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AHMBRIOAN
ENTOMOLOGY,

OR Ly 902 /
Wescriptions

OF THE

INSECTS OF NORTH inne”

ILLUSTRATED BY

COLOURED FIGURES
FROM

ORIGINAL DRAWINGS EXECUTED FROM NATURE.

BY THOMAS SAY,

Curator of the American Philosophical Society, and of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia; Correspondent of the Philomathique Society of Paris; and Professor of
Natural Histery in the University of Pennsylvania, and of Zoology in the Philadelphia
Museum,

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“ Each moss,
Each shell, each crawling insect, holds a rank
Important in the plan of Him who fram’d
This scale of beings.”
STILLINGFLEET.

Philarelphia MAuseum:
PUBLISHED BY SAMUEL AUGUSTUS MITCHELL.

FOR SALE BY ANTHONY FINLEY, CORNER OF FOURTH AND CHESNUT ST.

William Brown, Printer.

1825. 7

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AEGERIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne fusciform; palpi long, separate, co-
vered with long scales or porrected hair; wings
horizontal in repose; abdomen bearded at tip.

OBSERVATIONS.

Fabricius formed this genus for the reception
of such species of the genus Sesra, as have the
palpi prominent, distinct, and covered by elon-
gated scales. As Ses1a now stands, it differs from
the present, by the short palpi, which are covered
by short, close-set scales; and their terminal joint
is very short, tuberculiform: Lamarck, however,
applies the name Sesra to the present genus.

The wings in the various species of ASGERIA
are chiefly transparent, and the body being
slender, with coloured bands in some of the
species, they have much the appearance of bees
and wasps; whence the names apiformis, vespi-
formis, crabroniformis, Se., which have been

PLATE XIX. B

applied in this genus. Degeer, in his history of
one of the species, observes, “ the first time that
I saw it, I hesitated to take it with my naked
hand, believing I had found a wasp.”

AAGERIA EXITIOSA.
DESCRIPTION.

Mate. Body steel-blue: anfennz ciliated on
the inner side, black, with a tinge of blue: palpr
beneath, yellow: head with a band at base, both
above and beneath, pale yellow: eyes black-
brown: thorax with two pale yellow longitudinal
lines, and a transverse one behind, interrupted
above, and a spot of the same colour, beneath the
origin of the wings: wings hyaline, nervures and
margin steel-blue, which is more dilated on the
costal margin, and on the anastomosing band of
the superior wings: fee¢ steel-blue, the cox, two
bands on the tibiz including the spines, incisures
of the posterior tarsi, and anterior tarsi behind,
pale yellow: abdomen with two very narrow
pale yellow bands, one of which is near the base,

PLATE XIX.

and the other on the middle: fad fringed, the
fringe margined with white each side.

Femaue. Body very dark steel-blue, with a
tinge of purple: antennz destitute of cillie;
palpi beneath, black: thorax immaculate: supe-
rior wings steel-blue, without any hyaline spot:
inferior wings hyaline, with an opaque margin
and longitudinal line; the latter and the costal
margin are dilated : ¢ergwm with the fifth segment
bright reddish-fulvous.

Pura with two semifasciz of spines upon each
of the segments, excepting the three terminal
ones, which have a single row only.

Fouiicte brown, oblong-oval, composed of
small pieces of bark and earth, closely connected
together by the web of the animal.

SYNONYM.

AKcerta Exitrosa. Nobis. Journ. dcad. Nat.
Sciences, vol. ili. p. 216.

OBSERVATIONS.

This insect has been for years the cause of
great solicitude and regret to all the lovers of
fine fruit. Our readers will acknowledge the

PLATE XIX.

fact, when we inform them, that small as it is, it
is no other than the silent, insidious destroyer
of the peach-tree.

The sexes are so remarkably different from
each other, that we should hesitate in yielding
our assent to their specific unity, if we were not
apprised of the circumstance, that the sexes of
many of the species are very unlike each other.
In the present instance, the difference is so great,
as to render it difficult to construct a good com-
mon specific character.

We are indebted to Mr. James Worth, a
zealous and careful observer, for the principal
part of the accurate information which we possess
relative to this formidable insect. The following
observations are extracted from a valuable essay,
by that gentleman, published in the volume
quoted above.

The egg deposited on the side of a glass
tumbler, was oblong-oval, dull yellow, and so
small as to be only just discernible by the naked
eye. Excepting in a state of confinement, he
never saw the female at rest, but in one instance,
when she was perched on a leaf, which may
possibly be the usual place of deposit, though he
is inclined to believe that it is made on some
part of the trunk of the tree. The larva is of

PLATE XIX.

a white colour, the head being reddish-brown.
It is somewhat difficult to ascertain the early
movements of the larva, in consequence of its
small size; but its destructive career certainly
commences about the last of September, or early
in October, by its entering the tree probably
through the tender bark under the surface of
the soil; after having passed through the bark, it
proceeds downwards into the root, and finally
turns its course towards the surface, where it
arrives about the commencement of the suc-
ceeding July.

Having attained to its full growth, the larva
enters the pupa state, between the first and the
middle of July; enveloped in its follicle, it may
then be readily discovered close to the trunk,
surrounded by the gum which oozes from the
wound. The pupa state continues from the tenth
of July to the latter part of that month, or be-
ginning of August.

Mr. Worth examined his fruit trees on the
tenth of July, when he obtained twenty follicles,
and about thirty larve; of the follicles, four were
empty, the insect having assumed the winged
state. The larve had all arrived near the surface
of the ground, for the purpose of undergoing
their great change.

PLATE XIX.

Against the depredations of this insect, many
supposed remedies have been prescribed, such as
the application of hot water, tanner’s bark, and
flower of sulphur, to the root of the tree, and soft
soap and lime-wash to the trunk; but it is
obvious, that no application of this kind can
injure the insect, without coming in contact with
it whilst it remains in the egg, or infantile
state, on the outside of the tree, for after having
penetrated to the interior, no superficial applica-
tion can affect it. The various substances placed
around the root of the tree, such as ashes and
sand, the uncovering of its base during winter,
and covering again for the summer, are also
pronounced by Mr. Worth, from his experience,
to be inefficient, and even injurious to the health
of the tree.

“'The best plan of guarding against the ravages
of the insect, which I have found, is to examine
the trees early in the month of July; take a
bricklayer’s trowel, and opening the ground
around the trunk, the lodgment of the insect
will at once be discovered, by the appearance of
gum, and it can readily be destroyed ; one person
can thus examine more than a hundred trees
in less than half a day, and very few, if any, of
the insects will escape. But in order the more

PLATE XIX.

effectually to destroy them, I would advise, that
from the first to the middle of August, some
swingling tow, a piece of hairy hide, (the hair
inside, but turned over at top,) or some other
coarse thing of six or more inches in width, be
tied close around the trunk of the tree, the under
edge to be a little covered with earth, so as to
prevent any passage beneath; about the middle
of September remove the bandage, and imme-
diately give the whole trunk of the tree a cover-
ing of soft soap or lime-wash, well brushed on,
that no spot from the head to the root may
remain untouched. Perhaps a decoction of
tobacco, or some other wash, might do better ;
even hot water would be effectual, where the
tree was sufficiently hardy to bear the applica-
tion; or it may be, that the wash would answer
the purpose without the bandage, but where the
bandage is dispensed with, the wash ought, I
think, to be applied about the first of September,
or I should have great confidence in a bandage of
tobacco leaves or stems; it should be kept on
from the first of August to November, and
could do no damage by being continued, provided
it was not tied so close as to cramp the growth
of the tree. :

“But there are causes of decline other than

PLATE XIX.

that of the insect, and the principal one is the
not stirring of the ground; I apprehend, that the
disease called “ yellows” is often thus occasioned.
Last year my peach orchard was considerably
affected ; and the ground had not been ploughed
for three years, and had become quite covered
with grass. In the spring of the current year
[ had it well broken up, and kept clean during
the summer; the trees soon assumed a healthy
appearance, and furnished a plentiful supply of
fine fruit, and the whole orchard is now in the
most flourishing condition, and I believe there
will be no difficulty in keeping it in that state.”

But my friend Mr. J. Gilliams, has certainly
derived great advantage from the use of the
cinders of the common anthracite, which is now
so generally introduced as a fuel; he opens a
small basin around the trunk of the tree, and fills
it with the cinders; he informs me that the trees
thus treated, have assumed a more healthy
appearance than others, and they are not at all
infested by this destructive insect.

In Mr. Skinner’s very useful paper, the
American Farmer, (vol. vi. p. 14.) are a few
highly important remarks on this subject, by
Mr. William Shotwell, of which the following
is an extract: “I cleaned a number of trees, and

PLATE XIX.

put a coat of lime-mortar, about half an inch
thick round the body, then drew the earth up to
it. These trees are now perfectly healthy, and
there has not been the sign of a worm about
them since, although it was five years past, that
the experiment was made. I have since tried
the same on a great number of trees with equal
success.”

In the same work (vol. vi. p. 37.) are some
interesting observations on the preservation of
peach-trees, by Mr. Evan Thomas, jr. from which
we gather the following information. On re-
moving the earth from about the roots of some
- trees of a sickly appearance, he observed a con-
siderable quantity of gum that had exuded from
several minute apertures of the trunk ; on opening
these carefully with a knife, the larve were dis-
covered. They were about one inch long, of a
cream colour, the head somewhat depressed,
chestnut-brown. “They had perforated the bark
about one inch below the surface of the earth,
and were devouring voraciously, both the albur-
num and liber, leaving the cortex and epidermis
as a covering and defence.” Having destroyed
these depredators, Mr. Thomas applied Forsythe’s
healing composition to the wounds, with the
expectation that it would not only exhibit its

PLATE XIX. c

usual efficacy, but that it would also prevent the
access of a new colony of the enemy. In this,
however, he was disappointed, for on examining
the same trees again, at the expiration of about
six weeks, he found that a new deposit had been
made, and that the young worms were then
devouring what their predecessors had left. This
fact exhibited the inefficacy of the practice of
laying bare the roots during the winter. “ About
the close of July, many of these insects, having
assumed the winged state, soon after deposit
their eggs in peach-trees, just beneath the surface;
first wounding the bark in different places, which,
on examination, appears to have been effected by
a blunt pointed instrument. They leave from
one to fifty, and in some instances, nearly three
hundred eggs in each tree, according to its size
and capacity to support the future progeny: these
soon appear, but it is difficult to detect them
until they have acquired a growth of two or
three weeks, when they are four or five lines in
length. From this period, their growth is accele-
rated or retarded in proportion to the quantity of
nourishment afforded. In general, however, the
pup are formed early in October, in the midst
of a conglomeration of gum, fibrous and excre-
mentitious matter, and about the close of the
PLATE XIX.

month, the insect issues from the chrysalis,
deposits its eggs as before mentioned, and prepares
to hybernate, like others of the same tribe, in the
roofs of houses, beneath the bark of old trees,
&e. The larve appear in April, assume the
nymph state, and accomplish their final trans-
formation in the course of July. ‘Thus, there are
two periods in each year assigned for their pro-
duction and reproduction: nevertheless, indivi-
duals may be seen during the whole season, in
almost every stage of existence.” Having thus
ascertained an important part of the natural
history of the species, and the inefficiency of the
applications hitherto made with a view to prevent
its depredations, Mr. Thomas was led to make
another experiment, which, he informs us, has
been completely successful. “ Remove the earth
from about the trunk of the tree quite down to
the lateral roots, press with the but end of the
pruning knife against the bark in different places;
if it appears to adhere firmly, and no gum or
moisture issues, a thin coat of the composition
described below, may be applied both above and
beneath the surface, by a brush or wooden spatula,
about two inches broad. Then take Canton
matting, (or any other similar substance,) cut
into pieces of from six to twelve inches in width,
PLATE XIX.

according to the size of the tree, and of sufficient
length to encircle it; bind one of these around
the part intended to be secured, by two or three
ties of twine or woollen yarn, so that one half
shall be below, and the other half above the
surface; draw earth, divested of grass or rubbish,
to the tree, pressing it with the foot, close to the
matting. The insects, governed by instinct,
will not lay their eggs in the matting, but will
seek elsewhere for a situation congenial with their
habits. If, however, there is a clammy moisture,
or portions of gum adhering to the main stem or
roots, these should be regarded as almost certain
indications of worms; every opening, however
minute, should be carefully probed, and the
direction taken by each worm, ascertained; cut
away that portion of the bark only, of which
the interior part has been destroyed, until you
arrive at the object of pursuit, which must be
removed and killed. Having in this manner
extirpated all that are to be found, trim the
edges of the wounds neatly, and fill up the
cavities with a composition consisting of two
parts of fresh cow-dung, one part of leached
ashes, to each gallon of which, add a handful of
ground plaster-of-paris, and as much water as
will reduce the whole mass to the consistence of

PLATE XIX,

a thick paste; spread a thin coat of this composi-
tion over the part to be covered, and then apply
the bandage as before directed. As the ants,
and several other insects among the wounded
trees, exceedingly and materially retard their
recovery, I would recommend the part to be
washed with common white-wash, and a little
flour of sulphur, or snuff sprinkled over it, before
the composition is applied. The latter end of
April, and the beginning of September, are the
most suitable periods, for those accustomed to it,
to begin the search.”

Several other gentlemen have particularly
observed the peach insect, and of these, we may
mention Dr. James Smith, who has given the
result of his inquiries, in the sixth volume of
the American Farmer, p. 334, and Mr. Reuben
Haines, who has published his observations in
p- 401, of the same volume. But we think it
highly probable, that the practice first proposed
by Mr. Shotwell, if carefully and properly car-
ried into effect, will effectually secure the peach-
tree from the depredations of the Aigeria exitiosa.

Upper Figure—Female.

Middle Figure—Male.

Right Figure—Exuvia of the Pupa.

Left Figure—Follicle.

PLATE XIX.

AGERIA OMPHALE.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Body red; abdomen behind and dorsal line
black, with blue spots.

SYNONYM.
Cosmosoma Ompnate. Hubner. Fig. 1. 4. > °
DESCRIPTION.

Body bright red: head black, with large
brilliant blue spots: antenne at tip, whitish:
palpi, second and third joints red: thorax with
a black transverse line before, continued over the
wings; on the anterior part are four blue spots:
tergum bright red, with a longitudinal line,
abbreviated at base, and tip black; in which
colour are four lateral brilliant blue spots, and
about seven dorsal ones: venéer, excepting at base,
and each side near the base, black, with a large
pure white spot on each side, before the middle;
tuft at tip obsolete: wings hyaline, nervures

PLATE XIX.

and margins black; the black of the tip wide:
feet bright red: intermediate tibix black before:
posterior tibie with a black line before.

OBSERVATIONS.

This very beautiful species was found by Mr.
T. Peale in Florida, and was presented to me,
for the present plate, by the Prince of Musignano,
with whom I agree in the specific name here
adopted from Hubner.

The striking contrast of the red and black
colours, and the beautiful brilliant vivid azure
blue, reflected from the spots of the abdomen,
anterior part of the thorax and the head, render
this a highly interesting insect.

Lower Figure.
PLATE XIX.

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COENOMYIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne porrect, triarticulate, first jomt rather
long, cylindrical; second, cyathiform; third,
conical, eight ringed ; seta none; palpi elevated ;
proboscis short; scutel bidentate; wings hori-
zontal, crossed upon the tergum.

OBSERVATIONS.

We are indebted to Latreille for this genus,
which has been adopted by Meigen, who, in his
European Diptera, describes but a single species
as belonging to it. Fabricius gave the name of
Sicus to this genus, a designation that Latreille
had already applied to a very different group.
The present name will therefore be considered
as having the priority.

PLATE XX. D

COENOMYIA PALLIDA.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings and abdomen yellowish-testaceous ;
thorax ferruginous.

SYNONYM.

CorenomytA Patima. Nobis. In Long’s Second
Expedition.

DESCRIPTION.

Head yellowish-testaceous; orbits beneath and
behind, dark cinereous;. vertex with an elevated,
obtuse, dusky line between the stemmata: thorax
ferruginous; anterior angles a little prominent,
rounded and concave behind, with an elevated
line reaching to the origin of the wings: scutel
colour of the thorax: wings pale yellowish-
brown, with margined nervures: poisers whitish :
feet somewhat paler than the thorax: fergum
polished; posterior segments somewhat sericeous :

PLATE XX.

second, third, and fourth segments, with three
abbreviated series of punctures near their bases.

OBSERVATIONS.

During the recent journey of Major Long’s
party to the source of St. Peter’s river, I obtained
three individuals of this interesting species, the
only one yet found in North America. They
occurred in a small forest of scattered trees,
where we halted at our dining hour, in the imme-
diate vicinity of Wennabea’s Sauk village on the
Pecktannos.

None were observed at any subsequent period
of the journey.

PLATE XX.

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LYCUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Head retracted; antennz approximate, much
compressed, more or less serrated; mouth small,
produced into a short rostrum; maxillary palpi
much longer than the labiales, terminal joint
triangular, truncated; mandibles at tip, entire
and acute: elytra thin and flexible, nearly of
equal breadth, or much enlarged towards the tip ;
thorax receiving and covering the head, rounded
before; penultimate joint of the tarsi bilobated.

OBSERVATIONS.

These insects are somewhat similar in their
appearance to the well known “ Fire-fly,” whose
scintillations, on a summer’s evening, are scarcely
less abundant than the lights of the firmament,
which they feebly, and but for a moment, rival.
But Lycus is not endowed with the property of
yielding light, and it is further distinguished from
Lampyris by the somewhat elongated mouth,
eyes of moderate size, and by the form of the

PLATE XXI.

terminal joint of the palpi, which is dilated,
compressed, and truncated at tip. Another
kindred genus, Omaxisus, of Geoffroy, is in like
manner destitute of the curious power of giving
light, but the mouth is not rostrated, the second
and third joints of the antenne are very short,
and the head is only in part covered by the
thorax.

Fabricius separated these insects from Lam-
pyris, under the name of Lycus, (Aéxes.) a word,
which, according to Olivier, was employed by
Herzychius to designate a species of spider; by
Atheneus for a fish; and by Aristotle for a kind
of bird. But the word was commonly used by
the Greeks, and by Homer himself, to indicate
the wolf. |

In respect to form, the body is, in many
instances, somewhat linear, that is, having the
sides approaching to parallelism; but in the L.
latissimus, Faby. of Africa, and the L. palliatus,
Fabr. of the Cape of Good Hope, the elytra
are so much dilated as to give the species an
orbicular appearance; whilst in other species, as
the L. fasciatus, Fabr. of Cayenne, these substi-
tutes for anterior wings are greatly dilated, only
towards their posterior extremities. Many have
this dilatation, which is more particularly observ-

PLATE XXI.

able in the males. Their colours are chiefly
fulvous, violet-black, and sanguineous.

The larva is supposed to live in the earth;
the perfect insect is innoxious, and is found on
flowers. —

LYCUS RETICULATUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Black ; lateral thoracic margins fulvous; elytra
fulvous, with a band, and extremity, blackish.

SYNONYM.

Lycus Reticuntatus. Fabr. Syst. Eleut. pt. 2.
pale HOlivedns:ivok.s:.-Nos 29; pr Fs pl,
fig. 7.

DESCRIPTION.

Body deep black, polished: anfenne exceeding
the middle of the elytra, opake: rostrum short:
thorax black, the dilated lateral margins a little

recurved, fulvous; an acute carina in the middle:
PLATE XXI.

posterior angles attenuated, prominent and acute:
elytra fulvous, with four elevated lines, which
are alternately larger, the suture and exterior
edge are also elevated; interstitial spaces with
numerous transverse elevated lines; near the
base, is a broad black band, which nearly reaches
the middle, and is continued along the suture to
the base; a much dilated terminal black band,
which does not reach the middle; both these
bands are slightly tinged with violaceous: wings
blackish, the nervures margined with whitish:
feet sericeous.

OBSERVATIONS.

This species may well be said to inhabit North
America, for it would seem to be found in almost
every part of it, excepting, perhaps, the region
beyond the Rocky Mountains, and the more
northern inhospitable solitude of Canada. I have
received it from Mr. Holmes of Maine, and have
myself found specimens in Missouri, North-West
Territory, and Kast Florida. In Pennsylvania
it is very common.

The elytra of the male, are more dilated behind
than those of the female.

The upper left figure of the plate.

PLATE XXI.

LYCUS TERMINALIS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Black; thorax with fulvous lateral margins;
elytra fulvous, with a black tip.

SYNONYM.

Lycus TERMINALIS. JVobis. Journ. Acad. Nat.
Sciences, vol. iii. p. 178.

DESCRIPTION.

Body deep black, polished: antennex reaching
the middle of the elytra, opake: rostrum short:
thorax black, the dilated lateral margins a little
recurved, fulvous; an acute carina in the middle;
posterior angles attenuated, prominent, acute:
scutel black: elytra fulvous, with four elevated
lines, which are alternately a little larger; the
suture and exterior edge are also a little elevated;
interstitial spaces with numerous transverse ele-
vated lines; terminal third of the surface viola-
ceous-black: wings blackish at tip : feet sericeous.

PLATE XXI. E

OBSERVATIONS.

Numerous specimens were observed by Major
Long’s party in Missouri and Arkansaw. ‘They
occurred in the prairies on plants, and I found
them to be especially abundant near the village
of the Konza Indians.

It is, without doubt, closely allied to the pre-
ceding, but the anterior band of the elytra is
always deficient, the tibia are somewhat more
dilated, and there seems to be a greater difference
of size between the sexes, the male being pro-
portionally smaller. We cannot suppose it to be
the L. dimidiatus Fabr., although the general
tenor of the description corresponds very well,
inasmuch as he represents the antenne to be
flabellate, with elongated serratures, and the base
of the elytra to be rufous, whereas, the antenne
of this species are similar to those of the refzceu-
latus. 'The black on the thorax of the female,
is reduced to a narrow line.

The upper right figure of the plate.

PLATE XXI.

LYCUS SANGUINIPENNIS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Thorax black; lateral margin sanguineous;
elytra sanguineous, immaculate.

SYNONYM.

Lycus SANGUINIPENNIS. JVobis. Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 178.

DESCRIPTION.

Body deep black, polished: rostrum promi-
nent: thorax broad, not narrowed before; the
transverse diameter exceeding the longitudinal ;
livid-black ; lateral margins a little recurved, pale
sanguineous; a carinate line on the anterior mar-
gin, terminating in a groove which extends to
the base; posterior angles a little prominent:
scutel black: elytra pale sanguineous, with ele-
vated lines, and intervening transverse ones:
wings a little dusky, with brown nervures.

PLATE XXI.

OBSERVATIONS.

One individual only, occurred to Major Long’s
exploring party, near the base of the Rocky
Mountains. It is widely distinct from the pre-
ceding species.

The lower right figure.

LYCUS PERFACETUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Black; thorax each side rufous; elytra striate.
DESCRIPTION.

Body deep black : head polished, with a deeply
impressed longitudinal line: antenne opake, com-
pressed, a little serrated ; second joint more than
half the length of the third, which is as long as
the fourth, though less dilated : thorax somewhat
unequal, polished black, with broad rufous lateral
margins; an impressed longitudinal line ; posterior
angles acute: elytra with slightly impressed striz.

PLATE XXI.

and rounded interstitial lines: beneath polished
black.

OBSERVATION.
Inhabits Pennsylvania.

The lower left figure of the plate.

PLATE XXI.

ty amined, aia
db one

OTE RVG ate
7 i>! a. - - ‘
= 7 ‘ P : R 7 <
Ne A : RAG 6 © 5909 bg @ ideal
re * ae = i 3
Ree | i
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an ‘ mg
: sy
‘ - 4
, 7
- ‘
; } _
7 a Said
7

iia: Pay: 2 kia, fits “7's (Ee
an if Sah Jugs mee 0 ae

Ls ee ee he . ee
bl iP nip eake > gil

Yo ian ANS ih Sar rr

a pe ie ie ; Sanit sa ae. = ae : a

dik M Bast ah iy ee ah ett 7 ‘iy ica one

_ ms a 5 ks ‘ ye ro ae iS ia ay ae a i : '
e ir ie

; ran =
. wr on -
ae : :
a = . i .
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te ¥ iol " "
mow,
»
ia5
he AA ‘
ae ;
y f ae ;
r on ae ; _
_ af ane hy i
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Draw ov IW Woed. Engraved bv ¢

ICHNEUMON.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne more than twenty-jointed; abdomen
elipsoidal, composed of more than five segments,
and attached to the thorax by a portion only, of
its transverse diameter, by an abrupt slender
peduncle; all the wings having very distinct
nervures; extremity of the abdomen of the female
very slightly compressed, not. obliquely truncated ;
oviduct concealed, or hardly prominent.

OBSERVATIONS.

As originally instituted by Linné, the genus
of this name was extremely abundant in species,
and although many divisions have been made by
Fabricius and others, the species are still nume-
rous. As I adopt the genus, it corresponds with
that of Fabricius and Latreille, and with Cryptus
as defined by Lamarck.

These insects perform an important part in
the operations of nature, inasmuch, as they seem
destined to limit the increase of Lepidopterous
PLATE XXII.

insects, by destroying their larva, so injurious to
the interests of agriculture. All are parasitic,
and in habit, they may be compared to the Ich-
neumon amongst the quadrupeds, an animal said
to break the eggs of the crocodile, and even to
penetrate the abdomen of that formidable reptile,
in order to devour the living viscera.

The female, in this interesting genus, when
about to deposit her eggs, becomes very active
and impatient, flying from leaf to leaf, in search
of a proper nidus; having found a caterpillar of
suitable magnitude, she places her eggs either
upon the skin, or by puncturing it, within the
body, notwithstanding the convulsive efforts of
prevention made by the victim. I was witness
to a somewhat curious fact in relation to one
of these insects; observing an object closely
resembling a caterpillar, resting on a leaf, I was
preparing to take possession of it, when an Ich-
neumon alighted on the leaf, and proceeded to
examine the object of my attention; it ran briskly
up to it, and touched it first on one side, and
then on the other, with its vibratory antenne ;
but it finally departed without any attempt at
oviposition. This deportment excited my suspi-
cions in regard to the nature of the supposed
caterpillar, and on examining it more closely, I

PLATE XXII.

discovered, to my surprise, that it was not the
larva of an insect, nor even the remains of one.
Thus it appeared, that the Ichneumon, as well
as myself, was deceived by its organ of vision,
and that another sense was resorted to, in order
to ascertain the truth.

The larve disclosed from the eggs of the
parent Ichneumon, are altogether destitute of
feet; like intestinal worms, they feed on the
interior of the body of their Promethean victim,
which continues to walk and feed as usual. The
depredators are by no means indiscriminate in
their choice of food, but prefer the adipose part
of the system, and spare the vitals until the
former is exhausted. By this selection, the life
of the larva is continued until the parasite obtains
its full size, and is prepared to enter into the
state of pupa. The larva then attaches itself
firmly to a fixed surface by means of its feet, and
dies. ‘The pup, secure within, await their des-
tined period in tranquillity, and the included
insects finally emerge from their contracted boun-
daries, by gnawing a passage through their own
indurated covering, as well as through the com-
mon integument of the larva.

PLATE XXII. F

ICHNEUMON DEVINCTOR.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Black ; abdomen rufous; scutel, annulus of the
antenne and of the tibize, white.

DESCRIPTION.

Body black: antennz rather short, annulus
pure white, commencing at the ninth joint, and
extending to the eighteenth: scutel pure white:
wings dusky violaceous: abdomen, with the ex-
ception of the first segment, bright rufous: f2biz,
excepting at base and at tip, pure white: anéerior
and intermediate tarsi, with the first joint, white
at base.

OBSERVATIONS.

This species is not very common. I obtained
a specimen in the North-West Territory. An
individual occurred in Missouri, that may, per-
haps, be only a variety of the present species; it
PLATE XXII.

is smaller, and has ferruginous, instead of white,
on the feet.

The upper right figure.

ICHNEUMON UNIFASCIATORIUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Black ; annulus of the antenne, two scutellar
spots, and band near the base of the abdomen,
white.

DESCRIPTION.

Body black: front, nasus, and line on the
frontal and exterior orbits, white: anfenne mode-
rate, with a white annulus beginning at the
fifteenth joint, and extending to the twenty-first
joint: thorax with two abbreviated white lines
on the middle; an oblique line each side before
the wings, wing scale, and small spot beneath
the wings, white: scufel white, with a small
transverse white spot at its tip: wings fuliginous :
abdomen depressed, rather slender; first segment

PLATE XXII.

white at tip, forming a band: ¢ibize white on the
exterior side.

OBSERVATIONS.

This insect is of frequent occurrence in all the
middle states. There is a variety, of which the
abdomen is very slightly tinged with rufous.
Allied to nigratorius, Fabr. but may be dis-
tinguished by the band on the first segment of
the abdomen, and by the white spot behind the
tip of the scutel, and by the two between the
anterior wings.

The lower right figure.

ICHNEUMON CENTRATOR.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Black; antennz annulate; scutel, and disk of

the thorax, ferruginous.
PLATE XXII.

DESCRIPTION.

Body black: head dull ferruginous, with a
polished, impressed, black line at the base of the
antenne: antenne with a white annulation, be-
ginning at the seventh joint, and extending to
the seventeenth: fhorax with the disk between
the anterior pair of wings, and the scutel, dull
ferruginous: fib dull rufous, excepting at tip:
wings dusky violaceous.

OBSERVATIONS.

It occurs frequently in Pennsylvania, and as I
have found it both in Missouri and the North-
Western Territory, it appears to be a_ pretty
general inhabitant of the United States.

The lower left figure.

PLATE XXII.

ICHNEUMON BREVICINCTOR.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Black; scutel and the very short band on the
antennz, white.

DESCRIPTION.

Body black: head immaculate: antenne with
the white annulus beginning at the seventeenth
joint, and extending to the twenty-first: thorax
immaculate: scutel yellowish-white: wings a
little dusky: Anees and tibie of the anterior pair
of feet, dull rufous.

OBSERVATIONS.

In form and general appearance, it resembles
unifasciatorus, Nob. but the different individuals
correspond in having the annulus of the antenna
very short, and commencing at the seventeenth
joint; in having no spot beyond the tip of the
scutel, in having the head immaculate, &c. It
also resembles nigratorius, Fab. but is much
smaller, and is altogether destitute of orbital lines.

The upper left figure.

PLATE XXII.

SRL PTs. 4",
a - 7 ; : vt " } By al

on ,
a
Mi

Ott it a ge ies ' oe Ua a aa is ; a,
m4 ers fe. tn tay can ered fe yee iad dc ed bed Vide i Wnt am,
* ,

i o rt oe : " ir 7 rye oa
1% 1) ni ; 7 : " cs mT? ihe ea AS y
" EL i be Ri os 1} a! ae 5 td hsv @ ipod a tN ii x bod)
Ct Ve —_ ¥ a dTRGe. : a a |
‘ - ay _ Bi a iw : Ls! vu ein oh bi Q me a Ad
14 of) ( dl ay A ne , fF . ale . re ms ral a) hak [7 eae er
ey as er ” 1 jel " ranean m7 aan ous hE iia
v7 a a ta q = ° . i ' a iy “1 RK ¥ PE antes ' i)
os , cy ee a yew 4 i dp. Wah inp els
ania 5 sialvonscanl nn ah, tent we saa) ae tee
PN he ¥ » ad Dh ets
POR OE Pa. pasion nye * ofa nao, a eel, P _
} ;

7 eet qe A ’] : a
ie ve P % ie | iy. i ik
‘A AA inten da nt wh ei yeti +. F ay oy ; i a
Be ite Py in ic oe
re r Ae at 1.
ie Ya) 7 <i ' nie voy) 7 ‘by yen ll ate
Tere bie re at baa iw ee RE Ua
scale mie . sili aii ven mies a ae id t

a “i ae: ae.) @ ate aig i oe
ee Be oe aa obi | 4 a en ms y a f ,
“Ss = a aa 0 Pils a or ae , a asf ne na ’ i,

ng oy ‘ew. ee ; afi AAg 7 ore
| i

eee ae a): ria sie
be he un if ne ey he 7 i

ie

aah uy

ae au ys
_ " f ae | uw?
pepe: vr a Rete

Le * "an ;
fr aT - ¥3 _ A pep a ul 7 ae 7, am - Madde sitet a at .¥
ee oe } ey rm vg Ab id Poles, for,
a ‘ é Mihi ws tiie 1) ln WEE Pua
a 7 ia wa ton " idles ig wh Ne ye oe ay a a ti ies. rr) ge! Yahi a :

a b

» ' - ae © »
ere ny WO) ar Q v »

old iatine ly paived/ud |
sive ane iy Aha

nt ad
4

id ae iM §
rT i " j Py nie Phy yi
bt og i) Vs ar

vee Bh ; uy a
ae we

<¥ “ mr
7. May ae
wil " i ni ii share
my ail) badic' ie iy eae a
‘ i : ive " Le ba 9 i
5 a: ana — " ah hi
ibs :

ie
y wh WAR ie ‘
Te ay

en

; 1 ‘ca gh

eer isiih4 "
et — ‘ oa ; id We
ways alt, of :
Se it a iy id
i Ries - wnat Me e i Faipy an ty
je pall a

ase Mae
ran

che : a; ’ one ) Nee rm i A Dy, be iy a D :
; ae Dn aie i ed Cyt
Bye ‘ . an es ei aay i a F mi Ly oe + i ‘a ory ei 7
Tae Pee r ry Wa eae, ail
i BY this ba ee , ini

Lryraved Vv b.4 ee

LIMENITIS.
Paritio, Lin.—Nympuanuis, Latr.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne gradually clubbed; club slender,
hardly compressed, elongate-obconic; palpi not
elongated, second joint not much compressed, the
anterior margin not remarkably broader; anterior
pair of feet spurious; wings not very much longer
than broad; four hinder feet with double nails;
abdomen received in a groove, formed by the
dilatation of the inner margin of the inferior
wings.

OBSERVATIONS.

This is one of the numerous modern genera
of Papilionides, that are eminently remarkable
by the feeble, abbreviated, and incomplete ante-
rior feet of the species of which they are com-
posed. ‘These feet are usually so short, as to be
altogether useless for the purpose of locomotion ;
they are habitually applied against the breast,

PLATE XXIII.

and are altogether destitute of nails. ‘The larve
are elongated, and feed on leaves, and the chry-
salids are suspended by the tail, with the head
towards the earth. For the genus Limenrrts,
we are indebted to Fabricius; but this learned
author has not left us sufficiently obvious charac-
ters, by which to distinguish it from his closely
allied genus Apatura. Weare, in fact, inclined
to consider them both as sub-genera, as well as
many other of the Fabrician genera of Lepi-
doptera.

LIMENITIS ARTHEMIS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Brown-black ; wings indented, with a common
white band, and common marginal row of double
blue lunules; a series of six ferruginous dots on
the posterior wings; venter and lateral line.
white.

PLATE XXIII.

SYNONYM.

Nymeu. Puan. Arruemis. Drury, vol. i. pl.
10, fig. 3 and 4,

DESCRIPTION.

Body black: occiput with two white points; a
short white line behind each eye: palpi white on
the exterior side: wings with a broad common
white band a little beyond the middle, inter-
sected by the black nervures which are not
margined; a common marginal series of double
blue lunules; edge alternating with white and
black: superior wings with three or four white
dots beyond the band, but immaculate between
the band and base: inferior wings with a series
of six fulvous dots between the white band and
marginal lunules: beneath fulvo-ferruginous, with
the white band, marginal lunules, white and
black alternating lines of the edge, and white
spots of the superior wings, as distinct as those
of the superior surface; superior wings, between
the white band and base, dark purplish, with
two fulvous spots, and two or three whitish or
bluish ones; inferior wings dull fulvous between
the band and base, with three or four brighter

PLATE XXII. G

spots, which are interspersed with bluish: pleura
with about three white spots at the base of the
- wings, and another at the base of the superior
wings: cox with a white spot: anterior pair of
feet, white before: abdomen with a white line
each side, and a broader one on the venter.

OBSERVATIONS.

This beautiful insect, occurred sparingly in the
North-Western Territory, during the advance of
Major Long’s expedition towards lake Winnepec.
I also found it at that lake, as well as at the Lake
of the Woods, and in other parts of Upper
Canada. On the expedition to the Rocky Moun-
tains, I obtained several specimens in Arkansaw,
and Mr. Nuttall has recently sent me one from
Cambridge.

Drury first described this insect; his figure is
that of a small specimen.

The plate represents two views of the insect,
of the natural size.
PLATE XXIII.

i mo:

Be EA fe AV VOR eae i
ii AVY nf ie te rer eee ye! |
SOT, 9 i aa v F ik Pd en bi era .
Te os, ifgtay ww ae i” yn, ea
ht Bama ero en pe ee) than Lad ne As
Dir - Tae ip be a a8 a q vite MN ;
a ae iy oa. Poe ely a eat ge ee |

o

qs
eS dat
ne ha Yeats ay Hf

ae
; 14 ; A Ary
Fle ca ery) a i
, ve MS ‘og ‘ e I amie! he a4 :
wv, heiachd dnn ag we es . na it int W
7 P - wie” | ou Ton , ply - Aals me ie pt re

Bc ak demain teint He riding wr hn Mone

7 WP ny fh. hI a 7 7 : :
pany ls i ia ." Vu p f 7 | ok
Be TO i jar / «om Pb sg a mal H dah te ii “ ehh H Aes» i” ye oi ‘
; ‘y van i tha ipdtrrss i Tuk Boh ae paid wn Ai ” 6 a ar 7 =. fa : ae
ule \ ; didn th “4 V bil ha ae P i. a my ay wings if + : “° os
B a . ii "AY jig eat, hal | Po, nied » itt oe - i. ‘ -
y, » } p 7. Oy < a eo 1 as ieee ne
Hal oti hist } ons ay va e
Est eeding Inks A ak : a a
|) aan ; eo oa ae Vane,
; ii. , , f is 7) Lian si Saal paler A a hin ” i Df . E 7
er Nee Ba out ey Ah ae . Fag a vet, 1 ’
| aris von a i 4 iN) yr RY ty 9) ; ee
: MRE pe ee D' ‘du ; pat i ; 7 ¥ co ble ‘ ay ou Ve i, a ie
mn be os ) Ah eh oman A raw 6 it hol r 7 Dy) en ire
4 ‘ fi :; 7 i rai hi. Va ny is ‘ hy ag RR AVS af nae ao ‘i : iu by i Hi ig aati vi a A - ae
’ i

5

“ee ur : bY ee a cn : i oe y Ds 7
nae ni Bue B} i iD fk 8 ih shl at Pi | ;
= Pic. mY yesh a) hy ie - Fidh mr a ee Bik | aa a4 rp etal
al Hive? Pe SRR ‘ eae | Soe
Bes: galt wiv) pei gh Oe re He Yrs avi Ove ‘csledinceiaal ta ae iM
‘ an i ys 4 i x Pile iy oy wee f eT ic
ae ti - fi ea ot Ce PR > } ie mi ie! de ay lias . a ys! Ne He ou Ng ON
i. We oemeyls el Whale, (ya ht Hf ride se ee a a

a e COME a ub yi ay ‘es sien a ile Wi a Po its ah ao Tt ia . nl a j
7: - ie " i i me AE lk ‘op rt wi trol, : ‘en thyaga t f Naot : wis ¥
if sy ; "eer “_ ia a Oe te? betel iar a Waar dl te bj
a ee weds ‘wos “ie wh thy ats ch {ni Joh wR truer wit “ wet. a ik ay)
i,

.

Me 7 a oe co?
ate ae 69

: aT . yeh
" iy i

i . : », ye) re Pia
ne ’ ~ oe ial aay ce i an
Ae but ae hen ay

pe

has iy ee i ie pie a soy tk ear tiaaty wih a 3 y ay aE)
i. RY ry Pe ‘i bi » ey
tm) , ae we " wen, bi eel lt Ge
.: an fis ae warn = eS ry sie ne bia 7 Me Bi ioe ae whe i
iy: ee vee Fe q nr igh be iis ha al db, ay pe ey: 1
se ; in y ia fs : J Hh i Bees ve " i e ree me ai " * BY ar my i sad ig _ ie i iT eta J prey
a oi TY hae ple le A) et tk
Ab. ia, Pl ‘ah ‘ ~ F bei 7 am a " Aa ‘ 4 uy ie ay Pays!
ty Uh oe 4 ) i : i Lt eae
. petansndnds a a ts ” aha hte ati oe ih sh ie Me id ie oiine
IAA sss Son. Stabe ot nih en

: : ; ml J _ vibe ° ; wy

ay
on obecione® , a an Pike
ty " url % a vin aA y .
ane nome o, papae - gn ae a |
ia - aot sie ta eat ivi

iia - : ii
aa (iid rei 7. * aes > maa Ps:
a nM ah sae ' be | i xi ye Nt AL Ry ae _ - an,
- ‘at’ x a tie ie hy " ae nt HY i ; 4 aA ve aft 4! is ih - in
or i wy ibid i cae lee he a fom
" ' - - : 7 2 nat Sa
nig ig ad wis anol iy we bil rh on Rae 7 an hey 7. a A .
. "ae anid i a fii ti A if a oy aie pis a. oun : yah
; ; : ne : a he i» ae be iota tbe eo a aie p if tf \
ae, x 7 , Py i i a ia) “iy sey ‘ne f ae i ty a) } ie im a ait Da A ,}
Ore 1 7 : i Hh vA " tien ; a Ba villa hrc i i ; yy )
; 7 - in in ; ni, ay an Ay Wiha Ve >» A.¥ i" Pe es fe
wae vn eh ee
4’ ,

a

; eS We Aa ee qi

: nn , 5 ie iy i) a an <! i 7 : * " a oy 7 iG o ;

: 7 iM ) se na Lae ner ae ‘ haan iy hapa Le iy aS

‘a iyi’ : 7) 7 e ‘i ui Daciaki 7 Hanh “I eh Ps ae x ie sie eh a - ° :
' ul ‘ een i ate oy m4 Tae ) Os "ld 7 ee SU i
yee 4 i i
(hoe . tee iv
i a a a bs! (i

F aed a
an Ae

7 on Ue
ed Ae i ap a rr

Aah
Aiea , : :

i
: : : 1 iP a0 » vo: |
me : hh a i Kae a a al ae _ wet

Ares Le f ie he
Me ke Fo) We y ae i"
mt. at eae ing Tan f

Drawn dv CALE Steer: oy 4 Engraved by ‘Lecboule)
|

|

|

DIC ALUS.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Mandibles destitute of an articulated nail at
tip; palpi six, terminal joint, obconic, truncated ;
anterior tibize emarginate; two anterior tarsi
dilated in the male, and furnished beneath, with
dense, granuliform papille; antenne filiform ;
labrum emarginated, and with a longitudinal
indented line; posterior thoracic angles, covering
the humeral angles.

OBSERVATIONS.

As respects number of species, this is a limited
group of insects. Their aspect is, however,
striking and peculiar, the body being large,
dilated, and depressed, with profoundly indented
striz on their elytra; the posterior angles of the
thorax extend far backward, covering the base of
the elytra, so as to present no interval between
the thorax and abdomen. Our great master,
Linné, would have placed these insects in his
comprehensive genus Caranus, which in the

PLATE XXIV

modern system, is a large family, distinguished
by the name of Carasia, and containing nearly
ninety genera, of which the present is one. ‘The
genus Dicxius, was established by Professor
Bonelli, of Turin, in an excellent essay, entitled
“ Observations Entomologiqués,” which was pub-
lished in the Memoirs of the Imperial Academy
of ‘Turin.

DICALUS VIOLACEUS.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Above and beneath, violaceous-black ; antenne,
mouth, and feet, black.

SYNONYM.

Diczius Vionaceus. Bonelli. Obs. Entom.
in Mem. del Acad. Imper. de Turin. And
the author, in the Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.

vol. ii. New Series, p. 67.
DESCRIPTION.
Head black, obsoletely tinged with purplish :

mouth and antennex, black: thorax with the disk
PLATE XXIV.

black, faintly tinged with violaceous; this colour
is very obvious on the lateral edge, and posterior
margins; lateral, a litthe excurved near the pos-
terior angles: elytra deeply striated; the disk is
less distinctly violaceous than the margin, and. in
a particular light, their colour exhibits a slight
greenish tinge; beneath violaceous, and more
particularly so on each side: epipleura bright
violaceous.

OBSERVATIONS.

It seems probable, that this species is not an
inhabitant of the northern part of the United
States, or if found at all in this region, it is cer-
tainly very rare. It is, without doubt, chiefly
limited in its range to the southern and south-
western states, but it is not known to be abundant
any where. In my specimen, the second and
third interstitial lines of each elytrum, are con-
nected near the base by a transverse line, but this
is very possibly not a permanent character. It
is now figured for the first time.

The upper right figure.

PLATE XXIV.

DICALUS SPLENDIDUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Thorax violaceous ; elytra cupreous brilliant.
SYNONYM.

Dicewus Sptenpipus. Nobis. Trans. Amer.
Philos. Soc. vol. ii. New Series, p. 69.

DESCRIPTION.

Head black: thorax hardly perceptibly nar-
rowed at base; the posterior part of the lateral
edge is not in the slightest degree excurved, but
proceeds rectiliearly to the posterior angle ;
lateral and posterior margins depressed, lateral
edge reflected ; colour blackish-violaceous on the
disk, and more vivid violaceous on the lateral and
posterior margins: elytra highly polished, bril-
liant red coppery, exhibiting in a_ particular
light, a green reflection; humeral carina extend-
ing two thirds the length of the elytra; strie

PLATE XXIV.

profoundly impressed: beneath bluish-purple :
Feet black.

OBSERVATIONS.

This is by far the most beautiful species of
the genus, yet discovered. When the rays of
light fall perpendicularly on the surface of the
elytra, a highly brilliant reddish-coppery colour
is exhibited, but when the rays are reflected at a
considerable angle, the tint changes to a fine po-
lished green. The specimen was brought from
the Missouri, by Mr. Thomas Nuttall.

The upper left figure.

DICALUS DILATATUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Black, impunctured ; strize obsoletely punctur-

ed towards the tip.
PLATE XXIY.

SYNONYM.

Dicexius Ditatratus. Nobis. Trans. Amer.
Philos. Soc. vol. ii. New Series, p. 68.

DESCRIPTION.

Head black: palpi blackish-piceous: antenne
brown towards the tip: ¢horax entirely black ;
margins depressed ; lateral edge slightly reflected ;
base very slightly wider than any other part;
lateral edge nearly rectilinear, very slightly in-
curved before, and not at all excurved near the
posterior angles: elytra totally black; striz pro-
found, very slightly punctured towards the tip:
Jeet piceous.

OBSERVATIONS.

This species is an inhabitant of Pennsylvania,
and may be occasionally found under stones and
other objects, which rest loosely on the soil. Its
colour is a uniform black, without any tint of
those gay colours for which the two preceding
species are remarkable.

The lower left figure.
PLATE XXIV.

DICALUS SCULPTILIS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Black; elytra with irregularly serpentine striz.
SYNONYM.

Dicevus Scuuetiis. Nobis. Trans. Amer.
Philos. Soc. vol. ii. New Series, p. 68.

DESCRIPTION.

Body entirely black, immaculate : thorax very
slightly widest at base ; the lateral edge not at all
excurved near the basal angle, and the com-
mencement of the anterior curvature of this
edge, is at the middle of its length; elytra with
its strie very irregularly serpentine; the inter-
stitial lines are irregular and unequal on their
sides, and exhibit a very few adventitious punc-
tures, with raised centres.

PLATE XXIV. H

OBSERVATIONS.

Very distinct from the foregoing species, by
the singular irregularity, and sculptured appear-
ance, of the striz of the elytra. It was disco-
vered in Missouri by Mr. Thomas Nuttall, and
has not been found in the Atlantic States.

The lower right figure.
PLATE XXIV.

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MANTISPA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne filiform, but little longer than the
head, the joints transverse; eyes prominent ;
thorax having the anterior segment elongated,
cylindric-clavate, supporting the anterior pair of
feet at its anterior extremity; anterior feet
advanced, very conspicuous, cheliferous, the basal
joint very much elongated; wings reticulated,
deflected.

OBSERVATIONS.

A very small, but singular and natural group of
insects, allied to Manris, and also to Rapurpta.
Linné placed a species, which he described under
the name now adopted as generic, in the genus
RarurpsA, and Lamarck assents to an alliance
with that genus, by placing Manrispa immedi-
ately next to Rapuurpta, in his system. Latreille,
who formed the genus, and most other authors,
refer it to the same family with Manris and

PLATE XXy.

SrecTRuM; indeed, in the Régne Animal, it is
considered as a mere sub-genus of Manris.

But if we adhere rigidly to the characters of
the order Hemrerera, in which the superior
wings are stated to be coriaceous or of a different
consistence from the inferior pair, the genus
Mantispa, notwithstanding its acknowledged
affinity with Manis, will be altogether exclud-
ed from that order. In construction, number,
and consistence of the wings, from which the
characters of these grand divisions are derived, it
is, beyond a doubt,a Nevrorrprous genus, and
we adopt Lamarck’s arrangement in this respect.
It is distinguished from all the other genera of
this order, by the particular form of the anterior
feet.

These insects are not quiescent in the nymph
state, or that condition which corresponds to the
chrysalis state of the butterfly, but they remain
active, as in the larva.

PLATE XXV.

MANTISPA BRUNNEA.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Light brown; antenne fuscous, light brown at
the extremity; wings with a very broad, brown
margin.

SYNONYM.

Mantispa Brunnea. Nobis. Long’s Expedi-
lion to the sources of St. Peters’ river, vol. ii.
p. 309.

DESCRIPTION.

Mae. Antenne short: posterior and inferior
orbits, yellow: thorax, first segment obtusely
wrinkled or undulated transversely; anterior
margin black, sub-margin yellow; base black,
with a yellow, transverse, angulated line: sewfel
yellow: metathorax yellow on the posterior
edge: pleura bilineate, with yellow: wings with
a broad, light brown costal margin and tip: feef,
intermediate and posterior pairs, with yellow

PLATE XXY.

tibie and tarsi, a rufous spot being near the knee ;
anterior thighs blackish on the inner side, with
a yellow exterior inferior margin, and numerous
spines on the inferior edge, of which one is very
prominent: ¢tergum, at the base of the first and
second segments, black, the former margined
with yellow: venter black at base, segments
broadly margined with yellow.

Femare. The yellow colour, and marginings,
excepting on the feet, and on the first segment of
the thorax, obsolete; the wings are darker than
those of the male, and the hyaline portion of the
wings is tinctured with a shade of the general
colour.

OBSERVATIONS.

A specimen of the female of this curious in-
sect, was presented to me, some time since, by
Mr. William Mason, of this city; it was found
near Philadelphia, by Mr. Tyler. I had the
good fortune to find a male, when travelling with
Major Long’s party on St. Peters’ river, in the
North-West Territory. ,

The middle figure represents the male, and
the lower figure the female. On the right is an
PLATE XXY.

enlarged view of the head, with the antenne,
and part of the thorax, and on the left, is an
enlarged view of an anterior foot.

MANTISPA INTERRUPTA.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings hyaline, with a narrow ferruginous
costal margin, widely interrupted near the tip.

DESCRIPTION.

Body pale: antennex rather slender, perfectly
filiform, not differently coloured at tip, but some-
what paler at base: thorax, anterior segment
rather long, annulate, with slightly elevated
obtuse lines, which give it a somewhat wrinkled
appearance ; two small tubercles before the mid-
dle, placed transversely ; posterior segment green-
ish-yellow, with a longitudinal brown line, and
another on each side above the wing: wings
alike, hyaline, the ferruginous costal margin is
narrow, interrupted beyond the carpus, so as to
leave only a spot at tip of the wing; on the sub-

PLATE YXX.

margin, is an irregular quadrate dark fuscous
spot, confluent with the carpus ; the ferruginous
margin of the superior wing, is paler towards the
base: postpectus, and intermediate and posterior
Jeet, pale greenish-yellow, the front of the former
dusky: ¢ergum pale reddish-fulvous, incisures,
and vertebral line, blackish: venter pale yellow.

OBSERVATIONS.

The annexed figure is taken from the only
specimen I have seen. It alighted on the apron
of a gig, near this city, and was carefully secured
by Mr. James P. Parke, who kindly presented it
to me. It remained lively and active for several
days in a glass vessel on my table, and I was
frequently amused by its dexterity in catching
the flies which were introduced for its nourish-
ment. It moved very slowly and cautiously
towards its victim, and when at the proper dis-
tance, the fore-feet were thrown forwards, and
again retracted, with a rapidity of motion, that
the eye could not follow, bringing the fly with
them tothe mouth. ‘These feet are used almost.
exclusively as arms and hands, turning the food
offered to the mouth, in various positions for the
convenience of mastication; they are rarely used

PLATE XXY.

in locomotion, but when the insect advances by
means of the other feet, these are folded up, and
rest on each side of the long anterior segment of
the thorax. The two or three flies first given to
this little animal, were entirely devoured, so that
not a fragment remained ; but having abated its
hunger, it extracted the fluids chiefly, of those
afterwards placed within its reach.

The upper figure ; below, is an enlarged repre-
sentation of a wing, and a posterior foot.
PLATE XXY, r

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BUPRESTIS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Body firm; head vertically inserted in the
thorax to the eyes; antenne short, filiform, ser-
rated ; palpi very short, filiform, or but slightly
enlarged towards the tip; mandibles entire at
tip; maxille bifid at the extremity; thorax with
its posterior edge applied to the base of the
elytra, the posterior angles not elongated ; ante-
rior margin of the pectus advanced towards the
mouth, its opposite extremity elongated in the
form of a horn, which is received into a sinus of
the postpectus, and is not concealed in it; feet
short, tarsi dilated, somewhat triangular, the
penultimate one bilobated.

OBSERVATIONS.

A large and very natural assemblage of insects,
remaining at the present day, nearly as it was
founded by Linné. A few of his smaller species
have been separated from it, by Fabricius, under
the name of Tracuys, chiefly distinguished by

PLATE XXVI.

the shorter, more dilated, and sub-triangular form
of the body. ‘Two or three very small species,
discovered since his time, and referred to this
genus by Fabricius and Olivier, have been gene-
rically separated by Latreille, with the name of
Arnantsticus; these have clavate antenne.

The family Burrestrap#, consisting of the
above mentioned genera, is closely allied to that
of ELareripe. But all the species of the latter
group, are endowed with the power of leaping,
by an abrupt inflection of the anterior portion of
the body; their tarsi, also, are simple, without.
any dilatation of the basal joints.

Many of these insects are gaily ornamented
with the most splendid colours, which often
shine with a metallic brilliancy. Some have a
general coppery tint, whilst others present the
beautiful contrast of fine yellow spots and lines,
ona polished green or blue surface, and others
exhibit the appearance of burnished gold, inlaid
on emerald or ebony. In fine, all that is rich
and brilliant in colours, may be observed in the
decoration of these insects. |

They in general, walk slowly, though some
run with considerable agility; they rise on the
wing with facility, and fly with ease and rapidity.
Many elude their enemies by folding their feet

PLATE XXVI.

and antenne close to the body, and falling, appa-
rently dead, to the earth. The females have a
coriaceous appendage at the posterior part of the
abdomen, composed of three pieces; this is pro-
bably the oviduct, by means of which, they de-
posit their eggs in old wood, where the larve
lives until its change into the perfect state. Their
existence in the perfect state is but short, appear-
ing to be devoted almost exclusively to the great
object of continuing the race.

Though beautiful and rare, the species are
very numerous, and upwards of two hundred
are now known; of these, the largest and most
splendid, are inhabitants of the American conti-
nent.

A species of Burrestts, has furnished us with
a remarkable instance of insect longevity; the
following is extracted from a communication, by
Mr. Marsham, to the Linnean Society. (See vol.
X. p. 399.)

Mr. J. Montague, on going to his desk in the
office of Works at Guildhall, observed an insect
which had been seen by his brother in the early
part of the day, endeavouring to extricate itself
from the wood, which formed part of the desk ;
he carefully released it from the cell, and it
proved to be Burrestis Sprenpens of Fabri-

PLATE XXVI.

cius, full of strength and vigour. The desk had
been fixed in the office twenty-two years before,
and was made of fir wood, imported from the
Baltic. That the insect existed in the wood be-
fore the desk was made, was proved by the fact
of the channel formed by the insect, having been
then transversely cut.

The word Burrestis, is derived from the
Greek Bszps:s; but to what insect that ancient
people applied the word, is not known with
certainty at the present day. The Romans,
also, held the same insect to be poisonous, and
their civilians recommended the punishment
of the law to be inflieted upon those persons
who rashly administer, internally, those poison-
ous insects, the pithyocampas, (Bombyx pithy-
ocampa, Fabr.,) and the Burresris. It is
evident, however, that they had no reference to
any individual of this family, inasmuch as no one
of the species is capable of inflicting a serious
injury on any of the larger animals. But as the
ancient Burrestis was stated to be endowed
with the power of destroying even the ox, it is
conjectured that the Greeks thus designated a
vesicating insect, such as a Mytagris, a Lytra,
or, according to some authors,a Caragus, the two
former of which, when taken into the stomach,

PLATE XXVI.

produce the most serious effects on the animal
economy, and even death itself, under the most
afflicting circumstances.

BUPRESTIS RUFIPES.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Elytra, each with four yellow spots, of which
the basal one is longitudinal.

SYNONYM.

Burrestis Rurires. Oliv. Ins. vol. ii. No. 32,
p- 16, pl. 7, fig. 73,a. b. Fabr. Syst. Eleut.
pt. 2, p. 188, No. 13. Eneye. Meth. No. 15.
Hlerbst. Natur. pt. ix, p. 79, pl. 140, fig. 3.

DESCRIPTION.

Body green, polished, slightly tinged with
brassy: head rough with deeply impressed con-
fluent punctures; an obsolete impressed line on
the vertex, becoming elevated on the front:
antenne rufous :. thorax with small distinct pro-

PLATE XXVI.

found punctures, and an impressed spot before
the scutel: elytra with narrow, deep striz, and,
at tip, bidentated; an abbreviated fulvous vitta
originates near the humerus, and extends near
to the middle; a transverse, abbreviated, undu-
lated fulvous band, a little beyond the middle,
does not quite reach the suture; intermediate
between this band and the tip of the elytra, is
another undulated one, of the same colour; at
the tip, is also a narrow band: pectus greenish-
violaceous; a dilated vitta in the middle, and
another each side, fulvous; the latter on its ante-
rior part passes a little above the edge of the
thorax, and is in some specimens continued back-
wards to the base of the thorax, forming a mar-
gin on that part, but not covering the edge;
postpectus green, tinged with brassy, and some-
what sericeous; a yellow spot near the middle,
and two or three on each side: feet rufo-viola-
ceous : venter rufo-violaceous, more or less varied
with green, particularly at the base, and with
three series of obscure fulvous spots, two of
which are lateral.
PLATE XXYI.

OBSERVATIONS.

One of the largest species of North America,
at the same time very beautifully ornamented.

Fabricius quotes Petivier’s work, and states its
native region to be Maryland; Olivier observes
that it is found in Carolina; I obtained a speci-
men in Missouri, when with Major Long’s party
in that country, and another has been found in
Pennsylvania; but in this state they must be
extremely rare.

The lower right figure.

BUPRESTIS FASCIATA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Green brilliant; elytra with a yellow band
and spot.

SYNONYM.

Burrestis Fascrata. Herbst. Natur. Syst.
vol. ix. p. 162, pl. 145, fig. 22. Fabr. Syst.
Eleut. pt. 2, p. 191, No. 31. Oliv. Ins. vol.
li. No. 32, sp. 22, pl. 9, fig. 92.

PLATE XXVI. K

DESCRIPTION.

Body highly polished, green with a brassy
tinge, punctured: head confluently punctured :
thorax more densely punctured on the anterior
portion; on the middle of the posterior margin
a distinct indentation: elytra striate, the striz
punctured; a yellow undulated band behind the
middle, with a dark violaceous areola; midway
between the band and the tip, is a yellow spot
on each elytrum, with a dark violaceous areola ;
tip bidentate: beneath immaculate: feet of the
same colour as the body.

OBSERVATIONS.

This beautiful insect was sent to me by Mr.
E. Holmes of Gardiner Lyceum, Maine. The
authors quoted in our synonyms, observe that it
inhabits North America, without mentioning
any particular part of the continent in which it
was found. I had supposed it to be a native of
the southern States, and was therefore surprised
to receive it from the northern extremity of
the Union. In his description of this species,
Olivier remarks, that “on voit quelquefois un
point fauve vers le milieu de chaque élytre,

PLATE XXVI.

entouré de bleu,” and this he represents in his
plate, but I have only a single specimen, and
reference to another in the collection of the
Philadelphia Museum, both corresponding with
the annexed figure.

Herbst describes Olivier’s variety as a distinct
species, under the name of C. maculata, (vol. ix,
p- 163, pl. 148, fig. 5,) without any reference to
Olivier.

The upper right figure.

BUPRESTIS CONFLUENTA.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Green, polished, punctured; elytra with con-
fluent yellow spots.

SYNONYM.
Burrestis ConruuentTAa. Nobis. Journ. Aead.

Nat. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 159.
PLATE XXVI.

DESCRIPTION.

Body bright green, punctured: head densely
and confluently punctured ; an obsolete indented
longitudinal line, more distinct on the vertex:
antenne purplish, the basal joint rufous: thorax
densely and confluently punctured, more parti-
cularly on the anterior and lateral margins; in
the middle of the disk, these punctures are some-
what sparse: scufel rounded, convex: elytra stri-
ate, slightly tinged with violaceous; the striae
and interstitial lines, slightly punctured; very
numerous transversely confluent light yellow
dots; tip slightly obliquely truncated, acute at
the suture, but not mucronate or dentate; edge
entire: farsi purplish-brown.

OBSERVATIONS.

I cannot find any notice of this very fine in-
sect in any attainable author, and having never
obtained an individual in the Atlantic States, I
think it highly probable, that it is altogether
limited in its range, to the Western region.

A specimen was presented to me, when at
Fort Osage, on the Missouri river, by Lieut.
Scott, of the Rifle regiment, a gentleman, whose

PLATE XXVI.

extraordinary skill as a marksman, has almost
passed into a proverb, in that country. I obtain-
ed two other specimens, during the progress of
Major Long’s exploring party towards the moun-
tains.

The thorax varies in being in some specimens
of a bright blue colour, in others purplish.

The lower left figure.

BUPRESTIS CAMPESTRIS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Elytra serrate, quadrilineate ; beneath canali-
culate.

SYNONYM.
Burrestis Camrsstris. Nobis. Journ. Acad.

Nat. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 165.
PLATE XXVI.

DESCRIPTION.

Head rugous, with large confluent punctures :
front concave : antenne purple-black, the first and
second joints greenish-cupreous : thorax unequal,
with large confluent punctures each side, and
canaliculate along the middle; posterior angles
acute: scufel very small, transverse suborbicular,
indented on the middle: elytra with four distant,
somewhat elevated lines, and one or two near the
suture; in the interstitial spaces are irregular,
slightly elevated transverse lines, hardly visible to
the unassisted eye; before the middle of each
elytrum, is a large, very slightly impressed spot,
and another similar one, is rather behind the
middle; there is also a very small common in-
dented spot on the suture, opposite to the former
spot; exterior edge serrated, from near the mid-
dle to the tip; tip simple, somewhat acute: be-
neath cupreous, polished ; a brilliant dilated cop-
pery line extends from the mouth to the pectus ;
a large groove originates on the anterior part of
the pectus, and terminates on the second segment
of the venter: ¢arsi dusky bluish.

PLATE XXVI.

OBSERVATIONS.

This is one of our largest species, and although
far less agreeably decorated than the preceding,
is yet distinguished by a more uniform garb of
polished metallic colouring. I captured the
specimen when descending the Arkansaw river,
with a detachment of Major Long’s exploring

party.

The upper left figure.

PLATE XXVI.

WW Weed

fingrived év €

vebeul

VANESSA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne terminated by an abrupt short club ;
palpi contiguous, even at the extremity, the two
combined, resembling a rostrum ; anterior pair of
feet in both sexes, short and very hairy; the two
posterior pairs of tarsi, with double nails.

OBSERVATIONS.

The species which constitute the Fabrician
genus VANEssA, were referred by Linné, to his
comprehensive genus Papito.

The larvee or caterpillars in this genus, live on
plants of little altitude, and are often gregarious ;
they are armed with numerous, long, rigid, den-
tated spines, which, like the quills of the Hedge-
hog, constitute their only defensive weapons.
The chrysalids are attached to a fixed object by
the tail, and in this reversed posture, quietly
wait for the period of final emancipation and
perfection.

The larva or caterpillar state of insects, has

PLATE XXVII. L

been aptly stated by the great Linneé, to be a
masked condition of the animal, concealing be-
neath its rude vermicular garb, all the parts of
the future perfect sect; the pupa he compared
to an infant enveloped in swaddling clothes, after
the old fashion. ‘The pupa of some species of the
present genus presents a singular appearance:
two elevations on the head resemble horns, and
a prominence upon the back represents a nose of
the human face, and but little aid of fancy is re-
quired to assimilate such pup to a grotesque
mask. Many of these pup are worthy of the
name of chrysalids, by which they were formerly
distinguished, being splendidly decorated with
spots, resembling burnished-gold, and silver.

VANESSA FURCILLATA.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings angular, with a common fulvous band,
and two fulvous spots on the superior wings;
beneath, brown, with black lineations.

PLATE XXVIL.

DESCRIPTION.

Superior wings above black, with a broad ful-
vous sub-marginal band, which is bifid at the
costal margin, having the exterior division termi-
nated by a white spot, and the inner division by
a pale yellow one; between the band and the
base of the wing, are two fulvous transverse
spots ; costal rib near the base, with yellow varie-
gations: inferior wings above black, with a broad
fulvous sub-marginal band, and on the black
margin is a series of six or seven small sublunate
purplish-ophalescent spots ; all the wings beneath
are blackish, with very numerous transverse
blacker lineations, some of which are undulated,
and deep velvet black ; a common pale brownish
broad sub-marginal band also with the blackish
lineations: antennz yellow at the tip of the club:
venter dull whitish.

OBSERVATIONS.

This pretty species we observed several times
in the North-West Territory, during the progress
of the late expedition under the command of
Major 8S. H. Long, over that region. In the
vicinity of Fort William, an establishment of the

PLATE XXVIU.

Hudson Bay Fur Company, it frequently oc-
curred in the month of September, whilst the
party remained at that place. It is closely allied
to the polychloros and urtica of Europe, but is
sufficiently distinct from either.

The plate presents two views of the insect.
PLATE XXVII.

ive
aren ( J
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fh
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CRYPTOCEPHALUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Body short, robust, cylindric ; head vertical ;
antenne inserted between the eyes, simple, fili-
form, more than half the length of the body;
palpi terminating with a conic-cylindric joint,
maxillary palpi very apparent.

OBSERVATIONS.

Many of this group are agreeably ornamented
with coloured spots and lines. ‘They were
mingled with the CurysomeLz by Linné, from
which they may be known by the more cylin-
drical form of the body, and by the abrupt de-
flection of the head. In these characters, the
present genus corresponds with Criyrura, to
which it is more closely allied than to any other ;
but the antenne of Ciyrmra are short and ser-
rated, instead of being long, simple, and filiform,
as in the genus before us. ‘The genus Crypro-
CEPHALUS was established by Geoffroy, and has
been adopted by the greater number of entomo-

PLATE XXVIII.

logists who have written since his time. These
insects feed on vegetables, and many of the spe-
cies are very injurious to useful plants, by de-
vouring their leaves and buds. ‘The larva is
furnished with six scaly feet, which are situated
near the head; some of the species in the larva
state, protect themselves from the ardour of the
sun, and from the attacks of their enemies, by
fabricating a cylindrical covering, closed at one
end, into which they can withdraw every part of
the body ; it is generally composed of small grains
of vegetable and excrementitious matter, aggluti-
nated together by a viscous excretion from the
body. With the head and feet protruded from
this little domicil, and carrying it erect with re-
spect to their pathway, the artificer proceeds at a
slow pace, in quest of food. ‘The perfect insect is,
also, slow in its movements, and on the approach
of danger, it counterfeits death by retracting the
feet and antenne close to the body, and per-
mitting itself to fall from any height to the
ground.
PLATE XXVIII.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS ORNATUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Reddish-brown ; thorax with the margin and
two spots, yellow; elytra yellow, with two black
vitte on each.

SYNONYM.

CryprocerpHatus Ornatus. Fabr. Syst. Eleut.
pt. 2, p. 47, No. 32. Coqueb. Illustr. Icon.
Insect. p. 129, pl. 29, fig. 10, a. b.

DESCRIPTION.

Body reddish-brown : antennz black, five basal
joints pale reddish-yellow ; orbital line yellow:
thorax with the anterior and lateral margins
yellow, the edge black; base with two yellow,
oblique, abbreviated lines, curvilinearly united
over the scutel, so as to form an arc of a circle:
elytra pale yellow, with two black, abbreviated
vittz on each, and a black suture ; the lateral vitta
originates on the humerus, and terminates near

PLATE XXVIII.

the tip; the inner one is oblique, and becomes
confluent with the suture a little beyond the
middle ; the common black sutural vitta includes
the scutel at base, and does not reach the tip;
edge all round, black; anal segment with an
obscure yellow are.

OBSERVATIONS.

The ornatus of Herbst, in Fuessly’s Archives,
and of Olivier in the Encyc. Method. is quite a
different insect from the present; but as that is
an uncertain species, we prefer retaining the
name for our insect.

This species is an inhabitant of various parts of
the United States. I have found it in the middle
and southern States, at the Rocky Mountains,
and in the North-Western Territory. It is
subject to vary, in having the exterior vitta of
the elytra so widely interrupted in its continuity,
as to exhibit only two remote spots.

The upper right figure.
PLATE XXVIII.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS CONFLUENTUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Rufous; elytra yellow, trilineate with black ;
the inner line confluent with the suture beyond
the middle.

SYNONYM.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS CONFLUENTUS. JVobis. Journ.
Acad. Nat. Seiences, vol. iii. p. 440.

DESCRIPTION.

Body yellowish-rufous: head impunctured,
yellow ; a rufous spot on the vertex, and another
surrounding the base of each antenna: antenne
black, pale at base: thorax impunctured ; ante-
rior and lateral margins yellowish; lateral sub-
margin more deeply rufous than the disk: scutel
black : elytra pale yellow, with punctured stria ;
three longitudinal, nearly parallel black lines on
each elytron, the interior line confluent with the

PLATE XXVIII. M

suture near the tip; edge all round, black: be-
neath rufous.

OBSERVATIONS.

The similarity of this species with the pre-
ceding, is obvious, and even striking; but it is
specifically distinguished by the existence of
two black lines on the elytra, in place of the
exterior one of that insect. I obtained several
specimens near the Rocky Mountains, when
with Major Long’s party in that region, but it
does not appear to be an inhabitant of the At-
lantic States.

The upper left figure.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS BIVITTATUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Yellowish-rufous, punctured; elytra yellow,

with two vitta, and sutural edge black.
PLATE XXVIII.

SYNONYM.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS BIVITTATUS. Nobis. Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 440.

DESCRIPTION.

Body yellowish-rufous, punctured : orbits yel-
low: front with a longitudinal indented line:
thorax with dense impressed punctures; lateral
margin and an abbreviated obsolete dorsal line
originating at the anterior edge, more distinctly
yellow: scutel black: elytra irregularly and
densely punctured, one or two regular series of
punctures on the exterior margin ; colour yellow ;
each elytrum with a broad black vitta originat-
ing midway between the humerus and scutel,
and not reaching the tip; another vitta, less di-
lated than the preceding, takes its rise at the
humerus, and terminates a little beyond the tip
of the preceding vitta ; it is generally interrupted
into two or three spots: beneath very pale rufous :
postpectus varied with dusky.

OBSERVATIONS.

[ obtained this species near the Rocky Moun-
PLATE XXVIII.

tains, whilst descending the Arkansaw river
with Major Long’s exploring party. It is at
once distinguishable from its companions on the
annexed plate, by the confused and dense punctu-
ation of its elytra.

The middle figure.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS VIDUATUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Black; thorax with three abbreviated yellow
lines ; elytra yellow, with two black vitte.

SYNONYM.

CryprocerHaLus vipuatus. Fabr. Syst. Eleut.
pt. 2, p. 49, No. 49.

DESCRIPTION.

Head black, with a yellowish spot at each su-
perior canthus of the eyes, and another at the
mouth: antenne at base yellowish: front with

PLATE XXVIII.

an impressed line: fhorax densely punctured ;
anterior and lateral margins yellow, tinged with
rufous; a yellow abbreviated line commences at
the middle of the anterior margin, and termi-
nates at the middle of the disk; two distant
yellow abbreviated lines arise from the basal
margin, and terminate each side of the middle
of the disk: scutel black: elytra yellow, with
strie of impressed punctures; two dilated black
vitte, of which one originates on the humerus,
and does not reach the tip, the other is rather
shorter, originating midway between the preced-
ing and the scutel, and hardly approaching the
suture at its tip; suture black: anal segment
whitish: beneath black: feet rufous.

OBSERVATIONS.

I obtained the specimen from which this de-
scription and the figure were taken, on the bank
of the Mississippi river, above the confluence of
the Ohio. Some doubts may reasonably be
entertained, respecting the identity of this insect
and the vwiduatus of Fabricius, on account of its
smaller size, and the character of “pedibus varie-
gatus,” attributed to his insect by that author.
But as the present specimen. corresponds with

PLATE XXVIII.

his description in every other respect, and as the
difference in magnitude may be dependent on
sex alone, I have ventured to refer it to that
species. It is now figured for the first time.

The lower right figure.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS OTHONUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Black ; thorax with a narrow margin and ab-
breviated line, dull fulvous; elytra yellowish,
with two black vitte.

DESCRIPTION.

Head with small dense punctures ; black, with
two triangular yellow or rufous spots at the su-
perior canthi of the eyes: antennex yellowish at
base: thorax black, confluently punctured, with
a narrow margin all round, and a dorsal line
extending from the anterior edge to the middle,
dull fulvous: sewtel black: elytra dull yellowish-
white, with two broad black vitte, abbreviated

PLATE XXVIII.

near the tip, the exterior one originates at the
humerus, and the other takes its rise on the
basal margin, midway between the exterior vitta
and the scutel, it does not approach the suture
at its tip; sutural edge black; the series of
punctures are rather large and profoundly im-
pressed: beneath black, punctured: feet pale
testaceous.

OBSERVATIONS.

This is the C. bivittatus of Melsheimer’s
Catalogue; I certainly would have adopted his
name, had I not inadvertently pre-occupied it
with the description of the preceding species,
before I was acquainted with this insect. It
can be readily perceived to be specifically dis-
tinct from either of those represented with it
on the accompanying plate, by the confluent
density of the thoracic punctures, as well as by
its colours and their arrangement.

The lower left figure.
PLATE XXVIII.

Draws

by WW Woe.

q@C

Engrave t byl Lecboul.

SCOLIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Thorax with the first segment very much
arcuated and contracted on the posterior middle ;
antenne robust, with short close set joints; the
first joint long, cylindrical ; second joint distinct ;
superior wings not folded; radial cellule detach-
ed at tip from the anterior edge of the wing;
cubital cellules two or three, the last one remote
from the tip of the wing, the first one placed on
the same longitudinal line with the radial cellule ;
eyes emarginate ; stemmata three; thighs thick,
arcuated in the females, compressed; tail three
spined in the males.

OBSERVATIONS.

A genus, in some respects, closely allied to
Treuta and Presta, but at once distinguishable
by the emarginated eyes. The thighs are re-
markable for their thickness and curvature. ‘The
form of the cubital cellules varies considerably,
but to a determinate and limited extent. In the

PLATE XXIX. N

distribution of the nervures of the wings, Jurine
remarks, they present more remarkable anoma-
lies, than are to be found in any other hyme-
nopterous insects; “it would seem that nature,
in circumscribing the extent of the cubital cel-
lules, has amused herself with varying them in
several respects of manner and form, supplying
to one part what she retrenches from another.”
Latreille has availed himself of these anomalies,
to form divisions of the numerous species of this
genus. ‘This author gives the following account
of the species: Many of them are of a large size,
and inhabit warm and temperate climates exclu-
sively. In Europe, the larger species begin to
appear about the forty-third degree of latitude.
Their metamorphosis is unknown, but Mr. La-
treille supposes that their larve are parasitical,
from the circumstance of his not having seen
the parents transport larvae, spiders, &c. to feed
their young. They frequent arid, sandy places,
and feed on the contents of the nectary of
flowers.
PLATE XXIX.

SCOLIA CONFLUENTA.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Biack ; tergum trifasciate with yellow.
SYNONYM.

ScoutA CONFLUENTA. Nobis. Western Quar-
terly Reporter, vol. ii. p. 74.

DESCRIPTION.

Body deep black: antenne short, arcuated :
front, occiput with yellowish cinereous hair:
thorax immaculate, with yellowish cinereous
hair before: wings tinged with ferruginous:
nervures ferruginous: cubital cellules two, the
second receiving two recurrent nervures: meta-
thorax acutely edged and hairy above; behind
concave and very rugous, with elevated, abbre-
viated, transverse lines, and a longitudinal one:
tibie rugous, armed with prominent spines : abdo-
men, segments ciliated on the edge : ¢ergum trifas-
ciate with yellow; first band with a small black

PLATE XXIX.

dot on the middle of the anterior edge; second
band widely and deeply emarginated on the ante-
rior middle, and rather abruptly narrowed on the
side ; third band composed of two confluent tri-
angles, which are marked by a small black trans-
verse dot near the exterior angle of each.

OBSERVATIONS.
This fine species inhabits Arkansaw ; it agrees
with the description of fossulana, Fabr., except-

ing that it has but three bands on the tergum.
The upper figure.

SCOLIA OCTO-MACULATA.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Thorax black, scutel with a yellow line; ter-
gum four-spotted each side.

SYNONYM.
ScoLia ocTO-MACULATA. Nobis. West. Quart.

Report. vol. ii. p. 74.
PLATE XXIX.

|
f
I

DESCRIPTION.

Head black, with the vertex, basal joint of the
antenne, anterior margin of the clypeus, and
base of the mandibles, dull rufous: thorax black,
anterior segment, and two spots before the scutel,
obsoletely dull rufous: sewfel with a yellow line:
metathorax rufous each side and above: superior
wings tinged with purplish ; costal margin rufous
to the tip of the cellules: cubital cellules three,
the intermediate one petiolated, and receiving
two recurrent nervures: feet rufous: fergum
dusky rufous, with four transversely oval bright
yellow spots on each side, of which the anterior
one is very small, and the posterior one is nearly
extended into a band.

OBSERVATIONS.

Inhabits various parts of the Union, and is not
uncommon in Pennsylvania. ‘The wing cells
are remarkable; the intermediate cubital cellule
having two recurrent nervures.

The lower figure.
PLATE XXIX.

SCOLIA TRICINCTA.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Black ; collar with two yellow spots; scutel
with one yellow spot; tergum trifasciate with
yellow.

SYNONYM.

Scouia TRicincTA. Nobis. Western Quarterly
Reporter, vol. ii. p. 74.

DESCRIPTION.

Body black: front with obscure yellowish
hair: mandibles rufous at base: collar with a
yellow spot on each side, sometimes united:
squammula rufous: scutel with a small yellow
spot: feet rufous: superior wings dusky on the
costal tip, nervures ferruginous: cubital cells two.
the second receiving one recurrent nervure :
tergum with three yellow bands, of which the
first and second are nearly, or, quite interrupted

PLATE XXIX.

in the middle, each into two oval spots; first
segment with an obscure piceous band.

OBSERVATIONS.

The terminal nervure of the radial cellule is
so perfectly transverse, that the cellule has not
the usual appearance of being separated at tip
from the costal edge of the wing. The species
is, notwithstanding this anomaly, a true Scout.

The middle figure.
PLATE XXIX.

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PIERIS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Feet nearly equal ; nails of the tarsi very appa-
rent, bifid or unidentate ; inferior wings dilated
beneath the abdomen, so as to form a groove.

OBSERVATIONS.

This is one of the many genera into which
the vast and sumptuous genus Papriio, of Linné,
has been separated. We are indebted for it to
Schrank. It nearly corresponds to the group of
Danar canpipr, and includes the genera Couras
and Ponria of Fabricius, and GonerrEeryx of
Leach.

These butterflies are natives of various regions
of the globe; some of them are very frequent in
almost every field, and must have been noticed
by the most casual observer, flitting with a devi-
ous direction over the herbage, and on meeting
with a companion, mounting aloft in the air, with
a hurried and irregular movement. Some species

PLATE XXX. 0

occasionally alight in great numbers on moist
places in roads.

The caterpillar is destitute of the retractile
tentacula of the neck, and the chrysalis is of an
angulated form, attached to a fixed object by a
thread passed around the body, the head being
upward.

PIERIS NICIPPE.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings slightly crenate, fulvous ; terminal mar-
gin black-brown ; upper pair with a black abbre-
viated line before the middle on each page ; infe-
rior pair with abbreviated ferruginous lines and

spots.
SYNONYM.

Papitio niciprpE. Cramer, tab. 210, fig. C. D.
Herbst. Natur. Ins. pt. 5, p. 176, pl. 107,
fig. 3, 4.

PLATE XXX.

DESCRIPTION.

The black terminal margin of the upper wings
extends along the costal margin nearly to the
middle; the black transverse line on this pair of
wings is very short, and consists of two curva-
tures; this curvilinear line appears also on the
inferior surface, which is yellow, very slightly
tinged with fulvous on the disk, with a blackish
point at each indentation of the edge, and an
ovate bright fulvous spot near the base ; the black
terminal margin of the inferior wings has a pro-
minent undulation in the middle; the inferior
surface of this pair of wings is yellow, marked
by numerous brownish or ferruginous abbreviat-
ed transverse lines, a minute black point in the
centre of the wing, and two or three more obvi-
ous, irregularly undulated, ferruginous, oblique
lines: head and thorax above, blackish : antennz
blackish, beneath white, with black incisures:
feet whitish: abdomen black, each side with a
yellow line: venfer with yellow incisures.

OBSERVATIONS.
It is said by Cramer to inhabit Virginia, but

it is also found in Pennsylvania, and in all the
PLATE XXX.

southern States. It is subject to some little
variations ; the fine fulvous spot near the base of
the inferior surface of the upper wings, is some-
times white, and the oblique lines under the
inferior wings, differ in width and distinctness.

The plate represents two views, of the natural
Size. |
PLATE XXX.

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REDUVIUS. Fabr. Latr.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Body not linear; thorax sub-bilobate ; rostel-
lum arcuated, three-jointed, middle joint longest ;
antenne inserted above a line drawn from the
eyes to the base of the rostrum ; tibiz simple.

OBSERVATIONS.

Linné placed the species in the same genus
with the common and well known “bed-bug,”
from which, however, they are without doubt,
very distinct. Under the reforming hand of
Fabricius, they were established as a separate
group, with the present designation. These
insects are carnivorous, and live by rapine in all
their states. ‘They seize smaller insects, and suck
out their fluids. The collector must be very cau-
tious how he handles these insects, as they are
apt to inflict a painful puncture with their very
pointed beak. When disturbed, they emit an
acute sound, by the friction of the base of the
head or the neck against the thorax.

PLATE XXXI.

REDUVIUS NOVENARIUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Blackish ; antenne and rostellum rufous ; tho-
rax crested, crest eight or nine-toothed.

DESCRIPTION.

Brownish liver-colour, with very short hair:
head cylindrical, a profoundly impressed trans-
verse line between the eyes; a spine behind each
antenna inclining forwards: antenne rufous:
rostellum dark rufous, first joint more than half
the whole length of the organ: thorax with a
short robust spine each side at the base of the
head ; crest prominent, with eight or nine cylin-
drical, rather distant teeth; lateral angles biden-
tate, posterior tooth largest; posterior margin
crenate, with two prominent, terminal spines:
hemelytra, membranaceous portion, brassy: feet
simple, rather long: fibix tinged with rufous.

PLATE XXXI.

OBSERVATIONS.

This large and fine species is not uncommon
in various parts of the Union, at least from Penn-
sylvania to the southern boundary. Its puncture
is very painful, benumbing the vicinity of the
wounded part, for a considerable time.

Its great similarity to the #. cristatus of South
America, has hitherto induced entomologists to
identify it with that species ; but having carefully
considered their respective characters, I am of
opinion that they are distinct, though certainly
very Closely allied. The cristatus has at least
twelve denticulations to its crest, and its pale
rufous tibia, strongly contrast with the femoral
colour.

The upper right figure of the plate.

REDUVIUS CRASSIPES.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Blackish ; thorax and abdomen margined with

reddish ; feet thick.
PLATE XXXI.

SYNONYM.

Repuvivs crassires. Fabr. Syst. Rhyng.
p. 273.

DESCRIPTION.

Body villous; posterior lobe bituberculate :
thorax margined all round with red; anterior
lobe with a triangular central indentation: scutel
with a red band beyond the middle: hemelytra
with a reddish humerus ; coriaceous portion with
two or three obsolete reddish points at tip ; mem-
branaceous portion much deeper black: fergum
with red triangular spots on the incisures at the
lateral margin: pectus with a spot above the inser-
tion of each foot, and coxe red: venter margined
each side with red.

OBSERVATIONS.
This species was obtained by Bose, in Carolina,
and was described from his collection by Fabri-

cius. I found the specimen in Arkansaw.

The lower right figure.

PLATE XXXI.

REDUVIUS SPISSIPES.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

‘Thorax and hemelytra light reddish-brown,
edged behind with whitish ; feet thick.

SYNONYM.

Repvuvivs spissrres. Nobis. Journ. Acad. Nat.
Sciences, vol. iv. p. 328.

DESCRIPTION.

Head black, posterior lobe with two tubercles :
thorax light reddish-brown; anterior lobe with
dilated, black, oblique, or arcuated lines, of
which some are confluent; posterior lobe hardly
more elevated than the preceding, with a black
posterior sub-margin, and white posterior mar-
gin: scufel black, margined with white, and
tipped by a few hairs: hemelytra, coriaceous por-
tion light reddish-brown, with a narrow whitish
posterior margin; membranaceous portion black,
or dark fuscous: feet thickened, black, hairy:

PLATE XXXI. P

cove bright red: abdomen black; margin and
band on each segment, white.

OBSERVATIONS.
The species here described, is very closely
allied to the crassipes. It occurred in some

plenty in Arkansaw.

The lower left figure.

REDUVIUS RAPTATORIUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Obscure brownish; head, thorax, and anterior
feet, spinous; the latter raptatory.

SYNONYM.
Repvuvius rapratrorius. Nobis. Journ. Acad.

Nat. Sciences, vol. iv. p. 327.
PLATE XXXI.

DESCRIPTION.

Body oblong, obscure brownish: head with a
deeply impressed line above the eyes, spinous;
six larger spines before the impressed line, placed
two and two, and two or four larger ones behind
the line: stemmata sanguineous: eyes inserted in
the lateral middle of the head: antennzx inserted
near the tip of the clypeus, with dilated annula-
tions of dull rufous and pale: rostellum slightly
arcuated, pale: ¢horax with numerous, short,
obtuse spines on the anterior lobe, and dense
granulations on the posterior lobe; posterior
angles hardly prominent: feef somewhat pale,
sub-annulate, granulated; anterior pair raptatory :
thighs unequal, anterior pair robust, villous,
dusky, armed with an erect, prominent, obtuse
spine, near the tip above, and a double series of
ten equal, equidistant, acute spines, beneath ;
anterior tibize with a double series of six similar
spines on the inner side: fergum rufous on the
disk, margin varied with black, and pale: hem-
elytra on the membranaceous tip, with a longi-
tudinal reddish-brown line.

PLATE XXXI.

OBSERVATIONS.

This may possibly prove to be the R. diadema,
Fabr. It is common in many parts of the Union,
and I found it not uncommon in Missouri, as
well as in Pennsylvania.

The upper left figure of the plate.

PLATE XXXI.

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7.)

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Drawn by WU? Wooa o2 Engraved by CLieae

TREMEX.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne setaceous, inserted on the front,
thirteen or fourteen jointed; mandibles robust,
short, denticulated ; labial palpi terminated by a
thick, hairy joint; superior wings with two
radial cellules, the second incomplete, and two
cubital cellules, of which the first is very large,
receiving the two recurrent nervures, the second
incomplete, not attaining the end of the wing;
abdomen sessile, terminating in a point; oviduct
exserted.

OBSERVATIONS.

This genus is very similar to Srrex, from
which it was separated by Jurine. It may be
distinguished by the smaller number of joints in
the antennz, as well as by the number and form
of the cellules of the wings.

PLATE XXXII.

TREMEX SERICEUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Ferruginous ; tergum yellowish-sericeous.
SYNONYM.

TremMex sertceus. Vobis. Western Quarterly
Reporter, vol. ii. p. 73.

DESCRIPTION.

Body ferruginous, punctured: head with three
indented longitudinal lines on the vertex, and a
transverse one between the eyes: antennx yel-
lowish : thorax scabrous before, disk with a black
spot on each side: wings brownish-fuliginous :
carpus yellowish: feet pale yellowish: thighs
ferruginous : fergum pale yellowish-fulvous, seri-
ceous: pectus, above the posterior feet, black.

OBSERVATIONS.

The specimen is a female. I obtained it in
PLATE XXXII.

Missouri, whilst engaged in the exploring expe-
dition under the command of Major Long.

The upper figure.

TREMEX OBSOLETUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Ferruginous ; tergum black.
SYNONYM.

TrReEMEX oBsoLETus. Nobis. Western Quar-
terly Reporter, vol. ii. p. 73.

DESCRIPTION.

Body ferruginous, punctured : head with three
obsolete indented lines upon the vertex, and a
transverse one between the eyes: antennx pale
ferruginous : thorax scabrous before, with a black
spot on each side of the disk: wings yellowish-
brown, hyaline: carpus rufous: posterior tibiz
and farsi, black at their tips: /ergum black,

PLATE XXXII.

polished; segments, particularly those near the
base, with an obsolete rufous spot on each side,
more distinct on the fourth segment.

OBSERVATIONS.

Taken in the same region with the preceding.
The number of cubital cellules do not corre-
spond with the definition of the genus, as we
have here adopted it. There are, in fact, three
cubital cellules, of which the first is very small,
and it is the second that receives the recurrent
nervures. Notwithstanding this character, how-
ever, there can be no doubt of these insects being
correctly arranged, when placed in this genus.

The left figure.

TREMEX COLUMBA.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Thorax ferruginous; abdomen with a band.

and lateral spots yellow.
PLATE XXXII.

SYNONYM.

SirExX Cotumpa. Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 49.
Amen. Acad. vol. vi. p. 412. (Fabr.)

Sirex Pennsyivanica. Degeer. Ins. vol. iii.
p. 39S. pt. 1: pl. 30: fig: 13. (Fabr.)

DESCRIPTION.

Head ferruginous: vertex a little grooved, a
blackish line through the stemmata passes upon
the posterior orbits: anfenne black, four basal
joints pale ferruginous, two terminal joints ful-
vous: thorax ferruginous, sutures blackish: wing's
blackish: carpus ferruginous: tergum deep black ;
first segment with a small obsolete spot each
side, yellow ; second segment yellow, with an in-
conspicuous longitudinal black line; remaining
segments with an oblong-triangular yellow spot
on the base of each; terminal spine, and valves
of the oviduct, ferruginous: pectus black, a large
ferruginous spot beneath the anterior wings: feet
pale ferruginous ; thighs above, and posterior pair
entirely, black: venter, with the segments slightly
tinged with piceous.

PLATE XXXU. Q

OBSERVATIONS.

The specimen above described, was taken on
the bank of the Missouri river. It inhabits many
parts of the Union, and is a very fine species.

The right figure.
PLATE XXXII.

vyyp, Ay» TP ys 2p Cpa : , «Fr
Prawn bi Hf. Lreapert. ede Fnovaved by CLrebeut,

PANGONIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Wings divaricated ; antenne porrect, approxi-
mate, three-jointed ; first joint cylindrical, second
cyathiform ; third joint elongated, subulate, eight-
ringed ; proboscis elongated, exserted; stemmata
three ; abdomen of seven segments.

OBSERVATIONS.

This genus is very closely allied to TaBanvs,
the species having a close resemblance to each
other; but, on accurate comparison, we shall
agree with Latreille in the propriety of separat-
ing them. In fact, the Tapanr are altogether
destitute of the stemmata, and are very different
from insects of the present genus in several other
characters, such as the form of their antenne,
the disposition of the nervures of their wings,
and the comparative length of their proboscis. In
some of the species, the stemmata are so small
as to require a lens to discover them, but they
certainly exist in all. Six species are described

PLATE XXXIII.

by Meigen as inhabiting Europe ; and five extra
Europeans are described by Wiedemann.

These insects are inhabitants of warm climates,
and are said to subsist upon the honey of flowers ;
but Meigen suspects that their females feed on
the blood of animals, like those of the species of
other genera in this family.

PANGONIA INCISURALIS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Thorax dusty glaucous, with dirty yellowish

hair; abdomen dark chesnut, with whitish in-
cisures.

SYNONYM.

PANGONIA iINcISURALIS. Nobis. Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sciences, vol. ili. p. 31.

DESCRIPTION.
Front ochreous: ocelli distinct: Aypostoma

dusky : palpi and setx of the proboscis testaceous :
PLATE XXXIII.

proboscis black: antennz pale yellowish: occiput
with very short, greenish-yellow hair: thorax
with two distinct obsolete lines: wings reddish-
brown: feet yellowish: thighs dark chesnut at
base: fergum and venter 2 dark chesnut, polish-
ed, the posterior margins of the segments whitish,
and slightly hairy; % pale testaceous, with short
hair.

OBSERVATIONS.

This is the only species yet known to inhabit
North America. It was brought from Arkansaw
by Mr. Thomas Nuttall.

The upper figure exhibits the appearance of
the male, and the lower that of the female.
PLATE XXXIII.

Lngrowved

OV CL. Licht Led

f

GRYLLUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne filiform, with from twenty to twenty-
five joints; hemelytra and wings deflected, the
latter large, much folded; posterior feet formed
for leaping, hardly longer than the body; tarsi
three-jointed; oviduct not exserted ; stemmata
unequidistant.

OBSERVATIONS.

Insects of this genus are well known to every
person in this country by the familiar and cha-
_racteristic name of “grasshoppers.” They are
in some seasons very abundant, and become an
inconvenience to the farmer, by devouring his
grasses and other vegetable productions. But
their increase here is always limited, so that,
even when most numerous, a great portion of
the crop is saved. There are countries, however,
where this is not the case, and we have only to
inform the reader, that the migratory locust is
one of the members of this genus, to apprize him

PLATE XXXIV.

of their formidable character. “Of all the in-
sects which seem capable of adding to the calami-
ties of the human race, locusts seem to possess
the most formidable powers of destruction. Le-
gions of these voracious animals of various species
are produced in Africa, where the devastation
they commit, is almost incredible. The air is
darkened by their numbers; they carry desolation
with them wherever they pass, and in the short
space of a few hours, are said to change the most
fertile provinces into a barren desert.” During
their migrations in search of food, they move in
immense dense masses, which resemble huge
thunder or hail clouds, and at the termination of
their career, every leaf is soon devoured, and. the
atmosphere is finally loaded with putrid exhala-
tions from their dead bodies, producing pestilence
in the train of a general famine, which is the
consequence of their voracity.

Swarms of these animals have appeared in
various parts of Europe, from 'Tartary, and small
flights have made their way even into England.
A species of this genus occasioned so much de-
struction in some parts of Europe, that in the year
1813, the French government issued decrees with
a view to occasion the destruction of the larve.
Although the thickly settled parts of the United

PLATE XXXIY.

States are altogether unacquainted with the
scourge of any species of migratory locust, yet
we shall have occasion at a future time, to
speak of several species found within the limits
of our territory, that have already proved a very
serious evil.

There seems to be little doubt, that a species,
probably the G. migraforius, constituted one of
the plagues of Egypt mentioned in the Bible;
and that John the Baptist was compelled to use
them for food during his sojourn in the wilder-
ness.

Even at the present day, the inhabitants of
divers countries of Africa, make great use of
these destructive insects for food. For this pur-
pose, the insect requires but little preparation,
and we believe the hemelytra and wings are
always rejected, whether it is to be eaten fresh,
or salted. In the latter state, they are constantly
exposed for sale in the markets of the Levant,
and they are known to be a considerable article
of commerce in that region.

Many travellers assure us that they constitute
an agreeable food; according to Shaw, when
fried with a little salt, they have the taste of the
Cray-fish, a crustaceous animal like a miniature
lobster, abounding in our fresh water streams.

PLATE XXXIV. R

Some of the Arabs are stated by Niebuhr, to
preserve large quantities of these insects in the
dried state, for winter consumption.

The Grvyuwt feed exclusively on vegetables.
They fly with a considerable strength of wing,
and some species make a noise when they poise
themselves in the air, previously to alighting, by
striking the hemelytra together. During their
several changes, they continue active and vora-
cious, and their gait is always either a leap or a
walk. In the larva state, they are destitute of
any appearance of wings or hemelytra, but on
changing to the pupa, they gain the rudiments of
those members, to be completely developed at the
next change.

GRYLLUS FORMOSUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Thorax with a much elevated, compressed,

and denticulated carina.
PLATE XXXIV.

DESCRIPTION.

Body pale green: antenne yellowish: thorax
armed with numerous small denticles, above
compressed, very much elevated into a regularly
arcuated carina, forming a portion of a circle,
the centre of which, is anterior to the origin of
the hemelytra; carina with two yellow radii,
and yellow posterior and anterior edges ; posterior
half of the edge, prominently denticulated : hem-
elytra with about six large brown spots, with
pale areola, placed 2, 2, 2: Eee thighs
annulate, with yellow.

OBSERVATIONS.

When returning with a detachment of Major
Long’s party, at the distance of about an hundred
and fifty miles from the mountains, on the banks
of the Arkansaw river, I had the pleasure to find
a considerable number of this uncommonly beau-
tiful species. It occurred only in a very limited
district, and was not afterwards seen.

The middle figure, with a wing above on the
let.

PLATE XXXIV.

GRYLLUS HIRTIPES.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Head conic, posterior segment of the thorax

elevated into a carina.
DESCRIPTION.

Body pale green: head above conic, elevated,
with dark green lines: antennez red: thorax va-
ried with dark green; posterior segment com-
pressed above, and elevated into a prominent,
arcuated, mutic carina: hemelytra with large,
confluent, dark green spots: feet hairy ; posterior
tibiz densely hairy.

OBSERVATIONS.

A curious species, of which the conic head
gives it the air of a Truxaxts, but the antenne
are not ensiform, neither are the posterior thighs
elongated, as in that genus. The anterior seg-

PLATE XXXIV.

ment of the thorax is altogether destitute of any
appearance of carina.
It occurred with the preceding.

The upper figure, with a wing below on the
right.

GRYLLUS TRIFASCIATUS.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Hemelytra trifasciate with fuscous; wings
pale yellow at base, with a fuscous band.

DESCRIPTION.

Head green: antennz blackish, first and second
joints pale; triangular space between the eyes,
brown, extending in a curved line backwards
and downwards: thorax greenish-brown, above
depressed, on the two anterior segments, an in-
conspicuous, hardly elevated, longitudinal line:
hemelytra pale dull yellowish, at base brownish,
nervures at tip, dusky; three equidistant broad
brownish-black bands, the intermediate one on

PLATE XXXIV.

the middle: wings pale yellow, with a slight
tinge of green; a broad brownish black band,
narrowed and marginal behind ; tip dull whitish,
with the nervures blackish : posterior thighs dull
yellowish, with a black band on the middle, on
the inner side, extending broadly towards the
base ; tip blackish: posterior tibiz bright fulvous.

OBSERVATIONS.
This pretty insect occurred in Arkansaw,
at the distance of about three hundred miles

from the Rocky Mountains.

The lower figure.

PLATE XXXIV.

on

vwe ev LRP Q i , ~ 71°
Drawn by LRL cal Oo hngraved by € Licboul

HETEROMYIA.
ARTIFICIAL CHARACTER.

Antenne porrect, filiform, fourteen jointed ;
five terminal joints elongated; palpi exserted, a
little arcuated, four jointed ; basal joint shortest,
a little contracted in the middle; ocelli none ;
eyes reniform; posterior feet much elongated,
slender, and with a single nail at tip; anterior
pair with somewhat elongated coxe, and much
dilated femora, armed with a series of short
spines on the anterior edge, on which the arcuat-
ed tibia closes. .

NATURAL CHARACTER.

Body moderately slender; head small, round-
ed, flattened before; antenne in the middle of
the face ; first jot large, but not long; the eight
following joints sub-oval ; the five terminal joints
long, not dilated, cylindric, each being twice the
length of one of the preceding ones; eyes reni-
form, large, wider beneath, and approaching
above; stemmata none; palpi arcuated, four

PLATE XXXV.

jointed, first joint shortest, last joint longest ;
proboscis shorter than the head; thorax sub-glo-
bular, convex above, and projecting a little for-
ward acutely before; beneath convex; scutel
transverse ; wings moderate, somewhat lanceo-
late; poisers naked; feet unequal; anterior pair
with the coxs somewhat elongated; thighs di-
lated; and with a series of spines on the lower
side; tibiz arcuated, accurately closing on the
inferior surface of the thigh; tarsi moderate ;
intermediate pair slender, longer than the ante-
riors; third pair longest, slender, the tarsi elongat-
ed, terminated by a single long and slender nail.

OBSERVATIONS.

This genus is closely allied to Tanyrus, Cur-
ronomus, and Cerarorocon, but it differs from
them by the remarkable conformation of the
anterior and posterior feet.

PLATE XXXV.

HETEROMYIA FASCIATA.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Wings hyaline, trifasciate with dusky.
DESCRIPTION.

Body testaceous: thorax with a black disk :
wings with three equidistant bands, the two ex-
terior ones somewhat confluent: posterior thighs
a little dilated towards the tip: abdomen with a
silvery sericeous reflection; % cylindrical, ¢ di-
lated towards the tip.

Variety, a. Thorax entirely testaceous.
OBSERVATIONS.
The manners and habits of this insect are un-
known, though it is of rather frequent occur-

rence.
PLATE XXXV. . S

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HIPPARCHIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne with a slender, somewhat fusciform,
or trigonate-orbicular club; palpi meeting above
the tongue, with the second joint very much
compressed, and much longer than the first;
anterior pair of feet shorter than the rest, and
often very hairy; feet of the other legs with
double nails; hinder wings somewhat orbiculate-
triangulate, with the internal margin excavated
to receive the abdomen; the middle cell closed
behind, from which part the nervures radiate ;
the outer margin entire, or with acute or obtuse
indentations. (Leach. )

OBSERVATIONS.

We adopt the generic name from Fabricius.
It is the Manroxa of Schrank, Satryrus of La-
treille, and of course, Parriro of Linné. The
genus is numerous in species, and the wings of
many are beautifully ornamented with eye-like
spots. The caterpillar is downy and bimucronate

PLATE XXXVI.

behind. The pupa is suspended by the tail; it

is angulated, bimucronate on the front.

HIPPARCHIA ANDROMACHA.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings brown, with sub-marginal blackish
spots; beneath paler, sub-perlaceous, with a series
of ocellate spots.

SYNONYM.
OREAS MARMOREA ANDROMACHA. Hubner.
DESCRIPTION.

Body above, and the superior surface of the
wings, brown: anterior wings beyond the mid-
dle, with a broad paler band, bifid before, and
including a series of four fuscous oval spots, or
epupillate ocella, of which the second, and some-
times the third, are small, and the posterior one
largest ; between the band and the exterior edge
is a single narrow pale line, sometimes obsolete ;

PLATE XXXVI.

exterior edge alternately white and black : poste-
rior wings with a narrow, fuscous, angulated line
across the middle, and a broad pale band beyond
the middle, in which is a series of five fuscous
epupillate ocelle, with a yellow iris, the third
smallest, then the fifth, the first being largest ;
exterior margin slightly tinged with rufous, and
with one or two fuscous lines: beneath perlaceous,
with a brown narrow band before the middle, and
another rather beyond the middle; beyond which,
is a broad lighter perlaceous band, in which, on
the superior wings, are four epupillate ocella, the
two or three anterior ones small; and on the
inferior wings are six ocellate spots, consisting of
a fuscous spot surrounded by a yellow line, and
having a white pupil; first spot distant, third
small, fifth double; exterior margin with a yel-
low line.

OBSERVATIONS.

Two specimens of this insect were presented
to me by Mr. Thomas Nuttall, who obtained
them in Arkansaw. It seems probable, that they
also inhabit the southern Atlantic States, as
Hubner has given a plate of the insect. It has
not been found so far north as Pennsylvania.

PLATE XXXVI.

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INDEX.

COLEOPTERA.

Dicelus violaceus - -
*splendidus = -
*dilatatus - -
*sculptilis - -

Buprestis rufipes
fasciata - -
*confluenta = -
*campestris = -
Lycus reticulatus - -
*terminalis - -
*sanguinipennis
*perfacetus - -
Cryptocephalus ornatus

*ceonfluentus
*bivittatus -

viduatus
*othonus

- PLATE 24.

INDEX.
ORTHOPTERA.
Gryllus *formosus - - -
*hirtipes - - - -
*trifasciatus - - -

HEMIPTERA.

Reduvius *novenarius

crassipes —-
*spissipes -‘ - -

*raptatorius
NEUROPTERA.

Mantispa *brunnea - - -
*interrupta - -

HYMENOPTERA.
Tremex *sericeus - - - -

*obsoletus - - -
columba =

Ichneumon *devinctor

i]
a

*ynifasciatus

34.

31.

25.

INDEX.

Ichneumon *centrator - -
*brevicinctor = -

Scolia *confluenta - - - -
*octomaculata - -
¥*tricincta - - - -

LEPIDOPTERA.

Limenitis arthemis - - -
Vanessa “furcillata - - -

Hipparchia andromacha - -

Pieris nicippe - - - - -
Aégeria *exitiosa - - - -
omphale - - - -
DIPTERA.

Heteromyia *fasciata - - -

Pangonia *incisuralis - - -

Cenomyia *pallida - - -

END OF VOL.

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