracted, white, 6^^@6%c. :
light amber, 6c.: amber and candied, 5M®5^ic. For
comb honey the demand is light ; for extracted it is
good, and market firm.

BEESWAX.- Dull at 1813220.
Nov. 15. O. B. SMITH 4 CO., 423 Front St.

DETROIT.

HONE Y.— Best white l-lbs., 17®18c. Supply is bet-
ter. Extracted, H®ac. Sales slow.

BBB8WAX.-22®23C.
Nov. 17. M. U. HUNT, BeU Branch, Mtch.

CINCINNAII.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at 5«8e. per !b.
Best white comb honey, 16c. Demand slew.

BBK8WAA.— Demand is good— 2o®22c. per lb. for
eood to choice vellow. on arrival.
Nov. -12. C. F. MOTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

KANSAS CITY

HONEY.-Choice 1-lb. sections,' 18c.; dark l-lbs..
14c.: 2-lbs., 16C.; dark, 13c. White extracted in 60-
Ib. cans, 8c. : amber, 7c.: in barrels and kegs, 5@8c.
Demand good, prices steady, and stock fair.

BEESWAX.— None in market.
Sep. 27. HAMBUN & BBAKSS, 514 Walnut St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote ; Fancy white 1-lb. sections,
lVV^®I8c.: 2-lb8., 14®15c. Fair l-lbs.. 14>«@15!^c.;
2-lbs., I l@12c. Extracted. fancy white clover.7^@^fft.
California white in 6i»-lb. cans. 8c. : liglit amber ,in
same cans, 7Mc. : amber, 73<c. Buckwheat in kegs
and barrel", 5Vij@6. Cuban, in barrels and ^barrels,
65c. per gallon.
Sep.26. F.O.STROHMEYER&CO., 122Water8t.

Bii-iTON

HONEY.— We quote: Best white clover 1-poundB.

17@18c.; best 2-lb8.. 16al7c. Extracted. 8(S9c. The

receipts are very light, and honey sells fairly well.

Nov. 12. BLAKE & RtPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.-White l-lbs., [7c.; fair. He; California
white l-lbs., 17c.: 2-lbs., 15c. Extracted white Cali-
fornia. T^c: amber. 7c.

BEESWAX.- None in the market.
Nov. 22. CL.BMON8, CLUON * CO., cor 4th iWalnut.

ST. LODIS.

HONEY.— We quote : Extracted in barrels. 5@6c.
according to quality: in cans, 7wnc. Comb, 12^'g)l5c.
Prices firmer on account of scarcity, though the
demand is not great.

BEESWAX.- 21c. for nrime.
Oct. 17. D. G. TUTT & CO., Commercial St.

BAN FRANCISCO.

HONEV.— We quote : Extracted, white, 61^ cents;
light amber, «(46i.yc. ; amber, 5^c. Comb, white 1-
Ibs , 13®I4C.; 2-lhs., 13c. Light amber l-lbs., li®13c.:
2-lb8., 1 l®rjc. Demand very active for extracted,
and fair for comb honey.

BBBSWAX.— 2IK<!.21C.
Nov. 0. SCHACUT & 1.EMCKB, 122-124 Davis St.

814

itmm m'mmmi^MM mwM jq^r^mm^.

n a ^ t -^A^kAJfc ^ ^ ii ifc^i]

■*.:*^*.^4^'- — '^^':_tft * •*^*:^-*.^- '^:t^^-^'^^-^^^^^-^^^'*-^ ^ ^.^-^.^^ ^ f^ * ^ ^^ ^ ^ *. ^a^a^aa^^a^a^

^(lucrtiscmcnts.

TAKE NOTICE.

BEFpRE placing your orders for SUPPLIES,
write fur prices on One-Piece All-White Bass-
woofl SECTIONS, planed on two sides, making them
the tlnest Sections made. 9^" Other Supplies to
correspond. Atidress.

K. H. SCHMIBT .fe CO.,
47A26t NEW LONDON. Waupaca Co.. WIS.

Mention the American Bee JoumaL

To Every Lover of Good Reading :

Dear Friend :— Mr. will C. Turner, the well
known Publisher and Managing- Editor of the
City and Country, that excellent 16-page
monthly magazine published at Columbus, O ,
has recently made an offer in connection with
his publication which should certainly be ac-
cepted by you. City and Country has been
regularly published at the rate of Sl.OO per
year, for the past seven years. Mr. Turner
is anxious to increase his already large circu-
lation within the next three months to 50,000
regular subscribers more.

To accomplish this purpose, believing that
every subscriber will, at the expiration of
their subscription, renew, he has devised the
following plan :

Every person desiring to become a Rubscri-
ber to City and Country, which, by the wav,
contains each yea.r fnur In five enntinucii stories,
thirty to farty iUustnitinns in each issue, and a
taiye amount of interesting j'cndiHCf— especially
so to the ladies— is requested to carefully and
plainly write out two complete copies of this
letter, and sign your name at the bottom after

the word " Per " . These copies must then

be mailed by you to two of your friends or
acquaintances in some other town or locality,
■who are thereby requested to do just as you
have done, viz : Write two copies and send to
two of their friends, and eo the work will go
on and on. After mailing the two copies, the
original letter which you copy from, together
with a slip of writing paper, cut the size of a
postal card, with your address plainly written
on one side, and the addresses of the two to
whom you have sent the copies on the other
side, and 25 cents in silver or postage stamps
must he enclosed in a letter and mailed to
Will C. Turner, Columbus. O. On the receipt
of these you will be placed on the subscrip-
tion list for one year, the copy for the present
month will be promptly mailed, and also,
which is the greatest reason why you should
accept this olfer. ;iDe complete novels In pam-
phlet form will be sent you by mail, postpaid,
which would regularly cost one dollar each if
bound in cloth. Do not let the opportunity
pass, as Mr. Turner only proposes to let Ihia
offer stand for a short time. True, it requires
some time and work to copy all this twice,
but you will be most handsomely rewarded
lor it.

[Signed,] WILL C. TDRNER.

Per

EXTRACTED HONEY

WE have a Large Quantity of CHOICE
EXTKACTEB HONEY for Sale, in
kegs holding about 230 pounds each, which
we will deliver on board the cars at 10 cents
per pound for the White, and 9 cents per
pound for the -Vmber Colored. Orders are
Solicited. Address,

THOS. a, 9>'£liVMAN j!, SOUT,

923 & 925 West Madlson-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

185S». 18S9.

LANGSTROTH

Tlie Progress of 30 Years.

Xliis Uook -vvill he oiit during
Xlie Holidays.

II, makes an entirely new ivork,
and all who have, read the former edi-
tions want this revision.

550 Pages— 16 Plates.

Portraits of the Viforld's Leading Bee-Writers.

Sfiiineroiis New Eng^ravinsi^-

Nearly Five Hundred Copies of

this book have been ordered before the
first copy is out of the binders' hands.

JJigS"' Priec, $2.00. Discount on
Quantities. Address,

CHAS. DADANT & SON,

JOAtt HAMILTON, Hancock Co., ILLS.

Mentioit the A^nerican Bee Jottmal.

THOS, G, MWIAN & SON,

DEALERS IN

Bee-Keepers' Supplies,

INCLUDING

Honey and Wax E,xtractor8,
Comb Foundation— all atyles.
Bee Hives — nailed and flat.
Sections, Oates and Frames,
Keg3 and Pails for Honey,
Seeds for Honey Plants,

Smokers, Veils, etc.

IMiKSTKATED CiTAI^OGlE

free upon application.

9:3 Jc 025 West Madison St.,

CHICAGO, IliLiS.

WE are now ready to receive shipments of
HONEY, and would be pleased to open
correspondence. Liberal advances made on
consignments. Let us hear from you, as we
can render prompt returns at the top market
values. Reference on tile with the American
Bee ,Journal. S. T. FISH A: CO.,

33A20t 189 So. Water St., CHICAGO, ILL.

Mention the AmeriC(t7i Bee Journal.

A SPECIAL DISCOUNT

OIT HIVES.

In order to keep our Hive-Factory
running during the dull season, we
will -make a DISCOUNT of 10 PER
CENT on all orders for Hives, Cases,
Frames, Shipping - Crates, and Bee-
Feeders, received before Jan. 1, 1889.

THOS. a. NEWMAN Sc SON,

923 & 92.5 W. Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

MOISTURE.

IF you would know the effects of moisture
in bee-cellars, how injury to the btes from
its presence may be av<nded, or how to have
dry cellars, read the November Number of
the Bee-Kekpers' Keview. It gives upon
these points tbe views and experiences of Jas.
Heddon, H. R. Boardmau, Dr. C. C Miller, J.
H. Martin, Eugene Secor, O. O. Poppleton, R,
L.Taylor, Prof. A. J. Cook, and S. Coineil.—
Besides this, there are the usual lively, wide-
awake, pointed editorials upon current topics:
also appropriate extracts pertaining to the
special topic under discussion. The Dec. No.
will discuss "Sections and their Adjustment
on the Hives."

Price of the Review, 50 cents a year. Sam-
ples free. Back Numbers can be furnished.

The REVIEW and "The Pkoddction of
Co.MB Honey," for 65 cts.

Address, W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

48Etf 613 Wood St., FLINT, MICHIGAN.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

Free. ONE YEAR. Fiee.

WE have made arrangements with the
publishers of the COTTAGE HEARTH,
of Boston, Mass . to offer the American Bke
Journal as a free preniiuin, with their
Magazine for the year 1889. and we now give
to all our readers the benefit of this arrange-
ment.

XaiE COXXAOE HEARTH

Is a well-known Family Magazine now in its
14th year, and is a favorite wherever it has
been introduced. It has each month Music,
Floral and Health Departments, Latest Fancy
Work, Sabbath Reading, Demorest'e Patterns,
Approved Receipts. Household Hints, and
Prize Puzzles for Children.

This beautifully illustrated Monthly
is a large 34-page, elegantly printed Magazine,
and has attained a large circulation solely on
its merits as a family magazine. Its

Price, $1.50 per Year,

is very low for such a desirable home maga-
zine, but we will send both The Cotlajje
HeartU and the Amkhican Bee Jopbnal
to any one who sends us $1 .50— just the price
of one of these standard publications.

{^~ Sample Copies sent free on application
to F. P. Shumway. Jr., Boston, Mass.

THOS. d. KEWrnXK <*! SON,

923 & 925 TVest Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

We have some ELEOAJiT
RIBBON BADGES, having
a losette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
SO'ceiits each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. G. NEAVMAN A: SON,

92.T & 925 W. Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.

THE FLORAL INSTRUCTOR.

A Beautiful monthly magaz'ne, especially
designed for amateur cultivators, will be
sent a whole year, on trial, for only 20c. in sil-
veror stamps. Mention tbls paper in replying.

INSTKUCTOR PUB. CO., Ainsworth, Iowa.

49Aat

Dadaiits' Foniidation F.ictory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in anotiier rolumn.

[ IfCDOCCOC WANTED ETerj^horr,
k Y tnO btCl O "' li"""-' "' " ""Vol. We wish
_B tu L-nipluv A nliai.k' person in youp county
^^^F to lack up ail\ertisemeiU3 and bhow curils of
•Iroiric Goods. Advertisements to be tacked up every where
HI trees feucos and turppillcs, in conspicuous places.
1, t..w» and counirv in all parts of the United States,
iieadv cmplormcut ; nrnECB tS.iiO per day i expenses
itvinced; •lulalltini: rcauire.l. Local work for all or part
.rihet'iine. UnillU.SS WITH STAMP
J. €\ liMORY .1- CO., SlTth nnd Tine Btn.
I Bra.irord Uull.llnc. CI.\€IN.\ATI, OIUO.

I nruuiyr^^ aITEN I'KiTf PAID Tu POSTAL CARUS..»

Mention tlic ^liiicricaii lice Journal.

i

Tmm MBdEKicMff mnm j&'&mmmi^.

819

EDITOR.

VoLIIIV. Dec. 19, 1888. No. 51,

mimWl MUMIEGS.

Peal, Christmas Bells, peal loud and deep !

King out a merry Christmas chime
Till darkened eyes forbear to weep,

And hard hearts glow with love divine.
In rippling music die away

With ringing laughter, glad and gay.
Till rich and full the dark night swells

With Christmas lights and Christmas bells.

No-w is the time to sell tlie honey. The
holidays are at hand, and the best prices
rule about that time.

Do iiot send to us for sample copies of
of any other papers. Send for such to the
publishers of the papers you want.

Xlie Pleasantest Xhing-^^ in the

world are pleasant thoughts, and the great
art in life is to have as many of them as
possible.— Boucc.

l>o IVot Forj^et to send a dollar for a
membership fee to the National Bee-Keep-
ers' Union for 1889. It merits your ap-
proval, and needs your assistance.

Xlie Ontario bee-keepers will meet in
convention at Owen Sound on Jan. S and 9,
1889, at 3 p.m. For particulars about fares,
etc., write to the Secretary, Mr. W. Couse,
at Streetsville, Ont. Let there be a general
rally, and profitable sessions will be the
result.

C%in Protection.— A correspondent
says that his bee-veil does not protect his
chin. The " new bee-veil," having ribs of
steel, fully protects not only the chin, but
the whole head and face. It can be ob-
tained at this office for a dollar, postpaid. It
is the best protection ever invented.

Artificial Iliinibn;;'.— S. Whan, of
Venango Co., Pa., writes as follows to
Olcanings, and which was published In the
December number :

I fear your card in regard to false state-
ments in the honey business will not prove
effectual in all cases, as I met a man a few
days aao who claimed he had talked with a
man a few days previously who had eaten
manufactured or artificial eggs in Chicago,
and they could not be told from the genuine
egg, except when attempting to beat the
yolk and white together for pastries, as
they would not mix. He also stated that
the man had eaten artificial comb honey.
After talking with him for some time I left
him, in some doubt.

The editor follows this item with tliese
remarks :

We had thought the story about manufac-
tured eggs was too big for anybody to be-
lieve ; and yet there seems to be some old
fogies and reporters who still persist in re-
peating it. Before us lies a clipping en-
titled, " What Next ?" It was takto from
the Pittsburgh Dispatch. This clipping
goes on to tell, in very plausible language,
now eggs are manufactured, and how the
same cannot be detected from the genuine.
It is simply a rehash of the same old story.
Why do not these chaps get up something
new? Manufactured live chickens or arti-
ficial strawberries would make good ma-
terial for another yarn. This clipping has
been copied in other papers, and will con-
tinue to be copied, probably, as long as any-
body can be made to believe it. If such
stories must be repeated, we sincerely hope
that these " wily" reporters will take in the
whole fruit realm, and go so far that even
the old fogies will shake their heads in
doubt.

If there is anything bad or vile— anything
marvelous or prodigious— it seems to find a
base for proof in Chicago.

The "impudent" and "Ignorant" re-
peaters of falsehoods— the malicious ven-
ders of " scientific pleasantries "—the venal
and corrupt reporters of slanders about an
honest and honorable pursuit, all pretend
to find proof of their villainies in Chicago.
Why is this ? There is but one excuse, the
city is large enough in which to hide, when
attempting to trace their calumnies to the
supposed source.

When cornered, one of these " detestable
villains " lately averred that the manufac-
tory for " paraffine combs filled with glu-
cose and capped by machinery made for
that purpose " was located at the " honey
shop on Madison street, near Oakley street"
— meaning the office of the American Bee
Journal. He loudly claimed to have
there " seen the process and machinery at
work." But when pressed to go and show
the place, by one who knew that the Bee
Journal vi&s fighting such diabolical lies,
he was pressed for time, and could not
throw away time to prove what he Ttnew
existed, and had seen at work.

Artificial eggs, artificial comb honey, and
the like, are only talked about for the pur-
pose of deceiving the public and injuring
the sale of useful articles of food. The one
is as reasonable as the other, and both are
impossible — creations of the fertile brains
of newspaper reporters who write for the
dollars they obtain for "spicy" but lying
" articles," " interviews " which never oc-

curred, and "fancy sketches" of things
about which they are entirely ignorant.

Yes, Brother Root, the truth will never
serve such fellows— they live on falsehoods
and grow fat on carrion 1

Mr. J. ^V. Bittcnbcnder, when
sending us a dollar for a year's subscription,
makes this remark: "With pleasure I
send you this dollar for subscription to the
American Bee Journal; for it is the
best investment a bee-keeper can make."
It certainly is the best investment a bee-
keeper can make, to subscribe for a good
periodical devoted to the pursuit in which
he is engaged. He needs to keep abreast
of the times, and he cannot afford not to do
so. He needs to be fully posted as to the
crop of honey, the state of the market, and
the price of the product. The only way to
successfully do this is to take an interest in
a good bee-paper. By the investment of a
single dollar in the American Bee Jour-
nal, he will get 52 dividends— one every
week. If he does not make this small in-
vestment, he stands in his own light !

Reader, do not fail to send a dollar and
get those .53 dividends for 1889.

Xlie Rev. I,, t,. I.,angstrotIi has

again recovered (at least partially) from his
severe indisposition, lasting for some
months, which caused a great weakness of
body, although it did not induce the dis-
tressing despondency of former periods of
illness. As usual, he has not been able to
use his pen during the intervening months
covered by his indisposition. He writes us
that he begins "to feel that the worst is
now over." We hope it is, and that he may
now be able to enjoy the remaining years of
a noble life, and when the summons comes
to enter eternal life, he may receive a hearty
welcome at the portals of Glory, and be-
come one of "the living stones" in the
Temple of Heaven, where no discordant
voice of censure or bitterness will ever be
heard, and all experience will be perfect
bliss, and all expressions will be perfect
praise, and "love divine will ennoble every
heart, and hallelujahs exalted employ every
tongue."

Foul Urood (so-called) is said to be
cured by the use of dried thyme, in Switzer-
land. The Bee-Keepers' Record for De-
cember remarks as follows :

According to a newspaper cutting just
sent us, a Swiss bee-keeper cured foul
brood with thyme. This common herb was
dried, put into an ordinary smoker, set
alight, and the smoke injected plentifully
into the hive at the entrance. After doing
this eight evenings, he found the larvs,
which had died from the disease, quite dry,
and the new brood in a perfect, healthy con-
dition. He continued the fumigation another
eight days, which ended in a complete cure
of the disease.

KoacUes.— Gum camphor will speedily
clear the house of cockroaches.

820

XKK mimmmi^mm mmm jo'Iprmmil.

Ueesii in Winter.— The American
Agriculturist for December contains the
following directions for the care of bees in
winter, from the pen of Mr. W. Z. Hutchin-
son. It contains many valuable hints about
bees in winter quarters. He says :

There are various methods of preparing
bees for winter so that no subsequent care
is needed. One is to place the hives above
the snow line, packing them in chaff,
leaves, sawdust, or fine hay, with a rim two
Inches wide under each hive. When pre-
pared in this manner the entrance cannot
be clogged by snow or dead bees. Should a
warm day occur, the bees can eujoy a flight.

Another method is to bury bees in a pit or
" clamp," where, of course, no attention can
be given. Bees stored in a properly ar-
ranged cellar or repository require no atten-
tion except to see that they are undisturbed
by rats or mice, and that the temperature
and ventilation are correct. An effective
way of getting rid of mice or rats in a cellar
is to poison them with equal parts of
arsenic, flour and sugar. The temperature
should be kept at about 45° during the early
part of the winter.

After the bees have commenced brood-
rearing, say in February, a higher tempera-
ture is beneficial, and it may be gradually
raised to about 55°. Authorities differ in
regard to ventilation ; but pure air in the
cellar can do no harm, and there is no better
method of supplying it than through tiles
laid below the frost line.

An abundance of stores should be left in
the hive, as it would probably be better to
allow a few colonies to starve than to dis-
turb all the hives by examining them to
learn it any needed feeding. Should it be
discovered, however, that a colony is short
of stores, and there are no combs of honey
to give it, candy made of granulated sugar
may be fed.

Hives, as usually prepared for winter,
are often partially buried in snow. This
does no harm, but may be beneficial, until a
warm day comes and the bees wish to fly,
when the snow must be shoveled away from
the entrance, or the cover removed, and the
bees be allowed to take their " purifying
flight " from the top of the hive.

Hives standing in the open air should be
protected against the intrusion of mice.
Have the entrance only ^£ of an inch high,
and protected with tin.

Skunks sometimes scratch at the entrance
of a hive ; the bees come out to learn the
cause of the disturbance, and are caught.
A box-trap set for the skunk is the best
preventive. The animal never discharges
its weapon while in a box-trap.

When bees are buried in a pit, a sandy
hill-side should be selected as the site, and
a tile diain put underneath. When these
precautions have been neglected, care
should be taken that no water stands upon
the surface around the pit.

A California. Pnn-— " Say, Gran'pa,
wh'd'ye spose was the cause of the yell
Charley gave when he passed the bee-hives
just now ?"

" Give it up, Johnny."

" Why, bee-cause, of course."— San Fran-
cisco Examiner.

Yonr Full Address, plainly written,
Is very essential In order to avoid mistakes.

Five-Cent Facltafjes of Com!*

Honey.— Mr. W. Harmer, of Manistee,
Mich., who got up the two-ounce packages
of honey in the comb, reports that he has
made another improvement in the plan of
getting them for the market. He says :

The improvement is in the production of
the two ounce sections without inserting
comb foundation in them, when finished
there is no center piece or midrib, but one
continuous cell capped on botli ends.

Foundation is used, but it is removed be-
fore the honey is quite finished, and the
same sheets of foundation can be used over
and over again. I consider this a great im-
provement, as it produces a more delicate
article with less trouble. This is true
economy, and you will agree with me, is in
the right direction to work.

I do not think this would be an improve-
ment for the larger sections, for the mid-rib
gives support for shipping, and we get more
honey for the amount of wax than we would
in a small section that was only % of an
inch thick.

Of course there is no patent on this, but I
think it will be a great lielp to those who
produce honey in the two-ounce sections, as
the trouble of putting in the foundation has
been mentioned as an objection to them.

Cliristnias "WeatUer Proverbs

are not new, but may be interesting reading
to some, who may fancy speculating upon
the coming year and its prospects. They
are as follows :

A warm Christmas, a cold Easter.

A light Christmas, a heavy sheaf.

A green Christmas, a white Easter.

A green Christmas, a fat cemetery.

A wind on Christmas day, trees will bring
much fruit.

If Christmas finds abridge, he'll break it ;
if he finds none, he'll make one.

If ice will bear a man before Christmas, it
will not bear a man afterward.

The shepherd would rather see his wife
enter the stable on Christmas day than the
sun.

If the sun shines through the apple-tree
on Christmas day, there will be an abun-
dant crop the following year.

Bee and Pigeon Race.— On page
692wegavean absurd item from the London
Sporting News on the above race, said to be
had in Germany. The Bee-Keepers' Re-
cord has been tracing it out, and gives the
following explanation of it :

Referring to the absurd paragraph which
went the round of the British press, de-
scribing what was called a " Bee Race," we
are enabled, through the courtesy of a gen-
tleman conversant with the German lan-
guage, to give a correct version of the
affan' as described in the German papers .It
appears the race actually took place, and
was for one mile, not "one hour." The
bees were dusted well with flour before
being started, consequently they were
tvhite, hence the mistake as to the " white
drones" referred to as returning first to the
hive. Finally the eight working bees pre-
ceded the ten pigeons by one second, not
" a length," as stated.

XUe Xime for Reading' has come,
with the long winter evenings. We have a
large stock of bee-books, and would like to
fill orders for them. To read and post up is
the way to succeed in any pursuit— in none
is it more important than in bee-keeping.

Xiie January I\nniber of Frank
Leslie's Sunday Magazine, coming before
the holidays, very properly and pleasantly
devotes some of its pages to Christmas
scenes, stories and poems. Beginning with
a beautiful poem by G. A. Davis, entitled,
" Under the Mistletoe, a. d. 1187," we have
discussions of the "Significance of Christ-
mas," "Christmas Customs and Festivi-
ties," "Christmas Street Music," and
" Christmas at Mount Vernom," a poem by
Etta W. Pierce. There are also an article,
" From Bethlehem to Calvary," with fou
full-page pictures of actual scenes in the'^
Holy Land from recent photographs, a very
interesting article on "The Legend of the
Holy Grail," and a caustic one on " The
Firm of Push & Pull," by Dr. Talmage.
This number is the first of a new volume,
and affords a favorable time to subscribe
to the magazine.

Xo Onr Subscribers.- Send to F.

P. Shumway, Jr., Boston, Mass., for a free
sample copy of the Cottage Hearth, a beau-
tiful illustrated magazine, and so realize
what an extraordinauy offer we are
making when we propose to send both the
Cottage Hearth and the American Bee
Journal for a full year for only $1.50,
when the price of the Cottage Hearth alone
is $1.50 a year, thus giving you two standard
publications at the price of one.

Wbile we are now getting ready for the
rigors of winter, the Australian bee-keepers
are preparing for their honey season. From
the ]ast Australasian Bee Journal (Oct. 1)
we learn that the season has opened up un-
usually early. Swarming has already com-
menced, and the prospects are bright. Who
knows but this is simply a forerunner of
what we may expect when our spring
comes ? Certainly such a state of affairs
will be very acceptable. Our world is so
large, that we sometimes think that the
whole of it is going into winter quarters. It
is refreshing to hear the notes of spring,
even though from a far country.— G!ea7i-
ings.

Xo l>elinqiients.— After January 1,
18S9, we shall discontinue sending the
American Bee Journal to those who
have not responded to the bills we sent out
a few weeks ago.

This does not mean that we shall try to
deprive any one of the pleasure of reading
the Bee Journal who really desires its
continuance, but finds it difficult to pay now.
Such can get a short extension of time by
asking for it. We should be sorry to lose
any subscriber who wishes to have its
weekly visits continued, but do not want
any to continue to take it who do not think
they are getting the full worth of their
money.

We hope each one will endeavor to send
usoneor more new subscribers when they
renew. We want at least ten thousand sub-
scribers for 1889.

THU MMERICJEPi MMW J©Ui«ff®Er.

821

WIES

Securing Clean Sections of Comb
Honey.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Ctuery 598 — Is there any method by which
honey can be secured in sections so clean as
not to need scrapinK ?— S.

No. — M. Mahin.

I have found none. — Mrs. L. Har-
rison.

I do not know of any. — A. B. M.\soN.

Not that I know of.— J. M. Ham-

BAUGH.

None that I am aware of. — J. E.
Pond.

I think not, that woidd satisfy- me.
— C. C. Miller.

There is no practical way of secur-
ing it so clean that it will not be the
better of some scraping. — R. L Tay-
lor.

By using wide frames properly
made, the sections will need very little
scraping. — G. M. Doolittle.

Yes, by using crates so arranged
that the entrance to the sections is the
only part exposed to the bees. — J. P.
H. Brown.

By using clamps — the Manum, Fos-
ter or Heddon — there will be but little
propolis. But the principal require-
ment is to take off the sections as soon
as sealed. — Dadant & Son.

Yes. I believe there has lately been
invented a section-case by somebody,
that pretends to accomplisli this feat
(?)._WiLL M. Barnum.

I do not think that there is. It
makes no difference what kind of
criite, or how tight you put the sec-
tions together, there is always a little
scraping to be done. — P. L. Viallon.

Yes. The " two-part super" with
wooden partitions and section shields
will do it, if care is used in tilling the
super. — J. M. Shuck.

No, not invariably ; but with a slat-
ted lioney-board we get ver}' nearly
there. But the bee-spaces must be
just right. — A. J. Cook.

Not all, at all times of the year, and
in all localities. There are places
where, at times, no propolis is gath-
ered by the bees, and when honey is
stored and finished then and there, no
matter what style of case you use, no
.scraping is needed. — James Heddon.

No, not if 3'ou want to put j'our
honey on the market in fir.st-class con-
dition, and that is the only condition
you .should put up honey for market.
— H. D. Cutting.

Mr. Shuck's method very nearlj' ac-
oomplislies it, but there is more work
in i)utting up the cases. I shall be
glad to know of one that will leave the
sections so clean that they need no
scraping, and yet can be manipulated
rapidlj'. — Eugene Secor.

No, there is no method that is prac-
ticable in a large apiary, that will en-
tirely exclude propolis. I use a sec-
tion-case adapted to the tiering system,
and I only have to clean the edges of
the sections. Bees will spciv propolis
between the edges of the sections, no
matter how closely they join together.
— G. W. Demaree.

No. There will always be some
propolis in the corners and edges of
the sections. No system is perfect
where the bees are allowed to come in
contact with the outside of . tlie sec-
tions. Carniolan bees use ver}" little
propolis, and sections filled by them
need but little scraping. — C. H. Dib-

BERN.

Perhaps no method will prevent all
propolis, but it can be reduced to a
minimum by the use of section protec-
tors of the same size and shape of the
bottom-bars of sections, then the edges
alone are exposed. To take away the
honey as soon as capped will prevent
much discoloration. But in all methods
the edges of the sections should be
scraped. — The Editor.

Sawdust for Protection Around
tiie Hive§.

Written for the Americnn Bee Journal

Query 599.— I can get all the sawdust I
want by hauling it 300 yards. Will it pay me
to haul it and put it around three sides of my
hives on the summer stands, placing none in
front, lor winter protection ?— Kentucky.

Not if you put it on loose. — Dadant
& Son.

For myself, I should consider it of
no value whatever. — J. E. Pond.

I think it would. It would in this
latitude, if kept dry. — R. L. Taylor.

1 have had no experience. In sjme
locations it might pay. — C. C. Miller.

Yes, if dry, with the extra precau-
tion of a good covering. — J. M. H.\m-

BAUGH.

I would not advise sawdust in the
apiary, since I had it to get on fire by
sparks from the smoker. — P. L. Vial-
lon.

I should think it would, and by fix-
ing the entrance the sawdust could be
used in front also. — A. B. Mason.

I am in doubt on the subject. If dry,
and kept dry, it might be all right. —
Eugene SECf)R.

I think not. In Kentucky no pack-
ing is necessarv. A few inches of saw-

dust over the brood-nest, with venti-
lation above it, would be an advan-
tage.— M. Maiiin.

It would be a great help if the saw-
dust is protected and kept diy. — H. D.
Cutting.

It is doubtful, unless the sawdust is
dry, and can be kept so. Chaff' hives
would be much more preferable. — G.
M. Doolittle.

No. It absorbs moisture, and pro-
motes the decay of the hives. It will
pay to place it around the hives to
keep weeds down. — J. P. H. Brown.

In your latitude I do not believe
tliat it would pay to do this. Try a
few and determine for yourself. — C.

H. DiBBERN.

In a Northern latitude it doubtless
would, if covered so as to keep the
sawdust dry. In Kentucky I should
think that it would not pay. — Mrs. L.
Harrison.

I am satisfied that it would pay me,
though it would have to be packed
down well. Why not put it in front
of the hive also, laying a thin board
before the hive-entrance ? — Will M.
Barnum.

I do not know just what sort of a
cliinate you have, but I think that it
will pay you to do as you say. I would
put the sawdust between the hive and
an outer case, and keep it dry at all
times. — James Heddon.

It makes it very easy to find a queen,
to have sawdust all over the ground,
but there is always danger from fire.
I have tried all the ways, and I settle
down on a close, smoothly-cut lawn. —
A. J. Cook.

It will p.tj' well if intelligent and
faithful treatment follows through the
seasons. If the bees are to be " let
alone " during the gathering season,
and no profit derived, any expense
whatever is so much lost. — J. M.
Shuck.

I think not ; ' our winters in Ken-
tucky are usually attended with a
great deal of wet weather, rain and
melting snow, and your bank of saw-
dust would become a wet heap about
your [lives, well calculated to rot the
under part of jour hives without doing
any good. Here in Kentucky, plentj'
of stores and some warm quilts over
tlie tops of the frames have ijroven
ample protection to my bees. Give
me a hive full of honey, and I will
show you rousing colonies in the
.spring, no matter if the winter
"howls."— G. W. Demaree.

In your latitude it would hardly pay,
we think ; especi.illy if not kept diy
and well packed down. If you try it
for a few hives, you can better judge
of its utilitv. —The Editor.

822

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r^fi^-*-^-*-*--*--^-'--^*^-^-^A^A^A^>A^A^A^i>itfcAJ

NEBRASKA.

The Apiarian Exhibit at the
Slate Fair.

Written for the American Bee Journal
BY J. N. HeItEK.

I have sent a picture of the building
erected by the Nebraska State Fair
Association expressly for the bee and
honey exhibit. The building is 20x30
feet, with a bee-yard 20x24 feet. The
interior of the building is arranged
with tables on one side for the , honey
exhibit, on the other side for imple-

Upon looking at the picture, one
would no doubt ask who the parties
are, standing in front of the building.
The one at the corner with heavy side-
whiskers is the Superintendent of the
Bee and Honey Department of the
State Fair, Mr. E. Whitcomb, Friend,
Nebr. , and to whom every bee-keeper
and lover of honey in this State is in-
debted perhaps more than to any
other person, for securing permanent
quarters, and so neat and convenient
a building on the grounds of the
Nebraska State Fair Association.
When the bee-keepers in convention
last winter recommended Mr. Whit-
comb to be appointed superintendent
of this department, we requested him
to endeavor to secure for us a perma-
nent location, and, if possible, a build-

House for the Apiarian Exhibit at the Nebraska State Fair.

ments with an elevated platform the
full length of the implement tables,
for exhibitors to stand upon and ex-
plain their wares.

A high, tight board-fence is at the
rear of the building ; this is the bee-
yard, which is entered from the build-
ing through double sliding-doors, the
inner one covered with wire-netting.
There is also wire-screen windows all
the way around the fence, which per-
mit persons to see inside the enclosure
with safety. The fence is 8 feet high,
which compels the bees to fly high in
the air when going to and from the
hives, passing over the heads of the
people.

The State Fair Association have, we
think, been very liberal with us in
putting up so neat a building for our
use, and they still further promise to
revise and enlarge the premium list,
and make the bee and honey show a
permanent feature of our future fairs.

ing, not thinking that any one would
be able to accomplish so much in our
interest.

The middle gentleman is Mr. M. L.
Trester, of Lincoln, the President of
the Nebraska State Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation, and the modest fellow stand-
ing in the door is the writer, your
humble sei'vant.

Columbus, Nebr.

UNDER THE SNOW.

The Wintering of Bees Under
the Snow, etc.

Written, for the American Bee Journal

BY G. M. DOOLITTLE.

As winter has again put in its ap-
pearance, and the time of snow is at
hand, I thought it best to write a word
of caution about wintering bees under

a snow-bank, as we have often been
advised to do, in our bee-papers and
elsewhere. I know that there are
some who seem to have success in that
way, but with me, whenever I have
tried it, either by purposely doing so,
or by getting caught with a deep snow-
bank over a part of my bees ithen I
did not expect to be so caught, the re-
sult has alwajs been one of disastrous
wintering. Whj' this should be so I
do not know.

All seems to go well for a short time,
say three or four weeks, when the bees
get uneasy and begin breeding, which
brings on bee-diarrhea, resulting in
the soiling of the hive and combs, and
finally death ensues. If any of them
get through to spring, they are taken
with spring dwindling, so as to be
nearly worthless as colonies for stor-
ing honey. What causes such a state
of afl'airs, I do not know, unless it is
because the bees get too warm ; for I
always find the snow all thawed away
from the hive, enough so that a small
dog or cat could go all around It at
the bottom, with no frost in the ground.
As my hives are only three inches
ofi' the ground, that may have some-
thing to do with the matter ; and I
would here ask those who are success-
ful in wintering bees under snow, to
tell us how much above the ground
they have their hives when under the
snow.

To illustrate the condition I always
find my bees in, when I have tried to
winter them under snow, and to show
that I am not the only one who cannot
succeed by this plan, I will quote a
little from an article found on page
409 of the American Bee JoUR>f al for
1885, written by L. H. Scudder, of
New Boston, Ills. He says :

" Fifty colonies left on the summer
stands were in Langstroth hives in a
row along the east side of a hedge,
and about four inches from the ground.
Soon after winter set in, the snow
drifted until it was level with the top
of the hedge, thus completely buiying
the bees under a snow-drift from 3 to
5 feet deep. It looked like cold com-
fort for the ' little busy bees,' but as I
had frequently heard that plan of win-
tering recommended, I concluded to
let them alone ; however, after allow-
ing them to remain in that condition
for some three or four weeks, I thought
I would see how they were doing, and
accordingly I opened up a trench in
front of 16 hives, and found the bees
all alive, and apparently in good
condition.

" By this time I was tired of shovel-
ing snow, and being satisfied that I
could not improve their condition, I
quit work, leaving 34 colonies under
the snow unmolested until March 1,
when it commenced thawing. I then

T'Hl? MMERICJtK mmm JOUiRKSt.

823

opened them up, and found but few
living, and all in a miserable condi-
tion. They all had been breeding,
some having five or six frames of
brood. It took but a glance to see
that diarrhea had done its work ef-
fectually. Of this lot of 34, 6 are now
living, and from the 1(5 from which the
snow was removed, 10 are living."

In the above case it will be seen that
Mr. Scudder's bees were 4 inches ofl'
the ground, yet his experience was
almost exactly the same as mine has
been for the past 15 years, whenever I
let any of my bees get drifted under.

I would advise all those who have
not had'experience in the matter, not
to let many of their colonies get
drifted under snow until thej" are sure
that they will winter well that way.

The Best Kind of Hives.

From the many lettei's which I get,
asking how much more honej' the
writers would be likely to get if they
were to change the hives they were
now using for such and such hives, it
would seem that there was an impres-
sion in the minds of some that tlie hive
produced the honey, to a certain ex-
tent at least, rather than the bees.
Now this is not true. Bees will store
as much honey in one hive as in
another, or in a nail-keg, for that mat-
ter, provided they have at all times as
much room as they need. All that any
hive can claim over the nail-keg is,
the ease that it gives in manipulation,
and the facilities it possesses for giving
us the product of the bees in the most
marketable shape. It is the bees, not
hives, which produce honey.

With a hive which is easy of manipu-
lation, we can get the bees in time to
collect the harvest of honey which,
God in his providence causes the
flowers to secrete at certain periods of
the year ; while if the nail-keg is used,
or some unwieldy hive, we have little
if any control of the matter of getting
the bees at just the right time for the
harvest.

With the nail-keg, we could cut the
honey out of the top of it, to a certain
extent, and so supply ourselves with
the product of the bees, which, per-
haps, would be better than no honey
at all ; but no one who retails honey
at the present time would give half as
much for it, as the}' would for honey
in the nice sections of the present day.

If any one has to the nnmlier of 25
colonies of bees in any of tlie good,
movable-frame hives of to-day, I do
not believe that there is enough ad-
vantage to be gained by changing
them to a hive of another pattern to
pay for the cost of changing ; nor do I
believe that the labor of manipulation
will be lessened with the new hive to
any extent proportionate to the cost

which will be required. Any of the
new theories of tlie day can be accom-
plished witli any of the half-dozen
good hives we have in the different
apiaries of our land, and any of the
different surplus arrangements can be
fitted to any of these hives.

This idea of frequent changes in the
apiary, as regards hives, fixtures, etc.,
is damaging to our piifsuTt. The old
adage, that "A rolling stone gathers
no moss," is as true here as anywhere.
He who thinks that it is necessary to
pay out half of the income from the
jipiary every year in the changing of
fixtures, so that he may be up with the
times, is certainly laboring under a
mental abnoi-mity. If any one has the
necessary resources, so that he can go
into all of the new-fangled arrange-
ments as they come up, without in-
jury to his famil}- or those about him,
he has a perfect right to do so ; but
the impres.sion that seems to obtain, that
all must do this, is not right, and the
sooner it is frowned upon, the better
for the world, and the better for our
pursuit.

Borodino, N. Y.

CHLOROFORM

As a Prevention of Increase-
Introdueins Queens, etc.

Written for t?ic Canadian Honey Producer

BY W. H. KIKBY.

During the past season many articles
have appeared in the various bee-
papers, written by some of the most
extensive and most experienced bee-
keepers of the day, on the important
subject, " The prevention of increase
in working for comb honey." The
sum and substance of all that has been
written is to give plenty of room to a
colony to prevent them getting the
the swarming fever, and the vigorous
use of the extractor to depi'ive them of
the swarming fever after they once
get it.

In my opinion, prevention is better
than the cure, by a long odds. This
extracting of nice sealed honey out of
the brood-nest (which makes the best
of winter stoi'es) is something I could
not tolerate, to saj' nothing about the
extra work for nothing, when a much
easier and simpler method will do.

The swarming fever appears to bo,
and is, the great trouble to get over
when the bees once get it. The best,
the easiest, the quickest, and the
cheapest way to ciu-e that fever is by
the use of chloroform, given to them
by the smoker, just at dark when the
bees are nearly all in the hive — to be
given to them until they lie like dead
bees upon the combs, or until not a

bee will tly when the honey-board is
taken off and the hive kicked.

Two years ago last June I treated a
colony just as I have described. They
had their first queen-cell capped, and
would have swarmed the next day.
The morning after drugging they went
to the fields as usual, apparently none
the worse for the dose. Upon examin-
ing them in the evening, 24 hours
after the drugging, the queen-cell was
still intact. Forty-eight hours after
drugging, I examined them again,
and found the cell still intact, and no
further progress had been made on
an}' of the other queen-cells.

They had one case of sections on. I
then took away all finished sections,
and filled up again with sections con-
taining full sheets of foundation.
Seventy-two hours after drugging, I
examined them again, and found the
cell torn to pieces. About a week after
this I gave them another ease of sec-
tions ; there was a steady, moderate
yield from the raspberry during this
time. This colonj' gave me about 50
pounds of nice finished sectigns that
season.

The above experiment convinces me
that chloroform is the specific.

When a swarm issues, put it back,
take away all finished sections, and
fill up again, and give room enough
for all the bees to work ; then give
them a good drugging in the evening.
Before morning they will get rid of the
effects of the drug, and will have for-
gotten, or given up all notion of
swarming, and go to the fields to
gather nectar and pollen as usual the
next day. I find chloroform very use-
ful in the apiary.

In introducing queens not a queen
need be lost. Also in the uniting of
colonies, not a bee will be lost from
fighting excepting one of the queens.
Also in moving bees about the apiary,
set them anywhere, and in the evening
give them a dose. In the morning
they will be seen marking their loca-
tion as they fly out, and will return to
it, thej' having forgotten all about the
old one. I suppose ether would do as
well as chloroform, although I have
never used it.

In all c:\ses the drugging should be
to a stupor, except in introducing
queens in a honey flow, when very
little or none is needed. Objections
may be taken to the use of anaes-
thetics in the apiarj', on the ground of
their being injurious to the bees. My
oliservation has been very close, and
so far I have not been able to detect
any difference. Twelve hours after a
colony has been drugged, they will be
as brisk as ever. As a proof of this,
take a queeuless colony in the fall that
is being robbed by wholesale, no de-
fense being made at all ; drug in a

824

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^'■'^'■m^mmkA^A^^^AM

queen in the evening, and in the moi-n-
ing watch and see how the inmates
will shoot np otT the alighting-board at
the robbers as they appear.

The foregoing remarks are from my
own observation and experience. My
theory for the prevention of increase
in working for comb lioney originated
with mj-self (never having seen any
tiling written on the subject).

I only tested it on one colonj' ; but
I have no dovibt but what chloroform
will prove effectual every time if prop-
erly used. I do not need to prevent
increase as yet, because I am working
up an apiary from a small beginning,
but if the time ever comes that I shall
need to, chloroform is what I shall use
to accomplish my purpose.

Oshawa, Ont.

BEE-NOTES.

Items of Interest about Califor-
nia Bce-Kceping.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY S. L. WATKINS.

Bees have ceased working for the
season, as all kinds of bloom have
ended. The »foliage of the surround-
ing forests has begun to exhibit the
hues and tints of autumn. The birds
have gone further south for the win-
ter. The air is no longer gladdened
by the sound of myriads of insect
■wings.

Bees Readf lor tbe Winter.

The honej-bees are now housed up
for winter, and every three or four
days they go out for a flight, and circle
ai'ound for a while, but soon return to
the hive. The breeding season has
now passed, although some colonies
with extra prolific queens have a few
square inches of brood. All careful
apiarists ha\'(! prepared everything for
winter, covering each hive with a
roof to shed winter rains and snow,
and giving colonies that are in need of
stores, sutticient to winter on, etc.
Bee-keepers can now take a few days'
rest preparatory to getting ready for
another season's work.

Race« of Bees vs. I^ocalion.

It has been proved conclusively that
the Italian bee is superior to the black
or brown bee, fen- honey-gathering in
most locations. Having three diUer-
ent apiaries located twelve miles apart,
respectively, I have a good chance for
observation and study on this subject.
I find that at an elevation of 4,000 feet
and upwards, tlie black bee e<juals the
Italian, or anj- of the yellow races ;
while at an elevation of "1,000 to 4,000
feet, the velhiw races do the best.

Crossing Italians and Carnlolans.

I find that a cross between the Ital-
ians and Carniolans give the best re-
sults when working for comb honey at
anj- of the apiaries. A few miles
make a great change in bee-locations.
For instance, if it is a very wet and
rainy season, the foot-hill apiary will
do the best, and if it be a dry season,
the mountain apiaries do the best.
Such has been mj- experience the last
few years.

At the mountain apiaries there is
continual bloom from the middle of
February to November, keeping the
bees busy the entire season. In the
foot-hill region the honey season ends
in Jul}'. I was always bothered a
great deal by robber bees in the latter
location. After the honey season ends,
and the hot weather comes on, bees
dwindle down rapidly. I lost several
colonies of Italian hybrids and black
bees the past season. They would not
protect themselves against robber bees.
The Carniolan bees did not participate
in the robbing, and not a single colony
of them was robbed. The}' are sec-
ond to none in defending their hives
against robber bees. In the moun-
tains I have no trouble whatever with
robbing.

Placerville, Calif., Dec. 4, 1888.

ITALY.

A Visit to the Qiicen-ISreeders
of Italy.

Written for the British Bee Journal

BY T. B. BLOW, F.L.S.

The many controversies which have
arisen during the past with respect to
the merits or demerits of the Italian
bees, induced me, in the interests of
British bee-keeping, to pay a visit to
the north of Italy, to study them in
their native habitats, and to come to
some decision as to their qualities as
compared with other races, and more
especially with the English bees.

Those who have carefully noted the
published accounts of the Italian bees
from their first introduction will re-
member the surprising successes that
were years ago achieved ; and I could
call to mind several who have kept
Italians for many years, and still hold
that they arc far ahead of the blacks.
The Americans, too, quite upheld this
opinion, and hold it strongly still.

Carefully considering these facts, I
was led to think that the root of the
evil, and the reason of the many griev-
ous complaints that have lately been
made, might lie in the inferiority of
the queens imported during the last
few years. Those who years ago went
in strongly for Italians (and have suc-

ceeded), usually kept in stock by
breeding from the best, rather than by
constantly importing queens. Aud the
same method obtains in America,
where most of tlie Italians are home-
reared — not imported — and I think it
will be admitted on all sides, that, as
far as scientific queen-rearing is con-
cerned, the Americans stand at the
head of the world, though the success-
ful persons in England, that I allude
to, are individually equal.

To get the best results we ought, un-
doubtedly, to import the finest queens,
and then to rear the best from them
here, keeping up the stock with oc-
casional importations, perhaps. In
this way we can perpetuate the best
features of the race, and at the same
time get bees that are perfectly ac-
climatised. For it is an admitted fact,
that the bees, the immediate progeny
of imported queens, are far more liable
to disease — especially diarrhea — than
are the progeny of a home-reared
Italian. And, with the facilities which
modern bee-keepers have, there is not
the least ditliculty in getting the home-
reared queens purely mated, and thus
practically keeping our strain pure, if
absolute purity is desirable.

The complaints made by those dis-
sati.sfied with Italians are : 1. They
do not winter well. 2. As honey-pro-
ducers they do not equal the English
bee. 3. That they are very vicious
and unmanageable. 4. And lastly,
some have asserted that a very virulent
form of foul brood has been introduced
by them. From an examination (ex-
tending over a considerable time) of
many apiaries, I have come to the con-
clusion that most of the evil repute
that has fallen upon Italians has been
brought about by the inferior queens
sent. In some cases the breeders
know nothing about their business,
and procured the cheap queens which
are sent so freely in the autumn, by
going around and collecting them
from the colonies condemned by the
country people to be taken up for the
honey ; they get these and the bees for
about a franc each.

By this system many queens would
be quite old and worn out, others un-
fertilized, and therefore drone-breed-
ers ; and in a district where foul brood
occurred, of course the disease would
go with the queens, and disastrous re-
sults woulrl follow by its introduction
into the apiary of the unsuspecting
British bee-keeper. I have in my
mind's eye one case of a well-known
cottage bee-keeper, whose apiary was
utterly mined by the introduction of
foul brood by Italian queens. This
system of getting queens from con-
demned bees, I saw in full swing in )
many cases (in one case by the ser- '
vants of a well-known exporter) ; the

XH® m^/immiGmm mmm j^'j^mnmsL,

825

^*^*-^A^

time of j'ear being most favorable for
this practice, and 1 certainly saw sev-
eral fine examples of fovil-broodj'
combs.

In other apiaries no trouble seemed
to be taken with the quality of the
queens, such as selecting the best
queens to rear progeny from, nor was
any attention paid to the rearing of
drones from suitable colonies. These
great considerations Avere quite neg-
lected ; the great point seeming to be,
the largest number of queens in the
shortest possible time, and with the
least trouble ; and, as far as 1 can
judge, manj' were sent oft" without it
being definitely known that they wore
fertilized, and I feel sure that some
such queen.s arrive in England, and
are here fertilized, as, in the course of
my exj)erieuce as an expert, I have
had shown to me many colonies of
bees that I was assured were the
progeny of an imported cpieen, but
were certainh' hjbrids.

My visits to apiaries extended over
the country between Bellin/.ona and
Montseliee ; this embraced the moun-
tainous district of the northern Italian
lakes, and the plains of Lombardy, and
again the hilly country around Bologna.

I may say at once that I certainly
prefer the bees from the montains, as
they seem much more vigorous and
hardy : and the results in the way of
honey-gathering, as far as I coukl get
at the facts, were certainly far better.
The bees from these hilly parts would,
too, be better suited for our climate.
The number of apiaries visited was
large, yet I can count upon my fingers
of one hand all those who knew anj--
thing about their business ; and if
those who took a real pride in the pro-
duction of their queens, and who use
reallj' scientific means to insure the
best results, then the number would
certainly be less than live.

I shall describe the apiaries of the
best of these, and their methods ; but
before doing so, will give tlie conclu-
sions which I have come to with re-
gard to Italians : That, excepting
perhaps Carniolans, there arc no bet-
ter bees than Italians if care is taken
to get the best queens from a breeder
of recognized merit.

That the bees of the mountains are
hardy, vigorous workers, great honey-
gatherers, prolific, and certainly gen-
tle, and in their own country not given
to robbing much.

That to get the best results from
Italian bees, we must get a good strain
to start with, and then, by careful
selection, rear our own queens, and be
constantly on the look-out for those
having the most desirable characteris-
tics, and to pro])agate from them only.

I can name one very striking case in
my own country, where all these points

have had most careful attention given
to them, and- with the result that the
bee-keeper is ■ not only the best in the
country, but one of the best in Eng-
Umd, as far as results go ; and practi-
cal results (the largest amount of
honey, of the highest possible quality,
got with the least expenditure of labor
on the part of the bee-keeper), are
what we require In this age of keen
competition.

The first apiar}' which I visited be-
longed to Jean Pometta. and was on
the hills above Gudo, near Bellinzona.
He had promised to meet me at Bellin-
zona station ; but on account of the
breakdown of the telegraph wires,
owing to a heavj' fall of snow, he failed
to be there. However, it was not ranch
trouble to find him. Everyljody whom
I asked was able to direct me to the
man who had a lot of bees ; and after
a most picturesque walk of two or
three miles I arrived at his home, in
the midst of vineyards, and with a
waterfall close by, which would have
made the fortune of auj' man in Eng-
land who possessed it.

He was from home ; not having got
my telegram he ilid not expect me. I
had a chance, therefore, of looking at
his apiaiy at my leisure, and without
anj- interruption, which is an advan-
tage. His father (a venerable old
man) received me in a very hospitable
manner, and, as Mr. Pometta is a vine-
yard-owner as well as a queen-breeder,
I was able to see all the vintage opera-
tion in full swing. I may say that he
takes pride in his wine products as
well as in his bees ; and he showed me
with great interest an ancient-looking,
squat Uagon of Aqua Vitse, very old, of
his own distilling, that had taken the
gold medal at Zurich.

I found an immense number of col-
onies of bees, many of them in bar-
frame hives with straw sides ; the
majority of them on the Italian plan,
opening at the back, and iron tongs
being used to remove the combs.
There were, too, a large number of
nucleus hives, with bar-frames lifting
out in the ordinary way. The bees
were the leather-colored strain, not
the bright colored bees such as I saw
later on in Lombardy. To show their
energy, I may mention that Mr.
Pometta told me that they are usualh'
at work at six in the morning, and
that on one or two occasions he actuall}"
saw them work by very bright moon-
light. We have heard this same story
from the Americans, and I fear every
one has doubted it.

On Mr. Pometta's return we looked
through many colonies, and I had ex-
plained to me his whole .S3stem of
queen-rearing.

The system used of rearing queens
depends upon the time of the year. In

the early spring (when loss of heat
must be much guarded against) a col-
ony is taken, and, by means of three
dummies, is divided into four nuclei,
the hive being made with four en-
trances for this purpose. In this way
five queens are secured from one col-
ony, and though the system is a some-
what wasteful one, yet it answers, as
the price obtained for queens in earlj-
spring is comparatively high. Another
plan is to preserve a large number of
small colonies with young queens in
the autumn. In the spring two or
three of these can be united, and one
strong colony formed, and the surplus
queens sold.

As the season advances, the nucleus
hives are used ; each n\icleus being
large enough to be again divided into
two. By this plan better queens can
be reared, and in good quantity too.
The bars of these are of just such a
size that two will fit into the large
bars of the Italian hives. This, of
course, is of great service to the queen-
rearer in manj' waj's, such as making
up nuclei for queen fertilization, and
afterwards for strengthening such with
hatching brood.

SEASON OF 1888.

Report of a Suniincr's Work
ivitli llie Bcc§.

Written for the American BceJoui-nal

BY GEO. W. STEPHENS.

I caught the " bee-fever " away back
in the '70's, and have never been
cured. I once owned a number of
colonies, but about eight jears ago,
during a long and severe winter, when
so many bees were lost all over the
country, they took sick and died of
that most fatal disease, neglect.

I began again last spring with 2
colonies of black bees — one in a Lang-
stroth hive, and the other in an Ameri-
can hive. I transferreil them bj'
driving, to a hive that is used by a
prominent apiarist of this State, but
which has not yet been named. The
hive is of about the capacity of a
cracker-box in length, breadth and
thickness.

The spring was cold and rainy, and
the conditions were such that the
spring blossoms yielded no nectar, and
mj' bee.s gathered no honey until
about July 4 ; in fact, by that time
they had consumed all of their winter
stores, and although I had fed them
some, there was not at that time a
pound of lioney in either hive. The
same could be said of all the bees in
the neighborhood. I kept my bees in
the same yard with Mr. Hawk's 20
colonies, which were worked on shares

826

TrnM MMMMl^MM MMM J©WKlfMS<.

by Mr. Wheeler, and we helped each
other occasionally in manipulation, etc.

Cross Bees and their Stings.

The bees were pretty cross from the
time they were put out in the spring
until basswood bloomed, and we were
the victims of a good many stings. I
think I received about tiiirty stings
during the summer, and Mr. Wheeler's
avei'age was somewhat higher, he
being a large man and not a very swift
dodger. My greatest trouble was,
that the bees persisted in crawling up
my pants' legs ; contrary to the good
advice in the books, however, I in-
variably made a quick motion about
that time and escaped a sting — the
bee generally died, and — Mr. Wheeler
laughed. I tind that is one great fault
with the black bees ; upon lifting a
a comb, if the weather be a little cool,
they will scatter like a flock of sheep,
alight upon the ground, and then crawl
up one's pants' legs.

But for all the bees were so cross
during the spring and early summer,
I can truthfully say that 1 never once
while handling them, put on a pair of
gloves. Gloves are awkward and
clumsy things to handle bees with ;
they are hard to get on and off, and
in many ways hinder the movements
of the operator ; and besides, an angry
bee can easily sting through a pair of
dog-skin gloves, as I saw them do i-e-
peatedly last summer. I just used my
last winter's mittens ; they were thick
and heavy, having been built for cold
weather, and no bee could make its
presence felt through them.

When basswood bloomed, about July
4, the bees filled their brood-chambers
in about a week ; then basswood
ceased, and we got no more honey
until the latter part of August and
September, when the golden-rod, as-
ters and heart's-ease bloomed. Then
the sections began to fill up, and in
the fall we took oif some of the nicest
"digested nectar" that ever was gath-
ered, averaging about 40 pounds of
comb honey to tlie colony, spring
count, in one-pound sections.

It is a very fine quality of honey,
heavy, fine flavored, and not dark in
color. But the bees got all the bass-
wood honey in their brood-chambers,
and as I had no extractor, and did not
care to bother with strained honej% I
put into the cellar, on Nov. 27, 2
strong colonies with about 75 pounds
of honey each, and a couple of weaker
colonies, built up from nuclei, with
about 25 pounds each. I expect by
" this method " to get the basswood
honey next season " in this section."

My bees did not swarm during the
season, and Mr. Wlieeler had but 2 or
3 swarms from his 20 colonies. I Ital-
ianized one colony, and next season I

will keep none but Italian bees.
All the bee-keepers around here that I
have talked with, are going to Ital-
ianize their bees. Most of them have
blacks and hybrids, and one man has
" high breds " in " Longtrough hives."
He can take out a " sash " of honey
whenever he wants it.
Denison, Iowa, Dec. 3, 1888.

MAPLES.

What do the Bees Oalher from
the Hard IMaplcs i

Written f 07- Glcaninga in Bee-CuHure
BY MAHALA B. CHADDOCK.

How much honey do bees get from
the hard maple ? We have them in
our dooryard, and they were in bloom
last spring for two weeks, and the liees
fairly roared about them. I watched
them at work, and it seemed to me
that they did not stay long enough at
one blossom to suck nectar from it, but
just rolled and tumbled the stamens
about as though they were hunting for
something that they never seemed to
find ; then on the wing a moment,
twisting their legs together in a most
frantic way, then to another cluster,
and the same hurrying-scurrying mo-
tions.

They worked on the maples only
when the days were warm. On cool-
ish daj's they flew away somewhere and
came back — some of them with a dif-
ferently-colored pollen on their legs,
but the most of them with nothing on
them. They came to the well for wa-
ter, and it seemed to me that, if pollen
was all that thej- got from the maples,
they might as well be working away
at them.

I see, in examining the stamens of
difl'erent flowers, that there is a white,
sticky substance on the most of them,
wound carelessly around the pollen-
grains, something as an ear of corn
might look after being thrust through
a thin spider-web. Now, is this sticky
substance propolis P and do the bees
get some of it out of flowers if they
want it ? If this sticky substance is
propolis, it woidd be easy to see why
bees gather pollen better on warm days
than on coolish ones.

This substance is very tenacious. A
thread of it will lift half the pollen on
one stamen — a thread that is invisible
to the naked eye. I killed a few bees
as they attempted to enter the hives.
Only one of them had honey in the
honey-sac, and I am inclined to think
that it was old honey that the bee had
carried from the hive. But finding
no honey in the bees would not prove
that the maple-blossoms contained no
honey. They might yield enough to
make the pollen stick together, and

still the bees have none to carry home
in her sac. So with what I have inves-
tigated as to whether maple-blossoms
yield nectar, I have concluded that I
do not know. Is the nectar ever in the
stamens ? It seems to me that the
tube, or cup, that all flowers have, is
the place for the nectar.

I like to look at flowers under the
magnifier. The most dull and insig-
nificant flowers are then gorgeous and
beautiful. The currant, gooseberry,
sassafras and maple are all interesting.
But the most delicate and beautiful of
all that I have seen is the cherry. The
petals look as if one could almost see
through them, while the many stamens
spread ever)' way.

Nature seems to be veiy free with
her stamens, placing them not only
where thej' are needed, but also where
they are not needed. I find that the
maple-blossom has eight (or seven)
stamens protruding from its bell-shaped
flower. No more are to be seen any-
where ; but in some days — a week per-
haps— when the wings are half grown,
if we turn down the husk that was
once the flower, we find six more sta-
mens, with anthers bigger and more
full of pollen than any of the eight
that protruded from the flower. These
six stamens are useless. No bee, no
insect of any kind can get to them to
carry the pollen away, and the seed in
the seed-pod is much too far along to
need pollen.

Vermont, Ills. •

EXPERIMENTS.

When to Put Bees into the
Cellar, etc.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY A. C. WALDRON.

An experience of two years makes
me more enthusiastic than ever in my
chosen pursuit, having gone beyond
my own expectations. I started with
2 colonies, increased them to 8, lost
one, bought 5 more last spring, and
now I have 58 colonies, all in good
condition, so far as I know. Perhaps
I ought to say that I bought 3 Italian
queens during the time of working
for increase. I have had no large
yield of honey, although that has been
satisfactory. My bees are now in the
cellar, with the exception of one col-
ony, which is on the summer stand, in
a single-walled hive.

I am experimenting a little in re-
gard to the time to put bees into the
cellar, and also in regard to ventilat-
ing the hives in the cellar. I weighed
nearly all of my hives on Sept. 21, and
on Nov. 14 to 16 I put them into the
cellar, weighing them again. The loss

Tmm MM®micMif ®e® j©^mi«miu.

827

was from 1 to 10 pounds, or an aver-
age of about 7 pounds. One colony
had gained one pound. I expect to
weigh them again in the spi'ing, and
give the results.

In using full sheets of foundation in
the brooil-c-hambei:, I ITnd it difficult
to keep them from warping, even in
wired frames. I have been more suc-
cessful with starters of thin foundation.
I also prefer starters in sections.

In what little experience I have had
with cellar-wintering of bees, I think
that we have more to fear from a too
low temperature than from a too high
one, unless the cellar is veiy drj". My
experience would say that from 42° to
50° is better tliau lower. One thing I
do know, and that is, that moisture
enough to cause water to gather on the
hive-cover, is not good.

Buffalo, Minn., Dec. 11, 1888.

SPRING WORK.

Manipulating Bcent in the Spring
of llie Year.

Written for the Canadian Honey Producer

BY O. W. DEMAEEE.

It is well to know how to winter
bees successfull}', how to obtain in-
crease of bees in the way of stocking
up the apiary, etc. But if the apiarist
lacks the necessary knowledge and ex-
perience in spring management of his
bees, he will discover after awhile
that the chances for the best results
have been slipping through his willing
fingers, and from under his faulty
judgment without his knowing the
true cause of his partial failures.

One of the important things to learn
is, that wliat suits some other locality
may not suit youi-s. This matter of
" locality " is one of the things upon
which no apiarist can depend on some
one else who occupies some otlicr
locality, for definite information as to
what is best for his particular case.
Hence it is essentially necessary that
each apiarist for liimself, should study
every feature of his own environments,
his climate, honej'-producing flowers,
at what time in the season they blos-
som, how long they continue to yield
nectar, etc.

Let me illustrate here : Some years
ago when I was just beginning to see
the necessity of this .sort of knowledge,
I left home on Mouda}' morning early
in May. I had been with my bees
almost daily for two weeks past, and
they were living from " harul to
mouth," just barely getting enough
honey from late blooming trees, etc.,
to keep from actual want ; in fact I
was compelled to feed some of the
weaker colonies. I attended court

that week, and did not see ray bees
until the following Saturday morning.
The first hive I opened was one that I
had been feeding, and did not have
one pound of stores when I left home
just five days before. I found it full
of honey from top to bottom, I hast-
ened to another hive, and to another,
not willing to believe my own ej'es,
every hive in the apiary was jammed
full of honey, and I never knew how
much I lost bj' not being on hand to
furnish what i-oom the best colonies
needed. The black locust had come
into bloom, and poured out nectar as
free as water, outstripping the famous
linden before Kentucky was denuded
of her wondei'ful forests. How neces-
sary then it is to be thoroughly posted
in regard to these matters.

Perhaps I have mentioned this in-
cident before, whether or not, it is to
the point here. Some years ago a
neiglibor of mine took up Ijee-keeping,
and on one occasion he met the writer
and said, " It is about time to put on
the surplus boxes, is it not ?" T/ie sur-
plus boxes ! I replied, why, sir, I have
taken a large honey crop, and the
harvest is about over. You can put
them on, but you have lost this year.
He was pei-fectly astonished.

Sprln:; Work in tlie Apiary.

If the bees have stores to last them
until the blossoms begin to open in the
spi'ing, thej' should be left undisturbed
till they begin to gather pollen. Any
warm day thei'eafter, each colony
should be examined, and all upward
ventilation .should be closed. To ac-
complisli this I spread some news-
papers between the quilts, and cover
warmly above the brood department.
All very weak colonies are contracted
on but few frames, aud they are made
as comfortable as possible. If the col-
onies have plenty of stores, stimulative
feeding is not resorted to, as I have re-
ceived but very little benefit from my
experiments in that direction. But if
the bees are scarce of stores, they will
not breed up rapidly without some
feeding.

After giving the matter a fair trial,
no " spreading of brood " is practiced
in my apiary. It is a positive injury
to a colony of bees to break the nest
early in the spring, as advised by some
writers on bee-culture. When colonies
have been contracted on less than a
full set of combs, the combs are re-
stored to the bees as fast as they need
them, but they are placed at the sides
next to the brood, not between combs
of brootl as practiced by some apiai"-
ists. I am now speaking of the earlj'
spring. When warm weather has
come in earnest, the empty combs may
be placed between the combs of brood
without doing any harm.

Approaching tbe Honejr Harvest.

I keep a close watch over my bees,
and supply them with food if any of
the colonies run short by reason of
rapid breeding. When I discover that
a colony has begun to lengthen the
cells near the tops of the brood-combs,
giving them the "gilt>edge" appear-
ance so pleasing to the eyes of the
apiarist, being the first real sign of the
approaching honey liarvest, I proceed
at once to adjust the surplus cases on
the hives, and as others are ready the
surplus cases are put on, till the whole
apiary is equipped for the campaign.
As soon as the surplus cases are about
two-thirds filled with honey, they are
raised, and an empty case is adjusted
under each one of them. Usually the
top case will be ready to " take " by
the time the lower one is two-thirds
full ; if not, a third case is used.

Tlerins Up.

After this I proceed cautiously, so
as not to carry the " tiering up sys-
tem" too far, and thereby have too
many unfinished sections at the close
of the honey harvest. To guard against
this, as soon as the facts appear that
the main flow of nectar is past, I begin
to tier downward, that is, I begin to
concentrate the work in the surplus
cases by sorting out such sections as
have been advanced most, and group-
ing them together in fewer section
cases, in order to have them finished
up instead of permitting the bees to
neglect the partly filled sections and
start new work to be left unfinished
at the close of the honey harvest. By
this management not many unfinished
sections are left on hand at the close
of the season.

Chistiansburg, Ky.

Convention I^otices.

CP- The Nebraska State Bee-Keepers' Association
will convene at Liucoln, Nebr.. on Jan. 9, 10 and 11,
1889. J. N. Heater, Sec.

t^" The annual meeting of the Ontario Bee-Keep-
ers' Association will be held at Owen Sound, Ont.,
on Jan. 8 and 9, 1889. W. CODSE, Sec.

J^W There will be a meeting of the Susquehanna
County Bee-Keepers' Association at the Court House
in Montrose, Pa., on Saturday, May 4, 1889, at lua.m.
H. M. SeeleT, SfC.

5^" The annual convention of the Vermont State
Bee-Keepers' Association will beheld in the Court
House at Mlddlebury, Vt., on Tuesday, Jan. 15, 1889.
Maucia a. Douglas, Sec.

J^" The annual meeting of the Northwestern
Illinois and Southwestern Wisconsin Bee-Keepers'
Association will be held in tbe Supervisors Room of
the Court House at Rockford, Ills., on Jan. 15 and

16, 1889. D. A. KCLLER, SeC.

Money in Potatoes, by Mr. Joseph
Greiner. Price, 40 cents, postpaid. This
is a complete instructor for the practical
potato-grower, and explains the author's
new system in 40 interesting lessons. It is
for sale at this ofBce.

828

Tmm MMEKiCMSf mmm j©icrmE«sir.

'--*--*-*-*--*-*-*--*-*--*-*-^-*<

COWT£XTION DIRECTORY*

1888. Time and Place of Meeting,

Dec. 29.— Brant, at Rrantford, Ont.

R. F. Holtermaun. Sec, Brantford, Ont,
1889.
Jan. 8, 9.— Ontario, at Owen Sound, Ont.

W. Couse. Sec. Streetaville, Ont.

Jan. 9-II.— Nebraska State, at Lincoln, Nebr.

J. N. Heater. Sec. Columbus, Nebr.

Jan. 15.— Vermont State, at Middlebury. Vt.

Marcia A. Douglas, Sec, Shoreham, Vt.

Jan. 15, 16.— N. W. 111. & S. W. Wis., at Rocbford, Tlla.
D. A. Fuller, Sec, Cherry Valley, ills.

May 4.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

8^^ In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetinKs.— Bd.

Ueport for tlie Seasoii.— Mr. R. J.

Mathews, Riverton, Miss., ou Dec. 4, 1888,
writes :

Tlie past season was worse for me tlian
the one previous, but I did tolerably well,
taking the bad season into consideration. I
commenced the season of 1888 with 30 colo-
nies, increased them to 29, and secured
1,269 pounds of comb honey in one-pouud
sections ; 786 pounds of extracted honey,
and 26 pounds of beeswax. All the colonies
have plenty of stores for winter.

Succesiisrul Bee-Keeping:, etc —

Ezra J. Cronkleton, Duulap, Iowa, on Dec.
7, 1888, writes :

My bees did very well the past season,
considering that it was such a poor one.
From 40 colonies I obtained 2,800 pounds of
comb honey in one-pound sections, an aver-
age of 70 pounds per colony. It is the light-
est crop that 1 have had in the five seasons
that I have been engaged in the business.
My increase was 10 colonies. My bees are
all tucked away in the cellar, the hives full
of stores, and not in debt to me a cent. I do
not remember of ever losing a colony of
bees in wintering, and have had no spring
dwindling— in fact the word "success" ex-
presses my situation ever since 1 embarked
in the bee-business. Honey is selling read-
ily here at 18 cents per one-pound section.
The weather is tine here, with no snow yet.
Corn is all gathered, and the crop is im-
mense.

Poor Yield of Honey.— S. M. Cox,

Angola, Ind., on Dec. 7, 188S, says :

One year ago I had about 8.5 colonies of
bees, about 30 of which failed to winter,
mostly from lack of stores. During the win-
ter I moved to Angola, a distance of about
12 miles, and about June 1, 1 moved 24 colo-
nies, with the loss of one. 1 left the rest on
the farm, and let them out on shares. 1 got
less than 50 pounds of surplus honey, and a
good many of the colonies will starve this
winter, although there were several fields
of Alsike clover, and considerable basswood
near them. The bees that 1 brought here
stored about 300 pounds of surplus comb
honey, and cast 10 swarms. I have 26 colo-
nies in the cellar now, the rest being on the
summer stands. 1 think that we will have
more white clover next season than we had
this year.

Honey Jumbles — Fall Honey*
Flow.— 0. P. Miller, Glendon, Iowa, on
Dec. 5, 1888, writes :

I notice on page 787,an account of a young
man selling seven barrels of honey jumbles
at the Columbus Exposition. I would be
pleased to have a recipe for making them
published in the Bee Journal. People
here think that honey is not worth any-
thing to cook with. The honey season in
this vicinity was very poor until the very
last. About the time we thought the "jig
was up," the bees commenced work, and in
16 days they stored 62 pounds of surplus
honey to the colony. One of the strongest
colonies in this time stored a little over 100
pounds of surplus honey in three weeks. I
practice the tiering-up system with full-
sized Langstroth frames, for other reasons
aside from the production of honey.

[Just show your neighbors who think
that honey is not good for cooking, copies of
" Honey as Food and Medicine." Perhaps
Bro. Root will supply the formula for mak-
ing the honey-jumbles.— Ed.]

No Fall Honey Crop.— R. B. Wood-
ward, M. D., Somerset, 0., on Dec. 10, 1888,
writes :

My bees wintered last winter without
loss. I had 15 colonies to begin with ; one
queen would not lay on account of old age,
and one died from an unknown cause,
which left me 13 colonies. From these I
secured 400 pounds of honey, about one-half
being comb honey. I had to put back in
unextracted frames 100 pounds, and had to
feed about .50 pounds of sugar for winter
purposes, leaving abont 250 pounds net, of
surplus honey from 13 colonies. 1 increased
them to 18 colonies, which are now in good
condition on the summer stands, and win-
tering well thus far. My bees gathered
nothing after August, yet the fields were
yellow with golden rod, and waste land was
full of asters ; but it was too wet and cold.
My best colony produced 36 pounds of ex-
tracted apple-bloom honey, which was very
good.

Honey and Beesfrax Market.

Bees in Ciood Condition.— L. B.

Graves, Nineveh, Ind., on Dec. 10, 1888,
says :

The honey season has not been good for
three years. Last spring I had 5 colonies
which I increased to 7, and took about 150
pounds of comb honey. All are in good
condition for winter. My best colony pro-
duced 48 pounds of honey, besides about 15
pounds in two boxes not finished. Some of
my neighbors got about the same as I did,
while three miles east and north they got no
honey, and had to feed their bees for winter.
I can speak for only a few, as I am not
posted very far from home.

Predicts Snccessliil',Winterins.

—Mr. J. W. Bittenbender, Knoxville, Iowa,
on Dec. 11, 1888, writes :

Bees in this locality are all in their win-
ter depositories, with plenty of good, ripe
honey to winter on, and, as far as I can tell,
I predict that of all colonies properly pre-
pared, 95 per cent, will winter; and as far
as I can ascertain from my correspondence,
bees are all in good condition in Iowa, Ne-
braska, Missouri and Kansas. The outlook
seems to indicate a good season for 1889.
White clover never was in better condition
at this date. We have had but very little
cold weather, no snow on the ground, and
farmers are plowing yet.

CHICAGO.

HONET.— We quote : Wbite clover i-Ibs.. 18@I9c.;
2-lbB., lc;@nc. Good dark 1-lbs.. 15®16c.; 2-lb8., 13®
14c. Buckwheat 1-Ib3., 14@loc.; 2-lba., 12®12Hc.—
Extracted, 7@itc.. dependinjj upon quality and style
of package. Receipts increasing, but demand still
limited. Stock is not selling as freely this season as
a year ago.

BBB8WAX.-22C.
Nov. 13. 8. T. FISH * CO., 189 8. Water St,

CHICAGO.

HONBY.-ItissellinK fairly well at 18c. for best
1-lbs.; very fancv lots have sold at 20c. Dark and
yellow comb sells slowly at 13@16c. Extracted. T^jft
9c.. according to quality and style of package. The
stock of best comb honey is light.

BEESWAX,— 220. K. A. BURNBTT.

Nov. 22. 161 South Water St.

MILWATJKBB.

HONE Y.— We quote : B'ancy white I-Ibs., 18®20c.;
2-lb8.. IB® 18c. Good dark l-lbs., I6®18c.: 2-lbs., 15®
16c.; fair l-lbs., 12*i;(<iiUc. Extracted, white, in kegs
and i-;.-barrels. 8'^>®9c. ; amber in same, "^©sc. : in
pailsand tin, white, 9ra9''ac.; in barrels and half-bar-
rels, dark. 6@6^c. Market steady and supply ample
tor the moderate demand, but present values have
a tendency to restrict general consumption.

BKRSWAJC.— 22@23c.
Oct. 25. A. V. BISHOP, 142 W. Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-lbs., 15®l7c.
2-lbs., 14®I6C. Fair white 1-lbs., 14®16c.; 2-Ib8.,U
to i.'jc. Extracted, white. 7>^@8c.

BBESWAX.-231..C.
Sep. 17. THCRBBR, WHYLAND&CO

NEW YORK.

HONEY.-We quote : Fancy white 1-lbs., 16®17c.;
2-lbs , i:s@14c. Fair white 1-lbs.. 14®15c.; 2-lb8.. U to
12c. Buckwheat libs, i l(ai2c.; 2-lb8.. 10c. White
extracted. 8®uc.: buckwheat. 8@7c. Demand good
for white 1-lbs. and buckwheat 1 and 2 lbs., of which
the stock is light. Good stock of white 2-lba., with
but little demand.

BBB8WAX.— 22'..;®24C.

HILDKETH BROS. & 8EQBLKEN,
Nov. 24. 2S & 30 W. Broadway, near I>uane St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONBY.-White 1-lb. sections, 12®12!^c.; 2-lbs.,
12@14c.; amber, H@loc. Extracted, white. 6^@6Mc.:
light amber, 6c.: amber and candied. 5H®5Hc. For
comb honey the demand is light ; for extracted it is
good, and market firm.

BEESWAX.— DuO at 18®22c.
Nov. 15. O. B. SMITH & CO.. 428 Front St.

DETROIT.

HONEV.-Bestwhite 1-lbs.. 16®18c. Supply is not
large, but equal to the demand.

BBE8WAX.-22®23c.
Dec. 12. M. H. HUNT. Bell Branch, MIoh.

CINCINNATI.

HONBY.— We quote extracted at S'^sc. per lb.
Best white comb honey, 16c. Demand slew.

BEESWAX.— Demand is good— 2u@22c. per lb. for
Bood to choice vellow. on arrival.
Nov. 12. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central At.

KANSAS CITY

HONEY.— Choice 1-lb. sections.' 18c.; dark 1-lbs.,
14c.; 2-lbs., 16c. ; dark. 13c. White extracted in 60-
Ib. cans. 8c.; amber, 7c. ; in barrels and kegs, 5@SC.
Demand good, prices steady, and stock fair.

BEESWAX.- None in market.
Sep. 27. HAMBLIN & BEAR88, 514 Walnnt St.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white 1-Ib. sections,
17"<;@18c.: 2-lbs.. I4®l.5c. Fair l-lbs.. I4M®15^c.;
2-lb8., ll@12c. Extracted, fancy white clover,7^@sJt.
California white in 6L»-lb. cans. 8c. : light amber ,in
same cans, 7Mc.; amber, 7Xc. Buckwheat in kegs
and barrels, 5>6@6. Cuban, in barrels and i^-barrels,

6oc. per gallon.

Sep. 26. F. G. 8TR0HME YE B & CO., 122 Water St.

BOSTON
HONEY.— We quote: Best white clover l-pounds,
17@18C.: best 2-lbs.. 16 J)17c. Extracted. 8®9c. The
sales are good, and indications are that all thehtmey
in the country will be cold by Feb. I.
Dec. 12. BDAKK & RIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY.

HONBY.-White l-lbs„ 16®17c.; fair, 14®l.5c.; Cal-
f«^rnia white 2-lbs.. 14@I5c.; amber 2-lbs., 12@13c.—
Extracted, white Oiilifoniia. 7MiC.: amber. 7c.

BKESWAX.— None in the market.
Dee. 1 1 . Cl,BMON8, CL,OON & CO., cor 4th ftWalnnt.

ST. LOUIS.

nONEY.— We quote : Extracted in barrels. 5@6c.
according to quality: in cans. 7®8c. Comb. 12^®l5c.
Prices hrmer on account of scarcity, though the
demand is not great.

BEESWAX.— 210. for prime. .,„

Oct. 17. D. G. TUTT & CO., Commercial St.

SAN FRANCISCO.
HONEY.-We quote : Extracted, white, 6"^ cents;
light amber, Hftiii^^.c. ; amber. 5^c. Comb, white 1-
Ibs . 13®l4c.; 2.1bs.,13c. Light amber 1-lbs., 12@13c.:
2-lbs.. ii®i2c. Demand very active for extracted.
and fair for comb honey.

BEESWAX 20®21C.

Nov. 6. SCHACHT & LBMCKE. 122-124 DavlB St.

Tmm m^^mmiGMm mmm j&JsmmmL,.

829

BUSINESS MANAGER.

lusiitjess %otitts.

U Yoli liii-e near one post office and
get your mail at anotlier, be sure to give the
address that we have on our list.

<xif e a Copy of " Honey as Food and
Medicine " to every one who buys a package
of honey. It will sell lots of it.

If you L.ose Money by carelessly en-
closing it in a letter, it is without excuse,
when a Money Order, which is perfectly
safe, costs but 5 cents.

Pure Plienol tor Foul Brood.—

Calvert's No. 1 phenol, mentioned in Che-
shire's pamphlet on pages 10 and 17, can be
procured at this office at 35 cents per ounce.
Not being mailable, it must go by express.

Preserre Your Papers for future
reference. If you have no BINUEIl we
will mail you one for 60 cents ; or you can
have one FREE, if you will send us 3 new
yearly subscriptions for the Bee Journai,.

ITncca Bnishes, for removing bees
from the combs, are a soft, vegetable fiber,
and do not irritate the bees. We supply
them at 5 cents each, or 50 cents a dozen ; if
sent by mail, add 1 cent each for postage.

Please -wrfle America/n Bee Jov/mal
on the envelope when writing to this office.
Several of our letters have already gone to
another firm (a commission house), causing
vexatious delay and trouble.

A Home Market for honey can be
made by judiciously distributing the
pamphlets, " Honey as Food and Medicine."
Such will create a demand in any locality at
remunerative prices. See list on the second
page of this paper.

Apiary Register.— All who intend to

be systematic in their work in the apiary,

should get a copy of the Apiary Register and

begin to use it. The prices are as follows :

For 50 colonies (120 pages) $] 00

" 100 colonies (220 pages) 125

" 200 colonies (420 pages) 150

Photographs of Bee-Ueepers.—

The " medley " gotten up by E. O. Tuttle,
containing the faces of 120 representative
apiarists, and a printed sketch of each one,
vvill be sent with the Bee Joubnai, for one
year for 81.75; or we will present it free, by
mail, to any one, for a club of three subscri-
bers and $3.00.

CLlTBBINCi LIST.

^Ve Club the American Bee Journal
for a year, with any of the following papers
or books, at the prices quoted in the I.ASX
column. The regiUar price of both is given
in the first column. One year's subscription
for the American Bee Journal must be sent
with each order for another paper or book:

Price of both. Club
The American Bee Journal 1 GO...

and Gleanings in Bee-Culture 3 00 1 75

Bee-Keepers'Magazine 150 1 40

Bee-Keepers' Guide 1.50 140

Bee-Keepers' Review 150 140

The Apioulturist 1 75 1 65

Canadian Bee Journal 2 00. . . . 1 80

Canadian Honey Producer. ..1 40 130

The 8 above-named papers.. , 5 65 5 00

and Cook's Manual 2 25. . . . 2 00

Bees and Honey (Newman).. .2 00 175

Binder for Am. Bee Journal.. 1 60 1 50

Dzierzon's Bee-Book (cloth).. .3 00.. .. 2 00
Boot's A B C of Bee-Culture. .2 25. . .. 2 10

Farmer's Account Book 4 00 2 20

Western World Guide 150 1 30

Heddon's book, "Success,".. 150.. 1 40

A Year Among the Bees 1 75 1 50

Convention Hand-Book 1 50 1 .30

Weekly Inter-Ocean 2 00. . . . 1 75

How to Propagate Fruit 1 50 1 25

History of National Society. . 1 50. . . . 1 25

International Bee-Convention.

—The Pamphlet Report of the Columbus,
Ohio, Convention is now issued, and copies
have been sent to each member, as well as
to the Colleges, Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Societies and periodicals devoted to
the industry. Copies can be obtained at
this office, by mail, postpaid, for 35 cents.
This pamphlet contains the new bee-songs
and words, as well as a portrait of the
President. Bound up with the history of
the International Society, and a full report
of the Detroit, Indianapolis and Chicago
conventions, for 50 cents, postpaid.

Paper Boxes— to hold a section of
honey for retail dealers. We have two sizes
on hand to carry sections 4Kx4^ and 5.'^x5J^.
Price, Sl.OO per 100, or $8.50 per 1,000.

Xhe Date on the wrapper label of
your paper indicates the end of the month
to which you have paid. If that is past,
please send us a dollar to carry the date
another year ahead.

Honey.— We have for sale a quantity of
Extracted Honey in kegs holding about 330
pounds each, which we are selling, free on
board the cars, at 8 cents per pound for
Amber and » cents per pound tor White.

I^ew Subscribers can obtain the full
numbers for 1SS8 and 1889 for $1.80, if appli-
cation be made at once, before all the sets
of 1888 are gone.

In or«ler to pay you for getting new
subscribers to send with your renewal, we
make you thi.s offer. For each yearly .sub-
scriber, with $1.00, you may order 25 cents
worth of any books or supplies that we have
for sale— as a premium.

We Supply Chapman Honey-Plant
SEEI> at the following prices : One
ounce, 40 cents ; 4 ounces, 81 ; }4 pound,
$1.75 ; 1 pound, $3. One pound of seed is
sufficient lor half an acre, if properly
thinned out and re-set.

Please to get your IVeiglibor,

who keeps bees, to also take the Amekican
Bee Jouknal. It is now so cheap that
no one can afford to do without it.

We ^vill Present a Pocket Dictionary
for two subscribers with $3.00. It is always
useful to have a dictionary at hand to decide
the spelling of words, and their meaning.

I>r. Miller's Book, "A Year Among
the Bees," and the American Bee Jour-
nal for one year— we send both for $1.50.

Red Isabels lor Pails.— We have
three sizes of these Labels ranging in size
for pails to hold from one to ten pounds of
honey. Price, $1 for a hundred, with the
name and address of the bee-keeper printed
on them. Smaller quantities at one cent
each ; but we cannot print the name aud
address on less than 100. Larger quantities
according to size, as follows :

Size A. Size B. Size C.

250 Labels tl.50 $2.00 $2.25

SOOLabels 2.00 3.00 3.50

1,000 Labels 3.00 4.00 5.00

«- Samples mailed free, upon application.

Simmins' IVon-S>Tarming Sys-
tem.—We have a few of these books left,
and we will club them with the American
Bee Journal for one year, both postpaid,
for $1.35. The subscription to the Bee
Journal can be for next year, this year, or
may begin anew at any time.

Cork tor 'Winter Packing.— Its

advantages are that it never becomes musty,
and it is odorless. Cushions can be made
of cloth and filled with the cork, for winter
packing. We can supply all orders now at
10 cents per pound. Or a seamless sack of
it, containing 15 pounds, for $1.00.

Clorer Seeds.— We are selling Alsike
Clover Seed at the following prices : $8.00
per bushel; S'3.35 per peck ; 25 cents per lb.
Whits Clover Seed : $10.00 per bushel; 83.75
per peck ; 30 cents per lb. Melilot or Sweet
Clmer Seed: $6.00 per bushel ; $1.75 per
peck: 20 cents per lb.— by express or freight.

AlTvays Mention your Post-Office,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually vrriting—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

Hastings' Pertcction Feeder. —

This excellent Feeder will hold 2 quarts,
and the letting down of the feed is regulated
by a thumbscrew. The cap screws securely
on. It is easy to regulate — either a spoonful
or a quart— and that amount can be given
in an hour or a day, as desired. By it the
food can be given where it is most needed-
just over the cluster. Not a drop need be
lost, and no robber bees can get at it. A
single one can be had for 40 cents, or a
dozen for 83.50, and it can be obtained at
this office. Postage 10 cents extra.

830

THE MMBKICMM MM® J@^RIfMlU.

giduertisemjettts.

TAKE NOTICE.

BEFOBK placing your orders for SUPPLIES,
write for prices on One-Piece AU-White Bass-
wood StiiCTlONS. planed on two sides, making them
the finest Sections made. B^~ Other Supplies to
correspond. Address,

K, H. 8CHMIBT «fe CO.,
47A26t NEW LONDON, Waupaca Co.. WIS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

To Every Lover of Good Reading :

Dear Frikkd '.—Mr. will C. Turner, the well
known Publisher and Managing Editor of the
City and Country, that excellent 16-page
monthly magazine published at Columbus, O.,
has recently made an oiler in connection with
his publication which should certainly be ac-
cepted by you. City and Country has been
regularly published at the rate of $1.00 per
year, for the past seven years. Mr. Turner
is anxious to increase his already large circu-
lation within the next three months to 50,000
regular subscribers more.

To accomplish this purpose, believing that
every subscriber will, at the expiration of
their subscription, renew tor one year, he has
devised the following plan :

Every person desiring to become a subscri-
ber to City and Country, which, by the way,
contains each year four t^^ five continued stories,
thirty to forty iUustrations in each issue, and a.
large amount of interesting readinu— especially
so lo the ladies— Is requested to carefully and

filainly write out two complete copies of this
etter, and sign your name at the bottom after

the word " Per " . These copies must then

be mailed by you to two of your friends or
acquaintances in some other town or locality,
who are thereby requested to do Just as you
have done, viz : Write two copies and send to
two of their friends, and so the work will go
on and on. After mailing the two copies, the
original letter which you copy from, together
with a slip of writing paper, cut the size of a
postal card, with your address plainly written
on one side, and the addresses of the two to
whom you have sent the copies nn the other
Bide, and TEN CENTS IN SILVER
must be enclosed in a letter and mailed to
Will C. Turner, Columbus, O. On the receipt
of these you will be placed on the subscrip-
tion list for 3 months, the copy for the present
month will be promptly mailed, and also,
which is the greatest reason why you should
accept this otfer, five complete novels In pam-
phlet form will be sent you by mail, postpaid,
which would regularly cost one dollar each if
bound in cloth. Do not let the opportunity
pass, as Mr. Turner only proposes to let this
offer stand for a short time. True, it requires
some time and work to copy all this twice,
but you will be most handsomely rewarded
lor it.

[Signed,] WILL C. TDRNER.

Per

1S50. 1889.

LANGSTROTH

The Progress of 30 Years.

Xliis Book T^'ill be out during
Xke Holidays.

It makes an entirely ne^v ivork,
and all who have read the former edi-
tions want this revision.

550 Pages— 16 Plates.

Portraits of the World's Leading Bee-Writers.

Bfiiineroiis New Engravings.

Nearly Five Hundred Copies of

this book have been ordered before the
first copy is out of the binders' hands.

JB@" Price, $2.00. Discount on
Quantities. Address,

CHAS. DAD ANT & SON,

SOAtf HAMILTON, Hancock Co., ILLS.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

THOS, &, NEWMAN & SON,

DEALERS IN

Bee-Reepers' Supplies,

I.VCLDDING

Honey and Wax Extractors,
Comb FoundatiOD— all styles.
Bee Hives— nailed and flat.
Sections, Crates and Frames,
Kess and Pails for Honey,
Seeds for Honey Plants,

Smokers, Veils, etc

>-S§«

IliliUSTKATED CATALiOGUE

free upon application.

923 it 92S West Madison St.,

CHICAGO, ILLS.

Free. ONE YEAR. Free.

WE have made arrangements with the
publishers of the COTTAGE HEARTH,
of Boston, Maes , to offer the American Bee
JO0RNAL as a free premium, with their
Magazine for the year 1889, and we now give
to all our readers the benefit of this arrange-
ment.

XIIE COXXACiE HEARXH

Is a well-known Family Magazine now in its
14th year, and is a favorite wherever it has
been introduced. It has each month Music,
Floral and Health Departments, Latest Fancy
Work, Sabbath Reading, Demorest's Patterns,
Approved Beeeipts, Household Hints, and
Prize Puzzles for Children.

Tbls beantlfully Illustrated Monthly
is a large 34-page, elegantly primed Magazine,
and has attained a large circulation solely on
its merits as a family magazine. Its

Price, $1.50 per Year,

is very low for such a desirable home maga-
zine, but we will send both Tbe Cottage
Hearth and the American Bee Joirnai,
to any one who sends us $1.50— Just the price
of one of these standard publications.

i^~ Sample Copies sent free on application
to F. P. Shumway, Jr., Boston, Mass.

THoa. e. NEiviiiAar dn, son,

923 4 925 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLS.

WE are now ready to receive shipments of
HONEV, and would be pleased to open
correspondence. Liberal advances made on
consignments. Let us hear from you, as we
can render prompt returns at the top market
values. Reference on file with the American
Bee Journal. S. T. FISH A: CO.,

33A20t 189 So. Water St., CHICAGO, ILL.

Mention the American Bee Journal.

EXTRACTED HONEY

WE have a Large Quantity of CHOICE
EXTRACTED HONEY for Sale, in
kegs holding about 220 pounds each, which
we will deliver on board the cars at 9 cents
per pound for the White, and 8 cents per
pound for the Amber Colored. Orders are
Solicited. Address,

THOS. e. NEW^MAN <& SON,

923 & 926 West Madison-Street, - CHICAGO, ILLB.

Dadaiits' Fouiulatiou Fuctory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

Qnnri 7K Ponfc tor my Book, entitled— "A
OClIU I J UCIIIO Year among the Bees;"—
114 pages, cloth bound. Address.

DR. C. C. ITIII.1.ER,

90Atf MARENGO. ILLS.

We have some ELEGANT
RIBBON BADGES, having
a rosette and gold Bee, for
bee-keepers' use at Fairs,
Conventions, etc. Price
50 "cents each, by mail, postpaid.

THOS. G. NE1VMAN 6c SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.

THE FLORAL INSTRUCTOR.

A Beautiful monthly magazine, especially
designed for amateur cultivators, will be
sent a whole year, on trial, for only 20c. in sil-
ver or stamps. Mention this paper in replying.

IN8TETJCT0E PUB. CO. , Ainsworth, Iowa.

49A:it

Dadants' Foundation Factory, wholesale

and retail. See advertisement in another column.

A SPECIAL DISCOUNT

OIT HIVES.

In order to keep our Hive-Factory
running during the dull season, we
will make a DISCOUNT of 10 PER
CENT on all orders for Hives, Cases,
Frames, Shipping - Crates, and Bee-
Feeders, received before Jan. 1, 1889.

THOS. G. NEWMAN &. SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison St., - CHICAGO, ILL.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

Patent Flat-Bottom Comb Foundation

High Side Walls, 4 to 14 square

feet to the pound. Wholesale and

Retail. Circu lars and Samples free

J. VAN DEVSEN »c SONS,

(SOLE MANTTFACTtTRERS),

lAtf SPROUT BROOK, Mont. Co., N. T.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

British Bee Journal

AND BEE-EEEFEBS' ADVISES,

IS published every week, at IDs. lOd. per
annum. It contains the very best practical
information for the apiarist. It is edited by
Thomas Wm. Cowan, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., etc., and
published by John Huckle, King's Langley
Herts, England

I^IIMUER 0;^E OF XIIE

PEN BREEDERS' JOURMl

Is now ready. Send your name on a postal
card and receive a free sample copy of this
bright new journal. Only 50 cts. a year.
Address, THE Q. B. JOUKNAIi,
51Alt (E.L.Pratt, Pubr.) MARLBORO, MASS.
Mention the American Bee Journal.

THE iCMlIRICMFf BE® JOUMIfSILr.

835

KDITOK.

Voiniy. Dec. 26,1888. No, 52.

We W'i^ili all of our readers, both young
and old, a prosperous and

" HAPPY NEW YEAR."

Cliristnias has come and gone. Of all
holidays this is the most welcome, because
it is ushered in with friendship's pleasant
gifts, and ends with the pronunciation of
blessings on all. Its observance for so
many hundreds of years has given it a
character which appeals to all to promote
the joy and happiness of kindred and
friends.

This week is the time for joyous parties
and gladsome greetings. Let every day be
bright and beautiful, and we hope all hearts
will rejiiice and be glad ! A. Happy New
Yeur to all our readers.

.4coept Our Xliaulcs for the patron-
age of the past, and we cordially invite all
our readers to retain their places in the Bee
JouKNAL family for 1889.

A Complete Index is presented this
week, not only to the subjects discussed
during the year, but also to the names of
correspondents. The latter one comprises
nearly all of the best and most thoroughly
successful apiarists of the present age.

A Favorable Word from any of our
readers, who speak from experience, has
more weight with their friends than any-
thing we might say. Every one of our
readers can lend us a helping hand, in this
way, without much trouble, and at the same
time help to scatter apicultural knowledge
^nd promote the welfare of our pursuit.

Anollier Xirade of Abu»«e finds a
place in an Eastern publication, from the
pen of C. J. Robinson. This time the in-
vectives are aimed at our old and honored
friend— the Rev. L. L. Langstroth, who it
seems, some eight years ago, wrote an arti-
cle correcting some mistakes made by Mr.
R. in an article on the first importation of
Italian bees.

As usual the comments of Mr. Langstroth
were a mere statement of facts, without the
slightest unkind remark. This exasperated
Mr. Robinson, and he has, at every oppor-
tunity, dipped his pen in gall and hurled
forth abuse at the devoted head of our es-
teemed friend Langstroth.

It is to be regretted that any paper— much
less a bee periodical— could be found that
would publish an article which contained
such epithets applied to such a good man as
Mr. Langstroth. Here are some of them :
"Robber," an "outrage," "foul," "land-
pirate," "rob a dead man," "robbed so
ruthlessly," etc., winding up with the fol-
lowing :

Mr. Langstroth's motto, on paper, has
been: "Give honor to whom honor is
due." but he has signally failed to practice
what he has preached.

No excuse can be given for such vile
charges. The insignificant matter of who
was the first to import Italian bees is hardly
worth discussion, much less the maligning
of a man of such prominence and character
as Mr. Lanestroth.

It only shows the tendency ot the times,
to follow with a dagger the greatest and best
men of the age, and exhibits the perversity
of shallow minds. To such we would
recommend the study of the following noble
thought and language of the great Rnfus
Choate, which is worthy of being enshrined
in the hearts of all high minded Americans.
" National Hatred " was the topic of one of
his orations. In it he said :

No. sir, we are above all this. Let the
Highland "lansman, half-naked, half-civi-
lized, half blinded by the peat-smoke of his
cavern, have the hereditary enemy and his
hereditary enmity, and keep the keen, deep
and precious hatred, set on fire of evil, alive
if he can.

Let the North American Indian have his,
and hand it down trom father to son, by
heaven knows what symbols of alligators
and rattlesnakes and war clubs, smeared
with Vermillion and entwined with scarlet.

Let such a country as Poland, cloven to
the earth, the armed heel on the radiant
forehead, her body dead, her soul incapable
to die— let her remember the wrongs of
days long past.

Let the lost and wandering tribes of
Israel remember theirs— the manliness and
the sympathy of the world may allow or
pardon this to them.

But shall America, young, free and pros-
peious, just setting out on the highway of
heaven, decorating and cheering the ele-
vated sphere slie just begins to move in,
glittering like the morning star, full of life
and joy— shall she be supposed to be pol-
luting and corroding her noble and happy
heart by moping over old stories of stamp
act and tea tax, and the firing of the Leop-
ard on the Chesapeake in the time of
peace ?

Every true man— every high-minded
American will join in saying, "No, Sir;

we are above all this" mud-throwing!
There shall be no maligning of the men we
delight to honor ! No abuse of our honored
and honorable fathers in apiculture ! No
polluting of their garments with the slime
of invective, railing or abuse !

Xlie Xwenty Fourth Volume of

the Amehican Bee Journ^al ends with
this number, making another valuable
"book of reference" for the apicultural
world. Its record, character and usefulness
in the past is its guarantee for the future.
As heretofore it will lose no opportunity to
further the interests of honey-producers by
booming the product and faithfully defend-
ing the pursuit of apiculture on every occa-
sion requiring it. For Fifteen Years
we have labored to publish a bee-periodical
which should be a credit to the pursuit, and
a medium of communication between the
bee-keepers of America and the world gen-
erally. How well that task has been done
we leave our readers to say. At first it was
a monthly containing about the same
amount of reading matter as is now issued
weekly. Then the price of subscription for
the monthly was two dollars ; now the
weekly is issued at one dollar— tour times
as much matter for one-half the price.

In order to be of the greatest advantage to
our pursuit, we must have the largest con-
stituency of wide-awake, progressive apiar-
ists, and we request that if our patrons
think we have labored for their interest in
the past, that they will give us " the vote of
confidence " in the shape of continued ex-
ertions for the prosperity of the American
Bee Jouhxal.

It is only fair to expect you to work for
the Bee JoriixAi.'s interest, for it is work-
ing for your interest every day in the year.

I)o !Vot Forfi-et to send a dollar for a
membership fee to the National Bee-Keep-
ers' Union for 1889. It merits your ap-
proval, and needs your assistance.

By Using the Hinder made ex-
pressly for this Bee Journal, all can have
them bound and ready for reference and
examiuation every day in the year. Price
60 cents, postpaid. Subscription for one
year and the binder for J1.50.

Do not send to us for sample copies of
of any other papers. Send for such to the
publishers of the papers you want.

Always mention your Post-Offlce,
County and State when writing to this
office. No matter where you may happen
to be for the hour when actually writing—
never mention anything but your perma-
nent address. To do otherwise leads to
confusion, unless you desire your address
changed. In that case state the old as well
as the new address.

836

T«i? MBiEMicMEf mmm jq-'prhkiu.

*-*-^---^*-^^^^^*^A^^^4^

COTl*fVE]VTIO]V DIRECTORY.

1888. Time and Place of Meeting.

Dec. 29.— Brant, at Brantford, Ont.

R. F. Holtermann, Sec, Brantford, Ont,
1889.
Jan. 8, 9.— Ontario, at Owen Sound, Ont.

W. Couse. Sec, StreetBville, Ont.

Jan. 9-11.— Nebraska State, at Lincoln, Nebr.

J. N. Heater, Sec, Columbus. Nebr.

Jan. 15.— Vermont State, at Middlebury, Vt.

Marcia A. Douglas, Sec, Shoreham, Vt.

Jan. 15, 16.— N. W. 111. & S. "W. "Wis., at Roekford, Ills.
D. A. Fuller, Sec. Cherry Valley, Ills.

May 4.— Susquehanna County, at Montrose, Pa.

H. M. Seeley, Sec. Harford, Pa.

^^ In order to have this table complete, Secre-
taries are requested to forward full particulars of
time and place of future meetings.- Ed.

sE:L£CT/oxg0:^

A TTonian's ^Vorl*.— Mrs. S. E.

Sherman, Salado, Texas, on Dec. 10, 1888,
writes as follows :

Last spring my apiary consisted of 40
good colonies of Italian and hybrid bees. 1
increased them to 60 colonies, and obtained
from them 6,000 pounds of honey— mostly
extracted. How does that do for a woman ?

[It is first rate. Tou must have had a
good season down in Texas.— Ed.]

Scanty Surplus.— J. W.Vandervoort,
Belleville, Ont., on Dec. 13, 1888, writes :

The last two years have been very poor
seasons tor apiarists. There was but very
little surplus honey, and exceedingly small
increase of bees. We hope for something
better next year.

Fair Season's Report.— Mr. Albert
Schumacher, New Alsace, Ind., on Dec. 13,
1888, writes thus about his bees :

Last spring I had 30 colonies of bees left
out of 34 put into winter quarters in the fall
previous (6 being blacks, 8 hybrids, and 6
young colonies from swarms of the previous
year.) I have put 34 colonies away into win-
ter quarters this fall, all being packed in a
bee-nouse, and all are in good condition
with plenty of honey, and I hope they will
go through the winter safely, and come out
strong next spring. My honey crop for the
past season was 370 pounds of comb honey,
and 300 pounds of extracted. I value the
Bee Journal very highly, and can hardly
wait from one number to another, so anx-
ious am I to read its very interesting
articles.

Honey from ^Vild-Rice.— C. P.

flcwett, of Kingston, Wis., writes as fol-
lows:

I have never seen anything published in
relation to wild-rice honey, in the Ameri-
can Bee Jouknal. It is the finest flavored
honey that I ever saw. It has medical
properties that no other honey possesses.
My wife has been using it for the last six
months, and now she is cutting a line set of
teeth, at the age of 58 years. There is so
much "doctor" connected with the bee-
fraternity. How is this ? I shall work 100

colonies for rice honey next season, and we
may expect to see every lady here with
bright, shining teeth, grown from the use
of wild-rice honey. If any one disputes the
above statement, he can write to the post-
master here, or to H. Qalkman, the dentist,
who has extracted teeth for my wife.

Xlteory and Practice. — Mr. J. W.

Teftt, of Collamer, N. Y., sends the follow-
ing argument on the theory and practice of
apiculture :

If the theory of the theoretical bee-man is
true theory, and it the practice of the prac-
tical bee-man is correct practice, then the
theory and the practice will fit each other,
line for line and dot for dot.

The practical man becomes a theoretical
man when he begins to give his reasons for
doing as he does. If a person learns the
laws of nature which relate to bee-mechan-
ics from books or lectures, and then applies
these laws to practice, and makes no mis-
takes in this application, he stands equally
face to face with the man who begins at the
practical end, and works up until h^ learus
the same laws. They start at opposite ends
of the same path, but both get there, all the
same.

■Wild Cucumber Honey, etc. —

Geo. W. Hanson, of Chapman, Kans., on
Dec. 10, 1888, writes :

I commenced last spring with one colony,
which swarmed on May 19, 32 and 25. I
boueht 5 nuclei, and one of them swarmed
on .July 38 and 39. The others swarmed
twice each, and I have now 15 colonies. I
fed 4 of the last swarms. I lost one queen,
but united a weak colony with the queen-
less one. I had no trouble in uniting. I
have learned many valuable lessons from
the Bee Journal the past season, and
still desire to learn more. My bets did not
work on wild sunflowers as they did on the
tame ones ; but about Aug. 10 I noticed
them taking a northeast course in nearly a
perfect swarm ; I traced them nearly one-
half of a mile, and found them working on
a large patch of wild cucumbers. They
work on it as strong as thev do on buck-
wheat, and all day long. It blossomed four
or five weeks. I examined some of the
flowers, and could see the nectar in the
blossoms, and it tasted very sweet. I in-
tend to put some of it under cultivation next
year. It grows on low land, and I hope
that I can give a fuller report of it next
year. I have my bees in the cellar now,
and they are doing well. With this letter I
send a few seeds of what is called " wild
cucumber."

[Thanks for the seed,
them next spruig.— Ed.]

We will plant

To I>elin<|uent$«.— After January 1,
1889, we shall discontinue sending the
American Bee Journal to those who
have not responded to the bills we sent out
a few weeks ago.

This does not mean that we shall try to
deprive any one ot the pleasure of reading
the Bee Journal who really desires its
continuance, but finds it difBcult to pay now.
Such can get a short extension of time by
asking for it. We should be sorry to lose,
any subscriber who wishes to have its
weekly visits continued, but do not want
any to continue to take it who do not think
they are getting the full worth of their
money. i

A Magnificent Pffesent

For every one who will send us a Club
of five 7iew subscribers for 1889, before
next January. All the remaining issues
of this 3'ear free to new subscribers.

This ATLAS

contains large scale
Maps of every coun-
try and civil division
upon the face of the
Globe.

It is beautifullv
illustrated with col-
ored diagrams, that
shiiw wealth, debt,
civil condition of
people, chief pro-
ductions, manufac-
tu res and commerce,
religious sects, etc.,
and a superb line of
engravings of much
historical interest &
value, together with
many new and desi-
rable features which
are expressly gotten
up for this work—
amongwhich will be
found a concise His-
tory of each State.

Price, in best English cloth binding (size, closed,
11X14 inches ; opened, 2'Jxl4 inches), S4.50.

To any one sending; us, direct
to this office, FIVE NEW
Subscribers for one year, with $5.00,
(renewals not to count) we will jjreaent
this beautiful Atlas, by mail, postpaid.

We have purchased one of them for our own use,
and regard it as a valuable acquisition to our library.
It is handsomely bound and contains a fund of very
useful knowledge. It contains lOS pages.

THOS. G. NEWMAN & SON,

923 & 925 W. Madison-St., - CHICAGO, ILLS.

9Iark It.— We have received several
local newspapers from our subscribers, in
which no item was marked. Please do not
forget to mark any paragraph you wish us
to read, when sending local papers to this
office. We have no time to read thirty or
forty columns of matter in order to find a
few lines that may be of interest to us or
the pursuit. Mark it, either blue, black or
red, with pencil or ink, as may be most con-
venient—but be sure to mark it.

Xo Our Subscribers.— Send to F.

P. Shumway, Jr., Boston, Mass., for a free
sample copy of the Cottage Hearth, a beau-
tiful illustrated magazine, and so realize
what an extkaordinaky offer we are
making when we propose to send both the
Cottage Hearth and the American Bee
Journal for a full year for only 81,50,
when the price of the Cottage Hearth alone
is $1.50 a year, thus giving you two standard
publications at the price of one.

Xlie Xinie tor Reading; has come,
with the long winter evenings. We have a
large stock of bee-books, and would like to
fill orders for them. To read and post up is
the way to succeed in any pursuit— in none
is it more important than in bee-keeping.

■>o I%ot Fail to get up a club and send
it with your^enewal for next year.

Tl'Hir aiVIERICSE* WMM JO^RNSI^.

837

tr -;-j-j^— - — ■- — -■

— »^^^» — ^ — ^^ 'j-^- — - — I'j^^-^/-— ■'^■— -taf^A^a^a^^i**^'***^*^*^*^*^**

Queries W Replies,

Wired Franie§ of Foundation
for Straislit Combs.

Written for the American Bee Journal

Query 600.— 1. Are there any objections
to very thick foundation ? 2 Which is the
better, wired frames or wired foundation ? or
are both used together ? 3. Are wired frames
a certain guaranty aRainst all warping or sag-
glnn ? 4. Where can I get reliable and detailed
Instructions for wiring frames, and putting in
foundation 7 I have spent about f 00 in foun-
dation, and I do not believe that I have one
perfectly straight comb. The foundation
was a little over four sheets to the pound ;
the frames were 17"i by 8!4 inches, inside
measure, and the hives were well shaded. I
would like to have combs aa straight as if
they were sawed out.— B. C.

Let the bees build their corabs a la
Hutchinson, and thus avoid all ex-
pense and bother. — G. M. Doolittle.

1. Yes, the cost. 2. I prefer wired
frames. 3. Yes, if properl)' used. 4.
In our standard bee-books. I have
now used wired frames for several
Ticars, and all my frames are true and
straight. — A. J. Cook.

1. Yes. 2. Wired frames. 3. No.
4. Attend some bee-convention and
call up the question, or write to some
well known authorit}-. — H. D. Cutting.

1. Yes, very thick foundation is too
heavy for any purpose. 2. Founda-
tion in wired frames. 3. I think so,
if properly made and properlj' used. —
Eugene Secor.

1. Not for brood-combs, except the
cost for so much wax. 2. Wire the
frames, and then press on the founda-
tion. 3. Yes, if properl)- put up. 3.
In the back numbers of the Bee Jour-
N.\L. I think you had the very best
foundation to get straight combs from,
but you must have handled it badly. —
James Heddon.

1. No, only it may be an unneces-
sarj^ expenditure of wax. 2. I do not
use either. 3. While a remedy, the
bees object to them. 4. In most of
the bee-books. Perfectly straight combs
can always be obtained if the bee-
keeper will give an ej^e to the drawing-
out of the foundation by the bees. — J.
P. H. Bkow N.

1. It .should not be too thick. 2. I
prefer wired frames. 3. I have never
had any warping or sagging with
them. 4. Instruction has been given
in difterent bee books and papers. — C.
C. Miller.

1. Not for brood, except its cost. 2.
Either. Most people wire the founda-
tion too much. 3. Yes, three wires

horizontally, or four perpendicularly.
4. We do not know that any special
instructions are needed, though there
is probablj- some fault in j'our method.
We never have any trouble. Our
combs are all as straight as boards. —
Dadant & Son.

I. Not for the brood-chamber, ex-
cept the expense of wax. 2. Wired
frames are the better, because the
frames are also strengthened. Either
way is sutiicient. 3. Yes, if the wire
and foundation are good, and the
work properly done. 4. In any good
work on bee-keeping, or in back num-
bers of the bee-papers. — R. L. Taylor.

1. No objection except the extra ex-
]ionse. 2. I prefer wired frames. 3.
If properly wired and filled, they are.
4. The late published manuals on bee-
keeping explain fully. — J. M. Shuck.

1. There is no objection to very
thick foundation for brood-combs, ex-
cept the cost. 2. Wired frames are
the best, and if rightly used there is
no trouble in getting combs "straight
as a board." — C. H. Dibbern.

1. I know of no objection to heavy
foundation for the brood-chamber. 2.
Wired foundation. 3. No. One must
use some judgment and skill in putting
foundation in the frames. 4. In the
bee-papers. — Mrs. L. Harrison.

1. I prefer foundation about six
sheets to the pound (Langstroth size).

2. I have never used wired foundation,
having used onlj' the wired frames. 3.
Yes, with me. 4. Get a sample wired
frame. Almost all dealers have in-
structions for that purpose. — P. L.

VlALLON.

1. I thiuk there are. Very thick
foundation is a waste of capital, be-
sides the corabs are not so nice, in my
estimation. 2. 1 would prefer wires
in the frame. But I have my combs
drawn out in the upper story of the
hive, and use the finished combs to
hive swarms on, and by this manage-
ment I dispense with wire altogether.

3. Yes, if the work is properly done.
But I do not like wire in combs. 4.
You ought to find the information in
any good work on bee-culture. — G. W.
Demaree.

I have but little experience with
foundation in the brood-nest. 1. There
are no objections to quite thick foun-
dation, except the waste of wax. 2. I
have never used wired foundation or
wired frames. I have straight combs
without either. 3. I do not know. 4.
In any of the books on bee-culture. —
M. Mahin.

1. Yes. About 5 or 6 feet to the
pound suits me best, and is very nearly
the same weight as comb built by the
bees ; and more wax or weight is a
waste. 2. I make my own foundation

on a Given press, so I prefer and use
wired frames. 3. Yes, if properly
done. 4. I do not know, unless you
ask some one to write out instructions
to be published, or write to some one
who is posted, for instructions. — A. B.
Mason.

I use Dadant's heavy foundation, 5
feet to the pound. If you will wire
your frames horizontally, four or five
strands to the frame, use full sheets of
foundation, and space your frames IJ
inches from center to center, you will
realize but little inconvenience ; at
least that has been my experience with
thousands of combs. Chas. Dadant &
Son are about as good reference as I
can give you, for detailed instructions.
— J. M. Hambaugh.

1. Yes, the expense of wax ; eight
sheets to the pound, one foot square,
is thick enough for the brood-chamber.
2. Wired frames, by all means. 3.
Not in all cases ; so a little judgment
must be used. 4. In any practical
work on bee-keeping, or in the old
files of the American Bee Journal.
No set instructions on this point alone
can be given that will be of much
value. Study the whole subject thor-
oughly.— J. E. Pond.

I. For sections, yes. For the brood-
chamber it should not be less than 7
square feet to the pound. 2. Wired
frames. 3. Ye-es. 4. Look in Prof.
Cook's Manual, last edition, pages 314
to 316. Your foundation was entirely
took thick ; you should have used not
less than 12 sheets to the pound for
sections. If your combs are badly
bulged out, place them upon a table
or some other level surface ; place a
level board upon the comb and press it
firmly down into the frame. This
plan works well with me. — Will M.
Barnum.

1. Yes ; its cost, principally. 2.
Wired frames filled with comb founda-
tion. 3. Probably so, if carefully made
and used. 4. In the standard bee-
books and bee-periodicals. The fault
must have been in management, for
the foundation was all right. — Tele
Editor.

Convention l^otices.

C^ The Nebraska State Bee-Keepers' Association
will convene at Liacoln, Nebr., on J an. 9, lO and 1 1,
1889. J. N. Heater. Sec.

r^~ The annual meeting of the Ontario Bee-Keep-
ers' Association will be held at Owen Sound, Ont.,
on Jan. 8 and 9, 1889. W. CoDSE, Sec.

23?" The annual ronvpntion of the Vermont State
Bee-Keept'rs" Association win tie lield in the Court
House at Middleburv. Vt.. on Tuesday. Jan. 15, 1889.
Maucia a. Dodglas, Sec.

f:F" The annual meeting of the Northwestern
Illinois and 8outliwestern Wisconsin Bee-Keepers'
Association will he held in the Supervisors Room of
thet^ourt House at Kockford, Ills., on Jan. 15 and

IB. 1889. D. A. Ftn-LER, SCC.

TW~ There will be a meetine of the Susquehanna
County Bee-Keepers' Association at the Court House
in Montrose. Pa., on Saturday, May 4. I >«9. at 10 a-m.
H. M. Seelet, Sec

838

Tmm s;ME^Ricsrf mMM jo^mMmiL,

THE DYIIVO YEAR.

The New Year comes,ancl on her wings doth

bear
A holy iraerance, like the breath of prayer;
Footsteps ot angels follow in her trace,
Witnessing tlie Old Year's death in holy

peace.

The stream is calmest when it nears the

tide,
And flowers are sweetest at the eventide,
And birds most musical at close of day.
And saints divinest when they pass away.

Morning is lovely— but a holier charm
Lies folded close in evening's robe of balm;
And weary men must ever love her best.
For Morning calls to toil, but Night to rest.

All things are hushed before her, as she

throws
O'er earth and sky her mantle of repose ;
There is a calm, a beauty and a power.
That morning knows not, in the evening

hour,

"Until the evening" wemustweepand toil.
Plow life's stern furrow, dig the weedy soil,
Tread with sad feet our rough and thorny

way.
And bear the heat and burden of the day.

So when our sun is setting, we may glide
Like Old Year's evening, down tlie dying

tide ;
And leave behind us as we pass away
Sweet, starry twilight round our sleeping

clay !

COLORS AND BEES.

Are Bees Attracted by the Color
of Flowers ?

Written for tJie American Bee Journal
BH PKOF. L. H. PAMMEL.

On page 700 Mrs. Mahala B. Chad-
dock takes objection to the statement
that changes in color of flowers, after
they have been pollinated, and the
secretion of nectar has ceased, is de-
veloped for the apparent purpose of
Indicating to insects, that their services
are no longer needed, thereby saving
them much waste 0|f time in probing
such flowers.

In many flowers, the fertility de-
pends upon the insects which visit
them. The more frequent the visits
of insects, the greater tlie fertility. So
that color as a guide is not only ad-
vantageous to insects whicli visit
flowers, but the plant in return is ca-
pable of producing more and better
seeds, thus giving it a better chance in
the battle of life.

That odor is important in attracting
insects, is an established fact, which
no one disputes. Most naturalists
agree that color is an important factor,
in attracting insects to flowers, and
that they have done much to develojj
the colors in flowers.

In nearly all of the brightly colored
flowers, pollination is efl'ected by in-
sects, as in mints, larkspurs, colum-
bines, honey-suckles, salvias, etc., but
in tlie inconspicuous flowers of the
hazel, walnut, oak, grasses and sedges,
it is done by the wind.

Will Mrs. Chaddock please explain
why the sunflower should have de-
veloped the large, conspicuous ray-
flowers surrounding the head ; tlie
vermilion red tracts surrounding the
flowers of poinsettia ; the bright red
corollas of bee-ljalm, or the rose purple
corolla of the dragon-head, and numer-
ous other cases which might be men-
tioned ? Have the colors and forms
of flowers been developed merely to
gratify and please our senses ?

The simple statement that insects
are attracted " by scent and not color "
has little weight. Experimentally it
has been shown by Sir John Lubbock,
in " Ants, Bees and Wasps," chapter
X, page 274 ; and by Hermann Muller,
in "Versuche ueber die Farbenlieb-
haberei der Honig-biene," Kosnias, No.
10, Vol. XII, page 273, that bees pos-
sess an acute color sense, readily dis-
tinguishing such colors as blue, green,
orange, red, white and yellow. It does
not follow froni this, that insects rea-
son because colors are discerned, any
more than a bee uses reason to con-
struct its cells.

St. Louis, Mo.

BUCKWHEAT.

The Japanese Variety — Its Seed,
Flower and Honey.

Written for Gleanings in Bee Culture

BY PEOF. A. J. COOK. »

As you requested, I send my conclu-
sions after raising a crop of Japanese
buckwheat. I thought at the time,
that ,$3.00 per bushel was a good deal
to pay for seed ; but now after r.aising
the crop I do not regret that I paid it.
I sowed one-half early in June, and
the remainder late in the same month.
Thus the field was in blossom a long
time.

When the blossoms first opened, the
bees visited them freely, though upon
close oljservation it was found that the
bees ceased gathering from these
flowers sometime before the flowers
faded.

Common report hath it, that bees
will not work after noonday on the
flowers of common buckwheat. This
was not true this season on the Japa-
nese variety ; bees were on the flowers
at all times of the day. But what as-
tonished us all was the prolificness of
this buckwheat, and the great size of
the berry. All who saw it said they
never saw its equal.

I sowed it on the site of an old
brick-kiln — solid clay soil with almost
no humus, and yet I had a fairly good
crop. I took two bushels to mill, that
we might test the flour. The miller
said he never saw so little waste in
buckwheat, nor such enormous ker-
nels. Of course the little waste would
follow from the large size of the ker-
nel. We have tested the flour in
griddle-cakes with maple syrup, and
pronounce it A No. 1.

Dr. Beal says he believes that this
is our common buckwheat, Fagopyrtim
cscuhnlum. As buckwheat is a native
of North Asia, this is quite likely true ;
but one has only to see the two side by
side, to be convinced that this Japa-
nese is a distinct and well-marked
variety.

Let me suggest reasons why farmers
(especially bee-keeping farmers) should
sow buckwheat as a part of their crop
rotation. First, it is sown late in
June, and the comparative leisure
after planting gives opportunity to
prepare the ground. Secondly, it is
an excellent crop to precede corn on
land that is infested with wire-worms.
It seems to starve out these terribly
destructive grubs. Again, it is a
profitable crop, often paying as well
or better than does wheat. It also
gives us the basis of our buckwheat
cakes, which, with maple syrup, will
tempt the most capricious appetite.
Lastly, buckwheat furnishes ofttimes
abundant nectar for the bees when all
else fails.

Agricultural College, Mich.

OVER-PRODUCTION.

Over-Stocking and Legislation
for Bee-Keepers Considered.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY J. W. TEFFT.

Many very interesting articles have
appeared in the American Bee Jour-
nal concerning over-production and
legislation for bee-keepers, but they
do not hit the mark, I think, or at
least do not strike it in the centre, and
make a convincing argument. There
is no such thing as apiarian over-stock-
ing or over-production ! The trouble
lies in mai'keting the product. Im-
pecunious honey-producers create an
unfortunate depression of prices by
selling honey at any figures that maj'
be ottered ! We might legislate until
doom'.s-day to cui'e this evil, and ac-
complish nothing.

Many are fitted by nature and ex-
perience to manage large apiaries, and
their tact, judgment and knowledge
of human nature enable them to suc-
ceed, where others ignoniiniously fail I
They use discretion, and only in cases

ntmm MMERicni* mmm j&'&mnmi^.

839

of absolute necessity will they lower
prices or give an additional discount
to secure a sale. Otlier considerations
will be brought into play by them. A
sale of honey at good prices will be
considered more of an acliievement
than a lieavy order actually bought by
a special inducement in out-rates ! It
is an oUl adage that, any one can sell
honey at cut-rates.

If an inexperienced honcy-produeer.
or one of limited resources, has the
power to name lower prices when
necessary, he is likelj' to tliink that
every time he meets a buyer, that
emergency confronts him. If the
buyer isindifl'erent (and they generally
are), or is well supplied with honey,
or prefers to wait a week or two be-
fore deciding what to do, tliat honey-
producer weakens, and straightway
the lever, a cut-price, is pulled, and the
power of that mighty influence is
brought to bear, and its efi'ects are felt
from one end of the country to the
other.

Again, if the cut is deep enough, or
if this is what the buyer has been pla}'-
ing for, a sale is eiieeted, and the
sacrificing seller is happy — a great
deal happier than his partner, wife or
principal. Such a salesman is able to
make matters very uncomfortable for
his competitors all over the continent.

This is the true feature of the situa-
tion, and it is worth looking into bj'
those who ai-e anxious to improve the
condition of the honey trade, through
weak salesmen, commission men or
jealous competitors.

Just look at the following figures for
comb honey, as quoted in tlie several
markets named :

Chicago, Ills 18@19e.

Milwaukee, Wis 18@20c.

New York, N. Y Ifi@l8c.

Detroit, Mich 17@18c.

Kansas City, Mo 18c.

Boston, Mass 17@18c.

St. Louis, Mo 14((()18c.

Syracuse. N. Y 10@ 13c.

Syracuse is tlie home markets of
Messrs. Doolittle, House, Salisbury,
Betsinger, Parks, Ross, Bailey and
others. From apjiearaDces something
Is wrong there. From 10 to 13 cents
is one-third less than any other market.

CoUamer, N. Y.

[Perhaps some of the hone3'-pro-
ducers named above will in reply state
some cause for the apparent discrep-
ancy in prices between New York,
Boston and Syracuse. Is it not pos-
sible that the quotations in the latter
market are for extracted honey ? The
difference is so great as to seem to be
almost unaccountable, if it is intended
to represent the true market prices for
honey in the comb. — Ed.]

THE QUEEN.

Liessons in Oovernnient from the
Bee-Hive.

Written for the American Bee Journal

BY G. M. ALVES.

Under the above heading, on page
811 of the Bee Journal for Dec. 12,
an article from Dr. G. P. Hachcnberg
is published, wherein he assmncs that
the government of a colony of" bees is
performed by tlie queen, and follow-
ing argues at some length the wisdom
of female government.

To enter into a discussion of the
latter subject, is probably out of place
in a Journal devoted exclusively to
bee-culture, but it surely is proper to
point t)ut the error of his first as-
sumption.

We may say with positiveness, that
modern scientific bee-keeping has
thoroughlj' dissipated the old myth of
a monarchy in the hive. Wherever mod-
ern observations have been scientifically
accurate, they have furnished no rea-
sons for concluding that the queen
does little else in the economy of the
hive, than the producing of the eggs,
and in the light of these facts it would
be much preferable to call her the
mother, rather than the queen.

That the above is true, is not a sub-
ject for discussion, but of citation, and
those who question, are properly re-
ferred to our modern bee-literature.

Henderson, Ky.

[Dr. Hachenberg was evidently in-
tent upon paying a deserved compli-
ment to the women who are " gifted
to rule " among tlie nations of earth.

Mr. Alves says in the foregoing arti-
cle that the Doctor •' assttmes that the
government of a colony of bees is per-
formed by the queen." What the Doc-
tor did say was this :

Perhaps there is nothing in nature
that has excited my admiration more,
than to watcli and study the govern-
ment of a thrifty colony of bees under
the influence of the queen. The laws
of political economy as instituted by
man, surely could not improve it.

He admired the government of the
colony of liees under the influence of
the queen. We all know that in the
absence of the queen, the bees are un-
easy, and " tlie government" is not so
much to be admired as it is with her
presence, and sootliing influence, and
in all probability this was the con-
trolling thought of Dr. Hachenberg,
when writing the article in question.

He evidently knows well enough
that the so-called "queen " is but the
" egg-layer" — the mother — but for the
compliment to our mothers, wives, and
sisters, he uses tlie term queen, and
charms us all into reverence and loving
devotion. This thought is jiislified,
perhaps, by the closing paragraph of
the Doctor, which is as follows :

Nature evidently has made the
female a ruling power — to rule in love,
peace and harmony. Tlie male in all
departments of animal life is by nature
selfish, cruel, and exceedingly bellig-
erent. In tills there is no exception in
man — and only where he soars over
his own sex, he is a gentleman, a
Christian, and a true scholar.

As long as she can "rule in love,
peace and harmony," every true man
will gracefully submit, and yield to
her the palm ! — Ed.]

HONEY-PLANTS,

And the Time Eaeh Bloomed
the Past Season.

Written for the American Bet Journal
BY W. H. SHANER.

I Started the bees to carry flour early
last March, and the colonies that car-
ried it the fastest bred up the most
rapidly. On March 21 they brought
in the first natural pollen, and work
on the flour ceased. On April 15 the
maples bloomed, but the weather was
wet and cold, and the bees lost nearly
all of it.

Peaches bloomed on April 30, pears
on May 3, and apples on May 4, and
lasted 14 days. The weather wag
pretty fair, and the bees bred up very
fast. On May 17 we had a very heavy
frost.

Crab-apples bloomed on May 24, and
locust and raspberries on May 30, and
the bees worked so lively that I put
the sections on, which they occupied,
and in five days the combs were half
drawn. The bloom then failed, and
work in the sections ceased.

Alsike and red clover came into
blossom on June 10, but the bees
worked more on the red clover than
on the Alsike. We had no white clover
this year. A neighbor, who lives a
mile from me, told me that lie had a
notion to get a net and catch a ot o
my bees, where they crossed a high
hill to get to his red clover field. He
saw one of the big Italians catch a
tilack bee, and fly away with it. But
I had the pleasure of seeing a nice lot
of sections filled with red clover honey,
which is dark, but very good.

840

THE mvmmmi^mm mmw jmumnmt^.

Linden bloomed on Jnly 12, and
lasted twelve days. These trees are
scarce here, so the bees did not have a
" boom." Golden-rod bloomed on July
26, and the bees got some surplus
from it, which is ver}- nice, and fully
up to the white clover honey.

Buckwheat bloomed on Aug. 5, and
the bees gathered enough from it to
give some of them the swarming fever,
but no surplus. Asters were in bloom
on Aug. 20. They are like the buck-
wheat where the sun strikes it — the
bees only work on them in the fore-
noon.

Last .spring I bought 5 colonies of
bees from a man near Cincinnati, O.,
and I told him to ship them by freight
about the close of apple bloom. They
were shipped on May 7, and arrived
on May 17 in good condition, and not
a comls broken. In 23 days No. 1
swarmed, in 24 days No. 2 swarmed,
and they were all at work in the sec-
tions. Thej' were shipped in two-
story Langstroth hives, a notched strip
being put in the bottom to hold the
frames, which were nailed at each end.
Each hive was fastened together with
cleats, and a IJ-inch hole was in the
side and in the end of the hive, covered
with wire-cloth. A hole was also
bored through the front of the hive,
under the portico (which is very im-
portant), and wire-cloth nailed over
the portico. Bees packed in this way
are good for a sliipment of ten da3"s or
two weeks. The queens all kept lay-
ing on the way, but the bees capped
no brood.

The past season was a very poor
one. I got 500 pounds of honey from
19 colonies, and increased them to 37.
I fed 250 pounds of honey for winter
stores.

On Nov. 22 I carried 29 colonies into
the cellar ; they are very quiet at a
temperature of 48^, Fahr. Eight col-
onies are packed in chaft", on the sum-
mer stands.

Leechburg, Pa., Dec. 10, 1888.

MOVING BEES.

When to Buy and move Colonies
of Bees.

Written for the Prairie Farmer

BY MES. L. HARRISON.

A subscriber wants to know which
is the best time of the year to purchase
bees — fall or spring ; and if they can
be moved at any other time of the
year, except when there is snow on
the ground, so that they can be moved
upon a sled.

If bees are purchased in the fall,
there cannot possiblj' be any profit in
the investment, except they can be
sold at an advance, until the following

summer, and the risks are large.
Veterans, who have grown old in the
service, often lose manj- colonies dur-
ing the winter. The seasons are so
variable, and we have not the gift of
knowing whether the coming winter
will be very cold, moderate or mild ;
if we had, we could advise more wisely.

I have seen bees die during the win-
ter when the conditionswere favorable
for their living. When I took out the
combs and examined everj'thing con-
nected with the hive carefully, I could
not see anj' cause for their death. I
simply knew that the bees were dead.
Perhaps if there had been a coroner's
jury, the verdict would have been,
" heart disease."

When a colony of bees that belongs
to a person who owns many colonies
dies, the loss is triiling, for he can,
another season, use the hive and comb.
But when a person purchases colonies
in the fall, and they perish during the
winter, he may lose his combs by the
moths, before he can procure swarms
to put into the hives. Occasionally,
colonies are sold at sales for not more
than the honey and hives are worth ;
then it would be safe enough to invest.

In the spring, a good, strong colony
of bees promises to be a good invests
ment. I have never seen a season
but that, during some period of it, bees
laid up stores for winter. It is true
that a crop of honey cannot be de-
pended on every season, in most
localities. Last year and this, were
partial failures, owing to the severe
drouth. Agriculturists and horticul-
turists have losses and failures in
crops ; pigs and chickens die of
cholera ; apples fail ; while corn, wheat,
oats and potatoes are not always sure.
On the average, taking one year with
another, three crops of honey out of
five can be depended upon.

moving Bees.

Bee-keepers of "ye olden time,"
who used the gum, or box-hive, thought
that the only time to move bees was
during good sledding ; but this is a
mistake, for they can be moved, with
care, almost any time during the year.

There are several points in favor of
moving bees upon the snow, where
they are wintered out-of-doors. Thej-
can be lifted carefully and taken many
miles, when the sleighing is good, with
so little jar that thej- will not find out
that they are moved at all.

A bee-keeper told me that when he
started in the business he purchased a
colonj- in a box-hive and moved them
home in cold weather in a wagon over
rough roads. The bees were shaken
from the combs into a pile in the bot-
tom of the hive. Many of them were
numbed with cold and perished, for
they could not crawl back where their
stores were.

Beginners in bee-culture have got
into more scrapes in moving bees,
than in any other part of the business.
Many pei'sons do things by halves, and
when told that they must fasten up the
hives so that no bees can get out, thej'
will stick a wisp of hay into the en-
trance, saying, " I guess that will do ;
and I will stuff some more ai'ound the
hives when they are in the wagon,"
and lift them in.

I have known of a serious accident
by the second story of a hive being
knocked ofi' through the jolting of a
wagon over a rough road. A few nails,
wiselj' driven, would have saved much
loss.

There is another difficulty in moving
bees, even in December. They may
be moved safely, and all go well until
the first warm day when they are on
the wing, when they will return to the
place where their liive stood, unless it
has been moved more than a mile.

Late one fall we moved hives to-
gether so as to protect them, and the
first warm day I noticed bees flying
where hives had been. The night fol-
lowing there was a light snow, and the
next day I gathered up handfuls of
benumbed bees that could not find
their hive. When bees go to work,
they run out and fly, apparentlj- taking
no note of their surroundings.

A new swarm alwa3"s takes its bear-
ings, and returns to the same place ;
if it only remains a few hours after
hiving, and is moved after sunset,
many will return to the place where
the swarm was hived.

When bees are moved in the spring,
they are not so apt to return ; it ap-
pears natural for them to mark their
locality, with the advent of a new sea-
son. When hives are moved, it is well
to put hay or grass against the en-
trance, or a board, so that they cannot
run out and fly as they usually do.
When they bump their heads, they
will look for a reason, take notice of
their surroundings, and return to the
same place.

Tenant farmers usually move about
the first of March, and many of them
have a few bees — if they are not in
hives of the latest fashion. March
and April are very trying months on
winged stock, and it is best that they
be kept as quiet as possible. As the
roads are usually rough and full of
chuck-holes at this time of the year, it
would be well to move their bees in
advance, the last of winter, on the
snow if possible. They should be pro-
tected from winds, and from the in-
roads of stock, and then not be afraid
of using straw and corn-fodder lib-
erally. It would be better for the
owner to do this moving at his leisure,
than when crowded with moving, seed-
ing, etc., and much better for the bees,

TUm SMERICMM BEE® JQ-UMKMIU.

841

as they will be at home, having
marked their loeatinn, at the time of
their first spring- flight.
Peoria, Ills.

THE UNION".

Foiirtli Report of its Work, by
the Oeueral manager.

The General Manager oongratulatcs
the members of the National Bee-
Keepers' Union upon the fact that so
far NOT ONE case, which the Union has
deemed it proper to defend, has been
decided against the Union — its success-
ful banner still waves triumphantly
over the members, and makes the
" Bond of Union" still stronger than
ever. Every well-wisher, as well as
member, will, no doubt, add —

Long may it, in triumph, be waved,
Until every bee-keeper sees

Hisrishts defended and saved.
As well as the lives of his bees !

It is a well-known fact — one firmly
established in the minds of all, that
" in Union there is strength ;" and a
union of bee-keepers to defend our
pursuit from tlie unjust attacks of
ignorant or prejudiced persons, is not
only desirable, but very necessary to
our well-being and general prosperity.

For this purpose, and for it alone,
does the National Bee-Keepers' Union
exist — to throw a safe-guard around
the pursuit, as well as its devotees. It
does not seek a quarrel, but when one
is forced upon any of its members, it
sets up a " Defense " by its very ex-
istence and record. Never yet has it
suffered a defeat. While that is a re-
cord to be proud of, it is also a xvarning
to ignorant and jealous enemies to be-
ware how they trifle with the pursuit
of apiculture, and to keep tlieir hands
off of the interests of its devotees. It
warns them that the bee-keepers, as
well as the bees, have a sting, with
which to torture their enemies !

The Union not only seeks to obtain
decisions from the highest courts of
America, but also to have on record
these decisions to be quoted as prece-
dents in all the courts of law, and by
all the lawyers who practice tlierein.

Xbe " RlcU » Lawsuit.

In the lawsuit in New York, men-
tioned in our last report, th(! Judge
stated that there were no precedents to
guide the decision, and hence he ruled
adversely to the bees, as did one in
Canada, likening an apiary to a pig-
sty or a manure pit. Now we are be-
ginning to record decisions — to pro-
vide precedents !

This suit is still pending, the Union
having engaged attorneys, and guaran-
teed the expense of the appeal from

the rulings of the Judge, who likened
an apiary to " pig-sty or slaughter
house" — the jury, being bound by his
instructions, awarded damages of six
cents. The costs and attorney fees
amounted to nearly $500, and the ap-
peal will cost about as much more —
thus $1,000 will have to be paid when
the decision is made, by one side or
the other.

Tbe Arkadelptala Suit.

Our last report was issued just pre-
vious to the trial of this case. Mr. Z.
A. Clark's case, who was put into jail
at Arkadelphia, Ark., for maintaining
his apiary in the suburbs of that city,
came on and was tried before the Cir-
cuit Court. The case was tried on the
"clean-cut" law question, viz : That
the " city ordinance was illegal and
void." The victory in this case is
for the Union, the Circuit Court
deciding that the city ordinance was
illegal and void — that the keeping of
bees was NOT A IVUISAKCE ! !

When the prosecution realized that
bee-keepers had an organized body for
defending the pursuit against the mali-
cious attacks of the ignorant and the
prejudiced, it weakened — it tried " to
hedge" — was willing to dismiss all the
cases against Mr. Clark on a pretended
informality in his bonds !

The city has decided to appeal the
case to the Supreme Court. This is
very fortunate, for we want a decision
from the highest court to declare that
bee-keeping is not a nuisance ! The
Union has paid the full fees, and it
will be ably defended by Judge Will-
iams, the most successful attorney in
Arkansas.

Mr. Clark writes this concerning the
case, dated Aug. 7, 1888 :

Everybody in our little city, white and
black, are rejoicing, but the antl-bee-council
and their tollowers.

I had 2.5 witnesses summoned in defense
of the Union, by wliom I would have
proved that the bees were not a nuisance;
in fact, I never knew of a team or tfamster
beingstung while passing my premises.

When tlie case came on, the City Attor-
ney began to show weakness by trying to
turn us out of court, on a motion to dismiss
all tlie cases against me, on tlie informality
of my bonds, stating that my boud was not
sufficient, but Judge ilearu over-ruled the
motion.

When my attorneys. Judges S. W. Will-
iams, Witnerspoon, Murray, and McMillan
made a motion to dismiss the case against
me upon the voldncss of the ordinance,
Judge Williams made an able speecli in de-
fense of bee-keepers, in whicli he showed
that he knew sometliing about bees himself.

After which. Judge Hearn stated to the
attorneys that he liad lived a long time in
Arkadelphia, and that bees had been kept
here all the time, and that he had not heard
any complaint until this case came up— and
that the keeping of bees -per se was not a
nuisance.

He said that the case would go to the
Supreme Court, no matter in which way it
was decided, but stated he wanted to be

found on the right side, when decided in
the Supreme Court.

He then sustained our motion to dismiss
the case, and declared the ordinance void.
The City Attorney then gave notice of an
appeal. Hence, we go up higher, amid the
cry of " victory " and " hallelujahs."

This shows what brothers can do when
banded together, with a Captain like
Thomas G. Newman, to direct our battles
against ignorance and the prejudicial whims
of an ignorant populace. Z. A. Claek.

Mr. A. R. Nisbet, a bee-keeper of
Dobyville, Ark., writes as follows con-
cerning the trial :

I wish all the members of the National
Bee-keepers' Union, and in fact all the bee-
keepers of America, could have been with
us during the light at Arkadelphia on the
4th inst. ]t would have made them all feel
good to have heard Judge S. W. Williams
read section after section of law, in Mr.
Clark's favor, showing that a man's right to
liold property is paramount to all legisla-
tive power ; and any attempt to take away
such right is unconstitutional. He certainly
made an able defense, proving to all pres-
ent that he was equal to the task before
him.

The Bee-keepers have constitutional
rights which they slioukl defend —
and cannot be just to themselves and
their sttccessors in the business if they
do not defend them !

Hlgli Indorsement.

The following resolution was passed
"oy a unanimous vote at the Interna-
tional Bee-Association last September :

Resolved, That it is the sense of this
Society that the National Bee-Keepers'
Union has tieen productive of good, and de-
serves the hearty, moral and tinancial sup-
Sort of all bee-keepers, and that the General
lanager deserves and receives the hearty
gratitude of this Association for his very
earnest, efficient and disinterested services.

Honey Production.

In addition to the many sensational
stories about " manufactured comb
honey," the daily papers last August
published an article which stated that
the St. Louis Society of Microscopists
had examined several hundreds of
samples of honej*, and found the ma-
jority of them adulterated. Knowing
tliat this was untrue, I wrote to the
editor of the Journcd of Agriculture, the
paper to which the matter was cred-
ited, and he has given this explanation:

The facts are as follows : John C. Falk,
a practical druggist and active member of
the St. Louis Microscopic Society, examined
ahout a score of specimens of honey ob-
tained from dealers in St. Louis. He found
pollen in some, and detected its absence in
others, but he did not discover an evidence
of adulteration in any. Those without
pollen appeared to be otlierwise pure. He
look a few specimens to a meeting of the
society, and incidentally mentioned the
facts recited. A reporter of a daily paper
was present and heard his remarks. Some
members informally examined specimens,
but expressed no unfavorable opinion of
them. That was all there was to it.

The next day that daily paper had an
article which purported to be an account of
the investigation of the subject of honey by
the society. The editor of this ilepartment
never saw the report, never wrote anything

842

Twm M'mmmiGmm mmm j^i^mMmi^.

concerning the alleged microscopic exami-
nation of honey, but the editor of anotlier
department of the Journal read it, and
deeming it an item in which honey pro-
ducers would be interested, he reduced it to
a short paragraph, handed it to the printer,
and it was put in type without this editor's
knowledge.

The truth brought ont by the Union
shows just the opposite of the reported
sensation. The editor of the Journal
of Agriculture adds :

The real facts show how imaginative a
reporter may be, and further show that an
expert microscopist has been unable to de-
tect an evidence of adulteration iu any one
of the twenty specimens of lioney indis-
criminately collected in St. Louis, all of
which is to the credit of honey producers,
and of retail dealers in St. Louis. We are
gratified at so pleasant an outcome to the
matter, which had its origin in a grievous
misstatement of facts on the part of a re-
porter.

Just for a moment consider the facts
in the case : A " druggist " examined
a score of samples of honey, but did
not find any adulterated ! This he
stated at a meeting of microscopists.
The sensational-scribbler reported that
the St. Louis Society of Microscopists
examined several hundreds of samples,
and found the majority of them adul-
terated ! Could lying be more pre-
meditated and pernicious ?

Election of Officers.

At the last election all the old offi-
cers were re-elected by over 100 ma-
jority. While the General Manager
would have been pleased to have seen
a new set of officers elected — just to
exhibit an interest in the organization
. — still he would also say that the Presi-
dent and Vice-Presidents have all
worked so harmoniously for the gen-
eral welfare, that it would be next to
impossible to find those who would
have done better, and we presume that
the members of the Union concluded
that they could not any better show
their appreciation of what has been
accomplished in the past, than by re-
electing them.

Change of Time for Paying Dues.

It was suggested by several members
that the time for paying dues should
be changed from July to January,
when members would not be too busy
to give it attention, and also to take
some time to get others to join — July
being the most hurrying time of the
year. Mr. E. France, when urging the
change, said : " I am willing to pay
another dollar on Jan. 1, if the time
can be changed." This was submitted
to the members through the American
Bee Journal, and all were asked to
send a Postal Card who voted against
the change. Only throe votes against
it being received, after repeated no-
tices, the motion was declared to be
carried, and the time is accordingly
changed.

Financial Statement.

From July to Dec. 1888.

Balance as per last report |25fi.27

Received from 239 members at H .00 239.01 1

Donations received 97

1498.24

Paid Judge Williams, attorney $150.00

Postage, printing, stationery, etc 68.86

Balance cash on band Dec. 15, 1888 $279.38

Liabilities. — On the Rich lawsuit
the costs are about $1,000, which must
be paid as soon as the judgment is
rendered, and for which bonds have
been given, if the judgment is ad-
verse. The costs on the Arkadelpbia
case cannot at present be determined.

Concluding Remarks.

Away across the Oceans the Union
has been applauded, not only in Eu-
rope, but also in Australia. The Edi-
tor of the Australasian Bee Journal,
after giving a resume of the last re-
port of the General Manager, adds :
" Long may the Union flourish."

What the Union has done in the
past is a guarantee for the future. It
may not alwajs triumph over preju-
dice, envy and ignorance, but it will
defend the pursuit, and uphold the
right. It is for bee-keepers to say
whether it deserves both their moral
and financial support or not. If it
does, they should render both in un-
stinted measure. It is to the interest
of every individual engaged in the
pursuit of bee-culture to do so.

Do the members ever think of what
a power there is in an organized
defense ? and what a powerful defense
it is, when those engaged in a pursuit
combine and employ the very best legal
talent which can be had — and plenty
of it — and planting their feet squarely
upon the constitution of Freemen — in
this " Land of the Free and Home of
the Brave " — they demand the rights
guaranteed to every " honest son of
toil " by that magna charta of Ameri-
can liberty and independence — the
Constitution of the United States ! ! !

It is not only the privilege of apia-
rists to belong to such a " Union" for
defense — but it is a liigli Iionor.
Like the Roj-al Huzzars of history, the
Union has never been beaten !
Vietory has perched upon its banner
in every contest so far undertaken in
the defense of the rights of its mem-
bers ! This is, of course, attributable
to the care exei-cised in canvassing the
cases before deciding to defend them ;
to make sure that they are right be-
fore going .ahead with them ! For if
not right, it would be better to be
beaten than to be victorious.

In submitting this my Fourth Report,
I desire to say, as before, that I have
done to my utmost all that I could for
the success of the Union, and am both
ready and willing to give place to my
successor as soon as elected.

T. G. Newman, General Manager.

Honey and IIees'««'ax Market.

CHtOAGO.

HONBY.— We quote : Wbite clover 1-Ibs.. 18«19c.;
2-Ib9., 16®l7c. Good dark l-lbs., 15®i6o.; 2-lbB., 13®
14c. Buckwheat l-lbs., 14®1dc ; 2-lb8.. 12®12>.^c.—
Extracted, 7@9c. depending upon quadty and style
of package. Receipts increasing, but demand still
limited. Stock is not selling as freely this season as
a year ago.

BKKSWAX.-22C.
Nov. 13. 8. T. FISH & CO.. 189 S. 'Water 8t,

OHIOAGO.

HONBY.-It is selling fairly well at 18c. for best
l-lbs. very fancy lots have sold at 20c. Dark and
yellow comb sells slowly at 13®16c. Extracted. 7 4
9c., according to quality and style of package. Tbe
stock of best comb honey is light.

BBK8WAJC,-22o. k. a. burnbtt.

Nov. 22. 161 South Water 8t.

MILWAUKBK.

HONBT.— We quote : Fancy white I-lbs.. lS®20c.;
2-lbs. 16@'8c. Good dark l-lbs., lliOlSc: -J-lbs., 15®
16c.; fair l-lbs., I2i^®i4c. Extracted, white. In kegs
and i^-barrels, Hi^i^yc. : amber in same, 7W@hc.: in
pails and tin, while, 9'a9^c.; in barrels and half-bar-
rels, dark. 6@6'*c. Market steady and supply ample
tor the moderate demand, but present values have
a tendency to restrict general consumption.

BBKSWAi.— 22(si23c.
Oct. 25. A. v. BISHOP. 142 W. Water St.

NEW YORK.

HONBY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs., 15@17c.
2-lbs., I4®iec. Fair white l-lbs., 14®16c.; 2-lbs.,( i
loi.se. Kxtracted. white. 7H@8c.

BBESWAX.-23«c.
Sep. 17. THL

lURBEB, WHYLAND & CO

NEW YORK.

HONEY.— We quote : Fancy white l-lbs., I6@17c.;
2-lbs, 13@14c. Fair white l-lbs., I4@l5c.; 2-lbs., II to
12c. Buckwheat libs, il®12c.; 2-lbs . luc. White
extracted. H®9c.: buckwheat. 8@7c. Demand good
for white l-lbs. and buckwheat 1 and 2 lbs., of which
the stock is light. Good stock of wbite 2-lbB., with
but little demand. 'Mi

BBB8WAX.-22ls@24c. T

HILDKKTH BROS. & 8EGBLKEN,
Nov. 24. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, near Uuane St.

SAN FRANCISCO.

HONEY.— White 1-lb. sections, 12®12>ic.: 2-lbs.,
12@I4c.; amber, 8@H)c. Extracted, white, 6i*@6Mc.:
light amber. 6c. : amber and candied, 5Vi®5^c. For
comb honey the demand Is light ; for extracted it is
good, and market firm.

BEESWAX.- Dull at I8@22c.
Nov. 15. O. B. SMITH k. CO.. 423 Frout Bt.

DETROIT.

HONBY.—Bestwhite l-lbs.. I6@18c. Supply Is not
large, but equal to the demand.

BBK'lWAX.-22®i:3c.
Dec. 12. M. U. HITNT, Bell Branch, Mloh.

CINCINNATI.

HONEY.— We quote extracted at sasc. per !b.
Best white comb honey, 12>4®16c. Demand slew.

BBBSW AX.— Demand Is good— 20®22c. per lb. for
ffood to choice vellow. on arrival.
Dec. 17. C. F. MUTH & SON, Freeman & Central Av.

KANSAS CITY.

HONEY.— Choice I-lb. sections, 180.; dark l-lbs.,
14c.: 2-lb3., IHC: dark, 13c. White extracted in 60-
Ib. cans. 8c. ; amber, 7c.; in barrels acd kegs, 5®8c.
Demand good, prices steady, and stooktfair.

BEESWAX.— None in market.
Sep. 27. HAMBLIN & BKAB88, 514 Walnut 8t.

NEW YORK.
HONEY.— We quote ; Fancy white 1-Ib. sections,
17>a®18c.; 2-lbs., HSKIc. Fair l-lbs.. l*m»lbMc.;
2-lbs.. ' 1@12c. Extracted, fancy white clover.7^@'<J^.
California white in 60-lb. cans. He. ; light amber ,in
same cans, 79ic. ; amber, 7Xc. Buckwheat in kegs
and barrels. h^fsiG. Cuban, in barrels and ^-barrels.
65c. per gallon.
Sep.26. F.O. 8TROHMKTER&CO., 122WaterBt.

BO>*TON
HONK Y.— We quote : Best white clover l-pounds.
17@18c.: best 2-lbs., 1641 17i:. Extracted. 8(S9c. The
sales are good, and indications are that all the honey
in the country will be sold by Feb. I.
Dec. 12. BLAKK &KIPLEY, 57 Chatham Street.

KANSAS CITY. I

HONEY.— White l-lbs., 16®17c.;'falr. 14®l5o.; Cal- Ik

fornia white 2-lbs.. 14® 15c. ; amber 2-lbs., 12®13c.— 5
Extracted, white California. 7*.^c.; amber. 7c.

BKESWAX.—None in the market.

Dec.ii. CLKMON8. CLiOON a CO., cor 4th AWalnnt. <

ST. LODI8.

HONEY.— We quote ; Extracted in barrels, S@SC. ]

according to quality; in cans. 7®Hc. Comb. 12^®l5c. y

Prices tlrmer on account of scarcity, though the '

demand is not great. •

B E ES WAX.— 2 1 c. f or orlme. l
Oct. 17. D. G. tCTT & CO., Commercial St.

SAN FRANCISCO. l

HONEY.- We ciuote : Extracted, white, 6H cents;
light amber, H@ni«c.: amber, 5^c. Comb, white 1-
Ibs . 13@l4c.; 2.1bs.,13c. Light amber l-lbs., l.@13c.:
2-lbs . 1 l@12c. Demand very active for extracted,
and fair for comb honey.

BBESWAX.— 2n®21c.
Nov. 6. SCHACHT & LBMCKH, 122-124 DaTlS 8t.^

•TH® mimmMi^mm wmm jo^pri^kil..

843

INDEX TO VOL. XXIV.

E^ The authors' names are gioen just before

the pages indicated, in all cases except wluit was
written by the Editor, discussions, queries, or
matter selected from other periodicals :

AB Cof bee-keeping, 787 Miller, 599

Abnormal swarminj!, 38 Lord. :2I7

Absconding swarms Irwln, 157— Post, 613

Adultcraiiun of honey, 215. 259, 5<k), 467. 547,
GH2— Leers, 265— Da<1ant, 537 -Newton.7-^3 -

Root. 739-Coolt, 794— Harrison. 8Hi-Whan, 8t9

Affiliated beo-assoclations Uoltermann, 141

Alter swarms Harrison 4o3

AtL' i)f bees fur winter quarters. 677 Hond 713

Albino bees Moser, 123— Barber. 259. 444 —

Anderson, 372 Deahl, 572

All in a row- apiarian editors 7(»7

Anatomy— Chad'ioek.44-Coolc. 58, 151— Proctor 124

Ancient foolishness about bees 7ns

Ants and beetles gathering honey Pamrael 635

Apiarist 179

Apiary in a town lot 486

Apicuttural conundrum McNeill, 364

Apicultural history and literature

Dibbern.2H2 8talev.79(>, R0«

Apicultural station TtOman, 4^5

Apicultural treasure McCormick, 13

Apple-i)lossoni honey Took. I81 — Vought, 743

Arkadelphia bee-lawsuit. 4. 403, 841- Clark. 69,
148, 275. .563 — RudisUl, 148 — Harmon &

Skinner, 325 -Nisbet, 565 Weber. 691

Army put to flight by bees 744

Arranging sections in a case - 277

Artificial honey 691

Autumn," poem) 727

Autumnal api-thoughts (poem) York, 712

Average age of queens Groff. H65

Average yield per colony 7iu

Babv bees Harrison, 650

Badlv-stung Olney. 163

Balling queens Millard. 423— ^'arrison, 583

Basswood honey Harristtn, aio

Battle bees (poem) 647

Bee-cellars. 4h8. 5'8, 582 PInkerton. 11—

Tyrrel, 25-Dibbern. 41.251— CouncilmHn. 56
— Hewett, 76— Lockhart. 125— Bridges. 164.—

Lindle. 185— Potter. 204 Harrison. 748

Bee-culture not a fixed science Uemaree. 455

Bee-diarrhea— its cau?«e. etc Pierce, 647

Bee-pscape for the extracting room Lind. 77,

Miller. li_)8— Burton, 108— Dahl, lu8,....Babb. 108

Bee-feeders Shuck, J02

Bee-hives of long ago Hall. 554

Bee-houses. 470. Breeder. 200— Ba rber, 604

Bee-Conventions, 86, 757 Hall. 5i3— Co(»k, 7i5

Brant, Ont Holtermann, 45«, 5rt9

Colorado Clark. 7H. 172, 77h

Haldimand, Ont Campbell, 39s, 61 r

Indiana Hubbard, lo7

Ionia Co., Mich Smith, 2i«i, 24o

Towa Nyse wander, 650

Maryland, 756 Reed. 803

Michigan Hilton, 7Ht>

Nashua. Iowa Rouse. 15i, 373

Nebraska Patterson, 4— Heater, 89, 1 33

New Vork Knickerbocker, lo5, 136, 152

Norfolk. Ont 8li

North Amerlcan,34o,6'6. 659. 803— Shaver. 4—
Mason. 9, 415. 611. 62rt — Langstroth. 415.—
Cook. 36— Baldridge. 440 — Hutchinson. 677.

694 TeflTt, 804

North Middlesex. Ont Holtermann, 391

N. R. Ohio, N W. Pa. and W. New York--Coon, 154

Northwestern, of Chi ago 596

N. W. Ills, and S. W. Wis Fuller, 103, axrt

Ohio Eaton. 4.^6. 683— Bennett. 361

Ontario — Htjliermann, 72, 189— Mason, 300

Southeastern Michigan Gander, 7

Stark Co., O Thomson, Jiio. 298

Husquehanna, i^o , Pa Seeley. ho, 341

Tipton, Hamilton Co., Ind ....Estes, 187

TTnion (Ills.) «mith, 746

Vermont Holmes, 29— Douglas, 9<i

Welland Co., Ont Dunn, 173

"Wisconsin Wilcoac, 46, 122

Bee-keeping in—

Alabama Toney, 468

Arizona Harmon & j^kinner, 524

Arkansas Rawlins, 2h3

Belgium 26o

California Stocking. 315— Wat kins, 824

Colora/lo Willis. 8— Westover. 41

Dakota Craig. 380, 668— Hagen, 718

England 54h

Florida Larscn. 443, 629

Georgia Prior, 585— < 'arnpbell, 75' 1

lowu Cronkieton, 45H

Kentucky Tyler, 311— Morris. 764

Louisiana Kox, 62

Man itoba 51

Missouri Grabara, 14l~Tucker, 201

Nebraska Stolley, 74, 7ol— Gale. 333. 377—

Ryan. 457 Maley, 717

New York..Kvan8. 348— Stewart^ 459— Rogers, 618

Norway 75()

Ontario Holtermann, 66s

Palestine Baldenspcrger, 59

Queensland McConnel, 7-^5

Texas Carroll, 13, i57— Aten. l«o

The South.. , Lisenby, 215

Vermont... 564

Washington Ter Mcllvaln, 363

W. Virginia Hughes, 2.i2

Bee-keeping taught in school 724

Bee-keeping with other pursuits, 7. ...Miller, 27,

Kat( m, 87

Bee-Keepers' reunion song Secor and Miller, 693

Bce-Keeping as a business, 91, 155, 748— Rose-

brough, 203— Miller. 228 Cook, 794

Bee-Keepers' Union, 4i6. 499. 547. 515, 5*^1. 643,
694, 739. 804, 841 — Seabright, 45 — Snell. h3,
Brown, 11.5— Meade, I33— rates. 156— Clark,
181..532 — ScoHeld, 181— McNeill. 499. 18I.
Tyrrel, 181 — Little, 186 ~ Rawlins, 283,
Adams. 291 — Doolittle. 38S — Shirley. 483,
Pond. 485— Breed. 4;tJ— Turner. 4!t2—Adden-
brooke, 524 — Goodrich, .524— Gehring, 551,
Slalev. 5.52, 771— Krancc. 57t> — Millard. 588.

Uerrick. 604— Scoles, 620 Hambaugh

Bee-language Shearman,

Bee-lawsuit

Bee-literature on a proper basis McKnight,

Bees and ants as food

Bees and fruit, 67.'5, 807.... Bartow, 40— Barrows,

43— Bomberger. 99 Secor.

Bees and grapes, 35, 18(J, 276.611 ...Adams, 12—

Lacy. 43 Olney,

Bees and red clover fritz.

Bees as barometers

Bees as doctors I larrison.

Bees as educators Harrison,

Bees clustered on a cow's back Jordan,

Bees devouring eggs Atwater.

Bees " don't go home till morning "

Beesdving Jordan, 45— Rawlins,

Bees flying in the sunshine— Holden. 266 - Mahin

Bees for business

Bees hanging out Dibbern. 536— Harrison,

Bees imprison a rattler

Bees in a house 403.

Bees in the Museum Zoo, 691 Wright,

Bee-smoker Hachenberg, 520,

Bees now in fashion

Bees "of color" underestimated Gehring,

Bees on scales Kautfman,

Bee-spaces and bars in hives

Bees soliloquy (poem) laxnieson.

Bee-stings. k46, 771— Wilson. 2.52— Dibbern, 282—
Cook.523—Malone. 524— J ewett. 617— Atwater

Bee-story

Beeswax. 339, .566 Shallard, 1 95—

Dibbern, 644 Hachenberg,

Bee-veil Hachenberg.

Benton queens Shallard,

Big words Sanborn,

BIOGRAPHICAL—

Bingham. T. V 21.

Gravenhorst. C. J. H Stachelhausen.

Hains. J. B Bennett,

Hilton. Geo. E

Hruschka. Francesco de Dad ant,

Lang^troth, Rev. L.. L Pond,

Maion. Dr. A. B Mrs. Mason,

Tndd, Arthur Shallcross.

Young, Ivar S

Youngman, S. J

Birds that perforate flowers Pammel,

Birthday bees

Boitoni boards and covers Roulo,

Bonus butter in England

Brace-combs Heddon

Breeding and crossing bees Cook,

Breeding early Stolley, 109— Frame.

Breeding for business Duff,

Breeding to eradicate swarming propensity

British honey company

Brood-chambers full of honey Dibbern,

Brood-combs large or small ? Heddon

Bumble-bees f'lr Australia

Building combs 166,

Burying bees

California honey crop, 3S7. 419. .501. 581, !i<^5,

r^chact & Lemcke. 132— Walkins,632 Alles.

California raisin-growers

<'anadian liees and honey

Canadian locomotive 109,

Candied honey in combs — Stout, 163— Gondale,

204 KelloBg,

Candy for winter feeding

Canning honey

Cans f)ir extracted honey

Capping brood Doolittle

('arl)olic acid vapor and bees

Carbolized sheet Raynor.

Carniolan bees, 35. :£77. 324, 787 ...<"arman, 188-
Benton. 32^,519— Group. 519- Dibbern, .536—
Ambrozic. 19 — Morrison. 84, 765 — Watkins.

Carpenter bees and flowers Pammel,

Carrying honey above the brood Roop,

Carrying out brood Doudna,

Cartoon of bee-men

Caves for bees Gibs'in. 42— Beusch. 75— Stark,

Caucasian or Circassian bees Tefft, 426. 508.

Cause of honey-crop failure

(N'lkir-wintenng of oces Harrison,

Cbiifiriisblnns Miller,

Chair liives. 438. 680 Kirkpatrlck,

('harming May (poem) Ijatham.

Cheap queens Sha'ier,

(Uiick-a-dees killing bees Evans,

Children in the apiary Barlow

Chilled brood .Stewart,

Chlori'form to quiet bees, 742 Woodward.

H07 Kirby,

Christmas weather jiroverbs

Cincinnati apiarian exhibit, 451 McLatn,

Cider for winter stores

'Mty anil country life

Clamp for wintering bees

<Mean section of comb honey

Cleansing combs Dunlap

Cleatisifig flights for bees Slyer. 109— Gates,

C'lergvmcn and bees

Clipping queen's wing— Blachly,405-Cadwallader

('lose simcing Pond,

Clouds and Hunshine (poem) Gleason,

Clover riod<ler Langstruth,

Cnd-liver oil und honey

Colony's care for its queen Staley.

Colorado climate Harrison. 718— Cook.

Col(»rs and bees, 772...Chaddock, 7ihi. 77«— Cook.

7j7. 804 Pammel.

Colors of flower species Pammel,

725
803
KKi
4'>2
567
68
4(.)3

Coluraltus honey exhibit Mason, 28.3, 759, 773

Comb foundation. 277,3 4.595 Doolittle. 23,

Karis, 173 — Hines, 188 — Gravenhorst, 284,

Gradcn. 298 Woodward, 698

Comb honev. I37. 154.595, 694— Hall, 7;;— Evans,
349-Churchill. 343— Dibble. 587,~Woodward. 744

Comb h(mey vs. extracted 746^

Combining liee-keeping with what?.... Dibbern. 392

Comb or wax becoming honey Glass, 189

Comb surface. 419-Weidraan. 407, 476-Mc^eill. 444

Coinmis^itm men. 675 Standish, 572— Gehring, 617

I onglomeration (poem) Olney. 729

Contractnin. Iri6, 262 Reynolds. 215— Heddon. 395

C()F)i rolling the honev market Aspinwall, 363

Cork Inr ivintcr packing, 147 -Howe, 99

"Corner " in honey Lind, 52— Knickerbocker, 627

Cot tun's (Mrs.) circalar McKown. 147

Cotton-seeit for winter packing Crowder, 316

Crernatinn of bees 3.55

Crate for reversible hive Keeney, 62

Crop reports Sweet, 196

Cniwding frames together Woodward, 698

Cuban aniary Poppleton, 437

Cyprian bees Benton, 329-

Dark sideof bee-keeping Ryder, 371

Dead brood Hill, 552

Dearth of nectar from drouth Scott, 75

Death Notices—

Atwater. Mrs. S. B 806

Cattell, Hon. J. W 565

Clark. Miss 413

Grinsell. Richard 99-

Hendrick. Mrs. Catharine 627

.lenyns. Rev. C. F. G 131

■ludson. Or. Benj 357

.lulcs. Mons. Alex 419-

Landon, E. W 508

Miller. Mrs 773-

N. A. B. K. Society 755

Stenneit. Mrs.... 100

Titus. Mrs. Eliza 115

Todd. Arthur US-

Tupper, Mrs, Ellen S 179-

Tyrrel. F. V 516

Von Hruschka, Maj. F 419-

Williams, T D, 421

Wolcutt. .1 no. L 4

Wood, Samuel B 660

Defenders and fighters of a colony— Hachenberg 793

" Dehorning " bees Harrison, 5T

Diabetes and sugrtr-eating 30T

DifTerence in worker-bees' energy.: 570

Digested nectar Deraaree, 568, 633— Cook, 602^

Dimensi(ms of hives, 85 Roebuck, 187

Diseased cohtnies Blanchard, 204

Discussion of apicultural topics Tinker. 330

Disposing of honey 708

Disturbing bees. 182 Hutchinson, 52

Divided colonies 406

Dividing swarms .. Hubbard, 451

Division-boards Abbott, -536— Miller. 72S

Do bees hear? Doolittle.567— Demaree. 632.

Shuck, 662 Shearman, 714

Doolittle and bee-conventions 771

Doolittle's report for 1888 697

Dot nappy Bee- Man (music).. Secor and Miller. 732

Dtmble-walled hives and supers 454

Doubling up swarms 6.52

Drearv winter (poem) 8<J5

Drinking-water test 598

Drone-brood 182

Drone-ounb Pursel, 45— Irwin, 268

Drone-laving queens 141

Drones. 374.58' 1— Langstroth, 55, 1 19, 219— Morns.

332— Lvman. 357 Staley, 791

Drones entering different hives 342

Drunken loafers 35

Dying year 83*

Early swarms Patterson, 316— Miller.asi-

tlambaugh, 363.

Educate the opposition Adams, 291

Egyptian apiary 549

Eke^and nadirs, 197 Dadant. 295

Empty combs. 22, 243 , Roop, 187

BNKMIESOP BEES. 676—

Ants. 756 Dibbern. 522— Cook, 563. Benton. 76©

Chicka-dees ...Smith. 380

Coddling-moth Beath, 169— Cook, 169

Moths — Doudna, 71— Doolittle, 221— Hinkley,

Gile. 277

275.,

.Dibbern, .'"■22

Roaches, 819

Hpiders 275

Entrance controller Tyrrel. '96

Escort bees 278

Evolution in bee-keeping Hnggart. 359

Experience^- witli bees, .('on^don. 2H— Westuver,

41 — Morris, 121— Breeder, 2'mi— Boutwell. 251,

Willis ^ Son. 285— Herrick. 376 — Netherton.

459— O' Del I. 460 Harnian, 718

Experiments in apiculture, 681. 724 Dibbern,

282— Boerstler. 2h5, 3J4 — Alves, 311— Cook.

323-DooIittle. 375— Chaddock, 392— Utz.410.

McLain. 472. 4St7 — Pierce. 64x— Holtermann,

r>83- Woodward. liMs-l'etlit. 745. . . . Waldron, 826
Extracted honey, 154. 324. 78i) Malcolm, 72.

Holtermann, 152— Mason. 228— Cullinan. 3io.

Young. 343 Duff. .587

Extracting.748— Young,342— Gehring..550Dtbbern7fla

Extracting honey from the brood-aest 742

Extracting wax Dibbern, 644

Eye opener f^lS.

Eyes of bees Staley, 791

Fair exhibits of bees and honey Mason. 619'

Kail care of bees Mnth, 600

Kail flower.s-Cushman549-HarriBon676-Sanders717

Kail honey for winter stores Hrtrrison, 692:

Fall work in the apiary Holtermann. 648,

Dibhern.70o — Harrison. 713, 745- Jenkins. 730

FaUe charges 215

Kara] apinries Sanford, 425

Fastening foundation. 163— Rowe,13-Eden.27,i7I
Haag.42— Revnolds,76— ROBebrough.i24— Kox
139,Gifford,153— Cram, 165— Tucker.20l-Evans 348

844

XMl^ MIUBMICMK BE® J©IJM1<IMI*.

kAJ

Fastenins frames in hives Hachcnberg, 193

Fee(linib:-hafk honev f>H5, 644

Feeding bees. 51. 155. 16R. 275, 293,569 Stnok-

weli. s— Malev. 157— Ppck, 244— Goodno, 412—

Hutchinson, 603— Miller, 712 Stout, 782

Feeding sorghum molasses 134

Feeding sugar to bees 105, fi-ti

Fertility of queens Andrews. 2Rrt

Feriility of perforated flowers Pammel, 635

Fertilization of queen— Goodspeed, 137— Andrews 2i i4

Fertilizing the clover 215

Finding honey Barnard, 57t»

Finding the queen Waring, 251— Doolittle, 503

Fire— loss by Kickard, 20— Breeder, 2nii

First swarms Hiirnson, 405

Five-cent packages of comb honey Harmer,

292, H2n oiney. 452

Florida hunev crop Alderman & Roberts, 707

Fogy bee-keepers Staley, 506

Food adulteration 750

Foreign bees Benton. 519- Cushraan, 531)

Foul broitd, 19. fiS Davis.43— Beall.l33— iimith,

153— AVendelken. iy7— Barnhart, 2no— Klint-

worth. 345— Lord. 4fift— McLain, 472. Aldrieb, sni

Foul-broody hives and frames 2 IS, 277

Koundatiori Kastener Alpaugb., 12^

Frame-*— distance apart Haclienbery. 5'^n

Frame-hook llachenberg. 32i »

Frames i_tf brood Harrison, 5H4

Fraternal relations of bee-editors 260

Freaks of queens and bees— Weeks, 268—^11300, 519

Free-trade and honey 277

Freezing bees Haines, 3«

Frequent tlighiB for bees Barb, 149

Friend ot the bees — h91

Frozen foundation Ridout, 66S

Full sheets of foundation in the brood -chamber, 91
Fumigating combs and honey Lattner, 40—

l^ierce. 6o3— Head. 373 Miller. 651

Gathering honey in January Burnett, 1 16

German bee-societies 723

Giving credit for belections h7

Good location for bees — Douara, 71—Edwards, 124

Government of bees Pigg, 540

Grading Florida honey Webster, 679

Granulation of honey, 101, 218 Harrison, HiO

Grape-bloom honey Cook, 649

Hardiness in bees TetTt, 779

Hnndl ing bees Stahl, 393

Handling honey 746

Hatching bee-eggs Groff, 665

HeHt and cold endurable by bees Craig, 149

Heddon hive. 253 Tinker, 474— Ueddoh, 490

He forgot 38y

Hibernation of bees, 259 Latham, 167. 3i3—

rlarke. 221 Malone. 357

Hill's devif^e Ball, 501— Harrison, 746

Hints for March TrcHUwell. 133

Hive entrances. 22 McCrum. 61— Gile, 421

Hive experiments Alves, 31 1

Hives and frames Boerstler, 45— Doolittle, H23

Hive-standards Barrows, 2-^'l

Hiving back swarms Doolittle, 222

Hiving bees on Sunday 534

Hiving swarms, 358. 5irt, 726 ne]lems,248—

Stapler, 325— Sherman, 332 — Taylnr, 345—
Harrison, 397 — Smith, 476 — Dibbern, 522—

Daniel. 563— 8eely, 733 Arwine, 740

Holding the breath to prevent stings, 6i 3

Hammersmith. 389. 413, —Cook. 548— Secor,

551— Deraaree, 568 Cheasbro, 572

Holy-Land bees 355

Home-made honey-extractor 748

Honey analyzed 164

Honey as food, 261 , 580 Staley, 79t i

Honey at fairs Harrison, 725

Honev at Jewish feasts Neighbour, 724

Honev-bee and the grapes (poem) York. 518

Honey-bee— ita anatomy, products, etc. . Abbott,

223 Hastings, 489

Honesty in bee-keeping Klintworth. 5u7

Honey-boards, 422, 470 Lossing 165— Heddon,

267.395 Shuck, 297

Honey by the barrel 276

Honey-cakes Teflft, 46h

Honey-candy Drummon'l , 2h2

Honey-crates Stewart. 507

Honey crop of Great Britain K31, 729

Honey-dew (poem) Secor, 147

Honey-dew and manna Lindle, Ihu

Henev-dew for winter stores, 68, 694 Hilton, 99

Honeyed man. 579 Miller, 615

Honev extractor Clarke. Hi4

Honey for bees in winter Lee. 26-*

Honev for the liver Smith, 27, 77

Honev fnr tturpius and brood-rearing 5'^2

Honey from corn Crouley, 524

Honey from different flowers 650

Honey harvest. 500.. : Demaree, 485

Honey-hduse Elliott 243

Honev-jumhles (poem) 616 Root, 7^7- Miller. 8J8

Honev of ditforent cohirs Dlbbem, "oo

Honev on the bill of fare Huntley, 307

Honey-plants, 105 Doudna, 71— Dunlap, 77,

Hess, 156— Sherburne, 171 — Sievert, 266,
Secor, 312 — Smithera, 364 — Cover, 4n5,

Stewart, 459— Dibbern. 701 whaner. 839

Honey-plants of Florida Webster, 77h

Honey quotai.iims Catterson, 77— Muth, 636

Honey transformation 357

Hunev trusts, 84 — Miller, 109— Knickerbocker, 627

Honey turning to sugar 739

H <^)ney-vinegar. 67 Hachenherg, 52 1

Honey-yield in ditTereutlocahties Howe, 717

Horse fltung by bees Htaley, 791

Horticulture and bees, 708— Cook, 36— Secor. I2tt,

Hilton, 295

Hot summer 452

House apiary. 3' K) Wilson. 252

How bees gather pollen Staley, 791

How bees make cells 46h

MOW to prevent winter losses Pierce, 64h

Humorous See or, 469

Hunting bees. 756 Stephens. IH8

Hybrid bees Rogers, 185

Ignorant bee-keepers Israel. 195—TeflFt, 588

Illinois Slate fair -Rosebrough,6G8— Williamson 718

Improvements in bee-keeping Roese, 699

Impure food theory of bee-darrhea Pierce. 647

Increase.74H—Youug.343—Uarrison,397— Morgan 6 4

Indiiin summer (poem) Browne, 75-<

Influence (poem) Secor, 730

Injurers of bee-keeping Staley, 505

Insuring bees. ..Wa'dron, 8— Lindle, 5.5 — Council-
man. 56— Stevenson, 61— Miller, 77 Hulett, 152

Interesting library Brillhart, 35

Internaiional bee-society Miller, 136

Introducing queens Buller, 165

In union is strength (poem) Buck, 183

Inventors' hardships and triumphs Staley, 5n6

Investments in bee-keeping 468

Irresponsible 644

Italian and Carniolan crosses Watkins, 824

ItaliMU bees Doolittle, 775

Italianizing bees Williams, 54t>— Gehring, 551

Italian yueen-bi-eeders Blow, 824

Italians vs. common bees Sherburne, 171

June roses fpoem) 375

June bees and flowers (poem) Adams, 439

Hachenherg, 520
Pettit, 745

Keeping a rec ord «if each colony

Keeping bees in the hive

Keeping bees on shares ai

Keeping comb honey. 595 Moyer, 69 1

Keeping honey from candying 781

Kentucky hives Demaree, 184— Tyler, 312

Langstroth's annuity. 4fv4, 435. 515, R68, 519, 835—

Heddon, 93 379— Miller, 483, 7h7— Am. Expert 483
Lar.gst'Oth hives and frames.. .Stone, 124— Ball, 157
Large hives »nd frames— I. each, 12— Hambaugh,

199. 279— Heddon, 201. 395— Davis. 299— Camm, 346

Larval bee-food 666

Larval bees Cook, 440

I^ate extracting 6.50

Late spring Stokes, 357

Laying capacity of a good queen Doolittle, 439

I-a"yirg eggs in royal cells 7-58

Laying workers Roese. 553

Legi.slation for bees— Willer.282.4n8— Oamni, 346
-Miller. 583. 662, 777 — Dibbern, 777 — Tefft, 838

Length of bee-life.. 777

Lennox. Ont.. fair 709

Lessons of the season, 679 — Swezy. 103- Cook, 794
Light cellars— Ball,62— Bingham, 106- Youngman 1.56

Linden honey Harrison, 492

Location of an apiary 118, 326

Ijong confinement of bees Malone, 341

Longevity of bees, sheep and hens 83

Look at your wrapper label 645

I^oss of bees by freezing Hall, 555

Lowest temperature when bees work — Haskin, 123

Mailingaueens. 3.57. 339. 483 Morrison. 355. 3«n

Making hives, hand-holes, etc 134

Management of bees Waldron, 555— Dibble, 587

Mangrove and palmetto honey 679

Manipulaiiou of rever-ible hives Ijangstroth, 294

Manufactured comb honey. 308. 356, 404. 42i.

457 Wilev. 436

Maple-trees and bee. 6I6 Chaddock. 826

Marketing honev. KS^?. 155.469 Gander. «—

BaHridge. 149— Foster, 156 — Wlirox 165—
McKnight. 23o— Henderson. 244— Muth, 249—
Harmer. 292— Aopinwall. 363— Dibbern, 392,
71^3. 772 — Hachenherg, 521— Mason, 552 —
Plnmmer.555—Doolittle,567— Knickerbocker.

597— Gehring. 61 7— Root. 743 Hambaugh, 795

Marking the hive of a mating queen 326

Marksof puriivin bees I^ynn. 133

Matingof queens. 438, 680 Groff, 665

Mav flowers (poem) 359

Mc Knight's honev exhibit 6fi0

Medicinal properties of honey Qrimshaw. 423

Metal rabbets, 3n9 Latham. 50«

MpThoiisand implements Hachenherg. 519. 792

M igratory bee-keeping Tucker, 7i7— Cook. 791

Minorean queens 548

Moisture and bees. 772 Singer. 716— Taylor, 793

Molasses barrels and jugs for hcmey Erkel, 684

Mold in bee cellars l"i. 502

Molds for making foundation,243.. Doolittle 23—

Faris. 173 Graden. 298

Month of April (poem)... Secor. 263

Mortality of bees in winter 502

Moss for winter packing • 755

Movable-comb hives Hall. 554

Movable-frame hive Staley, 5o6

Moving bees. 6. 69. 726— Harrisim.20.ft40— Ginter.
IfiFS— Pinkerton. 204— Erkel. 244— Stringer. 412

— HiM. 425— Hachenherg, 519 Gehring, .551

Mu«ty combs 3itH, 32-t

M y steries of bee-keeping Harrison, 57

Nature's way of managing bees, 197 — Vandruff,

lfiS_p,,nd, 2ii4.....' .Doolittle. 323, 375

Nebraska bee and honey show Heater. 6>8, S22

Nebraska bee-pasturage — Gale. 377

Nectar of tlowers Stewart, 501— Harrison, so9

Never strike a bee Arwine, 725

NEW Bee-Books and Periodicals—

A B C of Bee-r ul ture 787

Bee-Keepers' Review 36

Beesau'l Bee-Keeping 116

Rook of Bee-Kecping 419

British Bee-Keepers' Guide-Book 243

Cook's M anual 675, 755. 7h(.)

Free Lance Secor, 223

LangPtroTh's Hive and Honey-Bee 803

Queen Breeder's Journal 8(t3

Welsh Bee-Bonk 5^3

Western Bee-Keeppr 116

Simrains' Modern Bee-Farm Cushman, 58

New (Constitution and By-Laws 69.5, 708

Miller. 711-Cook. 74o Holtermann. 747

New honey-re*iources *'ook, 794

New Invention— comb founriatlon,244,595— Dahl, 148

New Year's open door (poem) Park, 7

Nuclei colonies Shuck, 443

Number of frames, 85, 246 Roebuck, 187

Obtaining sweets in the middle ages Hills, 361

i»ctober tiays (poem) 7 709

Odors and bees. 765 Chaddock, 776— Cook, 804

Ohio centennitil exhibition Mason. 123, 759, 773

Oil-stove in a bee-cellar Lockhart, 125

(ibjects and work of queens and bees (Jerry, 376

Ola combs— Cieary.Ho2—Holtermann,649— Matey 810

Old-fashioned bee-hive Marks, 20"}

(,)ld foundation in sections Solveson, 125

Old phogy bee keepers Lighty, 36i

old queens, 772 Harrison. 667

Oleomargarine and honey, 691 Root. 7.^9

One-piece section decision ,...275, 291

Open-side sections, 467, 499. 680 Bafdridge, I36

Organization among bee-keepers — 681

Origin of honey Heddon, 600

Origin of the h')ncy-bee Robinson, 727

Our friends, the flowers (poem) Williams, 435

Over-stocking anil populous colonies. ..Dibbern,
331— Adams. 47t> Tefft, 833

Packing bees. 278 Kau. 11— Seabright, 45,16.5—

Klemow, 61— Slyer, 109 — Bartow, 203— Bu-
chanan, 32K Geliring, .550

Painting hives. 295 Stockwell, 9— Bla'-hly, 405

Paris exposition, 692, 709 Riley, 788

Parthenogenesis Uanburg, 712

Parlv-tlHed sections, 51. 138 Theilmann. 25—

Stewart, 57 Hohnadel, 125

Pasturage for Bees. 8«. 682, 7o7. 747

Chaddo'k. 392— Jackson. 440 Green, 535

AifaltH.6K. 245 Willis 8-Westover.41— Muth-

Rasmussen, I83— Jarvls. 2'<5 Thielmann, 339

Alsike clover, 613 Baldridge. h', 41, 132—

Lindle, S.5— Bates. 115— Campbell, 1.57— Morris,
169— Hicks. 2H4— Stanford, 3<k) — Secor, 3i3,
476— Stokes, 540— Hutchinson, 548.... Bunch, 684

Apple-bloom Damarin, 389

Asters. . Picket. 61— Cushman, 569— Roese, 629—

Deadmap, 717 Prior, 766

Basswood; 451 , 564 Read, 11, 217— Lee. 44 -

Cates. 123-Burton, 476 Scott, 572

Blooming curit)siiy Bell. 620

Buck-bush Prime. 156

Buckwheat. 70s, 709. 725. . Becker, 476— Young-
man, 563— Rogers, 604— Miller, 615 ~- Secley.
629— Moyer, 629 — Park. 629- Bunch. 684 —

Stewart, 759

Button-hall Shuck. 804

Lhapman honev-plani, 1 o. 308 Secor, 3I3—

Highbarger, 325, 468— Keeler, 355 — Buckley,
373— Burton, 4l9~Curlee, 444— Kirkpatrick,

508— Green, 535— Bacon, 596 Chapman, 620

Cone flower Todd, 579

Corn Biggins, 469

Culver's physic Dibbern, 540— Waterman, 572

Dandelion Merritt, 380

Eucalyptus Pryal. 164

Mgwort-Waterman.572—Uarrison,644— Russell 649

Gay-leather McDaniel. 620

Golden-rod. 723 Pickett, 61— Cushman. .569—

Bates (poem). 614 Roese, 629

Grape-bloom Cook, 649

Hean's-ease Martin. ,588—

Haskins 62-1 Flanagan, ai2

Hedge-hyssop Coleman, 620

Honey locust 597

Japanese buckwheat Keatch, 772— Cook, 838

Lucerne Hone, 317

Mangrove Webster, 678

Mel i lot Bates, 1 15

Melissa. 7.55 Tyrrel, 749

Mignonette Grlifith, 717— Waring, 782

Mustard Prior. 405

Palmetto 7o7

Pepperage Bennett, 718

Pleurisy-root Becker, 476— Heddon, 643

Poison-ivy Sample, 437

Raspberries. Harmer, 13— Newman, 28~Shahk, 380

Red clover Fritz. 93

Skunk-cabbage Doolittle, 300

Sneeze-weed Stephenson, 812

Spanisb-needle ilambaugh, 684

Sweet clover. 115, 3**7, 773. ..Davis, 27— Billing,
44— Hone, 317— Dibbern, 535 — Waterman,

57-2 Park, 629

Verbena Todd, 579

Water -leaf Cory, 405

White clover... Reed. 11— Doudna. 71— Thome.
141— Fleming ipoem)343— Bittenbender,389—

Burton, 419 Miller, 615

Wild basil Curlee. 540

Wild cucumber Hanson. 83-i

Wild rice Uewett. 836

Patents and inventions Taylor, 731

Pear honey 68

Peculiar queen and (olony

Rawlins, 34! Kellogg, 556

Phenol for foul brood Beall. 133

Photography and hee-keeping Walrath, 796

Placing olonies close together #.

Haven, 292 ■ Barrows, 492

Planting for honev. 749 Rldenour, 268—

Hutchinson, 372 Cook, 794

Planting trees. 774 Cook, 675

Pleasantries, .596 Puhl. 547— Gehring, .551—

Demaree. .56h— pr.or, 585 Miller, 615

Pleasures and difficulties of bee-keeping 9i

Points in breeding bees DuflT. 131

Poisoning bees, 457 Laitner. 4i»—

Bombarger. M4 Oiney. 139

Pollen and suL'ar candy Sherington, 99

Pollen asftiod lor bees Doolittle, 22 —Cook, 264

Pollen in the s'-ctions Heddon, 395

Pollination arid perforation of flowers

Pammel. 633 Staley. 791

Postal reform ■- 676

Poultry and beea Cates. I23— CofTman. 189

Preparing bees for winter Bates. 75— Abbott,

.536 — Hill. (;i2 — Roese. 698— Singer. 716 —

Miller, 72H-Harrison, 772 Hutchinson, 820

Preparing feed for bees Dibbern, 28a

Preparing honey for market Dibbern, 700

Preservation of apples ™v,:.-" .^i

Preventing stings Wilder, 467

'rmm mmbricmi* mmm j©^KifMi*.

845

'^'■■^■^■^tt^^mkmm^m^^mmikM

Prevention of increase, 91, 198, 246, 394, 406

Jones. 407 — Klwouil. 4J7 — Dibbern. sa.'i —

Woodward, fiutt— Smith. 781 llumbftugb.

Prodigal— that didn't return (pnem) Secor,

ProKeny of unfertilized queens Groff,

Proliflc queens

Properly iittriiding to bees McDonald,

Propolis in MiclitKan Clark,

Proiectint: hivt-s fruin heat, and cool nights

Pure bees are best

Pure honey Armstrong,

Pure Italian bees Campbell,

Purely-mated queens

PuttinR bees intocfllarw, '20 Lyman, I7i >—

Uouliltle.TtH— Harrison. 79i Waldron.

Putting bees into winter quarters

Putting bees uut of cellers, 681 Pierce, i»n3

Atwater. Ufi"— Le hevre, 3«y Davenport,

Put ti tig sect tons on the hives

Smith. ir.;i Doolittle,

Puzzling colony Mathew s,

Quality of winter bee-food Pierce, 647

Queen-cages Tucker, I7i2

Queen-cclla that do not hatch 598

Queen-exL-luciirig honey-boards, 150. 293.422,570—

Trumper, 45— Heddon, 3y6~McIntyre, 444—

Kruschke, 584

Queenless colonies, 3h(i, 435 8milli, 357—

Graves, 364 — Stith, 504, 602 — Hutchinson,

521— (ireiner, 538 Wendelken. 556

Queen-lessons in government

Hachenberg. 811 Alves, 839

Queens from the South Graves, lus

Queens laying in royal cells and sections, 6, 55(>—

Hubbard, Ui 3 Doolittle, 630

Queen that stinys her rival 758

Questions for replies Hewett, 42, 120—

Feathers, 120 Stewart, 120

Race between pigeons and bees 692, 820

Races of bees, 78o Evans. 34y—

layman. 532 Bunch, 580

Hearing brood Cheshire. ii96

Rearing pure bees Han burg, 712

Rearing queens— Higgins. 57— Doolittle. 135, 323—
Ford, 139 — Poppleton. 248 — Grouse, 252 —
Pond. 297 — Barrows, 30U — .Johnpon, 330 —
Shuck. 344, 443— Evans, 3*9- Demaree. 455—
Balch, 470 — Teirt, 556— Alley, 599 — Clark,

666 Martin, 714

Records of queens 31.9

Removing sealed larvae Shuck, 443

Removing surplus honey Harrison, 714

Removing the queen to secure more honey 7lu

Reproduction of the honey-bee

McLa m, 4H7 Groff, 663

Rent of an apiary 661

Re-queening colonies 747

Reversible bottom-boards ......Goodrich, 2i>4

Reversible Irames. 150 Tetft, 426

Reversible hives CuUinan, 39— Crocker. 137,

188-Bull, 184 Langstroth, 294

Reversing 630

Reversing combs in extracting Hachenberg, 792

Rheumatism and bee-stings... Councilman. Hi8—

Graves. 217 Staley, 791

Rhode Island apiarian exhibits 660, 676

Rich bee-lawsuit 4, 457

Riddle Keeler, 3r,5

Rights of bees McNeill, 5W6

Ripening honey Evans, 348

Robber bees, 261. 277. 405, 725, 781

Little. 308 — Lyman, 444 — Jenkins, 538 —

Hachenberg, 793 Staley, «08

Room for brood Barber, 444

Salivary glands of bees Cook, 441

Salt for bees Barrows, 380— Urie, 451

Sand instead of bottom-boards 723

Saved by bees 643

Saving honey by removing queens Stith, 504,

602- Hutchinson. 521 Greiner, 538

Sawed sections Van Vechten, 141

Sawdust around hives kji

Sawdust for ptdlen, 243. Wilkins, 203

School of sorrow (poem) Ludlum. 37

Seasonable hints, 5h<i Harrison, 196, 310.372,

379. 516— Dibbern, 331,391,612 Stahl, 393

Season In Canada 644

Season of I8M8 Stephens, 825

Second swarms Dibbern, 522

Sectional brood-chambers.. Tinker, 86~Heddon,

l<i7, 140 Biildridge. 136

Sectional hive— historical Baldridge, 2hi

Sections fora beginner 277

Section-cases. 805 Evans, 349

Selling nectar on land Camm, 346

Sense organs of bees 612

Separators and sections ...Qile, 277— Besse, 331 —

Evans, 349 .Bradish, 92

Sex of bee-eggs, 566 Demaree, 604— Morgan, 645

Science criticised Cook, 602

Shading hives Holtermann, 152

Shaking or palsy bee-disease

Middlebrnok. 332 Wanng, 782

Shallow brood-frames Baldrldge, 136

Shipping bees. 499, 6tJ Youngman, 124— Hill. 315

Shipping-crates Heddon. 505

Shipping honey Do<'little, 567

Silver lining to the clouds. .Malone, 419— Mason,

5.V)—Barrow8.579—Harri9on,644— Armstrong, 797

Size of brood-charaber Doolittle, 327

Small hives vs. large hives Davis, no, 299—

Hambaugh. 199— Heddon. 2(tl Dadant, 247

Smoking bees, 749. . . .Stahl, 393— Bingham. 41 1 —

Kinsel. 782 Atwater, 8O6

Snow around hives Dibbern, 4i

Song of the bees (poem) Aiken, 119

Space around frames 39<.), 422

Space for bees to cluster 262

Spacing brood-frames 774

Specialists in bee-keeping Miller, i;6— Balch, 76

Spraying orchard bloom Warner, 81 2

Spraying swarms Stapler, 325— Barrows, 492

Spreading brood in the spring 91

Spring f poem) Hayne, 279

Spring dwindling Dibbern, 391— Haskin. 412

Spring work in the apiary, 23') Hicks, 264—

Dibbern 2ni— Harrison, 310 Demaree, 827

Squeezing blood from a turnip Moyer, 419

Starved brood McTiJiin, 487

Statistics of bee keeping, 131, 179. 259, 516, 7o7,
740. 771... Young, ny, ;'(t3— Dodge, 132-Cook,
147. 244— Dunn, 147 — France. 1^3 — Wilcox,
181— Mills, 195- Davenport, 249— Sweet. 266—

Stone. 277 Moyer, 307

Stealing honey by bees Wright. 4fi9

Sterile queens Pardee, 452— Luce, 524

Stinging bees, 613 Jewett, 617

Slinging the cappings of cells, 598

Shuck, 614 Miller. 651

Straight combs, 837 Miller, 607

Strong colonies GilTord, 444

Slung by bees 4-.'0

Sugar and honey used 740

Sugar from honey. 451 Alley, 371

Sngar-pru'i ucing tree.. Proxmlre,164— Poppleton 325

Sugar suited for bees 632

Sugar syrup granulating Ashby. 812

Summer work of bees (poem) York, 551

Sundry questions Morse, 405

Supers Peck, 244— Cullinan, 339

Superseding queens, 309 Lyman. 243—

Stewart, 4.59 Poppleton, 471

Superstitions about bees 645

Surplus stories ssi

Swarm-catchers, 275 Dunlap, 125—

Graden, 317— Morrison. 420 — Manum, 42(>—

Hachenberg, 520 Seely, 733

Swarming, 23, 38, 40G, 6.5o, 694, 7-i7 Thornton,

74— Hodges, ii:'4— Maley. 1'S7— Irwin, 1.57.268—
Rogers. 185— Hand, 250— Pond. 297— DutT. .340
—London, 356— Graves. 364— Loveland, :-i94—
Curlee, 444— Demaree, 4.56, 633 — Anderson,

459— Poindextcr. 504— Lath am, 536 Smith, 781

Swarm on a man's hat 501

Swarming out Reese, 299

Swarm with two queens Ferree. 133

Syrian bees Guenther,'26I— Mahin, 328

Sy riO'Albino bees Meeker, 6 1

Taking lessons in bee-keeping 723

Tax i ng bees Davis, 189

Temperature of bee-cellars Hastings, 12—

Tyrrel, 25— Hewett. 76 — Stephens. 93 —

Crouley, 171— Hand, 25i— Beath, 202— Potter, 204

Temperature when bees fly 67, 166

Tost uf foul brood Davton, 570

Texas honey-plants Bell, fi75

Thanksgiving (poem) Winthrop, 775

Theory and practice of bee-keeping Tetft, 836

Thin foundation for comb honey Sage, •B8

Three-sided hive Chalmers. 340, 412

Tiering up, 358, 613. ..Cullinan, 403— Gilford, 444.

6,52— Doolittle. 601 Demaree, 827

Toronto honey exhibit 66 i

Transferring bees, .54.. Reynolds, 76— Rogers, j 85

—Heddon. 1H6— Robbins, 222 Hill, 313

Traveled liumble bee (poem) 566

Two Colonies in one hive 7'-!t

Two-ounce sections, 355 Harmer, 292, 82n

Uncapped sections of honey Lovett, 517

11 ncappine combs for extracting 630

Uncle Sam's national flower 643

Uneasy bees in tlie cellar C-ssnan, 92

Uniting colonies, 616, 747. .Smith, 357— Williams,
.54i>-Harri8on, 731— Robbins,796— Woodward, 807

Uniting hybrids and Italians Whitmer, 125

Unknowable in bee-keeping Hicks, 56

Uses of honey 660

Veil and gloves 646

Ventilatirm, 22, 707 Tyrrel, 25— Holtermann,

152— Stevens, 188— Hand, 251 — Thielmann,

263— Une, 553 Lighty. 347

Virgin queens Demaree, 604

Water for bees, 118 Bull, 43— Lyman, 17o—

.Jackson, 440 Urie,

Wax adulteration

Wax-cakes

Wax-secretion, 325 Gerry,

Weak colonies Hubbard,

Weather and crops

Weed B

Welcome apiary

What ailed the bees? Johnson, 124— Dorsev,

What the bee has taught us HaU,

When to buy and move bees Harrison,

Wide frames

Width of sections

Wild flowers- bunch of (poem) Chase,

Wiley lie, 52. 68. IO6, 216. 387. 499,516, 580

Langstroth, 22<t—Ewing,f291— Doolittle. 3H8—
Evans,.388— Wiley. 388,484— Dunn ,548— Pettit,

Winter flights of bees

Winter food of bees Hutchinson.

Winter passages in combs Holtermann,

Winter of ih«h-89 Dibbern,

Winter stores Singer,

Wintering Bees, 7, 696, 747 Waldron. s—

Nebel, la-Gibson, 42 — Henkle, 42-Lindle,
5.5— Councilman, 56— Reusch, 75— Bates. 7.5—
Beath. 202— I-ighty & Zeigler, 204— Holden,
266— Kinsel, 280 — Tyler, 311- Secor. 312 —
Boardman, 347— Hambaugh. 377— Hall. 5.54—

Pierce, 648 Schmidt,

In box-hives Stone,

In cellars. .Councilman, 56— Ogden, 62— Cleary,
124— Ford, 139— Hulett, 151— Prime. 156— Hall.

In light cellars Ball, 62, 157

Bingham. 106 Youngman,

In the South Bingham,

On the summer stands Rosecrans,

Under a straw-stack Utz,

Under the snow Doolittle,

Winter, we greet thee (poem) Lloyd,

Winter work Stockwell,

Wired comb foundation ,

Wired frames of foundation

Women and bee-keeping, 691,757

Douwias, 91 — Gale, 645 — Casbon, 762 —

Atwater, ho6 Sherman,

Wooden comb

Woonsr)cket, R. I., fair

Worker bees Staley,

Worker brood in drone-cells Miller,

Work in the apiary Voung,

Work of the bees Power,

Worse than moonshine Foggy,

Yellow fever in Florida Craycraft,

Yellow-Ja' kets Btaley,

Voung. IvarS 37,

Young queens Demaree,

836
755
629
791
583
71
757
460

62»
522
7.55
456

COKRESPOI^I>£I%XS.

Abbott. Rev. E. T.,223.
Abbott, L. F.,.53I.
Adams. Rev. G. A., 12.

291,476.
Adams, H. G., 439.
Adamson, Ira, 3l7.
Addenbrook, W., 13,460,

5J4.
Adkiaon, A. J., 252.
A. H.N., 245.
Aiken, D., I19.
Alderman & Roberts,

707,750.
Aldrich. P. M., ^tn.
Alles, Fred. L., 651
Alley, Uenry, 599, 692,

'96.
Alpaugh, Jacob. 125. 180,
Alvea. G, M ,311,839.
"Amateur Expert," 483,

787.
Ambrozic, Michael, 19.
Amos, , I. H.. 531.
Anderson, Thos. A., 372.
Anderson. Wm., 316,459.
Andrews, Frank. 217.
Andrews. John, 204.268.
Armstrong, J. C, 515,796.
Arnold, Henry H., 357.
Arwine, E. S., 725.
Ashby, G. H.. 668. 812.
Aspinwall, John, 363.
Aten, A. C , 1H6, 217, 540.
Atwater, A. B., 268.
Atwater, S. B., 8nfi,
Avery, John B., 556.

Babb, Enoch, 108.
Bacon, R.. 572, 5y6.
Bailey, Moses, 492.
Baker, ('. W.. 3o(i.
Balch. Wm. H., 76, 471.
Baldenspergcr. J., 59.
Balciridge, M. M., lo. 41,

104, 132, 133, 136,149,

281,440.
Ball. H.S., 62, 157, 317,

501.
Barb. B. F., 149.
Barber. Chas. D., 12, 259,

444, .523, 604.
Barber, Ira. 125.
Barlow, Bradford. 45.
Barnard, H. P., 570.
Barney, MX. & Bro.,lo9.
Barnhart. Samuel, 2<h>.
Barrows. D. P.. 251,3ini.
Barrows, O. B., 43, 364,

380. 49-2. .579.
Bartow. Allen. 41, 203.
Bates. Clara Doty, 614.
Bates, P. J.. 7.', 115.
Battey, C. D., 8i2.
Bauernfeind, John, 268.
Beall, Wm., 133.
Beath. Jos., 169,202.
Becker, Jacob, 476.
BeII,.LC., 620,675.
Bell, N. M.. 339, 483.
Bennett. Miss Dcma,132,

361,373, 7IM.
Benton, Byron, 459. 766.
Benton, F. H., 92.
Benton, Frank, 329,518.
Besse, Dr. H.. 331.
Bessev, Prof. C. E., 90,
Billing. Peter, 44.
Bingham, T. F., 21, 106,

116. 117.411. 556.
Bittenbender, J. W., 389,

51 18, 828.
Blachly. Mrs. Mary, 405.
Blanchard.J. H., 2o4.
Blodgetr, John W., 61,

83,341,460. 733.
Blow, T. B., 824.
Boardman, H. R., 347.
Boerstler, John, 45, 77,

2M5, 620.
Bomberger, W. M., 84,

99.
Bostwlck, J. R., 164.
Bosworth. W. V. Jr.. 796.
Boutwell, W. B.. 251.
Boyd. Calvin, 165.
Boyles, J.E., 645.
Bradlsh,C. W.. 92, 332.
Brasel, Thos., 67.
Bray. A.B.. 37.
Breed, Dr. J. E., 492.
Breeder, C. H. 200.
Bridges, A.. 164.
BrlUhart, S. B., 35.
Brown, Arthur F., 556.

Browne. A. F.,758.
Brown, J. Few, 115.
Buchanan, John A., 109,

328,
Buck,D. C, 183.
Buckley. A. D.. 373.
Bull, Joshua, 29, 184.
Bull, T. S..43.
Buller. Edmund. R.. 165.
Bunch. C. A., 538, 684.
Burnet, R. A., 84.
Burnett, H. G., 116.
Burton. S., I08, 316, 419,
476, 766.

Cady. J. E., 28.
Cadwallader, John, 475.
Caldwell, J. V., 30<_).
Camblin. A. S.. 412,
Camm. Wm., 346.
Campbell, D. L., 157.
Campbell, E. C , 393, 616.
Campbell, R. H., 572,750.
Canty, T. H., .362.
Carman, H W. in-*.
Carbino, Lewis, 332.
Carroll, B. P., 13, 157.
Carson, S. K., 460.
Casbon, Mrs, E., 762.
Cates. H. .vi., 123, 756.
Catterson. J. S., 77.
C. F. G., 217.
Chaddock, M. B., 44, 260,.

392. 700, 776, 826.
Chalmers, D., 340, 412.
Chapman, H., 620.
Chapman. Justus. 285.
Chase, Nellie, 372.
Cneasbro, L. D.. .572.
Cheshire, Frank R., 596.
Choate, Rufus, 835.
Christie, A.. 1CK>.
Christie, John H., 285,
Church, S.J. & Son., 44,

50s.
Churchill. E. P.. 343.
Cissnan, Robt., 92.
Clark. A. N., 666.
Clark, H., 413,
Clark, J.M.. 62. 76.172,779
Clark, Z. A., 69, 148, 181,

275. 532, 563.
Clarke, Rev.Wm.F., 104,

12.5,221.
Clayton. N. C, 645.
Cleary. Wm.. 124, 602.
Coffin, N. D.,317.
Cofl'man. W. C, 189.
Colburn, E. P., 252.
Cole, G. W., 163, 189.
Coleman. K. M., 620.
Colraan, Norman J., 709.
Comstock. J. L.,252.
Congdon. A. B.. 28,
Conrad. S. W., 120.
Cook. Prof. A. J., 36,58,

147, 151. 169. 181, 220,

244, 264, 323, 44<l, 452,

523, 532, 548. 5«3. 602.
611.649,675.68', 715,
727, 739, 740, 794, 804,
83H.

Coon, C. H ,1.54.
Councilman, E. W., 56..

108. 363.
Cory, Wm. G.. 405.
"Country Bee." 61B.
"Country Parson." 765.
Cover, G. W., 71, 40.5.
Cowan. Thos. W.. 19, 20.
Cox, S. M.,828.
Craig, A. 124,380,663
Craig. David, 149.
Cram. M. M. 165
Craycraft. John, 629
Crocker, R. L. 188.
Cnmkleton, Ezra J. 458,

572, 828.
Crouley, Wm. 171. 332,

524, 782.
Grouse, G. 252
Crowder, G. W. 316
Cullinan, W. J. 39, 310,

339, 403
Curlee. Mrs. J. B. 444.540
Cushman. Sam'l, 58, 268,

539, 549, 568

Dadant. Chas. 200. 247,

295, 533. 537
Dadant, Chas. & Son, 51,

357.
Dahl, Rev. T. H. 108, 148
Damarin, A. 389

846

TMs ffiMEmic^K mmm j&^mMmi^.

*jkd

-—-^^1

fc^<ifc*^*^*^^^*^*^*^*<fcifcifcA^*-^*^*^*^ '■'^-^^ *■ ^- *■ ■^ * ■^^^^^

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Daniel, W. J.. ■iRS
Danniber. D B. 363.
Davenport, B. T. 249,325
Davis. C. M. 43
.Davis. John. 189
J)avls. Nathan. 27
Davis, W .1. 1711,299
Deahl. H. P. 572
Dean E. K. 276
Dedman, J.o. 717 _^
Demaree, G. W. l«4 .fs.'j,

4M5, ;,68, t)04, 632, 827

Devlnney, V. ."iaa
Dibbern.C.H. 41,51,101,
116, 21.=i, 216, 251. 275,
2M1,3-.5,331,325. 331,
355, 391,467, 521,5.3.5,
612,644,700,763,772.
Dibble. Wesley, 5K7
Dipman. John F. 267.
Dodue.J.R. 132
Doolittle, G. M. 23. 13,5,
1H8, 22 ,300,323, 327,
375. 3><a, 439, 503, 567,
601,630,697,707, 764,
771,775,822
Doraey, Mr.s Ada, 501
Doudna, J. M. 2h. 71
Doutlas. Marcia A. 90
Dounlas W. S. .524
Dewier, P. C. 179
Druminond. C. H. 292
Duff. A. H. 131, 340, 404,

5S7
Dunlap. A. H. 77, 125
Dunn, J. F. 147, 173,548
Uyer, vv m. 268
Dyke, K, A. 668

Eaton, F. A. 86. 683
JSden. Ed S. 27, 171
E, D, K. 94

Edwards, T,M. 124,285
Eidemlller. Geo. 444
Eikenberry. .T. F. 604
lllliott. G. A. 243
Eiwuod, P, H. 427
England. P, ,T, 188
Enk.'. Wm.-412
Erkel F, 0,241,684
E8tes,H I), 188
Evans, Jas, 348
Kvan.s, 'I'hos, C. 364
Evans, W. A. 77
Evans, W. M. 388, 437
Evfing. E, E. 291

Fair. Geo. W. 475
Earls, B. M. 267
Faris. .lohn 173
Feathfr.s. Harvey, 120.
Ferree. J.oi-ke, 133.341
Flanafjan. E. T. 812
rlemlnB. Mrs. L. B. 343
Flory.J. F. 28
Foggy, Ben, 460
Foote. .T. A. 531
Ford. Will. H. 139
Foster, B. E, 1 56
Foster, ullver, 163
Fox. Dr. U. R, 62
.Fox, Ellas, 139
Fox. Dr. G. K ,508
F'raiiie, H. G. 157
France, B. 163,579
Frilz. B. F. 93
Fuller, D, A. 103, 196

Gale.Geo. 333, 377
CalcMrs. 11. A. 645
Gander, A. M. 7
Geer. H. B 615
Gebr.ntf, Rev. J. D. 550,

617
43eor>;e, Milo, 203
Gerry. B. 376, 439
Gibson, P. I,. 42
GIfford. H. C. 1,53,444, 652
Gile, J, F. 277, 421
•Ginier. VV. I.. 165
Glass, Mrs. I.J. 189
Glcason, M. B. 745
Godfroy. Lizzie, 307

G I, I, H, 572

Gonda'c, Mary A, 204
Goodno, O, K. 332, 412,

46' I, ,540
Goodrich, A. S. .524
Goodri, b. Jas. M. 204
GradPn. R. 2'.is, 317,
Graham, ,1, G, 141
Graham, w, B. 35
Gravenhorst. C.J.H. 284
tiraves, L. B. 163, 828
draves, W. H. (III.), 188,

364
•Graves. W. H. (Ind,).217
Green. Jas. A. 535, 570
Grelner, F. 538
Griffltb. B.C. 717
<Jrin,abaw, R. A. H. 180,

42 1
Groff, Prof. G. G, 663
Grossman. David, 131
Group, .Iidin W, 329
,Guentber, John H, 261

Haag. H, W. 42
Uachenherg, Dr. G. P.

519,792.81 1
Hagen.J.O. 718
Haggart Geo. B. 359
HalneH, C. A. 62
Haines, J. C. 36
Hall. C. H. .553
Jlall.J.B. 72

Hambaugh. Jos. M. 199.

279.3M3, 377 ,684,707.795
Hammersmith, L, 389.413
Hanburg, r. E, 712
Hand, J. E 2511
Hanson, Geo. W. 836
Harbison. J. S. 501
Harman. Isaac, 718
Harmer W. 13,292,820
Harmon & dkinner, 325,

524
Harrison, Mrs. L, 20, 57,
196,310,372,379,396,
405,492, 516, 581, 583,
596, 644. 650. 667, 676,
681,692, 707,713, 718,
725,731.74,5,755, 772,
795,809. 840
Harvey, J. M. 141
Haskin. S. I». 123,412
Haskin. John. 620
Hastings. Geo.H. 439
Hastings, H, 12
Haun. L. 717
Haven. E.G. 292
Havens, Reubens, 460
Hawley. T. F. 4k9
Havne, VViu, H, 279
Head, J. S. 373
Heater, J. N. 89, 133, 628,

822
Heckman. G. S. 492
Heddon. Jas. 93, 94, 107,

no, IH6. 201, 267, 379,
3h5, 490, 499, 505, 600,
643
Hellems, C. W. 248
Henderson. Geo. 244
Henkle B. 42
Herriek. D. D. 376
Herrick. 1'. M. 476, 604
Hess, W, M, 15 1
Hetberington, J, E, 549
Hewett, C, P. 42,76, 120,

836
Hicks, J. M. 37. 56, 264
Higgins, J. H, 57
High, Geo, H, 356
HIghbarger, L. 325, 468,

588
Hill, H, E, 313. 425, 540,

552. Kl 2
Hill, lobn, 315
Hills, Mrs, H, 307, 361
Hilton. Geo, E. 5. 37, 67,

99, 21 '3, 295. 766
Hines. Thos. O. 188, 523
Hinklev, W. M. 275
Hod^e. W. A. 301
Hodges. Geo, 124
Hobnadel. Henrv. 125
Hoke. Abe, 45, 492
Hone. Ge^i.. Jr. 317
Holden. E, L. 2i!6
Holmes. Roland. 252
Hollermann. R. F, 5. 72,

141, 152, 179, 189, 391,

4-56. 499, 569, 648, 668,

683, 697. 747
Howe. A.E. 717
Howe. J H. 119
Hubbard, G, K, 107, 339,

451, 613
Hubbard, L. 124
Hughes. G. C, 2.52
Hulett. Mrs. Emma, 151
Hunt, Rev. John. 285
Huntington. O. B. ,538
Huntley, F. A. 307
Hutchins, Isaa,-, 259
Hutclilnson, Edwin, 141
Hutchln.son, W, Z. 52, i72

52 1 ,548,<,( 13,677.694,820

Hyle, Henry A. 684
Irwin, Jas. 268
Irwin. Wm. 157
Israel, E. 181, 19,5, 275
J, A, B. 395
Jacobs, J. M. 412.701
Jackson. Mrs. O. F. 440
Jaggard Jas. 750
Jamieson. John, 396
Jarvis, B. 126, 285
J. B. 325

Jenkins, J, M. 538, 730
Jeweit. S. W. 617
J. H. 300
Jones, C,H. 317
Jones, D A, 4(17
Johnson, .las. F. 92, 124
Johnson, Theo. 33", 782
Johnston, G, W, 165
Jordan, E, C, 468, 501
Jordan, B, T. 45

Kanzler, W. F. 469
KautTman D. 584
Keeler. S. M, 355
Keeney, E, D. 62, 244
Kellogg. C. 556
Kellogg, W. M. 725
KentOi. John, 772
King, A. J. 515
KInsel. T. F. 280. 782
Kirby, W. H. 823
Kirkpatrick, Geo. H. 268,

316. 5(18
Kleinow. Otto, 61
Klintworlh, VV. 345, 507,

619
Kloer, T. H, 476
Knickerbocker. G. H. 136

1,52, 597, 627
Kouba, A. V, 109
Kruschka, H, O. 584

Lacy, H. W. 43
Lanarkshire Bee-keeper

771
Langstroth. Rev. L. L. 55

119, 179,219,294, 515,

,532, 681
Larsen, N, C, 443, 629
Latham, J. F, 10, 167,313,

327, 51 18, 536
Lattner, P. 40
Leach. A. L. 12
Lee. Fayette. 44, 268
Leers, Dr, Wm. 265
LeFevre. Julius, 389
Leighty & Zelgler, 204
Lewis. S, S. 276
Lighty. L. W. 332,347,361
Lihd.A. H. 52.77
Lindle, J. B, 55, 185, 285,

3-'5
Lindley. C, V. 3.89
Liseuby, J, M, 215
Lislon, E, .3841
Little, B, F. 186, 52
Little, P. M, 308
Llovd, S, W. 23
Loekhart. F. A 83, 125
Loomis, A. C. 157
Lord. A. I). 217. 469
Lossing, Wra. 165
Loudon. J. H 356
Loveland. C. L. 394
Lovett, E. 4H9
Lovett, Rodman, 517
Luce, Edward C, 524
Ludlum, J. K. 37, 796
Lyman, Ira N. 243, 357,

444. 532
Jjyman, J, M. 170
Lynn, Hugh L. 133

Mahin. Rev- 31. 288, 328
Malcolm, F, 72
Mallory, 8, H, 61
Malone, W, 341, 357,419,

524
Malev, A,E. 157,810,717
Manley. B. A. 203, 285
Manum. A. E. 420
Margileth. Edw. 61
Marks, W. F. 203
Martin, J. H. 34o
Martin. J, J. 714
Martin, W.H 5S8
Mason. Dr, A. B, 9. 20.37,

123, 132, 164. 19,5. 2-'8,
, 259, 283, 30(1. 437, 444,
■ 515,611. 618, H2S. 759
Mason, Mrs A. B, 454
Mason. J, B, 552
Mason. W. 93. 252
M at hews, R. J 28. 828
McConnel. D. R. 725
McCorniick. Geo. 13
M"Cormick. Wm, B. 588
Mct'rum W. S. 61
McDaniel, D. W. 620
McDaniel. J. M, 462
McDonald, F. H. 29. 285
Mcllvain, Frank, 3ti3
Mclntvre, J. F. 444
M'-Knlght, R, 24, 230, eHO
McKown, C. W. 147
Mcl.aln N. W, 149, 197,

421. 472 4S5. 487. 709
McNeill. Jas. 181, SM, 444,

499. 686
Meade. R, L, ISI
Meeker, E. F. 61
Mercer. Nathan, 2.n2
Meredith, Maude, 4.8:1
Merritt, F. M. 341. 380
Middlebro(5k. N. M, 332
Millard, D. 423 ,588
Miller. Dr. C. C. 26, 108,

228, 434, 4S3. ,58:), ,5',1<),

H15, 651, 662, 6;«, 711,

732, 777. 787
Miller. J. M. A. 109
Miller. J. P. 692
Miller, J. F. 77
Miller, L. A. 331
Miller. M. 93
Miller, O. P. 838
Miller, S.E. 667,712,728
Miller, S. J. 92
Mills, Chas 195
Mills. Jas. W. 316
Moller. John. 766
Morgan, E. B. 604
Morgan, M, S, 64.i
Morris. Geo. W. 121, 169,

sa. 764
Morrison. Dr. S, W. 84,

355, 380, 420. 765
Morse. W. W. 405
Mo.ser. J. 125
Moyer.H M.:»7,:i61.419,e91
Murphy, R. R, 268
M nth, Chas. F 249,600
Muth, C. F, & Son, 6,36,
Mutb-Rasmussen, W. 183
M. W. W. 141

Nance, J. G. 364
Nebel. Jno. & Son, 13, 331
Neighbour, Alfred, 721
Nelson, Wm. N. 270
Nemmers, Rev. John, 501
Nethenon. W.J. 4.59
Newman, Albert, 156
Newman, J, H. 28
Newman, Thos. G. 458,

681 694,841
NIsbet, A. R. 565
Nysewander, Jos. G50

O'Dell, L. D. 460
Ogden, G, W. 63
Olney, G. B. 163, 452. 729
Oswalt, Jacob, 156

Pammel. Prof. L. H. 633,

S38
Pardee. 0 A. 452
Park, D. F. 126, 629
Park, Mrs. A, O. 7
Parker, Dr, E. W. 363
Patterson, Henrv, 316
Pearce,J. A. 180
Pel k, B W. 1.%. 460
Peck. W. C 244
Pemberton, C, 61
Peters, Jolin, 623
Pel tit, 8. T 61,7.3,565,745
Picket, Abner. 61
Pierce, B. T. 203
Pierce, G, R, ti03. 647
Pigg. J. W. 540
PInkerton. A, 11.195,204
Plummer, I. F. 555
Poindexter, Geo. 504
Pond. J. E. 53. 264. 297,

48.J, 713
Poole, O, 435, 740
Poppleton, O. U. 248, 325,

437, 471
Post. L. B. 013
Potter. Geo. H. 204
Ponder. W. S. 499
Power. Mrs. Susan, 757
Prime. G. S. 166
Prior. W. H. 405, 585, 701,

766
Proctor. Dr. J. A. 124
Proxniire. Lewis, 164
Pryal, W. A. 164
Prvor. J, E, 620
Puhl, P, M. 547
Pursel, John G. 45, 253
Putnam, U. H. 116

Rambler, 564,
Ran. Samuel. 11.
Rawlins. R, M, 2S3 341
Kav, Wm. B. 3:i2
Raynor, Rev, G. 403
Reed. John B. 803
Reed. L. 217
Reed, 1,. G. 11
Reed. S, F. TOl
Reese, John S. 299
Reichard, Levi. .504
Renfro. W. D. 109
Reusi-h, A. 75. oil
Rexford. E. E. 245
Reynolds, F. B. 76, 215,

310
Rich, John K. 61, 203
Ricll, S. W.323
Richar.'s. F 51
Kickard. S H. 20
Kiekenbachor. J. A. 204
Ridenour. Wm. A. 268
RIdout. C. G. 668
Higgins, Jas, B. 469
Rilev, C. V. 788
Robblns. D. E. 7.961
Robbins. Geo F. 222
Robinson. C, J.727
Robson, A. F. 195
Kobson, Wm, 28
Ro, kwell. F. F. 77
Roe. W, F. 203
Roebuck, J. R, 187
Kocse, Rev, S. .553, 620,

629. 099
Rogers, H. J. 185. 613
Rogers I. N 604
Roop, M. S. 187
Root. A. I. 337. 431, 510,

707. 730, 771. 787
Root, L C. Oro. 743
Rose. Alex, 317
Rosehrock, U, H, 93|
Rosehrough. D. B. 124,

S03, 492, 608
Rosecrans. J, 109
Roulo, F. 292
Rouse. H L 77, 155, 373
Rowe,E P, 13
Rudisill. S. A. Its
Kummel. R, A. 26S
Russell. R. S. 619
Rvan, R. R. 83 459
Kyder, S. B. 371

Sage, F. I. & Son. 138
Sample. John R 317, 437
Sanborn. G, B, 195
Sanders, J. W. 251,717
Sanford. T. S. 425. 462
Sawin. F.J, 93
Kchacht & Lemcke. 132
Schmidt. Dr. P. W. 812
Schmitt. F 204
Schumacher. Albert, 836
Pchultz. H. A, 773
ScofiekLJ.T 181
Scoles. Dr. H. J. 27, 524

620
Scott, B. D. 7S, 672
Scott. Geo. G. 92, 601
Seabright L. C. 45. 165
Secor. Eugene. 115, 120.

147. 156 216. 223. 203.

312. 469. 476. 551, 684,

68l,0'.i3, 730, 7:!2,
Seeley. H. M. 60. 203. 317,

.341. 556. 027, 629. 725
Seely, John S. 733

Shallard, Maj. A. 195,724
Shallcross, John . 149
Shaner. W. H. 252, 839
Shank. Daniel, :t80
Shapley, D L. 604
Shaver, Jos. E. 4.3.32
Shearijan. J. O 524
Sheldon. Daniel, 684
Sliepherd. M. W. 308. 356
Sherburne. Roland. 171
Sherington, A. Iftl, 332
Sherman, F. D. 5:J1, 714
Sherman, Mrs. s. B. 332,

8.30.
Shier. Wm. 796
Shirer. G R. 718
Shirley, W. H. 483
Shoup, S. 5?2
Shuck. J. M. 36, 102, 297,

614
Shu.k. S. A. 268, 341.443,

662,804
Sievert. Fred. 266
Simpson. A. R. ,3:i2, ,524
Singer. Aaron. 179.716
Smith. Dr, A. E. 781
Smith. Allen F 371
Smith. E. T. 2,52.476
Smith, <;eo 44
Smitb,H. 300, 540
Smith. John G, "48
Smith. J. W, 163. :ti7
Smith. Martha. ;)S0
Smith, W. H. 27. 77
Smithers, R 364
Snell, F. A, 93. 627
Solveson. Chas. 37, 109,

125, 412
Spencer. M. L, 35, 524
Spitler. Geo. 29
Stachelhausen, L, 44.3.741
Stahl. John M. .393
Stainiiiger. N .304. .556
Staley. H K. 605. 522. 552,

771.790. 808
Stallhammer, Hj, 595
Stanih.sh, B, H. 414,673
Stanford, J. H, ;I00
Stanley. Mrs N. 244
Stanley, Thos. 0. 300
Stapler. Mrs. J. S. 335
Stark Henry, 364
Stephens, Frank. 1,98
Stephens, G, W, 825
Stephens, W. B. 93
Stephenson. U. SI3
Stevenson. I>. P CI
Stewart. Henrv, .51 il
Stewart, W.H.illak,) 120
Stewart, W. H. (Ills,) 57
Stewart. Leslie, :i33, 380,

459, M7, 701, 759
Stiles, F. P. 93
Stith. A. W. 6(14, 602
Stocking. A. D, ;>I5
Stockwell. (ieo. A. 8
Stokes. Thos 16,5, 3.57, 540

Stoler, D, M 3.50, :iso
Stolley, Wm 74. 109,701
Stone, L. J 134. 277
Stone. S, P, 83
Stout. H. V. S 103
Stinit. Lemuel. 782
Str»w. A. .8. 412
Stringer. W, H, 413
Styer. Evan R 109
Swan. John. 781*
Swaner. John S. 3.i7
Sweet, C. L. 196. 266
Swezy, A. J. 103

Taintor, F. M 93
Taylor. R, L. S45. 731. 793
Tent. Jas, W. 420, 468. 508,

550, 588, 706, iTS, S04,

813, 836, 8:48
TJielmann, C, 13, 24. 363,

316 339, :i41, 363, 492,

008
Thompson, 0. B 2G3
Thomson, Mark, 101, 293
Thorne, A. H. 28
Thome, W.B. 141

Thornton, Jhon A. 74,620
Tinker. Dr. G. L. 86, 169,

.330, 474
Todd. J. O. 5T9
Toney. B. B. 408
Traphagan, L. E. 7.50
Treadwell. W. B. 132
Trumper, E. H. 45
T. S. 647

Tucker. R. L. 201. 812
Tuiker. Vet. 173. 717
Turnbull. John. 75
Turner. Thos. E. 77. 492
Tutile. M. O. 217,341,403.

588
Tweed. M. H. 421
Twining. Dana. 469
Tyler. Jas. M. 311
Tyrrel, A. C. 25. 196. 360,

517, 794

Urie, Wra. 451. 6,53
Utz. Andrew. 410

Vandervoort. J, W. 836
VandrufT. W. S. 168
Van Vechten. ('. H. 141,165
Viallon. Paul L. 36, 596
Vought, Albert, 743

Waldron, A. C. 8,555,826
Walker, J, E. 364
Wall. Mr. 772
Walrath. Geo. A. 796
Walsh. Henry. 45
Walton. Col. R 156
Waring, Frank. 251. 782
Warner. Dr I. W. 813
Watklns. S L. 032, 824
Waterman. I,. B. 572
Watterson, David, 141
Weber, L.J. 091
Webster. Prof. G. W. B78
Weckesser. 1 '. 99. 285, 4110
Weeks, C 244, 263
Weidman, Jonn H.407.476
Wendelken, Gerd, 197,556

668. 6U1
Westover, Daniel, 41
Whan.S 819
Whitford. G. M, 44 316,750
Whiting. T. C, 508
Whitmer. Daniel, 12.5.112
Whittier. John G. :!23
Wiele. Chas H. 476
Wilcox. David. 105
Wilcox. F, 122, ISl, 620
Wilder. W. L. 467
Wllpy Prof. H. W. 196,

388,484
Wilklns, C, W, 217
Wilklns. Frank, 203.243
Williams. M A. 508
Williams. R. A. 540
Williams, Tudor. 433
Williamson, John A. "18
Wilier. W J. 382, 408
Willis, Wm. 8
Willis. Jesse* Son, 285
Wilson, Alva 2.52
Wilson. H. E. 517
Winder, J. W. 44 179,583
Winney, D.J. 572
Winthrop. Grace. 775
Wise, John D. 141
Wood. Jas. F. 586
Woodman. L. C. 28
Woodward. C. B. 744. S07
Woodward, Dr. B. B. 189,

829
Woodward, W. M. 684.608
Wray. G, O. 261
Wright. A. 4U8
Wright. Geo. A. 739

York Geo. W. 518,651,712
Young. Ivar S. 37. 707
Young. J. M. 71. 119, 303,

343, 796
Tounaman. S. J. 134. 1.56,

201. 460, .534. 603.667,725

Zastrow, Ferd. 267

Il.LUSTRAXIOI\S.

Alfalfa or Lucerne Clover 68

Alsike Clover Bloom 10, 613

Apiary of George E. Hilton 3

Apiar.v of J. H. Robertson 197

Bees Respiratory Orgaas 235

Bee-Sting 2'27

Bee's Tongue 22,5

Bing-ham, T. F 21, 117

Brood Comb with Queen Cell 226

Cary'e Bee-Feeder 103

Comb 226

Combined Scroll and Circular Saw 757

Comb Supporter, tor extracting 792

DiagonHl Combs 83

Drone Bee ,. 223

Drone Bee's Head 224

Egyptian Apiary 549

Frame Hoolf 520

Gravenhorst, C. J. H 741

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